Transmission of Power: Polyphase System (Classic Reprint) 0282104496, 9780282104498

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TRA NS MISSION

TH E MULTI PH ASE

POW ER

OF

.

Tesl a Patents Th ere are to w r of e o p

r eq u i res ,

h

h th

suc

g

o i ng

hp

ro ug

to was te for

ha

k

s ourc es o f

w e r o p

c o al eac

of

hy

h

will t

c o nserv i ng o u r eno rm o u s ,

ble fo rm

a

fo r

elec tri c i ty .

h

for

a

u ti li zatio n

us

but

eac

h

of

t

th e

e,

us

s

c o m m erc i al u s es

m eans

h

of

k

h

i nex au sti ble

ese

of

m illi o ns

of

to ns

b

so lvi ng

in

or s e

of

th e pro lem

h a ti bl f l pply and d li i ng i t i n th i p w i f nd i n nt l i n a t i pp

ex

fo r trans po rti ng

Th ro ugh

assi st

h

of

wor i ng d ay to ns o f c o al per annu m ,

o u rs

wi ll be eq u i v alent to th e sav i ng

ear , and

Th e m eans

ec o no m i c al

u se.

b o u t si x

s team engi ne,

t at th e dev elo pm ent and

so

of

c

to places o f o f wo r fo r ten

o wer

w e r o p

o rse

f la k

.

.

w ater alls wi th m i lli ons

of

d ay th o u s ands

energy

trans po rti ng

E ac h

-

SYSTEM

PO LYPH ASE

OR

s

ue

su

e

er

o

.

a

rec e

ou

dev elo p m ents

alr eady

h

su i t

v er

o

c

m ade,

s of

electri c

i s no w av ailab le fo r li g ti ng, fo r th e di stri bu ti o n o f po wer eati ng Th e wi de extent o f i ts s u c c ess u l appli c ation to

energy

h

and fo r

h

.

f

f

li g ti ng and th e di str i b u ti o n of po wer are am ili ar to every o ne, and i ts u tili zati o n i n eati ng bi ds ai r to m a e t i s m et o d a o rm i dable

h

,

ri val o f c o al

Th e

f

i n th e

i i ni ty

water po wers i ntro d u c ti o n o f su c c ess u l m et o ds

so ur c es of

h

w o e r p

v c

b

b e a r api d

b u i ldi ng u p o f

hi fti ng f wh i h h ti

n t s u e q c os t o f

h

W

c

av e

W

es ti ng

r es

h

r. o w e p

en th e

t at by alternating

mi tted

o v er

spec i alty ,

and m any

h

h

h

p p

f

o u se

and to th at end

.

o f u ti li zi ng

h l ali ti wi th al a d

h

t

ese

natur al

u lati on,

so

lai n d o rm ant

o nl

y

,

c ou l

d

w e m ade

o re

ev elo pm ent o f

o r m ed ,

alternating

th e

d th e G aulard

b eari ng

b een c o nsi dered

and

on

h

c ou s e

ac c o u nt o f

on

f

and a

th e

f

o r es eei n

elec tri c al energy

s ec u r e

o nes

h h

es ,

oc

su c

E lec tri c C o m pany was

fu nd am ental

f

o

ereto o re

c u r r ents

w i c h field h ad th ereto

f

f

i nd u stri es i n

long di stanc es

o th er

h

o nly

c enter s o f

o

f

h

m eet th e present d em and s o f c i ti es b u t i t m ay be sa ely pr edi cted t at t ere wi ll

w i ll no t

wi t in a su i ta le r adi u s ,

i ndu s

of

k h

g

b e trans sy stem

~

a

G i bb s i nv enti ons ,

t i s i m po rtant field ,

hy

u nwo r t

of

h

m o re t an

exper i m ental

been em phati c ally

h ad

system

fa

bu t, i n th e

i ntrod u c i ng a v ed ro p

a

co m

su c c ess

re

f

h h

alternati ng

th e

of

I n th e

trans mi ssi o n w e

l

th e c

h

h

in

no t

m anu ac tu re

h t t g th t

ri

,

h

ot

o

ened

p

er wi se

h

h

W

ere o .

th e i nv enti o ns

r em ar

i n a l i t y g

av e

u

and

p

d ev elo ped

been o cc u pied

k

of

kabl

e ac

hi

su

Mr N i

of

.

ev em ents ,

fi

k

Th e

.

so lu ti o n

ec t of

o la

w e r o p

Tesla

,

no w

and rec o g ni z ing

h i s di sc o veri es , and th e

h

f th th p

any

o

p

ra

f

und am ental

h

h i s patents, at o nc e sec ured th e exclu si v e rig t to a and sell apparatu s c o v ered b y t ese patents , wi t

of

f

h is

on

;

i dl p y no t o nly

h h

i nv es ti g ati ons i nto th e

o ri

and

v a ue

arac ter

th e

exc epti o n

ou t

su c c eeded

we

h

di stanc es , h as

o ur

c am e u

well kno wn fo r

so

h

s t m e y

s

cu r rent

of

c o u rs e

by th e

u nco m m er c i al

fo r lig ti ng led u s to see a l e o f di s tri b uti n w r b e n t s. ro b m e t h s a m e c urr e o g p y p

s u c c ess of

p

for li g ting , w i c fl ex ibili ty o f o t er s s tem s b ut b i t s y y

ensi v e

c o uld

th e alternati ng

er ati o ns

d as

h

a r e t g

fields w i c

extensi v e

o

c o ndem ne

p u l c o m peti to r

and ad aptati on to

our

u nu su al o ppo si ti o n,

of

ce

to

th e w o rld , alm os t w i t

of

eng i neers

em i nent

m ost

Pri o r

attenti o n.

bes t fo rm s of

k

e

relati n

g

began to dev elo p and determ i ne ed to sol e th e pro blem o f po w er

appar atu s req u i r

and

h

m ig t m a

.

i m m ed i ately

on

er eu

e

Mr Tes la

i nventi o ns

er

ur

h

ha

v

k

d u ri ng th e pas t fi v e y ears w o r ed w u nc easi n l , and at v er w t x e t a t e a r e r e t e e i t e r e s u l t n a s h , gy y g p no w able to u nderta e th e m anu ac tu r e o f appar atus to m eet any tr ans mi ssi o n,

we

ve

k

h

h

f

t at m ay be presented to u s Th e system we o ffer is an alternati ng

c ase

.

ha

Mu lti p

th e

di sc o v ery

of

se

M r Tesla .

h

d

r e s e n t e p

of

h

di rect t

h

ei r

,

Mr Tesla s

fa t

.

c u rer o f

f

ose c o ntem

.

elec tri c al

W

Pi ttsbu rg h Pa ,

c u rr ent o ne,

u

lly

l i t e a t n h g p

i

h

,

of

kn

i s th e

o wn

o ri

as

i n a l g

h

by h i s patents t at use o f su c app aratus

c o vered

s elec t on

a

h h

w ic

no w

h

Mr

Tesla s ’

.

h

n t a t e s p

I t i s w o rt y o f es pec i al no te t at th e o ri g inali ty d i sc o veri es h as no t been di spu ted b y any m anu

erewi t ’

and i s s o

attenti o n to

h

-

Po lyphas e Sy stem

or

we d eem i t a du ty to t

to

h

.

o wer

p

tr ansm i tti ng apparatus

ESTING HO USE

,

ELE CTRIC

Janu ary l 6th 1 893 ,

.

.

Manurac ruam e 00

.

(110

Model ) .

4

N TESLA

Sh eets—Sh eet

1

.

‘

.

EL ECTRO

.

MAGNETIC

moron .

P atented May 1. 1888

No

.

Wh NES SES '

'

” NH/ 100

.

.

(l o l

odel.)

4

N : TESLA

Sh eets —Sh eet

2

.

.

EL BOTBO

No

.

MAGNETIC MOTOR

.

P atented May 1. 1888

IHV ENI OR.

.

(No l

od el.)

4

N TESLA .

S

—Sh eet

h eets

3

.

.

BLBGTBO MAGNETIC moron

.

P atented May 1. 1888

N o.

W IN/ £8 8 5 8 :

.

IN V f NT Ofi .

IN

T O/ ME? 9

,

(l

o

l

odol. )

N T ES L A .

4

M eet

Jim ! 4

.

BLEOTBO m an na moron P atented May 1. 1888 .

No

.

4

9

-

17

.

d

i f t e

"b

.

TAT ES PATEN T O FFIC E. UN IT ED S fi

auro r a TESLA o r new r oux, N Y , assm xoa or one nanr TO CHARLES r PECK , o r s no t ew oon, new JERSEY .

,

.

.

.

MAG N ETIC M O TO R.

ELEC TRO -

ON I C ATI O R formi ng part of b ottom

M

Appli cation l lod Octo ber ll.rm

.

Patent l

d ated

o.

Serial Ra u

M ay

1 , 1 2 88

.

l” . (N o model.)

th e system I prefer to connect th e motor ci r o h i h f u e i t k no wn th at I, N i xon Tu na i i w t t o s e a s i a r l f r o m u d t bl e c t c t s a l e t e r y , Smi lj anLi ke, border cou ntry of Austri a H u c nate current generator. Th epractical results n i o i w o r k i n i N m d “ e Y N t s e c o m c a l a r r e s . h ad vantages, f s t e . Y a v i o s uc h a s e n , , g y, g y , vented certai n new and useful Improvements f i ru ctio n and o era o n s t s co n d h m o d e t a e t 5 p 55 i n Elec tro Mag neti c Motors, o f wh i ch the fol ti ou wi ll be desc ri bed more i n detai l by ref lo wi ng is a spec i fic ati on, reference bei ng bad erence to th e acco mpany i ng d iag rams and to th e d rawi ngs a ccom pany i ng and form i ng a d rawi ngs. “ h f o e same. i nclusi ve, are d i a a t F ig ures 1 to 8 and l to t p r Th e practi cal solutio n o f th e problem of th e g rams i llustrati ng th e p ri nci ple of th e action 6c to Th e remai ni ng fig ures are electr i c al convers io n and transmission o f me of my i nventi on. v iews of th e a ch ani cal energ y i nv olves cer tai n re u i rements pparatus i n vari ous forms by wh i c h th e apparatus and systems h eretofore means of wh ich th e i nvention ma be carried employ ed h ave not been capable of fulfi lli n i nto el ect, and wh i ch wi ll b e ascri bed i n uc h a soluti on, pr i mari ly , demands a nu th ei r order. 85 S formi ty of speed i n th e moto r i rrespecti ve of Referri ng firs t to F ig. 9, wh ich i s ad iag ram i ts load wi th i n i ts n ormal wo rk i ng li mi ts. O n matic representati on of a motor, a generator , th e oth er h and, i t i s necessary, to attai n a and connecti ng c i rc ui ts i n acc ord ance wi th my gmatc r ec o nomy of conversi on th an h as h ere i nvention, M is th e moto r, and G th e gener The motor com prises a 70 10 tofore ex isted , to construct ch eaper and more ator for d ri vi ng i t. reliable and si mple apparatus, and , la stly , th e ri ng or annulus, ll, p referably b uilt up of apparatus must be capable of easy manag e th i n i nsulated i ro n ri ngs or annular plates , so ment, and such th at all d anger f ro m th e use of as to be“ suscepti bleas possi ble to variati ons i n i ts magneti c cond i ti on. Th is r i n i s sur currents of h ig h tensio n, wh i ch are neces g smissi on, may be rounded by four coi ls of i n sulated wi re sy m 35 sary to an econo mi cal tran 5 7 ' ’ metri cally placed, and des ignated by O O O . avoi ded . l y p resent i nventi on is d irected to th epre Th e d iametri cally opposi tecoi ls areconnected ducti ou and i mprovement o f apparatus capa up so as to co operate i n pai rs i n prod uci ng les on d i ametri cally opposi te parts of ble of more nearly meeti ng th ese ui rementa free f r h r e n h u d h r e f v r n . T e f e e h h e o o a i l a b l t e s t l r e u t h a n t os e t e a n us f t h o o h e tare con a a 0 o , g 3 g ’ ' have desc ri bed various metros for the pur ose, nected to termi nals T T T T, as i ndi cated . they i nvolve th e same mai n pri nci plu o con N ear the ri ng, and preferably i nsi deof i t, th ere structi onand mode of operati on, wh i ch may be is mounted on an axis or sh aft, «3, a mag neti c descr i bed as follows : A motor i s employed i n di s , D, generally ci rcular i n sh ape, but h av n r more i ndepend ent ci r i a a t w o o t w o e n s c u t w a s a r e s h o w r a s w t h e e n . h i h c T h i s 83 , g g y 35 s to turn freely wi thi nth e cui ts th roug h wh ich alternate cu rrents are dis is mounted so a r h i n n r n t h m a u r i R . T e e a t o r f l s e i u t e r v a n e h i s n r w e ro G o a e a t d u e e p , g g p y ordi nary p i nalter descri bed, for th e purposeof effecti ng type, th at sh own i n th e present i nstance h av eld mag nets N 8 and a cy li nd ri cal arma aprog rw i vc sh i fti ng of th e mag netism or of ing n ' “J nes of force ” i n a w i r A n d t u u t h r r e co w o th e two coi ls h e c co d a n c e i t h w t e i t h e . o , t 90 h e free on of each coll ars carri ed th ro h nd a conse uent acti on T well k nown th eory a ' th e sh a e and connected, respecti vely, to n ob vi ous th at a proper It of th e m otor. ’ ' i ng of th e li nes of force may sai nted contact ri ngs b b V b . ny conven rop en i ve sh i n ch e uti li zed to set up a movement or rotati on i ent for m of collector or b rush bears on ea r i n a n d f o r t e r m i b u m s a n a l w r f h m o h m a t h i r r t o t e a h e m e n t o c e t e th e can 9; r l i t h e e o f e g , , y 45 rent to and fro m a ri ng is conveyed. Th ese or th e d ei d mag net, and th at i f th e currents di rected th roug h th e several ci rc ui ts c l th e ter mi nals are connected to th e terminals of ' moto r are i n th e proper d i recti on no commu th e motor by the wi res Land L i n th e man th e m otor wi ll be re ui red ; but to ner i ndi cated, wh ereby two complete ci rc ui ts f ormed on i n cludi n e m m utati ug applian ces i n m e t h cc l u s u a l c e e l s i h f o t d l a o i a l o v on , g y , s -

B

-

-

.

-

q

-

C

-

-

I

.

p

k

k

BB

-

q

-

,

-

m

h

-

A

-

o

q

—

B

th e generator C C of th e motor, and th e oth er ' of th e generator i ni ng coi ls and th e rema and th e motor. It remai ns now to explai n th e mode o f ep a n f d o i r o n o f h i t m t h r r a t i e t s s e s u s e o s . p p y 5 ‘ refer to th ed i ag rams, F i gs. 1 to 8, and 1 to f or ani llustrati ono f th evari ous ph ases th ro ug h w h i ch th e coi ls of th e generator pass wh en i n o perati on, and th e correspond i ng and res u lt ant mag neti c ch anges p rod uced i n th e m otor. 0 Th e revolutio n of th e armatu re of th e gener ator between th e field m ag nets N Sob v i ously i l r n a i n h l B e n r o d u i t co s t t e c e s a g currents, p th e i ntensi ty and d i rectio n o f wh i ch depend n n l l n w n l a w s . I n h i t i f h o o w k o t e e s r i e t e o p p 5 c o i ls i nd i cated i n F i g . 1 th e c urrent i n th e ’ i s practi cally ni l, wh ereas th e coi l at co i l th e same ti me i s developi ng i ts max i m u m c u r rent, and b y th e means i ndi cated i n th e d e a o sc ri pti on of F ig , 9 th e c i rc u i t i nclu d i n th i s ’ O of coil B may also i nclud e, say , th e coi ls ' Th e result, wi th th eproper th e m otor , F i g . 1 connec ti ons, wou ld be th e mag neti zati on o f ’ th e r i ng R , th e poles bei ng on th e li ne N S. 35 Th e same ord er o f connecti o ns b ei ng obser ved ' b etween th e coi l and th e coi ls C , th e latter, wh en traversed b y a cu rrent, tend to fix th e oles at ri gh t ang les to th e li ne N Sof F i g . t results, th erefore, th at wh en th e generator h o n o i h f h a m a d e t a revoluti on, e i l e e s v co 0 g 3 reach i ng th e posi ti on sh ow n i n F i g . 2 , both ’ w i n d il l v a b e r a e C r i f co l s t b r o s e d a s p y s th e cu rrents and act i n o posi ti on , i n so far a p locati on of th e poles 18 concerned . Th e post w h f r o i ll o e be th e result h l e s t r e i n f e e o t t o p 35 ant of th e m ag neti zi ng forces o f th e coi ls : th at i s to say, i t wi ll ad vance along th e ri ng to a d n o n o n i o o f h i c o rr e s t e e i h t h t i o n t e o s g g p p revolu ti on of th e ar matu re of th e generator. ur h n n o f t e e . 3 th e arma t e e rato r h a Fi I s g g p u f r r o r v l u d o o n e a t e a e o i n ; A t t o t r o r e ss e q p g th e poi nt i nd icated th e c u r rent i n th e coil ’ i s maxi mu m, wh ile i n B i t is ai l, th e latter h e poles coi l bei ng i n i ts neutral posi ti on. T ‘ h t ri ng R i n F i g . 3 will, i n co nseq u ence, o f e gs ed to a posi ti o n ni nety d eg rees from be sh i n th at at th e start, as sh own. I h ave i n li ke manner sh ownt h e cond i ti ons exi sti ng at each successi ve ei gh th of one r ev oluti on i n th e re A n ug fi gu res. sh ort reference to th ese a i i m ° 5 figures wi ll snfii ce for anunderstand i ng of th ei r ‘ sig ni ficance. F igs. 4 and 4 i llustrate th e con d i ti ons wh i ch ex ist wh en th e generator arma ture h as completed th ree eigh th s of a revolu re both co i ls are g enerati ng c u rrent; ou H e t i . 55 ’ b ut th e coll , h av i ng new entered th e eppo si te field , i s generati ng a c ur rent i n th e oppo si te di recti on, h av i ng th e opposi te mag neti c ' ° i ng efiect h ence th e resultant pole wi ll be on 8 , as sh o w n. I n F ig . 5 one h alf of th e i i ne one revolu ti on of th e armatu re of th e gener ater h as been completed , and th e res ulti ng mag neti c cond i ti ono f th e ri ng i s sh o wn i n F ig . i s i n th e neu tral posi I n th i s ph ase co il ’ 5 5 ti ou wh ile coi l B i s g enerati ng i ts m ax i m u m cu rrent, wh i ch i s i n th e same d i rec ti o n as i n F i g . 4 . Th e poles wi ll co nseq u ently b e sh i fted ’

’

CC

B

I

’

-

B

’

-

B

B

'

B

p

C

-

B

-

-

B

N

-

'

.

B

th rough one h alf of th e ri ng. I n Fig. 6 th e ar mature h as completed five ei gh th s of a revolu ' ti es . I n th is posi ti on coi l B develops a less 70 i w f ur n i h m d r u l e t b u t n e a rec ti o nas r s o e c t e , p v h n h i n n h o h r a d a before. T h e coi l B o t e t e , g , entered a field of pposi te polari ty , generates a c urrent o f opposi te d i rec ti on. Th e resultant f i n i N w i l h r e o h n h S F . o l l e s l t e r e b i t e e , p g 75 or, i n oth er wo rd s, th e poles of th e r i ng wi ll be sh i fted alo ng nve ei gh th s o f i ts peri ph ery . “ F i gs. 7 and 7 i n th e same manner i llustrate th e ph ases of th e g enerato r and r i ng at th ree ‘ i f n a a r o l u o n d e . 8 and 8 r e rs o v i n a F t s t 80 , q g th e same at seven ei g h th s of a revo luti on o f th e generato r armatu re. Th ese fig u res wi ll be read i ly u nd erstood fro m th e foreg oi ng . W h en a c omplete rev olu ti o n i s accomplish ed , th e co ndi ti o ns existi ng at th e start are re es 8 5 tablish ed and th e same ac ti on i s repeated for th e next and all su bseq uent rev oluti ons, and . i n general, i t wi ll no w be seen th at every revo lution o f th e ar matu re of the generato r p ro d uces a co rrespond i ng sh i fti ng o f th e poles or 90 li nes o f force arou nd th e r i ng . Th i s effec t I uti li se i n p rod uc i ng th e r otati o n o f a b od y o r armatu re i n a vari ety o f ways— fo r ex ample, apply i ng th e p ri nc i ple ab ov e d esc ri bed to th e apparatus sh own i n F ig . 9 . Th e d isk D, o w 9 5 i ng to i ts tend ency to assum e th at pos i ti on i n wh ich i t emb rhces th e g reatest possib le nu m ber of th e mag neti c li nes, i s set i n rotati on, followi ng th e moti on o f th e li nes o r th e poi nts o f g reatest attrac ti on. Th e d isk i n F i g. 9 i s sh o wn as c ut away on pposi tesi des ; b ut th i s, I h av e fo u nd . i s not essenti al to effecti ng i ts rotati o n, as a ci rc u lar d i sk , as i nd i cated by d otted li nes, i s also set i n rotation. Th i s ph enomenon I attr ibu te to 1 0 5 a certai n i nerti a o r resi stance i nh erent i n th e metal to th e rap id sh i fti ng o f th e li neso f fo rce th rough th e same, wh ic h resu lts i n a co nti nu ous tangenti al pull u pon th e d isk , c ausi ng i ts rotati on. Th is seems to be confi rmed b y 'th e n o c ot fact th at a ci rc ular d isk o f steel i s mo re an i vely rotated th an one of soft i ron, fo r th e rea o h h f r r i a u m d n e o s ss o ss e e a t a t t m e t s s o s p i n h s f i n f t r a t r s i s a o t e h t o th e mag e r e c e t e g g neti eli nes. I n i llustrati on of oth er fo rms of my i nven ti on, I sh all now d esc ribe th e remai ni ng fig ures of th e d rawi ngs. F ig. 1 0 i s av i ew l ll elevati on and part ver ti cal secti on of a motor. F ig . 1 2 i s a tap view l 2 o of th e same wi th th e field i n sec tio n and a d i a i m o f n n i n F r a t o c co e s g g . 1 1 i s an end or sid e vi ew of a g enerator wi th th e fields i n sec tion. Thi s form of moto r m ay be used i n place of th at sh own above. D is a cy li nd ri cal or 1 2 5 d rum armature core, wh i c h , fo r ob v i ous rea son s, sh ould besp li t up as far as p rac ti cable to prevent th e c i rc u lati o n wi th i n i t of c u rrents Th e core i s wou nd lo ng i tud i of i nd ucti on. ' nally w i th two coi ls, E and E , th eends of wh i ch l 30 are re s pec ti vely c o nnec ted to i nsulated co n ’ ’ tac t r i u s d d d d , carr ied b y th e sh aft a, u pon wh i c h t to ar matu re i s m ou nted. Th e arms tu re i s set to rev olve w i th i n an i ron sh ell, -

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th e field mag net, or oth er element of th e motor. Th is sh elli s pre ferably fi r med wi th a slot or openi ng, r , b u t i t may be conti nuous, as sh o wn by th e d otted li nes, v ent it i s preferably mad e Of steel. i h n d i s n t e a 5 s i rable th at th is sh ell sh ou ld be It is also d e di v i d ed up si milarly to th e ar mature and for si mi lar reasons. As a g enerator for d r i v i ng th i s m otor m ay use th e d ev i ce sh own i n F i g . Th is represents an annu lar or ri ng arma o 1 1. ’ ’ tu re, A, su rrou nded by fou r c oils, F F F F , of w h ic h th ose d i ametri cally pposi te are con b eeted i n seri es, so th at four f ree ends are left, w h i ch are connec ted to th e i nsulated contact ’ ' Th e ri ng i s su i tably mounted r i ngs b b b b . ’ Th e . o n a sh aft, a , between th e poles N S c o ntact ri ngs of each pai r O f g enerator coi ls are connected to th ese o f th e motor, respec t i v ely , by means O f contac t b rush es and th e ' ’ nd L L, as i n 0 two pai rs of co nd u ctors LL a d i cated d i ag rammati cally i n F i g. 1 2 . N ow i t i s ob v i ous from a c onsi d erati on Of th e prec ed i ng fig ures th at th e rotati on Of th e generator ’ r i ng prod uces c u r rents i nth e coi ls F F , wh i ch , ransmi tted to th e m otor co i ls, i mpart to i n t b e g 5 th e c ore Of th e latter mag neti c poles constantly T h is sh i fti ng o r wh i rli ng arou nd th e core. ' efiect sets u p a rotati on o f th e armatu re o w ttrac ti ve force between th e sh ell i ng to th e a and th e poles of th e ar matu re, b ut i nasm uc h as th e coi ls i n th i s case mo ve relati ve to th e sh ell or field mag net th e movement of th e coi ls i s i n th e p pos i te d i rec ti on to th e pro h i n f f i o t h e l i v s t o e s . e r e a s p g g rrangemen h i h r a t o f t co l f h n e e o e b o t O t s s 5 g 3 erator and motor are possi ble, and a g reater nu mber of c i rc u i ts may be used , as will beseen i n th e two su cceedi ng fig u res. Fi g . 13 is a d iag ram mati c i llustrati o n of a 0 motor and a g enerator co nstruc ted and con~ 4 nested i n accord ance wi th m y i nventi on. F i g. 1 4 i s an end v i ew of th e gener ator wi th i ts field mag nets i n sec ti on. Th e field of th e mo ’ ' tor M i s p rod uced by si x mag neti c poles, G G , n r r r e i f o m a r n o r r a c o o o c t i f m e u r e d t s e , j p g g 45 H . Th ese m ag nets or poles are wou nd wi th i nsulated coi ls, th ose d i ametrically pposi te to each oth er bei ng connected i n pai rs so as to n l i h r h i o s i i o e a c a . s t e e T s rod nos pp p p eeves si x free ends, wh i c h are connected to ' ' ” th e termi nals TTT TT T . Th e armatu re, wh i ch i s mounted to rotate b etween th e poles, i s a cyli nd er or d isk, D , of wrough t i ron, nro unted on th e sh aft a. Two seg ments of a h m T e gen re c ut away, as sh o wn. e h e s a t 55 erator for th is motor h as i n th is i nstan an armature, A, wou nd wi th th ree coi ls, ’ d r a r . T h n s a t e e e e s K K , at si xty de p g ec ted , respec ti vely , to i th ese coi ls are co n ’ 60 sulated co ntact ri ngs e e e e e e . Th ese r i ngs are connected to th ose O f th e motor i a h r n f l c i n b u s e r d r b m e s o c o l t e s a r e r o e o y g p p and si x wi res, fo rm i ng th ree i nd ependent c i r Th e v ari ati ons i n th e strength and d i c u i ts. 6 5 recti on o f th e cu rrents transmi tted th rou h th ese c i rc u i ts and trav ersi ng th e coils of t e mo tor p rod uce a stead i ly p rog ressi ve sh i tti ng consti tutes

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attracti ve force exerted by ’ s G upon th e ar mature D , and conse th e pole i r d l k h e a r m a t u r a i ro t a n t l e e t e t ng . 70 u e p p y q y Th e pec uli ar ad vantage of th is d isposi ti on i s i n Ob tai ni n a more co ncentrated and po wer f ul field h e applicati onO f th is pri nc iple to systems i nvolv i ng multi ple ci rc ui ts g enerally wi llb e u nderstood from th i s ap paratus. Referr i ng, now, to Figs. 15 and 16, F ig . 1 5 i s a d i ag ram mati c representatio n o f a mod i fi fied d isposi ti on Of my i nventi o n. F ig 1 6 is a h ori zontal c ross secti o nO f th e motor. I nth is case a d i sk , D , Of mag neti c metal, pre ferably 80 c u t away at opposi te edges, as sh own i n dot ted li nes i n F ig . 15 , i s mou nted so as to turn ' freely i nsid e two stati onary coi ls, N N placed at ri g h t angles to one anoth er. T h e coi ls are p referab ly wou nd ona frame, 0 , of i nsu lati ng 85 materi al, and th ei r ends are connected to th e ' ’ fi xed termi nals TTTT. Th e generator 0 is a rep resentati ve o f th at class of alternati ng c urrent mac h i nes i nwh i ch astatio uary i nd nced element i s employed . T h at sh own co nsists O f 90 a revolv i ng permanent or elec tro mag net, A, and fou r i nd ependent stati onary mag nets, P ’ P, wound with coils, th ose d i ametr ically 0 p i os t s t o h o t h r i n n e a c e n ec ted i n series co b e p g and h av i ng th ei r ends sec u red to th e ter mi 95 ' ’ nals t t t t . F ro m th ese termi nals th e cu r rents are led to th e ter mi nals o f th e motor, as sh own i n th e d rawi ngs. Th e mode of pera ti on i s substanti ally th e same as i n th e p rev i ous cases, th e cur rents traversi ng th e coi ls of ( 00 th e motor h avi ng th e efi eet to tu rn th e d isk Th i s mod e of carry i ng ou t th e i nvention D h as th e ad vantage of di spensi ng wi th th e sli d i ng co ntacts i n th e system. I n th e forms of motor above descri bed only to s on eo f th e elements, th e armatu re o r th e field mag net, i s provi ded wi th energ i zi ng co i ls. It remai ns, th en to sh ow h o w both elements ma y be wo u nd wi th c oi ls. Reference i s th erefore h ad to F igs 1 7, 18, and 19 . F i g . 1 7 i s an end n o v i ew Of such a motor. F ig. 1 8 i s a si milar v i ew o f th e generator wi th th e field ma nets g i n secti o n, and F ig . 19 i s a d i ag ram o f th e c i r su i t co nnec ti o ns. In F i g . 1 7 th e field mag net of th e motor co nsi sts of a ri ng , R, p referab ly o f r 5 th i n i nsu lated i ro n sh eets or bands wi th eig h t ' po le pi eces, G , and co rres pond i ng recesses, i n wh i c h fo u r pai rs o f coi ls , V , are wou nd. Th e d i ametri cally opposi te pai rs Of coi ls are con~ useted i nseri es and th e f ree ends connec ted to ( 2 0 fo u r ter m i nals, to, th e rule to be followed i n co nnec ti ng bei ng th e same as h erei nbefo re ex ’ plai ned . Anar mature, D , wi th two coi ls, E E , at ri g h t ang le s to each oth er, i s mou nted to ro tate i nside of th e field mag net R. Th e ends of ( 2 5 th e armatu re coi ls are connec ted to two ai rs p ' ' o f contac t ri ngs d d d d , F i . 1 9. Th e gener g ato r for th is moto r may b e Of any sui tab le ki nd to p rod u c e cu r rents o f th e d esi red c h aracter. In th e present i nstance i t co ns ists Of a field 1 30 mag net, N S, and an armatu re, A, wi th two coi ls at ri g h t ang les, th eends of wh i ch are con ’ ’ u seted to fou r contac t r i n s b b b b f , carri e g , by its sh aft. Th e c i rc ui t connecti o ns are cl th e

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aerator tor wi ll be prac ti cally constant. It i s clearly sh aft and th ose on th e motor sh att y collect apparent th at th e speed can never exceed th e i ng b m sh a and wi res,as previ ously explai ned . arbi trary li mi t as determi ned by th e gener I n ord er to properly energ ize th e n ei d mag net ator, and also th at wi th i n certai n li mi ts at m r h t h e h o w v r e t o f o o e e t connecti on s are so least th e speed Of th e motor wi ll be i ndepend , , 5 made wi th th e armatu recoi ls or wi res lead i ng ent of th e strength of th e c urrent. th ereto th at wh i le th e poi nts of g reatest at It will now be more read ily seen from th e tracti o n or g reatest densi ty of mag netic li nes above desc ri ption h ow far th e re ui rements of of forc e up on th e armatu re are sh i n ed i n o ne a practi cal system of electri cal tran smis i on old mag net are mad e o f power are reali zed i n my i nventi on. to d i recti on th ose uponth en I as to prog ress i n an opposite d i recti on. I noth er c u re, fi rst, a u ni form speed u nd er all loads respec ts th e perati on is i denti cally th e sam e wi th i n th e norm al wor i ng li m i ts of th e mo h is arrangement to r wi th ou t th e use Of any au xi li ary regulator ; as i n th e oth er cases c i ted . T In second, sy nch ronis m between th e motor and results i n an i ncreased speed of rotati on. I ; F igs. 1 7 and 1 9 , for example, th e ter mi nals Of generator ; th i rd , g reater effi ci ency by the ei d co i ls are connected w i th th e m ore d i rect appli catio n of th e c u rrent, no each set o f n wi res to th e two armatu re coi ls i n such way commutati ng devi ces bei ng re ui red on ei th er th at th e d ei d coi ls wi ll mai ntai nopposi te poles th e motor or generator fou rth , ch eapness and i n ad v ance of th e p oles of th e ar mature. si mpli c i ty of mec h an cal construction and I n th e d rawi ngs th e field coils are i n sh unts economy i n mai ntenance; fifth , th e capabi li ty so to th e armatu re, b ut th ey may be i n seri es or of bei ng v ery easi ly managed or co ntrolled ; i n i nd epend ent ci rc ui ts. and, si xth , d i mi nuti on of danger from i n ur o y t j I t i s ob vi ous th at th esame pri nciple may be persons and apparatus. appli ed to th e vari ous typical forms O f motor Th ese motors may be run i nseri es, multi ple are or multi ple series, u nder condi ti ons well 3 5 h erei nbefore desc ri bed . H av i ng now d escr i bed th e nature of m i a u nderstood by th ose ski lled i n th e art. v enti o nand some Of th e vari ous ways i n w i ch Th e means or d ev ices for carryi ng out the i t i s o r may b e carri ed i nto effec t, I would call pri nci ple m ay be vari ed to a far g reater ex attenti qn to certai n ch aracteri stics wh i ch th e tent th an I h ave been able to i nd i cate; b ut I h n o f i n v e i o n n d h w i h i n n i o e e r i i o t t a d t m n v e i o n a d d r e n s i n I a l c a t o ss ss t e a a s t e s t 0 p y , pp 3 secure by L ad vantages wh i ch th e i nventi o n sec u res. etters Patent i n g eneral, motors I n my motor, consid eri n for conveni ence co ntai ni ng two or more i ndependent ci rc ui ts th at rep resented i n F ig . 9 , t wi ll be bserv ed th roug h whi c h th e perati ng currents are led i ndependent th at si nce th e d isk D h as a tendency to follow i n th e manner desc ri bed . y l h u n i i n uo usly th e poi nts O f g reatest attracti o n, d i m t h a e c rc i t s a r e a I n o t t o t n o t m e t co y p 35 and si nce th ese poi nts are sh i fi ed around th e necessarily i solated from one anoth er, for i n r ln Once for eac h revolu ti on of th e armatu re so e i nstances th ere mi gh t be elec tri cal con c ti ons between th em to reg ulate or mod i fy of egenerator, i t follows th at th e movement ne th e action of th e motor wi th out necemari ly o f th e d isk D wi ll b e sy nch ro nous wi th th at of h f f i re by practi cal . T u i i n t o n n i r e A s e a t u n a w o r d f e t a c . r u c e r e m a t r o d a t h e c p g 4 I am aware th at th e rotati on of th e arms demonstrati ons I h ave fou nd to exist i n all oth er forms i n wh i c h o ne rev olu ti on of th e ture of a motor wou nd wi th two energ izi ng armatu re of th e generato r p rod uces a sh i fti ng coi ls at ri g h t angles to each oth er h as been i ng of th e en effected by an i nter mi ttent sh i n of th e poles o f th e motor th roug h th ree h un w i h r l h c t d e r i i n f o h i h r o h a x o i z e fi b t t e ee s . e c t s n d s o u c a t i r e d y g g 45 g g I n th ep arti cular co nstr ucti onsh o wni nF ig . d i rec t current by means of mech ani cal de 15 , 0 r i n oth ers constructed on a si milar plan, vi ces h as been transmitted i n alter nately Op th e nu mber o f alternati ng i m pu lses resu lti ng posi te d i recti ons ; b ut th is meth od or plan I re from o ne revolu ti on O f th e generator arma gard as abso lutely i mpracti cab le fo r th e pur — h i n d i n a t d d i r f h i i v i s e s e d n u l e a s c o m r e w t t h e e c e o r w c h m n e t o a d b o s e s o 0 i u s t r e p p g p 5 y — h n h o l r i i n h r a l a n n d l f or t e r e a so d s n d t a e s i e m o t o r e o n x sc a e t ep t t en t e e e i cases, a , y ' at was te of energy is neces s h fled aro u nd twi ce by one revoluti on of th e mai nly , th at a gre i f h m o r n m b e r o f e n e z l h r a ure. T h e o e t o i i v v n l u e e d l e r m t s t s a r o e d u e ss t n r a t o r a n e e y g p g wi ll, th erefore, be twi ce th at of th e generator. i ng c i rc ui ts is very great, and th at th e i nter v i dentl i u h i f a n co n n d r r l e i c u n d v f ur n t o b a u t s e b s r t o a n e s a l o a e r e c m e r e s t T h e s a y p y y 55 nown a dispos i ti on as th at sh own i n F ig . 1 7, w h ere si d erab le streng th by means of any mech ani cal devi ces is a matter of th e greatest the poles of both elements are sh i fted i n Op i ffi cu lty and ex pense. i d n s i o r e c t d i t e d s p u i l l i n n t h d i i a t u u t r a I n l d o l m e m e s a i t h d e r i t h a r a s t t h i s a c a t o I o t c o d o n s e e n c i a p g p pp , g 60 by F ig. 9 as ty pi cal of th e i nventi on, it is oh of Operati ng motors wh i ch i s h erei ni nvolved , e h av i ng m ad e separat appli cati on fo r suc h v ious th at si nce th e attracti ve eff ect u pon th e D is g reatest wh en th e d is k is i n i ts meth od. dis ve pos i tio n to th e pole I h i s d v l t f ore clai m th e followi ng e a t e e r e e l r r O e r p p 1 i i n n h w e n i t s 1 T h b i w t h a r co n t a i n i r R t i s t o s a . m o n m t h e o t o co a t h e n t a oped i , y, g 65 ends or poles i mmed iately follo w th ose of th e i ng separate or i nd ependent ci rc ui ts on th e v d l r h m o f r a l l o a f an r r h f e t o r o t h e l a m a t u fi e l n o r b o a t e e d m o t s o r d t o c t e e a h e s t rl , p g p w i n th e normal wor i ng li mi ts of th e mo nati ng cnrrent generator contai ni ng i nd uced tab lish ed

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i ndependently to corre spond i n c i rcui ts i n th e motor, wh ereby s ro tationo th e generator roduces aprog ressi ve sh i fti ng of th e poles o th e motor, a s h erei n described . 2 . I n a system for th e elec tri cal transmis si onof power, th e comb i nati onof a motor p ro v i ded wi th two or more i ndependent ma net g i zi ng coi ls and an alternati ng c urrent gener ator co ntaini ng i n d uced coils cor respond i ng to th e m oto r cells, and ci rcui ts connecti ng d i rectly th e m otor and generator coils i n such ord er th at th e c u rrents developed by th e gen c ator wi ll be passed th rou h th e correspond g r i ng moto r coi ls, and th ereby prod uce a pro g ressi ve sh i tti ng of th e poles of th e m otor, as h erei n set forth . 3 . Th e co mb i nati on, with a motor h av i ng an annular or ri ng sh aped field mag net and a cy li d ri cal ) eq u vt le t ar mature, and i nde n e n on t e el i mag netor armatu re, t co pe or both , of a n alter nati ng cu rrent generator h av i ng c orrespond i ng ly i ndependent coi ls, and ci rcu i ts i ncludi ng th e generator coi ls and cor respond i ng motor coi ls i nsuch manner th at ci rcui ts connected

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t th e manner set orth . 4 . I n a system for th e electri cal transmi s si on of power, the comb i nati on of th e follow 30 to wi t: a motor com i ng i nstrumentali ti ounted n m l i e t u v a r f d o t s a i s d o o s e p wi th i n a ri ng or s ah itler eld mag net. wh i ch is provided wi th magnetizi ng coi ls connected i n d iametri cally opposi te pai rs or g roups to i ndependent termi nals;agenerator h avi ng ln d uced coils or g roups of coi ls e ual i n nu mber to th e pai rs or g roups of moto r coi ls, and ci r cu its connecti n th e termi nals of sai d coi ls to th e termi nals 0 th e motor, respecti vely, and 40 i n suc h order th at th e rotati on of th e gener ator and th e conse uent prod ucti on of alter nati ng c urrents i n th e respecti v ec i rcui ts ro ducesa prog ressi ve sh i fti n g of th e poles o th e motor, as h erei nbefore descri bed

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W it-u ses F u n E. H ARTLEY, FRANK B. MURPH Y.

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P atented May 1. 1888

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P atented May 1. 1888

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UN I T ED STAT ES PAT ENT O FFIC E

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SIG N OR or ON E H ALF or N EW Y O RK , N . Y , AS E. PECK , o r EN G LEW OO D , N E W JERSEY . .

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CI F I C ATI ON fo rm i ng part

Ap plication ti led

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of

N ov ember so. i m

a ll w h om, i t nm y c onc er n:

C H AR LES

P .

d ated

atent N o .

