The Wolf and Furton Sites: Macomb County, Michigan 9781951538552, 9781949098563

Citation preview

MAP 1. INDJAN RESERVATION ON ANCHOR BAY, LAKE ST. CLAIR From an original map in the National Archives, Washington, D. C. The map bears the following inscription: "Plan of the Indian Reservations on Lake St. Clair in the Territory of Michigan. Surveyed in March 1810. . . . Aaron Greely Surveyer of Michigan Territory." The lot lines in the lower left corner run north and south.

OCCASIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN No.8

THE WOLF AND FURTON SITES MACOMB COUNTY, MICHIGAN

BY

EMERSON F. GREENMAN

ANN ARBOR

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS AuausT, 1939

© 1939 by the Regents of the University of Michigan The Museum of Anthropology All rights reserved ISBN (print): 978-1-949098-56-3 ISBN (ebook): 978-1-951538-55-2 Browse all of our books at sites.lsa.umich.edu/archaeology-books. Order our books from the University of Michigan Press at www.press.umich.edu. For permissions, questions, or manuscript queries, contact Museum publications by email at [email protected] or visit the Museum website at lsa.umich.edu/ummaa.

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.

I

THE WoLF SITE

2

Burials

8

Pottery

I2

THE FURTON SITE

Artifacts. CoNCLUSION APPENDIX A. HuMAN REMAINS APPENDIX

B.

TRAIT LIST

v

ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES (Plates I-VIII face page 34) PLATE

I. FIG. I. Flexed burial of a female. Wolf site. FIG. 2. Artifacts from the Wolf and Furton sites. II. FIG. 1. Projectile points, celts, and a hammerstone, found on the Wolf site. FIG. 2. Rim sherds from the Wolf site. III. FIG. 1. Rim sherds from the Wolf site. FIG. 2. Body sherds from the Wolf site. IV. Restored pot from the Wolf site. V. Section of the rim and shoulder of a large pot from the Wolf site. VI. FIG. I. Section of the rim and neck of a pot from the Wolf site. FIG. 2. Rim sherds from the Furton site. VII. FIG. I. Body sherds from the Furton site. FIG. 2. a-b, pieces of wattle from the Wolf site; c-e, rim sherds from Washington Township, Macomb County; j, h, rim sherds from Bruce Township, Macomb County; g, a sherd from the Wolf site. VIII. FIG. I. Trade material from the Furton site. FIG. 2. A silver crown from the Furton site. FIGURES IN THE TEXT FIGURE

PAGE

I.

7

2.

Vertical cross section of a refuse pit. Wolf site... . . . . . . . Cross sections of rim sherds. Wolf site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3· Vertical cross section of a pit. Furton site. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4· Cross sections of rim sherds. Furton site . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I5 I8 22

MAPS MAP

Indian reservations on Anchor Bay, Lake St. Clair .. (Frontispiece) 2. Macomb County, Michigan......................... 3 3· The shore of Anchor Bay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4· The locations of the trenches excavated at the Wolf site.. Io I.

Vll

THE WOLF AND FURTON SITES MACOMB COUNTY, MICHIGA N INTRODUC TION the excavation of the Younge site in 1935 I was D informed by E. P. Martel, of Detroit, of the existence of URING

the Furton site near Mount Clemens, on which were found both native Indian objects and those made by the French or English in early historic times. In 1936 Robert Schneider, of Detroit, informed me of the Wolf site, in the same locality. Excavations were begun at this site in July, 1936. After two weeks, operations were begun at the Furton site. The two sites, which are two miles apart (Maps 2 and 3), are in Chesterfield Township, Macomb County, on the shore of Anchor Bay of Lake St. Clair. In addition to myself, the field staff consisted of Robert Elder, of the University of Wisconsin, and Alfred K. Guthe and Hubbard Wheeler, of Ann Arbor. Don Peltier, Jr., Earl Dupres, and Warren Dupres, of Mount Clemens, assisted in the excavations at the Furton site. The minerals were identified by Frederick R. Matson. Information concerning mammal skeletal material was furnished by William H. Burt, and Milton B. Trautman supplied data for the fishes. Appendix A contains a description of the human skeletal material by RobertS. Benton. The Museum of Anthropology is indebted to Louis H. Wolf, of Mount Clemens, and Miss Eleanora Furton, of Detroit, for permission to excavate on their lands; to Miss Furton for the gift of a number of trade objects found by her on the Furton site; and to Mr. Henry Chapoton, of the Mount Clemens Savings Bank, for his co-operation and the contribution of information concerning sites in the region. This work was made possible by a grant from the Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies. I

2

EMERSON F. GREENMAN THE WOLF SITE

North of Mount Clemens the shore of Anchor Bay, a large semicircular extension of Lake St. Clair, is bordered by low ridges of sand from soo to woo feet from the water's edge. For a distance of six or seven miles north of Mount Clemens, extending through and beyond the village of New Baltimore, these ridges are so close together and so nearly in a line as to suggest a beach at some higher level of the lake. The Wolf site occupies one of these ridges at a distance of 1200 feet from the present shore line, the descent to which is scarcely perceptible to the eye. The site lies on the western edge of a triangular-shaped swamp, which is about 1000 feet wide at the lake shore and which tapers to a point some 2000 feet inland. Signs of aboriginal occupation are found at the edge of this swamp, as indicated in Map 4, and to the westward not more than 200 feet. The entire area is covered with light sand of an undetermined depth. At its highest point, at the southern end of the site, it is not more than 8 feet above the edge of the swamp, unless the part near the road, enclosed by a dotted line in Map 4, originally rose above that height. The sand here has been used to fill in along the lake shore, and at present there is a depression 4 to 6 feet below the surrounding terrain. It is doubtful if the original level was more than 5 feet above the bottom of this depression, as the lower portions of refuse pits not more than 6 inches thick are distributed at random from one end to the other. A few of these that were troweled out were found to be circular in outline, and small fragments of pottery and calcined bone indicated their nature. The site formerly extended to the west along the edge of the swamp for a distance of about 6oo feet. At that point there is a larger excavation where sand has been removed, and which also reveals the bases of refuse pits. The scattered bones of a burial were found at one place on the surface of the bottom of the depression. The site is now covered with a growth of hawthorns and elms.

-~

I

9t t t 1 i f t J'C.ALE:. IN MILtJ Michigan. The square in a circle indiCounty, MAP 2. Macomb Wolf site, and the triangle that of the the of cates the location Furton site.

