Tille Höyük 3.1. The Iron Age: Introduction, Stratification and Architecture 1898249202, 9781898249207

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Frontispiece. Aerial view of Tille Hoyiik in 1984 showing the setting of the village and the mound with the Level X building under excavation. The River Euphrates is to the rear, the modem village of Tille on the slopes of the mound to the right and foreground and the modem road and bridge to the top right (photograph by courtesy of Dr M.R. BehmBlancke, field director of the Hassek excavation). Photo Mirar; Kutbay, BIAA slide archive 05822

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TILLE HOYUK 3 The Iron Age

1. Introduction, Stratification and Architecture

by STUART BLAYLOCK

Principal illustrators Jane Goddard and Stuart Blaylock Photography by Tugrul {.:r..J~

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Fig. 6.4. Block plans of Level IV: primary structures (above) and secondary phases (below). Scale 1:500. 91

Tille Hoyiik: The Iron Age to the west of Building IV was heavily disturbed by pits and later truncation. Various traces of walls and a row of four substantial post bases in a north-south line were grouped together on the basis of common location and alignment and interpreted as the remains of Building V. One of the better-preserved walls within Room 14, lay on a variant alignment to the adjacent terrace wall, and was provisionally interpreted as the base of a stair or ramp (Fig. 6.4; compare the similar structure added to Building I, above). This building may have gone out of use early in the life of Level IV; at a secondary stage two substantial lined storage pits were dug through the remains of Building V (similar to those dug at the same time in Building II, above). From the westernmost pit (7359/043) came a large group of sherd material containing various forms representative of this level, most notably a range of Ribbed Ware (Tille 3.2: Fig. 10.8, catalogue nos 64-7 6) but also typical bowl, jar and cup forms (Fig. 10.8, catalogue nos 51-63; Fig. 11.18, catalogue nos 744-52). 3 Building XIII, at the far eastern limit of Terrace 2 consisted of three rooms arranged on an east-west axis (Rooms 31-33), with the narrow street forming the entry to the site lying against Terrace 3 to the north (Fig. 6.3). In a secondary phase this area was completely rebuilt to a new plan at a significantly higher level (Fig. 6.4, bottom; Fig. 5.3, section 11, 33, 36-38). Terrace 3 covered approximately 900m2 (almost half the excavated area), and contained the best-quality buildings of Level IV, both in construction and survival. These consisted of ranges of buildings along the northem edge of the mound (although nowhere was the limit of structures satisfactorily seen). The buildings have been subdivided by means of their plans and sequence of construction, although they probably formed a continuous range along the edge of the mound. Building VI occupied the north-western comer, and is assumed to have continued into the unexcavated trench to the east (7560), up to the north-south metalled street at the westem limit of trench 7660 (Fig. 6.1 ). This street thus divided Buildings VI and VII and provided access to them from the axial street. The excavated part of the plan (i.e. the west half of the building; Fig. 6.1) was centred on two north-south walls built adjacent to one another, the east built against, and at a higher level than, the west in a technique consistent with the 'back to back' construction seen in Buildings VII-X to the east. Building VIa consisted of one wall and an area of surface to the west (Fig. 6.1, Room 15), cut or truncated elsewhere. This seems to have antedated Building VIb (Rooms 16-18), but to have gone out of use sooner, since VIb went on to receive secondary alterations after VIa had been partially robbed. Building VI was truncated to the south but, in common with Building VII, is assumed

