Unlock the Academic Word List: Sublists 4-6 9781912579686

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Unlock the Academic Word List: Sublists 4-6 Sheldon Smith

Unlock the Academic Word List: Sublists 4-6 Copyright © 2020 Sheldon C.H. Smith All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or in any means – by electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without prior written permission. ISBN 978-1-912579-68-6 First Edition This book is published by Evident Press in conjunction with EAPFoundation.com and EAPCourses.com websites. For more information on titles by Evident Press, visit www.evidentpress.com. Acknowledgements Academic collocations are derived from the Academic Collocation List (ACL), developed by Kirsten Ackermann and Yu-Hua Chen using the Pearson International Corpus of Academic English (PICAE). The lists were generated using the online ACL highlighter of EAPFoundation.com. See: https://www.eapfoundation.com/vocab/academic/acl/highlighter/. The texts used in the Exercises sections are taken from the OpenStax resources provided by Rice University. Acknowledgements are given where those texts occur. Definitions taken from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. THIS SOFTWARE AND DATABASE IS PROVIDED 'AS IS' AND PRINCETON UNIVERSITY MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF THE LICENSED SOFTWARE, DATABASE OR DOCUMENTATION WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, TRADEMARKS OR OTHER RIGHTS. Pronunciation of words is adapted from The Carnegie Mellon University Pronouncing Dictionary.

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Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................. 5 About the Academic Word List ................................................................................ 5 About this book.......................................................................................................... 5 Guidance for study .................................................................................................... 6

Academic Word List: Sublist 4 ................................................. 7 Exercises (Sublist 4) ................................................................................................. 42 Task 1: Focus on Meaning #1.................................................................................. 42 Task 2: Focus on Meaning #2.................................................................................. 43 Task 3: Focus on Meaning #3.................................................................................. 44 Task 4: Collocations #1 ............................................................................................ 45 Task 5: Collocations #2 ............................................................................................ 45 Task 6: Collocations #3 ............................................................................................ 46 Task 7: Word form ................................................................................................... 46

Academic Word List: Sublist 5 ............................................... 47 Exercises (Sublist 5) ................................................................................................. 79 Task 1: Focus on Meaning #1.................................................................................. 79 Task 2: Focus on Meaning #2.................................................................................. 80 Task 3: Focus on Meaning #3.................................................................................. 82 Task 4: Collocations #1 ............................................................................................ 83 Task 5: Collocations #2 ............................................................................................ 84 Task 6: Word form #1 .............................................................................................. 84 Task 7: Word form #2 .............................................................................................. 86

Academic Word List: Sublist 6 ............................................... 87 Exercises (Sublist 6) ...............................................................................................119 Task 1: Focus on Meaning #1................................................................................ 119 Task 2: Focus on Meaning #2................................................................................ 120 Task 3: Focus on Meaning #3................................................................................ 122 Task 4: Collocations #1 .......................................................................................... 123 Task 5: Collocations #2 .......................................................................................... 123 Task 6: Word form #1 ............................................................................................ 124 Task 7: Word form #2 ............................................................................................ 125

Answers to exercises ...........................................................................................126 Sublist 4 .................................................................................................................. 126 Sublist 5 .................................................................................................................. 130 Sublist 6 .................................................................................................................. 136

Index of words .......................................................................................................141 About the author ..................................................................................................146 Accessing Online Resources...............................................................................147 3

Unlock the Academic Word List: Sublists 4-6

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Introduction About the Academic Word List The Academic Word List (AWL) was developed by Averil Coxhead at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. The list contains 570 word families which frequently appear in academic texts, but which are not contained in the General Service List (GSL). The 570 word families of the AWL are divided into 10 lists (called sublists) according to how frequent they are. Sublist 1 has the most frequent word families, sublist 2 the next most frequent word families, up to sublist 10, which has the least frequent. Each sublist contains 60 word families, except for sublist 10, which only has 30.

About this book The book has the following features. 1) All words in each AWL sublist are given. 2) Pronunciation of each headword is shown. 3) Definitions are given for each headword. These are the most common definitions of these words as used in academic contexts, rather than all possible meanings (many meanings of the words do not relate to how they are used in academic contexts). 4) The word family of each word is also given (adj, noun, verb, etc.). These are categorised by type, so you can easily tell which word has which word form. 5) Common academic collocations using each AWL word are also given. These are taken from the ACL (Academic Collocations List) developed by Pearson Education. 6) There are exercises at the end of each sublist to help you practise each of the words. The exercises cover all 60 words in each sublist (often multiple times). More exercises can be found by accessing the online resources. See the end of the book for access details. 7) There is a study guide (below) to help you understand how to use the AWL, and this book, to improve your academic vocabulary.

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Unlock the Academic Word List: Sublists 4-6 Guidance for study When studying vocabulary, the first step is to understand the meaning. Looking up words in a dictionary to find the meaning can be difficult, and so to help you with this, all headwords in the book have definitions, which are limited to how the words are used in academic contexts. Many students simply never get past the first step, which means they may be able to understand the word when reading, but will not be able to use it productively in writing or speaking. A second step is to understand different word forms of the word, i.e. the word family. This will enable you to use the word more flexibly in your speaking or writing, and is an especially useful skill if you want to paraphrase material. For example, the word contrast, in AWL sublist 4, can be a verb or noun. The adjective form is contrasting or contrastive. A third step is to focus on usage. Here you would need a good dictionary to help, or you can study the word in context. This book helps by giving example sentences, though these are only of the headword, and further study may be needed. Examples of usage for the word contrast are shown below. Contrast (n) contrast between [A & B] [A] show a contrast with [B] contrast in [sth]

There is an obvious contrast between China and the UK. This shows a marked contrast with the expected results. There was a clear contrast in how subjects reacted.

Contrast (v) contrast [sth] with [sth] [A & B] contrast

The research findings contrast sharply with those expected. The research findings and those expected contrast sharply.

Also related to usage are collocations, or common word combinations. This book includes all collocations from the ACL (Academic Collocations List) which use words from each sublist. A fourth step is to focus on pronunciation. Understanding the pronunciation of a word is important if you want to use the word correctly in your speaking, or understand it in a lecture. Pay particular attention to shifting stress as the word form changes. For example, the noun form CONtrast has the stress on the first syllable, while the verb form conTRAST has the stress on the second syllable. Note that only pronunciation of headword is given in this book, so for this extended pronunciation work you would need to use a dictionary or other resource.

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Academic Word List: Sublist 4

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access [ækses] verb 1. obtain or retrieve from a storage device; as of information on a computer. 2. reach or gain access to. E.g.: How does one access the attic in this house? [Syn: get at] noun 1. the right to obtain or make use of or take advantage of something (as services or membership). 2. the right to enter. [Syn: entree, accession, admittance] n (thing) access accessibility

verb access

adj accessible

opposite inaccessible

n (person) x

verb forms accessed accesses accessing

adv x

other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: direct access, easy access, electronic access, equal access, free access, limited access, online access, open access, public access, ready access, unlimited access. adv+adj: easily accessible, readily accessible. v+n: allow access (to), deny access (to), gain access (to), give access (to), have access (to), provide access (to).

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adequate [ædəkwət] adj 1. enough to meet a purpose. E.g.: an adequate income, the food was adequate [Syn: decent, enough] n (thing) adequacy

verb x

adj adequate

opposite inadequacy inadequate inadequately

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv adequately

other x

_________________________________________________________________

annual [ænjuəl] adj 1. occurring or payable every year. E.g.: an annual trip to Paris, annual (or yearly) income [Syn: yearly] n (thing) x

verb x

adj annual

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv annually

other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: annual conference, annual meeting, annual rate, annual report, annual review.

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apparent [əperənt] adj 1. clearly apparent or obvious to the mind or senses. E.g.: the effects of the drought are apparent to anyone who sees the parched fields [Syn: evident, manifest, patent, plain] n (thing) x n (person) x

verb x verb forms x

adj apparent adv apparently

opposite x other x

Collocations from the ACL adv+adj: immediately apparent, particularly apparent. _________________________________________________________________

approximate [əprɑksəmət] adj 1. not quite exact or correct. E.g.: the approximate time was 10 o'clock [Syn: approximative, rough] verb 1. be close or similar. E.g.: Her results approximate my own [Syn: come close] n (thing) approximation n (person) x

verb approximate verb forms approximated approximates approximating

adj approximate adv approximately

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attitude [ætətud] noun 1. a complex mental state involving beliefs and feelings and values and dispositions to act in certain ways. E.g.: he had the attitude that work was fun [Syn: mental attitude] n (thing) attitude n (person) x

verb x verb forms x

adj x adv x

opposite x other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: negative attitude, positive attitude, changing attitudes, cultural attitudes, public attitudes, social attitudes. _________________________________________________________________

attribute [ətrɪbjut] verb 1. attribute or credit to. E.g.: We attributed this quotation to Shakespeare [Syn: impute, ascribe, assign] 2. decide as to where something belongs in a scheme. [Syn: assign] noun 1. an abstraction belonging to or characteristic of an entity. n (thing) attribute attribution n (person) x

verb attribute

adj attributable

opposite x

verb forms attributed attributes attributing

adv x

other x

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civil [sɪvəl] adj 1. of or relating to or befitting citizens as individuals. E.g.: civil rights, civil liberty [Syn: civic] n (thing) x n (person) x

verb x verb forms x

adj civil adv x

opposite x other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: civil case, civil society. _________________________________________________________________

code [koʊd] verb 1. attach a code to. 2. convert ordinary language into code. E.g.: We should encode the message for security reasons [Syn: encode, encipher, cipher, cypher, encrypt, inscribe, write in code] noun 1. a coding system used for transmitting messages requiring brevity or secrecy. n (thing) code coding n (person) x

verb code

adj x

opposite x

verb forms coded codes coding

adv x

other x

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commit [kəmɪt] verb 1. perform an act, usually with a negative connotation. [Syn: perpetrate, pull] 2. give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause. E.g.: She committed herself to the work of God [Syn: give, dedicate, consecrate, devote] n (thing) verb adj opposite commitment commit committed x n (person) verb forms adv other x commits x x committed committing Collocations from the ACL v+n: commit (a) crime, commit (an) offence. _________________________________________________________________

communicate [kəmjunəkeɪt] verb 1. transmit information. E.g.: Please communicate this message to all employees [Syn: pass on, pass, put across] 2. be in verbal contact; interchange information or ideas. E.g.: He and his sons haven't communicated for years, Do you communicate with your advisor? n (thing) verb adj opposite communication communicate communicable uncommunicative communicative n (person) verb forms adv other x communicated communicatively x communicates communicating Collocations from the ACL adj+n: direct communication, effective communication, electronic communication, personal communication, verbal communication, written communication.

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concentrate [kɑnsəntreɪt] verb 1. draw together or meet in one common center. E.g.: These groups concentrate in the inner cities 2. direct one's attention on something. [Syn: focus, center, centre, pore, rivet] noun 1. the desired mineral that is left after impurities have been removed from mined ore. [Syn: dressed ore] n (thing) verb adj opposite concentrate concentrate concentrated x concentration n (person) verb forms adv other x concentrated x x concentrates concentrating _________________________________________________________________

confer [kənfɜr] adv 1. compare (used to point the reader to another place in the text). [Syn: cf., cf] verb 1. have a conference in order to talk something over. E.g.: We conferred about a plan of action [Syn: confabulate, confab, consult] n (thing) verb adj opposite conference confer x x n (person) verb forms adv other x conferred confer x conferring confers Collocations from the ACL adj+n: annual conference, international conference, national conference. v+n: attend (a) conference, hold (a) conference.

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contrast [kɑntræst] verb 1. put in opposition to show or emphasize differences. E.g.: The middle school teacher contrasted her best student's work with that of her weakest student noun 1. the opposition or dissimilarity of things that are compared. E.g.: in contrast to, by contrast [Syn: direct contrast] n (thing) contrast

verb contrast

adj contrasting contrastive

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms contrasted contrasting contrasts

adv x

other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: marked contrast, sharp contrast, stark contrast, striking contrast.

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cycle [saɪkəl] verb 1. recur in repeating sequences. noun 1. an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs. E.g.: the neverending cycle of the seasons [Syn: rhythm, round] n (thing) verb adj opposite cycle cycle cyclic x cyclical n (person) verb forms adv other x cycled x x cycles cycling _________________________________________________________________

debate [dəbeɪt] verb 1. have an argument about something. [Syn: argue, contend, fence] 2. discuss the pros and cons of an issue. [Syn: deliberate] 3. think about carefully; weigh. [Syn: consider, moot, turn over, deliberate] noun 1. a discussion in which reasons are advanced for and against some proposition or proposal. [Syn: argument, argumentation] n (thing) verb adj opposite debate debate debatable x n (person) verb forms adv other x debated x x debates debating Collocations from the ACL adj+n: academic debate, considerable debate, contemporary debate, heated debate, ongoing debate, political debate, public debate, theoretical debate.

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despite [dɪspaɪt] adv 1. In spite of; against, or in defiance of. n (thing) x

verb x

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv despite

other x

_________________________________________________________________

dimension [dɪmenʃən] noun 1. one of three cartesian coordinates that determine a position in space. 2. the magnitude of something in a particular direction (especially length or width or height). 3. a construct whereby objects or individuals can be distinguished. [Syn: property, attribute] n (thing) dimension

verb x

adj dimensional

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv x

other multidimensional

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: cultural dimension, political dimension, social dimension.

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domestic [dəmestɪk] adj 1. converted or adapted to domestic use. E.g.: domestic animals, domesticated plants like maize [Syn: domesticated] 2. of concern to or concerning the internal affairs of a nation. E.g.: domestic issues such as tax rate and highway construction 3. of or involving the home or family. E.g.: domestic worries, domestic happiness, they share the domestic chores, everything sounded very peaceful and domestic, an author of blood-and-thunder novels yet quite domestic in his taste noun 1. a household servant. [Syn: domestic help, house servant] n (thing) x

verb domesticate

adj domestic domesticated

opposite x

n (person) domestic

verb forms domesticated domesticating

adv domestically

other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: domestic market, domestic sphere, domestic violence.

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emerge [ɪmɜrdʒ] verb 1. happen or occur as a result of something. [Syn: come forth] 2. become known or apparent. E.g.: Some nice results emerged from the study 3. come out of. [Syn: issue, come out, come forth, go forth, egress] n (thing) emergence

verb emerge

adj emergent emerging

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms emerged emerges emerging

adv x

other x

_________________________________________________________________

error [erɜr] noun 1. part of a statement that is not correct. E.g.: the book was full of errors [Syn: mistake] 2. a misconception resulting from incorrect information. [Syn: erroneous belief] n (thing) error

verb x

adj erroneous

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv erroneously

other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: common error, random error, standard error.

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ethnic [eθnɪk] adj 1. denoting or deriving from or distinctive of the ways of living built up by a group of people. E.g.: influenced by ethnic and cultural ties- J.F.Kennedy, ethnic food [Syn: cultural, ethnical] n (thing) ethnicity n (person) x

verb x verb forms x

adj ethnic adv x

opposite x other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: ethnic community, ethnic differences, ethnic diversity, ethnic group, ethnic identity, ethnic minority, ethnic origin. _________________________________________________________________

goal [goʊl] noun 1. the place designated as the end (as of a race or journey). [Syn: finish, destination] 2. the state of affairs that a plan is intended to achieve and that (when achieved) terminates behavior intended to achieve it. [Syn: end] n (thing) goal n (person) x

verb x verb forms x

adj x adv x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: common goal, economic goal, ultimate goal. v+n: achieve (a) goal, set (a) goal.

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grant [grænt] verb 1. allow to have. E.g.: grant a privilege [Syn: accord, allot] 2. give on the basis of merit. E.g.: Funds are granted to qualified researchers [Syn: award] 3. bestow, especially officially. E.g.: grant a degree, This bill grants us new rights [Syn: give] noun 1. any monetary aid. 2. the act of providing a subsidy. [Syn: subsidization, subsidisation] n (thing) grant

verb grant

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms granted granting grants

adv x

other x

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hence [hens] adv 1. (used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result. E.g.: the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory, we were young and thence optimistic [Syn: therefore, thence, thus] n (thing) x

verb x

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv hence

other x

_________________________________________________________________

hypothesis [haɪpɑθəsəs] noun 1. a proposal intended to explain certain facts or observations. 2. a tentative theory about the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena. E.g.: a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory [Syn: possibility, theory] n (thing) hypothesis

verb hypothesise hypothesize

adj hypothetical

n (person) x

verb forms adv hypothesised / -ized hypothetically hypothesises / -izes hypothesising / -izing

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opposite x

other hypotheses (pl)

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implement [ɪmpləmənt] verb 1. apply in a manner consistent with its purpose or design. E.g.: implement a procedure 2. pursue to a conclusion or bring to a successful issue. E.g.: He implemented a new economic plan [Syn: follow through, follow up, follow out, carry out, put through, go through] noun 1. instrumentation (a piece of equipment or tool) used to affect an end. n (thing) implement implementation

verb implement

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms implemented implementing implements

adv x

other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: effective implementation, successful implementation.