Serial

N o.

m

(R e

M ay

1 . 1 8 88 .

mod-Ll

h is bei ng th e case, th e dei d c ores and c rator. T th e pole p i ec es o f th e mo to r become a mag net. b ut b y i nd ucti o n only . I h av e fou nd th at ad vantageous results are secu red by wi ndi ng th e field mag nets with a 5 5 coi l or coi ls and passi ng a co nti nuous cur rent th rough th em, th us mai ntai ni ng a per manent field , and i n th is featu re my present i nvention consists. I sh all now descri be th e a p paratus wh i ch I 60 h av e d ev i sed for car ry i n out th is i nv enti on and ex plai n th e mode 0 usi ng or operati ng th e same. F ig u re 1 is an end v iew i n elevati o n of my i mp ro ved motor. F i . 2 i s a part h ori zontal 6 5 central secti on, and l ig . 3 is a d iag rammati c representati o n of th e moto r and generator c o mb i ned and co nnec ted fo r operati on. Let AAi n F ig . 1 represent th e legs or pole r m n e u n d w h i h a a fi l d a o c r e t o f e a 0 i e s e c , g 7 p B, i ncluded i n th e c irc u i t of a conti n coi ls u ous cu rren t g enerator, 0 , wh i c h i s ad apted to i m part mag netism to th e sai d poles i n th r ord i nary manner . ' D are two i nd ependent coi ls wound u po n 75 a su i tab le cy li nd ri cal or eq ui valent ar matu re co re, wh i ch , li ke all oth ers used i n a si mi lar manner, sh ould be spli t or d i v id ed u p i nto ai ternate ma neti c and i nsulati ng parts i n th e g usual way . {Th is ar mature is mou nted i n non 80 mag neti c c ross bars E E, sec u red to th e poles Th e termi nals of th e ar o f th e deld mag net. ’ D are connected to i nsulated matu re co ils slid i ng c o ntact r i ng s a a b b, carri ed b y th e ar ’ mature sh all, and br ush es 0 c bear u pon th ese 85 ri ngs to convey to th e co i ls th e cu rrents wh i ch r r o e a e t h m t o . t e p Th e generato r fo r perati ng th is motor i s or may b e of prec i sely i d enti cal constru cti on and for co nvenienceof re fere nceI h ave mark e 90 i p F i g. 3 i ts parts , as follows: F F , th e field mag nets, energ i zed by a conti nuo us c u rrent ' in i n i fi ld i e a s s t co ls G G ; H H , th e co i ls s p earri by th e c li ud rlcs l ar matu re; d d e e, th e fri cti on or co leeti ng ri ngs earri ed b y th e 9 5 armature sh alt and formi ng t e ter mi nals O f th e ar mature coi ls ; and f f th e collecti ng brush es wh i ch d eli v er th e currents developed ' i n th e armatu r s to th e two ci rcui ts 9g, \1 E ri ch conner z g e nerators wi th th e m otor. roo -

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Be i t k nown th at I, N IK O LA Tess a, from Sm i lj an Li ke, bo rd er co u ntry o f Apetrih H u n o n t d n e u r n w i i n i n w e k i t h c o r e s N e Y r a , y g g y i n d r w i a n d a o f o r v n v e n t e N e Y k h a e t e c e t a S t , 5 new and useful i m provements i nElec tro Mag neti c Moto rs, of wh i ch th e followi ng i s aspec i fi cati on, reference bei ng h ad to th e d rawi ngs acco mpany i ng and for mi ng apart o f th e same. In an appli cation filed by me O c tober 1 2 , a 1 88 7, N o 25 2 , l 32 , l h av e sh o wn and d escr ibed a no vel fo rm o f electro mag neti c motor and a m od e o f o perati ng th e same, wh i ch may be l w e r a l d r i s h o t r i n e d f : T e m o s e sc b a s o ll o e y g n u n d i l n d n w n i n w o t h c e l s f or m i d e e e t e e r p g 5 n i l r z i c u i o n i h r m u r r t s t h r t e a a t o fi e d c e e e i g g m ag net, or b oth , (i t i s enllleient for present pur o d r th e case i n wh i ch th e coi ls t o n s e o c s i s e p are o n th e ar matu re alone, ) and th ese co ils are a c o nnec ted u p w i th corr espo nd i ng c i rc u i ts on an alternati ng c urrent g enerator. As th e re s u lt of th is, c urrents o f alter nately opposi te d i rec ti o n are sent th roug h th e energ i zi n c oi ls o f th e mo tor i n such manner as to pr uce a h e t n i i o v s i i o r r o on of th e m r r e s s t t a t a g p g g 5 neti c poles o f th e armatu re. Thi s mo vement o f th e poles of th e arm atu re ob v i o usly tend s to rotate th e armatu re i n th e opposi te d i rec ti o nto th at i n wh i ch th emovement of th e poles 0 takes p lace, owi ng to th e att racti ve force be. tween sai d poles and th e d ei d mag nets ,and th e sp eed of rotati o n i nc reases fro m th e start u n ti l i t eq uals th at of th e g enerato r suppos i ng , b oth moto r and generator to be ali ke. l o f h A t h e e s t r m u s o e a a t re are sh i fte d i n p 5 a d i rec ti o n opposi te to th at i n wh i c h th e ar ma ture rotates, i t wi ll b e apparent th at w h en th e no r mal s peed is attai ned th e oles o f th e r matu re w i ll a ssume a fi xed pos ti o n relati ve a p to th e field m ag net, and th at i n conseq uence th e field m ag nets w i ll be energ i zed by mag neti c i nd uc ti o n, exh i b i ti ng two d isti nct poles, o ne i n each of th e pole pi eces . I n starti ng th e m otor, h o wev er, th e s i c ed of th e arma tu re b ei ng comparati vely ow,th e ole pi eces are s ubj ec te d to rapi d rev ersals o mag netic " po lari ty b ut as th e speed i ncreases th a nno v c rsals ec ome less and less fre neat, and fi nally ceasewh en th e movement o h e arma u r e e o m s o b c e n h t c r nous wi th th at of th e gen p y -

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Th e Operati on of

this system wi ll be under h e action Of th e item th e foregoi ng . T ti ng of ratc r,h y causi ng a prog reu i ve sh i t e poles i n th e motor armature,sets up i nth e atter a rotation pposi te i n directi on to th at n i u w h e n o t co t m o v e . If, n h o l e e s h t c i w n , h p i ous current bedi rec ted th rough th efield coi ls, A b z m n t A t e h l n r i e a e n e t e e r o t o s t a s o , g g gy s d s upon th at Of th e motor, wh i ch depen th egenerator, wi ll not be i ncreased, but th e l i a w il b i o n e i r o t a t e s w u t s h i c h r o d c w e r o p p crea sed i a proporti on to th e energ y suppli ed . th rough th e coi ls BB It is ch aracteristi c of th i s motor th at i ts d i noti on of rotati on i s not reversed by revers i ng th e d i rection of th e c u rrent th roug h i ts field coi ls, for th e d i recti on of rotati on de u i f h l d b t h n o l a r O t e fi e u o t e t o t n n s d e , p y p p upon th e d i recti on i n wh i c h th e poles of th e armature are sh ifted . To reverse th e motor, ’ th e connecti ons of ei th er o f th e ci rc ui ts 9 g ma t be reversed . l o i h d m t f h a u d t h e fi e n O t v e f n a t t e e t h a g I motor be strongly energ i zed by i ts coi ls BB and th e ci rcui ts th roug h th e armature coi ls closed, assu mi ng th e g enerator to be ru nni ng at a certai n speed, th e motor wi ll not star t; M if th e field be but sli gh tl energ ized or i n uneral i n such cond i ti on t at th e m ag neti c nfi uence Of th e ar mature preponderates i n determi ni ng i ts mag neti c condi ti o n th e motor will start and, wi th sumci ent current, will reach i ts maxi mu m or normal speed. F or th i s r eason i t is desi rable to kee at th e start and i ts normal speed , u ntil th e motor h a s attai n arly so, th e field ci rc ui t open or to per o r ne mi t b ut li ttle current to pan th rou h i t. I h ave fou nd, h owever, i f th e fields of h th e rator and motor be s trongly energi zed starti ng th e gen erator starts th e motor. Ol d th at th e speed of th e motor is i ncreased ‘

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i n sy nch ronism wi th the enerator. Motors on th is pri nci ple constructed and opera mai ntai n almost absolutely th e sen s speed for all loads wi th i n th ei r normal wor i ng li mi ts ; 4 5 and i n practi ce I h ave observed th at i t th e motor be overloaded to such an extent as to ch ec i ts speed th e speed of th e generator, i f i ts moti ve power be not too g is di mi n i sh ed sy nch ronously wi th th at of t e motor. 50 n h ow th e I h ave i n oth er appli cati ons sh ow c on structi on of th ese or si mi lar motors may be vari ed i n certai n well known ways—as, for i nstance, by rotati ng th e field about a stati on ary armatu re or rotati ng conductors w i th i n 5 5 th e field ; b ut d o not i llustrate th ese featu res f urth er h erei n, as wi th th e i llus trat i on wh ic h h ave g i ven reg ard th e rest as wi th i n th e power of a person ski lled i n th e art to con ‘

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struc t.

Th e present form

motor i s ch eap.si mple, reli ab le, and easy to mai ntai n. It req ni res th e si mplest ty pe of gener a tor for i ts Opera ti on, and wh en p rop erly constructed sh o ws a of

bi h efi ci eney . do not clai m h erei n th e meth od of trans mi tti ng power wh i ch th is system i nvolves, h avi ng made i t th e su bj ect of anoth er appli ~ cati on for patent. W hat I clai m i s: Th e combi nati on, with a motor h avi ng i n dependent energi zi ng or armatu re ci rcu i ts, of an alternati ng cu rrent generator wi th corre spond i ng i nd uced ci rc ui ts connecte d with th e ' motor for efiec ti ng a p rog ressi ve sh i fti ng of 75 th e poles of th e motor armatu re and a source of conti nuous current for energ si ng th e field of sai d motor, a s set forth . -

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N KOLA TES LA.

W i tnesses B. H ears t , F i rm F m : E. Han an .

( li e l

odel.

)

N T ES LA .

SYSTEM OF

No

.

8

Sh eets—Sh eet

i

.

.

TRIBUTION. RICALDIS EL ECT

P atented May 1. 1888

.

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N T ESL A .

SYSTEM

No.

2

—Sh eet

Sh eets

2.

.

or EL ECT TRIBUTION. RICALDI S

P atented May 1 1888 ,

.

PATEN T

UN ITED S TATES m

om

m en

,

r m n s n o GN O B or A or NEW r oux, 1m m B S I , r . r ecs , or EN GL uwoon, new JERSEY .

SYSTE M O F

m

oanm u ta mi ng part of

matters Patent t

lied December u . 1307.

1h all w h om i t m a m concer n.. Be i t nown th at f , Huron TESLA, from Smilj an Li a, border counlr of Austri a H un r i n o w di n a N w o r i a r t e e s ty , g , n th e coun g y w n f N o a d t a t e o e Y r h a v e n v n S i e n t e d c e r t a i , S new and usef ul Imp rovements i n S ystems of Electr i cal D istri buti on, of wh i ch th e followi ng is a speci ficati on, reference bei ng h ad to th e drawi ngs acco mpanyi ng and formi ng a part of to th e same. Th is i nv enti on relates to th ose system of ele ctri cal di str i b utio n i nwhi ch a c urrent from asi ng le so u r ce of s upply i n a mai n or trans mi tti ng ci rc ui t i s caused to i nduce by means n ucti on a paratus a cu rrent or ( d i i l e o u t a b s f 5 cu rrents i n an i nd epeu ent worki ng ci rcui t or ci rcu i ts . Th e mai n obj ects of th e i nventi on are th e m e as h ave been h eretofore ob tai ned by th e vi m, to di vi d e th e cu r so use of th ese systems rent from a si ngle sou rce, wh ereby a number slati ng devi ces of lamps, m otors, or oth er tran may be i nd ependently controlled and operated by th e same sou rce o f current, and i n some t of h i gh pote tial i n 35 case to red uce a cu rren th e mai n circ ui t to one o f renter uanti ty and lower potenti al i n th e i n e ndout consump ti on or wor i ng c i rc u it or c reni ta. Th e general ch aracter of th e devi ces em 30 ploy ed i n th ese systems i s now well u nder An alternati ng current magneto ma stood. h e c ur s th esou rce of supply . T chi ne is used a rent developed th ereby is cond ucted th rough a transmissi on ci rcui t to one or more distant h e r a n s f r i t h m r s t h c o e a r e l t w ocated. a n t s o i 35 p Th esecons ist of i nd ucti on mach i nes of vari ous i nd s. I nsom e cnsm ord i nary forms of i nd uc tio n coi l h ave been used wi th one coi l i n th e transmi tti ng ci rc u i t and th e oth er i n a local u i i i r l h o n c c e co s i n t t i t b e d i m a e r o or c o n su , p g s ently proporti oned ac cord i ng to th e wor to — n i m t i n c i e co s u o rcu i n t h t d n e th at is be o p to any, if th e work re u i res a c urrent of h i gh er i n t h r a n m i i n t h a t e t s ss o h a n ci rcu i t i l t r t a a d p i n i l r d u co r o r c e d i s o f d a o n h s e c t e y 45 g eater leng th and resistance th an th e pri mary , wh i le, uanti ty current .of on th e oth er h and , if a d th e longer coi l is ntini i s wante lov e nu de e pri mary. In li eu of th u s devi ca

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UTIO N . E LEC TRIC AL D ISTRIB

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dated M ay

o.

S erial N o. se am

.

(l amodel.)

vari ous forms of elec tro dy nami c i nd uc ti on so mach i nes, i nclud i ng th ecom bi ned motors and d v d o r n h n e i s e i n a v e b e e . F s t a n rs e r a t o e c e , g , a motor is constru cted i naccord ance wi th well nd on th e same arma understood pri nc i i ce, a ture are wou nd i n need coi ls wh i ch co nsti tute 55 a generator. Th e mo tor coi ls are generally of nerator coi ls of coarser fi ne wi re and th e wi re, so as to p c os a cu rrent of g reater uanti ty and lower potential th anth e li ne our rent, wh i ch i s of relati vely h i gh p otenti al, to 60 avoi d loss i nlong transmissi on. Asi mi lar ar rangement i s to wi nd coi ls correspond i ng to th ose descr i bed i n s wi ng o r si mi lar c ore, and b means of a com mutator of sui table i nd to d rect th e cu rrent th rough th e i nd uc i ng coils 63 successi vely , ” as to m ai ntai n a movement of th e poles of th e core and of th e li nes of force wh i ch set up th e c urrents i n th e i nd uced coi ls. W i th out enu merati n th eobj ecti ons to th ese s toms i n d etai l, i t wi i sumce to say th at th e o y eory or th e ri nci ple of th e acti on or pera ti on of th ese evi ces h as apparently been so li ttle understood th at th ei r p roper con struc ti on and use h ave up to th e present ti me been attended wi th v arious di flculti a and ex pen h e transformers are very liab e to se. T be i nju red and bu rned out, and th e means re sorted to for curi ng th is and oth er d efects h ave almost i nvari ably been at th e expense of emci ency. Th e form of converter or transformer wh i ch I h ave dev ised ap ears to be larg ely f reefrom p th e d efects and obj ecti o ns to wh i ch I h ave al i ndod . W h ile I d o not h erei n ad vance any th eory as to i ts mod e of operati on, I would 8 5 state th at, i n so far as th e p ri nc i pal of con structi on i s concer ned i t i s analog ou s to th ose trans for mers wh i ch I ave above desc ri bed as electro d y nami c i nd ucti on mach i nes exce t , p th at i t i nvolves no movi ng pa rts wh atever , and is h ence not li able to wear or oth er d erange ment, and re u i res no more attenti on th an th e oth er and morecommon i nd u cti on mach i nes. I n carryi ng ou t my i nventi on I provi de a seri es of i nd uc in coi is and correspond i n i n g 95 (1q coils,whi c , by preference, I wi nd u on p acore closed u n i tself—s uch as anannulus or ri n g subd i v i ed i n th e usual manner. Th e -

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done, th e currents are prod u ced by dy namo mag neti c i nd uc ti on only, th e same result be i ng obtai ned as th ough th e poles were sh i fted by a com mutator with an i nfi ni te nu mb er of ents. 5 a e m od i ficati ons wh i ch are appli cable to oth er for ms of converter are i n many respects appli cab le to th is. I refer more parti cu lu ly to th e fo r m of th e core, th e relati ve len th s and res istances o f th e pri mary and secon ary coil; and th e arrangements for r unni ng or op erati ng th e same. Th e new meth od c l elec tri cal conversi on wh i ch th is sy stem i nv olves h av e mad e th e d o not subj ec t of anoth er ap pli cati on, and clai m i t th erefore h erei n. W i th ou t li m i ti ng myself th erefore to any specifi c fo rm , wh at c lai m i s 1. The combi nati o n, wi th a co re closed u pon so i tself, i nd u ci ng or pri mary coils wound th ereon and co nnec ted u p i ni nd ependent pai rs or sets , and i nd uced or second ary coils wound u pon o r near th e pr i m ary coi ls, of a aerator of alternati ng c ur rents and i ndepen ent connec ti ons to th e p ri mary coi ls, wh ereby by th e op erati c n o f th e g enerator aprog ressi ve sh i fti ng of th e poles of th e core is eflected , a s set forth .

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2. T h eco mbi natlon,with anannular c r si mi lar mag neti c core and pri mary and secondary coils wound th ereon, of an alternati ng cm 30 rent g enerator h av i ng i nd uced or armature coi ls correspond i n to th e p ri mary coi ls, and i nd epend ent ci rcu ts connecti n th e pri mary coi ls wi th th e corres c ndi ng 00 1 s of th e g en c rator, as h erei n set crth . 8. Th e combi nati on, wi th i ndependent elec tri c transmi ssi on ci rc ui ts , of transfor mers con si sti ng of annular or si mi lar cores wou nd wi th pri mary and secondary coi ls, th e opposi te pri mary coi ls of each transfor mer bei ng connected to one of th e transmi ssi on ci rcu i ts.an alter nati n c u rrent generator wi th i ndependent i n dc or ar mature coi ls connected wi th th e transmissi on ci rcu i ts ,wh ereby ai ternati ng cur rents may be d i rec ted th rough th e pri mary sfor mers i n th e order and man coi ls of th etran ner h erei n descri bed . -

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N K OLA Tm LA. W i tneu cs Rom . H . DUN C AN , ' Ronr. F . (h u nc h .

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N T ES L A .

3

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BLBOTBO I AGUBTIO “01303 No

— l h eets l h eet

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P atented Kay 1. 1888

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(l o l

odei .)

ll.

TEI LA

—Sh

8 In sets

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st sorn o m ess rm moron. -

P atented

oot

2.

ATEN T O FFI C E. UN ITED S TATES P m

K

TESLA, or new YOR , N Y , assumes or en s u e TO E PEC , or as ennwoon. N EW m nsav

x om

K

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PE C IFI CATION f

MAG N ETIO M O TO R.

mi c ; part of Letters Patent 3

or

Applicati on di ed

N ovember a s. i881 .

T o all wh om

i t m ay concern. nown th at I, N mo u Team , a sub e it ect of th e E mperor of Austri a, from S mi lj an, h a, bord er cou ntry of Austri a H u nga , no w resi d i n at N ew ork, i n th e cou nty an S t a t e g of N ew y or k, h ave i nvented certai n new and usefu l Improvements i nElec tra Mag neti c Mo tors, of wh i ch th e followi ng i s a s ec ificati on , p reference bei ng b ad to th e d rawi ngs ac co m n i f a n n d m i n h a o r a a r t o f t e same. y p p g I n a fo rmer app ication, fi led Oc tober 1 2, 1887, N o. h ave sh own and d esc ri bed a mode or plan of operati ng elec tric moto rs by causi ng a rog ressi ve sh i fti ng o f th e poles of one or but of th e parts or elements of a mo — o r th at i s to say , o f ei th er th e field mag net t or ma nets or ar matu re, or both . aecom o li s h i u s b c n s t r c ti n a m otor a i th two or p y more i ndependent ener zi ng c i rcu its, on th e field mag nets, fer c r amp e, and connec t th ese u p w i th corres o nd i ng i nd uced or g enerati ng ci rc ui ts i n an a ter nati ng c urrent g enerator, so th at alternati ng c u rrents are caused to trav erse th e motor c i rcui ts. By so doi ng th e l f a m o t h e d i d e mag net of th e moto r are pro p r i l i v e s h ft e d a i n b h e d t r attracti onu pon g y , g y a rotary armature set u p a rotati on i n th e lat ter i n th e d i recti on of th e movement of th e poles. I n th is case, h owever, th e rotati on i s produced and mai ntai ned by th e di rec tattrac ti on of th e mag neti c elements of th e motor. h aved iscovered th at ad vantageous results may be secured i nth is system by u ti li zing th esh i ft i n of th e poles p ri mari ly to setu p cu rrents i n a ! used cond uctor located wi th i nth e i nfluence of th e field of th e motor, so th at th e rotati on may result from th e reacti on of such currents upon th e ileld . To illustrate more fully th e nature of th e i a venti on refer to th e accompany i n d rawi n g Fi gure 1 represents i n side elevhliu n e operati ve parts or elements of a motor em bodyi ng th e p ri nci ples of my i nventi on, and i nsecti onth e enerator for operati ng th esame. F ig. 2 is ah or zontal central secti on of th e mo tor i nFi g. l ,th o ci rcui ts bei ng sh o wnpartly i n d m. F ig. 3 i s a mod i fied form of moto r i n adc elevati on. F ig . 4 is a central h ori zon tal cross secti on of F i g . 3. In Fi gs. 1 and 2 , Ais an annular core of so ft i ro n, preferab ly lami nated or formed of i n

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ELEC TRO S

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dated K ay 1 .1 880.

0.

Serial Us .

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model.)

etc h esuscepti ble to ra id sulsted sections.so n h is core i s wound v ar i ati on s o f ma netism.

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wi th four cells, 0 0 C , th e d i ametrically ep m ci r s a n h e e i t d n e c t e n n l i co i e b e o s t e c l s p g c u lt, and th e two free ends of each pai r bei ng ' brough t to th e termi nals tand t, respecti vely, ei d magnet as sh own. W i th i n th is annular n A is mounted a soft i ron cy li nder or disk, D , on an axis, a, i n beari ngs b b, prop erly sup 6c n h i e . h m a e c k o f t h f m w r o r a o r t e d b t e e p y ' Th e di s carries two coi ls, E E , o f i nsulated wi re, wound at ri gh t ang les to o ne anoth er,and h av i ng th ei r respec ti ve ends j o i ned , so th at each coi l forms a separate closed c i rc ui t. I n i llustration of th e action or m od e of op erati onof th is apparatualet i t h o assum ed th at th e annular field m ag net A i s per manently mag neti zed , so as to present two f reepoles d i a metri cally pposi te. If sui tab le m ech ani cal i d n h n e i e r o t t ro f r t a v i i o n n o w a d o b e m e s g p mag net around th e disk , th e apparatus exem n e t o i n a r m r d a l i n n f n n h o d i t i o s o a o s e t e c y g p n i h e u t ld b e s e t n n w u e d ur r e t s o e r a o r a n c t p , g ’ D. coi ls or closed c ond uctors E E on th e d is Evi dently th ese cu rrents would be th e most h t s o r f t e a t e r o i n o h r f u l n t s w a o e a e t e t e g p p r d ensi ty of th e li nes of fo rc e, and th ey would , a s i n all si mi lar cases, tend , at least th eoreti els e i n th e d is cally, to establish mag neti c D at rig h t ang les to th ose i nt e annular field mag net A. As a result of th e well nown reacti on of th ese polar i ti es u po n each oth er, a more or less powerful tendency i n th e d i sk to ro tate i nth e same d i recti on as th at of th e field mag net would be establish ed . If, onth e oth er h and , th e ri ng or annular field magnet s and i ts mag neti c ole A be h eld static ii i i n h r n t s l t o ‘ ro r i s i a s s v e ‘ e b e s s h p g g y y p g ’ coils C p roperly alternated c u rrents, i t i s ob vi ous th at si milar res ults w i ll follo w, fo r th e passag e of th e c urrents causi ng th e sh i ft i ng or wh i rli ng of th e po les of th e field mag net Aind uces c u r rents i n th e c losed c i rc u i ts ' of th e armature cells E E , wi th th e result o f setti ng up a rotation of th e d isk D i n th e sam e d i rec ti on of such sh i fti ng . I nas m uch as th e c urrents are always i nd uced o r generated i n ' th e c oi ls E E i n th e same manner, th e pole s of th e d is or cy li nder follow c onti nuously th e lee c f th e annular deid mag net, mai n tai n c g , at least th eo retically , th e same rela ’

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h is results i n an even and ti ve posi ti ons. T perfect acti on of th e apparat In ord er th at th e system as a wh ole may be better und erstood , sh all now d esc ri be th e 5 mode or plan devised by me for prod uci ng th e currents th at eflec t th e p rogressi ve sh i fti ng o f th e poles of th e motor. ' In F ig . 1 , BB are th e poles or pole p ieces o f an alternati ng current aerator. Th ey d n rc are per m nently mag neti of opposi te a p h l i li a r t . F i s a n r i c a l or o er armatu re o c d t p y y ' contai ni ng th e i nd ependent coi ls G G . Th ese coi ls are wou nd at r igh t angles, so th at wh i le one is c romi n th e stro ngest portion of th e e oth er i s at th e neutral p oi nt. 1 5 field of force ’ Th e coils G G term i nate i n th e two pai rs of ’ i nsulated collecti ng ri n f and f , uponwh i ch ' bear th e brush es g g . our wi res connec tth e ' moto r termi nals t and t wi th th ebrush csg and respecti vely . W h enth e generator i s re so toted ,th ecoil G wi ll at th e cer tai npoi nt sh own i n th e d rawi ngs be generati n i ts maxi m u m ' c urrent,wh i le coi l G i s neutra Let i t be as sumed th at th is current is convey ed f ro m th e ’ 3 ; ri ngs 1 to th e termi nals t l and th rough th e coi ls 0. Its effect will be to establish poles i n the r i mi d way between th e two cells. By th e’ i n 1or rotati on of th e eneratcr th e coi l G i s brough t wi th i n th e i n uence of th e d n l d begi ns to prod uce a current” wh i ch fi e a 0 3 n r h w s s t r o a s e s a i d c e l o e r l approach es t g g th e maxi mum poi nts of th e field, wh i le th e current prod uced i n th e coi l G di mi ni sh es as th e said coi l recedes f rom th ose poi nts. Th e ' 35 current from th'e coi l G , bei ng conveyed to ’ th e ter minals i t and th rough coi ls h as a tendency to establish poles at r i h t angles to th ose set up by th e cells 0 0 ; at owi n ’ to th e greate r efi ect of th e current i n coils 4c 0 th e result i s merely to ad vance the poles fro m th eposi ti on i n wh i ch th ey would remai n i f due to th e ma g neti zi ng i nfiuencec f cells 0 h i s progressi on conti nues for a 0 alone. T q uarter revoluti on’ u’nti l coi l G G becomes n n u a d co l e t r a l G G prod uces i ts maxi mum i 5 4 cu rrent. Th e acti on descri bed is th en re les h avi ng beensh i ited th rou peated th e one h a f of e field,or s h alt revoluti on. e second h alf revoluti o n is ac comp lish ed i n a so si mi lar way, th e sam e polari ty bei ng mai n tai ned i n th e sh i fti ng p oles by th e movement of th e generator coi ls alternately th rou h g fields of opposi te polari ty. Th e same pri nci ple of perati on may be sp 5 5 pli ed to meters of vari ous fo rms, and I h ave sh own one of such mod i fied forms i n F i gs. 3 ' and 4 o f th e d rawi ngs. I n these figu res, M M are field m nets secured to or form i ng art of a frame, mou nted on a base, P. T see n o l e t s s h u 60 ma d b e l a m i a n ted or composed of g a nu mber of electrically i nsu lated ma eti c secti ons, to revent th e c i rc ulati on of i n need currents an to render th em capable of ra id p mag neti c ch anges. Th ese mag neti c cores or 65 poles are wound wi th i nsulated coils 0 th e d iametr i cally opposi te coi ls bei ng connected

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togeth er i n series and th ei r free ends brough t ’ etween th e to termi nals i t , res pec ti vely. B n n d i u l h e r i m o u n i r i h s o e s e s t e t e cross b e a t p , g i i l n d r ro n co re, D , wh i ch , i e c e s a c i c a l p y 70 i n order to p revent th e for mati on of eddy i ng c u rrents, and th e loss con se uent th ereon, i s subd i v i d ed i n th e usu al way. I nsulated cen d ucters or coi ls are applied to th e cyli nder D long i tud i nally , and fo r th ese I may employ 75 ' w u r r i c h a r e s d h h c e l a t e t o t e E e s E e c , p p si es and ends of th e cyli nd ri cal core i n well k nown ways. Th eseplates or cond actors may form one or p referably several i nd ependent I n th ed rawi ngs two 80 c i rc ui ts arou nd th e co re. of such ci rcu its aresh own, formed respecti vely ' h y th e cond uctors E and E , wh i ch are i nsu lated fro m each oth er. I t i s ad vantageeuz also to slot th ese plates longi tud i nally , to p revent th e formati on of ed d y c urrents and waste of 85 energy . F rom wh at h as now been g iv en th e opera ratus w i ll be read i ly u nd er ti on of th i s ap a ’ o th e ind i ng pests t t are cc nnected stood . T th e pr oper ci rc u l from th e g enerator te enuse go a p rog ressi ve sh i fti ng of the resultant m ag netic p oles produ ced by th e mag nets M u on du in th e armature. Th us c u rrents are i n wh i ch , energi ze th e closed ci rcu its on th e co i ng th e core strongly, mai nta n a powerful at 95 tracti on betweenth e sameand th e field ,wh lch causes arotati on of th e armatu re i nth ed i rec d. ti on i n wh i ch th e resultant poles are sh i fte Th e parti cular advantage of th e construc 3 and 4 i s th at a con zoo ti on i llustrated i n F i centrated and power ul field is obtai ned and a remarkably power ful tendency to rotati on i n th e armature secured . Th e same results may be obtai ned i n th e form i llustrated i n F igs. 1 and 2 , h owever, by for mi ng polar p re res j ecti ens on th e field and armature cores. W h en th ese meters are not loaded, b ut run ni ng free, th erotati onof th e armature i s nearly sy nc h ronous wi th th e rotati on of th e poles of th e field , and u nder th ese ci rcumstances ver li ttle cu rrent is percepti ble i n th e cells E b ut i f a load i s ad ded th e speed tends to d i ’ mi ni sh and th e cu rrents i n cells E E are ang meated, so th at th e rotary cfiert is i nc reased r l t i e n a e . t r e o p p y O b vi ously th e pri nc iple of th is i nventi onis capable of m any mod i fied ap li cati ens,most of wh i c h follow as a matter 0 course from th e constructi ons desc ri bed. F or i nstance, th e ar matu re colla,er th ese i n wh i ch th e currents m are set u p byi nd ucti on,may b e h eld stati onary and th e alter nati ng c urrents f rom th e genera tor cond ucted th rough th e rotati ng i nd uci ng or field coi ls b y mean s of su i table elid i u cen tac ts. It i s also apparent th at th e i n need res coils may b e movab le and th e magnetic parts of th e meter stati onary ; b ut I h av e i llustrated th ese modi ficati ons T ully n th e appli cati on to i wh i ch reference h as h erei n b een made. I n th e case of meters wound wi th i ndepend 1 30 ent field and armature ci rcu i ts and operated by sh i fti ng th ei r poles, as desc ribed i n my sai d

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applicati on, I may by sh ort ci rc ui ti ng th e arui ature coi ls apply th e present i nventi on i n order to obtai n g reater power on starti ng. An ad vantage and ch aracteristi c feature of m eters constructed and operated i naccordance w i th th i s i nventi on i s th ei r capabili ty of al m ost i nstantaneous revers al by a reversal or one of th e energ i zi ng currents f rom th e gen erator. T h is will be u nderstood f rom a con si d eratio nof th ewor i ng condi tions. Assum i ng th e armature to b e rotati ng i n acertai ndi rec ti on follo wi ng th e movem ent of th e sh i fti ng poles, th en r everse th e d i recti on of th e sh i ft i ng , wh i c h may be done by reversi ng th econ necti ons of one of th e two energ i zi ng ci rc ui ts. I f i t be bor ne i n m i nd that i n a d y namo elec tri c mach i ne th e energy d eveloped i s very nearly proporti onate to th e c ube of th e speed, i t is evi dent th at at such m oment an extra or d i nary power is b roug h t tc p lay i a reversi ng th e meter. I n add i ti on to th is th e resistance of th e m otor i s very g reatly red uced at th e m oment of reversal, so th at a uch greater amou nt of c urrent passes th roug‘th e energ ia i ng c i rc ui ts. - b h o n l Th ep en meno al uded te vi z., th evaria ti on of th e res istance of th e motor apparently li ke th at i n ordi nary motors I attri bu te to th e v ari ati on i n th e amou nt of self i nd ucti ou i n th e pri mary or energ i zi ng ci rcu i ts. Th es e motors p resentnu mer ous ad van ch i ef among wh i ch are th ei r si mpli ci ty , ia b i li ty , economy i n constru cti on and mai nte s auce, and th ei r easy and dangerless anage m eat. As no com mutators are req ui red on ~

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th e motors, th esystem i s capable of a verv perfect acti on and i nvolves b ut li ttle less. I d o not clai m h erei n th e mode or plan of t a n d u t r s i c o n c o n c o s e d i n u r r e i l c t s uc n 4 g prod mag neti c field wh i ch i s h erei nd i sc losed ,except i n i ts appli cati on to th i s parti c ular p u rpose; ei th er th egenerators or

b ut W h at I clai m i s 1 . Th e combi nati on, wi th a m otor contai n i ng i nd mndent i nd uci ng or ener i zing ci r an alter osed i nd uced c i rc ui ts, 0 c ui ts an cl nati ng c urrent g enerator h avi ng i nd uced or n a d n n n di co rr t o i n c i u i s c e s r o n t o e r a e t c g p g g nected wi th th e energ i zi ng ci rc ui ts of th e mo tor, as set forth . 2 . An electro mag netic motor h av ing i ts field mag nets wou nd wi th i ndependent coi ls and i ts armaturewi th i ndepend entclosed coi ls, i n comb i nati on wi th a source of alter nati ng c urrents co nnected to th e field coi ls and caps b le of prog ressi vely sh i fti ng th e p oles of th e field m ag net, as set forth . 8.. A motor constructed wi th an annular iield m et wou nd wi th i ndepend ent coils and a cy i nd ri cal or d is armature wou nd wi th closed coils, i n co mbi nati on wi th a sou rce of alternati ng nu rreuts connected wi th th e d eid mag net coils and acti ng to rt ressiv ely sh i ft (i r tate th e poles of th e el as h erei n set f0 r h NI OLA TESLA. W i tnemes ‘

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all wh om i t an y concer n: nown th at I, N i xon e it a u , fro m m i lian, Li ta, border country of And ri a H un . nd ra i di n tate g i nth e ci ty , cau nty, and S ,a ew Y or , h ave i nv ented certai n new an d of ransmin i ou of ua eful I mp ro vements i n th e T Power, of w h ich th e follo wi ng is aspc ci ficat ioa, reference bei ng b ad to th e drawi ng s aeco m f n d o n f i r m a r t o e n a a t h n a m e . a i n p y g g p Th is appli cation is a d i v isi onof an applica ti on filed by me October 12 , 1 887, N o.

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d rawi ngs. 35 ‘ ve.are dis i l i F i 1 8 a n d l o n c us n r t o a t g 5 f l i r i l e e i o n r h i o t l i n m s u s t a t t h e c t n r a p g g p of my i nventi o n. The remai ni ng fig n are vi ews o f th e apparatus i n vari ous forms by means o f wh i ch th e i nventi o n may be carried 60 i nto effect, and wh i ch wi llbe d escri bed i nth ei r ord er. Referri ng fi rst to Fig 9 wh i ch is a d ia The practical solution of th e problem of th e c lectr i cal convers i on and trans min i on of me g rammatic reprm entati on o f a moto r, a gen orator, and connecti ng ci rc ui ts i n acc ordance c h anical energ y i nvolvu certai nreq u irements with my inventi on, DI is th e m oto r and G r5 wh ich th e ap paratus and systems h eretofo re Th e motor com em ployed h ave not been capable of f ulfilli ng . th e generator for d ri vi ng i t Buc h a solution pri mari ly demands a uni prises a ri ng or annulus, B, p rc ferably bu i lt f or mi ty o f speed i n th e m otor i r m peetive of up of th i n i nsulated i ron ri ngs or annular i ts land wi th in i ts normal worki ng li m its. On plate .so as to be as suscepti ble as possi b le to th e oth er h and , i t i s ac es- ary , to attai n a variati ons i a i h msg neti c conditio n Th is r i ng versi on than h as here r f f il s i n u w r n o m o co u n d f ou c o o s l a d n r d e e co r i s s u r o e b m ire a t y y g tofore existed , to construct c h eaper and more sym metri aslly placed and desig nated by C C C ' reliable and si mple apparatus, and such th a h e diametrically opposi te co ils are con t C. T all.d anger f ro m th e use of currents of h ig h nected u p so as to co operate i npai m i n prod uc as tensi on, wh ich are necessary to an econo mi cal i ng free pols on di ametri cally opposi te parts Th e fou r free ends th us left are o r th e ri ng transm imi oa, may be avoi ded My present i nventi o n is a new meth od or connected to term i nals TTT T, as i nd i cated mod e o f effecti ng th e transmi - i on of power N ear th e ri ng , and preferably i ns ide of i t, b y electri cal agency , wh ereby many o f th e th ere i s mounted on an ax i s or sh aft a mag 80 r n i r t o i o n s r e ov e m d n e l c i rcu l a h a n e c t co e a n n e s d r a l r e s e b a t c i s k C b u t r e a e o t i o g y , j p , , p g g h avi ng two seg ments , c u t away as sh own. econom y and effic iency secu red . In carry i ng out my i nventio n employ a T his disk i s mou nted so as to turu f reely wi th i a motor i n wh ich th ere are two or more i nd e th e ri ng R . Th e generato r ( l is o f any ord i i i rc u its, th ro ug h wh i ch d n t i z c r e e n e n n e nary type, th at sh own i n th e p resent i nstance p g g i n r h e r e r d N a n d a c n h e a n n e i n a fi e h a n e t n t m e s c r i b e d a l d e id m s B d r r c a l r a h i a v n a y p ; , 35 g g ter nati ng cu rrc nis , effecti ng th ereby a p mature core, A, wou nd wi th th e two coils B ’ “ si v e sh i fti ng o f th e mag netism or of th e i nes B Th e f ree end s o f eac h con are carri ed ” of fo rce, wh i c h , i aac cordancewi th well k nowa th rough th e sh aft a and connected , respec t theo ri es , prod uces th e acti on of th e motor i vely , to i nsulated contac t ri ng s b b b b Any 90 o i s b I o t v us h a a ro v h l r r h r r r i o 0 t t e i e s i e s s ft n v n i n f or m o f c o l e c t r o b us o beers on e co e t p p p g 4 i ng of th e li nes o f force may be u ti li sed to set eac h ring and for ms a ter mi nal by wh i ch th r u p a movement or rotati o n o f ei th er element i cu rrent to and from a ri ng i s conv ey ed Th esi o f th e m oto r, th e ar matu re or th e field m ag net, I termi nals are connected to th e ter mi nals of th c and that i f th e c urrents d i rec ted th roug h th e l m oto r by th e wi res Land L m th e manuer m l i u i r a c f s e v e rc t s o h e m o r a r i n e r s an r t r o i e o d i l t e c r c u i e t d i t w o c o w e r h e m c a t s d b 1 5 p p 4 y p , recti on no c om mu tator fo th e moto r wi ll be formed, one i nclud i ng . say . th e c oi ls o n th e req u i red ; bu t to av oi d all th e a nal commu r and C O o f th e moto r and th e oth er t 13 and C t of th e en hati ng appli ances i ll th e system connect th e i u n remai ni n g g m otor c i rcui ts di rectly wi th th ose of asui table t utor and th e motor “ r i n r a r n a cu n l t e t r e n r . t e e r a t o T h e practi fl l ti n th e mode of 0 p It remai n to g 50 g results of such a system, i ts economi calM a ov ati ons i for th isb nrpose i sh

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th e d iag rams, Figs. 1 to 8 and 1 to for an i llustrati on of th e vari ous ph ases th rough wh ich th e coi ls of th e generator pass ti on, and th e corres c od i ng and wh en i n opera n i c h a n e m e n a n c i e s n u t t a t e e d t h l r e s p g g 5 m otor. Th e revolutionof th earmatureof th e n d m t l w e fi t s N a or b t e e h e n e o h n t 8 e e r a e g g ’ B slternati n v i o usi y prod uces i n th e coi ls si ty and di recti on of wh i currents th e i nten I n th e posi to depend u pb u well known laws. ti on of th e coi ls i nd icated i nFi g. 1 th e current i s practi cally ai l, wh ereas th e i n th e coil ’ lopi ng i ts coi l B at th e same ti me is deve maxi mu m c urrent, and by th e means i nd icated 15 i n th e d esc ri ption of F ig . 9 th e ci rc ui ti nclud i ng th is coi l may also i nclude, any th e coi ls 0 Th e result, wi th th e 0 o f th e m otor, F ig. n n l d n i z a m a o n s u b e t h r o t r o co e c t i w e e e , g p p ti on of th e r i ng R, th e poles bei ng on th e li ne Th e same order of connections bei ng so N 8 . and th e coil observed between th e coi l th e latter wh en trav ersed by acu rrent tend to fix th e poles at righ t angles to th e li ne N 8 of I t results, th erefore, th at wh en th e F ig. 3 5 generator coi ls h ave mad e one eigh th of a re v oluti o u, reach i ng th e posi tion sh own i n F ig . will be trav and 2, both pai rs of coils, ersed b y c urrent and act i n opposi ti on i n so far a th e locati on of th e poles i s concerned. w f i o n o l i ll T h t t h o t h o s i e e e s e r e f o r e b e t h e 0 p p 3 resultantof th emag neti zi ng forces of th ecoi ls th at i s to say , i t wi ll ad vancehloa th e ri ng to a posi ti on correspondi ng to one e gh th of th e revolu ti on of th e armature of th e generator. f n i . 3 th e a a u r e h e r F r o n I m t t e e r a t o h as g g 35 t prog ra sed to one fourth of a revolution. th e poi nt i nd i cated th e cu rrent i n th e c oi l ’ i s maxi mu m, whi le i n i t is ail, th e latter coi l bei ng i n i ts neutral posi ti on. T h e poles ‘ so of th e ri ng R i n F ig . 8 wi ll i nconse uencebe sh i fted to a posi ti on ni nety deg re es from th at at th e start, as sh own. h ave i nli e manner sh own th e cond i ti ons exi sti ng at each succes si ve ei gh th of one rev oluti on i n th e remai ai a 4 5 figures . A sh ort reference to th esefi ares wil suflce to an u nderstand i ng of th r si gni fi sauc e. ' Fi gs. 4 and 4 i llustrate th e cond i tio ns wh i c h aerator armature h as com exist wh en th e i h s of a reve t h m t d l 0 e a lati on. H ere t g 5 p both coi ls are generati ng c urrents; but th e coi l ' B, h avi ng now entered th e opposi te field, i s aerati ng a current i nth e opposi te d i recti on ving th e opposi te magneti zi ng en ect h ence n u l o l i t a t e e r e s w l l b e o n th e li ne f S s p 5 5 , a '

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In Fi g. 5 one h alf of one revoluti on of th e armature of th egenerator h as been completed , and th e resulti n mag neti c condi ti on of th e . ' 60 ri ng is sh own i n ig . B. I nth is ph ase coil ’ is i n th e neutral posi ti on, wh ilecoil B is gen erati n i ts max i mu m current, wh i ch i s i n th e on as i n Fi g . 4 . T same h e poles wi ll con ed th rough one h alf of se uently be sh i n 65 the ri a I a F . 6 th e armatu re h as completed five ei gh ths of a revoluti on. In th i s posi ti on coil -

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before. Th e coil B h o n t e , oth er h and , h av ing entered a field of opposi te 70 l r i a r o d t u i i n r e o a r a t e s c t o f t s o s e e n g p pp y, recti on. o T he resultant poles wi ll th erefore be or, i n oth er wo rds, i n th e li ne N S, F ig. th e poles o f th e ri ng wi ll besh i fted along d ve ci b th s of i ts peri ph ery . ' 7 and 7 i n th e same manner i llustrate of th e generator and ri ng at th ree th e p ‘ uarters of a revoluti on, and Fi gs. 8 and 8 th e same at sev en ei gh ths of a revoluti on of th e aerator armatu re. T h ese figu res wi ll be S o rea ily understood from th e fo reg oi ng. W h enaco mpleterevoluti onisaccomplish ed . th e condi tions existi ng at th e start are re es tablish ed, and th e n ame action i s repeated for th e next and all subseq uent revoluti ons, and i n 85 w n e l i r a l n e ow be seen th a t i l t every revola g tion of th e armature of th e generator prod uces a cor respondi ng sh i fti ng of th e poles or line of force around th e ri ng . Th is efiect u ti li se i n pro duci ng th e rotati o n of a body or arma go ture i n a variety of ways for example, apply i ng th e pri nc iple above desc ri bed to th eappa ratus sh own i n F ig . 9. Th e disk D, owi ng to i ts tendency to assu me th at cai ti c a i n wh i ch i t embraces th egreatest p is nu mber r f th e 95 mag netic li nes . is set i n rotati on, followi ng th e moti on o f th e li nes or th e po i nts of g reatu t attrac ti on. Th e d isk m F ig . 9 i s sh own as cut away o n opposi te si des b ut th is h ave fo und is not 1 00 essenti al to efiectin i ts rotati on, as a c i rcular di sk, as i nd icated y dotted li nes, i s also set i n rotati on. Th is ph eno menon attr ib ute to a certai n i nertia or res istance i nh erent i n t e h metal to th e rapi d sh i fting of th e li nes of force res th ro ugh th e same, wh i ch res ults i n a conti nu ous tangenti al pull upon th e di sk, causi ng i ts Th is seems to b e confirmed by th e rotation. fact th at a c i rc ular d isk o f steel i s more effec t i vely rotated th an one of soft i ron; for th e rea r to son th at th e for mer i s assu med to possess a r a r t e resistance to th e sh ill i ng of th e ma e g g neti c li nes. I n i llustrati on of oth er forms of apparatus by means of whi ch carry out my i nventi on. i t ; sh all now d esc ri be th e remai ni ng fig ures of th e d rawi ngs F ig. 1 0 is a vi ew i n elevati on and part ver tical section of a moto r. F i g. 1 2 is a top vi ew of th e same wi th th e field i n sec ti on and a n o diag ram of connecti ons. F ig. 11 i s an end or si de vi ew of a generator wi th th e fields i nsec ti on. Th i s for m of motor may be used i nplace o f th at sh own. D is a cyli nd rical or drum armatu re core, u s wh i ch , for ob vi ous reasons, sh ould be spli t h p as far as practicable to prevent th e ci rc ulation wi th i n i t of cu rrents of i nd uction. Th e core is wound lo ng i tud i nally wi th two cells, E and ’ E , th e ends of wh i ch are respecti vely con ' ' nected to i nsulated contact ri nged d d d , car ri ed by th e sh aft n,jnpou wh i ch th e armature is mounted. Th e armature i s set to revolve wi th i n an

