West Germanic Inflection, Derivation and Compounding [Reprint 2017 ed.] 9027927111, 9789027927118

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JANUA LINGUARUM STUDIA M E M O R I A E N I C O L A I VAN WIJK DEDICATA edertda curat C. H. V A N

SCHOONEVELD

Indiana

Series

University

Practica,

145

WEST GERMANIC INFLECTION, DERIVATION A N D COMPOUNDING by

JOSEPH B. VOYLES University of Washington

1974 MOUTON THE H A G U E · P A R I S

(g) Copyright 1974 in The Netherlands. Mouton & Co. N.V., Publishers, The Hague. No part of this book may be translated, or reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publishers.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 72-94456

Printed in Hungary

Dedicated to the memory of Elizabeth Voyles Rasmussen and Jessamine Stevenson Voyles

CONTENTS

1. Introduction

9

2. Old High German

23

3. Old Saxon

63

4. Old English

90

5. West Germanic

132

References

171

Index

174

1 INTRODUCTION

A We have here analyzed a small portion of the grammars of Old High German (OHG), Old Saxon (OS), and Old English (OE) as these languages appear at their earliest attested stages. On the basis of these grammars we have reconstructed w h a t we assume to be the grammar of the proto-language (West Germanic), out of which each of these dialects developed. The portion of the grammar which we treat is often referred to in traditional studies as word formation —i.e., inflection, derivation, and compounding. 1. General Abbreviations v

and, Conventions

= 'or'. Χ v Y means 'either X or Y or both'. When occurring within I. . ./, the v sign means t h a t two allomorphs are in free variation. & = 'and'. When occurring within / . . ./, this sign means t h a t two allomorphs are in complementary distribution. A rule m a y then be given for their occurrence. = a word boundary. — = a morpheme boundary. / . . . / = in general a systematic phonemic transcription. The solidi also enclose any form before it passes through a particular morphophonemic or general phonological rule. I n addition, in the description of compounds, the solidi around two or more elements mean t h a t the elements enter into a construction as a unit. [ . . . ] — in general a systematic phonetic transcription. The brackets also enclose any form a f t e r it passes through a particular morphophonemic or general phonological rule. Brackets m a y also enclose semantic or syntactic features in a rule specification, e.g., Noun[object] means 'a noun object'. S = a stem morpheme. I = an intermediate morpheme. E = an inflectional ending.

10

INTRODUCTION

Gmc : Germanic. Go = Gothic. OE = Old English. OHG = Old High German. OS = Old Saxon. WG = West Germanic. OPT = an optional rule. C0 = a sequence of + consonantal segments. V = + vocalic segment. (. . . ) = enclosing an optional element in a rule. Parentheses in a rule may also mean that the elements within parentheses should be considered as a unit. E.g. (X v Y) v Ζ means 'either X or Y, or, on the other hand, Z' 2. Abbrevations and Conventions : Chapters Each chapter treating of a particular language is arranged as follows: A. Introduction B. Phonology (Approximation) 1. Systematic Phonetics 2. General Phonological Rules C. Inflection 1. Nominal Inflection 2. Adjectival-Adverbial Inflection 3. Verbal Inflection D. Derivation 1. Derivational Suffixes (T-DS Rules) 2. Derivational Prefixes (T-DP Rules) 3. Compounding a) Derivative Compounds (T-DC Rules) b) Pure Compounds (T-C Rules) 3. Abbreviations and Conventions: Nouns nom. sing. = nominative singular; acc. sing. = accusative singular; gen. sing. = genitive singular; dat. sing. = dative singular; inst. sing. = instrumental singular; loc. sing. = locative singular; nom. pl., acc. pl. etc., nominative plural, accusative plural, etc.

INTRODUCTION

11

4. Abbreviations and Conventions: Adjectives and Adverbs nom. sing, masc., acc. sing, masc., etc. = nominative singular masculine, accusative singular masculine, etc.; nom. sing, fem., etc. = nominative singular feminine, etc.; nom. sing. neut. , etc. = nominative singular neuter, etc. adj. adv. comp. sup.

= = = =

adjective, adverb, comparative, superlative. 5. Abbreviations and Conventions: Verbs

pres. 1st sing. ind. = present, first person singular indicative; 2nd sing. ind. second person singular indicative, etc.; inf. = infinitive; part. = participle; past 1st —3rd sing. ind. = past, first and third person singular indicative; 1st sing. opt. = first person singular optative (i.e., subjunctive); 1st pi. opt. = first person plural optative, etc. SV

= stem vowel or vowel nucleus. 6. Abbrevations and Conventions: Derivation and Compounding

Τ = any transformational (lexical) rule. T-DS = a rule for a derivative suffix. T-DP = a rule for a derivative prefix. T-DC = a rule for a derivative compound. T-C = a rule for a compound. T-DSadj., T-DSnoun, T-DSverb = an adjectival, nominal, or verbal derivative suffix. T-DPadj., T-DPnoun, T-DPverb = an adjectival, nominal, or verbal derivative prefix. T-adj., T-noun, T-verb = any transformational (lexical) rule which derives an adjective, a noun, or a verb. E-adj., E-noun, Ε-verb is similar to T-adj., T-noun, T-verb (further explicated in section B, 2 in this chapter).

12

INTRODUCTION

Β. 1. The Analysis:

Inflection

Our analysis of inflection is of nouns, adjectives, deadjectival adverbs, and verbs. The noun classes are labeled 1. — , the adjectives and deadjectival adverbs 2. —, and the verbs 3. —. We have treated only deadjectival adverbs such as WG /blind-o/ 'blindly', not such forms as /aftar-o/ 'later', which are derived from prepositions. We have determined membership in the various inflectional form classes on the basis of the I (intermediate) and E (inflectional ending) morphemes and the morphophonemic rules. If two forms have the same I and E morphemes, they are in the same class. E.g., WG /dag-/ 'day' and /sew-/ 'sea' are both in noun class 1.01. If two forms have the same set of E morphemes, b u t their I morphemes differ, then they are in the same superclass, but different subclasses. E.g., WG 1.09 /hauh-I-n/ 'height' and 1.091 /tung-ar-n/ 'tongue'. Here, the E morphemes of 1.091 are a proper subset of the E morphemes of 1.09 (i.e., class 1.09 has the same E morphemes as class 1.091 — as well as a few more). But the I morphemes of the two classes differ. Thus we consider them in the same superclass, b u t different subclasses. If two classes have the same sets of I and E morphemes, b u t their morphophonemic rules are different, then they are in the same superclass, but different subclasses. E.g., WG /gang-/ 'go' is in class 3.17, while WG /fang-/ 'catch' is in class 3.171: /fang-/ undergoes rule 3.171-a and is realized as [fäh-] in certain environments. But, /gang-/ does not undergo this rule and is realized as [gang-] in those same environments. Both forms have the same I and E morphemes. Likewise, WG /haf-/ is in class 3.161, whereas W G / h a b - / is in class 3.16, since /haf-/ undergoes a rule (3.161-a) which the forms of 3.16 do not undergo. But, both /haf-/ and /hab-/ undergo rule 3.16-a3, which realizes /a/ as [e] in certain cases (e.g., inf. forms [heffian] and [hebbian]). The forms of a subclass must undergo the rules of both the subclass and the superclass; but, the forms of a superclass do not undergo the rules of its subclass. This is also our convention where a rule in a subclass is apparently contadicted by a rule in a superclass. E.g., WG 3.11-b changes/h/ to [w] in certain environments: past 1st pi. ind. [liwum] 'lend'. A n d a rule of the corresponding subclass, WG 3.111-a, changes /hj to [g] in certain environments: past 1st pi. ind. [tigum] 'accuse'. The inf. forms are [lïhan] and [tlhan]. For the derivation of [tigum] (instead of *[tiwum]), which is in class 3.111, the rules for 3.111 first apply; then the rules for the superclass 3.11. I n this caee, since the /h/ has already been changed to [g] by 3.111-a, rule 3.11-b cannot apply and *[tiwum] is not produced. We have labeled the classes as follows: if two classes have the same labeling, except t h a t the label for one class is one or more digits longer (e.g., classes

INTRODUCTION

3.11 and 3.111), then the class with the longer label is a subclass and the class with the shorter numeration is the superclass (i.e., 3.11 is the superclass and 3.111 or 3.112 is the subclass). Likewise, WG 3.23 /tal-iann-0/ 'tell' is a superclass having class 3.231 /hug-iann-0/ 'think' as a subclass,which, in turn, has class 3.2311 /brang-iann-0/ 'bring' as a subclass, which, in turn, has class 3.23111 /wark-iann-0/ 'work' as a subclass. For the derivation of the forms of class 3.23111, they must first pass through the rules of class 3.23111, then the rules of class 3.2311, then the rules of class 3.231, then the rules of class 3.23, then the rules of 3.2, and finally the rules of 3. Finally, all forms pass through the so-called general phonological rules (labeled 0. — ). These rules apply to all morpheme sequences —inflectional, derivational, and compounds. Thus, the rules listed under the particular classes apply only to those classes, while the rules labeled 0. — apply to all forms. In our analyses we have not given all the rules necessary for the generation of the phonetic output. What we have labeled systematic phonetics in our treatments of the four grammars given here may be considered to represent an intermediate level between the systematic phonemic level and the final outp u t of the grammar. The phonological features which we use in our description are a subset of those in Chomsky and Halle (1968). Certain of our rules evince ordering relations with one another. These we have indicated by numerals in the leftmost corresponding slots in the rule designations. Rules which have no ordering with regard to one another are designated by letters in the leftmost corresponding slots in the rule designations. Thus a rule labeled O.al must precede a rule labeled 0.a2, since the rules have the same designations except t h a t the numerals Ί ' and '2' occupy the same leftmost corresponding slots. But, a rule labeled O.al may either precede or follow a rule 0.b2, since their designations differ by letters (not numerals) in their leftmost corresponding slots. Some of the general phonological rules are ordered with regard to more than one set of rules. These rules we have supplied with more than one designation: e.g., O.al v O.bl is O.al or O.bl. The inflectional portion of our grammars is an enumeration of form classes, the morphemes of these classes, and the rules which are peculiar to these classes as well as the rules of general applicability (the 0.— rules). We assume that in the grammars of these languages each lexical entry has specified a number of features, among them the inflectional class to which the form belongs. Thus a form such as WG /far-/ 'to go' would be specified as 3.16; and a form such as WG /dag-/ 'day' would be specified as 1.01. In some cases a morpheme is listed with more than one number in the lexicon: e.g., OE /far-/ may be realized as either a noun or a verb — [faru] 'trip' or [faran] 'to go'. Hence it would be designated as 1.09 (a noun) and 3.16 (a verb). In a few instances we have posited forms for the daughter languages which are not directly attested but for which there seems to be ample evidence. For

14

INTRODUCTION

example, although there may have been in OS no past 3rd pi. opt. form of the verb /drib-ann-0/ 'drive' attested, since there are other verbs of the same class (or superclass) attested in that form, we assume the form to have been [dribin]. Certain of the noun and verb classes evince a type of productivity. That is, there is an underlying principle or rule on the basis of which new forms may be added to these classes. For example, WG rule T1.09-a states the following: FACT THAT v RESULT OF FACT THAT + Subject + B E + Adjective1 =• 1 + 11.09 + Ε-noun. This means that one can take an adjectival stem (i.e., any morpheme marked + class 2. — ) in the lexicon and form a noun which will be in claes 1.09 and which will mean 'The fact that or the result of the fact that some person or thing is that adjective'. For example, /blind-/ 'blind' can form the noun /blind-i-/ 'blindness'; /mari-/ 'famous, well-known' can form the noun /märi-i-/ 'fame'; and /bald-/ 'bold' can for the noun /bald-I-/ 'boldness'. Such forms, after passing through these T-rules, must then pass through the morphophonemic rules for the particular class they are in, as well as through the general phonological (0. — ) rules. Such a rule as T1.09-a may be regarded in another way. It is a mapping of a so-called deep structure onto a surface structure. Thus the deep or underlying structure of a noun like

S2

PACT THAT

V

RESULT

+ Subject +

BE

/blind-/

OF PACT THAT

That is, if the noun /blind-!-/ occurs in a construction (S1), that noun is derived in the sense that there is an underlying construction (S2) which is transformed by rule T1.09-a to make the noun. We have posited similar T-rules (i.e., transformational rules) for derivational suffixes (T-DS rules), derivational prefixes (T-DP rules), and compounds (T-DC and T-C rules). On the left or input side of these T-rules we have attempted to specify as accurately ae possible the structural description of those constructions which undergo the rules and which are thus transformed into new words — adjectives, nouns, or verbs.

INTRODUCTION

15

We should add, however, that since such rules present many problems of a theoretical nature, our T-rules should perhaps be taken as approximations rather than as explicit formulations of the underlying principles involved. Without entering into a detailed discussion of the subject, we must note that one of these theoretical difficulties is the fact that there may be valid reasons for considering our T-rules 'lexical' as opposed to 'transformational' rules. (For presentations of the lexicalist and the transformationalist positions, see Chomsky (1969) and Lakoff (1969) respectively.) In any event, whether or not one considers these rules transformational or lexical, the fact remains that for the adjectival, nominal, and verbal classes for which we have posited the T-rules, there existed some sort of underlying principle by which the native speaker of OHG, OS, OE, and presumably WG, created adjectives, nouns, and verbs in those classes. 2. The Analysis:

Derivation and Compounding

The T-rules for derivational suffixes (T-DS rules) and for derivational prefixes (T-DP rules) differ from the other T-rules in that some of them are productive and some nonproductive. For example, the WG noun suffix /-am-/ (T-DSd) would seem to be nonproductive in that it is added only to a few verb stems to form nouns. We assume for such nonproductive suffixes that all stems to which they may be added must be marked in the lexicon. That is, the fact that a stem undergoes rule T-DSd is idiosyncratic; and it must be so marked. On the other hand, WG suffix T-DSf /—ari—/ is productive in that it may be added to virtually any any verbal stem to form an agent noun. This is to say in formal terms that practically any stem marked + verb in the lexicon may undergo rule T-DSf. In this case, the few verbal stems which do not undergo rule T-DSf are idiosyncratic and must be so marked. We have marked those T-DS and T - D P morphemes which are not productive. Otherwise, all T-rules are to be considered representative of productive processes. Some of the T-DS suffixes occur in various allomorphs, e.g. WG T-DSj / - d & - t - / . In cases where the allomorphs occur in predictable environments, we have given the rule. (In the example just cited, the occurrence of [ - d - ] as opposed to [ - t - ] is given in morphophonemic ruleDSj-a.) In the same manner, lexical items sometimes occur in various forms depending upon whether they occur in compounds, with a particular derivational ending, or in a particular inflectional paradigm. For example, WG /an-/ 'grant' appears as [an-] when it is in the verbal class 3.53; but it appears as [ans-] with the T-DSj suffix: [anst] 'favor'. A similar observation may be made about [wirkian] 'to work' as apposed to the noun [wurxt] 'a work'. We have not treated such morphophonemic alternations within lexical morphemes. We have considered only the morphophonemic alternations within inflectional form classes and alter-

16

INTRODUCTION

nations in the forms of the derivational prefixes and suffixes, but not the morphophonemic alternations evinced by stems in various classes, with various prefixes or suffixes, or in compounds. Unless otherwise stated, it is to be assumed that in general only underived forms pass through the T-rules. For example, the WG T-DScc suffix /-laus-/ applies only to underived nouns, such as /sundi-/ 'sin' resulting in the adjective /sundi-laus-/ 'without sin'. On the other hand, the WG T-DSee suffix /-nessv —nissi-/ may apply not only to underived verbs such as /fang-/ 'catch' resulting in /fang-ness-/ 'a catching, acceptance', but also to verbs derived by the T-rules (e.g., /raud-ness-/ 'state of becoming red'). T-rules like T-DSee, which may apply to both underived as well as derived forms, are indicated as such. In the T - D P (prefix) rules, there is on occasion a question mark in the structural description for the rule. For example, WG T - D P f /bi-/ is so marked. In such a case the precise function of the prefix is not clear. It may have been idiosyncratic in that the way in which the prefix affects the basic use and meaning of a form (in this case, a verb) is a function of the semantic and syntactic features which the verb already has. Our analysis of compounds considers them in two classes —the derivative compounds (T-DC rules) and the pure compounds (T-C rules). The rules labeled T-DC are derivative compounds in that their first elements are either prepositions or non-deadjectival adverbs, but not noun, adjective, or verb stems. And the rules labeled T-C are pure compounds in that each element in the compound is a noun, a verb, or a deadjectival adverb. All T-DC and T-C rules are productive. In our rules for compounds (as well as the other T-rules), the designations in brackets may be considered semantic or syntactic features. For example, WG T-Ci has the designation Noun [genitive of possession v characteristic]. This means that the features of this particular noun in the structural description of this rule must be + genitive, and either a genitive of possession or of characteristic. In WG rule T-Cd, the designation ( +Preposition) — in parentheses—means that the preposition in the structural description is optional. That is in fact to say that this particular rule is an abbreviation for two rules, one with the designation + Preposition in the structural description and one without this proviso. Also included in our analysis of T-rules are the derivational histories of forms which have more than one T-DS rule, more than one T - D P or T-DC rule, and forms which have more than one T-C rule. By derivational histories we intend the following: for example, in the WG derivational sequence T-DSj, T-DSa in the form /far-d-Ig-/ of 'or pertaining to a journey', we intend the derivational history of /far-d-ig-/ to be represented by the following deep structure:

INTRODUCTION

17

S,

That is, a construction (St) in which the adjective /far-d-ïg-/ occurs has as underlying structure a construction (S2) which has the noun /far-d-/ 'journey'. The adjective /far-d-ig-/ is thus derived from the noun /far-d-/ by rule T-DSa. But, the noun /far-d-/ is also derived from an underlying verb /far-/ in construction S3. Thus, the noun /far-d-/ is derived from the verb /far-/ by rule T-DSj ; and the adjective /far-d-ig-/ is derived from the noun /far-d-/ by rule T-DSa. Hence, the derivational history of the adjective /far-d-ig-/ is T-DSj, T-DSa. All such forms with several T-rules in their derivational histories are to be viewed in this manner as successive embeddings of constructions. In our analysis of compounds we have not only included the T-C rules for compounding, we have also included the derivational histories of forms which have other T-rules in their derivations besides T-C rules. For example, the WG form /hauh-m5d-/-ig-/ 'proud' has two rules in its derivational history: T-Cc, T-DSadj. (i.e., T-DSa). By rule T-Cc, an adjective and a noun are combined; and by T—DSadj. the form /hauh-möd-/ 'high spirit, pride' is adjectivized. In terms of deep structure the situation is as follows. Thus, T-Cc derives /hauh-möd-/ from /hauh-/ + /möd-/; then T-DSadj. derives //hauh-môd-/-ïg-/ from /hauh-möd-/. In describing compounds we have used the following abbreviations: T-DSadj. is any T-DS rule that derives adjectives, T-DSnoun is any T-DS rule that derives nouns, and T-DSverb is any T-DS rule that derives verbs. T-adj. is any T-rule which derives adjectiadjectives (i.e., the rules for present and past participles—which we have not treated of here): e.g., WG //full-drunk-/-an-/ 'completely drunk' with the

18

INTRODUCTION

s2

S3

derivational history T-Cf, T - a d j . Rule T-Cf combines an adverb /full-/ with a verb /drink-/. Then, the participle rule T - a d j . transforms the verb into a past passive participle. T-noun is any T-rule which derives nouns (e.g., WG T1.09-a, -b, etc., as well as the T-rule — also not treated of here — which derives infinitives from verbs): e.g., WG //wid-flug-/-o-/ 'one who flies f a r ' w i t h the derivational history T-Cf, T-noun. Rule T-Cf combines an adverb /wid-/ with a verb /fleog-/ 'fly'; then T-noun (in this case T1.09-c) derives the noun from the verb. Where there are T-DSadj., T-DSnoun rules, etc., in the derivational histories of compounds, we have not listed the particular T - D S rule which applies (e.g., T-DSa, etc.). However, in the examples given we have cited every different type of suffix which occurs. Thus where we mention, say, T - D S a d j in a particular derivational history, all the different a d j suffixes attested in t h a t derivational history are given in the examples. The abbreviations E - a d j . and Ε - n o u n mean t h a t a lexical item which is usually not an adjective or a noun is so used in a particular construction (usually a compound). For example, the WG word //blidi-hert-// 'happy, blithehearted' has the derivational history T-Cc, E - a d j . That is, T-Cc combines the adjective /blidi-/ with the noun /hert-/ 'heart'. Then, by the process which we have called E - a d j ., this compound noun is transformed into an adjective. The deep structure of this form is that given on the next page. Similarly, the WG form //wola-kwedi-// 'friendly greeting' has the derivational history T-Cf, Ε - n o u n : by rule T-Cf, the adverb /wola-/ and the verb /kwefe-/ are combined. Then, by Ε-noun this compound verb is transformed into a noun.

INTRODUCTION

19

Certain of the compounds are syntactically ambiguous. For example, WG /deop-fiâx-t—/ 'deep thought, a thinking deeply' may be derived by the sequence T-DSnoun, T-Cc (i.e., a noun is first derived from a verb by the - t suffix, then an adjective is affixed to this noun by rule T-Cc) —or by the sequence T-Cf, T-DSnoun (i.e., /deop-/ is an adverb combined with a verb by rule T-Cf, then this compound verb is nominalized by the - t - suffix). We have not marked all such forms; but we have included all the rules necessary for their derivations. Thus, a form which we list with one derivation may sometimes also have a different one. In the derivations of individual words, first the T-rules (T-DS, T-DP, etc.) apply to as many embedded constructions as the form may have in its derivational history. (The transformations which we give here are not ordered: the successive embeddings are determined by the rules of the base component — rules which we have not treated here.) After the T-rules, the rules for the particular inflectional class to which the word belongs apply (1.01, 3.12, etc.). And finally, the general phonological rules apply (O.al, O.bl, etc.). In a complete grammar for WG, or any of the daughter languages, many other rules which we have not discussed would come into play. For example, several uses of the genitive case are presumably the outputs of transformational rules (such as the so-called objective or subjective genitives). Certain of our T-rules are in fact conflations of several different rules: for example, the /-lïk-/ suffix in WG (as well as the corresponding suffix in the daughter languages) has several different functions, each of which is the result of a different rule. Here, for ease of reference, we have conflated these various functions into one rule.

20

INTRODUCTION C. T H E RECONSTRUCTION

We shall not consider in detail how we have arrived at our conclusions about the grammar of WG. We will discuss our methodology and the reasons for our various assumptions about WG in some detail in Chapter 5. B u t we shall discuss here in general terms what we consider the task of historical linguistics to be, in particular in its function of reconstructing. Carl Hempel (1966, p. 51) outlines in brief the basic structure of a scientific or explanatory theory as follows: L^ L „ . . Lr 0 2 , · · ·, C k

Explanans sentences

E

Explanandum sentence

Hempel says, The explanations just considered [i.e., scientific explanations or theories] m a y be conceived, then, as deductive arguments whose conclusion is the explanandum sentence, E, and whose premiss-set, the explanans, consists of general laws, L 1 ; L 2 , . . ., L r and of other statements, C 1) C 2 , . . ., C]¡, which make assertions about particular facts.

The conclusions (E sentences) follow logically from the premisses — the universal statements (L sentences) and the statements about particular facts (C sentences). The reconstructed grammar of a non-attested proto-language should follow as the conclusion (E sentences) from a set of premisses. The premisses about particular facts (C sentences) are the grammars of the attested daughter languages. The general or universal premisses (L sentences) are of the type 'If the grammar of a language has the following properties, it will change in the following ways . . .', 'If the grammar of a language has the following properties, it must have been at an earlier stage a grammar with the following properties . . or 'If the grammars of several languages are genetically related and they have the following properties, then the grammar of the mother language must have had the following properties . . .', etc. The conclusions following from such premisses are not always univocal: t h a t is, there are many instances in which one must say 'The grammar of the proto-language may have had either property X or property Y . . . ' This is to say in formal terms t h a t the conclusion sentences may on occasion be of the form E ! v E 2 . I n the particular case to which we have addressed ourselves here, we have drawn conclusions (E sentences) about a portion of the grammar of WG. The particular premisses (C sentences) on the basis of which we have drawn our conclusions are the corresponding parts of the grammars of OHG, OS, and OE. I n Chapter 5 we mention certain of the universal premisses (L sentences)

21

INTRODUCTION

which we have assumed in our reconstructing. Some of these premisses are the following. If the same inflectional class or T-rule occurs in all the daughter languages, we assume it to have been in the grammar of WG. On the other hand, the cases where such a property appears in only two of the daughter grammars are often not easily resolved. One reason for this is that the precise genetic relationships among our three daughter languages are not clear: the question is, is OS in some sense more closely related to OE or to OHG? That is, is the genetic tree of WG (A) or (B) ?

OHG

OHG

If the relationship was (A), then a property shared by OE and OS but not OHG could represent an innovation on line ab (i.e., at the time when OE and OS were a single language). If the relationship was (B), then a property shared by OS and OHG but not OE could represent an innovation on line a'b' (at the period when OS and OHG were a single language). However, when a property is shared by both OE and OHG, we have assumed this to be in most instances a characteristic of WG. We assume in general a merging of inflectional classes. Thus, if one attested language has two or more classes which correspond to a single class in another of the attested languages, we generally assume that the language with the two or more classes reflects the state of WG and that the language with a single class has undergone a merger. We also assume that if a particular rule (a T-rule or a phonological rule) existed in the grammar of WG and if it was inherited in various different versions into various of the daughter language, then that later version of the rule which has the most restricted environment represents the earliest (WG) form of the rule. That is, we assume that these rules tend to extend their domains in the course of time. For example, WG T-DSdd /-lîk-/ has been reconstructed mainly on the basis of the OS and OE versions of the rule, and not that of OHG, since in OHG the domain of the rule is greater than in OS and OE. Thus, the OHG version would seem to represent a later development than the OS or OE versions of the rule. We have not explicitly stated all our assumptions in reconstructing WG. However, in our reconstruction of WG in Chapter 5 we have listed, for each form class and rule which we posit as WG, all the corresponding form classes and rules as they are found in the attested daughter languages. The reader

22

INTRODUCTION

may thus check our reconstruction for himself and may in many instances wish to form his own conclusions about the grammar of WG. Finally, it should be emphasized t h a t comparative reconstruction is not, contrary to the view of it sometimes insinuated in certain works on the subject, an algorithmic process. Thus, there will probably never be discovered an explicit set of procedures (such as the procedures for arithmetical addition, multiplication, and the like) by which, given the grammars of several attested languages, one can produce the proto-grammar. Comparative method is, rather, a continuous hypothesizing about and testing of the universale (L sentences) of language change. These universale, like those of any other body of cognitive knowledge, will probably never constitute a closed set but will rather always be further refined, added to, and in some cases replaced by new propositions.

2.

OLD HIGH GERMAN

A. INTRODUCTION

A grammar for a single, unified OHG language is an impossibility: what is commonly referred to as Old High German was in fact a group of more or less mutually intelligible dialects. Our analysis of OHG inflectional morphology parallels the treatment in Braune Mitzka (1968) in that our phonemic notation generally follows the Braune Mitzka regularized orthography. This regularized spelling is based on the Eastern Franconian of the Tatian manuscripts — the OHG dialect which is considered to be closest to the Modern High German standard language (cf. Braune Mitzka, paragraphs 6d and 90). However, our treatment differs from that in Braune Mitzka in that, first, we have considered only the earliest attested inflectional endings and phonological rules. Thus, for example, we do not consider /—o/ as the instrumental singular ending (class 1.01), since it clearly developed from an earlier attested /-u/. Second, if there is in another dialect a morphological distinction or a morphological class which is not a later development and which is not found in Eastern Franconian (e.g., our noun class 1.05), we include the additional morphological distinction or class in our analysis. We assume in such cases that in Eastern Franconian, a morphological distinction was lost which had been present in early OHG. The following chart gives the basic phonetic distinctions in terms of which we have formulated our rules. In addition to the phones on the chart, one might also consider the sequences /pf/, /tz/, and /kx/ as unit phonemes. We assume that the phoneme /z/ (as in /daz/ 'that') was phonetically [£]. We use the sign /z/ to designate it because of its similarity to the usual OHG orthography. We also assume that any + vocalic segment admitted of at least three degrees of stress. I t should be added that in our treatment of OHG (as well as of the other languages which we consider here) our phonological analyses have been minimal and should be no means be considered the last word on the subject. 0. General Phonobgical Rules (Summary of Orderings) O.al, 0.a2a ( = 0.d2), 0 . a 2 b ( = 0.b2d), 0.a3 ( = 0.b2a). O.bl ( = 0 . c 2 b ) , 0 . b 2 a ( = 0.a3), 0.b2b, 0.b2c, 0,b2d(== 0.a2b).

24

OLD HIGH GERMAN

f—1 a

I +

+

I

+ I

>13

I +

+

+

>10

I +

+

+ ++

I +

+

MIS

I +

+

I I

>1«

I +

+

I +

—

I + I

is

I I

+ + +

I + I

ΗΗ-

I I

Η-

I

ΗΗ-

I

+ I

+ + I

u

+ + I

a

+ + I

+ +

+

I I

+ +

S

+ + I

I

Λ

+ + I

I

œ

+

I I

++

Χ

+

I I

I I

Ν

+

I I

++

+

I I

I +

I +

Μ

+

I I

I I

I I

I I +

I +

+ I +

I I

+ I

•ρ

+

I I

++

I I

α.

+

I I

I +

I I

fftííiií!·!1 ö

*

> œ —

OLD HIGH GERMAN

25

O.cl, 0.c2a, 0.c2b ( = O.bl). O.dl, 0.d2 ( = 0.a2a). All other such rules — O.e, O.f, and O.g —are unordered. OPT: / a / ( l v 2 stress) — [e] / — C0 Γ — consonantal"! where + high — back (/h/ v /1/ v /r/) [+consonantal] and C0 ^ [ +consonantal]/w/. (O.al)

Cn ^

A short /a/ with primary or secondary stress may be realized as [e] if followed by an optional consonant cluster (C0) and by /!/ v /j/, provided that the consonant cluster is neither /h/ v /1/ v /r/ followed by a + consonantal segment nor a + consonantal segment followed by /w/. E.g., 1.041 nom. sing, /lamb-0/ -- [balu] [balu] v [balo] 'evil'; 1.04 nom. sing, /knëw-0/ — v [knëu] — [knëu] [knëo] 'knee'; 1.06 nom. sing. /kunn-i/ — [kunni] v [kunne] 'race'. (O.bl v 0.c2b) /w/ - [u] j [ +

SEGMENT]

- [—vocalic] v #

/w/ is realized as [u] in non-initial position before any -vocalic segment or before a word boundary ( # ) . E.g., 1.04 nom. sing, /knëw+0/ — [knëu] 'knee'; J.04 liom. sing, /balw-0/ [badu] 'evjl'.

26

OLD HIGH GERMAN

(0.b2b) OPT: 0 - [a] / [ + SEGMENT][ +consonantal] - /w/ A reduced vowel of some kind may be inserted between any + consonantal segment not in initial position and /w/. E.g., 1.01 gen. sing, /balw—es/ ->· [balwes] v [balawes] 'evil' (the latter form written balawas v balewas v baluwas). (0.b2c) OPT: /u/ - 0/Γ + vocalicl - [ +consonantal] v #: L + long /u/ may be deleted after a long vowel and before a + consonantal segment or in word-final position (before E.g., 1.01 nom. sing, /hlëw-0/ -*· [hlëu] v [hlë] 'grave'. (O.cl) II M 1 - |[ê] /-/ty V W V /d/ v /t/ v /s/ v /z/ v /h/

ί/ou/J

|_[Ô]J

/ei/ and /ou/ are realized as [è] and [δ] (probably more open than those [ë]'s and [δ]'β from Gmc. [ë] and [δ] as in [för] Ί traveled') in the environment specified. E.g., 3.11 past 1st sing. ind. /leih—0/ [lex] 'lend'; 3.12 past 1st sing. ind. /bout-0/ — [hot] 'offer'. (0.c2a) IH/ — [Χ] I [ + SEGMENT] - [-sonorant] v # /h/ is realized as [x] in non-initial position and before any -sonorant segment or before a word boundary. E.g., 3.11 pres. 1st. sing. ind. /lih-u/ [lïhu] 'lend'; past 1st sing. ind. /leih—0/ — [lëh] — [lëx]. (O.dl) /a/ (-stress) - [e] / /ri/ Short unstressed /a/ is realized as [e] if preceded by /ri/. E.g., 3.21 pres.inf. /nar-iann-0/ [nerien] 'cure'. (O.e) " + vocalic" 0 1 LONG SYLLABLE [ 4- consonantal] — + consonantal]1 + sonorant J -high + vocalic] -long — stress Short unstressed /e/ v /a/ v /o/ is deleted after a long syllable and when followed by/11 v [ m ] v/n/T/r/ anda +vocalic segment". E.g.,.1.01 nom. sing./fingar-0/ — [fingar] 'finger'; gen. sing, /fingar-es/ — [fingres]. (0.f) " + vocalic" [-long] / - # -high — low /e/ and /δ/ are realized as short [e] and [o] in word-final position. E.g., 3.3,1 pres. imp. /salb-ô-0/ — [salbo] 'annoint'. (O.g) Γ + vocalic "+vocalic [afeatures «features .+ v -long.

-

" + vocaliq «features .+ v -long

OLD HIGH GERMAN

27

T w o qualitatively identical vowels occurring in sequence are realized as

the

s a m e single v o w e l , either l o n g or short d e p e n d i n g u p o n t h e l e n g t h or b r e v i t y of the second vowel in the sequence. E.g.,

1 . 1 2 n o m . s i n g , /giri—1—0/ — [ g i r i ]

' d e s i r e ' ; 1 . 1 2 2 g e n . s i n g , / w i l l i - i - n / - /gihlözzo/ 'he who has the same lot with someone else, friend'. These may be considered types of agent nouns: the noun designating a person who customarily does something or who has a customary relationship with something is derived from the noun for that thing. Although it is not attested, one could also have had a feminine noun /gihlözza/ 'woman friend'. Similar examples are /giferto/ 'traveling companion' (derived from /der gengit üf dero ferti mit/ 'he who goes on a journey with someone'), /gisippo/ 'relative' (derived from /der habet diu seiba sippa/ 'he who has the same family'), and /gisibba/ (class 1.121) 'female relative'. (Additional examples of rules T1.12-C and T1.12-d are in Braune & Mitzka, pp. 207-08.)

OLD HIGH GERMAN

31

1.13 neuter S = /feh-/ 'cattle' + I + E = nom.-acc. sing, /-u/, gen. sing, /-as v -es/, dat. sing, / - a v -e/, nom.-acc. pl. /-iu v -u/, gen. pi. /—o/, dat. pl. ?. (1.13-a) Same as 1.12-a: / e / v / o / - [i] v [u]. E.g., nom. sing, /feh-u/ — [fihu]; gen. sing, /feh-es/ [fehes]. 1.14 masculine S = /mann-/ 'man' + I + E = nom.-acc. sing. /-0/, gen. sing. /-0 v -es/, dat. sing. /-0 v -e/, nom.-acc. pi. /—0/, gen. pi. /—o/, dat. pl. /-um/. 2.25 feminine S — /möter-/ 'mother' + I + E = nom.-acc.-gen.-dat. sing., nom.-acc. pi. /—0/, gen. pi. /—o/, dat. pl. /-um/. 2. Adjectival-Adverbial (2-a) /i/ - 0 / OPT: -

Inflection —E

MORPHEME

An adjective stem ending in /i/ may have the /i/ optionally deleted before any E morpheme; in other cases, the /i/ is obligatorily deleted before any -(-vocalic segment. E.g., nom. pl. mase, /mari-e/ -*• [marie] v [märe] 'famous'; acc. sing, mase, /märi-an/ — [märan] v (O.dl) [märien]; acc. sing. masc. /strangi-an/ (O.al) — [strengian] (0.a2a) — [strengen] 'strong' v (2-a) — [strangan]; comp /märi-ör-/ — [märör], 2.1 (strong declension) S = /blint—/ 'blind', /märi-/ 'famous' + I + E = nom. sing. masc. / - 0 v -ër/, acc. sing. masc. /-an/, gen. sing. masc. /-es/, dat. sing. masc. /-amu v -emu/, inst. sing. masc. /-u/, nom. pl. masc. /-0 v -e/, acc. pl. masc. /-e v -iu/, gen. pl. masc. /-ero/, dat. pl. masc. /-ëm/, nom. sing. fem. /—0 v —iu/, acc. sing. fem. /-a/, gen. sing. fem. /-era/, dat. sing. fem. /-eru/, nom. pl. fem. / - 0 v - o / , acc. pl. fem. /—o/, gen. pl. fem. /-ero/, dat. pl. fem. /-ëm/, nom.-acc. sing. neut. / - 0 v -az/, gen. sing. neut./-es/, dat. sing. neut./-amu v -emu/, inst. sing. neut. /—u/, nom.-acc. pl. neut. / - 0 v -iu/, gen. pl. neut. /-ero/, dat. pl. neut. /-ëm/. E.g., nom. sing. masc. /garw-0/ (O.bl) -»- [garu] 'ready' v (0.b2a) -«- [garo]; gen. sing. masc./garw-es/ — [garwes] v (0.b2b) ->- [garawes]; nom. sing. masc. /gräw-0/ (O.bl) — [gräu] ' g r a y ' v (0.b2c) — [grä] v (0.b2a) — [grâo]; nom. sing. masc. /finstar-0/ — [finstar] 'dark' v /finstar-ër/ (O.e) [finstrer], 2.2 (weak declension) S + I + E — nom. sing. masc. /-o/, acc. sing. masc. /-in v -un/, gen.-dat. masc. /-in/, nom.-acc. pl. masc. / - i n v - u n / , gen. pl. masc. /-5no/, dat. pl. masc. /-5m/, nom. sing. fem. /-a/, gen.-dat. sing., nom.-acc. pl. fem. /-ün/,

32

OLD HIGH GERMAN

gen. pi. fem. /-öno/, dat. pl. fem. /-5m/, nom.-acc. sing. neut. /-a/, gen.-dat. sing. neut. /-in/, nom.-acc. pi. neut. /-in v -un/, gen. pi. neut. /-öno/, dat. pl. neut. /-5m/. E.g., nom. sing. masc. /märi-o/ (2-a) [märio] v [maro]; /märi-o/ (0.a3) v [märio] [mareo], 2.21 (comparison) S + I = comp. / - i r - v - 5 r - / + E morphemes of class 2.2; S + I = sup. /-ist- v -öst-/ + E morphemes of class 2.2. 2.22 (suppletives) S = /got-/ 'good', /lutzil-/ 'small', /mixxil-/ 'large', /ubü-/ 'bad'; /S + 1/ comp, /bezzir-/, /minnir-/, /mër- v mërir- v mërôr-/, /wirsir-/, respectively + E morphemes of class 2.2; ¡8 + I¡ — sup. /bezzist-/, /minnist-/, /meist-/, /wirsist-/, respectively + E morphemes of class 2.2. 2.3 Adverbs 2.31 S = /blint-/ + I = 1-0-

v

-lixx-/ + E = /-o/.

(2.31-a) /-lixx-lixx-/ - [-lixx-] E.g., adj. /armi-lixx-/, adv./armi-lixx-lixx-o/ (2.31-a) [armilixxo] 'angrily'; adv. /garw-lixx-o/ (O.bl) — [garulixxo] 'readily' v /garw-0-o/ -«• [garwo] v (0.b2b) -«- [garowo]. 2.311 (suppletives) The /S + 1/ forms of this class are the same as those of class 2.22. The E morpheme is /—o/. 2.32 S = /ital-/ 'idle' + I = /-ing-/ + E = /-un/. 2.33 (suppletives) S = /got-/ 'good'; /S + I + E/ — /wola/. 2.34 (comparison) S + I = comp, /-ôr-/ + E = /—0/ ; S + I = /-ist- v -öst-/ + E = /—0/. 3. Verbal Inflection (3-a) / g ì - /

01 #

— DERIVATIVE PREFIX

The 16 prefix /gi-/ is deleted when the verb has a derivational prefix (DP morpheme). E.g., pres. inf. /gi-flext-ann-0/ [giflextan] 'weave'; past part. /gi-gi-floxt-an-0/ (3-a) — [giflóxtan]. Otherwise, the /gi-/ prefix in 16 morphemes is optional. 3.1 (strong verbs) S = /rit-, etc./ 'ride' + I l = /-SV — i - etc./ + E = pres. 1st. sing. ind. /-u/, 3rd sing. ind. /-it/, 2nd sing. ind. /-is/, imp. /—0/, 1st pi. ind. /-amës/, 3rd pl.

33

OLD HIGH GERMAN

ind. /-ant/, 2nd pi. ind. /-at/, 1-3 sing. opt. /—e/, 2nd pi. opt. /—ës/, 1st pl. opt. /-ëm/, 3rd pl. opt. /-ëη/, 2nd pl. opt. /—et/. S + 12 = /-SV -» !-, etc. H—ann-/ + E = pres. inf., nom. sing. /—0/, gen. sing, /-es/, dat. sing. /—e/. S + 13 = /-SV — i-, etc. H—anti-/ + E = pres. part., E morphemes of classes 2.1 and 2.2. S + 14 = /-SV - ei-, etc./ + E = past lst-3rd sing. ind. /—0/. S + 15 = /-SV — i-, etc./ + E = past 2nd sing. ind. /-i/, 1st pl. ind. /-um/, 3rd pl. ind. /-un/, 2nd pl. ind. /-ut/, lst-3rd sing. opt. /-!/, 2nd sing. opt. /-is/, 1st pi. opt. /-im/, 3rd pl. opt. /-in/, 2nd pi. opt. /-it/. S + 16 = /-SV — i-, etc. + (gi-)-an-/ + E = past part., E morphemes of classes 2.1 and 2.2. 3.11 [ritan, reit, ritum, giritan] 'ride' I I = /-SV - i-/, 12 = /-SV - i - + -ann-/, 13 = /-SV - i - + -anti-/, 14 = /-SV - ei-/, 15 = /-SV - i-/, 16 = /-SV - i - + (gi-)-an-/. E.g., past 1st sing. ind. /lSVh-l4-E/ - [leih] (O.cl) - [lëh] (0.c2a) - [lëx] 'lend'; past 1st sing. ind. /spSVw-I4-E/ ->- [speiw] (O.cl) [spew] (0.c2b) [spëu] v (0.b2a) - [spëo] v (0.b2c) - [spë] 'spit'. (3.11-a) 0 — [τ] I

— 15 v 16

If a stem ends in the stem vowel, [r] is inserted before 15 v 16. E.g., [skrian, skrei, skrirum, geskriran] 'shout'. (3.11-b) /hI - [w]/ - 15 v 16 E.g., [llhan, lëx, liwum, giliwan] 'lend'. 3.111 [risan, reis, rirum, giriran] 'fall'. [snldan, sneid, snitum, gisnitan] 'cut', [tzïhan, tzêx, tzigum, gitzigan] 'accuse'. (3.111-a) /d/ v /h/ v /s/ - [t] v [g] v [r], respectively / - 15 v 16 3.12 [beotan, bot, butum, gibotan] 'offer', [leogan, loug, lugum, gilogan] 'lie', [süfan, souf, sufum, gisofan] 'drink'. I I = /-SV - eo & ü-/, 12 = /-SV - eo & Ü- + -ann-/, 13 = /-SV ü - + -anti-/, 14 = /-SV - ou-/, 15 = /-SV - o - + (gi-)-an-/.

eo &

(3.12-a) Same as 1.12-a with the added environmental statement / — C0 That is, /e/ v /o/ — [i] v [u], respectively. E.g., pres. inf. /beot-ann-0/ — [beotan]; pres. 1st sing. ind. /beot-u/ (3.12-a) -• [beutu] (3.12-a again since the environmental conditions are still satisfied) ->[biutu]; pres:imp /beot-0/ (3.12-a) -*· [biut]; pres.- 2nd sing. ind. /beot-is/ (3.12-a) [biutis]; pres. inf. /bleow-ann-0/ [bleuwan] -»- [bliuwan] 'beat'.

34

OLD HIGH GERMAN

(? 3.12-b) /uI — [ü] I — /w/ (15 v 16) E.g., past 1st sing. ind. /blouw-0/ [blouw] (O.bl) — [blouu] (0.b2d) [blou] 'beat'; past 1st pi. ind. /bluw-um/ (3.12-b) -> [blüwum],

-

(3.12-0) /d/ v /s/ - [t] v [r], respectively / - 15 v 16 E.g., [seodan, sod, sutum, gisotan] 'seethe'; [keosan, kös, kurum, gikoran] 'choose'. 3.121 [tzeohan, tzöx, tzugum, gitzogan] 'pull'. ( 3.121-a)

/h/ - [g] / - 15 V I 6

3.13 [bintan, bant, buntum, gibuntan] 'bind', [brestan, brast, brustum, gibrostan] 'lack', [spurnan, sparn, spurnum, gispurnan] 'kick', [werfan, warf, wurfum, giworfan] 'throw'. I I = /-SV - e & o-l, 12 - /-SV - e & o - + - a n n - / , 13 = /-SV - e & o - + - a n t i - / , 14 = /-SV - a-/, 15 = /-SV - u-/, 16 = /-SV - o - + (gi-)-an-/. (3.13-a) Same as 3.12-a: /e/ v /o/

[i] v ful, respectively.

(3.13-b) /d/ - [ t ] / - 15 V I 6 E.g., [werdan, ward, wurtum, giwortan] 'become'. 3.131 [hwerfan, hwarf, hwurbum, gihworban] 'turn', [swelhan, swalx, swulgum, giswolgan] 'swallow'. (3.131-a) /Ja/ v / f / - [g] v [b], respectively / - 15 v 16 3.14 [sprexxan, sprax, spräxum, gisproxxan] 'speak', [stelan, stai, stälum, gistolan] 'steal'. I l = /-SV - e-/, 12 = /-SV - e - + - a n n - / , 13 = /-SV - e - + - a n t i - / , 14 = /-SV - a-/, 15 = /-SV - ä - / , 16 = /-SV - o - + (gi-)-an-/. ^3.14-a) Same as 3.12-a: /e/ v /o/

[i] v [u], respectively.

E.g., pres. 1st sing. ind. /stel-u/ — [stilu]; past 1st pl. ind. /spräxx-um/ (0.b2d) — [sprâxum] v [sprâxxum]. 3.15 [bitten, bat, bätum, gibetan] 'ask', [geban, gab, gäbum, gigeban] 'give', [kweman, kwam, kwämum, gikweman] 'come'. II /-SV - e-/, 12 = /-SV - e - + - a n n - / , 13 = /-SV - e - + - a n t i - / , 14 = /-SV - il·—/, 15 = /-SV - ä - / , 16 = /-SV - e - + (gi-)-an-/. (3.15-al) /i/ - 0 / - /i/

v

14 v 15 v 16

(3.15 a2a) Same as 3.12-a: /e/ v /o/

[i] v [u], respectively.