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implicate [ɪmplɪkeɪt] verb 1. impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment or result. [Syn: entail] n (thing) implication

verb implicate

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms implicated implicates implicating

adv x

other x

_________________________________________________________________

impose [ɪmpoʊz] verb 1. compel to behave in a certain way. E.g.: Social relations impose courtesy [Syn: enforce] n (thing) imposition

verb impose

adj imposing

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms imposed imposes imposing

adv x

other x

Collocations from the ACL v+n: impose constraints, impose limitations, impose restrictions.

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integrate [ɪntəgreɪt] verb 1. make into a whole or make part of a whole. [Syn: incorporate] 2. become one; become integrated. E.g.: The students at this school integrate immediately, despite their different backgrounds n (thing) verb adj opposite integration integrate x x n (person) verb forms adv other x integrated x x integrates integrating Collocations from the ACL adj+n: integrated approach, integrated system, economic integration, social integration. _________________________________________________________________

internal [ɪntɜrnəl] adj 1. occurring within an institution or community. [Syn: intragroup] 2. happening or arising or located within some limits or especially surface. E.g.: internal organs, internal mechanism of a toy, internal party maneuvering 3. inside the country. E.g.: a nation's internal politics [Syn: home, interior, national] n (thing) verb adj opposite x internalise internal x internalize n (person) verb forms adv other x internalised / -ized internally x internalises / -izes internalising / -izing Collocations from the ACL adj+n: internal affairs, internal conflict, internal control, internal market, internal organ, internal structure.

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investigate [ɪnvestəgeɪt] verb 1. conduct an inquiry or investigation of. E.g.: The district attorney's office investigated reports of possible irregularities [Syn: inquire, enquire] n (thing) investigation

verb investigate

adj investigative

opposite x

n (person) investigator

verb forms investigated investigates investigating

adv x

other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: empirical investigation, further investigation, scientific investigation. _________________________________________________________________

job [dʒɑb] noun 1. the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money. [Syn: occupation, business, line of work, line] 2. the responsibility to do something. E.g.: it is their job to print the truth n (thing) job

verb x

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv x

other x

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label [leɪbəl] verb 1. assign a label to; designate with a label. E.g.: These students were labelled `learning disabled' noun 1. a brief description given for purposes of identification. E.g.: the label Modern is applied to many different kinds of architecture 2. an identifying or descriptive marker that is attached to an object. n (thing) label n (person) x

verb label verb forms labeled / -lled labeling / -lling labels

adj x adv x

opposite x other x

_________________________________________________________________

mechanism [mekənɪzəm] noun 1. a natural object resembling a machine in structure or function. E.g.: the mechanism of the ear, the mechanism of infection 2. device consisting of a piece of machinery; has moving parts that perform some function. 3. the technical aspects of doing something. E.g.: a mechanism of social control, mechanisms of communication [Syn: mechanics] n (thing) mechanism n (person) x

verb x verb forms x

adj x adv x

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obvious [ɑbviəs] adj 1. easily perceived or understood. E.g.: obvious errors n (thing) x n (person) x

verb x verb forms x

adj obvious adv obviously

opposite x other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: obvious difference, obvious example, obvious point, obvious reason. adv+adj: fairly obvious, immediately obvious. v+adj: become obvious, seem obvious. _________________________________________________________________

occupy [ɑkjəpaɪ] verb 1. be present in; be inside of. [Syn: inhabit] 2. march aggressively into another's territory by military force for the purposes of conquest and occupation. [Syn: invade] 3. engage or engross wholly. [Syn: absorb, engross, engage] n (thing) occupancy occupation n (person) occupant occupier

verb occupy verb forms occupied occupies occupying

adj occupational occupied adv x

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option [ɑpʃən] noun 1. one of a number of things from which only one can be chosen. E.g.: what option did I have? [Syn: alternative, choice] n (thing) option

verb x

adj optional

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv x

other x

_________________________________________________________________

output [aʊtpʊt] noun 1. the quantity of something (as a commodity) that is created (usually within a given period of time). [Syn: yield, production] 2. final product; the things produced. [Syn: end product] n (thing) output

verb x

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv x

other x

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overall [oʊvɜrɔl] adj 1. including everything. E.g.: the overall cost [Syn: total] 2. involving only main features. E.g.: the overall pattern of his life n (thing) x

verb x

adj overall

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv x

other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: overall aim, overall effect, overall level, overall performance, overall picture, overall rate, overall structure.

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parallel [perəlel] adj 1. of or relating to the simultaneous performance of multiple operations. E.g.: parallel processing 2. being everywhere equidistant and not intersecting. E.g.: parallel lines never converge, concentric circles are parallel, dancers in two parallel rows verb 1. be parallel to. E.g.: Their roles are paralleled by ours 2. duplicate or match. [Syn: twin, duplicate] noun 1. something having the property of being analogous to something else. [Syn: analogue, analog] n (thing) parallel

verb parallel

adj parallel

opposite unparalleled

n (person) x

verb forms paralleled parallelled parallelling parallels

adv x

other x

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parameter [pɜræmətɜr] noun 1. any factor that defines a system and determines (or limits) its performance. n (thing) parameter

verb x

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv x

other x

_________________________________________________________________

phase [feɪz] verb 1. arrange in phases or stages. E.g.: phase a withdrawal noun 1. any distinct time period in a sequence of events. [Syn: stage] n (thing) phase

verb phase

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms phased phases phasing

adv x

other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: final phase, first phase, initial phase, next phase.

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predict [prɪdɪkt] verb 1. make a prediction about; tell in advance. [Syn: foretell, prognosticate, call, forebode, anticipate, promise] n (thing) predictability prediction

verb predict

adj predictable

opposite unpredictability unpredictable

n (person) x

verb forms predicted predicting predicts

adv predictably

other x

_________________________________________________________________

principal [prɪnsəpəl] adj 1. most important element. E.g.: the principal rivers of America, the principal example [Syn: chief, main, primary] n (thing) x

verb x

adj principal

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv principally

other x

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prior [praɪɜr] adj 1. earlier in time. [Syn: anterior] n (thing) verb x x n (person) verb forms x x

adj prior adv x

opposite x other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: prior experience, prior knowledge. _________________________________________________________________

professional [prəfeʃənəl] adj 1. of or relating to a profession. E.g.: we need professional advice, professional training, professional equipment for his new office 2. characteristic of or befitting a profession or one engaged in a profession. E.g.: professional conduct, professional ethics, a thoroughly professional performance noun 1. a person engaged in one of the learned professions. [Syn: professional person] n (thing) verb adj opposite professionalism x professional x n (person) verb forms adv other professional x professionally x Collocations from the ACL adj+n: professional activity, professional body, professional colleague, professional development, professional experience, professional knowledge, professional practice, professional qualification, professional staff, professional standard, professional status, professional support, professional training, professional work.

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project [prɑdʒekt] verb 1. project on a screen. E.g.: The images are projected onto the screen 2. cause to be heard. E.g.: His voice projects well 3. extend out or project in space. [Syn: stick out, protrude, jut out, jut] noun 1. a planned undertaking. [Syn: projection] n (thing) verb project project projection n (person) verb forms x projected projecting projects

adj x

opposite x

adv x

other x

_________________________________________________________________

promote [prəmoʊt] verb 1. contribute to the progress or growth of. [Syn: advance, boost, further, encourage] 2. make publicity for; try to sell (a product). [Syn: advertise, advertize, push] n (thing) verb adj opposite promotion promote x x n (person) verb forms adv other promoter promoted x x promotes promoting Collocations from the ACL v+n: promote (the) development (of), promote equality.

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regime [rəʒim] noun 1. the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit. [Syn: government, authorities] n (thing) regime

verb x

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv x

other x

_________________________________________________________________

resolve [rizɑlv] verb 1. bring to an end; settle conclusively. [Syn: decide, settle, adjudicate] 2. reach a decision. E.g.: he resolved never to drink again [Syn: purpose] 3. reach a conclusion after a discussion or deliberation. [Syn: conclude] n (thing) resolution

verb resolve

adj x

opposite unresolved

n (person) x

verb forms resolved resolves resolving

adv x

other x

Collocations from the ACL v+n: resolve (a) conflict, resolve (a) dispute.

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retain [rɪteɪn] verb 1. secure and keep for possible future use or application. E.g.: The landlord retained the security deposit [Syn: hold, keep back, hold back] 2. hold within. E.g.: This soil retains water, I retain this drug for a long time 3. keep in one's mind. E.g.: I cannot retain so much information n (thing) retainer retention

verb retain

adj retentive

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms retained retaining retains

adv x

other x

_________________________________________________________________

series [sɪriz] noun 1. similar things placed in order or happening one after another. E.g.: they were investigating a series of bank robberies n (thing) series

verb x

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv x

other x

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statistic [stətɪstɪk] noun 1. a datum that can be represented numerically. n (thing) verb adj statistic x statistical statistics n (person) verb forms adv statistician x statistically

opposite x other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: statistical analysis, statistical data, statistical information, statistical method, statistical significance, statistical technique, statistical test, descriptive statistics, official statistics. _________________________________________________________________

status [stætəs] noun 1. a state at a particular time. E.g.: the current status of the arms negotiations [Syn: condition] 2. the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society. E.g.: he had the status of a minor, the novel attained the status of a classic [Syn: position] n (thing) verb adj opposite status x x x n (person) verb forms adv other x x x x Collocations from the ACL adj+n: current status, economic status, equal status, high status, legal status, low status, political status, professional status, relative status, social status, socioeconomic status, special status.

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stress [stres] verb 1. to stress, single out as important. [Syn: emphasize, emphasise, punctuate, accent, accentuate] noun 1. difficulty that causes worry or emotional tension. E.g.: she endured the stresses and strains of life, he presided over the economy during the period of the greatest stress and danger- R.J.Samuelson [Syn: strain] 2. special emphasis attached to something. E.g.: the stress was more on accuracy than on speed [Syn: focus] 3. the relative prominence of a syllable or musical note (especially with regard to stress or pitch). E.g.: he put the stress on the wrong syllable [Syn: emphasis, accent] n (thing) stress

verb stress

adj stressed stressful

opposite unstressed

n (person) x

verb forms stressed stresses stressing

adv x

other x

Collocations from the ACL v+n: cause stress, reduce stress.

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subsequent [sʌbsəkwənt] adj 1. following in time or order. E.g.: subsequent developments n (thing) x n (person) x

verb x verb forms x

adj subsequent adv subsequently

opposite x other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: subsequent analysis, subsequent chapter, subsequent development, subsequent study, subsequent work. _________________________________________________________________

sum [sʌm] verb 1. be a summary of. E.g.: The abstract sums up the main ideas in the paper [Syn: summarize, summarise, sum up] 2. determine the sum of. [Syn: total, tot, tot up, sum up, summate, tote up, add, add together, tally, add up] noun 1. a quantity obtained by addition. [Syn: amount, total] 2. the whole amount. [Syn: total, totality, aggregate] n (thing) sum summation n (person) x

verb sum

adj x

opposite x

verb forms summed summing sums

adv x

other x

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summary [sʌmɜri] noun 1. a brief statement that presents the main points in a concise form. E.g.: he gave a summary of the conclusions n (thing) summarisation summarization summary n (person) x

verb summarise summarize

adj x

verb forms adv summarised / -ized x summarises / -izes summarising / -izing

opposite x

other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: brief summary, useful summary. v+n: present (a) summary, provide (a) summary. _________________________________________________________________

undertake [ʌndɜrteɪk] verb 1. enter upon an activity or enterprise. [Syn: set about, attempt] n (thing) undertaking n (person) x

verb undertake verb forms undertaken undertakes undertaking undertook

adj x adv x

opposite x other x

Collocations from the ACL v+n: undertake (an) activity, undertake research, undertake work.

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Exercises (Sublist 4) Task 1: Focus on Meaning #1 Study the following text on The History of Plague. Fill in the gaps using words from the box. All are words from AWL sublist 4. [Note: words from sublist 5 (italics) and sublist 6 (bold) are also shown, for preview purposes.] adequate conference hence prior

approximately cycle imposed summary

attributed despite mechanism

concentrated emerged overall

The bacteria that cause plague, Yersinia pestis, continue their existence through a _________ involving rodents and their fleas. The __________ of plague transmission is flea bites, contact with contaminated fluid or tissue, or inhalation of air-borne droplets. There have been three recorded plague pandemics during human history. The first recorded pandemic, the Justinian plague, occurred in the sixth century CE. It is thought to have _____________ from central Africa and spread to the Mediterranean through trade routes. At its peak, more than 5,000 people died per day in Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. The impact of this outbreak probably contributed to the later fall of Emperor Justinian, and _____________ its name, the Justinian plague. The plague was not, however, _____________ in Constantinople; it spread across Europe, Asia, North Africa and Arabia, killing _____________ 50 million people, up to half of the world’s population at the time. The second major pandemic, the Black Death, occurred during the 14th century. This time, the infections are thought to have originated somewhere in Asia before being transported to Europe by trade, soldiers, and war refugees. It persisted for 300 years in Europe and Great Britain. This outbreak killed an estimated one-quarter of the population of Europe (25 million, primarily in major cities). Deaths in Asia and Africa exceeded 25 million. ___________ lack of scientific understanding of how the disease was transmitted, it was known that proximity had some connection to transmission of the plague. Authorities in the Venetian port city of Ragusa __________ strict regulations on newly arrived sailors, keeping them isolated on their ships for 40 days, or a quarantino in Venetian law, the origin of the word quarantine. The most recent pandemic occurred in the 1890s. This outbreak originated in the Yunnan province of China and spread worldwide through trade. The plague bacterium was discovered by Alexandre Yersin (1863–1943) during this outbreak, and it is named after him, Yersinia pestis. During this outbreak, several European

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Sheldon Smith cities held an international _____________ (Venice in 1892, Dresden in 1893, Paris in 1894) to discuss ways to develop _____________ measures to prevent the introduction and spread of this and other infectious diseases to Europe. The _____________ number of deaths was lower than in _____________ outbreaks, perhaps because of improved sanitation and medical support. Most of the deaths _____________ to this final pandemic occurred in India. In _____________, the plague, which is spread by rodents and their fleas, has led to three major pandemics during human history. Source: Adapted from The History of the Plague, in Microbiology, Chapter 25 | Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections © 2018 Rice University. This OpenStax book is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col12087/1.5.

Task 2: Focus on Meaning #2 Read the second part of the text on Bullying and Cyberbullying: How Technology Has Changed the Game. Fill in the gaps using words from the box. All are words from AWL sublist 4. [Note: words from sublist 5 (italics) and sublist 6 (bold) are again shown.] accessible implicated statistics

apparent integrate subsequently

committed labels

implement occupy

Most of us know that the old rhyme “sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me” is inaccurate. Words can hurt, and never is that more _____________ than in instances of bullying. Bullying has always existed and has often reached extreme levels of cruelty in children and young adults, who are especially vulnerable to others’ opinions of them. Today, technology has ushered in a new era of this dynamic. Cyberbullying is the use of interactive media by one person to torment another, and it is on the rise. Cyberbullying can mean sending threatening texts, harassing someone in a public forum (such as Facebook), and posting embarrassing images online. This form of bullying is particularly dangerous because it’s widely _____________ and therefore easier to accomplish. _____________ released in 2013 show that close to 1 in every 3 (27.8 percent) students report being bullied by their school peers, with 17 percent of students reporting having been the victims of cyberbullying. Cyberbullying, and bullying in general, made international headlines in 2010 when a fifteen-year-old girl, Phoebe Prince, in South Hadley, Massachusetts, _____________ suicide after being relentlessly bullied by girls at her school. _____________, those _____________ in the death were prosecuted in the legal system and the state passed anti-bullying legislation.

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Unlock the Academic Word List: Sublists 4-6 Whether legislation will change the behaviour of would-be cyberbullies remains to be seen. However, it is hoped that communities will work to ___________ anti-bullying laws and protect victims before they feel they must resort to extreme measures. Anti-bullying measures should also _____________ an important part of school regulation. It is important for schools to _____________ bullying prevention into classroom learning. It is also important to avoid _____________ such as ‘bully’ and ‘victim’, and instead focus on the behaviour. Source: Adapted from Bullying and Cyberbullying: How Technology Has Changed the Game, in Introduction to Sociology, Chapter 6 | Groups and Organization © 2017 Rice University. This OpenStax book is available for free http://cnx.org/content/col11762/1.6.