ment of wall on the same alignment, where the level was next seen in trench 7857, may have indicated the eastward continuation of the terrace wall, if not of Building II (Fig. 6.3, Room 34). Building III consisted of very fragmentary remains on the western edge of the mound (Figs 6.2, 6.4, Rooms 8-9). This too showed signs of development, especially with the addition of a secondary room to the south (preserved only as a fragment of a single wall on the edge of the mound). The second terrace occupied an area ranging from about 7.5m (east edge) to 15m (west edge) in width and contained the remains of a building in the centre of the site (Building IV, trenches 7558/7658), as well as more vestigial traces of buildings in the west (Building V, trenches 7358-7459), and east (Building XIII, trench 7857) parts of the site. An axial street along the north edge of the middle terrace (Fig. 6.8), gave access to lateral streets to north and south and to open areas (represented by extensive gravel surfaces). It seems likely that the main purpose of Terrace 2 was to provide organised access around the site (Fig. 6.4). All the deposits within Terrace 2 were badly damaged by later building activity, and were entirely truncated in places by Level V (compare Figs 6.1-6.3 with Figs 6.9-6.11 ). The second terrace wall was traced for some 35m in the central and eastern part of the site; its presence was implied further to the east, although the wall itself had been cut away. Little is known of its course in the western half of the site; the wall was recorded poking through the Level V surface in trench 7559, which was not excavated to Level IV (Fig. 6.1, compare Fig. 6.9), so is unlikely to have been lost within the ten metres of unexcavated trench; presumably it could have been truncated by the intrusion of Level V structures in trenches 7359-7459. Although the southern limit of Building VI, the structures of the north-west comer, coincided with the projected line of the terrace wall, no trace of any continuation of the wall itself was seen. 2 Building IV consisted of vestiges of three large rooms (10-12), largely reduced or obliterated by terracing and foundation trenches of Level V. Despite poor preservation it was assumed that Room 10 had originally extended as far as the terrace wall to the south. Room 12 was represented by its east, north and south walls and a floor of earth and ash; in a later phase a rebuilt west wall and area of paving enabled the original westward extent of the building to be estimated (Fig. 6.1 ). Room 11, to the east of a gravelled street or entrance-way (and therefore more properly treated as a separate building), was only observed as wall fragments within later cuts or poking up through later surfaces (Figs. 6.1, 6.4 ), as much of trench 7658 was not excavated to primary layers of Level IV, but left at an intermediate level of secondary gravel surfaces (Fig. 6.4, bottom). Building V occupied the area at the west end of Terrace 2. This area, 2

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Although an appropriate drop in level, of 0.8-l.Om, was recorded from south to north in this area (Fig. 6.1 ).

92

Further examples of typical Middle Iron Age pottery came from some of the other storage pits of this level, especially 7658/623, metalled area on the site of Room II, catalogue nos 49; 356, 673, 711, 733; and 7657/497, Room 6 (north pit), catalogue nos 45; 535,550,610, 1299, 1302.

6: Stratification and architecture: Middle Iron Age (Neo-Hittite, Levels IV-VII)

to have extended as far as the terrace wall (Fig. 6.1 ). Significant alterations of the later phases of Level IV saw the construction of partition walls to Rooms 16 and 17 (Fig. 6.4, bottom), and the addition of features connected with food-preparation to Room 16 (a limestone mortar, a mud-brick hearth). Building VII comprised a large (square or rectangular: at least 7 x 7m) building on the edge of the mound (Room 21) 'fronted' to the south by a columned, or aisled, room (up to 7.5 x 13.5m; Figs 6.5, 6.6) with a stone-paved floor (Room 20), which continued southward to the terrace wall (see plan, Fig. 6.1 ). 4 Room 20 faced onto, and was entered from, the rough courtyard to the east (Room 23), although it was probably also entered from the streets to south and w~st. Building VII abutted Building VIII to the east, which may have stood independently before the construction of Building VII. Few interior features survived: an earth floor to Room 21; mixed stone paving (west aisle) and earth flooring (centre and east) to Room 20, with a stone drain leading towards the east doorway. The post bases reflected side aisles some 2.5m wide, with a rather narrow central aisle of 1.7-2m; each row possessed five posts. Minor secondary additions included a thickening of the west wall (Fig. 6.4, bottom) and various rubble heaps that might have represented improvised (and collapsed) partition walls. The remaining buildings followed the presumed edge of the mound, and comprised a series of rectangular plans with their long axes running parallel to the curve of the mound (Buildings VIII to X; Figs 6.7, 6.8). Rough pebbled yards occupied the area up to the terrace wall. A distinctive characteristic of construction here was a tendency for the end walls of separate structures to abut one another. This 'back to back' technique provided the most useful criterion with which to separate one building from another in this apparently continuous range. Building VIII was a single room (Room 22) with a central doorway in its southern wall, approached through a courtyard to the south (Room 23), set between the southern extensions of Buildings VII and IX. The building was 7.5-8m long, east-west, and (if the three post bases clinging to the north edge of the mound can be used as a guide: Fig. 6.3) some 7.5-8m wide, northsouth, thus (as Room 21) potentially square in plan. An original doorway in the west wall appears to have been blocked on the construction of Building VII (above). The main door, however, was in the south wall, protected by a porch. Stone offsets at the base of the south wall were added in different masonry styles to east and west of the doorway (Fig. 6.3). Various smaller structures were appended to the south, on the periphery of the open yards: a building with an open front supported on posts to the east of the doorway; another ephemeral structure against the east wall of the courtyard (Figs 6.3, 6.4). A more substantial building (Room 25), built against the 4

