The Vision of Anglo-America: The US-UK Alliance and the Emerging Cold War, 1943–1946 0521329280, 9780521329286

Citation preview

TheVisionof Anglo-America The US-UK Alliance and the Emerging Cold War 1943-1946

HENRY BUTTERFIELD RYAN

#•

1

V

r

'‘t

1

mV V • ' ’ * ■ft'

*

f

*

I

)

- ^ < i •■^■rl^-j

•#*.

-"

*- *

K *4 ^-t’

1
P13 FRUS, 1945, vol. 5, p. 252, memorandum by Bohlen of the conversation. In discussing this meeting I have relied heavily on Bohlen’s record and all the quotes are taken from it. 14 Ibid., p. 256, for a record of the meeting made by Bohlen, who attended it. Truman in his memoirs, vol. i, pp. 96-9 seems to have used the Bohlen record almost verbatim, although he recounts a peppery closing to the meeting (mentioned later in this book) which is not included in either Bohlen’s official record, cited here, or in Bohlen’s account in his memoirs. Witness to History, 1929-1969, p. 213. 15 Truman, vol. i, p. 99. 16 FRUS, 1945, vol. 5, p. 220. That message, delivered 18 Apr., stated in essence: That the US and UK agreed that three leaders from the Lublin Committee, now being called the Warsaw Government, might be among the consultants. That the Western Allies agreed that the Warsaw Government should play an important role in the provisional government. That the real issue was whether or not the Warsaw Government had a veto right in respect to consultants. That consultants from Warsaw might arrive first if that were desired (presumably by Moscow and Warsaw). That the consultants should be able to suggest other consultants who might be invited. That the US and UK could agree to no formulas for the provisional government before the consultations with the Poles, and that in no case would the Yugoslav precedent apply. In Yugoslavia Soviet“backed candidates had been granted a majority. It then asked Stalin to re-read coordinated US-UK messages of i April i945> which expressed Western resistance to an augmented role for the Warsaw Govern¬ ment either in the consultations or in the eventual provisional government. (See FRUS, 1945, vol. 5, pp. 193, 194. for these messages.) 17 PREM 3 (356/10), p. 904, telegram, Eden to Churchill, 23 Apr. 1945. 18 Ibid., p. 907, telegram, Eden to Churchill, 23 Apr. 1945. 19 Ibid., p. 900, telegram, Churchill to Truman, 24 Apr. 1945. For Churchills endorsement of the note Truman had sent Stalin via Molotov, see PREM 3 (356/10), p. 897, telegram, Churchill to Stalin, 24 Apr. 1945. 20 PREM 3 (356/10), p. 892, telegram, Eden to Churchill, 26 Apr. 1945. 21 FRUS, 1945, vol. 5, p. 263, telegram, Stalin to Truman, 24 Apr. 1945. 22 PREM 3 (356/10), pp. 885, 866, 862 and 870 for development of Churchill’s telegram to Stalin, which included a lengthy statement of the Western positions. Churchill sent it for review to Sargent as Eden and Cadogan were both in San

Notes to pages iog-ii6

194

Francisco. He attached a note welcoming suggestions but saying ‘do not try to mar the symmetry and coherence of the message’. Sargent, perhaps taking the hint, replied ‘Your me.ssage is we feel just what is wanted.’ FRUS, 1945, vol. 5, p. 280, for Truman’s telegram to Stalin, 4 May 1945, and p. 272, for a record of a meeting of the foreign secretaries and their aides, 2 May >94523 PREM 4 (27/10), p. 894, 25 Apr. 1945. Truman, vol. 6, p. 429. 24 FRUS, 1945, vol. 5, p. 281, record of the meeting, 4 May 1945. 25 Eden, p. 536. 26 FRUS, 1945, vol. 5, p. 284, telegram, 5 May 1945. Note that Churchill was still under the impression that 15, not 16, persons were involved. 27 PREM 3 (356/2), p. 1007, telegram, 5 May 1945. 28 PREM 3 (356/16), p. 1278, telegram, Eden to Churchill, 9 May 1945. 29 Ibid. 30 PREM 3 (356/16), p. 1271, minute, ii May 1945. 31 Ibid., p. 1273, telegram, 12 May 1945. 32 Norman Graebner carefully traces the hardening of the American position from 1945 to 1947 in his Cold War Diplomacy, pp. 7-60.

10. Between San Francisco and Potsdam 1 Churchill, vol. 6, p. 501. Truman, vol. i, p. 288. 2 Sherwood, pp. 885-7. Bohlen, Witness to History, p. 215. 3 Woodward, vol. 3, p. 546. He discusses the Hopkins trip on pp. 546-51. 4 Sherwood, pp. 887-912, and FRUS, 1945, vol. 5, pp. 299-338 passim for the discussions of Polish topics. 5 PREM 3 (356/13), p. 1155, telegram to FO, i June 1945. 6 Ibid., p. 1157, telegram, i June 1945. Also in FRUS, 1945, vol. 5, p. 314. In spite of Hopkins’ efforts, 12 of the 16 were found guilty and given prison sentences ranging from four months to ten years. See Mikolajczyk, p. 145. 7 PREM 3 (356/13), pp. 1154 and 1149, telegrams, 2 June 1945. 8 Ibid., p. 1144, minute, 3 June 1945. Campbell, formerly Minister in Washington, was now HMG’s representative to the European Advisory Commission. 9 Ibid.,p. iio^,or FRUS, 1945, vol. 5, p. 321, telegram, Churchill to Truman, 4 June 194510 PREM 3 (356/13), p. 1107, telegram, 4 June 1945. Also in FRUS, 1945, vol. 5, p. 320. 11 PREM 3 (356/13), p. 1088, telegram, Clark Kerr to FO, 6 June 1945. 12 Ibid., p. 1085, minute to Churchill, 8 June 1945. 13 Ibid., p. 1079, telegram, FO to Moscow Embassy, 9 June 1945. 14 The quote is from a memorandum by Hopkins dated 13 June 1945. See Sherwood, p. 913. FRUS, 1945, vol. 5, p. 337 also presents the sections of this memorandum dealing with the Polish question and Churchill’s reactions. Hopkins’ reasoning is questionable. Churchill probably had more to gain, and knew it, from staunchly defending Poland’s interests as interpreted in the West than from resolving the issue along Russian lines. 15 PREM 3 (356/13), p. 1051. 16 PREM 3 (473), p. 8, telegram. 17 Woodward, vol. 3, pp. 555-6. Richard C. Lukas in Bitter Legacy provides a close account of Polish affairs, especially from July 1945 until the Polish elections in 1947.

Notes to pages iiy-122

II.

195

Concluding thoughts on the Polish crisis

1 See p. 107 of this book. 2 See pp. 108-9 of book. 3 PREM 3 (355/8), p. 693, telegram, Clark Kerr to FO, 1 Mar. 1944, and Chur¬ chill’s minute. 4 Ibid., p. 682, telegram, Churchill to Moscow Embassy, 5 Mar. 1944, and p. 647, telegram, Clark Kerr to FO, 7 Mar. 1944. 5 Ibid., p. 646, Eden’s draft and Churchill’s addition, and pp. 641-40, Eden’s telegram and Churchill’s minute. 6 The effect of the British elections on the Polish issue had been addressed earlier by this author in a University of Cambridge Ph.D dissertation in 1978, entitled ‘The Vision of Anglo-America and the Origins of the Cold War: Some Aspects of British Foreign Policy, 1943-1946’, and in a journal article developed from it. See Henry B. Ryan, ‘Anglo-American Relations during the Polish Crisis in 1945’,

The

Australian Journal of Politics and History, vol. 30, No. i. Winter 1984. The topic was subsequently given further attention by Warren F. Kimball in ‘ The Naked Reverse Right: Roosevelt, Churchill, and Eastern Europe from TOLSTOY to Yalta - and a Litde Beyond’, Diplomatic History, vol. 9, No. i. Winter 1985. Otherwise, it seems to have been overlooked.