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i ro n sh ell, B, whi ch consti tutes th e field mag net or oth er element of th e motor. Th h sh ell i s preferab ly formed wi th aslot or openi ng, 7 , b u t i t may be conti nuous, as sh own by th e d e d l i n d i n o tt a n v e s t hi s e ent i t i s p referably , 5 m ade of steel. It is also desi rable th at th is sh ell sh ould be d i v i ded up si mi larly to th e armature, and for si mi lar reasons: As a gen erator for d ri vi n thi s motor, I may use th e to devi c e sh own i n g. I t. Th is represents an annular o r ri ng armatu re, A, su rrounded by ' ' i F F F o f F h i d r w ou co l s c h h i a m o t e t s e , , f r i es i l to are connected i n seri es, so op th at o ur ree ends are ieit, wh ich are con' i e t h t o d nsulated contact ri ngs b b V b . i s us ete ’ Th e ri ng is sui tab ly mounted on a sh aft, a , between th e poles N 8. Th e contact ri ngs of each pai r of generator coi ls are connected to th ose of th e motor, respecti vel by means of so contact b rush es and th e two pa rs of cond uct ‘ ors. LLand L I I, as i nd icated d iag rammat leally i n F ig. 13 N ow, i t is ob vi ous f ro m a consi derati on of th e preced i ng figu res th at th e rotati on of th e red uces currents i n th e coi ls enerator ri ng ug tran smi tted to th e motor E , wh i ch , coils, i mpart to th e core of the latter magneti c n l i f t s h i n i n n s t a t o r h i u n d r l e s c o r l a w o o y g p h is efiect sets u p a rotat onof th e th e core. T w i n n o a t t w o t b e i u r t v e f o e e m a t r a c t rc e b e t a r 0 e g 3 th e sh ell and th e poles of th e armature; but i nas mu ch as th e coi ls i n th is case move rela ti v ely to th e sh ell or field mag net th e move ment o f th e coi ls is i n the opposi te d irecti on v h i n s i ft o f l r r e s s i e t h h e o e s t o e o . t g p p g 35 Oth er ar rangements of th e coils of both gen orator and motor are possib le, and a g reater nu mber of c i rcu i ts m ay be used, a wi ll be seen i n th e two succeed i ng fig u res. r a m a m t i l l i a u c t t o i s r a n F . 1 3 is a d i a 0 f i g g 4 o motor and a generator connected and con stru cted i n accord ance wi th my i nventi on. F ig . 14 i s an end v i ew of the generator wi th i ts field mag nets i n secti on. m r M ii prod uced by si x o f t h e t o o d fi e l T h e 45 ’ ' mag neti c poles, G G , secu red to or proj ecti ng h ese magnets or from a ri ng or frame, H . T h w i i n d t u l e d i n a t co t h l w ou s o s e r s l a e o e s , p diametr i caliy opposi teto each oth er bei ng cou u t o r o d i a s os i o l e s n rs so c e o a t e i d o n e c t e , p p p p p s i n each pai r. Th i s leaves si x free ends, wh i ch ' ’ ected to th e termi nals TTTTT T . are conn Th e armature wh i ch is mounted to rotate be tween th e poles i s a cy li nd er or disk, D, of h o n o n h a ft . T w o n m u e s a ro t e d t i r h w t u o , 55 g segments of th e same are cut away , as sh o wn. The generator for th i s motor h as i n th i s i a f e n h h o d i t r w t u w stance eu ar mature, A , ’ he coils, K K K , at si xty deg rees apart. T 60 ends of th ese co i ls are connected respec ti vely , , ’ to i nsulated c ontact r i ngs 0 e e a e e . Th ese r i n s ar e c o nnected to th ose of th e m otor i n g u h n b r f l l s e s co e m o c t i b e a n s r d r r e r e e o g y p p and si x wi res, formi ng th ree i ndepend ent ci r Th e variations i n th e strength and d i c ui ts. s mi tted th rou h recti on of th e c urrents tran these ci rc ui ts and traversi ng th e coi ls of t e -

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i ve i h i iti ng of th e resultant attracti ve oroe exerted by th e ' n s e a d co r e D n c a t u a r l e s u n m o e G t h o 7 , p p ently eep th e armatu re rapi dly rotati n e pec uliar ad vantage of th is d isposi ti on Q i n obtai ni ng a m ore concentrated and power ful field . Th e appli cati on of th i s pri nciple to systems i nv olvi ng mu lti ple ci rcu i ts generally 75 wi ll be understood f rom th is apparatus. Referri ng now to F i gs. 15 agd 16, Fi g . 15 i s a d iagram matic representati on of a modi fied disposi ti on of an i nventi on. F ig. 1 6 is ah ori I nth is case 80 onof th e m otor. sou tal cross a d isk, D , of magneti c metal, preferably cut away at opposi te edges, as sh own i n dotted li nu i n th e fig ure, is mou nted so a to turn ' freely i m i de two stati onary ceila, N N , placed at ri g h t angles to one anoth er. Th e coi ls are 85 f f i n s u l n m o u n d a 0 o i r w e r a b l o n r a a t e f e , , y p g mater ial, and th ei r ends are connected to th e fixed termi p als TTT T. Th e generator G is a representati ve oi th at cla ss of alternati ng cu rrent mach i nes i n wh i ch a stati onary i a 90 d uced element i s employed. Th at sh owncon rmaneut or electro mag sists of a revolvi ng net, A. and fou r i n ependeut stati onary mag ” nets, P I , wound wi th coi ls, those d i amet ri cally opposite to each oth er bei ng connec ted 9 5 i nseries and h av i a th ei r ends secured to th e ' ' als th e termi nals t t t t. ro m th ese termi n c urrents are led to th e ter mi nals of th e motor, as sh own i n th e d rawi u Th e mode of op s eems as i n th e pre too crati on is substantially v i ous ca ses, th e currents traversi ng th e coi ls of th e motor h av ing th e effect to turn th e d isk D. Th is mode of carryi ng out th e i nventi on nsi ng wi th th e slid of d i spe h as th e sd van i n contacts i n esystem. n th e for ms of motor above desc ri bed only on eof th e elements th e armatu re or th e field mag net—is prov i ded wi th ener izi ng coils. It remai ns, th en to sh ow h ow h ot elements may be wou nd wi th coi ls. Reference is th erefore n o h ad to F igs. 17, 18, and 1 9. F ig. 1 7 is an end F ig . 18 is a si mi lar v i ew of such a motor. vi ew of th e generator, wi th th e field magnets i n sec ti on; and F ig . 1 9 is a d iag ram of th e c ir I n F ig . 1 7 th e d ei d m ag net r i s cui t connecti ons. of th e motor eons ists of a ri ng, R, preferably of th i n i nsulated i ron sh eets or bands, wi th ei gh t pole piec es, G , and co rrespond i ng re cea ses i n wh i c h fo ur pai rs of coi ls, V , are wou nd Th e d i ametrically Opposi te pai rs of n o coi ls are connec ted i n seri es and th e freeends connected to four ter mi nals, to, th e rule to be followed i n connecti n bei ng th esame us h ere i nbeforeexplai ned . narmatu re, D ,wi th two ’ coi ls, E E , at rig h t angles to each oth er, i s u s mounted to rotate i nside of th e deid mag net B. Th e ends of th e ar matu re co ils are c’on ’ nected to two pai rs of c ontac t ri ngs, d d d d . Th e aerator for th is motor may be of any i nd to prod u ce c u rrents of th e d e 1 30 sui te i s I n th e present i nstance i t si red ch arac ter nd an ar ms consists o f a dei d mag net, N S , a tu re, A, wi th two cells at righ t angles, th e ends of wh ich are connected to fou r contac t ' metor prod uce s stesdily

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b b h’ h’, carri ed 17i sh alt Th e ci r eui t ec unecti ous are enablish ed between th e r n f ri n a u d t h e n r a o o a h a t o n t h e e t t h o s e e a g g raster sh alt by eolleeti ng rush es and wi res, as l order to p roperly i n r e v o e x l a i e d l . p p 5 energ i ze th e field magnet o f th e motor, h ow ev er , th e co nnecti ons are so made wi th th e armatu re c oi ls by wi res lead ing th ereto th at w h i le th e po i nts of g reatest attracti onor great es of force upo nthe ro est d ensi ty of mag neti c li n ar matu re are sh i fted i n one d i recti on th ose n u po n th e field ma g et are mad e to progress i n an c p pos i te d i rect i on. I n other respects th e O perati o n is i d enti cally th e same a s i n th e i h r e d . r t n n r o t h e c a s e s c T i s a r a t l u r e s t s e e m g 5 i n an i nc reased speed of rotati on. I n Fi gs . 1 7 and 19, for example,th e termi nals o f each set of dei d eoi ls are cou nected wi th th e w i res to th e two armature i c l s i n u a w a c s c h y f that th e fi eld coils wi ll mai ntai n opposi te poles i n ad vanc e r th e poles o f th e arm i I n th e d raa ngath e field coi ls are i nsh u nts to th e armatu re; but th ey may be i n seri es or i n i ndependent ci rcu i ts. I t is obv io us th at the a rs e pri nc i ple may i e appli ed to th e vari ous ty pical fo rms of me J tor h erei nh efore desc ribed . Havi ng no w descr i bed th e nature of my i n v enti ou an d some of th e vari ous ways i n wh i ch l i n e fl w o u l d l e c t I r i d t o c a r e m a b e e a 0 i o r t i s , y 3 attenti on to certai n ch arac teristi cs wh i ch th e appli cati on o f th e i nventi on pos es , and th e ad vantages wh i ch i t o d ers. I n m y motor, consi deri n , for convenience, n i i b i F 9 w l h e o e d l n t e d t s e r v e r e s e r t h a t , g p 35 th at si nce th e d isk D h as a tendency to follow c onti nu ously th e poi nts of greatest attraction, and si nc e these poi nts are sh i fted around th e ri ng onc e for each rev oluti o n of th e armatu re r i f t l l o h v c a o o w s h t e m t a o r n e t e e f h t o e , 4 t g m ent o f th e d is D wi ll be sy nc h ro nous wi th Th i s feature by th at of th e armatu re A. rati on I h av e fou nd to ex n d e m o s t c a l i c t r a p ist i n all oth er forms i n wh i ch one revoluti on r n e o r e n r e o f t h e r a t a r m a t t h e o f 45 p od uces a g sh i fti ng of th e poles of th e moto r th roug h th ree h und red and si xty degrees. I nth e parti cular modi ficati o nsh ow n i n F i g . 1 5 , or i n oth ers constru cted o n asi m i lar plan, n i m u l n a t i l f r s e s m e m a l t e ti ng r n u o t h b e o e g p s fro m one rev oluti o n o f th e generator armature i s d o ub le as co m pared wi th th e p reced i ng s i n th e m otor are cases, and th e polari ti e ed aro und tw i ce b y o ne rev oluti on of th e sh i n f d u re. T h e o h e t s t e m o r e r m a t o r a r a t o e n e p 55 g i w w ill th erefo re be t ce th at o f th e g enerato r. Th e same result i s ev id ently obtai ned by su ch a d isposi ti on us th at sh o wn i n F ig 1 7. wh ere th e palm o f both elem ents are sh i fted i n up on d i i s . i r e c t t o e e p Agai mco nsi der i ng th e apparatus i llustrated by F ig . 9 as typi c al o f th e i nv enti o n, i t is o h ec t u po n th e v i o us th at si nce th e attrac ti v e efl disk D is g reatest wh en th e d isk i s i n i ts p reper 5 5 relati v e posi ti on to th e poles d eveloped i n th e —th at ia to say, wh en i ts ends or poles ri ng B — h r o f t i n e i mmed i ately follow th ose g th e ri ngs,

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practi cally constant. 70 I t i s clearly apparent th at th e speed can never exceed the arbi trary limi tas determined ' by th e generator, and also th at wi thi u certai n li mi ts, at least, th e speed of th e motor will be i ndepend ent o f th e strength of th e cu rrent. It wi ll now be more read ily seen from th e above desc ri pti onh ow far th e re u i rements of a prac ti cal system of electri cal transmid on of po wer are reali sed i n my i nventi on. I se cure, fi rst, a u ni fo r m speed under all loads wi th i n th e normal wor i ng li mi h of th e mo tor wi th out th e use of any auxi li ary regula tor second , sy nch ronis m between th e motor andth e generator ; th i rd, greater emeieney by th e mo re di rect appli cati on of th e current, no comm utati ng devi ces bei ng req u i red on ei th er th e motor or th e generator ; fourth , ch eap ue and si mpli ci ty of mech ani cal constructi on; filth th e capabi li ty of bei ng very easi ly man aged or controlled , and , si x th , d i m i nuti on of n danger from i n u r e t o r so s and apparatus. j y p Th ese motors may be ru n i n seri es—multi l d l r i l r i n e a r e o m u t e s e e s u er condi ti on p p well u nderstood by th ose sk i lled i n th e art. I am aware th at i t is not new to prod uce th e rotati on s of a moto r by i nterm i ttently sh i fti ng the polm of one of i ts elements. Th is h as been d one by passi ng th ro ugh i ndepend ent ener i n o n o f z i n o l s o e t h e l m e n t s i c e e t h e cu r g rent rom a battery or oth er sou rc e o f d i rect or conti nuous c u rrents, reversi ng suc h cur rent by sui table mec h ani cal appli ances, so th at i t is d i rected th ro ugh th e coi ls i n alternately ‘ s. I n such cases, h owever, opposi te d i recti o n th e potential of th e energ i s i ng cu rrents re mai ns th e same, th ei r d i recti on o nly bei ng Accord i ng to my i nventi on, how ch anged. ever, I employ tru e alternati n currents ; an d v ery of th e my i nvention consi sts i n th e mode or meth od of u tilizi ng such cu rrents. The d i fierence between th e two plum and th e ad vantages o f m i ne are ob vi ous. B y p ro d uci ug an alternati n cu rrent each i mpulse of wh i ch i nvolves a and fall of potenti al I reprod uce i n th e motor th e exact condi ti ons of th e generator, and by su ch cu rrents and th e conseq uent p rod ucti on of ru ultant poles th e p rog ressi on of th e poles will be conti nuous and not i nterm i ttent. I n addi ti on to th is, th e v i u l f n n r i r a c a d m c t o i r ru t i r e ers c t l t e o p y p g i ng a c u rrent of any consi derable strength is suc h th at none o f th e dev ices at present could be ma de to economi cally or p racti cally effect th e transm issio n o f power by reversi ng i n th e manner d esc ri bed a co nti nuous or di rect cur rent. I nso far, th en, as th e plan of acti ng upon one elem ent o f th e m otor i s concer ned , m y i n v enti on i nv olv es th e use o f an alter nati ng as d i sti ng u i sh ed fro m a rev ersed cu rrent, or acu rent w h i c h , w h ile co nti nuous and d i rect is , sh i fted fro m co i l to co i l by any for m of com m u tato r, reverser, or i nterru pter. W i th t e g ard to th at part o f th e i nventi on wh i ch co n sists i n acti ng u ponboth elements of th e motor

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and resi di ng i n th e ci ty” count and e of N ew ork , h ave i nvented certs it new y and usefulI mprovements i nth eElectri c T rans ‘ mi mitm of Power , of wh i ch th e followi ng i s a ificati on, thi s appli cati onbei ng a di visi on en sn ap li u ti en filed by me N ovember 80, 1887, N o. 2 56 562. In a previ ous appii cati on filed by m e vi z. No. filed October 1 2, 1 887—1 h ave set forth an i rovement i n meters and i n th e mode or m c d of operati ng th esame, wh i ch , generally stated, consists i n prog ressi vely and conti nuously shi fti ng th e i ce or li nes of maxi mu m mag neti c cli ent 0 ei th er th e nei d magnets or armature, or both , of a motor, and thereby prod uci ng a movement of rotati on i n the motor. Th e m eans wh i ch I h ave sh own for elfecti th is, wh i le y aryi ug i n detai l, are exemplifi i nth e followi ngs wh i ch , for present p urposes, i t wi ll be sumo ent to con sides as a ty pi cal embod i ment of th e i nven

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th e armature wi ll assumea fixed posi ti onrela ti vely to the field magnets, and th at i n cease n ergi sed by e ll b e w i t s n e d m u l h fi a n e c e t e e g q magneti c i nducti on et h i b lti ng two disti nct r t I n s t a i e c e s . o e l h e n n c h o t l o e a o o e e s p p , p i ng th e motor, h owever, th e speed of th e ar mature h ei n comparati vely slow, th e pole m o f a s a l s d r e v e r r a i t o r i e c t e d a e a n e c e s g p p j neti c polari ty ; bu t as th espeed i ncreascs th me reversals become i on and lms fre uent and 60 finally cease, wh en th e movement of th e arma ture becomes sy nch ronous wi th th at of th e l d r e s t fi h co e e a e t h c s e . n r T h i s e r a t o e , g e motor become amag or th e p ole i eces of net, b ut by ud ucti ou only . I h ave fou nd th at ad vantageous res ults are sec ured by wi ndi ng th e field mag nets wi th a ssi u a conti nuous c urrent coi l or coi ls and pa t th rough th em, th us m ntai ni ng a per manen field, and i n th is feature my present i nventi on consi sts. I sh all now descri be th e apparatus wh i ch I h ave devi sed for carryi ng out th is i nventi on and explai n th e mode of usi ng or operati ng -

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F ig ure 1 is an end vi ew i n elevati on of my w m fo ming i n dQ endent energi zi ng oi ro i is on t e arma i mproved motor. F . 2 i s a part h ori zontal i ture, wh i ch is a cy li nder or d isk mo unted to central secti on, and l g. 3 is a d i agrammati c o rotate b etween two oppos i te ma r a n d n r a t e m o r e n t o n i o o f th e o n t a t e t i c e s . r e s e r e l g p g p 80 h es e coils are connected u wi th corres ond . combi ned and connected fo r operati on 30 T ing i nd uced or c urrent p uc i ng ci rc u is i n Let AAi n F i 1 represent th e legs or po le analternati ng current generator. As ares u lt pi eces of a fiel m ag net. arou nd wh i ch are of th i s, wh en th e generator is set i n moti on, B, i li clnd eti i nti cl c i t f conti uu coi ls apted to currents of alternately opposi te di recti on are ous current gener‘tor, w i h i 35 directed th rough th e energi zi ng coi ls of th e i mpart mag netism to the said poles in th e or motor i n such manner as to roduce a pro alnery manner. ’ dent coi ls wound upo n D D are two i nde gra i ve sh i fti ng or rotati on o th e mag neti c h is movement a sui table cyli ndri or eq ui valent armature polo of th e motor armature. T of th e polo of th earmature ob vi ously tends to core, wh i ch , li k e all oth ers used i n a si milar to rotate th e armature i n th e opposi te d irection manner, sh ould be spli t or d i vi ded u p i nto go to th at i n wh i ch th e movement of th e poles alter nate nd i nsulati ng parts i nth e eti c a takes place, owi ng to th e attracti ve force be usual way . is armature is mou nted i nnon tweensai d pole and th efield mag nets, and th e mag neti c cross bars E E, secu red to th e poles speed of rotati on i ncreases f rom th e start u n at. T h etermi nals of th e ar of th e dei d til i t e uals th at of th e generator, supposi ng matu re coi ls D are connected to i nsulated both motor and generator to b e ali k e. sli d i ng con tact ri ngs is a b b, carri ed by th e neti c poles of th e armature are armature sh alt, and brnaba c c bear upon As th e shi fted i n a i recti on opposi te to that i nwh i ch th ese rings to convey to th e coils th e cu rrents th e armature rotates, i t wi ll be a i h t w h n ch operate th e motor. a r e t t p wh enth e nor mal speed isattai n th epolo of Th e generator for operati ng th is motor is or

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identical constructi on, and for conveni enceof reference I h av e mark ed i n Fi g . 3 i ts parts, as f ollows : F F , th e d ei d mag nets energi zed by a conti nuous current ' d l t i n i t fi co i a s e ls G G ; H H , th e coi ls s 5 p by th e cyli nd ri cal armatu re; d d e e, carri th e fri cti on or collec ti ng ri ngs carri ed by th e armature sh ait and for mi ng th e termi nals of th e armatu re coi ls ; and f f th e collecti ng to b rush es wh i ch deli ver th e c u rrents d eveloped ’ i n the armature coi ls to th e two c ircui ts 9 g , wh i ch connect th e generator wi th th e motor. Th e operati on of th is system wi ll be under Th e action of th e stood f rom th e foregoi ng . 1 5 generator by causi ng a prog ressi ve sh i fti ng o f th e poles i n th e motor armatu re sets up i n th e latter a r otati on opposi te i n d i rectiou to th at i n wh i ch th e poles move. I f, now, th e conti nuous cu rrent be d i rected th rough th e field coi ls so as to strongly energi ze th e m net AA, th espeed of th em otor, wh i ch depen u po nth stof th egenera wi llnotbei ucreased, b ut th e power wh i ch p aces i ts rotati on wi ll b e i ncreased i n proporti on to th e energy sup B. It is ch aracter : 5 pli ed th rough th e coi ls i sti c of th is motor th at i ts di recti on of rota ti on is no t reversed by reversi n th e d i recti on of th e current th rough i ts fiel c oi ls, for th e di recti on of rotati on depends not u n th e f t o th e fiel b ut upon th e 0 recti on y 3 n whi ch th epoles o th e armature are sh i fted . To m eres th e motor th econnecti ons of ei th er ’ of th e ci rcu its 9 y m ust be reversed . I h ave found th at i f th e fi eld magnet of th e n m o t o r l b e s t ro B, g y energi zed by i ts coils 35 and th e ci rcui ts th rough th e armature coi ls closed, a ssumi ng th e generator to be ru nni ng at a certai n speed , th e motor wi ll not start; . b ut i f th e field be but sli gh tly energi zed , or i n i nsuch condi ti on th at th e m eti c so nfiusnceof th e ar matu repreponderates ad e i ts mag neti c condi ti on, th e motor wi ll start, and wi th su fii ci ent c urrent will reach i ts maxi mu m or nor mal s eed . F or p 4 5 th i s reason i t is desi rable to k eep at th e start, and unti l th e motor h as attai ned i ts norm al speed, or nearly so, th e field c i rcui t c en, or p to permi t b ut li ttle current to pass th roug h i t. I h avefound, h owever, i f th e fields of both th e t l motor be strong ly nerg i zed so h e e crator starts tl e motor t ar ir and th at th e speei f th e motor is i ncreased i n sy nch ronism wi th th egenerator. of

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and perated on th i s u tely th e same l b so i n l m a a r i n a o s i n m a t i l e c p p t speed for all loads wi th i n th ei r nor mal wor i ng li mi ts, and i n p racti ce I h ave obser ved th at i f th e moto r be overload ed to such an ex tent as to ch eck i ts speed th e speed of th e ot too g reat, n w r h e e i o n f i s m o t e v e r i e r a t o t p g , is di mi nish ed sy nch ro nously wi th th at of th e motor. I h ave i n oth er appli cati ons sh own h ow th e o rs may be constructi on of th eseo r si milar mot — as, for i n s n w ay vari ed i n certai nwell now stance, by rotati ng th e field abou t a stati on ary armature or rotati ng cond uctors wi th i n th e d old—b u t I d o not i llustrate th ese features f u rth er h erei n, as wi th th e i llustrati on wh i ch I h ave g i ven I regard th e rest as wi th i n th e n h a c o n e r t t o i t w n l r d f i l e o e r o a so s e p p stru ct. I am aware th at a dev ice embody i ng the racte ch a risti u of a motor and h avi ng a per mu m magneti zed field mag net h as been opera by passi n th roug h i ndependent coi ls t on i ts armatu re a i rect or conti nuous c urren i n opposi te di recti ons. Such a system, h ow ever, I do not regard a s capable of th e prac ti cal a li cati ons for wh i ch my i nventi on i s 80 desig n nor i s i t th e same i n pri nci ple or m ode of operati on, mai nly i n th at th e sh i tti ng n u i n t n co n d o t n a i n i s r m i t e t of th e pole t e t s ous, and th at th ere i s necessarily i nvolved a waste of energy. In my p resent pli cati on I do not li mit my form of moto r, nor of th e self to any speci m eans for produci ng th e alternati ng cu rrents “ re a s disti ng ui sh ed from wh at are called and I may ex c i te or energi ze 90 s, versed cur rent th e field of th e m otor and of th e generator by any source of cu rrent wh i ch wi ll prod uce th e da i red result. W h at I clai m i s Th e meth od h erei n desc ri bed of transmi t ti ng ower by electro magneti c motors,wh i ch p consi sts i n conti nuously and prog ressi vely sh i fti ng th e poles of one element of th e motor by alternati ng c urrents and mag neti zing th e oth er element by a di rect or conti nuous cu r rent. a s set forth . const ructed

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15 all w h om i t m ay concern.. mach i nes, i nclud i ng th e co mb i ned m otors and Be i t known that I, N IKO LA TESLA, f rom g enerators, h ave been devised F or i nstance, mi lian, Lika,bord er c ou ntry of Aus tri a H u n a motor i s constr ucted i n acco rd ance wi th well S a r m a h m e n n s a n d n w i a d o t e o r d i u n i i l a r n a e s a N k h d e o d r n e s t e w Y r i n r s o c o t e t 55 g y, p , g p , u w i t t e h t n s o il s h i co d n n c c e u a d t a o f N Y r u r c t S t e e o k h n t a r e w o u n d i n d u c w i o v n v e t e d e a e y 5 , a generator. Th e motor coi ls are g enerally of certai nnew and useful I m provements i n Meth ads of C onverti ng and D istri b uti ng Elec tri c fi ne wi re and th e g enerato r coi ls o f c oarser Currents, of wh i ch th e followi ng is aspec i fica wi re, s o as to p rod u ce a c u rrent o f g reater uanti t and lower potential th an th eli ne c ur 60 ti on, th is ap pli cati on being adi vi si on of anap i ch i s of relati vely h i g h p otenti al to leati on fi led by me D ecember 23, 1887, Seri al rent, c Asi milar ar avoi d loss i nlong transmissi o n 0. Th is i nventi on relates to th ose systems of rang ement is to wi nd coi ls correspond i ng to electri cal di stri b u ti on i n wh i ch a current from th ose d escr i bed on a ri ng o r si m i lar c ore, and by means of a comm utato r of su i tab le k i nd to 6 5 a si ng le sou rce of supply i n a mai n or trans i n o i l d u c c s i h n ou h rc u i t i s u d i n h r t n c i c a s e o i d d r e c h u r r t t i e i t uc e b t t e c m tt e a m n s e n g g g , 5 y successi vely , so as to maintai n a m ov ement of of su i tab le i nd ucti on apparatus, a current or th e poles of th e co re or of th e li nes of force currents i n an i ndependent work ing ci rc ui t or wh i c h set u p th ec urrents i n th e i nd uced coi ls. ci rcu i ts. W i th out enumerati ng th e objec ti ons to th ese 70 Th e mai n obj ec ts of th e i nventi on are th e “me as h ave been h eretofore obtai ned by th e systems i n detai l, i t wi ll su ffi ce to say th at th e — i n o e r f h a o c o t e c t s n l s t e m s i h r o r c i e h h f e s e v a t o d i d t e o e r i o t v i h t e e u r use t c p y y p p , o rent froma si ngle sou rce, wh ereb a nu m ber ati on of th ese dev i ces h as apparently been so y struc of lamps, m otors, or oth er translati ng devi ces li ttle u nd erstood th at th ei r p roper con may b e i ndependently controlled and operated ti on and use h ave, up to th e p resent ti me, been 75 d t x fl i u l a r e a e i t i e s d w i r u c d m e so u c e o c r n n a t n h i o s d d s a r f u r e a t e e t v a n h t i n s o e m t e g , sh y ca ses to red uce a cu rrent of h i g h potenti al i n p ense. Th e transform ers are v ery li able to be the mai n ci rcult to one of g reater q uanti ty and i nj ured and b u rned ou t, and th e means resorted to for cu ri ng th is and oth er defec ts h ave i n lower potenti al i n th e i nd ependent consu mp vari ab ly been at th e ex pense of effi ci ency . I 80 tion or work i ng c i rc ui t or ci rcui ts. Th e eneral ch aracter of th e devi ces em h aved iscovered ameth od of co nversionand d is o n u b s i i n h i o t s c h i t e m s o w e l n n t r b u o h w w h i e s e t t o e e s e s n t h s n w l d d t o e v e r t d t o o rs e . l o e , j y , p y An alternati ng current mag netO mach i ne i s defects and ob eeti ons to wh i ch I h ave alluded , and wh i ch i s th efi ci cnt and safe. I sec ure C od es asource of supply . Th e current d e by i t a conversi on by true d y nami c i nd uc ti on 85 th ereby is cond ucted th rough a trans u nd er h i h i y em rcui t to one or more distant poi nts, i n cond i ti ons and wi th out c i c e t o n 5 at wh i ch th e transfor mers are located . Th ese th e use o expensi ve or com pli cated apparatus eonsi stc f i nducti on mach lnes of vario us k i nds. or movi ng devi ceawh i ch i n use wear ou t and fo rms of i nd ucti on re uire attenti on. Th is meth od co nsists i n In some cases ordi coi l h ave been used wi t one coi l i n th e trans pr og ressi vely and conti nuously sh i lli ng th e 90 li ne or i nts of max i mu m efi ec t i na n i nd uct ci rcui t and th e oth er i n alocal or con a i ve fie! across th e convoluti oas o f a coi l or on ci rcui t, th e coils bei ng d ifi erently u m rti oned , accordi ng to th e work to b e cond uctor wi th i n th e i nfluence of sai d fi eld i n th e consu mpti on c i rcui t th at i s to and i nclu ded i n or formi ng part of a sec ond my, i f th e work re u i res a cu rrent of h i gh er ary or translati ng ci rcu it i n h n t n h e ransmi ssi on c i rc u i t carry i ng out my i nventi o n I p ro v i d e a a a t t t a l t h ti I 5 secondary or i nd uced coi l i s of g reater seri es of i nd uc i ng coi ls and co rresp ond i ng i n lmgth and resi stance th an th e pri mary , wh i le, d eced coi ls wh i c h , by p reference, I wi nd u po n on th e oth er h and, i f a q uanti ty c urrent of a core closed up on i tself suc h as an annu lus d , th e lo nger c oi l i s o r ri ng subd i v i ded i u th e u sual m a nti al is wante nner. Th e ( 0 0 lower e pri mary . In li eu of th ese d evi ces two sets of coi ls are wou nd si d e b y s i d e or su de ama r i ous forms of electro dy nami c i nd ucti on va perposed or oth erwise placed i n well k nown .

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wa s to b ri ng th em i nto th e most el ecti ve re y lati ons to one anoth er and to th e core. Th e i nd uci ng or pr i mary coi ls wou nd o n th e core are d i v i ded i nto pairs or sets by th e m er p p electri cal connecti ons, so th at wh i le th e coi ls 5 of o ne pai r o r set co o erate i n fixi n th e ma p g neti c poles of th e core at two g i ven i ametric ally o pposi te poi nts th e coi ls of th e oth er pai r or set— ass u mi ng , for th e sake of i llustrati o n , no th at th ere are but two—tend to fix th e oles p at ni nety deg rees from such po i nts. W i th th is i nd uc ti on d ev i ce I use an alternati ng cu rrent i n e r a w e t o r th coi ls or sets of cells to co rre g spend wi th th oseof th eco nv erter and b means , y 15 of su i tab le cond uctors I co nnect u i n n i de p pend ent c i rc u i ts th e correspo nd i n coi ls of th e generator and conv erter. It resu ts fro m th i s that th e d i fferent electri cal ph ases i n th e gen orato r areattended by correspond i n ma netic g no chang es i n th e conv erter ; o r, i n c or words , that as th e g enerator coi ls revolve th e poi nts of g reatest mag neti c i ntensi ty i nth e converter wi ll bepro ra si vely sh i fted or wh irled around. g This p ri nci ple I h ave appli ed under vari ously as modi fied condi ti ons to th e perati on of elec tro m agneti c motors, and i n p revi ous appli ca tions notab ly i n th ose h avi n seri al nu mbers —1 h ave escri bed i n d e and tai l th e manner of co nstructi ng and u si ng such 30 mete rs. In th e present appli cati on my object i s to desc ri be th e best and most conveni ent manner of wh i ch I am at present aware of carry i n g out th e i nventi on a s a pli ed to a system of r i l d i t e l c a s rib uti on; e c t at one ski lled i n th e 35 art wi ll read i ly u nderstand, from th e descri p tion o f th e m od i fications preposed i n sai d ap i h l i o n w c a t s erei n th e for m of both th e g ener p , ator and converter i n th e p resent case may be d fi I u o di n m e i l s t r n l a i o . t 0 , th erefore, c f th e de 4 tai ls of constructi on wh i ch my present i nven tion i nvolves, I now refer to th e accompany i n g drawi ngs. Fi gu re 1 i s a d i ag rammatic i llustrati on of h n e n t r t e d e co v r a t h l e e ectri cal connec ti ons of 45 the same. F i g. 2 is ah ori zontal central c ross 1 . F ig . 3 i s a d iag ram of th e secti on o f F i ci rcu i ts of t e enti re system, th e g enerator bei ng sh own i n section. r w u a co e A h i h i s I e c s clo sed u poni tself 0 , , 5 th at i s to say, of an annular, cy li nd ri cal, or — l n t f r m u i o and as th e cmci cncy of th e v a e e ap aratus i s largely i nc reased by th e subdi v on of th is core I ma e i t of th i n stri ps, r i f i f r e s o a l t o so t ron electri cally i nsu e s w , 53 ted as far as practi cable. U onthi s core, by any well k nownmeth od , I wi n say, fou r cells, ' ' B B, wh ich I use as pri mary coi ls, and for wh i ch I use long leng th s of comparati vely 60 fine wi re. O ver th ese c oi ls I th enwi nd sh orter ’ coi ls of coarser wi re, 0 C C to co nsti tute th e i nd uc ed or second ary coi ls. Th econstruc tionof th is or any e ui valent for m of converter may be carried farth er, as ab ove p oi nted ou t, 65 by i nclosi ng th ese cells wi th i ron—as, for ex ample, by wi ndi n over th e coils a layer or layers of i nsulate i ron wi re. -

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wi th sui tab le bi nd i ng posts, to wh i ch th e ends of th e coi ls are led. h e d i ametri cally c pposi tecoi ls BBand 0 7 ’ ’ B Bare connec ted, respecti vely i nseri es, and th e four termi nals are co nnected to th e b i nd i ng posts 1 2 3 4. Th e i nd uced coi ls are con nec ted togeth er i n any d esi red manner. F or example, as sh own i n F ig . 8, 0 may be con 75 nec ted i n m ulti ple are wh en a q uanti ty cu r — i d rent s esi red as i or ru nni n a rou p of i n candescent lamps, D— wh i le may be i n d ependently co nnected i n seri es i n a ci rc uit i nclud i ng arc lamps th e li ke. Th egenerator i n this system wi ll be adapted to th e converter i n th e manner i llustrated . F or example, i n th e p resent case I employ a r m n e n or r a t l i r e a i r o f o r d n a e e c t om nets, yp p E E, between wh i ch i s mou nted a cyli n ri cal 3 5 armature on a sh aft, F , and wound wi th two ' ' coi ls, G G . Th e termi nals of th ese coils are connec ted , respecti vely , to four i nsulated con ’ tac t or collecti ng ri ngs, H H Hf H , and th e four li ne c i rcu i t wi res Lconnec t t h e b rush es 90 K beari ng onth ese ri ngs to th econverter i n th e o rder sh own. N oti ng th e result s of th i s co mbi nati on, i t wi ll be observed th at at agi venpoi nt of ti me th e coi l G i s i n i ts central posi ti onand is generati n li ttle or no current, wh i le th e 9 5 g oth er coi l, G is i n aposi ti onwh ere i t exerts i ts maxi mum efiect. Assum i ng coi l G to be con of th econverter useted i nci rcui t wi th cells ' ' ’ and coil G wi th coi ls B B, i t is evi dent th at th e poles o f th e r ing Awi ll be d etermi ned by t oo ' ’ coi ls B B alone; b ut as th e armature of th e i v v o l c l l r e v e s G d e o r o r a o e m o r r n t e c u s e e , p g ’ rent and coi l G less u nti l G reach es i ts max i ' mu m and G i ts neutral posi ti on. Th e obv i ous r es ult will b e to sh i it th e poles of th e ri n A 1 0 5 e th rough one uarter of i ts peri ph ery . mo vement of th e cells th roug h th e next uar ' ter of a tu rn,d uri ng wh i ch co i l G enters a field of opposi te polari ty and generates a current of opposi te d i recti on and i ncreasi ng streng th , n o wh i le coi l G i s passi ng from i ts maxi mu m to i ts neu tral posi ti on, g enerates a cu rrent of d e s be c reasi ng strength and same di rec ti on a fore, and causes a f urth er sh i fti ng of th e poles he ri s th rough th e second uarter of th e ri ng. T second h alf revoluti on wi ll ob vi ously be a By th esh ifti ng repetiti on of th esameactio n. of th e poles of th e ri ng Aa power dy nami c i a ’ d ucti ve efiect on th e coi ls 0 C i s prod uced. Besides th e currents generated i n th e second n o ary coi ls by dy namo mag neti c i nd ucti on,oth er c urredts wi ll be set u p i n th e same coils i n conse uence of any var i ati ons i n th e i ntensi ty i es i n th e ri ng A. Th is sh ould be of th av oi d by mai ntai ni ng th e i ntensi ty of th e r : 5 t i w h u h a s ld l c h e h o n a n t o a cco m i s c r l e s co s t o , p p be taken i n d esi g ni ng and pm portioni ng th e n h i n i u t co l s i t h r r i i n n d n d i s b e e e e a t o r a t t g g f ect. W h en th is ri ng Aand balanci ng th ei r et is done, th e cur rents are prod uced by dy namo r30 mag neti c i nd ucti o n only , th e same result be i ng ob tai ned as th ou h th e poles were sh i n ed by a commutator wi t an i nfini te nu mber of seg ments. -

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by means of wh i ch th is wi th i n th e i nd ucti ve i nfluence of sai d field, as method ersi ou is or ms be carri ed out h erei n set forth . may be v ari ed almost i ndefi tely . Th e spe h e meth od of electri cal conversi on and 2. T b “ w“ dfic form wh i ch I h ave h erei nsh own I regard “ e n n n c r a s n c t h s m n o e n n o e a n d o s t c i n d i h e r n e n b e t e m a n a o t e p 5 r g n i n rr t s cu e l i I h d v l o u a v e m t u d i fi e l e d e c a t c l a i b n o t n a n i n u c t i t I o p ; g nee by th ei r it myself h erei n to th e use of any lou s to r a su ch order or manne p h f lar form or combi natio nof dev ices wh ch is or conjoi nt street a p ve sh ifti n8 t o e g of th e field, and ln of el ecti ng th e same result i n oi nts of maxi mum e o n e il s o r q n i t h c 00 rr e t h e r e b cu t s nei n g y . h i e m u d t h n t luti ons oi a ci rcui t locate wi l. T h e m eth od of electri cal conversi on and i n i nfluence of th e field, as set forth di rtbuti ou h erei n described, wh ich cen isia A . NI OLA TE L ineonti uuoui ly and prone- i vely ts or li ne of maxi mum el ect i vs field , and i nd uci ng th ereby currents i n thecells or convoluti ons of a ci rcui t located us

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Appli c ati on fi led Ap ril 10. 188 o all w h o m i t ma y co ncer n: T Be i t k nown th at I N IK O LA TEBLA a su b jcet of th e E mperor o f Austr i a fro m Smi lj an Lika, bord er cou ntry o f Austria H u ngary re ,

Patent N o. .

