Walter de Gruyter Publishers: 1749-1999 [Reprint 2013 ed.] 9783110816662, 9783110166996

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Walter de Gruyter Publishers 1749-1999

1749

I

1999

?

Anne-Katrin Ziesak

Walter de Gruyter Publishers 1 7 4 9 - 1 9 9 9 With contributions by Hans-Robert Cram, Kurt-Georg Cram and Andreas Terwey Translated by Rhodes Barrett

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Walter de Gruyter · Berlin · New York 1999

Published on the occasion of the exhibition Der Verlag Walter de Gruyter

• 1749-1999

at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Haus Unter den Linden September 3 0 - N o v e m b e r 20, 1999 Responsible for the exhibition in collaboration with the Staatsbibliothek Evelyne Glowka Exhibition Director Anne-Katrin Ziesak Scenography Rainer Lendler Restoration Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin

© Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability. Die Deutsche Bibliothek —

Cataloging-in-Publication-Data

Walter de Gruyter Publishers: 1749—1999 ; [on occasion of the Exhibition Der Verlag Walter de Gruyter, 1749-1999 at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Haus Unter den Linden, September 30 — November 20, 1999] / AnneKatrin Ziesak. With contributions by Hans-Robert Cram ... Transi, by Rhodes Barrett. — Berlin ; New York : de Gruyter, 1999 Dt. Ausg. u.d.T.: Der Verlag Walter de Gruyter ISBN 3-11-016699-2 Gb. ISBN 3-11-016741-7 Pb.

©

Copyright 1999 by Walter de Gruyter G m b H & Co. KG, D-10785 Berlin

All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in Germany Cover design: Christopher Schneider, Berlin — Disk conversion and typesetting: Arthur Collignon G m b H , Berlin — Reprographics: Laserline, Berlin — Printing: H. H e e n e m a n n G m b H & Co, Berlin — Binding: Lüderitz & Bauer-GmbH, Berlin

Foreword

A major company jubilee invites a look back to the past, and that of the publishers Walter de Gruyter is the occasion for a detailed and absorbing account of this institution's history, which has been characterised above all by frequent mergers between publishing houses. Not least of all, it recalls the significant contribution the company has m a d e to the cultural and scholarly reputation of Berlin, its importance as a partner for Berlin University, for the Academy of Sciences, for academic institutions and ministries in Berlin; and, of course, for generations of outstanding scholars and leading personalities in contemporary history. Apart f r o m its probably unique list of titles in print, the firm's special capital is a renown that has evolved over two centuries and an unmatched, broad-ranging profile in academic publishing, successfully adapted throughout its history to meet the needs of the times. T h e publishing house Walter de Gruyter assumed its present form after the First World War with the merger of five independent firms, G. J. Göschen'sche Verlagshandlung, Verlagsbuchhandlung I. Guttentag, and the publishers Georg Reimer, Karl I. Trübner and Veit & Comp. In the years that followed it expanded with the acquisition of f u r t h e r academic publishers. In 1971 a subsidiary was established in New York, and in 1977 and 1978 publishing companies in the Netherlands and the United States were acquired. T h e firm has thus become one of the most important European scholarly publishers in private hands. T h e spectrum ranges from the h u m a n ities and theology to linguistics, law, medicine and the natural sciences. Many famous titles have been associated with the n a m e de Gruyter, including the Sammlung Göschen, Kürschner's German Literary Calendar and Scholars' Calendar, the Minerva Yearbook of the Learned World, Staudinger's Commentary on the Civil Code, Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language and, finally, the very widely used Clinical Dictionary, the Pschyrembel. T h e y are all indispensable standard works in every academic library, essential for research.

VI

Foreword

This work passes in review 250 years in the history of Walter de Gruyter and its predecessors. It shows impressively how the history of publishing embodies the history of ideas, of science, and of culture. Many distinguished journals reflect historical developments, for example, the Prussian Yearbooks. T h e scholarly discourse of the past, and naturally of the present, too, can be followed in "classics" like Crelle's Journal for Pure and Applied Mathematics, Hoppe-Seyler's Journal for Physiological Chemistry (now published in English as Biological Chemistry) or the Journal for Comprehensive Criminal Jurisprudence. Changes in academic disciplines provoked changes in the firm and its activities. This interdependence has been apparent in all phases of the company's history. T h e same can be said of the long tradition of relations with Berlin University and the Academy of Sciences, which in some cases could be maintained in a divided Germany despite the Berlin Wall. Just how closely the publishing and library worlds worked together even more t h a n a century ago is graphically illustrated by the account of the recovery of the famous Codex Manesse. Through the good offices of the publisher Trübner, this priceless collection was repatriated f r o m the French Bibliothèque Nationale in 1888, f r o m which date it has had pride of place in Heidelberg University Library. This readable, engrossing, and always instructive history of a publishing house is at the same time a valuable companion volume to the exhibition staged by the company at the Berlin State Library on its 250 years of history, f r o m its modest beginnings as a school press in Berlin under royal charter. T h e Berlin State Library has every reason to cooperate in this venture, being the happy recipient of an invaluable gift. On the occasion of the company jubilee, Walter de Gruyter has decided to present its entire, copious historical documentary archive material f r o m 1749 to 1945 to the m a n u script department of the State Library. This source material is now freely available to researchers, and easy access is provided to the most valuable component — the correspondence — by the Repertory of Letters from the Archives of Walter de Gruyter. It should be emphasised that the new location for this important material has been chosen with a great deal of careful thought, firstly because of the numerous links with Berlin, secondly because the collection is an excellent complement to the State Library's comprehensive collection of literary estates and manuscripts. T h e State Library already houses individual sections of the archives, which had been separated out f r o m company archives

Foreword

VII

in earlier decades. Letters and documents f r o m the publishers' archive by over 100 leading representatives of G e r m a n intellectual history correspond with the literary estates or larger parts thereof that are already held by the manuscript department. Our warmest thanks are due to Walter de Gruyter for its generous benevolence. Berlin, August 1999

