Theophrastus: Metaphysics 9004097864, 9789004097865

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THEOPH RASTUS METAPHYSICS

MNEMOSYNE BIBLIOTHECA CLASSICA BATAVA COLLEGERUNf J.M. BREMER , L F. JANSSEN , H. PINKSTER H. W. PLEKET, C.J. RUlJGH , P.H. SCHRijVERS BIBLIOTHECAE FASCICULOS EDENDOS CURAVIT C.J. RUijGH, KLASSIEK SEMINARIUM, OUDE TURFMARKT 129, AMSTERDAM

SUPPLEMENTUM CENTESIMUM VICESIMUM QUINTUM MARLEIN VAN RMLTE

THEOPHRASTUS -

(TR. & COMM.)

METAPHYSICS

The heron. From Manuel Philes, bestiary in Byzantine verse. Copy dated 1564, written by Ange Vergece of Crete, illuminated possibly by his daughter. MS. Auct. F. 4. 15, fol. 5v Courtesy of The Bodleian Library, Oxford.

THEOPHRASTUS METAPHYSICS WITH AN INTRODUCTION, TRANSLATION AND COMMENTARY BY

MARLEIN VAN RAALTE

EJ.

BRILL

LEIDEN · NEW YORK · KOLN 1993

The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Theophrastus. [Metaphysica. English & Greek] Metaphysics / Theophrastus ; with an introduction, translation, and commentary by Marlein van Raalte. p. cm. - (Mnemosyne, bibliotheca classica batava. Supplementum; 125) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 9004097864 (alk. paper) I. Metaphysics-Early works to 1800. I. Raalte, Marlein van, 1952II. Title. III. Series. 1993 B626.T33M413 11 o----dc20 93-4019 CIP

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnalune Raalte, Marlein van: Theophrastus, Metaphysics : with an introduction, translation and commentary I by Marlein van Raalte. - Leiden ; New York ; Kolo : Brill, 1993 (Mnem~e: Supplemcntum; 125)

ISBN 90-04-09786-4

NE: Theophrastus: Metaphysics; Mnemosyne / Supplementum

ISSN 0 I 69-8958 ISBN 90 04 09786 4

~

Copyright 1993 by E.J. Brill, Leidm, Thl Ntthn-latuis

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C.C.A. van Raalte-van Hille S. van Raalte yoveucn ~

v, 110Uiiiv 6E bnota.CJEOlV, 110Uiiiv OE A.OOEOlV. Eotl OE £V tip l!Eµlttcp t&v cJ>ootKWV, 0£\ltEpcp OE t&v nepi vuxiii;, £~ Jiv ix11a.VtOlV 6iiMv eottV, K.t.A.. "L'examen des fragments litteraux cites chez Themistius et Priscien montre que Themistius a parfaitement discerne !es caracteres essentiels de l'ouvrage", MoRAux (1978) 314 n. 2 It may be noted here that, whereas one such 'shorthand' insertion by itself justifies the hypothesis that the text in question was meant for private use (or for internal use within some intellectual community), the polished nature of a prose text cannot reasonably be adduced as evidence for the fact that a particular text was meant for a more general public; contra SCHOTRUMPP: "Ich teile die allgemein vertretene Auffassung, dass ein Text, auf den der Autor die Milhe stilistischer Durcharbeitung verwandt hat, letztlich literarischen Ansprilchen genilgen sollte und somit fUr Publikation gedacht war, und dass ein Text, dem dies abgeht, nicht den Grad an Durcharbeitung erreicht hat, der ihn fUr die VerOffentlichung empfahl, so dass dafilr die Hypothese des Vorlesungsmanuskripts eine gewisse Plausibilitllt besitzt." (1989) 181; "Selbst wenn also die Pragmatien aus Vorlesungen hervorgegangen sein sollten, so ist dieser Charakter, Vorlesungsmanuskript zu sein, in den hier betrachteten Passagen [sc. from Arist. Pol.) nicht mehr erhalten, die stilistische Durcharbeitung stellt diese Werke den uns bekannten zeitgenOssischen, durch Publikation verOffentlichten zur Seite. Und die Art der Prllsentation des Materials in manchen Pragmatien lllsst es ausgeschlossen erscheinen, dass hier je Vor-

INTRODUCTION

9

to other theories, especially Academic and Peripatetic.' Furthermore, seeing that the argument shows several characteristics of a 'dialogue int~rieur' as outlined above, the size of the audience may have varied from zero2 to a considerable number,3 on the understanding that the larger--or in any case the less expert-the audience, the less likely that the text as we have it reflects the form and length of an eventual performance. Since research in the context of the school practice of the time presumably never was a private enterprise, it seems plausible that the text served some purpose in the context of Peripatetic debate of some kind. Taking into account a certain degree of continuity in the argument, 4 and the programmatic nature of the first and the last paragraphs especially, it seems safe to infer-in the light of the idiosyncrasies indicated above-that it was composed by Theophrastus for his own use in the context of some form of public lecture or course. s III One thing we are certain of is that the title Metaphysics does not derive from Theophrastus himself. It may have been attached to the treatise at any time after Aristotle's work was given that name (i.e., presumably, after the putative6 editorial activity of Andronicus in the first century BC),7 in view of the lesungsmanuskripte zugrunde gelegen haben." (191). Apart from the fact that in Greek chiasmus, for instance, simply may serve the clarity of presentation, and thus may be a feature of discourse rather than of style (see SLINGS (I 993) 30-3), the wish to express things well, and the satisfaction of doing so, is not likely to be limited to what is meant for 'publication'especially in a society where what sounds well traditionally has the ring of truth. 1 E.g. the introduction of the unmoved mover as the object of desire in 5 a 2 ff., of the use of evEpyEta linked with oooia 5 a 7, of the concept of µiµ110~ in 5 a 25 (cp. 8 a l), of the material principle as to 6vvaµ£l OV, 8 a 10-1, and of ltA.Eovaxioc; A£yoµeva, 9 b 1 (cp. 9 a 10); furthermore the brevity of the references to Speusippus' theory especially 6 b 5-6, 11 a 23-5, and the lack of explicitness in Ch. III in general. 2 Cp. Arist. Met. 1006 b 7-10 to yap µ11 EV 011µaiv£lV ou8tv 011µaivm rotiv, µ11 011µaivovtmv 6t tOOV OVOµCxtWV avflPT\tal tO 61.C1AEy£vta ev, IC. tJ... 3 Cp. the famous anecdote in Plutarch (15 FHS&G): b 6t ZT1vmv op&v tov 0eocppaotov bti tq> noUv ClPXa; tlvm 6i\A.ov EK toii ta µEv cpl>v EPYOlV toic; ~iixnv, ... , to ltOlflOV µe.v ~Cj>OV, q,utov oe. q,ut6v, 'iva tou ad Kai tou 8dou µEtEXOlEC1Et nvl lCCX.1 ope~El, lCCX.'tCX cruµPEP111C6i;. Ei µT] &pa. cruµcpu-rov CX.U'tq> 'tO opeyEcr0m. 6 a 10 lCCX.t ou0ev lCOlA.UEl 'tOta.U't' cina. 'tOOV OV'tOlV {map,

11

,..

I

,-..

\

I

,...

METAPHYSICS

43

11.4 Perhaps one might ask this further question, too, why only the bodies moving in a circle are tendency-driven, and none of those around the centre, although they are movable, whether this is because they are incapable of doing so or because the first principle does not penetrate to them. This in any case would be absurd, if it were from weakness; for one would expect to be stronger than Homer's Zeus, who says "I could haul you up, earth, sea, and all". There remains the possibility that are like something unreceptive and unconnected. And one might perhaps investigate first, whether these entities are or are not parts of the cosmos, and if they are parts, in what sense ; for now they are (so to speak) thrust away from the things most esteemed, not only as regards their position but also as regards their activity-assuming that the circular movement is such: for it happens to be the case that the changes --both towards their places and to one another-occur (so to speak) accidentally under the influence of the circular rotation. 11.5 And also, if the best comes from the best, something better might be required from the first principle than the rotation discussed-that is, unless they were prevented by not being capable of receiving it; for obviously the first and most divine wishing all things to be the best. But maybe this is something that is (so to speak) excessive, and not to be looked for; for he who makes this assertion expects all things to be alike and to consist in the best things, containing little or no difference. 11.6 And one might perhaps raise the following problem, referring to the first heaven itself, whether the rotation is of its essence (and as soon as this had stopped it would be destroyed), or, assuming that by virtue of some tendency and desire, accidental;-that is, unless feeling desire is innate in the first heaven; and nothing prevents some such things from existing among what is there.