4

EMERSON F. GREENMAN

The area of most intensive occupation, as determined by surface indications and excavation, was found to be in the locality occupied by Trenches A, B, and C (Map 4). Excavations in Trench P exposed vertical cross sections of nine pits similar in size and shape to those in Trench A, but filled with sand of a lighter shade, and containing fewer artifacts. Some of the vertical cross sections of pits at the Wolf site had features that are interpreted as caused by the seeping downward of water which had been stained by the humus of the pit proper. It seems probable that such a process would be likely to occur in the pure sand of which this site is composed. A pit in Trench P had a well-defined outline and was 22 inches deep. Beneath the bottom, under 3 inches of clear sand, was a 3-inch stratum of dark brown sand the width of the pit, with a connecting central area of somewhat lighter sand extending upward to the base of the pit proper. No artifacts or organic remains were found in detached strata of this sort. The apparent seepage of dark pigments downward from the topsoil, which was from 9 to I 2 inches thick on all parts of the site, was also noticeable, usually for a distance of not more than I foot, below the bottom of the topsoil, but occasionally for a distance of 30 inches. This feature was observed within some pits as well as in profiles of sections which had not been moved or pitted during occupation. In all, twenty-five pits were excavated. Several of these merged together in Trench A, making it difficult to distinguish one from another. To be added to this total are larger irregular areas of dark earth containing refuse material; these probably represent two or more pits the outlines of which it was impossible to distinguish. Such areas were not followed where they extended beyond the borders of the trenches. In vertical cross section the pits were for the most part roughly rectangular in outline, with vertical sides and horizontal bases, although some possessed very definite outlines of the same proportions, with the base and sides conjoining either at a sharp angle or a curve. The sides of some slanted

MAP

3· The shore of Anchor Bay.

Jl:

7500

1

5000 2.500

2

MlLE:.f

10000 fHT

() (.::) v

· 0

JCALE

c (~ 0 Q

t

C) (\J

0

J{

EMERSON F. GREENMAN

6

in toward the surface, with round bottoms, and others were bowl-shaped in vertical outline, with the sides curving outward toward the surface, and the bottom continuing the curve of the sides. In Trench P, a shallow pit with rounded outline lay directly over another pit with vertical sides and flat bottom. The pits were 22 inches to 51 inches in diameter, and 12 inches to 54 inches in depth. They were filled with dark brown to black sand, usually uniform in nature from the bottom of the topsoil to the base. The sand contained charcoal, pebbles, rarely more than I inch in diameter, occasional lumps of ashes and clay, and spots of lighter sand. The only difference between the fill of the pits and the earth into which they were dug was the color, the presence of artifacts and refuse material in the pits, and the greater compactness of the surrounding sand. All of the pits contained charcoal in the granular state and in lumps, and burnt or calcined bones were often present, but clear evidence of burning fires within the pits was lacking. Layers of ashes mixed with sand were found, but no red stain usually brought out by the action of fire was observed. The great majority of the pits were probably used for refuse disposal and storage of food. The pits contained various materials including small fragments of fire-cracked stone, a large number of potsherds, the bones of mammals, birds, and fishes, and fragments of mussel shell. Figure I shows a median cross section of a pit in Trench E. Most of the material in this pit came from the layer of ash at the bottom. The following objects were in this stratum: 9I deer bones, unburnt, split. From I inch to 5 inches long.

I

2

t

One is a phalangeal bone with a hole through the middle portion of the shaft. sacrum of the cottontail, Si!vilagus ftoridanus. fish bones, unburnt. pint of fragments of fish, mammal, and bird bones, unburnt, i inch to I inch in diameter. About one-third are fish bones. 1

1 The following were identified: one interneural spine of a silurid, probably a bullhead (genus Ameiurus); one centrachid interopercle, apparently

WOLF AND FURTON SITES I

7

piece of burnt flint.

92 potsherds. 10

pieces of fire-cracked stone, i inch to

I

inch in diameter.

Above the stratum of ash there was about one-half pint of very small pieces of mammal and fish bones, burnt and unburnt, fifteen potsherds, three small pieces of black flint, three pieces of unburnt deer leg bone, one fish spine, a flint flake with one edge worked (Pl. I, Fig. 2, a), and two fragments of fire-cracked stone. Most of the fish bones were localized within 2 inches above the ash layer, in the fill of black sand.

Fw.

I.

Vertical cross section of a refuse pit. Wolf site.

Another pit in Trench D, unstratified, contained a still larger amount of material. A small strip of bark extended up the side from the base, and for a distance of 19 inches above the base the sides were darker than elsewhere, which suggested that decayed bark was originally continuous with the remaining piece. Several charred kernels of corn, in two rows, were found on the bottom at a depth of 34 inches. These features suggest that this pit was originally used for the storage of edible materials, and after depletion of the supply, of a rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris or possibly H uro or Aiicropterus); skull bones of the dogfish (Amia calua); and the pectoral spine of a silurid, probably a yellow bullhead (Ameiurus natalis).

EMERSON F. GREEN MAN

8

refuse was cast into it. The pit was 38 inches in diamete r. Previou s excavat ions had remove d sod from the greater part of Trench D, but at the northwe st corner the original surface was left, and all vertical measure ments were taken from the surface of the ground at that point. The depth of this pit was 34 inches below this datum plane. The fill of the pit consiste d of black sand, with patches of yellow sand and irregula r folds of blue ash. From the top to the bottom the following contents were noted: pint of small fragmen ts of mammal , bird, and fish bones, burnt and unburnt . 35 pieces of deer leg bones, split and broken, from I to 3 inches long, mostly unburnt . I calcaneu s of a muskrat (Ondata zibethica). 22 potsherd s. 4 flakes of black flint. 3 fire-crac ked stones. I

This pit had vertical sides and a rounded base. In addition to the animal bones previou sly describe d, five others were identifie d as follows: I

I

I

I

cranium of a short-tai led shrew (Blarina brevicauda) from a pit in Trench A, at a depth of 45 inches. piece of the mandibl e of a woodchu ck (Marmota monax), from the same pit, at a depth of 34 inches. distil end of the humerus of a dog, from the same pit, at a depth of 49 inches. tooth and part of the alveolar arcade, probably of a dog, from another pit in Trench A. BURIALS

Four burials were found at the Wolf site, all of them in Trenche s D and E. The surface of these trenches was formerly 6 to 8 feet above the bottom of the nearest point in the marsh, but a conside rable amount of sod, and some subsoil, had been removed prior to excavat ion. Some of the original surface was still intact in an area extendi ng 5 feet in from the north lines of the trenches . All vertical measure ments in both