Antonius Jammers Director General of the Berlin State Library

Preface

At first glance, the deed that marks the beginnings of Walter de Gruyter, the royal charter of 29 th October 1749 by which Frederick II of Prussia granted the Königliche Realschule in Berlin the right to establish a bookshop and publishing business, bears no relation to the international academic publishers of 1999. All the more reason on the occasion the company's 250 th jubilee to present a history that traces the path from the Realschulbuchhandlung and its lessee Georg Andreas Reimer — who was to become the founder of an all-round scholarly publishing house, the Georg Reimer Verlag — to the coal wholesaler and doctor of German language and letters, Walter de Gruyter — who bought the venerable firm in 1896, merging it with four other renowned publishers to form a major academic publishing house with modern structures. Together with the former publishers of the classics, the G. J. Göschen'sehe Verlagshandlung, the Leipzig firm Veit & Comp., well-known for its science and medical publications, the law publisher Verlagsbuchhandlung I. Guttentag, and the Strasbourg Karl I. Trübner Verlag, which focused on linguistics, literary studies, and Germanic cultural studies, Georg Reimer was incorporated into the Vereinigung wissenschaftlicher Verleger in 1919. Since 1923 the concern has borne the name of its founder, Walter de Gruyter. Just how closely past and present are linked in this company becomes apparent when one walks through the building in Genthiner Straße, where 250 years of intellectual history and scholarship look down from tall bookcases containing titles ranging from the Realschulbuchhandlung publications to modern jubilee editions. The fruitfulness of this continuity is revealed by the current list, which owes its impressive universality to the five predecessor firms, whose most important titles are still being fostered and developed. These flagships, which include Crelle's Journal fiir die reine und angewandte Mathematik, the "Pschyrembel", the Zeitschrift fiir die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft and Kluge's Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, were vital to the reconstruction of the company after 1945. They

Preface

IX

formed the nucleus of the list with which de Gruyter has succeeded in establishing itself on the international book market since the seventies. This account is interspersed with excursus on these important long-sellers, and on modern series that are well on their way to becoming classics. T h e history of the company is complemented by a contribution on the publisher Walter de Gruyter, which differs in approach and mode of presentation f r o m other sections. T h e point of departure and basis for any examination of the publishing house Walter de Gruyter are the impressive archives of the firm. Despite immense losses, owing to changes in ownership, the giving away of original manuscripts, war damage, or sporadic neglect, the Walter de Gruyter archives are still among the most copious in German publishing. On the occasion of its 250 t h jubilee, the company is presenting these records to the manuscript department of the Berlin State Library on permanent loan. This is accompanied by the wish that the Walter de Gruyter archives be widely consulted — not least of all to close the remaining gaps in the chequered history of the firm. T h e exhibition Der Verlag Walter de Gruyter · 1749—1999, to be staged f r o m 29 t h September to 20 t h November 1999 at the Staatsbibliothek Unter den Linden, will hopefully give initial impetus in this direction, presenting outstanding items from the archives to a broader public. T h e present publication can also be used as a companion guide to the exhibition. In parallel to the presentation to the State Library, the Repertory of Letters from the Archives of Walter de Gruyter is appearing, providing an index to this most important section of the collection and thus facilitating access for f u t u r e users. 1 T h e venture of researching 250 years of company history in a brief space of time, of putting the results in book form and simultaneously preparing an exhibition could succeed only with the aid and assistance of many. I would like to thank all the people and institutions that have supported the undertaking, and especially the Berlin State Library for their good and constructive collaboration. T h e publishers R. Oldenbourg, J. B. Metzler, and Peter L a n g have been extremely helpful in obtaining the latest literature. Doris Fouquet-Plümacher and Doris Reimer, the two specialists on the "patron saint" of the firm, Georg Andreas Reimer, have been an indispensable source of information at all times; Friedrich Ebel generously offered his support in preparing the Guttentag profile. Helen Müller, who is writing a 1

Otto Neuendorff, R e p e r t o r i u m der Briefe aus d e m Archiv Walter de B e r l i n - N e w York 1999.

Gruyter,

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Preface

doctoral thesis on the later Reimer Verlag, allowed m e to benefit from the results of her research: I would like to thank her especially for the m a n y stimulating and friendly discussions we have had. Andreas Terwey made an essential contribution to the research. I thank him for his commitment, his critical comments, and not least of all for his company, which enlivened even dry archive work. Stefan Gläser read the proofs and showed great patience with m y moods and with the massive de Gruyter presence in his life, for which no degree of gratitude can be great enough. I thank the publishers Walter de Gruyter for the support I have received, and especially for the openness with which the firm confronts its own history. Kurt-Georg Cram and Dietrich Rackow, after decades with the company the "living m e m o r y " of the house, supplied me with information; Joachim Oest and Christian Winter kindly undertook to check through the section on the most recent history of the company. It would be impossible to mention all members of the de Gruyter staff who have contributed with their advice and help. Allow me to n a m e only two whose commitment exceeded all reasonable limits: Wolfgang Konwitschny ensured that, despite the relentless pressure of time, the manuscript became a book, and a beautiful one. Evelyne Glowka initiated the publication, and worked indefatigably for its optimum realisation — without her this history would not have appeared. Finally, m y special thanks go to Rhodes Barrett, for translating the book into English to m y full satisfaction. Berlin, August 1999

Anne-Katrin Ziesak

Contents

Foreword V Preface Vili

Entrepreneurial Spirit and Liberal Values T h e Publisher Georg R e i m e r 1 Between Classical W e i m a r and Popular Science G. J. Göschen'sehe Verlagshandlung 55

H i g h l y Regarded and Distinguished Verlag Veit & Comp. 103

Modern and Practice-Oriented I. G u t t e n t a g 139

" . . . No m e r e m a n u f a c t u r e r of books" T h e Publisher Karl I. T r ü b n e r 159

XII

Contents

The Making of a Major Scholarly Publisher: the Vereinigung wissenschaftlicher Verleger 193

From "Day Song" to Production Ledger Walter de Gruyter's Beginnings in Publishing by Kurt-Georg Cram 205

Walter de Gruyter 231 Weimar Republic and National Socialism 233 Developments since 1945 248 Tradition and Future by Hans-Robert Cram 265

Selected Bibliography 269

Picture Credits 273

Name Index 275

1 Gottlob Berger: Georg Andreas R e i m e r (1776-1842) Oil on canvas Verlag Walter de Gruyter

Entrepreneurial Spirit and Liberal Values The Publisher Georg Reimer n 29 t h October 1749 Frederick II the Great of Prussia granted the Königliche Realschule 1 in Berlin a charter to open an establishment to "buy and sell all sorts of good, useful, and edifying books, also to publish, have printed, and sell such good and useful books, if revised and censored by the appropriate authorities." This was granted on condition "that this bookshop be run by a capable person or tradesman". 2 T h e school found the really capable m a n for the job only a good half century later. Within a few years, Georg Andreas Reimer, a young publisher f r o m West Pomerania, made the quiet school press into one of the leading publishers in Germany. Reimer is remembered as the publisher of the Romantics. Like most generalisations this is only half the truth. Reimer was the publisher of the Germ a n Romantics, but literary publishing was only a small part of an allround enterprise that encompassed all academic disciplines.