44

THEOPHRASTUS

XEtV. i'.o-roc; o' a.v El'fl 1ml aaVtaO"ta Kat ft VOTtV ttµtcotatcov seems to indicate that Th. merely borrows this superlative qualification from the theory under discussion (see Et1tEp ... totau'tT), below). The sublunary entities are in fact thrust away from the entities which are the most highly esteemed (the heavenly bodies). This applies not only to their place (1eatcx 't~ xmpac;), as suggested by the literal sense of the verb and as corroborated by experience (cp. ou On1CVouµ€vou 5 b 13; compare Arist.Cael. 293 b 11-5 ( ... ) 'to 6bou 'tonou µfoov (sc. as opposed to the mathematical centre) EOllCE tEAEuTfi µ&Uov 11 &pxft · to µev yap Opl~OµEVOV to µfoov, tO 6' op{~ov 'tO 1t£pac;. nµuotEpov 6t: tO 1tEpl£XOV Kat tO 1ttpac; 11 tO 1tEpmv6µEVOV · to µev yap UA.TJ to 6' oucr{a tile; (Jl)(JtClJ..oov l((l\ 1Cll'tCl1tllUElV 'tel 1tVEUµata· 6to lCCll £1tau~av£tcxt l((ll 1tt1t't£l 1tOA.A.a1Cli;. O\l 1Cll80MU 6t tout' t11c; av EV£1Ca ElT) oul>' liUT)c; q,opiic;, aUa. trov liatpcov eveKa. £i yap fotat q,opa q,opiic; eveKa, Kal. ElCE\VT)V Ettpou l>ETtO"El xaptv dvat · coot' £1t£tm, oux ot6v tE de; (l1t£tpov, fEA.Oq EC1fat 1tllO"T)c; q,opiic; fWV q,epoµevwv fl Oelwv C1Wµa-rwv Kaia fOV

ovpav6v.

t~ciUttAa, too, apparently applies to elementary bodies in particular: cp. 10 b 3-6 (ai ... EV au,:ft ,:ft rft CXA.A.Otrocmc; ICClt µEtaPoA.at ... 7tpoc; aAA.Ot' aAA.O µE8totaµEVO>V, b 4-6; see pp. 296-8 below), and lgn. 1 ci~p µev yap ICClt ulirop l((lt rri tac; Eic; ilAAT)A.Cl µ6vov 7t0t0UV1:Clt µEtaPoA.a.c; (j)UCJtlCac;. The position of the article (ouµpaivEt ... Eic; aAAT)M t~ µEtaPoAµµEtpov), next note. On this view, the assertion made here certainly is not "curiously inconsequent", as R-F (ad Loe.) believe, who point out that Th. has for some time been criticizing Aristotle, and "Aristotle does not ascribe to his first mover a wish for what is best. He describes the life of the first mover as one of pure self-contemplation, in which there is no place for PouAflJ.J:,. µixAAOv t&v :x;uA&v IC(Xt t&v :x;pooµatoov, KCXt tO'\ltOOV aKptPfotepov 6iopi~El ta. 1tEpt toui; :x;uAOui; civcxq,eprov ftlV q,cxvtcxcricxv 1tpoi; liv8p001tov. 3 CP III.2.3 6tmpEtEOV tai; tE 1tprotot6µoui; KCXt t~ Oljfttoµoui;, l((Xt ta.i; ppcx:x;utoµoui; ICCXt ta.i; µcxicpotoµoui;, KCXt to'ii; aAAOti; rocrcxutroi;, civcxq,epovtcxi; ad 1tpoi; to teMi; ("always relating the distinction of treatment to the end in view", tr. EINARSON/LINK). HP 1.3.6 i\µepov 6E ICCXl liyptov 6{KCXlOV ICCXAE'iv civcxq,epovtcx 1tp6i; tE tCXUtCX (i.e., plants which entirely resist cultivation) lCCXt o)..roi; 1tpoi; to 11µepcotatov -SC. as a standard, which in the latter case at the same time implies a limit.

1 EVa µEv O'OV tpol!OV oupavov Ai-yoµEV tTJV ouaiav 'tTJV tile; fo1atT1c; tcro 11avtoc; 1t£plcpo~. ~ aroµa cp'O q,epea8ai tOV oupavov ii a Ma· OUtE yap 'tlli; ljf\)xfti; ii oucr{a aMa toll lCUKA.ql q,epea8m, aA.Afl Kata cruµPeP111eoi; outco lCtvEltXpou in CP 11.6.2, preceding note. The question is a familiar one in Academic-Peripatetic discussions, apparently as a legacy of earlier philosophers, see Arist. Met. 1050 b 22-4 6io O~Epov µ~ 1t0tE otj\, 8 q,o~ouvtm Ot 1tEpt q>uoEroi;. 1 Compare Plato Tht. 153 C 9 - D 5 (Socrates' allegorical interpretation of Zeus' golden chain:) ... 1tpoCJ~l~(l~(O tTJV xpucrijv CJEtpav ~ oMiev iiUo ~ tOV ~A.lOV "0µ11po~ AE'YEl, !Cat 6TIA.Oi Otl £~ µEV av TJ 1t£ptq,opa ii IC\VO\lµEVl] Kat () ~A.to~. 1tllVta fon !Cat CJ(fl~Etat ta ev 8eoi~ t£ Kat av8pC07tOl~. d 6e CJtai11 to\ltO OXJ1t£p 6e8EV, 1tavta xpftµat' av 6taq,8ap£i11 Kat 'YEVOtt' av to A.£-yoµevov iivco icatco 1tavta; -Socrates is referring to ll. 8.19, the context of the line quoted by Th. in 5 b 17 above: see pp. 226-7. According to Plato's own belief, the permanence of the universe is guaranteed by the principle of the unmoved mover: Plato Phaedr. 245 D 7 - E 2 tO\ltO 6e (sc. to auto auto IC\VOUV) out' a1t6Uua8ai out£ yiyvea8at 6uvat6v, ~ 1tavta t£ oupavov 1tCtCJClV t£ "(TIV £~ EV auµ1t£CJOUCJav aTijvai ical. µft1tot£ aMi~ £X£tv o8ev 1C1V118EVta Y£VTICJEtat. Aristotle, in his turn, after having referred to the same passage of Homer, offers his own solution: Arist MA 700 a 4-6 to yap 0~ CllClVTltOV u1t' ou6evo~ ev6£XEtat IClV119\iVat. o8ev A.UEtat ical. ii 1taA.al ux8£iaa a1topia, 1tOt£pov EV6£XEtat ~ OUlC ev6£XEtat 6ia11.u8i;vat tTJV tO\l oupavou CJUCJtaCJtv, d £~ Cl1ClVT1tO\l -f\pt11tat apxik Here again the conviction seems to be prior to proving it: ibid. 699 b 21-2 tov 6' oupavov iiq,8aptov dvai Kal. a6taA.\ltOV oi6µe8a µEV £~ avayicii~. and

Phys. 259 b 22-6 oot' £l1t£p ClVClyKTI CJ\JVEXID~ dvat lClVTICJlV, dvai ti 6ei to 1tp&tov IC\VO\lV lllClVTltOV ical. icata CJ\lµ~E~Ko~. £i µi.Ue1, (ica8a1t£p Ei1toµev) laeu6ai EV toi~ Oi>CJlV ii1ta\JCJtO~ tl~ Kal. a8avato~ lClVTICJl~. Kai µeve'iv to 6v auto EV autqi ical.ev tip autcp· ... (see also p. 143). 1

loc.