12. Background of the crisis 1 C. M. Woodhouse, who for many months commanded the British underground effort in Greece, has provided an outstanding account of the policies and actions of both the British and their opponents in The Struggle for Greece, ig4i-ig4g. Two other studies that together provide careful reviews of Anglo-Greek relations from 19/J.1—q.7 are Procopis Papastratis’ British Policy Towards Greece during the Second World War, ig4i—ig44, and George M. Alexander’s The Prelude to the Truman Doctrine: British Policy in Greece, ig44-ig47. Sir Llewellyn Woodward, in British Foreign Policy in the Second World War, vol. 3, chapter xliii, presents a detailed view of British policymaking towards Greece at this time, while Bruce Robellet Kuniholm examines the crisis in a regional context in The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East. Bickham Sweet-Escott’s Greece: A Political and Economic Survey, iggg-igss is a good, concise review of Greek affairs during this period, and Kenneth Young’s The Greek Passion: A Study in People and Politics provides another useful overview. Two important studies which discuss American policy in relation to the crisis are John latrides’ Revolt in Athens and Lawrence S. Wittner’s American Intervention in Greece, ig43-ig4g. Subsequent citations will refer to these works by the authors’ names only. Finally, a collection of papers from a meeting of the Modern Greek Studies Association edited by latrides and entided Greece in the ig40s: A Nation in Crisis provides useful background on the full scope of Greek diplomatic relations and internal political affairs during the decade. 2 FO 371-33133, paper R474, minute, 8 Jan. 1942. 3 Ibid., Minutes, 7 and 8 Jan. 1942, are clear expressions of these views. The quotes are from E. M. Rose of the Foreign Office, Southern Department, dated ii Jan. 1942 and found in these minutes. 4 Ibid., minute, P. J. Dixon, Southern Department, ii Jan. 1942. 5 Cab. 66, vol. 43, WP (43) 518, 14 Nov. 1943. EAM’s full name was the National Liberation Front (Ethnikon Apelevtherotikon Metopon), but it was known by its Greek initials. Its guerrilla force was the National Popular Liberation Army (Ethnikos Laikos Apelevtherotikos Stratbs) also known by its Greek initials, ELAS.

Notes to pages 122-126

196

6 Eden, p. 460. 7 Cab. 66, vol. 53, WP (44) 433, 8 Aug. 1944. 8 These relationships are very thoroughly set out by Woodhouse in The Struggle for Greece and by McNeill in somewhat less detail in The Greek Dilemma: War and Aftermath. 9 McNeill, The Greek Dilemma, pp. 44-52, 68. See ako the report of a British officer working with them. Major Bathgate, 3 June 1944, Cab. 66, vol. 50, WP (44), 295. See FO 371-37209, papers R 13431 and R 13432 for concern of British Ambassador, Sir Reginald Leeper and General Wilson in this regard. On German reprisals see Woodward, vol. 3, p. 3990. 10 For a thorough discussion of this dispute, although weighted on SOE’s side, see especially Phyllis Auty and Richard Clogg, British Policy Towards Wartime Resistance in Yugoslavia and Greece, especially chapters, i, 5, 6, 7, 13, and the afterword. This book is the record of a conference at the University of London in 1973 by persons who were participants in and/or historians of British/Balkan affairs during World War II. Regarding the establishment of SOE in the Mediterranean area, see Bickham Sweet-Escott’s Baker Street Irregular. 11 Cab. 79, no. 59, COS (43) 47th meeting (o), minute 2, 17 Mar. 1943. 12 Cab. 80, no. 68, COS (43) 128 (o) and 129 (o) both 15 Mar. 1943, and Cab. 79, no. 59, COS (43) 47th meeting (o), minute 2, 17 Mar. 1943. 13 FO 371-37208, paper R 11753, letter, Leeper to Sargent, 2 Nov. 1943. 14 The Chiefs of Staff were most reluctant to take on this policing responsibility, estimating that 80,000 men rather than 5,000, which Churchill and the Foreign Office first suggested, would be needed. The action actually began with approxi¬ mately 12,000 men and soon escalated to 75,000, very close to the original Chiefs-of-Staff estimates. For the debate on this matter within HMG, see Cab. 79, no. 64, COS (43) 224 (o), minute 2, 23 Sept. 1943. Cab. 79, no. 65, COS (43) 234 (o), minute 8, 2 Oct. 1943. Cab. 79, no. 65, COS (43) 236th meeting, minute 4 and 5 and annex i, 4 Oct. 1943. Cab. 79, no. 66, COS (43) 248th meeting, minute 7 and annexes I and II, 14 Oct. 1943. PREM 3 (210), passim. The 75,000 figure is from Elisabeth Barker British Policy in South-East Europe in the Second World War, p. 169, citing ‘Report by SACMED to CCS, Greece, 1944-43 (HMSO, 1949)’. 15 For a detailed study of the outbreak of hostilities see Lars Baerentzen, ‘The Demonstration in Syntagma Square on Sunday the 3rd of December, 1944’, Scandinavian Studies in Modem Greek, no. 2, 1978, p. 3. 16 For examples see FO 371-43717. Nearly the entire file consists of letters and press clippings in regard to the crisis in Greece. Although most are critical, it should be noted that some are laudatory. 17 In Woodhouse’s review, a conservative one admittedly, the plebiscite results demonstrated that ‘ the majority of the Greek people saw the monarchy as the only bulwark against Communism’. See The Struggle for Greece, p. 192. Furthermore, George Papandreou, socialist and one-time premier, told the American ambassador in late 1944 that ‘fear of Communism [seemed] to be reviving Royalist sentiment’. FRUS, 1944, vol. 5, p. 137, telegram, Mac’Veagh to Sec. State, 10 Nov. 1944. 18 For a fuller disussion see Woodhouse, The Struggle for Greece, part three. 19 Cab. 79. no. 66, COS (43) 246th meeting, minute 18, 12 Oct. 1943. 20 FO 371-37216, paper R 2610/G, telegram, 22 Mar. 1943. 21 Ibid., telegram, 29 Mar. 1943. 22 FO 371-37195, paper R 3093/E, telegram, 3 Apr. 1943. 23 FO 371-37197, paper R 5865/G, Washington Embassy to FO, telegram, 6 July 1943. Halifax’s remarks were based on a memorandum from the State Dept, dated 2 July 1943. See FRUS, 1943, vol. 4, p. 133.

Notes to pages 126-1^1

197

24 FO 371-37197, paper R 5865/G. This message, in the form of an aide-memoire, Wcis

delivered to the State Dept. 4 Aug. 1943. See FRUS, 1943, vol. 4, p. 137.

25 This is diametrically opposed to the view of the Chiefs of Staff which held that King George was unwelcome to a majority of the Greek people and to reinstate him would ‘entail the employment of considerable military forces’. See Cab. 79, no. 64, COS (43) 224 (0), minute 2, 23 Sept. 1943. 26 FO 371-37239, paper R 4000, P. J. Dixon, minute, 5 May 1943. 27 FO 371-37235, paper R 5422, letter, E. R. Warner to Michael Wright, 15 June >94328 PREM 3 (211 /4), p. 65, King’s message contained in telegram, Eden to Sargent, 19 Aug. 1943. 29 Ibid., p. 70. 30 Ibid., p. 67, minute, 21 Aug. 1943. 31 Ibid.,

p.

40, letter, 6 Sept. 1943. For a more detailed account of the development

of the British and American messages, see Papastratis, pp. 109-10. 32 Ibid., pp. 39, 38, telegrams, Eden to Churchill and vice versa, both 8 Sept. 1943. 33 For discussion of this position in the American Government, see FRUS, 1943, vol. 4, pp. 146-52. 34 latrides, p. 91. Hull, p. 1240. 35 Harold

Macmillan, memoirs, vol.

2,

The Blast of War,

1939-1945, p-

570.

Macmillan was then British Minister of State resident in the Middle East. 36 FRUS, 1943, vol. 4, p. 146, telegram, Kirk to Sec. State, 22 Aug. 1943. 37 PREM 3 (211/15), p. 597, minute, Eden to Churchill, 2 Dec. 1943. 38 Ibid. 39 Eden, p. 430. See also Ambassador MacVeagh Reports: Greece 1933-1947, John O. latrides, ed.