OLD HIGH GERMAN

(3.15-a2b) + consonantal afeatures

35

Γ + consonantal] I + consonantal"! [afeatures J [afeatures J

( n o t /r/)

I

Ii/ [ + vocalic]

STEM

+ vocalic

A single consonant (not /r/) is geminated if it follows the stem vowel and is followed by /i/ and a + vocalic segment. E.g., pres. inf. /beti-ann-0/ (3.15-a2a) — [bitiann] (3.15-a2b) — [bittiann] (0.a2b) [bittian] (0.a2a) -• [bitten]; pres. 2nd sing. ind. /beti-is/ (3.15-al) — [betis] (3.15-a2a) — [bitis]; /setzi-is/ (3.15-al) — [setzis] (3.15-a2a) — [sitzis] 'sit'. (3.15-a2c) + consonantal afeatures

/

STEM

+ vocalic lstress

[ + continuant] "+ consonantal" 14 v 15 v 16 + continuant afeatures

E.g., past part./gi-setzi-an-0/ (3.15-al) — [gisetzan] (3.15-a2c) — [gisezzan]. (3.15-a3) /i/ -> 0 /

- Γ + vocalic' — low ji¡ is deleted (except if /r/ precedes) when followed by any vowel except /a/. E.g., pres. 1st sing. opt./setzi-e/ (3.15-a2a) [sitzie] (3.15-a3) — [sitze]; pres. 1st sing. ind. /beti-u/ (3.15-a2a) - [bitiu] (3.15-a2b) - [bittiu] (3.15-a3) [bittu]; pres. imp. /beti-0/ (3.15-a2a) -«- [biti]; pres. 1st pi. ind. /beti-amës/ (3.15-a2a) — [bitiamês] (3.15-a2b) — [bittiamës] (0.a2a) [bittemës], NOT/r/

(3.15-b) /d/ v / s / - [t] v [r], respectively / - 15 v 16 E.g., [kwedan, kwad, kwätum, gikwetan] 'say'; [lesan, las, lârum, gileran] 'read'. 3.151 [sehan, sax, sâwum, gisewan] 'see'. (3.151-a) /h/ - [w]/ - 15 v 16 3.16 [faran, for, forum, gifaran] 'travel'. [skepfen, sköf, sköffum v sköfum, giskaffan] 'create', [swerien, swôr, swörum, giswaran] 'swear'. II = /-SV - a - / , 12 = /-SV - a - + -ann-/, 13 = /-SV - a - + -anti-/. 14 v 15 = /-SV - Ö-/, 16 = /-SV - a - / . (3.16-al) Same as 3.15-al: /i/ - 0. (3.16-a2) Same as 3.15-a2b: consonantal gemination. (3.16-a3) Same as O.al: /a/ - [e], (3.16-a4) Same as 3.15-a3: /i/ - 0.

36

OLD HIGH GERMAN

(3.16-b) Same as 3.15-a2c: stop consonants become continuants. E.g., pres. 1st sing. ind. /hlahi-u/ (3.16-a2) - [hlahhiu] (3.16-a4) - [hlahhu] (0.c2a) - [hlaxhu] 'laugh'; /hafi-u/ (3.16-a2) [haffiu] (3.16-a3) - [heffiu] (3.16-a4) - [heffu] 'lift'; pres. 2nd sing. ind. /hafi-is/ (3.16-al) - [hafis] (3.16-a3) - [hefis]; /skapfi-is/ (3.16-al) - [skapfis] (3.16-a3) - [skepfis]; pres. inf. /hafi-ann-0/ (3.16-a2) - [haffiann] (3.16-a3) - [heffiann] (0.b2d) [heffian] (0.a2a) -*• [heffen]; past 1st sing. ind. /sk5pfi-0/ (3.16-al) [sköpf] (3.16-b) - [sköff] (0.a2b) - [skôf], (3.16-c) /d/ v /h/ - [t] v [g], respectively / - 14 v 15 v 16 E.g., [hladan, hlöt, hlötum, gihlatan] 'load'; [slahan, slög, slögum, gislagan] 'hit'; [hlaxhen, hlög, hlögum, gihlagan] 'laugh'. 3.161 [heffen, hob, hôbum, gihaban] 'lift'. (3.161-a) /fy - [b]/ - 14 v 15 v 16 3.17 [erien, ër, ërum, giaran] 'plow', [gangan, gëng, gëngum, gigangan] 'go', [heizan, hëz, hëzum, giheizan] 'call', [râtan, rët, rëtum, girätan] 'advise', [skrötan, skrët, skrëtum, giskrôtan] 'cut'. I l = /-SV - a & ä & ei & δ-/, 12 = /-SV - a & ä & e i & ö - + -ann-/, 13 = /-SV - » a & ä & e i & ö — h -anti-/, 14 v 15 = /-SV - e-/, 16 = /-SV - a & ä & ei & δ—(- (gi-)-an-/. (3.17) Same as 3.15-al: /i/ - 0. E.g., pres. inf. /ari-ann-0/ (O.al) — [eriann] (0.a2b) -»• [erian] (O.dl) ->[erien]; pres. 1st sing. ind. /ari-u/ (O.al) [eriu]; pres. 2nd sing. ind. /ari-is/ (3.17-a) -*• [aris] (O.al) [eris]; past part, /gi-ari-an-0/ (3.17-a) -> [giaran]. (3.17-b) /d/ - [t] / - 14 v 15 v 16 E.g., [faldan, fëlt, fëltum, gifaltan] 'fold'. 3.171 [fähan, fëng, fêngum, gifangan] 'catch', [hâhan, hëng, hëngum, gihangan] 'hang'. (3.171-a) /eng/ - [âh]/ - I l

v

12 v 13

The stem /gang-/ does not undergo this rule; hence /gang-/ is in superclass 3.17. 3.18 [hloufan, hleof, hleofum, gihloufan] 'run'. I I = /-SV - ou-/, 12 = /-SV - ou- + -ann-/, 13 = /-SV - ou- + -anti-/, 14 v 15 = /-SV - eo-/, 16 = /-SV - ou- + (gi-)-an-/. 3.2 (weak verbs) S = /dan-, etc./ 'stretch' + I l = /-i-/ + E = pres. 1st sing. ind. /-u/, 3rd sing. ind. /-t/, 2nd sing. ind. /—s/, imp. /-0/, 1st pi. ind. /-amës/, 3rd pl. ind /-ant/,

OLD HIGH GERMAN

37

2 n d p i . i n d . / - a t / , l s t - 3 r d s i n g . o p t . /—e/, 2 n d s i n g . o p t . /-ês/, 1 s t p l . o p t . / - ë m / , 3 r d p l . o p t . / - ë n / , 2 n d p l . o p t . /—et/. S + 12 = /-iann-/ + E

= p r e s . i n f . , n o m . s i n g . /—0/, g e n . s i n g , /-es/, d a t . s i n g .

HS + 13 = /-ianti-/ + E = S +

1 4 = / - i t - , etc./ +

1st pl. ind / - ö m

v

pres. part., E m o r p h e m e s o f classes 2.1 a n d 2.2.

E

= p a s t l s t - 3 r d s i n g . i n d . /-a/, 2 n d s i n g . i n d . /-δs/,

-um/, 3rd pl. ind. / - δ η

- u n / , 2 n d pl. i n d . /—ötv - u t / ,

v

lst-3rd

s i n g . o p t . /-!/, 2 n d s i n g . o p t . /-is/, 1 s t p l . o p t . /-im/, 3 r d p l . o p t . /-in/, 2 n d p l . o p t . /-it/. S +

1 5 = I(gi—)—it—, etc./ + E

= past, part., E morphemes o f classes 2 . 1 a n d

2.2. ( 3 . 2 - 1 ) /i/ - 0 /

— /i/ v 1 4

(I.e., similar to

15

v

3.15-al.)

(3.2-2) S a m e as 3.15-a3:

consonantal

( 3 . 2 - 3 ) S a m e a s O . a l : /a/ -

gemination.

[e].

lstress (I.e., similar to 3.21

3.15-a3.)

[dennen, denita, gidenit]

'stretch',

[frewen, frewita, gefrewit] [nerien, nerita, ginerit]

'rejoice',

'save'.

I I = /—i—/, 1 2 = / - i a n n - / , 1 3 = / - i a n t i - / , 1 4 = / - i t - / , 1 5 = /(gi—)—it—/· E.g.,

pres.

1st

sing.

ind.

/nar-i-u/

(3.2-3) — [neriu];

/dan-i-u/

(3.2-2)

[danniu] (3.2-3) — [denniu] (3.2-4) — [dennu]; pres. 2 n d sing. ind. /dan-i-s/ (3.2-3) -

[denis]; pres. 3rd pi. ind. /nar-i-ant/ (3.2-3) -

[nerient];

/dan-i-ant/

[dennent]; (3.2-2) 3.22

pres.

3rd

(3.2-2) — [danniant] pi.

opt.

[dannient] (3.2-3) -

/nar-i-ent/

(3.2-3)

(3.2-3) — [nerient];

[dennient] (3.2-4) -

[sôxxen, sôxta, gesöxxit]

[neriant] (0.d2)

[denniant]

(0.d2)

/dan-i-ent/

[dennent],

'seek'.

I l = / - i - / , 1 2 = / - i a n n - / , 1 3 = / - i a n t i - / , 1 4 = /—t—/, 1 5 =

/(gi-)-it-/.

E . g . , (not giving every step in t h e derivations) /satz-iann-0, s a t z - t - a , it/ -«- [ s e t z e n , [hiwen, [heften,

satzta,

h!utaThita, hafta,

gisetzit] gihiwit]

giheftit]

—

'set'; 'marry';

'lift';

/hiw-iann-0,

hiw-t-a,

/haft-iann-0,

/trank-iann-0,

haftr-ta,

trank-t-a,

gi-satz-

g i - h i w - i t / -*• gi-haftr-it/ g i - t r a n k - i t / -*-

[ t r e n k e n , t r a n k t a , g i t r e n k i t ] ' g i v e t o d r i n k ' ; / b l i d i - i a n n - 0 , b l i d i - t - a , gi—blîdi— it/ — [ b i l d e n , b l i d t a ( b y 3 . 2 - 1 ) , g i b l i d i t ] ' m a k e h a p p y ' . 3.23

[tzellen, tzalta, gitzalt]

II =

¡-i-/,

'tell'.

1 2 = / - i a n n - / , 1 3 = / - i a n t i - / , 1 4 = /—t—/, 1 5 =

/(gi-)-t-/·

38

OLD HIGH GERMAN

E.g., pres. 1st sing. ind. /tzal-i-u/ (3.2-2) ^ [tzalliu] (3.2-3) — [tzelliu] (3.2-4) - [tzellu]; pres. 2nd sing.ind. /tzal-i-is/ (3.2-1) - [tzalis] (3.2-3) [tzelis]. 3.231 [denken, däxta, gidäxt] 'think', [dunken, düxta, gidüxt] 'seem', [furxten, forxta, giforxt] 'fear'. (3.231-a)

STEM

/n/(/g/v/k/)

STEM

+ vocalic

[χ]

+ vocalic + long

I - 14 v 15 E.g., past 1st sing. ind. / d a n k - t - a / (3.231-a) — [däxta]; pres. inf. /dank-iann-0/ -*· [denken]. (3.231-b) Same as 1.12-a: / e / v / o / - [i] v [u], respectively. 3.2311 [bringen, bräxta, gibräxt] 'bring'. (3.2311-a) Same as O . a l : /a/

[e].

E.g., pres. inf. /brang-iann-0/ (3.2311-a) — [brengiann] (3.231-b) -* [brin giann] (0.a2a) — [bringenn] (0.a2b) — [bringen]; past:lsi / b r a n g - t - a / (3.231-a) -- [furxtenn] (0.a2b) — [furxten]; past 1st sing. ind. / f o r x t - t - a / (0.a2b) — [forxta], (T3.2-a) ΤΟ CAUSE 13.2 + Everb.

THAT

+ Subject + Verb 1 stem -(- Iverb + Everb => 1 +

E.g., TO CAUSE THAT jêr sitz-t/ 'to cause t h a t he sits' =>· /inan satz-iann-0/ 'to place him'. Similar examples are [leggen] 'to lay' from /lag-iann-0/ and [trenken] 'to cause to drink' from / t r a n k - i a n n - 0 / . Those causativos from strong verb classes 3.11 to 3.17 seem always to be formed f r o m the 14 forms (e.g., /satz-iann-0/). I t m a y have been t h a t all morphemes with short stems were in class 3.21 and all those with long stems were in class 3.23. This rule may not have been productive by early OHG times. (T3.2-b) τ ο CAUSE THAT + Subject + BE V BECOME + (Adjective 1 stem + I a d j -f E a d j v Adverbfplace] 1 stem 1 + 13.2 + Everb. E.g., τ ο CAUSE THAT /ër wird-it stark/ 'to cause t h a t he becomes strong' =>I inan stark-iann-0/ — [inan sterken] 'to strengthen him'. Similar examples are [bliden] 'to make h a p p y ' from /blidi-iann-0/, [festen] 'to make firm or fast' f r o m /fast-iann-0/, and [nidaren] 'to make low or base' f r o m / n i d a r i iann-0/ where /nidari-/ is an adverbial morpheme meaning 'down below'. (3.2-c) Subject + Verb [customary activity] ( +Preposition) + Noun 1 stem + Inoun -I- Enoun object => 1 + 13.2 + Everb.

OLD HIGH GERMAN

39

E.g., /ër hab-ët durst/ 'he has thirst' => /ër durst-it/ 'he thirsts'. Similar examples are [bouxxanen] 'to give or make a sign' from /bouxxan-iann-0/, [tzellen] 'to tell a story' from /tzal-iann-0/, and [farwen] 'to color, use color on' from /farw-iann-0/. 3.3

S = /salb-, etc./ 'annoint' + I l = / - δ - , etc./ + E = pres. 1st sing. ind. /-m/, 3rd sing. ind. /-t/, 2nd sing. ind. /-s/, imp. /—0/, 1st pl. ind. /-mës/, 3rd pl. ind. /-nt/, 2nd pl. ind. /-t/, lst-3rd sing. opt. / - 0 v -e/, 2nd sing. opt. / - ë s v -s/, 1st pl. opt. / - ë m v - m / , 3rd pl. opt. / - ë n v -n/, 2nd pl. opt. /—ët v - t / . S -I- 12 = / - ô n n - , etc./ + E = pres. inf., nom. sing. /—0/, gen. sing, /-es/, dat. sing. /-e/. S + 13 = /-önti-, etc./ + E = pres. part., E morphemes of classes 2.1 and 2.2. S 4- 14 = / - ö t - , etc./ + E = past lst-3rd sing. ind. /-a/, 2nd sing. ind. /-ös/, 1st pl. ind. / - ö m v -um/, 3rd pl. ind. / - δ η ν -un/, 2nd pl. ind. / - δ t v -ut/, lst-3rd sing. ind. /-I/, 2nd sing. opt. /-is/, 1st pi. opt. /-im/, 3rd pl. opt. /-in/, 2nd pi. opt. /-it/. S + 15 = I(gi—)—öt—, etc./ + E = past, part., E morphemes of classes 2.1 and 2.2. 3.31 [salbôn, salbôta, gisalbôt] 'annoint'. I l = / - δ - / , 12 = /-önn-/, 13 = /-önti-/, 14 = / - ö t - / , 15 - /(gi-)-ôt-/. 3.32 [habën, habëta, gihabët] 'have'. I l = / - ë - / , 12 = /-ënn-/, 13 = /-önti-/, 14 = / - ë t - / , 15 = /(gi-)-ët-/. E.g., pres. imp. /salb-ô-0/ (O.f) — [salbo]; /hab-ë-0/ (O.f) — [habe]; pres. 1st sing. ind. /salb-ô-m/ ->- [salböm]. (T3.3-a) Same as rule T3.2-a except output is 1 + 13.32 + Everb. E.g., /hang-ënn-0/ [hangën] 'to cause to hang'. This rule may not represent a productive process for class 3.32 verbs: there are only a few examples attested. (T3.3-b) Same as rule T3.2-b except output is 1 + 13.31 + Everb. E.g., το CAUSE THAT /ez wird-it manag-falt/ 'to cause that it becomes numerous' =>- /ez manag-falt-önn-0/ 'to increase it'. One example with an adverb of place is (saman-ônn-0/ 'to cause to be together (/samani/). Like rule T3.3-a, this rule may not represent a productive process in OHG. (T3.3-C) Same as rule T3.2-C except output is 1 + 13.31 v 13.32 + Everb. E.g., [faetón] 'tofast, keep a fast (/fast-a/)', [suntiön] 'to sin, commit a sin (/sunti-a/)', and [tzilôn] v [tzilën] 'to hasten, attempt a certain goal (/tzil-0/)'. (T3.3-d) Subject -)- BE V BECOME + (Adjective 1 v Adverbfplace] 1 stem v Noun 1 stem + Inoun + Enoun) => 1 + 13.31 v 13.32 + Everb. E.g., /ër ist irri/ 'he is wrong' => /ër irri-ö-t/ 'he errs, is wrong'; /ër ist trunk-an0/ => /ër trunk-an-ë-t/ 'he is drunk'. An example with a noun is /sia ist ein

40

OLD HIGH GERMAN

diu/ 'she is a servant girl' =>• /sia dion-ö-t/ 'she serves'. An example with an adverb is /sie sind samani/ 'they are together' => /sie saman-ô-nt/ 'they gather'. Certain of the forms (all adjectives) which undergo T3.3-b and T3.3-d insert a derivative suffix /-Vs-/: e.g., /tiuri-is-önn-0/ 'glorify'; /mixxil-5s-ônn-0/ 'make large'; and /hër-is-ônn-0/ 'be great, rule over'. 3.4 (preterite-present

verbs)

S = /weizz-, etc./ 'know' + II = /-SV — ei-, etc./ + E = lst-3rd sing. ind. /-0/, 2nd sing. ind. /-t/, imp.?. S + 12 = /-SV - i-, etc./ + E = 1st pl. ind /-um/, 3rd pl. ind /-un/, 2nd pl. ind. /-ut/, lst-3rd sing. opt. /-i/, 2nd sing. opt. /-is/, 1st pi. opt. /-!m/, 3rd pi. opt. /-in/, 2nd pi. opt. /-it/. S + 13 = /-SV — ei-, etc. -)—ann-/ + E = pres. inf., nom. sing. /—0/, gen. sing, /-es/, dat. sing. /-e/. S + 14 = /-SV — ei-, etc. -|—anti-/ + E = pres. part., E morphemes of classes 2.1 and 2.2. S + 15 = /-SV - i - + - t - v - s - , etc./ + E = past. lst-3rd sing. ind. /-a/, 2nd sing. ind. /—ös/, 1st pl. ind. /-ôm v -um/, 3rd pl. ind. /-δη ν -un/, 2nd pl. ind. I~ôt v -ut/, lst-3rd sing. opt. /-!/, 2nd sing. opt. /-is/, 1st pl. opt. /-im/, 3rd pl. opt. /-in/, 2nd pl. opt. /-it/. S + 16 /-SV ->- i—h (gi-)-an-, etc./ + E = past, part., E morphemes of classes 2.1 and 2.2. (3.4-a) /z/

[s] / — /t/ v / s /

(3.4-b)/g/

[x]/ — [ + consonantal]

(3.4-c) 0 - [s] I /n/ v /r/ — /t/ [wizzan, weiz, wizzum, wessa v westa v wissa v wista, giwizzan] 'know'. II = /-SV - ei-/, 12 = /-SV - i—/, 13 = /-SV - i - + -ann-/, 14 = /-SV - i - + -anti-/, 15 = /-SV - e v i - + - t - v - s - / , 16 = /-SV - i - + (gi-)-an-/. E.g., pres. 2nd sing. ind. /weizz-t/ (3.4-a applies twice since the environmental conditions are still satisfied after the first application) [weisst] (0.a2b) — [weist]; pres. 1st sing. ind. /weizz-0/ (0.a2b) [weiz]; past 1st sing. ind. /wizz-ta v - s a / (3.4-a) [wissta] v [wisssa] (0.a2b) [wista] v [wissa], 3.42 [toganti, toug, tugum, toxta, ?] 'be of value'. I l = /-SV - ou-/, 12 = /-SV - u-/, 13 = /-SV - o - + -ann-/, 14 = I-SV - o - + -anti-/, 15 = /—t—/, 16 = ?. 3.43 [durfan, darf, durfum, gidorfta, ?] 'need'. [?, gitar, giturrum, gitorsta, ?] 'dare', [kunnan, kan, kunnum, konda v konsta, ?] 'can', [unnan, an, unnum, onda v onsta, ?] 'favor'. II = I-SV - a-/, 12 = /-SV - u-/, 13 = /-SV - u - + -ann-/,

41

OLD HIGH GERMAN

14 = /-SV - u - + - a n t i - / , 15 = /-SV - o - + - d - / , 16 = ?. (3.43-a) OPT: /d/ - [ t ] / [ + nasal] (3.43-b) /d/ - [ t ] / Γ + consonantal" [ — nasal E.g., pres. 2nd sing. ind. /kann-t/ (3.4-c) [kannst] (0.a2b) ->- [kanst]; past 1st sing. ind. /konn-d-a/ (3.43-a) -*· [konnda] v [konnta] (3.4-c) ->- [konnda] v [konnsta] (0.a2b) -»- [konda] v fkonsta]; past 1st sing. ind. /gitor-d-a/ (3.43-b) - [gitorta] (3.4-c) - [gitorsta]. 3.44 [skolan, skal, skulum, skolta, ?] 'shall'. I I = /-SV - ar-/, 12 = /-SV - u-/, 13 = /-SV - o - + -ann-/, 14 = /-SV - o - + - a n t i - / , 15 = /-SV - o - + - t - / , 16 = ?. 3.45 [?, ?, eigum, ?, ?] 'have'. [magan, mag, magum, maxta, ?] 'may'. [?, möz, môzum, môsa, ?] 'may'. I l v 12 = /-SV - a & ei & δ-/, 13 = /-SV - a & ei & δ - + - a n n - / , 14 = /-SV - a & ei & δ - + - a n t i - / , 15 = /-SV - a & ei & δ - + - t - / . (3.45-a) /t/ - [s]//z/ E.g., past 1st sing. ind. /möz-t-a/ (3.45-a) (0.a2b) [mösa] v [mössa],

[möz-s-a] (3.4-a) — [mössa]

3.5 (suppletives) 3.51 /S -f I -I- E/ — pres. 1st sing. ind. [willu] 'will', 3rd-2nd sing. ind. [wili], imp.?. Otherwise for pres., S = /welli-/ which follows the paradigm of 3.23 [tzellen]: e.g., pres. 1st pi. ind. [wellemês], etc. For past, S = /woll-/ which also follows the paradigm of 3.23: e.g., past 1st sing. ind. [wolta], etc. 3.52 15 + I + E/j-·- pres. 1st sing. ind. [bim] 'be', 3rd sing. ind. [ist], 2nd sing. ind. [bist], 1st pl. ind. [birum], 3rd pl. ind. [eint], 2nd pl. ind. [birut], lst-3rd sing. opt. [sì], 2nd sing. opt. [sis], 1st pl. opt. [sïm], 3rd pl. opt. [sin], 2nd pl. opt. [sit]. Otherwise for pres. imp., inf., part., and all past forms, S = /wes-/ which follows the paradigm of 3.15 [wesan]: e.g., pres. imp. [wis], past 1st sing. ind. [was], etc. 3.53 ¡S + I + Έ/ — pres. 1st sing. ind. [gäm v gëm] 'go', 3rd sing. ind. [ g ä t v get], 2nd sing. ind. [gâs v gës], imp.?, 1st pl. ind. [gämäs v gëmës], 3rd pl. ind. [ g ä n t v gënt], 2nd pl. ind. [ g ä t v gët], 1st 3rd sing. opt. [gë], 2nd sing. opt. [gës], lst-3rd pl. opt. [gën], 2nd pl. opt. [gët], inf. [gän v gën], part, [ganti v gènti]. (Likewise for [ s t ä n v stën] 'stand'.) Otherwise for past forms S = /gang-/ and /stant 1 + / - a g -

v

- i g - / -I- 2.

The use of the suffix with an adjective (part (a) of this rule) seems to attribute only certain of the properties of the underived adjective to a noun. The adjectivalization of nouns (b) is somewhat like t h a t of the so-called genitive of characteristic: one may thus have the grammatically and semantically equivalent constructions /ein man dera maxt/ 'a man of power' and /ein maxt-ïg— ër man/ 'a powerful man'. This suffix with a verb (c) expresses ability or tendency. E.g., (a) ein(adj.)-a1 + 2. E.g., ala-festi (0) 'very firm', eban-gilïh (Τ) 'like', sat-grä (Ν) 'gray enough', wana-heil ( Τ ) 'ill', wit-märi (Τ) 'widely known'. T-Cd, T-DSnoun: lalle-líh¡heit ( Ν ) 'generality', jeben-chiliihl-nissa (I) 'similarity'. T-Cd, T-noun: jalegruonj-i (Ν) 'complete greenness', ¡eben-mihhelj-i (Ν) 'similar size', ¡selb-sc0n¡-i (Ν) 'natural beauty'. T - D S a d j . , T - C d : ale-\meist-ig\ (Ν) 'very excellent'. (T-Ce) Adverb 1 + Verb 2 =>1 + 2. E.g., eban-wirken (Τ) 'co-operate', folle-bringen ( Ν ) 'finish'. T-Ce, T - D S a d j . : ¡eben-birj-ig ( Ν ) 'equally fertile', ¡Ize-filojchósl-íg (Ν) 'talking too much'. T-Ce, T - D S a d j . , T-noun: l/lang-wirl-igl-i (Ν) 'permanence', ¡¡wolar-wiUl-igl-i (Ν) 'benevolence'. T-Ce, T-adj.: alt-cheten (Ν) 'spoken long ago', ein-boran (0) 'uniquely born', ërist-boran (Τ) 'born first', fol-trunkan (T) 'completely d r u n k ' , niu-flanz5t (N) 'newly planted'. T-Ce, E-adj.: ein-far (N) 'traveling alone', fol-chete (Ν) 'saying completely'. T-Ce, T - D S n o u n : ¡emize-louf¡-t (Ν) 'con·

OLD HIGH GERMAN

59

stant running around', ¡fol-leistl-eda (N) 'assistance', jfrö-sprangj-öd (Ν) 'exaltation', /irre-geloubj-äre (Ν) 'heretic', ¡ wit-spend ¡-unga (Ν) 'generosity', ¡wola-däl-t (O) 'good deed'. T-Ce, T-DSnoun, T-DSadj.: ¡Ichlein-dáh¡-t¡-ig (Ν) 'subtle'. T-Ce, T-noun: \gah-screck\-i (N) 'sudden jumping up', \niu-chom\o (Ν) 'newcomer', jwis-sagj-o (N) 'prophet', ¡wls-segj-a (Ν) 'prophetess'. T-Ce, Ε-noun: wola-queti ( Τ ) 'friendly greeting'. (T-Cf) Noun 1 = Noun 2 =>1 + 2. E.g., gam-wan (I) 'man', hert-wehsel (N) 'change', magen-chraft (Ν) 'power', not-thurft (0) 'need'. T-DSnoun, T-Cf: hert-¡wehsel-unga¡ (N) 'change'. (T-Cg) Noun 1 + Noun[genitive of possession v characteristic] 2 = > 2 + 1 . E.g., helle-wizi (Τ) 'hell's torment', muoter-brust (I) 'mother's breast', tageslieht (Ν) 'light of day'. T-Cg, T-DSadj.: ¡er-wirdhj-ik (I) 'glorious', ¡helfentbein¡-in (Ν) 'of ivory'. T-Cg, E-adj.: bluot-faro (Ν) 'blood-colored', thio-muati (0) 'subservient'. T-Cg, E-adj., T-noun: ¡die-^muotj-i (N) 'humility', /wib-lidj-o (N) 'hermaphrodite'. T-DSadj., T-noun, T-Cg: himil-Hgual-Uhh¡-í¡ (0) 'glory of heaven'. T-DSnoun, T-Cg: ¡gebur-tej-zala (Ν) 'age', himel-jhër-otej (Ν) 'heavenly majesty', hüs-jke-fell-e/ (Ν) 'ruins of a house'. T-noun, T-Cg: abent-¡chuol-il (Ν) 'cool of the evening', feld—lsc5n-i¡ (Ν) 'beauty of the field', worolt-lunstät-il (0) 'transitoriness of the world'. (T-Ch) Noun 1 + Preposition + Noun 2 = > 2 + 1 . The prepositions in this as well as the other structural descriptions of rules where Preposition occurs have the following meanings: accordance with, characterization, constituency, direction from or toward, interest, location, means, origin, purpose, time when. E.g., bette-chamera ( Ν ) 'room with a bed in it', burg—liut 'populace in a city', östar-rihhi (I) 'Orient, land in the East', scäf-wiwäri (Τ) 'pond for sheep'. T-Ch, T-DSadj.: ¡muot-suhtj-ig (N) 'sick at heart', ¡wereU-zitel-líh (Ν) 'temporal'. T-Ch, T-DSadj., T-noun: \\werch-maht\ig\-i (Ν) 'magnificence', //zom-muot\~ig\-ί (Ν) 'anger'. T-Ch, E-adj.: mezmuote (N) 'humble'. T-Ch, E-adj., T-noun: ¡mez-muotj-i (N) 'humility', jwunno-libj-i (N) 'voluptuousness'. T-DSnoun, T-Ch: houbit-jzier-daj (N) 'decoration for the head', opfer-jwizeg—unga/ (N) 'forecast by means of a sacrifice', jslah-tj—friuscing (N) 'sacrifice', weido-/gut-en] (Ν) 'Diana, goddess of the meadow', werelt-¡ríh-luom¡ (Ν) 'riches in this world'. T-noun, T-Ch: worolt-jmenig—ij (0) 'people in this world'. T-noun(inf.), T-Ch: scelt-wort (0) 'censure, a word for criticizing', scrib-sahs (Τ) 'instrument for writing', tragebette (N) 'cot, bed for carrying'. (T-Ci) Noun 1 + Preposition + Verb [infinitive] + Noun[object of infinitive] 2 =• 2+1. E.g., chinde-bette (Ν) 'bed for bearing children', rebe-mezers (N) 'knife for cutting ravens', sweiz-duoh (0) 'cloth for wiping sweat'.

60 (T-Cj) Noun 1 +

OLD HIGH GERMAN SIMILAR

το + Noun 2 = > 2 + 1 .

E.g., blich-fiur (N) 'fire like lightning', houbet-stein (Ν) 'keystone, stone like a head'. T-Cj, E-adj.: gold-fahs (Ν) 'golden-haired'. (T-Ck) Nounfsubject] 1 + BE + Noun[predicate] 2 =>2 + 1. E.g., erd-rïhhi (I) 'kingdom of earth, i.e. that kingdom which is the earth', graba—stat (I) 'place which is a grave', mein-eid (Ν) 'false oath', sumer—zit (Ν) 'summer time', thegan-kind (0) 'warrior-child'. T-Ck, T-DSadj.: Igot-geistj-lih (N) 'divine', lriob-suht¡-ig (Τ) 'leprous'. T-Ck, E-adj.: fuoder—mäze (Ν) 'large as a Fuder . T-Ck, T-DSnoun: ¡huor-wini¡-scaft (Ν) 'adultery'. T-DSnoun, T-Ck: chuning-¡riht-are¡ (Ν) 'king who is a ruler', heim,-lwis-t¡ (O) 'homeland', \louf-4\-mäl (Ν) 'stadium (a measure of distance)', mein-ldä-t/ (O) 'crime'. T-noun, T-Ck: chör-jmanig-ij (N) 'chorus'. (T-Cl) Nounfsubject] 1 +

BE CALLED

+ Noun[predicate] 2 = > 2 + 1 .

E.g., I5r~blat (N) 'laurel leaf', lôr-boum (Ν) 'laurel tree', nöna-zit (O) 'ninth hour of the day (about 3:00 PM)', ostar-tag (Ν) 'Easter Sunday', sir-lant (N) «Syria'. T-Cl, T-DSadj.: ¡lör-bournj-ln (Ν) 'of a laurel tree'. (T-Cm) NounOubject] 1 + Verb 2 =>1 + 2. E.g., T-Cm, T-DSadj.: ¡sunna-wendj-îg (Ν) 'of the solstice', ¡worm-àzj-ìg (Ν) 'rotten, eaten by worms'. T-Cm, T-adj.: selb-wahsen (N) 'grown alone'. T-Cm, T-DSnoun: ¡brüt-hloufl-t (T) 'bride's walk, wedding', ¡erd-bibj-öd (Ν) 'earthquake', ¡erd-bibl-unga (Τ) 'earthquake', ¡erd-gihruorl-nissi (Τ) 'earthquake', ¡magadr-burj-t (O) 'virgin birth'. T-Cm, T-DSnoun, T-DSadj. : Hbrüt-hlouf¡-tl-lih (Τ) 'nuptial'. T-Cm, T-noun: ¡büch-swellj-i (N) 'swelling of the belly', ¡wazerwegj-i (Ν) 'movement of water'. T-Cm, Ε-noun: erd—biba (O) 'earthquake'. A similar type of compound but with the structural change 2 + 1 instead of 1 + 2 may be represented by the following forms: chete-finger {Ν) 'a finger which points', \erbarm-herz\-eda (Ν) 'pity' (T-Cm, T-DSadj.), and ¡erbarmherzj-i (Ν) 'pity' (T^-Cm, E-adj., T-noun). An alternative possibility which accounts for these forms is to assume that they are of type T-noun(inf.), T-Ch: chete-finger (Ν) 'finger for pointing', etc. (T-Cn) Nounfsubject] 1 + Verb[customary activity] ( +Preposition) + Noun[ object] 3 = > 2 + 1 . E.g., acher^man(N) 'farmer, one who works in the field', daga-sterro (0) 'morning star, star that shines in the morning', ding-liute (N) 'lawyers, people who work in the court (ding)', fig-boum (0) 'fig tree, tree which produces figs', stal-wirt (Τ) 'stable-boy'. T-Cn, T-DSnoun, T-DSadj.: ¡¡nöt-numfl-tl-ig ( Τ ) 'violent'. T-Cn, T-DSnoun, T-DSnoun: Ijnôt-numfl-tj-âre (Τ) 'rapist'. T-DSnoun, T-Cn: ¡dien-estj-wian (Ν) 'servant', Iketa-tl-jscrif-tj (N) 'history, a writing which

OLD HIGH GERMAN

61

contains deeds' (a compound with both elements derived by T-DSnoun rules), sang-¡gut-enj (N) 'goddess of song'. ( ? T-Co) Subject[x] + BE + Adjective 1 + THAT + Subjectfsame as x] + BE + Adjective 2 = > 2 + 1 . E.g., T-Co, T-noun: wtse-gerno (N) 'philospher, one who wants (i.e., ist gemo) to be wise'. (T-Cp) Subject + Verb 1 ( + Preposition) + Nounfobject] 2 = > 2 + 1 . E.g., T-Cp, T-DSadj.: gote-\\oraht-al\ (0) 'God-fearing', himel/gewalt-îgl (Ν) 'powerful in heaven', reht-¡frum-ig¡ (Ν) 'doing right', selb-¡walt-íg¡ (Ν) 'ruling oneself', sige\neme-llh\ (Ν) 'irrefutable, victorious', slâf-jmahh-ïg/ (Ν) 'causing sleep', wilo-jwanch-igj (N) 'changing on occasion'. T-Cp, T-DSadj., T-noun: Harg-willl-igl-i (Ν) 'malevolence', //wile-wendj-igj-i (N) 'fortune, that which turns on occasion'. T-Cp, T-adj.: al-waldendi (I) 'omnipotent, all-ruling', himil-fleugendëm (I) 'birds, those who fly in heaven'.T-Cp, E-adj.: ? gote-daht (N) 'God-fearing' (possible derivation: T-Ch, T-DSnoun, E-adj.). T-Cp, E-adj. T-noun: ¡filu-sprähhl-i (Τ) 'loquacity'. T-Cp, T-DSnoun: jabgotdienj-est (N) 'idolatry', \akkar-bigeng\-eri (T) 'farmer', ¡éo-scefj-el (Ν) 'legislator', \houbet-wag\—öd (Ν) 'moving the head', /lust—mahh/-unga (Ν) 'satisfaction'. T-Cp, T-DSnoun, T-DSadj.: \\jim-tä\-t\-lg (Τ) 'evil-doing', \\ubel-tä\-t\-lg (Ν) 'evil-doing'. T-Cp, T-DSnoun, T-DSnoun: j¡sige-numf¡-tiare (Ν) 'victor', IIwerelt-rihtj-nissl-eda (Ν) 'ruling of the world, ruling over the world'. T-Cp, T-DSnoun, T-noun: \\leim-wurh\-t\-o {T) 'potter', //ubil-dá¡-t¡-o (0) 'evil-doer'. T-Cp, T-noun: ¡ambaht-sezzj-i (N) 'having an office', ¡füstchemf¡-o (N) 'fist-fighter, one who fights with his fists', ¡heri-zohj-o (I) 'general' ¡man-slagl-ο (0) 'murderer', ¡win-trinkl-o (T) 'wine-drinker'. T-Cp, E-noun, ë-wart (O) 'priest', faz-wesca (Ν) 'cleaning a vat', fihe-wart (O) 'herdsman' gote-dehte (Ν) 'devotions', hamer-slag (Ν) 'blow with a hammar', psalm-scöf (1) 'psalmist'. T-verb, T-Cp, T-DSnoun: ¡geloub-irrj-are (Ν) 'heretic, one who errs in belief, \geloub-irr\-edo 'heretic', \lant-reht\-are ( Ν ) 'judge', \werelt-hlr\— scaft (N) 'rule over the world', \werelt-irr\-edo (Ν) 'confusion in this world'. T-verb, T-Cp, T-noun: \reht-fest\-l ( Τ ) 'justification', \lïb-heïl\-% (Ν) 'cure'. T-verb, T-Cp, Ε-noun: geloub-irra (Ν) 'heresy'. (T-Cq) Subject + Verb 1 + Object + (Adjective 2V Noun) 2 [objective complement] =>2+1. E.g., T-Cq, T-DSadj.: /dola-mahfij-ïg (Ν) 'making quiet'. T-Cq, T-DSnoun: \manig-maMi\-unga (N) 'multiplication', /reht-mahhj-äre (N) 'justifier'. T-Cq Ε-noun: zuolïch-^mahJia (N) 'affectation'. T-DSadj., T-Cq, T-DSnoun: ¡¡heil-igl-mahhj-unga (N) 'sanctification', //heil-igj^meinj-eda (N) 'sacrament'. T - D S adj., T-Cq, Ε-noun: /heil-igj^mahha (N) 'sanctification'.

62

OLD HIGH GERMAN

(T-Cr) Subject + Verbfintransitive] 1 + Noun[predicate] 2 = > 2 + 1 . E.g., T-Cr, T-adj.(part.), T-noun: /llhham-wordenj-i ( Ν ) 'becoming human', ( ?) /man-werden¡-i (Ν) 'becoming a man'. T-Cr, T-noun(inf-): chneht-wesen (N) 'being a soldier'. The following is a summary of the derivational histories of those forms attested with more than one T-C rule. T-Cd, T-Cb, E-adj. E.g., ¡eben-langl-site (Ν) 'equilateral'. T-Cn, T-Cg. E.g., ¡eo-wartl-puoh (Ν) 'Leviticus'. T-Cb v T-Cl v T-Cp, T-Ch. E.g., /guot-werhj-lib (N) 'life characterized by good works', ¡hasél-nuzel-cherno (Ν) 'hazel-nut seed', ¡lant-mez/seil (Ν) 'rope for measuring land'. T-Cb v TCb & T-DSnoun v T-Ck v T-Cp, T-Ck. E.g., ¡drio-elnej^mez (N) 'measurement of three ells', ¡wih-rouhj-lbruns-tl (Τ) 'incense', ¡gom-man¡-bam (Τ) 'male child', ¡al-ferbrennj-opfer (Ν) and ¡al-brand¡-l - [d] / - 15 v 16 E.g., [kwectan, kwa{>, kwädnn, gikwedan] 'say'. 3.151 [sehan, sax, säwun, gisewan] 'see', [wezan, was, wârun, ? giweran] 'be'. (3.151-a) /hI v /s/ - [w] v [r] / - 15 v 16 3.16 [faran, for, fôrun, gifaran] 'travel', [swerian, swör, swôrun, giswaran] 'swear'. II = /-SV - ar-/, 12 = /-SV - a - + -ann-/, 13 = /-SV - a - + -andi-/, 14 v 15 = /-SV - δ-/, 16 = /-SV - a - + (gi-)-an-/. (3.16-al) Same as 3.15-al: /i/ - 0. (3.16-a2) Same as 3.15-a2b: consonantal gemination. E.g., pres. 1st sing. ind. /habi-u/ (3.16-a2) — [habbiu] (O.ala) — [hebbiu] (0.d3) [hebbiu] 'have'; pres. 2nd sing. ind. /habi-is/ (3.16-al) — [habis] (O.ala) [hebis]. This verb has two lexical entries, /hafi-/ and /habi-/. For the first of these the paradigm is [heffian, hôf, höbun, gihaban]; for the second, the paradigm is [hebbian, hôf, hôbun, gihaban]. Also, [skeppian, skôp, skôpun, giskapan] 'create' (from /skapi-/); pres. inf. /hlahi-ann-0/ (3.16-a2) — [hlahhiann] (0.a2b) -/, lst-3rd sing. opt. /—e/, 2nd sing. opt. /-es/, lst-3rd-2nd pi. opt. /-en/. S + 12 = /-iann-/ + E = pres. inf., nom. sing. /—0/, gen. sing, /-ies/, dat. sing, /-e v -ie/. S + 13 = /-iandi-/ + E = pres. part., E morphemes of classes 2.1 and 2.2. S + 14 = /-id-, etc./ + E = past lst-3rd sing. ind. / - a / , 2nd sing. ind. /-os/, lst-3rd-2nd pl. ind. /-un/, lst-3rd sing. opt. /-i/, 2nd sing. opt. /-is/, l s t - 3 r d 2nd pi. opt. /-in/. S + 15 = /(gi-)-id-, etc./ + E = past, part., E morphemes of classes 2.1 and 2.2. (3.2-1) /i/ - 0 / - l'i/ v 14 v 15 (I.e., similar to 3.15-al.) (3.2—2a) Same as 3.15-a2b: consonantal gemination. (3.2-2b) /d/ -

[t] I + consonantal — voiced

[antwordian, antwordida, antwordit] 'answer', [dëlian, dëlida, gidêlit] 'distribute', [nerian, nerida, ginerit] 'save'. [fennian, fen ida, gifenit] 'attenuate'. I I = l-i-l, 12 = /-iann-/, 13 = /-iandi-/, 14 = / - i d - / , 15 = /(gi-)-id-/. E.g., pres. 1st sing. ind. /antswab-i-u/ (3.2-2a) [antswabbiu] (O.ala) [antswebbiu] (0.d3) — [antswebbiu] 'lull to sleep'; pres. 2nd sing. ind. /antswab-i-is/ (3.2-1) — [antswabis] (O.ala) — [antswebis], 3.22 [kussian, kusta, gikussit] 'kiss'. I I = /—i—/, 12 = /-iann-/, 13 = /-iandi-/, 14 = / - d - / , 15 = /(gi-)-id-/. E.g., past: 1st sing. ind. /kuss-d-a/ (3.2-2b) [kussta] (0.b2a) — [kusta]; /löz-d-a/ — [lözda] 'free, liberate'. 3.23 [skeppian, skapta, giskapt] 'create', [tellian, talda, gitalt] 'tell'. I I = /-i-/, 12 = /-iann-/, 13 = /-iandi-/, 14 = / - d - / , 15 = / ( g i - ) - d - / . 3.231 [huggian, hogda, gihoxt v gihogd] 'think'. (3.231-a) Same as 1.13-a: / © / v /o/ - [ i ] v [ u ] , respectively. 3.21

OLD SAXON

75

E.g., pres. inf. /hog-iann-0/ (3.231-a) — [hugiann] (3.2-2a) — [huggiann] (0.b2a) — [huggiann] (0.d3) — [huggian]; past, part /gi-hog-d/ (O.dl) — [gihogt] v [gihogd] (O.dl again since the environmental conditions are fulfilled) - [gihoxt] v [gihogd]. 3.2311 [brengian, bräxta, gibräxt] 'bring', [buggian, boxta, giboxt] 'buy', [fjenkian, Imxta, gifäxt] 'think', [fcunkian, Jsüxta, gijjüxt] 'seem', [sökian, sôxta, gisöxt] 'seek', [wekkian, waxta, giwaxt] 'wake'. (3.2311-1) /k/v/g/ - [x]/ - 14 v 15 (3.2311-2)

STEM

Ί /η/

+ vocalicj

STEM

+ vocalic + long

I-Ν

E.g., pres. inf. /Jjank-iann-0/ (O.ala) — [[jenkiann] (0.b2a) — [feenkian]; /brang-iann-0/ (O.ala, 0.b2a) — [brengian]; past 1st sing. ind. /s5k-d-a/ (3.2311-1) - [söxda] (3.2-2b) - [söxta]; /feank-d-a/ (3.2311-1) [feanxda] (3.2311-2) - [J)äxda] (3.2-2b) - [jmxta]; /brang-d-a/ (3.2311-1) - [branxda] (3.2311-2) [bräxda] (3.2-2b) - [bräxta]; /wak-d-a/ (3.2311-1) - [waxda] (3.2-2b) — [waxta]. 3.23111 [wirkian, warxta, giwarxt] 'work'. (3.23111-a) Same as O.ala: /a/ - [e]. E.g., pres. inf. /wark-iann-0/ (3.23111-a) [werkian] (3.231-a since the rules of superclasses apply to forms in the corresponding subclasses) -»- [wirkian]; past 1st sing. ind. /wark-d-a/ (3.2311-1) — [warxda] (3.2-2b) -*· [warxta]. (T3.2-a) το + Everb.