According to Alexander, Aristotle was thinking of Empedocles in particular: see Ross ad

248

COMMENTARY CHAPTER lWO

Th. adds that this question is one that belongs elsewhere ('modal' use of the genitive): in view of the plural, 1-tepo,v ')Jyymv probably refers to specific discussions;1 e.g. Arist. GC 318 a 3-4 7t£pl µev yap E1CEtV11; EipT1'tat 7tpO't£pov ev 'tOt; 7t£pl lClVT\0"£~ Abyoi;, o'tt ... 2 317 b 13-4 7t£pl µev O'OV 'tO\l'tCOV EV liU.Ot; 't£ 6tT17tOPTl'tCl\ ical 6uoptO"'tCl\ 'tOt; myot; ml 7tA.EtoV, ... 3

rather than to a different type of discussion: e.g. HP 1.10.3 a'JJJ:J. 1tept µEv tpoq,i\i; Bux tivrov EtEpoi; ')Jyyoi;,4 similarly iiU.Oi; ')Jyyoi;, CP 1.16.6; also HP IX.17.4 a'JJJ:J. yap tauta µEv hipai; iiv nvoi; Elll 8eropiai;. The singular, however, may equally well have a specific reference: e.g. CP 11.5.2 a')..')J,. toutrov µEv 1tipt Myoi; Etepoi;,5 cp. also Lap. 38 tauta µev otv iiU11i; mci'l'E©i;, which might refer to a lost work by Th. 1tept t&v (a1to)At8ouµivrov: see ErcHHOU ad Loe. The plural (which, all things considered, seems to be more apt for a 'concrete' reference) also in e.g. Arist. DA 407 b 12-3 E1t£l 6' fotlv ~ totautrt O"KE\jft; (sc. concerning the 'best' kind of movement) ettpcov mycov OllCE\O'tEpCX, t6£µuxv (... µvEiav) is quite strong, such in accordance with the fact that the present criticism concerns the (lack of) comprehensiveness of explana-

• For which see Arist. Cael. 278 b 11-21, p. 231 above; cp. p. 246. Ad /oc. See also LAKs (1988) 242 and 253 n. 67. 3 A similar error in 7 a 11, referred to by LAKs ( 1988) 253 n. 67, does not reappear in LM' s app. crit. ad loc. 2

264

COMMENTARY CHAPTER THREE

tion, not the character of the explanations given: the issue is whether the entities lower down in the hierarchy of being are accounted for at all (rather than the plausibility of any explanation provided).

6 b 5-6 tbaa{rtmc; 6' ... I1teum.nov

tbaa{rtmc; 6' presents Speusippus c.s. as a new, but analogous instance,' apparently not belonging to those who fonn Th.' particular example here: the adherents of the One and the indefinite dyad. As a matter of fact it seems that Speusippus himself did not posit as a second principle the indefinite dyad (but posited 'multiplicity' (1tA.iWoi;) instead). 2 On the other hand the fact of Speusippus, as a Platonist, figuring in this context is natural enough. In any case the point seems to be that, notwithstanding a somewhat different conception of the first principles, he is not doing any better in respect of the point at issue here. It appears from the negation (ou0E) in what follows that in cocm{moi; too a verdict in the negative is implied. It is unlikely that we should supply tou oupavou 7tEpt lCClt trov A.Ot7tIDV ouoeµiav 7tOtoUVtat µveiav, since (I) Speusippus himself cannot in fairness be blamed for neglecting the things of nature (cp. e.g. the classification of animals and plants in the second book of his "Oµota: Frr. 6-27 Taran; also 11 a 23-5 with note), and (2) oi 1tepl I1tei>aut1tOV may refer to Speusippus himself primarily. 3 What should be understood with cocrm'.moi; ... oi 1tepl. l:1teucrm1tov, then, seems to be, more generally, "do not come up to this expectation"; see 6 a 15-22. In the case of Speusippus, then, the criticism may be either (1) that he is not interested in the natural entities as such,4 or (2) that he fails to show in what way the lower entities can be derived from the principles assumed; 5 the 1 Cp. e.g. CP 1.9.2 cixmutro~ 6£ Kat ta toov ayp{rov, Sens. 63 oftµiv YAUlCll, tout' iiUot~ 1tl1CpOV Kat £t£p0l~ O~U Kat iiUot~ 6p1µ1J toi~ 6£ atpUq>VOV, Kat ta UAAa 6' O>Gallt~.; See also 11 a 13 below. 2 See TARAN (1981) 38 ff., 351. 3 "formula ol 1trpi nva ... interdum ita usurpatur, ut ab ipso personae nomine non multum differat" BoNITZ s.v. 1trpi 579 a 41 ff. 4 JAEGER ( 1938) 179-80 "Das diese Forschungen nicht auf eine individuelle Beschreibung und anatomische Zergliederung der Tiere und auf physiologische ErkHirung ihrer inneren Lebensvorgllnge zielten, scheint mir sonnenklar. Das Interesse wurde offenbar nur auf die Eigenschaften der Objekte ausgedehnt, die zur Bildung des richtigen Begriffs bzw. der Definition und zur Ansetzung des d6o~ an der richtigen Stelle im System der Klassifikation des Seienden erforderlich waren"; cp. JAEGER (1923) 18. Cp. however GIITHRIE V.132. 5 Or, (3) both at the same time: "lmmerhin benutzte Speusipp gewiss nicht das Schema: Ph!inomenen - Ursachen; er folgte ja offensichtlich dem platonischen Schema: Hypothese Dih!iresen, wobei er gewiss die Phllnomene nicht in der empirischen Breite wie Aristoteles entwickelte." KULLMANN (1974) 151.

6b 5-6

265

latter possibility in any case would be in accordance with Aristotle's criticism: Arist. Met. 1090 b 14-9 ( ... ) £1tl~Tl'TTl0"£\EV av w; µ11 Al 1tpc.otou µriicou~ lC(XI. 1tA.atOU~ lC aept 1to')..).JJ,v IX7tOA.Et7tEtat 1tpo~ 7ttcrttV (cp. Sens. 48 avayEtV, above); "attach to something (as an effect)", "ascribe to": tq> 0Eq> t~v aittav ava1ttoucnv, 11 b 8. One would suppose ava1ttEtv Ei'.~ tt to be used especially with the connotation of an (ontological) distance which is to be bridged: Plut. Lye. 6.3 t~v apx~v Kat t~V aittav t~~ 7tOA.ttEta~ Ei~ rov IIv0wv IXV~'lfE. The present passage involves the connotation of an epistemological distance, that is, one of a process of induction; cp. e.g. Arist. Met. 1078 b 21-2 oi. Be Tiu0ay6pEtot 1tpOtEpov 7tEpt ttVCOV oA.{yrov, ti>V tou~ Myou~ Ei~ to\l~ apt0µou~ IXV~7ttOV. Th.' testimony as to Plato's linking up the Ideas (taut~) with the numbers is in conflict with "an imposing array of passages in which Aristotle says, or clearly implies, that for Plato all the Ideas were numbers" (e.g. Met. 991 b 9-10; 1073 a 20): Ross (1951) 216 with n.1. 1 As Ross (l.c.)2 has pointed out, the testimony of Sextus Empiricus, Adv. Math. 10.258, apparently supports Th.' way of presenting the matter: 1 For doubts concerning the weight of Aristotle's testimony, see Ross (1951) 217, DILLON (1977) 4-5; that of Th.' report has been questioned e.g. by TARAN (1981) 379. 2 After Wll..PERT (1949) 168: "Deutlicher ll!sst sich wirklich nicht mehr sagen, dass die Zahlen von den ldeen verschieden sind und dass sie h!lher stehen als diese.", I.e.; cp. however ibid. 171: "Platon hat die ldeen als Zahlen begriffen, die Zahlennatur war das Mittel, die Struktur der Idee zu durchleuchten. Mit Recht kann Sextus und Theophrast das als ZurllckfUhrung der ldeen auf Zahlen darstellen. Aber diese ZurUckfUhrung der Ideen auf Zahlen ist keine Absonderung der Zahlen, kein Hinaufsteigern der Zahlen zu einer h!lheren Gattung Uber die Ideen, kein Chorismos der Zahlen von den ldeen. Die Zahlen sind nicht "frllher" als die

274

COMMENTARY CHAPTER THREE

ioou yap Kett eti i6rot cioroµettot otom Ketta tOV m,atwvet 7tp0Uq>£&v v611mv e~ a!pcnpfoeoo~ Kai 1t£plK01tT1~ aroµato~ £1tay£l (SC. 0 ITA.citoov), tn t&v µa~µatcov tCl~El Kataj3lj3a~cov.