WOLF AND FURTON SITES

9

trenches were taken from the surface at the northwest corner ofTrench D. Two of the burials were fragmentary. One, 5 feet in from the south edge of Trench D, of an adult, was represented by a skull plate, a portion of the mandible, and a piece of the temporal bone. Surrounding these fragments was a patch of black sand with an irregular outline 23 inches in diameter. This was evidently the lower portion of the fill of the grave. The bone fragments were at a level between 4 and 8 inches above the base of this dark fill. The other fragmentary burial was 5 feet in from the southwest corner of Trench E. All that was found was a portion of a cranium IJ inches below the datum plane, in the lower part of the topsoil. No grave outline was discernible. Near the center of Trench D was the flexed skeleton of an adult female (Catalogue No. 21493, Appendix A). The uppermost point on the cranium was 21 inches below the surface of the ground at the northwest corner of the trench (Pl. I, Fig. r). The skeleton lay on the right side facing northeast and slightly downward. Just to the west of the left innominate bone lay a piece of unworked antler 4 inches long, with its point to the east. Ten inches east of the left hand, at the same level, was an astragalus of a deer. These two objects may have been intentionally placed, but neither had been artificially modified. The fill of the grave was black sand containing charcoal, potsherds, flint chips, and a few fire-cracked stones. 2 The roughly circular outline was 41 inches north and south by 31 inches east and west at its uppermost level. At a depth of 20 inches the black sand was replaced by clean brown sand in which neither artifacts nor refuse materials were found. The skeleton lay in the brown sand. The fourth burial was 7 feet northwest of the southeast corner of Trench E. In this was the flexed skeleton of a young adult with the skull to the southwest, on the right side, facing 2

An opercle of a dogfish (Amia calva) was found in this fill.

~~ !@

~

r@

@(@ \© ~~

® ~

MAP 4· The locations of the trenches (A-E, P)

excavated at the Wolf site.

WOLF AND FURTON SITES

II

east (Catalogue No. 21494, Appendix A). The left arm was flexed, the right arm was extended, and the bones of the hand were just in front of the pelvis. The leg bones were interlocked, with the right femur under the left femur and the right tibia over the left femur. The depth at the uppermost point of the skull was 30 inches. The outline of the grave fill of black sand extended 6 inches to I foot beyond the borders of the skeleton. Artifacts other than pottery were very scarce; two pieces of worked flint (Pl. I, Fig. 2, a-b,) and a grooved piece of sandstone comprised the total. Specimen a is a large gray flake of nodular chert, 6.5 em. long, with secondary chipping over the entire length of the right edge, on both sides, extending inward from the edge no more than I em. The maximum thickness is 7 mm. This chert knife was found at a depth of 26 inches in the pit of which a vertical cross section is shown in Figure I. The broken end of a chert point has a maximum thickness of 5 mm. It was found near the surface in Trench P. Specimen b appears to be a projectile point which has been broken and retouched to form a scraper 5 mm. thick. The material is chert, but is darker than are the other two specimens. It was probably made from a flake near or on the weathered surface of the original nodule. This specimen was found on the surface of the site previous to excavation by Robert Schneider. Other artifacts collected from the surface of the site are shown in Plate II, Figure I . 3 The two celts, k and l, are roughly finished; k is oval in cross section, and lis flat and unworked on the side opposite that shown. The more finished specimen, j, has straight sides. The face shown is slightly curved in cross section, and the opposite face is flat. A flat hammerstone, i, is 2.8 em. thick at the lower end. This collection includes five notched projectile points (a-e) and three triangular unnotched forms (J-h); g is of white flint, with a greatest thickness of 3 mm. 3

Robert Schneider collection. Nos. MA2, 4-7.

12

EMERSON F. GREENMAN POTTERY

The color of the clay used in making the pottery varies from black to light brown and light red. A few sherds are black throughout, but in most of those that have this color the black is restricted to the interior, and the outer and inner surfaces are lighter. Some are black or dark gray throughout the inner half or third of the cross section, and lighter in the outer portion and on the outer surface. The variation in color, according to Matson, 4 is the result of the degree of heat to which pots were subject in the course of firing. Firing at low temperatures breaks organic material down into carbon, which is black. At higher temperatures the carbon is oxidized and escapes, leaving the clay the color of the residual minerals, which is usually lighter. The clay of this series of sherds is fairly compact and has no visible porosity5 under a hand lens, although cross sections of sherds exhibit long. cracks parallel to the side and have a laminated appearance. The lamination appears to be due to very rapid firing during which the vaporization of moisture caused an expansion forming cracks that remained after the hardening of the clay. 6 Tempering material is entirely mineral and consists chiefly of quartz, feldspar, hornblende, and other granitic materials. Biotite is occasionally observed. Sand, if present in the clay, is in such small amounts that it is not perceptible through a hand lens. Dark minerals of granitic origin were used abundantly. The volume of tempering material is high; some sherds have an estimated 50 per cent. One such sherd is tempered with slightly weathered fragments of granitic materials, predominantly dark, 0.5 mm. to 3 mm. in diam4 Frederick R. Matson, Jr., "Appendix A. Pottery," in Emerson F. Greenman's The Younge Site; An Archaeological Record from Michigan, Occ. Contrib. Mus. Anthrop. Univ. Mich., No.6 (1937): n6. 6 An exception to this is sherd d, Plate II, Figure 2, "cell" tempered. Both surfaces are pitted with small holes, and the lightness of the sherd suggests a high porosity. This sherd was. found in the topsoil of Trench A. 6 Matson, op. cit., p. 120.

WOLF AND FURTON SITES

IJ

eter. The hardness of this sherd is about 2 (Mohs's hardness scale). Another sherd, tempered with small fragments of plagioclase feldspar and larger pieces of quartz, is harder and has a rating of 2.5 to 3 on the outer surface. The hardness of the majority of sherds from this site is between 2 and 2.5. Body sherds exhibit various types of surface finishsmooth, coarse, and fine cord-wrapped paddle both impressed and dragged, the former sometimes smoothed; one type is apparently the result of washing before firing, with a consequent rough surface formed by extrusion of fine tempering fragments and by the angular depressions left by tempering fragments that were detached in the process (Pl. III, Fig. 2, b). A sherd from the b.ase of a large pot, collected previous to excavation 7 shows circular concentric striations which appear to have been formed by turning the pot on its base during construction. These striations cover an area about 7 em. in diameter and are closer together on the central half of that area. Decorative treatment involves both punctate and incised techniques, with the former predominant. True cordwrapped stick impressions are present on but seven sherds, one of which is specimen g, in Plate III, Figure r. The complete pot in Plate IV also has this type of decoration. The linear cord mark is found in abundance (Pl. II, Fig. 2,/) in horizontal and diagonal motifs. What may be an imitation of the linear cord mark is seen in specimen a in Plate II,, Figure 2, where four horizontal lines, consisting of short elements probably made by punching with a stick held at a sian t, encircle the upper rim on a slight collar. Incised lines are of two types with reference to depth and width; deep and narrow on specimen c, in Plate II, Figure 2, and shallow and broad on specimen b, Plate II, Figure 2. In a third decorative style clay is added to the surface of the vessel to form raised elements. In specimen d, Plate II, 7

By Robert Schneider.