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5 siding i n th e ci ty , co unty , and State o f N ew York, h ave i nvented certai n new and usefu l Improvements i n S f l m i c a l s t e s o e c t r D is E y tri buti on, of wh i ch th e followi ng i s a spec i fi cation, reference bei ng bad to th e d rawi ngs ac lo company i n n i n r o a d f r m a a t o f t h e s a m e . g g p i n prev io us appli cati ons f or patents mad e by me I h ave sh o wn and described electrical systems fo r th e transmi ssi o nof po wer and th e versi on and d i stri b u tio n of elec tri cal on con i 5 crzy, i nwh i c h th e motors and th e transfo r mers contai n two or m ore coi ls or sets Of coi ls, wh i ch were connec ted u p i n i ndependent c i rc ui ts with co rrespo nd i ng coils o f an alter nati ng cu r rent gener ator , th e perati on o i th e sy stem be 20 i n brou h t abo u t b f i n t h r a o o e t h e cO t e p g y g alternati ng c u rrents i n th e i nd ependent c i r cui ts i n pr og ress i vely m ov i ng or sh i fti ng th e poles or poi nts of maxi mu m mag neti c eff ec t o f the motors or conv erters. I n th ese systemh, 25 a s I h ave d esc r i bed th em, two i ndepend ent conducto rs were employed fo r each o f th e i ndependent ci rcui ts co nnec ti ng th e gener ator wi th th e devi ces fo r converti ng th e trans mi tted c u rrents i nto mec h anical energ y or 30 i nto electri c cur rents o f anoth er ch arac ter ; but I h ave fo u nd th at th i s i s not always neces sary, and th at th e two o r more c i rc u i ts may have a si ng le retur n path or wi re i nco m mo n, wi th a loss, i f auy , wh ic h is so ex tremely slig h t 35 that i t may be d isregard ed enti rely . F or sake of i llustrati on, i f th e g enerato r h ave two i n dependent co i ls and th e moto r two co i ls or two sets o f Coi ls i n co rrespo nd i ng relati o ns to i ts perati ve elements o ne ter m i nal of each nected to th e co rrespond 40 generator co i l i s c o n i ng term i nals of th e motor coi ls th roug h two independ ent co nd uc to rs, wh i le th e p posi te termi nals o f th e respec ti ve c oi ls are both co n nected to o ne retu r n wi re. This i nventi o n i s appli cable to my system 45 i ii vari ous ways, as W i ll be seen by reference to th e d rawi ngs, i n wh i ch F ig u re 1 i s a d i ag rammati c i llustrati on o f a generato r and si ng le motor c onstructed and 0 5 electri cally connected i n accordance wi th th e -

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i nventi on. F ig . 2 is a di ag ram of th e system as i t i s used i noperati ng motors er converters. o r both , i n parallel or mu lti ple arc . Fi g. 3 i llustrates d i ag rammati cally th e manner of t o r e r s r o o o r n v e o i w r o m rs c t n e r a t t o o m r e , p 55 g both , i n seri es. It is ob vi ous th at for purposes o f th is i nven ti on motors or trans formers, wh i ch may be all ” d esi gnated as converters, are th e same,and th at ei th er or both may be perated by th e 60 same system or arrangement of ci rc u i ts. Referri ng to F ig . 1 , AAd es ig nate th e poles o f th e dei d mag nets of an alternati ng c ur rent i i n i n r u r w h c h b n t h a m a t e e e r a r f e t o e o , g , g th i s case cyli nd ri cal i n for m and mou nted ona 65 sh aft.0, i s wou nd long i tu d i nally wi th coils ' B. Th e sh aft 0 carri es th ree i nsulated con : c, one tac t ri n s, a b c, to two O f wh i ch , as ! he termi na of each coi l, as ad, i s connec ted. T i emai ni ng ter mi nals, f y, are both connected 70 to th e th i rd ri ng, a. A motor i n th is case is sh own as composed o f a ri n H , wou nd with fou r coi ls, I I J J i n e r a t e elec tri cs Iy co nnec ted , so as to c c p f o t x h e o l e s e d fi t h a w i t h n e n c t o rs i a t e p y p 75 , ri ng at fou r poi nts ni nety deg rees apart. W i th i n th e magneti c r i ng H i s a d i sk or cy ' li nd ri cal co re wou nd wi th two coi ls, G G , wh i ch may be connected to for m two closed c i rc u i ts. Th e termi nals j k of th e two sets or 80 i t l nn e c v e r f r a i s o co il s a e e c t e d r e s co , p , to y p ’ ’ r termi th e b i nd i ng posts E F , and the oth e nals, h i , are connected to a si ng le b i nd i ng ' o l h i n m r t r e e e h t o e os t D . o r a t e t T e , , p p wi res are used to connec t th e term i nals O f th e 8 5 m r r f e o t o . r n o w o i e e a t t h t h o s e t h g So far as th e apparent acti on o r mod e of Operati on of th is ar rangement i s concerned , th e s i ngle wi re D , wh ic h i s, so to speak ,acom mon return wi re for both c i rc u i ts , may be re 90 I n i l u . n w i s r d o n n d e t r e s a d e w i d e e l a s t p g trati o n, wi th th e order o f connec ti o n sh own, ' coi l B of th e gen erator i s prod uc i ng i ts max i i ts m i ni mu m ; h ence m u m c ur rent aud coi l th e current wh i ch passes th rou g h wi re e, ri ng 9 5 ' ’ b, br ush b , li ne wi re E, ter mi nal E , wi re j , ' coi ls I I, wi re or ter mi nal D , li ne wi re D , ’ b rush a , ri ng a, and wi re f , fi xes th e polar li ne o f th e m otor m id way between th e two ' t oo cells I I ; b u t as th e coil B mo ves from th epo

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i t generate lens cu rrent, wh i le o n coil B m ov n i o h fi l d e m r e . r a n t e e e t i t e s , , g g The current from coi l B passes th ro ug h devi ces and w i m d esi gnated by th e letters a ; ’ ' ' ’ 5 c, e, F , F , t, J J, i , D , D , a , a, and g . and the posi ti on o f th e po les o f th e m otor w i ll be due to th e resultant effect of th e c u r rents i n the two sets of coils —th at is, i t w i ll be ad va nccd i n p ro po rti on to th e ad vance or for ' to wa rd movem ent of th e armatu re coi ls. Th e movement of th e generator armatu re th roug h one quarter o f a revoluti on wi ll ob vi o usly ’ bri ng coi l B i nto i ts neutral posi ti on and coi l Bi nto i ts posi tion of maxi mu m eficct, and 15 th is sh i fts th e poles ni nety d eg rees, a s th ey are fixed solely by coi ls B. Th is acti on is te peated for eac h q uarter of a co mplete revolu tion. W h en mo re th an o ne motor o r oth er d ev ice is employed , th ey may be ru n ei th er i n paral lei or scries. I n Fi g . 2 th e for mer arrang ement is sh o wn. Th e elec tri cal dev i ce i s sh own as agonV erter, L, constructed as I h av e descr i bed i n my ap plicati on S filed eri al N o. 35 December 2 3, 1887. Th e two sets of pri mary coi ls p r are connected , respec ti vely , to th e mai ns F E, wh i ch are clectri a lly connected wi th th e two coi ls of th e g enerato r. Th e cra m— ci rc ui t wi res 1 st, maki ng th ese co nnec mon re 30 tion , are th en connected to th e com ' turn wi re D . Th e secondary coi ls p p are i n ci rcui ts a t 0 , i nclud i n n f r x a m e i c a n l o e , p , g descent lamps. O nly one conv erter i s sh own en tire i n th is fi g u re, th e oth ers bei ng i llus 35 trated di ag rammati cally . W h en motors or converters are to be run i n ssri e s,th e two wi res E F are led f ro m th e gen cra tor to th e coi ls of the first moto r or con vetter th en conti nued on to th e next, and so , so on th rough th e wh ole series, and are th en joi ned to th e si ngle i re D, wh i ch completes both ci rc u i ts th ro ugh th e generator. Th is i s shown i n F i g. 3, i n wh i ch J I represent th e two coils or sets of coi ls of th e motors. 45 Obvi ously i t i s i mmateri al to th e operati on of the mo to r or eq ui valent dev i ce i n Fi g . 1 whatorder of c onnecti ons is bserved between the respecti ve ter mi nals of th e generator or motor. so I have d escri bed th e i nventi on i n i ts best and most practicable f orm o f whi ch I am aware; bu t th ere are oth er cond i tions under wh ich i t may be carri ed out. F or example, i n ca seth e motor and gen erato r each h as th ree i a 55 dependent ci rcu i ts, One termi nal O f each c ir si ti on i ndi c ated

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a li no w i re and i h c oth er th ree termi nals to aco m mon rotu rut c ond uctor. Th is arrangement wi ll sec u re si mi lar results to th ose attai ned wi th agc nc rato r and motor h av i ng bu t two i udepend ent ci rcu its, as above de 60 sc ri bed. W h en appli ed to such mac h i nes and motors as h ave th ree or more i nd uced c i rc u i ts wi th a com mo n electri cal j oi nt,th e th reeo r more ter mi nals of th e generator would be si mply con 6 5 nected to th ose of th e moto r. Such for ms of mach i nes, wh en adapted i n th is manner to my system, I h av e, h owever, found to be lea efii ci ent th an th e oth ers. Th e i nventi onis appli cab le to mach i nes and 70 motors of vari ous ty pes, and accord i ng to c i r c u mstancm and cond i ti ons read i ly u nderstood . wi th more or less effic ient m alts. I d o not th erefore li mi t myself to any of th e detai ls o f str ucti o n of th e apparatus h erei n sh own. co n 75 W h at I clai m i s 1 . Th e combi nati on, wi th a generato r h av i ng i ndependent c urrent generati ng c i rc ui ts and a converter or converters h av i ng i nde n n n d r i n r d d a n c i e o t co e s rc u i ts, of i nde 80 e p p g n i r n d u o n n e c d e n t co s co t n r n c t o t e n l e e i a m p g of eac h generator ci rc ui twi th acor respo nd i ng termi nal of th e motor and a si ngle cond ucto r connecti ng th e remai ni ng generato r and con s set forth . verter termi nals, a 2 . Th e combi nation, wi th a generator hav i ng i ndependent cu rrent g enerati ng ci rc ui ts and a co nverter o r converters In v i ng i nde n d i n n d d t co r r e s n u a o n e c i r c its, of i nde e p g p n n l o r n u r n d i co n e c t i c i o n e m e t c i t s f r n e e d i g 90 p d u h n ucto r common to all, a a t h co a r ro s t g p set fo rth . 3 . Th e system of electri cal d istr ib uti ou h erei n set forth , consi sti ng of th e combi na ti on, with an alter nati ng c u rrent generator 95 h avi ng i ndepend ent generati ng ci rc u its and elec tro m ag neti c moto rs or converters p ro v i d ed wi th correspo nd i ng energ i zi ng c i rcui ts, w i n d u i n r e s o r co c or s co n n h i i l t n ls e f e e c t co o , gt of th e motors o r co nverters, respecti vely, i n too seri es wi th one ter mi nal of eac h c i rcu i t of th e ~ d r n i n l r e u r i as g e t n w re or con generato , a d uctor connecti ng th e said cond uctors wi th h e Oth er termi nals of th e generator, as set c ni t

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N IKO LA TESLA.

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D Y N AM O ELEC TR IC M AC H IN E. '

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w h o m i t m a y c onc er n: Be i t k nown th at I, N IKO LA TN !.A, a sub ject of th e E mpero r o f Austri a, f ro m Sm i lj an, Lika, bord er cou ntr of Austri a H u ngary , 5 now resi d i ng at N ew 0 rk, i n th e co u nty and State of N ew Y o rk , h av e i nvented certai n new { ad usefu l I m prov ements i nDy namo Elec tr i c Mac h i nes, o f wh i c h th e fo llo wi ng Is a spec i fi cati on, reference bei ng h ad to th e d rawi ngs to accornpanmu g and fo rmi ng a p art of th e same. I ncertai npatents g ranted to C h arles F . Peek and myself— notably i n Patents N o. and N o. May 1 , 1888 — 1 h ave sh o wn and desc r i bed a plano f constructi ng and per I5 sti ng moto rs transformers, and th e li ke, by al ternati ng c u rrents convey ed th roug h two or more i nd ependent ci rcu its fro m a generator h avi ng su ch relati on to th e m otors or trans formers as to p rod uce th erei n a prog ressi v e to movement of th e m ag neti c po les or li nes o f force. I n th e sai d applicati o ns th e d esc ri p tions and i llustrati o ns o f th e generato rs were confined to th ose ty pes o f alternati ng c ur rent mach i ne I n wh i c h th ec u rrent generati ng coi ls 2 5 are i ndepend ent o r separate; b u t I h ave fo u nd th at th e o rd i nary for ms of co nti nuous c u rrent rly namos no w i n use may be read i l and ch ea l y py adapted to my system , o r u ti li zed both as co n ti nuous and alternati ng c u rrent generato rs 30 with b ut sli g h t c h anges i n th ei r co nstructi o n. The mod e o f efiecti ng th is fo rms th e su bstanc e o f my p resent applic ati o n. Gener ally stated. th e plan u rsued by me i n p car ryi ng o u t th is i nventi o n i s as fo llo ws : O n t h o h a f f a i n e v s t e 5 g generator, ei th er i n place 3 of or i n ad d i ti on to th e re u lar comm u tato r, g I sec ure as many pai rs of i ns ulated co llec ti ng ri ngs a s th ere are ci rc u i ts to be for med . N o w, i t wi ll be u nd erstood th at i n th e operati on of 40 any dy namo electri c generator th e c urrents I n the coi ls i n th ei r movement th roug h th e field of forc e u ndergo d i fic rent ph ases—th at is to ' say , at d i fierent posi ti ons of th e coi ls th e cu r rents h ave certai n d i rec ti o ns and certai n — n i r h a t n s a d n m m r t r e t h t i o m r s v t o e d o o 45 s g y p transfor mers i t i s necessary th at th e currents i n th e energ izi ng coi ls sh ou ld u nderg o a cer tai n order o f vari ati ons i n streng th and d i rec ti on. H ence, th e fu rth er step v i z, th e co n m 0 otion between th e i nd uced or g enerati ng 5 coi ls of th e mach i neand th e contact ri ngs f ro m

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— wi ll n fl k e o a b e t wh i ch be d etermi ned so le!y b y wh at or der of vari a ti o ns o f streng th and d i recti on i n th e c u rrents i s desi red for p rod uc i ng a g i ven resu lt i n th e Th is may be ac elec tr i cal translati ng devi c e. co m plish ed i n v ari o us ways ; b u t i n th e d raw i ngs I h av e g i ven ty pi cal i nstances only of th e best and most p racti cab le ways o f apply i ng th e i nv enti o n to th ree o f th e best k no w n ty pes o f mac h i nes, i n ord er to i llustrate th e p ri nc i ple and to enable any one sk i lled i n th e art to ap h o u c n r r n d r v n o n n a o t e a s e e i i l t h e t i n e y py any mod i fied condi ti o ns wh ich th e c i rc um stanc es o f partic u lar cases may req ui re. F i gu re l i s a d i ag ram i llustrati ve of th e mod e of apply i ng th e i nventio n to th e well k no wn ty pe o f c losed or contq ous ci rc ui t mach i nes. F i g . 2 i s a si mi lar d iag ram con tai ni ng an armatu re wi th separate coi ls con u seted d ia metri cally , o r wh at i s g enerally “ ” i F i a h i n 3 is t m c e . n c i r cu e called an p ein a d i ag ram sh o wi ng th e ap pli cati on o f venti o n to a m ach i ne th e ar mature co i ls o f wh i c h h ave a co mm o n j oi nt. Refer ri ng to F i g . 1, let Arepresent o ne o f my i m pro ved meters or transfor mers, wh i c h , fo r “ ” co nvenienc e, I sh all desi g nate a co nv erter, d wh i c h consists of an annu lar core, B , woun and D , th ose wi th fou r i nd epend ent coi ls, : nn t o i l i i co e c t e d d ametr ica ly o ppos te be ng eth er so as to co operate i n pai rs i n estab ish i ng free poles i n th e ri ng , th e tend ency o f eac h pai r bei ng to fix th e poles at ni nety de I I b a n a r I a T h m a r f h e o h . e r e r r e e s m t e t e y g o tu re, E, wi th i n th e ri ng , wh i c h is wou nd wi th Th e obj ect is coi ls c losed upo n th emselves . c urrents o f suc h to pass th ro ug h coi ls relati ve streng th and d i rec ti on as to prod uce a p rog ressi ve sh i fti ng o r mo vement o f th e d i i u n m u m n e e fl e a ro th e a o i n f m a x m t c c t t s o g p m i n a i n rotary move ri ng , and to th ereb t a a y ment of th e ar matu re. I th erefo re sec u re to th e sh aft F of th e generato r fou r i nsulated co ntact ri ngs , a b c d, u po n wh i c h I cause to ’ ' ’ ' bear th e collec ti ng b rushes a b c d , connected by wi res G G H H , res pec ti vely , wi th th e and D . term i nals of coi ls Amu me, for sake of i llIIstratIon, th at th e coi ls D are to recei v e th e max i mu m and at th e same i nstant th e mi ni mu m coi ls cu rrent, so th at th e polar li ne may he m i d way th e cur re nts are

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D D , th e ri ngs a (I would therefo re b e c onnec ted to th e c o nti nuous ar matu re c o i l at i ts neutral poi nts wi th res pect to th e field o r th e p oi nt co rrespo ndi ng wi th t h h a f r d t o e o i n r t a y co mm utato r b rush es, and 5 between w h i c h ex i sts th e g reatest di fference of potenti al, wh i le r i n s 0 «I wo uld be co n g ureted to two po i nts i n th e c o i l between wh i c h , exists no d i fference o f potenti al. Th e best re I o sui ts wi ll be obtai ned b y maki ng th ose con necti ons at po i nts eq ui d istant f ro m one an oth er, as s h o wu . These co nnec ti ons are easi est mad e b y usi ng wi res Lbetween th e ri n s g and th e loops o r w i res J, co nnec ti ng th e coi l I I 5 to th e seg ments of th e co m mutator K . W h en th e co nverters are made i n th is m anner, i t i s evi dent th at th e ph ases o f th e c u rrents i n th e acc zi ona o f th e g enerator coi l wi ll be repro d uced i n th e co nverter c oi ls. F or example, at after tu r ni ng th ro ug h anarc of ni net d e rees y g th e cond u c tors L L before co nvey ed , wh i c h th e maxi m u m c urrent, wi ll recei ve th e m i ni mu m c u r rent by reason of th e ch ange i n th e f t h i r i l i n e co o n d i i s o s i t a i t s v dent th at o e , p 2 5 fo r th e sam e reason t h e c ur rent i n sai d coi ls has g rad ually fallenf ro m th e maxi m u m to th e mi ni mu m i n passi ng th ro ug h th e arc of ni nety degrees. I n t his special plan o f co nnec ti ons th e ro tati o n o f th e m ag neti c poles of th e con 3c verter wi ll b e sy nch ronous wi th th at o f th e armatti re coi ls of th e g enerator, and th e resu lt wi ll h e th e same, wh eth er th e energ i zi ng c i r cui ts are d eri vati o ns from a co nti nuous ar ma ture coi l or from i nd epend ent co i ls, as i n my 35 prev io us d ev i ces. I h ave sh own i n F ig . I , i n dotted li nes, th e b rush es M M i n th ei r pro per normal posi ti on. In rac ti ce th ese b rush es may be removed p from th e com mu tator and th e field of th e gen 40 eralor exc i ted by an exter nal so u rc e of c ur rent;or th e b rush es may be allowed to remai n " onth e co m m u tato r and to take 0 6 a converted c urrent to exc i te th e fi eld , or to b e used fo r oth er p u rpos es. In a certai n well k no w n class of mach i nes 45 th e armatu re c ontai ns a nu m ber of coi ls th e termi nals o f wh i ch co nnec t to commu tato r seg ments, th e coi ls bei ng co nnec ted ac ross th e armature i n pai rs. Th i s type of mach i ne i s 50 represented i n F i g. 2 . I n th i s mac h i ne each i l h o r ou h o o f s e s t h e s a i r c me p h ases as a t p g g th e coi ls i n som e o f th e generators I h ave sh own, and i t is ob v io usly only necessary to uti lize th em i n pai rs or sets to o f t n r a e o e e p 55 my conv erters by extend i ng th e seg ments o f th e commu tators belo ng i ng to eac h pai r o f coi ls and causi ng a collec ti ng b rush to bear on In th e co nti nu ous porti on o f each seg ment; th i s way two or more ci rc ui ts may be taken 60 off fro m th e generator, each i nclud i ng one or more pai rs or sets of coi ls, as may be des i red . I n F ig . 2 I I rep resent th e ar matu re co ils, TTth e poles of th e field mag net, and F th e sh aft carry i ng th e co m m u tato rs, wh ich are ex co ils

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tend ed to fo rm co nti nu ous po rti o ns a b c «I. 6 5 Th e b rush es beari ng on th e c onti nuous por ti o ns for taki ng oii th e alternati ng cu rrents ’ ' ’ ’ are rep resented by a b c d . Th e collec ti ng br ush es, or th ose wh i ch may be used to take ot l th e d i rec t c u rrent, are d esi g nated by M M. 70 Two pai rs of th e armat ure coi ls and th ei r co m utato rs are sh o wn i n th e fi g u re as bei ng u ti li zed ; b u t all mav be u ti li zed i n a s i m i lar m anner. Th ere is another well k nown ty pe o f um 75 ' ’ ’ ch i ne i n wh i ch th ree or mor co i ls, A B C , q o n th e armature h ave a co mm on j oi nt, th e free ends bei ng connec ted to th e seg ments of a Th is for m of generato r i s i llus co m m u tator. trated i n F i g . 3 . I n th is case eac h ter m i nal 80 o f th e g enerator i s co nnec ted di rectly or i n d er i vati o n to a conti nu ous ri ng , ab c, and col ' leeti ng b r ush es beari ng th ereon,take o fl th e alternati ng c u rrents th at operate th e mo to r. It is preferable i n th is case to employ a 85 motor or transfor mer wi th th ree energ i zi ng ” ” co i ls, A B C , plac ed sy m metri cally wi th th ose of th e generator, and th e c i rc ui ts fro m th e latter are connected to th e ter m i nals of suc h coi ls ei th er d i rec tly —as wh en th ey are 0 9 ' stati onary — or by means o f b rush es c and co n tact ri ngs c. I nth i s, as i n th e oth er cases, th e ord i nary c ommu tato r may be used on th e g en erato r, and th e c u rrent taken fro m i t uti li zed for exc i ti ng th e g enerator fi eld mag nets or for 95 oth er p urp oses. Th ese ex amples serve to i llustrate th e p ri n c i ple of th e i nvention. I t wi ll be observed th at i n any case i t i s necessary only to add th e co nti n uous co ntact or collec ti ng ri ngs and to w e ec ti ons between th em and estab lish th e conn th e app rOp ri ate coi ls. I t wIIl be u nderstood th at th is i nventi on is ap pli cable to oth er ty pes of m ach i ne— as, fo r d uced co i ls are 1 0 5 ex am ple, th ose by wh i ch th e i n stati onary and th e b rush es and mag net re volve; b u t th e manner of i ts appli cati o n is ob v i o us to one sk i lled i n th e art. H av i ng now desc ri bed my i nventi on, wh at I c lai m is 1 . Th e co mb i nati on, wi th a co nv erter h av i ng i ndependent energ i zi ng coi ls, o f a conti nu ous o r d i rec t c u rrent dy namo or m ag neto ma c h i ne, and i ntermed i ate ci rc u i ts per m anently co nnec ted at su i table po i nts to th e i nd uced o r I I 5 i e r i n n r t c o l o n e r a t o a s h r e n s e t e e a i s f t h e e g g g , fo rth . 2 . Th e co mb i nati on, wi th a converter p ro v i d ed wi th i nd epend ent energ i zi ng c i rc u i ts, o f a co nti nuo us or d i rec t c urrent g enerato r p ro I 2 0 v ided wi th conti nuous collecti ng r i ngs co n nected i n d eri vati o n to th e armature coi ls to form th e term i nals of ci rc u i ts c or respond ing to th ose of th e conver ter, as h erei n set forth . N IK O LA TESLA. W i tnesses ‘

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Ro s r. F . GAY LOR D, H Y. F R AN K B . M UR P '

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(l o H oi

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N T ESL A .

Dr am

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P atented Oct 9. 1888 .

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INVENT OR

UN I T ED S T AT ES PAT ENT O FFIC E

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N IK O LA TESLA, O F N EW

Y OR K , N . Y .,

COMPAN Y, O F

ASSIGN OR TO TH E TFSLA E LECTRIC SAME PLACE .

DY N AM O ELEC TR IC -

P

S

E CIF I C ATIO N formi ng part of

Letters Patent N o

Applicationfiled April ” .1898 Sa ul .

o all w h om i t m ay T Be i t k nown th at I

concern:

N IK OLA TESL/t, a su b jcet of th e Emperor of Austri a, f ro m Smi lj an, Li ke, bord er cou ntry of Austria H u ngary , now resi di ng at N ew Y ork, i nth e county and S tate of N ew Y or k , h ave i nvented certai n new and usefulI m pro vements i nElectri c Generators, of wh ich th e followi ng i s aspec i ficati on, reference bei ng b ad to th e d rawi ng acco mpany i ng and formi ng a part of th e same. My present i nventi on relates, ch i efly, to th e alternati ng c urrent system i nvented by me and d esc ri bed i n p ri o r patents, notably N os. and of May 1 , 1 888, i n wh i ch the motors or trans formers, or generally th e r e h i converters, are perated by ap ro i v s ft e ss g i ng or m ovement of th ei r mag neti c poles pro d uced by th e co operati ve action of i ndepend use al ent magneti zi ng coi ls th rough wh i ch ternati ng c ur rents i n proper ord er an d i rec tion. I n my sai d system , as I h ave h eretofo re sh own, I employ ed a g enerator of alternati ng currents i n wh i ch th ere were i ndependent i a d uced or g enerati ng coi ls correspond i ng to th e energi zi ng coi ls of th e co nverter, and th e t e lati c as of th e generator and converters were u c h t h e l s t h d f n f s e l a t e o i o o r t n e r a o t a e y p g the magneti c poles of th e converter e ualed th at of th e armatu re oi th e generato r. To sec u re th e g reatest effici ency, i t is neces sary to ru n th e mach i nes at a h ig h speed , and th is is true not only of th ose generators and motors wh i ch are parti cularly adapted for use i n my system , b ut Of oth ers. T h e practi ca bi li ty of r u nni ng at very h igh speeds, h ow ever, arti c ularly i n th e case o f large genera p tors, Is li m i ted by m ech ani cal cond i ti ons, i n seeki ng to avoi d wh i ch I h ave d ev ised v ari ous i e r a n t h e d r t m n e n o f s t e u e r e ffi c i t l a n s s p g y p condi ti ons, alth oug h ru nni ng th e enerator at r ati vely low rate of speet . a comp a My present i nventi on consists of anoth er way of acco mplish i ng th is result, wh i ch i n certai n respects p resents many ad vantag es. Accord i ng to th e i nventi on, i n lieu of d ri vi ng th e armatu re of th e generator at a h igh rate of speed , I pr od uce a rotati on of th e mag neti c f l n d e e m e t o n v n e t h e e e r a t o r n d r i e o f o a l o e s g p the oth er at a d i flerent speed , by wh i ch si mi Iar results are obtai ned to th ose sec ured by a i f f n o o n o h m o e t e e l e ents. i r o t a t d a p r ,

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dated O c to b er 9 1 8 88 .

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(No mod el.)

I sh all descri be th is i nventi on by reference to th e d i ag ram d rawi ng h ereto annexed . Th e generator wh i ch su ppli es th e c urrent for operati ng th e motors o r transformers eon 5 5 sists i n th is i n stance of a subdi v i d ed r i ng or annular co re wou nd wi th fou r d iametri cally ’ opposi tecoi ls, E E . W i th i nth e r i ng i s m ou nted a cy li nd ri cal armature c ore wou nd long i tud i ’ nally wi th two i ndepend ent coi ls, F F , th e 60 ends o f wh i c h lead , respec ti vely , to two pai rs o f ' ’ i nsulated contact or co llec ti ug r i ngs, D D G G , Collecti ng b ru sh es d on th e armatu re sh aft; ' ’ d g g bear upon th ese ri ngs, r espec ti vely , and co nvey th ec urrents th ro ug h th etwo i nd epend 65 ' I n th e mai n li ne th ere c ut li ne ci rcui ts M M . may be i ncluded one or more motors or trans formers, or both . I f motors be used , th ey are construc ted i n accord ance wi th my i nventi on ’ wi th i ndependent coi ls o r sets of coi ls J J , i n 70 ’ eluded , respec ti vely , i n th e c i rc ui ts M M . Th ese energi zi ng coi ls are wou nd on a ri ng o r annular field or on pole pi eces th ereo n, and l rnati ng cu r f h a e o t e t o n d b t h a i r o u c e e c t p y rents pa ssi ng th ro ug h th em a p rog ressi ve 75 sh i fti ng of th e m ag neti sm f rom pole to pole. Th e cy lind ri cal armature II of th e motor i s wou nd wi th two cells at ri g h t ang les , wh i ch for m i nd ependent c losed c i rc u i ts If transformers be em ploy ed , I co nnec t o ne 80 set of th e pri mary coi ls, as N N , wou nd o n a ’ s M , and ri ng or annular core, to one c i rc u i t, a ’ ’ th e o th er p ri mary coi ls, N N , to th e c i rc u i t ’ M. Th e secondary coi ls K K may th en be u tili zed fo r ru nni ng g roups of i ncandescent 85 ’ lamps PP. W i th th e generator I employ an exc iter. Th is consists of two poles, A A, of steel per manently mag neti zed , or o f i ron exc i ted by a battery or oth er generato r Of co nti nuous our 90 rents, and acyli nd ri cal ar mature c ore mou nted on a sh aft, and wound wi th two lo ng i tud i O ne end of each O f th ese coi ls nal eoils, 0 i s connected to th e collecti ng r i ngs b c, respect i vely , wh i le th e oth er ends are b oth c onnec ted 95 ’ ’ to a ri ng, a. Collecti ng b rush es b c b ear on th e ri ngs 6 0, respec ti vely , and co nd uc tors L Lconvey th e c urrents th erefrom th rough th e ’ L i s a com coi ls E and E of th e generato r. f mon return wi re to brush o . Two i nd epend xoc ent ci rcui ts are th us formed , one i ncludi ng coi ls O of th e exci ter and E E of th e generator, ’

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the oth er coi ls p of th e exci ter and E E o f the generator. It resu lts from th i s th at th e Operati ou of th e cxd ter pmdnces ap rog ressi ve movement of th e mag neti c poles o f th e annu lar field core of th e generator, th e sh i fti ng o r mov ement of sai d poles bei ng sy neh ronous wi th th e rotati on of th e exc i ter ar ma ture. Consi d eri ng th e perati v e co nd i ti o ns of a system th us establish ed , i t wi ll be fo und th at wh en th e exc i ter i s d ri v en so as to energ ize th e field of th e generator th e ar m atu re of th e letter, i f left free to turn, would rotate at a speed p rac ti cally th e same as th at o f th e ex I f u nd er su ch cond i ti ons th e coi ls F ei ter. ’ F o f th e g enerato r armature b e closed u po n th emsc lv m or sh ort c i r cu i ted , no c ur rents , at least th eoreti cally , wi ll be generated i n th e mi d armature co i ls. I n practi ce I h av e oh served th e p resence of sli g h t cur rents, th e ex N ew s of wh i ch is attri butable to m ore or less uc tuati on fl s i n th e i ntensi ty Of th e n c e d ou n ro p mag neti c pole Of th e ’generator r i ng . 8 0 , i f th e armatu re co i ls F F be closed th ro ug h th e motor, th e latter wi ll not be tu rned as long as th e movement of th e g enerator ar m atu re i s sy nch ro nous w i th th at o f th e exc i ter or of th e mag neti c poles of i ts field . I f, on th e con traryh th e speed o f th e generator armatu re be i n any way c h ec ked ,so th at th e sh i fti ng or t o tati on o f th e poles Of th e field bec omes rela tlv ely more rapi d , c urrents wi ll be i nd uced i n th e ar matu re coils. Th is ob v i ou sly follows fro m th e passi ng of th e li nes of force ac ross th e armatu re co nd uc tors. Th e g reater th e o f rotati o n of th e m ag neti c poles rela ti vely to th at of th e arm atu re th e m ore rap i d ly th e cu rrents developed i n th e coi ls of th e latter wi ll follow one anoth er, and th e m ore rapi d ly th e m otor wi ll revolve i n respo nse th ereto, and th is conti nues u nti l th e arm atu re rake, r i s stopped enti rely , a s b a b t o r a n e e y g wh c n th e motor, i f properly c onstructed , ru ns at th e same speed wi th wh i c h th e mag neti c n e rator rotate. e f h t o e s l e o g p Th c effecti ve strength of th e c urrents d evel O ped i n th e armature coi ls of th e enerator i s d ep end ent u pon th e strength of t e c u rrents n r o e r a a n d u n n h e e t o h e um t t energizi n p g g h er of rotati ons per u ni t of ti me of th e m ag neti c poles of th e generator ; h ence th e speed Of th e motor armature wi ll d epend i n all cases u p on th e relati v e speed s of th e armature of th e generator and of i ts m ag neti c poles. F or exam ple, i f th e poles are tu rned two th ousand ti mes per uni t of ti me and th e armatu re i s tur ned ei g h t h u nd red , th e m oto r w i ll tu rn t welve h u nd red ti m es, or nearly so . V ery t d i fferences of speed may be i nd i cated b y s li a eli cately balanced motor. Let i t no w be amu med th atp ower i s appli ed to th e generator armature to tur n i t i n a d i i ecti on pposi te to th at i n wh i ch i ts mag neti c uch case th e resu lt w ou ld I n s t e . t a r o l s o p b e si mi lar to th at p rod uced by a g enerator th e armature and field magnets of wh i ch are ro listed i n opposi te d i recti ons, and by reaso n of t h ese condi ti ons th e motor arm ature will tu rn ’

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at a rate of speed e ual to th e su m of the speeds of th e armatu re and m ag neti c poles o f th e generato r, so th at a co mparati vely low 70 speed of th e g enerator arm atu re wi ll p rod uce a h ig h speed i nth e m oto r. I t wi ll b e obser ved i n connec ti on wi th th is system th at O n d i m i nish i ng th e res i stance o f th e ex ternal c i rcu i t of th e g enerator arm atu re 75 by ch ec k i ng th e speed o f th e m otor or b y ad d i ng translati ng devi ces i n m u lti ple are i n th e second ary c i rc ui t o r ci rcu i ts of th etransform er th e strength o f th e c u rrent i n th e armatu re h i s i s d ue to two 80 ci rcu i t i s greatly i nc reased . T causes : fi rst, to th e g reat d i fierences i n th e speeds of th e motor and g enerator, and , sec o ndly , to th e fact th at th e apparatus follows th e analog y of a transfor mer, for, i n propo r ti on as th e resistance of th e ar mature o r sec 85 ond ary c i rcui ts is red uced , th e strength o f th e c u rrents i n th e field or p ri m ary c i r c u i ts of th e n d h u rrents i n th e d t n a c r a r i i cr e a s e e o e n e s t g ar matu re aug mented correspond i ng ly . F or s ons th e c urrents i n th e ar matu re 90 si mi lar rea co ils of th e g enerator i ncrease v ery rapid ly wh en th e speed of th e arm atu re is red uced wh en ru nni ng i n th e same d i recti on as th e mag neti c poles or conv ersely . I t wi ll be u nd erstood from th e above d e 9 5 sc ri pti on th at th e generator ar matu re may be ru n i n th e d i recti o n of th e sh i fti ng of th e m ag neti c poles, b u t m ore rapid ly , and th at i n suc h ca se th e speed of th e m otor wi ll be eq ual to th e d i ff erence between th e two rates. I nmany appli cati ous to elec tri calconversi o n and d istr i b uti on th is system possesses g reat ad vantages b oth i n econo my , effici ency , and i i . c a b l t i r a c t y p W h at I clai m i s 1 . Th e comb i nati on, wi th analternati ng c u r rent g enerator h av i ng i nd epend ent energ i zi ng or field and i ndepend ent i nd uced or ar ms tu re coi ls, of an alternati ng c u rrent ex ci ter h av i ng g enerati ng or i nd uced coi ls corre I I O i z i n spondi ng to and co nnected wi th th e ener g g s set forth . co ils of th e g enerator, a 2 . I n an alter nati ng cu rrent generato r, th e combi nati on of th e elements named and co operati v ely assoc i ated i n th e follo wi ng m an I I 5 ner : a d eld m ag net wou nd wi th i ndependent coi ls eac h co nnected wi th a source of alter nat i ng c u rrents , wh ereby th e m agneti c poles pro d uced b y sai d coi ls wi ll be p rog rem i vely sh i fted or m oved th rough th e field , and an n o ar matu re core wou nd wi th i nd ependent coi ls, each h avi ng termi nals fro m wh i ch c urrents are d eli v ered to th e i ndepeudent ex ternal c i r cu i ts. 3. T h e system of electr ical d istri bu ti on con I z5 si sti ng of th e combi nati o n, wi th an alter nat i ng c urrent generator h avi ng i nd ependent energ i zi ng coi ls and an ar matu re wou nd wi th i nd ependent i nd uced coi ls, of an alternati ng c u rrent ex c i ter h avi ng i nd uced coi ls co rre I 30 spo nd i ng to and co nnec ted wi th t he energ i zi ng coi ls of th e g enerator, and o ne or more electri cat converters h avi ng i nd epend ent i nd uci ng or ener i zi ng coi ls co nnec ted wi th th e corre g -

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motor l rovided wi th an ti on a correspond ing i mpulse i n th e opposi te di recti on; h ence porti ons of th e c urrent wi ll commuta tor t, and h eld mag armatu re, nets M. It i s well known th at such a motor, neutralise one anoth er. ' As before stated, th e mech ani cal construe eld ma eln cores be di vi ded up i nto i f i ts n u f l r i e d 0 t h d v i m a v a b i c e r e a t i o n o e e b e d a l sect ous, m r a l o t t r l a t e b e c t c a e n su i y p y g 7 y ; y p 5 ated by an alternati ng cu rrent; but i n usi ng th e ementlal condi ti ons of th e i nv enti on will my regulator wi th such a motor I i ncludeone be fulfilled i n any apparatus i n wh ich th e movement of th e elements wi th respect to 'one element of th e motor only— say th e ar mature anoth er attac h th esame results by vary i n th e coi ls—i n th e mai n ci rcui t of th e generator, ecti ons th rough th e brush es i nd ucti ve relati ons of th e two elements n a 75 [ 0 maki ng th e conn and th e com mutator i n th e usual way. I also manner si mi lar to th at descri bed . It may also be stated th at th e core E i s not i nclud e one of th e elements of the regulator — o i n th e same ci rcui t, i ndie mab le to th e O perati onof th e n a r els t h e s t a t i c o i l s my y at i ts presence i s ob v i ously h en c al tor and i n th e ci rc ui t with th e secondary or mov h is reg ulator, h owever, h as anoth er valuable 80 connect u p th e T 15 able coi l of th e reg ulator neid c oi ls ol th e motor. I prefer to use flexi property i n its capabi li ty of reversi ng th emo. b le c ond uctors to make th e connections them tor, for i f th e coi l F be turned th rough a h all elc ctro

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th e secondary coil of th e reg ulator, as th ere by avoi d th e use of slid i n contacts or ri ngs e req uisi te move wi th out i nterferi o wi th meat of th e core later be i n i ts normal If th e ti on,or th at i n w i ch i ts magneti c ci reu t is most nearly closed , i t deli vers i ts maxi mum i nd uced cu rrent, th e ph ases of wh ich so correspond wi th th os e of th e pri mary cu rrent th at th e m otor wi i i r un as th e h both lleld and arma e main current. ture were exci ted by To vary th e speed of th e motor to any rate b etween th e mi ni mu m and maxi mum rates, th e core E and coi ls F are turned i n ei th er di red i on to an extent wh i ch prod uces th e dc . sired result, for i n i ts normal posi ti onth e con r elati ons of coi l F emb race th e maxi mum number of li nes of force, all of whi ch act wi th th e - me ej ect upon sai d coi l h ence i t will deli ver i ts maxi m u m current; ut by turni n th e coi l F out of i ts posi tion of maxi mum o feet th e nu mber of li nm of forceembraced by i t is d i mi nish ed . Th e i nd ucti ve el ect lath ers i ore i mpai red, and th e current deli vered by coi l F wi ll conti nue to d i mi ni sh i nproporti on to th e angle at wh ich th e coi l F is turned un til, aiter passi ng th ro ugh an angle of ni nety deg rees, th e co nvolu ti ous oi th e cell wi ll b e at ri g h t ang les to th ose of coi ls 0 C, and th e i n ' d ucti ve eli ect red uced to a mi ni mum. Inc i d entally to certai n constructi o oth er c ases may i nfluence th e v ariati on u th e strength of th e i nd uced cu rrents. F or exam e n t n t h l r e s e i ca se i t wi ll be observed e p , that b y th e rst movement of coi l F a certai n nd porti on of i ts couvolutious are carri ed !tlre a “i a nes of th e ll th eli n of tllat t e m a i c path or c i ncni t force, h ence th e i nduct i ve for sai d li nes is i mpai efisct would be redu N ext, th at alter movi ng th ro ugh a certai n angle, wh i ch is oh viormly deter mi ned b th e relati ve di mensi ons of th e bobbi n or coi F , di agonally op its n i porti ons of th e cell wi ll besi multaueo y cluded i n th e lleld , but i n such posi ti ons th at th e li on wh i ch prod uce a current-i mpulse i n one porti on of th e coi l i n a certai n d i recti on wi ll prod uce i n th e d iagonally opposi te por

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th e posi ti on of i ts convoluti ous relati v ely to th e two coi ls 0 C and th e li nes of forc e i s reversed, and conseq uently th e 8 5 ph ases of th e c urrent wi ll be reversed . Th is will produce a rotati on of th e motor i nanop posi te di recti on. Th is form of reg ulator i s also appli ed wi th g reat ad vantage to my sys tem of uti li zi ng alternati n currents, i u wh i ch th e mag neti c poles of th e old of a motor are prog ressi vely sh itted by means of th e co m bi ned efi scts upon th e lleld ol mag neti zi ng coi ls i ncluded i n i ndependentci rc ui t s , th ro ug h alternati ng currents i n p ro per or 93 wh i ch der an relati ons to each oth er. In i llustration, let represent one of my ' r h a i i n n e a t o r s v t w o n d e e odent coi ls, P g g and P , on th e armature, an Ta d i ag ram of a motor h avi n two i nde end ent energi zi ng . p coi ls or sets 0 cells, . O ne or th e c i r ’ cui ts from th e generator, as S i ncludes one rev olu ti on

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th e energi zi ng coils o i th e motor, , wh ile th e oth er ci rcui t, as S8, i ncludes th e pri mary coi ls of th e regu lator. Th e second res ary coi l of th e reg ulator i nclud es th e oth er cells, BB , of th emotor. W h i le th e secondary coi l of th e ulator is i n i ts normal posi ti on i t prod uca b max i mum current, and th e maxi mu m rotary edect n o i s i mparted to th e motor ; b ut th is cli ent wi ll be di mi ni sh ed i n pr orti on to th e ang le at wh i ch th e coil F or e reg ulator is turned. Th e motor will also be reversed by revers i ng th e posi ti on of th e coi l wi th reference to th e r i g coi ls O, and th ereb reversi ng th e ph ases of th e cu rrent prod o by the generator. Th i s ch anges th e d i recti on o f th e movement of th e sh i lli ng poles wh i ch th e ar mature follows. O ne oi th e mai n ad vantages of th is plan of n o regulati on i s i ts economy or power. W h en th e i nd uced cell i s generati ng i ts max i mum current,th e maxi mum amount orenergy i n th e pri mary cells is absorbed ; b ut as th e i nd uced coi l i s turned from i ts normal pos iti on th e r es sell i nducti on of th e pri mary coils redu ces th e ex endi ture of ener and saves wer. t is ob vi ous th m n practi ce th er cells 0 0 or coi l F may be used as pri mary or second ary, and i t i s well understood that th ei r rei a up set.