Task 3: Focus on Meaning #3 The following sentences each contain an underlined word, which can be replaced by a synonym from the box below (synonyms in the box are all sublist 4 words). Replace each word with the correct synonym. An example has been done. civil parameter

code principal

debate project

grant regime

job series

output sum

Example: There was a fierce argument about how to run the company. debate a) The main reason for the decline was a lack of investment. _______________ b) The corrupt and centralized government made many decisions which ultimately led to a major uprising by the people. _______________ c) An increase in mechanization, coupled with moving production from the home to the factory, dramatically increased production of goods. _______________ d) Pensioners will be paid a total of $200 per week under new legislation issued this week. _______________ e) The actions of the government set in motion a sequence of financial reactions that contributed to a global recession. _______________ f) The government may allow highly-skilled workers the right of citizenship after they have worked in the country for a number of years. _______________ g) Staff at the hospital insist that a new rule of behaviour is urgently needed to protect vulnerable patients. _______________ h) National income is one variable which governs the economy, alongside others such as taxes, imports, exports and government spending. _______________ i) The plan needed months of preparation and planning before on-site work could begin. _______________ j) In many countries, women have fewer individual rights and liberties than men. _______________ k) Few major organisations take on the work of protecting the environment. _______________

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Sheldon Smith Task 4: Collocations #1 The following are v + n collocations from the Academic Collocations List, involving AWL sublist 4 words (underlined). Match each verb to the corresponding noun. An example has been done for you. commit a conference achieve a summary provide a conflict reduce the development (of) attend access (to) resolve a goal undertake restrictions gain research promote a crime impose stress

Task 5: Collocations #2 The following adj+n collocations match one noun from the AWL sublist 4. Identify which one. Choose from the following nouns. access attitude(s) communication conference contrast debate dimension investigation phase status direct/ easy/ electronic/ equal/ free/ limited/ online/ open/ public/ ready/ unlimited [direct access, easy access, etc.] current/ economic/ equal/ high/ legal/ low/ political/ professional/ relative/ social/ socioeconomic/ special direct/ effective/ electronic/ personal/ verbal/ written academic/ considerable/ contemporary/ heated/ ongoing/ political/ public/ theoretical negative/ positive/ changing/ cultural/ public/ social empirical/ further/ scientific final/ first/ initial/ next marked/ sharp/ stark/ striking annual/ international/ national cultural/ political/ social

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access

Unlock the Academic Word List: Sublists 4-6 Task 6: Collocations #3 The following adj+n collocations match one adjective from the AWL sublist 4. Identify which one. Choose from the following adjectives. annual domestic ethnic internal obvious overall professional subsequent statistical activity/ body/ colleague/ development/ experience/ practice/ qualification/ staff/ standard/ support/ training analysis/ data/ information/ method/ significance/ technique/ test community/ differences/ diversity/ group/ identity/ minority/ origin aim/ effect/ level/ performance/ picture/ rate/ structure market/ sphere/ violence affairs/ conflict/ control/ market/ organ/ structure difference/ example/ point/ reason analysis/ chapter/ development/ study/ work conference/ meeting/ rate/ report/ review

Task 7: Word form Complete the following sentences by changing the word form of the word(s) in brackets. An example has been done for you. Example: There are many economic (economy) benefits of the policy. a) The large difference between observed and expected results was due to _______________ (error) measurements during the initial phase of the experiment. b) The building was designed with various _______________ (hypothesis) emergencies in mind, such as fire, bombing and flooding. c) Although some steps in the process are _______________ (option), it is recommendation that they be carried out. d) The experiment was an _______________ (parallel) success. e) Despite climate change, general weather patterns remain _____________ (predict). f) The _______________ (retain) of skilled staff is important for any business. g) Students often find final exams to be a very _______________ (stress) experience. h) It is important to give proper _______________ (attribute) to the work of others in your writing, for example via the use of in-text citations. i) The meeting concluded without a satisfactory _______________ (resolve). j) Race refers to superficial physical differences that a society considers significant, while _______________ (ethnic) describes shared culture.

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Sheldon Smith

Academic Word List: Sublist 5

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academy [əkædəmi] noun 1. a learned establishment for the advancement of knowledge. n (thing) academia academy n (person) academic

verb x

adj academic

opposite x

verb forms x

adv academically

other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: (in) academic circles, academic achievement, academic career, academic community, academic debate, academic discipline, academic discourse, academic institution, academic journal, academic life, academic performance, academic research, academic skills, academic study, academic success, academic work, academic world, academic writing, academic year. _________________________________________________________________

adjust [ədʒʌst] verb 1. alter or regulate so as to achieve accuracy or conform to a standard. [Syn: set, correct] 2. adapt or conform oneself to new or different conditions. E.g.: We must adjust to the bad economic situation [Syn: conform, adapt] n (thing) adjustment n (person) x

verb adjust verb forms adjusted adjusting adjusts

adj adjusted adv x

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opposite x other readjust readjustment

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alter [ɔltɜr] verb 1. cause to change; make different; cause a transformation. E.g.: The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city [Syn: change, modify] n (thing) alteration alternate

verb alter alternate

adj alterable alternating

opposite unalterable unaltered

n (person) x

verb forms altered altering alternating alters

adv x

other x

_________________________________________________________________

amend [əmend] verb 1. make amendments to. E.g.: amend the document 2. set straight or right. [Syn: rectify, remediate, remedy, repair] n (thing) amendment

verb amend

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms amended amending amends

adv x

other x

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aware [əwer] adj 1. alert and fully informed. E.g.: politically aware, the most...technically aware of the novelists under thirty- W.S.Graham [Syn: knowing, knowledgeable] 2. (sometimes followed by `of') having or showing realization or perception. E.g.: was aware of his opponent's hostility, became aware of her surroundings, aware that he had exceeded the speed limit 3. (usually followed by `of') having knowledge or understanding. E.g.: I am well aware of his limitations [Syn: cognizant, cognisant, well aware] n (thing) awareness

verb x

adj aware

opposite unaware

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv x

other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: greater awareness, growing awareness, increased awareness, increasing awareness, public awareness. adv+adj: acutely aware, fully aware, increasingly aware, keenly aware, well aware. v+adj: become aware, make aware. v+n: increase awareness, raise awareness.

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capacity [kəpæsəti] noun 1. the amount that can be contained. E.g.: the gas tank has a capacity of 12 gallons [Syn: content] 2. the power to learn or retain knowledge; in law, the ability to understand the facts and significance of your behavior. [Syn: mental ability] 3. a specified function. E.g.: he was employed in the capacity of director, he should be retained in his present capacity at a higher salary 4. the maximum production possible. E.g.: the plant is working at 80% capacity n (thing) verb adj opposite capacity x x x n (person) verb forms adv other x x x incapacitate incapacitated _________________________________________________________________

challenge [tʃæləndʒ] verb 1. take exception to. E.g.: She challenged his claims [Syn: dispute, gainsay] noun 1. a demanding or stimulating situation. E.g.: they reacted irrationally to the challenge of Russian power 2. questioning a statement and demanding an explanation. E.g.: his challenge of the assumption that Japan is still our enemy n (thing) verb adj opposite challenge challenge challenging x n (person) verb forms adv other challenger challenged x x challenges challenging Collocations from the ACL adj+n: major challenge, serious challenge. v+n: face (a) challenge, pose (a) challenge, present (a) challenge.

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clause [klɔz] noun 1. (grammar) an expression including a subject and predicate but not constituting a complete sentence. 2. a separate section of a legal document (as a statute or contract or will). [Syn: article] n (thing) verb adj opposite clause x x x n (person) verb forms adv other x x x x _________________________________________________________________

compound [kɑmpaʊnd] adj 1. composed of many distinct individuals united to form a whole or colony. [Syn: colonial] 2. consisting of two or more substances or ingredients or elements or parts. E.g.: soap is a compound substance, housetop is a compound word, a blackberry is a compound fruit verb 1. put or add together. [Syn: combine] 2. make more intense, stronger, or more marked. [Syn: intensify, heighten, deepen] noun 1. a whole formed by a union of two or more elements or parts. n (thing) verb adj opposite compound compound compound x n (person) verb forms adv other x compounded x x compounding compounds

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conflict [kɑnflɪkt] verb 1. go against, as of rules and laws. E.g.: This behavior conflicts with our rules [Syn: run afoul, infringe, contravene] 2. be in conflict. E.g.: The two proposals conflict! noun 1. a state of opposition between persons or ideas or interests. E.g.: his conflict of interest made him ineligible for the post, a conflict of loyalties 2. a disagreement or argument about something important. E.g.: the familiar conflict between Republicans and Democrats [Syn: dispute, difference] 3. an incompatibility of dates or events. E.g.: he noticed a conflict in the dates 4. a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in a war. [Syn: battle, fight] n (thing) verb adj opposite conflict conflict conflicting x n (person) verb forms adv other conflicted x x x conflicting conflicts Collocations from the ACL adj+n: armed conflict, internal conflict, political conflict, potential conflict, social conflict, conflicting interests. v+n: come into conflict (with), resolve (a) conflict. _________________________________________________________________

consult [kənsʌlt] verb 1. seek information from. E.g.: You should consult the dictionary [Syn: refer] 2. get or ask advice from. E.g.: They had to consult before arriving at a decision n (thing) verb adj opposite consultancy consult consultative x consultation n (person) verb forms adv other consulted consultant x x consulting consults

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contact [kɑntækt] verb 1. be in direct physical contact with; make contact. E.g.: The wire must not contact the metal cover, The surfaces contact at this point [Syn: touch, adjoin, meet] 2. be in or establish communication with. E.g.: He never contacted his children after he emigrated to Australia [Syn: reach, get through, get hold of] noun 1. the state or condition of touching or of being in immediate proximity. E.g.: litmus paper turns red on contact with an acid 2. a person who is in a position to give you special assistance. E.g.: he used his business contacts to get an introduction to the governor [Syn: middleman] 3. a communicative interaction. E.g.: the pilot made contact with the base [Syn: touch] 4. the physical coming together of two or more things. E.g.: contact with the pier scraped paint from the hull [Syn: impinging, striking] n (thing) contact

verb contact

adj contactable

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms contacted contacting contacts

adv x

other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: close contact, direct contact, first contact, personal contact, physical contact, sexual contact, social contact. v+n: come into contact (with), maintain contact, make contact.

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decline [dɪklaɪn] verb 1. refuse to accept. [Syn: refuse, reject, pass up, turn down] 2. go down. E.g.: The roof declines here noun 1. a condition inferior to an earlier condition; a gradual falling off from a better state. [Syn: declination] 2. a downward slope or bend. [Syn: descent, declivity, fall, declination, declension, downslope] n (thing) decline n (person) x

verb decline verb forms declined declines declining

adj x adv x

opposite x other x

_________________________________________________________________

discrete [dɪskrit] adj 1. constituting a separate entity or part. E.g.: a government with three discrete divisions [Syn: distinct] n (thing) discretion

verb x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adj discrete discretionary adv discretely

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opposite indiscrete indiscretion other x

Unlock the Academic Word List: Sublists 4-6

draft [dræft] verb 1. draw up an outline or sketch for something. E.g.: draft a speech [Syn: outline] noun 1. preliminary version of a written work. [Syn: draft copy] 2. a preliminary sketch of a design or picture. [Syn: rough drawing] n (thing) draft n (person) x

verb draft verb forms drafted drafting drafts

adj x adv x

opposite x other redraft

_________________________________________________________________

enable [eneɪbəl] verb 1. render capable or able for some task. E.g.: This skill will enable you to find a job on Wall Street, The rope enables you to secure yourself when you climb the mountain n (thing) x n (person) x

verb enable verb forms enabled enables enabling

adj enabling adv x

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opposite x other x

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energy [enɜrdʒi] noun 1. a healthy capacity for vigorous activity. E.g.: jogging works off my excess energy [Syn: vim, vitality] 2. (physics) the capacity of a physical system to do work; the units of energy are joules or ergs. E.g.: energy can take a wide variety of forms n (thing) energy n (person) x

verb x verb forms x

adj energetic adv energetically

opposite x other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: atomic energy, nuclear energy, renewable energy, solar energy. _________________________________________________________________

enforce [enfɔrs] verb 1. ensure observance of laws and rules. [Syn: implement, apply] 2. compel to behave in a certain way. [Syn: impose] n (thing) enforcement n (person) x

verb enforce verb forms enforced enforces enforcing

adj enforced adv x

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opposite x other x

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entity [entəti] noun 1. that which is perceived or known or inferred to have its own distinct existence (living or nonliving). n (thing) entity

verb x

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv x

other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: separate entity, single entity. _________________________________________________________________

equivalent [ɪkwɪvələnt] adj 1. equal in amount or value. E.g.: equivalent amounts [Syn: like, equal, same] noun 1. a person or thing equal to another in value or measure or force or effect or significance etc. E.g.: send two dollars or the equivalent in stamps n (thing) equivalence equivalent

verb x

adj equivalent

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv x

other x

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evolve [ɪvɑlv] verb 1. undergo development or evolution. E.g.: Modern man evolved long ago n (thing) evolution n (person) evolutionist

verb evolve verb forms evolved evolves evolving

adj evolutionary adv x

opposite x other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: biological evolution, evolutionary process, evolutionary theory. _________________________________________________________________

expand [ɪkspænd] verb 1. extend in one or more directions. E.g.: The dough expands [Syn: spread out] 2. add details, as to an account or idea; clarify the meaning of and discourse in a learned way, usually in writing. [Syn: elaborate, lucubrate, expatiate, exposit, enlarge, flesh out, expound, dilate] 3. become larger in size, volume or quantity. E.g.: his business expanded rapidly n (thing) expansion expansionism

verb expand

n (person) x

verb forms expanded expanding expands

adj expanded expanding expansive adv x

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opposite x

other x

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expose [ɪkspoʊz] verb 1. to show, make visible or apparent. [Syn: exhibit, display] 2. make known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret. [Syn: disclose, let on, bring out, reveal, discover, divulge, impart, break, give away, let out] 3. put in a dangerous, disadvantageous, or difficult position. [Syn: endanger, peril] n (thing) verb adj opposite exposure expose exposed x n (person) verb forms adv other x exposed x x exposes exposing _________________________________________________________________

external [ɪkstɜrnəl] adj 1. coming from the outside. [Syn: extraneous, outside] 2. happening or arising or located outside or beyond some limits or especially surface. E.g.: the external auditory canal, external pressures n (thing) verb adj opposite externalisation externalise external x externality externalize externalization n (person) verb forms adv other x externalised / -ized externally x externalises / -izes externalizing / -izing Collocations from the ACL adj+n: external environment, external factors, external forces, external influences, external source, external threat, external world.

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facilitate [fəsɪləteɪt] verb 1. make easier. E.g.: you could facilitate the process by sharing your knowledge [Syn: ease, alleviate] n (thing) verb adj opposite facilitation facilitate facilitated x facility n (person) verb forms adv other facilitator facilitated x x facilitates facilitating _________________________________________________________________

fundamental [fʌndəmentəl] adj 1. serving as an essential component. E.g.: an example that was fundamental to the argument, computers are fundamental to modern industrial structure [Syn: cardinal, central, key, primal] 2. being or involving basic facts or principles. E.g.: the fundamental laws of the universe, a fundamental incompatibility [Syn: rudimentary, underlying] 3. far-reaching and thoroughgoing in effect especially on the nature of something. E.g.: the fundamental revolution in human values that has occurred, the book underwent fundamental changes, committed the fundamental error of confusing spending with extravaga [Syn: profound] n (thing) verb adj opposite x x fundamental x n (person) verb forms adv other x x fundamentally x Collocations from the ACL adj+n: fundamental aspect, fundamental assumption, fundamental change, fundamental component, fundamental difference, fundamental importance, fundamental principle, fundamental problem, fundamental question.

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generate [dʒenɜreɪt] verb 1. bring into existence. E.g.: The new manager generated a lot of problems, The computer bug generated chaos in the office [Syn: bring forth] 2. produce (energy). E.g.: We can't generate enough power for the entire city, The hydroelectric plant needs to to generate more electricity n (thing) x n (person) x

verb generate verb forms generated generates generating

adj x adv x

opposite x other x

_________________________________________________________________

generation [dʒenɜreɪʃən] noun 1. a stage of technological development or innovation. E.g.: the third generation of computers 2. all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age. [Syn: coevals, contemporaries] 3. the production of heat or electricity. E.g.: dams were built for the generation of electricity n (thing) generation n (person) x

verb x verb forms x

adj x adv x

opposite x other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: first generation, next generation, previous generation, younger generation.

