Things seen and unseen : discourse and ideology in Tokugawa nativism [[Nachdr.] ed.] 9780226317069, 0226317064, 9780226317076, 0226317072

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SCHOOL OFTHEOLOGY AT CLAREMONT.

Discourse and Ideoosy ,

The Library of

Claremont School of Theology

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Discourse and Ideology in Tokugawa Nativism

H. D. Harootunian

The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London

H.D. Harootunian is the Max Palevsky Professor of History and Civilizations and professor of Far Eastern languages and civilizations at the University of Chicago.

The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 1988 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. Published 1988 Printed in the United States of America 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 5432

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Harootunian, Harry D., 1929-

Things seen and unseen. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Japan—lIntellectual life—1600-1868. I. Title. DS822.2.H313 1988 001.1'0952 ISBN 0-226-31706-4 ISBN 0-226-31707-2 (pbk.)

2. Kokugaku. 87-19069

For Polly

Contents

Acknowledgments Abbreviations

ix xl

Prologue: Historians’ Discourse and the Problem of Nativism 1.

Discourse/Ideology : Language/Labor The Language of Ideology The Problematic of Discourse The Ideology of Language

2.

33 40

Archaism I: The Origin of Discourse

76 76

Archaism II: The Discourse on Origins The Politics of Poetics

118

118

The Prose of the World 143 The Chronotope of Collective Time

4.

23

23

Language and the Question of Form and Content The Poetry of Things 79 Inventing the Daily Life 106

3.

1

168

Routinizing the Ancient Way Religion and the Problem of Routinization 176 Sender and Receiver: Constituting a Subject for Discourse Message: The Work of Worship 196

176 181

vil

Vill

Contents

Ruralization I: Figure and Fulfillment Historical Conjuncture

218

218

Classifying the Cosmos 233 The Rhetoric of Place: Shrine and Village 242 Cosmologizing Agriculture: The Origins of Wealth The Worship of Work 262

253

Ruralization II: Act and Authority Authority for Action 273 Entrustment and Enabling Embodying Habitus 307 Part for Whole 318

273

292

Knowledge, Interest, and the Cultural Order Hermeneutics and History

“Learning the Customs of Folk”

333

Poetic Knowledge and Politics

358

Accomplices of Restoration Figures of Restoration

374

374

Between Religion and Polity

The Community of Silence

389

402

Epilogue: Native Knowledge and the Production of a Modern “Japanese Ideology” Notes

441

Index

461

326

326

407

Acknowledgments

When it takes as long to write a book as it has this one, an author is bound to incur some heavy debts along the way. In my case, I have been fortunate to have good friends and colleagues who have taught me more than I can say; in the words of nativists, they represent a mimegumi, a blessing, that can only be paid in the last instance. My first expression of thanks must go to my friends and colleagues at Chicago and elsewhere: to Tetsuo Najita, who has been a constant intellectual companion, who has discussed this book with me at every stage and who may very well have suggested the topic to me; to Bernard Silberman, who read an earlier draft and offered a detailed and rigorous critique; Irwin Scheiner, of the University of California, Berkeley,

whose close readings of an earlier draft and the penultimate version have contributed substantially to refining the content; Masao Miyoshi of the University of California, San Diego, for his vast knowledge of

Japanese life and culture; William LaFleur of the University of California, Los Angeles, for an informatively critical reading for the press; Naoki Sakai, from whom I have learned much; and Hayden White, of the University of California, Santa Cruz, whose writings on historical criticism and text production have provided continual guidance in fashioning my own project. I would like also to thank Norma Field and William Sibley for their support and generous encouragement. It would have been very difficult to write this book without the assistance of “strong readings” by Japanese scholars. Although the secondary literature on kokugaku is staggeringly large, I would like to single