O

Origins and Education Georg Andreas Reimer (fig. 1) was born on 27 t h August 1776 in Greifswald. 3 H e was later to mention his commercial roots with pride — his father had been a ship and brewery owner. Reimer began his career in the bookselling firm of Lange. At the age of fourteen he joined the Greifswald branch as an. apprentice, and in 1795 he became a clerk at the main branch in Berlin. By 1798 he was already head prokurist 4 and co-owner. Quite consistently, Reimer intended to buy the firm after the owner's death, but finally decided otherwise. It was probably his mentor, the publisher Johann Daniel Sander, himself a former teacher at the Königliche Realschule, who drew his protégé's attention to the sound resources and potential of the school press. On 1 st June 1800, Georg Andreas Reimer took over the Realschulbuchhandlung on an hereditary lease. Sander, whose home was frequented by everyone of

4

The Publisher Georg Reimer

intellect and learning in the Prussian capital, also introduced Reimer to Berlin society. Here he first came into contact with Friedrich von Schlegel, probably also with Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Schleiermacher. 5

Lessee of the Realschulbuchhandlung Reimer's new theatre of operations was the Königliche Realschule, situated at 14/16 Kochstraße, on the corner of Friedrichstraße. T h e premises included an apartment into which the young, newly wed entrepreneur moved with his wife Wilhelmine née Reinhardt (1784—1864), a parson's daughter f r o m Magdeburg. Reimer paid 500 talers a year for a firm that turned out to be in economic difficulties. H e was enjoined, "[as regards] the writings to be published, [to] avoid any offensiveness detrimental to a godly institution . . . " . Moreover, he could " . . . only count on the lessor institute accepting textbooks and readers published by h i m if such works have been published with the prior knowledge and permission of the director of the institute at the lowest possible price." 6 In later years, Reimer stressed that, "when taking over the business, ... he had had to advance a considerable sum and accept substantial losses", which for him, "a beginner with no fortune of his own, was a considerable burden." 7 His start-up capital was borrowed f r o m his own and his wife's families. 8 Reimer took over 56 Realschulbuchhandlung titles, especially school books, which, together with hymnbooks, were one of the most reliable sources of income. As an established scholarly publisher he did not abandon this line of business. T h e title that brought the highest sales figures over decades was Friedrich Philipp Wilmsen's Der deutsche Kinderfreund (The German Children's Friend), the classical German textbook and reader of the nineteenth century. Between 1816 and 1821 this best-seller went through 27 editions totalling 135,000 copies. In 1888 the 226 t h revised edition appeared. 9 While this "bread-and-butter" title ensured the economic survival of the business almost alone, Reimer 's ambitions went far beyond the confines of educational publishing. At a very early stage he managed to acquire a number of eminent authors. Out of "pure friendship" for a "worthy young local m a n strongly recommended to m e by close friends, Mr. Reimer, who ... believes that it will give h i m a good start if he can put something of mine on the market", 1 0 Johann Gottlieb Fichte's Sonnenklarer Bericht an das größere Publikum über das eigentliche Wesen der neuesten Philosophie (Crystal-Clear Report to the Broad Public on the True Nature of Recent Philosophy: 1801) carried the

The Publisher Georg Reimer

5

imprint of the Realschulbuchhandlung. His Grundzüge des gegenwärtigen Zeitalters (The Characteristics of the Present Age: 1806), Anweisung zum seligen Leben (The Way Towards the Blessed Life: 1806) and other titles followed. 11 Reimer, who was ever intent on broadening his intellectual horizon, was apparently more closely concerned with the contents of his publications t h a n was usual in the profession. This interest led h i m to attend Fichte's lectures. His most important business contact, who was to become a close personal friend, was the theologian and philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher. T h e "father of Protestant liberalism" exerted a life-long influence on Reimer. Schleiermacher described how the friendship was born: "Yesterday [26 th May 1802] was m a d e very special for m e by an evening visit to Reimer. I had long taken pleasurable note of his warm-hearted affection; I had also learned to appreciate his fine, pure reason. Yesterday an instant ... w h e n we, so to speak, took possession of each other, turned acquaintance into close, sincere friendship. Don't expect m e to describe such a thing to you, I am much too overwhelmed and enraptured; your own feeling will have to help. I spoke to h i m of m y esteem for his wife, and with great frankness he showed m e quite childlike, pious letters f r o m her, in which I could vividly envisage their whole life and their relationship. I squeezed his hand, and after a brief pause I said: 'when m y life is as clear and complete, you shall look at m y life, too, with such probity.' T h a t is how it was and how it will be. Afterwards we spoke a great deal about how friendship comes into being and how one has to wait for the right m o m e n t . " 1 2 For 17 years Schleiermacher lodged in Reimer's house. After the death of his friend, the publisher recalled: "I have experienced, undertaken, indeed thought almost nothing that I did not bring into relation with h i m . " 1 3 T h e publicity value for the f i r m of authors like Schleiermacher cannot be overestimated. Since a first collection of sermons (1801), Kritik der Moral (Critique of Morality: 1803), his Plato translation (5 vols., 1804—1810), and Über die Religion (On Religion. Speeches to its Cultured Despisers: Realschul buchhandlung f r o m the 1806 2 n d ed.) almost all of the famed scholar's works were published by Reimer, who guaranteed the personal attention that Schleiermacher valued so highly. His writings shaped the profile of the f i r m far beyond the lifetime of both. Reimer's son published Schleiermacher's correspondence (4 vols., 1860—1863) and in 1864 brought to an end the complete edition embarked upon thirty years earlier. 14 T h e first years in business on his own bore ample witness to Georg Andreas Reimer's entrepreneurial skills. From 1800 to 1805 the value of the

The Publisher Georg Reimer

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Zeitalter

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10

The Publisher Georg Reimer

that Tieck would continue August Wilhelm von Schlegel's exemplary Shakespeare translation. In 1812 he had acquired the publishing rights in "this outstanding work" from the bankrupt Ungersche Buchhandlung, and was determined that the project should be completed, although Schlegel's inspiration had now entirely abandoned him. After twelve years of vain waiting and hoping, during which period the competition had not been inactive, Reimer finally commissioned Ludwig Tieck to continue the work. It was now to bear the title Shakespeare's dramatische Werke, übersetzt von A. W. von Schlegel, ergänzt und erläutert von Ludwig Tieck (Shakespeare's Dramatic Works, translated by A. W. von Schlegel, Supplemented and Annotated by Ludwig Tieck: 9 vols., 1825—1834). However, matters got worse rather than better. Tieck, too, made very slow progress. His corrections to Schlegel's translations caused additional trouble. But although the piqued Schlegel was dissatisfied with Tieck's work, he resisted all Reimer's attempts to persuade him to resume the translation. In 1828 the publisher complained that "so far no enterprise with such initially favourable prospects of success" had "caused so much anxiety, so many really sleepless nights, and now, instead of the hoped-for profit, a substantial loss".20 In the following years, his relations with Ludwig Tieck deteriorated to such an extent that the latter sought, at the latest from 1838 onwards, to end collaboration. But the 1827 publisher's agreement for his collected works, under which Reimer — mistrustful of the notoriously unreliable author — had insisted on watertight terms, was binding on Tieck for life. 21 One work of literature published by Reimer that is still universally popular is the Kinder- und Hausmärchen of the Brothers Grimm, generally known in English under the title Grimm's Fairy Tales. Originally a scholarly collection in several volumes (2 vols., 1812—1815, supplemented in 1819—1822 by a further volume), the work only became a best-seller in the so-called Small Edition of 1825. The outward form of an illustrated pocket book, the restriction to fifty of the most charming stories, and a low price won quite new markets for the tales. The Small Edition made the collection into a children's book. Two of the Low German stories, Von den Fischer un syne Fru and Von dem Machandelboom, were given their final form by the publisher, who excused his intervention on the grounds that "... the tale comes from the area where I was born, so that I believed I had some knowledge of the matter; I have also carefully checked every doubtful expression in Dänert's Low German dictionary, and, moreover, have drawn on the advice and assistance of an informed friend." 22 Almost 30 years of friendly business relations between Reimer and the Brothers Grimm ended in 1834 in a bitter dispute about royalties. 23