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image [ɪmədʒ] noun 1. a visual representation (of an object or scene or person or abstraction) produced on a surface. [Syn: picture, icon, ikon] n (thing) verb adj opposite image x x x imagery n (person) verb forms adv other x x x x Collocations from the ACL adj+n: positive image, public image, visual image. _________________________________________________________________

liberal [lɪbɜrəl] adj 1. having political or social views favoring reform and progress. 2. given or giving freely. E.g.: a liberal backer of the arts [Syn: big, bighearted, bounteous, bountiful, freehanded, handsome, giving, openhanded] noun 1. a person who favors a political philosophy of progress and reform and the protection of civil liberties. [Syn: progressive] 2. a person who favors laissez-faire and self-regulating economic markets. n (thing) verb adj opposite liberalisation/ -ization liberalise/ -ize liberal x liberalism liberate liberated liberation n (person) verb forms adv other liberal liberalised / -ized liberally x liberator liberalises / -izes liberalising / -izing liberated liberates liberating

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licence [laɪsəns] verb 1. authorize officially. [Syn: license, certify] noun 1. excessive freedom; lack of due restraint. [Syn: license] 2. a legal document giving official permission to do something. [Syn: license, permit] n (thing) verb adj opposite licence licence licensed unlicensed license license n (person) x

verb forms licensed licenses licensing

adv x

other x

_________________________________________________________________

logic [lɑdʒɪk] noun 1. reasoned and reasonable judgment. E.g.: it made a certain kind of logic 2. the principles that guide reasoning within a given field or situation. E.g.: economic logic requires it, by the logic of war n (thing) verb adj opposite logic x logical illogical illogically n (person) logician

verb forms x

adv logically

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: logical approach, logical argument, logical conclusion.

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margin [mɑrdʒən] noun 1. the boundary line or the area immediately inside the boundary. [Syn: border, perimeter] 2. the blank space that surrounds the text on a page. 3. a permissible difference; allowing some freedom to move within limits. [Syn: allowance, leeway, tolerance] n (thing) margin n (person) x

verb x verb forms x

adj marginal adv marginally

opposite x other x

_________________________________________________________________

medical [medəkəl] adj 1. relating to the study or practice of medicine. E.g.: the medical profession, a medical student, medical school 2. requiring or amenable to treatment by medicine especially as opposed to surgery. E.g.: medical treatment, pheumonia is a medical disease noun 1. a thorough physical examination; includes a variety of tests depending on the age and sex and health of the person. [Syn: checkup, medical checkup, medical examination, medical exam, health check] n (thing) medical n (person) x

verb x verb forms x

adj medical adv medically

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: medical assistance, medical treatment.

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opposite x other x

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mental [mentəl] adj 1. affected by a disorder of the mind. E.g.: a mental patient, mental illness 2. involving the mind or an intellectual process. E.g.: mental images of happy times, mental calculations, in a terrible mental state, mental suffering, free from mental defects n (thing) mentality n (person) x

verb x verb forms x

adj mental adv mentally

opposite x other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: mental health, mental illness, mental state. _________________________________________________________________

modify [mɑdəfaɪ] verb 1. cause to change; make different; cause a transformation. [Syn: change, alter] 2. make less severe or harsh or extreme. E.g.: please modify this letter to make it more polite n (thing) modification n (person) x

verb modify verb forms modified modifies modifying

adj modified adv x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: modified form, modified version.

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opposite unmodified other x

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monitor [mɑnətɜr] verb 1. keep tabs on; keep an eye on; keep under surveillance. [Syn: supervise, ride herd on] noun 1. electronic equipment that is used to check the quality or content of electronic transmissions. 2. display consisting of a device that takes signals from a computer and displays them on a CRT screen. [Syn: monitoring device] n (thing) verb adj opposite monitor monitor x unmonitored n (person) verb forms adv other x monitored x x monitoring monitors _________________________________________________________________

network [netwɜrk] verb 1. communicate with and within a group. E.g.: You have to network if you want to get a good job noun 1. an interconnected system of things or people. E.g.: he owned a network of shops, retirement meant dropping out of a whole network of people who had been part of my life [Syn: web] n (thing) verb adj opposite network network x x n (person) verb forms adv other x networked x x networking networks

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notion [noʊʃən] noun 1. a general inclusive concept. 2. a vague idea in which some confidence is placed. [Syn: impression, feeling, belief, opinion] n (thing) notion n (person) x

verb x verb forms x

adj x adv x

opposite x other x

_________________________________________________________________

objective [əbdʒektɪv] adj 1. undistorted by emotion or personal bias; based on observable phenomena. E.g.: an objective appraisal, objective evidence [Syn: nonsubjective] 2. belonging to immediate experience of actual things or events. E.g.: there is no objective evidence of anything of the kind noun 1. the goal intended to be attained (and which is believed to be attainable). [Syn: aim, object, target] n (thing) objective objectivity n (person) x

verb x

adj objective

opposite x

verb forms x

adv objectively

other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: objective criteria, objective reality, key objective, primary objective, strategic objective, scientific objectivity. v+n: achieve (an) objective, meet (an) objective, set (an) objective.

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orient [ɔrient] adj 1. (poetic) eastern. E.g.: the orient sun verb 1. determine one's position with reference to another point. [Syn: orientate] noun 1. the countries of Asia. [Syn: East, Orient] n (thing) verb orient orient orientation orientate n (person) verb forms x orientated orientates orientating oriented orienting orients

adj orient

opposite x

adv x

other reorient reorientation

_________________________________________________________________

perspective [pɜrspektɪv] noun 1. a way of regarding situations or topics etc.. [Syn: position, view] 2. the appearance of things relative to one another as determined by their distance from the viewer. [Syn: linear perspective] n (thing) verb adj opposite perspective x x x n (person) verb forms adv other x x x x Collocations from the ACL adj+n: critical perspective, cultural perspective, global perspective, historical perspective, new perspective, theoretical perspective.

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precise [prɪsaɪs] adj 1. sharply exact or accurate or delimited. E.g.: a precise mind, specified a precise amount, arrived at the precise moment 2. (of ideas, images, representations, expressions) characterized by perfect conformity to fact or truth ; strictly correct. E.g.: a precise image, a precise measurement [Syn: accurate, exact] n (thing) verb adj opposite precision x precise imprecise n (person) verb forms adv other x x precisely x Collocations from the ACL adj+n: precise definition, precise nature. _________________________________________________________________

prime [praɪm] adj 1. of or relating to or being an integer that cannot be factored into other integers. E.g.: prime number 2. at the best stage. E.g.: our manhood's prime vigor- Robert Browning 3. first in rank or degree. E.g.: the prime minister [Syn: premier] noun 1. the period of greatest prosperity or productivity. [Syn: flower, peak, heyday, bloom, blossom, efflorescence, flush] 2. a number that has no factor but itself and 1. [Syn: prime quantity] n (thing) verb adj opposite primacy x prime x prime n (person) verb forms adv other x x x x Collocations from the ACL adj+n: prime example, prime time.

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psychology [saɪkɑlədʒi] noun 1. the science of mental life. [Syn: psychological science] n (thing) psychology

verb x

adj psychological

opposite x

n (person) psychologist

verb forms x

adv psychologically

other x

_________________________________________________________________

pursue [pɜrsu] verb 1. carry out or participate in an activity; be involved in. E.g.: She pursued many activities [Syn: prosecute, engage] 2. follow in or as if in pursuit. E.g.: The police car pursued the suspected attacker [Syn: follow] n (thing) pursued pursuit

verb pursue

adj pursued pursuing

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms pursued pursues pursuing

adv x

other x

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ratio [reɪʃioʊ] noun 1. the relative magnitudes of two quantities (usually expressed as a quotient). n (thing) ratio n (person) x

verb x verb forms x

adj x adv x

opposite x other x

_________________________________________________________________

reject [rɪdʒekt] verb 1. refuse to accept. [Syn: refuse, pass up, turn down, decline] 2. resist immunologically the introduction of some foreign tissue or organ. E.g.: His body rejected the liver of the donor [Syn: resist, refuse] 3. dismiss from consideration. [Syn: rule out, eliminate] 4. refuse to accept or acknowledge. E.g.: I reject the idea of starting a war, The journal rejected the student's paper noun 1. the person or thing rejected or set aside as inferior in quality. [Syn: cull] n (thing) reject rejection n (person) x

verb reject

adj x

opposite x

verb forms rejected rejecting rejects

adv x

other x

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revenue [revənu] noun 1. the entire amount of income before any deductions are made. [Syn: gross, receipts] 2. government income due to taxation. [Syn: tax income, taxation, tax revenue] n (thing) revenue n (person) x

verb x verb forms x

adj x adv x

opposite x other x

_________________________________________________________________

stable [steɪbəl] adj 1. firm and dependable; subject to little fluctuation. E.g.: the economy is stable 2. resistant to change of position or condition. E.g.: a stable ladder, a stable peace, a stable relationship, stable prices 3. not taking part readily in chemical change. n (thing) stabilisation stability stabilization n (person) x

verb stabilise stabilize

adj stable

opposite instability unstable

verb forms stabilised / -ized stabilises / -izes stabilising / -izing

adv x

other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: political instability, economic stability, political stability.

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style [staɪl] verb 1. make consistent with a certain fashion or style. E.g.: style the dress 2. designate by an identifying term. E.g.: They styled their nation `The Confederate States' [Syn: title] noun 1. a way of expressing something (in language or art or music etc.) that is characteristic of a particular person or group of people or period. E.g.: all the reporters were expected to adopt the style of the newspaper [Syn: expressive style] 2. editorial directions to be followed in spelling and punctuation and capitalization and typographical display. 3. the popular taste at a given time. E.g.: the 1920s had a style of their own [Syn: vogue, trend] 4. a particular kind (as to appearance). E.g.: this style of shoe is in demand n (thing) x

verb style stylise stylize

adj styled stylised stylish stylized

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms styled styles styling stylised / -ized stylises / -izes stylising / -izing

adv x

other x

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substitute [sʌbstətut] adj 1. artificial and inferior. E.g.: substitute coffee [Syn: ersatz] verb 1. put in the place of another; switch seemingly equivalent items. E.g.: substitute regular milk with fat-free milk [Syn: replace] noun 1. a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another. [Syn: replacement] n (thing) verb adj opposite substitute substitute substitute x substitution n (person) verb forms adv other x substituted x x substitutes substituting _________________________________________________________________

sustain [səsteɪn] verb 1. lengthen or extend in duration or space. E.g.: We sustained the diplomatic negotiations as long as possible [Syn: prolong, keep up] 2. supply with necessities and support. E.g.: She alone sustained her family, The money will sustain our good cause [Syn: keep, maintain] 3. establish or strengthen as with new evidence or facts. [Syn: confirm, corroborate, substantiate, support, affirm] n (thing) verb adj opposite sustainability sustain sustainable unsustainable sustenance sustained n (person) verb forms adv other x sustained x x sustaining sustains

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symbol [sɪmbəl] noun 1. an arbitrary sign (written or printed) that has acquired a conventional significance. 2. something visible that by association or convention represents something else that is invisible. E.g.: the eagle is a symbol of the United States [Syn: symbolization, symbolisation, symbolic representation] n (thing) verb adj opposite symbol symbolise symbolic x symbolism symbolize symbols n (person) verb forms adv other x symbolised / -ized symbolically x symbolises / izes symbolising / -izing _________________________________________________________________

target [tɑrgət] verb 1. intend (something) to move towards a certain goal. [Syn: aim, place, direct, point] noun 1. the goal intended to be attained (and which is believed to be attainable). [Syn: aim, object, objective] n (thing) verb adj opposite target target x x n (person) verb forms adv other x targeted x x targeting targets Collocations from the ACL v+n: meet (a) target, set (a) target.

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transit [trænzɪt] verb 1. cause or enable to pass through. n (thing) verb transition transit n (person) x

verb forms transited transiting transits

adj transitional transitory adv x

opposite x other x

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trend [trend] noun 1. a general direction in which something tends to move. [Syn: tendency] n (thing) verb adj opposite trend x x x n (person) verb forms adv other x x x x Collocations from the ACL adj+n: current trend, general trend, growing trend, increasing trend, social trend. _________________________________________________________________

version [vɜrʒən] noun 1. a mental representation of the meaning or significance of something. 2. something a little different from others of the same type. [Syn: variant, edition] n (thing) verb adj opposite version x x x n (person) verb forms adv other x x x x Collocations from the ACL adj+n: earlier version, electronic version, final version, modified version, online version, original version, revised version, simplified version.

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welfare [welfer] noun 1. a contented state of being happy and healthy and prosperous. [Syn: wellbeing, well-being, upbeat, eudaemonia, eudaimonia] 2. governmental provision of economic assistance to persons in need. [Syn: social welfare] n (thing) welfare

verb x

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv x

other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: economic welfare, public welfare, social welfare. _________________________________________________________________

whereas [weræz] adv 1. while (used to introduce a comment which contrasts with the main clause). n (thing) x

verb x

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv whereas

other x

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Exercises (Sublist 5) Task 1: Focus on Meaning #1 Study the following text on Basic and Applied Science. Fill in the gaps using words from the box. All are words from AWL sublist 5. [Note: words from sublist 4 (underlined) and sublist 6 (bold) are also shown, for review/preview purposes.] awareness fundamental prime

decline generated pursue

enabled medical whereas

energy objective

expand precise

The scientific community has been debating for the last few decades about the value of different types of science, specifically whether it is valuable to _____________ science for the sake of simply gaining knowledge, or whether scientific knowledge only has worth if we can apply it to solving a specific problem or bettering our lives. This issue focuses on the differences between two types of science: basic science and applied science. Basic science or “pure” science seeks to _____________ knowledge regardless of the short-term application of that knowledge. It is not focused on developing a product or a service of immediate public or commercial value. The _____________ of basic science is knowledge for knowledge’s sake, though this does not mean that in the end it may not result in an application. In contrast, the _____________ aim of applied science or “technology” is to use science to solve real-world problems, making it possible, for example, to improve a crop yield, find a cure for a particular _____________ illness, to seek alternative ____________ sources, or save animals suffering from species loss or ____________. In applied science, the problem is usually defined for the researcher. Some individuals may perceive applied science as “useful” and basic science as “useless”. A careful look at the history of science, however, reveals that basic knowledge has resulted in many remarkable applications of great value. Few solutions would be found without the help of the knowledge _____________ through basic science. A _____________ example of how basic and applied science can work together to solve practical problems occurred after the discovery of DNA structure led to an

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Unlock the Academic Word List: Sublists 4-6 understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing DNA replication. Strands of DNA, unique in every human, are found in our cells, where they provide the instructions necessary for life. During DNA replication, new copies of DNA are made, shortly before a cell divides to form new cells. Understanding the mechanisms of DNA replication _____________ scientists to develop laboratory techniques that are now used to identify genetic diseases, pinpoint individuals who were at a crime scene, and determine paternity. Without basic science, it is unlikely that applied science would exist. Another example of the link between basic and applied research is the Human Genome Project, a study in which each human chromosome was analyzed and mapped to determine the _____________ sequence of DNA subunits and the exact location of each gene. The Human Genome Project relied on basic research carried out with non-human organisms and, later, with the human genome. An important end goal eventually became using the data for applied research seeking cures for genetically related diseases. In short, basic science seeks knowledge for its own sake, _____________ applied science uses science to solve real-world problems. Applied scientists need a good _____________ of the principles of basic science in order to create new solutions to real-world issues. Source for Task 1 text: Adapted from Concepts of Biology, Chapter 1 | Introduction to Biology © 2017 Rice University. Download for free at https://openstax.org/details/books/concepts-biology.

____________________________________________________________________________________

Task 2: Focus on Meaning #2 Read the second part of the text on The Nature of Science. Fill in the gaps using words from the box. All are words from AWL sublist 5. [Note: Words from sublist 4 (underlined) and sublist 6 (bold) are again shown.] academic mental

alter modified

challenge perspectives

generations trends

The ultimate judge in science is always what nature itself reveals based on observations, experiments, models, and testing. Science is not merely a body of knowledge, but a method by which we attempt to understand nature and how it behaves. This method begins with many observations over a period of time. From the _____________ found through observations, scientists can model the particular phenomena we want to understand. Such models are always approximations of nature, subject to further testing.

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Sheldon Smith When you read about experiments, you probably have a _____________ picture of a scientist in a laboratory conducting tests or taking careful measurements. This is certainly the case for a biologist or a chemist, but what can astronomers do when our laboratory is the universe? It’s impossible to put a group of stars into a test tube or to order another comet from a scientific supply company. As a result, astronomy is sometimes called an observational science; we often make our tests by observing many samples of the kind of object we want to study and noting carefully how different samples vary. New instruments and technology can let us look at astronomical objects from new _____________ and in greater detail. Our hypotheses are then judged in the light of this new information, and they pass or fail in the same way we would evaluate the result of a laboratory experiment. Much of astronomy is also a historical science—meaning that what we observe has already happened in the universe and we can do nothing to change it. In the same way, a geologist cannot _____________ what has happened to our planet, and a paleontologist cannot bring an ancient animal back to life. Sometimes new evidence will force the scientist to revise their last hypothesis. This self-correcting aspect of science sets it apart from most human activities. Scientists need to question and _____________ one another, which is why applications for project funding—as well as reports for publication in _____________ journals—go through an extensive process of peer review, which is a careful examination by other scientists in the same field. New scientists know that one of the best ways to advance their careers is to find a weakness in our current understanding of something and to correct it with a new or _____________ hypothesis. This is one of the reasons science has made such dramatic progress. An undergraduate science major today knows more about science and math than did Sir Isaac Newton, one of the most renowned scientists who ever lived. Even in an introductory astronomy course, you will learn about objects and processes that no one a few _____________ ago even dreamed existed. Source for Task 2 text: Adapted from Astronomy, Chapter 1 Science and the Universe: A Brief Tour 1 © 2017 Rice University. Download for free at https://openstax.org/details/books/astronomy.