south wall of Building IX to the east, was entered from the Building VIII courtyard, and so really belongs with Building VIII. Buildings IX and X formed a complex of structures on the north-east comer of the mound, displaying several phases of construction, and with Building X only coming into existence as a later modification to Building IX (Fig. 6.3). Building IX was later than Building VIII in origin, its west wall abutting the east face of Building VIIP It probably began as a long rectangular plan (Room 24), as little as 9.5m long or as much as 18m, depending on the position of its east wall. At an early stage this room received (a) an offset along its west wall, and (b) a narrow east-west partition, or offset, to the north. Against the south wall a secondary structure represented a porch at the south-east comer of the main building, possibly incorporating a stair ('Room' 29, in the angle with Building XI). The yard to the south (Room 26) developed in the same way as Room 23, the equivalent in Building VIII (above), with various poorly preserved and ephemeral structures grouped around the open yard (Fig. 6.8). 6 In the main room (Room 24 of the 'primary' plan) a sequence of reconstruction then began with a substantial east-west wall, perhaps built on the axis of the building, but certainly within it (since a cross wall ran off to the north). This was followed by the construction of two rooms (35 and 36) within the shell of the earlier walls and occupying the central and eastern areas of Room 24, and running off the eastern edge of the mound. These have been separately defined as Building X, but could as easily have been described as a later phase( s) of Building IX. These buildings had one distinctive quality: their walls were clearly constructed within foundation trenches dug to the footprint of the buildings with the result that the wall footings rarely had properly-formed outside faces. They represent two structural phases in that, whilst all the new walls abut the earlier north wall, those of Room 35 were earlier than, and abutted by, the footings of Room 36, again employing the characteristic 'back to back' form of construction. At the east end of Terrace 3 a large and substantial building (XI), again nearly square in plan, occupied the eastern edge of the mound, immediately south of Building IX/X. This went out of use early in the seq~e~ce of occupation (although the dug-in walls of Bmldmg X abutted it) and had become covered by rough courtyard surfaces, which had led to the destruction of ~uch of its plan. Parts of the north and east walls surviVed as footings; the south and west walls were much more 5

6

Comparable in size and plan to Room 18 of the succeeding Level V plan, q.v. (Fig. 6.9).

93

As with much of the eastern half (below), these buildings were not fully excavated and so are interpreted from the structural relationships of the plan rather than stratigraphic relationships recovered by the dissection of the buildings by excavahon. There is also a case to be made that the larger buildings to the east and south (Buildings XI and XII) also represent ancillary structures of this complex rather than separate buildings: see discussion below.

Tille Hoyiik: The Iron Age

Fig. 6.5. The north-centre part of the site at Level IV, looking north to Buildings VII and VIII (top-right), specifically showing the columned Room 20; open space 23 is to the right. Photo Tugrul (:akar, BIAA 88 (M) 04513 ble for the clear demonstration (along with more scattered incidence of the ware), for the first occurrence of 'Ribbed Ware' in the Tille sequence being fixed in Level IV (see the distribution study in Tille 3.2: ch. 9). Other distinctive classes of Middle Iron Age pottery, such as a simple cup and a tripod-based bowl, were also represented in this group (Tille 3.2: ch. 9).

fragmentary, although just enough survived to establish their positions with some confidence (Figs 6.3, 6.4). The ruinous state of Building XI thus provides evidence for a period of use beyond the construction of Building X, itself the latest event in a lengthy structural sequence. Further traces of structures (Building XII) lay against the terrace wall on the south side of the open area, opposite Buildings IX and XI; these may have included a stair. Level IV was not hugely productive of pottery: eight vessels (Tille 3.2: Fig. 10.7, catalogue nos 43-50) were recovered from disparate contexts in the central and eastern parts of the site. Although all were from deposits indubitably associated with this level (all except no. 47 are marked on plans: Figs 6.1-6.3), none was associated with the internal floor surface of a structure. Five of the eight were from exterior surfaces, or from fills of buildings; the remaining three were from secure pit contexts: mainly the lining of storage pits. 7 The group of large sherd material from one of the large storage pits of the western area has already been noted (above, and Tille 3.2: catalogue nos 51-76 and 744- 752). 8 This is nota7 8