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p roduce any or si mi lari ty i n th e i n d nci ng and i nd uced cu rrents. I am aware th at i t is not new to vary th e 3 secondary current ol an i nd ucti on coi l by mov i ng one cell wi th respect to th e oth er, and th ereby varyi ng th e i nducti ve relati ons nor mally ex isti ng between th e two. Th i s do not clai m. W h at clai m h l. Th ecombi nati on,with amotor h avi ng i n depend ent energ is ing ci rcui ts, of an alter nat i c an not regulator, consisti ng, essentially, of nd uci ng and i nd uced coi ls movable wi th res to one anoth er, wh ereby th e stren of e i nd uced cu rrents be v ari ed, th e n d uced coi ls bei ng i ncl i n and adapted to ‘

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i nd uci ng .coi ls and an i nd ucal coi l capable of m y be tu n d tr a bei ng rotated, wh rreby n e t o r m r o r l a c o o r a r a k e s s t i ts r e t e p y g g w i e r e t o r e v r d e h e t r e s t h t h in n c o i t i o t e u s p , p d uced coi l or coi ls bei ng i ncluded i n and adapted to supply th e c urrent for one of th e motor ci rcui ts, as set forth . N K OLA T E LA. W h oama Bo ar . F . Gav w nn,

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nations pro d uc ed per re voluti on of th e er ato r. Its actualspeed, th eref ore, may be o r slower th an th at of th e generato r ; b u t i t i s 3 5 said to be sy nch ro nou s so lo ng as i t preserves th e same reh ti ve speed In carry i ng ou t my i nv enti o n I to ns i l net a moto r wh ic h h as a strong tend enc y to synch ro nism w i th th e generato r. Th e co nstrue» 6° ti on wh i ch I pref er f or th i s is th at i n wh ich th e ar matu re is pro vi d ed wi th polar rai s e p tio ns. Th e field m ag nets ar e wou nd wi th two sch of coi ls , th e term i nals of wh i ch are c on nected to a s wi tch m ech anism , b means of 65 y wh ic h th e li ne c u rrent may h e earned di rec tly th ro u gh th e sai d coi ls or i nd i re c t th ro n path s by wh ic h i ts ph ases are modi fi ed ~ start s u c h a moto r, th e swi tc h i s to m od o nto a set o f contac ts wh ic h i nclu des i n one m oto r 70 c i rc u i t a d ead res i stanc e, i n th e oth er an i n d ucti ve resi stance, and , th e two c i rcu i ts bei ng i n d eri vation, i t is ob vio us th at th e d i ffere nc e i n ph ase of th e c u rre nt i n such c i rc u i ts will set u p a ro tati on o f th e mo tor. W h en th e 75 s peed of th e moto r has th us been b ro ug h t to th e desi red rate, th e swi tch is sh i fted to th ro w th e main c urren t di rec tly t hro ugh th e motor c i rc u i ts , an d alth o ugh th e cu rrents i n both c i rc u i ts will now b e o f th e sam e ph ase th e 80 mo to r wi ll conti nu e to r evolve, b ecom i ng a tru e sy nc h ro nous moto r. To sec u re g reater effic i ency , I wi nd th earm atu re or i ts polar pro jec ti ons wi th coi ls c losed on th emselves. Th ere are various mod i fications and i mpor 85 tant f eatu res of th is meth od or plan; bu t th e m ai n pri nci ple of th e i nventi on wi ll b e u nder stood f rom th e f oreg oi ng . In th e d rawi ngs, to wh i c h I no w re fer, I h ave illustrated by th e d iag rams th e general 90 f eatu res of construc ti on and o eratio n wh ic h p dis ti ngu i sh my i nventi on, F i gu re 1 bei ng d rawn to i llustrate th e d etai ls of th e plan ab ov e set f orth , and F i gs. 2 and 8 mo di fi ca ti ons o f th e same. Ref erri ng toF ig . 1, let Ad esi g nate th e fi eld mag nets of a motor, th e lar projec ti ons of wh ic h are wou nd wi th co is C i nclud ed i n i nd epend ent ci rc ui ts, and th e armatu re wi th polar projections wound wi th coi ls E roo closed u pon th emselves, th e motor i n th ese respec ts bei ng si mi lar i n constructi on to th ose desc ri bed i n my patent, N 0 . dated May 1, 1 888, b u t h av ing, b y reaso n o f th e .

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As i s w ell known certai n forms of

alternat ing cu rrent m ach i nes h ave th e property , wh en connected i n c i rcu i t w i th an alternati ng c u rL rent g enerato r, o f runni ng as a mo tor i n sy n chroni s m th erewi th ; b u t, wh ilc th e ali en ati ng current will ru n th e moto r af ter i t h as attai ned a rate of speed sync h ro nous w i th th at o f th e i i r i w n i . n i n t all t o ll o t r t H e r c e s t a n e a e , , g instanc es h ereto f ore wh ere th a n sync h ro ” nixi ng moto rs, as th ey are termed, h ave been run some m eans h ave b een ad opted to b ring th e motors u p to sy nch ro nism wi th th e g en stato r, or appro x i mately 80 , b ef ore th e alter h ati ng c u rrent of th e g enerato r i s appli ed to dri ve th em . In som e i nstances m ec h ani cal applianc es h ave been u ti lized f or th is p u r h s n d m li d t e rs a co c a f o r m s e c i a l I n o t e s e . o p p p h ave d i s of moto r h ave b een constru cted . cov ered a m uch m o re si mple meth od or plan of operating sy nch roni zi ng moto rs, wh ic h re u i res prac ti cally no oth er apparatus th an th e m oto r i ts elf . I n oth er words, by a cer tai n ch ange i n th e ci rc ui t connecti ons of th e moto r I convert i t at wi ll f ro m a d ou b le c i r cui t m oto r, or su ch as I h ave descri bed i n w h i w n h l d l i c a t i d i a n a n o a c s l r i n t s r a t e o , pp p p start u nd er th e ac ti on of an alternati ng c u r rent i nto a sync h ronizi ng m oto r, or one wh i ch will b e run b y th e generato r only wh en i t h as reach ed a certai n speed of rotati on sy nch ro In th i s nous wi th th at of th e generator. manner I am enabled to v ery g reatly extend th e appli cati ons of m y system and to secu re all th e ad vantages of b oth f orms of alternat in rrent m otor “ e exp ressi on sync h ronous wi th th at of ” th e generato r, i s u sed h erein i n i ts ordi nary — ac ceptation th at i s to say , a motor i s said to re synch roni ze wi th th e generato r wh en i t by serves a certai n relati ve speed d etermi n i s numb er of poles and th e nu mber of alter ,

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th e armature- core or oth er si m i lar and well nown f eatu res, th e properti es of a s nc h roni zi ng moto r. ’ LL represent th e cond uctors of a li ne f rom an alternati ng c u r rent generato r G. N ear th e moto r i s placed a swi tch th e se ti on of wh i c h i s th at of th e one sh own i n th e d raw i ngs, wh i c h is co nstruc ted as f ollo ws : F ' F are two cond u cti ng plates or arms, pi voted at th ei r end s and connec ted an i nsulati ng c ross bar, H, so as to h e sh i fted i n parallel ’ i s m . In th e path of th e ars F F i s th e con tac t 2 , wh ic h f orms one termi nal of th e c i r c u i t th rou g h coils C , and th e contac t 4 , wh i ch i s one term i nal of th e ci rc u i t th roug h coi ls . Th e opposi te end of th e wi re of coi ls is con ' nec ted to th e wi re Lor bar F , and th e corre sp ond i ng end of coi ls Bi s connected to wi re ' L and bar F ; h ence i t th e ars be sh i f ted so oth sets of as to h ear on contac ts 2 and 4 ’ C wi ll be i nc lud ed i n th e ci rc u i t LL co i ls i n m u lti ple arc or d eri vati on. In th e path of ' th e levers F F are two oth er contac t term i nals, l an d 3. Th e contact 1 i s connected to c ontact 2 th roug h an arti fic i al resi stance, , and contac t 3 wi th contac t 4 th ro ug h a self i nd u c ti on coil, , so th at wh en th e swi tc h lo v ers are sh i fted onto th e poi nts 1 and 3 th e wi ll be connec ted i n and c i rc u i ts of coi ls ’ m u lti ple are or d eri vati on to th e c i rc u i t LL, and wi ll i nc lu de th e resi stanc e and self i n th i rd pos i ti on d u c ti on coi l, respec ti vel . of th e swi tc h i s th at i n wh i ch th e levers F and ' F are sh i f ted ou t of contact wi th oth sets of n h i t h m o r i s enti rel out a s I t s t o i n . c e e t s o p

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th e motor is more di mc ult and th e d ead and i nd ucti v e resi stances m ust ta e up a cbnsi d erab le pro orti on of th e electro m oti v e p so ad ust th e forc e of th ec i rcu i ts. Generall cond i tions th at th e electro moti ve f orce u sed in eac h of th e motor c i rc u i ts is th at wh i c h i s re u i red to operate th e moto r wh en i ts c i r Th e plan wh i c h f ollow c u i ts are i n seri es. i n th i s casei s i llustrated i n F ig . 2 . In th i s d i ag ram th e moto r h as twelve poles and th e arm ature h as polar pro ec tions D wou nd wi th Th e swi tc h used i s of sub c losed coi ls E. stanti ally th e same constructi on as th at Th ereare, h ow sh own i nth eprevi ous figu re. h av e desi g nated ever, five contac ts, wh ich Th e m oto r ci r res 5 , 6, 7, 8, and 9. th e ii wh i ch i nc lud e alternate n eid coi ls, c u i ts are connec ted to th e term i nals i n th e f ollow i ng ord er : One end of c i rc u i t C i s connected to c ontac t 9 and to contac t 6 th rough a d ead is resistance, . one termi nal of c i rc ui t connec ted to contact 7 and to contact 6 th roug h a self i nd u cti on coil, . Th e oppo oth c i rc u i ts are connec ted si te termi nals of to contac t 8. One of th elevers, as F , of th e swi tc h is made wi th an extensi on, f , or oth erwise, so as to co ver both contac ts 6 and 6 wh en sh if ted i nto Itwi ll be oh th e posi tion to start th e motor served th at wh en i a th i s posi ti on and wi th ’ lever F on contact 8 th e c u rrent d i vi des b e C, wh ich f rom th ei r tween th e two c i rc u i ts di flerenc e i n elec tri cal charac ter produce a t m t o r l h n t h o t s t a r t s t h e o f r o i o e e s a r e ss o g p p i n rotati on. W h en th e motor h as attai ned th e roper speed , th e swi tch i s sh i fted so th at th e evers cover th e contacts 7 and 9, th ere h ave connec ti ng ci rc u i ts Band C i n seri es. L th i s d is os iti on th e m oto r i s fou nd th at p m ai ntai ned i n rotati on i n s nch roni sm wi th th e enerator. Th i s pri nci ple o f operation, wh i c consists i n converti ng b y a ch ang e of connecti ons or oth erwise a d ou b le ci rc u i t mo to r or one operati ng b y aprog ressi ve sh i f ti ng s nch roni zi ng of th e poles i nto an ordi nar moto r may b e carri ed ou t i n man oth er wa s. F or i nstance, i nstead of usi ng th eswi tc h may u se a sh own i n th e prev i ous fig ures, tem porar g rou nd c i rcu i t etween th e gen c rator and moto r, i n order to start th e motor, i nsu stanti all th emanner i nd i cated i n F i g 3. Let G i n th is figu re represent an ordi nar alternati ng c urrent generator wi th , say, two ’ w n d r m t u r M a n a a a w l M o n d e s o e u i th , , p ’ two coi ls, N N , at ri gh t angles and connec ted i n series . Th e moto r h as, f or exam ple, f ou r w n d w i w l u t h i o l s h e s co C h i c are con o , p nected i n series and an armatu re wi th polar w n D u n d w i ro t i s o th closed coi ls E E. e c o p F rom th e com mon oi nt or u ni on etween th e two c i rc u i ts of oth th e generator and th e moto r an earth connecti on i s esta li sh ed , wh ile th e term i nals or ends of th e sai d c i rc u i ts are connec ted to th e li ne. Assu mi ng th at th e motor i s a sync h ronizi ng m oto r or one th at h as th e capa ili t of ru nni ng i n s nch roni sm wi th th e g enerato r, b u t no t of start starti ng o f

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th e a ov e d esc ri ed ing, i t m ay be started closi ng th e g ro u nd connec ti on apparatus f rom oth generator and motor. Th e s stem th us ecom es one wi th a two c i rc u i t generar r, th e g rou nd f or mi ng a com m on m d r n o t o t o a 5 retu rn f or th e cu rrents i n th e two c i rc u i ts L ' ' th i s arrangem ent of ci r and L. W h en rough t to speed , th e cu i ts th e m otor i s m w o n n t h e n i s ro t d n n i o e e e e r t u co n e c o g to r or generator, or oth , and g rou nd , swi tch es ’ he T u rpose. P ei ng emplo ed f o r th i s p motor th en ru ns as a s nch roni zi ng motor. I n desc ri b i ng th ose f eatu res wh ich consti tute m y i nv enti on h av e om itted i llu strati ons of th e ap li ances u sed i n con u nc ti on wi th p th e elec tri cal d ev i ces of si milar s stems such , f or i nstanc e, as d ri v ing b elts ;fixed and loose pu lle s f or th e m oto r, and th e li e; b u t th ese are m atters well u nd erstood . In d esc ri i ng m y i nv enti on ref erence to d o not wish to be u n spec i fic constr uc ti ons derstood as li m i ti n m self to th e constru c g ti ons sh own ; and i n explanati on of my ln tent i a thi s respect would say th at may i n suc h f orm s of apparatu s as h ave sh o wn i n F i gs. 1 and 2 i nclu d e th e d ead red stance and self i nd u c ti on coil i n ei th er ci rcui t, or use onl a d ead resi stanc e or a self i nd u cti on coil, as i n th e v ari ou s wa s sh own i n m y ap i l filed ecem er 8, 1 888. p catio n, N o. m ay also use any f orm of swi tc h , wh eth er manu al or au tom ati c, th at wi ll b y i ts mani p u lati on or operati on ettec t th e re u i red ch ange of connectio ns, and i n o rd er to sec u re th e nec essar d i ff erence of ph ase i n th e two mo m ay em plo any of to r ci rc ui ts on starti ng th e nown m eans f or th is pu rpose. eli eve th at am th e fi rst to operate elec tro mag neti c moto rs alternati ng cu rrents i n any of th e ways h erei fi su gg ested or de sc ri ed — th at i s to say , b y pro d uc i ng a p ro v v m m o r s i e e ent or rotati on of th ei r poles e s g or poi nts of greatest mag neti c attrac ti on b y th e alter nati ng c urrents unti l th e h ave reac h ed a g i v en speed , and th en th e sam e cu rrents prod u ci ng a si m ple alte rnati on of th ei r poles, or, i n oth er words, b y a ch ange i n th e ord er or ch arac ter of th e ci rcu i t c onnec ti ons to convert a m otor perati ng on one princ i ple to one operati ng on anoth er, for th e

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h erei n of i ts elf th e meth od of or apparatu s f or operati ng a m otor wh i ch f orms a part of t h is i nventi on and wh i ch i n v olves th e pri nc i ple of v ar i ng or m odi f yi ng th e c u rrents passi ng th ro ugh th e energi zi ng etween suc h c ur ci rcu i ts , so as to prod u ce rents a d i iterenc e of ph ase.as th es e matters are d esc ri ed and c lai med b y m e i n oth er ap w r i n f i t h h e o e c t o u u t t s e c n li o t i b s c a g, , p h ave b road l , th e meth od as a wh ole wh i c h h erei n set f orth clai m is 1 Th e m eth od of operati ng an alternati ng cu rrent moto r h erei n d escr i ed b y first pro r n i l r t i n t a t i o e s l h if t o ro s i v s o r s e e s g g p g h w h n n n n t t i o a d e e r t f a tt r a c i n t s o t e s e a o , g p th e m otor h as attai ned a gi ven speed , alters nati ng th e sai d poles, as descr i ed . 2 . Th e meth od of operati ng an elec tro mag neti c m otor h erei n d em ribed , wh i c h consi sts i n passi ng th rou gh independent energi zi ng c i rc u i ts of th e m otor alternati ng c urre nts di f f eri ng i n ph ase and th en, wh en th e moto r h as attai ned a gi ven speed , alternati ng c urrents coi nci d i ng i n ph ase, as d esc ri ed. 3. Th e meth od of operati n an electro mag wh i ch consi sts neti c m oto r h erei n d esc ri i n starti ng th e moto r lternati ng pag ing a 80 c u rrents d ii f eri ng i n ph ase th rou gh i nd epend ent energi zi ng c i rc u i ts and th en, wh en th e m o to r h as attai ned a g i ven speed, joi ni ng th e en erg izi ng c i rc ui ts i n seri es and pan i ng an al ternati ng c u rrent th rough th e sam e. 4 . Th e meth od of operati ng a synch roniz i ng moto r, wh i ch consis ts i n pan i ng an alter nati ng cu rrent th rou g h i nd epend ent energi a i ng c i rc ui ts of th e m oto r and i ntrod uc i ng i nto su c h c i rcu i ts a resistanc e and self i nd uc ti on coi l, wh ere a di tterence of h ase etween 90 p ' th e c u rrents in th e c irc ui ts W i ll b e o tai ned , and th en, wh en th e speed of th e m otor sy nch roni zes wi th th at of aerator, wi th th e d r wi ng th e resi stance an self i nd u c tion

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W i tnesses GEO M. Mom , W I H Li m os . .

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P at ent ed Ju ne 2 6. 1889

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T ATES P AT EN T O F FICE. UN ITED S A N IKOL

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dated Ju ne 95 , 1 889 .

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To all wh om i t m ay One anoth er are mag neti zed si m ultaneously th e sam e c u rrents Be i t k nown th at I N IKOLA Tu na f rom or approxi matel so Smil an Li k a ord er cou ntr of Austria Th is pri nci ple of Operati on I h ave em odi ed

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a su ec t of th e E peror Of us d i n w r u n t a n d r i r a t N o i n t h t i a e s e e co , , 5 g State of N ew or , h ave i nvented certai n new and u sef ul mprov em ents i n Elec tro Mag neti c Motors, Of whi ch th e f ollowi ng i s a speci ficati on, ref erence ei ng h ad to th e d raw ings ac compan i ng and f ormi ng s part Of th e same. Inord er to d efine m oreclearl th e relati ons wh i c h th e m otor f orm i ng th e su ec t of my li i f n n o t h t r t rs he t a c a o e a rs t o e o e s e p pp wi ll recapi tu late class to wh i c h i t pertai ns, ri e th e f o rms of alternati ng c u rrent m o m e and d esc ri ed more i n tors i nv ented b y detail i n m pri or patents and applicati ons. Of th ese ere are two pri nc i pal t pes or forms : first, th ose contai ni ng two or moreen erg izi ng c i rc u i ts th roug h wh i c h are caused to r n i n n r t c u a r a l t e ts di fferi ng f rom one a s e s g p anoth er i n ph ase to an extent su ffic i ent to prod uc e a conti nuous prog ressi on or sh if ti ng of th e poles or poi nts of g reat est mag neti c ef f ect, i n ed i enc e to wh i ch th e mova le ele ment Of th e m otor i s m ai ntai ned i n ro tati on; second , th ose contai ni ng poles or par ts of d if f eront magneti c susc epti i li t , wh i ch u nd er th e energ izi ng i n uenceof th e same c u rrent or two c urrents coi nci di ng i n ph ase will exh i i t differenc es i n th ei r mag neti c peri ods or e r n t h fi r s O f m o t h t u r . I t t o s e h a s e s o p q e is d u e to th e m ag netism esta li sh ed ln di f f erent porti ons of th e moto r cu rrents f rom th e sam e or f rom i nd ependent sou rces, and exh i i ti ng ti me d i flerences i n ph ase. In th e second c lass th e to r ue results f rom th e en erg izi ng efi ec ts of a cu rrent u pon parts of th e m oto r wh i c h d i ff er i n m eti c suscepti — il i b ty i n oth erword s, parts w ich respond to th e sam e relati v e d eg ree to th e ac ti on of a cu r rent, not si m ultaneousl , b ut af ter d if f erent i ntervals of ti m e. In m y present i n v enti on, h owev er, th e tor ue, i nstead of b ei ng solel th e resu lt Of a ti m e d i ff erenc e i n th e mag neti c peri ods or ph ases of th e les or at trac ti v e parts to wh atever cau se u e, i s pro an ang ular d i splac ement of th e duced parts wh i c h , th ou gh m ova le wi th respec t to ,

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o tai n th e i n a m otor in wh i c h necessar ang ular di splacement etween th e i n i n t h n m t i c t t r a c t e r i n t e a o a a t s 0 t e s e o g g p — w n t m o t o r th e armature and h o l t s o f e t e em e field— by th ed i rec ti onof th e lam i nati onof th e mag neti c cores Of sai d elem ents , and th e est m eans Of accom pli sh i ng th i s result Of wh i ch h av e sh own i n th e am at present aware accom pan i ng d rawi ngs. Fi g ure 1 i s a si de vi ew Of th e m otor wi th a rti on of i ts armature core exposed . Fi g . 2 F i g. 3 is s an end or edg e vi ew Of th e same. a central c ross secti on of th e same, th e ar ms tu re ei n sh own mai nl i n elevation. Let A d esi gnate two plates u i lt .u p of th i n secti ons Or lam i na of sof t i ron i nsulated more or less from one anoth er and h eld to n r n r l r t h i m l t h o t s a o a o su t a e e e a s e e y g Th e i nner faces of and sec ured to a h ase B . th ese plates contai n recesses or ves i n wh i ch acoil or coi ls are secu red o li q uely to th e di rec ti on of th e lam i nati ons. W i th i n i s a d i s E, pref era l com posed th e cdils of a spi rall wou nd i ron wi re or ri on or a seri es of concentri c ri ngs and mou nted on a sh aft F , h avi ng h eari ngs i n th e plates AA . Such a d evice wh en acted u pon an alter so nating c u rrent i s capa le of ro tati on and con sti tutes a motor, th e operati on of wh i ch ex n l i l n t h f ll w i n a e o o p g m anner : Ac u rrent or c u rrent i m pulse traversi n th e coils D tends to mag neti ze th e cores A and E, all of wh i ch are wi th i n th e i n u ence of th e mag neti c field Of th e coi ls. T h e poles th us es tabli sh ed wou ld naturally li e i n th e same li ne at ri gh t angles to th e coils , b u t i n th e plates A th e are d eflected reason Of th e di rec o g ti on of th e lam i nati ons and appear at or near th e extremi ti es Of sai d plates. In th e d is , h owever, wh ere th ese condi ti ons are not pres ent, th e poles or poi nts of g reatest attrac ti o n are on a li ne at ri gh t an les to th e plane of th e co ils ; h enc e th ere wi l h e a to r ue esta li sh ed b y th i s ang ular displac em ent of th e l r m n e o i a s e t c li nes, wh ic h starts th e d is o p g i n rotati on, th e mag neti c li nes Of th e armatu re and field tend i ng toward a posi ti on Of paral

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leli sm . Th i s rotation is co nti nu e d and mai n tained b y th e rev ersals O f th e c u rrent i n coils h i c h ch ang e alternatel th e polari t , w of th e field cores AA Th is ro tar tend enc ' w i n d i n s fi w n d r or t ll b a t l i c r e a e b e c i e e e g 5 y g th e d is w i th cond u c to rs G , c los ed u po n th em selves and h av ng a rad i al d rrec tron, wh ereb i th e m ag netic i ntensi t o f th e poles O f th e dis wi ll b e g reatl i nc reased b y th e energ iz ' ro i ng efi cct of th e c u rre nts i nd u c e d 1 n th e c o i ls e r nts i n coils l) Th e r r n n th e alte ati g c u G c r i n i l w i n d i n d t h e o f r a n n e l a e a O f p p g p p tion h av e een f ull ex plai ned i n my patent, NO. 382 ,2 79, 0 f May 1, 1 888 15 Th e cores of th e d is and field ma or may not b e Of di fierent mag neti c s usc ep h i li ty th at i s to say , th e may b oth be of th e sam e i nd O f i ron, so as to be mag netized at ap i n i l h n t a t h co i l s m e x t e s a s r o m a t e e t ; p 2 0 or one ma f f i n n d e r o f h o t ro t h o t b e so a e y h ard , i n order th at a c ertai n ti me m ay elapse between th e peri od s of th ei r m ag neti zation In ei th er case ro tation w i ll b e p rod uced ; b u t i s pro v id ed wi th th e closed u nless th e d is as energ i zi ng c oils i t re d es i rab le th at th e a ov e desc ri b ed d i tf erencc Of m agnetic susc epti b i li ty be u tilized to assi st i n i ts ro tati o n Th e cores of th e field and ar matu re m ay be made i n v ario us wa s, as will be well u nd er 0 n i h h l n r i i i n l u s t t a t t m t o e a a e s t o o d i e e 3 , g ti ons i n eac h be i n su ch d i rec ti o n as to sec ure th e nec essar ang u lar d i splacement of th e p oi nts Of g reatest attrac ti on. Moreo ver, si nce th e d is m ay be co nsidered as mad e u p of an 35 i nfini te nu m ber of rad i al arm s, i t i s 0b \ i O l18 th at w h at i s tru e O f a d i s h old s, u nder well u nd erstood cond i tions, for m an oth er for ms of arm atu re, and m y i nv ention i n th is respec t is i n no sense li mi ted to th e spec i fic f o r m of 40 armatu re sh own It will b e u nderstood th at th e spec i fic wa s Of carry i ng ou t th i s i nv enti on are alm ost wi th ou t nu mb er, and th at, th erefore , I d o not li mi t m self to th e p rec ise f o rm O f motor wh i ch 45 h av e h erei n sh o wn. am th e fi rs t to prod uc e t o b Qi i O‘ e th at tation of an arm atu re , at least su c h as cou ld be u ti lized fo r any general or prac ticab le pu r oses, b y m eans of analternati ng c urre nt pass p ° i n r h l i l r v e l c i r u a s e co o a o l s c t i s e n t h o a g 5 g g i ng as one, and wh ic h h avc a di rec t m ag net izi ng c tf ec t u pon th e co res O f oth armatu re and field , and th i s c lai m i n i ts b road est sense. f u rth er eli ev e th at am th e first to i m

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means of an alternating cur part di rec tl , rent, m ag netism to th e cores of th e two ele ments Of a motor, and b y th e d i recti on Of th e ' lam i nation of one or oth of th e sam e to pro d nee an ang ular displac em ent of th e poles or lin s O f m ag netic f orce of th e cores , respect

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W h at th eref ore clai m i s An electro magnetic motor consisti ng of a d ei d mag net, a ro tar armatu re, and a si n n l o n t urc e c t c o il a d t e d t co e d o a so e e a b e g p of alternati ng c u rrent s and to i mpart mag net i sm to oth th e armature and th e field magnet wi th ang ular d isplacement of th e max i m u m i n ts, as set f orth . o p 2 . In an electro m1 etic motor, th e com i nati on, wi th a coil apted to be connected w i th a sou rc e of alternati ng c u rrents, of a nei d mag net and ro tar armature th e cores of w h i c h are i n such relation to th e coi l as and su di vi ded or to be energ ized th ere lam i nate d i n su ch manner as to prod uce an ang ular d i splacement of th ei r poles or th e mag netic li nes th erei n, as set f orth 3. In an electro m etic motor, th e com i nation, wi th a coil apted to be connec ted S o w i th a sourceof alternati ng c u rrents, of dei d mag nets wi th lami nati ons l i ng o li uely to th e plane of said coi l and a ci rcular or d i s to rotate etween th e field armatu re menu mag nets, oth flel and armatu re ei ng under h e nag neti zi ng in uence of th e coil. as set ort 4 . In an elec tro mag netic motor, th e combi nati on, wi th a coil ad apted to b e connec ted wi th a source of alternati ng c u rre nts, of n ei d 90 mag nets wi th lami nati ons l i ng o li u el to th e plane of th e coi l and a c i rcu lar or d isk armatu re wi th spi ral or concentric lam ina ti ons mounted etweenth edei d mag nets, oth field and armature ei ng u nd er th e magnet i zi ng i n uence of th e coil as set f orth . 5 In an elec tro mag net c motor, th e com i nation, wi th acoil ad apted to be connected to a so urce of alternati ng c u rrents, of a field m ag net and a rotar armature wi th closed KOO coi ls th ereon, oth th e field and th e a rmatu re b ei ng u nd er th e magneti zi ng i n uence of sai d c oi l and lami nated to prod uce an ang u lar d is l h w o f f e m e n t o t h l e o t t o a c e s e p p N KO L A TESLA.

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Enwas n T. Evans, GEORGE N . MO N EO .

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th i s arrangement Of speed , th e roken etween th e gen tc h es

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moto rs h erei n d escfi b ed , wh i ch consi sts i n elec tr icall connec ti ng th e i nd oc i n of th e generator and th e one ru pti ng such connecti on,

2. '

10

wh i eh I l in detail; b u t i t will be enough to say th at th e conv erti bili ty of th e system f rom d o u le ci r cu it to sing le ci rc u i t is a f eatu re i n i tself Of

Th e m ethod

as set f orth .

h erei n d escri bed of starti ng as

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to be u nd erstood as confini ng ngem ent or ord er Of myself to th e preci se arra ay h e set f orth , as th ese

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i ntermediate in poi nts O f and th e energ izi ng c i rc u i t Of th e m otor to earth u ntil th e moto r h m reach ed th e d e fi ed so speed and th en i nterrupti ng ei th er or h oth of th e g ro und c onnections, as set f orth . N IK OL A TESLA. W i tnesses EDW AR D T. Ev ans, E. C . rsame. sists

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P at ent ed Dec. 3. 1889

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EL BOTBO MAGNETIO MOTOR.

Pat ent ed Dec

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nurng to th e resultant w fi l i d t o d c i r c t . l t e e u o r o d u c e s e s p p F i g . .3 represents a d isposi ti on i n wh ich b oth armatu re and field are wound wi th two i i n r l h f il ll i n m u l t t o l o a o e rc t e e a s e t s co s , p 5 m ai n c i rc ui t Th e armatu re coi ls are wound to co rrespond wi th th e field coi ls wi th respect to th ei r self i nd uc ti on. A modi ficati on Of — w i n F ig 4 th at is to say, th i s pl an i s sh o n th e two field coi ls and two arm atu re coi ls are i n d eri v ati on to th emselves and i nseri es wi th Th e armatu re c oi ls i nth i s case, one anoth er. as i n th e previ ou s fig u re, are wound f or d i f f erent self i nd uc ti on to correspond wi th th e fi eld coi ls. Anoth er mod i ficati on i s sh own i n F i g. 6. I n th i s case onl one armatu m oi l, as , is i nclu d ed i n th e li ne c i rc ui t, wh ile th e oth er, as C , i s sh ort c i rcu i ted . I n su c h a di sposi ti on as th at sh own i n Fi g . 2 , or wh ere onl one armatu re coi l i s em r u n i s d h l t o o t h r t w s h at o e t e e e t a m s o e , p r ed u ced , wh i le th e tend enc to s nch ronis m is som ew h at i nc reased. I n so ch adi sposi ti on, as sh own i n F i g 5 , th e opposi te cond i ti ons wou ld ex ist. I n oth i nstances, h owev er, th ere is th e ad v antag e Of d i spensi ng wi th one contac t ri ng I n F ig . 5 th e two field coi ls and th e arma tu re c oi l are i n m ulti ple arc . In F i . 6 g th i s d i sposi tio n is m odi fied, coil eru g ri es wi th th e two field co ils. sh own i n se F i g 7 i s an ou tli ne of th e g eneral f orm of m otor i n wh i ch h av e em od i ed th i s i mpro ve tains eff ec ts corres

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ment. Th e c i rc ui t connec ti ons etween th e armatu re and field coils are mad e, as i nd i rush es cated i n th e prev i ous fig ures, th rough and ri ngs, wh i c h are not sh own. In th e a ov e d escri pti on I h ave mad e use ” “ “ ” armature and field ; b ut i t of th e terms wi ll be u nd ersto od th at th ese are i n th i s case converti le terms, f or wh at i s tru e of th e field is e uall so of th earmatu re, except th at one i s stati onar , th e oth er capa le Of ro ta ti on. I do not clai m i nth i s applicati onth e meth od or m eans of Operati ng ad ou b le c i rc u i t m otor ma i ng i ts c i rc u i ts of di ff erent self i nd uc ti on or i n any way retardi ng th e ph ases of current i n one ci rc u i t more th an i n anoth er, h avi ng made th ese f eatures su ec t of oth er applicati ons ; b ut W h at I clai m i s 1 Inan alternati ng c u rrent motor, th e com i nati on, wi th field c i rc ui ts Of d i flerent self i nd u cti ve capac it , of correspond i ng arma -

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ture c i rc ui ts electri call conuseted th erewi th , -

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2 . In an alternati ng c u rrent moto r, th e corn i nati on, w i th i nd epend ent d ei d coi ls of d i f f erent self i nd ucti on, Of i nd epend ent arma ture c oi ls, one or more i n c i rc u i t wi th th e field coi ls and th eoth ers sh ort c i rc u i ted , as set f orth . N K OLA TESLA. W i tnesses : RO M . F . GAY LO RD , F aAN x E. HARTLE Y. -

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A N TESL '' EH OD OPOPERA TIO MOTORS. TING ELBOI B O I AOEB .

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P at ent ed Dec

No

.

a ll “

.

3, 1889

.

UN I T ED S T ATE S YORK

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wh om i t m ay Be i t nown that , N I OLA TESLA, a su b mil an, cet of th e Em peror of A ustria, f ro m S Li ka, bord er cou otr of Austria H ung ar , and or , i n th e count and s a resi d ent of N ew State of N ew or , h ave i nvented certai n new and usef ul m pro vements i n Meth ods of Operati ng Elec tro Mag neti c Moto rs, of wh i c h th e f ollo wi ng i s a spec i fication, reference be i ng h ad to th e d rawi ngs acc ompan i ng and formi ng a part of th e same. In a patent g ranted to me Apri l 16, 1 889, h ave sh own and d esc ri bed a No. meth od of starti ng and operati ng s nch ro nixi ng m otors wh i c h i nvolved th e transfo rma ti on of th e m otor f ro m a tor ue to a s nch ro h ave h eretofore d one nizi ng m oto r. Th is by ac h ang e of th ec i rc u i t c onnec ti ons, wh ere by on th e start th e poles or resultant attrae tion of th e field m ag nets of th e motor were shi f ted or rotated by th eac ti on of th e c u rrent u nti l th e moto r reac h ed sy nch ronous speed, af ter wh ic h th e poles were merel alternated . Th epresentapplicati onis b ased u ponanother way of accompli sh i ng th i s res ult, th e mai n features eing as f ollows : If an alternati ng current B e ssed th rough th e field coils onl v i ng two energ izi ng c i rcu i ts of of a moto r different self i nd uc ti on and th e armatu re coils be sh ort c irc u i ted , th e moto r will h ave a strong tor u e, bu t li ttle or no tend ency to s nc h ro ni sm wi th th e generator ; b u t if th e same c urrent wh ic h energ izes th e field b e r u l h t h o t h r u m r a so a a t co i h d e e l s t e a ss e g p tendenc to rem ai n i n s nch ro nism i s ver i nc reased. Th is i s d ue to th e consi d era l f ac t th at th e max i m u m m ag neti c eflects pro duced i n th e field and armature more nearl Th i s pri nc iple di scovered me coi nci d e. h ave u tili zed i n th e perati on of motors. In constr uct a moto r h avi ng i n other words, depend ent field c i rcu i ts of d i ff erent self ln ducti on, wh i c h are oi ned i n d eri vati on to a Th e arma sourc e of alternati ng c u rrents . tu re wi nd wi th one or m ore c oi ls, wh i c h are connected wi th th e field co i ls th rou g h contac t ru sh es, and arou nd th e armatu re ri ngs and arrange a sh u nt wi th m eans f or open coi ls i ng or closi ng th e same. In starti ng th i s m o tor close th e sh u nt around th e arm atu re coils, wh i c h wi ll th erefore be i n closed c i r cui t. W h en th e c urrent i s d i rec ted th rough th e motor, i t di vi des etween th e two c i rc ui ts,

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w h i i n id r ere n r o t n c a s e a n t s e c e ss a t o co s e y ( wh i ch , 5 5 th ere are more th an two c i rc u i ts reason of th ei r d i ff erent self i nd ucti on, sec ure a d i ff erence of ph ase etween th e two c urrents i n th e two b ranch es th at prod uces t h e a sh if ti ng or rotation of th e poles. B y alternati ons of c urrent oth er c u rrents are 60 i nd uc ed i n th e c losed—or sh ort c i rc ui tod armatu re coi ls and th e moto r h as a strong to r u e. W h en th e d esi red speed i s reach ed , th e sh untaro und th earm ature c oils i s opened and th e current d i re c ted th rough oth arma 65 tu re and field coi ls nd er th ese condi ti ons th e m otor h as a strong tendenc to s nch ronism. In th e dr awings h ereto annexed h ave i llustrated several mod i fications of th e plan 70 he a o ve set f orth f or operati ng otors . T fig u res are d iag rams, and will be explai ned i n th ei r ord er. F ig u re 1 : Aand Bd esi gnate th e field coils of th e m otor. As th eci rcui ts including th ese 75 h ave coi ls are of d i fferent self i nd uction, re resented th is b y a resi stance coi l R i n ci r p » r u r w n d lf i n d u i n il c i t i t s e c t c o S c h A, a a o u Th e sam e res ult ina of urse cu i t wi th B . th e wi nd i ng of th e coils. C is 80 be sec ured th e armatu re c i rc ui t, th e termi nals of wh i c h ru sh es c d ear on th ese are ri ngs or b. B r i ngs and connect wi th th e li ne and field i s th e sh unt or sh ort ci rc ui t c irc u i ts . aro u nd th e armature. E i s th e swi tch th ere 85 h ave i n Th e operati on of th ese d evi ces stated a o ve. It wi ll b e o served th at i n s uch a d isposi tion as is i llustrated i n F ig 1 , th e field c i r c ui ts Aand B ei ng of d i d erent self i nd uc 90 ti on, th ere wi ll always b e a greater lag of th e c u rrent i n one th an th e oth er, and th at, generall , th e armature ph ases wi ll not correspond wi th ei th er, b ut wi th th e result ant of oth . It i s th eref ore i mportant to ob 95 serve t h e proper r ule i n wi nd i ng th e arma tu re. F or i nstance, i f th e motor h ave eigh t — — w il l f h r h u r i n c i u i t u r l f o c t e r e b e o e s e a c o p res ultant poles, and h ence th e armature wi nd i ng sh ould be suc h as to prod uce f ou r poles, rec i n ord er to consti tute a tru e s nc h roni zi ng m oto r. F i g 2 : Th is d i ag ram d i ffers f ro m th e pre v i ous one only i n respec t to th e ord er of con nec ti ons. In th e resent case th e armatu re 1 0 5 coi l, instead of b e u g i n seri es wi th th e field

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s i s i n m ulti ple arc th erewi th t Th e a matu re wi nd i ng may b e si mi lar to th at o f th e field — th at i s to say , th e arm atu re may h ave two or m o re coi ls wou nd or ad apted f or d if 5 ferent self i nd uc ti on and ad apted , pref era bly , to prod u ce th e same d i fferenc e of ph ase as th e fi eld coi ls O n starti ng th e moto r th e sh u nt i s c losed aro u nd both coi ls Th i s i s sh ow n i n F i g 3, i n wh i c h th e ar matu re c oils to are F G . To i nd icate th ei r d i ff erent elec tri c al c h arac ter, h ave sh o wn i n c i rc u i t wi th ' th em , respec ti vel , th e res i stanc e R and th e ' self i nd u c ti on coi l S Th e two armatu re coi ls are i n seri es w i th th e d ei d coi ls and th e sam e 1 5 d i sposi ti o n of th e sh u nt o r sh ort c i rc u i t D i s u sed I t i s of ad vantag e i n th e o perati onof m o tors of th i s k ind to co ns tru c tor w i nd th e arma tu re i n s uc h m anner th at wh ensh ort c i rc u i ted on th e s tart i t wi ll h av e a tend enc to reac h a 2 0 h i h er s eed th an th at wh i c h s nc h roni zes p g w i th th e g enerato r F or exam ple, a g i ven m o tor h av i ng , say , ei g h t poles sh o uld r u n, w i th th e arm atu re c oil sh ort c i rc u i ted , at two th o u sand rev olutions per m i nu te to b ri ng i t u p to 2 5 s nc h ronis m It wi ll g enerall h appen, h ow ever, th at th i s s peed i s not reac h ed , owi ng to th e f ac t th at th e ar matu re and field c urrents do not properl correspo nd , so th at wh en th e current i s passed h roug h th e ar matu re (th e u i te u p to s nc h roni sm 30 moto r not bei ng “ th ere i s a li ab i li t th at i t would not h ol ” th eref ore pref er to so on, as i t i s ter m ed . wi nd or constr u c t th e m otor th at on th e start, wh en th e arm atu re coi ls are sh ort c i rc tti ted , i r h h h d l n t o e a c a s e e d w i l t e t r h m o o t e p 35 g er — n u h ro s as, f or i nstance, d ou b le o th anth es nc th e latte r. In su c h case th e d i ffic u lt ab o v e allu d ed to i s not f elt, f or th e motor wi ll al way s h old u p to s nc h roni sm i f th e s nc h i n th e case su pposed of two 4 0 rou ons speed — th ou sand revolu ti ons i s reach ed or passed . Th i s may b e accom plish ed i n vari ou s wa s ; b ut f or all prac ti cal purposes th e f ollo wi ng wi ll su mce: wi nd on th e arm atu re two sets 4 5 of coi ls. On th e start sh ort c i rc u i t one onl , th ereb prod uci ng a nu m er of poles on th e arm atu re, wh i c h wi ll tend to r u n th e speed up W h en su c h a ov e th e s nc h ronous li m i t ssed , th e c ur rent i s d i li m i t i s reac h ed or pa 5° rooted th rough th e oth er c oil, wh i c h , b y i n creasi ng th enu mb er of arm atu re poles, tends In F ig 4 suc h a to m ai ntai n s nc h ro ni sm disposi tion i s sh own: Th e m otor h avi ng , say , eigh t poles contai ns two field c i rc ui ts A r m n d n a i l i u o T h s f di n c t r ff t s e e o f e e $ 5 and B , ture h as two coils F and G. Th e f orm er i s closed u pon i tself , th e latter connec ted wi th th e field and li ne th ro u h contac t ri ngs a b, b rush es c d, and a swi tc E. O n th e start 60 th e coil F alone i s ac ti v e and th e motor tends to run at a speed a o ve th e sy nc h ronou s ; b u t ‘ 1 wh en th e coil G i s c onneo t w h c c i rc l' th e number of arrmt t wh ile the motor i s 65 motor Thi s d is t that th e closed th e motor lo t u

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at th e same ti me th e condi ti ons are such th at th e motor comes out of s nch ronism more readi l . To i nc rease th e tend enc to s nch ro ni sm , two c i rc u i ts m ay b e used on th e arm a ture, one of wh i c h i s sh ort c i rc ui ted on th e start and b oth connec ted wi th th e ex ternal c i rc u i t af ter th e s nch ronou s speed is reac h ed or passed . Th is d isposi ti on is sh own i n F i g . 5 . Th ere are th ree contac t ri ngs a b e and th ree rush es c d f , wh i ch connec t th e arm a tu re c i rc u i ts wi th th e external c i rc u i t. O n starti ng , th e swi tc h II i s tu rned to co mplete th e connec ti on etween one b i nd i ng pos t P and th e field coi ls. Th i s sh ortr c i rc u i ts o ne of th e arm atu re c oi ls, as G. Th e oth er coil F i s ou t of ci rc u i t and open. W h en th e moto r i s u p to speed , th e swi tch H i s tu rned ac , so th at th e connec ti on f rom i nd i ng post P to th e d eld coi ls is th ro ug h th e c oi l G , and swi tch K i s c losed , th ere i nc lud i ng coil F i n m u lti ple arc wi th th e field coi ls Both armatu re coi ls are th us ac ti ve F rom th e above d esc ri ed i nstanc es i t i s evi d ent th at man oth er d sposi ti ons f or car i ry i ng ou t th e i nv ention are possi le d o not clai m h erei n th e meth od and means desc ri bed and sh own f or operati ng a m otor prod uci ng arti fici all a d i ff erence of cu rrent ph ase i n i ts i ndepend ent ener c lai m , b road l , a g i zi ng c i rc ui ts ; nor d o m otor h av i ng i nd epend ent energ i zi ng c i r c u i ts of d i fferent se lf i nd u c tion and arm a tu re c i rc u i ts co nnec ted therewi th , as th ese f eatu res are m ad e sub ec ts of oth er appli ca ti ons wh i c h h ave filed . W h at I clai m i s 1. Th e m eth od h erei n d esc ri bed o f operat i ng alternati ng c u rrent m oto rs h av i ng i nd e d n ent ener i zi ng c i rc u i ts , wh i c h co nsi sts e p g i n sh ort c i rc u tti ng th e ar mature ci rc u i t o r c i rc ui ts u nti l th e motor h as reac h ed or passed a s nc h roni zi ng speed and th en connec ti ng sai d arm atu re c i rc ui ts wi th th e exter nal c i r cu it, as set forth . 2 . Th e m eth od of operati ng al ternati ng ’ c u r rent motors h av i ng fiéld coi ls of di fi erent self i nd u cti on, wh i ch consi sts i n d i rec ti ng al ternati ng c u rrents f rom an ex ternal sou rc e th ro u gh th e field c i rc u i ts onl u nti l th e m o tor h as reac h ed a g i v en speed and th en d i rec ti ng said c u rrents th ro ug h oth th e field c irc ui ts and one or m ore of th e arm atu re c i r c u i ts, as set f orth . 3. Th e m eth od of operati ng alter nati ng c u rrent m otors h av i ng field coi ls of d i lf erent self i nd u c ti on, wh i ch co nsi sts i n d i rec ti ng al ternati nv currents fro m an ex ternal sou rc e th rou g h h e field c i rc u i ts and sh o rt c i rc u i ti ng apart of th earm ature c i rc u i ts, and th en wh en th e m oto r h as attai ned a g i ven speed di rec t i ng th e alternati ng c u rrents th ro ugh bo th th e wt and a eor more of th e arm atu re c i rcu i ts,

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SLA N TB IC moron. srscr ao MAGNET .