A somewhat similar procedure may be recognized (in quite a different context) in Plato Phaedr. 265 D 3-4 Ei~ µiav tE iofov crnvop&vta ayEtv ta 7tOAMxft ommapµeva, cp. ibid. 265 El 1taAtV Kat' ElOTJ ouvao6at Otateµvetv. 2 See GUTHRIE V.130-1. In view of the fact that the passage in Resp. focuses on (knowledge of) objects of thought in particular, the appreciation expressed by Th. is more likely to be based on the attention given to the physical world especially in the Timaeus (exemplifying a route downwards quite literally "following the order of generation"). An unspecified group of philosophers (oi 0£, "others": presumably still belonging to the adherents of the One and the indefinite dyad, mentioned as an example in 6 a 24 ff.) is finally contrasted with Plato: it is to these that the criticism in 6 a 23-4 fully applies. The genitive tiov rt.PXa>V suggests that a1ttovtm should be understood from a1ttecr8m, 6 b 12 above. 3 If, as is likely, 4 the 'others' are meant to include those referred to in 6 a 25 ff., the assertion that they treat of the principles only (µovov) involves an evident exaggeration on the part of Th., probably in order to press the point he is making; see also 1tEpt trov 1tprotcov µ6vov, 6 b 10-1.

1

Cp. UsENER 's reading of 1Cata.ycov for MSS. mta.: "restitui contrarium verbo civa.ynv",

(1890) ad loc. 2 Cp. 266 B 4, 277 B 4 ff.

3 Rather than 66~£lEv /iv ii1ttEa8al (so L-M}-which is unlikely since, in view especially of EV tcp civa.yElV Ei~ t~ «iPX~, 66~ElEV av appears to be firmly embedded in the context of Plato's procedure; see also above. 4 Cp. CHERN1ss (1947) 237 n. 78.

276

COMMENTARY CHAPTER THREE

6 b 16-7 EV\Ot 6£ •.. 7tEpi 't~ UPX~A next point (6£), going further than (mi) the point made earlier concerning the limited scope of the explanation of the philosophers referred to, is that some (of them, it seems) go so far as to find truth in the principles (identifying use of IN: see e.g. 4 a 17-8 EV xofotc;, 4 b 9-10 Ev oAiyot.).: &no ravf1),; apxoµevov,; neipiia0ai XPT/ Oeoope'iv, fl f(X q,aw6µeva ).,aµf3avovra,; ,ca(}' avra fl &no fOt)f(J)V er rive,; apa1 ,cvpufJrepai ,cai 1ep6repai wvrwv &pxa{."2

143 FHS&G (= Simpl. In Phys. 184 a 16) oAaVEpov O'tt O'UIC Ea'ttV roptaµEVa 'ta axflµma (l'U't@V. a.U' £0\lCEV i1 q,uat~ UO-Eco'l)(JEl to µEV co,; UA.TJV Kat 6uva.µn, to 6£ afoov Kat 1tOlTJtlKOV, Kat on ad ttµtcotEpOV to 1t0\0UV tou mxaxovtoi;, Kat il aPXil tile; UATJi;." raiira µiv an-08exe-ra1, 61a1topEi 6€· "ttVE ot>v a{i,:m a\ 6uo q>U8ouutv, ofov ~expo'lltll µaAl1tcxpxuv. ad apa 1tCXVta tavavt{a ica8' ll1tOIC£tµEVO'll, !Cat ou8ev xroptat6v· aU' 8ev oi>a{~ EVavdov, IC8ev apa t&v EVavt{rov IC'llptroc; llpXTJ 1tCXVtrov aU' £tEpa.

Like the use of eµµopq,oi and ai 'tllc; u)..11c; (apxai) Th.' use of the generic term -ra civnKEiµeva thus seems meant to facilitate the discussion of the Aristotelian principles in one and the same context as those adopted by his precursors.

7 a 10-5

7 a 10-5

299

cUoyov ~e ... "o Kooµoc;".

crropo.oyov ioo1ttp icat tcxc; aAJ..ac; mxpmpua6ac; (side-

growths), ll1t0ppi~ouc; ouaac; icat evuypouc; icat tautac; PMcrtaV£tv · £1t£l El ye µ11 iiaav i>1t6ppl~Ol, XM£1tOV ~ a6uvatov. 1.4.6 i6tcotan, 6£ PAAXcrn,crtc; ii £1C trov 6aicpuwv (from exudations), ofov tOU 8' i1t1tOO"£AlVO\l icat tOU icp{vou icat ev{wv Ettpwv. OUlC aAOyoc; 6t, fl.AA' oµoAoyOUµEVTI tft £1C tOJV lCUUAOJV (from Split Stems)• ... (Also 1.16.5 ... OUlC a>.oyov ... , aU' £X£l't0 a.vex ¼ov.)

-cp. iho1tov, which in addition conveys an element of surprise, a person's reaction to the unaccountable (see 5 a 18 ato1tov toµ~ 1tavta. t~v a.ut~v), Arist Div. 462 b 18-22 to 6£ µTt6tµ{av aittav EVA.oyovopa:v, ica8' JlV CXV y{votto, tOUtO 6tamO"t£'iv 1t0l£t. t6 t£ ycxp 8eov dvm tOV 1ttµ1tovta, 11:p~ -rfi alln a).oy{~. icat to µ11 to'ic; PtAtlO"totc; icat q,povtµcotatotc; aUcx to'ic; t\lXOUO"l 1ttµ1t£lV IXW11:0V. (See also Phys. 196 b 1-5, below.)

whereas a1topov is rather used of the question raised by such an unaccountable situation (see 10 b 24-5 auto yap tOUtO a1topov toµ~ EXElV Myov). 1Ca1Cdvo~. SC. totMxtatov ... ~ tfattiv (7 a 16), eKaatcov ai µopq,oua9m ica,:a ,:ouc; Myouc;, 8 a 13-4)2 by referring to the tou) in all cases. This apparently is an objecfinal cause involved (to tion against the theory which holds that a "formal account''3 of things can be established by identifying a final cause in each case, this final cause being conceived as the intemal4 q,ucnc; or oucria of the entity in question: compare e.g.

eveica

Arist. PA 64 I a 21-7 ('tO\l 0tcop11t6ttpat !Cal p*OU(.;, ai 6e Kata ta µep111tA£lOU(.; exouO't 1tOl1ClAtav autii>v YEVEv El'.ri. 1 Rather than of foti, in which case one would rather have expected *evt/p µopq,oua0m?; cp. e.g. Arist. GA 728 a 25 ME q,avtpov on tu¼roc; yiyvttat Etc toutou ft yivtatc;). See HlNDENLANG

(1910) 89 ff.

µEta µEV yap tfic; ilA.TJv tpyCllV, Arist. GA 729 b 8, quoted p. 373 below. 3 "saepe ta.xa non tam dubitantis est, quam cum modestia quadam affirmantis", BoNITZ 749 a 4-5 s.v. 4 To judge by the present treatise Th. would not, I think, have subscribed to a statement such as ~O..ttov 6£ to ElVat ~ to µT] ElVat (Arist. GC 336 b 29, where to dvat stands for eternal being, as opposed to continuous generation), because as far as Th. is concerned (i) being without form too is veritable being, and (ii) indeterminate being (as well as the less determinate forms of being) constitutes an essential part of the cosmos. Th. might seem to be drawing an ontological consequence from Aristotle's conception of 'focal meaning' according to which ElVat appplies to to µT] DV too (6to Kai to µT] OV dvm µT] ov q,aµEv, Met. 1003 b 10). In this respect Th. here seems to be moving away from the Parrnenidean dilemma one step further than his predecessor chose to do.