The Publisher Georg Reimer

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Hausmärchen

12

The Publisher Georg Reimer

The Struggle against Napoleon Georg Andreas Reimer, like many of his friends and authors, belonged to a generation that was profoundly marked by the experience of Napoleonic rule in Germany. In 1806 the Prussia that Frederick the Great had shaped collapsed after the lost battles of Jena and Auerstedt. In the ensuing period of French occupation, the population was torn between adaptation and resistance. Reimer chose the second path. His apartment in the Realschulbuchhandlung became one of the meeting places for Berlin patriots who saw the struggle for liberation from foreign rule and dictatorship as a prelude to the inner renewal of Prussia, the end of the authoritarian state and the introduction of constitutionally guaranteed rights for its citizens to participate in government. In the Lesende und Schießende Gesellschaft (Reading and Shooting Society), which met to study Herodotus and practise shooting, Reimer had been preparing himself for a general popular uprising since 1809. In 1811 he travelled to Vienna on a conspiratory mission to negotiate with an English agent on Gneisenau's behalf about arms supplies for the Prussian territorial reserve. He also placed his publishing business at the disposal of the national cause. From 1806 onwards, he published more and more political literature, including such ideological titles as Fichte's Reden an die deutsche Nation (Speeches to the German Nation: 1808) (fig. 6) and Katechismus für christliche Soldaten (Catechism for Christian Soldiers: 1813), and Fünf Lieder fiir deutsche Soldaten (Five Songs for German Soldiers: 1813) by his close friend Ernst Moritz Arndt. With the Preußischer Correspondent (1813/14), Reimer entered the field of war reporting.24 "When war broke out in 1813 I volunteered, despite the fact that I had reached the age of 36, was the father of five living children and expecting a sixth, the eldest of whom had just turned 11; that I had no fortune to speak of, was proprietor of a business that had severely suffered during the preceding seven years and which had provided myself and my family with only a meagre living." Thus Reimer was later to describe the circumstances of his joining the Landwehr, the territorial reserve.25 As captain in the 4 th Kurmark Landwehr Battalion, he fought in the battles of Groß-Beeren and Hagelberg (south of Berlin) on 23rd and 27th August 1813, which prevented Napoleon's troops from retaking Berlin. During his absence, Wilhelmine Reimer ran the business as well as she could under the adverse circumstances, and stood in for her husband at the Leipzig Fair. The publisher returned to Berlin only in June 1814, having been away for over a year. He found his business "... completely prostrate, and only a tremendous effort and God's blessing could preserve it after my return from total ruin." 26 He

The Publisher Georg Reimer

6 Publisher's a g r e e m e n t between R e i m e r and Fichte on the Reden an die deutsche Nation, 3 r d M a y 1808 Archiv Walter de Gruyter [BA R I ]

13

14

The Publisher Georg Reimer

was h i g h l y successful in reconstructing t h e business, b u t t h e national and liberal hopes R e i m e r and m a n y others had linked w i t h victory over Napoleon were not fulfilled.

Rising in Society T h e brilliant success achieved by Reimer's f i r m within a f e w years of t h e Wars of Liberation is only to be understood in t h e context of t h e general economic and intellectual upswing t h a t Berlin experienced d u r i n g this period. An ambitious publisher had m u c h to hope for f r o m t h e free-trade tendencies t h a t d o m i n a t e d Prussian economic policy after 1815, evidenced by t h e introduction of economic f r e e d o m — t h e r i g h t to establish and carry on any trade or industry — in 1810, and t h e almost unrestricted f r e e d o m of trade in 1818, and by t h e intellectual impetus e m a n a t i n g especially f r o m t h e newly f o u n d e d (1809) Friedrich W i l h e l m University and t h e reorganised Academy of Sciences. Georg Andreas R e i m e r k n e w h o w to take advantage of a propitious situation. A n n u a l production figures rose considerably. In 1814 t h e r e were 11 n e w titles; t h e following year 25, and in 1817 t h e figure was already 34. His list soon included t h e most r e n o w n e d Berlin n a m e s in all t h e disciplines t h e n pursued (see below). 2 7 However, this outward success was incompatible with Reimer's status as lessee of t h e R e a l s c h u l b u c h h a n d l u n g . F r o m 1816 t h e publisher began doing business u n d e r his own n a m e . D u r i n g t h e years to follow his i m p r i n t alternated b e t w e e n "G. R e i m e r " and "Realschulbuchh a n d l u n g " . Not until 1825 did h e finally go about t e r m i n a t i n g " t h e tiresome lease". On 18 t h July of t h a t year t h e business passed into his ownership for 4,000 talers, and t h e Königliche R e a l s c h u l b u c h h a n d l u n g was t r a n s f o r m e d into t h e G. Reimer Verlag.28 Reimer's growing self-assurance also f o u n d expression at this t i m e in his acquisition of a palatial h o m e at 75 W i l h e l m s t r a ß e — one of t h e best addresses in Berlin - t h e Schwerin Palais (fig. 7). On 4 t h October 1816 h e p u t his n a m e to t h e purchase contract, agreeing a price of 45,000 talers plus 500 talers transaction costs. H e financed t h e deal via loans. T h e following year R e i m e r b o u g h t a p r i n t i n g works, t h e Spenersche Druckerei, for 1,400 talers, which, together w i t h his offices and warehouse, was housed in t h e left w i n g of t h e building. T h e central part and right w i n g accommodated t h e publisher and his large family, together with various tenants, including Friedrich Schleiermacher plus family, t h e classical philologists I m m a n u e l Bekker and August Boeckh, and t h e later minister Friedrich Eichhorn. 2 9