CAUSE THAT

+ Subject + Verb1 stem -I- Iverb + Everb =• 1 + 13.2

E.g., /sat-iannH0/ -*• [settian] 'to cause to sit, set', /far-iann-0/ [ferian] 'to transport, cause to go', /lag-iann-0/ ->- [leggian] 'to lay, cause to lie', /fall— iann-0/ — [fellian] 'to fell', /sank-iann-0/ — [senkian] 'to cause to sink'. This rule may not have been productive even by early OS times. (T3.2-b) το CAUSE THAT + Subject + B E V BECOME + (Adjective1 stem + Iadj + Eadj v Adverbfplace]1 stem) =• 1 + 13.2 + Everb. E.g., /alär-iann-0/ — [alarían] 'to make empty', /bald-iann-0/ [beldian] 'to make bold', /blidi-s-iann-0/ [blifisian] 'to make happy' (with a morpheme /—s—/ inserted), /full-iann-0/ — [fullian] 'to make full', /gistill-iann-0/ -*• [gistillian] 'to make still, quiet', /haft-iann-0/ [heftian[ 'to make fixed or firm', /kü!)-iann-0/ —»· [küdian] 'to make known', /niuwi-iann-0/ -» [niuwian]

76

OLD SAXON

'to mate new, renew', /wak-iann-0/ [wekkian] 'to make awake'. An example with an adverb is /ferr-/ 'far' + /-iann-0/ -»- [firrian] 'to make to be far away'. (T3.2-C) Subject + Verb[customary activity] (+Preposition) + Noun 1 stem + Inoun + Enoun object ==• 1 + 13.2 + Everb. E.g., /arund-iann-0/ -»• [ärundian] 'to do an errand', /föd-iann-0/ — [fôdian] 'to feed, give good to', /frobar-iann-0/ ->- [fröbrian] 'to comfort, give comfort to', Igihungar-iann-0/ [gihungrian] 'to be hungry, have hunger', /mëdiann-0/ [médian] 'to pay, give payment to', /negal-iann-0/ -» [neghan] 'to nail', /nôd-iann-0/ — [nôdian] 'to force, use force on', /spöd-iann-0/ -»• [spôdian] 'to give help to', /twïbal-iann-0/ [twïblian] 'to doubt, harbor doubts', /{Jurst-iann-0/ -»- [tmrstian] 'to thirst, have thirst', /wäd-iann-0/ — [wädian] 'to clothe, put clothes on'. 3.3 S = /mak-, etc./ 'make' + I I = /—ο—/ + E = pres. 1st sing. ind. /-η/, 3rd sing. ind. /-d v -{>/, 2nd sing. ind. /-s/, imp. /-0/, lst-3rd-2nd pi. ind. /-iad v -iajî v - d v-t>/> lst-3rd sing. opt. / - 0 v - i e / , 2nd sing. opt. /-s/, lst-3rd-2nd pi. opt. /-ien v -n/. S 4- 12 = / - i a n n - v - o i a n n - v - o n n - / + E = pres. inf., nom. sing. ¡-0j, gen. sing. /-ies/, dat. sing, /-e v -ie/. S + 13 = / - i a n d i - v - o i a n d i - v - o n d i - / + E = pres. part., E morphemes of classes 2.1 and 2.2. S + 14 = /-od-/ + E = past lst-3rd sing. ind. /-a/, 2nd sing. ind. /-os/, lst-3rd-2nd pl. ind. /-un/, lst-3rd sing. opt. /-i/, 2nd sing. opt. /-is/, lst-3rd2nd-pl. opt. /-in/. S + 15 = /(gi-)-od-/ + E = past part., E morphemes of classes 2.1 and 2.2 E.g., [makon, makoda, gimakot] 'make'. The verbs in this class tend to pass into the 3.2 classes. (T3.3-a) Same as rule T3.2-b except output is 1 + 13.3 + Everb. E.g., /fast-onn-0/ [fastnon] 'to make firm or fast' (with a morpheme /-n-/ inserted), /Ιδζ-οηη-0/ -*· [Ιδζοη] 'to make free', /saman-onn-jB'/ -«• [samnon] 'to cause to be together (/saman-/)', /sikor-onn-0/ ->• [sikoron] 'to make secure'. This rule may not represent a productive process for this class. (T3.3-b) Same as rule T3.2-C except output is 1 + 13.3 + Everb. E.g., /andi-onn-0/ ->- [endion] 'to come to an end', /fär-onn-0/ [färon] 'to set a trap for', /fisk-onn-0/ [fiskon] 'to catch fish', /geb-onn-0/ -» [gebon] 'to give a gift to', /kar-onn-0/ -»• [karon] 'to be sad, have trouble', /1δη-οηη-0/ — [lönon] 'to lend, give money to', /minni-onn-0/ -> [minnion] 'to love', /nam-onn-0/ [namon] 'to name, give a name to', /sundi-onnH0/ -»- [sundion] 'to sin, commit sins'

OLÌ) SAXON

77

(T3.3c) Subject + BE V BECOME + (Adjective 1 stem + Iadj. + Eadj. v Adverb[place] 1 stem v Noun 1 stem + Inoun + Enoun) => 1 + 13.3 + Everb. E.g., /bi—drör-ag-onn-0/ -»· [bedrôragon] 'to be bloody', /blit>-onn-0/ — [blidon] 'to be happy', /far-hard-onn-0/ [farhardon] 'to be or become hard', /hang-onn-0/ ->- [hangon] 'to be hanging' (possibly from past, part of [hähan] 'hang'), /hriuw-onn-0/ — [hriuwon] 'to be sad', /lëb-onn-0/ -• [lëbon] 'to be remaining' (cf. [lëba] 'that which remains, is left over'), /min-s-onn-0/ — [minson] 'to become smaller' (with a morpheme /—s—/ inserted), /still-onn-0/ [stillon] 'to be still', /wak-onn-0/ - v -id v -ifr/, 2nd sing. ind. /-es v -is/, imp. /-e v -i/. Otherwise, the I and E morphemes and the morphophonemic rules for this class are the same as those of class 3.23. (3.4-a) OPT: /hab-/ - [had-] / - 14 v 15 (i.e., /d/) E.g., past part, /gi-hab-d/ (3.4-a) - [gihadd] v [gihabd] (0.b2a) - [gihad] v [gihabd] (O.dl) [gihad] v [gihat] v [gihabd] v [gihaft] ; pres. Ising, ind. /hab-iu/ (3.2-2a) - [habbiu] (O.ala) - [hebbiu] (0.d3) - [hebbiu]. Only three verbs are in this class: [hebbian, habda, gihabd] 'have', [libbian, libda, gilibd v gilift] 'live', and [seggian, sagda, gisagd v gisaxt] 'say'. The verbs originally in this class have in general gone into classes 3.2 and 3.3. 3.5 (preterite-present

verbs)

S = /wit-, etc./ 'know' + I I = /-SV ë-, etc./ + E = pres. lst-3rd sing, ind. /—0/, 2nd sing. ind. /-t/, imp.?. S + 12 = /-SV - i-, etc./ + E = lst-3rd-2nd pl. ind. /-un/, lst-3rd sing, opt. /-i/, 2nd sing opt. /-is/, lst-3rd-2nd pi. opt. /-in/. S + 13 = /-SV — ê-, etc. H—ann-/ + E = pres. inf., nom. sing. /-0/, gen. sing, /-ies/, dat. sing, /-e v —ie/. S + 14 = /-SV -• ë-, etc. H—andi-/ + E = pres. part., E morphemes of classes 2.1 and 2.2. S + 15 = /-SV - i - + - t - v - s - , etc./ + E = past lst-3rd sing, /-a/, 2nd sing. ind. /-os/, lst-3rd-2nd pl. ind. /-un/, lst-3rd sing. opt. /-i/, 2nd sing. opt. /-is/, lst-3rd pl. opt. /-in/. S + 16 = /-SV — i - + (gi-)-an-, etc./ + E = past part., E morphemes of classes 2.1 and 2.2. (3.5-al) 0 - [s] I ¡nj v jrj - / t / v / d /

OLD SAXON

78

(3.5-a2) /d/ — [ t ] I Γ + c o n s o n a n t a l [—sonorant (3.5-b) /t/ 3.51

[s] / -

/t/

v

/s/

[witan, wët, witun, wissa

I I = l-SV

-

v

i-/, 12 = / - S V -

i- + -andi-/,

wista, giwitan] v

15 = / - S V -

'know'.

13 = / - S V -

ë-/,

i- + -t- -s-/,

i- + -ann-/,

16 = / - S V -

14 = / - S V

i- +

-

(gi-)-an-/.

E.g., pres. 2 n d sing. ind. / w ë t - t / (3.5-b) — [west], 3 . 5 2 [ ? , d ö x , d u g u n , ?, ? ] ' b e o f v a l u e ' . I I = /-SV -

δ - / , 12 = / - S V -

3.53 [?, f a r m a n , [?, gidar,

?, f a r m o n s t a ,

?, g i d o r s t a ,

v

u - / , 13 ?]

?]

14

v

15

v

16 =

?.

'despise'.

'dare'.

[?, kan, k u n n u n , konsta,

?]

'can'.

[?, skal, s k u l u n , skolda, ?] 'shall'. [ ? , l>arf, f r n r b u n , J ) o r f t a , ? ] ' n e e d ' . I I = /-SV 16 =

?.

E.g.,

pres.

a-/, 2nd

paet: Ising,

ind.

12 = / - S V -

u-/,

sing. ind. / k a n n - t / /konn-d-a/

13

v

14 =

(3.5-al)

(3.5-al)

?,

15 = / - S V -

[kannst]

[konnsda]

o- +

-d-/,

(0.b2a) — [kanst];

(3.5-a2)

—

[konnsta]

(0.b2a) — [konsta], 3 . 5 4 [ ?, m a x , m a g u n , m a x t a II = /-SV 16 =

a - / , 12 = / - S V -

?, ë g u n , ë x t a ,

?]

?] ' m a y ' .

u - / , 13

v

14 =

?, 1 5 = / - S V -

a

v

o- +

-t-/,

'have'.

[?, möt, m ö t u n , mösta, v

moxta,

?.

3.55 [?, Il

v

1 2 = /-SV

-

ë & ö-/,

δ - + - a n d i - / , 15 = / - S V -

?] 'be able'.

13 = / - S V -

ë & δ - + -ann-/,

ë & δ - + - t - / , 16 =

E . g . , p a s t 1st sing. ind. / ë g - t - a / ( O . d l )

14 = / - S V -

ë &

?.

[ëxta],

3.6 (suppletives) 3.61 ¡8 + ï + ΈI — p r e s . 1 s t s i n g , i n d [ w i l l i v w i l l i u ] ' w i l l ' , 3 r d - 2 n d s i n g . i n d . [ w i l i ] , imp.

?. O t h e r w i s e f o r p r e s . , S = / w i l l - / w h i c h f o l l o w s t h e p a r a d i g m o f 3 . 2 3

[tellian]: e.g., pres.

1st pi. i n d . [willial)], etc. F o r p a s t , S = / w e l l - v w o l l - /

which also follows t h e p a r a d i g m wolda],

of 3.23: e.g., p a s t

1st sing. ind.

[weldav

etc.

3.62 / S + I + E / ->· p r e s . 1 s t s i n g . i n d . [ b i u m ] ' b e ' , 3 r d s i n g . i n d . [ i s t ] , 2 n d s i n g . i n d . [ b i s t ] , l s t - 3 r d - 2 n d pl. i n d . [sind], l s t - 3 r d sing. o p t . [si], 2 n d sing. o p t . [sis], l s t - 3 r d — 2 n d p i . o p t . [sin]. O t h e r w i s e , f o r pres. i m p . , inf., p a r t . , a n d all p a e t f o r m s , S = / w e s - / w h i c h follows t h e p a r a d i g m of 3.151 [ w e z a n ] : e.g., imp. [wes

v

wis], p a s t 1st sing. ind. [was], p a s t 1st pi. ind. [ w a r u m ] , etc.

pres.

70

OLD SAXOÎÎ

3.63 /S + I + EI — pres. 3rd sing. ind. [begëd] 'go' and [städ v stëd] 'stand', 2nd sing. ind. [stës], inf. [gân] and [stän]. Otherwise, pres. forms are ?. For past forms S, = /gang-/ and /stand-/ which follow the paradigms of 3.17 ([gangan]) and 3.16 ([standan]), respectively: e.g., 1st pi. ind. [gëngun] and [stôdun], etc. 3.64

/S + I + Έ/ — pres. 1st sing. ind. [dôm] 'do', 3rd sing. ind. [död], 2nd sing, ind. [dös], imp. [do], lst-3rd-2nd pl. ind [död v döt>], lst-3rd sing. opt. [döe], 2nd sing. opt. [does], lst-3rd-2nd pi. opt. [döen], inf. [dòn], part. ?, past: l s t - 3 r d sing. ind. [deda], 2nd sing. ind. [dadi v dedos], part, [gidôn]. Otherwise for past forms S = /dä v de--/ which follows the paradigm of 3.23 [tellian]: e.g., past 1st pi. ind [dädun v dedun], etc. Our data for derivational suffixes, prefixes, and compounds are from the Heliand and Genesis. The orthography of the forms cited as examples is that in Sehrt (1925). 1. Derivational (T-DSa) / - a g ( a . BEING

v

v

Suffixes

(T—D8

Rules)

-ig-/

HAVING

(SOME

NOUNS WHICH ARE ( b . CHARACTERIZED

BY

v

ALL)

OF

+ Adjective) v

HAVING

THE

PROPERTIES

ASSOCIATED

WITH

PROPERTIES

OF +

1 v

(SOME

v

ALL)

OF THE

1 v

Noun) (c. Subject + ? 2. endings.

BE ABLE

το

BE

V

TEND

το + Verb) 1 => 1 + / - a g -

v

-ig-/ +

E.g., (a) grimm-ig 'grim', (b) elithiod-ig 'foreign, of foreign people', (c) gehör—ig 'obedient, tending to obey'. A form attested with a previous T - D S rule in its derivational history is the following: T-Cq, T-DSd, T - D S a : adalbur-d-ig 'of noble birth'. The adjective heb-ig 'heavy' (possibly from [hebbian] 'lift') may be derived by a somewhat modified version of the above rule such as: Subject + BE ABLE TO BE + Verb[past passive participle], i.e., 'that which is able to be lifted or hefted'. I t is also possible t h a t hebig represents an idiosyncratic use of the /-ig/ suffix with the particular lexical entry /habi-/ —a fact which would have to be recorded under that particular lexical entry. (T-DSb) / - a n d - & - i a n d - / Subjectfmasculine] + Verb 1 + Adverb[customary activity] => 1 + / - a n d - & - i a n d - / + 1.02 endings. Nonproductive (?). E.g., alowald-and 'all-ruler', hël-iand 'savior, one who saves', hett-iand 'persecutor, one who hates'. Verbs derived by the T3.— rules or underived verbs may undergo this rule.

80

OLÌ) SAXON

(DSb-a) /-and- & -iand-/ — [-iand-] / 3.2 VERB [ - a n d - ] I elsewhere (T-DSc) /-ar-/ 1 RESULT OF FACT THAT + Subject + Verb => 1 + /-ar-/ + 1.03 endings. Nonproductive. E.g., farleg-ar-nessi 'adultery', leg-ar 'sickness'. (T-DSd) /-ari-/ (a. Subject[masculine] + Verb1) v (b. Subject[masculine] + Verb [customary activity] ( +Preposition) + Nounfobject]) 1 => 1 + /-ari-/ + 1.01 endings. E.g., döp-eri 'baptizer', driog-eri 'deceiver', fisk-ari 'fisherman', gard-ari 'gardner' (the first three examples are deverbal, the last denominal). The verbs undergoing this rule may have undergone the T3. — rules, e.g. /fisk-onn-0/ -» [fiskari] 'fisher, one who fishers'. (T-DSe) / - d - & - t - / FACT THAT

V

RESULT OF FACT THAT

v

+ Subject + Verb 1 =•

1

/ + - d - & -t-/ +

1.07 1.09 endings. Nonproductive. E.g., abuns-t (1.07) 'disfavor', adaligibur-d (1.07) 'noble birth', eh-t (1.07) 'possession', giwurh-t (1.07) 'deed', manslah-ta (1.09) 'homicide'. Certain of the forms undergoing this rule undergo morphophonemic changes such as the insertion of [s] (e.g., /an-/ 'to grant' — [anst] 'favor') or vowel mutation of some kind (e.g., /wark-/ 'to work' [wurxt] 'work'). (DSe-a) / - d - & —t—/ — [t] / Γ + consonantal" [ — voiced [d ] / elsewhere (T-DSf) l-dôm-l 1v (STATE V FACT V QUALITY) OF BEING + Adjective Noun 1 => 1 + /-döm-/ + 1.01 endings. E.g., jungar(noun)-dôm 'discipleship', kësur(noun)-d5m 'being an emperor', kuning(noxm)-ddm 'being a king', wïs(eA\)-d5m 'wisdom'. (T-DSg) /-fald-/ 1 BEING + Adjectivefnumerical] =>

1

+ /-fald-/ + 2. endings.

E.g., ën-fald 'simple', manag-fald 'numerous', tehan-fald 'ten-fold'. (T-DSh) /-full-/

+ Noun 1 => E.g., mënr-ful 'evil'. (T-DSi) /gi-. . .(1.05, neuter)/ FULL OF

T

HAVING

(COLLECTION

endings.

V

1

+ /-full-/ + 2. endings.

AGGREGATE) WHICH IS

+ Noun 1 =• 1 + /gi-. . ./ + 1.05 (neuter)

81

OLD SAXON

E.g., gi-birg-i 'mountain chain', gi-m5d-i 'unanimity, sum total of feelings', gi-röb-i 'clothing', gi-sidl-i 'dwelling place', gi-sïd-i 'troops', gi-slcöh-i 'footwear', gi-wäd-i 'clothing', gi-wäpn-i 'weapons'. (T-DSj) /-haft-/ HAVING CERTAIN OP THE PROPERTIES OF

V

HAVING

+ Noun 1 => 1 + /-haft-/ +

2. endings. E.g., stedi-haft 'having a fixed position', treu-haft 'faithful'. (T-DSk) /—hëd—/ 1v (STATE V PACT V QUALITY V RESULT OP BEING) + (Adjective Noun) 1 =>· 1 + /-hëd-/ + 1.07 endings. E.g., jugud(noun)-hëd 'virginity'.

'youth',

lëfiaA\.)-hêd

'sickness',

magad(noun)-hëd

(T-DS1) /-id-/ (STATE

V

+ Subject + ( ? Verb 1 v Noun )) => 1 + /-id-/ + 1.09 1.131 endings.

FACT

(Adjective

1v

V

QUALITY

V

RESULT OF FACT THAT)

1

BE

+

v

E.g., ban(no\in)—edi (1.131) 'murder, death', ¿¿wr(verb derived from adj.)-i«fa 'honor, glorification', mär{dA].)-ida 'famous deed', ? seZ(noun, 'room')-wia 'dwelling'. Forms undergoing this rule may have T3.— rules in their derivational histories: e.g., /diuri-/ 'dear' =»· /diuri-iann-0/ 'to glorify' =>· /diuri-id-a/ 'glorification'. (T-DSm) /—il—/ INSTRUMENT

BY

MEANS

OF WHICH

+ Subject + Verb 1 =»• 1 + /-il-/ + 1.01

endings. Productive (?). E.g., bir-il 'basket, that by means of which one carries', slut-il 'key', wurg-il 'noose'. (T-DSn) /-in-/ CONSISTING OF

V

CHARACTERIZED BY

+ Noun 1 => 1 + /-in-/ + 2. endings.

E.g., bom—in 'consisting of wood', ër—in 'of brass', êw-in 'eternal', guld-tn 'golden', hed-in 'heathen', krist-in 'Christian', nid-in 'inimical', strid-in 'pugnacious'. (T-DSo) /-in- v - i n n - v -unni-/

+ Subject + (Verb1 v 1 + / - i n - - i n n - - u n n i - / + 1.09 endings.

FACT THAT

Y

v

RESULT OF FACT THAT v

? BE

+ Adjective 1 ) =>•

Nonproductive (?). E.g., fast-unnia 'fasting', heng-inna 'hanging', lug-ina 'lie', stul-ina 'stealing'. The preceding examples are all deverbatives; there may be a deadjectival form, wöst-unnia 'desert'. This word may be derived by this rule from the adjective /wösti-/ 'deserted'.

82

OLD SAXON

(T-DSp) / - i n g - v -ling-/ Subject [human, masculine] + Verb [customary, activity] ( +Preposition) => Nounfobject] 1 => 1 -f- / - i n g - v - l i n g - / + 1.01 endings. Productive ( ?). E.g., druht-ing 'one who leads the retinue (/druxt-/)', gadu-ling 'relative, one living in the same family'. (T-DSq) /—isk—/ CHARACTERIZED B Y

+ Noun 1 =»

1

+ /—isk—/ + 2. endings.

E.g., frän-isko 'gloriously', himil-isk 'heavenly', kind-isk 'youthful', menn-isk 'human'. This suffix may also have been nominal: e.g., hiw-iski (1.05, neuter) 'household'. (T-DSr) /—isl—/ RESULT OF FACT THAT + Subject + (BE + Adjective 1 v Verb) 1 => 1 + /-isl-/ + 1.05 (neuter) FACT THAT

V

Productive (?). E.g., d5p(vexh)-isli 'strength'. (T-DSs) /-lïk-/ (a. BEING + Adjective 1 ) ( b . CAUSING

v

v

1.101 endings.

(1.05) 'baptism', herd(ad].)^islo

(1.101)

v

CHARACTERIZED B Y

v

HAVING (SOME

v

ALL) OF THE PROPERTIES

1

OF + Noun) =>· 1 + /-lik-/ + 2. endings. E.g., (a) arm-Ilk 'poor', blïd-lilc 'happy'; (b) forht-lik 'causing fear', jämar-lik 'shameful', thegan-ïîk 'manly', wrisi—lik 'gigantic'. Certain of the forms undergoing rule T-DSs may have undergone other transformational rules. These rules are the following: T-DSa, T-DSs: hël-ig-îîk 'holy', màht-ig-lïk 'mighty', sël-ig-lïk 'good'. (T-DSt) /-15s-/ 1 WITHOUT + Noun => 1 + /-lös-/ + 2. endings. E.g., Uf-l5s 'lifeless', meti-lös-i treu—lös 'faithless'.

(1.131) 'lack of food', sundi-lös

'without sin',

(T-DSu) /-ness- v - n i s s - v -nissi-/ (FACT v

V

RESULT OF FACT 1

v

1

V

+ Subject + (BE + Adjective 1 -nissi-/ + 1.05 (neuter) v 1.09 v

CHARACTERISTIC) THAT

? Noun ) ? Verb => 1 + /-ness1.131 endings.

v

-niss-

v

E.g., gôdlïk(&à\.)-nissea (1.09) 'glory', gilîk{aA\.)-nessi (1.05 v 1.131) 'figure, picture', farlegariï noun, ? νerh)-nessi (1.131) 'adultery'. The forms which pass through this rule may be either underived transformationally or may have passed through the following rules: (1) T-DSc, T - D S u : farleg-cir-nessi ; (2) T-DSs, T-D.Su:. gôd-lïk-nissea.

83

OLI) SAXON

(T-DSv) /—ôd—/ V RESULT OF FACT THAT + Subject + B E + Adjective1 => 1 + /-öd-/ + 1.05 v 1.131 endings. Productive (?). E.g., arm-ödi (1.131) 'poverty', ën-ôdi (1.05 v 1.131) 'desert'. (These are the only examples of this suffix attested.)

FACT THAT

(T-DSw) /-ost-/ FACT THAT

V

RESULT OF FACT THAT

+ Subject + Verb1 =»· 1 + /-ost-/ + 1.01

endings. Nonproductive. E.g., thion-ost 'service' (a single example is attested). (T-DSx) /-si-/ FACT THAT

V

RESULT OF FACT THAT

+ Subject

-F B E

-+- Adjective1 =» 1 + /-si-/

+ 1.09 endings. Nonproductive. E.g., blid-sea

'happiness'.

(T-DSy) /-säm-/ + Noun1 => 1 + /-sam-/ + 2. endings. E.g., arbet—sam 'difficult', fridu-samo 'peacefully', lof-sam 'praiseworthy', lust-sam 'causing joy', niud-sam 'causing desire', wonod-sam 'causing happiness', wun-sam 'delightful'. (T-DSz) /-skaft-/ ((COLLECTION V AGGREGATE) WHICH IS V STATE OF BEING) + Noun1 => 1 + /-skaft-/ + 1.07 endings. Productive (?). E.g., hugi-skefti 'mood, mind', ivam-skefti 'sinfulness'. (All attestations are in the plural.) (T-DSaa) /-skap-/ Same as rule T-DSz except that output is 1 + /-skap-/ + 1.05 (masculine v neuter) endings. HAVING

V

CAUSING

E.g., ambaht-skepi 'service', bed-skepi 'sleeping quarters', bod-skepi 'message' (perhaps with the basic meaning 'state of being a messenger'), fïund-skepi 'animosity', gum-skepi 'army, collection of men', land-skepi 'realm', tkeganskepi 'service, discipleship'. (T-DSbb) l-ul-l Subject +

TEND

το + Verb1 => 1 + /—ul—/ + 2. endings.

Nonproductive. E.g., hat-ul 'persecuting, hating'. (T-DScc) /-(u)m-/ V RESULT OF FACT THAT + Subjectf —animate] + Verb1 => 1 + /-(u)m-/ + 1.01 v ? 1.101 endings. Nonproductive. E.g., (?) bliks-^no (1.101) 'lightning flash', (?) braht-wm (1.01) 'noisy crowd', wast-om (1.01) 'growth'.

FACT THAT

84

ÖLD

SAΧΟΗ

(T-DSdd) /-ung-/ FACT THAT V RESULT OF FACT THAT -f Subject + Verb 1 => 1 + /-ung-/ +

1.09

endings. Productive ( ?). E.g., samn-unga 'gathering'. This is the only form attested for this suffix. Its derivational history is T3.3-a, T-DSdd. The following is a summary of the derivational histories of those forms attested with more than one T-DS rule. (The forms have already been cited in our discussion of the DS morphemes.) T-DSe, T-DSa. T-DSa, T-DSs. T-DSc v T-DSs, T-DSu. 2. Derivational Prefixes (T-DP

Rules)

(T-DPa) /â-/ COMPLETELY v ? + Verb 1 => /Ä-/ -f- 1. E.g., a-belgan 'become angry', a-dêlian 'distribute', a-thenkian 'think about'. (T-DPb) /and-/ OPPOSITE

ACTION

OF

+ Verb 1 =>• /and-/ + 1.

E.g., ant-bindan 'untie'. (T-DPc) /bar-/ VERY + Adjective 1 =• /bar-/ + 1. Productive (?). E.g., bar-wirdig 'very worthy'. (T-DPd) /bi-/ ? + Adjective 1 v Verb 1 => /bi-/ + 1. E.g., bi-hët 'prayer' (T-DPd, Ε-noun), bi-lang 'tied', bi-delian bi-fähan 'capture', bi-tengi 'adhering to'.

'distribute',

(T-DPe) /eli-/ FOREIGN V OUTSIDE + Noun1 => /eli-/ + 1. Productive (?). E.g., eli-landig 'foreign' (T-DPe, T-DSadj.), eli-lendi 'foreign country', eli—thioda 'heathens'. ( T - D P f ) /far-/ NEGATIVELY VIEWED ACTION OF + Verb 1 => /far-/ + 1.

E.g., far-don E-noun).

'do evil, sin', far-gangan 'pass away', far-lor

(T-DPg) /gi-/ (a. COLLECTION OF + Noun 1 ) v (b. Noun1 + TOGETHER WITH + Object) v (c. ? + Adjective 1 v Noun1 v Verb 1 ) ^ /gi-/ + 1.

'loss' (T-DPf,

85

OLD SAXON

E.g., (a) gi-brodar 'brothers', (b) gi-beddeo 'bed partner' (T1.10-b, T-DPg), gi-benkeo 'bench partner' (T1.10-b, T-DPg), (c) gi-lik 'like', gi-bäda 'comfort', gi^makon 'make'. (T-DPh) /idug-/ + Noun 1 => /idug-/ + 1. Nonproductive (?). E.g., idug-Ιδηοη 'pay back'. Derivational history: /ïduglön-/ 'repayment' by T-DPh, then /idug-lön-onn-0/ by T3.3-b. ANOTHER

(T-DPi) /irmin-/ ? HUMAN

V

? TERRESTRIAL

+ Noun 1 =>• /irmin-/ + 1.

Productive (?). E.g., (the only examples attested) irmin-man irmin-thiod 'race', irmin—thioda 'race'.

'human being',

(T-DPj) /mis-/ (a. NOT + Adjective 1 ) v 1 v ( b . BAD v N E G A T I V E + Noun ) V (c. BADLY INCORRECTLY + Verb1) =• /mis-/ + 1. The only examples of this prefix are mis-dâd 'evil deed' and mis-lik 'various, not alike'. The latter form is derived by (a) of T-DPj. The noun is syntactically ambiguous: its derivational history may be either T-DPj(c), T-DSd; or T-DSd, T - D P j (b). (T-DPk) /säm-/ 1 HALF + Adjective => /säm-/ + 1 . Productive (?). E.g., säm-quik 'half alive'. (T-DPI) /sin-/ ETERNAL

V

INFINITE

+ Noun 1 => /sin-/ + 1.

Productive (?). E.g., sin—hiwun 'married couple', sin-lif 'eternal life', sinnahti 'eternal night', sin-sköni 'eternal beauty', sin-weldi 'endless forest'. (T-DPm) /ti-/ Verb 1 + I N PIECES V

APART

V

SEPARATELY

V

TO DESTRUCTION

=> /ti-/

E.g., te-brestan 'burst to pieces', te-gangan 'go to destruction', 'throw away, scatter'.

-F

1.

te-werpan

(T-DPn) /un-/ 1 v 1 (NOT + Adjective ) (NO V (NEGATIVE V UNPLEASANT ASPECT OF) + Noun ) => /un-/ + 1. E.g., um-bi-tharbi 'useless', un-fôdi 'insatiable', un-gi-löbig 'not believing', un-gi—wideri 'bad weather', urir-treuwa 'faithlessness', un-willio 'lack of desire', urir-wïs 'stupid'.

86

OLD S A X O N

(T-DPo) /ur-/ ? + Noun1 => /ur-/ + 1. Productive (?). E.g., ur-déli 'judgment', ur-kundeo 'witness', ur-lagi 'battle', or-lef 'permission'. The precise function of this prefix is not clear. Its meaning was possibly something like 'over, concerning', or the like. 3. a. Derivative

Compounds

(T-DC

Compounding Rules)

(T-DCa) (Adverbfnon-deadjectival 1 ] v Preposition 1 4- Object) + Adjective 2 => 1 + 2.

E.g., /and-/: and-ward 'present at'; /forja—/: ford-ward 'forward'; /gegin-/: gegin-ward 'face-to-face with'; /oban-/: obarv-ward 'toward above'; /obar-/: obar-ward 'toward above'; /widar-/: widar-ward 'against, opposed to'. (T-DCb) Noun 1 + BE + (Adverb[non-deadjectival 2 ] v Preposition 2 + Object) => 2+1. E.g., /ab-/: af-grundi 'abyss'; /aftar-/: aftar-waron 'observe' (T-DCb, T-verb); /ana-/: ana-gin 'beginning', an-^möd 'decided' (T-DCb, E-adj.), an-siuni 'visage'; /and-/: anä-sako 'enemy', and-wordi 'answer', and-wordian (T-DCb, T-verb); /er-/: ër-dagos 'old days'; /firi-/: firi-wit 'curiosity'; /fora-/: fora-bodo 'harbinger'; /forn-/: forn-dagos 'old days'; /forJ)-/: ford-weg 'way away'; /in-/: ? in-wid 'animosity'; /obar-/: obar-hugd 'pride'; /up-/: up-himil 'heaven', upod 'heavenly wealth'; /widar-/: widar-laga 'opposite', widar-mod 'inimical' (T-DCb, E-adj.). (T-DCc) Verb 1 + (Adverb[non-deadjectival] 2V Preposition2 + Object) =>-2+1. E.g., Iafe-/: áb-unst 'disfavor' (T-DCc, T-DSnoun); /and-/: ? ant-findan 'find'; /forar-/: fora-sago 'prophet' (T-DCc, T-noun); /hin- v hinen-/: hin-fard 'departure, death' (T-DCc, T-DSnoun); /{>urx-/: thurh-fremid 'complete' (T-DCc, T-adj (past :part) ) ; /umbi-/ : ? umbi-hwerben 'surround'. (These last four examples may have been separable prefixes, i.e. adverbial modifiers of the verbs, but not compounds.) /undar-/: ? undar-thenkian 'recognize, distinguish between or among'; /wife-/: ? wid-fähan 'withdraw, take out'; /widar-/: ? widarseggian

'contradict'.

(T-DCd) Subject + BE + Preposition 1 + Noun a =>1 + 2. E.g., /mid-/: midr-firi 'standing in the middle of one's life' (T-DCd, E-adj.). The following is a summary of the derivational histories of those forms attested with more than one T - D P or T-DC rule. T-DPd v T-CPg, T-DPn. E.g., um-bi-tharbi 'useless'; un-gi-lik 'dissimilar', urtr-gi-lobig 'not believing'.

OLD SAXON

b. Pure Compounds (T-C

87

Rules)

(T-Ca) Adjective 1 + AND + Adjective 2 =>1 + 2. E.g., wtd-brëd 'far and wide'. (T-Cb) Adjective 1 4- AS[comparison] (? +Preposition) + Noun 2 => 2 + 1. E.g., aldar-lang 'eternal, long as an age', kind-jung 'young as a child', sumarlang 'long as in the summer', wintar-kald 'cold as the winter'. (T-Cc) Adjective 1 4- Noun 2 =>-1 + 2. E.g., aid-fader 'patriarch', fer-weg 'far journey', grim-folk 'enemy', wis-bodo 'trustworthy messenger'. T-Cc, T-DSadj.: jala-mahtj-ig 'omnipotent', ¡hardm5d¡-ig 'brave'. T-Cc, E-adj. : dol-^mod 'insane', ën-wordi 'unanimous', wrëd-jrnôd 'angry'. T-Cc, E-adj., T-noun: /ôd-môci/-i 'humility'.T-Cc. verb, T-adj.: \hohhurn¡-id 'high-horned'. T-DSadj, T-Cc: ¡ëw-anj-dag 'eternal day', /krist-in/folk 'Christian people'. T-DSadj., T-Cc, E-adj.: /hel-agf-ferah 'having a holy soul', ¡hriuw-igj-mod 'sad', jsër-agj-môd 'sad'. (T-Cd) Adjective 1 ( +Preposition) + Noun[object] 2 = > 2 + 1 . E.g., bök-spähi 'erudite, wise in respect to books', ellian-rôf 'famous for bravery or strength', hugi-derbi 'war-like in spirit', regin-blind '( ?) blind because of the gods', wedar—wis 'knowing the weather', wliti-sköni 'beautiful in the face'. T-Cd, T-noun: /wliti-skönj-i 'beauty'. (T-Ce) Adverb 1 + Adjective 2 =>1 + 2. E.g., ala-hwit 'completely white', ala-jung 'very young', ën-hard 'very hard, uniquely hard', gram-hard 'inimical'. (T-Cf) Adverb 1 + Verb 2 =>1 + 2. E.g., ful-gangen 'follow', ful-lêstian 'help'.T-Cf, T-adj.: arm-skapan 'miserable, wretchedly made'. T-Cf, T-DSnoun: ldiopgitháh¡-t 'thinking deeply, deep thought'. T-Cf, T-noun: ¡wiskuml-ο 'one who is sure to come'. T-Cf, E-noun: wel-lif 'living well or virtuously'. (T-Cg) Noun 1 + AND + Noun 2 =>1 + 2. E.g., gi-\sun-fader\ 'father and son' (T-Cg, T-DPg). (T-Ch) Noun 1 = Noun 2 =>1 + 2. E.g., megin-kraft 'strength', siun-wliti 'visage, eye', swef-resta 'rest'; wurdi— giskapu 'fate'. T-DSnoun, T-Ch: \gadu-ling\-jmâg 'relative'. T-noun, T-Ch: megin-\streng-i\ 'strength'. (T-Ci) Noun 1 + Noun[genitive of possession v characteristic] 2 = > 2 + 1 . E.g., brüdi-gomo 'bride's man, bridegroom', eldi-barn 'children of men', gumkunni 'race of men', kuning-stöl 'throne', liudi-barn 'children of men', thiofqumo 'man of the people, great man'.

88

OLD SAXON

(T-Cj) Noun 1 + Preposition + Noun 2 = > 2 + 1 . The prepositions in this as well as the other structural descriptions of rules where Preposition occurs have the following meanings: accordance with, cause (i.e., 'because o f ) , characterization, constituency, direction from or toward, interest, location, means, origin, purpose, respect, time when. E.g., gold—fat 'vessel of gold', hand-kraft 'strength in the hands', heban-tungal 'star in the sky', hei-sîd 'road to hell', horn-seli 'building with a horn on it', hüs-stedi 'site for a house'. T-Cj, T-DSadj.: ¡möd-karj-ag 'sad', ¡sid-wörj-ig 'tired from traveling'. T-noun(inf.), T-Cj: gorn-word 'elegy'. (T-Ck) Noun 1 + Preposition 4- Verb[infinitive] + Noun[object of infinitive] 2 => 2+1. E.g., fisk-net 'net for catching fish', föt-skamel 'stool for resting the feet', warag-treo 'tree for hanging criminals'. Exocentric compounds of this type are ëd-staf *'staff for swearing an oath', i.e., 'swearing of an oath', Ilk—hamo •'cloth for covering a body', i.e., 'a corpse'. T-DSnoun, T-Ck: ¡suh-tl-beddi 'sick-bed, i.e., a bed for curing sickness'. (T-Cl) Noun 1 +

SIMILAR

τ ο + Noun 2 => 2 + 1.

E.g., höbidstedi 'capital, city like the head of a body', wundarquäla 'pain like a wonder, great pain'. (T-Cm) Nounfsubject] 1 + BE + Nounfpredicate] 2 = > 2 + 1 . E.g., arbid-werk 'difficult work, work which is drudgery', balu-suht 'a bad disease', bihët-word 'a word which is a threat', inwid-spräka 'bad advice', mäg-wini 'friend who is a relative', mën-ëd 'false oath'. T-DSnoun, T-Cm: min-jdä-dl 'evil deed', \wald-and\-god 'God the Lord'. T-DSnoun, T-Cm, T-DSadj.: \mln-\da-d\\-ig 'evil'. (T-Cn) Nounfsubject] 1 +

BE CALLED

+ Noun[predicate] 2 = > 2 + 1 .

E.g., päschadag 'Easter Sunday, day which is called päscha', 'Rome, city called " R o m e " ', sodomo-burg 'Sodom'.

rümo-burg

(T-Co) Nounfsubject] 1 + Verb 2 =>1 + 2. E.g., T-Co, T-DSnoun: ¡hano-kraj-d 'cock's crowing', ¡liduwaetj-um, 'growth of body's member'. T-Co, Ε-noun: man-sterbo 'death of men, mortality'. (T-Cp) Nounfsubject] 1 + Verb [customary activity] ( + Preposition) + Nounfob ject] 2 = > 2 + 1 . E.g., ambaht-man 'man who fulfills a duty, servant', bdg-wini 'friend who receivès rings', fridu-barn 'child who brings peace', heri-skalk 'one who fights in war, warrior', swerd-thegan 'warrior, one who fights with a sword'.

OLD SAXON

89

(T-Cq) Subject + Verb 1 ( + Preposition) + Noun[object] 2 = > - 2 + 1 . E.g., T-Cq, T-DSadj.: jbalu-hugdj-ig 'thinking evil', /nîd-hugdj-ig 'inimical, thinking evil'. T-Cq, T-adj.: adal-boran 'born of nobility', erd-büandi 'living on earth', hëm—sittiandi 'staying at home', wäpan-berandi 'weapon-carrying, war-like'. T-Cq, T-DSnoun: ¡adali-giburj-d 'nobleprovenience', ¡briost-githähf-t 'mood, thought in one's breast', \harm-giwurh\-t 'evil deed', /kuni-burj-d 'provenience', /man-slah\—ta 'homicide', ¡ménr-githáh¡—t 'evil thought', jmöcl·githähj-t 'thought', ¡sak-waldj-and 'accuser', jwdg-lidj-und 'sailor, one who travels on the sea'. The first, third, and sixth of the above examples are ambiguous in that their derivations may also be T-DSnoun(from a verb), T-Cc. T-Cq, T-noun: \alo-wald\-o 'ruler of all', jbaïu-wîsl-o 'leader into evil', ¡bög-gebl-o 'ring-giver', ¡éo-sag¡-o 'law-giver', lfehu-gir¡-i 'eagerness for riches'. T-Cq, Ε-noun: fridu—wara 'keeping the peace', harm-quidi 'speaking of evil, diatribe', harm-werlc 'evil deed, the doing of evil'. The following is a summary of the derivational histories of those forms attested with more than one T-C rule. T-Cj, T-Ci. E.g., ¡erd-libij-giskapw 'fate of life on earth'.

4. OLD ENGLISH

A. INTRODUCTION

Our treatment of OE inflectional morphology is based on Campbell's Old English Grammar and the Sievers-Brunner Altenglische Grammatik. As in our analyses of OHG and OS, we give here what seems to have been the inflectional morphology of OE at its earliest attested stage. We have incorporated in our description the earliest features of OE as represented by several of the OE dialects, primarily Anglian, Northumbrian, Mercian, and West Saxon. (Cf. on this point Champbell, p. 10.) But we have, especially in our general phonological rules, emphasized West Saxon over the other dialects since this dialect is the best attested. Where another dialect preserves a segment of the grammar which represents an earlier stage than the grammar of West Saxon, we have modified our description to reflect that earlier stage. For example, in rule 0.a3a we consider the umlaut of [δ] to be [0] as in Anglian, not [ë] as in West Saxon, since West Saxon [e] appears to be a later development from [δ]. Further, syncopation of vowels in certain environments occur in West Saxon, but not in Anglian. We consider in these cases Anglian as representing the earlier stage and posit the earliest pres. 2nd sing, ind., for example, of the verb 'carry' as [biris], not [birs] or [birst]. Our treatment of OE is thus like that of OHG in the sense that we have chosen one particular dialect (West Saxon) on which to base our description, but have departed from that dialect and followed another in those instances where West Saxon represents a later development. Our analysis of derivational morphology and compounding is based on the forms occurring in the following sources: first, all the forms cited in Campbell's and in the Sievers-Brunner grammars; second, the reading selections in Wyatt's Anglo-Saxon Reader (which contains an extensive collection of very early as well as somewhat later OE prose and poetry). Finally, we have also used the poem Beowulf as a source for derived and compounded forms. The following chart gives the basic phonetic distinctions in terms of which we have formulated our rules. We assume at least three degrees of stress possible for any + vocalic segment.

91

OLD ENGLISH •5"

I + +

+

no

I + +

I

I + +

+

»M

I + +

+

>ια

I + +

I

+

H-

1 +

1+

1 +

1+

1 1

H-

1 1 +

1+

+

>ΐφ

I + +

>1»

I + +

I ι. ι ι I + I

1+

>κβ

I + +

I

1+

• "η

ι +

ι

+

ι +

ι

+

++ 1

+ I +

+ + ι

ρ—I h

+ +

ι +

β

+ +

I +

S

+ +

I I

Λ

1 I

+ +

+

1 1 1

Ν

+

I I + +

+++

œ

+

I I + +

+

0»

+

I I I I

6»

+

I I

Λ

.

++ ++ ++

I I

+

I I + +

+

1 I I +

+

I I I I

-J- 4 .

+ ; + !

1

+

Χ

+

1 1 1 I

Α

+

I I + +

- [hand], 1.09 feminine S = /gefe-/ 'gift' + I + E = nom. sing. /-0 & -u/, acc.-gen.-dat. sing., /-aß/, loc. sing, /-i/, nom.-acc. pl. /-ae/, gen. pl. /-a/, dat. pl. /-um/. (1.09-a) Same as 1.08-a: /-u/ - 0. E.g., /geb-0 & -u/ (1.09-a) - [gefeu] (O.al) - [g'efeu] (0.a2e) - [g'iefeu]; nom. sing. / l â r - 0 & - u / (1.09-a) -«- [lâr] 'learning'; nom. sing. / f a r - 0 & - u / [faru] 'journey'; nom. sing, /synn-0 &-u/ (1.09-a) — [synn] (0.b2a) ->- [syn] 'sin'; nom. sing, /sinw-0 & - u / (1.09-a) -»• [sinw] (O.bl) [sinu] 'sinew'; gen. sing, /sinw-ae/ — [sinwae]; nom. sing, /lœsw-0 &-u/ (1.09-a) — [lSsw] (O.bl) - [l&su] (0.d2) [laezu] 'pasture'; gen. sing. /laesw-ae/ (0.d2) -- [nsem] v [nöm] (0.a2a) [ n a m ] T [nöm]. 3.15 [g'ieban, g'eaf, g'ëabun, geg'iebsen] 'give', [lig'g'an, laex', laeg'un, gelag'asn] 'lie', [metan, m set, mœtun, gemetsen] 'measure', [sittan, sset, sœtun, gesetsen] 'sit'. I I = /-SV - β-/, 12 = /-SV - e - + -ann-/, 13 = /-SV - e - + -andi-/, 14 = /-SV - ss-1, 15 = I-SV - sé-/, 16 = /-SV - e - + (ge-)-sen-/. (3.15-al) /i/ - 0 / -

/i/ v 14 v 15 v 16

(3.15-a2a) Same as 3.13-a: / e / v / o / — [i] v [u], respectively. (3.15-a2b) Γ + consonantal] Γ + consonantal] + consonantal afeatures afeatures afeatures (NOT /r/) I

("STEM

] — /i/ [ - ( - v o c a l i c ]

+ vocalic] (3.15-a3) /ι/ — 0 I NOT /r/ -

[ +vocalic]

E.g., pres. inf. /legi-ann-0/ (3.15-a2a) — [ligiann] (3.15-a2b) — [liggiann] (3.15-a3) - [liggann] (O.al, 0.d3, 0.d4) - [lig'g'an]; 2nd sing. ind. /seti-is/ (3.15-al) - [setis] (3.15-a2a) - [sitis]; imp. /seti-0/ (3.15-a2a) - [siti] (0.b2b) - [siti] v [site]; /g'efe-0/ (0.a2e) - [g'ieb] (O.dl) - [g'ief]. (3.15-b) i p r / h l - [d] v [ g ] I -

15 v 16

E.g., [kwedan, kwaef), kwsëdun, gekwedsen] 'say'; [gefëon, gefeax, gefsëgun, gefegsen] 'rejoice'; pres. inf. /gefeh-ann-0/ (0.a2c) — [gefeohann] (O.el) [gefëohann] (0.e2) -«• [gefëoann] (0.e3) — [gefëonn] (0.b2a) — [gefëon]; 2nd sing. ind. /gefeh-is/ (3.15-a2a) — [gefihis] (0.a2d) — [gefiohis] (O.el) — [gefiohis] (0.e2) - [gefiois] (0.e3) - [gefios], 3.151 [sëon, seax, säwun, gesewsen] 'see'. [wezan, wses, wserun, ? geweraen] 'be',

105

OLD ENGLISH

(3.151-a) /h/ v /β/ - [w] v [r] / -

15 v 16

There are forms in class 3.15 which do not undergo rule 3.151-a: e.g., [lezan, lsea, liSzun, gelez aen] 'gather'. 3.16 [faran, fôr, förun, gefaeraen] 'travel', [hebban, höf, höbun, gehsebsen] 'raise', [hlexhan, hlöx, hlögun, gehlaegaen] 'laugh', [swerian, swôr, swôrun, geswaeraen] 'swear'. I l = /-SV - se-/, 12 = /-SV - œ - + - a n n - / , 13 = /-SV - ae- + - a n d i - / , 14 v 15 = /-SV - δ-/, 16 = /-SV - je- + (ge-)-aen-/. (3.16-al) Same as 3.15-al: /i/ - 0. (3.16-a2a) Same as 3.12-a:

UMLAUT.