8 a 14-9

369

For µrnx~acrn; see ad 1 b 5-8, pp. 326 ff.; here again, the term denotes not so much an actual instance of change as an analysis of the process, as is confirmed by the phrase 'tax' av ... EtT]. While it is granted that the change may be for the better, on the other hand (~(£))-and this involves, it is implied, a paradox (oi>8EV civ ~ttov) in any case to those who emphasize the change for the better-in respect of matter £tva1 ('being') truly applies (a~;r18~ i>1t&PX01: "exists as real", "truly exists"). Noticeably, in this context ('to dvm ... ) aA118e~ u1tapxoi (stating explicitly the implications of ov µEv in 8 a 11) enters into a relation of contrast with OUV µopq,ouo0m; see 8 a 12-4). For Ka'ta tt indicating the range within which something applies, compare

to

Atist. Top. 109 a 19-20 O'\JOEV yap toutcov EVOEXEtia, 8 b 9. Since 1tEptEpy{av tou ~rttdv as a whole replaces a.1topiav, there is no need to worry about the relation of the genitive tou ~TttEtv to a.nopiav, as JAEGER does, who conjectures 1tEptEpy{av · to ~TttEtv: "der Genetiv tou ~TttEtv [kann] zwar zur Not zu 1tEptEpy{av, aber niemals zu a.nop{av mitbezogen werden, wie es bei der stilistisch und logisch scharfen Antithese notwendig ware. 1tEptEpy{a ist absolut gebraucht vom Aufwerfen iiberflilssiger, transzendenter Fragen, das Theophrast ablehnt. ... Statt zu sagen OO~EtEV o' CXV IC(l\ tout' EXEtv a.1topiav, El µT) apa 1tEpiEpy6v fott, to ~rttdv KtA., hat Th. zu a.nopiav antithetisch das Subst. 1tEptEpyiav gebildet und es von £XEtv mitabhangen !assen.", JAEGER (1932) 293. 1 LSJ offers the not quite parallel example of 1tf1µµatrov 1tEptEpy{m, Luc. Nigr. 33 ("curiosities of cakes", s.v.). 2 "car pour ce qu'il n'est pas possible d'assimiler, c'est peine perdue que de s'y achamer par tous Jes moyens", tr. AMIGUES.

8 a 24-7

381

L-M defend, against JAEGER, the manuscript tradition from a different point of view: "ii n' est sans doute pas impossible de conserver le texte, surtout si I' on accepte de rattacher 'tou ~11'tE'iv aussi bien a ci1top{a.v qu'a 1t£piepy{a.v ( ... ). La construction apo koinou facilite en effect le zeugme semantique resultant du fait que la question peut bien comporter une difficulte (ci1top{a. 'tou ~11'tE'iv ), mais non proprement 'une subtilite excessive dans la recherche', puisqu'elle est elle-meme l'objet de la recherche." (ad loc.). As has been argued above, however, both the construction and the idea of 1tepiepy{a. wu ~11'tE'iv are perfectly sound, 1t£piepyfov 'tO\l ~11'tE'iv quite effectively replacing ci1top{a.v; if a zeugma is at all involved, it seems to be rather in the use of EXElV.

8 a 24-7

Kat axwov ... E08M".

mi adds a second question that might be asked, closely connected with the first one: (ti o~ 1totE 11 q,ucrn; ... EV ·/tyro 6t tOlltO~ civtiav yvroµ11v £XO>,/ ltA.ElO> ta :XP'llatVEl Otott 1.0AV TO ovx V1tWWVOV ovoe oex6µeµov TO ei5 (µa..UOv Oe no,U,q, 1rAEIOV). OAtyOV yap tl to Eµlj/UX,OV' a1mpov 0£ TO ay,vxov), or (ii) 'the disorderly', 'the indeterminate' (cp. II a 18 ff.: too' oAOv "mtavtov tt Kat Ev OA.tyotc; to aya86v, 1r0AV 0£ dij8oi; elvai TO KW(ov'' (OUK EV aopl Al]µOKpt'tOc; () 'A~Ol]pt'tl]c; apxa.c; ffieto to 1tA.l] pee; K'.al tO K'.EVOV, 6:lv to µEV OV, to OE µ11 6v EK'. OVtl ouµP£Pf11CE to q,povEi µ~ OVtl CJ1JµP11crEtat tO µ~ cppovEia9at. CltO!tOV 6' fott tO\ltO· !Cat yap l:ICl)A.A.a !Cat X{µatpa Kat !tOA.ACX tOOV µ~ OVtCOV q,povEitat. OUIC apa to 6v q,povEitat. 1

2

392

COMMENTARY CHAl7I'ER SEVEN

ibid. 26-8 lC(Xt Mrrrp66copoc; 6e o Xioc; apxac; crxt66v n tac; cxutac; -roic; 1ttpl. &TJµ6icpt 'tOV 1t0tEi, to 1tATtPtc; lC(Xt to lCEVOV tac; 1tpcotcxc; cxi-ricxc; ll1t09Eµtvoc;, 6>v to µev ov, to 6e µ11 ov dvcxt · ...

Cp. also Arist. Met. 985 b 5 ff.: see Doxogr. Gr. 483; TRICOT, REALE ad Loe. Also Democr. A 49, 11.97.15-9 DK(= Galenus De elem. 1.2) voµf~t-rcxt µEv n 1tcxpa -roic; av8p001totc; A.E\llCOV tE dvcxt 1CCX1. µEA.exv 1CCX1. "fA.\llCU lC(Xt micpov lC(Xt t&A.A.CX 1tllVtCX 'tOtCX\ltCX, lCCXta 6e 'tl'IV IXA.119EtCXV 6ev lC(Xt µTJ6Ev Etat µev oiSv al Otacpopat y{yvovtat tj\ tE t&v 1tOVCllV E1ttCJtClCJEt !Cat tj\ "tO\l crwµato; allotCllCJEl. 6i;Mv yap ~ ll1t0 ti\; avoµo{~ 6ta8fot~ av6µotov Kat to afoov · ...

1 Except in 9 b 1 toi,; nAEovax&,; A.Eyoµivot,;, where a definition of to Eniataa0at is concerned. 2 Cp. Alist. Met. 980 a 26-7 µaA.tata ltOlE\ yvcopi~ElV iiµfi,; aut'I] tmv aiaSqatcov (SC. to op&v) Kat no~ 6tiMi 6iacpopcx,;. 3 For 8tcoptiv as observation of 6tacpopai see ad 8tcopia, 4 a 3, p. 72 above. 4 Cp. esp. µqpt µ£V oZiv ttvo,; 6uvaµE8a 6t' aitiou 8tcopEiv ClPX~ ano tmv aia8fiaECOV AV'lli;, ofov (l7t0 7tUpoi; 7t1]0TjEICtEOV a.pa tiiiv ~cpoiv EV taic; 9uo(m,;; 184.43 FHS&G q,9apto,; a.pa b 1e6oµoc; EotlV. According to EucKEN (1866) 51, in HP the frequency of a.pa as a concluding particle recedes in favour of the use in phrases such as Ei µii a.pa or 1tAlJV Ei a.pa. In Met. the present case is the only certain instance of its solitary use (but see ad 6 a 17), against five instances of Ei µ11 a.pa and a single instance of Ei a.pa and roe; a.pa each. 1

2

406

COMMENTARY CHAPTER EIGHT

ence Ohmpopa ttc;). The presence of a difference among objects is a necessary condition for knowledge on any subject. lUJ> justifies the general nature of the preceding statement, with which Th. seems to deviate from his predecessor. There is a difference both( ••• u ... u) when there is merely a plurality of individual entities, being 'individual' insofar as they are different from ('other than') one another (e'tEpa ciU.ftAmv), and in the case of universals: while they cover a plurality of individual entities, they (ta,na, i.e, presumably, ta Ka06M>u) themselves are different too. According to Aristotle EtEpov is said of everything which is not the same: 1 see Arist. Met. 1054 b 22-3 I to µEV oov EtEpov Kat tautov oihroc; ClVtlKEttEpov 6taq>EpEt 11 YEVEt 11 EtOEt, YEVEt µev cl>v µTl fott KOtVTl ii uA.rt µrt6e yEvEatc; Eic; iiUrtA.v to auto y€voc; (A.EyEtEpEl ICapmSv, ofov ... l((Xt £7tt t&v av0eoov oµofoii; · ta µev yap 7t£pt (X\ltOV tOV Kno~aivEtv perhaps constitutes the earliest example of this metaphorical use ("coming down to the details" LSJ s.v., referring to this passage), which was to become popular in later times: "in Neoplatonism, of the descent ... from the universal to the particular, from unity to plurality, or from eternity to the world" (ibid.). Ka.9' EKaCHOV presumably with an implicit AqEtv (cp. IO a 1-2): to state sc. the moving cause, that for the sake of which, the nature of the object, their position for each species (tmv E\OOIV) or, more properly, when speaking of a whole, for each constituent part (~ µEpmv), down to the less dignified forms of organic nature. Compare HP Vl.1.2 fottv aut&v (sc. t&v ayp(rov SC. t&v q,puyavtKrov) d611 Kat µep11 1tt..dro, ix 6ei 6tmpeiv Kat toii; Ka0' EKacrtov yivoi; Kat toii; oA.Oti; d6ecrt. µtytcrt11v 6' av tti; Aa~Ol 6taq,opav t&v OA.roV yev&v, 2 Ott ta µEv IXVO:Kav0a ta 6t 1XKav8co611 't\l"fXO.VEl. 7tO.A.lV 6. EKattpcp toutrov 7tOA.A.at 6taq,opat yev&v Kat d6&v, u1ttp 6lv Ka0' tKa.0epa 7t£tpatfov d1teiv.