(MacVeagh’s diaries and correspondence, hereafter cited as

MacVeagh) p. 399-400, 403-4, 406-8. 40 FRUS, 1943, vol. 9, p. 157, telegram, MacVeagh to Sec. State, 12 Dec. 1943. 41 PREM 3 (211/15), pp. 597, 596, minutes to Churchill 2 and 5 Dec. 1943. 42 FO 371-37231, paper R 13507. See also MacVeagh, pp. •593-^, passim. 43 PREM 3 (211/15), p. 590, minute, Leeper to Eden, 7 Dec. 1943. For Smuts’ advice, see PREM 3 (211/16), p. 1145, aide-memoire to George II, 20 Mar. 1944, and p. 1147, letter, George II to Smuts, 22 Mar. 1944. Smuts’ concern with the matter is notable. As early as August 1943 the US Ambassador to the Greek Government had reported to Washington that Smuts was ‘closely interested in Greek affairs in general and in the members of the royal family’ (see FRUS, 1943, vol. 4, p. 143, telegram, Kirk to Sec. State, 19 Aug. 1943). A day later Smuts wired Churchill at Quebec urging support for the King’s return subject perhaps to a later plebiscite, describing the alternative as ‘a wave of disorder and wholesale communism’. This message was read at the meeting in which Roosevelt accepted the British policy that the King should return before a plebiscite was held. (See FRUS, 1943, vol. 4, pp. 147-8, memorandum of conversation, 22 Aug. 1943-

of Smuts s

message see PREM 3 (211/4), p. 59, 20 Aug. 1943.) 44 Wittner, pp. 10-12, argues that FDR had a long-standing sympathy for the King and his position in this matter. 45 latrides, p. 92. He cites Department of State Diplomatic Records, 1942-5, National Archives, Washington, D.C., 868.01/412, memorandum, 13 Oct. 1943. 46 MacVeagh, p. 444, Roosevelt’s letter to MacVeagh of Jan. 15, 1944. 47 For a more detailed discussion of these suggestions, see Elisabeth Barker, Churchill and Eden at War, pp. 186-98. 48 MacVeagh, p, 668, letter to Roosevelt, 15 Jan. 1945.

198

Notes to pages 132-137

13. 1344, the critical year 1 FRUS, 1943, vol. 4, p. 156, memorandum prepared in the Division of Near Eastern Affairs, to Dec. 1943. 2 latrides, pp. 118-20, who cites Roosevelt Papers, Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, NY, PSF, ‘Greece: L. MacVeagh’. Letter to Roosevelt, 17 Feb. 1944. 3 Ibid., pp. 197-8. He cites Roosevelt’s Papers, PSF, ‘Greece: L. MacVeagh’, letter to Roosevelt, 8 Dec. 1944. See also FRUS, 1944, vol. 5, p. 145, telegram to Sec. State, 8 Dec. 1944. 4 FRUS, 1944, vol. 5, p. 149, memorandum, Stettinius to Roosevelt, 13 Dec. 1944. 5 latrides, pp. 198-9. He cites Department of State Diplomatic Records, 1942-45, National Archives, Washington, D.C., 868.00/12-2044. 6 An enormous amount of cable traffic went between Cairo and Whitehall with the outbreak of the mutiny. Much of it can be found in PREM 3 (211/11) and (211/16). 7 PREM 3 (21 i/i i), p. 408, telegram, Leeper to FO, 5 Apr. 1944. 8 Ibid., p. 437, telegram, Leeper to FO, 4 Apr. 1944. 9 Ibid., p. 421. The copy in the Public Record Office in London is undated, but it was almost certainly sent 6 Apr. 1944, judging from other messages of the same period. 10 Ibid., p. 282, 14 Apr. 1944. 11 PREM 3 (211/14), p. 572. These are the words ofT. L. Rowan of Churchill’s staff, 10 Apr. 1944. 12 Ibid., p. 550, telegram, 15 Apr. 1944, or FRUS, 1944, vol. 5, p. 96, where it is dated 16 Apr., probably the day it was received. 13 FRUS, 1944, vol. 5, p. 98, telegram, 17 Apr. 1944. The corresjx)ndence is also in Churchill, vol. 5, pp. 483-4, although his own telegram is condensed and that of Roosevelt dated 18 Apr., probably the day Churchill received it. 14 Woodhouse, The Struggle for Greece, pp. 86-8. 15 FO 371-43768, paper R 9305, telegram. Dominions Office to dominion govern¬ ments, 16 June 1944. 16 Ibid., telegram, Halifax to FO, 12 June 1944. 17 Ibid., D. S. Laskey, minute, 13 June 1944. 18 FRUS, 1944, vol. 5, p. 112, memorandum of conversation, Hull-Halifax, 30 May 1944, explains British reasoning and shows Hull’s negative reaction. 19 Ibid., p. 117, telegram, Roosevelt to Churchill, ii June 1944. 20 Ibid., p. 118, telegram, Churchill to Roosevelt, 11 June 1944. 21 Hull, pp. 1451-9. 22 PREM 3 (434/8), p. 7, telegram, 29 Sept. 1944. 23 PREM 3 (434/6), p. 17, telegram to Churchill, 30 Sept. 1944. 24 Sherwood, pp. 832-3. 25 Woodward, vol. 3, p. 149. 26 PREM 3 (434/8), p. 26, telegram to Roosevelt, 5 Oct. 1944. 27 FRUS, 1944, vol. 4, pp. 1007-8, joint telegram, Churchill and Stalin to Roosevelt, 10 Oct. 1944. 28 Churchill, vol. 6, p. 198. Churchill says he suggested burning the paper, but Stalin said ‘No, you keep it’, advice which the Prime Minister apparently took, for a photocopy can be found in PREM 3 (66/7), p. i, although the hand it is written in looks suspiciously un-Churchillian. With it is a hand-written Russian translation. 29 PREM 3 (434/2), p. 63, record of the meeting of 10 Oct. 1944. Kuniholm, pp. 109-25.

Notes to pages 13^-144

199

30 Woodward, vol. 3, pp. 148-9. 31 Moran, pp. 212-13. Hopkins recorded Churchill as saying the Russians were not going to wait until the returns were in from Michigan, South Dakota and Oregon. See Sherwood, p. 832. 32 Many authors have dealt with the percentages agreement and its significance. Lynn Davis gives one of the best accounts in The Cold War Begins, pp. 144-58 passim. 33 Mastny, p. 231. 34 Eden, p. 523. 35 FRUS, 1945, vol. 5, p. 505, telegram to Roosevelt, 8 Mar. 1945. 36 Cab. 65, vol. 44, W.M. (44) 165th and i66th conclusions, confidential annex, 12 Dec. 1944. 37 Woodward, vol. 3, pp. 423-4. 38 Ibid.

14. The role of the press 1 FO 371-44555, 2 FO 371-48233, paper R 849. 3 Ibid. 4 Although for years The Nation was generally critical of British and later American policies in Greece, its correspondent in Southeastern Europe, Philip Jordan, took a different line. For example, on 8 Dec. 1945, pp. 624-6, he wrote, ‘After having saved Greece - let’s face it - from a violent revolution by a minority nearly a year ago, the British troops here may yet be called on to save it from an equally vicious coup by the right... If they were to go, there would be no freedom in Athens, which is today one of the freest cities in the world.’ 5 FO 371-38551, paper R 4730, weekly political summary, 24 Dec. 1944. 6 Ibid. It can also be found in Washington Despatches ig4i-ig4§, edited by H. G. Nicholas with an introduction by Isaiah Berlin. This is a collection of these weekly political reports from the British Embassy in Washington, most of which were written in first draft by Berlin. They are extraordinary documents, as one would expect, and invaluable for scholars of Anglo-American relations or simply of American history during that period. 7 FO 371-44535, paper AN 117, telegram, weekly political summary, 9 Jan. 1945. 8 FO 371-48235, paper R 2755. 9 FO 371-44535, paper AN 117, telegram, weekly political summary, 9 Jan. 1945. 10 Ibid. 11 Ibid., paper AN 213, telegram, weekly political summary, 14 Jan. 1945. 12 Ibid., paper AN 301, telegram, weekly political summary, 21 Jan. 1945. 13 FO 371—43709, paper R 21149, telegram, FO to Washington Embassy, 16 Dec. 1944. 14 FO 371-43768, paper R 21170, telegram, Halifax to FO, 17 Dec. 1944. 15 FO 371-43736, paper R 19936, telegram, 4 Dec. 1944. Deeper, however, tended to underplay or underestimate the events of 3 December. Four days later he wired that ‘ Exaggerated importance has been given to Sunday’s demonstration as though the shots fired by the police had let loose civil war. Nothing could be more inexact. ’ See FO 371-43736, paper R 20196. It has since become obvious that the assess¬ ments of the journalists were far more accurate. 16 FO 371-43709, paper R 20989, telegram, 15 Dec. 1944. 17 Ibid.,. H. A. C. Rumbold, minute, 7 Jan. 1945. 18 FO 371-48238, paper R 10239, telegram, 13 June 1945.