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Unlock the Academic Word List: Sublists 4-6 Task 3: Focus on Meaning #3 The following sentences each contain an underlined word, which can be replaced by a synonym from the box below (synonyms in the box are all sublist 5 words). Replace each word with the correct synonym. An example has been done. capacity facilitate

challenge fundamental

clause network

compound draft notion ratio

entity revenue

Example: Several members of the department plan to openly question the authority of the committee at the next meeting. challenge a) The productive limit of the factory has increased by 200% in three years. _______________ b) The final version of the report was completely different from the first one. _______________ c) A social group can be important not only for business but also to help someone find work. _______________ d) A bar graph shows relationship via the height of bars, with each bar representing a certain thing such as a country or group of people. _______________ e) They refused to entertain the idea that the theory could be incorrect. _______________ f) Banks aid the use of money for transactions in the economy. _______________ g) There is a section in the contract which grants him a percentage of the profits. _______________ h) Small countries, which have less ability to provide what they want internally, tend to have a higher level of imports and exports to GDP. _______________ i) Countries which sustain and add together increases in the rate of growth over long periods of time see significant improvement in the standard of living. _______________ j) Foreign trade in goods and services usually incurs costs of production in one currency and income from sales in another currency. _______________ k) A basic principle of economics is that every choice has an opportunity cost. _______________

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Sheldon Smith Task 4: Collocations #1 The following are collocations for AWL sublist 5 words, taken from the ACL. In each case, one collocation is incorrect. Identify and cross out the incorrect collocation. An example has been done for you. Example: mental health, mental illness, mental life, mental state. a) academic achievement, academic career, academic circles, academic community, academic debate, academic discourse, academic job, academic journal, academic research, academic success, academic year b) acutely aware, become aware, cautiously aware, fully aware, increasingly aware, keenly aware, make aware, well aware c) meet a target, locate a target, set a target d) logical approach, logical argument, logical conclusion, logical summary e) external environment, external factors, external forces, external influences, external participants, external source, external threat, external world f) achieve an objective, meet an objective, reach an objective, set an objective g) key objective, necessary objective, objective criteria, objective reality, primary objective, strategic objective, scientific objectivity h) fundamental aspect, fundamental change, fundamental component, fundamental difference, fundamental example, fundamental importance, fundamental principle, fundamental problem, fundamental question i) academic stability, economic stability, political stability, political instability j) face a challenge, pose a challenge, present a challenge, solve a challenge k) biological evolution, cultural evolution, evolutionary process, evolutionary theory l) atomic energy, creative energy, nuclear energy, renewable energy, solar energy

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Unlock the Academic Word List: Sublists 4-6 Task 5: Collocations #2 The following adj+n collocations match one word from AWL sublist 5. Identify which one. An example has been done for you. awareness conflict contact generation image perspective trend version welfare current/ general/ growing/ increasing/ social earlier/ electronic/ final/ modified/ online/ original/ revised/ simplified critical/ cultural/ global/ historical/ new/ theoretical economic/ public/ social close/ direct/ first/ personal/ physical/ sexual/ social positive/ public/ visual first/ next/ previous/ younger armed/ internal/ political/ potential/ social greater/ growing/ increased/ increasing/ public

trend

Task 6: Word form #1 Complete the following sentences by changing the word form of the word(s) in brackets. An example has been done for you. Example: There are many economic (economy) benefits of the policy. a) He negotiated his contract to ensure that it had cost-of-living _______________ (adjust) so that his wages would keep up with inflation. b) They insisted on several _______________ (amend) being made to the contract before they were willing to sign it. c) A financial _______________ (consult) is usually very highly paid. d) Many individuals avoid paying tax, which is why tax _______________ (enforce) is such an important role of the tax office. e) The equation E=mc2 shows the _______________ (equivalent) between energy and matter.

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[Exercises for sublist 5 continue on next page]

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Unlock the Academic Word List: Sublists 4-6 Task 7: Word form #2 Change the following words to form the opposite. All are adjectives unless shown otherwise. Collect them together according to the prefix used. An example has been done for you (resolved->unresolved). Note: All words are level 5, except those with an asterisk*, which are level 4. accessible* discretion precise

adequate* licensed resolved*

alterable logical stable

aware modified stability

il

in

un

im resolved*

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Academic Word List: Sublist 6

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abstract [æbstrækt] adj 1. dealing with a subject in the abstract without practical purpose or intention. E.g.: abstract reasoning, abstract science 2. existing only in the mind; separated from embodiment. E.g.: abstract words like `truth' and `justice' noun 1. a sketchy summary of the main points of an argument or theory. [Syn: outline, synopsis, precis] 2. a concept or idea not associated with any specific instance. E.g.: he loved her only in the abstract--not in person [Syn: abstraction] n (thing) verb adj opposite abstract x abstract x abstraction n (person) verb forms adv other x x abstractly x _________________________________________________________________

accurate [ækjɜrət] adj 1. conforming exactly or almost exactly to fact or to a standard or performing with total accuracy. E.g.: an accurate reproduction, the accounting was accurate, accurate measurements, an accurate scale n (thing) verb adj opposite accuracy x accurate inaccuracy inaccurate n (person) verb forms adv other x x accurately x Collocations from the ACL adj+n: great accuracy, accurate assessment, accurate description, accurate information, accurate measurement, accurate picture, accurate record.

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acknowledge [æknɑlɪdʒ] verb 1. declare to be true or admit the existence or reality or truth of. E.g.: She acknowledged that she might have forgotten [Syn: admit] 2. express obligation, thanks, or gratitude for. E.g.: We must acknowledge the kindness she showed towards us [Syn: recognize, recognise] 3. express recognition of the presence or existence of, or acquaintance with. E.g.: It is important to acknowledge the work of others in [Syn: notice] n (thing) verb adj opposite acknowledgement acknowledge x x n (person) verb forms adv other x acknowledged x x acknowledges acknowledging _________________________________________________________________

aggregate [ægrəgət] adj 1. gathered or tending to gather into a mass or whole. E.g.: aggregate expenses include expenses of all divisions combined for the entire year, the aggregated amount of indebtedness [Syn: aggregated, aggregative, mass] verb 1. gather in a mass, sum, or whole. [Syn: combine] noun 1. the whole amount. [Syn: sum, total, totality] n (thing) verb adj opposite aggregate aggregate aggregate x aggregation n (person) verb forms adv other x aggregated x x aggregates aggregating

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allocate [æləkeɪt] verb 1. distribute according to a plan or set apart for a special purpose. [Syn: apportion] n (thing) allocation

verb allocate

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms allocated allocates allocating

adv x

other x

_________________________________________________________________

assign [əsaɪn] verb 1. give an assignment to (a person) to a post, or assign a task to (a person). [Syn: delegate, designate, depute] 2. select something or someone for a specific purpose. E.g.: The teacher assigned him to lead his classmates in the exercise [Syn: specify, set apart] n (thing) assignment

verb assign

adj assigned

opposite unassigned

n (person) x

verb forms assigned assigning assigns

adv x

other reassign

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attach [ətætʃ] verb 1. be attached; be in contact with. n (thing) attachment n (person) x

verb attach verb forms attached attaches attaching

adj attached adv x

opposite unattached other x

_________________________________________________________________

author [ɔθɜr] verb 1. be the author of. E.g.: She authored this play noun 1. someone who writes (books or stories or articles or the like), especially professionally (for pay). [Syn: writer] n (thing) authorship n (person) author

verb author verb forms authored authoring authors

adj x adv x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: first author, original author.

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opposite x other x

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bond [bɑnd] verb 1. create social or emotional ties. E.g.: The grandparents want to bond with the child [Syn: bind, tie, attach] 2. stick to firmly. [Syn: adhere, hold fast, bind, stick, stick to] noun 1. a connection based on kinship or marriage or common interest. E.g.: their friendship constitutes a powerful bond between them [Syn: alliance] 2. the property of sticking together (as of glue and wood) or the joining of surfaces of different composition. [Syn: adhesiveness, adhesion, adherence] n (thing) bond

verb bond

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms bonded bonding bonds

adv x

other x

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brief [brif] adj 1. of short duration or distance. E.g.: a brief stay in the country [Syn: little] 2. concise and succinct. E.g.: covered the matter in a brief statement verb 1. give essential information to someone. E.g.: The reporters were briefed about the President's plan to invade noun 1. a condensed written summary or abstract. n (thing) brevity brief briefing

verb brief

adj brief

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms briefed briefing briefs

adv briefly

other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: brief account, brief description, brief discussion, brief history, brief introduction, brief overview, brief period, brief review, brief summary, brief time. adv+v: briefly describe, briefly discuss.

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capable [keɪpəbəl] adj 1. (usually followed by `of') having capacity or ability. E.g.: capable of winning, capable of hard work, capable of walking on two feet 2. have the skills and qualifications to do things well. E.g.: a capable administrator, children as young as 14 can be extremely capable and dependable [Syn: able] n (thing) capability

verb x

adj capable

opposite incapable

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv x

other x

_________________________________________________________________

cite [saɪt] verb 1. refer to. [Syn: reference] 2. repeat a passage from. [Syn: quote] 3. refer to for illustration or proof. [Syn: quote] n (thing) citation

verb cite

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms cited cites citing

adv x

other x

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cooperate [koʊɑpɜreɪt] verb 1. work together on a common enterprise of project. [Syn: collaborate, join forces, get together] n (thing) verb adj opposite cooperation cooperate cooperative x n (person) verb forms adv other x cooperated cooperatively co-operate cooperates co-operation cooperating co-operative _________________________________________________________________

discriminate [dɪskrɪməneɪt] adj 1. marked by the ability to see or make fine distinctions. E.g.: discriminate judgments, discriminate people [Syn: discriminating] verb 1. distinguish. E.g.: I could not discriminate the different tastes in this complicated dish 2. treat differently on the basis of sex or race. [Syn: separate, single out] n (thing) verb adj opposite discrimination discriminate discriminate x discriminating n (person) verb forms adv other x discriminated x x discriminates discriminating Collocations from the ACL adj+n: positive discrimination, racial discrimination.

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display [dɪspleɪ] verb 1. to show, make visible or apparent. E.g.: National leaders will have to display the highest skills of statesmanship [Syn: expose, exhibit] noun 1. a visual representation of something. [Syn: presentation] 2. something shown to the public. [Syn: exhibit, showing] n (thing) verb adj display display x n (person) verb forms adv x displayed x displaying displays

opposite x other x

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diverse [daɪvɜrs] adj 1. distinctly dissimilar or unlike. E.g.: diverse parts of the country, celebrities as diverse as Bob Hope and Bob Dylan [Syn: various] 2. many and different. E.g.: a person of diverse talents [Syn: divers] n (thing) verb adj opposite diversification diversify diverse x diversity diversified n (person) verb forms adv other x diversified diversely x diversifies diversifying Collocations from the ACL adj+n: (a) diverse range (of), diverse background, diverse group, cultural diversity, ethnic diversity, great diversity.

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domain [doʊmeɪn] noun 1. a particular environment or walk of life. [Syn: sphere, area, orbit, field, arena] 2. a knowledge domain that you are interested in or are communicating about. E.g.: it was a limited domain of discourse [Syn: region, realm] n (thing) domain

verb x

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv x

other x

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edit [edət] verb 1. supervise the publication of. E.g.: The same family has been editing the influential newspaper for almost 100 years 2. prepare for publication or presentation by correcting, revising, or adapting. E.g.: she edited the letters of the politician so as to omit the most personal passages [Syn: redact] n (thing) edition editorial

verb edit

adj edited editorial

opposite x

n (person) editor

verb forms edited editing edits

adv x

other x

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enhance [enhæns] verb 1. increase. E.g.: This will enhance your enjoyment [Syn: heighten, raise] 2. make better or more attractive. E.g.: This sauce will enhance the flavor of the meat n (thing) enhancement n (person) x

verb enhance verb forms enhanced enhances enhancing

adj enhanced adv x

opposite x other x

Collocations from the ACL v+n: enhance learning, enhance performance. _________________________________________________________________

estate [esteɪt] noun 1. extensive landed property (especially in the country) retained by the owner for his own use. E.g.: the family owned a large estate on Long Island [Syn: land, landed estate, acres, demesne] 2. everything you own; all of your assets (whether real property or personal property) and liabilities. n (thing) estate n (person) x

verb x verb forms x

adj x adv x

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exceed [ɪksid] verb 1. go beyond. E.g.: She exceeded our expectations [Syn: transcend, overstep, pass, go past, top] 2. be or do something to a greater degree. E.g.: This exceeds all my expectations [Syn: surpass, outstrip, outmatch, outgo, outdo, surmount, outperform] n (thing) x

verb exceed

adj exceeding

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms exceeded exceeding exceeds

adv x

other x

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expert [ekspɜrt] adj 1. having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude. E.g.: an expert job [Syn: adept, good, practiced, proficient, skillful, skilful] noun 1. a person with special knowledge or ability who performs skillfully. n (thing) expertise

verb x

adj expert

opposite x

n (person) expert

verb forms x

adv expertly

other x

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explicit [ɪksplɪsət] adj 1. precisely and clearly expressed or readily observable; leaving nothing to implication. E.g.: explicit instructions, she made her wishes explicit, explicit sexual scenes [Syn: expressed] n (thing) x

verb x

adj explicit

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv explicitly

other x

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federal [fedɜrəl] adj 1. of or relating to the central government of a federation. E.g.: a federal district is one set aside as the seat of the national government 2. characterized by or constituting a form of government in which power is divided between one central and several regional authorities. E.g.: a federal system like that of the United States, federal governments often evolved out of confederations n (thing) federation

verb x

adj federal

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv x

other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: federal agency, federal government, federal state.

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fee [fi] noun 1. a fixed charge for a privilege or for professional services. n (thing) fee

verb x

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv x

other x

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flexible [fleksəbəl] adj 1. bending and snapping back readily without breaking. 2. able to adjust readily to different conditions. E.g.: a flexible personality [Syn: elastic, pliable, pliant] n (thing) flexibility

verb x

adj flexible

opposite inflexibility inflexible

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv x

other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: greater flexibility, flexible approach.

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furthermore [fɜrðɜrmɔr] adv 1. in addition. E.g.: computer chess games are getting cheaper all the time; furthermore, their quality is improving [Syn: moreover, what is more] n (thing) x

verb x

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv furthermore

other x

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gender [dʒendɜr] noun 1. the properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of their reproductive roles. [Syn: sex, sexuality] n (thing) gender

verb x

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv x

other x

Collocations from the ACL n+n: gender equality, gender stereotype.

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ignorant [ɪgnɜrənt] adj 1. lacking information or knowledge. [Syn: unknowledgeable, unknowing, unwitting] n (thing) ignorance

verb ignore

adj ignorant

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms ignored ignores ignoring

adv x

other x

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incentive [ɪnsentɪv] noun 1. an additional payment (or other remuneration) to employees as a means of increasing output. [Syn: bonus] 2. a positive motivational influence. [Syn: inducement, motivator] n (thing) incentive

verb x

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv x

other x

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incidence [ɪnsədəns] noun 1. the relative frequency of occurrence of something. [Syn: relative incidence] n (thing) incidence

verb x

adj incident

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv incidentally

other x

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incorporate [ɪnkɔrpɜreɪt] verb 1. include or contain; have as a component. [Syn: contain, comprise] 2. unite or merge with something already in existence. E.g.: incorporate this document with those pertaining to the same case 3. make into a whole or make part of a whole. E.g.: She incorporated his suggestions into her proposal [Syn: integrate] n (thing) incorporation

verb incorporate

adj incorporated

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms incorporated incorporates incorporating

adv x

other x

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index [ɪndeks] verb 1. provide with an index. E.g.: index the book noun 1. a numerical scale used to compare variables with one another or with some reference number. 2. an alphabetical listing of names and topics along with page numbers where they are discussed. n (thing) index n (person) x

verb index verb forms indexed indexes indexing

adj x adv x

opposite x other x

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inhibit [ɪnhɪbət] verb 1. limit the range or extent of. E.g.: Contact between the young was inhibited by strict social customs n (thing) inhibition n (person) x

verb inhibit verb forms inhibited inhibiting inhibits

adj inhibited adv x

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initiate [ɪnɪʃieɪt] verb 1. bring into being. E.g.: He initiated a new program [Syn: originate, start] 2. take the lead or initiative in; participate in the development of. [Syn: pioneer] n (thing) initiation initiative

verb initiate

adj initiative

opposite x

n (person) initiator

verb forms initiated initiates initiating

adv x

other x

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input [ɪnpʊt] noun 1. any stimulating information or event; acts to arouse action. [Syn: stimulation, stimulus, stimulant] n (thing) input inputs

verb x

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv x

other x

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instruct [ɪnstrʌkt] verb 1. give instructions or directions for some task. E.g.: She instructed the students to work on their pronunciation n (thing) instruction instructions

verb instruct

adj instructive

opposite x

n (person) instructor

verb forms instructed instructing instructs

adv x

other x

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intelligent [ɪntelədʒənt] adj 1. having the capacity for thought and reason especially to a high degree. E.g.: is there intelligent life in the universe?, an intelligent question 2. exercising or showing good judgment. E.g.: an intelligent solution [Syn: healthy, levelheaded, sound] n (thing) intelligence

verb x

adj intelligent

opposite unintelligent

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv intelligently

other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: artificial intelligence, emotional intelligence.