tq,cov ml 4P')'tCDV: STEINMETZ (1964) 159 proposes to add (Kat a'lfuxrov) to complete the series as in tcx EV apxn IC(l1. (tcx) E7tOµEVCl, µixpt f;cprov ICCl1. (j)UtO>V IC(l1. foxatrov trov UaEwc; un genitif objectif, !'expression ta 1tpoota tile; qiuaE~ designant "Jes principes (eux-memes non naturels) de Ia nature". II est plus simple de faire dependre le genitif de EtEpa. L'opposition entre l'etude portant sur les premiers &res et celle qui porte sur la nature, qui ouvre l'opuscule ( ... ). est aussi plus nettement rappelee, au moment meme ou ii s'agit de montrer combien ii est difficile de tracer des limites strictes entre les disciplines." (ad loc.). 4 This functional aspect in a way reflects that we are looking for objects which do account for the cosmos as it is, in contrast to the objects of astronomy; cp. the functional aspect with regard to astronomical science involved in auvEpyEiv. 1

2

10 a 7-9

475

CP 1.18.4 EV yap tj, i6{~ (pUO'El tac; 6iaq,opac; £1CCt~) or a globe as referred to e.g. in Arist. Meteor. 346 a 32-3 0ecopeia0co o' o tE KUKA.Oi; Kat ta EV autq> aatpa EK tfti; imoypaq>fti;, or as described in Sch. ad Aral. Phaen. 248, 198.7-13 Martin o aptO"'tEpOClltEpClli6ux (fottv aq,opi~to8m: so R-F; see also USENER (1890) ad loc.). Cp. USENER's previous conjecture of tip i:vta (1858) 48; "fortasse recte" R-F) and his second one of evirov tip (1890), which both preserve oaq,optoµ6i; as the grammatical subject. 3 See e.g. HP 11.4.4 lllpe0fi, tllXU 6l1l1tV£itlll 1mi Cltµi~Etll\ (Jt)VESUYOV aµu 1mi to auµcputOV 0epµov. 2

"hard water", i.e, water resistent to concoction.

10 b 16-9

513

nva tf\c; yEVE..oyov in the perceding a contrast not necessarily applies. 2 Cp. also O"l]µCXtVO\JO'CX a'A.'A.a toO'OUtoV µovov, Ettpov EKElVO\l. Cp. also Arist. Met. 1087 b 26-8 ol OE to Ettpov Kilt to a'A.'A.o 1tpoc; to EV avtm8foatv, ol 0£ 1t'A.f\8oc; KCXt to EV. ti 0£ fonv, 000'1t£p pou'A.ovtcxt, ta OVtcx £~ EVCXVtlCOV, K.t.A.. 1 Cp. the similar construction in IO b 25. Differently L-M, who read o~ 6' in 11 b 5 and coordinate avtf8£v ci'lf'llxrov 9 a 15; ClltElpov to Clljl\lXOV 11 a 17 p&nov to eivm 11 a 18; ~ Pilnov 7 b 11; 01!0\l ot6v tE to peA.tlOV 11 a 9; O'UtE to Pilnov out£ to two; xapiv 11 b 15; ei; to PtAt\OV Tl µetaPaa~ 8 a 14; ti\~ ei~ to PEAnov opµ~~ 11 b 27; axe6ov iaoµoipei to xeipov tip PeAtiovi 8 a 24 pig. i\ 1tapa q>'llCJlV IO b 14 roa1tep 11po~ ta q>rotE\Votata PAEltE\V 9 b I 3 1tavta ta apwta PouMµevov 6 a 2 (Hom.) autji yain 5 b 17 4 a 21; 4 b 15; 5 a IO; 5 a 12; 5 b 3; 5 b 8; 5 b 15; 5 b 21; 5 b 24; 6 a 3; 6 a 19; 6 a 21; 6 a 25; 6 b 7; 6 b I 7; 6 b 19; 6 b 27; 7 a 9; 7 a 17; 8 b 10; 9 a l; 9 a 4; 9 a 15; 9 b 4; 9 b 21; IO a 16; IO a 28; 10 b 18; IO b 19; 10 b 24; 11 a 8; 11 a 16; II a22; 12 a I; eiyap 8 a 2; ei'.teyap 8 b 17; ei'.teyap 5 a 17; ei yap 1eai 11 a 13; 11 b 20; yap 6f1 4 a 3; 6 a l; ,cal yap 611 1eai IO a 7; ,cal

a.toµo~-OE

633

yap 5 a 27; tqap 8 b 21; µevyap4a 18; 6h21; 7 b II; ouyap 5 a23; 7 b 17; 8 a 16; 9a27; ou6eyap4b4; outqap 11 b 15; (ttµ\rotEpovyap) II a YE

y£VEO'lc; yEVv&v yEVoc;

yivEa0ai

yvcootoc; ypaµµattKTt ypaµµT]

11

oYE tii'>v aatpoMywv 5 a 23; o'{ YE 1toU.Oi 6 a 23; 'tl]V YE tIXO\V 4 a 4 Kata tiiv yevECHV 6 b 15; tac; tpoq,ac; KIXI YEV£0Etc; tii'>v ~cpwv 10 b 17; Kilt ~cpwv Kat q,utii'>v Kat Kapnii>v yEVtaEtc; 7 b 5; q,8opal Kat yEveaElc; 10 b 4; ii yevEatc; il ouaia yE 8 a 12-3 ofov yEVvii'>vtoc; tOU iiAiou 7 b 5; touc; api8µouc; YEVVT]OIXVtEc; Kilt ta Elt\1tE6a K(X\ ta aroµata 6 a 25 Kata yevoc; 4 b 8; Ka8' EKIXOtOV yevoc; 9 a 15-6; yEVE\ (tauto) 9 a 5; £(XV tE yEVTJ ta Ka80M\l £(XV t' Et6TJ 8 b 20 000\ ltUp KIXI yi\v 6 b 26; tii'>v ltEpt tov aepa KIXI tiiv yi\v 7 b 2; EV tote; ltEpt tTlV yi\v 10 a 28; tac; ti\c; yi\c; µ£taj3oMc; 11 b 14; EV autj\ tft yft 10 b 4 µopq,ac; tE ltlXVtoiac; KIX\ ltO\KlAiac; yivEa0ai 7 b I; ClAA.o\OlaE\c; Kat µEtlXl3oA.al yivovtai 10 b 5; EV 1jl'llxft yivovtai 5 b 7 OUK iiv yivono 8 a 16; OUK iiv yevono (Eur.) 8 a 26; autoµatwc; ywoµEVWV 7 a 18-9; to µi) 6v µTJ6e yqovoc; µTJ6e µeU,ov 8 b 7 yveoota tq> iiyveoota Elvai 9 a 19 ev ypaµµanKft 7 a 2 api8µoic; ypaµµaic; 8 b 26 ClPXfl 6e 4 a 9; ii 6' aPX'i 9 a 25; fo 6£5 a 8; 7 a 4; 7 b 22; 9 b 25; 10 b 7; 10 b 11; 10 b 20; taxa 6£5 b 10; 5 b 19; 6 a 2; 6 a 16; 6 b 20; 8 b 12; 9 a 21; 9 b 6; 9 b 13; 11 b 10; i'.awc; 6e 6 a 12; ClVayKTJ 6£4 b 13; iinopov 6e 5 a 23; iiAoyov 6e 7 a 10; iitoltOV 6£ 7 b 23; XIXA.EltOV 6e 7 a 19; XIXA.Eltl) 6e 9 b 16; XIXA.EltrotEpov 6e 9 a 26; EUA.oyrotEpov 6' oi'.>v 4 a 13; 4 b 9; µ&U.Ov 6' ClA.TJ8£atEpov 9 b 22; µctAMV 6e 8 a 25; 11 a 16; E'tl 6e ... 1tapa6o~OtEpov 8 b 4; µaA\at(X 6e 11 b 17; Kata touMxiatov 6£7 a 16; DA.we; 6e 8 a 19; 8 b 24; to 6' OMV 11 a 18; to OMV 6e 4 a 8; a;tE6ov 6e 8 b 20; 6ia ltA.E\OtO\l 6e 9 a 7; ltOA.M 6e 11 b 16; EtEpa 6e 10 b 6; iiµa 6e 9 b 22 tO\IXU'tTJc; 6' OUOTJc; 4 b 18; 1tA.Eovaxii>c; 6' ovtoc; 9 a 10; ClltO 6' oi>v tlXUtTJc; il tO\JtWV tii'>v ClPXOOV 6 a 15; tO\IXUtTJ 6e 5 a 2; ciiaautwc; 6e 6 b 5; 11 a 13; roe; 6' auta 11 a 7; o6' £~ aPXi\c; llix0ri 11 b 24; to 6e µ1:.ta tauta 5 a 14; to6E 6e 6 a 5; tautij> 6e 9 a 4; ev 6e taic; ClPXIXtc; 7 b 9; UltEp 6e tOU ... 10 a 22 nMtwv 6e 11 a 27; EV\O\ 6e 6 b 16; ClPXIXI 6e 9 b 6; 1jl'llXfl 6e 5 b 3; xpovov 6e 6 b 3; nroywvoc; 6e 10 b 10; to 6hatato1tA.ft8oc; 5 a 21; to 6eov 8 b 10; oi 6e ... XPCJlµEVO\ 8 b 6; Eat\V 6e 8 b 27; [XE\ 6e 9 a 17; auµ~a\VE\ 6e 6 b 18; O\JVIXKOMU8Ei 6e 7 a 3; auv6:1ttE\ 6e 10 a 19; £1tllt08Ei 6e 8 a 8; 6oKEl 6e 7 b 19; q,aivEtlX\ 6e 7 a l; 11 b 12; ltElprttlX\ 6e 6 b 9; 6inpTJtlXl 6e 9 a 18 66~E\EV 6' iiv 8 a 21 tic; 6' Oi>V 4 b 11; ltOOO\ 6' ouv tp01t0\ 9 a 23; 1tii'>c; 6e ltO'tE 6 b 23; [1to8£V 6e 10 a 24] d 6' ouv 4 a 17; 5 b 7; d 6£4 b 6; 5 a 28; 5 b 26; 7 b 12; 9 a 18; Ei 6e µ114 b 2; 10 a 13; 11 a l; £1td 6£4 b 22