The Publisher Georg Reimer

15

7 T h e R e i m e r Palais, later t h e seat of t h e R e i c h s p r e s i d e n t

T h e Reimer Palais was a focal point of Berlin salon life in the Biedermeier period. Literary and learned circles as well as the political friends of the publisher met for concerts and lecture series or for the regular Thursday at-homes. A f u r t h e r attraction of the house, which served as a bridge between the social and professional spheres, was Reimer's collection of paintings. In the course of his life, Georg Andreas Reimer assembled some 2,000 pictures. T h e r e was also a collection of graphic art and a library He preferred Dutch and early German painting as well as contemporary artists. He obtained expert advice f r o m the architect and painter Schinkel, perhaps the leading arbiter of national aesthetic taste at that period. In 1842, the year of his death, he owned no less t h a n 31 paintings by Caspar David Friedrich, with w h o m he had been friends since his youth in Greifswald. However, being a genuine businessman, Reimer indulged his collector's passion not merely as a hobby or for reasons of prestige; the pictures were primarily a capital investment (fig. 8). 50 This pursuit sometimes produced domestic turbulence. In 1836 his son Georg Ernst reported to Leipzig: " . . . on Saturday I had a letter f r o m Father and Siegfried from Würzburg. Siegfried had discovered Father at the H a r t m a n n art auction, where, as he

16

The Publisher Georg Reimer

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The Publisher Georg Reimer

21

From the point of view of the police, the proceedings against Reimer were a complete failure. Not only had he retained his trading licence; despite massive threats, the intrepid publisher had not been intimidated. Reimer continued to make no secret of his convictions. In his own words: "if here and there among friends I am outspoken about certain things that (perhaps from a narrow point of view) seem to be deficient in the institutions and conditions of public life, I cannot consider this a crime against the State, and the government can only benefit if a citizen openly expresses his opinions rather than, against his better judgement, feigning to hold convictions contrary to his own. I could never reconcile myself to doing so, for it is against God's commandments." 40 He acted accordingly. In 1826 Reimer organised a benefit exhibition and concert for the Greek freedom fighters, in 1850 he aided wounded Polish revolutionaries, in 1837 he supported the Göttingen Seven, who, having been expelled from their university, were destitute. The refusal of the authorities to issue Reimer with a declaration of honour did not damage his public standing. In 1825 and 1828 his fellow citizens in Berlin elected him city representative, and in 1831 and 1837 city councillor.41

Expansion and Dynastic Aspirations When Georg Andreas Reimer leased the Realschulbuchhandlung in 1800 there were 28 publishers in Berlin. He bought ten of them outright or in part. There were also a number of firms elsewhere, like the Göschensche Druckerei printing works in Grimma, acquired in 1828. To his fellow publishers, his willingness to take risks and his expansive business policy sometimes seemed more rash than resolute, especially the purchase of the Weidmannsche Buchhandlung in Leipzig. In 1822 Reimer paid 60,000 talers for the firm, then having to divide his attention between two major publishing firms in two different cities. One significant reason for this policy of expansion was his strong sense of family. Several Reimer sons were interested in the book trade. They had to be provided with firms of their own so that Reimer's personal success could be crowned by founding a publishing dynasty·42 Early in 1829 the publisher received a quite astonishing offer. Initially, Reimer seems not to have known what to think of it. "In so far as I cannot assume, dear friend", he wrote on 3 rd March 1829, "that your recent and now repeated offer regarding your publishing establishment was made in jest, or is to be seen as a sudden and fugitive idea, allow me to beg you to

22

The Publisher Georg Reimer

consider the matter more closely and to state in general outline the terms on which such a sale could be made. I both wish and need to expand my business, since some of my growing sons, should God spare them, are likely to enter their father's profession, and what better and sounder enterprise could I acquire for them than yours?" 43 The "establishment" in question was no less than the Cotta'sche Buchhandlung. Apparently the ageing "Bonaparte of the book trade", Johann Friedrich von Cotta, had doubts about the qualities of his own son and preferred to place his publishing empire in other, competent hands. Negotiations were protracted, and finally the deal came to nothing. Cotta died in 1832, and his son succeeded him. A draft contract has survived, without purchase price or signatures. 44

An All-round Publisher in the Forefront of Progress Reimer's oldest surviving catalogue, from 1843, encompassed the full range of contemporary science and scholarship, a fact often overshadowed by illustrious literary names like Kleist, Tieck, Novalis and Grimm. The most important impetus for the Realschulbuchhandlung/ G. Reimer Verlag came from the young Berlin University, where many of the publisher's authors held chairs. Medicine was the largest faculty, reflected in the proportion of medical titles in Reimer's catalogue — by far the highest (18.5 %). 45 Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland, the most famous physician of his time and a highly influential medical writer with a strong social commitment, collaborated with the firm for decades. Apart from a long series of individual titles, Reimer published his Journal der practischen Arzneykunde und Wundarzneykunst (Journal of Practical Pharmacology and Surgery: 93 vols., 1795—1841; Realschulbuchhandlung from 1805) and the Bibliothek der practischen Heilkunde (Library of Practical Medicine: 85 vols., 1799—1841; Realschulbuchhandlung from 1809). His magnum opus, Makrobiotik oder Die Kunst das menschliche Leben zu verlängern (Macrobiotics or the Art of Prolonging Human Life: 1797), was also handled by Reimer from the third edition of 1805. The pioneer of plastic surgery, Karl Ferdinand von Graefe, also brought his Journal der Chirurgie und Augenheilkunde (Journal of Surgery and Ophthalmology: 30 vols., 1820—1840) into the flourishing firm in 1822. In the field of medicine, too, Reimer's list reflects current developments and events. When in 1831 a new type of pandemic — cholera — swept Europe, the Berlin publisher placed five titles on the booming market for publications on the subject the very same year. 46 Literature, dealt with elsewhere, came only second in the list (13.2 %). Third in quantitative rank were the natural sciences (8.2 %). Notable titles