Motes to pages i44-i4g

200

19 FO 371-44556, paper AN 929, letter, Wright to Broadmead, 26 Feb. 1945. See also Anderson, pp. 34-5. 20 FO 371-44556, paper AN 1165, letter to Butler, 12 Mar. 1945. 21 Ibid. 22 Copies of these articles or quotes from them can be found in FO 371-44556, paper AN 929. 23 5 Feb. 1945, p. 28. 24 FO 371-48239, paper R 12322 contains a copy of the article and a telegram giving excerpts. 25 Ibid., minute, 23 July 1945. 26 Ibid., paper R 12339, telegram to Athens repeated to FO, 20 July 1945. 27 Ibid., paper R 12397, telegram, Caccia to Washington, 23 July 1945. This scenario would be repeated more than once in the postwar period, often with American instead of British officials. It consists of a major paternalistic power supporting a conservative government for the sake of stability in circumstances of intense political division and being embarrassed by that government’s police methods and treatment of prisoners. Examples can be found in US postwar relations with Cuba, Brazil, Vietnam, and El Salvador.

.

75

The crisis peaks

1 PREM 3 (211/16), p. 866, telegram to FO, 26 May 1944. 2 Ibid., p. 864, 28 May 1944. 3 Ibid., p. 862, telegram, FO to Leeper, 28 May 1944. 4 See pp. 133-4 of this book. Several months later Roosevelt would indeed give full suppKJrt, as oudined on pp. 151-2. 5 PREM 3 (211/11), p. 283, telegram, 14 Apr. 1944. 6 PREM 3 (211/16), p. 864, telegram to FO, 28 May 1944. This is somewhat amusing in light of Churchill’s note to Eden, mentioned above, telling him to encourage Leeper because, that note also said, ‘ Leejjer is a weak man but capable of acting vigorously if, and only if, he feels he has H.M.G. behind him.’ 7 FRUS, 1944, vol. 5, p. 106, telegram to Sec. State, 12 May 1944. 8 Ibid., p. 172, telegram to Sec. State, 27 Dec. 1944. 9 Ibid., p. 148, memorandum, 13 Dec. 1944. 10 Macmillan was in Athens trying to help resolve the crisis, which had broken into warfare in the winter of 1944-5. See The Blast of IVar, chapters 22 and 23. 11 FRUS, 1944, vol. 5, p. 150, telegram, 13 Dec. 1944. 12 Churchill, vol. 6, p. 262. 13 Roosevelt’s and Churchill’s telegrams can be found in FRUS, 1944, vol. 5, pp.

150“*) •54“5) t59“6o. See also Churchill, vol. 6, pp. 261-5. 14 Sherwood, p. 838. For a good discussion of the Washington background of the Stettinius statement see Hathaway pp. 90-101.

>5 FO 371-43768, paper R 21170, telegram, Halifax to FO, 17 Dec. 1944. See also Wittner, pp. 23-5, who says FDR ‘convalescing in Warm Springs, Georgia... played no role in issuing’ the statement and ‘felt detached from the situation’. This may or may not contradict Halifax. 16 Hathaway, pp. 95-7. 17 Churchill, vol. 6, p. 255. 18 Sherwood, pp. 838-9. 19 PREM 3 (472), p. 60, telegram, 6 Dec. 1944. 20 Sherwood, p. 839.

Notes to pages i4g-i^4

201

21 Charles Eade, ‘The Dawn of Liberation’, Churchill's H^ar Speeches, 1944, p. 277. 22 Sherwood, p. 839. 23 FO 371-38560, paper AN 4756, precis by Nevile Butler of ‘American News Summary’ for 16 Dec. 1944. 24 Cab. 65, vol. 48, W.M. (44) 164th conclusions, minute 2, conhndential annex, 11 Dec. 1944. 25 Hopkins’ account of these events is recorded in Sherwood, pp. 840-2. British records are in PREM 3 (212/5). See also. Cab. 79, no. 84, C.O.S. (44) 396th meeting (o), minute 10, 11 Dec. 1944 for a detailed account of the British military reaction to the King order. 26 PREM 4 (27/10), p. 991, telegram, Halifax to FO, 2 Jan. 1945. 27 Ibid. Eden said of Stettinius, ‘He is not brilliant, but he is a good friend to our country and easy to work with.’ See Eden, p. 529. 28 FO 371-44535, paper AN 213, weekly political summary, 14 Jan. 1945. For the text of Roosevelt’s talk see Pfew York Times, 7 Jan. 1945. 29 Cab. 65, vol. 48, W.M. (44) 162nd conclusions, conHdential annex, 7 Dec. 1944. 30 Cab. 66, vol. 59, W.P. (44) 743, 19 Dec. 1944. The three documents are also published in FRUS, 1944, vol. 5, Churchill’s telegram to Roosevelt, 17 Aug. 1944, pp. 132-3 and Roosevelt’s reply, 26 Aug. 1944, pp. 133-4. Caserta agreement as summarised by A. C. Kirk, p. 135. 31 Deeper, When Greek Meets Greek, pp. 112-13. MacVeagh corroborates this, present¬ ing it as a security precaution rather than a political statement, i.e., anyone clearly identified as an American was less likely to be shot at. See MacVeagh, p. 658. 32 Barker, British Policy, p. 146, citing FO 371-43698, telegram, 13 Dec. 1944. 33 PREM 3 (213/17), p. 973, 30 Mar. 1945. 34 Ibid.,p. 1006, minute to Eden, ii Mar. 1945. He elaborated on these views in a telegram to Deeper. See ibid., p. 1010, ii Mar. 1945. 35 Anthony Cave Brown,

The Last Hero:

Wild Bill Donovan, pp. 595-609, and

MacVeagh, p. 429, 506. For an illuminating incident regarding a story by Drew Pearson, see PREM 3 (212/2), p. 184, telegram to FO, 19 Aug. 1944, PREM 4 (27/10), p. 1126 and p. 1124, telegram to Churchill, 25 Aug. 1944. See also PREM 4 (212/2), p. 183. 36 PREM 3 (212/2), p. 179, 24 Aug. 1944. 37 Ibid.,

p.

166, minute, Churchill to Martin, 24 Sept. 1944.

38 Ibid.,p. 167, telegram, 8 Sept. 1944. See Wittner, pp. 15-17 for more details on OSS attitudes. 39 Woodhouse in an interview with the author, London, 28 June 1978- See also Woodhouse papers, box i, folder 14, report entitled ‘Situation in Greece—Jan. to May, 44’, dated 26 May 1944. In item 19 Woodhouse stated his highly favourable opinion of OSS officers in Greece. Box 3 contains a typescript of memoirs by his American deputy, Gerald K. Wines. A less harmonious view is presented by R. Harris Smith in OSS, The Secret History of America’s First Central Intelligence Agency. Strongly anti-British, Smith is capable of saying, ‘The British army took a respite of several months from the war against Hitler to suppress the revolt’ in Greece, p. 128. Papastratis states that an OSS mission attached to the Central Committee of EAM remained a secret to the British from its inception in the spring of 1944 until July of that year. See p. 104. Woodhouse in a letter to this author confirmed that this mission was ‘quite unknown’ to him. 40 PREM 3 (213/17), p. 986, minute to Eden, 17 Mar. 1945. 41 FRUS, 1945, vol. 8, p. 122, telegram, Kirk to Sec. State, 22 Mar. 1945, and p. 122, n-55-

Notes to pages 1^4-161

202 42 PREM 3 (2I3/i7)> P- J04243 Macmillan, pp. 666-7.

44 FO 371-48260, paper R 4665, minute, 19 Mar. 1945.

45 FO 371-48361, paper R 9353, minute, 22 June 1945. 46 FO 371-44535, paper AN 213, weekly political summary, 14 Jan. 1945. For the text of the message see New York Times, 7 Jan. 1945.