out the following whose works I have relied on: Professor Matsumoto ix

x

Acknowledgments

Sannosuke, formerly of Tokyo University, whose classic monograph on the politics of late Tokugawa kokugaku paved the way for all subsequent studies; to Professor Haga Noboru, of Tsukuba University, whose countless books and articles on late Tokugawa nativism constitute an oeuvre which no student can or should ignore and have been crucial to my study; to Professor Watanabe Hiroshi, of Tokyo University, for his essays on the poetics of late nativism that form the core of my own understanding; to Professor Koyasu Nobukuni, of Osaka National University, whose book on Norinaga to Atsutane first alerted me to the idea of seeing nativism as a narrative; and Professor Tahara Tsuguo, of Hokkaido University, whose books on major figures like Motoori and Hirata, and articles on Okuni I have found indispensable. I would also like to record my thanks to Maggie Zansitis for producing a penultimate draft on disk, editing, and proofreading the manuscript along the way; and Betsey Scheiner for her sensitive and skillful copyediting. I want to thank Anne Walthall, of the University

of Utah, for suggesting the book cover, and the staff of the Seminary Cooperative Book Store of Hyde Park for what can only be described as

the best book store in the United States. Finally, I would like to record my gratitude to both the Japan Foundation and the Suntory Foundation for generous gifts enabling the publication of this book. I am also grateful to the Historiographical Institute of Tokyo University and its director for permission to repro-

duce a detail from Tawara kasane késaku emaki.

Abbreviations

Gs

HA

HAz (old) HAz (rev) IYz

Keks Kjk Koku

Kotoba

Ksi Kus

Kokugogaku taikei: Goho soki. Tokyo: Kosei Kaku, 1938. Nihon shiso taikei, vol. 50, Hirata Atsutane, Ban Tomoyuki, Okuni Takamasa. Tahara Tsuguo, Saeki Arikiyo, Haga Noboru, eds. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1973. Hirata Atsutane zensht. Muramatsu Iwao et al., eds. Tokyo: Isseid6, 1912. Shinshi Hirata Atsutane zensht. Tokyo: Meicho Shuppan, 1978. Ikuta Yorozu zenshti. Gakuzokai, ed. Tokyo: Seikatsusha, 1944. Ono Takeo. Kinsei chiho keizai shiry6. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kyobunkan, 1958. Mutobe Yoshika. Kenyijjun koron. In Shint6 sésho, Tokyo: Kydbundo, 1896. Kamo Mabuchi. Koku-i k6. In Iwanami shiso taikei, vol. 39, Kinsei shintoron zenki kokugaku. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1972. Kamo Mabuchi. Kotoba-i kd. In Iwanami shis6 taikei, vol. 39, Kinsei shintoron zenki kokugaku. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1972. Kinno shishi ibunsha. Inoue Tetsujiro, Ueda Mannen, Inobe Shigeo, eds. Tokyo: Shunyod6, 1937. Nihon shiso taikei, vol. 51, Kokugaku undo no shiso. Haga Noboru and Matsumoto Sannosuke, eds. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1971. Xl

xi

Abbreviations

MIki MNz (new)

MNz (old) Nk

Nme Nsd OSs

OSz OTz

SMk

Maki Izumi no kami ibun. Tokyo: Kenshoka, 1913. Motoori Norinaga zenshii. Ono Susumu, ed. Tokyo: Chikuma Shobé, 1970. Motoori Norinaga zenshii. Motoori Toyoei, ed. Tokyo: Yoshikawa, 1904. Suzuki Shigetane. Norito kégi, vols. 1 and 2 (Vols. 13 and 14 of Kokubun chtisaku zensho.) Tokyo: Kokugakuin Daigaku, 1909. Sagara Akira, ed., Nihon no meicho, Hirata Atsutane, 24. Tokyo: Chuo Koronsha, 1972. Suzuki Shigetane. Nihonshokiden. Tokyo: Kokugakuin Daigaku, 1910. Kindai Nihon shis6 taikei, vol. 22, Origuchi Shinobu shi. Hirosue Tamotsu, ed. Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo,

1975.

Origuchi Shinobu ed. Tokyo: Chué Okuni Takamasa Yukosha, 1939. It6 Shird. Suzuki

zensha. Origuchi Hakushi Kinenkai, Kéronsha, 1956. zenshii. Nomura Senshiré, ed. Tokyo: Masayuki kenkytt. Tokyo: Aoki Sho-

(EM 107Zien