No

.

.

Pat ent ed Dec

.

3. 1889

.

PATEN T OFFICE

TAT ES UN IT ED S NIK O LA TB SLA , OF N EW

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a s, o f wh i c h th e f ollowi ng is a speci ficap ti on, ref erence b ei ng h ad to th e ac c om pan rc i n g d rawi ngs. Th is invention relates to alternati ng c u r rent m otors of th e general d esc r i pti on i a vented b y m e, and i n h i c h two or more en erg izi ng c i rcu i ts are em lo ed; th roug h wh i c h 1 5 alternati ng cu rre nts d rif eri ng i n ph ase are pag ed, wi th th e result of prod uci ng a pro n r i n r v i ro t a t of th e poles or a i f i o o o n s h t g g poi nts of maxi mu m attrac ti ve s h eet. In prior patents and appli cations h av e shown and d esc ri b ed v arious fo rms o f m otors of th is i nd. Among th em are m otors i n which b oth energi zi ng c i rc ui ts are elec tri call ali ke—th at is to say , both h ave th e same or approxi matel th e same elec tri cal resi stance 35 and self i nd u cti on— i a th e o erati on of wh i c h p fire ali en ati ng c urrents u sed are pri mari l of di fferent ph ase. I n oth ers th e d i flerenc e — as, f or i a of ph ase i s arti fic iall prod u ced stanc a i n cases wh ere th e m otor c i rc u i ts are 3° of di ff erent resi stance and self i nd uc ti on, so that th e same c u rrent di vi d ed etween th em will b e retard ed i n one to a g reater ex tent th an in th e oth er, and th e re u isi te ph ase d if ferenc e sec u red i n th i s way . To th is latter 35 oh m g enerall my presen t i nventi on relates. Th e lag or rotation of th e phases of an al ternati ng c urrent is d i rectl proporti onal to th e self i nd u cti on and i nversel proporti onal to th e resi stanc e of th e ci rc u i t th rou g h wh i ch 4° th e cu rrent ows. H ence, i n ord er to sec u re th e pro per diff erence of ph ase etween th e two moto r c i rcu i ts, i t i s d esi rab le to ma e th e self i nd uc ti on i n one mu ch h i g h er and th e re sistance m u ch lower th an th e self i nd u c ti on 45 and res istance, respec ti vel , i n th e oth er. At th e same ti me th e m ag neti c uanti ti es of th e two poles or sets of poles wh i ch th e two c i r cui ts prod uc e sh ould b e approxi m atel e u al. Th ese req ui rements , wh i ch h ave f ound to ° 5 exist i n m otors of th i s k i nd , h ave led m e to

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ASSIGN OR TO THE TE LA ELECTR IC SAME PLAC E

MAG N ETIC M O TO R

i t k no wn th at i , N u c u M a sub ju st of th e Emperor o f Austria, f ro m Sm i l an, u r d er cou ntry of Austrisf Hunga re 5 i di ng at N ew York, i n th e cou nty and tate of N ew ork . h ave i nvented c ertai n new and

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th e i nvention of a mo tor h avi ng th e f ollo w i ng general ch arac teristi cs : Th e c oils whi c h are i nc lud ed i n th at energi zi ng c i rc ui t whi c h i s to h ave th e h i g h er self i nd u c tion mak e of coarse wi re, o r a cond u cto r o f relati vel lo w res istanc e, and u se th e g reatest possi b le length or nu m er of tu rns. In th e o th er set o f c oi ls use a com parati vel f ew tu rns o f finer ‘ wi re or awi re of h ig h er res is tanc e. F u rth er m ore, i n ord er to appro xi m ate th e mag neti c 6c uanti ties of th e poles exci ted b y th ese coils, u se i n th e self i nd u cti on c i rc u i t cores muc h longer th an th ose i n th e oth er or resi stanc e c i rc ui t. h ave sh o wn i n th e d rawi ngs a mo to r em bod i ng th ese f eatu res Fi g ure 1 is a parts ec tio nal vi ew of th e mo tor at ri gh t ang les to th e sh af t. F ig . 2 is a d i ag ram of th e field c i rc u i ts . In F i g. 2 , let A re pres ent th e coi ls i n one moto r-c i rc u i t, and Bth ose i n th e oth er. Th e c i rc u i t A i s to h ave th e h ig h er self i n d uc ti on. th eref o re use a long length or a large nu mb er of tu rns o f coarse wi re i n f orm i ng th e coi ls of th i s c i rc u i t. F or th e c i rc ui t r , I use a sm aller cond u cto r, o r a cond uc to of a h i g h er resi stanc e th an copper, such as German si lver or i ro n, and wi nd th e coi ls wi th f ewer tu rns. In ap pl i ng th esecoils to a mo to r b u i ld u p a field m ag net of plates C , of i ro n or steel, sec u re d tog eth er i n th e us ual 80 manner . Eac h plate i s f ormed b olts wi th f ou r (m ore or less) long cores E, arou nd wh i ch i s a spac e to rec ei ve th e coil and an e u al nu m er of sh o rt pro ec ti ons F to rec ei ve th ecoils of th e res istance c i rc u i t. Th e plates are g enerall annular i n sh ape, h avi ng an th e open space i n th e center for re c ei vi u armatu re G, wh i c h pref er to wi nd wi th 0 used n alternati ng c u rrent d i vi d ed be coi ls. tween th e two c i rc u i ts i s retard ed as to i ts to a m uch g reater ex ph ases i n th e ci rc u i t tent th an i n th e c i rc u i t . y reason of th e relati v e si zes and di sposi ti on of th e cores and coi ls th e m ag neti c eflec t of th e poles E and F u pon th e armatu re closel appro xi m ate. Th ese cond i tions are well u nderstood and read il sec u red one s i ll d i n th e ar t. e r n i m portant result sec u red th e eon stru cti on h erei n sh o wn of th e m otor is, th at th ese coils wh ic h are d esi g ned to h ave th e 1 0 ° -

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i nd u cti on are almost completel surrou nd ed b y rro u , wh ic h th e retardation is consi d erab l i nc reased . 1 do not clai m h erei n, ro ad l , th e meth od 5 and means of sec u ri ng rotati on b y arti fic i all produc i ng a g reater lag of th e c u rrent i n one motor c i rc u i t th an i n th e oth er. nor th e use of poles o r cores of di ff erent mag neti c sus eepti b i li ty , as th ese are f eatu res wh i c h h ave spec iall c lai m ed rn oth er applicati ons filed by me W h at c latm is 1. An alternati ng c u r rent motor h avi n two or m ore energ izi ng ci rc u i ts, th e coi ls 0 one ci rcu i t ei ng com posed of cond uc tors of large si ze or low resi stance and th ose of th e other of f ewer tu rns of wi re of smaller size or high er resistanc e, as set f orth . 2. In an alternati ng c u rrent motor, th ecom zo binati on wi th lon g and sh ort field cores, of , energizi ng c oi ls i nc lu d ed rn i nd epend ent ci r cui ts, th e coi ls on th e long er cores contai ni ng

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an excess of 00pper or cond ucto r over th at i n th e oth ers, as set f orth . 3. Th e com i nati on, wi th a field m ag net co mposed of magneti c plates h avi ng an open erent c enter and pole pi eces o r some of d i n length , of coi ls surro u nd i ng said cores and i nclu ded i n i ndepend ent ci rc u i ts, th e coi ls on th e longer cores contai ni ng an exc ess of cop h . h t f r t r s i n h o s e o t t a s r r h a t e e o v e e , t p 4 . Th e c om i nati on, wi th a field mag net d of mag neti c plates h av i ng an open com pose nter and pole pi eces or cores of d i flerent ce f coils surrou ndi ng said cores and len , o nd ed i n i nd ependent c i rc ui ts, th e coi ls on th e longer cores contai ni ng an excess of 00 p per over th at i n th e oth ers and ei ng set i n rec esses i n th e i roncore f or med th e plates. as set f orth .

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N K OL A TESLA.

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UN I T ED S T ATE S I

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ASSI GN OR TO TH E TESLA ELECTRIC SAME PLACE .

ELEC TRIC M O TO R.

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i nventi on relates to th e alternati ng current elec tro mag neti c motors i nvented me, i n wh i c h a rog ress i ve sh i f ti ng or re tati en of t h e po es o r poi nts of max i mu m mag neti c effect i s p rod uced th e acti o n of rs th e alter nati ng c u rrents. Th ese m oto rs have constru c ted i n a g reat v ari et of wa s. As i nstanc es, h av e b u i lt moto rs wi th two or more energ i zi ng ci rc u i ts, wh ic h connec ted up wi th co rrespond i ng c i rc u i ts of agenerato r so so th at th e m otor wi ll be ener ized r l a t e g nati ng c u rrents d i ff eri ng pr i mar il i n ph ase h av e also b u i lt m otors wi th i nd epen d ent energ izi ng c i rc u i ts of d i ff erent elec tric al ch ar acter or self i nd uc ti on, th rough wh i c h h ave zy passed an alternati ng c u rrent th e ph ases o f wh i ch were arti fi c iall d istorted th eg reater retard i ng c fi ec t of one c i rc u i t over anoth er h ave also construc ted oth er f orms o f moto r operati ng b y mag neti c or elec tri c lag , wh i c h 30 i t i s not nec essar to d esc ri e h erei n i n d etail alth oug h m y present i nv enti on is appli cab le th ereto. In s uc h m o tors u se an ar matu re wou nd wi th a coi l or c oi ls, wh i ch i s someti m es connec ted w i th th e external c i rc u i t and so m e 35 ti mes closed u pon i tself , and to oth t erm s th e present i nv enti on applies In th ese m o to rs th e total energ s u p pli ed to eff ec t th ei r operati o n i s e u al to th e su m of th e ener i es g ex pend ed i n th e ar m atu reand th e field Th e 40 power d ev eloped , h o wever, i s proporti o nate to th e p rod u ct of th ese u anti ti es. Th i s p ro d uc t w i llb e g reates t wh enth ese uanti ties are e u al; h enc e i n co nstr uc ti ng a m otor d eter m i ne th e m ass of th e ar m atu re and field c ores 45 and th e wi nd i ngs of b oth and ad apt th e two so as to e u ali ze as nearl as possi b le th e mag neti c uanti ties of b o th I n motors wh i c h h av e closed arm atu re c o i ls th i s i s onl appro x i matel possi b le, as th e energ m ani fested i n o th e ar matu re i s th e res u lt of i nd uc ti ve ac ti on s ro

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119 all w h o m i t m a Be i t nown th at e ona TEBLA, a su b ject of th e E mpero r of Au stria, f ro m Smi l an, Like, b ord er countr of Au stri a H u ngar , t and State s resi d i ng at N ew or , i n th e cou n of N ew or , h ave i nv ented certai n new and usef u l I m provem ents i n Elec tr n eti c M a g o Motors, of wh i c h th e followi ng i s a spec i fica

Decem b er

f ro m th e oth er element; b u t i n m otors i n wh i c h th e coi ls of b oth armatu re and field are c onnec ted wi th th e external c i rc u i t th e res ult c an b e muc h m ore perf ec tl ob tai ne . d In f urth er explanati on of m y ob ect let i t 5 5 b e ass u m ed th at th e energ as represented i n th e m ag neti sm i n th e field of agi ven m otor is ni net and th at of th e arm atu re ten. Th e su m of th ese u anti ti es wh i c h represents th e to tal energ ex pended i n d ri vi ng th e m otor, 6 0 i s one h u nd red ; b ut, ass um i ng th at th e m oto r b e so construc ted th at th e energ in th e field is r ep resented b y fif t and th at i n th e arm a tu re by fif ty , th e su m i s sti ll one h u nd red ; b u t wh ile i n th e fi rst i ns tance th e p rod uc t is 65 ni ne h u nd red , i nth e second i t i s two th ousand five h u nd red , and as th e energ d ev eloped i s i n propo rti on to th ese prod u c ts i t i s clear th at — i oth er n t th ose m otors are th e m ost emc e — th i ngs ei ng e ual ln wh i c h th e m ag netic 7o energ i es d eveloped i n th e armature and field ob tai n b y us i ng aree u al. Th ese resu lts th e sam e am o unt of copper or ampere tu rns oth are i n bo th elements wh en th e cores of e ual, or appro xi matel so, and th e s am e c u r 75 rent energ i zes oth ; or i n c as es wh ere th e c u rrents i n one elem ent are i nd uc ed to th ose of th e oth er u se i n th e i nd u ced coi ls an excess of copper ov er th at i n th e pri m ar 80 elem ent o r cond uc tor. W h i le k now of no way of i llustrati ng th i s i nv enti on a d rawi ng suc h as wi ll m eet th e f or mal re u i rem ents o f an appli catio n f or i a n f r n n a t h v d o v e c e t a n co e e a e d e e , p pp n conv enti onal fig u re of a motor suc h as em 85 wo uld state, h owev er, th at b eli eve ploy th at w i th th e p ro lem b ef ore h i m wh i ch h ave h erei n stated , and th e solu ti on wh ic h h av e p roposed, any one s i lled i n th e art wi ll be ab le to c arr ou t and appl th i s i nv enti on 90 w i th o u t d i ffic u lt . Generall Spea i ng .i f th e m ass of th e co res of arm atu re and fi eld b e e u al, th e am ou nt of c epper or am pe re tu rns of th e energ i zi ng co i ls on oth sh o u ld also b e eq u al; b u t th ese 95 cond i ti ons wi ll be mod i fied i n w ell u nd erstood wa s i n d i ff erent f or ms o f m ac h i ne. It wi ll be u nd ers tood th at th ese resu lts are m ost ad v antag eous wh en ex i sti ng u nd er th e con d i ti o ns p resented wh en th e moto r i s ru nni ng t oo

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wi th i ts nnr - al lrn d, and h u rry i ng ou t th e i nm fi rn th i s f aa sh ou ld b e taken i nto c on E d a rm g to th e d rawi ng , A i s th e field n agnet, Bth e arm at u ro , C th e field c oi ls, and th e ar m aturec oi ls, o f th e motor

I . An elec tro magneti c motor h avi ng field and arrnatu re m ag nets of e ual strength o r m ag netieq uanti ty wh en energi s ed b y a g i ven -

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2 . In an altern ati ng co m e t m otor, th e comb i nati on, wi th field and armature co res of e ual m as , of energ izi ng c oi ls contai ni ng e ual amo u nts of copper, as h ere i n set f o rth N IKO LA TESLA W i tnes ss -

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t a o r n d l i n t e d o a c a t i n s a t s a t e n g p p p are not h erei n c lai m ed . me, W h at clai m i s

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A N T ES L m on o m an na3101 03 .

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P atent ed Dec

.

3. 1889

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N TESL -A ‘ Et n on o m onnrlo moron. .

No

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3

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2.

.

Pat ent ed

Dec. 3 . 1889

.

PAT EN T OFFIC E

T A T ES UN ITE D S

A N IK O L

TESLA ,

Y OR K, N

N EW

OF

PAN Y

C OM

ELEC TRO OLTI ON form i ng part of

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M AG N ETlC M O TO R

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Letters Patent N o

dated D ecem b er 8 , 1 889 .

.

Application fled Key 20, 1880. Serial 1 0.

To

all wh om i t m a conc er n N I OLA Tnsna, a sub e i t nown th at m i l an, u stri a, f rom S cet of th e E m pero r of Li a, ord er countr of Austri a Hu ngar , re or , i n th e cou nt and S tate sid i ng at N ew or , h ave i nv ented certai n new and of N ew m provem ents i n Elec tra Mag neti c usef u l Moto rs, of wh i ch th e f ollowi ng i s a spec i fica ti on, r ef erence b ei ng b ad to th e d rawi ngs ac co m pan ing and f orm i ng a part of th e sam e. Th i s i nventi on relates to th at f orm of alter m e, i nwh i c h nat1ng — c u rrent m oto r i nvented th ere are two o r m ere energ i zi ng c i rc u i ts th ro ug h wh i c h alternati ng c u rrents d i fi eri ng h ave i n pri or i n ph ase are cau sed to pass. i w l i o n h n u f r m t r i n d a c a s s o v a s o s n t o t e s a a p p p — r f t h i m o t o first, m otors h av i ng s or ty pes o two or m ore energ i zi ng c i rc ui ts of th e sam e elec tri cal c h arac ter, and i n th e perati on of wh i c h th e c u rrents u sed d i fi er pri mari l 1 n h w i u rali t f n r l o m e n d t o s t a o h s a s e co , p ; p e i i erg i zi ng c rc u ts of d iff erent elec tri c al c h ar ac te r, i n or b y m eans of wh i c h th e di tterenc e of p h as e i s prod u c ed ar ti fic i all , and , th i rd , m otors w i th a plu rali t of energ i zi ng c i rc u i ts, th e c u r rents i n one b ei ng i nd u ced f rom i n anoth er sh all h erei naf ter c urrents sh ow th e appli c atio n of m y p resent i nven ti on to th ese several t pes. C onsi d eri ng th e stru c tu ral and operati ve condi ti o ns of any — th em as, for example, th at fi rst one of nam ed — tb e armatu re wh i ch i s m ou nted to rotate i n o edi enc e to th e cc operati v e i n fluence or ac ti onof th e energ i zi ng c i rc u i ts h as coi ls wou nd u pon i t wh i ch are closed u po n th emselves and m wh i ch c urrents are i nd uc ed c u rrents wi th th e ob ec t and th eenerg 1z1ng — resu lt o f energ i zi ng th e armatu re core;b u t u n d er any su c h cond i ti ons as mus t exi st 1n th ese motors i t i s ob vi o us th at a certai n ti m e m u st elapse etween th e m ani f estati ons of an ener 1 n th e field co ils, and n i m u l rr t s e u z i n c e i p g g th e correspond ing mag neti c state or ph ase 1n th e ar m atu re esta li sh ed b y th e c u rrent i n d aood th ere ;c onse u entl ag i ven m ag neti c i n u enc e or eff ec t i n th e field wh i ch i s th e d i c u rrent i mpu lse w i ll rect resu lt of a p ri m ar h av e ecom e more o r less wea ened or lost before th e correspo ndi ng efiec t i n th e ar m a ture i nd i rec tl p rod uced h as reac h ed i ts maxi mu m . Th i s i s a condi ti on u nfavorab le

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to effic i ent wor i ng i n certai n eases— as, f or i nstance, wh en th e prog ress of th e resultant i r l r n t f m x i m u m t i o n i s v o o s o a t r a c t e o a e s p p g reat, or wh en a ver h ig h nu mb er of alter 55 nati ons i s emplo ed— f or i t i s apparent th at a strong er tend enc to rotati on wi ll b e mai n tai ned i f th e m axi mu m m ag neti c attrac ti ons or condi ti ons i n b oth arm atu re and field co i nc i d e, th e energ d eveloped b y a motor b e 60 i ng m easu red b y th e prod uc t of th e magneti c uanti ti es of th e armatu re and field . Th e o ec t, th eref ore, i n th i s i nvention i s to so c onstruc t o r organize th ese m oto rs th at th e maxi ma of th e m ag neti c effec ts of th e 65 two elem ents— th e armatu re and field —s h all m ore nearl coi nc i de. Th i s I accom plish i n vari ou s wa s, wh i c h may est ex plai n b y ref erence to th e d rawi ng s, i n wh ich vari ous plans f or accompli sh i ng th e desi red results 70 are illustrated. F i g u re 1 : Th i s i s a d i ag ram mati c i llustra ti on of am otor s stem su ch as I h ave desc ri ed i n m y pri o r patents, and i n wh i ch th e alter nati ng c u r rents proc eed f rom i nd epend ent 75 sou rc es and differ pri mari l i n ph ase. Ad esig nates th e field magnet or mag neti c f rame of th e motor ; B , opposi tel located pole pi ec es adapted to recei v e th e coi ls of one energ i zi ng c i rc u i t; and 0 , si milar pole 80 i f r h i f n r i z t l s h r t e c e s o e co h e o t e e e o p g i ng c i rc ui t. Th ese c i rc u i ts are d es ig nated , re ’ spec ti v ely, b y E, th e cond uctor f ormi ng a c ommon retu rn to th e g enerator G. B e tween th es e poles i s m ou nted an armatu re 85 f or example, a ri ng o r annu lar armatu re, wou nd wi th a seri es of coi ls F , f or m i ng a closed c i rc u i t or c i rc u i ts . Th e ac ti on or op oration of a m eter th us constru c ted i s now well u nd erstood . It wi ll b e ob serv ed , b ow 90 ever, th at th e m ag netism of poles B , f or ex ample, estab lish ed b y a c u rrent i m pu lse i n th e coi ls th ereon, precedes th e m ag neti c effec t set u p i n th e arm atu re th e i ndu ced cu r rent i n c oi ls F . Conse uentl th e m utual 9s attrac ti on b etween th e arm atu re and fi eld l i n d r o e s s s i c o e a l red u ced Th esam e con p d i tions will be f ou nd to exi st i f, i nstead of assu mi ng th e poles B or as ac ti ng i nde pend entl , we regard th e i d eal resultant of 1 00 oth ac ti ng tog eth er, wh i ch i s th e real cond i tion. To rem ed tb i s, l construc t th e moto r

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h ave i nd icated th i s b y ma i ng m uch larger th an c oils E By reason coi ls of th is d i fierence i n th e elec tr ical c h arac ter of th e two c i rc u i ts th e ph ases o f c u r rent in one are retarded to a g reater ex tent th an th e Let th is di ff erence b e th i rt d egrees. oth er Amotor th us constructed wi ll rotate u nd er th e ac tion of an alternati ng c u rrent; b ut as h appens i n th e case previ ou sl d esc ri ed th e f ec ts of th e arma cor respondi ng magnetic et tu re and field do not coi nci d e owi ng to th e eti c ti me th at elapses etween a g i ven m ’ eff ec t i n th e armatu re and th e cond i t on of 80 rto th eref ore em th e field th at prod uc es i t. ex plai n th e ac ti o n o f th is motor as f ol ’ lo ws : Assu mi ng th at an i mpulse or alterna plo th e secondar or supplem ental poles B ’ tion i n c i rc u i t o r b ranc h E i s ust eg i nni ng C . Th ere b ei ng th i rt d eg rees d i ff erence of E, th e wh i le i n th e branc h D i t i s us t falli ng f ro m ph ase etween th e cu rrents i n coi ls ’ ’ maxi m u m , th e cond i ti o ns of a uarter ph ase m agnetic eflec ts o f poles B C sh ould corre ac u rrent d i fferi ng spond to th at prod uced di flerence. Th e i d eal resultant of th e at or E fif teen trac ti ve f orc es of th e two sets of poles B0 f rom th e c urrent i n coi ls wi ndi n th erefore may b e co nsi d ered as prog ressi ng deg rees. Th is may accom lish ’ p wi th two coils f rom oles Bto poles C wh ile th e i mpu lse i n eac h supplementalpo le B p ’ II . Th e coi ls H are i nclu d ed i na deri ved c i r 90 E is u s ing to maxi m u m and th at i n D i s f all i ng to zero or m i ni m u m . Th e polari ty set u p c u i t h avi ng th e same self i nd u c ti on as c i rc ui t ’ i n a ci rcu i t h avi ng th e same in the armatu re, h owever, la s eh i nd th e , and coi ls H g manif estati ons of field mag netis m, and h enc e self i nd uc ti on as c i rc ui t E, so th at if th ese c i r th i rt deg rees th e mag netism of c u i ts di ffer th e maxi m u m po i nts of attrac tion i n arma ’ ’ n l d t r t h B w i o r o d l l o e s C cor e s a t uced o tu re and field , i nstead of coi nc i di ng , are an p p p d i r n d i r i n f ro m t a t i n i t l T i b a c u r t ff e h h r l s a c e d h ff e e e D l a r s t r a c t e d e e c t i s c O u n u e y g y p g ' ' fifteen degrees. Th is is true i n all or E th e su pplem ental poles B C . Th e mag netic h escaof th ese poles s ucc eed th ose of oth er cases. F or exam ls, if i n F t 1 th e ’ ’ ’ l t h i t h o s E r l a c co h b e m b e e d i l s H i c e l s a e o r n r m e e s e a l t h s a e o e , , y p p 0 m r i u i t h 1 0 d f t i l l u d n d i v c rc t s e m m o f i e n o a s s w fi c e e d t i s e a r i o d e a es t n e t h e e c e e e e t e , p g p ’ ’ th e poles B C wi ll correspond i n efi ect or of th e poles B C and th e c orrespond i ng i n d uc ed effec t i n th e armature; h ence th e mag ph ase, if i t m ay be so termed , to th at pro ’ ’ neti c cond i ti ons o f poles B C and of th e d uced b y a c u rrent di fi eri ng f rom th at i n f orty five d eg rees, er or E armatu re mo re nearl coi nc i d e and a better ei th er ci rc u i t ' ' As poles B C ac t i n con one eigh th of a peri od. result i s obtai ned ' Th is i nvention as applied to a deri ved-c i r uncti on w ith th e po les i n th e armatu re es tablish ed b y poles BC , so i n tu rn poles B c ui t motor is illustrated i n F igs. 3 and 4. Th e ' ' ac t si m i larl wi th th e po les set u p B C , f ormer i s an end v iew of th e motor wi th th e nd er s uc h c ond i tions th e re armatu re i n sec ti on and adiag ram of connec respec ti vel . tardati on of th e mag netic eff ect of th e arma ti ons, and F ig . 4 a verti cal sec ti on th rough tu re and th at of th esecondar poles wi ll b ri ng th e field . Th ese fig ures are also drawn to th e m ax i m u m of th e two more nearly i nto sh ow one of th e di sposi tions of two fields th at m ay b e adopted i n carry i ng out th e i nventi on. coi nc id ence and a corresponding l strong er tor ue or mag neti c attrac tion sec u red Th e poles BB C are i n one field, th e re In suc h a di sposi tion as i s sh own i n F ig. 1 mai ni ng poles i n th e oth er. Th e f ormer are i t wi ll b e o served th at as th e ad acent pole wou nd wi th p ri mar coils J and secondar ’ ’ i r t c i i f e r c u r o e h i t a i t h l t r w h i a e c e s o f i co l s e t i t c o ls K L. Th epri e l a r i e e l t o , p p th e wi ll h ave a c ertai n wea eni ng eff ec t mar coils J are i nd eri ved c i rc ui ts, etween I th eref ore pref er to re wh i c h , upon one anoth er reason of th ei r d i fferent self ind uc move th e second ar poles f rom th e d i rec t i h ti on, th ere i s a d i fierenc e of ph ase, say , of 1 2 0 ’ fiuepc e of th e oth ers Th is may de by con th i rt deg rees. Th e coils K are i n c irc u i t ’ structi ng a m otor wi th two i nd epend ent sets wi th o ne anoth er, as also are coi ls L, and of field s, and w i th ei th er o ne or two armatures th ere sh ould b e a d ifferenc e of ph ase etween electri cally fi o nnec ted , o r usin two arm a th e c u rrents i n coi ls K and Land th ei r corre Th ese mod i cations will spond i ng pri maries of, say, fif teen degrees. tures and one fi eld be i llustrated h erei naf ter. If th e poles are at righ t ang les, th e am F ig. 2 i s a d iag rammatic illustrati on of a tu re c oi ls sh ould beconnec ted d i rec tl ac ross, motor and s stem i n wh ic h th e di fferenc e of or a si ngle armature core wound f rom end to be i n ph ase i s arti fici all pi o d uc ed . Th ereare two end m ay be used ; b ut i f th e poles i n one ranc h and two coi ls E E i n li ne th ere sh ould b e an ang ular di splacement coi ls th e oth er ranch of th e mai n c i rc u i t f ro m of th e armature coi ls, as wi ll b e well u nd er th e generator G Th ese two c i rc u i ts or stood. ra nch es are of d i fferent self i nd uction, one, Th e operation wi ll b e u nderstood f rom th e . h h i r h n i t h as e a n t t e e h f oregoi ng . Th e maxi mu m mag neti c cond i ti on o . F r n r e o o c , g g

b

field wi th second ar poles IV C , wh i c h are si tuated etween th e oth ers. Th ese pole ' ' w d i n wi th c o i ls D E , th e f ormer i n i s e c e p d eri vati o n to th e c oi ls I th e latter to coi ls E a i n r r i m r T h m o i l w o n d r a c o s n u e a d E a e p y 5 f o r a d ifi erent set i nd uc tion f rom th at o f th e ' ’ and E , th e relations ei ng so fixed coi ls th at if th e c u rrents i n ) and E di ffer, for ex am le, b y a u arter ph ase, th e c u rrents i n ' ' one ‘ second ar c oil, as D E , wi ll d i ff er f ro m th ose i n i ts appro pri ate p ri mary o r E b y, f ort fi ve d eg rees, o r one eig h th of a pe s

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a pai r of po les, as B B, coi nc i des c losel wi th th e m axi m u m efi ec t i n th e armatu re, wh i c h lags eh i nd th e corres pond i ng co ndi tion i n poles BB . 5 Th ere are mi n oth er ways of carry i ng ou t this i nv enti on, u t th e all i nvolve th e same broad pri nc i ple of construc tion and operati on. In usi ng ex nessi ons h erei n to i nd i cate a coi nc i d ence o th e mag neti h ases or efiec ts to in o ne set of field mag net s v th th ose set u p in th e armatu re th e oth er ref er onl to appro x i m ate resu lts ; b ut th i s of cou rse wi ll be u nd ersto od . W h at c lai m i s 15 1 . I nanalternati ng c u rrent moto r, th e com bination, w i th an ar matu rewou nd wi th c losed ’

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mai n and supplemental field mag nets or poles, o ne set of wh i ch i s adapted to ex h i b i t th ei r maxi m u m mag neti c eff ec t si m u l taneously wi th th at set u p i n th e armatu re coils, of

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th e ac ti on of th e oth er, as set f orth . 2 . In an elec tro m ag netic m oto r, th e com i nati on. wi th an ar mature, of a plurali t of field or energ i zi ng coils i nclu d ed , respec ti vel , i n mai n c i rc u i ts adapted to p rod u ce a g i ven d i fference of ph ase and su pplem ental or sec ondary c i rcu i ts ad apted to prod uce an i nter m ed iate d i ff erence of ph ase, as set -

I

N K OL A TESLA.

J

i V i tnesses R. . S TO REY, Jr , Jonu Grnw sr m . .

(l

o

l

odel. )

A N T ES L . n r u o n o r o u e n n o r o s st .

No

.

.

P at ent ed Dec 3 1. 1889 .

.

TAT ES UN I T E D S I

N K OL A TESLA, OF N E W

Y

OR K , N

PAN Y

CO M

.

,

Y ., OF

PAT EN T O F FIC E

.

ASSIGN OR TO THE TESLA ELECTR IC SAME PLAC E .

ELEC TRO M AO N ETIO M O TO R -

m

ann er

tam i ng part

m

m

11

of

.

Lstters Patent N o.

l ay 2 0.1 880.

'

it m a m o w h a ll y J e i t nown th at I , N I O LA TESLA, a sub u stri a H ungar , f or cet of the E m pero r of A merl of Sm iljan, Li a, b o rd er countr of Au s w i i w d n a t r t r i a H u n u n e r t b o r e s a N o , g , g 5 in th e c ou nty and S tate o f N ew or , h av e i nvented c ertai n new and u sef u l mprov e ments i n Meth od s of O erati ng Electro Ma g netic Moto rs, of wh i c h 8 f ollowi ng i s a spec i fic ation, ref erence bei ng h ad to th e d rawi ng accom panyi ng and f orm i ng apart of th e same. i n a patent g ranted to 1118 April N o. 401,5 20 h ave sh own and d esc ri ed a meth od of o perati ng alternati ng c u rrent m o first sh i f ti ng o r rotati ng th ei r m ag to rs neti c poles u nti l th e h ad reac h ed or pa ssed a s nc h ronous speed and th en alternati ng th e poles, o r, i n oth er word s, by transf or mi ng th e m otb r b y ac h ang eof c i rc m t connecti ons f rom one Op erated b y th e ac ti o nof tw o or mo re i a d epend ent energ i zi ng c u rrents to a motor op erated a si ngle c u rrent o r several ac ti ng as o ne. Th e p resent i nventi on i s a speci fic way of carryi ng o ut th e same i nv enti on; and i t con si sts i n th e f ollowi ng m eth od . O n th e start prog ressi v el sh i ft th e mag netic po les of one elem ou t or fi eld of th e m otor alternati ng c u rr ents d tfi en ng 1n ph ase a d assed th rou gh p i nd epend ent energ i zi ng c i rc u i ts and sh ort c i rc u i t th e coils of th e oth er elem ent. W h en th e m otor th us started reac h es or passe s th e li m i t of speed s nch ro nous wi th th e g enera tor , I c onnec t u p th e coi ls previ ou sl s h ort c i rc u i ted wi th a sourc e of d i rect c u r rent and b y a c h ang e of th e c i rc u i t c onnec ti ons pro d u c e a si m ple alternati on of th e poles. Th e m oto r th en c onti nu es to ru n i n s nc h ro ni sm wi th th e g enerato r. Th ere are m an spec i fic ally d i ff erent wa s i n w h i c h th i s may b e c ar ri ed ou t, b u t h av e selec ted one f or i ll s trat u i ng t h e pri nc i ple. Th i s 18 i llu strated i n th e annexed d raw i ng , wh i ch i s a si d e v i ew of a m oto r wi th a d i ag ram of th e c i rc u i ts and d e v i c es u sed 1n th e s stem . Th e moto r sh own i s one of th e ord i nar f o r m s, wi th field cores ei th er lam i nated or soli d a nd wi th a c li nd ri cal lam i nated arm a tu re wou nd , f or ex am ple, w ith th e coi ls AB at ri gh t angles. Th e sh af t of th e armatu re c ar r i es th ree collecti n or contac t ri n s C g g o

k

B

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K

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y y Y

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YI k

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yy

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dated Decem b er 8 1 , 1 889 .

B urial n o.

n.) onmea

b

h own, f or etter i llustrati on, as of dif E. (S f erent di ameters.) O ne end of coi l A connects to one ri ng , as C , and one end of coi l Bconnects wi th ri ng . 55 Th e rem ai ni ng end s are connected to ri ng E. ru sh es F G H ear Collec ti ng spri ng s or u pon th e ri ngs and lead to th e co ntac ts of a h efi eld T swi tc h , to b eh erei naf er d esc ri ed t coi ls h av e th ei r terrm nals i n i nd i ng posts K 60 K , and m ay b e ei th er c losed u pon th emselves or c onnec ted wi th a sou rc e of d i rec t cu rrent Lby m eans of a swi tc h M Th e m ai nor con trolli ng sw i tch h as fi ve co ntac ts a b c d e and 6 n a n d t b w l v i v a co n e c e d r e o d e n o e s t 5 t y f g, p in su lati ng cro ss b ar h , so as to mov e i n paral leli sm Th ese i ev ers are connec ted to th e li ne wi res f rom a so urc e of alternati ng cnr rents N . Contact a i s connec ted to b ru sh tG ' and c oil B th rou h a d ead resi stanc e R and 70 wi re i s connec ted w i th b ru sh F COt and coil Ath rou g h a self i nd u c ti o n coi l s and w i re 0 . Contac ts 0 and e are connec ted to ru sh es G F , r espec ti vel , th rou g h th e wi res P O, and contac t d is d i rec tl connec ted w i th 75 r ush H Th e lev er f h as a wi dened end , wh i c h m ay span th e contac ts a b. W h en i n on contac t (1 such i ti ou and wi th lev er , th e a ter nati ng c u rrents d i vi e etween th e two m otor coi ls, and b y reason of th ei r d if 80 f erent self i nd uc ti on a d i ff erenc e of cu rrent ph ase i s o tai ned th at starts th e moto r i n ro h av e a ov e stated , tati on. In starti ng , as th e n eld coi ls are sh ort c i rc u i ted W h en th e m oto r h as attai ned th e d esi red 85 speed , th e swi tc h i s sh if ted to th e posi ti on sh ow n i n d otted li nes— th at i a to say , w i th th e levers f g res ti ng on poi nts c c Th i s connec ts u p th e tw o ar m atu re c oi ls i n seri es, and th e m o tor wi ll th en ru n as a s nc h ronou s m otor 90 Th e field coi ls are th rown i nto ci rc u i t wi th th e di rect c u rrent so u rc e wh en th e m ai n swi tc h i s sh i f ted W h at c lai m h erei n as my i nv enti on i s Th e m eth od of operati ng elec tro m a g 95 neti c m otors, wh ic h c onsi sts i n fi rst prog ress i v ely sh i f ting or rotati ng th e m ag neti c poles of one element u nti l i t h as reac h ed a s nc h rou ons speed and th en alter n ati ng said poles and passi ng a di rec t c u rrent th rou gh th e coi ls 1 00 of th e oth er elem ent, as h erei n set f orth . 2 . Th e m eth od of o p erati n l t e e c ro mag g

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4 1 852 4 8 ac tors, w h i c h co nsis ts i n sh ort c i rc u i t c o i ls of o ne element, as th e field mag 1 pac i ng th ro u g h th e energ i zi ng c o ils oth er elem ent, as th e armatu re, alter i c u rrents d fi eri ng i n ph ase, and th en, he moto r h as atta i ned a g i v en speed , th ro u g h th e field co i ls a d i rec t c u r -

-

and th rou g h th e arm atu re coils alternat i ng c u rrents c o i nc idi ng i n ph ase.

r ent

-

I

N K OL A

-

-

W i tnesses : R. J STO N E Y , .Ir., ’ l C om-IN . .

”

.

PESLA '

(l

o

l

od el. )

N T ES L A Bt sorao l AGNBTIO moron. .

Sh eets—Sh oot

1.

.

P at ent ed Mar

No

.

M

W

2

.

2 5 . 1890.

I

I n

v en

to r

(l

e

l east.)

A N TESL .

st sorao I

No

.

— t s Sh eet 2 h ee 2 S .

TIO uorox AGI B

.

P at ent ed Mar

.

2 6. 1890.

M

W

)

UN I T E D S TAT ES I

N K OL A '

TESLA ,

OF

YO RK

N E‘V

N

P AN Y ,

CO M

ELEC TRO

m

-

ent i on form i ng part of

nd I n Appli cation a

To

.

.

Y, .

OF

I

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y

Y I

K

A

Y

A

k

10.1 889 .

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y yy

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y

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Letters Patent N o.

i d i n N w a r r t a e s e o r , i n th e cou nty and , g 5 g State of N ew or , h av e i nv ented certai n new and usef u l m pro vem ents i n Elec tro Mag netic Moto rs, of wh ic h th e follow i ng is a spec i fica tion, ref erence bei ng h ad to th e d raw i ngs ac I o com pan i ng and f o rm i ng a part O f th e same h av e i nv ented and elsew h ere d esc ri be d anelec tro mag netic moto r operate do r a dapted to b e operate d b y an alter nati ng elec tri c c u r rent, and wh i c h i s now co mm o nl d esi g n ated , “ 1 5 wh eth er c orrec tl o r not, a mag neti c lag moto r. Th e mai n di s ti ng uish i ng f eatu res of th i s m otor are th e f o llowi ng : An armatu re i s mo u nted wi th i n th e m ag neti zi n g i n u ence of a certai n num ber of field m ag nets or po les of s o d i ff erent m ag neti c su sce ti b i li t — th at 18 to p say , poles of u ne qu al leng th , m ass, o r com — n w n d n d w o t i a u i h i o t coils ad apted i n s o p th e perati on of th e m oto r to be co nnec ted to a sou rce of alternati ng c urrents. W h en 2 i n r t u r n i n t r n a c e t s passe d th rou gh th e a l e a g 5 coi ls of su ch a m oto r, th e field m ag nets o r n r i t a t o n f o l d o e a m a t t h i r e s e s e a t t r t o a c i ve p p p efi ec t u po n th e armatu re s i m ultaneo usl , th e mag neti c attrac ti o n of som e appeari ng to lag eh i nd that of oth ers, wi th th e res ult of pro so du c i ng a tor u e and rotati on o f th e m otor. h ave m ad e s uc h motors wi th Generall closed ar matu re c oi ls h ave i nvented ano th er f orm o f m otor, 3 5 wh ic h , f o r si milar reasons, m ay be calle d a ” mag neti c lag m otor ; b u t i n peratio n i t d if h ave ab o ve desc ri bed f ers f ro m th at wh i c h i n th at th e attracti ve efi ec ts or ph as es of th e w i l i n h i d h n h l b t h o f s l e e a s e s a ur e c o e , p gg g p l o rent wh ic h prod u c e th em , are m ani f ested s i m u ltaneousl and not s u cc essi vely To carr ou t th i s i nvention emplo a mo tor embod i ng th e pri nc i ple of construc ti on of a m oto r d esc ri b ed and c lai m ed i n an a m e anuar 8, 1889, i s pli cati on filed 6. to th e extent th at oth th e armatu re and fi eld recei ve th ei r magneti sm f rom a si n le energ i zi ng coi l or a plurali ty cells act ng as one. m otor wh i c h em od ies my i nvention, wi th certai n mod i ficati ons th ereof , i s illus trated i n th e accompanyi ng drawi ngs.

k

ASSIG N O R 120 THE TESLA ELECTRIC SAME PLAC E .

y

-

.

MAG N ETIC M O TO R

all w h o m i t m ay c o nc er n e i tk no wnth at . N I O LATESLA, asu b ec t of th e E m pero r of u str i a H u ngar , f ro m Sm i l an, Li ka, bo r der co u ntry of u stri a Hu n

B

PAT EN T OFFICE

dated l arc h 9 5 . 1 890. (l o model.

11a.