16. America dives in 1 PREM 3 (213/9), p. 352, minute, 14 Feb. 1945. 2 Ibid., p. 334, memorandum by Eden, 5 Mar. 1945, and p. 333, extract from conclusions of a Cabinet meeting on 12 Mar. 1945 [W.M. (45) 29th conclusions]. 3 FRUS, 1945, vol. 8, pp. 202-3, telegrams, MacVeagh to Sec. State, 14 Mar. 1945, and Grew to MacVeagh, 20 Mar. 1945. 4 PREM 3 {213/10), p. 383, or FRUS, 1945, vol. 8, p. 203, telegram to Churchill, 21 Mar. 1945. 5 PREM 3 (213/10), p. 376, minute, 31 Mar. 1945. 6 Ibid. This is the same theme, and ‘ Poor Old England ’ the same phrase that he used in his House of Commons speech on 8 December 1944 when talking of British p>olicy in liberated Europe and in part rebutting Stettinius. See Eade, 1944, p. 273. 7 PREM 3 (213/10), p. 370, telegram to Churchill, 8 Apr. 1945.

8 Ibid. 9 Ibid., p. 369, minute, 8 Apr. 1945. 10 Ibid., p. 366, minute to Churchill, 14 Apr. 1945. 11 Ibid., p. 365, minute to Cadogan, 15 Apr. 1945. 12 PREM 3 (213/11), p. 402 for the State Dept, memorandum, and p. 401 for Churchill’s minute to FO, 7 July 1945. 13 FO 371-48274, paper R 11516, telegram, Halifax to FO, 6 July 1945. 14 Ibid., paper R 11690/G, minute by Laskey and draft briefing paper for Terminal (Potsdam Conference); paper R 11881, Caccia to FO, i3july 1945. 15 Cab. 128, vol. I, CM {45) 2ist conclusions, 14 Aug. 1945. FO 800 (468), FO statement on Greek elections. 16 PREM 3 (213/11), p. 487, telegram, Halifax to FO, 23 June 1945. 17 FRUS, 1945, vol. 8, pp. 126, 128, 134 for documents on this question. 18 At the height of the crisis the Party, during its annual conference in Dec. 1944, criticised the Government, albeit in mild terms. It then adopted a resolution, 2>455>ooo votes to 137,000, saying it ‘deeply regret[ted] the tragic situation’ in Greece and calling for an armistice ‘without delay’. See The Times, 14 Dec. 1944, also FO 371-43709, paper R 20928. It did, however, support the Government’s policy, to a great extent because of Bevin’s efforts. For an account of his role in this regard see Alan Bullock’s, The Life and Times of Ernest Bevin, vol. 2, pp. 340-7. 19 FO 371-44539, paper AN 3657, telegram, weekly political summary, 2 Dec. 1945. For the text of King George’s statement, which began the exchange, see FRUS, 1945, vol. 8, p. 179. For Bevin’s reaction, see Cab. 128, vol. 2, CM. (45) 55th conclusions, minute 3 and ‘no circulation record’, 22 Nov. 1945. 20 Cab. 128, vol. (45) 107,

II

I,

C.M. (45) 2ist conclusions, 14 Aug. 1945; Cab. 129, vol. i, C.P.

Aug. 1945; Cab. 128, vol. 5, C.M. (46) 23rd conclusions, ii Mar.

1946.

21 FO 371-44539, paper AN 3921, telegram, weekly political summary, 30 Dec. 1945. 22 FO 371-48416, paper R 19058, telegram to FO, 9 Nov. 1945. 23 Ibid., A. D. Smyth, undated minute.

Notes to pages i6i-i6g

203

24 Ibid., minute, 14 Nov. 1945. 25 Ibid., paper R 20139, draft record of the meeting. 26 For a thorough study of the history and theory of American postwar economic aid programmes, see Robert Packenham’s Liberal America and the Third World. 27 FO 371-48416, paper R 20139, draft record of the meeting. 28 The need for a more effective UNRRA chief in Greece was one of the few subjects on which MacVeagh agreed with the British. He so advised FDR in a letter on 15 Jan. 1945 and the State Dept, on 5 Nov. 1945. See MacVeagh, pp. 671, 688. He, however, felt that British influence was too strong in UNRRA’s organisation in Greece, putting it in the service of'frank sphere-of-influence politics’ and hoped it could be curtailed. Ibid., pp. 686-7. 29 FO 371-48416, paper R 20139, draft record of the meeting. 30 Ibid. My emphasis. 31 Ibid. 32 FRUS, 1945, vol. 8, pp. 263, 266, memoranda, Henderson to Sec. State, and Sec. State to President, respectively, botfKio Nov. 1945.

33 FO 371-48416, paper R 20388. 34 Byrnes, All in One Lifetime, p. 351. McNeill, The Greek Dilemma, p. 213. For the background on the decision within the US Government to send one of these ships to the Mediterranean, see ‘The Missouri visit to Turkey’ by David J. Alvarez, Balkan Studies, vol. 15, no. 2, 1974. (The battleship went to Greece from Turkey.) 35 FO 371-48416, paper R 20457, telegram, 4 Dec. 1945. 36 Ibid., paper R 20906, 15 Dec. 1945.

37 FO 371-48289, paper R 21406, telegram, Halifax to FO, 22 Dec. 1945. 38 Ibid. See also FRUS, 1945, vol. 8, p. 291, ‘Draft of proposed note to be telegraphed to American Ambassador, Athens, for presentation. ’ 39 FO 371-48289, paper R 21406, telegram, Halifax to FO, 22 Dec. 1945. 40 FO 371-48284, paper R 18735, telegram to COS, 4 Nov. 1945. 41 FRUS, 1945, vol. 8, pp. 251-2, telegram, Kirk to Sec. State, 2 Nov. 1945. 42 Alexander has a careful analysis of the vote. He concludes that had EAM participated, the left and right would have been so evenly divided that Parliament probably could not have formed a government. As it was, ‘their abstention delivered power to extremists who could not govern wisely. Either way, the country was doomed to a resumption of civil war.’ See pp. 184-7. 43 Woodhouse, p. 173. 44 PREM 8 (224), record of conversation, 10 July 1946. 45 Byrnes, All in One Lifetime, p. 385. 46 Ibid. See also Wittner, pp. 47-52. 47 FO 800 (468), minute. 48 Ibid. Telegrams, Min. of State to Foreign Sec., 3 Dec. and reply 4 Dec. 1946. 49 Cab. 128, vol. 9, C.M. (47) 14th conclusions, minute 4, 30 Jan. 1947. 50 FRUS, 1947, vol. 5, p. 29, memorandum, Acheson to Sec. State, 21 Feb. 1947. See also Jones, Fifteen Weeks, p. 131, Kuniholm, pp. 399-410, and Wittner, chapter 3. 51 MacVeagh, pp. 712-13. FRUS, 1947, vol. 5, pp. 29-31. 52 For text of the notes, see FRUS, 1947, vol. 5, pp. 32-7. One might assume from Jones’s Fifteen Weeks, once a widely used source in regard to these events, that the notes hit the State Department like thunderclaps. To scholars writing today, however, with the aid of more recently opened archives, it is clear that some such British move had been anticipated by the Department for weeks, if not months, before. 53 Both Anderson and Hathaway have useful discussions of these events. Hathaway

Notes to pages iSg-iyi

204

provides good economic as well as political background, pp. 295“3®3' Anderson discusses the subject in a chapter devoted to the Greek crisis, starting in October 1944. See pp. 144-75. He includes an interesting historiographical discussion about whether the British notes were simply a calculated ploy to force the US into greater involvement in Greece and Turkey or whether they really were motivated by desperation born of the economic situation at home. Anderson, correcdy in our opinion, holds to the latter judgement. See pp. 171-5. 54 For text see New York Times, 13 Mar. 1947. 55 For a discussion of some of the background of the declaration see Henry B. Ryan’s ‘The American Intellectual Tradition Reflected in the Truman Doctrine’, The American Scholar, Spring, 1973, p. 294. 56 FO 371-43768, paper R 9305, telegram, Halifax to FO, 16 June 1944. In reading accounts of the switch from British to American assistance to Greece in 1947, one might get the impression that as the Americans marched in, the British marched out. It was not quite so neat. As seen here, Americans were already involved, and furthermore a British mission continued to work with them until 1952. In beeper’s words, Americans ‘ requested the British to retain a small body of troops and their military and police missions’. See When Greek Meets Greek, p. 231. American assistance did, however, clearly predominate following the signing by Truman of the Greek-Turkish Aid Bill on 2 May 1947.