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interval [ɪntɜrvəl] noun 1. a definite length of time marked off by two instants. [Syn: time interval] n (thing) interval

verb x

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv x

other x

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lecture [lektʃɜr] verb 1. deliver a lecture or talk. E.g.: Did you ever lecture at Harvard? [Syn: talk] noun 1. a speech that is open to the public. E.g.: he attended a lecture on telecommunications [Syn: public lecture, talk] 2. teaching by giving a discourse on some subject (typically to a class). [Syn: lecturing] n (thing) lecture

verb lecture

adj x

opposite x

n (person) lecturer

verb forms lectured lectures lecturing

adv x

other x

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migrate [maɪgreɪt] verb 1. move from one country or region to another and settle there. E.g.: Many Germans migrated to South America in the mid-19th century, This tribe transmigrated many times over the centuries [Syn: transmigrate] 2. move periodically or seasonally. E.g.: birds migrate in the Winter, The worker migrate to where the crops need harvesting n (thing) migration

verb migrate

n (person) migrant

verb forms migrated migrates migrating

adj migrant migratory adv x

opposite x other x

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minimum [mɪnəməm] adj 1. the least possible. E.g.: minimum wage [Syn: minimal] noun 1. the smallest possible quantity. [Syn: lower limit] n (thing) minimum n (person) x

verb x verb forms x

adj minimum adv x

opposite x other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: minimum level, minimum requirement, minimum standard, minimum value, minimum wage.

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ministry [mɪnəstri] noun 1. a government department under the direction of a minister. 2. building where the business of a government ministry is transacted. n (thing) ministry

verb x

adj ministerial

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv x

other x

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motive [moʊtɪv] noun 1. the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal; the reason for the action; that which gives purpose and direction to behavior. E.g.: he acted with the best of motives [Syn: motivation, need] n (thing) motivation motive

verb motivate

adj motivated motivating

opposite unmotivated

n (person) x

verb forms motivated motivates motivating

adv x

other x

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neutral [nutrəl] adj 1. of no distinctive quality or characteristics or type. 2. having no net electric charge; not electrified. [Syn: electroneutral] 3. not supporting or favoring either side in a war, dispute, or contest. noun 1. one who does not side with any party in a war or dispute. n (thing) neutralisation neutrality neutralization n (person) neutral

verb neutralise neutralize

adj neutral

verb forms adv neutralised / -ized x neutralises / -izes neutralising / -izing

opposite x

other x

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nevertheless [nevɜrðəles] adv 1. despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession). E.g.: while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed [Syn: however, withal, still, yet, all the same, even so, nonetheless, notwithstanding] n (thing) x n (person) x

verb x verb forms x

adj x adv nevertheless

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overseas [oʊvɜrsiz] adv 1. beyond or across the sea. E.g.: He lived overseas for many years [Syn: oversea] adj 1. being or passing over or across the sea. E.g.: some overseas trade in grain arose [Syn: oversea] 2. in a foreign country. E.g.: overseas markets [Syn: abroad] n (thing) x n (person) x

verb x verb forms x

adj overseas adv overseas

opposite x other x

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precede [prɪsid] verb 1. come before. E.g.: Most English adjectives precede the noun they modify [Syn: predate] 2. be earlier in time; go back further. E.g.: Stone tools precede bronze tools [Syn: predate, forego, antecede, antedate] n (thing) precedence precedent n (person) x

verb precede verb forms preceded precedes preceding

adj precedent preceding adv x

opposite unprecedented other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: preceding chapter, preceding discussion, preceding section.

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presume [prɪzum] verb 1. take to be the case or to be true; accept without verification or proof. [Syn: assume, take for granted] n (thing) presumption

verb presume

adj presumptuous

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms presumed presumes presuming

adv presumably

other x

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rational [ræʃənəl] adj 1. consistent with or based on or using reason. E.g.: rational behavior, a process of rational inference, rational thought n (thing) rationalisation rationalism rationality rationalization

verb rationalise rationalize

adj rational

n (person) x

verb forms adv rationalised / -ized rationally rationalises / -izes rationalising / -izing

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opposite irrational

other x

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recover [rɪkʌvɜr] verb 1. get or find back; recover the use of. [Syn: retrieve, find, regain] 2. get over an illness or shock. [Syn: recuperate, convalesce] n (thing) recovery

verb recover

adj recoverable

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms recovered recovering recovers

adv x

other x

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reveal [rɪvil] verb 1. make clear and visible. E.g.: The article revealed the policies of the government [Syn: display, show] n (thing) revelation

verb reveal

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms revealed revealing reveals

adv x

other x

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scope [skoʊp] noun 1. the state of the environment in which a situation exists. [Syn: setting, background] 2. a magnifier of images of distant objects. [Syn: telescope] n (thing) scope

verb x

adj x

opposite x

n (person) x

verb forms x

adv x

other x

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subsidy [sʌbsɪdi] noun 1. a grant paid by a government to an enterprise that benefits the public. E.g.: a subsidy for research in artificial intelligence n (thing) subsidiary subsidy

verb subsidise subsidize

adj subsidiary subsidised subsidized

n (person) x

verb forms adv subsidised / -ized x subsidises / -izes subsidising / -izing

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opposite x

other x

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tape [teɪp] verb 1. fasten or attach with tape. E.g.: tape the shipping label to the box 2. record on videotape. [Syn: videotape] noun 1. a recording made on magnetic tape. E.g.: the several recordings were combined on a master tape [Syn: tape recording, taping] n (thing) verb adj opposite tape tape x x n (person) verb forms adv other x taped x x tapes taping _________________________________________________________________

trace [treɪs] verb 1. copy by following the lines of the original drawing on a transparent sheet placed upon it; make a tracing of. E.g.: trace a design, trace a pattern 2. follow, discover, or ascertain the course of development of something. E.g.: trace the student's progress [Syn: follow] noun 1. a just detectable amount. E.g.: he speaks French with a trace of an accent [Syn: hint, suggestion] 2. an indication that something has been present. E.g.: there wasn't a trace of evidence for the claim [Syn: vestige, tincture, shadow] n (thing) verb adj opposite trace trace traceable x n (person) verb forms adv other x traced x x traces tracing

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transform [trænsfɔrm] verb 1. change or alter in form, appearance, or nature. E.g.: This experience transformed her completely, She transformed the clay into a beautiful sculpture [Syn: transmute, transubstantiate] n (thing) verb adj opposite transformation transform transformed x n (person) verb forms adv other x transformed x x transforming transforms Collocations from the ACL adj+n: radical transformation, social transformation, undergo transformation. _________________________________________________________________

transport [trænspɔrt] verb 1. move something or somebody around; usually over long distances. noun 1. something that serves as a means of transportation. [Syn: conveyance] 2. the commercial enterprise of transporting goods and materials. [Syn: transportation, shipping] n (thing) verb adj opposite transport transport x x transportation n (person) verb forms adv other transporter transported x x transporting transports

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underlie [ʌndɜrlaɪ] verb 1. be or form the base for. n (thing) x n (person) x

verb underlie verb forms underlay underlies underlying

adj underlying adv x

opposite x other x

Collocations from the ACL adj+n: underlying assumption, underlying cause, underlying principle, underlying process, underlying reason, underlying structure. _________________________________________________________________

utilise verb 1. put into service; make work or employ (something) for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose. [Syn: use, utilize, apply, employ] n (thing) utilisation utility utilization n (person) utiliser

verb utilise utilize

adj x

opposite x

verb forms utilised / -ized utilises / -izes utilising / -izing

adv x

other x

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Exercises (Sublist 6) Task 1: Focus on Meaning #1 Study the following text on How Stress Affects the Immune Response. Fill in the gaps using words from the box. All are words from AWL sublist 6. [Note: words from sublist 4 (underlined) and sublist 5 (italics) are also shown, for review purposes.] acknowledge incidence

display inhibit

enhance motivation

experts nevertheless

furthermore recover

In the human vertebrate evolutionary past, stress was associated with the fight-orflight response. This stress was necessary for survival. The physical action of fighting or running, whichever the animal decides, usually resolves the problem in one way or another. On the other hand, there are no physical actions to resolve most modern-day stresses, including short-term stressors like taking examinations and long-term stressors such as being unemployed or losing a spouse. The effect of stress can be felt by nearly every organ system, and the immune system is no exception. For example, the nervous system may respond with headaches, depression, anxiety, irritability, loss of appetite, lack of _____________, and reduced mental performance; the integumentary (skin) system can _____________ acne, skin rashes, and be affected by irritation; the circulatory system can respond with increased heart rate, hypertension, and increased probability of heart attacks; the digestive system with indigestion, heartburn, stomach pain, and weight gain or loss; and the immune system can respond with depressed ability to fight infections. At one time, it was assumed that all types of stress reduced all aspects of the immune response. Following decades of research, however, medical _____________ now _____________ that this is not the case. First, most short-term stress does not impair the immune system in healthy individuals enough to lead to a greater _____________ of diseases. However, older individuals and those with suppressed immune responses due to disease may respond even to short-term stressors by getting sicker more often. It has been found that short-term stress causes the body to _____________ innate immune responses, which have the ability to act fast and would seem to help the body prepare better for possible infections. _____________, the diverting of resources away from the adaptive immune response causes its own share of problems in fighting disease. Chronic stress, unlike short-term stress, may _____________ immune responses even in otherwise healthy adults. ____________, it is difficult for a person to ___________

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Unlock the Academic Word List: Sublists 4-6 from chronic stress, which makes the impact of stress-related illness all the more significant. The suppression of both innate and adaptive immune responses is clearly associated with increases in some diseases, as seen when individuals lose a spouse or have other long-term stresses, such as taking care of a spouse with a fatal disease or dementia. The new science which deals with the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems, called psychoneuroimmunology, while still in its relative infancy, has great potential to make exciting advances in our understanding of how these systems have evolved together and communicate with each other. Text adapted from Anatomy and Physiology, Chapter 21 | The Lymphatic and Immune System © 2017 Rice University. Download for free at https://openstax.org/details/books/anatomy-and-physiology.

____________________________________________________________________________________

Task 2: Focus on Meaning #2 Read the following text about Work-Scheduling Options. Fill in the gaps using words from the box. All are words from AWL sublist 6. [Note: words from sublist 4 (underlined) and sublist 5 (italics) are again shown, for review purposes.] assign diverse motivated

attach flexibility motivation x2

capable flexible revealed

cite incentive transportation

cooperate incorporate

As companies try to meet the needs of a _____________ workforce and retain quality employees while remaining competitive and financially prosperous, managers are challenged to find new ways to keep workers _____________ and satisfied. A recent survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) found that, after health insurance, employees _____________ the most importance to relatively lowcost benefits such as alternative work schedules. The main alternatives to traditional work schedules are flextime, compressed workweek, four-day workweek, telecommuting, and job sharing. One option for employees who want an adjustable schedule is flextime, in use at 57 percent of U.S. companies. Flextime allows employees to decide what their work hours will be. Employees are generally expected to work a certain number of hours per week but have some discretion as to when they arrive at work and when they leave for the day. The DOC survey _____________ that almost two thirds of employees (62%) say the flextime makes them both more productive and engaged when they are in the office.

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Sheldon Smith Another option for employees who want to maximize their leisure hours, indulge in three-day weekends, and avoid commuting during morning and evening rush hours is the compressed workweek. Employees work the traditional 40 hours, but fit those hours into a shorter workweek. Most common is the 4-40 schedule, where employees work four 10-hour days a week. Organizations that offer this option claim benefits ranging from increased _____________ and productivity to reduced absenteeism and turnover. A third option is the four-day workweek, offered in 13 percent of U.S. companies. In this option, employees work only four days a week, the same as a compressed workweek, but work 32 hours or less, though they generally retain the same benefits as full-time employees. Managers who have implemented this option _____________ the main benefits to be increased staff retention, increased productivity, and reduced operational costs. Telecommuting is a work-scheduling option that allows employees to work from home via a computer that is linked with their office, headquarters, or colleagues. This option provides the additional _____________ of allowing employees to cut down on the time and money cost of _____________ to and from the workplace. The lack of direct on-site supervision means that managers need to find other ways to monitor employees’ performance, and this option is best suited to employees who are _____________ of working independently. A final option is to _____________ a single job to two different employees. This option, called job sharing, is a scheduling option that requires two individuals to split the tasks, responsibilities, and work hours of one 40-hour-per-week job. Though used less frequently than flextime and the compressed workweek, this option can also provide employees with job _____________. The primary benefit to the company is that it gets “two for the price of one”—the company can draw on two sets of skills and abilities to accomplish one set of job objectives. For this option to work successfully, the two employees will need to be able to work well together and _____________ closely on the work tasks they need to achieve. In short, there are many alternative work-scheduling options for companies looking to provide low cost benefits to increase _____________ of staff. Many organizations which implement such alternatives _____________ more than one at the same time, for example combining flextime with telecommuting. Although each of these workscheduling options may have some drawbacks for the sponsoring organizations, the benefits far outweigh the problems. The number of companies offering _____________ work options has grown, and the trend is expected to continue. Adapted from Chapter 9 Motivating Employees, Work-Scheduling Options, in Introduction to Business © 2018 Rice University. Download for free at https://openstax.org/details/books/Introduction-Business.

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Unlock the Academic Word List: Sublists 4-6 Task 3: Focus on Meaning #3 The following sentences each contain an underlined word, which can be replaced by a synonym from the box below (synonyms in the box are all sublist 6 words). Replace each word with the correct synonym. An example has been done. abstract explicit minimum

bonds fees ministry

domain index overseas

estate input scope

exceeds intervals tape

Example: Employees who are earning the smallest possible wage find it difficult to meet their basic needs such as cost of food and accommodation. minimum a) A budget surplus is when government revenue surpasses government spending. _______________ b) The managers got information from all of the employees before designing the new office layout. _______________ c) Many companies choose to locate their facilities in another country in order to reduce tax payments in their own country. _______________ d) Managers in the West tend to be more precise and formal in how they control their employees compared to those of Asian nations. ______________ e) A full list of sources used can be found in the list at the back of the book. _______________ f) It is important to get permission from the person being interviewed before you begin to record the interview session. _______________ g) The auditors increased the range of the audit process to include more items, which significantly raised the cost of the audit process. _______________ h) Many low-budget airlines add extra costs in order to increase their income and operate profitably. _______________ i) In order to improve the experiment in future, shorter gaps between measurements could be used. _______________ j) Molecules comprise atoms which are joined together by chemical ties. _______________ k) Any work in the public area is no longer protected by copyright and can be copied freely – but still needs to be acknowledged as a source. _______________ l) The spokesperson for the foreign government department explained the reasons behind the imposition of sanctions on the neighbouring country. _______________ m) His property was recently valued at over $250,000. _______________ n) Many reports begin with a very brief summary of around 250 words. _______________

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Sheldon Smith Task 4: Collocations #1 Each of the following sentence has two collocations using sublist 6 words, taken from the ACL. One collocation fits the meaning of the sentence, the other does not. Cross out the one which is wrong. An example has been done for you. Example: The data analysis used sophisticated basic techniques/statistical techniques. a) The manager plans to hire women for the usually male-dominated role as a form of positive discrimination/racial discrimination. b) The computer system uses artificial intelligence/emotional intelligence to predict customer responses. c) London is a city with great cultural diversity/ethnic diversity, with some areas having fewer than 30% White people. d) The Covid-19 virus has led to a radical transformation/social transformation of how schools and universities teach their students. e) The gender equality/gender stereotype of women as peaceful and nurturing has often limited their participation in the military. f) Professional athletes who use banned substances in order to enhance learning/enhance performance face a lengthy ban. g) The Method section of the report should briefly describe/briefly discuss how you conducted the experiment.