Discussion

The buildings of the northern edge displayed a clear improvement in size, quality of architecture and planning, over those of the central and southern terraces (in addition to any apparent advantage deriving from better preservation). The northern terrace gave the space for building large, double-depth buildings on a scale that was not available elsewhere, in the narrow, linear space of the central terrace, where the buildings and their flanking streets were of modest dimensions. The buildings of Terrace 1 were different in character again; and were built in a more random fashion, especially where overall plan and orientation was concerned. A minimalist interpretation would divide the buildings of the northern terrace into two residential complexes (Fig. 6.4), arranged to the north of the main east-west street along the north side of Terrace 2, and

They thus cannot be reckoned as secure as if they had been on internal floors . See also above, n.3.

94

6: Stratification and architecture: Middle Iron Age (Neo-Hittite, Levels IV-VII)

Fig. 6.6. Looking west along the north edge of the mound at Level IV (Level V in trenches 7559 and 7560 to the rear), across Buildings IX (right foreground) , VIII and VII. Note the very shallow depth of stratification between Levels IV and V, showing at the top edge. Photo Tugrul 9akar, BIAA 88 (M) 046/1 separated by the north-south street between Buildings VI and VII (they could, of course, have been subdivided considerably more than this). By this division of the plan the north-west complex was the smaller as it survived (although, given the unknown amount of the plan that had been lost, not necessarily so in origin), and consisted of Building VI, plus whatever lay in the unexcavated trenches 7559/7560. The second (north east) complex comprised Buildings VII to XI along the northern edge. These have been grouped together on the grounds that no clear dividing element, such as a street was detected, and that all of the buildings could have fronted onto the rather large and poorly-preserved central open area or courtyard ('Rooms' 23 /26). The lack of physical evidence for a firm division seems to argue in favour of the wider, and less rigid, interpretation as one large complex (as do details of the plan: at least one of the dependent structures of Building IX [Room 25] was entered from the west [i.e. from that part of the courtyard apportioned to the complex of VII/VIII by the proposed further sub-division]). But an equally acceptable alternative interpretation could be applied to the same buildings by grouping Buildings VII and VIII togeth-

er into one complex, with the west half of the open area, leaving the remaining buildings grouped around the east half of the rough courtyard. On this basis the subdivision of the northern half would resolve into three substantial complexes, each broadly equivalent in area, across the north edge of the site: Building VI to the north west; Buildings VII and VIII in the centre; and Buildings IX-XII to the north east. As with the earlier levels there was neither a trace of a perimeter wall, nor any hint of proximity to the original edge of the mound. Sufficient was missing from the northern edge of the mound at this level to create uncertainty as to the original plan and extent of Buildings VI- X. No building retained a northern wall, or trace of its limit, or even certain evidence of an axis, although the three post supports in Building VIII might represent a central axis, which could be used in the reconstruction of the plan, as might the inserted ?axial walls in Building IX. The secondary plan of Building IX suggests the presence of another room, at least, to the north and thus an outer limit for these buildings substantially beyond the surviving northern edge of the mound seems likely. Using the evidence of the post bases of Building VIII as a guide, and assuming the range of buildings to have

95

Tille Hoyiik: The Iron Age

Fig. 6.7. General view of the north-east area of Level IV, looking north-east, showing Buildings VII to IX along the northern edge. Photo Tugrul Cakar, BIAA 88 (M) 045/ 7 been the last (i.e. that there were no complete buildings lost, only parts of those seen here), might suggest that about 5m had been lost from the northern edge of the mound at this level. The topography of the mound, especially the rocky dere immediately to the north (which provides a fixed limit to northward expansion), as well as the position of surviving perimeter walls of later levels, suggests that it is unlikely to have been much more. The distinctive nature of some of the buildings and architectural features of the northern terrace deserves some emphasis. Recurrent characteristics included large building plans constructed of broad and well-built walls, with a good deal of evidence of construction to a preconceived plan and to a common orientation (as far as the topography of the mound permitted). The tendency to square plans for principal rooms meant that many buildings had large spans, which (in tum) meant that the roofs needed intermediate supports on one or more rows of stone post bases. 9 The buildings contained 9