EMERSON F. GREEN MAN

Figure 2, a strip of clay has been added just below the lip, and vertica l indenta tions at interva ls give it a notche d ap8 pearan ce. Again on the restore d portion of a large pot in Plate VI, Figure 1, the lines in relief are added strips of clay 5 mm. to 7 mm. in width. Over short distanc es portion s of these strips have fallen off. It is of interes t to note that linear stampe d areas result in the appear ance of raised lines on the sherds in Plate VII, Figure 2, g, and in Plate V. I have observ ed this latter type of raised line on sherds in private collection s in Sandus ky, Ohio, and one such sherd was found at the Reeve site in Lake County , Ohio. 9 The notchin g of a strip of clay added just below the lip and the wide oval vertica l depress ions at the neck (Pl. II, Fig. 2, d) are also commo n on sherds from the northe rn Ohio sites10 of the Whittl esey focus of the Iroquo is aspect. The design on the sherd from the Reeve site11 is so similar to the designs on the sherds from the Wolf site shown in Plates V and VII, Figure 2, g, that no doubt is left as to cultura l connec tions. This pot evidently belongs to a type which has been preserv ed over a wide area. The sherd from the Reeve site is shell-te mpered . The pot in Plate VI, Figure I, has anothe r interes ting feature-a ring of clay added to the surface just below the point of each scallop. The restore d vessel in Plate IV is one of two vessels from the Wolf site which are sufficiently comple te to show the shape. 12 Part of the base is missing, and the height is estiem. and 55 em., with an outside diamemated at betwee n ter at the lip of 29.8 em. In the lip at interva ls of 3 mm. to 5 mm. are annula r impressions, with a central core rising to the

so

Collection of Robert Schneider. No. MA2, 2. e Emerson F. Greenm an, "Excava tion of the Reeve Village Site, Lake County, Ohio," ~part. Ohio State Archaeol. and Hist. Soc., 44 (1935), No. I : 56-57. 12.1, and Fig. 37. A. d, 10 Emerson F. Greenm an, "Two Prehisto ric Villages near Clevelan I. 8. 355, No.4: (1937), 46 Soc., st. Hi and . Ohio," f?luart. Ohio State Archaeol 11 Greenm an, "Excava tion of the Reeve Village Site," Fig. 37, A. 12 Robert Schneider collection. No. MA2, 3· 8

WOLF AND FURTON SITES

IS

level of the surface. The other pot, of about the same size, 13 has a design very similar to that in Plate V. Figure 2 shows the range of variation of rim cross sections. There are three main types: collared, parallel-sided, and widest at lip. The sherd with the strip of clay added just beneath the lip is included with sherds with a collared cross section. Collars are present on sixteen sherds, and on the entire vessel in Plate IV. There are thirteen with the parallelsided cross section. Only one specimen is widest at the lip. Ten rim sherds are too small to allow satisfactory determination of the type of cross section. Six fragments of poorly fired clay were found at the south end of Trench C, at the top of the subsoil (Pl. VII, Fig. 2, a,

j ' '' ''

FIG.

2.

Cross sections of rim sherds. Wolf site.

b). These are probably fragments of wattle, as is indicated

by the impressions of reeds or coarse grasses on one side, the thickness of the fragments, and the complete absence of tempering. The opposite surfaces are very uneven and bear no impressions of vegetable materials. The fragments are 7 mm. to 23 mm. thick. THE FURTON SITE The area excavated at the Furton site was but a small part of the original, most of which has been washed away by the waters of Lake St. Clair in the past fifty years. The present shore line is a cement wall built to prevent further erosion. According to report a sandy knoll originally extended out into the lake about 200 feet beyond this wall and was 8 to 12 feet above the level of the Furton lot. At the present time the water occupying this area is I to 3 feet in depth, 13

Secured by Mr. Gwynn Cushman.

16

EMERSON F. GREENMAN

for a distance of 2.00 feet in to the lake from the wall. There is a band of sedges some 50 feet in width, paralleling the shore intermittently for a considerable distance. Between the sedges and the present shore line, in front of the Furton and adjoining lots, artifacts are found on the lake bottom, substantiating the report that the larger part of the site has been washed away. Fire-cracked stones are abundant, and flint chips, one projectile point, and an iron blade (Pl. VIII, Fig. I, e) were found there during excavation on the Furton lot. Cottages occupy the lots for 2.00 feet to the east of the Furton lot, and for half a mile to the west. Signs of Indian remains were abundant in both directions, but since the Furton lot was the only one not occupied by a cottage excavations were necessarily limited to that area. All vertical measurements were taken from the highest point of the Furton lot, which was 30 feet from the cement wall at the water's edge, and 6.5 feet above the water level. From this point there was a slope to the north of I foot in 30 feet. One hundred feet to the north of the datum plane the ground surface was 2.7 inches below datum, a level maintained for half a mile to the north. The area excavated was a remnant about so feet square, near the center of the northern edge. From reports of the abundance of material washed out during demolition of the sandy knoll by the water, that was the main part of the site. There is evidence that the Furton site was occupied in historic times. The silver crosses and other European materials uncovered are shown in Plate VIII. Native Indian objects were also found, previous to and during excavation by the Museum. The Museum expedition found no European objects in direct association with native materials, and since there were no observations as to the relative positions of objects washed out or uncovered by water action it cannot be said that the native materials were of a postcontact origin. Historic materials encountered by the Museum expedition were in the topsoil. The soil profile of the Furton site exhibited four zones

WOLF AND FURTON SITES

17

characterized by differences in color or consistency, and the presence or absence of artifacts and refuse material. At the top was a stratum (A) of rich black earth averaging IO inches in thickness. This merged in to a zone of 7 to I o inches of loam (B), which was slightly lighter in color. Underlying this was a thinner stratum of white to light gray clay (C), 2 inches to 4 inches thick, and at the bottom was a very compact deposit of blue clay, mottled occasionally with spots of reddish brown or yellow clay (D). The thickness of this blue clay was not determined. The lower edge of the B stratum was irregular, with frequent dips; the deeper and more symmetrical were recorded as refuse pits. Occasionally the B stratum was missing. The field notes record one vertical cross section in Trench A where it was replaced by a stratum of mixed yellow clay and sand with a laminated appearance as if it had been deposited by water. This stratum was 7 inches thick. Artifacts and refuse material were found in the A and B strata, but not in the others. The occurrence of such materials in the B stratum outside of the pits suggests that over the greater part of the site the earth had been moved by the original inhabitants to a depth of 17 inches to 20 inches. The bases of the pits were 2 or 3 inches above, at the top of the layer of blue clay (D), or penetrating it not more than 2 inches. The pits, of which there were eight, were roughly circular areas from 2 feet to 5 feet in diameter and 2 feet to 30 inches deep. The fill was dark brown -loam containing potsherds, fragments of worked and unworked flint, pieces of fire-cracked stone, and the burnt or unburnt bones of animals and fish. The chief feature of five of the pits was the presence of the bones of fish, in large numbers, in a single thin layer, at or near the base, and extending a short distance up the sides (Fig. J). The base of the pit illustrated was 24 inches below the datum plane and the same distance below the surface of the ground immediately above it. The layer of fish bones was I inch to !.5 inches thick at the bottom, and it extended up the sides of the pit for a vertical distance of 8 inches, becom-