(3.16-a2b) Same as 3.15-a2b: consonantal gemination. (3.16-a3) Same as 3.15-a3: /i/ - 0. E.g., 1st sing. ind. /haebi-u/ (3.16-a2a) - [hebiu] (3.16-a2b) - [hebbiu] (3.16-a3) - [hefebu] (0.d3) - [hebbu]; 2nd sing. ind. /haebi-is/ (3.15-al) [hsebis] (3.16-a2a) - [hebis]. (3.16-b) /h/ - [g] / -

14 v 15 v 16

E.g., pres. inf. /slaeh-ann-0/ (0.a2b) — [sleahann] (O.el) -»- [slëahann] (0.e2) [sleaann] (0.e3) -«- [slëann] (0.b2a) [slêan] 'strike'; past 1st pi. ind. /slöh-un/ (3.16-b) -«- [slögun]. Hence, the complete paradigm is [slëan, slöx, slögun, geslaegaen]. (3.16-c) / k n / v / n d / - [k] v [d], respectively / -

I4VI5

E.g., [standan, stöd, stödun, gestandsen] 'stand'; [waknan, wôk, wokun, gewaeknaen] 'become awake'. 3.17 [blandan, blend, blendun, geblandsen] 'mix', [fon, fëng, fêngun, gefangsen] 'take', [hâtan, hët, hëtun, gehätaen] 'command', [laetan, let, lëtun, gel act sen] 'let'. (3.17-1) /ang/ - [5h] / (3.17-2) Same as 3.12-a:

Il

v

12 v 13

UMLAUT

E.g., près 2nd sing. ind. /fang-is/ (3.17-1) - [fôhis] (3.17-2) - [fffhis] (0.e2) [f0his] (0.e3) - [ f j e ] . 3.171 [hâtan, hëxt, hëxtun, gehätaen] 'command', [läkan, lëlk, lëlkun, gelâkaen] 'play', [ondraëdan, ondrërd, ondrërdun, ondrœdaen] 'dread', [râêdan, rërd, rêrdun, geraëdaen] 'advise'. Some of the attested past tense forms for this class are Itole, ondreord, and reord. The original past tense vowels seem t o have been the ones we give.

106

OLD ENGLISH

The vowels in the later attested forms are derived by a rule like 0.a2c, but with a more extended domain: i.e., /§/ ->- [ëo] / — /I/ [ +consonantal], A past tense of [Isetan], leort, is also attested. We assume the historical development to have been the following: first, [lëlt] by 3.171-a, then [lëolt] by the later version of rule 0.a2c, and finally [lëort] by a later dissimilation rule such as /I/ — [r] / /II [ +vocalic] —. (See on these points Campbell, p. 320.) A 'passive' form of [hätan] is attested: hätte 'is called, has a name' (cf. Campbell, p. 295). Although this form is historically derived from a passive (presumably Gmc. *[haitada], cf. Go. haitada), it seems by the earliest OE times to have been considered an ordinary past tense verb of class 3.23: a past plural hâtton is also attested. Therefore we do not posit a separate passive paradigm for /hat-/; rather, we posit for the lexicon of OE two verbs, /hat-/ (classes 3.17 v 3.171) 'command* and homophonous /hat-/ (class 3.23) 'be called'. (3.171-a) 0

+ consonantal I + consonantal afeatures afeatures

STEM

-

14 v 15

-f vocalic

E.g., past 1st sing. ind. /hët-0/ (3.171-a) — [hëht] (0.a3e) — [hext], 3.18 [bannan, bëon, bëonnun, gebannaen] 'summon', [bëatan, bëot, bëotun, gebêatsen] 'beat', [blötan, blëot, blëotun, geblôtaen] 'sacrifice', [feallan, fêol, fëollun, gefeallsen] 'fall', [swäpan, swëop, swêopun, geswâpaen] 'sweep', [wëpan, wëop, wêopun, gewâpaen] 'weep'. I l = /_SV - se & ä & ë & ëa & δ-/, 12 = /-SV - s e & â & ë & ë a & ô + -ann-/, 13 = /-SV - s e & â & ë & ë a & ô - + -andi-/, 14 v 15 = /-SV - ëo-/, 16 = /-SV - s e & â & ë & ë a & ô — I - (ge-)-aen-/. (3.18-a) Same as 3.12-a: UMLAUT. 3.19 [etan, set, aëtun, ge-etsen] 'eat'. Same I morphemes and rules as class 3.15 except that 14 = /-SV

se-/.

3.2 (weak verbs) S = /fram-, etc./ 'do' + II = /—i—/ + E = pres. lsi /—u/, 3rd sing. ind. /-d y -Jd/, 2nd sing. ind. /-s/, imp. /—0/, lst-3rd-2nd pi. ind. /-af/, lst-3rd-2nd sing. opt. /—Θ/, lst-3rd-2nd pi. opt. /-en/. S + 12 = /-iann-/ + E = pres. inf., nom. sing. /—0/, dat. sing. /-se/. S 4- 13 = /-iandi-/ + E = pres. part., E morphemes of classes 2.1 and 2.2. S + 14 = /-id-, etc./ + E = past lst-3rd sing. ind. /-se/, 2nd sing. ind. /-ses/, lst-2nd pl. ind. /-un/, lst-3rd-2nd sing opt. /-e/, lst-3rd-2nd pi. opt. /-en/. S +15=/(ge-)-id-, etc./+ E = past part., E morphemes of classes 2.1 and 2.2

OLD ENGLISH

(3.2-1) /i/ - 0 / -

107

/i/vI4vI5

(I.e., similar to 3.15-al.) (3.2-2a) Same as 3.15-a2b: consonantal gemination. (3.2-2b) Same as 3.12-a: (3.2-2c) /d/ — [t] I

UMLAUT.

+ consonantal" — voiced

-

(3.2-3) /i/ - 0 I (NOT Γ + vocalic] /r/) lstress LONG SYLLABLE

—

[ +vocalic] ν

#

(I.e., similar to 3.15-a3.) 3.21 [fremman, fremidse, gefremid] 'do', [herian, heridse, geherid] 'praise', [timbran, timbridse, getimbrid] 'build'. I I = /—i—/, 12 = /-iann-/, 13 = /-iandi-/, 14 = /-id-/, 15 = /(ge-)-id-/. E.g., pres. 1st sing. ind. /fram-i-u/ (3.2-2a) — [frammiu] (3.2-2b) — [fremmiu] (3.2-3) -»• [fremmu]; 2nd sing. ind. /fram-i-s/ (3.2-2b) — [fremis]; imp. fram-i-0/ (3.2-2b) — [fremi]; imp. /g'sorw-i-0/ (0.a2e) — [g'earwi] (0.a3a: UMLAUT) -»• [g'ierwi] 'make ready, prepare'. Rule 3.2-3 (deletion of word-final IiI) does not apply in this latter case since the sequence [rw] does not constitute a long syllable: in order to have a long syllable, both final segments must be + consonantal or the vowel must be -f long. 3.22 [dgman, d(5mdae, gedç5mid] 'judge'. [drenk'an, drenk'tse, gedrenk'id] 'make to drink', [hieran, hlerdíe, gehlerid] 'hear', [kydan, kyddae, gekydid] 'make known'. [sendan, sendse, gesendid] 'send'. I I = /—i—/, 12 = /-iann-/, 13 = /-iandi-/, 14 = /-d-/, 15 = /(ge-)-id-/.

(I.e., similar to 3.2-2b except that the environment is everywhere, not just before /i/.) E.g., pres. inf. /küd-iann-0/ (3.22-a) — [kydiann] (3.2-3) — [kydann] (0.b2a) - [kydan]; imp. /hear-i-Hßi/ (3.22-a) - [hieri] (3.2-3) [hier]; past. 1st sing. ind. /küd-d-se/ (3.22-a) — [kyddae]; /drank'-d-œ/ (3.22-a) - [drenk'dae] (3.2-2c) - [drenk'tœ]; /sand-d-se/ (3.22-a) — [senddse] (0.b2a) — [sendse]. 3.23 [kwellan, kwealdse, gekweald] 'kill', [leg'g'an, laeg'dse, gelaeg'd] 'lay', [settan, ssettae, gesset] 'set'. I I = /-i-/, 12 = /-iann-/, 13 = /-iandi-/, 14 = / - d - / , 15 = /(ge-)-d-/·

108

OLD ENGLISH

(3.23-a) Same as 0 . a 2 b (which then b y convention does not apply again): /œ/ - [ea]. E.g., pres. inf. (kwael-iann-0/ (3.2-2a) — [kwaelliann] (rule 0 . a 2 b does n o t apply here since it already applied as 3.23-a), [kwaelliann] (3.2-2b) — [kwelliann] (3.2-3) -*• [kwellann] (0.b2a) [kwellan]; past. 1st sing. ind. /kwseld-ae/ (3.23-a) - [kwealdse], 3.231 [breng'an, bröxtae, gebröxt] 'bring', [byg'g'an, boxtae, geboxt] 'buy'. [lsek'an, lâxtse, gelâxt] 'seize'. (Later, the pres:inf form [lsek'k'an] is attested. How this form arises is not clear: on this, see Campbell, p p . 121-22.)

[rek'k'an, reaxtse, gereaxt] 'narrate'. [s0k'an, söxtse, gesôxt] 'seek', [tâëk'an, täxtae, g e t ä x t ] 'teach', [penk'an, Jjöxtse, g e s ö x t ] 'think'. [Jjynk'an, {mxtae, ge{>üxt] 'seem', [wyrk'an, wörxtae, geworxt] 'work'. (3.231-1) / k ' / v / g ' / - [ h ] / —14 v 15 (3.23l-2a) /a/ - [o] / - /nh/ (3.23l-2b) I n j - [o] / - [ - n a s a l ] (14 v 15) (3.231-3)

STEM

STEM

M

+ vocalic _+long

+ vocalic

I - ιΆι

E.g., pres. inf. /raek'-iann-0/ (3.2-2a) — [rœk'k'iann] (3.2-2b) — [rek'k'iann] (3.2-3) — [rek'k'ann] (0.b2a) — [rek'k'an]; past 1st sing. ind. /raek'-d-ae/ (3.231-1) - [raehdae] (3.2-2c) - [raehtae] (0.a2b) - [reahtae] (0.a3e) - [reaxtse]; pres. inf. /sök'-iann-0/ (3.2-2a) — [sök'k'iann] (3.2-2b) — [ s i k ' k ' i a n n ] (3.2-3) — [sflk'k'ann] (0.b2a) — [sflk'an]; past 1st sing. ind. /sök'-d-ae/ (3.231-1) - [söhdse] (3.2-2c) - [söhtae] (0.a3e) - [söxtse]; pres. inf. / b r a n g ' iann-0/ (3.2-2b) — [breng'iann] (3.2-3) - [breng'ann] (0.b2a) - [breng'an]; past 1st sing. ind. /brang'-d-ae/ (3.231-1) -«- [branhdae] (3.23l-2a) — [bronhdse] (3.231-3) - [brôhdae] (3.2-2c) - [bröhtse] (0.a3e) - [bröxtse]; past 1st sing. ind. /bug'-d-ae/ (3.231-1) - [buhdae] (3.231-2b) - [bohdie] (3.2-2c) - [bohtae] (0.a3) [boxtae]. 3.2311 [bring'an, bröxtae, gebröxt] 'bring', [wirk'an, warxtae, gewarxt] 'work'. (3.2311-a) /a/ - [ i ] ¡ - I l

v

12 T 1 3

E.g., pres. inf./brang'-iann-0/(3.2311-a) [bring'iann] (3.2-3) — [bring'ann] (0.b2a) — [bring'an]; past. 1st sing. ind. /wark'-d-se/ (3.321-1) -«- [warhdae] (3.2-2c) — [warhtae] (0.a3e) — [warxtae].

OLD ENGLISH

109

(T3.2-a) ΤΟ CAUSE THAT + Subject + Verb 1 stem + Iverb + Everb => 1 413.2 + Everb. E.g., /laeg'-iann-0/ -»- [leg'g'an] 'to cause to lie/, /sset-iann-0/ — [settan] 'to cause to sit', /drank'-iann-0/ -»- [drenk'an] 'to cause to drink'. This rule may not have been productive even in early OE times. (T3.2-b)

το

Iadj. + E adj.

CAUSE THAT + S u b j e c t + BE V BECOME + (Adjective 1 v

stem +

Adverbfplace] 1 stem) =* 1 4- 13.2 + Everb.

E.g., /dëad-iann-0/ — [dledan] 'to make dead, kill', /feorr-/ (adv, 'far') + /-iann-0/ -* [afierran] 'to make to be far away', /full-iann-0/ [fyllan] 'to make full', /g'earw-iann-0/ — [g'ierwan] 'to make ready', /hät-iann-0/ — [hœtan]j^to make hot', /heard-iann-0/ ->- [hierdan] 'to make hard', /hwitianii-0/ — [hwïtan] 'to make white',/küd-iann-0/ — [kydan] 'to make known', /leas-iann-0/ [liezan] 'to make free',/wât-iann-0/ — [wsêtan] 'to make wet', /wlank-iann-0/ — [wlenk'an] 'to make proud'. (T3.2-C) Subject + Verb [customary activity] (+Preposition) + Noun 1 stem + Inoun + Enoun object => 1 + 13.2 + Everb. E.g., /frôfeor-iann-0/ -• [fr^bran] 'to comfort, give comfort to', /hungoriann-0/ — [hyngran] 'to have hunger', /land-iann-0/ -»- [lendan] 'to land, come onto land', /nest-iann-0/ ->- [nistan] 'to use a nest, live in a nest', /nëadiann-0/ — [niedan] 'to use force on, compel', /{)urst-iann-0/ [Jjyrstan] 'to have thirst'. Past participles of these verbs are attested: höc-ede 'hooked, i.e. having a hook', hring-ede 'ringed, i.e. having a ring'. 3.3 S = /lub-, etc./ 'love' + I I = /—0—/ + E = pres. 1st sing. ind. /-ig'u/, 3rd sing. ind. /-od v -op¡, 2nd sing, ind /-os/, imp. /-a/, lst-3rd-2nd pi. ind. /-iajj/, lst-3rd-2nd sing. opt. /—ig'e/, lst-3rd-2nd pi. opt. /-ig'en/. S + 12 = /-iann-/ + E = pres. inf. nom. sing. /—0/, dat. sing. /-se/. S + 13 = /-iandi-/ + E = pres. part. E morphemes of classes 2.1 and 2.2. S + 14 = /-ud-/ + E = past lst-3rd sing. ind. /-se/, 2nd sing. ind. /-ses/, lst-3rd-2nd pl. ind. /-un/, lst-3rd-2nd sing. opt. /-e/, lst-3rd-2nd pi. opt. /-en/· S + 15 = /(ge-)-ud-/ + E = past, part, E morphemes of classes 2.1 and 2.2. E.g., [lubian, lubudse, gelubud] 'love'; [smëag'an, smêadae, gesmëad] 'think'. Examples of derivations are the following: pres:inf /smëa-iann-0/ (O.clb) — [smëag'ann] (0.b2a) -«- [smëag'an]; 1st sing. opt. /smëa-ig'e/ (0.b2c) [smëag'e]; past 1st sing. opt. /smëar-ud-se/ (0.b2c) -»• [smëadse], (T3.3-a) Same as rule T3.2-b except output is 1 + 13.3 + Everb. E.g., /bl5d-ig-iann-0/ — [blödeg'ian] 'to make bloody', /frëo-iann-0/ — [frëog'an] 'to set free', /g'earw-iann-0/ [g'earwian] 'to make ready, pre-

110

OLD ENGLISH

pare', /häl-ig-iann-0/ — [hälgian], 'to make holy', /soman-iann-0/ [somnian] 'to gather, cause to come together'. Some forms have the intermediate morphemes /-ek-/ and /—a—/: /blidi-s-iann-0/ ->- [blijjsian] 'to make happy', /g'earw-ek-iann-0/ [g'earkian] (by rules O.bl, 0.b2c, and O.f, among others) 'to make, prepare', /klani-s-iann-0/ — [klâênsian] 'to make clean'. (T3.3-b) Same as rule T3.2-C except output is 1 + 13.3 + Everb. E.g., /endi-iann-0/ — [endian] 'to end, come to an end', /lëan-iann-0/ — [lëanian] 'to give a reward to', /sköh-iann-0/ — [sköiann] (by 0.e2), eventually [skög'an] 'to put shoes on', /t>ank'-iann-0/ ->- [pank'ian] 'to thank', /weorJ)-iann-0/ — [weordian] 'to honor, give honor to'. Some forms have the intermediate morphemes /-ek—/ and /—s—/ : /bed-ek-iann-0/ -»- [bedekian] 'to beg, give a prayer to', /riki-s-iann-0/ [riksian] 'to rule'. Past participles of these verbs are attested: gerös-od 'of roses, having roses, endowed with roses'. + (Adjective1 stem + Iadj. + Eadj. v Noun1 stem + Inoun + Enoun) = 1 + 13.3 + Everb. (T3.3-C) Subject + B E

V

BECOME

E.g., /dseg-iann-0/ (0.a2a) [dagian] 'to dawn, become day', /dyzig-iann-0/ — [dyzegian] 'to be silly (dizzy)',/drunkaen/(past part.) 'drunken' + /-iann-0/ — [drunknian] to be drunk', /gemynd-ig-iann-0/ — [g'emyndgian] 'to be thinking of, be mindful o f , /sâr-ig-iann-0/ [särg'ian] 'to be in pain', / synnig-iann-0/ — [syng'ian] 'be sinful', /wer-ig-iann-0/ [wërgian] 'to be tired'. Some forms have the intermediate morpheme /—s—/ : /mild-s-iann-0/ [miltsian] 'to be mild toward', //un-treow/-s-iann-0/ -] (3.2-2b) - [hiebalj] v [hebi{)] (0.a2a) - [habajj] v [hebij)]. The forms of this class tend to go into the 3.2 or 3.3 classes. Some ofthe forms of this class are the following: [hebban, haebdse, gehsebd] 'have'; [hyg'g'an hogdae, gehogd] 'think'; [libban, libdœ, gelibd] 'live'; [seg'g'an, sspgdse, gesaegd] 'say'.

111

OLD E N G L I S H

3.5 (preterite-present S

- /WIT-,

verbs)

ETC./ 'KNOW' 4- I l = / - S V

Ä-,

ETC./ + E = PRES.

LST-3RD SING,

IND. /—0/, 2 N D SING, IND / - T / . S + 12 = / - S V -

I - , ETC./ + E = I M P . /—0/, LST-3RD-2ND IND. PL. / - U N / ,

LST-

3 R D - 2 N D SING. PL. /—E/, LST-2ND-3RD PL. OPT. / - E N / . S +

1 3 = / - S V — Â - , ETC.

+

-ANN-/ + E

= PRES. INF., NOM. SING. /—0/, DAT.

SING. /-SE/. S +

14 — / - S V — Ä-,

ETC. H — A N D I - / +

E = PRES.

PART.,

E

MORPHEMES

OF

CLASSES 2 . 1 AND 2 . 2 . S +

15 = / - S V -

I- + -T-

V

- S - , ETC./ +

E

SING. IND. /—SES/, LST-3RD-2ND PL. IND. / - U N / ,

=

LST-3RD-SING. /-AE/,

2ND

LST-3RD-2ND SING OPT. / - E / ,

PAST

LST-

3 R D - 2 N D PL. OPT. /R-EN/. S +

16 = / - S V — I - +

CLASSES 2 . 1 AND

PAST PART., E

MORPHEMES OF

2.2.

( 3 . 5 - L A ) 0 -«- [ S ] / /N/ ( 3 . 5 - A 2 ) /D/

(GE-)-AEN-, ETC./ + E =

V

/R/ — /T/

V

/D/

[T] I Γ + CONSONANTAL — SONORANT

( 3 . 5 - B ) /t/

-

[S] / -

( 3 . 5 - C ) ("STEM

/T/V/S/ » ΓS T E M

[ + VOCALIC

I — [-NASAL] OPTATIVE E

MORPHEMES

[ / + UMLAUT/

THERE MAY HAVE ORIGINALLY BEEN A SIMILAR RULE FOR ALL VERBS: UMLAUT I — P A S T OPTATIVE E M O R P H E M E S . 3.51

[WITAN, WÄT, WITUN, WISSSE

II = /-SV -

V

Â-/, 12 = / - S V -

I - + -ANDI-/, 15 = / - S V -

WISTSE, GEWITAN] 'KNOW'. I-/,

I- + -T-

13 = / - S V V

I - + -ANN-/,

- S - / , 16 = / - S V -

I- +

14 = / - S V

-

(GE-)-AEN-/.

E . G . , PRES. 2 N D SING. IND. /WÄT-T/ ( 3 . 5 - B ) — [WAST], 3.52

[DUGANDI, DÊAX, DUGUN, DOXTSE, ? ] 'AVAIL'.

II = /-SV -

-EA/,

12 = / - S V -

U - + -ANDI-/, 15 = / - S V -

U-/,

13 = / - S V -

O - + —T—/, 1 6 =

U - + -ANN-/,

14 =

/-SV

?.

E . G . , PRES. 1ST SING. OPT. /DUG-E/ ( 3 . 5 - C ) — [DYGE]. RULE 3 . 5 - C (UMLAUT) SEEMS TO APPEAR WITH THE OPTATIVE OF VERBS ONLY OF CLASS 3 . 5 , NOT WITH THE OTHER VERBS. SEE ON THIS CAMPBELL, PARAGRAPH 7 3 6 ( M ) , P P . —/, 16 = /-SV - u - + (ge-)-œn-/. What we have posited as the earliest forms, [dser] and [g'enaex], occur as dear and geneah. This may be accounted for by assuming that our rule 0.a2b (/se/ [ea]) in various of the later OE dialects extended its domain to — /x/ and (/1/ v /r/)4i=- This would also account for the occurrence of meah and meahte (class 3.54) instead of [msex] and [maextse]. The forms [sk'eal] and [J)earf] are accounted for by rules 0.a2e and 0.a2b, respectively. + vocalic" I-M +long afeatures (3.53-a2) ¡ ψ - [d]/ [ + consonantal] (3.53-b) Same as 3.231-2b: /u/ - [o] / - [-nasal](l5 v 16) E.g., près 2nd sing. ind. /kann-t) (3.5-al) ->- [kannst] (0.b2a) -»- [kanst]; past 1st sing. ind. /kunn-^-se/ (3.53-al) ->- [küpse] (0.d2) -• [küdse]; /g'emunp-se/ (3.53-a2) -*• [g'emundse] (3.5-al) ->- [g'emunsdse] (3.5-a2) -v [g'emunstse]; /sk'ul-Me/ (3.53-a2) - [sk'uldœ] (3.53-b) - [sk'oldae]; /g'enug-J)-®/ (3.53-a2) - [g'enugdse] (3.53-b) - [g'enogdse] (3.5-a2) - [g'enogtae] (O.dl) [g'enoxtae]. (3.53-al)

+ vocalic M afeatures

3.54 [?, ? mœx, magun, ? msextae, ?] 'may'. [?, mot, môtun, môstse, ?] 'must', [ägan, âx, ägun, âxtas, ?] 'have'. I l v 12 = /-SV - £E&ä & δ-/, 13 = /-SV - œ & â & ö - + -ann-/, 14 = /-SV - œ & ä & ö - + -andi-/, 15 = /-SV - se & ä & 5 - + -t-/, 16 = ?. 3.6 (suppletives) 3.61 /S + I + E/ -«- pres. 1st sing, ind [wille v willu] 'will', 3rd sing. ind. [wile], 2nd sing. ind. [wilt], imp.?. Otherwise for pres., S = /wall-v will-/ which follows the paradigm of 3.23 [kwellan]: e.g., pres. 1st pi. ind. [wallaj) v willajj], etc. For past, S = /wall-v woll-/ which also follows the paradigm of 3.23: e.g., past 1st sing, ind [waldae v woldse], 3.62 (The verb το be) 3.621 /S + I + E/ -»• pres. 1st sing. ind. [bëo v bëom], 3rd sing. ind. [bit>] 2nd sing. ind. [bis], imp. [beo], lst-3rd-2nd pi. ind. [bëojj v bidun], lst-3rd-2nd sing. opt. [beo], lst-3rd-2nd pi. opt. [bëon], inf. [bëon], part, [bëondi], past, part, [gebëon], 3.622 /S + I -f- E/ pres. 1st sing. ind. [eom], 3rd sing. ind. [is], 2nd sing. ind. [eart v ear})], lst-3rd-2nd pi. ind. [arun v sind v sindun], lst-3rd-2nd sing, opt. [sie], lst-3rd-2nd pi. opt. [sien].

113

OLD ENGLISH

Otherwise, for the remaining forms of classes 3.621 and 3.622, S = /wes-/ which follows the paradigm of 3.151 [wezan]: e.g., past 1st sing. ind. [was], etc. (For the semantic differences between 3.621 and 3.622, see Campbell, pp. 350-01.) 3.63

/S + I + EI — pres. 1st sing. ind. [gä] 'go', 3rd sing. ind. [gâêf], 2nd sing. ind. [gâës], imp. [gä], lst-3rd-2nd pl. ind. [gafe], lst-3rd-2nd sing. opt. [gä], lst-3rd-2nd pl. opt. [gän], inf. [gän], part. ?, past. part, [gegän]. Otherwise for past forms, S — /ëo-/ which follows the paradigm of 3.23 [kwellan]: e.g., past 1st sing. ind. [ëodae], etc. 3.64

/S + I + E/ -«- pres. 1st sing. ind. [dôm] 'do', 3rd sing. ind. [d(?t>], 2nd sing ind. [d0s], imp. [do], lst-3rd-2nd sing. opt. [do], lst-3rd-2nd pi. opt. [dòn], inf. [dön], part, [döndi], past part, [gedön]. Otherwise for past forms S = , /daê- v d e - v dy-/ which follows the paradigm of 3.23 [kwellan]: e.g., past 1st sing. ind. [dâëdae v dedae v dydae], etc.

D. DERIVATION

The orthography used in the forms we cite as examples of derivational morphology and compounding is that of the sources mentioned at the beginning of the present chapter. These sources are Campbell, Sievers-Brunner, Wyatt, and the Wrenn edition of Beowulf. We do not indicate the palatalization given by Campbell, e.g., c for [k'] and g for [g'] or [g']. 1. Derivational Suffixes

(T-DS

Rules)

(T-DSa) /-aeg'- v -ig'-/ ( a . BEING

V

HAVING

(SOME

NOUNS WHICH ABE ( b . CHARACTERIZED

BY

V

ALL)

OF

THE

PROPERTIES

ASSOCIATED WITH

-f- (Adjective 1 v Adverbfplaee])) 1 v V

HAVING

(SOME

V

ALL)

OF THE PROPERTIES OF +

1

Noun) (c. Subject + ? BE + 2. endings.

ABLE

το

BE

V

TEND

το + Verb) 1 => 1 + /-aeg'- v -ig'-/

E.g., (a) mêâ(eA\.)-ig 'tired', syndr(adv. 'apart')-^ 'various, sundry', (b) fäm-ig 'foamy', (c) rëot-ig 'sad'. Other examples are almaht-ig 'omnipotent', cear-ig 'sorrowful', ëad—ig 'happy', frëor-ig 'frosty', Jtäl—ig 'holy', hor-ig 'filthy', möd-ig 'courageous', stän-ig 'stony', purst-ig 'thirsty'. The adjective hef-ig 'heavy' (possibly from [hebban] 'lift') may be derived by a somewhat modified version of the above rule such as: Subject + BE ABLE το BE + Verb [past passive participle]. This form presents a problem

H4

OLD ENGLISH

similar to t h a t in OS (cf. OS rule T-DSa). The only T - D S a forms attested with a previous T - D S transformation in their derivational histories are the following: T-DSc, T-DSa. E.g., aefës-t-ig 'envious', scyl-d-ig 'guilty'. (T-DSb) / - a n d - / Subject[masculine] + Verb 1 + Adverb[customary activity] => 1 + / - a n d - / + 1.02 endings. E.g., äg-end 'owner', beswic-end 'deceiver', göddö-and 'benefactor, i.e., gooddoer', hâêl-end 'savior', sciepp-end 'creator', weald-end 'ruler', wig-end 'warrior'. Verbs derived by the T3.— rules or underived verbs may undergo this rule: e.g., gemiltsig-end 'pittier' (T3.3-C, T-DSb). (T-DSo) / - d - & - t - / FACT THAT

1.01

v

1.04

v

V

RESULT OP FACT THAT

+ Subject + Verb 1 =>• 1 + / - d - & - t - / +

1.07 endings.

Nonproductive. E.g., œh-t 'property', dœ-d 'deed', gehyg-d (1.04) 'thought" hwyrf-t (1.01) 'movement, a turning', kys-t (1.07) 'choice', wis-t 'sustenance'. (The last example may be somewhat differently derived, e.g., CATJSE OF FACT THAT . . . etc. with the verb /wes-/ 'be'.) (DSc-a) / - d - & - t - / - [t] I Γ+consonantal [ — voiced [d] / elsewhere (T-DSd) l - d ô m - l (STATE

V

FACT

V

QUALITY)

OF

BEING

+ Adjective 1 * Noun 1 => 1 + /-dôm-/ +

1.01 endings. E.g., cäser(no\m)-dom 'empire', eald(&à].)-d5m 'old age', frëo(aà].)-dom 'freedom', swic{&à].)-dom 'deception'. Derived forms undergoing this rule are the following: (1) T-DSn, T - D S d : dêow-ot-dôm 'servitude'; (2) T-DSb, T-DSd: recc-end-dom 'government, governing'. ( ? T-DSe) l-eâi-l Subject + BE + Verb[past passive participle] 1 => 1 + /—edi—/ + 2. endings. Nonproductive (?). E.g., gif-ede 'given (by fate)', ungif-ede 'not granted. This may not have been an independent adjectival suffix in OE, but rather the past: part ending of verbs of classes 3.2 —and 3.3— of the type hring-ede 'ringed'. (See our discussion of this under rule T3.2-C.) If this is the case, then the derivational histories of such forms as gif-ede are T3.2-C, T-paet part. That is, rule T3.2-C first derives a verb /g'ieb-iann-0/ 'to receive a gift' from the noun /g'ieb-/ 'gift'. Then this derived verb undergoes the past:part transformation.

115

OLD ENGLISH

(T-DSf) / - e l - v - e l s - T ? - e l l - T -isl-/ INSTRUMENT

BY

+ Subject + Verb 1 =• (/-ell-/ + 1.09 v 1.10 endings).

MEANS

-isl-/ + 1.01 endings)

v

OP "WHICH

1 -F

(/-el- v - e l s - T

Productive (?). E.g., bynd-elle (1.10) 'binding', êarscrip-el 'ear-scraper', gyrd—els v gyrd-isl 'girdle: that by means of which one ties in', rèe—els 'incense', that by means of which or because of which something steams, smokes', scytt-el 'bolt, that by means of which one locks', swing-ell (1.09) 'stick, that by means of which one whips (/swing-ann-0/ 'to beat, whip')'. This form (apparently later) develops the meanings 'stripe, mark of a blow, chastisement'. Additional possible examples of this suffix are fœt-els 'vessel' ( ?from faet 'vessel') and rad—els 'reason, that by means of which one thinks, reads'. The latter form later develops the meaning 'riddle'. (T-DSg) /-en-/ CONSISTING OF

V

CHARACTERIZED BY

+ Noun 1 =• 1 + /-en-/ + 2. endings.

E.g., aettr-en 'poisonous', byx-en 'of box-wood', cypr-en 'of copper', gyld-en 'of gold', lëad-en 'of lead', pic-en 'of pitch', ros-en 'of roses', (?) sûâer-ne 'southern'. (T-DSh) / - e n - v - i n k ' e l - v - k ' e n - / 1 SMALL + Noun 1 + / - e n - v - i n k ' e l - v - k ' e n - / + 1.04 endings. E.g., bög-incel 'little twig', âiow-incel 'little servant', hüs—incel 'little house', mœgd-en 'maiden, young girl', räp-incel 'little rope', stänr-ineel 'little stone', tyn-cen 'tub', pyrn-cen 'thorn-plant, little thorn'. (T-DSi) l-enn-l + Subject + (Verb 1 v BE + Adjective) 1 => 1 + l-enn-l + (1.09 v 1.091 endings for deverbale) v (1.01 v 1.04 v 1.09 v 1.091 endings for deadjectivals).

PACT

THAT

V

RESULT

OP

PACT

THAT

Nonproductive. E.g., byrg(vevb)-enn (1.091) 'burial', fœst(&à].)-en (1.04) 'fortress', hœft(verb)-enn (1.09) 'captivity'. heng(verb)-en (1.091) 'a hanging', rœd(verb)-enn (1.09) 'state', wêst(ad].)-enn (1.01 v 1.09) 'desert'. All deverbative forms are in classes 1.09 or 1.091; deadjectival forms are in classes 1.01, 1.04, 1.09, or 1.091. (T-DSj) l-enn-

v

? -iss-/

FEMININE BEING WHICH IS

+ Noun [animate] 1 => 1 + / - e n n -

v

? -iss-/ + 1.09 T

1.091 v 1.10 endings. E.g., gyd-en 'goddess', pêow-enn 'maidservant'. The preceding nouns are in classes 1.09 T 1.091; abbud-isse 'abbess' is in class 1.10. Words which are possibly derived by this rule are cief-es (1.09) 'concubine' and hœgt-esse (1.10) 'witch'.

116

OLD ENGLISH

(T-DSk) /-er-/ RESULT OP PACT THAT

+ Subject + Verb 1 =>• 1 + /-er-/ + 1.04 endings.

Nonproductive. E.g., forlig-er 'fornication', leg-er 'a lying down, illness'» mord-er 'murder', riccet-er 'power, tyranny' (possibly from a verb /rik'-ettiann-0/ 'to have power over' ; thus the derivational history of this form would be T-DSn, T-DSk). This is perhaps the same suffix as /-or-/ in dog-or 'day' and sig-or 'victory'. These derived nouns are in class 1.01; and the forms undergoing the rule are nouns, /dseg-/ and /sig—/. (T-DS1) /-eri-/ (a. Subject[maseuline] + Verb) 1 v (b. Subject[masculine] + Verb [customary activity] ( +Preposition) + Nounfobject]) 1 => 1 + /-eri-/ + 1.01 endings. E.g., 0öe(noun)-ere 'scribe', cant(verb)-ere 'singer', fulluht(noun)-ere 'baptizer', grammatic(no\in)-ere 'grammarian', leorn(verb)-ere 'learner', scëaw(verh)-ere 'observer', sealt(noun)-ere 'salt-worker'. Derived forms undergoing this rule are the following: (1) T-DSc, T-DS1: deah-t-ere 'counselor'; (2) T-DSn, T-DS1: wlœffet-ere 'stutterer'. (T-DSm) / - e s t r - v - i g ' g ' - v -iss-/ (a. Subject[feminine] + Verb) 1 v (b. Subject[feminine] + Verb [customary activity] ( +Preposition) + Nounfobject]) 1 =• 1 + ( / - e s t r - v - i g ' g ' - / + 1.10 endings) v (/-iss-/ + 1.09 v 1.10 endings). Productive (?). E.g., bcec(verb)-estre 'female baker', hlëap(verb)-estre 'female dancer', sealt(verb)-icge 'female dancer', seam ( η ου n)-estre 'seamstress'. Also, forleg(verb)—ess (1.09) v forleg-esse (1.10) 'harlot'. (T-DSn) / - e t t - / Verb 1 + Adverbfrapid action / - e t t - / + 3.2 v 3.3 endings.

v

repeated action v pejorative manner] => 1 +

E.g., blicc-ettan 'flash with lightning', ceahh-ettan 'croak', cohh—ettan 'cough repeatedly', gelicc-ettan 'flatter' (from /ge-lik'-iann-0/ 'to be like, to please'; hence /ge-lik'-ett-iann-0/ means 'to please in a pejorative way, flatter'), grym-ettian 'rage', hïëap-ettan 'leap repeatedly', lic-ettan 'pretend' (from /lik'-ianrl-0/ 'to be like'; hence /lîk'-ett-iann-0/ means 'to be like in a pejorative manner'), lyff-ettan 'flatter', sär-ettan 'lament', spor-ettan 'spur'. Verbs derived by the T-rules may undergo this rule. (T-DSo) / - e t t - v ? - e t t e r - v - o t t - / 1v (STATE OP BEING + Adjective Noun) 1 v (ACT V RESULT v v v / - e t t - ? - e t t e r - - o t t - / + 1.01 1.04 v 1.09 endings.

OP

+ Verb) 1 =>-1 +

117

OLD ENGLISH

Productive (?). E.g., em(adj.)-ei£ (1.09) 'solitude, state of being one or alone', bœrn(verh)-ett (1.04) 'arson', deow(noun)-ett (1.01 v 1.04) 'slavery, state of being a slave', /reo(adj.)-£ (1.01) 'freedom', nyrw(ad].)-et (1.01) 'narrowness, narrow place', rew(verb)-e£ (1.01) 'rowing', rym{&à].)-et (1.04) 'room, space', sœw(verb)-e< (1.04) 'sowing', sweof(verb)-ot (1.01 v 1.04) 'sleep, act of sleeping'. A further possibility is ric(noun)-eter (1.04) 'power'. (T-DSp) /-feald-/ + Adjectivefnumerical] 1 =>

BEING

1

+ /-feald-/ + 2. endings.

E.g., än-feald 'single', düsend-feald 'thousand-fold', fela-feald 'manifold', seofon-feald 'seven-fold'. The input adjective may also be in the comparative: mä('more')-fea,ldra 'more numerous'. (T-DSq) /-full-/ PULL OF

V

HAVING

+ Noun1 => 1 + /-full-/ + 2. endings.

E.g., bismer—full 'disgraceful' eges-full 'terrible', forht-full 'timorous', gelëafful 'believing, faithful', georn( ?adj. v noun)-ful 'eager, desirous'. A derived form is attested which undergoes this rule: T-DSc, T-DSq: scyl-t-full 'guilty, having guilt'. (T-DSr) /ge—UMLAUT—I—/ (COLLECTION

V

AGGREGATE) WHICH IS

+ Noun1 => 1 + /ge-UMLAUT-i-/ + 1.04

endings. Productive (?). E.g., gescôë 'shoes' (i.e., /ge-sköh-UMLAUT-i/ — [geskçîhi], eventually — [g'esk'i]), getimbre 'building, collection of rooms', gewœde 'clothing'. (T-DSs) /-had-/ (STATE

V

FACT

V

QUALITY

V

RESULT)

OF BEING

+ Noun1 =>· 1 + /-hâd-/ + 1.01

endings. Productive (?). E.g., camp-had hood'.

'warfare', nead-häd

'necessity', wer-had 'man-

(T-DSt) /-ing- v -ling-/ Subject[human, masculine] + (a. BE[inherently v customarily v stative sense] + Adjective 1 v Verb[past passive participle]) 1 v (b. Verb [customary activity] ( + Preposition) + Nounfobject]) 1 =>· 1 + /-ing- v -ling-/ -(- 1.01 endings. E.g., œpel{novm)-ing 'nobleman', deor{ad\)-ling 'darling', lit{aA\.)-ling 'little fellow', nîp(noun)-ling 'evil man', rcep(verb, 'seize, bind')-ling 'prisoner', yrd(noun, 'earth')-ling 'farmer'.

118

OLD ENGLISH

How (or whether) a form like scilling 'shilling' is to be derived is not clear. Similar cases are the OHG forms pfending 'penny' and silabarling 'silver coin' discussed under OHG rule T-DSy. (T-DSu) /-ing- & -ung-/ FACT THAT

V

RESULT OF FACT THAT

+ Subject + Verb 1 => 1 + /-ing- & -ung-/

+ 1.09 endings. E.g., œtspyrn-ing 'offence', cost-ung 'temptation', eald-ung 'old age, becoming old' (derivation: adj. /eald-/T3.3-c => /eald-iann-0/ 'become or be old' T-DSu =>• /eald-ung-0 & - u / 'a becoming or being old'), fylg-ing 'following', gewemming 'corruption', grët-ing 'greeting', hereg-ung 'plundering', mearcung 'marking', nâëm-ing 'acceptance'. Verbs derived by the T3. — rules may undergo rule T-DSu. Other derived forma undergoing this rule are the following: T-DSm, T-DSu: blicc-et-ung 'lightning', gaff-et-v,ng 'scorn'. (DSu-a) /-ing- & -ung-/

[-ing-] / VERB,

CLASS

3.1 v 3.2 —

[ - u n g - ] I VEEB, CLASS 3.3 —

Some dialects show free variation of /-ing-/ and /-ung-/ with verbs of class 3.1; some dialects prefer /-ing-/ to /-ung-/ in all cases. (On this, see Campbell, paragraph 383.) (T-DSv) /—isk'—/ CHARACTERIZE

BY

+ Noun 1 =>· 1 + /—isk'—/ + 2. endings.

E.g., Arab-isc 'Arabian', cedr-isc 'of cedar', cild-isc 'childish, child-like', Englisc 'English', eorl-isc 'noble', folc-isc 'popular', gimm-isc 'set with gems', hœden—isc 'heathen'. (T-DSw) /—ixt(i)—/ CHARACTERIZED BY

+ Nounfconcrete] 1 => 1 | /—ixt(i)—/ + 2. endings.

Productive (?). E.g., fin-iht 'having fins', how-ehte 'dirty', stœn-iht porn—iht 'thorny', wud—iht 'woody'. (T-DSx) /-kund-/ CHARACTERIZED B Y

+ Adverb [place]1 v Noun 1 =>

1

'stony'

+ /-kund-/ + 2. endings.

E.g., œpel-cund 'noble', dëofol-cund 'devilish', feor-cund and feorran-cund 'from afar', gœst-cund 'spiritual', in-cund 'inward'. (T-DSy) l-l-l (Subject[human, masculine] + Verb) 1 v (Subject + Verb [customary activity] ( + Preposition) + Nounfobject]) 1 => 1 + / - I + 1.01 v 1.101 endings. Productive (?). E.g., byr(verb, 'bear')-Ze (1.01) 'carrier, servant', lâdgenîâ(noun)-Za (1.101) 'hateful enemy', mândœd(no\in) -la (1.101) 'wicked destroyer'.

119

OLD ENGLISH

(T-DSz) /-lâk-/ ACTION V STATE OF AFFAIRS WHICH is 4- (Adjective 1 v Noun1 v Verb[past passive participle]) 1 => 1 + /-lâk-/ + 1.04 endings. E.g., heado-lâc 'battle', rëaf-lâc 'robbery', wed-lac 'wedlock' wite-lac 'punishment'. (Such forms may perhaps also be considered compounds of type T-Cm.) The verbs in [-lsek'an] may be considered as having the derivational history T-DSz, T3.2-C. E.g., gefërlœcan 'keep company': /gefër-/ 'company + /-lâk-/ by T-DSz =>/gefërlâk-/ 'company', which by T3.2c => /gefêrlâk-iann-0/ 'to keep or entertain company', eventually -»• [g'efërlsêk'an]. Similar verbs are efenlœcan 'imitate', gepwœrlœcan 'agree', gedyrst(verh, ? past passive participle)—lœcan 'presume, dare', gerihtlœcan 'make straight', nëalœcan 'approach', rihtlcBcan 'justify', winterlœcan 'draw near winter'. (T-DSaa) /-leas-/ WITHOUT + Noun 1 =>- 1 + /-lêas-/ + 2. endings. E.g., ende-leas 'endless', grondor-lëas 'without sin', häm-leas 'homeless', heort—leas 'heartless', mihte-leas 'powerless', scylt-leas 'innocent'. The last two forms given may be considered as having the derivational history T-DSc, T-DSaa. One form is attested with a definite previous rule in its derivational history: T-DSb, T-DSaa. E.g., feorm-endr-Uas 'lacking a polisher'. (T-DSbb) /-lik'-/ (a. ABLE V OBLIGED τ ο BE -f Yerb[past passive participle]) 1 v (BEING + b. Adjective 1 v c. Adverb[place v manner]1 v d. Verb[past passive v present active V

participle])1 +

(e. CAUSING

ALL) OF THE PROPERTIES OF 4-

v

f. CHARACTERIZED BY

Noun) 1

v

g. HAVING (SOME

=>· 1 + /-lik'-/ + 2. endings.

E.g., (a) unacumen-lic 'unbearable', ungefëren-lic 'inaccessible', dòn—lie 'performable, doable', send—lie 'to be sent'; (b) œn-lic 'unique, one-ly', efen-lic 'equal', gemcm-lic 'common', heard-lic 'severe', milde-lic 'mild'; (c) syndar(adv[place])-Zic 'special', üp(adv.[place])-Zic 'divine, above', jiM5(adv.[manner])-Zic 'such'; (d) grerecce( verb [past passive part.])-Zic 'stretched out ',dearfend· (verb[pres. part.])-lic 'poor'; (e) elmest—lic 'giving charity, causing or bringing about charity, charitable'; (f) dœg-lic 'daily, of a day', heofonr-lic 'heavenly', tid—lic 'of or in time, temporary'; (g) wïn-lic 'like wine', cwën-lic 'queenly, regal'. Derived forms undergoing this rule are the following: (1) T-DSa, T-DSbb: geeœl-ig-lic 'happy', gesund-ig-lic 'sinful', m5d-ig-lic 'brave'; (2) T-DSt, T-DSbb: giem-ung-lic 'nuptial'; (3) T-DSii, T-DSbb: wil-sum-lic 'desirable'. (T-DScc) l-m-l FACT

j-m-j

THAT

+

V

RESULT

1.01 v

OF

FACT

1,101 endings,

THAT + S u b j e c t [ - a n i m a t e ] + V e r b 1 => 1 +

120

OLD ENGLISH

Nonproductive. E . g , , f l ë a - m (1.01) 'flight', lëo-ma (1.101) 'light', sciama (1.101) 'light'. (T-DSdd) /-ness- v -niss-/ (FACT

tive1 v

V

RESULT

OP FACT

V

+ Subject + ( B E + (AdjecVerb)1 =>• 1 + /-ness- v -niss-/

CHARACTERISTIC) THAT

Noun1 v

Verb[past passive 1.09 v 1.091 endings.

participle])1 v

E.g., älysed(verb [past passive part.])-nes 'redemption', biter( adj. )-ness 'bitterness', clœn(&d].)-ness 'purity', cyd(ad].)-nes 'knowledge', endebyrd(-noun)-nis 'order', forgif(verb)-nes 'forgiveness', fyrht(&à].)~nis 'timidity', Aea( adj.)-ness 'highness', nytenCverb)-ness 'ignorance', todceled(verb[past passive part.])-rces 'separation, state of being separated'. Forms with more than one rule in their derivational histories are the following: (1) T-DSa, T-DSdd: md-ig-nes 'happiness'; (2) T-DSq, T-DSdd: fremful-nes 'usefulness', georn-ful-nes 'zeal'; (3) T-DSv, T-DSdd: menn-isc-nes 'incarnation'; (4) T-DSaa, T-DSdd: trêu-les-nis 'faithlessness'; (5) T-DSff, T-DSdd: dieg-el-nes 'solitude'; (6) T-DSjj, T-DSdd: frem-sum-nes 'kindness'; (7) T-DSc, T-DSjj, T-DSdd: genyh-t-sum-niss 'abundance'. (T-DSee) /-od-/ COLLECTION OF

+ Noun1 => 1 + /-od-/ + 1.04 endings.

Nonproductive. E.g., wer-od 'collection of men, army'. (T-DSff) /-ol- v ? -or-/ Subject + TEND TO + Verb1 => 1 4- /-ol-

v

? -or-/ + 2. endings.