634

6eucvuvat 6eiv

61mpeiv 6tatpeau; 61atpE'tov 6e 9 a 2 For µEV ... 6e see s.v. µev. ooa aatpoMyta 6d1CVUatv 9 b 27 nii> Tiµaici> q,T1aiv 6 b 27; Ka8a1t£p tlVEYiav 4 b 12; 8 a 19; 9 a 21; to Kat' ava)..oyiav 9 a 7; Kat' iiU11v oµoioxnv 4 b 13; Ka0' oµototT1ta Kat µetaq,opciv 5 b I Kata CJ\lµPeP11K6; 5 b 24; 6 a 9; Ka0' eauta Kat OU Kata CJ\lµPeP11K6; 8 b 23; Ka0' eautci 8 b 23; Ka8' ai>trtv 4 b 22; 11 b 4; Kata toUA.ClXtCJ'tOV 7 a 16 + gen. ~v /iv n Kata ttvo; 8 b 23; Kata 1tcivtwv to elvm A.fyoµev 8 b 2 KataKoM>U0e'iv ClVllYK!l 'ttVt 11 b 16 KatciA.omo; toutoi; KatciAOt1tov A.fyetv 9 b 27- 10 a I Kata1tauea8at µexpt ttvo; EA.06vte; Katalta\lOVtat 6 a 23-4 (Hom.) 5 b 17 K£V

642 KEV()~ Ktpa~ nv6uvo~ 1C\V£lV

KtVl110~ 1CVfta~ Kov.ia KOWO~ Kotvrovia Koaµo~ Kp&a~

KpEl11 µtµOUV'tat 8 a I; µiµEicr9at i9eA.Etv 11 b I* aµa 'tTI µtµl]6£µiav En 1toiouv'tat µvdav 6 b 5 'ta ov'ta µ6vov 1tEpl 't\lO"\V 7 a 5; 9 a 13; 11 a 5; 'CTJV 6ua6a 6 a 24; 'tTJV T\pEµiav 5 a 24; t~v ivepyEtav 5 a 7; 5 b 23; 7 b 13; 'CTJV lClVT\O"\V 5 a 25; 7 b 14-5; 10 a 20; 'CTJV q,opav 10 a 18; 'CTJV ytvEO"\V 6 b 15; 'CTJV ~coftv IO a 17; 'CTJV OpE~\V 6 a 12; 'CTJV aa8£VEtav 9 b 12; 'tTJV tCX~\V 11 b ~