‘

F ig u re 1 is a si d e v iew of th e moto r i n ele vatio n F ig 2 i s a part~sectional v iew at F ig . 3 i s an end v iew rig h t ang les to F i g 1 i n elevatio n and part section of a me di dos tion and F ig 4 i s a s i m i lar v iew of anoth er m od i fic ation se o r In F igs . 1 and 2 , A des i nates a b a s tand , and BBth e su ppo rt ng f ram e o f th e m oto r Bolted to th e said s u pporti ng f ram o t , of are two m ag netic c o res o r pole p iec es i ron or so f t steel Th ese m ay be s u b di v ided o r lam i nated , i n wh ic h c ase h ard i ro n o r s te el ld o s r e s h u d h u o t n s s h u l d e o l r b e a t o b e s a , y p be wou nd wi th c lose d co i ls. l) is a c i rc u lar d i s arm atu re u i lt up of sec tio ns o r plates o f i ro n and m ou nted i n th e f rame b etween th e ’ e r l r r e f a b l w c h tt e a r e h a C i l o i s C e e c e p , p p c u rved to co nf or m to th e c i rc ular sh ape th ere of . may wi nd th is d is wi th a num b er o f F F are th e mai n energ izi ng closed coi ls E coi ls, su pported i n any co nv eni ent m anner b y th esu pporti ng f ram e, or oth erwi se, b u tso as to i nc lud e wi th i n th ei r m agneti zi ng i nfluence ’ r t u D t r m a e h C n d a i a e C l e s o h e e e c h t t o p p d b o n ro o u t e e c t Th e pole pi ec es C y p th e co i ls F F o n oppos ite sid es, as i nd icated If an alternati ng c u rrent i n th e d rawi ngs be passed th roug h th e coi ls F F , ro tation of th e armatu re w i ll b e prod uc ed , and th i s ro ta ti on ex plai n b y th e f ollow i ng apparent ac tion or m od e of operati on: An i m pu lse of c u r rent i nth e coi ls F F establi sh es two polari Th e protru d i ng end of ti es i n th e m oto r i n w l o n i o f e s n l r i n ta c e b e i f o l C s e e c e o , g , , p p wi ll and th ecorrespond i ng end of pole p iec e b e of th e opposi te si g n Th e ar matu re also ex h i b i ts two poles at rig h t ang les to th e c oi ls F F , li e poles to th ose i n th e po le pi ec es W h i le bei ng on th e sam e si d e o f th e c oi ls th e c u rrent is owi ng th ere is no apprec iab le tend ency to rotati on d eveloped ; b u t af ter eac h c u rrent i mpu lse c eas es or b eg i ns to f all th e m agpetis m i n th e ar matu re and i n th e ’ “ lo pi eces C ( 3 lags or co nti nues ends of (h e to mani fest tsoli , wh ic h prod u ces a ro t atio n of th e armature b y th e repellent f o rce be tween th e more closel approx i m ati ng po i nts Th is effec t is of maxi mu m m agneti c effec t c onti nued by th e reversal of c u rrent, th e po larltles of field and armature bei ng si m pl — . One or both.of th e elements th e armatu re o r nei d may be wou nd with c los ed .

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i nd uc ed coi ls to i ntensif th i s ed ec t, alth ough i n the drawi ngs h ave sh own b ut one of th e fields, eac h element of th e motor reall co n sti tutes a field, wou nd wi th th e c losed coi ls, Sth e c u rrents b ei ng i nd uced mai nl i n th ose convolu ti ons or coi ls wh i c h are arallel to th e p coi ls F F . Amodifi ed f or m of th i s motor i s sh own i n F i g . 3. In th is f orm G is one of two stand ard s th at su pport th e b eari ngs f or the armature sh af t. H H are u pri gh ts or si des of ’ a f rame, pref erabl mag netic, th e ends C C of wh ic h are ent su stanti all as sh own, to , conf orm to th e sh ape of th e armatu re and for m field m ag net poles. Th e construction of th e armatu re may be th e sam e as i n th e pre vi ou s fi g u re, or i t m a b e si m l a ma neti c y p g d is or c li nd er, as sh own, and a coi l or coi ls F F are sec u red i n posi ti on to su rrou nd b oth ' th e arm atu re and th e poles C C . Th e arms ture is d etac h a le f rom i ts sh af t, th e latter b eing passed th rough th e arm ature af ter i t h as b een i nserted i n posi ti on. Th e operati on of th is f or m of m oto r i s th e same i n princi ple as th at prev i ou sl d esc ri ed and needs no f urth er ex inu s tion One of t s most i mportant features i n alter nati ng c urrent m otors i s th at th e sh ould be ada ted to and capab le of ru nni ng effic i entl in t e alternating s stems i n resent use, i n wh ich almost wi th out except on th e gener ators i eld a ver h i h nu mb er of alterna tions. S uch a m otor h ave d esi ued ad e velopment of the r i h t r l n i 0 e m t o c e o p p sh own i n F i g . 3, m a i ng a multipolar moto r, wh ic h i s i llustrate d i n F ig . 4 . In th e con struc ti on of th i s m oto r I emplo an annular mag netic f rame , wi th i nwardl extend i pg ri s o r pro ecti ons K, th e ends of wh i ch all h and or turn i n one d i rection and are g en erally shaped to confor m to th e c urved sar fac e of th e armatu re. Coi ls F F are wou nd f rom one part K to th e one next ad acent, th e ends or loops of each coil or g rou p of wi res ei ng carri ed over toward the sh af t, so as to f orm U sh aped groups of convolui ti ons at eac h end of th e armatu re. Th e pole ' pi eces 0 C , ei ng su stanti all conc entric wi th th e armatu re, form ledges, along wh i ch th e coils are lai d and sh ou ld pro ect to some extent e ond th e coi ls, as sh own. T he cyli nd rical or d ru m ar mature is of th e same con s tru cti on as i n th e oth er motors d esc ri bed , and is mounted to rotate wi th i n th e annu lar f rame J and etween th e Us h aped ends or bonds of th ecoi ls F . Th ecoils F are connec ted i n m ulti ple or i n seri es wi th a sou rce of alter nati ng cu rrents , and are so wound th at wi th a c urrent or cu rrent i m pu lse of g i ven di rec ti on th e wi ll m a e th e alternate pole i eces C of p ’ 60 one polarit and th e oth er pole pi eces C of lari ty . Th e pri nc iple of th e th e c p osi te p i s motor is th e same as th eoth er operati onof h erei n descri ed , for, consideri ng any two ' r i m l i n r a cu n t u C i C e s e a ss l e e c e s o , p p p p i n th e coil wh i ch ridges th em or i s wou n over both tends to esta li sh polar i ti es i n th ei r

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i n th e ar mature c ore etween th em a polari t of th e same si gn as th at of th e nearest pole piece 0. pon th e f all or cessati on of th e cu rrent i m 70 u l l r i h h t i s h h l i t t s e s e t e s a b e d e a t e s t a e p mag neti sm wh i ch lags eh i n th e c urrent f f i w h i l n d i c h n t n u e s t o m n i t t s co e s e a a h a s e , p ’ i n th e polar pro ecti ons C C and th e ar ma ture, prod uces repulsion a rotati on of th e 75 arm ature. Th e eflec t is conti nued b y each reversal of th e cu rrent. W h at occ u rs i n th e case of one pai r of pole pi ec es occ urs si multaneously i n all, so th at th e tend enc to rotati on of th e armature i s meas u red b y th e 80 su m of all th e f orces exerted by th e pole n t d i h m t o i a v r . I o i e c e s a s o e sc e d s e r , p also th e magneti c lag or eff ect is i ntensi fied wi nd i ng one or b oth cores wi th closed i a d uced coi ls Th e armature core is sh own as 85 W h en closed coils are used, th e th us wound cores sh ould be lami nated . It i s evi d ent th at a pulsato r as well as an alternati ng c u rrent m i gh t b e used to d ri ve or operate th e m otors h erei n desc ri ed ; bu t 90 n n t s . u a cu rr e r r n f r o a l t e t i e e t s e g p It wi ll b e u nderstood th at th e degree of su d i vi sion, th e m ass of th ei ron i n th e cores, th ei r si ze, and th e nu m er of alternations i n th e c urrent emplo ed to ru n th e motor must 95 b e ta en i nto consideration i n order to pro erly construc t th i s motor. In oth er words, 11 all such m otors th e proper relati ons etween the nu mber of alternati ons and th e mass, served t oo on m ust b e pre si ze, or uali ty of th e i r h ese i n order to sec u re th e est results . T are matters, h owever, th at are well u nd er stood b y those s i lled in th e art. W h at I clai m i s 1. Inanalternati ng c u rrent moto r, th e com 1 0 5 i nati on, wi th th e armatu re and fi eld c ores, of stati onary energ i zi ng coi ls env elopi ng th e said cores and adapted to prod uce polari ti es or poles i n oth , th e field cores extend i ng out f rom th e coi ls and construc ted so as to ex n o h i b i t th e mag netic effect i mparted to th em af ter th e f all or cessation of c urrent i mpulse r t h f e . d s e t n u h e c a s e t u c i s c r o d , g p 2 . Inan alternati ng cu rrent motor, th ecom ature core ci rc ular i n u s i nati on, wi th an ar m confi g u rati on, of a supporti ng f rame, field cores ex tend i ng th eref rom over porti ons of th e peri ph er of th e armatu re, and energ i z i ng coils surro und i u g sai d armatu re and parts of th e field cores, as set forth 3. Th e com i nati on; wi th th e rotatab l mou nted armatu re, of th e ci rc ular f rame J, lar extensi ons extend i ng th e rib s K , wi th over porti ons of t e armatu re, and th e ener r a5 l f t h e n o e o r r t i O s d w o o u e i l s F n o v i n co z i p p , g g n d f h o r t e e s o v l r i oo s e d r i n n d e c a s a i e c e p p th e ar matu re, as h erei n set f orth . -

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LA. N I K O LA TES

J

W i tnesses

TON Ey, Jr.. R. . S E. P. Com m .

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N T E S LA .

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110703 .

P at ent ed Au g

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5 . 1890.

PATEN T OFFIC E

TAT ES UN ITE D S NIK O L A TE

LL ,

O F N EW

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YORK

TO THE TESLA KLRC l t

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nne cted Be i t nown th at , N m ou TxSLA, a sub wi th a source of alternati ng or rapid v vary i r f w r n i n b u t or m i r f t s t h E m f A t r i H u n r f r o m n u e t o o e c t o e ror us a c a t a e s e aths a e , , j g p g p g y Smil an, Li a. ord er co untr of Austri a or c i rc u i ts. Th e magnets of one set pre Hungary , resi di ng at N ew or , i n th e count teet to a certai n extent from th e c nerg i ai ng and S tate of N ew or , h ave i nvented certai n ac tionof th e c urrent by moans of a mag netic new and usef ul mpro vem ents i nAlternati n sh ield or sc reen i nterposed etween th e m not and i ts one si ng~coi l. T Current Elec tro Mag neti c Moto rs, of wh io h is sh ield s roperly a th efollowiiig is aspeci ficati on, ref erencebei ng dapted th c condi ti onuof parti eu 0 ar cases, so as to sh i eld or protect th e mai n cc h ad to th e d rawi ngsaccompanyi ng and form i a a part of th e same. core f rom mag neti zati on u ntil i t h as eco me i s i nventi on is an i mprovem ent i n th at i tself saturated and no longer on b le of con ' class of electro mag neti c m eters i n wh ic h th e tai ni ng all th e li nes of f orce Iot nee dby th e rotati on i s prod uced th e p rog ressi ve move current y th i s means i t w ll be seen th at r e t h z i n a i i n r i h x i m u m m e t c e t n i n c m n t r f f t o t e m e e o i n h a e o e c f a s n t r o t o e e to d s g g g t f m r o d o n t h n o i n t a c e t s n i t ro d a n r l u co s e a c e t s ar i trar i y d eten o o s e s c e e g p p p tion or eflect of two one i zi ng ci rc ui ts m i ned peri od of ti me later th an i n th e o th er. th i s m eans alone or i n con ane th roug h wh i ch are passed ternati ng c u r and th at rents, or cu rrents of rapi dl vary i ng strength tion wi th oth er means or d evices h eret ofo r e t o of a i nd red natu re. emplo ed a practically economical d i ff erence Th e i mprovements su ec t of th is applica of mag netic ph ase may read ii be secu red. Th e natu re and operation 0 th e i nvention ti on are more parti cularl appli ca le to th at will be more f ull explai ned by referenc e to clam of meters i n whi ch two or m ore sets of zi ng m one etc are emplo ed , and i n th e aecom an i ng d rawi ngs. as wh i c F igure i s a vi ew of a moto r, partiy i n sec arti ci al means a certai n i nterval tion, wi th a d iag ram i llustratln th e lu ven of ti me s madeto elapse etween th erespec t i ve max imu m or m i ni mu m period s or ph ases tion. F i g . 2 i s a si mi lar V i ew 0 a mod i fi ca h i s ti on of th e same. of th ei r magneti c attrac ti on or ed ect. T interval or d i d erence i n ph ase etween th e In F i g . l , wh i ch exh i i ts th e simplest form of th e i nventi on, AAi s th e fi eld mag net o f a 30 two sets of magnets, wh en arti fi ci all pro duced, i s li mi ted i n extent. It i s des ra le, motor, h avi ng , as ei h t poles or i nwar dl howev er, f or th e econom ical wor i ng of such pro ecti ng cores am 0. Th e cores i i for m motors th at th e strength or attracti on of one oneset of magnets and are energ ized by c ells Th e cores 0, f ormi ng th e oth er set, are . set of mag nets sh ould b e maxi mu m.at th e 35 ti me wh enthat of th e oth er set is m i ni mu m energi zed by coi ls E, and th e coi ls are co n and conversely ;b u t th esecond i ti ons h ave not nec ted , rc ferab ly, i nseries wi th one ano th er, heretof ore een reali zed except i ncases wh ere i n two eri ved or ranc h e d c i rcu i ts F u , re the two currents h ave een o tai ned f rom i n f rom a su ita le so u rce of c u rrent. ecti vel dependent sourccs i n th e same or d i ff erent ach co 1 E i s su rrou nde d a mag netic sh i eld II wh ic h is prefera l c om pose do f an 40 machi nes. i nsu lated, or ex dized i ro n wi re Th e o ject of th e present i nventi on is to anneal establish condi ti ons morenearl approach i ng wra pod or wound on th e cells i n th e w arm er the th eoretical re ui re ments of perf ec twor i nd os ted , so as to form a c losed mag neti c ing, or, i n oth er words, to produce arti fic i ally ci rcu i taro und th ecoi ls and between th e sauna 45 adi fference of ma neti c ph ase by m eans of and th e mag netic cores C . B etween th e p ole g acurrent f rom a sm gle pri mary source sum feces or come C is mounted th e ar matu re ci ent i n extent to meet th e w h ich , as is usual i n th is t pe of ni aeli i rms, ui rementa of , i s wo u nd wi th coi ls Lclosed upon th emrmlves practi cal and economi cal work g. Incarryi ng ou t my i nventi on employ a Th e operation m nlti ng f rom th is d ii mi ti un 50 motor wi th two sets of energ i zi ng or fi eld i s as follows: If a cu rrent i mpu lse be d i

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m eted th rough th e two ci rc ui ts of th e motor,

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n rg ize th e cores B w i ll u ic l t e e b ut not , i so th e C , for th e reason th at i n passi ng th rough th e cells E th ere i s encountered th e f i n u n o t h c l os m e e d t i e c e a e i c n rc ui ts c g 5 f ormed by th e shi elds H. Th e first eff ect i s to ed ecti vel retard th e current i mpulse i n ci rc ui t G w li e at th e same ti me th e propo r , ti on of current wh ich does pass does not mag to noti ce th e cores 0, wh ich are sh i eld ed or s th e i ncreasi ng th esh i elds H. A screened electro moti ve force th en u rg es m ore c u rrent th rough th e coils E, th e i ron wi re H ecom es mag neti cally saturated and i nca a le of car once ceases 1 5 ryi ng all th e li nes of f orce, and to protect th e cores 0, wh i c h ecome m ag netized , developi ng th ei r max i m u m cfiect af ter an i nterval of ti me su se u ent to th e si mi lar mani f estati onof stren h i n th e oth er so set of mag nets, th e extent 0 wh ich i s arbi trari l d etermi ned by th e th ic ness of th e H, and oth er well u nderstood condi sh i el ti ons. F rom th e a ove i t will be seen th at th e s p ‘5 paratus or devi ce a c ts i n two ways. F i rst, reta retardi ng th e c u rrent, and , second , eti zati on of one set of th e cores, i ng th e f rom wh i o i ts effec ti veness wi ll readi l ap r . a e p 0 Man mod i fications of th e pri nc i leof th is i nvent on are possi le. O ne nests and effi ci ent ap li cati on of th e i nventi on i s sh own i n u sai d fig ure a motor i s sh ownsi m i F ig . 8. lar i n all respec ts to th at a ove d esc ri ed, ex h rapped w i h n w i H i s w r e c i t h r o h t e t t a e e , 35 p around th e coi ls E, is i n th is case connec ted . Th e i ron wi re i n seri es wi th th e coi ls coils H, are connec ted and wou nd , so as to h ave li ttle or no self i nduction, and ei ng i h o f t h i u t t e c r c e n c e r t a F e s i s t t h e 0 d e d o d a 4

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ac tion of th e c u rrent i n th at ci rc ui t wi ll be ac celerated ,wh i le i n th eoth er c i rc u i t G i t wi ll b e retarded . Th e sh i eld H m ay be mad e i n man f orms, as wi ll b e u nd ers tood , and used i n di ff erent wa s, as appears f rom th ef orego i n desc ription. do not, h owever, li mi t my se f to any speci fic f orm or arrangement; b ut W h at clai m i s 1. In an a lternati ng c urrent moto r h av i ng two energ izi ng ci rc ui ts, th e com i nation,wi th th e m eti c cores and coils of oneof th e ci r c ui ts, o i nterposed magneti c sh i elds or sc reens f or retard i ng th e mag netization of said cores, as set f orth . 2 . In an alternati ng c u rrent m otor h avi n two energ izi ng c i rc u i ts , th ecom binati on,wi t th e mag neti c cores and th e coi ls of one of th e ci rc ui ts wou nd th ereon, of m etic sh ields or coi ls wound arou nd sai d coi at righ t an gles to th ei r convoluti ons, as set f orth . 3. In an alternati ng cu rrent moto r h av ing two energ izi ng c i rcui ts , th e com i nati on,wi th th e magnetic cores and th e coils of oneof th e c i rc uits wh i ch energ i ze th e sai d cores, of m ag neti c sh i elds f or mi ng closed or netic c i rc u i ts around th e coi ls and i nterpo etween th e coi ls and cores, as set forth . 4 . In an alternati ng c urrent motor h avi ng two energ i zi ng ei rc u its d eri ved f ro m th e same sou rce, th ecomb i nati on,wi th th ecores and th e coi ls of one of th e c i rcui ts th at energ izes th e same, of i nsulated i ron wi re coi ls wou nd on th e sai d energ izi ng coi ls at righ t angles to th eir cou volu ti ons and connec ted u p i nser ies wi th th e coi ls of th e oth er energ i zi ng c i rc ui t, as set f orth . LA. N K OLA TES W i tnesses R oar . F . GAY LO RD, u s an W . Pas s .

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1 79 6 3 9 8

UN I T ED S T A T ES PA T EN T OFFIC E. Y

I

V O R K, N . Y , N KOLA TESLA, O F N E‘ C OM AN , OF

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ALTERN ATIN G an

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ASSI GN OR TO TH E TESLA E LEC I RK SAME PLACE ’ ‘

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C U RREN T M O TO R.

m m Patent N o.

formi ng part of

dated

erial l o. A pplication llsd Karel 30.1890. S

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at N ew or , i n th e co u nt and State of N ew or , h av e i nvented certai n new and usef ul mprov ements i n lter nati ng C urrent Motors, of wh i ch th e f ollowi ng is a spec i ficati on, ref erence ei ng h ad to th e d raw i ng s acc om pan i ng and f o rm i ng a par t of th e

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A

Th i s i nvention relates to th at c lass of alter

nati ng c u rrent meters i n wh ic h th e field mag nets are energ i zed coils connec ted up i n f ro m th e same sou rc e two c i rc u i ts d eri v and h av i ng d i fi erent d eg rees of self i nd uc th e c u rrents i n one c i rcu i t or ti on, wh ere b ranc h are retard ed more th an i n th e oth er, wi th th e resu lt of prod u ci ng a p rog ressi ve ad vance or rotati on of th e oi nts of maxi m u m m ag neti c c lrect i n th e old th at mai n tai ns th e armatu re i n rotati on. In meters of i nd h ave emplo e d, among oth er th i s means, a self i nd ucti on coi l i n one c i rc u i t and h ave se a d ead resi stance i n th e oth er, or th e spec ial c h arac cu red th e same result ter of th e wi nd i ng of th e two c i rc ui ts, and i n h ave so constr uc ted sti ll anoth er i nstance th e m otor th at th eretard ed c u rrent cells were nearl i nclosed by i ron, wh ere th e self i n d uc ti on of s uch coi ls was ver g reatl i n creas ed . Th e i nvention su ect of th i s appli cati oni s an i m provement on th is last named plan. In carry i ng ou t th e i nventi on constru ct a d ei d mag net h av i ng two sets of poles or i n ward ly pro ecti ng cores and placed si de si de, so as prac ti cally to form two field s o f f orce and alternatel d isposed —th at i s to say, wi th th e poles of oneset or field opposi te th e s ces etween th e oth er. th en con nect t e f ree ends of one set of poles b means of lami nated i ron ands or ri dge p sees of considera l sm aller c ross sec ti on th an th e cores th emselves, wh ereb th e cores wi ll all f orm parts of complete mag neti c ci rc u i ts. W h en th e coils on each set of m ag nets are connec te d i n m ulti ple ci rc u i ts or b ranch es f ro m a sou rceof alternati ng c u rrents, electro moti ve f orces arc cot u p i n or i mpressed u pon each c i rcui t si multaneousl ; b ut th e c ells on -

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To all wh om i t m ay concer n Be i t k nown th at I N IKO LA TESLA a sub jec t of th e Em peror of Au stri a Hu ngar f ro m Sm i lj an Li ka bo rd er cou ntr of Austria

August

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will h ave, reason of th e closed m ag netic c i rc u i ts, a h i gh self i nd uc tion, wh i ch retards th e c u rrent, per m i tti ng at th e b eg i nni ng of 5 5 eac h i mpulse b ut li ttle c urrent to pass. On th e oth er h and , no such opposi tion b ei ng en cou ntered i n th e oth er set of coi ls, th e c u r rent passes f reel th roug h th em , mag netizi ng s soon, 60 th e poles on wh i c h th e are wou nd . A ri dges h owever, as th e lami nated ecome satu rated and i ncapa le of carr i ng all th e li nes of f o rc e, wh ic h th e ri si ng electro moti ve f orce, and conse u entl i nc reased c u rrent, 6 h f l s d v l a t t e n d r r d o e r e a e s o d u c e ee e o e e 5 , p p p of th e cores , wh ic h , ac ti ng i ncon unction wi th th e oth ers, prod uc e rotati on of th e armatu re. wh ich th is Th e construc ti on i n d etai l i nventi on i s i llustrated is sh owni n th e aecom pan i ng d rawi ngs. F g urc 1 i s a v iew i n si deelevation of a mo F ig 2 i s aver tor em od i ng th e i nvention ti cal c ross s ec ti on of th e same Ais th e f rame of th e motor, wh i ch i s prefer a l u i lt u p of sh eets of i ron pu nc h ed ou t 75 to th e d esi red sh apeand olted to geth er wi th i nsulation of a proper c h aracter etween th e sh eets. W h en c om plete, th e f rame ma es a field mag net with i nward l pro ec ti ng pole 0 8 n d T t h m t o t h r e i . a d t e e o a B a C e c e s p p t i i r l l n f h a r t a h r o u i m o s c u c a s e t e s e e s t e q p p e i t h n w i h n n o t h r i o u t o f l e t o e a os e a r e e e c e s , p mar ed su rrou nd i ng one end of th e arma tu re and th e oth ers , as C , th e opposi te end, — thati s to 85 and th ey are d i sposed alternatel say , th e pole pi eces of one set oc c u r i n line wi th th espac es etween th oseof th eoth er sets. Th e armature D i s of c li nd rical form, and i s also lami nated i n th e u su al way and i s wou nd lo ngi tud i nall wi th coils closed upon 90 th emselves. Th epe e pieces C areconnec ted b ri dg e pi eces E. Th ese may or sh u nted be made i ndepend entl and attach ed to th e f r m h o t f r h m a r t s e o s i e c e s o t e a b e l e o , y p p p lan s stam ped or pu nch e d ou t of sh eet 95 or i ron. Th ei r size or m ass i s d eterm i ned b y vari ous cond i ti ons, su ch as th e streng th of th e cu rrent to b e em plo ed, th e mass or si ze are apppli ed , and of th e cores to wh i ch th e oth er well und ers tood cond i ti ons. Coi ls F surround th e pole pi eces B , and oth er coi ls G are wound on th e pole pi eces C. -

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netie sh u nts or b ri dg es so nnet ti ng th o u f ree end s.as h e rei n set fo rth 3 In an s lter ns nngs ou r reu i m o to r mu m ; two sets or seri es o f po le p i ec e» o nu l u eu b y e sh i ne cal ls i n i nd epend ent O IN tl i ls f ro m t m senses, the oom b i u s ti ou . W i th one o r th e tru th or seri es of pole p ieces, of i nq u eu c sh u nts»o r b ri dg es co nnec ti ng th ei r f ree end s, as d o sc ri bed . 3. I n an alter nati ng ou rreu t mo to r h m m g s lami n ated or su bd i v ided field i m p ac t pro v id ed wi th two sets or ser i ss of eu ros o r po le w i t h e bi i o n i th suc h po le pi eces. o c n a t e c e s . . m p i n : v l n t e n d r s c of energ i zi n il s c o t e e . c o e c e , y p g t wo c irc ui ts deri ved f ro m th e sam e so u rc e o f s lternati ng c u rrents and lam i nated o r s u b d i vi ded i ronsh u nts o r b ridg es of anoth e r c lo se sec ti on th an th e pole pi ec es s ud Jo i ni ng th e f ree ends of all th e w res o r pole p i ooes o t o ne neti c c i rc u i ts . as no t set to torn: c losed m f orth 4 I n analternati ng c u rrent m oto r . th e ow n b i nation, w i th s set or se ri es of n eid po les and energ i zi ng c oils w ou nd th erw n. o f an m termed i s te set o f pole p iec es (orunng po rtw i th s th ereo n o f c los ed mag neti c c i rc u i ts and oo i L i n a c i rc u i t d eri ved f ro m th e sam e so nnoo o f alternati ng c u rrents as th e ot her “ s et fo r th Nih m W i tnesses ' Bonr lr (i n h oan. PAR ER W AG E “

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f unc tien ef th at th ey sh all form wi th tiss cores t aclcs ed m atte ci rc u it for a c urrent u p to a pred e h rni nad streng th , so that wh en satu rated by n eh snrm t and u nable tc carry more li nes rsrt f orc e th an suc h a c urrent prod uc e s th e wi ll to no f urth er appreciable exte nt i nter fern wi th th e develo pment by ast ro nger c u r mat of free mag neti c poles at th e ends of th e mm C . so Inn eh a moto r th e c u rrent is so retard ed in th e soi ls G and th e mani fo tatio n of th e free mag netis m i n th e poles C is delayed l» of maxi m u m mag neti c eflcc t yond th s that a stro ng torq ue is prod uced fie a th e meto r operates wi th appro x i mately s t h i i n d r d m r f s o a m i n o t o o n p b y i n s pendently g enerated c u rs te rm d ifferi ng a f u ll q uarter ph ase W h at I clai m i n th is applicati o n is u lati ng c u rrent m otor h av i ng p 1. In an s i m i n sets or seri es of lo pi ecss, th e co mb i ra tion, wi th one of su c sets or seri es, of mag

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UN I T ED S TAT E S P A T E N T O FFIC E I

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ELEC TRIC ALTRAN SFO RM ER O R IN D U C TIO N D EV IC E.

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w h om i t m a y concer n Be i t nown th at , N IKO LA TESLA, a sub ject of th e E mperor of Au stri a Hungar , f rom Smi l an, Li a, ord er cou ntr of Au stria 5 Hung ar , resi d i ng at N ew or , i n th e cou nt and State of N ew or , h av e i nvented cer tai n new and usef ul mpro vements i n Elec tri cal Transfor mers or nd uc tion evices, of wh i ch th e f ollowi ng is aspeci ficatio n, ref erence be xo i ng h ad to th e d rawi n s acco m an i n g p y g and torm un a part of th e same. Th i nventi on is an i mprovement i n elec tricel transformers or converters, and h as f o r i ts m ai n o ec ts th e pro visi on of m eans f or se rs cu ri ng , fi rst, a n h d i ff n w r a s e t e e t e e h e c e e p pri mar and secondar c urrents ad apted to th e operati on of my a ternati ng c u rrent m o tors and oth er li e pn and , second , a nstant c u rrent f or all oad s i mposed u pon co so th e secondar . In transf ormers as constru cted now and h eretofore i t wi ll be f ou nd th at th e elec tro moti ve f orce of th e secondar ver near! cc i nci des wi th th at of th e ri mery, eing , ow zs ever, of o osi te si g n. t th e same ti me th e th pri mar and secondary , log o on h i nd th ei r respec ti ve electro moti ve f orces ; b ut as th is lag is practi cally or nearl th e sam e in th e case of each i t f ollows th at th e 30 maxi m u m and m i ni mum of th e pri mar and second ar c u rrents will nearly coi nc i d e, b u t d iner i n sig n or di recti on, provi ded th e sec ondary b e not load ed or if i t contai n d evi ces h avi n th e property of self i nd ucti on. O n eh i nd 35 th e 0 or hand, th e lag of th epri mar th e i mpressed electro moti ve force may b e di mi nish ed b y load i ng th e secondar wi th anon i nd ucti ve or dead resistance—su ch as i ncan d escent lamps—wh ere th eti me i nterv albe 40 tween th e m axi m u m or th e mi ni mum peri ods of th e ri mary and secondar currents is i n This ti me i nterval, h owever, is li m creasc i ted , and th e results o tai ned h di f a s e p f erence i n th e operati on of snc d evi ces as 45 my alternati ng c u rrent moto rs can onl be approxi matel reali zed by such means of pro d uc ing or securing th i s di aerence, as a ov e i ndicated , for i t i s d esi ra lei nsuch cases th at th ere sh ould ex ist etween th e ri mary and secondary c urrents, or th ose wh ch , h owever

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th roug h th e two c i rc u i ts of th e moto r, a di flers nce of ph as e o f ni nety d e n i e n rr n t o c u h e s t e o r d r h r w i n o t o e r s ee , ; , g c i rc u i t sh ould b e max i m u m wh en th at i n th e To more perf ectl o th er c i rc u i t i s m i ni m u m . attai n to th is c ondi ti on o tai n or sec u re an i nc reased retard ati on o f th e second ar onr reu t i n th e followi ng manner zl nstead of ri ng i ng th e pri mar and second ar coi ls or c i r i c u i ts o f a trans ormer i nto th e c losest b le relations, as h as h i th erto een d one, pro toot i n a m eas u re th e second ary f rom th e i n b r u d uc ti ve ac ti on or eflec t of th epri mar b y s rou nd i ng ei th er th e pri m ar o r th e second ar wi th a c om parati vely th i n magneti c sh i eld or nder th ese cond i ti o ns or c ircu m sc reen. stances, as long as th e pri mar c u rrent b as e small value, th esh i eld protects th e secondar ; b ut as soonas th epri mar c urrenth as reac h ed a certai n strength , wh i ch i s arb i trari l deter m i ned , th eprotecti ng m ag netic sh ield ecomes satu rated and th e i nd ucti ve acti on u pon th e second ary beg i ns. Itresults, th erefore, th atth e ow at a certai n second ar c ur rent egi ns to fl f rac ti onof aperi od later th anIt would wi th out th e i nterposed sh i eld, and si nce th i s retarda ti on may be o tai n ed wi th ou t necessari l te tard i ng th e pri mar c u rrent also, an addi ti onal lag is sec ured, and th e ti me i nterval b e tween th e maxi mu m or m i ni mu m peri ods of th e pri mar and second ar cu rrents i s ln c reased . ave f urth er d iscovered th at such r i n t o r r l o o r o e a transform er may, p p p p i ng i ts several elements and d etermi ni ng i n amanner well u nderstood th e preper relati ons etween th e pri mar and second ar wi nd i ngs, th e th i c ness of th e m ag neti c sh i eld, and oth er condi tions, be construc ted to i eld a constant c u rrent at all loa d s. N o p reci se ru les can b e n n d r o a r n s t ruc t i o i n f o h i fi v e t s c co e c e p g p l h i r h u t a s t s s i n f r i n e s r t r u t e e s t o o s o s e c , g p is a m atter determi ned experi m ent and calcu lati on i n parti cular cases ; b ut th e g en h ave d e eral plan of constru ction wh i ch sc ri ed wi ll be f ound u nd er all cond i ti ons to cond uce to th e attai nment of th i s result. I n th e accompany ing d rawi ngs h ave illus trated th e construction a ove set f orth . F i gu re 1 i s a cross sec ti on of a transf ormer em ody i ng my i mprovement. F i g . 2 is asi mi s s d u a r o d c e , p p

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lar v iew o f a mod i fi ed f o rm of transf ormer, sh ow i ng d i ag ram mati call th e manner of usi ng th e same AA i s th e m ai n core of th e transf ormer, n r i n o c a a f g of so f t annealed and i nsu 5 mdized i ron wi re. pon th i s core h l is wou nd th e secondar c i rc u i t o r coi l B. Thi s latter is th en covered wi th a la er or layers of annealed and i nsu lated i ron wi res to C , wou nd i n a di rection at ri g h t angles to sai d second ar O ver th e wh ole is th en coi l wo u nd th e pri mar coil or wi re D F ro m th e natu re of th i s constru c ti on i t will soon b e ob vi ou s th at as long as th e sh i eld f ormed rs by th e wi res i s below mag netic satu rati on th e sec ond ar coi l or c i rc u it is eff ec tuall pro » tected or sh ield ed f ro m th e i nd uc ti ve i nflu wo uld state enc e of th e p ri mar , alth o ug h th at o n open c i rc u i t i t may exh i i t so meelec W h en th e streng th of th e tro m oti ve forc e r i r m a r e a c e s a c r t i n v l t h h i h e a u s a e eld C, e , p beco m i ng saturated , ceases to pro tec t th e sec ond ary f ro m i nd uc ti ve ac ti on, and c u rrent is i n co nse uence dev eloped th erei n. F or si mi 3 5 lar reaso ns, wh en th e ri mar c u rrent wea i s re ens, th e wea eni ng o th e seco ndar tard ed to th e same or approx i matel th e sam e .

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1 . In an elec trical transf o r mer or i nd ucti on d ev ic e, th e com i nation, wi th th e m ain mag nd second ar netic co re and th e pri mar a coils or c i rc u i ts, of am ag neti c sh i eld or sc reen . i nte rposed etween sai d coi ls, as h erei n set . f orth . 2 . In anelec trical transfo rmer or i nd ucti ve d ev ice, th e comb i nation, wi th th e mag neti c co ils or co re and th e pri mar and secondar c i rc ui ts, of a mag netic sh i eld or sc reen su r ro u nd i ng one of said coi ls onl , as set fo rth . 3. In an elec tri cal transformer or i nd uc ti on d evi ce, th e com i nation, wi th th e mag netic . core and th e pri mar and secondar coils wou nd th ereon, of a m ag netic sh i eld or ac ces s wou nd on or u ilt up arou nd one onl of said coi ls, as d esc ri bed . 4 . In an elec tri cal transformer or i nd uc tion devi c e, th e com i nation, wi th a mai n lami nated mag neti c core and pri ar and second ary coils th ereon, of a su d i vid ed or lami extent. nated mag neti c sh ield or sc reen i nterposed Th e spec i fi c c onstru ction of th e trans former between th e co ils, as set forth . i 0 i m r m r i r b m i s l a l a t e i a l . I n F . 2 f o r x t n r m t h co m 5 n l t r i c a l r a s f o e e a e . I n e e c e a 3 , g , g m r i a r i l t h co r e A b il o i w n i n d u r e s u t f t h i n n n i i h m t c a e l d s u a t o n t a a e co e t e a , p , p p g i ro n plates or d i s s . Th e pri mar c i rc u i t D and secondar coi ls wou nd th ereon, of a mag i s wou nd next th e core A. O ver th is i s ap netic sh i eld or sc reen i nterposed etween h d i m n h w i h e a li t e s d h h t i s i m l n d ur d i n n o f t c s e d e C c n h s i d i s r ou n o e l a a e a d e s a co s i , g p i t n i n r i r f r f i n m e c a o f t h t o l a t i ro n ro r l o o l s u o a d a t e d t b e c a e o e a s e s e g 35 p g p p p p p p i nsulated and su rrou ndi ng th e pri mar , f orm all satu rated b y a pred eterm i ned cu rrent i ng a closed m ag neti c ci rc ui t. Th e sec on strength elow th e max i m u m i n th e pri mar , 80 «w s i s wou nd ov er th e sh i eld C . In F ig . as set f orth . 2, a E is a sou rce 0 ralternating or rapi dl A N K OLA TESL 40 ch ang i ng c u rrents. Th e pri mar of th e trans fo rm er i s connec ted wi th th e c i rc u i t of th e W i tnesses R os r. F . Gs r w an, generato r. Paaxs a W . AG E. F i s a two c i rc ui t alternati ng c u rrent mo

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N TESL A BLEOTBO MAGNETIC MOTOR .

.

.

No

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Patented Au g

.

5

,

1890.

PAT E N T OFFICE

T AT E S UN IT E D S I

N KOLA

TESLA ,

Y O RK

o r N EW

N. Y

PAN Y ,

C OM

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ASSI GN OR TO TH E TESLA ELECTRIC SAME PLACE .

ELEC TRO M AO N ETIO M O TO R. -

sr scm can ox formi ng part of

Letters Patent N o

dated

.

Applicationfiled April

B urial so

by j

5 , 1 8 90.

onmodel.)

.

To all wh om i t m ay concer n Be i t k nown th at I NIK OLA TESLA a sub ec i of th e E mperor of Austri aJ Iu ngary f ro m Sm i l an Li ka bord er cou ntr of Austri a

Au g ust

i t more p ro nou nc ed to u tili ze i t i n th e operati on of m otors i n g eneral Th i s , , r m n b t t i i n d l d a o e c a t a n n s t a e u co c t , g et g i n wh i c h th e parts of th e core or co res th at , , H u ngar , resi d i u at N ew o r , i n th e count exh ib i t at d i ff erent i ntervals of ti me th e m ag and S tate of N ew ork, h ave i nvented certai n netic effec t i mparted to th em alternati n g new and usef u l mpro vements i n Elec tro Mag or e ui valent c u r rents i n an energ i zi ng coxl neti c Moto rs, of wh i ch th e followi ng i s aspec i fi or coi ls are so plac ed wi th relati on to a rotat cati on, ref erenc e b ei ng h ad to th e d rawi ngs ac i ng armatu re as to exert th ereon th ei r attrac t ’ com pan i ng and for m i ng s part of th e same. i v e eflec t successi vel i n th e ord er of th ei r 60 Th i s i nventi on i s an i mprovement i n alter mag netizatio n By th i s means sec u re a nati ng c ur rent moto rs, and h as for i ts g eneral si mi lar res ult to th at wh ich h ave h eretofore o ec t to prod uc e a si ng le c i rc u i t.alte rnati ng attai ned i n oth er f orms or t pes of m otor i n c u rrent tor u e motor of economi cal and si m wh i c h by means of one or more alternati ng h ave prod uced a rotati on or pro c u rrents ple constru c tion. Th e natu re of th e i nvention wi ll be u nd er g ression of th e magneti c poles or points of sto od f ro m th e follo wi ng statement. maxi mu m attrac tio n of th e field of f orce. It i s well nownth at i f am ag neti c core, even In th e d rawi ngs I h avesh own asi mple f orm i f lam i nated or su bd i v id ed , be wou nd wi th an of motor, wh i ch wi ll serve to d emonstrate th e i ns ulated coil and a c u rrent of elec tri c i t d i pri nc i ple of th e mod e of operati on, wh ic h rooted th ro ug h th e coi l th e mag neti zati on of h ave above d esc ri ed i n g eneral ter ms. th e enti re c ore d oes not i m med i atel ensue, F i g u re 1 i s a sid e elevation of such motor th e m ag neti zi ng ed ec t not b ei ng ex h i i ted i n F ig 2 i s a si d e elevati on of a more prac ti ca all parts si mu ltaneou sl . Th i s attrib uteto ble and effic i ent em od i ment of th e i nven th e f act th at th e ac tion of th e c u rrent i s to ti on. F i g 3 i s a c entral verti cal section of energ i ze fi rst th ose lam i na; or parts of th e th e same i n th e plane of th e ax is of rotati on. co re nearest th e su rface and ad ac ent to th e R ef err i ng to F ig . 1, let ! represent alarge exc i ti ng co il, and f ro m th ence th e ac ti on pro i ro n core, wh i ch m ay be co m posed of a nu m ber of sh eets or lam i um of soft i ron o r steel. g resses toward th e i nterior. Acertai n i nter val of ti me th eref ore elapses etween th e S u rrou nd i ng th is core i s a coi l i s 80 , wh i c h m ani f estation of m ag netism i n th e external connec ted wi th a sou rce E of rapi d l var i ng and th e i nternal sections or la ers of th e core. c u r rents. L et us consi der new th e mag neti c I f th e co re be th i n or of small m ass, th is eff ect condi tions exi sti u i n th is c ore at any poi nt, may be i napprec ia le; b u t i n th e case of a as b, at onnear t e c enter, and any oth er th ic c ore, o r even of a c omparati vel th i n r h f h r n i n n r t e u r a c . W e a c u o t e a e s e a s a , p , one, i f th e nu m b er of alternati o n o r rate of rent i m pu lse i s started i n th e m ag neti zi ng ch ang e of th e c u rrent streng th h e ver ei ng c lose to c oi l Y th e sec ti on or part at a, g reat t h e ti me i nter val occ u rri ng etween th e th e cell, is i m med iatel energ ized , wh i le th e mani fes tati ons of m ag neti sm i n th e i nteri or sec ti on or part at b wh i c h , to u se a conv en r n r s t e t h i r t of th e core and i n th ose parts ad ac ent to th e i snt expressi o n, i s o t e e e p c o i l i s m ore m ar ed , and i n th e constru c tion veni ng sec ti ons or la ers b etween a and b, ratus as m oto rs wh i ch are d e d oes not at onc eexh i bi t tamag neti sm How of suc h appa si g ned to b e r u n alternati ng or e u i valent ever, as th e m ag neti zatn o n of a i nc reases, b c u rrents — s uc h as p u lsati ng or u nd ulati ng b eco mes also aff ec ted , reac h i ng fi nall i ts — u r c rrents gene all I h av e fou nd i t des i ra le max i mu m streng th so me ti me later th an a h and even necessar to g i ve d ue consi derati on n h w n t h rr e m t i n o f c u e n t ag o t e e a e e p g to th i s ph enomenon and to ma e spec ial pro neti zati on of a first di mi nish es, wh i le b still v i sions i a ord er to o v i ate i ts cons e u enc es. exh i i ts i ts maxi m u m streng th ; b u t th e con Th e spec i fic ob ec t of my present i nventi on i s ti nned wea eni ng of a i s attend ed b y a sub to ta e ad vantage of th is ac ti on or eff ec t, and se uent wea eni ng of b. Assu m i ng th e c ur