Productive (?). E.g., œrwac-ol 'early-rising', cwid-ol 'loquacious', dëog-ol 'hiding oneself, secret', giof-ol 'generous', ofergeot-ol 'forgetful', slœp-orv släp-ul 'sleepy', swic-ol 'deceitful', wîdgong-el 'going far and wide'. (T-DSgg) 1 - o H FACT THAT

V

RESULT OF FACT THAT

+ Subject + Verb[class 3.3] 1

1 + I—op—j -(- 1.01 endings. E.g., drohtn-op 'keeping of company', fisc-opv fiscn-op 'fishing', hunt-op 'hunting', lang-op 'longing'. (Perhaps also inn-od 'intestines'.) All forms undergoing this rule are of class 3.3. As such, most of them have passed through transformational rules T3.3-a, -b, or -c. (T-DShh) l-s-l FACT THAT

V

RESULT OF FACT THAT

+ Subject +

BE

+ Adjective1 =• 1 + /—s—/

+ 1.09 endings. Nonproductive. E.g., blip-s 'bliss, happiness', lip-s 'mercy', milts

'mercy'.

121

OLD ENGLISH

(T-DSii) /—sk'ipi—/ ((COLLECTION

V

AGGREGATE) WHICH I S

V

STATE OP BEING)

=> 1 + /-sk'ipi-/ + 1.05 endings.

+ Adjective 1 v Noun1

E.g., bèor(noxm)-scipe 'feast', dryht(noun)-scype 'nobility, courage', frëond(noun)-scipe 'friendship', gäl(a,d].)-scipe 'wantonness', gefër(noun)-scipe 'fraternity, retinue', gehüs-scipe 'household, i.e., collection which is a family (hüs)', lond(iìoun)-scipe 'region', wadter(noun)—scipe 'body of water'. (T-DSjj) /-sum-/ (a. HAVING SOME OF THE P R O P E R T I E S OP NOUNS WHICH A R E + Adjective) 1 (b. HAVING V CAUSING + Noun)1 v (c. B E I N G V A B L E TO B E + Verb [present active participle]) 1 => 1 + /-sum-/ + 2. endings. E.g., anc(dA\.)-sum 'troublesome', frem(verb)-sum 'beneficial', wyn{noun)sum 'delightful'. Forms undergoing this rule may have undergone the following rule: T-DSc, T - D S j j (and finally T3.3-b): genuh-t-sum-ian 'to abound, i.e., to have a sufficiency or plenteousness'. (T-DSkk) / - 1 - & -1j-/ (STATE

V

jective

1v

FACT

V

QUALITY

V

RESULT

OF

FACT)

THAT

Noun) => 1 + / - 1 - &-!>-/ + 1.091 endings.

+ Subject + B E 4- (Ad-

1

E.g., œbylg{noun)-pu 'anger', gesœl(&à\.)—d 'happiness', gesyn(adj.) -tu 'health' prosperity' (derivational history: /gesund-t- & — f>—0 & -u/ by DSkk-a [gesund-t-0 & - u ] by 1.091-a — [gesynd-tr-0 & - u ] by 1.09-a — [gesyndt - 0 ] by O.dl -»- [gesyntt] by 0.d4 — [gesynt]; the form with /u/, [gesyntu], is later), ierg(aÂ).)-pu 'cowardice', ierm(ad].)-pu 'poverty', mœr(aA].)-pu 'glory', ofermet(noxm)-tu 'pride' (derivational history /ofer-möd-t- & — t»—0 & -u/ ->- [oberm0ttu], later [obermëttu]). The form mœg-p 'group of kinsmen, nation, tribe' may also have been derived by T-DSkk. (DSkk-a) / - 1 - &

)-/ - [ - t - ] I [-continuant] v /s/ - , [-f>-] / elsewhere

(See on this Campbell, paragraph 589.) Forms undergoing this rule may have undergone the following rule: T-DSaa, T-DSkk: dr-leas-t 'cruelty' (i.e., /âr-lëas-t-&-t)-0 & -u/ — [ârlëast]), giemlies-t 'neglect' (i.e., /giem-lëas-UMLAUT-t- & -JJ-0 & -u/ ->- [giemliest]). (T-DS11) /-ut>-/ (STATE

Verb) 1

WHICH + Subject[human] 1 + /-u{3-/ + 1.09 endings.

IN

v

THOSE

WHO) + ( ( B E

+ Adjective) 1 v

Nonproductive. E.g., dug(vçrb)^up 'valor, body of valorous warriors', geog(adj.)-M/> 'state of being young, people who are young'. The following is a summary of the derivational histories of those forms attest-

122

OLD ENGLISH

ed with more than one T - D S rule. (The forms have already been cited in our discussion of the DS morphemes.) T-DSc, T-DSa. T - D S b v T-DSo, T-DSd. T-DSc v T-DSo, T-DS1. T-DSc, T-DSq. T-DSn, T-DSq. T-DSb, T-DSaa. T - D S a v T-DSu v T-DSjj, T-DSbb. T - D S a v T-DSq v T - D S v v T - D S a a v T-DSff v T-DSjj, T-DSdd. T-DSc, T-DSjj, T-DSdd. T-DSc, T-DSjj. T-DSaa, T-DSkk. 2 Derivational Prefixes

(T-DP

Rules)

(T-DPa) /&-/ COMPLETELY v a w a y T ? + Verb 1 => /a—/ + 1. E.g., dr-bacan 'bake', a-belgan 'vex, anger', a-beran 'bear away', ä-biddan 'get something by asking', a-cennan 'produce, beget', a-ceorfan 'cut down', œ— bylg 'anger' (T-DPa, Ε-noun), ä-faran 'depart', a-gieldan 'pay, repay', aswebban 'put to sleep', â-stïgan 'ascend'. (T-DPb) / » - / n o t any v w i t h o u t + Noun 1 => /se-/ + 1. E.g., (?) ä-burod 'without population' (T-DPb, T-verb, T - a d j . (past passive participle)), œ-gylde 'uncompensated, receiving no wergeld' (T-DPb, E-adj.) œ-menne 'depopulated, without men' (T-DPb, E - a d j . ) . (T-DPc) /sel-/ f o r e i g n v o u t s i d e + Noun 1 => /sel—/ + 1. E.g., œl-fylce 'foreign people', el~land 'foreign land', œl-peod 'foreign people', oel—wiht 'creature from elsewhere'. (T-DPd) /ante-/ (borrowed) a g a i n s t + Noun 1 => / ante-/ + 1. Nonproductive (?). E.g., Ante-chrïst

'Antichrist'.

(T-DPE) /sèrk'e-/ (borrowed) superior + Noun 1 => ¡cérk'e-j + 1 . Nonproductive. E.g., œrce-biscep 'archbishop'. (T-DPf) lbi-1 Î + Verb 1 => /bi-/ + 1 [ +transitive].

123

OLD ENGLISH

E.g., be-bod 'command' (T-DPf, Ε-noun), be-bodan 'to command', be—faran 'surround', be-geotan 'pour out', be-gong 'circuit, expanse' (T-DPf, E-noun). (T-DPg) /ed-/ 1v (AGAIN + Adjective Verb) 1 v /ed-/ + 1.

(ANOTHER

V

A CONTRARY

V

A NEW

+ Noun) 1 =>

E.g., ed-cwide 'a retelling' (T-DPg(verb), Ε-noun), ed-gift 'restitution' (TDPg(verb), T-DSnoun), ed-hioyrft 'change, reversal' (T-DPg(verb), T-DSnoun), ed-lœcan 'to renew', ed-lëan 'reward, money given for something, a paying back', ed-nëowe 'renewed, new', ed-sceaft 'new creation' (T-DPg(verb), T-DSnoun or T-DSnoun(verb), T-DPg(noun)), ed-witscipe 'cowardice' (TDPg(noun), T-DSnoun). (T-DPh) /eormen-/ 1 V LARGE + Noun =>· /eormen-/ + 1.

MIGHTY

Productive ( ?). E.g., eormen-cyn 'mighty race', eormen-grund eormen—läf 'vast inheritance'. (T-DPi) /for-I 1v (NEGATIVELY + ? Adjective) => /for-/ + 1 .

'the whole earth'

(NEGATIVELY VIEWED ACTION OF

v

? + Verb) 1

E.g., for-bœrnan 'burn up', for-beodan 'prohibit', for-bod 'a prohibition' (TDPi, Ε-noun), for-dön 'destroy', for-gifness 'forgiveness' (T-DPi, T-DSnoun), for-gyldan 'repay, reward', for—sendan 'send to one's death', for-slëan 'slay'. The adjective for-cüp 'perverse, bad' is syntactically ambiguous: either T DPi( ? adj), or T-DPi(verb), E - a d j . (T-DPj) /ge-/ (a. COLLECTION OF + Noun) 1 v (b. Noun 1 + TOGETHER WITH + Object) v (c. ? + Adjective 1 v Noun 1 Í Verb) 1 => /ge-/ + 1. E.g., (a) ge-bröpor 'brothers', (b) ge-fëra 'companion, one who travels with someone else' (T1.10-a, T-DPj), (b) ge-bedda 'bed-companion' (T1.10-b, T - D P j ) . The other uses (c) of/ge-/ seem to be idiosyncratic: e.g., ge-bed 'prayer, petition' (T-DPi(verb), Ε-noun), ge-biddan 'pray, pray to', ge-brücan 'enjoy, eat', ge-grynd 'plot of ground', ge-fœgen 'fain, glad', ge-lic 'like'. (T-DPk) /mis-/ BADLY

V

INCORRECTLY

V

REVERSE

ACTION

OF

+ Verb 1 =• /mis-/ + 1.

E.g., mis-bëodan 'treat badly', mis-deed 'misdeed' (T-DPk, T-DSnoun), misgrëtan 'insult', mis-lïcian 'displease', mis-limpan 'go wrong', mis-pëon 'degenerate'.

124

OLD ENGLISH

(T-DP1) ?/Ö-/ DIAGONALLY

V

PERVERSELY

+ Verb 1 =>

/Ô—/

+ 1.

Productive (?). E.g., δ-hielde 'sloping' (T-DP1, E-adj.), δ-lœcan 'flatter'. (T-DPm) /or-/ ( ( a . ESPECIAL

V

b . WITHOUT

v

ORIGINAL)

V

c. ?) + Noun 1 =• /or-/ + 1. E.g., (a) or-pank 'original, innate thought', (b) or-gilde 'unpaid for' (all the adjectives listed under (b) have the derivational history T-DPm, E-adj.), or-leahtre 'blameless', or-mœte 'immeasurable', or-rrwd 'dispairing', or-sorg 'free from care', or-wectrde 'lacking a guardian', or-wëna 'without hope'. (T-DPn) /säm-/ 1v (HALF + Adjective)

(HALF-WAY

V

INCOMPLETELY

+ Verb) 1 =• / S Â M - / + 1.

E. g., sam-cucu 'half alive', sam-wyrcan 'do something half-way', sam—worth 'half-done' (T-DPn, T-adj.). (T-DPo) /sin-/ 1v (CONSTANTLY + Adjective)

(ETERNAL

V

VAST

+ Noun) 1

/sin-/ + 1.

E.g., sin-here 'vast army', sivr-hiwan 'wedded pair', sin-hwurfol (T-DSadj., T-DPo), sin-niht 'perpetual night'. (T-DPp) /tö-/ Verb 1 + IN PIECES V

APART

V

SEPARATELY

V

TO DESTRUCTION

'round

=> /to-/ + 1.

E.g., tô-béatan 'beat to pieces', to-dœlan 'separate', to-geotan 'diffuse, spread', tö-glidan 'glide apart', to-hreosan 'fall to pieces', tö-rinnan 'flow away', towesnis 'separation' (T-DPp, T-DSnoun), to-worpnis 'destruction' (T-DPp, T-DSnoun). This prefix /tö-/ is not to be confused with the preposition /to—/ 'to, towards' which may also be prefixed to verbal stems. (See rule T-DCc.) (T-DPq) /un-/ 1v (NOT + Adjective)

(NO

(OPPOSITE ACTION OF

V

(NEGATIVE

V

UNPLEASANT

1

ASPECT

OF)

+ Noun) 1 v

+ Verb) => /un-/ + 1.

E.g., un—bindan 'to untie', un—clœne 'dirty, unclean', un-glmw 'not wise', uncrœft 'evil practice', un-dœd 'evil deed' (T-DSnoun, T-DPq), un-ârist 'timid', un-frid 'hostility', un-meht 'importance, lack of power' un-^rim 'great number, i.e. uncountable or indenumerable number', un-wine 'no friend: an enemy'. (T-DPr) /üf.- & ? oi>-/ Verb 1 + AWAY FROM T

OUTSIDE

OF

V

BEYOND

=> /üt>- & ? of—/ + 1.

Productive (?). E.g., üd-wita 'scholar, sage, philosopher, i.e., one who knows

125

OLD ENGLISH

beyond what others know' (T-DPq, T-noun), üp-genge 'going out, transitory' (T-DPr, E-adj.). The /ü JJ—/ prefix may be considered to have an allomorph /of>-/ (see rule T-DCc); or, it may be considered a prefix independent of /of·—/. Examples of jo\)—I are od-feallan 'fall off', od-ferian 'carry or lead away', and od-wendan 'deprive of, turn away from'. (The two prefixes are, of course, historically related.) If /uf>—/ and /o\>-¡ are allomorphs, then the rule for their distribution is the following: (DPr-a) /üt>-&oJ)-/ - 1 + 2.

E.g., /ser-/: œr-gôd 'good before all others were (good)'; /an-/: on-lic 'like, similar to', on-sund 'sound, healthy'; /and-/: ond-long 'continuous, long throughout'; /fore-/: fore-sincere 'especially famous'; /hin-/: hin-füs 'eager to leave'; /in-/: in—fröd 'very wise, wise in oneself; /Jmrx-/: purh-beorht 'very bright'; \ûp—\: up-langv upp-riht 'upright'; ¡üt-¡: üt-füs 'eager to set out'. (T-DCb) Noun 1 + BE + (Adverb[non-deadjectival] 2 =•2+1.

v

Preposition 2 + Object)

E.g., /aef—/: œf-dœl 'descent'; /sër—/: œr-dagas 'former days', œr-fœder 'old father', œr-gestrëon 'old treasure'; /set-/: œt-gâr 'spear'; /an-/: an— timber 'material', on—weald 'power', on-wlite 'face'; /and-/: and-lëan 'reward, money in exchange for something', and-swaru 'answer' (possibly derived from the verb), and-syn v and-wlita 'face', ond-weorc 'matter'; /eft-/: eft-sid 'return, a coming back again'; /ellor-/: ellor-gäst 'spirit dwelling elsewhere'; /feor-/: feor-cypdu 'distant land' (T-DSnoun, T-DCb), feor-weg 'remote journey'; /fore-/: fore-gisel 'hostage', fore-mihtig 'powerful' (T-DCb, T-DSadj.); /fort)-/ ford-sip 'death, road away', ford-weg 'road away'; /gear-/: gëar-dagas 'former days, days of yore'; /gefyrn-/: gefyrn-dagas 'old days'; /hin-/: hin-sïâ 'departure'; I in-/: in-dryhten 'noble', in-ge-hygd 'mind' (T-DPj, T-DCb), insegel 'seal'; /ju—/: iû-mon 'man of old times'; /ober-/: ofer-hygd 'pride', ofermcegen 'superior strength', ofer-môd 'arrogance', ofer-möd 'arrogant' (T-DCc, E-adj.); /samod-/: somud-eard 'common country'; /sundor-/: sunder-feoh 'private property', sundor-wic 'separate dwelling'; /under-/: under-cyning

126

OLt) ENGLISH

'tributary king, a king under someone'; /üp-/: üp-heofon 'heaven above', üp-weg 'upward way'; /üter-/: üter-mere 'outer sea'; /wider-/: wider-lëan 'recompense'. (T-DCc) Verb1 + (Adverb[non-deadjectival]2 v Preposition2 + Object) =>-2+1. E.g., Iaef-/: œf-panc 'insult' (T-DCc, Ε-noun, œf-werdla 'damage' (possibly derived by T-DCb or by T-DCc, T-DSnoun); /cefter-/: œfter-fylgend 'follower' (T-DCc, T-DSnoun), œfter-genga 'successor' (T—DCc, T—noun); /aer—/: cer— gewyrht 'former work' (T-DCc, T-DSnoun), œr-wacol 'early-rising' (T-DCc, T-DSajd); /set-/: œt-spyrning 'offence' (T-DCc, T-DSnoun), œt-steall 'hostile meeting' (T-DCc, Ε-noun); /an-/: an-grislic 'terrible' (T-DCc, T-DSadj.), cm-gin 'beginning' (T-DCc, Ε-noun), on-sœge 'attacking' (T-DCc, E-adj.), on-writting 'inscription' (T-DCc, T-DSnoun); /and-/: and-fenge 'taking to oneself' (T-DCc, E-adj.), and-giet 'understanding' (T-DCc, Ε-noun), and-saca 'opposer' (T-DCc, T-noun, or T-DCb, T-verb, T-noun), and-weard 'present' (T-DCc, E-adj.), ond-slyht 'counter-blow' (T-DCc, T-DSnoun); /bi-/: bi-genga 'occupant' (T-DCc, T-noun); /eft-/: eft-cume 'return, a coming again' (T-DCc, Ε-noun); /feor-/: feor-büend 'one who lives far off' (T-DCc, T-DSnoun); fyr—wit 'curiosity' (T-DCc, E-noun); /feorran-/: feorran-cumen 'having come from afar' (T-DCc, T-adj.); /fore-/: fore-sœd 'aforesaid' (T-DCc, T-adj.), fore-scëawing 'foresight' (T-DCc, T-DSnoun), fore-speca 'advocate' (T-DCc, T-noun), fore-pane 'forethought' (T-DCc, Ε-noun); /forfi—/: ford-bylding 'encouragement' (T-DCc, T-DSnoun), ford-fur 'departure' (T-DCc, E-noun), forâ-gerimed 'counted out' (T-DCc, T-adj.), ford-gesceaft 'future' (T-DCc, T-DSnoun), ford-werd 'forward' (T-DCc, E-adj.); /gegen-/: gegen-cwide 'answer' (T-DCc, E-noun); /geond-¡\geond-brœdan 'to spread over'; /heonan-/: heonan-gang 'departure' (T-DCc, E-noun) ; /hêr-/ : hër-bûend 'dweller here on earth' (T-DCc, T-DSnoun); /hinde-/: hinde-weard 'back' (T-DCc, E-adj.); /in-/: in-byrdnes 'inspiration' (T-DCc, T-DSnoun), in—gang 'entrance' (T-DCc, E-noun), in-genga 'invader' (T-DCc, E-noun, T-noun), in-stcepe 'entrance' (T-DCc, E-noun), in-wit 'guileful' (T-DCc, E-adj.), in-wit 'guile' (T-DCc, E-noun); /inne-/: inne-weard 'interior' (T-DCc, E-adj.); /jö-/: geö-sceaft 'that which was decreed long ago' (T-DCc, T-DSnoun), iû-dœd 'former deed' (T-DCc, T-DSnoun); /nider-/: nider-weard 'downward' (T-DCc, E-adj.); /ober-/: ofer-geotol 'forgetting' (T-DCc, T-DSadj.), ofer-hoga 'despiser' (T-DCc, T-noun); /öJj-/: od-beran 'to carry away', od-gangan 'to go away, escape'; /sam-/: sam-wist 'being together' (T-DCc, T-DSnoun); /to—/: ίδ-cyme 'arrival' (T-DCc, E-noun), tö-weard 'impending' (T-DCc, E-adj.); /Jjurx-/: durhdrifan 'to drive through'; /ufee-/: ufe-weard 'upper' (T-DCc, E-adj.); /under-/: under-flöwan 'to flow under'; /up-/: üp-ähefednes 'exultation' (T-DPa, T-DCc, T-adj., T-DSnoun), üp-ästignes 'ascension' (T-DPa, T-DCc, T-adj., T-DSnoun), ûp-ganga 'landing' (T-DCc, E-noun); /üt—/: üt-geong 'departure'

127

OLD ENGLISH

(T-DCc, Ε-noun), üt-weard 'moving outward' (T-DCc, E - a d j . ) ; / ö t a n - v ü t e - / : ütan-^weard v üte-weard 'outside' (T-DCc, E - a d j . ) ; /wit>-/: wid-metennes 'comparison' (T-DCc, T - a d j . , T-DSnoun), wid-fön 'to lay hold of'; /wider-/: wiper corèn 'wicked, i.e., chosen in a contrary or perverse manner' (T-DCc, T-adj.), vìider-cwepness 'contradiction' (T-DCc, T - a d j . , T-DSnoun), wider-saca 'adversary' (T—DCc, T-noun), wiper-weard 'in a contrary direction' (T-DCc, E - a d j . ) ; /ymbe-/: ymb-gong 'circumference, a going around' (T-DCc, E - n o u n ) ; ymbe-sittend 'neighbor' (T-DCc, T-DSnoun). (T-DCd) Subject + BE + Preposition 1 + Noun 2 =>1 + 2. E.g., /aet—/: œt-grœpe 'at grips with' (T-DCd, E - a d j . ) ; / u t - / : üt-laga 'outlaw' (T-DCc, T-noun). The following is a summary of the derivational histories of those forms attested with more t h a n one T - D P or T - D C rule. T - D P j , T-DCb. E.g., œr^ge-strëon 'old treasure'. T - D P a v T - D P f v T - D P j v T - D C c , T-DCc. E.g., ûp-ä-hefednes 'exultation'; on-be-lœdan 'to inflict'; œr-ge-wyrht 'former work', ford-ge-sceaft 'future', in-ge-donc 'mind'; tô-œt-ycan 'to add'. un-aT - D P a v T - D P f v T - D P j , T - D P q . E.g., un-a-cumenlic 'unbearable', feohtendlic 'not to be overcome', un-ä-gifen 'unpaid'; un-be~boht 'unsold', urtr-be-fohten 'unfought'; un-ge—dëfe 'not fitting', un-ge-ferenlic 'inaccessible', un-ge-rim 'countless number'. b. Pure Compounds

(T-C

Rules)

(T-Ca) Adjective 1 + AND + Adjective 2 =>-1 + 2. E.g., nearo-fäh 'difficult and hostile', (?) wis-fœst 'wise'. T - D S a d j . , T - C a : earm-jcear-igl 'sorrowful' (ambiguous: the derivational history may also be considered to be T-Cc, T-DSadj.). (T-Cb) Adjective 1 + AS[comparison] + Noun 2 = > 2 + 1 . E.g., œppel-fealu 'yellow as an apple', cyning-bald 'bold as a king', ealdor-lang 'life-long', fêol-heard 'hard as a file', wuldor-torht 'gloroiusly bright, bright as glory'. T - D S a d j . , T-Cb: winter-jcear-ig/ 'sad as winter' (alternate derivational history: T-Cl, T-DSadj.). (T-Cc) Adjective 1 + Noun 2 =>1 + 2. E.g., ân-pœd 'lonely path', bealo-cwealm 'evil death', eald-fœder 'ancestor', hëah-cyning 'great king'. Also possibly frëols 'freedom' (from /frëo-hals-/ free neck'). T-Cc, T - D S a d j . : jcel-miht¡-ig 'almighty', \ân-hyd\-ig 'resolute', jeaU-gyldj-en 'all gold', jriht-geleafj-ful 'orthodox'. T-Cc, E - a d j . : än-^möd 'of one mind', ân-rœd 'resolute', blid-heort 'happy', rüm-heort 'large-hearted', syfen-wintre 'seven years old'. T-Cc, T-DSnoun: \mild-heort\-nes 'mercy'.

128

OLD ENGLISH

T-Cc, T-verb, T-adj.: ¡sîd-fœpml-ed 'spacious'. T-DSadj., T-Cc: /Engl-isc/ -gereord 'English language', jhäl-ig / -wœter 'holy water'. T-DSadj., T-Cc, E - a d j . : ¡blöd-ig / -töä 'with bloody teeth', / fäm-ig / -heals 'foamy-necked', ¡frêor-igj-ferd 'sad at heart', ¡sär-ig/-möd 'sad in mind'. T-adj, T-Cc: /hring-ed/ -stefna 'curved stem of a ship', Incegl-ed/sinc 'vessel adorned with precious metal', ¡wœpn-edj-mon 'armed man'. T-adj., T-Cc, T-DSadj.: // eäc-enj -er tuft¡-ig 'very powerful'. T-adj., T-Cc, E - a d j . : bolg-en-möd 'angry in heart', /bund-en/-heord 'with bound-up hair', ¡fcet-ed¡-hléor 'with gold-plated cheeks', ¡hym-ed/ -webba 'horn-beaked', jswerc-endj-ferhd 'gloomy in mind', jwund-en / -hals 'with a curved neck', jwund-en / -locc 'with braided locks'. T-DSnoun, T-Cc: eald—¡-geseg-enl 'what was said in olden days', eald—¡ gewyrh-tj 'old work', lëas-jscëaw-erej 'spy', yfel—j dœ-dj 'evil deed'. T-noun, T-Cc: ân-j geng-aj 'one who walks alone', eaid-jgewinn-aj 'old enemy', hëah-j wit-al 'high counselor'. (T-Cd) Adjective 1 ( +Preposition) + Noun[object] 2 = > 2 + 1 . E.g., cefen-grom 'fierce in the evening', är-fsest 'merciful', är—wyrde 'venerable, worthy of honor', bän-fäg 'adorned with bone', beadu-vöf 'brave in battle', dëad-fœge 'doomed to death', flöd-bläc 'black because of drowning', fyr-heard 'hardened in fire, hard because of fire', mon-âwœre 'gentle to people', nam-cüp 'well-known, known as to name', wlite-beorht 'fair as to face'. T-Cd, T-DSnoun: ¡är-wyrdj-nes 'reverence', ¡ellen-mœrj-du 'fame from valor' (alternate derivational history: T-DSnoun, T-Cj). T-Cd, T-noun: ¡hilde-strengl-o •strength in battle'. T-DSadj, T-Cd: dead-jwer-igj 'weary to the point of death', heoro-jdrêor-igl 'blood-stained'. T-DSnoun, T-Cd: ¡dœ-dj-cêne 'bold in deeds'. (T-Ce) Adverb 1 + Adjective 2 =>1 + 2. E.g., eal-gearo 'quite ready', ëd-begëte 'easily gained', fela-geömor 'very sad', ful-beorht 'very bright', gin-fœst 'very firm', healf-eald 'half-grown', wid-cüp 'widely known'. T-DSadj, T-Ce: eald-jwer-igj 'vile for a long time'. T-adj., T-Ce: earm-jsceap-enj 'wretchedly shaped'. (T-Cf) Adverb 1 + Verb 2 =>1 + 2. E.g., efen-blissian 'rejoice equally', efn-etan 'eat as much as', ful-lœstan 'support', full-gän 'follow, serve'. T-Cf, T-DSadj.: ¡wid-gong¡-el 'gadding'. T-Cf, T-adj.: / ¡fül-stincl-ende 'foul-smelling', ¡heard-hicgj-ende 'bold in mind', ¡niw-tyrwj-ed 'newly tarred', ¡wid-scofl-en 'pushed far'. T-Cf, T-adj., T DSnoun: ljful-frem¡-ed¡-nes 'perfection'. T-Cf, T-DSnoun: ¡efen-sárg¡-ung 'compassion'. T-Cf, T-noun: wîd-flog -a 'one who flies far'. (T-Cg) Noun 1 + AND + Noun 2 =>-1 + 2. E.g., äpum-swerian 'son-in-law and father-in-law', flän-boga 'arrow and bow', sukterge-fcederán 'nephew and uncle'.

12Ô

OLD ENGLISH

(T-Ch) Noun 1 = Noun 2 =>1 + 2. E.g., (?) gum-^man 'man'. T-noun, T-Ch: mœgen-jstreng-oj

'strength'.

(T-Ci) Noun 1 + Noun [genitive of possession v characteristic] 2 = > 2 + 1 . E.g., brego-stöl 'princely throne', bryd—bür 'woman's chamber', dëor-cynn 'kind of animal', dryht-sele 'noble's hall', eorl-gestrêon 'treasure belonging to nobles', fœderen-^mœg 'father's kinsman', ( ?) steop-fceder 'father of a previously bereaved person: step-father'. T-DSnoun, T-Ci: eorî-lge-wœd-ej 'warrior's clothes'. (T-Cj) Noun 1 + Preposition + Noun 2 = > 2 + 1 . The prepositions in this as well as the other structural descriptions of rules where p r e p o s i t i o n occurs have the following meanings: accordance with, cause (i.e., 'because of'), characterization, constituency, direction from or toward, interest, location, means, origin, purpose, respect. E.g., bœl-stede 'place for a funeral pyre', bœl—umdu 'wood for a funeral pyre', bân-fœt 'bone vessel, body', bän—hring 'vertebra', bene—swig 'noise along the benches', (?) böc-land 'land held by charter, land from or by dint of a charter', brim-clif 'cliff along the sea', mist—hlid 'misty slope, slope characterized by mist', norpan-wind 'wind from the north'. T-Cj, T-DSadj.: \heoro-höc\-yhte 'savagely barbed'. T-Cj, E - a d j . : galg-möd 'sad'. T-DSnoun, T - C j : eilen-/mœr-âuj 'fame from valor' (ambiguous: also T-Cd, T-DSnoun), eorl-¡weor-od¡ 'troop of warriors', jgebyr-dj-tid 'time of birth', gold-jœh-tj 'possessions in gold', güd-jge-^wctdj 'war garment', ~hâm-\weord-ung\ 'adornment for a home', ¡têod-ingj-long 'land set apart for tithes'. T-noun, T-Cj: byrn-jwig-aj 'warrior in his corslet', hilde—j streng-o/ 'strength in battle' (ambiguous: also T-Cd, T-noun). T-noun(inf.), T - C j : drync-fœt 'drinking vessel, vessel for drinking', win-dœg 'day of or for strife and battling'. (T-Ck) Noun 1 + Preposition + Verbfinfinitive] + Nounfobject of infinitive] 2 =>2+1. E.g., ancor-bend 'anchor-rope, rope for pulling up an anchor', bearsele 'hall for drinking beer', hearpe-ncegl 'plectrum: nail for playing a harp', wœll-seax 'knife for causing slaughter'. (T-CI) Noun 1

+ similar

το

+

Noun 2 = > 2 + 1 .

E.g., hëafed-burg 'chief town, town which is like the head of the body', horshwœl 'walrus: whale like a horse', wundor-dëad 'wondrous death'. T-CI, T— DSadj.: /winter-cear¡-ig 'sad as winter' (ambiguous: T-DSadj., T-Cb). (T-Cm) Nounfsubject] 1 + be + Nounfpredicate] 2 = > 2 + 1 . E.g., cesc-holt 'ash-wood, spear', âglœc-wif 'woman who is a monster', bêotword 'boastful word', fœt-gold 'plate-gold', frëa—wine 'friend who is a lord',

130

OLD ENGLISH

hen-fugol 'hen'. T-Cm, T-DSadj.: ¡nïed-âearfj-lïc 'necessary', ¡sorh-cearj-ig 'sad'. T-Cm, E - a d j . : gäl-möd 'lustful'. T-DSnoun, T-Cm: jäg-endj-frea 'owner', /cweal-^nj—bealu 'evil of death', ¡leaf—nesj-word 'permission', ¡leg-er¡-bed 'grave', dead-jcweal-mj 'slaughter which is death', ellen-jdoe-dj 'deed of valor', eilen—[wöd-nes/ 'zeal'. (T-Cn) Nounfsubject] 1 +

BE CALLED

+ Noun[predicate] 2 = > - 2 + 1 .

E.g., Easter-daeg 'Easter Sunday', eofor-fearn 'kind of fern called " b o a r ' " eorclan-stän 'pearl, topaz', hœgu-porn 'hawthorn'. (T-Co) Nounfsubject] 1 + Verb 2 =>1 + 2. E.g., T-Co, T - a d j . : \lyjt-geswenc\-ed 'driven by the air'. T-Co, T-DSnoun: jcéled-léo¡-ma 'gleam of light', ¡brim-wyll-m 'surging of the sea'. T-Co, E - n o u n : gâr-rœs 'rush of spears'. A similar type of compound may be represented by the form hiere-monn 'hearer'. The rule for this form is the same as T-Co except that the structural change is 2 + 1 instead of 1 + 2. (T-Cp) Noun[subject] a + Verbfcustomary activity] ( + Preposition) + Noun[object] 2 = > 2 + 1 . E.g., œg-weard 'watchman by the sea', bät-weard 'boat guardian', dryht—guma 'warrior, man who serves his leader', ecg-bana 'slayer who uses a sword', stcedr-swealwe 'sand-martin', unfrid-flota 'hostile fleet'. T-DSnoun, T-Cp: feorh-¡genïd-laj'mortal foe, heord-¡wer-od¡ 'body of retainers', sib-jœâel-ingl 'noble who belongs to one's family',\leom-ing\-cn%ht 'student'. T-DSnoun, T-DSsoun, T-Cp: mân-\\jordœ-d\-la\ 'doer of evil deeds' (ambiguous: also T-Cr, T-DSnoun, T-DSnoun). T-noun, T-Cp: cumbol-jwig-aj 'banner-warrior', gud-jflog-aj 'flier who wages war'. T-noun & T-DSnoun, T-Cp\\cwealm\¡cum-aj 'murderous visitor'. (?T-Cq) Subject[x] + 2 BE + Adjective = » 2 +

BE

+ Adjective 1 +

THAT

+ Subjectfsame

as

x] +

1 .

E.g., idel-georn 'indolent, wanting to be lazy'. The form wax-georn (?) 'eager to grow' is derivable by a rule similar to T-Cq except that if wax is in fact the verbal element, then (2) in the rule would be Verb, not Adjective. (T-Cr) Subject + Verb 1 ( +Preposition) + Noun[object] 2 = > - 2 + 1 . E.g., T-Cr, T-DSadj.: ¡bealo-hydj-ig 'planning evil', jhete-doncj-ol 'hostile'. T-Cr, T - a d j . : \blag-hrod\-en 'adorned with rings', ¡bealo-Jiycgj-ende 'thinking evil', Iblœd-àgj-ande 'having power', ¡gilp-hœldl-en 'laden with magnificent speech', \swegl—wer\—ed 'ether-clad', /téar-géot¡-ende 'tearful', un-/¡land—äg ¡-endej 'not owning land'. T-Cr T - a d j . , T-DSnoun: //wel-willj-endj-ness 'benevolence'. T-Cr, E - a d j . : gim-bœre 'gemmifer', hâl-bœre 'wholesome, bear-

OLD ENGLÎSfi

131

ing health', lust-bœre 'joyous'. T-Cr, T-DSnoun: ¡bëc-rcêdl-ing 'book-reading' ¡bold-ägl-end 'house-owner', jbréost-gehyg¡-d 'thought in one's heart', ¡brim-lidj -end 'traveler on the sea', ¡hwœl-huntj-ad 'whaling', jsibb-legj-er 'incest, lying with a relative', ¡wiidu-bcemj-ett 'setting fire to a wood'. T-Cr, T-DSnoun, T-DSnoun: j¡ende-byr¡-d¡-nis 'order',¡¡mdn-fordcB¡-d¡-la 'evil destroyer' (ambiguous: also T-DSnoun, T-DSnoun, T-Cp). T-Cr, T-DSnoun, T-noun ¡¡scéo-wyrh¡-tl-a 'shoe-maker'. T-Cr, T-noun: lœsc-wigj-a 'one who fights with a spear', jbeag-gyfj-a 'ring-giver', lende-scetj-a 'one remaining at frontier', jrœd-borj-a 'counselor', ¡üht-flog¡-a 'one who flies at twilight', ¡wil-geofj-a 'one who gives according to desire'. T-Cr, Ε-noun: ââ-bryce 'oath-breaking', œfen-sprœc 'evening speech', hüs-bryne 'house-burning', nîed-nœm 'seizure by force'. T-DSnoun, T-Cr, E-adj.: (cwyl-djbœre 'pestilence-bearing T-DSnoun, T-Cr, T-noun: /¡dœ-dj-fruml-a 'deed-doer'. (T-Cs) Subject + Verb 1 + Object + (Adjective 2 v Noun) 2 [objective complement] => 2 + 1 . E.g., T-Cs, T-adj.: \woh-bog\-en 'bent crooked'. T-Cs, E-adj.: häl-wende 'healing, i.e., that which makes or "turns" something healthy', hät-wende 'burning, that which makes something hot'. (T-Ct) Subject + Verb [intransitive] 1 + Noun[predicate] 2 = > 2 + 1 . E.g., T-Ct, T-adj.: ¡cniht-wesj-ende 'being a boy', jumbor-wesj-ende 'being child'. T-Ct, T-adj., T-DSnoun•.¡¡œdél-borl-enj-^nes 'state of being-born noble'. The following is a summary of the derivational histories of those forms attested with more than one T-C rule. T-Ca, T-Cc V T-Cj. E.g., ¡ëast-sûpj-dœl 'southeastern part'. T-Ce, T - C c v T - C j . E.g., \r%ht-nordan\-w%nd 'due-north wind'. T-Cc, T-Ci. E.g., leald-hldfordj-cynn 'kindred of one's ancient lord'.

5. WEST GERMANIC

A. INTRODUCTION

We assume the following description to represent the grammar of WG shortly before its diffusion into various dialects. This would probably have been some time between about 200 and 400 A.D. 0. General Phonological Rules (Summary of Orderings) O.a. O.bla, O.blb, O.blc, 0.b2. O.cl, 0.c2, 0.c3. The present analysis represents only a minute portion of the phonology of WG. Other WG rules are doubtless inferrable on the basis of the evidence adduced here: e.g., several optional vowel reduction rules, among them one such as / i / v / u / ->- [e] v [o], respectively, in certain environments. (This particular rule would correspond to OHG 0.a3, OS 0.c3, and OE 0.b2b.) (O.a) OPT: /a/ (1 v 2 stress) - [e] / - C0

— consonantal + high — back

(OHG O.al, OS O.ala, OE 0.a3a.) If we assume a tendency for the domain of a rule to increase and since the OS and OE rules are broader in scope than the corresponding OHG rule, then the WG rule may be most closely paralleled by the OHG. rule. Hence we add the environmental specifications as they are in OHG: C0 ^ ( / h / v / l / v / r / ) [ +consonantal] and C0 ^ [ +consonantal] /w/. I t should be added that the orthographic evidence in the daughter dialects may not have reflected the full extent of 'West Germanic umlaut'. Thus it is possible that the scope of this rule, even in common WG times, was much broader than given here: it may have affected other vowels besides /a/. (O.bla) HI v /w/ - [i] v [u] I (OHG, OS, OE O.bl.)

[ +SEGMENT]

- [-vocalic] v #

133

W E S T GERMANIC

1— φ1

I +

+

>13

I +

+

>10

I +

+

I +

+

I I

+

+ +

1+

I I

1+

+

1+

>|φ

I +

+

I I

1+

>lc3

I +

+

I

1+

—

i +

I

•ϊ

I +

I

h c

S Λ

s m up « Λ

κ Α.

fi 2 ö9

h

•β s

-P §

ΐ I 's 0 1 l à 1 1 S S i 8 1> £V

1

Λ

φ

o

£

134

WEST GERMANIC

O.blb) /h/ — [x]/ [ +

SEGMENT]

- [ — sonorant] v #

(OHG 0.c2a, OS 0.a2b, OE 0.a3e.) (O.blc)

+ vocalicl -(-vocalic " afeaturesj afeatures , + Mong

" +vocalic afeatures . + v -long

(OHG O.g, OS O.e.) We assume that the extensive OE vowel-mutation rules obliterated this rule in its original form. (0.b2) [afeatures][afeatures] I a. — [ + consonantal] v # b. [ + consonantal] v # — c. OPT: Γ + vocalic

[afeatures]

L + long (OHG 0.a2b, OS, OE 0.b2a.) (O.cl) [ — sonorant] [—voiced] I a. OPT: (?) [ -— c oconti n t i n u a n t [ — voiced] v 4± b.#

-I-anterior + continuant

c. £ + continuant [ — voiced] v # (0.c2) Γ —sonorant ] I + continuant | (0.c3) Γ —sonorant + voiced

[ + voiced] I elsewhere. [ — continuant] / if geminated.

(OS, OE O.dl, 0.d2, 0.d3, respectively, for WG O.cl, 0.c2, and 0.c3.) We assume that these rules in the form given here were lost in the OHG dialects as a result of the restructuring occasioned by the Second Sound Shift.

C. INFLECTION 1. Nominal Inflection 1.01 masculine S = /dag-/ 'day', /hirdi-/ 'shepherd', /sêw-/ 'sea' + I + E = nom.-acc. sing. /—0/, gen. sing, /-es/, dat. sing, /-e/, inst. sing, /-u/, loc. sing. /-0 v -i/, nom.-acc. pl. /-os v ? -ä/, gen. pl. /-o/, dat. pl. /-um/. (OHG 1.01, 1.02, OS, OE 1.01.)

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There may have been no morphologically conditioned rules for this class (as is the case in OHG and OS). I t would seem that OHG class 1.02 arose as a result of, first, mixing the endings of WG classes 1.01 and 1.05 and, second, possibly as a result of an optional rule (like OE 1.01-b) whereby /i/ was deleted before endings other than /—0/. E.g., OHG /hirti-/ 'shepherd' + gen. sing, /-es/ -»· [hirtes] v [hirties]. If OHG did have such a rule and if it was like OE 1.01-b, these rules may be reflexes of a WG rule: ( 1 . 0 1 - a ) O P T : /i/ — 0 / — MORPHEME BOUNDARY [ + v o c a l i c ]

E.g., gen. sing, /hirdi-es/ — [hirdes] v [hirdies], 1.02

masculine

S = /friund-/ 'friend', /hatt-iand-/ 'enemy' -f- I + E = nom.-acc. sing. /-0/, gen. sing, /-es/, dat. sing, /-e/, nom.-acc. pl. /-0 v ?(-os v -a)/, gen. pi. /—o/, dat. pl. /-um/. (OHG 1.03, OS, OE 1.02./ The OE gen. pl. /-ra/ was apparently an innovation and taken from the adjectival declension. 1.03

neuter

S = /horw-/ 'dirt', /hross-/ 'horse', /rïki—/ 'realm' + I + E = nom. -acc. sing. /—0/, gen. sing, /-es/, dat. sing, /-e/, inst. sing, /-u/, loc. sing. /-0 v -i/, nom.-acc. pi. /—0/, gen. pi. /—o/, dat. pl. /-um/. (OHG 1.04, 1.05, 1.06, OS 1.03, 1.05, OE 1.03.) E.g., nom. sing, /horw-0/ (O.bla) — [horu]. 1.031

neuter

S = /lamb-/ 'lamb' + I = /-0-/ + E = singular E morphemes of class 1.03; S -f I = /-ir-/ + E = plural E morphemes of class 1.03. (OHG, OE 1.041.) E.g., nom. pl. /lamb-ir-0/ (O.a) -«- [lambir] v [lembir]. 1.04

neuter

S = /grab-/ 'grave' + I + E = nom.-acc. sing. /—0/, gen. sing, /-es/, dat. sing, /-e/, inst. sing, /-u/, loc. sing /-0 v -i/, nom.-acc. pl. /—u/, gen. pl. /-o/, dat. pi /-um/. (OHG 1.05, OS, OE 1.04.) Classes 1.03 and 1.04 may have constituted a single class in WG with nom.acc. pi. ending /-0 & -u/ and the rule: /-0 & -u/ [ - 0 ] / after long syllables and — [ - u ] I elsewhere. However, this situation — if it existed in WG — seems to have been altered by the earliest OHG, OS, and OE times such that membership in class 1.03 or 1.04 was an idiosyncratic feature of the particular lexical item. We have also posited this as the situation for late WG. Class 1.04 may also have had a subclass (1.041) like 1.031 with I morpheme /-ir-/. We assume that OHG class 1.06 and OS class 1.05 reflect an optional lexical alternation whereby stems ending in /i/ (such as /rïki—/) had alternative forms without the /i/ (/rik-/). This alternation is also reflected by OE rule 1.04-a. Thus there may have been such an optional rule in WG: ( 1 . 0 3 - a ) O P T : S a m e as 1.01-a: /i/ ->- 0 / — MORPHEME BOUNDARY [ + v o c a l i c ]

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WEST GERMANIC

E.g., gen. sing. /riki-es/ (1.03-a) -- 0 / — MORPHEME BOUNDARY [ + vocalic] E.g., nom. pl. /wini-i/ (O.blc) — [wini]; /wini-os/ (1.05-a) — [winios] v [winos]. I t would appear t h a t the forms in this class, already by WG times, h a d begun to be assimilated into class 1.01 (e.g., the E morphemes /-os/ and /-um/). 1.06 feminine S = / d ä - d - / 'deed', / f a r - d - / 'journey' + I + E = nom.-acc. sing. /—0/, gen. sing. /-i/, dat. sing. /? -iu/, nom. -acc. pi. /-i/, gen. pi. /-io/, dat. pl. /-im v ? -ium v ? -um). (OHG 1.08, OS, OE 1.07.) 1.07 feminine S = /dur-/ 'door', /hand-/ 'hand' + I + E = nom. -acc. sing. ? / - 0 & - u / , gen. -dat. sing., acc. pi. ?, gen. pi. /—o/, dat. pl. /-um/. (OHG 1.09, OS, OE 1.08.) ( ? 1.07-a) /-u/ — 0 / LONG SYLLABLE — # E.g., nom. sing, [dura], b u t [hand]. The corresponding OE class has not only feminine nouns, b u t masculines and neuters as well. B u t OHG and OS have the masculine, feminine, and neuter M-stem nouns in separate classes. If it is t h e case t h a t such morphological distinctions as these tend to become conflated, then the OHG and OS grammars represent a stage earlier t h a n t h a t represented by OE. There were, then, separate classes of inflectional endings for masculine, feminine, a n d neuter M-stem nouns in WG. Then in OE these separate classes were conflated into a single class. We assume t h a t already in WG the endings of class 1.07 tended to mix with those of other classes, usually with the endings of class 1.06. (This is t h e situation in OHG and OS.) 1.08 feminine S = /geb~l 'gift', /sundi-/ 'sin' + I + E = nom. sing. / - 0 & - u / , acc.-gen. sing, /-a/, dat. sing. = / ? - u / , loc. sing. / ? -i/, nom. -acc. pi. /-a/, gen. pi. / ? - δ η ο v ? -o/, dat. pl. / ? - ö m v ? - u m / . (OHG 1.10, 1.11, OS, OE 1.09.) ( ? 1.08-a) Same as 1.07-a: /u/ — 0 /

LONG SYLLABLE NOMINATIVE SINGULAR

"-*• [ - u ] / elsewhere

#

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137

We assume that OHG developed two separate inflectional paradigms from this class as a result of the phonological changes resulting from OHG rule 0.a2a (/ia/ [e] when unstressed). Reflexes of rule 1.08-a are OHG 1.10-a, and OS and OE 1.09-a. 1.09 feminine S = /hauh-/ 'height' + I = ¡ - i - j + E = nom.-acc.gen.-dat. sing., nom.-acc. pi. /-0 v -n/, gen. pi. /-no/, dat. pl. /-m/. (OHG 1.12, OS 1.131, OE 1.091.) Since this class is represented by three different classes in the daughter languages, it is not clear which of them reflects most nearly the WG situation. Since OHG class 1.12 represents a stage of free variation (/-0 v -n/), we assume that this may have been the case in WG and that then the daughter languages selected the one or the other of the free variants and made it obligatory. Thus OS and OE regularized the forms with /—0/. Then in OE the I morpheme /-i-/ was lost; but its phonological reflex remains in OE rule 1.091-a: XTMLATTT. [ + high] I — [ +nasal] [ +consonantal] + vocalic C0 Γ — consonantal] — low -long I+high j 1 v 2stress (OHG 1.12-a, OS 1.13-a, OE 1.091-a.) That is, /e/ v /o/ — [i] v [u], respectively, in the environment specified. E.g., /foil—1—0/ — [fulli] 'fullness'. This class is productive. 1.091 feminine S = /brunni-/ 'armor', /tung-/ 'tongue' + I = /-a-/ + E = nom. sing. /—0/; S + I = /? -Π-/ + E = acc.-gen.-dat. sing., nom.-acc. pi. /—n/; S 4- I = I ? —ö—/ + E — gen. pi. /-no/, dat. pl. /-m/. (OHG 1.121, OS, OE 1.10.) 1.092 masculine S - /gum-/ 'man', /han-/ 'rooster' + I = /-o-/ + E = nom. sing. (E morphemes of class 1.091); S + I = ? + E = acc.-gen.-dat. sing., nom.-acc. pl.; S + I = / ? - δ - / + E = gen.-dat. pl. (OHG 1.122, OS, OE 1.101.) 1.093 masculine Same as 1.092 except I morphemes are /-io-/, /-i?-/, and /-i?ô-/, respectively. (1.09-a)

(1.093-a) Same as 3.15-a2b: consonantal gemination. E.g., nom. sing, /wil-io-0/ (1.093-a) - [willio] 'will'. (OHG 1.123, OS, OE 1.102.) ? 1.094 masculine Same as 1.092 except I morphemes are /—o—/, ?, and /-n ?ö—/, respectively. E.g., dat. pl. /oks-nô-m/ 'oxen'. (OE 1.103.)