areas of courtyards with remnants of neatly-paved surfaces and were approached and separated by streets or passages with metalled surfaces of gravel; some buildings displayed areas of good-quality stone paving as interior surfaces. A tendency to build individual structures separately, even where walls were contiguous, gave rise to the distinctive 'back-to-back' construction technique (this trait is, of course, as much to be explained by the building sequence as by technique, if the buildings were built one after the other rather than all at once), one that is particularly characteristic of the buildings of the third terrace. The tendency for offsets of a single thickness of stone to be built along the interior faces of walls is another distinctive structural detail: either a development of the 'back-to-back' technique, or a necessity of maintenance or repair (for its buttressing effect or to provide extra support for roof timbers). The latest phases of Buildings IX and X on the north-east comer displayed another technique, analogous in a way to the 'back-toback' technique: construction within a terraced platform or 'all-around' foundation trench (necessarily below ground), with the wall footings constructed as facing of the cuts, lacking proper facework on the exterior. Many

Most contemporary vernacular buildings in the area are limited to spans of c.3.5-4m by the length of the available timber for roofing (mainly poplar in recent memory): Erdim 1979: 74; 76; Koyunlu 1982: 262. Although other timbers would certainly have been available in the past: Kuniholm eta/. 1993: 180, there is no particular reason to doubt that broadly similar practical constraints also applied in the past. Building III of Level V (below, and Figs 6.9, 6.1 0, 6.12), where all three rooms used intermediate

supports to roof spans of about 4m, illustrates the point well. For the validity of comparing contemporary vernacular architecture with excavated building plans see Koyunlu 1982: 263- 5.

96

6: Stratification and architecture: Middle Iron Age (Neo-Hittite, Levels IV-VII)

Fig. 6.8. General view of Level IV, looking east across the rough courtyard 23/26 to Buildings IX-XII. Note theremains of the axial street (30) to the south (bottom-left to top-right). Photo Tugrul c;akar, BIAA 88 (M) 045/ 10 of these characteristics applied to the buildings of the first terrace to a lesser extent (as the overall degree of planning 'control' appeared to be weaker in this area); they may also have applied to the middle terrace too, had the buildings been better preserved. Most of the buildings of Level IV showed some evidence for a lengthy period of use, in the shape of modification, alteration and, exceptionally, rebuilding. Understanding of the development is limited by the partial nature of the excavation of this level: while the western trenches were fully excavated, including the total removal of the Level IV structures to reveal those of earlier levels, excavation stopped within the Level IV sequence over nearly all of the eastern part of the site. Other than in the north-east corner (below) the development of the buildings through time was confined to sequences of alterations in plan, to the laying of new surfaces, and (in the case of Building I) to the addition of an extra storey. 10 Thus there was evidence for a long period of use, but not for much radical alteration or new building. Open areas in particular, or the sites of former buildings which had decayed into open areas (examples at the west end of Terrace 2: Building V, and in the east-

central part of the site: Building XII), indicated lengthy processes of wear and erosion. They provide clear illustration of the principal that erosion is as important an element as deposition in the processes of site formation (see also Tille 3.2: ch. 16); as well as presenting puzzles of interpretation because of the vestigial nature of the structures preserved in those areas. It has proved unprofitable (where not impossible) to disentangle the stratigraphic sequences where these processes were at work, since (especially where they operated in the same area over more than one level) very little in the way of positive deposition remained from a given level (Fig. 6.8). Where the action of erosion of one level impinged on lower levels then the process has been interpreted as the (more familiar) 'terracing'. Erosion taking place internally within a structural level, and often, of course, followed by more deposition deriving from the same broad level, has proved to be a frequent and influential agent of change in the Middle Iron Age levels of Tille, and it was encountered frequently in the course of the analysis of Levels IV to VII. One area where erosion factors were most influential (where buildings were poorly preserved) was in the east central courtyard (Rooms 23/26), where there was also a substantial building-up of outside surfaces (well

I 0 Represented by the addition of post bases, a party wall and a probable stair against the north wall of Room I.

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