The Publisher Georg Reimer

23

in this category were Flore Portugaise (22 vols., 1809—1833) containing the ground-breaking studies on plant anatomy that Johann Centaurius von Hoffmannsegg and Heinrich Friedrich Link published following a journey to Portugal; also works with a strong practical orientation like Sigismund Friedrich Hermbstädt's Grundsätze der Bleichkunst (Principles of Bleaching: 1804), Anleitung zur Fabrikation des Zuckers aus Runkelrüben (Guide to the Manufacture of Sugar f r o m Beets: Realschulbuchhandlung from the 1814 2 n d ed.) (fig. 12) and Grundriß der Technologie (Outline of Technology: 3 vols., Reimer f r o m the 1830 2 n d ed.). Hermbstädt's works in particular, which contributed to the establishment of competitive industry in Prussia, clearly tapped the pulse of the age and went through several editions. In this context the publications of the chemist Friedlieb Ferdinand R u n g e should also be mentioned, the discoverer of aniline. Reimer published his Neueste phytochemische Entdeckungen zur Begründung einer wissenschaftlichen Phytochemie (Latest Phytochemical Discoveries for the Establishment of Scientific Phytochemistry: 1820) and, two years later, his Dissertation De pigmento indico ejusque connubis cum metallorum nonnullorum oxydis. In the field of theology (7.4 %), the special status of Friedrich Schleiermacher as Georg Andreas Reimer's most faithful author and closest friend has been described. T h e second representative of this discipline to mention is Wilhelm M. L. de Wette, whose works, including Christliche Sittenlehre (Christian Ethics: 3 vols., 1819—1823) and Lehrbuch der historisch-kritischen Einleitung in die Bibel Alten und Neuen Testaments (Manual of the Historical Critical Introduction to the Bible Old and New Testaments: 2 vols., 1817—1826), continued to be published by Reimer even after the author had been dismissed f r o m Berlin University. Classical studies (5.8 %) were represented by Museum der Alterthums-Wissenschaft (Museum of the Science of Antiquity) edited by Friedrich August Wolf and Friedrich B u t t m a n n (2 vols., 1807-1809; Realschulbuchhandlung f r o m vol. 2) and the works of August Boeckh. Among major history and biography publications (5.6 %) were Barthold Georg Niebuhr's Römische Geschichte (Roman History: 3 vols., 1811— 1832), Leopold von Ranke's early writings, and Biographische Denkmale (Biographical Monuments: 5 vols., 1824—1830) by Karl August Varnhagen von Ense. T h e mainstay of the mathematics list (4.9 %) were the works of August Leopold Creile, his Rechentafeln (Arithmetical Tables: 1820), textbooks on arithmetic and algebra (1825), geometry and trigonometry (2 vols., 1826/

24

The Publisher Georg Reimer

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The Publisher Georg Reimer

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The Publisher Georg Reimer

27

27) (fig. 13) and his Lagrange translation Mathematische Werke (5 vols., 1823/24). Since 1827 Crelle's Journal fiir die reine und angewandte Mathematik (Journal for Pure and Applied Mathematics) has been contributing without interruption to the scholarly reputation of the Reimer Verlag and its legal successors. Engineering publications were closely linked with the mathematics department (2.8 %). Here, again, the Reimer catalogue reflects contemporary affairs. Crelle's Journal fiir die Baukunst (Journal of Architecture: 30 vols., 1828—1851), in which the editor — who was in charge of public transport works in Berlin — published various articles on rail transport, as well as Albert Johann Eytelwein's writings on internal waterway construction, announce the epoch-making event of the 19 th century, the industrial revolution. These publications will have aroused Reimer 's personal interest; he had always been a friend of innovation. H e used water transport to lower transport costs, and was among the financiers of the first Prussian railway, the Berlin-Potsdam line planned by Creile and opened in 1838. 47

Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik For almost 175 years, the Journal for Pure and Applied Mathematics has been among the leading mouthpieces of mathematics research in Germany and abroad. Surprisingly, its founder, August Leopold Creile (1780—1855), was an autodidact in the field. By profession, Creile was an engineer, and, as a m e m b e r of the Prussian Regional Building Office in Berlin, was responsible for public transport works. But he had a special gift for accurately assessing mathematical and scientific findings. T h e specialist journal that Creile founded in 1826 thus published the early works of later lions of science. T h e beginnings of Abel, Dirichlet, Jacobi, Möbius, and Weierstraß, to n a m e but a few, are closely associated with "Crelles Journal", as the periodical soon came to be known. Creile ran his journal, which enjoyed an outstanding reputation f r o m the outset, for almost thirty years. Under his editorship it was never the organ of a particular school of thought but rather the "mouthpiece of central European mathematics" in the first half of the 19 th century. However, the focus shifted gradually towards pure mathematics. T h e practical approach of its founder still characterises Crelles Journal: the arrangement of providing an index of preceding papers after every tenth volume was his idea, and has been retained by all

28

The Publisher Georg Reimer

later editors. T h e oldest mathematics journal in German has also demonstrated continuity in the choice of publisher: since 1827 the Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik has been issued by the Georg Reimer Verlag and its legal successors. 1 1

Wolfgang Eccarius, August Leopold Creile als Herausgeber des Crelleschen Journals, in: Journal f ü r die reine und a n g e w a n d t e M a t h e m a t i k 2 8 6 / 2 8 7 (1976), 5—25; Jean-Pierre Friedelmeyer; Augustus Leopold Creile, 1780—1855, in: Mathematics in Berlin, ed. by H . G. W. Begehr, H . Koch et al., Berlin—Basel—Boston 1998, 2 7 - 3 2 .

T h e geography list (4,7 % ) was dominated by Carl Ritter's monumental work Die Erdkunde im Verhältniß zur Natur und zur Geschichte des Menschen (Earth Science in Relation to Nature and the History of Man). T h e first version (1817/18) was in only two volumes; however, after the second edition (1822/1852) 19 further volumes were added (1833-1859). This "most comprehensive work in the geographical literature of the a g e " was also the largest project undertaken by the Reimer Verlag (fig. 14). 4 8 Political science and law ( 4 . 4 % ) included the Allgemeine Gerichtsordnung für die preußischen Staaten (General Court Procedure for the .Prussian States: 1816), which appeared in a large edition. T h e principle art history (2,5 % ) title, Aloys Hirt's Baukunst nach den Grundsätzen der Alten (Architecture by the Principles of Antiquity: 1809), illustrated with 50 engravings, was further evidence of R e i m e r s readiness to take risks; he would tackle cost-intensive projects even in this difficult period for the publishing industry. Besides the philosophy titles already mentioned, the relatively short list (3.3 % ) included Wilhelm von Humboldt's Collected Works (7 vols., 1841-1852) (fig. 15). Memorable titles in geology (2.3 % ) were the journals edited by Carl Johann Bernhard Karsten Archiv für Bergbau und Hüttenwesen (Archive for Mining and Metallurgical Engineering: 20 vols., 1818—1831) and Archiv für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Bergbau und Hüttenkunde (Archive for Mineralogy, Geology, Mining, and Metallurgy: 26 vols., 1829—1855) as well as his Handbuch der Eisenhüttenkunde (Handbook of Ferrous Metallurgy: 5 vols., 1841). T h e major author in agriculture and forestry (2.1 % ) was Albrecht Thaer, the founder of modern agronomy in Germany. His Annalen des Ackerbaues (Annals of Agriculture: 8 vols., 1805—1812) and his m a g n u m opus, Grundsätze der rationellen Landwirthschaft (Principles of Rational Farming: 4 vols., 1809—1812), contributed to the "agrarian revolution" that prepared the way for and accompanied the industrial revolution.