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The reflex of this class exists only in OE and seems to have been removed from OHG and OS. If we assume t h a t such nonproductive classes tend to be assimilated into other classes, then the OE situation would seem to be the older one and would represent the WG grammar. 1.095 neuter S = /hert-/ 'heart' + I = / - a - / + E = nom.-acc. sing. /—0/; S + I = ? + E = gen.-dat. sing., nom.-acc. pl. (E morphemes of class 1.091); S + I = /? - δ - / + E = gen.-dat. pl. (OHG 1.124, OS 1.103, OE 1.104.) (T1.09-a) FACT THAT V RESULT OF FACT THAT + Subject + BE + Adjective 1 => 1 + 11.09 + Enoun. (OHG T1.12-a, OS T1.13-a, OE T1.09-a.) The three corresponding T-rules in the daughter languages are all more or less identical as to input. Thus one can assume with some certainty t h a t the WG grammar had such a T-rule. The differences in the daughter languages are the different morphological classes which this rule has as o u t p u t : i.e., the classes OHG 1.12, OS 1.13, a n d OE 1.091. This is then the p a r t of the reconstruction which is the most problematical. Further, both OS and OE have o u t p u t s which correspond to WG class 1.08: OS [blindia] 'blindness' (1.08) beside [blindi] (1.09); and OE [bield] 'boldness' which may be derived either from WG /baldiHßf & - u / (1.08) or f r o m /bald-H0f/ (1.09). Thus, it is possible t h a t in WG the o u t p u t of T1.09-a was the following: =>· 1 + (1.09 endings) v ( / - ! - / + 1.08 endings). T h a t is, /blind-/ 'blind' (T1.09-a) =• /blind-HËf v - n / (1.09) T /blind!H0i & - u / (1.08) 'blindness'. The fact t h a t WG rule 1.08-a would render these forms homophonous (nom.-acc. sing, [blind!]) probably contributed to the confusion between classes 1.08 and 1.09. I n any case, we assume t h a t the original o u t p u t of rule T1.09-a was probably class 1.09. I t is not clear if adjectives derived by T-rules (i.e., present or past participles) could undergo this rule. This seems to be the attested situation only in OHG. However, since adjectives derived by T - D S rules undergo this rule both in OHG and in OS, we assume this to have been the case in WG. E.g., /deop-/ 'deep' (T1.09-a) / d e o p - i - 0 v - n / 'deepness' (1.09-a) [diupï]; /skauni-/ 'beautiful' (T1.09-a) =>• /skauni-ï-0 v - n / (O.blc) [skauni] 'beauty'; /mann-isk-/ 'human' (T1.09-a) / m a n n - i s k - 1 - 0 v - n / (O.a) — [menniskî] v [manniski] 'state of being human, h u m a n i t y ' . (T1.09-b) FACT THAT V RESULT OF FACT THAT + Subject + Verb 1 stem + Iverb + Everb =>-1-1- 11.09 + Enoun. (OHG T1.12-b, OS T1.13-b, OE T1.09-b.) Certain of the same observations apply to this rule as to T1.09-a: the o u t p u t m a y have been nouns of class 1.08 as well as nouns of class 1.09. E.g., /rast-/ 'to rest' (T1.09-b) => / r a s t - ï - 0 v - n / (O.a) -»· [resti] 'a rest, resting'. A possible

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output is also /rasti-0 & -u/ (class 1.08). The verbs which undergo this rule may be either lexical verbs or derived by any of the T- or T-DS rules. E.g., /raud-/ 'red' (T3.3-c) => /raud-ônn-0/ 'to be red' (T1.09-b) =• /raud-i-0 v -n/ 'being red, state of being red'. (T1.09-C) Subject[feminine v masculine] + Verb1 stem + Iverb -f Everb = 1 + 11.091 v (11.092 v 11.093) + Enoun. (OHG T1.12-C, OS, OE T1.10-a.)

E.g., 'He_ who gives' (/geb-/) =• /gefe-o-0/ 'giver' (1.092), 'He who creates' (/skap-/) =>• /skap-io-0/ 'creator' (1.093), (1.093-a) - [skappio] (O.a) [skeppio]. There are comparatively few masculine agent nouns attested in class 1.093 (OHG and OE). Although few feminine agent nouns in class 1.091 are attested (only OE), we assume that this was nonetheless possible in WG: thus we assume that a form such as /geb-a-0/ 'she who gives' was possible in WG. The verbs which undergo this rule probably have to be transitive. They may be derived by the T-rules, but apparently not by any of the T-DS rules. (T1.09-d) Subject[feminine 7 masculine] + Verbfcustomary activity] ( +Preposition) + Noun1 stem + Inoun + Enoun object =>· 1 + (11.091 v ? 11.091*) v (11.092 T 11.093) + Enoun. E.g., 'He who does a job' (/ambaxt/) => /ambaxt-o-0/ v /ambaxt-io-0/ 'one who does a job, servant'; 'He who goes on a trip' (/far-d-/) => /fard-o-0/ v /fard—io-0/ 'traveler' (O.a) — [ferdio]. There may have been a class of feminine nouns (which we have labeled 1.091*) in /-iar-/ instead of /-a-/ corresponding to the masculine class 1.093. Thus there may have been forms such as /bad-ia-0/ 'bed-partner' [beddia] (1.091*) as well as /bad-a-0/ 'bed-partner' — [bada] (1.091). It would also seem that the only nouns which can undergo this rule are either transformationally underived or derived by nonproductive suffix rules (e.g., /far-d-/). 1.10

masculine

S = /sun-/ 'son' + I + E = nom.-acc. sing. /-u/, gen.-dat. sing., nom.-acc.gen.-dat. pi. ? (OHG 1.07, OS 1.11, OE 1.08.) This class seems to have retained its independent existence only in OS. In OHG and OE it was absorbed into other classes. Since such conflation seems to be what usually occurs, we assume that in this case OS reflects the grammar of WG. 1.11

neuter

S = /feh-/ 'cattle' + I + E = nom.-acc. sing, /-u/, gen.-dat. sing., nom.-acc. gen.-dat. pi. ?. (OHG 1.13, OS 1.12, OE 1.08.) This class seems to have retained its independent existence in OHG and OS In OE it was absorbed into another class.

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? 1.11-a) Same as 1.09-a: / e / v / o / [i] v [u], respectively. E.g., nom. sing, /feh-u/ [fihu]; gen. sing. /feh-?-es/ [fehes]. (OHG 1.13-a.) ? 1.12 masculine v feminine v ? neuter: various 'unstable' declensions (OHG 1.14, 1.15, OS 1.13, 1.14, 1.15, OE 1.11, 1.12, 1.13, 1.14, 1.15, 1.16.) These classes were all nonproductive in WG and resulted in various different classes in the daughter languages. E.g., /brödor-/ (mase) 'brother', /burg-/ (fem) 'fortress, town', /doxtor-/ (fem) 'daughter', /fadar-/ (mase) 'father', /fot—/ (mase) 'foot', /mann-/ (mase) 'man', /mödor-/ (fem) 'mother', /naxt-/ (fem) 'night'. The mutual fluctuation and interchange among these classes is such that it is difficult to reconstruct the original WG situation. The only neuter nouns in this group are represented by the OE class 1.16, e.g., /alu-/ 'ale'. 2. Adjectival-Adverbial Inflection (?2-a) OPT: / i / - 0 /

+ STEM

-STEM

+vocalic That is, there may have been an optional rule whereby the stem-final /i/ in adjectives such as /mari-/ 'famous' was deleted before -(-vocalic segments which were not part of the stem (i.e., were either I or E morphemes). This rule would have as reflexes OHG rule 2-a and OE rule 2.1-a2. However, since OS does not evince such a rule, the situations in OHG and OE may represent innovations. E.g., acc. sing. masc. /märi-an/ (2-a) -»- [märian] v [märan]. 2.1 (strong declension) S = /blind-/ 'blind', /garw-/ 'ready', /mari-/ 'famous' + I + E = nom. sing, maac. /—0/, acc. sing. masc. /-an/, gen. sing. masc. /-es/, dat. sing. mase. / ? -um/, inst. sing. masc. / ? - i v ? -u/, nom.-acc. pl. masc. /—e/, gen. pl. masc. /-ero/, dat. pl. masc. /? - ë m v ?-um/, nom. sing. fem. / ? - 0 v ? -u/, acc. sing. fem. /-a/, gen. sing. fem. /-era/, dat. sing. fem. /-eru/, nom.-acc. pl. fem. ?, gen. pl. fem. /-ero/, dat. pl. fem. / ? - ë m v ? -um/, nom.-acc. sing. neut. /-0/, gen. sing, neut. /-es/, dat. sing. neut. / ? -um/, inst. sing. neut. / ? - i v ? -u/, nom.-acc. pl. neut. / ? -u/, gen. pl. neut. /-ero/, dat. pl. neut. / ? - ë m v ? -um/. 2.2 (weak declension) S + I + E = nom. sing. masc. /-o/, acc.-gen.-dat. sing., nom.-acc. pl. masc. /-?-n/, gen. pl. maac. /?-n/, dat. pl. masc. /-?5-m/, nom. sing. fem. /-a/, acc.gen.-dat. sing., nom.-acc. pl. fem. /-?ü-n/, gen. pl. fem. /-?ô-no/, dat. pl. fem. /-?ö-m/, nom.-acc. sing, /-a/, gen.-dat. sing., nom.-acc. pl. neut. /-?-n/, gen. pl. neut. /-?ö-no/, dat. pl. neut. /-?5-m/. 2.3 (comparison) S -f I = comp. / - i r v - ö r - / + E morphemes of class 2.2; S + I = sup. /-ist- v —ôst—/ + E morphemes of classes 2.1 and 2.2.

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(OHG, OS 2.21, OE 2.3.) We have assumed the I morphemes to be like those of OHG and OS. The comp E morphemes are those of OHG, OS, and OE. The sup E morphemes have been assumed to be reflected by the situation in OE (as opposed to OHG and OS where only 2.2 endings are used for the superlative). We assume that OE reflects the original stage because it would seem more likely for the grammar to change from having both 2.1 and 2.2 endings for the superlative to having only 2.2 endings (which would seem to constitute a simplification), rather than to acquire an additional set of endings for the superlative (which would seem to be a complication of the grammar). E.g., comp, /blidi-/ 'happy' + /-ir-o/ (O.blc) - [blidiro]; /blidi-ör-o/ (2-a) [blidiöro] v [blïdôro], 2.31 Same as 2.3 except sup I morpheme is /-emôst-/. E.g., sup Ilat-/ 'late' + /-emöst-o/ [latemösto], (OE 2.31.) We assume t h a t OE represents the original WG situation in this case. This class was absorbed into class 2.3 in OHG and OS. (suppletives) 2.32 S = /gôd-/ 'good', /luttil-/ 'little', /mikil-/ 'big', /ufeil-/ 'bad'; /S + 1/ - comp, / b a t i r - T ? sëlir-/, / m i n n i r - v ? laiss-/, /mair-/, /wirs-/, respectively + E morphemes of class 2.3; /S + 1/ — sup. / b a s t - v batist-/, / m i n n i s t - v ? laist-/, /maist—/, /wirsist- y ? wirrist—/, respectively + E morphemes of class 2.3. (OHG, OS 2.22, OE 2.32.) 2.4 Adverbs 2.41 S = /blind-/ + I = 1-0- v -lïk-/ + E = / ?-e v -o/. (OHG, OS 2.31, OE 2.41.) (2.41-a) /—lïk—Ilk—/ - [-lïk-] (OHG, OS 2.31-a, OE 2.41-a.) E.g., /god-lik-/ 'pertaining to God' + /—lïk—e v -o/ [godlike] v [godlïko]. Also rule 2-a would affect adverbs: /mari-0-o/ (2-a) — [màrio] v [maro], (Cf. OHG 2-a, OS 2.31-a, and OE 2.4-a.) 2.411 S = /darn-/ 'secret' + I = /-ing- v - u n g - / + E = / ? - e v - o v ? - u m / . (OHG 2.32, OS 2.311, OE 2.411.) 2.42 (suppletives) S = /gôd-/ 'good'; /S + I + E/ — /wela v ? wola/. (OHG 2.33, OS 2.32, OE 2.42.) 2.43 (comparison) S = /blind-/ + I = comp, /-ör-/ + E = /-0/; S + I •= sup. / - i s t - v - ô s t - / + E = M .

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(OHG 2.34, OS 2.33, OE 2.43, 2.431.) 2.431 S a m e as 2.43 except comp. I morpheme is / ? - i - / . (OS 2.331: [leng] 'longer', OE 2.432.) E.g., comp, /lang-i-0/ (O.a) — [langi] v [lengi]. The final /i/ is then lost in OS a n d OE. 2.432 (suppletives) S = stems of class 2.32; /S + 1/ — comp, / b a t - v ? sël-/, / l a i s - v m i n - / , 1 ? h a l d - T ? m a i - v mair-/, /wirs-/, respectively + E = /—0/ ; /S + 1/ -»· sup. / b a s t - v b a t i s t - v ? selist-/,/laist-/, /maist-/, /wirrist—/, respectively + E = /—0/. (OHG 2.311, OS 2.331, OE 2.433.) 3. Verbal (3-a) / g e - / — 0 / ^

—

DERIVATIVE

Inflection PREFIX

Otherwise, t h e /ge—/ prefix is optional in past participles. (OHG, OS, OE 3-a.) 3.1 (strong verbs) S = I drib-, etc./ 'drive' + I l = /-SV — i - , etc./ + E = pres. 1st sing. ind. /-u/, 3rd sing. ind. /-id v -i}j/, 2nd sing. ind. /-is/, imp. /—0/, 1st pi. ind. / ? - a m ë s v ? -anft/, 3rd pi. ind. / ? - a n d v ? anjj/, 2nd pi. ind. / - a d v -a})/, l s t - 3 r d sing. opt. /-è/, 2nd sing. opt. /—ës/, 1st pl. opt. /-ëm/, 3rd pl. opt. /-ëη/, 2nd pl. opt. /? - ë d / . S + 12 = /-SV -»- ï-, etc. H—ann-/ + E = pres. inf., nom. sing. /—0/, gen. sing, /-es v ? -ies/, dat. sing, / - e v ? -ie/. S 4- 13 = /-SV — i - , etc. H—andi-/ + E = pres. part., E morphemes of classes 2.1 and 2.2. 2 + 14 = /-SV - ai-, etc./ + E = past l s t - 3 r d sing. ind. /—0/. S + 15 = /-SV — i-, etc./ + E = past 2nd sing. ind. /-i/, 1st pl. ind. /-um/, 3rd pl. ind. /-un/, 2nd pl. ind. / ? - u d / , l s t - 3 r d sing. opt. /-ï/, 2nd sing. opt. /-ïs/, 1st pl. opt. /-im/, 3rd pl. opt. /-in/, 2nd pl. opt. / ? -Id/. S + 16 = /-SV — i, etc. + ( g e - ) - a n - v - i n - / + E = past, part., E morphemes of classes 2.1 and 2.2. (OHG, OS, OE 3.1.) 3.11 [driban, dreif, dribum, gedriban] 'drive'. [ridan, reid, ridum, geridan] 'ride'. I I = /-SV - !-/, 12 = /-SV - i - + - a n n - / , 13 = /-SV - i - + - a n d i - / , 14 = /SV - ai-/, 15 = /-SV - i-/, 16 = /-SV - i - + (ge-)-an-/. (OHG, OS, OE 3.11.) (3.11-a) 0 -*· [r] /

STEM

1 -

+ vocalic] (OHG 3.11-a.)

15

v

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143

E.g., [skrïan, skrei, skrirum, geskriran] 'shout'. We assume a simplification in the development into OS and OE in that this rule was dropped from their grammars. (3.11-b) /h/ - [w] / - 15 V I 6 (OHG 3.11-b, OS, OE 3.11-a.) E.g., [lîhan, leix, liwum, geliwan] 'lend'. 3.111 [rizan, reis, rirum, geriran] 'fall'. [snidan, sneijD, snidum, gesnidan] 'cut', [tihan, teix, tigum, getigan] 'accuse'. (OHG, OS, O E 3.111.) (3.111-a) / t > / v / h / v / s / - [ d ] v [ g ] v [ r ] , respectively / -

15 v 16

(OHG, OS, O E 3.111-a.) We assume that subclasses such as 3.111 tended to be absorbed into their more general superclasses. Hence the corresponding OE rule with its more restricted domain (no /s/ — [r] alternation) would seem to represent a later development. 3.12 [beodan, baud, budum, gebodan] 'offer'. [lükan, lauk, lukum, gelokan] 'close'. I I = /-SV - eo & Ü-/, 12 = I-SV — eo & ü—I- -ann-/, 13 = /-SV - eo & ü - + -andi-/, 14 = /-SV - au-/, 15 = /-SV - u-/, 16 = /-SV - o - + (ge-)-an-/. (OHG, OS, O E 3.12.) (3.12-a) Same as 1.09-a with the following environmental statement: I — C 0 Γ—consonantal" + high — back That is, / e / v / o / ->- [i] v [ u ] before an optional consonant cluster followed bv fil or /j/. (OHG, OS, O E 3.12-a.) If we assume that such rules as 3.12-a tend to extend their domains, then those features which this rule has in common in all the daughter languages represent the situation in WG. Thus, the rule given above includes only those features which are in all the corresponding rules of the daughter dialects. OHG and OS tended to extend the domain of the rule to the first person (/—u/: i.e., the feature -back was deleted from the rule) and the imp. endings. And OE extended the domain of the rule to include other vowels besides /e/ and /o/. E.g., 1st sing. ind. /beod-u/ -»- [beodu]; 2nd sing. ind. /beod-is/ (3.12-a) — [beudis] (possibly [biudis]); imp. /beod-0/ — [beod]. ( ? 3.12-b) ¡\>l v /h/ v Is/ -

[d] v [g] v [r], respectively / -

15 v 16

(OHG 3.12-c, 3.121-a, OS 3.12-b, 3.12-c, OE 3.12-b, 3.121-a.)

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This rule probably tended to be deleted from the grammars of the daughter dialects. There first occurred a few forms which did not undergo it (hence the subclass 3.121 in the daughter dialects). Eventually very few of the forms of this class underwent such an alternation. 3.13 [bindan, band, bundum, gebundan] 'tie', [helpan, halp, hulpun, geholpan] 'help', [spurnan, sparn, spurnum, gespurnan] 'kick'. I l = /-SV e & o-/, 12 = /-SV - e & o - + -ann-/, 13 = /-SV - e & o - + -andi-/, 14 = /-SV - a-/, 15 = /-SV - u-/, 16 = /-SV - u - + (ge-)-an-/. (OHG, OS, OE 3.13.) (3.13-a) Same as 3.12-a with the following additional environmental statement: — [ + consonantal] [ + nasal] v [ + nasal] [ + consonantal]. I.e., /e/ v Ioj -- [i] v [u] in the environment specified. (OHG, OS, OE 3.13-a.) E.g., pres. 2nd sing. ind. /help-is/ [hilpis]; 1st sing. ind. /help-u/ ->- [helpu]; past part, /ge-sporn-an/ [gespurnan], (3.13-b) /{)/ - [d] I - 15 v 16 (OHG, OE 3.13-b, OS 3.13-bl.) E.g., [werdan, war{), wurdum, gewordan] 'become'. 3.131 [ ? hwerfan, hwarf, hwurbum, gehworban] 'turn'. [swelhan, swalx, swulgum, geswolgan] 'swallow'. (OHG 3.131.) (3.131-a) ? /f/ v /hI - [b] v [g], respectively / — 15 v 16 (OHG 3.131-a.) This subclass seems to have been absorbed into class 3.13; and rule 3.131-a was deleted from the grammars of OS and OE. (The alternation of [f] with [b] took place only if rule 0.c2 was not present in the grammar of WG.) 3.14 [beran, bar, bärum, geboran] 'bear'. ? [kuman, kwam, kwämum, gekuman] 'come'. ? [niman, nam, nämum, genuman] 'take', [sprekan, sprak, spräkum, gesprokan] 'speak'. I I = I-SV - e &0—/, 12 = /-SV - e & 0 - + -ann-/, 13 = /-SV - e & 0 - + -andi-/, 14 = /-SV - a-/, 15 = /-SV - ä-/, 16 = /-SV - o &0- + (ge-)-an-/. (OHG, OS, OE 3.14.) (3.14-a) Same as 1.12-a (? with additional environmental statement / — [ +nasal]): /e/ v /o/ — [i] v [u], respectively. (OHG, OS, OE 3.14-a.) This rule may have been the same as 1.12-a with no additional environmental statement (as is the case in OHG). Then the situations in OS and OE would represent extensions of the domain of the original rule. The affected

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WG forms would then be [neman, nam, nämum, genoman] 'take', and, if there were no 0 in II, 12, 13, or 16, [kweman, kwam, kwämum, gekwoman] 'come'. All these alternatives occur in the daughter dialects. E.g., pres. inf. /kwm-ann-0/ (O.bla) [kumann] (0.b2) — [kuman], 3.15 [biddian, bad, bädum, gebedan] 'ask', [geban, gaf, gäbum, gegeban] 'give', [liggian, lax, lägum, gelegan] 'lie', [sittian, sat, sätum, gesetan] 'sit'. I I = /-SV - e-/, 12 = /-SV - e - + -ann-/, 13 = /-SV - e - + -andi-/, 14 = /-SV - ar-/, 15 = /-SV - ä-/, 16 = /-SV - e - + (ge-)-an-/. (OHG, OS, OE 3.15.) (3.15-al) /i/ - 0 / - /i/ v 14 v 15 v 16 (OHG, OS, OE 3.15-al.) (3.15-a2a) Same as 3.12-a: /e/ v /o/ (OHG, OS, OE 3.15-a2a.)

[i] v [u], respectively.

(3.15-a2b) "+ consonantal + consonantal afeatures afeatures ( n o t /r/) I ["stem "I — /i/ [ + vocalic] [ + vocalic J (OHG, OS, OE 3.15-a2b.)

+ consonantal afeatures

(? 3.15-a3) /i/ - 0 / not /r/ - Γ + vocalic" [ — low (OHG, OE 3.15-a3.) This rule is absent from OS and could represent an independent later development in the history of OHG and OE. We formulate this rule in its OHG version (with the specification —low). The OE version (without the specification — low) is more general and therefore, if a reflex of the same WG rule, probably represents a later development of a rule like that of OHG. E.g., pres. 1st sing. ind. /bedi-u/ (3.15-a2a) — [bidiu] (3.15-a2b) — [biddiu] (? 3.15-a3) -«• [biddu] v [biddiu]; pres. 2nd sing. ind. /legi-is/ ( 3 . 1 5 - a l ) [legis] (3.15-a2a) -»• [ligis]; pres. 1st pi. ind. /legi-amës/ (3.15-a2a) [ligiamës] (3.15-a2b) -»- [liggiamës] (0.c3) — [liggiamês]. (3.15-b) ¡Ρ/ v ? /h/ v ? /sI - [d] v [g] v [r], respectively / - 15 v 16 (OHG, OS, OE 3.15-b.) E.g., [kwedan, kwa{), kwädum, gekwedan] 'say'; [fehan, fax, fägum, gefegan] 'rejoice'; [wezan, was, warum, geweran] 'be'. Only the [l>]-[d] alternation is evinced in all the daughter dialects. This then would seem to have been the situation in WG. Otherwise, the [h]—[g]

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alternation appears only in OE; and the [s]-[r] alternation is in a subclass (3.151) in OS and OE. That is, there were forms in those languages in class 3.15 which did not undergo the [s]-[r] alternation. Thus the situation in WG regarding /h/ and /s/ in class 3.15 is not certain. 3.151 [sehan, sax, sawura, gesewan] 'see'. (OHG, OS, OE 3.151.) (3.151-a) /h/ - [w] / -

15 v 16

(OHG, OS, OE 3.151-a.) 3.16 [faran, for, forum, gefaran] 'travel', [hebbian, höf, höbum, gehaban] 'raise', [hlaxhian, hlöx, hlôgum, gehlagan] 'laugh', ¡skeppian, sköp, sköpum, geskapan] 'create', [swerian, swör, swörum, geswaran] 'swear'. I I = /-SV - a-/, 12 = /-SV - a - + - a n n - / , 13 = /-SV - a - + -andi-/, 14 v 15 = /-SV - δ-/, 16 = /-SV - a - + (ge-)-an-/. (OHG, OS, OE 3.16.) (3.16-al) Same as 3.15-al: /i/ - 0. (OHG 3.16-al, OS, OE 3.16-a.) (3.16-a2) Same as 3.15-a2b: consonantal gemination. (OHG, OS 3.16-a2, OE 3.16-a2b.) (? 3.16-a3) Same as O.a: /a/ - [e], (OHG 3.16-a3, OE 3.16-a2a.) The same observations apply to this rule as to WG rule 3.15-a3: it is not clear if the rule existed in WG or was an independent innovation of OHG and OE. We assume the ordering 3.16-a2, 3.16-a3 so as to derive [hlaxhian] (as in OHG and OS) and not [hlexhian] (as in OE). But it may be t h a t this ordering was an innovation of OHG and OS and t h a t the OE situation reflects the WG grammar. That is, it is possible that the ordering of these rules in WG was 3.16-a3, 3.16-a2. The output would then be/hlahi-ann-0/ (3.16-a3) - [hlehiann] (3.16-a2) -»- [hlehhiann], eventually [hlexhian] (as opposed to [hlaxhian]). (? 3.16-a4) Same as 3.15-a3: /i/ - 0. (OHG 3.16-a4, OE 3.16-a3.) The same considerations apply to this rule as to WG rule 3.15-a3: it is not clear if this rule existed in WG or was an independent innovation of OHG and OE. E.g., pres. 1st sing. ind. /skapi-u/ (3.16-a2) -* [skappiu] (3.16-a3) — [skeppiu] (3.16-a4) -/ - [ g ] v [ d ] , respectively / -

14 v 15 v 16

(OHG 3.16-c, OS, OE 3.16-b.) The alternation of [t>] with [d] is evinced only in OHG. This may reflect the WG situation. Then in OS and OE this alternation was given up. E.g., [hladan, hlöd, hlödum, gehladan] 'load'; [slahan, slöx, slögum, geslagan] 'hit'. (3.16-c) ? /kn//nd/ -

[k] v [d], respectively / - 14 v 15

(OS, OE 3.16-c.) Both OS and OE evince the alternation of [nd] with [d]; only OE t h a t of [kn] with [k]. E.g., [standan, stöd, stödum, gestandan] 'stand'; [waknan, wök, wökum, gewaknan] 'become awake'. ? 3.161 [heffian, höf, höbum, gehaban] 'lift'. (OHG 3.161.) (? 3.161-a) /f/ - [b] / -

14 v 15 v 16

(OHG 3.161-a.) If OHG in this instance reflects the grammar of WG, then OS and OE deleted this rule from their grammars. They thus incorporated the form [heffian] into class 3.16. (If rule 0.c2 is in the grammar of WG, then the alternation of [f] with [b] is automatically taken care of and class 3.161 is not necessary.) 3.17 [erian, ër, ërum, gearan] 'plow'. [gangan, gëng, gëngum, gegangan] 'go', [hauwan, hëu, hêwum, gehauwan] 'hack', [heitan, hët, hëtum, geheitan] 'call', [lätan, lët, lëtum, gelätan] 'let'. I l = /-SV - a & à & ai & au-/, 12 = /-SV - a & â & ai & a u - + - a n n - / , 13 = /-SV — a & ä & ai & a u - -|—andi-/, 14 v 15 = /-SV - ë-/, 16 = /-SV — a & ä & ai & au—f- (ge-)-an-/. (OHG, OS, OE 3.17.) (? 3.17-a) Same as 3.15-al: /i/ - 0. (OHG 3.17-a.) This rule was deleted from the grammars of OS and OE in t h a t [erian] became a regular verb of class 3.17 without the [-ian] infinite ending. E.g., past. part, /ge-ari—an-0/ (3.17-a) -«• [gearan], 3.171 [fâhan, fëng, fëngum, gefangan] 'catch'. [hähan, hëng, hëngum, gehangan] 'hang'. (OHG, OS 3.171.) (3.171-a) /ang/ - [ah] / -

Il

v

(OHG, OS 3.171-a, OE 3.17-1.)

12 v 13

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(? 3.171-b) /fr/ - [d] I -

14 v 15 v 16

(OHG 3.17-b.) This rule seems to have been dropped from OS a n d OE. E.g., [faldan, fëld, fëldum, gefaldan] 'fold'. There may have been forms in class 3.17 which do not undergo rule 3.171-b. 3.172 [drâdan, drërd, drërdum, gedrädan] 'dread', [heitan, hëxt, hëxtum, geheitan] 'call', [leikan, lëlk, lëlkum, geleikan] 'play', [râdan, rërd, rërdum, gerâdan] 'advise'. (OE 3.171.) (3.172-a) 0

+ consonantal afeatures

/

+ consonantal ^«features

STEM

-

14 v 15

+ vocalic

(OE 3.171-a.) This rule was deleted from the grammars of OHG and OS ; a n d the forms of this class then went into class 3.17. E.g., past 1st sing. ind. /hët-0/ (3.172-a) — [hëht] (O.blb) - [hëxt], 3.18 [bannan, beon, beonnum, gebannan] 'summon', [blötan, bleot, bleotum, geblôtan] 'sacrifice', [fallan, feol, feollum, gefallan] 'fall', [hlaupan, hleop, hleopum, gehlaupan] 'run', [hröpan, hreop, hreopun, gehröpan] 'shout', [sweipan, sweop, sweopum, gesweipan] 'sweep', [wëpan, weop, weopum, gewëpan] 'weep'. II = /-SV - a & ? ä & ai & au & ë & öj, 12 = /-SV - a & ? ä & a i & a u & ë & ö - + - a n n- / , 13 = /-SV - a & ? â & a i & a u & ë & 5 - + - a n d i - / , 14 v 15 = /-SV - eo-/, 16 = /-SV - a & ? ä & ai & au & ë & δ - + (ge-)-an-/. (OHG, OS, OE 3.18.) ? 3.19 [etan, ät, ätum, geetan] 'eat'. Same I morphemes and rules as class 3.15 except t h a t 14 = /-SV ä-/. (OE 3.19.) This class may have been an innovation of OE. B u t it would seem more probable t h a t it existed in WG and was then deleted from the grammars of OHG and OS. 3.2 (weak verbs) S = / f r a m - , etc./ 'do' + I I = /—i—/ + E = pres. 1st sing. ind. /-u/, 3rd sing, ind. / - i d v - i t > / , 2nd sing. ind. /-is/, imp. /-0/, 1st pi. ind. /? - a m ë s v -ani?/, 3rd pi. ind. / ? - a n d v - a n f / , 2nd pi. ind. / - a d v - a t > / , l s t - 3 r d sing. opt. /-ë/, 2nd sing. opt. /—ës/, 1st pl. opt. /-ëm/, 3rd pl. opt. /-ëη/, 2nd pl. opt. / ? - ë d / . S + 12 = / - i a n n - / + E = pres. inf., nom. sing. /—0/, gen. sing, /—es v ? -ies/, dat. sing, / - e v ? -ie/.

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S + 13 = /-iandi-/ + E = pres. part., E morphemes of classes 2.1 and 2.2. S + 14 = /-id, etc./ + E = past lst-3rd sing. ind. /-a/, 2nd sing. ind. /—ös/, 1st pl. ind. /-um/, 3rd pl. ind. /-un/, 2nd pl. ind. /-ud/, lst-3rd sing. opt. /-!/, 2nd sing. ind. /-is/, 1st pl. opt. j-im/, 3rd pl. opt. /-in/, 2nd pl. opt. / ? -id/. S H- 15 = /(ge-)-id-, etc./ + E = past part., E morphemes of classes 2.1 and 2.2. (OHG, OS, OE 3 . 2 . ) (3.2-1) /i/ - 0 I -

¡i/ v 14 v 15

(I.e., similar to 3.15-al.) (OHG, OS, OE 3.2-1.) (3.2-2a) Same as 3.15-a2b: consonantal gemination. (OHG 3.2-2, OS, OE 3.2-2a.) (3.2-2b) /d/ — [t] I Γ + consonantal"

-

— voiced (OS 3.2-2b, O E

3.2-2C.)

This rule was deleted from the grammar of OHG as a result of the Second Sound Shift, whereby [d] became [t]. ( ? 3.2-3) /i/ - 0 / (NOT STEM + vocalic M) + vocalic — low lstress (I.e., similar to 3.15-a3.) (OHG 3.2-4, OE 3.2-3.) The same observations apply to this rule as to WG rule 3.15-a3: it may be considered either an independent development in OHG and OE or a WG rule which was deleted in OS. 3.21 [fewian, fewida, gefewid] 'rejoice', [fremmian, fremida, gefremid] 'do, perform', [herían, herida, geherid] 'praise'. [nerian, nerida, generid] 'cure', [timbrian, timbrida, getimbrid] 'build', [jiennian, Reñida, ge^enid] 'stretch'. I I = j-i-/, 12 = /-iann-/, 13 = /-iandi-/, 14 = /-id-/, 15 = /(ge-)-id-/. (OHG, OS, OE 3.21.) E.g., pres. 1st sing. ind. /fram-i-u/ (3.2-2a) -*• [frammiu] (? 3.2-3) [frammiu] v [frammu] (O.a) — [fremmiu] v [frammu]; 2nd sing. ind. /fram-i-is/ (3.2-1) - [framis] (O.a) - [fremis]. 3.22 [dômian, dömda, gedömid] 'judge', [drenkian, drankta, gedrenkid] 'make to drink', [haurian, haurda, gehaurid] 'hear'.

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[kussian, kusta, gekussid] 'kiss', [sendian, sanda, gesendid] 'send'. II = /—i—/, 12 = /-iann-/, 13 = /-iandi-/, 14 = /-d-/, 15 = /-id-/. (OHG, OS, OE 3.22.) E.g., past 1st sing. ind. /sand-d-a/ (0.b2) -- [kusta]; pres. inf. /sand-iann-0/ (O.a) -«- [sendiann] (0.b2) — [sendian]; /döm-iann-0/ (3.2-2a) — [dômmiann] (0.b2) ->- [dömian] v [dömmian]; pres. 1st sing. ind. /sand-i-u/ (? 3.2-3) — [sandu] v [sandiu] (O.a) -> [sandu] v [sendiu]. I t may have been the case in WG that only long-stemmed verbs were in class 3.22, although by the time of the attested daughter dialects membership in classes 3.21, 3.22, or 3.23, etc., seems to have been morphologically conditioned. 3.23 [kwellian, kwalda, gekwald] 'kill', [leggian, lagda, gelagd] 'lay', [settian, satta, gesat] 'set', [skeppian, skapta, geskapt] 'create', [tellian, talda, getald] 'tell'. I I = l-i-l, 12 = /-iann-/, 13 = /-iandi-/, 14 = /-d-/, 15 = /(ge-)-d-/. (OHG, OS, OE 3.23.) ? 3.231 [huggian, hogda, gehogd] 'think'. (OHG, OS, OE 3.231.) (3.231-a) Same as 1.09-a: / e / v / o / - [i] v [u], respectively. (OHG 3.231-b, OS 3.231-a, OE 3.231-2b.) E.g., pres. inf. /hog-iann-0/ (3.231-a) -«- [hugiann] (3.2-2a) — [huggiann] (0.b2) — [huggian] (0.c3) [huggian], ? 3.2311 [brengian, bräxta, gebrâxt] 'bring', [buggian, boxta, geboxt] 'buy', [sôkian, sôxta, gesöxt] 'seek', [penkian, f ä x t a , g e f a x t ] 'think'. [Jmnkian, {mxta, gefmxt] 'seem', [wurkian, worxta, geworxt] 'work'. (OHG, OE 3.231, OS 3.2311.) (3.2311-1) / k / v / g / - [x] / -

14 v 15

(OHG 3.231-a, OS 3.2311-1, OE 3.231-1.) (3.2311-2)

STEM

+ vocalic

Π

STEM

+ vocalic -f long

I -

(OHG 3.231-a, OS 3.2311-2, OE 3.231-3.)

M

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151

? 3.23111

[bringian, bräxta, gebräxt] 'bring'. [wirkian, warxta, gewarxt] 'work'. (OHG, OE 3.2311, OS 3.23111.) (3.23111-a) Same as O.a: /a/

[e],

(OHG, OE 3.2311-a, OS 3.23111-a.) E.g., pres. inf. /brang-iann-0/ (3.23111-a) ->- [brengiann] (3.231-a) - 1 + 13.2

(OHG, OS, OE T3.2-a.) The verb stems which undergo this rule seem to have been only underived ones (i.e., not the outputs of any of the T-rules). E.g., /sat-iann-0/ 'to cause one to sit', /far-iann-0/ v /för-iann-0/ 'to cause one to go or travel', /Iag-iann-0/ 'to cause one to lie, to lay'. (T3.2-b) τ ο CAUSE THAT + Subject + BE V BECOME + (Adjective 1 stem + Iadj. + E adj. v Adverb [place] 1 stem) => 1 + 13.2 + Everb. (OHG, OS, OE T3.2-b.) The adjective stems which undergo this rule seem to have been only underived ones (i.e., not the outputs of any of the T-rules). E.g., /bald-iann-0/ 'to make bold', /ferr-iann-0/ (3.231-a) — [firrian] 'to make to be far away', /hwit-iann-0/ 'to make white', /kunj3-iann-0/ 'to make known', /nicIar-iann-0/ 'to make to be below or low', /niuwi-iann-0/ 'to make new', /stark-iann-0/ 'to make to be strong'. (T3.2-C) Subject + Verb [customary activity] ( +Preposition) + Noun 1 stem + Inoun + Enoun object =• 1 + 13.2 + Everb. ( O H G , OS, O E T3.2-C.)

The nouns stems which undergo this rule seem to have been only underived ones (i.e., not the outputs of any of the T-rules). E.g., /farw-iann-0/ (rule O.a does not apply) [farwian] 'to color, use color on', /fôd-iann-0/ 'to feed, give food to', /ge-hungar-iann-0/ 'to have hunger', /land-iann-0/ (O.a) [lendian] 'to land, come onto land', /naud-iann-0/ 'to force, use force on', /nest—iann-0/ (3.231-a) [nistian] 'to use a nest, live in a nest', /t>urst-iann-0/ 'to have thirst'.

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3.3

S — / m a k - , etc./ 'make' + I l = /—ö—/ + E = pres. 1st sing. ind. /-m/, 3rd sing. ind. / - d v —t»/» 2nd sing. ind. /—s/, imp. /—0/, 1st pl. ind. / ? - m e s v ? -n£>/, 3rd pi. ind. / ? - n d v ? -nf>/, 2nd pi. ind. j-d v —1>/, l s t - 3 r d sing. opt. / - 0 v -ië/, 2nd sing. opt. /-s v -iës/, 1st pl. opt. / - m v -iëm/, 3rd pl. opt. / - η v -iën/, 2nd pl. opt. / ? - d v -iëd/. S + 12 = / - δ n n - v ? - i a n n - / + E = pres. inf., nom. sing. /—0/, gen. sing, /-es v ? -ies/, dat. sing, / - e v ? -ie/. S + 13 = / - ö n d i - v ? - i a n d i - / + E = pres. part, E morphemes of classes 2.1 and 2.2. S + 14 = / - ö d - / + E = past l s t - 3 r d sing. ind. /-a/, 2nd sing. ind. /—ös/, 1st pl. ind. /-um/, 3rd pl. ind. /-un/, 2nd pl. ind. /-ud/, l s t - 3 r d sing. opt. /-!/, 2nd sing. opt. /-is/, 1st pl. opt. /-im/, 3rd pl. opt. /-in/, 2nd pl. opt. / ? -id/. S + 15 = /(ge-)-ödö/ + E = past part., E morphemes of classes 2.1 and 2.2. E.g., [makön v ? makian, maköda, gemaköd] 'make'. (OHG 3.31, OS, OE 3.3.) There m a y have been another class in WG (3.3*) corresponding to OHG 3.32 (and possibly to OS, OE 3.4). This class would have been like 3.3 except for the following: I I = /—ë—/, 12 = / - ë n n - v ? - i a n n - / , 13 = / - ë n d i - v ? -iandi-/, 14 = /—ëd—/, and 15 = /(ge-)-ëd-/. E.g., [habën, habëda, gehabëd] 'have'. Then, in OS and OE, the forms which h a d been in WG 3.3* went into 3.23, 3.3, or 3.4. Another possibility is t h a t OHG class 3.32 was an independent development occurring only in OHG. If it was such a development, it is not clear from w h a t W G classes OHG 3.32 was formed. ( ? T3.3*-a) Same as rule T3.2-a except o u t p u t is 1 + 13.3* + Everb. (OHG T3.3-a.) E.g., /hang-ënn-0/ 'to cause to hang'. (T3.3-a) Same as rule T3.2-b except o u t p u t is 1 + 13.3 + Everb. (OHG T3.3-b, OS, OE T3.3-a.) The adjective stems which undergo this rule are —unlike those of T3.2-b — both derived by t h e T-rules as well as underived. E.g., /blöd-ag-önn-0/ 'to make bloody', /manag-fald-onn-0/ 'to make multiple, increase', / s a m a n - 5 n n - 0 / 'to make to be together, gather'. Some forms m a y have inserted / - n - / , /—s—/, or (?) /-(e)k-/. E.g., /blit>-s-ônn-0/ 'to make happy', / f a s t - n - ö n n - 0 / 'to make fast or firm', /garw-k-önn-0/ (O.bla) [garukönn], eventually [garukön] 'to make ready, prepare'. (T3.3-b) Same as rule T3.2-C except o u t p u t is 1 + 13.3 + Everb. (OHG T3.3-C, OS, OE T3.3-b.) The noun stems which undergo this rule seem to have been only underived ones (i.e., not t h e outputs of any of t h e T-rules). E.g., /endi-önn-0/ 'to end.

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153

come to an end', /fisk-5nn-0/ 'to fish, go fishing', /laun-5nn-0/ 'to give a reward to', /sundi-5nn-0/ 'to sin, commit sins'. Some forms may insert /—s—/ or /-(e)k-/. E.g., /bed-ek—δηη-0/ 'to beg, make a prayer to/, /rïki-s-ônn-0/ 'to rule, have dominion over'. + (Adjective 1 stem + Iadj. + E a d j . v Adverbfplace] 1 stem v Noun 1 stem + Inoun + Enoun) => 1 + 13.3 + Everb. (OHG T3.3-d, OS, OE T3.3-c.) Only the adjectival stems which undergo this rule may be either derived (by the T-rules) or underived. Otherwise, the noun and adverb stems are underived. E.g., /dag-ônn-0/ 'to become day, dawn' /drunk-an-önn-0/ 'to be drunk, drunken (past part.)', /saman-önn-0/ 'to come or be together', /sundiïg-ônn-0/ 'to be sinful', /wak-önn-0/ 'to be awake'. Some forms may insert /-s-/: Imild-s-önn-0/ 'to be mild toward'. (T3.3-C) Subject -F- BE

V

BECOME

? 3.4

S = jhab-, etc./ 'have' + I I = /—0—/ + E = pres. 1st sing. ind. /—iu/, 3rd sing. ind. / ? - ë d v ? —ëf v -id v -ij)/, 2nd sing. ind. / ? -ës v -is/, imp. / ? - ë v -i/. Otherwise, the I and E morphemes and the morphophonemic rules for this class are the same as those of class 3.23. (OS, OE 3.4.) This class may not have been in WG. Its presence in OS and OE may be the result of the conflation of classes 3.3* and 3.23. 3.5 (preterite-present

verbs)

S = /wit-, etc./ 'know' + I l = /-SV — ai-, etc./ + E = pres. lst-3rd sing, ind. /—0/, 2nd sing. ind. j-tj. S + 12 = /-SV - i-, etc./ + E = pres. imp. /—0/, 1st pi. ind. /-um/, 3rd pl. ind. /-un/, 2nd pl. ind. /-ud/, lst-3rd sing. opt. /-î/, 2nd pl. opt. /—ïs/, 1st pl. ind. /-im/, 3rd pl. opt. /-In/, 2nd pl. opt. / ? -id/. S + 13 = /-SV — i-, etc. H—ann-/ + E = pres. inf., nom. sing. /—0/, gen. sing, /-es v ? -ies/, dat. sing, /-e v ? -ie/. S + 14 = /-SV — i-, etc. H—andi-/ + E = pres. part., E morphemes of classes 2.1 and 2.2. S + 15 = /-SV - i - + —— t v —s—, etc./ + E = past lst-3rd sing. ind. /-a/, 2nd sing. ind. /-ös/, 1st pl. ind. /-um/, 3rd pl. ind. /-un/, 2nd pl. ind. /-ud/, 1st 3rd sing. ind. /-!/, 2nd sing. opt. /-is/, 1st pl. opt. /-im/, 3rd pl. opt. /-in/, 2nd pl. opt. / ? -id/. S + 16 = /-SV — i - + (ge-)-an-, etc./ + E = past part., E morphemes of classes 2.1 and 2.2. (OHG 3.4, OS, OE 3.5.) (3.5-al) 0 -»- [s] / / n / v / r / — / t / v / d / (OHG 3.4-c, OS, OE 3.5-al.)

