Table of contents : Contents Contributors 1 Introduction 1.1 The Goal of This Book 1.2 Applying a Cognitive Approach to Improve Information Search 1.3 About This Book 1.3.1 Part I Foundation and Background 1.3.2 Part II Methods and Tools 1.3.3 Part III Areas of Applications 1.4 Summary References Part I Foundation and Background 2 Challenges for a Computational Cognitive Psychology for the New Digital Ecosystem 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Sensemaking 2.2.1 Cognitive Model of Geospatial Sensemaking and Cognitive Biases 2.3 Topic Learning and Knowledge-Tracing in Sensemaking Tasks 2.4 Credibility 2.5 Conclusion References 3 How Cognitive Computational Models Can Improve Information Search 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The SNIF-ACT Model 3.2.1 Validation of the Model 3.2.2 Summary 3.3 The Explorative Search and Learning (ESL) Model 3.4 Validating the ESL Model—An Empirical Study 3.4.1 Procedure 3.5 Results 3.5.1 Summary 3.6 Conclusion and General Discussion References 4 Cognitive Modeling of Age and Domain Knowledge Differences in Information Search 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Computational Cognitive Modeling Approach 4.3 Computational Cognitive Models 4.3.1 CoLiDeS 4.3.2 CoLiDeS+ 4.4 Individual Differences 4.4.1 Age 4.4.2 Cognitive Modeling of Age-Related Differences in Information Search 4.4.3 Prior Domain Knowledge (PDK) 4.4.4 Cognitive Modeling of Domain Knowledge Differences in Information Search 4.4.5 Spatial Ability 4.4.6 Need for Cognition 4.5 Conclusions and Discussion References Part II Methods and Tools 5 An Evolving Perspective to Capture Individual Differences Related to Fluid and Crystallized Abilities in Information Searching with a Search Engine 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Current State of the Art on the Role of Fluid and Crystallized Abilities in Information Search Behavior and Performance 5.2.1 Review of the Theoretical Construct of IS 5.2.2 Review of the Theoretical Construct of Fluid and Crystallized Abilities 5.2.3 Overview of the Relation Between Fluid and Crystallized Abilities and IS Behavior and Performance 5.3 The Value of Studying Behavioral Data: A Review of Methodological Perspectives to Better Understand the Role of Fluid and Crystallized Abilities 5.3.1 Distinguishing Exploration Vs. Exploitation 5.3.2 Presentation of the Construct of Exploration and Exploitation Behavior 5.3.3 Impact of Fluid Abilities on Exploration and Exploitation Behavior 5.3.4 Impact of Crystallized Abilities on Exploration and Exploitation Behavior 5.4 Contextualizing 5.4.1 Contextualizing Online Behavioral Data in Relation to the Evolution of the Search Behavior 5.4.2 Contextualizing Online Behavioral Data in Relation to the Search Task 5.5 Discussion 5.5.1 Theoretical Perspectives to Include Fluid and Crystallized Abilities to Theoretical Models 5.5.2 Challenges and Perspectives for Future Works References 6 Semantic Relevance Feedback on Queries and Search Results for Younger and Older Adults 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Related Work on Semantics of Query Reformulations 6.3 Two Studies on Semantic Relevance Feedback 6.3.1 Study 1: Younger Adults 6.3.2 Study 2: Older Adults 6.4 Conclusions and Discussion Appendix 1 List of the (12) Tasks Used (Originally in Dutch) References 7 Designing Multistage Search Systems to Support the Information Seeking Process 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Background 7.2.1 Conceptualizations of Tasks 7.2.2 Information Behavior, Seeking and Searching 7.2.3 Search User Interfaces 7.2.4 Search Interface Features for Different Information Seeking Stages 7.2.5 Summary 7.3 Toward a Framework for Complex Task Support 7.3.1 First Dimension: Input and Control Features 7.3.2 Second Dimension: Informational Features 7.3.3 Third Dimension: Personalizable Features 7.3.4 Concrete Example: SearchAssist 7.3.5 Summary 7.4 Systems Integrating Complex Task Support 7.4.1 Exploratory Search Systems and Features 7.4.2 Sensemaking Systems and Features 7.4.3 Summary 7.5 Connecting Search and Navigation 7.5.1 Navigation Support and Informational Features 7.5.2 Navigation and Input and Control Features 7.5.3 Navigation and Personalizable Features 7.5.4 Summary 7.6 Discussion and Conclusions References 8 Search Support Tools 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Relevance Judgment 8.3 Information Credibility 8.4 Exploratory Search 8.5 Search Skill 8.6 Toward Combating Biases 8.7 Conclusions References 9 Eye-Tracking as a Method for Enhancing Research on Information Search 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Eye-Tracking 9.2.1 Types of Eye-Trackers 9.2.2 A Typical Eye-Tracking Procedure 9.2.3 Using Eye-Tracking Data to Model Reading 9.3 Contributions Made by Eye-Tracking to IS Research 9.3.1 Domain Knowledge 9.3.2 Search as Learning 9.3.3 Cognitive Load 9.3.4 Cognitive Abilities—Working Memory 9.3.5 Relevance Judgements 9.4 Conclusions and Outlook References Part III Areas of Applications 10 Children’s Acquisition of Text Search Strategies: The Role of Task Models and Relevance Processes 10.1 Information Search as a Complex Skill 10.1.1 A Brief Review of Information Search Models 10.1.2 Three Specific Cognitive Demands of Information Search 10.2 Children’s Challenges with Information Search: Task Model Construction, Selective Access, and Relevance Assessment 10.2.1 Challenges in Understanding and Remembering the Search Task 10.2.2 Challenges in Selectively Accessing Content Information 10.2.3 Challenges in Assessing the Relevance and Quality of Information 10.3 Fostering Readers’ Search Skills 10.3.1 Interventions Using Pre-Search Activities to Enhance Readers’ Task Models 10.3.2 Interventions Focused on Selecting and Evaluating Document Information 10.3.3 Interventions Combining Several Stages of the Information Search Processes 10.3.4 Summary and Perspectives for Future Intervention Studies 10.4 Conclusions References 11 Trainings and Tools to Foster Source Credibility Evaluation During Web Search 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Overview on Interventions and Support Tools for Source Credibility Evaluation 11.2.1 Comprehensive Training Programs Addressing the Whole IPS-I Process 11.2.2 Short-Term Trainings on Source Credibility Evaluation 11.2.3 Computer-Based Applications and Search Results Interfaces Using Prompts or Cues 11.3 Discussion References 12 Computer-Supported Collaborative Information Search for Geopolitical Forecasting 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Background 12.2.1 Cognitive Biases in Information Search and Decision-Making 12.2.2 Traits and Behaviors Predicting Forecasting Performance 12.2.3 Information Search and Sense-Making Tools 12.2.4 Hybrid Human–Machine Tools Supporting Forecasting 12.3 Method 12.3.1 Participants 12.3.2 Performance Measures 12.3.3 Hybrid Features 12.3.4 Variables Related to Personality and Behavior 12.3.5 Hypotheses 12.4 Results 12.4.1 Psychometric Variables 12.4.2 Use of Hybrid Features and Forecasting Productivity and Accuracy 12.4.3 Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) 12.5 Discussion and Conclusion References 13 Conversational Interfaces for Information Search 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Conversational Search 13.2.1 From Search to Conversational Search 13.2.2 Toward Conversational User Experience 13.3 Recipient Design with a Conversational Search System 13.3.1 Conversational Behaviors with a QA Agent 13.3.2 Recipient Design by Tailoring Search Functionalities 13.3.3 Recipient Design by Tailoring Interaction Styles 13.4 Summary References