IS

EMERSON F. GREENMAN

ing thinner toward the upper portion. It was a bowl-shaped deposit consisting entirely of unburnt opercles lying horizontally, closely packed one on another. Beneath the bottom was a layer of dark brown to black clay and sand 2 inches thick, resting on the subsoil of dark bluish gray clay. About the same amount of fill separated the layer of opercles from the sides of the pit. At each end of the cross section of this layer the fill was darker than elsewhere and contained small

Fra. 3· Vertical cross section of a pit. Furton site.

lumps of charcoal and traces of ash. At the levels above the layer of fish bones the pit contained the following objects: IS small flint chips, dark gray to blue. I piece of chert, gray. 7 rim sherds. S body sherds, decorated. 293 body sherds, undecorated, mostly diameter.

i

inch to

I

inch in

One rim sherd was found at a depth of I I inches (Pl. VI, Fig. 2,j), and two other sherds from the same pot were at depths of I 7 inches and 23 inches, the latter just above the layer of fish bones. Four other rim sherdswere found at depths of 14 inches, IJ inches, and two at 22 inches. All seven rim sherds are Woodland in type.

WOLF AND FURTON SITES

In another pit in Trench B there was a concentration of opercles14 between 17 inches and 19 inches from the surface, but they were not as numerous as in the pit previously described. This pit was 27 inches deep below the surface, and 32 inches deep below the datum plane. The diameter was 4 feet 6 inches. The bottom was moderately rounded. Besides the layer of unburnt fish bones, there were, at all levels, forty-two fragments of unburnt animal bone, ten similar fragments burnt or calcined, a part of an unburnt turtle carapace, four small flakes of bluish flint, four rim sherds, two decorated body sherds, sixty-two undecorated body sherds, the latter from the upper portion of the pit, and a flaked flint scraper (Pl. I, Fig. 2, e). Probably most of the animal bones from the pit were those of deer, but part of an elk antler was found during the digging of a well on the lot next to the west of the Furton lot. ARTIFACTS

The projectile points found are of three types: notched, stemmed, and triangular without notches (Pl. I, Fig. 2, lower two rows). They are made of three types of flint, a bluish gray flint of a rather high grade, not native to Michigan, medium gray flint, and reddish brown flint. Only a single specimen of the latter type was found on the site (Pl. I, Fig. 2, i). 15 This was said to have been associated with the historic objects in Plate VIII (Fig. r, a, b, d, j, and Fig. 2). The small triangular unnotched point in Plate I, Figure 2, j, was found on the surface 2oo feet west of the Furton lot16 and the larger 14 The following species were identified from the fish bones found in the pit: dogfish (Amia calua ); northern pike (Esox lucius); pike-perch, probably yellow pike-perch (Stizostedion vitreum); yellow perch (Perea jlavescens); sheepshead (Aplodinotus grunniens); rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris); bullheads and catfishes (Ameiurus and Ictalurus); bullhead, probably brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus); bullhead, probably yellow bullhead (Ameiurus nata/is). 16 By Miss Eleanora Furton. 1 ~ By Mr. Earl Dupres.

20

EMERSON F. GREENMAN

specimen of the same type was found about 200 feet in front of a cottage I 50 feet east of the Furton lot, on a bank thrown up by a steam shovel during the deepening of a channel for boats. One point (Pl. I, Fig. 2,j) came from a pit in Trench A, at a depth of 18 inches. The remainder were all found on the surface on the Furton lot and within 200 feet to the east and west. A flaked scraper of dark bluish gray flint (Pl. I, Fig. 2, d) was found in a pit in Trench B at a depth of 15 inches. Part of a brown weathered surface of the original block of flint is observable on this specimen. Another scraper, but not of the flaked type, made of a chert flake with a bulb of percussion on one side, was picked up on the surface 200 feet west of the Furton lotP This is the only artifact of typical Michigan nodular chert from the Furton site. The secondary chipping on this piece is crude, and it may not have been an intentional form. A gun flint (Pl. I, Fig. 2, c), probably European in origin, also came from the surface 200 feet west of the Furton lot. In addition to these artifacts there are about one hundred small flint flakes of bluish gray or dark gray materials sometimes banded with lighter gray. West of the Furton lot, along the shore at a distance of 200 feet, about fifty larger unworked fragments of the same grade of bluish gray flint were picked up. These were similar to and from the same location as n, in Plate I, Figure 2. Included among them are also fragments with red and brown ba)lds. The majority of these are irregular blocks averaging 1 inch in length. They all apparently represent the outer parts of a single block of flint from which they were detached in the process of the manufacture of projectile points. One piece of white flint resembling a core from which narrow flakes had been struck was found in a pit. The scars of the flakes are all short and irregular, and the flakes them17 Found by Mr. E. P. Martel, who also found the flints c and n in Plate I, Figure 2.

WOLF AND FURTON SITES

21

selves were probably not detached for use. This "core" contains crystals of calcite on one side, a feature characterizing the nodular chert found on the islands and on the shores of Saginaw Bay. Two sandstone "hones" of the "sinew-stone" type, a rectangular "anvil stone" with a pit on each face and a wide groove on two opposite sides, and two fragments which appear to be halves of thin circular disks of slate complete the list of stone artifacts. The fragments are chipped at the edges and are I I mm. and IS mm. thick, but the notches characteristic of net-sinkers are absent. About three hundred potsherds were collected. Most of them are small, and nothing can be said of the shapes of entire vessels. There are forty rim fragments, and twenty-two decorated body sherds. Structurally the sherds from the Furton site exhibit the same features as those of the Wolf site, but the tempering material is much scarcer. The paste on the outer and inner surfaces is dark to medium brown or gray; the two latter colors occasionally exhibit a light red or pink. Tempering material is oflight and dark granitic rock, the latter predominating. Quartzite is present, but is rare. Some fragments of tempering material are as much as 4 mm. in length, but the majority are less than 2 mm. in length. Distribution is fairly even, but the volume is so low that in some instances it is difficult to find tempering particles under a hand glass. This is especially true of the sherds from the smaller pots. The thickness of rim sherds at the lip is 4 mm. to I em.; below the lip, from 4 mm. to 9 mm. Body sherds range in thickness from 2.5 mm. to 9 mm. In cross section these sherds are either parallel sided or widest at the lip (Fig. 4) and are without collars. There are twenty-two of the former type and thirteen of the latter. The inner surface is missing on five sherds. The cross section widest at lip is of two types: in one type there is an abrupt decrease in width just beneath the lip (Fig. 4, left end, lower