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(3.5-a2) /d/ ->- [t] I Γ + consonantal] L — sonorant J (OS, OE 3.5-a2.) (3.5-b) M - [s] I -

/t/>/

(OHG 3.4-a, OS, OE 3.5-b.) 3.51 [witan, weit, witum, wissa v wista, gewitan] 'know'. II = I-sv - ai-/, 12 = /-SV - i-/, 13 = /-SV - i - -f -ann-/, 14 = /-SV i— + -andi-/, 15 = /-SV - i - + - t - v -s-/, 16 = /-SV - i - + (ge-)-an-/. ( O H G 3.41, OS, O E 3 . 5 1 . )

E.g., pres. 2nd sing. ind. /wait-t/ (3.5-b) [waist] (O.a) [waist] v [weist]; v v past 1st sing. ind. /wit-t-a -s-a/ (3.5-b) [wista] [wissa], 3.52 [?, daux, dugum, doxta, ?] 'be of value'. I l = /-SV - au-/, 12 = /-SV ? o v ? u-/, 13 = /-SV - u - + -ann-/, 14 = /-SV - u - + -andi-/, 15 = /-SV - o - + - t - / , 16 = ?. (OHG 3.42, OS, OE 3.52.) ? 3.53 [?, dar, durrum, dorata, ?] 'dare'. [?, genax, genugum, genoxta, ?] 'be enough'. [kunnan, kan, kunnum, konsta v konfta v kunjja v ? kunsta, gekunnan] t can ,. [munan, man, munum, monsta v munsta, ?] 'think'. [?, skal, skulum, skolda, ?] 'shall', [turban, Jjarf, {jurbum, tiorfta, ?] 'need', [unnan, an, unnum, onsta v onjm v unsta v unfea, ?] 'grant'. Il = / - s v - a-/, 12 = I-SV - u-/, 13 = /-SV - u - + -ann-/, 14 = /-SV u- + -andi-/, 15 = /-SV - o - + - d - & -£>-/> 16 = ? /-SV - o - + -an-/. (OHG 3.43, 3.44, OS, OE 3.53.) (? 3.53-a) OPT: Same as 1.09-a: /e/ v /o/ - [i] v [u], respectively / - [ + nasal] [ + consonantal], (OE 3.53-b.) (? 3.53-b) / - d - & - { ) - / (15) -

/nn/ [d] / OBLIGATORILY elsewhere. [i>]

/ OPTIONALLY

(OE 3.53-a2.) E.g., past 1st sing. ind. /konn-d- & -fr-a/ (3.53-a) [kunn- v k o n n - d - & - J ) - a ] (3.53-b) - [kunnfca] v [konnfia] v [kunnda] v [konnda] (3.5-al) - [kunnlm] v [konnjja] v [kunnsda] v [konnsda] (3.5-a2) — [kunnjm] v [konnda] v [kunnsta] v [konnsta] (0.b2) — [kunt>a] v [konfea] v [kunsta] v [konsta]; also, /skol-d- & -t>-a/ (3.53-b) - [skolda]; /ge-nog-d- &-Jj-a/ (3.53-b) - [genogda] (3.5-a2) [genogta] (O.cl) — [genoxta]; pres. 2nd sing. ind. /kann-t/ (3.5-al) -» [kannst] (0.b2) - [kanst].

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155

Class 3.53 seems to have undergone several changes in each of the daughter dialects. Its precise form in WG is not clear. The form /skol-/ may have been in a different class in WG (possibly a class like 3.53 except that 13 = /-SV -• 0 - + -ann-/ and 14 = /-SV — ο - H—andi-/). 3.54 [eigan, eix, eigum, eixta, ?] 'have'. [magan, max, magum, maxta, ?] 'may'. [? mötan, möt, mötum, môsta, ?] 'must'. I l v 12 = /-SV - a & ai & δ-/, 13 = /-SV - a & ai & δ - + -ann-/, 14 = 1-SV - a & ai & δ - + -andi-/, 15 = /-SV - a & ai & ô - + —t—/, 16 = ?. (OHG 3.45, OS 3.54, 3.55, OE 3.54.) (?

3.54-a) /t/ - [s] / /t/

-

(OHG 3.45-a.) It would seem that OS class 3.54 was an innovation resulting from a mixture of WG classes 3.53 and 3.54. E.g., past 1st sing. ind. /möt-t-a/ (3.54-a) — [mötsa] (3.5-b) -»• [mossa] (0.b2) -«- [mòssa] v [mösa]. If rule 3.54-a were optional in WG, then there would be at least three possibilities for the past forms of /möt-/ : [môsta] v [mössa] v [mösa] (or even [môza] if rule 0.c2 is in WG and if it may apply after 0.b2). 3.6 (suppletives) 3.61 /S + I + E/ — pres. 1st sing. ind. [willi v willu] 'will', 3rd-2nd sing. ind. [wili], imp. ?. Otherwise for près, S = / w e l l i - v willi-/ which follows the paradigm of 3.23 [tellian]: e.g., près 1st pl. ind. [welliamës v williamës], etc. For past, S = /woll-/ which also follows the paradigm of 3.23: e.g., past 1st sing, ind. [wolda], etc. (OHG 3.51, OS, OE 3.61.) 3.62 /S + I + E/ — pres. 1st sing. ind. [bim v bium v ? im] 'be', 3rd sing. ind. [ ? bit» v ist], 2nd sing. ind. [ ? a r t v ? arj) v bist], imp. [ ? beo], 1st pl. ind. [ ? arum v birum v ? bidum v sind/, 3rd pl. ind. [ ? bëonj) v ? bidun v sind], 2nd pl. ind. [ ? birud v sind], lst-3rd sing. opt. [ ? bëo v si], 2nd sing. ind. [ ? bëo v sis], 1st pl. opt. [ ? bëom v sïm], 3rd pl. opt. [ ? bëon v sin], 2nd pl. opt. [ ? bëod v sid], inf. [ ? bëon], part. [ ? bëondi], past part. [ ? gebëon]. Otherwise for pres. imp., inf, part and all past forms, S = /wes-/ which follows the paradigm of 3.15 [wezan]: e.g., past 1st sing. ind. [was], 2nd sing. ind. [wâri], etc. The forms prefixed with a question mark may not have existed in WG, but rather may represent some sort of innovations in OE. If these doubtful forms were WG, they may have had a somewhat different semantic function from that of the other forms. (OHG 3.52, OS 3.62, OE 3.621, 3.622.)

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GERMANIC

3.63

/S + I + E/ — pres. 1st sing. ind. [gäm v gêm] 'go', 3rd sing. ind. [gäd v gäjj v gëd v gë(D], 2nd sing. ind. [gâs v gës], imp. [gâ v gê], 1st pl. ind. [? gâmâs v ? gëmës v ? gân{3 v ? gënj)], 3rd pl. ind. [gând v gânf> v gënd T gênf], 2nd pl. ind. [gäd v gal) v gëd v gè J)], lst-3rd sing. opt. [gâ v gë], 2nd sing. opt. [gâs v gës], 1st pl. opt. [gäm v gern], 3rd pi. opt. [gän v gên], 2nd pl. opt. [gäd v gäj) v gëd v gëf>], inf. [gân v gën], part, [gändi v gëndi], past part. [?gegän]. (Likewise for [stän v sten] 'stand'.) Otherwise for past forms S = ? /eo-/ v /gang-/ 'go' and /stand-/ 'stand' which follow the paradigms of 3.23 ([tellian]), 3.17 ([gangan]), and 3.16 ([standan]), respectively: e.g., past 1st sing. ind. jeo-d-a/ -«- [eoda], [gëng], and [stôd], etc. The /eo-/ past tense morpheme for [gän] seems to have been lost in OHG and OS; and the suppletive forms of [standan] seem to have been lost in OE. We have posited as the situation in WG what would seem to be the most complex grammar and have assumed subsequent simplifications in the daughter dialects. (OHG 3.53, OS, OE 3.63.) 3.64

/S + I + E/ pres. 1st sing. ind. [döm] 'do', 3rd sing. ind. [död v dot)], 2nd sing. ind. [dös], imp. [dò], 1st pl. ind. [dômës v ? dönd v ? dônf)], 3rd pl. ind. [dönd v dönj)], 2nd pi. ind. [död v döf], lst-3rd sing. opt. [dö], 2nd sing. opt. [dös], 1st pi. opt. [döm], 3rd pl. opt. [dön], 2nd pl. opt. [död v dôf)], inf. [dòn], part, [dôndi], lst-3rd sing. ind. [deda], 2nd sing. ind. [dädi v dedos], part. [? gedän v ? gedön]. Otherwise for past forms S = / d ä - v de-/ which follows the paradigm of 3.23 [tellian]: e.g., past 1st pi. ind. [dädum v dedum], etc. (OHG 3.54, OS, OE 3.64.)

D. DERIVATION 1. Derivational

Suffixes

(T-DS

Rules)

(T-DSa) / - a g - v -ig-/ (a. BEING

v

HAVING

(SOME

NOUNS WHICH ARE ( b . CHARACTERIZED 1 v

BY

v

ALL)

OF

THE

PROPERTIES

ASSOCIATED

WITH

+ Adjective) 1 v v

HAVING

(SOME

v

ALL)

OF THE PROPERTIES

OF

+

Noun) (c. Subject + B E ABLE το V T E N D το + Verb) 1 =>• 1 + / - a g - v - ï g - / + 2. endings. (OHG, OS, OE T-DSa.) E.g., (a) /grimm-îg-/ 'grim', (b) /horw-ig-/ 'dirty, filthy', (c) /gebed-ig-/ 'asking for, begging', /strid-Ig-/ 'fighting, pugacious, tending to fight'.

157

WEÖT GERMANIC

(? T-DSb) /-ahi-/ THAT WHICH is CHARACTERIZED

BY

+ Noun1 => 1 + 1.03 endings.

(OHG T-DSb.) Nonproductive. E.g., /stain-ahi-/ 'stony area'. This suffix seems to have been jost in OS and OE. (T-DSc) / - a l v ? -ων-/ Subject + T E N D το + Verb1 =>· 1 + / - a l - v ? -ar-/ + 2. endings. (OHG T-DSc, OS T-DSbb, OE T-DSy, T-DSff.) Productive (?). E.g., /hat-al-/ 'hating, tending to hate', /släp-al- v -ar-/ 'sleepy'. In OE this rule would seem to have increased its domain. This is evidenced by rule T-DSy (in OE). (T-DSd) /-am-/ FACT THAT V R E S U L T OF FACT THAT + Subject[ — animate] + Verb1 => 1 + /-am-/ + 1.01 v 1.092 endings. (OHG T-DSd, OS, OE T-DScc.) Nonproductive (?). E.g., /fleoh-am-0/ (1.01) 'flight', /ski-am-o-0/ (1.092) 'light, shining emanation'. (T-DSe) /-and-&-iand-/ Subject[masculine] + Verb1 + Adverb [customary activity] => 1 + /-and- & -iand-/ + 1.02 endings. (OHG T-DSe, OS, OE T-DSb.) Productive (?). E.g., /aig-and-/ 'owner', /hail-iand-/ 'savior, he who saves'. (DSe-a) /-and- & -iand-/ -»- [-iand-] / 3.2

VERB

—. Γ-and-] / elsewhere

(OS DSb-a.) Verbs derived by the T-rules may undergo this rule. (T-DSf) /Sri-/ (a. Subject[masculine] + Verb)1 v (b. Subjectfmasculine] + Verb[customary activity] ( +Preposition) + Nounfobject]) 1 => 1 + /—ari—/ + 1.01 endings. (OHG T-DSf, OS T-DSd, OE T-DS1.) E.g., /lern-/ (verb) + /—äri—/ 'learner', /bôk-/ (noun) + /—ari—/ 'scribe, one who works with books'. Verbs derived by the T-rules may undergo this rule. (T-DSg) /-att-/ Verb1 + Adverb[rapid action v repeated action v ? pejorative manner] => 1 + /-att-/ + 3.2 v ? 3.3 endings. (OHG T-DSu, OE T-DSn.) E.g., /kwid-att-iann-0/ (3.2) v /kwid-att-önn-0/ (3.3) 'speak repeatedly, dis-

158

W E S T GERMANIC

cuss', /bed-att-iann-0/ (3.2) v /bed-att-ônnH0/ (3.3) 'beg, ask repeatedly'. OHG seems to have employed some additional suffixes for this rule. Verbs derived by the T-rules may undergo this rule. (? T-DSh) /-att(i)-/ ( S T A T E OP B E I N G + Adjective 1 v Noun) 1 /-att(i)-/ + ? 1.01 v ? 1.04 endings.

v

(ACT

V

R E S U L T OF

+ Verb) 1 => 1 +

(OHG T - D S u , OE T-DSo.) E.g., /frij-/ (adj.) + /-attr-/ 'freedom', /pew-/ (noun) + /—att—/ 'servitude', /swab-/ (verb) + /-att-/ 'sleep'. Verbs derived by the T-rules may undergo this rule. (T-DSi) /-axt(i)-/ CHARACTERIZED B Y

+ Nounfconcrete] 1 => 1 + /-axt(i)-/ + 2. endings.

(OHG T - D S g , OE T-DSw.) Productive (?) E.g., /horn-axti-/ 'having horns', /[jorn-axti-/ 'having or characterized by thorns'. (T-DSj) / - d - & - t - l PACT THAT

1.01

v

1.06

V

v

R E S U L T OP PACT THAT -F-

1.08 endings.

Subject + Verb 1 =>

1

+ /-d- & -t-/ +

(OHG T - D S m m , OS T-DSe, OE T-DSc.) Nonproductive. E.g., /hwurf-t-0/(1.01) 'movement', /far-d-0/ (1.06) 'journey' /slah-t-0 & - u / (1.08) 'a slaying'. (DSj-a) / - d - & - t - / - [t] I Γ + consonantal' [ — voiced [d] I elsewhere (OS DSe-a, OE DSc-a.) Certain of the forms undergoing this rule also undergo various previous morpho[anst] phonemic alternations: e.g., /an-/ 'grant' — [ans-] + / - d - & - t - / .favor'; /wark-/ 'work' — [wurx-] + / - d - & - t - / [wurxt] 'a work'. (T-DSk) /-dôm-/ (STATE

V

PACT

1.01 endings.

V

Q U A L I T Y ) OF B E I N G

+ Adjective 1

v

Noun 1 =>

1

+ /-dôm-/ +

(OHG T - D S j , OS T - D S f , OE T-DSd.) E.g., /aid-/ (adj) + /-dôm-/ 'old age, state of being old', /kuning-/ (noun) + /-dôm-/ 'kingdom, office of a king, state of being a king'. (T-DSI) /-fald-/ + Adjectivefnumerical] 1 => 1 + /-fald-/ + 2. endings.

BEING

(OHG T - D S k , OS T - D S g , OE T-DSp.) E.g., /ain-fald-/ 'simple', /manag-fald-/ 'multiple'.

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(T-DSm) /-full-/ PULL OP V HAVING

+ Noun 1 =• 1 + /—full—/ + 2. endings.

(OHG T-DS1, OS T-DSh, OE T-DSq.) E.g., /forxt-full-/ 'full of or having fear', /gelaub-full-/ 'faithful, believing'. (T-DSn) /ge-. . ,-i-/ + Noun 1 => 1 + /ge-. . -i-/ + 1.03 v ? 1.04 endings. (OHG T-DSm, OS T-DSi, OE T-DSr.)

(COLLECTION

V

AGGREGATE) WHICH IS

E.g., /ge-bain-i-/ 'bones, skeleton', /ge-skôh-i-/ 'shoes, footwear'. (T-DSo) /—haft(i)—/ HAVING CERTAIN OP THE PROPERTIES OP V HAVING

+ Noun 1 => 1 + /—haft(i)—/ +

2. endings. (OHG T-DSn, OS T-DSj.) E.g., /bü-hafti-/ 'having a dwelling place', /taikan-haft-/ 'having a significance, significant'. This suffix seems to have been lost in OE. Its function in OE was taken over by the rule sequence OE T-Cr, E-adj.: e.g., OE lust-bœre 'having joy, joyous'. (T-DSp) /-haid-/ 1v (STATE V PACT V QUALITY V RESULT OF BEING) + (Adjective Noun) 1 => 1 + /-haid-/ + 1.01 v 1.06 endings. (

OHG T-DSo, OS T-DSk, OE T-DSs.) E.g., /arm/(adj.) + /-haid-/ 'poverty, state of being poor', /naud-/(noun) + /-haid-/ 'necessity, quality of being a need'. (T-DSq) /-id-/

+ Subject + ( ? Verb 1 v (Adjective Noun)) => 1 + /-id-/ + 1.08 1.09 endings. (OHG T-DSp, OS T-DSI, OE T-DSkk.)

(STATE

V

FACT

V

1v

QUALITY

V

RESULT OF FACT) THAT

1

BE +

v

E.g., /dekk-/(verb) + / - I d - 0 & - u / (1.08) v /dekk-Id-i-0/ (1.09) 'cover, covering', /ful—/(adj) + /-id-0 & -uI 'rottenness', /harm-/(noun) + /-ïcl-0 & -u/ 'misfortune'. Verbs derived by the T-rules may undergo this rule. (T-DSr) /-il-/ INSTRUMENT BY MEANS OF WHICH -I-

Subject + Verb 1 => 1 + /-il-/ + 1.01

endings. (OHG T-DSs, OS T-DSm, OE T-DSf.) Productive (?). E.g., /slut—il—/ 'key, that by means of which one shuts', /wurg-il-/ 'noose, that by means of which one strangles'. OE seems to have developed other suffixes with this function.

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(T-DSe) /-il-/ Subject[human, masculine] + Verb1 =• 1 + /-il-/ + 1.01 endings. (OHG T-DSt, OE T-DSy.) Productive (?). E.g., /drag-il-/ 'he who carries or drags'. (T-DSt) /-in-/ V

CONSISTING OP

CHARACTERIZED BY

+ Noun1 => 1 + /-in-/ + 2. endings.

(OHG T-DSw, OS T-DSn, OE T-DSg.) E.g., /turn-in-/ 'of thorns'. (T-DSu) /-in- v ? - k m - v ? -liη-/ 1 v SMALL + Noun =>14- / - i n ? - k i n - v ? -lin-/ + 1.04 endings. (OHG T-DSr, OE T-DSh.) E.g., /stain-in-/ 'little stone'. In OHG and OE several different suffixes have the function of this rule. Exactly which of these suffixes was in WG is not clear. (T-DSv) /-ing- v -ling-/ Subject[human, masculine] + (a. BE[inherently v customarily v stative sense] + Adjective1 v Verb [past passive participle])1 v (b. Verb[customary activity] ( + Preposition) + Nounfobject]) 1 => 1 + / - i n g - v - l i n g - / + 1.01 endings. (OHG T-DSy, OS T-DSp, OE T-DSt.) E.g., (a) /arm/(adj.) + / - i n g - v - l i n g - / 'poor man', /diuri-/(adj.) + / - i n g - v -ling-/ 'one who is dear', /nem-/(verb) + /-ing- v -ling-/ 'one who is seized', (b) /druxt-/(noun) + / - i n g - v - l i n g - / 'one who follows his leader, who leads the retinue'. (T-DSw) /-ing- v ( ? &) -ting-/ PACT THAT

V

RESULT OF PACT THAT

+ Subject + Verb1 =>

1

+ /-ing- v ( ? &)

-ung-/ + 1.08 endings. (OHG T-DSnn, ? T-DSx, OS T-DSdd, OE T-DSu.) E.g., /nem-ing- v ( ? &) - u n g - 0 & -u/ 'a taking, a seizure'. Verbs derived by the T-rules may undergo this rule. The allomorphs /-ing-/ and /-ung-/ may be in free variation or in complementary distribution. If the latter is the case, the rule may have been the following: (DSw-a) /-ing-&-ung-/ — [-ing-] / VERB, CLASS 3.1 v 3.2 — [-ung-]/ VERB, CLASS 3.3 — (OE DSu-a.) (T-DSx) /-inn-/ FEMININE BEING WHICH

is + Nounfanimate] 1 => 1 + / -inn-/ + 1.08 endings.

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(OHG T-DSz, OE T-DSj.) E.g., /kuning-inn-0 & -u/ 'queen'. I t would seem that the OE suffix /-iss-/ which also has this function was a later addition to the grammar. (T-DSy) /-inn(i)-/ FACT THAT

V

RESULT OF FACT THAT

+ Subject + (Verb 1 v

? BE

+ Adjective) 1 =>

1 + /—inn(i)—/ + 1.08 endings. (OHG T-DSv, OS T-DSo, OE T-DSi.) Nonproductive ( ?). E.g., /lug-/(verb) + /-inn(i)-0 & -u/ 'lie', /wöst-/(adj.) 4/-inn(i)-0 & -uI 'desert'. (T-DSz) / - i r - v ? - o r - / 1 v v RESULT OF FACT THAT + Subject + Verb =>· 1 + / - i r - ? -or-/ + ? 1.03 ? 1.04 endings. (OS T-DSc, OE T-DSk.) Nonproductive. E.g., /lag-ir-/ 'a lying, an illness'. (T-DSaa) /-isk-/ 1 CHARACTERIZED BY + Noun => 1 + /—isk—/ + 2. endings. (OHG T-DSaa, OS T-DSq, OE T-DSv.) E.g., /himil-isk-/ 'heavenly', /folk-isk-/ 'pertaining to the people'. This suffix may also have had a nominalizing function: /haid-iski-0/ (1.03) 'heathendom'. (T-DSbb) /? —isl— v -sal-/ FACT THAT

V

+ Subject + ? endings.

RESULT OF FACT THAT

1 + /-? -isl- v -sal-/ + 1.03 v

( ? BE

+ Adjective 1 v Verb) 1 =>

(OHG T-DSjj, OS T-DSr.) Productive (?). E.g., /hard-/(adj.) + /-isl-/ 'hardness, strength', /ward-/(verb) + /-sal-/ 'degeneration', /daup-/(verb) + /-isl-/ 'baptism'. (T-DScc) /-laus-/ 1 WITHOUT + Noun => 1 + /-laus-/ + 2. endings. (OHG T-DScc, OS T-DSt, OE T-DSaa.) E.g., /sundi-laus-/ 'without sin'. (T-DSdd) /-lik-/ 1v (BEING + (a. Adjective) (b. Adverb[place]) 1 v (c. Verb[past passive v pres1 v ent active participle])) (d. CAUSING v e. CHARACTERIZED B Y y f . HAVING 1 (SOME V ALL) OF THE PROPERTIES OF + Noun) => 1 + /-lik-/ + 2. endings. (OHG T-DSbb, OS T-DSs, OE T-DSbb.) E.g., (a) /arm-lik-/ 'poor', (b) /up-lïk-/ 'above, upper', (c) /parfe—lik—/ 'needy, poor', (d) /forxt-llk/ 'causing fear', (e) /forxt-lik/ 'having fear', (f) /dag-lik-/ 'like a day, daily'.

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(T-DSee) /-ness- v -nissi-/ CHARACTERISTIC) THAT + Subject + (BE + (Adjective Noun Verb [past passive participle]) 1 v Verb) 1 =• 1 + /-ness- v -nissi-/ + 1.03 v 1.08 v 1.09 endings. (OHG T-DSdd, OS T-DSu, OE T-DSdd.) E.g., /finstar-/(adj.) + /-nissi-0/ (1.03) 'darkness', /god-/(noun) + /-niss-0 & -u/ (1.08) 'divinity', /gehald-/(verb[past passive participle]) + /-nissi-ï-0/ (1.09) 'restraint, state of being held', /fang-/(verb) + /-ness-0 &-u/ 'acceptance, fact that someone accepts'. Verbs derived by the T-rules may undergo this rule. (PACT

V

RESULT

1v

OF

FACT

V

1v

(T-DSff) /-öd-/ FACT THAT

V

RESULT OF FACT THAT

+ Subject + Verb [class 3.3]1 => 1 + /-öd-/

+ 1.01 endings. (OHG T-DSee, OE T-DSgg.) E.g., /fisk-/ 'to fish' + /-od-0/ 'fishing', /hunt-/ 'to hunt' + /-öd-0/ 'hunting'. Most of the verbs which undergo this rule are derived by the T-rules for class 3.3. (T-DSgg) /-odi-/ is + Adjective 1 v Noun 1 =>• 1 + /ödi-/ + 1.03 endings. (OHG T-DSff, OS T-DSv, OE T-DSee.) Productive (?). E.g., /ain-/(adj.) + /—ödi—0/ 'aloneness, desert', /wer-/(noun) + /—odi—0/ 'collection of men, army'. ? AGGREGATE WHICH

(T-DShh) /-öst-/ FACT THAT

V

RESULT OF FACT THAT

+ Subject + Verb 1 =>· 1 + /-öst-/ + 1.01

endings. (OHG T-DShh, OS T-DSw.) Nonproductive. E.g., /{seon-öst-/ 'service'. (A single example of the use of this suffix is attested.) (T-DSii) / - s - v -si-/ FACT THAT

V

RESULT OF FACT THAT

+ Subject

-1- (BE

+ Adjective 1 v ? Verb) 1

v

=• 1 + /—s— —si—/ + 1.08 endings. (OHG T-DSii, OS T-DSx, OE T-DShh.) Nonproductive. E.g., /blid-/(adj.) + /—si—0 & -u/ 'happiness', /run-/(verb) + /-s-0 & -uI 'a running'. (T-DSjj) l-sâm-l (a. HAVING SOME OF THE PROPERTIES OF NOUNS WHICH ARE + Adjective) 1 v (b. HAVING V CAUSING + Noun) 1 v (c. BEING V ABLE το BE + Verb[present active participle]) 1 => 1 + /-säm-/ + 2. endings.

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163

(OHG T-DSkk, OS T - D S y , OE T-DSjj.) E.g., (a) /ang-sâm-/ 'troublesome', (b) /fridu-säm-/ 'peaceful', (c) / f r a m - s ä m - / 'beneficial, helping'. (T-DSkk) / - s k a f t - v -skap(i)-/ ((COLLECTION

V

AGGREGATE) WHICH IS V STATE OF BEING) v

+ (Adjective 1 v Noun) 1

v

=> 1 + / - s k a f t - - s k a p ( i ) - / + 1.05 1.06 endings. (OHG T-DS11, OS T-DSz, T - D S a a , OE T-DSii.) E.g., /gail-/(adj.) + /-skapi-0/ (1.05) (O.a.) -»- [geilskepi] 'wantonness', /brödar-/(noun) + /-skaft-0/ (1.06) 'brotherhood, a collection of brothers'. (T-DS11) / - u n {3-/ + Subject + ((BE + Adjective) 1 v Verb) 1 => 1 + /-unID-/ + ? 1.06 ? 1.08 endings. (OHG T-DSoo, OE T-DS11.) Nonproductive. E.g., /jug-/(adj.) + /-un¡3-/ 'youth', /dug-/(verb) + /-unj)-/ 'virtue, state of being worthy'. STATE I N WHICH v

(? T - D S m m ) / - ? - / (a. Subject[feminine] + Verb) 1 v (b. Subject[feminine] + Verb [customary activity] ( +Preposition) + NounObject]) 1 1 + / - ? - / + ? endings. (OHG T-DSf, OE T-DSm.) Productive ( ?). Since both OHG and OE have derivative morphemes for femnine agent nouns, it may be the case t h a t WG had such a suffix. However, the output of this rule (if it did in fact exist in WG) had various reflexes in the daughter languages. These reflexes are these: / - ä r - / , /—istr—/, /-igg-/, and /-iss-/. The following suffixes would appear to be innovations of the daughter dialects. They are often further (and exocentric) developments of original pure compound (T-C rules) types. These suffixes are the following: OHG: T - D S h /-bär(i)-/, T - D S i /-dag-/, T - D S q / - i d - / , T-DSgg /-olf-/. OS: none. OE: T - D S x / - k u n d - / , T - D S z /-lâk-/. The following is a summary of the derivational histories of those forms with more than one T - D S rule. We assume t h a t it is in theory possible for a form to have any number of productive T - D S rules in its derivational history. However, we list here as WG only those derivational histories which are attested in a t least two of the daughter languages. T - D S j , T - D S a (OHG, OS, OE): / f a r - d - i g - / 'of or pertaining to a journey'. T - D S a , T - D S d d (OHG, OS, OE): /aiw-ig-lik-/ 'eternal'. T - D S a , T-DSee (OHG, OE): /horw-ig-nissi-/ 'filthiness'. T - D S a a , T-DSee (OHG, OE): /folk-isk-nissi-/ 'state of being popular or of the people'. T-DSg, T - D S w (OHG, OE): / h a i l - a t t - u n g - / 'greeting'.

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2. Derivational

Prefixes

(T-DPa) /-a/ 1v ( ? NOT + Adjective) (NOT A N Y V WITHOUT 1 V NEGATIVE ACTION + Verb) => / Ä - / + 1.

(T-DP

V

rules)

PEJORATIVE

+ Noun)lv( ?

AWAY

(OHG, OS T - D P a , OE T - D P a , T - D P b . ) E.g., / ä - g e t - / 'not getting, a forgetting' (T-DPa(verb), Ε - n o u n ) , / ä - m a n n - i - / 'having no humans, uninhabited' (T-DPa(noun), E - a d j . ) , ? / ä - / m a x t - i g - / / 'not powerful' (T-DSadj, T-DPa(adj.)). ( T - D P b ) /ali-/ FOREIGN

V

OUTSIDE

+ Noun 1 =• /ali-/ + 1.

(OHG T - D P b , OS T - D P e , OE T-DPc.) Productive (?). E.g., /ali-land-/ 'foreign country'. (T-DPc) /and-/ OPPOSITE ACTION O F V ? U P ΤΟ

V

? TOWARD

+ Verb 1 =>• /and-/ + 1.

(OHG T - D P c , OS T - D P b , OE T - D P q . ) E.g., / a n d - b i n d - a n n - 0 / 'untie', / a n d - f a n g - a n n - 0 / 'take up to, toward'. (T-DPd) /ar-/ COMPLETELY

v

? + Verb 1 =• /ar-/ + 1.

(OHG T - D P e , OS, OE T - D P a . ) E.g., / a r - b e d - i a n n - 0 / — [arbiddian] 'get by asking for', / a r - f a r - a n n - 0 / 'get away from, leave completely'. (T-DPe) /bara-/ VERY

+ Adjective 1 => /bara-/ + 1.

(OHG T - D P g , OS T - D P c . ) Productive (?). E.g., /bara-lang-/ 'very long'. This was possibly a compound in WG of the t y p e T-Ce: Adverb 1 + Adjective 2 =>-1 + 2. ( T - D P f ) /bi-/ ? + ? Adjective 1 v Verb 1 /bi-/ + 1[ ? + transitive], (OHG, OE T - D P f , OS T - D P d . ) E.g., /bi-^arbi-/(adj.) 'useful', /bi-fang-ann-0/(verb) 'capture'. One of the functions of the prefix seems to be to make intransitive verbs transitive. (T-DPg) / f i r - v f u r - v ? f r a - / NEGATIVELY VIEWED ACTION O F

v

? + Verb 1 =>· / f i r - v f u r - v ? frar-/ + 1.

(OHG T - D P h , T - D P i , OS T - D P f , OE T-DPi.) E.g., /fir-gang-ann-0/ 'pass away, die', / f u r - g e b - a n n - 0 / 'forgive'.

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(T-DPh) /ge-/ (a. COLLECTION OP + Noun) 1 v (b. Noun 1 + TOGETHER WITH + Object) v (c. ? + Adjective 1 v Noun 1 v Verb) 1 => /ge-/ + 1. (OHG, OE T - D P j , OS T-DPg.) E.g., (a) /ge-brödar-/ 'brothers', (b) /ge-bür-/ 'fellow citizen', (c) ge-lik-/(adj.) 'like', /ge-mak-5nn-0/(verb) 'make'. (T-DPi) / i d - v ? idug-/ 1v (AGAIN + Adjective) (ANOTHER + 1.

V

+ Noun) 1 =* / i d - v ? idug-/

A CONTRARY

(OHG T - D P k , OS T-DPh, OE T-DPg.) Productive ( ?). E.g., /id-laun-/(noun) 'retribution, a paying back', /id-niuwi-/ (adj.) 'renewed'. (T-DPj) /irmin-/ ? LARGE

V

?TERRESTRIAL

+ Noun 1 =>• /irmin-/ +

1.

(OS T-DPi, OE T-DPh.) Productive (?). E.g., /irmin-kunni-/ 'mighty race', /irmin-mann-/ 'human being'. (T-DPk) /missi-/ 1v (NOT + Adjective) REVERSE ACTION OF

+ Noun) 1 + Verb) =>- /missi-/ + 1. (BAD

V

NEGATIVE

v

(BADLY

V

INCORRECTLY

V

1

(OHG T-DPI, OS T - D P j , OE T-DPk.) E.g., /missi-dä-d-/(noun) 'bad deed' (possible derivational histories: T - D P k (verb), T-DSnoun; or T-DSnoun, T-DPk(noun)), /missi-lik-/(adj) 'not alike, various', /missi-wark-iann-0/(verb) 'make badly'. (T-DPI) /δ-/ DIAGONALLY

V

PERVERSELY

+ Verb 1 =>•

/Ö-/

+

1.

(OHG T-DPp, OE T-DPI.) Productive (?). E.g., /5-haldi-/(adj.) 'slanting' (T-DPI, E-adj.). (T-DPm) /sâmi- v sâmo-/ 1 v HALF + Adjective => j s â m i - samo-/ +

1.

(OHG T-DPm, OS T-DPk, OE T-DPn.) E.g., /sämi-kwek-/ 'half alive'. (T-DPn) /sin-/ ( ? COMPLETELY VAST

1

V

? CONSTANTLY

+ Noun => I sin-/ +

+ Adjective) 1 v

1.

(OHG T-DPn, OS T-DPI, OE T-DPo.)

( ? COMPLETE

V

? ETERNAL

V

?

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E.g., Isin-skauni-/(adj.) 'completely beautiful', /sin-naxt-/(noun) 'eternal, complete night'. (T-DPo) /tö-/ Verb 1 + IN PIECES V APART V SEPARATELY V TO DESTRUCTION => /tö-/ + 1. ( ? OHG T-DPq, OS T-DPm, OE T-DPq.) E.g., /tô-gang-ann—0/ 'go to destruction', /tö-werp-ann-0/ 'throw away, scatter'. If OHG rule T-DPq represents the reflex of this WG rule, then the domain of the rule was extended in OHG. The form of the prefix was also changed in OHG, possibly through the conflation of WG prefixes /tö-/ and /ar-/. (T-DPp) /un-/ 1v 1 (NOT + Adjective) (NO V (NEGATIVE V UNPLEASANT ASPECT OF) + Noun) => /un-/ + 1. (OHG T-DPo, OS T-DPn, OE T-DPq.) E.g., /un-blïdi-/(adj.) 'sad', /un-maxt-/(noun) 'impotence, lack of power'. 3. Compounding a. Derivative Compounds (T-DC

Rules)

(T-DCa) (Adverb [non-deadjectival] 1 v Preposition 1 + Object) + Adjective 2 =>1 + 2. (OHG, OS, OE T-DCa.) E.g., /üt-funs-/ 'eager to set out', /Jjurx-kunJ?-/ 'known throughout the world, thoroughly known'. (T-DCb) Noun 1 + BE + (Adverb[non-deadjectival] 2 v Preposition 2 + Object) =>2+1. (OHG, OS, OE T-DCb.) E.g., /ab-grundi-/ 'abyss', /eft-weg-/ 'return, trip or way back', /hin-weg-/ 'departure', /undar-kuning-/ 'tributary king'. (T-DCc) Verb 1 + (Adverb[non-deadjectival] 2 v Preposition 2 + Object) =>2+1. (OHG, OS, OE T-DCc.) E.g., /air-wak-al-/ 'early-rising' (T-DCc, T-DSadj.), /t>urx-frem-id-/ 'done completely or thoroughly' (T-DCc., T-adj.), /üp-gang-/ 'ascent' (T-DCc, E-noun). (T-DCd) Subject + BE + Preposition 1 + Noun 2 =>1 + 2. (OHG, OS, OE T-DCc.) E.g., /fora-dag-ïg-/ 'before daybreak, of or pertaining to dawn' (T-DCd, T-DSadj.), /üt-land-/ 'area outside of or beyond land, beach'.

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167

I t would seem t h a t any preposition or adverb may be used in the T - D C rules. (For specific examples, see the respective treatments of OHG, OS, and OE). I t would also seem t h a t any of the T - D P or T - D C rules m a y have undergone or may undergo in their derivational histories any T - a d j . , - n o u n , - v e r b , E - a d j . , - n o u n , - v e r b , or T - D S a d j . , noun, or verb rule. Specific examples are cited under t h e respective OHG, OS, and OE T - D P and T - D C rules. Finally, certain of t h e T - D P prefixes found in the daughter languages have not been posited for WG. These are OS T - D P o /ur-/, OE T - D P m /or-/, OE T - D P r /ü 1)- v ? of»-/, as well as obvious later borrowings such as OE T—DP /ante-/. The /ur-/ a n d /un\>-¡ ( Ο Ε / ΐ φ - / ) prefixes have not been posited as WG T - D P morphemes since they were probably independent prepositions and adverbs in WG and, as such, were derived in the words in which t h e y occurred b y the T - D C rules. Thus, /ur/ was in WG a preposition meaning 'without, outside o f as well as an adverb meaning 'extremely', or the like. And /unf»/ was probably a preposition meaning 'up to, beyond, away from'. I t is possible t h a t the WG T - D P and T - D C forms have different allomorphs according to the word stress which, in turn, is dependent upon whether the form is an adjective, a noun, or a verb. The following is a summary of the derivational histories of those forms with more t h a n one T - D P or T - D C rule. We assume t h a t it is theoretically possible for a form to have any number of productive T - D P or T - D C rules in its derivational history. However, we list here as WG only those derivational histories which are attested in a t least two of the daughter languages. T - D P d , T - D P p . (OHG, OE). E.g., / u n - a r - f a r - a n - / 'not having gotten away from'. (The complete derivational history for this form would be T - D P d , T - D P p , T - a d j (past part.).) T - D P f , T - D P p . (OHG, OS, OE). E.g., /un-bi-fearbi-/ 'not useful'. T - D P h , T - D P p . (OHG, OS, OE). E.g., /un-ge-lîk-/ 'not like'. b. Pure Compounds

(T-C

Rules]

(T-Ca) Adjective 1 + AND + Adjective 2 =>1 + 2. (OS, OE T-Ca.) E.g., /wid-braid-/ 'wide and far'. (T-Cb) Adjective 1 + As[comparison] + Noun 2 = > - 2 + 1 . (OHG T-Ca, OS, OE T-Cb.) E.g., /kuning—bald-/ 'bold as a king', /wintar-kald-/ 'cold as winter'. T-Cc) Adjective 1 + Noun 2 =>1 + 2. (OHG T-Cb, OS, OE T-Cc.) E.g., / a l d - f a d a r - / 'old father, patriarch', /hauh-kuning-/ 'high king'. T-Cc,

168

WEST GERMANIC

T-DSadj. (OHG, OS, OE): //hauh-môd-/-ig-/ 'proud'. T-Cc, E - a d j . (OHG, OS, OE): //blidi-hert-// 'happy'. T-Cc, T-verb, T - a d j . (OS, OE): //mild-hert-/ - i d - / 'gentle-hearted'. T-DSadj., T-Cc (OS, OE): //hail-ig-/watar-/ 'holy water'. T-DSnoun, T-Cc (OHG, OE): /ald-/wurx-t-// 'ancient work'. T-noun, T-Cc (OHG, OE): /hauh-/wit-o// 'high sage, high wise man'. (T-Cd) Adjective 1 ( +Preposition) + Noun[object] 2 = > - 2 + 1 . (OHG T-Cc, OS, OE T-Cd.) E.g., /bôk-spâhi-/ 'erudite, wise as to books'. T-Cd, T-noun (OS, OE): //bökspähi-/-i-/ 'erudition'. (T-Ce) Adverb 1 + Adjective 2 =>1 + 2. (OHG T-Cd, OS, OE T-Ce.) E.g., /ala-hwit-/ 'completely white', /wid-märi-/ 'widely known'. T-DSadj., T-Ce (OHG, OE): /ala^/maist-ig-// 'very excellent'. (T-Cf) Adverb 1 + Verb 2 =>1 + 2. (OHG T-Ce, OS, OE T-Cf.) E.g., /full-laist-iann-0/ 'complete', /eban-wark-iann-0/ 'co-operate, work together'. T-Cf, T-DSadj. (OHG, OE) //wid-gang-/-al-/ 'gadding, going far and wide'. T-Cf, T - a d j . (OHG, OS, OE): //full-drunk-/-an-/ 'completely drunk'. T-Cf, T-DSnoun (OHG, OS, OE): //fuU-laist-/-id-/ 'completion, state of being completed'. T-Cf, T-noun (OHG, OS, OE): //wid-flug-/-o-/ 'he who flies far'. T-Cf, Ε - n o u n (OHG, OS): //wola-kwedi-// 'friendly greeting'. (T-Cg) Noun 1 + AND + Noun 2 =>1 + 2. (OS, OE T-Cg.) E.g., /sun-fadar-/ 'son and father'. (T-Ch) Noun 1 = Noun 2 =>1 + 2. (OHG T-Cf, OS, OE T-Ch.) E.g., /sweb-rast-/ 'rest, sleep, repose'. T-DSnoun, T-Ch (OHG, OS): //gadling-/mäg-/ 'relative'. T-noun, T-Ch (OS, OE): /magan-/strang-ï-// 'strength'. By this rule we mean the conjunction of two nouns which are nearly or perhaps completely synonymous. (T-Ci) Noun 1 + Noun [genitive of possession v characteristic] 2 = > 2 + 1 . (OHG T-Cg, OS, OE T-Ci.) E.g., /fadar-mäg-/ 'father's kinsman'. T-DSnoun, T-Ci (OHG, OE): //geburd-/tal-/ 'number of one's birth, age'. (T-Cj) Noun 1 + Preposition + Noun 2 = > 2 + 1 , (OHG T-Ch, OS, OE T-Cj.)

WEST GERMANIC

169

E.g., /gold-fat-/ 'vessel of gold', /hand-kraft-/ 'strength in one's hands'. T-Cj, T-DSadj. (OHG, OS, OE): //môd-sux-t-/-îg-/ 'sick in one's spirit', T-Cj, E-adj. (OHG, OE): //galg-möd-// 'sad, having a mind characterized by sadness'. T-DSnoun, T-Cj (OHG, OE): //ellen-märi-/-id-/ 'state of being famous because of valor'. T-noun(inf.), T-Cj (OHG, OS, OE): //skr!b-/saxs-/ 'an instrument for writing', //drink-/fat-/ 'a vat for drinking'. The prepositions in the structural descriptions of compounds seem to admit of all meanings except 'without'. (T-Ck) Noun 1 + Preposition + Verb [infinitive] + Noun[object of infinitive] 2 =>2+1. (OHG T-Ci, OS, OE T-Ck.) E.g., /fisk-nett-/ 'net for catching fish'. (T-Cl) Noun 1 +

SIMILAR ΤΟ

+ Noun 2

= > 2 + 1 .

(OHG T-Cj, OS, OE T-Cl.) E.g., /haufeid-stain-/ 'keystone, stone like a head'. (T-Cm) Nounfsubject] 1 + BE + Noun[predicate] 2 = > - 2 + 1 . (OHG T-Ck, OS, OE T-Cm.) E.g., /mag-wini-/ 'a friend who is a relative'. T-Cm, T-DSadj. (OHG, OE) //sorg-kar-/-ig-/ 'sad'. T-Cm, E-adj. (OHG, OE): //gail-môd-// 'lustful'. T DSnoun, T-Cm (OHG, OS, OE): /main-/dä-d-// 'evil deed', //wald-and-/god-/ 'God who is the ruler'. (T-Cn) Nounfsubject] 1 +

BE CALLED

+ Noun[predicate] z = > 2 + 1 .

(OHG T-Cl, OS, OE T-Cn.) E.g., /nöna-tid-/ 'the time called ηδηα: ninth hour of the day (3:00 PM)', /hagu-fcorn-/ 'hawthorn, thorn referred to as haw'. This type of compound is similar to the kind Lees discusses (1963, pp. 172-73) under the rubric "Proper Nouns and Naming". The first element in the output surface structure (i.e., 2) generally occurs only in the compound and may be considered a name or title applied to the second element (1). Many compounds of this type have as first element a borrowed morpheme which is thus in a sense explained by the second element, a native morpheme. (T-Co) Nounfsubject] 1 + Verb 2 =>1 + 2. (OHG T-Cm, OS, OE T-Co.) E.g., T-Co, T-adj. (OHG, OE): //luft-geswank-/-id-/ 'air-driven, diven by the air, pertaining to that which air drives'. T-Co, T-DSnoun (OHG, OS, OE): //erjj-bib-/öd-/ 'earthquake, shaking of the earth'. T-Co, Ε-noun (OHG, OE) //erp-bib-/-0 & -u/ 'earthquake'.

170

WEST GERMANIC

(T-Cp) Nounfsubject] 1 + Verb[customary activity] ( +Preposition) + Noun [object] 2 - 2 + 1 . (OHG T-Cn, OS, OE T-Cp.) E.g., /ambaxt-mann-/ 'man who does a job, servant', /baug-wini-/ 'a friend who gives rings'. T-DSnoun, T-Cp (OHG, OE): //lern-ing-/ knext-/ 'boy whose business is learning, a student'. ( ? T-Cq) Subject[x] + + Adjective 2 = > - 2 + 1 .

BE

+ Adjective 1 +

THAT

+ Subjectfsame as x] +

BE

(OHG T-Co, OE T-Cq.) This compound type is attested with only /gern-/ 'desirous, wanting': e.g., /ïdal-gern-/ 'wanting to be idle, lazy', /wïsi-gern-/ 'wanting to be wise'. (T-Cr) Subject + Verb 1 ( +Preposition) + Noun[object] 2 = > - 2 + 1 . (OHG T-Cp, OS T-Cq, OE T-Cr.) E.g., T-Cs, T-DSadj. (OHG, OS, OE) //hati-f>ank-/-al-/ 'thinking evil'. T-Cs, T - a d j . (OHG, OS, OE) //er{>-bü-/-andi-/ 'living on earth', //all-wald-/- a n d i - / 'omnipotent, ruling all'. T-Cs, T-DSnoun (OHG, OS, OE): //mannslah-/-t-/ 'homicide'. T-Cs, T - n o u n (OHG, OS, OE): //aak-wïg-/-o-/ 'he who fights with a spear', //räd-bor-/-o-/ 'advisor, one who bears advice'. T-Cs, Ε - n o u n (OHG, OS, OE): //naud-nâm-// 'a taking by force', //hüs-brunn-//t 'burning a house, arson'. (T-Cs) Subject + Verb 1 + Object + (Adjective 2 v Noun) 2 [objective complement] = > 2 + 1 . (OHG T-Cq, OE T-Cs.) E.g., //rext-mak-/-äri-/ 'one who makes something right or who justifies it' (T-Cs, T-DSnoun). ^T-Ct) Subject + Verbfintransitive] 1 + Nounfpredicate] 2 = > 2 + 1 . (OHG T-Cr, OE T-Ct.) E.g., //knext-wes-/-andi-/ 'being a boy' (T-Ct, T-adj). We assume t h a t compounds could be formed with at least two of the T - C rules in their derivational histories. E.g., the sequence T-Ce, T-Cc (OHG, OE): //wid-märi-/kuning-/ 'king who is famous far and wide'. We also assume that it was possible in WG to have words with even three or more T-C rules in their derivational histories, even though no such formations occur in the corpus we have considered.