Task 5: Collocations #2 The following adj+n collocations match one word from the AWL sublist 6. Identify which one. accurate brief diverse federal minimum preceding underlying chapter/ discussion/ section account/ description/ discussion/ history/ introduction/ overview/ period/ review/ summary/ time assumption/ cause/ principle/ process/ reason/ structure agency/ government/ state level/ requirement/ standard/ value/ wage assessment/ description/ information/ measurement/ picture/ record range of/ background/ group

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Unlock the Academic Word List: Sublists 4-6 Task 6: Word form #1 Complete the following sentences by changing the word form of the word(s) in brackets. An example has been done for you. Example: Students working on group projects perform better if there is good cooperation (cooperate) between group member. a) The _______________ (lecture) used many signpost phrases, which helped the students to understand and take notes for his lecture. b) The government chose to stop _______________ (subsidy) the coal industry in order to tackle the problem of climate change. c) The lecture was not very _______________ (instruct) and a large number of students dropped the course. d) The _______________ (edit) of the journal has worked there for a very long time. e) An increase in the number of _______________ (migrate) to the country has put a huge strain on the welfare system. f) They tried to _______________ (rational) the teacher’s behaviour by considering problems in his personal life. g) It is important to use in-text _______________ (cite) to acknowledge the work of other’s, and to avoid plagiarism. h) Although reasons for poor company performance are not always _______________ (trace), it is important to try to identify the causes. i) He handled the problems with the new employee ______________ (expert). j) Business which are very _______________ (flexible) with regard to work schedules, such as demanding everyone starts at 9 o’clock, may see lower levels of employee motivation. k) The reason people purchase new goods is, _______________ (presume), because they offer better value for money than existing goods. l) The lowest point of a recession, before a _______________ (recover) begins, is called a trough. m) Although teachers sometimes complain that some students seem _______________ (capable) of learning rules for citation, this is obviously not the case. All students can learn, in time.

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Sheldon Smith Task 7: Word form #2 Change the following forms into the noun ‘thing’ form, and add them to the table in the correct column. Be careful of spelling. An example has been done. accurate acknowledge allocate assign attach brief capable cite diverse enhance expert federal flexible ignorant inhibit initiate intelligent neutral precede presume reveal utilise

-ance/ -ence

-cy

-ise

-ity

-ive

-ment

-tion allocation

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Answers to exercises Sublist 4 Task 1: Focus on Meaning #1 The bacteria that cause plague, Yersinia pestis, continue their existence through a cycle involving rodents and their fleas. The mechanism of plague transmission is flea bites, contact with contaminated fluid or tissue, or inhalation of air-borne droplets. There have been three recorded plague pandemics during human history. The first recorded pandemic, the Justinian plague, occurred in the sixth century CE. It is thought to have emerged from central Africa and spread to the Mediterranean through trade routes. At its peak, more than 5,000 people died per day in Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. The impact of this outbreak probably contributed to the later fall of Emperor Justinian, and hence its name, the Justinian plague. The plague was not, however, concentrated in Constantinople; it spread across Europe, Asia, North Africa and Arabia, killing approximately 50 million people, up to half of the world’s population. The second major pandemic, the Black Death, occurred during the 14th century. This time, the infections are thought to have originated somewhere in Asia before being transported to Europe by trade, soldiers, and war refugees. It persisted for 300 years in Europe and Great Britain. This outbreak killed an estimated one-quarter of the population of Europe (25 million, primarily in major cities). Deaths in Asia and Africa exceeded 25 million. Despite lack of scientific understanding of how the disease was transmitted, it was known that proximity had some connection to transmission of the plague. Authorities in the Venetian port city of Ragusa imposed strict regulations on newly arrived sailors, keeping them isolated on their ships for 40 days, or a quarantino in Venetian law, the origin of the word quarantine. The most recent pandemic occurred in the 1890s. This outbreak originated in the Yunnan province of China and spread worldwide through trade. The plague bacterium was discovered by Alexandre Yersin (1863–1943) during this outbreak, and it is named after him, Yersinia pestis. During this outbreak, several European cities held an international conference (Venice in 1892, Dresden in 1893, Paris in 1894) to discuss ways to develop adequate measures to prevent the introduction and spread of this and other infectious diseases to Europe. The overall number of deaths was lower than in prior outbreaks, perhaps because of improved sanitation and medical support. Most of the deaths attributed to this final pandemic occurred in India. In summary, the plague, which is spread by rodents and their fleas, has led to three major pandemics during human history.

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Sheldon Smith Task 2: Focus on Meaning #2 Most of us know that the old rhyme “sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me” is inaccurate. Words can hurt, and never is that more apparent than in instances of bullying. Bullying has always existed and has often reached extreme levels of cruelty in children and young adults, who are especially vulnerable to others’ opinions of them. Today, technology has ushered in a new era of this dynamic. Cyberbullying is the use of interactive media by one person to torment another, and it is on the rise. Cyberbullying can mean sending threatening texts, harassing someone in a public forum (such as Facebook), and posting embarrassing images online. This form of bullying is particularly dangerous because it’s widely accessible and therefore easier to accomplish. Statistics released in 2013 show that close to 1 in every 3 (27.8 percent) students report being bullied by their school peers, with 17 percent of students reporting having been the victims of cyberbullying. Cyberbullying, and bullying in general, made international headlines in 2010 when a fifteen-year-old girl, Phoebe Prince, in South Hadley, Massachusetts, committed suicide after being relentlessly bullied by girls at her school. Subsequently, those implicated in the death were prosecuted in the legal system and the state passed anti-bullying legislation. Whether legislation will change the behaviour of would-be cyberbullies remains to be seen. However, it is hoped that communities will work to implement anti-bullying laws and protect victims before they feel they must resort to extreme measures. Anti-bullying measures should also occupy an important part of school regulation. It is important for schools to integrate bullying prevention into classroom learning. It is also important to avoid labels such as ‘bully’ and ‘victim’, and instead focus on the behaviour. Task 3: Focus on Meaning #3 a) The main reason for the decline was a lack of investment. principal b) The corrupt and centralized government made many decisions which ultimately led to a major uprising by the people. regime c) An increase in mechanization, coupled with moving production from the home to the factory, dramatically increased production of goods. output d) Pensioners will be paid a total of $200 per week under new legislation issued this week. sum e) The actions of the government set in motion a sequence of financial reactions that contributed to a global recession. series f) The government may allow highly-skilled workers the right of citizenship after they have worked in the country for a number of years. grant g) Staff at the hospital insist that a new rule of behaviour is urgently needed to protect vulnerable patients. code

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Unlock the Academic Word List: Sublists 4-6 h) National income is one variable which governs the economy, alongside others such as taxes, imports, exports and government spending. parameter i) The plan needed months of preparation and planning before on-site work could begin. project j) In many countries, women have fewer individual rights and liberties than men. civil k) Few major organisations take on the work of protecting the environment. job Task 4: Collocations #1 The following are v + n collocations: commit (a) crime, achieve (a) goal, provide (a) summary, reduce stress, attend (a) conference, resolve (a) conflict, undertake research, gain access (to), promote (the) development (of), impose restrictions commit a conference achieve a summary provide a conflict reduce the development (of) attend access (to) resolve a goal undertake restrictions gain research promote a crime impose stress Task 5: Collocations #2 direct/ easy/ electronic/ equal/ free/ limited/ online/ open/ public/ ready/ unlimited current/ economic/ equal/ high/ legal/ low/ political/ professional/ relative/ social/ socioeconomic/ special direct/ effective/ electronic/ personal/ verbal/ written academic/ considerable/ contemporary/ heated/ ongoing/ political/ public/ theoretical negative/ positive/ changing/ cultural/ public/ social empirical/ further/ scientific final/ first/ initial/ next marked/ sharp/ stark/ striking annual/ international/ national cultural/ political/ social

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access status communication debate attitude investigation phase contrast conference dimension

Sheldon Smith Task 6: Collocations #3 activity/ body/ colleague/ development/ experience/ knowledge/ practice/ qualification/ staff/ standard/ status/ support/ training/ work analysis/ data/ information/ method/ significance/ technique/ test community/ differences/ diversity/ group/ identity/ minority/ origin aim/ effect/ level/ performance/ picture/ rate/ structure market/ sphere/ violence affairs/ conflict/ control/ market/ organ/ structure difference/ example/ point/ reason analysis/ chapter/ development/ study/ work conference/ meeting/ rate/ report/ review

professional

statistical ethnic overall domestic internal obvious subsequent annual

Task 7: Word form a) The large difference between observed and expected results was due to erroneous (error) measurements during the initial phase of the experiment. b) The building was designed with various hypothetical (hypothesis) emergencies in mind, such as fire, bombing and flooding. c) Although some steps in the process are optional (option), it is recommendation that they be carried out. d) The experiment was an unparalleled (parallel) success. e) Despite climate change, general weather patterns remain predictable (predict). f) The retention (retain) of skilled staff is important for any business. g) Students often find final exams to be a very stressful (stress) experience. h) It is important to give proper attribution (attribute) to the work of others in your writing, for example via the use of in-text citations. i) The meeting concluded without a satisfactory resolution (resolve). j) Race refers to superficial physical differences that a society considers significant, while ethnicity (ethnic) describes shared culture.

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Unlock the Academic Word List: Sublists 4-6 Sublist 5 Task 1: Focus on Meaning #1 The scientific community has been debating for the last few decades about the value of different types of science, specifically whether it is valuable to pursue science for the sake of simply gaining knowledge, or whether scientific knowledge only has worth if we can apply it to solving a specific problem or bettering our lives. This issue focuses on the differences between two types of science: basic science and applied science. Basic science or “pure” science seeks to expand knowledge regardless of the short-term application of that knowledge. It is not focused on developing a product or a service of immediate public or commercial value. The objective of basic science is knowledge for knowledge’s sake, though this does not mean that in the end it may not result in an application. In contrast, the fundamental aim of applied science or “technology” is to use science to solve real-world problems, making it possible, for example, to improve a crop yield, find a cure for a particular medical illness, to seek alternative energy sources, or save animals suffering from species loss or decline. In applied science, the problem is usually defined for the researcher. Some individuals may perceive applied science as “useful” and basic science as “useless”. A careful look at the history of science, however, reveals that basic knowledge has resulted in many remarkable applications of great value. Few solutions would be found without the help of the knowledge generated through basic science. A prime example of how basic and applied science can work together to solve practical problems occurred after the discovery of DNA structure led to an understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing DNA replication. Strands of DNA, unique in every human, are found in our cells, where they provide the instructions necessary for life. During DNA replication, new copies of DNA are made, shortly before a cell divides to form new cells. Understanding the mechanisms of DNA replication enabled scientists to develop laboratory techniques that are now used to identify genetic diseases, pinpoint individuals who were at a crime scene, and determine paternity. Without basic science, it is unlikely that applied science would exist.

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Sheldon Smith Another example of the link between basic and applied research is the Human Genome Project, a study in which each human chromosome was analyzed and mapped to determine the precise sequence of DNA subunits and the exact location of each gene. The Human Genome Project relied on basic research carried out with non-human organisms and, later, with the human genome. An important end goal eventually became using the data for applied research seeking cures for genetically related diseases. In short, basic science seeks knowledge for its own sake, whereas applied science uses science to solve real-world problems. Applied scientists need a good awareness of the principles of basic science in order to create new solutions to real-world issues. Task 2: Focus on Meaning #2 The ultimate judge in science is always what nature itself reveals based on observations, experiments, models, and testing. Science is not merely a body of knowledge, but a method by which we attempt to understand nature and how it behaves. This method begins with many observations over a period of time. From the trends found through observations, scientists can model the particular phenomena we want to understand. Such models are always approximations of nature, subject to further testing. When you read about experiments, you probably have a mental picture of a scientist in a laboratory conducting tests or taking careful measurements. This is certainly the case for a biologist or a chemist, but what can astronomers do when our laboratory is the universe? It’s impossible to put a group of stars into a test tube or to order another comet from a scientific supply company. As a result, astronomy is sometimes called an observational science; we often make our tests by observing many samples of the kind of object we want to study and noting carefully how different samples vary. New instruments and technology can let us look at astronomical objects from new perspectives and in greater detail. Our hypotheses are then judged in the light of this new information, and they pass or fail in the same way we would evaluate the result of a laboratory experiment. Much of astronomy is also a historical science—meaning that what we observe has already happened in the universe and we can do nothing to change it. In the same way, a geologist cannot alter what has happened to our planet, and a paleontologist cannot bring an ancient animal back to life. Sometimes new evidence will force the scientist to revise their last hypothesis. This self-correcting aspect of science sets it apart from most human activities. Scientists

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Unlock the Academic Word List: Sublists 4-6 need to question and challenge one another, which is why applications for project funding—as well as reports for publication in academic journals—go through an extensive process of peer review, which is a careful examination by other scientists in the same field. New scientists know that one of the best ways to advance their careers is to find a weakness in our current understanding of something and to correct it with a new or modified hypothesis. This is one of the reasons science has made such dramatic progress. An undergraduate science major today knows more about science and math than did Sir Isaac Newton, one of the most renowned scientists who ever lived. Even in an introductory astronomy course, you will learn about objects and processes that no one a few generations ago even dreamed existed. Task 3: Focus on Meaning #3 a) The productive limit of the factory has increased by 200% in three years. capacity b) The final version of the report was completely different from the first one. draft c) A social group can be important not only for business but also to help someone find work. network d) A bar graph shows relationship via the height of bars, with each bar representing a certain thing such as a country or group of people. entity e) They refused to entertain the idea that the theory could be incorrect. notion f) Banks aid the use of money for transactions in the economy. facilitate g) There is a section in the contract which grants him a percentage of the profits. clause h) Small countries, which have less ability to provide what they want internally, tend to have a higher level of imports and exports to GDP. ratio i) Countries which sustain and add together increases in the rate of growth over long periods of time see significant improvement in the standard of living. compound j) Foreign trade in goods and services usually incurs costs of production in one currency and income from sales in another currency. revenue k) A basic principle of economics is that every choice has an opportunity cost. fundamental

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Sheldon Smith Task 4: Collocations #1 a) academic achievement, academic career, academic circles, academic community, academic debate, academic discourse, academic job, academic journal, academic research, academic success, academic year b) acutely aware, become aware, cautiously aware, fully aware, increasingly aware, keenly aware, make aware, well aware c) meet a target, locate a target, set a target d) logical approach, logical argument, logical conclusion, logical summary e) external environment, external factors, external forces, external influences, external participants, external source, external threat, external world f) achieve an objective, meet an objective, reach an objective, set an objective g) key objective, necessary objective, objective criteria, objective reality, primary objective, strategic objective, scientific objectivity h) fundamental aspect, fundamental change, fundamental component, fundamental difference, fundamental example, fundamental importance, fundamental principle, fundamental problem, fundamental question i) academic stability, economic stability, political stability, political instability j) face a challenge, pose a challenge, present a challenge, solve a challenge k) biological evolution, cultural evolution, evolutionary process, evolutionary theory l) atomic energy, creative energy, nuclear energy, renewable energy, solar energy Task 5: Collocations #2 current/ general/ growing/ increasing/ social earlier/ electronic/ final/ modified/ online/ original/ revised/ simplified critical/ cultural/ global/ historical/ new/ theoretical economic/ public/ social close/ direct/ first/ personal/ physical/ sexual/ social positive/ public/ visual first/ next/ previous/ younger armed/ internal/ political/ potential/ social greater/ growing/ increased/ increasing/ public

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trend version perspective welfare contact image generation conflict awareness

Unlock the Academic Word List: Sublists 4-6 Task 6: Word form #1 a) He negotiated his contract to ensure that it had cost-of-living adjustments (adjust) so that his wages would keep up with inflation. b) They insisted on several amendments (amend) being made to the contract before they were willing to sign it. c) A financial consultant (consult) is usually very highly paid. d) Many individuals avoid paying tax, which is why tax enforcement (enforce) is such an important role of the tax office. e) The equation E=mc2 shows the equivalence (equivalent) between energy and matter. f) Quarantine is one way to reduce exposure (expose) to the virus. g) Liberation (liberal) of the slaves was one of the primary consequences of the American Civil War. h) Annual revenue rose only marginally (margin) this year. i) Many universities have an orientation (orient) week to help students adjust to life on campus. j) Clinical psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological (psychology) disorders. k) Those suffering from social anxiety disorder often fear doing or saying something that might lead to rejection (reject). l) The office was styled (style) in the manner of a Japanese office. m) The high price of crude petroleum led to the substitution (substitute) of oil imports for domestic energy sources. n) Withdrawing the ambassador was a symbolic (symbol) act of support for the oppressed citizens. o) Economic effects of the pandemic were initially thought to be transitory (transit) rather than long-lasting.