646

INDEX TO THEOPHRASTUS METAPHYSICS 18; 'tllV 1Cpexv acpatpii>v 5 a 22; tii>v ai~v E1ttv 6 b 20; taic; ciPXaic; 7 b 9; 7 b l l; tac; cipxcic; 4 a 16; 6 b 12; 6 b 14; 6 b 17; 6 b 19; 6 b 23; 7 a4; 7 a 7; 7 a 19; 11 b 7; tac; aittac; 8 bl l; tac; ropac; 7 b 3; taic; µ£866o14 6 a 18; taic; t[XVa14 8 al2; tac; i6foc; 6 b 13; tc'xc; µopcpcic; 11 b 22; tc'xc; 6tacpopcic; 8 b 11; tc'xc; cpopcic; 9 b 25; tac; µEtal3Mc; 5 b 26; tc'xc; ci11ootayov) @v OU1C ecmv 9 b 23; iq,' @v 9 a 21; l l a 6 ovnEp 6it 4 b 5; at1tEp 7 a 5; 01tEp 6 a 19 OO'Ol 'tE 'tO EV !Cal OO'Ol wu; apt0µoii; MyOUO'lV 5 a 26; OO'Ol 1tUp Kat yi)v 6 b 25; OO'Ol 'tOV oupavov ai6wv \l7tOAaµl3cxvouatv 9 b 24; OO'Ol 'tip 0£/j'> 'tl]V ahiav aVCX7t'tOUO'lV l l b 8; ooa 1COO'µou xcxptv 11 a 13; Kat OO'a aw aO"tpoA.oyia 6Et1CVUO'lV 9 b 27; 1Ca8' ooa 6mipEO'~ Ei; 't(X choµa 9 a 2; ni..ftv OO'OV Eq,a7t'tOµEVot 6 a 27; Eq,' OO'OV EV6£XE'tat l l b lO 01av µE'taj3aivroµev 9 b 10; 'to 1Ca8' £1CaO"tov O'tav EVEpyfi 1Cal 1ClVEt'tm lO al2 (AE"fOµEVa) ll a 5; EinEiv 9 b 23; BT\A.ouv'tE; 6 a 28; 6ijA.ov lO a 13; q,avep6v 8 b 10 why ~T\'tEtV 8 b 1; 8 b 2; because ll a 12 O'tt µCXA.ta'ta 8 a 4 5 a24; 7 b 13; 8 al; 8 a2; 8 b5; 8 b 16; 8 b23; 9b 15; l0a6; ll a2; ll b 5; oi:,x, roanEp ElpTJ'tat, nept ... 6 b 10; ou1C iiv ElT\ 4 b 23; 5 b 8; 7 b 17; OUK iiv yEVOl'tO 8 a 26; OU ycxp 5 a 23; 9 a 27; OU yap iiv ou6E ylVOl'tO 8 a 16; OU 6tt1CVOUµ£VOU 5 b 13; OU ... ou6e 8 b 1; 9 b 23; 'tO oux U7ta1COUOV ou6E 6EX6µEVov ll a 15 EV VOT\toi;, OU1C aio-9Tt10~ 4 a 7; OU1C ciA.iya lO b 6; lO b 15; 7tO'tEpa µepTt 'taU'ta ~ OU µePTt 5 b 20; µft Aoyii>6E;, Kat ~ OU1C al;t07tlO''tOV 7 b 18; ou q,uat1CO; (~ ou it~) lO a 8-9; ou p~6to; lO a 23; ou p~6tov 9 b 2; oi:,x oµoi~ 8 a 3; oux OOO"tE O'UVCX7t'tElV 4 b 2; OU1C EV aoptO''tl~ 11 a 20; OU µ6vov Ka'ta 1a; xcop~ aUa Kat ... 5 b 22 ou6aµou 7tapaA.Et7tEl l l a 9 OU ... ou6e 8 a 17; 8 b l; 9 b 24; d µTt6E ... , ou6e 10 a 18; 'tO oux \)7ta1COUOV ou6E 6EXOµEVOV l l a 15; ou6' iiv 1tpoeA.ottO l l b 10; ou6E 'tOOV aA.A.roV ou0Ei; 6 b 6; ou6E amo; oapt0µ6; 4 b 4; ou6E 'tOV 0EOV l l b 7 ou6Eµia 4 a l l; ou6Eµtav £XEl lp\JO'lV 4 a 23; ou6Eµiav E'tl 7t0\0UV'tat µvdav6b 5 ou0aµ~ q,avEpOV 5 a 21 'tOOV a.A.A.rov ou0Ei; 6 b 6; ou0EV 5 b 12; 8 b 2-3; ou0EV lCOOA.'llEl 6 all; ou0EV ~'t'tOV 8 a 15; ou0EVo; EVE1Ca 10 b 18 OU1CE'tl 6uvcxµE0a 9 b 11 6' oov4a l3;4b9;4b ll; 6a 15; 9a23; d6'oov4a 17; 5 b7; doov lO a 5; µEV oov 4 b 17; 6 b ll; 7 a 6; 9 b 8; ll a 25; 1i oov 5 a 25; exp' oov 10 al6 1a oupcxvm l lb 19; EV 1oi; oupavio1; 10 a 18; 10 a 27 cosmos b oA.o; oupav6; 7 a ll; 8 a 6 µepTJ 'tOU oupavou 5 b 20; 'tOV oupavov ai61ov \l7tOMlµ~cxvouO'\V 9 b 24; q,0dpot iiv tOV oupav6v 6 a 14 heaven 6 b 3; ('to 1ClVEia0m OtlCEtoV) 'tOU oupavou 10 a 10; b oupavo; EV -tj\ 7tEptq,op~ Ka't oupavij'> 1Ca11oi; oupavio~ lO a 18; 10v 1tpii>tov oupav6v 6 a 7; (the heavens?) 6 b 4 essence ft oooia 1Cal'tO 'tl ~v Elvm 8 b 21; ft yevEO'~ ~ oooia YE 8 a 13; 'tl]V EVEpyEtaV Kal 'tl]V ouaiav a1to616ou; 5 a 8; 1Ca't\JO'tv 8 b 8; ii ltEptq>Opa tou navt6; 10 a 16; ti\; tou O'\Jµnavto; 9Ecopia; 12 a 1 ltllV'ta tc'x aptO"ta l}oUA.OµEVOV 6 a 1; ltllVt' Ei; to aptO'tOV ayEtV 11 b 9; tOU nav9' ~ElCll tOU 10 a 22; itpo; to ~El((l tOU auvayovta; EV anaatv 7 a 21; 'tlJV lp\JO'tV EV anaatv opiyEa9at to cipiO"tOU 11 a 5-6; iinavt' EV ta~Et !Cat A.Oycp 7 a 12; anav9' oµota !Cat EV to"i; cipiO"to~ dvat 6 a 4; OU navt' ciya9a ou6t: ltllVta oµota 8 b 1; 6t' ~; anavta !Cat EO'ttv !Cat 6taµEVEt4 b 16; to µ,i ltllVta'tllv autftv 5 a 18; µtµE"ia9aiy' E9EA.Etv anavta 11 b 1; anavta lt~ 6tati9Ttatv ltEpt tOV 1eooµov 6 b 7 ii ltllVtCOV ClpX'l 4 b 15; ClP'.X'lV µiav ltllVtCOV 5 a 7; 1Catc'x ltllVtCOV to dvat Ai-yoµEV 8 b 2; ou1e rnt navtcov ixnA.ii>; 9Etiov 11 a 3; ol ixnavtcov ~Tttouvt~ A.OyoV 9 b 21

ro;

ouoia -1t61..~ micrxetv 1tauecr8at ltElpO.cr9at ltElO'tllCOc; ltEp ltEpl

!tEptEpyta 1tepio6oc; 1tEpl'tl0EVat !tEplttoc; ltEpupopa

n(a,;~ ltlO'tOc; ltAEOV(l~ ltAEOVaxii>c;

to ltOlElV Kat ltllCJXElV 7 b 22; tip 1tacr:t£lV 6t' hipcov 5 b 6 µ11 µ£Xpl tOU 1tpou..8ovta 1tauecr8at 6 a 18; aµa tip lt£1taUcr9at 6 a 8 1tetp&.tat Kat 'Ea,;taioc; 6 b 9; 1tetpatfov AeyElV 4 b 7; 1tetpatfov i:µq,a(vetv 4 b 12; 1tetpatfov 6tEAEiv 9 a 24; netpatfov MXµl}avetv 11 b 25 craq,emip~ ft 1tetcrn1ecotip~ 4 b 18 see ei'.1tep, i:1td1tep, 1ea(1tep, ocrnep + acc. ltEpt tac; CXPX~ 6 b 17; ltEpt t~ tiic; q,ucrecoc; Kat ltEpt tac; fo 1tpotip~ 9 b 20; 1tept tac; tpoq,ac; Kat yevfoe~ 10 b 17 a1taVt(l It~ 6tat(0TJcrtv ltEpt tov 1e6crµov 6 b 8; OUK ronv CXltlltl] ltEpt auta9bl6 oi 1tepl I1tEUCJlltltOV 6 b 6; to ttµtov to ltEpt 'tl]V tOU µfoou xropav 11 a 24; EV toic; ltEpt to µfoov 5 b 12; tiov ltEpt tov aipa ICU\ 'tl]V rf'iv 7 b 1; tiov ltEpt 'tl]V yi\v 10 a 28; ta 1tepl tac; tiic; yi\c; AEx0EVta µetal}oMc; 11 b 14; ta 1tept tac; oopac; tac; t:tl]crtouc; 7 b 3 + gen. oi 1tepl tiic; OATJc; ooo(ac; ¼ovtec; 11 a 22; (ou) ltEpt tiov 1tp0l'tta 9 b l 0; ta 1Cpii>ta KtVO\lVta IO a I; EV toi~ 1Cpcino~ tii~ q,uat~ IO a 6; 1Cpcino~ Kat EV tii> 1Cpcotq> 4 b 10 first bodies EV toi~ 1Cpcotot~ 11 b 13 i:laot ICUp Kat yiiv 6 b 25 7tCO"( oupavq'> !Cal toic; oupaviotc; tTlV q,opa.v 10 a 18; al q,opal tpO!tOV ttva \lltEVavtiat 5 a 16; ta !Cata tac; q,opa.c; 9 b 25 ii Eic; to iinetpov o6oc; a).A()'tpia 1Cat avatpouaa to q,poveiv 9 b 5; te).[ou 1Cal q,povouvtoc; 6 a 19 OUIC EUICEV 9 b 24 o tponoc; ... ou q>UUUUUU µri q,wti 8 b 15 Wwt£tv6tata ~A.EltEtV 9 b 13

q,6.vat q,avep6c; q,a.puy~ q,8ap-t6c; q,8dpw q,8op6. q,opa. q,poveiv lp'UEtv q,uauc6c; q,uatc;

q>UtOV

q,ioc; q,wtetv6c;

xa.ptv xeiv xdpwv

XaM!tfl (ii p{~Etv 111 n. 4 1C£XO>ptaµeva, ta 90-1, 96 1C£X0>piaµevov, to 91 n. l 1j1£U&fic; 159 vi,~ot 254-5

wum

193-4

ro6i 482 roe; 223,297,389 roe; + infinitive 544 n. 3 roe; /iv 355 roe; /iv + participle 426-7 roe; apa 405 n. 5, 530 roe; 6fov 288 n. 2 roe; c; £i1t£iV 13 7 roe; Ei1t£iv 307, 572 roe; OlOVta{ t\VE(j 476 roe; etuxEV 579

roaautwc; 546 roaautwc; 6e 264, 266 OJ