22

EMERSO N F. GREENM AN

row), in the other the decrease in width is gradual from the lip to a point farther down on the neck (Fig. 4, upper row, left end). Decorati on occurs on the outer and inner surfaces of the lip of rim sherds. Thirty-o ne are decorated on the inner surfaces, and in all instances except two, the decoratio n is the mark of the cord-wra pped stick, extendin g down from the lip 2.5 mm. to r 5 mm. On the inner surface of one sherd (Pl. VI, Fig. 2, i), in addition to the marks of the cord-wra pped stick just below the lip, there is a row farther down oflarge ridged

~ t~

I

1I J

FIG. 4· Cross sections of rim sherds. Furton site.

punctate impressio ns nearly identical with those on the outer surface of another sherd (Pl. VI, Fig. 2,]). The impressio ns are at intervals of 2.7 em. On the two exception s the decoration is made by impressio n at the end of a stick and consists of short diagonal lines which begin at the lip in one instance, and at 6 mm. below the lip in the other. Only two sherds show an incised technique . On the remainder the design is formed by impressio n with a cordwrapped stick (Pl. VI, Fig. 2, a, c) or at the end of an instrument with a blunt, smooth, or ridged point (Pl. VI, Fig. 2, h-i). These punctate elements form patterns in horizonta l (h) or diagonal (i) arrangem ent. The linear cord mark,

WOLF AND FURTON SITES

23

formed by impression with a single two- or three-ply cord all around the rim in one or more horizontal lines, is absent from this collection. Two sherds have incised techniques (Pl. VII, Fig. I, a-b). Sherd a, from a pit in Trench B at a depth of IO inches, is of particular interest in that the pattern is very similar to that in a portion of a pot from the Wolf site (Pl. V). It consists of two lines in zigzag arrangement, 4 mm. apart and very shallow. The lines are 3·5 mm. to 4 mm. in width and were formed by incision or trailing at the frayed end of a reed or piece of wood. This technique is identical with that used to make the horizon tal parallel lines on a rim sherd from the Wolf site (Pl. II, Fig. 2, b), but the lines are slightly deeper. The hardness of this sherd is 2.0 to 2.5. The paste is black throughout. Tempering materials consist both of dark and light granitic minerals up to 2 mm. in length, but which average half that size, and in volume are apparently about so per cent. Taken from the same pit, at a depth of I7 inches, were the sherd in Plate VI, Figure 2, i, and another with a somewhat similar type of punctate design. The other sherd with an incised design (Pl. VII, Fig. I, b) is a portion of the side of a small pot not more than 2 inches in height. The portion of the design represented includes three circles made by impression. Just below are two narrow horizontal lines with longitudinal sttriations again indicating the use of a broken end of a reed or a piece of wood. Above the circles are three narrower diagonaJ lines, possibly part of a zigzag pattern. These lines were incised with a pointed instrument. The paste of this sherd is light brown throughout. Tempering material consists of minute fragments of dark granitic rock evenly distributed, low in volume, with occasional lumps of the same mineral as much as 1.5 mm. in diameter. Three types of surface finish characteristic of the pottery from the Furton site are shown in Plate VII, Figure I, g-i. The roughening on g was probably accomplished by strokes with a comblike instrument. The other two are cord-im-

EMERSON F. GREENMA N

pressed, very shallow, and probably washed over while the clay was in a plastic condition. The surfaces of a few sherds are smooth. The hardness of both rim and body sherds for the entire collection from the Furton site is between 2.0 and 2.5.

A number of European- made objects, most of which were found on or near the Furton lot previous to our excavation s, are shown in Plate VIII: brass tomahawk-p ipe (Fig. I, J). iron razor blade (Fig. I, e). I silver cross, I '2. 7 em. long (Fig. I, f). I silver cross, 2.6 em. long (Fig. I, c). 17 silver buckles, 2.0 em. to 2.3 em. in diameter (Fig. 1, a). 3 silver buckles, 1.2 em. to 1.4 em. in diameter (Fig. 1, b). I silver crown (Fig. 2). I

I

The brass tomahawk -pipe and all of the silver objects except the smaller of the two crosses were found in the bank at the edge of the lake about 1927 by Miss Eleanora Furton, owner of the site. They accompani ed human bones, which were not collected. A small lock of braided black hair and a quantity of red ocher were also in this storm-expo sed deposit. With this material were also an iron strike-a-lig ht, a white clay trade pipe marked with the initials "T.D.," a potsherd, and part of the mandible of a deer. Since all of these objects were exposed by the waves there is no indication that the potsherd, native Indian in type, was connected in any but an accidental way with them. The double-bar red cross bears the touchmark "R.C." at the middle of the upper bar. These letters are the initials of the maker, Robert Cruickshan ks of Montreal, who produced silver work between the years 1768 and I 809. 18 The smaller cross also has a touchmark , but the initials are partly obliterated by wear and cannot be identified. This specimen was found on the surface at the shore of the lake 250 feet 18 George I. Quimby, Jr., "Notes on Indian Trade Silver Ornaments in Michigan," Papers Mich . .dead. Sci., Arts, and Letters, 22 (1936): 21.

WOLF AND FURTON SITES west of the Furton site. 19 Another silver cross, 26.5 em. long, was found 200 feet north of the Furton lot. 20 The initials on this cross are also indistinguishable. CONCLUSION The differences between the Wolf and Furton sites place them in separate divisions,21 the Wolf site in the Mississippi pattern, the Furton site in the Woodland pattern. This assignment for the Wolf site is based upon the presence of incised techniques of pottery decoration, wattle work, and smooth-surfaced pottery, all of which are listed by Deuel 22 for the Mississippi pattern. In these and other traits, including flexed burials, the Wolf site is rather closely related to sites of the Iroquois aspect of the upper Mississippi phase in northern Ohio. 23 One sherd (Pl. II, Fig. 2, d) is identical with a type very common on the northern Ohio sites, where the indentation of a strip of clay added just beneath the lip occurs repeatedly in combination with long vertical indentations at the neck. Other features showing relationship are the scalloped lip (Pl. II, Fig. 2, h), incised diagonal patterns (Pl. II, Fig. 2,j), the collared cross section, and a horizontal row of punctate impressions at the shoulder, beneath a band of horizontal lines (Pl. III, Fig. 2, g). Certain Woodland features such as punctate designs (Pl. III, Fig. I, f) and notched projectile points are present at the Wolf site as well as on the sites of the Iroquois aspect in northern Ohio. The latter comBy Mr. Earl Dupres. By Mr. Clayton Moore. 21 The Iroquois aspect refers to archaeological material believed to have been made by the Iroquois Indians. The term Woodland applies to archaeological material formerly described as Algonkian and attributed to Indians of that linguistic stock. For a discussion of the McKern classification see Emerson F. Greenman, "Cultural Relationships of Archaeological Sites in the Upper Great Lakes Region," Papers Mich. /lead. Sci., Arts, and Letters, 24 (1938), Pt. IV: I-Io. 22 Thorne Deuel, "Basic Cultures of the Mississippi Valley," /!mer . ./lnthrop., 37 (1935), No.3 (Pt. I): 429-45. 23 Greenman, "Two Prehistoric Villages Near Cleveland, Ohio," pp. 348-5!. 19