Conclusion 1 Quoted from the New York Times, 6 Mar. 1946, which recorded and transcribed the talk. 2 For Churchill’s remarks to the House of Commons, see Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates (London), vol. 415, cols. 1290-1300. For those in New York, see the New York Times, 17 Mar. 1946. 3 British officials believed that Churchill’s popularity and influence in America were great. H. M. Embassy Washington said shortly after his defeat that Churchill had ‘a very large American following’ and said ‘the exent to which Mr Churchill has gripped the American imagination is reflected in the nation wide cartoons and editorial tributes to what one paper called “This great Gladiator who bestrode the Continents like a Colossus!’” FO 371-44537, paper AN 2366, weekly jjolitical summary, 4 Aug. 1945. 4 See Henry B. Ryan, ‘A New Look at Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” Speech’, The Historical Journal, 22, 4 (1979), for a discussion of the speech and the events surrounding it. Time magazine called the speech ‘a magnificent trial balloon’, a description with which J. L. Gaddis, to whom I am indebted for the quote, concurs. See The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, rg^i-ig^y, p. 307. 5 FO 371-51633, paper AN 1246, telegram, Halifax to FO. 6 The Combined Chiefs of Staff nominally continued until the beginning of NATO in 1949. See Anderson, p. 141, who sees this continuation as proof of the alliance’s vitality. For another view, see Robert Hathaway, Ambiguous Partnership, passim but especially pp. 264-70, who regards the continuation as essentially a formality.

BIBLIOGRAPHY (Abbreviations used in citations are shown in parentheses.)

Archives Borthwick Institute of Historical Research, University of York

First Earl of Halifax Diaries Churchill College, Cambridge

Clement Attlee Papers First Earl of Halifax Papers P. J. Grigg Papers The Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum, London (PISM)

Papers of the Office of the Prime Minister of the Polish Government (PRM) House of Lords Record Office, London

Lord Beaverbrook Papers Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College, University of London

E. C. W. Myers Papers C. M. Woodhouse Papers London School of Economics and Political Science

Hugh Dalton Diaries and Papers Public Record Office, London

(Cab. 130) (Cab. 129) (Cab. 128) (Cab. 81) (Cab. 80) (Cab. 79) (Cab. 88) (INF i) (FO 369) (FO 371) (INF 2) (INF 3) (PREM 8) (PREM 4)

Cabinet Ad-Hoc Committees: General and Miscellaneous after 1945 Cabinet Memoranda from 1945 Cabinet Minutes from 1945 Chiefs of Staff Committees and Sub-Committees Chiefs of Staff Memoranda, 1939-45 Chiefs of Staff Minutes, 1939-45 Combined Chiefs of Staff Committees and Sub-Committees Correspondence of the Ministry of Information General Correspondence of the Foreign Office, Consular General Correspondence of the Foreign Office, Political Ministry of Information Guard Books Ministry of Information Original Art Work Prime Minister’s Correspondence and Papers, 1945-51 Prime Minister’s Office, Confidential Papers, 11 May 194026 July 1945

Bibliography

2o6

(PREM 3)

Prime Minister’s Office, Operational Papers, ii May 1940-

(PREM 7)

Prime Minister’s Office, Private Collection, Papers of Sir

26 July 1945 Desmond Morton (FO 800)

Private Collections: Papers of Baron Inverchapel (Clark

(FO 800)

Private Collections: Papers of Ernest Bevin

(FO 800)

Private Secetaries’ Papers

(Cab. 84)

War Cabinet Joint Planning Committees

Kerr)

(Cab. 66)

War Cabinet Memoranda

(Cab. 65)

War Cabinet Minutes and Confidential Annexes

University College, Oxford Clement Attlee Papers

Documents on microfilm

The Messages between Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston S. Churchill, 1939-1945, and Related Materials, National Archives of the United States, Washington, DC. Records of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (US), Part i: 1942-45 University Publications of America, Inc., Frederick, Md.

Published documents and statistics

Bernstein, Barton J., and Matusow, Allen J., The Truman Administration, A Documentary History, New York, 1966. Central Statistical Office, HMG, Statistical Digest of the War, London, 1951. Chandler, Alfred Dupont (ed.). The Papers of Dwight Eisenhower: The War Years, New York, 1968. Eade, Charles, Churchill’s War Speeches, 7 vols., London, 1942-6. General Sikorski Flistorical Institute, Documents on Polish-Soviet Relations, ^939-^945, 2 vols., London, 1961, 1967. Hachey, Thomas E., Confidential Dispatches: Analyses of America by the British Ambassador, 1939-1945, Evanston, Ill., 1974. Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates. Jedrzejewicz, Waclaw, Poland in the British Parliament, 1939-1945, 3 vols.. New York, 1962. Kimball, Warren F., Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence, 3 vols., Princeton, 1984. League of Nations, Review of World Trade, 1938, Geneva, 1939. Loewenheim, F. L., Langley, H. D., Jonas, M., Roosevelt and Churchill: Their Secret Wartime Correspondence, London, 1975. Mansergh, Nicholas, Documents and Speeches on British Commonwealth Affairs, ‘931-1952, 2 vols., London, 1953.

Bibliography

207

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Stalin's Correspondence with Churchill, Attlee, Roosevelt and Truman, ig4i-^^, 2 vols. in

I,

also known as Correspondence Between the Chairman of the Council of

Ministers of the USSR and the Presidents of the USA and the Prime Ministers of Great Britain During the Great Patriotic War of

Moscow, 1957.

People’s Commissariat of Justice of the USSR, Trial of the Polish Diversionists, London, 1945. Polonsky, Antony,

The Great Powers and the Polish Question,

ig4i-ig4g,

London, 1976. Roosevelt, Elliott (ed.). The Roosevelt Letters, vol. 3, 1928-1945, London, 1952-

Rosenman, Samuel

1.

(ed.).

The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin

D. Roosevelt, last four volumes (1941, 1942, 1943, 1944-5), New York, 1950.

Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr (ed.), Israel, Fred L. (assoc, ed.). History of American Presidential Elections, vol. 4, (1940-1968), New York, 1971. Siracusa, Joseph M., The American Diplomatic Revolution: A Documentary History of the Cold War, ig4i-ig4’j. Port Washington, N.Y., 1977. Soviet Foreign Policy during the Patriotic War: Documents and Materials, London, 1946. Stalin, J., On the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union, Moscow, 1944. The Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam Conferences: Documents, Moscow 1969. United States Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1942-6. United States Department of State, ‘Aid to Greece and Turkey, A Collection of State Papers’, Department of State Bulletin Supplement, 4 May, 1947, vol. 16, no. 409A. ‘ American Group to Observe Elections in Greece ’ (press release), Department of State Bulletin, 27 Jan. 1946, vol. 14, no. 343. Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), ig43, vol.

i, ‘General’,

Washington, 1963. FRUS,

ig43,

vol.

3,

The

British

Commonwealth,

Eastern

Europe,

The Far East’, Washington, 1963. FRUS, ig43, vol. 4, ‘The Near East and Africa’, Washington, 1964. FRUS, ig44, vol. i, ‘General’, Washington, 1966. FRUS, ig44, vol. 2, ‘General: Economic and Social Matters’, Washington, 1967. FRUS, ig44, vol. 3, ‘The British Commonwealth, Europe’, Washington, 1965-

FRUS, ig44, vol. 4, ‘Europe’, Washington, 1966. FRUS, ig44, vol. 5, ‘The Near East, South Asia, Africa, The Far East’, Washington, 1965. FRUS, ig45, vol. i, ‘General: The United Nations’, Washington, 1967.

Bibliography

2o8

FRUS, 1945, vol. 2, ‘General: Political and Economic Matters’, Washing¬ ton, 1967. FRUS, 1945, vol. 8, ‘The Near East and Africa’, Washington, 1969. FRUS, 1945, vol. 5, ‘Europe’, Washington, 1967. FRUS, 1945, vol. 6, ‘The British Commonwealth, The Far East’, Washing¬ ton, 1969. FRUS, 1946, vol.

I,

‘General: The United Nations’, Wahsington, 1972.