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Sheldon Smith Task 7: Word form #2 These are the opposites: illogical, indiscrete, indiscretion (n), instability, inaccessible, inadequate, imprecise, unalterable, unaware, unlicensed, unmodified, unmonitored, unstable, unsustainable, unresolved These are the opposites on the prefix mind map.

il

un

in

logical

alterable aware licensed modified monitored stable sustainable resolved*

im

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discrete discretion (n) stability accessible* adequate*

precise

Unlock the Academic Word List: Sublists 4-6 Sublist 6 Task 1: Focus on Meaning #1 In the human vertebrate evolutionary past, stress was associated with the fight-orflight response. This stress was necessary for survival. The physical action of fighting or running, whichever the animal decides, usually resolves the problem in one way or another. On the other hand, there are no physical actions to resolve most modern-day stresses, including short-term stressors like taking examinations and long-term stressors such as being unemployed or losing a spouse. The effect of stress can be felt by nearly every organ system, and the immune system is no exception. For example, the nervous system may respond with headaches, depression, anxiety, irritability, loss of appetite, lack of motivation, and reduced mental performance; the integumentary (skin) system can display acne, skin rashes, and be affected by irritation; the circulatory system can respond with increased heart rate, hypertension, and increased probability of heart attacks; the digestive system with indigestion, heartburn, stomach pain, and weight gain or loss; and the immune system can respond with depressed ability to fight infections. At one time, it was assumed that all types of stress reduced all aspects of the immune response. Following decades of research, however, medical experts now acknowledge that this is not the case. First, most short-term stress does not impair the immune system in healthy individuals enough to lead to a greater incidence of diseases. However, older individuals and those with suppressed immune responses due to disease may respond even to short-term stressors by getting sicker more often. It has been found that short-term stress causes the body to enhance innate immune responses, which have the ability to act fast and would seem to help the body prepare better for possible infections. Nevertheless, the diverting of resources away from the adaptive immune response causes its own share of problems in fighting disease. Chronic stress, unlike short-term stress, may inhibit immune responses even in otherwise healthy adults. Furthermore, it is difficult for a person to recover from chronic stress, which makes the impact of stress-related illness all the more significant. The suppression of both innate and adaptive immune responses is clearly associated with increases in some diseases, as seen when individuals lose a spouse or have other long-term stresses, such as taking care of a spouse with a fatal disease or dementia. The new science which deals with the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems, called psychoneuroimmunology, while still in its relative infancy, has great potential to make exciting advances in our understanding of how these systems have evolved together and communicate with each other.

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Sheldon Smith Task 2: Focus on Meaning #2 As companies try to meet the needs of a diverse workforce and retain quality employees while remaining competitive and financially prosperous, managers are challenged to find new ways to keep workers motivated and satisfied. A recent survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) found that, after health insurance, employees attach the most importance to relatively lowcost benefits such as alternative work schedules. The main alternatives to traditional work schedules are flextime, compressed workweek, four-day workweek, telecommuting, and job sharing. One option for employees who want an adjustable schedule is flextime, in use at 57 percent of U.S. companies. Flextime allows employees to decide what their work hours will be. Employees are generally expected to work a certain number of hours per week but have some discretion as to when they arrive at work and when they leave for the day. The DOC survey revealed that almost two thirds of employees (62%) say the flextime makes them both more productive and engaged when they are in the office. Another option for employees who want to maximize their leisure hours, indulge in three-day weekends, and avoid commuting during morning and evening rush hours is the compressed workweek. Employees work the traditional 40 hours, but fit those hours into a shorter workweek. Most common is the 4-40 schedule, where employees work four 10-hour days a week. Organizations that offer this option claim benefits ranging from increased motivation and productivity to reduced absenteeism and turnover. A third option is the four-day workweek, offered in 13 percent of U.S. companies. In this option, employees work only four days a week, the same as a compressed workweek, but work 32 hours or less, though they generally retain the same benefits as full-time employees. Managers who have implemented this option cite the main benefits to be increased staff retention, increased productivity, and reduced operational costs. Telecommuting is a work-scheduling option that allows employees to work from home via a computer that is linked with their office, headquarters, or colleagues. This option provides the additional incentive of allowing employees to cut down on the time and money cost of transportation to and from the workplace. The lack of direct on-site supervision means that managers need to find other ways to monitor employees’ performance, and this option is best suited to employees who are capable of working independently. A final option is to assign a single job to two different employees. This option, called job sharing, is a scheduling option that requires two individuals to split the tasks, responsibilities, and work hours of one 40-hour-per-week job. Though used

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Unlock the Academic Word List: Sublists 4-6 less frequently than flextime and the compressed workweek, this option can also provide employees with job flexibility. The primary benefit to the company is that it gets “two for the price of one”—the company can draw on two sets of skills and abilities to accomplish one set of job objectives. For this option to work successfully, the two employees will need to be able to work well together and cooperate closely on the work tasks they need to achieve. In short, there are many alternative work-scheduling options for companies looking to provide low cost benefits to increase motivation of staff. Many organizations which implement such alternatives incorporate more than one at the same time, for example combining flextime with telecommuting. Although each of these workscheduling options may have some drawbacks for the sponsoring organizations, the benefits far outweigh the problems. The number of companies offering flexible work options has grown, and the trend is expected to continue.

Task 3: Focus on Meaning #3 a) A budget surplus is when government revenue surpasses government spending. exceeds b) The managers got information from all of the employees before designing the new office layout. input c) Many companies choose to locate their facilities in another country in order to reduce tax payments in their own country. overseas d) Managers in the West tend to be more precise and formal in how they control their employees compared to those of Asian nations. explicit e) A full list of sources used can be found in the list at the back of the book. index f) It is important to get permission from the person being interviewed before you begin to record the interview session. tape g) The auditors increased the range of the audit process to include more items, which significantly raised the cost of the audit process. scope h) Many low-budget airlines add extra costs in order to increase their income and operate profitably. fees i) In order to improve the experiment in future, shorter gaps between measurements could be used. intervals j) Molecules comprise atoms which are joined together by chemical ties. bonds k) Any work in the public area is no longer protected by copyright and can be copied freely – but still needs to be acknowledged as a source. domain l) The spokesperson for the foreign government department explained the reasons behind the imposition of sanctions on the neighbouring country. ministry m) His property was recently valued at over $250,000. estate n) Many reports begin with a very brief summary of around 250 words. abstract

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Sheldon Smith Task 4: Collocations #1 a) The manager plans to hire women for the usually male-dominated role as a form of positive discrimination/racial discrimination. b) The computer system uses artificial intelligence/emotional intelligence to predict customer responses. c) London is a city with great cultural diversity/ethnic diversity, with some areas having fewer than 30% White people. d) The Covid-19 virus has led to a radical transformation/social transformation of how schools and universities teach their students. e) The gender equality/gender stereotype of women as peaceful and nurturing has often limited their participation in the military. f) Professional athletes who use banned substances in order to enhance learning/enhance performance face a lengthy ban. g) The Method section of the report should briefly describe/briefly discuss how you conducted the experiment.

Task 5: Collocations #2 chapter/ discussion/ section account/ description/ discussion/ history/ introduction/ overview/ period/ review/ summary/ time assumption/ cause/ principle/ process/ reason/ structure agency/ government/ state level/ requirement/ standard/ value/ wage assessment/ description/ information/ measurement/ picture/ record range of/ background/ group

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preceding brief underlying federal minimum accurate diverse

Unlock the Academic Word List: Sublists 4-6 Task 6: Word form #1 a) The lecturer (lecture) used many signpost phrases, which helped the students to understand and take notes for his lecture. b) The government chose to stop subsidising/subsidizing (subsidy) the coal industry in order to tackle the problem of climate change. c) The lecture was not very instructive (instruct) and a large number of students dropped the course. d) The editor (edit) of the journal has worked there for a very long time. e) An increase in the number of migrants (migrate) to the country has put a huge strain on the welfare system. f) They tried to rationalise/rationalize (rational) the teacher’s behaviour by considering problems in his personal life. g) It is important to use in-text citations (cite) to acknowledge the work of other’s, and to avoid plagiarism. h) Although reasons for poor company performance are not always traceable (trace), it is important to try to identify the causes. i) He handled the problems with the new employee expertly (expert). j) Business which are very inflexible (flexible) with regard to work schedules, such as demanding everyone starts at 9 o’clock, may see lower levels of employee motivation. k) The reason people purchase new goods is, presumably (presume), because they offer better value for money than existing goods. l) The lowest point of a recession, before a recovery (recover) begins, is called a trough. m) Although teachers sometimes complain that some students seem incapable (capable) of learning rules for citation, this is obviously not the case. All students can learn, in time. Task 7: Word form #2

-ance/ -ence ignorance intelligence precedence

-cy

-ise

-ity

-ive

-ment

-tion

accuracy

expertise

brevity capability diversity* flexibility neutrality** utility

initiative***

acknowledgement assignment attachment enhancement

allocation citation diversification** federation inhibition initiation*** neutralisation** presumption revelation utilisation

* The word diverse has two forms, diversity and diversification. ** The word neutral has two forms, neutrality and neutralisation/-ization. ***The word initiate has two forms, initiative and initiation.

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Sheldon Smith

Index of words The following are all the words in sublists 4-6 of the AWL, with page numbers.

Academic Word List: Sublist 4 .............................................................................. 7 access .......................................................................................................................... 8 adequate ..................................................................................................................... 9 annual ......................................................................................................................... 9 apparent ................................................................................................................... 10 approximate ............................................................................................................. 10 attitude ..................................................................................................................... 11 attribute.................................................................................................................... 11 civil ............................................................................................................................ 12 code ........................................................................................................................... 12 commit ...................................................................................................................... 13 communicate ........................................................................................................... 13 concentrate .............................................................................................................. 14 confer ........................................................................................................................ 14 contrast..................................................................................................................... 15 cycle .......................................................................................................................... 16 debate ....................................................................................................................... 16 despite....................................................................................................................... 17 dimension ................................................................................................................. 17 domestic ................................................................................................................... 18 emerge ...................................................................................................................... 19 error .......................................................................................................................... 19 ethnic ........................................................................................................................ 20 goal ............................................................................................................................ 20 grant.......................................................................................................................... 21 hence ......................................................................................................................... 22 hypothesis ................................................................................................................ 22 implement ................................................................................................................ 23 implicate ................................................................................................................... 24 impose....................................................................................................................... 24 integrate ................................................................................................................... 25 internal ..................................................................................................................... 25 investigate ................................................................................................................ 26 job .............................................................................................................................. 26 label ........................................................................................................................... 27 mechanism ............................................................................................................... 27 obvious...................................................................................................................... 28 occupy ....................................................................................................................... 28

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Unlock the Academic Word List: Sublists 4-6 option ........................................................................................................................29 output........................................................................................................................29 overall .......................................................................................................................30 parallel ......................................................................................................................31 parameter .................................................................................................................32 phase .........................................................................................................................32 predict .......................................................................................................................33 principal....................................................................................................................33 prior ..........................................................................................................................34 professional ..............................................................................................................34 project .......................................................................................................................35 promote ....................................................................................................................35 regime .......................................................................................................................36 resolve .......................................................................................................................36 retain .........................................................................................................................37 series .........................................................................................................................37 statistic......................................................................................................................38 status .........................................................................................................................38 stress .........................................................................................................................39 subsequent................................................................................................................40 sum ............................................................................................................................40 summary ...................................................................................................................41 undertake .................................................................................................................41

Academic Word List: Sublist 5 ........................................................................... 47 academy ....................................................................................................................48 adjust .........................................................................................................................48 alter ...........................................................................................................................49 amend........................................................................................................................49 aware .........................................................................................................................50 capacity .....................................................................................................................51 challenge...................................................................................................................51 clause.........................................................................................................................52 compound .................................................................................................................52 conflict ......................................................................................................................53 consult.......................................................................................................................53 contact ......................................................................................................................54 decline .......................................................................................................................55 discrete .....................................................................................................................55 draft ...........................................................................................................................56 enable ........................................................................................................................56 energy .......................................................................................................................57 enforce ......................................................................................................................57

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Sheldon Smith entity ......................................................................................................................... 58 equivalent................................................................................................................. 58 evolve ........................................................................................................................ 59 expand ...................................................................................................................... 59 expose ....................................................................................................................... 60 external .................................................................................................................... 60 facilitate .................................................................................................................... 61 fundamental ............................................................................................................. 61 generate .................................................................................................................... 62 generation ................................................................................................................ 62 image......................................................................................................................... 63 liberal ........................................................................................................................ 63 licence ....................................................................................................................... 64 logic ........................................................................................................................... 64 margin....................................................................................................................... 65 medical ..................................................................................................................... 65 mental ....................................................................................................................... 66 modify ....................................................................................................................... 66 monitor ..................................................................................................................... 67 network .................................................................................................................... 67 notion........................................................................................................................ 68 objective ................................................................................................................... 68 orient ........................................................................................................................ 69 perspective ............................................................................................................... 69 precise ....................................................................................................................... 70 prime ......................................................................................................................... 70 psychology ............................................................................................................... 71 pursue ....................................................................................................................... 71 ratio ........................................................................................................................... 72 reject ......................................................................................................................... 72 revenue ..................................................................................................................... 73 stable ......................................................................................................................... 73 style ........................................................................................................................... 74 substitute .................................................................................................................. 75 sustain ....................................................................................................................... 75 symbol....................................................................................................................... 76 target......................................................................................................................... 76 transit ....................................................................................................................... 77 trend ......................................................................................................................... 77 version ...................................................................................................................... 77 welfare ...................................................................................................................... 78 whereas ..................................................................................................................... 78

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Unlock the Academic Word List: Sublists 4-6 Academic Word List: Sublist 6 ........................................................................... 87 abstract .....................................................................................................................88 accurate ....................................................................................................................88 acknowledge.............................................................................................................89 aggregate ..................................................................................................................89 allocate ......................................................................................................................90 assign.........................................................................................................................90 attach ........................................................................................................................91 author........................................................................................................................91 bond...........................................................................................................................92 brief ...........................................................................................................................93 capable ......................................................................................................................94 cite .............................................................................................................................94 cooperate ..................................................................................................................95 discriminate .............................................................................................................95 display .......................................................................................................................96 diverse .......................................................................................................................96 domain ......................................................................................................................97 edit.............................................................................................................................97 enhance .....................................................................................................................98 estate .........................................................................................................................98 exceed .......................................................................................................................99 expert ........................................................................................................................99 explicit ....................................................................................................................100 federal .....................................................................................................................100 fee ............................................................................................................................101 flexible ....................................................................................................................101 furthermore ...........................................................................................................102 gender .....................................................................................................................102 ignorant ..................................................................................................................103 incentive .................................................................................................................103 incidence.................................................................................................................104 incorporate .............................................................................................................104 index........................................................................................................................105 inhibit......................................................................................................................105 initiate .....................................................................................................................106 input ........................................................................................................................106 instruct ...................................................................................................................107 intelligent ...............................................................................................................107 interval....................................................................................................................108 lecture .....................................................................................................................108 migrate....................................................................................................................109

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Sheldon Smith minimum ................................................................................................................ 109 ministry .................................................................................................................. 110 motive ..................................................................................................................... 110 neutral .................................................................................................................... 111 nevertheless ........................................................................................................... 111 overseas .................................................................................................................. 112 precede ................................................................................................................... 112 presume .................................................................................................................. 113 rational ................................................................................................................... 113 recover .................................................................................................................... 114 reveal ...................................................................................................................... 114 scope ....................................................................................................................... 115 subsidy .................................................................................................................... 115 tape.......................................................................................................................... 116 trace ........................................................................................................................ 116 transform ............................................................................................................... 117 transport ................................................................................................................ 117 underlie .................................................................................................................. 118 utilise ...................................................................................................................... 118

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Unlock the Academic Word List: Sublists 4-6

About the author Sheldon Smith has been teaching English for Academic Purposes (EAP) since 2002, working in the UK, Indonesia and China. Since 2005 he has been working on pathway programmes which prepare EFL students for university study at Western universities, chiefly in the USA, UK and Australia. In addition to text books for academic English, he is the author of several novels and text books for Chinese language learning. He is the founder and chief developer of the EAPFoundation.com website. He currently resides in Guangzhou, Guangdong province, China.

About Evident Press Evident Press is an independent publisher specialising in academic texts. It currently publishes two series of books for academic English: the EAP Foundation series, in conjunction with the acclaimed academic English website EAPFoundation.com; and the Unlock the Academic Word List series. It also publishes the Chinese Characters for HSK series for learning Chinese.

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