2o

z6

EMERSON F. GREENMAN

prise the Whittlesey focus of the Iroquois aspect, and the Wolf site. is sufficiently similar to be included in that focus. The pottery of the Furton site is predominantly Woodland. Only two sherds (Pl. VII, Fig. I, a, b) exhibit the incising techniques characteristic of the Mississippi pattern. One narrow-base, unnotched triangular point, upper Mississippi in type, was found on the surface south of the excavated area, but this cannot be listed as a trait of this site. The remainder of the artifacts are all Woodland in type. In the present undetermined status of the Lake Michigan and northeastern phases of the 'Voodland pattern the phase to which the Furton site belongs cannot be determined. The focus designation awaits more detailed examination of the manifestations of the Woodland pattern in eastern Michigan. 24 In the Museum of Anthropology are collections of potsherds from two sites in Macomb County within 12 miles of the Wolf and Furton sites. Pottery from a site in section 25 of Bruce Township (Pl. VII, Fig. 2, j, h) is similar to that from the Wolf site in the collared cross section, scalloped lip, designs consisting of impressed and incised parallel lines in diagonal and horizontal arrangement, and in the great size of vessels. One sherd (Pl. VII, Fig. 2, h) from this site indicates a vessel fully as large as the one in Plate IV. Woodland features are, however, in the majority, and the affiliation of this site is rather with a site at the mouth of Riviere au Vase (see Map 3). 25 The other Macomb County site is in Washington Township, section 22. The pottery (Pl. VII, Fig. 2, c-e) is even more Woodland in character than that of the site in Bruce Township, although a larger number of sherds might well reveal a very close relationship between the two. The pottery of the Furton site shows many features which are lacking on these two sites in Bruce and Washington town24 The sherd in Plate VII, Figure I, a, closely resembles other fragments from the Wolf site and may indicate contemporaneity for the Wolf and Furton sites. 26 This site was excavated by the Museum in 1936-37. It is a component of the Younge focus, Owasco aspect, Woodland pattern.

WOLF AND FURTON SITES

ships and at Riviere au Vase and will probably fall in a different aspect. The Wolf and Furton sites are in a locality which was thickly populated by the Indians in pre-Colum bian and historic times. Other pre-Colum bian sites in this locality are at the mouth of Salt Creek, at the mouth of Riviere au Vase, one-fourth of a mile northeast of that point, and half a mile from the mouth of Swan Creek. On the east side of Riviere au Vase about one-fourth of a mile from its mouth there was a historic Indian cemetery which was excavated fifty or more years ago by Captain David Meldrum, and residents of the locality describe the finding of a sword and military buttons. After the excavation of this site, whatever might have been left of it was destroyed when the Riviere au Vase was dredged. All of these sites were on or adjacent to tracts of land which were reserved by the Ottawa, Wyandot, Chippewa, and Potawatom i, from land ceded by them to the United States on November 17, 1807 (see Map 1). 26 These reservations were relinquishe d to the United States by the Swan Creek and Black River bands of Chippewa May 9, 1836.27 There is abundant evidence that the general region between Clinton River and Swan Creek (Riviere au Cigne, Map 1) had a considerab le Indian population in late historic times, from 1770 to 1836, and it is quite probable that many of the Indians now living on the Canadian reservation on Walpole Island, across St. Clair River from Algonac, are descendan ts of Indians formerly living on the shores of Anchor Bay, but inquiry among them has failed to bring forth any knowledge of Indian villages on the American side. The historic materials found on the Furton site in the grave washed out during a storm, in addition to the objects of native Indian manufactu re that were excavated, suggest a continuous occupation from pre-Colum bian down to late historic times, and it is likely that the native Indian material is all late rather than early prehistoric . 26 Charles C. Royce, "Indian Land Cessions in the United States," Eighteenth Ann. Rept. Bur. A mer. Ethnol., I 899, p. 676. 27 Ibid., p. 758.

APPENDIX A. HUMAN REMAINS BY RoBERT BENTON CATALOGUE No. 21493. The skeleton of a female, aged thirty-five to fifty-five years. Bones are of moderate size, robust and well marked. Pronounced degree of platymery and platecnemy, slight retroversion of tibial head, fibulae much flattened transversely and the left strongly bowed inward. Only slight indication of arthritic change in the vertebral column and none on the other bones. On the upper part of the body of the third lumbar vertebra is a small plate of bone, perhaps traumatic in origin. On the lower lip of the body of the vertebra lying above is an osteophytic growth that may have been connected with the bony plate. A slight indication of lipping of the margin of the glenoid fossa of the scapula, a sharp out-turning (i.e., toward the radius) of the distal end of the left ulna, may indicate an old~fracture. The teeth are in poor condition, many missing, and"'those present show caries and pyorrhea. .. CRANIAL 0BSERVATIONs.-Cranium in good condition, muscularity small. Age, thirty-five to fifty-five years. Ellipsoid, trace of brow ridges, height low, medium slope, postorbital constriction small, sagittal elevation small, bosses small to medium. Fullness of the temporal region small, crests medium, supramastoid crest large, sphenoid depression medium. Curve of the occipital region medium, no union, torus small, mound-shaped, and ridged. Lambdoid flattening medium. Serration of coronal suture medium; lambdoid submedium, sagittal simple. The right pterion has the H form. Condyle elevations are small. Styloids are small, glenoid fossa depth medium, auditory meatus oval. Orbits are oblong, inclination medium. Molars small, medium lateral projection, medium anterior projection, marginal process absent to submedium. Thickness of the zygomatic process 29

30

EMERSON F. GREENMAN

small, nasion depression absent, nasal root height low, breadth small, nasal bridge height medium, breadth small. Nasal profile is concave, nasal sides sharp, subnasal grooves absent. Midfacial prognathism is medium. Alveolar border absorption is pronounced, alveolar border preservation is poor. Palate is of medium height. Mandible is small with medium chin projection. Catalogue No. 21494- The skeleton of a young adult, twenty-one to thirty-five years of age. Bones of moderate size, well marked, some degree of platecnemy, tibial head markedly retroverted. Little arthritic change in vertebrae, none in other bones; no sign of pathology. CRANIAL 0BSERVATIONs.-Cranium in good condition, sex criteria uncertain, small muscularity. Age, twenty-one to thirty-five years. Ellipsoid trace of brow ridges, low frontal height, medium slope, postorbital construction small, sagittal elevation of the parietal region small, bosses small to medium. Fullness of temporal region medium, crests low, supramastoid crest medium, sphenoid depression medium, occipital curve pronounced, no union, torus absent, lambdoid flattening medium. Submedium serration of coronal suture, medium for the lambdoid and sagittal suture. Right and left pterions H-shaped. Condylar elevations small, styloids small, glenoid fossa of medium depth, auditory meatus an ellipse. Orbits square, inclination small, suborbital fossa slight. Molars medium, lateral projection small, anterior projection small, marginal process absent to submedium, nasion depression absent, nasal root of medium height, medium breadth, nasal bridge height medium, breadth medium. Nasal sills medium, subnasal grooves absent, midfacial prognathism slight, alveolar prognathism medium, alveolar border absorption pronounced, preservation good. Palate parabolic, high mandible of medium size, medium projection of chin.