29

The Publisher Georg Reimer

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3» Fleck. Maculae caeruleae M, Tacites bleues ombrées Ç> linsen- bis 10 ^ - S t i i c k große mattblaue Flecken von Filzläusen. M. corneae halbdurchscheinender Hornhautfleck, der Durchsichtigkeit nach zwischen Nubecula u. Leukom stehend. M. lutea der gelbe Fleck der Netzhaut. M. matricis Muttermal, Naevus. Maculated. Maculous ηψ gefleckt. Mad βηφ> irre. Madness Irresein. Madagaskargeschwiir s. Ulcus phagedaenicum. Madarosis μαόαρός hohl, Kahlheit, besonders Wimpermangei. Vgl. Ptilosis. MADELUNGsche Deformität spontane Subluxation der Hand, durch dorsalkonvexe Krümmung des Radius. MADELUNGsches Zeichen der bei eitriger Bauchfellentzündung zu beobachtende Unterschied zwischen Achselund Mastdarmtemperatur, größer als für gewöhnlich. Madenwurm s. Oxyuris vermicularis. Madidans M nässend, s. Ekzem.

Madurabein, Mycetom, Perical Volkskrankheit in Indien, Madura in Madras, geschwürige E r k r a n k u n g des Beins. E i n e F o r m , mit gelber Verfärbung, wird durch Aktinomykose, eine andere, mit schwarzer Verfärbung, durch einen Schimmelpilz hervorgerufen. Magenatonie nervöse Erschlaffung der Magenmuskulatur mit Herabsetzung der Peristaltik: atonisch-motorische Insuffizienz. Magenblase, Chronische idiopathische, F . Α. Ηοϊγμαην, durch RoENTöBifstrahlen nachweisbare anhaltende blasenförmige Luftauftreibung des Magens, infolge nervöser Erschlaffung von Teilen der Magenwand. Magenerweiterung Dilatatio ventriculi, Gastrektasie. Magengeschwür Ulcus ventriculi. Magenleere, Schmerzhafte, Schmerzen, die immer auftreten, wenn der Magen leer ist, beruhen auf Ulcus oder sind nervöser Art. Magensaftfluß s. Supersekretion. Magenschmerz, Linkseitiger, Riedel, unter dem Rippenbogen, in Anfällen oder anhaltend, wichtiges Zeichen für Magengeschwür. Magensteifung Boas, Gastrospasmus, brettharte Zusammenziehung der Magenwandmuskeln, bes. beiSuperazidität. Magentetanie Tetanie infolge von Magenleiden. Maggot pimple Akne. Magistrai M nach Vorschrift des Arztes bereitet, im Gegensatz zu offizinell, nach allgemeiner, staatlicher Vorschrift vorrätig. M-formel, Formula magistralis erprobte oder gebräuchlich gewordene ärztliche Vorschrift. Magma μάγμα Teig, Brei. Magnet von Magnesia in Lydien so genannt, benutzt zur Entfernung von Eisensplittern aus der H o r n h a u t : Moperation, und zur geistigen, suggestiven Behandlung von Gefühl- und Bewegungslähmungen bei Hysterie. Tierischer Magnetismus s. v. w. Hypnotismus. Magnetisation nach TRÜB durch Ein-

11 From Dornblüth (3 rd ed., 1907) ...

Veit & Comp.

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deformity; häufig beidseitige E p i p h y s e n w a c h s tumsstörung a m distalen Radiusende (ulnar, v o lar) mit Verschiebung der Handwurzel volarwärts. Die Ulna zeigt keine Wachstumsstörung u. erscheint dadurch, d a ß sie den Radius längenmäßig überragt, nach dorsal luxiert. Teilsymptom d e r Dyschondrosteosis* Léri-Weill u. des Ullrich*-Turner-Syndroms. Madelung-Fett hals (Î): (engl.) adenolipomatosis Syndrome; syn. Lipomatosis cervicalis; Variante d e r multiplen symmetrischen Lipomatose* mit Fettgewebehypex-plasie im Halsbereich. M a d e n krankheit: s. Myiasis. M a d e n wurm: Enterobius* vermicularis. m a d e s c e n s (lat. madescere n a ß werden): nässend. M a d o n n e n f i n g e r : (engl.) Madonna fingers; s. Sklerodermie, progressive systemische. Madura f u ß : syn. Mycetoma pedis; s. Aktinomyzetom, Eumyzetom. mäq: Kurzzeichen f ü r Milliäquivalent*. Mäuse: (engl.) mice; je nach Species u. U. med. relevant als Reservewirt* u. Infektionsquelle zahlreicher S e u c h e n e r r e g e r , z. B. Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Spirillum minus, Leptospiren, Borrelia duttoni, Borrelia burgdorferi, Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, Choriomeningitis-Virus, Trichinella spiralis. Mäuseldornjwurzelistock: s. Rhizoma Rusci aculeati. M a f f u c c i - S y n d r o m (Angelo M., Pathol., Neapel, Pisa, 1845-1903) η: syn. Maffucci-KastSyndrom, Chondrodysplasie-Hämangiom-Synd r o m ; komplexe Entwicklungsstörung m e s o d e r m a l e r Gewebe mit u n b e k a n n t e r Ätiol.; m e h r als 100 Fälle bekannt; Sympt.: Manifestation häufig vor der Pubertät; multiple Hämangiome an Haut u. inneren O r g a n e n (Blutungsgefahr), E n c h o n d r o m e bes. an H ä n d e n u. Füßen, a s y m metrische K n o c h e n c h o n d r o m a t o s e der E x t r e mitätenknochen mit Skelettdeformierungen; maligne E n t a r t u n g der T u m o r e n (Chondro-, Hämangio-, Fibrosarkome, Gliome u. a.) in ca. 20% der Fälle. M a g a l d r a t (INN) n : s. Antazida. Magen: (engl.) stomach; (anat.) Gaster, Ventriculus, Stomachus; Organ, das d e m eigentl. Verdauungsträkt vorgeschaltet ist u. dessen Funktion die Nahrungsspeicherung mit langsam e r Abgabe in den D a r m bzw. Durchmischung der N a h r u n g ist; m a n unterscheidet: Kardia (Speiseröhreneinmündung), Fornix od. Fundus (Magengewölbe). Korpus (Körper), ü b e r g e h e n d in den Sinus (tiefstgelegene Stelle), der den Anfang des Antrums (Pars pylorica ventriculi, R e gio praepylorica, Canalis egestorius) bildet, welc h e s am Pylorus (Pförtner, E i n m ü n d u n g in das D u o d e n u m ) endet. D e r M. hat zwei K r ü m m u n -