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be an alternati ng one, a will now b e rev ersed , wh i le b sti llco u ti nu es of th e fi rs t i m i t h T h i i n c n s e s t t e a c o n u i o t l r o a r t e d a y p p mag netic cond i tio n of f ollowi ng th at of a i n If an arma th e m anner above d esc ri b ed tu re— for i nstance, a si m ple d i s F , m ou nted — i to ro tate f reel on an ax s b e b roug h t i nto re, a m o vement o f rota o t h e c x i m i t t o r o p ti on wi ll b e i m parted to th e d is , th e d i rce i t i ts posi ti on relati vel to ti on d epend i ng u th e core, th e ten enc b ei n to tu rn th e por tion of th e d is nearest to t e c ore f ro m a to Th is ac tion o r pri n b, as i nd i cated i n F i 1 ave emb od i ed i n a prac c i pi c of operati on ticab le f o r m o f moto r, w h i c h i s i llu strated i n Let Ai n said figu re represent a ci r F ig 2 ec lar f ram e of i ron, f ro m d i am etri call oppo si te poi nts of th e i nte ri or of w h i c h th e c ores ree m ai n f h d h r i co m o t o co s s e ro t . E a c e e c p p re si m i larl n d a n t h a C d e B a r B a t s , , , y p f ormed wi th a strai g h t porti o n or od 8 , arou nd wh i c h th e energ i zi ng c oi l is wou nd , a c u r ved arm or extensi o n c, and an i nward l h r n d i m d n l o d . E a c co r e s a e e ro t i e o e c p g p h th ei r polar exten u p of two parts BB , wi t si ons reac h i ng i n one di rec ti on and a part etween th e oth er two and wi th i ts polar ex tensi o n reach i ng i n th e pposi te d i rection. I n ord er to lessen i n th e cores th e c i rc u lati on of c u r rents i nd u c ed th erei n, th e sev eral sec ti o ns are i nsulated f ro m one anoth er i n th e m anner us u all f ollowed i nsuc h c ases Th ese wh i c h are c o n cores are wou nd wi th coi ls , u seted i n th e sam e c i rc u i t, ei th er i n parallel or seri es, and suppli ed w i th an alter nati ng or a pulsati ng c u rrent, pref erab ly th ef o rm er, a g enerato r E, represented d i ag ramm ati call Between th e cores or th ei r polar ex tensi ons i s mou nted a c li nd ri c al o r si mi lar arm atu re F , wou nd wi th m ag neti zi ng coils G , th at are c losed u pon th emselves, as i s u su al i n mo tors of th i s g eneral c lass Th e Operati on of th i s motor i s as follows : W h en a c u rrent i mpu lse or alternation i s d i h rec ted th roug h th e coi ls , t e sec ti o ns BB of th e cores, b ei ng ou th e s u rfac e and i n c lose i t h i l r i m i d x i t e co a m t o s atel ener ro m e e , p i h s t o n s t h h T e e c C o n t h e o e r a n i z e d d, are , g h n i n i c f m t m a i z n u n f r t r o e e t e o o t e c e d e g g p th e co i l b y th e i nter posed la ers of i ro n BB As th e mag neti sm of BBi nc reases, h owever, th e sec ti ons 0 are also energ i zed ; b u t th e d o not attai n th ei r m axi m u m strength u nti l a c ertai n ti me su bse uent to th e ex h i b i tion b y th e sec tio ns BB o f th ei r m axi m u m pon th e wea eni ng of th e c u rrent th e m ilg netic streng th of B Bfirst d i m i ni sh es, wh i le th e sec ti ons C h ave sti ll th ei r m ax i m u m streng th ; b u t as BB conti nue to weaken th e i nteri or

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B may 60 are si m ilarl weakened . th en eg i n to ex h i b i t an opposi te polari t , w h i ch i s f ollo wed later b y a si m i lar c h ang e B and on C , and th i s ac ti on c onti nu es . may th erefore b e consi d ered as separate field m ag nets, b ei ng extend ed so as to act on th e 65 armature i n th e m ost effi ci ent posi ti o ns, and th e effec t i s si m i lar to th at i n my oth er f orm s of m oto r —v i a , a ro tati on o r prog ressi on of th e m ax i m u m poi nts of th e field of f orc e. Any armatu re—such , f or i nstanc e, as a d is mo u nted i n th is field wou ld rotate f ro m th e h m n x h i i t i e t i m t t at a l fi b t s s o e rs t t o e o g p wh i ch exh i b i ts i t later. It i s ev id ent th at th e pri nc i ple h erei n d e sc ri b ed m ay b e carri ed o u t i n c o n u nc ti on 75 wi th oth er m eans, su c h as h ave elsewh ere set f orth , f o r sec u ri ng a mo re f avorab le o r F or exam ple, e c i ent ac ti on of th e m oto r th e polar ex tensi ons of th e sec ti ons C m ay b e wou nd or su rrou nd ed b y c losed coils L, as i n 80 d i cated b y d otted li nes i n F i g . 2 . Th e eff ec t o f th ese coi ls wi ll b e to sti ll m ore efi ec ti v ely retard th e mag neti zati on of th e polar ex ten si ons of C . I d o not w ish to b e u nd erstood as li m i ti ng 85 m self to any parti c ular constr uc ti on of th i s f or m o f motor, as th e sam e pri nc i ple of ac ti on o r operati o n m ay b e c ar ried o u t i n a g reat vari et of f o rms. W h at c lai m i s 1 . I n an alternati ng c u rrent m otor, th e co mbi nati on, w i th an energ i zi ng c oi l and a core com posed of two parts, o ne protec ted f ro m m ag neti zatio n b y th e o th er i nterposed between i t and th e coil, of an ar matu re 95 m ou nted wi th th e i nfluenc e of th e field s of f orc e p rod uc ed b y sai d par ts, as set fo rth 2 . Th e co m b i nati on, i n an alter nati ng c u r rent m otor, of a rotati ng armatu re, a fi eld mag net c o m posed of a c oil and a c ore wi th 1 0 0 two sec ti ons i n pro xi mi t to th e c o i l and an i nner sec tion et een th e sam e, th e sec ti o ns ei ng f o rm ed o r pro vid ed wi th polar projec ti ons extend i ng i n c ppos i te d i rec tio ns over o r aro und th e armatu re, as set f o rth . 3. Th e co m i nati o n, i n an alternati ng c u r rent m oto r, of a ro tati ng armature, a f rame and field mag nets th ereo n, eac h c o mposed of an energ i zi ng coi l wou nd aro u nd a co re mad e u p o f ou ter and i nner or protec ted mag neti c n o sec ti o ns, eac h of wh i ch i s f o rmed o r prov i d ed wi th i nd epend ent laterall extend ed pole p iec es or pro ec ti ons, as h erei n d esc ri bed

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to wor i ng cond i tions i s th e spec i fic ob ec t o f m y present i nventi on. Th e f ollowi ng explanations wi ll serve to illustrate th e pri nc i ple upon wh ich sai d i n vention i s . ased . et i t b e assu med th at an o rd i nar alternati ng c u rrent generator is c on nec ted u p i n a c i rc u i t of prac ticall no self i nd uc tion, s uch , f or exam ple, as a c i rc u i t con tai ni ng i nc and esc ent lam ps onl . O nth e op eratio u of th e m ac h i ne alternati ng c u rrents wi ll b e d eveloped i nth ec i rc u i t, and th eph ases of th ese c u rrents wi ll th eoreti c al! coi nc id e wi th th e ph ases o f th e i m press ed e eetro mo ti ve forc e. Suc h c u r rents m ay b e regard ed ” and d es ig nated as th e u nretard ed c u rrents. It wi ll be und erstood , of cou rse, th at i n w r r l f a s r l s r i t h i l a m o o e s e a c t i c e s s e e e a p d u cti on i n th e c i rc ui t, wh i c h modi fies to acor respondi ng extent th ese c ond i ti ons ; b u t f or conveni ence th is m ay b e d isreg ard ed i n th e consi deration of th e p ri nc i ple of operation, ssu me next s i nc e th e same laws appl . th at a ath of c u rrents be fo rmed ac ross any two po nts o f th e above c i rc ui t, consisti ng , for example, of th e pr i mar of an i nd uction d evi ce. The ph ases of th e c urrents passi ng th rough th e pri mar , owi ng to th e self i n d uc tion of th e sam e, will not coinc ide wi th ~ t th e ph ases of th e i mpressed elec ro moti ve so f orc e, b u t will lag eh i nd th e same, such lag ei ng d i rec tl proporti onal to th e self i nd uc ti on and i nversel proportional to th e resi st anc e o f th e said c oi l. Th e i nserti on of th is coi l w ill also cau se a lagg i ng or retardati on of th e c u rrents traversi ng and d eli vered b y th e generato r b eh i nd th e i m pressed elec tro moti ve fo rce, su c h lag bei ng th e mean or re saltant of th e lag O f th e c u rrent th rough th e d n w h t h a v e r l n h t o f a es a r i m a o e a d t a p i n th e i g nated th e u nretard ed c u r rent enti re wor i ng c i rc u i t. N ex t consid e th e cond i ti ons i mposed b y the assoc iati on a i n d ucti ve relati on wi th th e pri mary coil of a h e c u rrentgenerated i nth e second ar coi l. T sec ondar coil wi ll reac t upon th e pri mar c urrent, m od i f i ng th e retard ati on of th e same, acc o rd i ng to th e amou nt of self i nd uc ti on and resi stanc e i n th e second ar c i rcu i t. If th e seco ndar c i rc u it h ave b u t li ttle self ' i nd uc ti on—as, tor i nstance, wh en i t contai ns — i ncandescent lamps only i twill i ncrease th e

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th e E m ror of u stri a Hu ngar , f ro m j Sm i l an, Li a, rd er countr o f Austri a H un 5 g ar , res id i ng at N ew o r , i n th e c ou nt and State of N ew or , h ave i nvente dc ertai n new and usef ul mprovements i n Electro Mag neti c Motors, of wh ic h th e f ollowi ng is a spec i fic a t ion, ref erenc e ei ng h ad to th e d rawi ngs se ro com an i n and f o rm i n a art of th e same. p g g p Among th e vari ous fo rms of alternati ng enrrent m o tors i nv ented b y me i s o ne wh ich h ave d esc ri bed i n oth er applicati ons, and w h ich i s construc ted as follows : I u i ld afield cor e wi th , say , fou r poles, etween wh i ch is m ou nted an armatu re th at i s g enerall wou nd w i th closed coi ls. On two o f th e opposi te wi nd pri mar c oi ls , wh ic h p oles of th e field are co nnec ted up i n th e mai n c i rcu i t. O n th e 3 0 same cores also wi nd secondar coils, wh i c h are c losed th ro ugh c oi ls on th e oth er pai r or set of poles. In th is motor wh en an alternat i ng c urrent i s caused to pass th ro ug h th e pri m ar coi ls i t energ izes d i rec tl one set of poles and i nd uces c u rrents i n th e sec ondar coi ls, wh ic h ac t to energ i ze th e oth er poles ; b ut th e ph ases of th e c urrent i n th e second ary c oi ls m ay d i ff er i n tlm e f ro m th ose of th e p ri mar c u rrent, and h ence a rotation or sh i f t 0 i ng of th e poles i s effec te d th at i mparts rota 3 ti on to th e motor. Th ese motors may be construc ted i n man oth er wa s ; b u t f or pu rposes of th i s case i t i s onl nec essar to co nsid er th e spec i fic f orm w h i h h ave th us g enerall desc ri ed , as my c 35 i mprovements relate mai nl to suc h form. Th e o ect Of m y present i nvention i s to render th i s f orm of motor mo re effic ient and to i mpro ve i ts action or m od e of Operatio n. In th e moto rs c o nstruc te d i n accord anc e wi th th is pri nc i ple ri ng two energ i zi ng c i rc u i ts i nto i nd u c ti ve relati on i n th e motor — i ts elf th at i s to say , th e sec ond ar c u rrents wh i ch energ i ze one set of th e field c ores are i nd uced i n th e moto r i tself , and th e emplo m ent of an external i nd uc tion d evi c e is th us avoi ded . Th e Operati on of th ese motors, h ow ndent u pon th e existenc e of a ever, i s d e etween th e c u r c ertai n d i erence of ph ase coi ls. T rents i n th e ri mary and seconds o o tai n a d i erence of ph ase or ag th at is

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s resid i ng at N ew Yo r . i n th ec ou nty and State of N ew o r . h av e i nv ente d certai n new and usef u lI m pro v ements i n Ele tro Mag neti c Mo tors. of w h i c h th e fo llo w i ng i s a s pec i fic at i o n. referenc e b ei ng b ad to th e ac c o m pany i ng I to drawi n s g Th e s u b ec t o r my present i nv entio n i s an im pro vem ent pri m ari l d es ig ne d for appli c a ti on to altem ati ng c u rrent m oto rs o f th e spec i al t pe i nv ented b y m e, s ad of w h i c h th e I o erati on i s d u e to th e ac ti o n o f alternati n s p g currents d i ff er i ng i n ph ase and d i rec ted th ro ug h o r d ev eloped i n i nd epend ent ener i n i rc u t s i t h o z i n c e m t r i o i d caus i ng a g , ar g shi f ti ng o r ro tati on of th e m ag netic po les or 20 th ei r resu ltant attrac ti ve f orc es u o n th e ro p tati ng elem ent or ar m atu re My i m pro v ements are ased u pon c ertai n laws g o v er ni ng th e ac ti o n or eff ec ts prod u ced by a c ond enser wh en co nnec ted to an elec tri c ’Sci rc u i t th ro u h wh i c h an alternati n or i n en g g g eral an u nd ulati ng c u rrent i s m ad e to pass Someo f th ese eflec ts, and th osemost i mpo rtant i nconnec ti onw i th m y i nv enti on, areas f ollows : F i rst, i f th e term i nals o r plates of a c o nd enser 3° be co nnec ted wi th two po i nts of a c i rc u i t, th e potenti als of w h i c h are m ad e to ri se and f all i n rapi d succ ess i on, th e cond enser allo ws th e passag e o r, more stri c tl spea i ng , th e trans ferrenc e o f a c u rrent, alth ough i ts plates o r 3 5 arm atu res may b e so caref ull i nsu lated as to prev ent alm ost com pletel th e passag e of a current o f u nvar i n r s t eng th or d i rec ti on g and o f mod erate elec tro m oti ve f o rce sec ond , ; i f a c i rc u i t th e ter mi nals of wh ic h are c on o nected w i th th e p lates of th e c o nd enser os ; p sess a c ertai n s elf i nd uc tion th e cond enser , wi ll overcome o r c ou nterac t to a reater o r g 10“ q egl ee, d e end ent u on w ell u nd ers to ml p p V cond i t ons th e c iT h n r c c ts o f s uc h snl m i , i ty i r dr i f two lfl i ll l ~ t ) P lu m n: I c t r c ui t tinn u ri l l i ng M J a I h e 1

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and operat i on o f m y m oto rs as b y pro d u c i ng z w o n c t c a d i ff ere nce i n ph ase i n th e n m ng c i rc u i ts o f an alternati ng w u r rc u t m o to r b y Q Q co nnec ti ng th e two c i r u i ts i n d c r n atlo n and c o nnec ti ng u p s co nd enser i n ser ies i n o nc o l th e c i rc u i ts : b u t s uc h appli cati o ns seem to b e o b v io u s to one fami li ar w i th m v m oto m and th e f ac ts ab o ve enu merate d My present i m prov c menta h m vc v c r. posses s c er tai n no v el f eatu res o f prac t ic al v alu e and c e f f v w a ts less g enerally i nv o l e a no le dg o e th e r i t s o n c o m v r m e s w l i m e h ese no n. p p o< u se of a co nd enser or c o nd ensers i ll c o nnec tion w ith th e i nd uced o r arm atu re c i rc u i t o r a moto r and certai n detai ls o f th e w u s tr u c e r nati ng c u r n l t a ti on of suc h m otors. In a rent m oto r o f th e type to w h i c h I h av e par r w t h h ic h ti c u larly ref erred abo v e.or i n any o e c i r o u i t c lo sed u p on h as an ar matu re c oi l r c i tself , th e latter represents no t o nly an i n d uc ti v e res istanc e, b u t o ne wh i c h i s per i o d i c all v ar i ng i n v alu e, bo th o f w h i c h f ac ts co m plic ate and rend er d i filc nlt th e at tai m u ent 75 i i es t s u i te d to th e m o s t c l o f th e c o nd i tio ns Th e oms i c m c i ent wo r i ng o f th e mo to rs c w s n s i n o t h r o r d c i o i t e i w r i n o n d . o c eu t , g c u i re, first, th at f or a g i ven i nd u c ti v e c lIc c t e r th ere sh o u ld b e th e g reat u po n th e arm atu est possi ble c u rrent th r oug h th e ar matu re o r i nd uc ed coils, and , sec o nd , th at th ere s h o u ld alwa s ex ist etween th e c u rrents i n th e en c i v i r i t s a e n r i n d u c d u i i d h c c z n n t e e erg g g a lati o n o f ph ase. li c nc e wh atev er tends to d ec rease th e self i nd uc tio n and i nc reas e th e c u rrent i n th e i nd uc ed c i rc u i ts w i ll, o th e r th i ngs b ei ng cq ual, i nc rease th e o u tp u t and effic i enc o f th e m o tor, and th e sam e w i ll b e tru e o f c au ses th at operate to m ai nt ain th e no e twee n th e field b i e f f e ct m u tual attrac t ve mag nets and arm atu re at i ts lllll \ i lll ll lll . l se u re th ese resu lts b y c o nnec ti ng w i th th e i nd uc ed c i rc u i t o r c i rc u i ts a c o nd e ns er i n th e m anner h erei naf ter d esc ri b ed and 1 also , of, rth th is u . c o ns t r u c t th e m o i u r o s n v i e c p p r I II a s pec i al m anne r. Refer ri ng to th e d raw i ng s fo r a p ar ti c u lar d esc r i p ti o n O f th e i nventi o n F i g u ri l i s a mg ramm atic , o f an alte rnati ng e t o w h ic h m n r c nti o n u r s e t v y p ' l Ig . is a c entral se c ti o n. i n lrnc ' - l mi t, of ll Spoc iu l fo r m o f ar m atu rc laptc d to th e i nventio n c

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a mod i fi cation of th e same. a o ne of th e sec ti ons o f th e co re d e 5 is a d i ag ram sh owi ng a m o di fied d ispos i tion o f ar matu re o r i nd u ced c i r coi n. Th e general plan of th e i nventi on is i llus trated m F ig . l . A A i n th is fig u re repro r sent th e f rame and fi eld m a t e t s o f a n l n a e g nati ng c u rrent moto r, th e poles o r pro ec ti o ns of wh i c h are wou nd wi th co ils and C , f or m i ng i nd epend ent energ i zi ng c i rc u i ts connec t cd ei th c r to th c so meor to i nd epc nd ent so u rc es of alter nati ng c u rrents, as i s now well u nd er stood , so th at th e c u rrents fl owi ng th rou gh the ci rc u i ts, respec ti vel , wi ll h ave a did or enc e of ph ase. W i th i n th e i n uence of th is field i s an armatu re core , wou nd wi th coils F. In my moto rs of th is d esc ri ption h ereto fore th ese coi ls h ave een c losed u pon th em s elves, o r connec ted i na c losed seri es ; b u t i n the p resent case each coi l or th e connec ted seri es o f coi ls term i nates i n th e oppos i te plates of a cond enser F . F or th is pu rpose th e ends of th e seri es o f coi ls are ro ugh t ou t th ro ug h the sh aft to collecti ng ri ngs G, wh i c h are connec ted to th e cond enser b y contac t h rush es H and s ui tab le cond uctors, th e co n d enser ei ng i nd ependent of th e mach i ne. Th e armature coi ls are wou nd or connected i n suc h manner th at ad acent coils prod u ce oppfl i to mi n Th e ac ti on of th is motor and th e el ec t of th e plan f ollowed i n i ts construc ti on are as f ollows: Th e m otor bei ng started i n pera ti on and th e coi ls of th e fi eld m ag nets ei ng traversed alternati ng c urrents, c u rre nts are i nd uced i n th e armatu re coi ls b y one set of fi eld coils, as B s tab , and th e poles th us e lish ed are ac ted u n by th e oth er set, as 0 . Th e armatu re cc is, h owever, h ave nec essa ril a h i gh self i nd u cti on, wh i c h a ppease th e flow of th e currents th us set u p. Th e con d enser F not onl perm i ts th epassageor trans f errence of th ese c u rrents, b ut also cou nter s ets th e eff ec ts of self i nd uc tion and b , y a proper ad ustm ent of th e capac i t of th e con denser, th e self i nd uctionof th e coi ls, and th e peri od s of th e c urrents th e condenser m ay h e mad e to overcome enti rel th e eff ect of th e self i nd uction. It i s pref era le on accou nt of th e u nd esi r a ili ty of usi ng sli d i ng contacts of all i nds to associ ate th e cond enser wi th th e armature direc tly, or ma e i t a part of th e armatu re. In some cases u i ld u p th e armature of ou u c lar plates K K , h eld b y olts L etween h eads M, wh i ch are sec u red to th e d ri vi ng sh af t, and i n th e h ollow s ace th us f or med p wi ndi ng th e plac e a cond enser F , generall two i nsu lated plates th ereof s i rall around p th e sh af t. In oth er cases u ti li ze th e lates p of th e core i tself as th e plates of th e con denser. F or m a i c, i n F igs. 3 and 4 N i s , th e d ri vi ng sh af t, M are th e h eads of th e ' arm atu re core, and K K th e i ron latc s of wh i ch th e core is uilt up. Th ese p tee are i nsulated f rom th esh af t and f rom oneanoth er ,

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h r h t e o t e l t K a s a e s p To ei th er of th eco nd ensers ab ove d esc r i ed th e ar matu re coi ls may e co nnec te d, as ex i . 1. f F r t r e n i n e e c e o l e d a g p In moto rs i n w h i c h th e armatu rec oils are — r example, i n f o h s m l v n u t e s e e s o a closed , p any for m of alter nati ng c u rrent motor i n wh i ch o ne ar mature c oi l o r set of co i ls is i n th e posi ti on of m ax i m u m i nd uc ti on wi th t e spec t to th e field c o i ls or poles, wh i le th e o th er — n th e i i s i n th e posi ti on of m i ni m u m i nd uc t o coi ls are pref era ly connec ted i n one seri es, and two poi nts of th e c i rc u i t th u s formed are a co nd enser. Th is i s i lu strated ri dg ed i n Fi g. 5 , i n wh i c h E represents one set ' Th ei r of armatu re c oi ls and E th e oth er. n h u a co h ro d n t u n i a o i n e o r e f i o n o t s g j p d enser F . It wi ll b e observed th at i n th i s d isposi tio n th e sel i nd u c ti on of th e two ’ ranch es E and E v ari es wi th th eir posi ti on to th e field mag net, and th at eac h relati vel ee r n t i u b ranch i s alternately th epredomi a ng so Hence th e eff ec t of of th e i nd uced c u rrent. th e cond enser F is two o d . F i rst, i t i nc reases th e c u rrent i n eaeh of th e ranch es alter nately , and , secondl , i t alters th e ph rase o f th e c urrents i n th e ranch es , th is ei ng th e well k nown ed ec t w h ic h resu lts f ro m such a d ispos i ti o n o f a co ndenser wi th a c i rc uit, as a ov e d esc ri ed . T h is eflec t i s avora le to th e proper work i ng o f th e m otor, ecau se i t i nc reases th e fio w of c u rrent i nth e arm atu re c i rc ni ts d u e to a gi ven i nd u c ti ve eff ect, and also because i t ri ngs more nearl i nto coi n c i denc e th e m axi m u m m ag neti c efi ec ts of th e coac ti ng fie d and ar mature po es. It wi l be u nd erstood , of cou rse, th at th e c auses th atcontri b u te to th e emc ienc y of con dou sers wh en app i ed to such u ses as a ove m ust be gi ven d u e consi derati on i n d etermi n i ng th e prac ti c a i i ty and efii c i ency of th e motors. C h i e among th ese i s, as i s well k nown, th e peri od i ci ty of th e c u rrent, and h ence th e i mprov ements wh i c h h av e h ere i n d escri ed are more parti c u arl ad apted to s stems i n wh i c h a v er h i gh rate of alterna ti on or ch ange is mai ntai ned . Alth ough th is i nventi onh as eeni l ustrated h erei n i n connecti on wi th a spec ial orm of motor, i t wi l be u nderstood th at i t i s equal y appli ca e to any oth er alternati ng c urrent motor i n wh i ch th ere i s a closed armature coxl wh erei n th e c u rrents are i nd uced th e acti on of th e fie d, and , u rth ermore, wou d state th at th e eatu re of uti li i n g th e plates or sec ti ons of a mag neti c core for or mi n th e g condenser, reg ard as appli ca le , g eneral y , to oth er k i nds of a ternati ng c u rrent a a pp ratus. Hav i ng now desc ri ed my i nventi on, wh at c ai m i s 1 . Inanalternati ng c urrent motor, th e com .

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i nati on, wi th th e field m ag nets and energi z i ng c i rc u i t, of an armatu re c i rc u i t and a core ad apted to be energ i zed b y c u rrents i nd uc ed i n i ts c i rc u i t by th e c ur rents i n th e field c i r c u i t, and s cond enser c onnec ted wi th th earm s ture c i rc u i t o nl . as set f orth . 2 Inan alternating c u rrent m otor, th eco m i nation, wi th armatu re co i ls i n i nd u c ti ve re lati on to th e field and c onnec ted i n a c losed c i rc u i t, of a cond enser b ri d g i ng sai d c i rc u i t, as set f orth . 3a In an alternati ng c u rrent moto r, th e co m i nati on, wi th an arm atu re and two energ i z i ng c i rc u i ts ormed b y coi ls wound th ereo n i n ’ d i fi erent i nd uc ti v e relati ons to th e fi eld and j oi ned i n a conti nu ou s or c losed seri es, of a c ond enser th e plates of wh i ch are c onnec ted , respec ti vely , to th e j u nc ti ons of th e c i rc u i ts o r co ils, as set orth 1 I n an alternati n c u rrent mo to r th e co m , g -

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i nati on, wi th the i nd uced energ i i ng coil or coi s of th e ar matu re, of a cond enser con u seted th erewi th and mad e a part of th e ar matu re or rotati ng element of th e motor. 6 . I nan alternati ng c u rrent moto r, thecom i nati on, wi th an armature core com posed of i nsu ated cond uc ti ng p ates a ter nate con nec ted to or m ac ond enser, o f an i nd u ced on erg i zi ng coi l or co i ls wo u nd th ereon and con u seted to th e plates or ar matures of th e said condenser. nt 6. A mag neti c core f or alternati ng c ur re apparatus, co mposed of plates or secti ons i n c on s uls ted f rom eac h oth er and alternate nec ted to f orm th e two p arts or armatu res o f a cond enser. N IK L T ESL . W i tnesses '

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at N ew Y or , i n th e co u nty and State of N ew Y o r , h ave i nv ented certai n new and usef u l m provem ents i n Elec tro Magnetic Moto rs, of wh i c h th e f o llo wi ng is a spec i fic a ti on, ref erenc e bei ng h a d to th e d rawi ngs se com panyi ng and f o rm i ng a par t o f th e same As is well nown, certai n f orms of alter nat ing c ur rent mac h i nes h av e th e props rty , wh en connected i n ci rc u i t wi th an alter nati ng c ur rent generator, of ru nni ng as a moto r i n sy n ch roni sm th er ewi th ; b u t wh i le th e alternati ng current W ill ru n th e moto r a ter i t h as at tai ned a rate of speed s nc h ronous wi th th at of th e generator i t wi ll not star t i t Hence i n all i nstanc es h eretof o re wh en th ese sy nc h ro ” ni xi ng moto rs, as th ey are ter med , h av e een run, som e means h av e een ado pted to b r i ng th e motors up to s nc h ronis m wi th th e gen erato r , or appr oxi mately so, ef ore th e alter nati ng c u rrent of th e g enerator i s app lied to si d i ng

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In an appli c ati on fi led F eb ruary 1 8, 1889 , h avesh o wn and desc ri bed S erial N o. an i m pro v ed sy stem of operati ng th is class of motors, w h i c h consi sts , b road ly , i n wi nd p i ng or arrangi ng th e moto r i n su c h m anner th at by m eans o f sui ta le swi tc h es i t cou ld be started as a mu lti ple c i rc ui t motor, or one operati ng b y a prog ressi o n of i ts m ag neti c poles, and th en, wh en u p to speed , o r nearly so, conv erted i nto an ord i nar sy nch roni zi ng motor, or one i n wh ic h th e magneti c po les wer e si mply alternate d In so me cases, as wh en a larg e motor i s used and wh en th e nu m er of alternatio ns i s very h i g h th ere is so more or less d i fii c nlty j n b ri ng i ng th e mo to r tespeed as a dou le or mu lti ple c i rc u it mo tor , f or th e planof c onstr u c ti o n wh ic h rend ers th e motor est adapted to ru n as a sy nc h ro nixi ng mo tor i m pai rs i ts efii c i enc y as a torq ue or dou le c i rcu i t m otor u nd er th e assu med Th i s will be read i ly cond i ti ons on th e start u nd erstood , f or i n a larg e sy nc h ro ni zi ng m o tor th e length of th e mag neti c c i rc u i t of th e po lar projec ti ons and th ei r mass are so great th at appar entl consi d era le ti m e i s req u i red f o r mag neti zati on and d emag neti ation Hence

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wi th a c u rrent o f a v ery h ig h nu m ber o f al ter nati o ns th e mo to r may no t respo nd p ro p To avo id th i s ob jec ti o n and to star t u p er ly a s y nc h ro nizi ng mo to r i n w h i c h th ese co nd i tio ns o b tai n i s th e o bjec t o f m y present i a venti o n l h av e th e efo r e c om b i ne d two i nc to rs , o ne a sy nc h ro ni zi ng mo to r, th e o th er a m u lti ple c i rc u i t o r to rq u e m o to r, and b y th e latter b ri ng th e fi rs t named u p to speed , and th en ei th er th row th e w h o le c u r r ent i nto th e sy nc h ro niz i ng m o to r o r o perate jo i ntly both o f th e mo to rs . Th is i nvention i nv o lves several no vel and I t wi ll be obser ved . i n th e usef ul f eatu res. fi rst plac e, th at both moto rs are ru n w i th o u t i nd, and , secondly , th at c o m m u tators of any th e speed of th e torq ue mo to r may b e h i g h er th an th at o f th e sy nc h roniz i ng moto r, as will be th e c ase wh en i t centai ne a to wer nu m ber of poles o r sets of po les, so th at th e moto r wi ll b e m o re read ily and easily b roug h t u p to speed. T h i rd ly , th e sy nc h roniz i ng m o to r may be con str uc ted so as to h ave a muc h mo repro nounc ed tend enc y to sy nc h ronis m wi th o u t lesseni ng th e f ac ili ty wi th wh ic h i t is started h av e i llustrated th e i n In th e d rawi ngs venti o n e r 1 i s a pa t s c ti o nal V iew o f th e two Fi g u re motors ; F i g . 2 , an end v i ew o f th e sy nc h ro niz 80 i ng mo tor ; F i g 3, an end v i ew and part sec ~ r u l d o e c i rc u i t mo to r; b h t o u o rq e tio n of t e F ig . 4, a d iag ram o f th e c i rc u i t c onnec ti o ns em ploye d; and F ig s. 5 , 6, 7, 8 , and 9 are d iap w o t d i i i f t h m t o o o d s o n s f fi s e m o d i e m o a s r p g .

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nei th er m oto r is do i ng any c u rrent i s ac ti ng u po n th e or r o ri g i dly c o nnec t th e two ar ma r r, o tures . I th eref o re mo u nt both u po n th e sam e th e field mag nets Bo f th e sy nc h ro sh af t nizi ng and C o f th e to rq u e mo to r b ei ng sec u red to th e same base D . Th e p ref erab ly larger sy nc h ro ni ai ng mo to r h as polar p rojec tio ns on i ts ar matu re, wh ic h rotate i n v ery c lose prox i m i ty to th e po les o f th e field, and i n oth er respects i t co nf o r ms to th e cond i ti o ns , no w well u nd erstood , th at are nec essary to sec ure I p ref er, h o wever, to sy nc h rono us ac ti on. wi nd th e po le pi ec es o f th e armatu re wi th c losed co i ls E, as th is ob v iates th e em ploy ment o f slid i ng co ntac ts. Th e s maller or uc

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th e cu r i n, f o r oth may b e acted u pon rent at th e sam e ti me, and I h ave d evi sed va r ions d ispos i ti ons o r ar rangem ents of th e two m otors for acco m plish i ng th i s. Some of th ese rev i o us patents, h av e d es c ri b ed i n m y Th e arrang ements are i llustrated i n F ig s. 5 to 9. dated J ay I, 1888 notab ly N o. R eferri ng to F ig 5 , let T desig nate th e fi eld c o i ls o i th e to rq u e m oto r are c onnec ted to rq ue or m u lti ple c i rc u i t m otor and S th e u p i n two ser ies H and , and th e alternati ng ' sy nc h ro nizi ng m oto r, LL ei ng th e li ne w i res c u r rentf ro m th e g enerator i s d i rec ted th roug h f e Th e 75 n ro m a sou rce of alternati ng c u r rent. o r d i v id d b etween th ese two c i rc u i ts i n a y m anner to prod uc e a prog res s io n o f th e poles two c i rc u i ts o f th e torq u e motor o f d i tterent d eg rees o f sel i nd uc tion, and d esignated b y ec t. o r po i nts o f m ax i m u m mag neti c s iT N M, are connec ted i n d eri vation to th e wi re sec u re th i s r es u lt i n a c onv eni ent way by L. T h e are th en joi ned and connected to co nnec ti ng th e two m o tor c i rc u i ts i n d eri v a th e energi zi ng c i rc u i t of th e s nch roni zi ng 80 tio n wi th th e c i rc u i t f ro m th e g enerato r, i n m otor, th e Oppos i te termi nal o f wh i ch i s con serti ng i n o ne m o tor c i rc u i t a d ead resi st ’ nected to wi re L. Th e two m otors are th us anc e and i n th e o th er a self i nd uc ti on c oil, b y w h ic h m eans a d i fference i n ph ase b etween i n seri es. To start th em I sh ort c i rc u i t th e ’ sy nch ro ni i ng m oto r by a swi tc h P , th ro wi ng th e two d i v is ions o f th e c u r rent i s sec u red th e w h ole c u rrent th roug h th e torq u e m oto r. I f oth motors h ave th e same nu m er o rdeld h r h t e r f r n m b w r u m t o a i v n u e T h n h n t h i d i s e d r o a c h t o e e d e o e s t e e e r e d e e e l e s o s , q g p p ’ o f alter nati o ns wi ll tend to r u n at d o u b le th e swi tch P i s opened , so th at th e c u rrent passes n oth m oto s. I th roug h su ch an arrang e speed of th e o th er, f o r, assu m i ng th e c onnec r ment as th is i t i s o viously d esi ra le f or t io ns to b e s uc h as to g i ve th e b est res ults, i ts r l t h r e o les are d i v id ed i nto two ser i es and th e e n m i n t a n r o o c a a d t h e r s a o e a so e p p c p relati o n etween th e speed s of th e two m otors nu m ber of po les i s v i rtu ally red uc ed one h alt, w h i c h b ei ng ac ted u pon b y th e sam e nu m er sh o uld be ob serv ed . In F i g . 0 anoth er d i sposi tion i s i llu strated . o f alter natio ns tend to ro tate th e ar matu re at twi c e th e speed . B y th i s means th e m ai n Si s th e sy nc h roni zi ng m oto r and Tth etorq u e m oto r, th e c i rc u i ts of oth ei ng i n parallel. 95 ar m atu re i s mo re easi ly b roug h t to o r abo ve W h en th e speed ne es t h e req u i red speed . W i s a c i rc u i t also i n d eri vati on to th e m otor ’ ” S is a sary f or s nc h ro ni s m i s i m parted to th e mai n c i rc u i ts and c ontai ni ng a swi tch P . moto r, th e c u rrent i s sh i f ted rom th e torq u e s wi tc h i n th e s nch ro ni ing m otor c i rcu i t. O n ’ m oto r i nto th e o th er th e start th e swi tch 8 i s opened, c u tti ng o ut A c o nvenient arrang em ent f or carry i ng o ut th e motor S. T h en P i s o ened , th rowi ng [ 0 0 I n said th e enti re c u rrent th rou gh t 0 m otor T, g i v th i s i nv entio n i s sh o w n i n F ig T fig u re J J are th e field co ils o f th e sy c h roni z i ng i t a very strong torq ue. “ h en th e d e ’ i ng , and II th e field co i ls of th e torq u e, m o si red speed i s reac h ed , s wi tch 8 i s c losed and ' L L are th e cond u c to rs o f th e m ai n th e c u rrent d i vi d es etween oth m otors. to r. ” O ne end of , say , co i ls i i i s co nnec ted to m eans of swi tc h P li ne oth m oto rs m ay b e c u t 1 0 5 wi re Lth ro u g h a self i nd u c ti o n co il M. O ne o u t end of th e oth er set of coi ls I i s c o nnec te d to In F i g . 7 th e arra ngem ent is substantiall ’ th e sam e w i re th ro ugh a d ead res i stanc e N . th e same, ex c ept th at a swi tc h T i s placed i n Th e O pposi te end s o f th ese two c i rc u i ts are th e c i rc u i t wh ic h i nclu d es th e two c i rc u i ts of connec ted to th e co ntac t m o f a s wi tc h th e th e to rq u e m oto r h and le o r lev er o f w h i c h i s i n co nnec ti o n w i th F i g 8 sh ows th e two m otors i n seri es, wi th ' O ne end of th e field c i rc u i t a sh u nt arou nd oth c ontai ni n a swi tc h ST . th e li ne w i re L g o f th e sy nc h ro ni zi ng m otor i s c onnec ted to T h ere is also a sh u nt aro u nd th e sy nch ro ni z ’ th e w i re L Th e oth er term i nates i nth es wi tc h i ng m o to r S w i th a swi tch P . , F ro m th e di ag ram i t wi ll be read c o ntac t n I n F i g . 9 th e same d i sposi tion i s sh own; ’ i ly seen th at i t th e lev er I b e tu rned o nto b u t eac h m otor i s prov i d ed with a sh u nt, i n ’ ” co ntac t m th e tor que m oto r w i ll s tart b y wh i c h are swi tc h es P and T , as sh own. reaso n o f th e d iff erenc e o f ph ase etw een th e Th e m anner of operati ng th e sy stems will c u rrents i n i ts two energ i zi ng c i rc u i ts. T h en b e u nd erstood rom th e f oregoi ng d esc ri p wh en th e d es i red speed i s attai ned if th e le ti ons. ’ ver 1 b e sh i f ted o nto c o ntac t n th e enti re d o not clai m h erei n th e ter ue m oto r nor c u rrent w i ll pass th roug h th e fi eld c o ils of th e any part th ereof , exc ept i n so ar as th e en: sy nc h roni zi ng m o to r and th e oth er w ill b e ter i nto th e c o m i nati on wh i ch o rm s th e sub d o i ng no wo rk jc et of th is appli c ati o n, f or I h ave m ad e th e Th e to rq u e moto r m ay b e c o nstru c ted and d i sti ng u i sh i ng f eatu res of sai d m otor th esu b 1 2 5 operated i n v ari o u s way s, m any o f w h ic h j cet o f o th er appli cati ons. h ave d esc r i bed i n o th er applic atio ns ; b u t d o W h at I new c lai m i s not d eem i t nec essary i n i llustrati o n of th e 1 An alternati ng c u rrent non synch roni z i ng elec tri c m oto r c ou pled wi th a sy nch roni z pr i nc i ple of co ns tru c ti on and mod e o f o pera ti o n of my p resent i nv enti o n to d esc ri b e th ese i n alternati n c u rrent m otor su stanti all g , g f u rth er h erei n It i s no t nec essary th at o ne as set f o rth wh ere , y th e orm er starts th e moto r be o ut o u t o f c i rc u i t wh i le th e oth er is latter and th rows i t i nto s nc h roni sm w i th y

th e o th er h and , h as, preter ab ly , a cy li nd ri cal armatu re F , wi th o u t polar s a nd wo u nd w i th c losed c o i ls G , as t i n o o r e c p j

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i ts ac tuati ng c u r rent, and swi tch mech anism f or d i rec ti ng th e c u rrent th roug h ei th er or oth of th e m otors, as set orth Th e com i nati on of two m otors th e ar 5 matu res of wh i c h are m ou nted u pon th e same sh a t, o ne of sai d m otors ei ng an alter nati ng c u rrent to rq u e m otor, or one i n wh i c h th e m ag neti c poi nts or poles are pro r ssi vel ge sh i ted th e ac ti o n of th e energ i i ng c u r xc rent, th e oth er m oto r ei ng an alternati ng c u rrentsy nc h roni z i ng m oto r, and swi tc h mec h ani sm f or d i rec ti ng th e c u rrent th roug h ei th er or oth of sai d m oto rs, as set orth 3. Th e com i nation, wi th an alternati ng 1 5 c u rrent s nch roni zi ng motor h av i ng one en erg iz i ng d eld , of analternati ng c u rrent torq u e motor h avi ng a plu rali ty of energ i i ng c i r c u i ts and d apted to b e operated b y c u r rents a di ff eri ng i n ph ase, and a swi tc h f or d i recti ng to th e alter nati ng c u rrent 0 1 c u rrents th rou g h th e several c i rc u i ts of o ne m otor or th e si ng le c i rc u i t of th e oth er, as and f or th e pu r pose set o rth 4 . Th e co m i nati o n, wi th an alternati ng : 5 c urrent moto r h avi ng n ei d cor es w o u nd wi th coi ls ad apted to b e co nnec ted to a sou rc e of a ternati ng c u rrents and an ar matu re wou nd wi th i nd uc ed coi ls c losed u po n th em selves, o f -

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a starti ng d ev ice f or ri ng i ng sai d moto r i nto s nch roni sm w i th th e generator w i th w h i ch i t i s connec ted . 5 . Th e com i nation, w i th an alternati ng c ur rent m oto r composed of a m ulti polar al ternati ng n eld mag net, and an ar matu re h av i ng poles wound wi th coils c losed u pon th em selves, of a starti ng d ev i c e, as set orth . 6. Inan alter nati ng c u rrent motor, th e com i nati onof a field mag net h avi ng poles wou nd wi th coi ls adapted wh en connec ted wi th a sou rce of alternati ng c u rrent to p rod u c e si mu ltaneousl oppos i te magneti c polari ti es and an armatu re provi ded wi th poles or p ro i n d n d h i nn t e l t i n d w n t co e c u e c o s a o w i co s j a conti nuousl closed u nconnec ted c i rc u i t, as set orth . 7. Th e h erei n d escri ed m eth od o f Operat lternati ng c u rrent m otors, wh i ch consi sts , i ng a i n ac tu ati ng a m oto r by an alter nati ng c u r r i ng a second alternati ng c u rrent rent to m o tor u p to sy nch roni i ng speed r elati v e to th e ac tu ati ng c u rrent and th en swi tc h i ng th e s nch roni i ng moto r i nto c i rc u i t.

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i 11d h eti ve relati onlbfi l‘okfl, tllu w i 1 1 0 1 lu h l0 u winc h need ed in any parti cu ar mo tor of th is la nd W i th th e second a ry o r i nduc ed 11 1 . m t in depend ent. u pon th e rate o f alternano n o r c u1ts , ot aoo ndeu ser 111te1 [weed n th e pnf m fi al. cr h ofl1. i l3 si ze Jr cm t. as b e as set forth . a c o tu . t t o w o r n w i u r e n f u n e x l a i n e d i m a b t h in e c o 2 1 n t u u m l r t b e h t x n e . a n a e a . p 5 y g g m a i n-l li mi ts for use wi th th e o rd i nary c i 1~ b i nati o nof two m o urni ng ci rc u i ts; J t to ~ t uni t: it th e potenti al of th e sec o nd ary c i rc u i t neoted or adapted for c onneeti on wi h 1 « o m c c l c n s ; 1 1 11 1. r in th e mai m be su fi c i enti y hi gh . B v i e o i t t h o t r r t f o n s h e n a t i n l r e e cu n a , yg g g 1 1 1 1 0 11 1 ! 1 1 i 3 tn th e co ndenser pro per values a n d r o n d e s i r e d n a h i t i t a l s e c a h o e n 1 y y g g p of ph as e between th e pri mary and m d uc ti ve relati on to th e firs t, and a co nne c ti on. i nterposed i n sai d second ary t are is w e sa wmi l l y m end i ng s m i um m ay b e oh f o rth . W I clai m is 1. [n an alternati ng c urrent mo to r pro vi ded 1 5 with two or mor e enem zxng or field c i rcu i ts : W itnesses: one of whi c h is a d apted fo r mnnec ti on wi th ROM F Gear b o x» , a sou rce of cu rrents and th e o th er or others 1 e. Kaw asa Hom rents .

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