FRUS, 1946, vol. 5, ‘The British Commonwealth, Western and Central Europe’, Washington, 1969. FRUS, 1946, vol. 6, ‘Eastern Europe, The Soviet Union’, Washington, 1969-

FRUS, 1946, vol. 7, ‘The Near East and Africa’, Washington, 1969. FRUS, 1947, vol. 5, ‘The Near East and Africa’, Washington, 1971. FRUS, Conferences at Washington, 1941-1942, and Casablanca, 1943, Washing¬ ton, 1968. FRUS, Conferences at Washington and Quebec, 1943, Washington, 1970. FRUS, The Conferences at Cairo and Teheran, 1943, Washington, 1961. FRUS, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, Washington, 1955. FRUS, The Conference of Berlin [Potsdam) 1945, vols. i and 2, Washington, i960. ‘International Economic Cooperation: Necessity for the British Loan’, (Statement by Undersecretary Dean Acheson to the Senate Committee on Banking and Currency, 13 Mar. 1946), Department of State Bulletin, 31 Mar. 1946, vol. 14, no. 352. ‘The President Transmits US-UK Financial Agreement to Congress’ (Text of President Truman’s message), Department of State Bulletin, 10 Feb. 1946, vol. 14, no. 345. ‘ Recommendations on Greece and Turkey: Message of the President to the Congress’ (Text of the ‘Truman Doctrine’) and ‘Messages from the Greek Prime Minister and Leader of Parliamentary Opposition’, Depart¬ ment of State Bulletin, 23 Mar. 1947, vol. 16, no. 403. ‘$25,000,000 Loan to Greek Government’ (Text of note presented 12 Jan. 1946 to Greek Foreign Office and breakdown of uses of the funds). Department of State Bulletin, 20 Jan. 1946, vol. 14, no. 342. United States General Services Administration, Public Papers of the Presidents: Harry S. Truman, 1945-1947, Washington, DC, 1961-3. United States House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Hearings - Assistance to Greece and Turkey, 80th Congress, 1st Session. United States Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Hearings — Assistance to Greece and Turkey, 80th Congress, ist Session.

Bibliography

209

Newspapers and periodicals

Arkansas Gazette Chicago Daily Mews Economist Life

Nation New Republic New York Times Observer PM St Louis Post-Dispatch The Times

Interviews

Berlin, Isaiah, formerly of the British Information Services in New York and British Embassy in Washington. Gore-Booth, Lord, formerly of the British Embassy in Washington. Hammond, Nicholas, formerly Senior British Liaison Officer with ELAS, and later British Mission Commander. McNeill, William H., formerly Assistant Military Attache at the American Embassy in Athens. Nicholas, H. G., formerly of the American Division of the Ministry of Information and the British Embassy in Washington. Woodhouse, C. M., formerly head of the SOE mission in Greece.

Articles

Acheson, Dean, ‘The credit to Britain, the key to expanded trade’, Department of State Bulletin, 20 Feb. 1946, vol. 14, no. 345. Alvarez, David J., ‘The Missouri visit to Turkey: an alternative perspective on Cold War diplomacy’, Balkan Studies, no. 2, 1974. Anonymous, ‘International trade policy of the United States and the British Loan’, Department of State Bulletin, 31 Mar. 1946, vol. 14, no. 352. Anstey, Caroline, ‘The Projection of British Socialism: Foreign Office Publicity and American opinion,

1945-50’, Journal of Contemporary

History, vol. 19, no. 3, July 1984. Baerentzen, Lars, ‘The demonstration in Syntagma Square on Sunday the 3rd December, 1944’, Scandinavian Studies in Modern Greek, no. 2, 1978. Balcos, Anastase, ‘Guerrilla warfare’. Military Review, March, 1958, vol. 37, no. 12, 49-54. Bernstein, Barton J., ‘The uneasy alliance: Roosevelt, Churchill, and the atomic bomb, 1940-1945’, Western Political Quarterly,

1976.

Brzezinski, Zbigniew, ‘The Future of Yalta’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 63, no. 2.

Bibliography

21 o

Campbell, A. E., ‘The United States and Great Britain: uneasy allies’ in Twentieth Century American Foreign Policy, Athens, Ohio, 1971Foot, Michael R. D., ‘Was SOE any good?’ in The Second World War, ed. Walter Laqueur, London, 1982. Garson, Robert, ‘The Atlantic alliance, eastern Europe and the origins of the Cold War: from Pearl Harbor to Yalta’ in Contrast and Connection: Bicentennial Essays in Anglo-American History, ed. Harry C. Allen and Roger Thompson, London, 1976. ‘Greece since the Second World War: on the occasion of the twentieth anniversary of the Truman Doctrine’, Balkan Studies, vol. 8, no. 2, 1967, entire volume dedicated to a symposium at the Univ. of Wisconsin, 10-12 April, 1967. Howard, Harry N., ‘Greece and the United Nations, 1946—49: A Summary Account’, The Department of State Bulletin, 19 Sept. 1949, vol. 21, no. 533. ‘The development of a United States policy in the Near East, 1945-1951: an historical note’, 2 parts. The Department of State Bulletin, 19 and 26 Nov. 1951, vol. 25, nos. 647-8. Jordan, Philip, ‘Greece in purgatory’. The Nation, 8 Dec. 1945, vol. 161, no. 23, 624-6. Kaiser, David E., ‘Churchill, Roosevelt, and the Limits of Power: A Review Essay’, International Security, vol. 10, no. i. Summer 1985. Kennan, George, ‘The sources of Soviet conduct’. Foreign Affairs, ]\Ay 1947. Kimball, Warren F., ‘Churchill and Roosevelt, the personal equation’. Prologue, Fall 1974. ‘ The naked reverse right: Roosevelt, Churchill, and eastern Europe from TOLSTOY to Yalta — and a little beyond ’, Diplomatic History, vol. 9, no. I, Winter 1985.

Kohler, Foy D., ‘The relief of occupied Greece’, The Department of State Bulletin, 17 Sept. 1944, vol. ii, no. 273. Lutz, F. A., ‘International monetary mechanisms: the Keynes and White proposals’. Essays in International Finance, }\i\y 1943 (Princeton). Mark, Eduard, ‘American policy toward eastern Europe and the origins of the Cold War, 1941-1946: an alternative interpretation’. Journal of American History, vol. 68, no. 2, Sept. 1981. Mastny, Vojtech, ‘Soviet war aims at the Moscow and Teheran Conferences of 1943’, Journal of Modem History, Sept. 1975. ‘Stalin and the prospects of a separate peace in World War II’, American Historical Review, Dec. 1972. ‘The Cassandra in the Foreign Commissariat: Maxim Litvinov and the Cold War’, Foreign Affairs, Jan. 1976. McNeill, William H., ‘The outbreak of fighting in Athens, December, 1944’, The American Slavic and East European Review, vol. 8, no. 4, 1949, 252—61. Miscamble, Wilson D., ‘Anthony Eden and the Truman-Molotov conversa¬ tions, April 1945’, Diplomatic History, vol. 2, no. 2, Spring 1978, 167-80.