Abschnitte des Magens

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Magen: salzsäureproduzierende Belegzelle mit typischer Lokalisation innerhalb des Drüsenschlauchs (oben, Pfeile; Acetylcholinesterase-Reaktion) und zahlreichen großen Mitochondrien (unten; elektronenmikroskopische Aufnahme) [395] gen: Curvatura major (Ii. Magenrand) u. Curvatura minor (re. Magenrand); an letzterer bildet ein scharfer Winkel (Angulus ventriculi bzw. I n cisure angularis) die Grenze zw. Korpus u. A n trum. Die M a g e n w a n d ist 2-3 m m stark u. b e sitzt vier Schichten: Serosa, Muskularis, S u b mukosa, Mukosa; letztere hat drei Drüsenarten (Glandulae gastricae): 1. mukoide D r ü s e n an d e r Kardia; 2. F u n d u s - u. K o r p u s d r ü s e n , die vier Zellarten besitzen: die Hauptzellen (Bildung von Pepsinogen*), Belegzellen (Salzsäure* u. Intrinsic* factor), Nebenzellen (Magenschleim) u. im Bereich des A n t r u m s enterochromaffine Zellen* (bilden u. a. Gastrin*); 3. mukoide Pylorusdrüsen. F a s s u n g s v e r m ö g e n des M. : bei Neugeboren e n etwa 30 ml, bei E r w a c h s e n e n 1600-2400 ml. Vgl. Hormone, gastrointestinale. Magen|a:tonie (Atonie*) f: (engl.) gastroatonia; syn. Magenlähmung, Gastroparese; L ä h mung d e r Magenmotilität mit Entleerungsstörung bes. für feste Nahrung; Urs.: 1. neurogen: bei Diabetes mellitus, Amyloidose, idiopathisch (z. B. i. R. einer intestinalen P s e u d o o b s t r u k tion); 2. myogen: bei Muskeldystrophien, Kollagenosen, Amyloidose; 3. viral: akute M. bei Infektionen z. B. mit Zytomegalie- od. NorwalkVirus; 4. medikamentös: d u r c h Opiate, D o p aminagonisten, Sympathomimetika, Anticholinergika; 5. als postoperative Kompl. d u r c h S c h ä digung od. D u r c h t r e n n u n g des N. vagus (Vagotomie*); Sympt.: Völlegefühl, Reflux, Übelkeit, Erbrechen; Ther.: Behandlung d e r G r u n d e r k r a n k u n g ; Magensonde, Nahrungskarenz, Peristaltika, a b f ü h r e n d e M a ß n a h m e n . Magen a u s h e b e r u n g : s. Magenspülung. M . a u s h e b e r u n g , fraktionierte: s. Magensaft-

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"Dear Sir, In thanking you for the honour of your kind visit and letter, allow m e to say in reply to your cordial wish that I do not intend at present to write a textbook on thermodynamics." T h u s begins a letter to H e r m a n n Credner dated 15 th July 1892. It continues: "On the other hand I have the firm intention of carrying out this project in a few years, and since you take an interest in it, I shall willingly inform you of m y plans at the appropriate time." T h e writer of these lines, the physicist Max Planck, was to keep his word. In 1897 Veit & Comp, published his Vorlesungen über Thermodynamik (Lectures on Thermodynamics), the classic treatment of the subject (fig. 12).55

T h e third evergreen — if only in chronological terms — is a twin title: Lehrbuch der Organischen Chemie (Textbook of Organic Chemistry: 1896) and Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry: 1899) by Arnold Frederik Holleman, professor of chemistry at the University of Antwerp. Each appeared in G e r m a n translation a year after the Dutch original (fig. 13). At first, Credner did not expect t h e m to sell well, but soon learned otherwise. Nevertheless, he was very reluctant to satisfy Holleman's appetite for royalties, which grew with every edition. Fortunately, the relationship between publisher and author withstood such differences as well as difficulties with the changing editors of Holleman's works. After the dissolution of Veit & Comp., they were successfully continued by Walter de Gruyter. 3 6 These medical and scientific classics eclipse the other publishing activities of the firm. Unjustifiably, for during the same period Veit & Comp, published works by the philosopher Rudolf Eucken, including Die Lebensanschauungen der großen Denker (The Philosophy of Life of the Great Thinkers: 1 8 9 0 ) , Der Wahrheitsgehalt der Religion (The T r u t h of Religion: 1901) and Grundlinien einer neuen Lebensanschauung (Essentials of a New Philosophy of Life: 1 9 0 7 ) . T h e Swedish translation of the last-named work, which soon appeared, m a y well have been given the Stockholm Academy occasion to award Eucken the Nobel prize for literature in 1908. Also worthy of mention is Griechische Denker (Greek Thinkers) by Theodor Gomperz ( 3 vols., 1 8 9 6 — 1 9 0 9 ) and Grundzüge der Psychologie (Outline of Psychology) by H e r m a n n Ebbinghaus ( 2 vols., 1 8 9 7 — 1 9 1 3 ) . Thanks to skilful negotiation, Credner managed to procure the Entscheidungen des Reichsgerichts in Civilsachen (Decisions of the Imperial Court in Civil Matters: 7 7 vols., 1 9 0 3 — 1 9 1 2 ) and in Strafsachen ( ... in Criminal Matters: 4 4 vols., 1 9 0 1 - 1 9 4 4 ) . Finally, the history section was decisively upgraded by Harry Bresslau's Handbuch der Urkundenlehre (Manual of Diplomatics, 1889) and the Archiv

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Max Planck: Vorlesungen über Thermodynamik Max Planck's Lectures on Thermodynamics first appeared in book form in 1897, two years before the momentous discovery of his radiation law and the associated fundamental physical constant h, which was soon to go down in history as Planck's constant. The book summarised the state of the art in thermodynamics in a standardised presentation. No fewer than nine editions of the book had appeared by 1930, bearing witness to its outstanding importance. Planck expanded his work to include the discoveries of great scientists of his time like Nernst, Boltzmann and Debye, as well as the results of his own research. Like perhaps no other, this publications was thus at the leading edge of contemporary science. In 1954 the tenth edition of Planck's Thermodynamics appeared under the supervision of his probably best known student, Max von Laue, who rightly remarked that Planck's textbook was neither obsolete nor would it easily become so. If it has withheld the test of time, it is because what Planck wrote about the fundamentals of thermodynamics remains valid to this day, especially his mathematical treatment of the three Laws of Thermodynamics, the application of which is crucial in understanding natural and technical processes. However, the perspective of the age largely ignored nonequilibrium thermodynamics and statistical thermodynamics, so that they were not dealt with in this work. Like no other, however Planck was aware that his treatise could not be the last word; he correctly predicted that, sooner or later, other points of view would assert themselves. Nasser Kanani/Ingolf Lamprecht Towards the end of the 19th century, Veit & Comp, was publishing about 30 titles per year, excluding periodicals. The working atmosphere suffered greatly from the head of the firm's difficult temperament. The staff, which consisted of only two assistants, a "market assistant", and two apprentices, changed frequently. It was only at an advanced age that Credner granted one of his assistants, Wilhelm Eydt, commercial power of agency. Whilst the firm's publications were at the cutting edge of science with pioneering works on such subjects as radium and wireless telegraphy,

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