WOLF AND FURTON SITES

31

CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS

Catalogue No. 21493 a Glabella-occipitallength b Maximum width. c Basion-bregma height . e Minimum frontal diameter f Bizygomatic diameter . h N asian-prosthion height i Basion-nasion length J Basion-prosthion length k Nasal height l Nasal breadth m Orbital height -left n Orbital breadth -left m'Orbital height- right n' Orbital breadth- right r Interorbital breadth. s Biorbital breadth t Palate- external length u Palate- external width

SEx, female 167 mm. 13omm. 129mm. 83mm. 59mm.

96mm. 91mm. 48mm. 29mm. 33mm. 37mm. 33mm. 36mm. r8mm. 87mm. 49ffiffi. 58mm.

CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS

Catalogue No. 21494 a Glabella-occipitallength b Maximum width. c Basion-bregma height . e Minimum frontal diameter f Bizygomatic diameter . h N asian-prosthion height i Basion-hasion length j Basion-prosthion length k Nasal height l Nasal breadth m Orbital height -left n Orbital breadth -left m'Orbital height- right n' Orbital breadth- right r Interorbital breadth. s Biorbital breadth t Palate- external length u Palate- external width

r82mm. 127mm. IJomm. 95mm.

7omm. roomm. 97mm. 48mm. 24mm. 38mm. 4omm. 38mm. 4omm. rgmm. 95mm.

52mm. 62mm.

APPENDIX B. TRAIT LIST WOLF SITE

Celts, stone, roughly finished (surface). Celts, stone, carefully finished (surface). Knives, flint, roughly triangular. Projectile points, triangular unnotched (surface). Projectile points, notched, reworked to form a scraper. Projectile points, notched (surface). Hones, sandstone, irregularly grooved. Hammerstones, flat (Pl. II, Fig. I, i-surface). Fire-cracked fragments of stone. Pottery. Large round-bottomed vessels, 2 feet and over in height, moderately constricted neck. Collared rim cross sections predominant. Cross sections parallel-sided and widest at lip present. Lips both scalloped and straight. Smooth surfaces predominant, with cord-mark and other types of roughening present. Incised and impressed design techniques forming patterns consisting of straight lines in horizontal or diagonal arrangement. Impressed designs punctate, rarely stamped, linear cord impression common (Pl. II, Fig. 2, f). Lips mainly flat horizontal, rarely outsloping, usually but not invariably bearing incised transverse lines, or punctate . . 1mpress10ns. Decoration of inner surfaces of sherds for a short distance below lip common. Punctate marks in one horizontal row at shoulder common (Pl. V). Strip of clay added to rim just beneath lip, notched at intervals to form a crimped pattern, on one sherd (Pl. II, Fig. 2, d). Raised lines and circles formed by the addition of clay to the surface (Pl. VI, Fig. I). Wide vertical impressions at neck (Pl. II, Fig. 2, d).

33

34

EMERSON F. GREENMAN Perforation of rims. Hardness of paste of majority of sherds between 2.0 and 2.5. A few are less than 2.0, and one is between 2.5 and J.o. Tempering grit with exception of one "cell-tempered" sherd (Pl. II, Fig. 2, d). Flexion. Refuse pits. Corn. FURTON SITE

Projectile points, flint, notched, stemmed, and wide base triangular unnotched forms. Narrow-base Mississippi type of triangular unnotched points as surface finds. Scrapers, flint, keeled (Pl. I, Fig. 2, d). Another with a knifelike edge (Pl. I, Fig. 2, e). Anvil stones. Pottery. No entire vessels, but potsherds indicate pots of moderate size. Small vessels common. Cross sections parallel sided and widest at lip. Lips rarely scalloped, one sherd with very narrow, notchlike scallops. Lips flat horizontal, or flat outsloping. Roughened body surfaces predominant over smooth surfaces. Paddle or comb, and cord-impressed techniques exclude other types, with cord impression, often smoothed over, dominant. Incised technique of decoration present on but two sherds. Cord-wrapped stick impression in diagonal and horizontal rows and in single rows dominant. Perforation of pots at rim. Decoration on inner surface of rims and on lips. Tempering material grit. Hardness of paste between 2.0 and 2.5. Refuse pits containing thin layers of fish bones, as well as other material. Post molds rare, and in no observable arrangement. Trade material present; association with native material problematical.

PLATES I-VIII

PLATE I FIG. I. Flexed burial of a female. Fw. 2. Artifacts: a-b, from the Wolf site; e-n from the Furton site; i was found with the historic material in Plate VIII, Figs. I (a, b, d,j) and 2.

PLATE I

FIG. 1

b

a

d

e

h

g

e

m

Frc. 2

n

PLATE II I Projectile points, celts, and a hammerstone, found on the surface of the Wolf site. Robert Schneider collection. FIG. 2. Rim sherds from the \Yolf site: a,e are from the same vessel. FIG.

PLATE II

a

c

b

9

d

h

FIG. 1

c

b

a

d

9

h

FIG. 2

PLATE III FIG. 1. Rim sherds from the Wolf site. FIG. 2. Body sherds from the Wolf site.

PLATE III

a c

b

d

g

h FIG.

I

a

d

c

b

g

e FIG.

2

PLATE IV Restored pot from the Wolf site.

PLATE IV

PLATE V Section of the rim and shoulder of a large pot from the Wolf site.

PLATE V

PLATE VI 1. Section of the rim and neck of a pot from the Wolf site. The design was made by adding clay to the surface to form raised bands. FJG. 2. Rim sherds from the Furton site. FIG.

PLA TE VI

FIG. 1

b

c

a

f

d

g

Fro . 2

PLATE VII FIG. 1. Body sherds from the Furton site. FIG. 2. a-b, pieces of wattle from the Wolf site; c-e, rim sherds from Washington Township, Macomb County; j,h, rim sherds from Bruce Township, Macomb County; g, a sherd from the Wolf site.

PLATE VII

d

c

b

a

h

g

FlG.

b

c

e

d

FIG.

2

PLATE VIII FIG. 1. Trade material from the Furton site. FIG. 2. A silver crown from the Furton site.

PLATE VIII

b

a

FIG. 1

Fie. 2

c