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1969

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INDEX OF FORMS CITED

All verbs are cited in their infinitive forms except for preterite-presents which are given in the first person singular, present tense. Nouns are regularly cited in their nominative singular forms unless only otherwise attested. Adjectives are given in the nominative singular masculine. In our alphabetization, p is treated as th, 0, as oe, and ae as ae. The numbers refer to pages. I. Old High German

(A) abanemunga 52 abentchuoli 59 abgot 55 abgotdienest 61 abgrundi 55 abgrunti 55 abwertïg 42 achademisg 48 acherman 60 a d a m a n t i n 47 adhalsangheri 58 aerlôs 49 âgez 53 ägezel 43 akkarbigengeri 61 alafesti 58 alamahtig 58 albrandopfer 62 alegruoni 58 äleiba 53 alemeistïg 58 alferbrennopfer 62 allelihheit 58 allerdietelïh 58 âlôsln 53 alt 48

altano 58 altcheten 58 altisg 48 alttuom 44 alwaldendi 61 â m a h t ï g 53 ambahtsezzi 61 a n 40 anablasöd 50 anachiliih 57 anaebanliih 55 anafallunga 52 ananemlg 42 a n a r u a f t i 51 anasiuni 55 angustlïh 49 anst 28 antfangi 53 antfanglih 53 antheiz 53 antikristo 53 antlazida 46 antlâzïg 42 antlutti 53 antaegidig 43 arbeitsam 51 ardilên 53 argiozan 53 argwilligi 61

176 arlosen 30 ariósi 30 armalîh 49 armheit 45 armherz 58 armilïxxo 32 arming 48 âteilo 53 äwekke 53 äwizzön 53 äwerf 53 (B) balu 25, 26, 27 bedeocheda 46 bein 45 beldida 46 beneimidare 44 beotan 26, 33 berahtnieea 50 beran 46 berehaft 45 betaläri 44 betelöd 50 betolön 47 beton 47 bettechamara 59 bettisioh 58 bezzerunge 52 bibenöt 50 bichennan 53 bigrifan 53 bijiht 53 bikwämi 53 bintan 34 birig 42 biril 46 bieohofheit 45 bismarunga 52 bitherbi 53 bitten 34, 35 blecchezzen 47 blichfiur 60 bilden 37, 38 blint 31, 32 bliuwan 33, 34 bluomo 43 bluotfaro 59 bluottin 47 bolgenskaft 51

INDEX Off FORMS CITED boralang 54 borareht 54 botesehaft 51 boum 29 boumolln 49 bouxxanen 39 brestan 34 briefära 44 bringen 38 brótelos 49 bruaderschaft 51 brüthlouft 60 brüthlouftlih 60 büchswelli 60 bühafte 45 burgila 46 burgliut 59 burtig 43

(C) chamerling 48 ohetefinger 60 chilih 54 chimeinidh 46 chindebette 59 chörmanigi 60 chuningrihtare 60 ehunneling 48 chunneseaft 51 chleindähtig 59 chnehtwesen 62 chrapfoht 44 cumft 52

(D) dagaaterro 60 darf 40 dät 51 denken 38 dennen 36, 37 dhrifalt 44 dhurahchunt 55 diehsemo 43 diemuoti 59 dienestman 60 ding 60 dingliute 60 dionön 40 dionöst 50 diornutuam 44

I W D E X OF F O R M S C I T E D diu 40 d i u t i s g 48 d o l a m a h h i g 61 d o l u n g a 52 d r i o e l n e m e z 62 driso 48 d r ü t m e n n i s o o 58 d u n k e n 38 d u r h n o h t e 44 d u r s t 39 d u r s t e n 39

ë r i s t p o r a n 58 e r i s t p o r a n i 30 ë r s â m 51 erekeinen 53 e r w i r d h i k 59 esilin 4 8 ë w a r t 61 ëwida 46 ëwïn 47 ewinïg 43

(E)

f â h a n 36 f a l d a n 36 f a r a n 26, 3 5 f a r w e n 39 f a r t 30 f a r t r a g a n t ï 30 f a s t ö n 39 fazwesca 61 f e l d e c o n i 59 f e r b r e c h e n 54 f e r d a m m u n g 54 f e r l e i b ï g 54 f e r l ô r n i s s a 50 ferrisg 48 f e s t e n 38 f î a n t s c a f 51 f ï g b o u m 60 f i h e w a r t 61 f i h u 31 fillîn 47 f i l l u n g a 52 f i l u s p r â h h ï 61 f i n g a r 26 fingirïn 46 f i n s t a r 31 f i n s t r î 30 f i r b i a t a n 54 firiwizzi 55 firlôrnissida 46 f i r n e m a n 54 f i r n t â t î g 61 firsagën 54 firuwizzi 55 fisgizzi 47 fleiecïn 47 f l o g e r z e n 47 f o l c h e t e 58 f o l i e b r i n g e n 58

ebangilïh 58 e b a n w i r k e n 58 ebenbirïg 58 ebenchiliihnissa 58 e b e n f r ö n i s g 58 e b e n l a n g s ï t e 62 e b e n m i h h e l i 58 e b o n ó t i 50 ediling 48 egebäri 44 eig 4 1 einag 42 e i n b o r e n 58 einfalt 44 e i n f a r 58 e i n h a l b h a l t a r e 62 e i n l u z z e g h e i t 58 e i n ö t i 50 e i n o u g i 58 e i n r ä t i g i 58 e l i d h e o d i c 42, 5 3 elilenti 63 e m i z e l o u f t 58 e n d e g e l i h 58 e n d i r s k 48 e n g i l l i h 49 ëosoefel 61 ë o w a r t p u o h 62 erbarmelih 49 e r b a r m h e r z e d a 60 e r b a r m h e r z i 60 e r d b i b a 60 e r d b i b ö d 60 e r b i b u n g a 60 e r d r ï h h i 60 e r i e n 36 ë r ï n 47

(F)

178 foliebringen 68 folleieteda 59 f o l t r u n k a n 58 f o r a h t a l 43 forebechenneda 56 foreburgo 55 f o r e n a m o 55 foresaga 56 forasagin 48 foretagig 42, 57 forhtllh 49 f o r n a h t i g 43, 44 f r a m b â r e 44 f r a m c h u m f t 56 f r a m b a l d 55 framscrecche 55 f r a m s p u o t 55 f r a m e p u o t e 56 f r a m s p u o t e s â r e 56 f r a m s p u o t î g 56 f r a m w e r t i g 56 frasez 54 f r a t ä t 54 frenkiso 48 f r e w e n 37 f r i d u s â m 51 frise 48 friscing 48 f r i u n t 27 f r i u n t i n 48 frôsprangôd 59 fülido 46 f u o d e r m â z e 60 furewizllh 55 furlor 54 f u r x t e n 38 f u s t c h e m f o 61 (G) g a g e n l ü t a 56 g a g e n n e m m e d a 56 gagenwerte 56 gäscrecki 59 galîhsâm 51 g â n 41 g a n g a n 30, 36 gangheile 58 g a r a 31 garulîxxo 32 garwo 32

INDEX OF FORMS CITED gast 28 gatiling 48 geba 28, 30 g e b a n 30, 34 gebo 30 geburtezala 59 geellendôti 50 geginsahho 56 gelende 45 gelëren 54 geloubirra 61 geloubirrare 61 geloubirredo 61 geloubirro 58 g e m ä g e d a 45 gën 41 gerno 61 gerte 28 g e t r a g e d e 45 gewonheite 45 gezungel 43 gibeddio 29 gibedîg 42 gibeini 45 gibirgi 45 gibui 45 g i b û r 64 gibruoder 54 giferto 30 g i f l e x t a n 32 gifugili 45 gihaltnissa 50 gihlôzza 30 gihôrnessî 50 g i k a m a r i 45 giknihti 45 g i n â d a 54 g i n u h t s â m 61 girl 27, 29 girida 46 gisippa 30 gieippo 30 g i t a r 40, 41 githigini 45 githrengi 45 giwâfani 45 gizimbiri 45 gizungili 45 glizemo 43 goldfahe 60

INDEX OIT FORMS CITED goldrôt 58 g o m m a n 59 g o m m a n b a r n 62 gôringï 48 g o t 32 g o t e d a h t 61 g o t e d e h t e 61 goteforehtal 61 gotgeistllh 61 gotnissa 50 gouhheit 45 goumilös 49 g r a b a s t a t 60 g r ä u 31 gremizôn 47 grubilón 47 gumiegi 49 guollicheit 46 guotwerhlib 62

(H)

h a b e n 30, 39 h a h a n 36 h a l b s c a f t ï g 43 hamerelag 61 h a n g e n 39 h a n o 29 haselnuzcherno 62 h a n t 28 h a n t o l ö n 47 h a n t s â m 51 h a n t s t a r c h i 58 h e f f e n 36 h e f t e n 37 heidesca 49 heilagnesei 50 heilant 43 heilazen 47 heilesöd 50 heiligmahha 61 h e i l i g m a h h u n g a 61 heiligmeineda 61 heiligtuom 44 heiligunga 52 heimingi 48 heimwist 60 h e i t h a f t 45 heizan 36 h e l f a n t 43

helfentbeinîn 59 hellewizi 59 h e r a f a r t 56 herisön 40 herizoho 61 hermidi 46 hërôti 50 h e r t i n g 48 h ê r t u o m 44 hertwehsel 59 hertwehselunga 59 herza 29 himelgewaltig 61 himelhërote 59 himilflaugendem 61 himilguallihhï 59 h i n a f e r t i g 42, 56 h i n a r i h t i g 55 hinawortini 56 hindirscranchäre 56 hindirscrang 56 h i r t i 25, 27, 135 h i u t i g 49 hiutlih 49 hï wen 37 hiwiski 49 h l a d a n 36 h l a x x e n 36 hlëu 26, 27 hlöz 30 hlôzzo 30 h l o u f a n 36 hogazen 47 hogezunga 52 h ö h 29 höhi 28, 29 hohsetli 58 h o r n a h t 44 höreäm 51 h o r u 27 h o u b e t s t e i n 60 h o u b e t w a g ö d 61 h o u b e t z i e r d a 59 huarilïn 48 h u n g a r e g 42 h u o r w i n i s c h a f t 60 hüsing 48 hüskefelle 59 h w e r f a n 34 hwllin 47

179

180 (I) iemerheit 45 ilig 42 in bot 56 inbruet 56 inburgo 57 infancnissa 50 infanknissa 53 infart 66 innahtig 44 interen 53 intfindlih 49 irahtôn 53 irbarmida 46 irdisgheit 46 irregeloubâre 59 irri 39 irrigheit 45 irriôn 39 irstantani 30 ΐβΐη 47 italingün 32 iteniuwes 54 itlôn 54

(J) jamarag 42 jungiling 48 (K) kan 40, 41 ketätscrift 60 kindilîn 46 kindisg 48 knëu 25, 27 krietln 46 kümig 42 kunftin 48 kuningin 48 kunni 25, 28 kunninginna 28 kwedan 35, 47 kweman 34 kwiti 28 kwitilön 47 kxindili 27 (L) lamb 25, 27 langwirigi 68

INDEX OF FORMS CITBD lantmezseil 62 lantrehtare 61 lantecaft 51 laurln 47 leggen 38 leiden 52 leididhduom 44 leidunt 52 leinwurhto 61 leitid 46 leitido 46 leogan 33 leohtsam 51 lesan 36 lesariohti 68 libheili 61 liebeâm 51 liebtât 68 lîhan 26, 33 lihhamwordeni 62 lihhesön 61 lïhhizâri 44 liumending 48 loboeâm 61 lôrblat 60 lôrboum 60 lôrboumïn 60 lougezen 47 lugina 47 luetmahhunga 61 lütida 46

(M) mag 41 magadburt 60 magatin 46 magenchraft 59 mahhunga 52 mahtîg 42 mahting 48 mâlizze 47 man 25, 31 managfalt 39 managfaltxg 43 managfaltôn 39 manaheit 45 maningfalt 44 maningmahhunga 61 mannîn 47 manniscnissa 50

I N D E X OF FORMS CITED mânôdeioh 48 manslago 61 mantellïn 46 manwerdeni 61 m a r i 31, 32 m a r t y r u n g a 62 m e i n d â t 60 meineid 60 m e i s t a r t u o m 44 mennisoin 48 menniek! 30 m e z h a f t i g 43 m e z m u o t e 59 m e z m u o t i 59 minnerheit 45 miecelunga 52 mieeloht 44 miesefarro 54 misseliutig 54 miesenemmeda 54 missilïh 54 mìesiwirken 54 mittilödi 50 m i x x i l 32 m i x x i l ô s ô n 40 m ô t e r 31 môz m u o t e r b r u s t 59 m u o t e u h t ï g 59 murmulunga 52 (N)

nfthchumft 56 n a h t o l f 50 n ä hw i s t 58 n a k o t d a g 44 n a m a h a f t 45 n a x t 28 nazarSnisc 48 nerien 26, 37 nidaren 38 nidarfal 56 nidarhald 55 nidarneesi 50 n i d e r m u o t i g 56 nimennieco 56 niuchomo 59 n i u f l a n z ô t 58 n ô n a z î t 60 nOtnumftSre 60

n ô t n u m f t ï g 60 n ö t t h u r f t 59 (O) obanenti 56 o b a n e n t l g 56 obenahtig 44 offenbare 44 offerunc 52 o p f e r w ï z e g u n g a 59 OBtarrïhhi 59 ô s t a r t a g 60 ô t m u a t ï 58 ougazoroht 58 (P)

p f e n d i n g 48, 1 1 8 p i n u m f t l ï h h o 49 pontisc 48 pealmscôf 61 (R)

r â t a n 36 râtisca 49 ratissa 49 rebemezers 59 redina 47 redospâhe 58 rehtfestï 61 r e h t f r u m ï g 61 r e h t m a h h â r e 61 resti 30 rïhholf 50 riobsuhtîg 60 risan 33 r i t a n 32, 33 rômâre 44 rophezen 47 r o t e m o 43 ruamisal 51 rûnizën 47 runs 51 runsa 51 r u o f t 51 r u t e m h a f t e 45

(S) salbidha 46 salbôn 26, 39 ßäliglih 26, 39

182 samalih 49 samanön 39, 40 samansinde 56 s a m a n t f a r t 56 samentliutig 56 sämiquek 54 sâmodecchet 54 sangguten 61 sarling 48 satgrâ 58 scafwiwari 59 eceltwort 59 soheffidh 46 scimo 43 soinbâre 44 seinhaft 45 screiöd 50 scribsahs 59 sehan 29, 35 selb 30 selbscöni 58 selbwahsen 60 selbwaltig 61 seodan 34 setzen 37, 38 segenemelih 61 eigenumftare 61 silabar 48 silabarling 48 silberin 48 sin 41 sinfluot 54 sinwelbe 54 sippa 30 sirlant 60 situ 28 sitzen 35, 38 skal 30, 41 skepfen 30, 36, 36 skepfio 30 skolo 30 skrian 33 skrötan 36 eläfergi 43 släfmahhig 61 slagezen 47 slahan 36 slahta 51 slahtfriuscing 59 sjiozan 46

INDEX OF FORMS CITED sluzzil 46 snidan 33 söxxen 37 spiwan 33 sprexxa 30, 34 sprexxo 30 sprungel 43 sprungezôd 50 spurnan 34 stalwirt 60 stän 41 s t a r k 38 stechel 43 steinahi 43 steinahti 44 stelan 34 sten 41 sterken 38 sternaht 44 stiglila 46 strengi 31 sQfan 33 sumerzit 60 sunderlih 55 sundirebir 56 sunderlebo 56 sunnawendig 60 suntia 28 suntiön 39 sweizduoh 59 swelhan 34 swerien 35 sworgfol 45 (T) t a g 27 tageslieht 59 thegankind 60 t h i o m u a t i 59 thringan 45 t h u r n i n 47 t i u f i 30 tiurisön 40 t ö n 42 t o u g 40 tragebette 59 tregel 47 trenken 25, 37, 38 t r u n k a n 39 t r u n k a n ê n 39

INDEX OF FORMS CITED t ü b i l i n 46 t u g e d h a f t 45 t u g e d h e i t 46 t u g e n d 52 t u g i d 46 (U) u b a r â z 37 u b a r f a n g a r e 57 u b a r l a n g 55 u b a r m u o t i 56 u b e l t â t ï g 61 u b e r m u o t 56 ubil 32 u b i l d ä t o 61 ü f f a r t 57 ü f g a n g 57 ü f h a l d 55 ü f h e v i 57 ö f l r r i h t e d a 57 ü f l i h 49 ü f m a n i g i 56 u m b i g a n g 57 u m b i h r i n c 56 u m b i t h e r b i 57 u n a n a s i h t i g 57 u n a n o h u n d e 57 u n a r s e l k e n t i 57 u m b i w i z z e n t i 57 unb l i d i 55 u n d e r b r ä 57 underleine 55 u n d e r m a r c h u n g a 57 u n d u r h s i h t ï g 57 u n e h t 55 u n ë r a 55 u n ê r s â m 55 u n f i r h o l a n 57 inforegewizen 57 ungiloubfol 45, 57 ungiearo 57 u n i n f a r e n 57 u n i r d r o z z e n 57 u n i r f i r w e r t e t 67 u n l a e t a r b â r ï g 43 u n s c a d e l 43 u n t a r l â z 57 u n t a r m e r c h i 56 u n t a r t h i o 55

u n t h a n k b ä r i 44 u n w a r t e s a l i g 43 unzeganglih 57 u n z e r l ä z e n 57 u n z i g a n g a n t i 57 u o h a l d 55 u r d r u z z e 55 u r k u n d i 56 urlaglih 56 u r m ä r i 55 u r r u n s t 57 u r s t a n t 57 u r s u r g i 57 ü z f a r t 57 Qzlenti 57 üzliute 56

(W) w a h s a m o 43 w a n a h e i l 58 w a r t s a l a 51 w a r t s a l i 51 wazerwegi 60 w e i h m u o t i 58 w e i d o g u t e n 59 weiz 40 werchmahfcigi 59 w e r d a n 34, 38, 39 w e r e l t h e r e c h a f t 61 w e r e l t r i h t u o m 59 wereltzîtelïh 59 w e r f a n 34 weri 30 w e r o d h e o d a d r u h t i n 62 wiblido 59 widarmutoxg 56 w i d a r w i n n o 57 w i d i r b u r t 57 widirfliez 57 w i d i r m u o t 56 w i e h s a m e n u n g a 58 w i g a n t 43 w î h r o u h b r u n s t 62 wihselig 48 wilewendigi 61 wïlowanchïg 61 willen 41 willio 27, 29

183

184 willolf 50 w ï n t r i n k o 61 wîeegerno 61 wisiling 48 wlseago 59 wïssega 59 w ï t h e n d e 58 w i t m â r i 58 w ï t s p e n d u n g a 59 wizzöd 50 wola 32 w o l a d ä t 59 wolawilligi 58 w o l a q u e t i 59 w o l c h e n t u n c h e l 58 w o o t n i s s a 50 w o r m a z i g 60 w o r o l t m e n i g ï 59 w o r o l t u n e t ä t i 59 w o r p f o z e n 47 w o r t 27 w u n d e n n i h h e l i 58 w u n n i s ä m 51 (Z) zefilochöeig 58, 62 z e g e n g e d a 67 z e i h h e n h a f t e 45 z e s a m e n e g e h e f t e d a 57 z e s a m i n e h a b i g 57 zesihnemo 57 zellen 37, 38, 39 z e o h a n 34 z i h a n 33 zilën 39 zilön 39 ziimg 42 z i s a m a n e b i n t a n 57 z o r n m u o t i g i 69 z u n g a 29 zuochomeling 48 z u o o h o m e n 48 z u o g e b a 57 z u o h a l d 56 z u o l ï e h m a h h a 61 z u o r l u s t 55 z u r g a n c h 55 z u r t r i u w e 55 z w î f a l t 44 zwîvilln 47

I N D E X OF FORMS CITED I I . Old S a x o n

(A) a b e l g a n 84 a b u n s t 80, 86 a d a l b o r a n 89 a d a l b u r d i g 79 a â a l i g i b u r d 80, a d ë l i a n 84 a f g r u n d i 86 a f t a r w a r o n 86 a f t î h a n 71 a l a h w î t 87 a l a j u n g 87 a l a m a h t i g 87 a l a r í a n 75 aid 69 a l d a r l a n g 87 a l d f a d e r 87 a l o w a l d a n d 79 alowaldo 89 a m b a h t m a n 88 a m b a h t s k e p i 83 a m b a x t 68 a m b a x t a 68 a m b a x t i a 68 a m b a x t io 68 a n 80 a n a g i n 86 a n d e a k o 86 a n d w a r d 86 a n d w o r d i 86 a n d w o r d i a n 86 a n m ô d 86 a n s i u n i 86 a n s t 80 a n t b i n d a n 84 a n t f i n d a n 86 a n t s w e b b i a n 74 a n t w o r d i a n 74 a r b e t s a m 83 a r b i d w e r k 88 a r m l ï k 82 a r m l î k o 70 a r m ô d i 83 a r m e k a p a n 87 a r u n d i a n 76 a t h e n k i a n 84

ÎKDEX OP FORMS CITED

(Β) balu 66 baluhugdig 89 balusuht 88 baluwiso 89 baneSi 81 bank 68 barwirdig 84 beddi 68 bedröragon 77 bedskepi 83 begen 79 beldian 76 beodan 71 beran 72 biddian 72, 73 bidêlian 84 bifâhan 84 bihët 84 bihetword 88 bilang 84 bindan 71 biril 81 bitengi 84 blau 69 blidlik 82 blidon 77 blidsea 83 blikemo 83 blindi 69, 138 blindia 69, 138 bliflsian 75 bodo 67 bodskepi 83 böggebo 89 bögwini 88 bôkspâhi 87 bômin 81 box 68 bSxgebo 68 brahtum 83 brengian 75 briostgithäht 89 brûdigomo 87 brunnia 67 buggian 75 burx 69 bûu 66

(D) darnungo 70 dëlian 74 deop 69 diopgithâht 87 disk 67 diupi 69 diuri 69, 70 diurida 81 dôn 79 dôperi 80 dôpi 69 dôpian 69 döpisli 82 driban 14, 71 driogeri 80 druhting 82 (E) ëdstaf 88 ëgun 78 ëht 80 eldi 69 eldibarn 87 elilandig 84 elilendi 84 elithioda 84 elithiodig 79 ellianrôf 87 endion 76 ënfald 80 ënhard 87 ënôdi 83 ënwordi 87 ëosago 68, 89 ërdagos 86 erdlïbigiskapu 89 erdbüandi 89 erîn 81 ëwandag 87 ëwïn 81 (F) fader 68 fähan 73 faran 73 fard 67 fardôn 84 fargangan 84 farhardon 77

186 farlegarneesi 80, 82 farlor 84 f a r m a n 78 f ä r o n 76 faetnon 76 faetunnia 81 fehu 68 fehugiri 89 fellian 75 ferian 75 ferrian 76 ferweg 87 ferx 65 fidan 72 finstar 69 finstri 69 firiwit 86 fiskari 80 fieknet 88 fiskon 76 fiundskepi 83 forabodo 86 forasago 86 fôdian 76 fordweg 86 forhtlik 82 forndagoa 86 f ö t 69 fôtskamel 88 franisko 82 fridubarn 88 fridusamo 83 friduwara 89 friund 66 fröbrian 76 fulgangan 87 fullêstian 87 fullian 75 (G) gaduling 82 gadulingmäg 87 g â n 79 gangan 74, 79 gardari 80 g a r u 69 gefea 66, 68, 72, 73 gebon 76 geginward 86

INDEX Ο ΐ FORMS CITED gehörig 79 gën 79 gibada 68 gibada 85 gibanka 68 gibeddia 68 gibeddeo 85 gibeddio 67, 68 gibenkeo 85 gibenkia 68 gibenkio 68 gibïdan 70 gibirgi 81 gibrôdar 85 gidar 78 gihungrian 76 gilik 85 gilîknessi 82 gimakon 85 gimôdi 81 giri 68, 69 girôbi 81 gisîdi 81 gieidli 81 giskôhi 81 gistillian 75 gisunfader 87 giwâdi 81 giwâpni 81 giwurht 80 gizal 66 gôd 70 gôdliknissea 82 goldfat 88 gornword 88 graf 66 gramhard 87 grimfolk 87 grimmig 79 guldîn 81 gumkunni 87 gumskepi 83 (H) haldan 73 hand 67 h a n d k r a f t 88 hangon 77 hanokräd 88

INDEX OF FOBMS CITED h a r d m ö d i g 87 h a r m g i w u r h t 89 h a r m q u i d i 89 h a r m w e r k 89 h a t u l 83 h a u w a n 73 h e b a n t u n g a l 88 h e b b i a n 73, 77 h e b i g 79 h ë d i n 81 h e f f i a n 73 h e f t i a n 76 h e l a g f e r a h 87 h e l i a n d 79 hëliglïk 82 h e l s i â 88 h ë m s i t t i a n d i 89 h e n g i n n a 81 h e r d i s l o 82 heriskalk 88 h e r i t o g o 68 h e r t a 68 h ê t a n 73 h e t t i a n d 79 himiliek 82 h i n f a r d 86 h i r d i 65, 66 hïwiski 82 h l a x h i a n 73 h ö b i d s t e d i 88 h ö h h u r n i d 87 hornseli 88 h r e w w a n 71, 72 h r i u w i g m ö d 87 h r i u w o n 77 h r ô p a n 74 h r ô r i 69 h r o e 66 h u g g i a n 74, 75 h u g i d e r b i 87 h u g i e k e f t i 83 h ü s e t e d i 88 (I) î d u g l ô n o n 85 inwid 86 i n w i d s p r ä k a 88 i r m i n m a n 85 i r m i n t h i o d 85 i r m i n t h i o d a 85

(J) j a m a r l i k 82 j u g u d h e d 81 j u n g a r d ô m 80 (Κ) k a n 78 k a r o n 76 keoz6ui 71 k ë a u r d ô m 80 k i n d i s k 82 krietin 81 k r i s t i n f o l k 87 k u d i a n 75 k u m a n 72 k u n i b u r d 89 k u n i n g 65 k u n i n g d ö m 80 k u n i n g s s t ö l 87 kuBsian 74 k w e d a n 73 (L) l a h a n 73 l a n d e k e p i 83 l a n g 70 l ä t a n 73 l e b a 77 l e b o n 77 l ë f h ë d 81 legar 80 leggian 75 lezan 72 libbiein 77 l i â u w a e t u m 88 liflös 82 l i h a n 71 l i k h a m o 88 l i u d i b a r n 87 l o f s a m 83 lónon 76 lñzian 73 Ιδζοη 76 l u g i n a 81 l u k a n 71 l u e t s a m 83 (M) m a g a d h ë d 81 m ä g w i n i 88 raahtiglik 82

188 makon 76 man 69 managfald 80 manelahta 80, 89 mansterbo 88 max 78 marida 81 median 76 meginkraft 87 meginstrengi 87 melu 66 mëndâd 88 mendädig 88 mënëd 88 mênful 80 mengithäht 89 mennisk 82 metilos 69 metilôsi 69, 82 midfiri 86 mikil 70 mirmion 76 minson 77 miedäd 85 mislik 86 mödgithäht 89 mödkarag 88 möt 78 (N) nähian 77 namon 76 naxt 69 neglian 76 nerian 74 nïdhugdig 89 nldin 81 niman 72 niudsam 83 nôdian 76 (O)

obanward 86 obarhugd 86 obarward 86 ôdmôdi 87 orlef 86 (P) päscha 88 päschadag 88

I N D E X OF FORMS CITED

(R) reäia 69 rizan 71 rümoburg 88 (S) sakwaldand 89 sälix 70 samanon 76 samnunga 84 sämquik 86 eeggian 77 eehan 72, 73 seibo 68 aelida 81 sëliglîk 82 senkian 76 eettian 75 seu 66 sïdwôrig 88 sikoron 76 sin 78 sinhiwun 85 einlif 85 sinnahti 85 sinsköni 85 sinweldi 85 sittian 68, 72 siunwliti 87 skal 78 skeppian 73, 74 eköni 66 sköx 65 skriba 68 ekribo 68 slahan 73 slutil 81 sniäan 71 sodomoburg 88 sökian 75 epödian 76 etän 79 Btandan 73, 79 stedi 68 stedihaft 81 sten 79 Btiki 67 stillon 77 strengi 69 etridin 81 stulina 81

ÍNDEX OP FORMS CITED suhtbeddi 88 sumarlang 87 sundilös 82 sundion 76 sunu 68 swefresta 87 swerdthegan 88 ewerian 73 sweater 68 (T)

tebrestan 85 tegangan 85 tehanfald 80 tellian 74 teohan 71 tewerpan 85 Jmrf 78 theganlîk 82 theganskepi 83 ]}enkian 75 pennian 74 {)eoda 67 {jinstri 69 thionoet 83 thiotgumo 87 |)unkian 75 thurhfremid 86 |}urstian 76 treuhaft 81 treulos 82 tunga 67 twïblian 76 (U)

umbihwerben 86 umbitharbi 85, 86 undarthenkian 86 unfödi 85 ungilik 86 ungilöbig 85, 86 ungiwideri 85 unhold 69 unhuldi 69 untreuwa 85 unwillio 85 unwls 85 upöd 86 urdëli 86 urkundeo 86 urlagi 67, 86

(W) wâdian 76 wâglïctand 89 wakon 77 waldandgod 88 wamskefti 83 wftpanberandi 89 waragtreo 88 wastom 83 wedarwls 87 wekkian 75, 76 wela 70 wellif 87 werdan 72 werpan 71 wêt 77, 78 wezan 73 widarlaga 86 widarmöd 86 wiâarseggian 86 widarward 86 wïdbred 87 wïdfâhan 86 willian 78 wintarkald 87 wirkian 75 wisbodo 87 wïsdôm 80 wiskumo 87 wlitiskôni 87 wola 70 wonodsam 83 wôstinna 67 wôstunnia 81 wrisilik 82 wrëdmôd 87 wunsam 83 wurdigiskapu 87 wurgil 81 wurxt 80 I I I . Old English (A)

äbacan 122 abbudisse 115 abelgan 122 aberan 122 äbiddian 122 äburod 122

190 acennan 122 aceorfan 122 âftbryce 131 œbyld 122 Bbylgjju 121 eedelborennes 131 œfdœl 125 Sfengrom 128 SfensprSc 131 œfestig 114 »fterfylgend 126 œftergenga 126 œfjjanc 126 »fwerdla 126 Sgweard 130 Egylde 122 Bht 114 Sledlëoma 130 Slfylce 122 œlmihtig 127 Elfeeod 122 œlwiht 122 ¡Smenne 122 JSnlic 119 œppelfealu 127 äSrcebiscep 122 SSrdages 125 iSrfœder 125 ffirgeatreon 125, 127 Srgewyrht 126, 127 SSrgod 125 äSrwacol 120, 126 œscholt 129 œscwiga 131 ffltgär 125 œtgrEpe 127 œt>elcund 118 œ|)eling 117 œtapurning 118, 126 «ststeall 126 œttren 115 âfaran 122 afierran 109 âgend 114 âgendfrêa 130 agieldan 122 agUScwif 129 almahtig 113 alut> 99 âlysed 120

INDEX OF FORMS CITED an 111 ancorbend 129 ancsum 121 andfenge 126 andgiet 126 andlëan 125 andeaca 126 andewaru 125 andsyn 125 andweard 126 andwlita 125 ânett 117 ânfeald 117 ângenga 128 angrislïc 126 ânhjttig 127 ânmôd 127 ânpeed 127 ânrBd 127 Antéchrist 122 antimber 125 Arabise 118 ârfaest 128 ârleast 121 ârwyrde 128 âstigan 122 aswebban 122 â{)umswerian 128 âx 112 (B) bœcestre 116 bSlstede 129 bîBlwudu 129 bœrnett 117 bânfSst 129 bânfâg 128 bânhring 129 bannan 106 bâtweard 130 beadurôf 128 bëaggyfa 131 bëaghroden 130 bealocwealm 127 belohycgende 130 bealohydig 130 bëatan 106 bebod 123 bebodan 123 becrSSding 131

INDEX Οΐ FOBMS CITÊD bedekian 110 befaran 123 begeotan 123 begong 123 bencswêg 129 beo 97 bëodan 102, 103 bëon 112 bëorscipe 121 bêorsele 129 bëotword 129 beran 90, 104 beswïcend 114 bield 97, 138 bïgenga 126 bindan 103 bismerfull 117 biternes 120 blSdâgande 130 blandan 106 blicettan 116 bliccetung 118 blïdheort 127 blîdi 100 blind 99, 100, 101 blfys 120 blißsian 110 blôdeg'ian 109 blôdigtôd 128 blôtan 106 bôcere 116 bôcland 129 bôgincel 115 bôk 98 boldâgend 131 bolgenmôd 128 brœdu 97 bregdan 103 bregostôl 129 breng'an 108 breostgehygd 131 brimclif 129 brimlïâend 131 brimwylm 130 bring'an 108 brinnan 103 brôdor 98 brydbür 129 brytta 97 bundenheord 128

byg'g'an 108 byndeUe 116 byrgenn 115 byrnwiga 129 byrle 118 byxen 115 (C) camphad 117 cantere 116 câserdôm 114 ceahettan 116 cearig 113 cedrisc 118 cildisc 118 clSnness 120 cnihtweeende 131 cohhettan 116 costung 118 cumbolwiga 130 cwealmbealu 130 cwealmcuma 130 cwënlic 119 cwidol 120 cwyldbSre 131 cydnes 120 cyningbald 127 cypren 115 (D) dâ 97 d£d 96, 114 dSdcëne 128 dSëdfruma 131 dSglic 119 dsBr 111, 112 deex' 95 dagian 110 dëadewealm 130 dëaâfœge 128 dëadwërig 128 deahtere 116 dearfendlic 119 dearn 101 dëax 1 1 1 dëofolcund 118 dëogol 120 dëorcynn 129 dëorling 117 dëowett 117

192 dêowotdôm 114 dïedan 109 dïegelnes 120 diowincel 115 dôgor 116 d$man 107 dön 113 dönlic 119 doxtor 98 drenk'an 107, 109 drohtnojj 120 drunkian 110 dryhtscype 121 dryhtsele 129 d r y n c f œ t 129 duguj) 121 durhdrïfan 126 d u r u 96 dûeendfeald 117 dyzegian 110 (E) eâcencrœftig 128 ëadig 113 eadignes 120 ëage 97 eald 100 ealddôm 114 ealfœder 127 ealdgesegen 128 ealdgewinna 128 ealdgewyrht 128 ealdhlâfordcynn 131 ealdian 118 ealdorlang 127 ealdung 118 ealdwërig 128 ealgaro 128 eallgylden 127 earmcearig 127 earmsceapan 128 ëarscripel 115 Easterdœg 130 ëastsûjjdâël 131 ecgbana 130 ëdbegête 128 edewide 123 edgift 123 e d h w y r f t 123 edlSScan 123

INDEX OF FORMS CITED edlëan 123 ednëowe 123 edsceaft 123 edwitscipe 123 efenblissian 128 efenlScan 119 efenlic 119 efensârgung 128 efnetan 128 eftcume 126 eftsïd 125 egesfull 117 elland 122 ellendâëd 130 ellenmSërdu 128, 129 ellenwôdnes 130 ellorgâst 125 elmestlic 119 endebyrdnis 120, 131 endeleas 119 endesœta 131 endi 95 endian 110 eng'i 97, 101 engli 96 Englisc 118 Engliscgereord 128 eoforfearn 130 eorclamstân 130 eorlisc 118 eorlgestrëon 129 eorlgewSde 129 eorlwerod 129 eormenoyn 123 eormengrund 123 eormenlâf 123 etan 106 (F) fœder 98 fœderenmsêg 129 fœsten 115 fœt 96, 115 fœtedhlëor 128 feStels 115 fœtgold 129 fâmig 113 fâmigheals 128 faran 13, 105 faru 13, 96

I N D E X OF FORMS

feallan 106 felafeald 117 fealgeömor 128 feld 96 fëolheard 127 feor 101 feorancund 118 feorbüend 126 feorcund 118 feorcypdu 125 feorhgenidla 130 feormendleas 119 feorrancumen 126 feorweg 125 feoxtan 103 finiht 118 fiscnojî 120 fisco J) 120 flänboga 128 flëam 120 flëon 103 flôdblâo 128 folciso 118 fon 105 forb roman 123 forbeodan 123 forbod 123 forcüjj 123 fordbylding 126 fordför 126 fordgerlmed 126 fordgeaceaft 126, 127 fordön 123 fordsïjj 125 fordweg 125 fordwerd 126 foreglsel 125 formiere 125 foremihtig 125 foresSSd 126 foresceawing 126 forespeca 126 fore {Dane 126 forgifnes 120, 123 forgyldan 123 forhtfull 117 forlegess 116 forliger 116 forsendan 123 forslëan 123

CITED

fòt 98 frêawine 129 fremfulnes 120 fremman 106, 107 fremsum 121 fremsumnes 120 freodom 114 freogan 109 freols 127 frëond 95, 98 freondscipe 121 freorig 113 freorigferd 128 frëot 117 frignan 103 frijo 100 fr^feran 109 fugol 95 fulbeorht 128 fulfremednes 128 fullSstan 128 fullgän 128 fulluhtere 116 fülstincende 128 furx 98 fylging 118 fyll 97 fyllan 109 fyrheard 128 fyrhtnis 120 fyrwit 126 (G) gsestcund 118 gaffetung 118 galgmöd 129 gälmöd 130 gâlsoipe 121 gân 113 gärrSs 130 gëardagas 125 g'earkian 110 gearu 99, 100, 101 g'earwian 109 gebed 123 gebedda 123 g'ebedd® 98 gebiddan 123 gebrôjjor 123 gebrùcan 123

193

194 g e b y r d t ï d 129 g e d y e t r l ä S c a n 119 g e f e e g e n 123 g ' e f ë a 97 g e f ë o n 104 g e f ë r a 123 g e f ë r l S o a n 119 g e f e r e c i p e 121 g e f y r n d a g a e 125 g e g e n c w i d e 126 g e g r y n d 123 g e h u s s c i p e 121 g e h y g d 114 g e l ë a f f u l 117 gelic 1 2 3 g e l i c c e t t a n 116 g e m B n l i c 119 g ' e m a n 111, 112 g e m i l t e i g e n d 114 g ' e m y n d g i a n 110 g ' e n e e x 111, 112 g e n u h t e u m i a n 121 g e n y h t s u m n i e s 120 geogu]} 1 2 1 g e o n d b r S d a n 126 g e o r n f u l 117 g e o r n f u l n e s 120 g e ô a c e a f t 126 gereocelio 119 g e r i h t l S c a n 119 g e r i n n a n 102 g e r ô s o d 110 geeSSld 121 g e s S l i g l i c 119 gescö& 117 g e s u n d i g l i o 119 g e e y n t u 121 geJJwSSrlScan 119 g e t i m b r e 117 gewSSde 117 g e w e m m i n g 118 g ' i e b a n 104, 114 g ' i e b u 96, 114 g i e m l i e s t 121 g ï e m u n g l i o 119 g ' i e r w a n 107, 109 g ' i e s t 96 g i f e d e 114 g i l p h œ l d e n 130 g i m b S r e 130

I N D E X OF FORMS C I T E D g i m m i s c 118 g i n f a e s t 128 g i o f o l 120 g ô d 101 g ô d d ô a n d 114 g o l d B h t 129 g r a m m a t i c e r e 116 g r ë t i n g 118 g r o n d o r l ë a s 119 g r y m e t t i a n 116 g ù d f l o g a 130 g ù S g e w S d 129 g u m a 97 g u m m a n 129 g y d e n 115 g y l d e n 115 g y r d e l e 116 g y r d i s l 116 (H) h s e d e n i s c 118 h a e f t e n n 115 h a s g t e s s e 115 h œ g u j î o r n 130 h S l 97 hSSlend 114 hœlet> 99 hSëtan 109 h â l b S r e 130 h â l g i a n 110 h â l i g 99, 113 h â l i g w œ t e r 128 h â l w e n d e 131 h â m l e a s 119 h â m w e o r d u n g 129 h a n d 96 h â t a n 105, 106 h a t w e n d e 131 h ë a b o d 95 h e a d o l â c 119 h ë a f e d b u r g 129 h ë a h c y n i n g 127 h ë a n e s e 120 h e a r d h i c g e n d e 128 h e a r d l i c 119 h e a r p e n œ g l 129 h ë a x 99, 100, 101 h e b b a n 105, 110, h e f i g 113 h e l p a n 103

195

I N D E X OF FORMS CITED henfugol 130 hengen 1 1 5 heofonlic 1 1 9 h e o n a n g a n g 126 heordwerod 130 heorodreorig 128 h e o r o h ô c y h t e 129 heortleas 1 1 9 hêrbûend 126 h e r e g u n g 118 heri 95 herían 107 hetedoncol 130 h e t t a n d 95 hieran 107 hierdan 109 hieremon 130 hildestrengo 128, 129 hindeweard 126 h i n f u s 125 hinsid 125 h l e x h a n 105 hlêapeetre 1 1 6 hlêapettan 116 hôcede 109 hörig 1 1 3 horshwœl 129 h o r u 95 h o w e h t e 118 hringede 109, 1 1 4 hringedstefna 128 hunto]} 120 h ü s 121 h ü s b r y n e 131 hüsincel 1 1 5 hwselhuntad 131 h w œ t 99 h w ï t a n 109 h w y r f t 114 hyg'g'an 110 h y n g r a n 109 h y r n e d n e b b a 128

(I) Idelgeorn 130 ierg})u 121 iermjju 121 inbyrdnea 126 inound 118 Indryhten 125

infröd 125 ingang 126 ingedone 127 i n g e h y g d 125 ingenga 126 inneweard 126 innod 120 insegel 125 instœpe 126 in w i t 126 iüdäBd 126 ίδπιοη 125

(J) j u n g 100 (K)

kan 111, 112 k ê o z a n 103 k l S n i 99, 100, 101 klSSnsian 1 1 0 k u m a n 104 k w e d a n 104 k w e l l a n 107, 108, 112, k w i k u 99 k y d a n 107, 109 Iqrn 95 k y s t 114 (L)

lädgenidla 118 l œ k ' a n 108 lœt 101 lsBtan 105, 106 liBzu 96 l â k a n 105 l a m b 96 l a n g 101 langof) 120 lar 96 leaden 1 1 5 leafnesword 130 lëanian 1 1 0 leasscëawere 128 l e g ' g ' a n 107, 109 leger 1 1 6 legerbed 130 lendan 109 lëoma 120 leornere 1 1 6 leorningeniht 120

113

196 lezan 105 libban 110 licettan 116 liezan 109 lig'g'an 104 lik'ian 116 1φ8 120 litling 117 lokbora 97 londsoipe 121 lubian 109 lQkan 102, 103 luatbSre 131, 159 lyffettan 116 lyftgeswenced 130

Iftel 101 (M)

msegden 115 maagenstrengo 129 mSgt> 121 mSSr{)u 121 mœx 112 mäfealdra 117 man 9S mandadla 130, 131 mearcung 118 mearx 95 medig 113 menniscnes 120 metan 104 mid 99 mierk'i 96 mihteleas 119 mik'el 101 mildelic 119 mildheortnes 127 milts 120 miltsian 110 misbeodan 123 misdSBd 123 miegrëtan 123 mislician 123 mislimpan 123 misjjeon 123 misthliâ 129 môdig 113 mödiglic 119 mödor 98 rpondwBre 128

INDEX OF FORMS CITED morder 116 möt 112 mundbora 97

(N) neBgledsino 128 näSming 118 namcüf) 128 nëadhâd 117 nëaliëcan 119 nearofah 127 niderweard 126 niedan 109 nïeddearflîc 130 nïednSSm 131 niman 104 nietaji 109 ntyling 117 niwtyrwed 128 nor})amvind 129 nyrwet 117 nytenness 120 (O)

odberan 126 odfeallan 125 oSférian 125 odgangan 126 ofergeotol 126 oferhoga 126 oferhygd 125 ofermœgen 125 ofermettu 121 ofermöd 125 öhielde 124 oksa 97 öläScan 124 onbelSdan 127 ondlong 125 ondrüdan 105 ondslyht 126 ondweorc 125 ongin 126 onlic 125 onsSge 126 onsund 125 onweald 125 onwlite 125 onwritting 126 orgilde 124

INDEX OF FORMS CITED

orleahtre 124 ormSte 124 ormöd 124

(Ρ) picen 115

(Β) rSdan 105 râëdbora 97, 131 rSdels 115 rSdenn 115 rœpling 117 räpincel 115 rêaflâc 119 reccenddom 114 recele 115 rek'k'an 108 reotig 113 rêwet 117 ricceter 116, 117 rïdan 102 rihtgelëafful 127 rihtäEcan 119 rihtnordanwind 131 rïksian 110 rosen 115 rümheort 127 rymet 117

(S) säSwet 117 särettan 116 särgian 110 särigmöd 128 samcucu 124 samwist 126 samworht 124 samwyrcan 124 soêawere 116 scêowyrhta 131 Boieppend 114 scilling 118 scïma 120 scyldig 114 ecyltfull 117 scyltleas 119 soyttel 115 eealtere 116 sealticge 116

sêamestre 116 searu 95 seg' 95 seg'g'an 110 sendan 107 sendlic 119 sêoâan 103 eeofonfeald 117 sëon 104 settan 107, 109 sibeedeling 130 sibbleger 131 sïdfœjDmed 128 sigor 116 silabarling 118 einhere 124 sinhiwan 124 sinhwurfol 124 einniht 124 einu 96 eion 102 BiJj 101 Bittan 104 sk'eal 111, 112 sk'eart 100 sk'ip 95 skög'an 110 sköx 95 sliSpor 120 Bläpul 120 alean 105 smëag'an 109 anidan 102 soft 101 B0k'an 108 somnian 110 somudeard 125 Borhcearig 130 eporettan 116 spurnan 103 st sects wealwe 130 stœniht 118 Btän 95 Btandan 105 etânig 113 stänincel 115 steopfœder 129 streng' 97 studu 98 súdeme 115

197

198 suhtergefcederan 128 s u n d o r f e o h 125 s u n d o r w i c 125 s u n u 96 s w a p a n 106 eweglwered 130 s w e o f o t 117 s w e r c e n d f e r h d 128 Bwerian 105 s w i c d o m 114 Bwicol 120 s w i n g a n 115 ewingell 115 awifllik· 101 ewjjti 101 s y f e n w i n t r e 127 s y n 96 s y n d r i g 113 s y n g i a n 110

(T) t S k ' a n 108 t ê o d i n g l o n d 129 t)ank'ian 110 pëa, 95 J)earf 111, 112 fcenk'an 108 |)ëowenn 115 jjorniht 118 J)urhbeorht 125 Jjurstig 113 JjubIÌC 119 {iweorx 99 j ) y n k ' a n 108 ¡Dyrncen 115 J j y r s t a n 109 tidlic 119 t i m b r a n 107 t ô S t y c a n 127 t ô b ë a t a n 124 t ô c y m e 126 todsBlan 124 t o d S l e d n e s 120 t o g e o t a n 124 t d g l î d a n 124 t o h r e o s a n 124 t ô r i n n a n 124 t o w e a r d 126 tow e e n i s 124 t o w o r p n i e 124

I N D E X OF FORMS CITED trëulesnie 120 t u n g œ 97 t u n g o l 95 t y n c e n 115