Bibliography

21 I

Paterson, Thomas G., ‘Presidential foreign policy, public opinion, and Congress; the Truman years’. Diplomatic History, vol. 3, no. i. Winter 1979, 1-18. Poulos, Constantine, ‘Greek tragedy’. The Nation, 3 Nov. 1945, vol. i6i, no. 18, 450-2. ‘Report from Athens’, The New Republic, 17 Mar. 1947, vol. 114, no. ii, 26-7. ‘The lesson of Greece’, The Nation, 27 Mar. 1948, vol. 166, no. 13, 343-5. Resis, Albert, ‘The Churchill-Stalin secret “Percentages” agreement on the Balkans, Moscow, October 1944’, The American Historical Review, Apr. 1978. Ryan, Henry B., ‘The American intellectual tradition reflected in the Truman Doctrine’, The American Scholar, Spring 1973. ‘Anglo-American relations during the Polish Crisis in 1945’, The Australian Journal of Politics and History, vol. 30, no. i, Winter 1984. ‘A new look at Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech’. The Historical Journal, vol. 22, no. 4, 1979. Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr, ‘Origins of the Cold War’, Foreign Affairs, Oct. 1967. Siracusa, Joseph M., ‘The Night Stalin and Churchill divided Europe: the view from Washington’, The Review of Politics, }\i\y 1981. Sirevag, Torbjorn, ‘The New Deal of War’, American Studies in Scandinavia, no. 2, 1975Stavrianos, L. S., ‘The Greek National Liberation Front (EAM): a study in resistance organization and administration’. Journal of Modem History, March 1952, vol. 24. ‘ The immediate origins of the battle of Athens ’, The American Slavic and East European Review, vol. 8, no. 4, 1949, 239-51. ‘The mutiny in the Greek armed forces, April, 1944’, The American Slavic and East European Review, vol. 9, no. 4, 1950, 302-11. ‘The United States and Greece: the Truman Doctrine in historical perspective’ in Essays in History and International Relations, Dwight E. Lee and George E. McReynolds, eds., Worcester, Mass., 1949. ‘Vacuum in Greece’, The New Republic, 24 Dec. 1945, vol. 113, no. 26, 863-5. Tokayoki, I to, ‘The Genesis of the Cold War: confrontation over Poland, 1941-1944’ in The Origins of the Cold War in Asia, edited by Yonosuke Nagai and Akira Iriye, Tokyo, 1977. Varga, E., ‘Anglo-American rivalry and partnership: a Marxist view’, Foreign Affairs, July, 1947. Vinson, Fred M., and Acheson, Dean, ‘The British Loan - what it means to us’. The Department of State Bulletin, 20 Jan. 1946, vol. 14, no. 342. Wheeler, Mark, ‘ The SOE phenomenon ’ in The Second World War, edited by Walter Laqueur, London, 1982.

Bibliography

212

Wilcox, Clair, ‘The significance of the British Loan’, Department of State Bulletin, 27 Jan. 1946, vol. 14, no. 343. Xydis, Stephen G., ‘America, Britain, and the USSR in the Greek arena, 1944-1947’, Political Science Quarterly, vol. 78, no. 4, 581-96. ‘The secret Anglo-Soviet agreement on the Balkans of October 9, 1944’, The Journal of Central European Affairs, vol. 15, no. 3, Oct. 1955, 248-71.

Ph.D. dissertations

Hughes, Edgar John, ‘Anglo-American Relations and the Formation of the United Nations Organisation’, University of Cambridge, 1973. King, F. P., ‘British Policy, the European Advisory Commission, and the German Settlement (1943-45)’, University of Cambridge, 1975. Zurowski, M. A., ‘British Policy Towards the Polish-Soviet Border Dispute, 1939-45’, University of London, 1975.

Books

(Although some of the books listed have wider scope, the sub-categories indicate the area in which each was principally useful for this study.)

American background Acheson, Dean, Present at the Creation, London, 1970. Barnet, Richard J., Intervention and Revolution: The United States in the Third World, New York, 1968. Bartlett, C. J., The Rise and Fall of the Pax Americana: United States Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century, London, 1974. Berle, Beatrice Bishop and Jacobs, Travis Beal, Navigating the Rapids, igi8-igyi: From the Papers of Adolfe Berle, New York, 1973. Bernstein, Barton J., (ed.). Politics and Policies of the Truman Administration, Chicago, 1970. Bishop, Jim, FDR's Last Tear: April ig44-April ig4g, London, 1975. Blum, John Morton, From the Morgenthau Diaries: vol. 3, Tears of War, ig4i-ig45, Boston, 1967. The Progressive Presidents: Roosevelt, Wilson, Roosevelt, Johnston, New York, 1980. V Was for Victory: Politics and American Culture During World War II, Boston, 1976. Bohlen, Charles E., The Transformation of American Foreign Policy, London, 1970. Witness to History, igsg-igGg, London, 1973. Byrnes, James F., All in One Lifetime, New York, 1956. Speaking Frankly, London, 1947.

Bibliography

213

Campbell, Thomas M. and Herring, George C., (eds.). The Diaries of Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., ig4y-ig46, New York, 1975. Cave Brown, Anthony, The Last Hero: Wild Bill Donovan, New York, 1982. Cochran, Bert, Harry Truman and the Crisis Presidency, New York, 1973. Colby, Benjamin, ’Twas a Famous Victory, New Rochelle, N.Y., 1974. Cole, Wayne S., Roosevelt and the Isolationists, igg2-4g, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1983-

Senator Gerald P. Mye and American Foreign Relations, Minneapolis, 1962. Connally, Tom, with Steinberg, Alfred, My name Is Tom Connally, New York, 1954-

Cornell University Faculty Members, Impact of the War on America, Ithaca, N.Y., 1942. Dallek, Robert, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, igg2-ig4g, Oxford, 1979. (ed.). The Roosevelt Diplomacy and World War II, New York, 1970. Daniels, Jonathan, The Man of Independence, Philadelphia, 1950. While House Witness, ig42-ig4g. New York, 1975. Divine,

Robert A.,

Foreign Policy and US Presidential Elections, vol.

i,

1940-1948, New York, 1974. Roosevelt and World War H, Baltimore, 1969. Second Chance, The Triumph of Internationalism in America During World War II, New York, 1967. Dobney, Frederick J., (ed.). Selected Papers of Will Clayton, Baltimore, 1971. Donovan, Robert J., Tumultuous Years: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1949-1953^ New York, 1982. Gosnell, Harold F., Truman's Crises: A Political Biography of Harry S. Truman, Westport, Conn., 1980. Graebner, Norman, A., (ed.). An Uncertain Tradition: American Secretaries of State in the Twentieth Century, New York, 1961. Halle, Louis J., American Foreign Policy, Theory and Reality, London, i960. Hamby, Alonzo L., Beyond the New Deal: Harry S. Truman and American Liberalism, New York, 1973. The Imperial Years: The United States Since iggg. New York, 1976. Hartmann, Susan M., Truman and the 80th Congress, Columbia, Mo., 1971. Hillman, W., Mr. President: Personal Diaries, Private Letters, Papers, and Revealing Interviews of Harry S. Truman, Thirty-second President of the United States of America, London, 1952. Hull, Cordell, Memoirs, vol. 2, London, 1948, Israel, Fred L., The War Diary of Breckinridge Long: Selections from the Years 1939-1944, Lincoln, Nebr., 1966. Jones, Joseph M., The Fifteen Weeks, New York, 1955. Kennan, George F., Memoirs, ig2g-iggo, Boston, 1967. Kimball, Warren, (ed.), Franklin D. Roosevelt and the World Crisis, 1937-1945, Lexington, Mass., 1973.

Bibliography

214

Kirkendall, Richard Stewart, The Truman Period as a Research Field, Columbia, Mo., 1967. Kolko, Gabriel, Main Currents in Modem American History, New York, 1976. The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose, Boston, 1969-

Lash, Joseph P., Eleanor and Franklin, New York, 1971. Eleanor: The Tears Alone, New York, 1972. Leahy, William D., / U^as There, London, 1950. Lundestad, Geir, The American Non-Policy towards Eastern Europe, ig43-ig47. New York, 1975. McLellan, David S., Dean Acheson: The State Department Years, New York, 1976. Minis, Walter, (ed.). The Forrestal Diaries, London, 1952. Morgenthau, Hans J., American Foreign Policy: A Critical Examination, London, 1952. Published in New York in 1951 under the title In Defence of the National Interest: A Critical Examination of American Foreign Policy. Packenham, Robert A., Liberal America and the Third World, Princeton, 1973. Patton, George S., Jr, War as I Knew It, Boston, 1947. Perkins, Dexter, The New Age of Franklin Roosevelt, ig32-45, Chicago, 1957. Perkins, Frances, The Roosevelt I Knew, New York, 1946. Phillips, Cabell, The Truman Presidency: The History of a Triumphant Succession, New York, 1966. Polenberg, Richard, America at War: The Home Front, ig4i—ig4g, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1968. War and Society: The United States ig4i-ig4g, Philadelphia, 1972. Robinson, Edgar Eugene, The Roosevelt Leadership, ig33-ig45, Philadelphia, 1955-

They Voted for Roosevelt: The Presidential Vote, ig32—ig44, Stanford, 1947. Roosevelt, Elliott, As He Saw It, New York, 1946. Rose, Lisle A., Dubious Victory: The United States and the End of World War H, Kent, Ohio, 1973. Sherwood, Robert E., Roosevelt and Hopkins, an Intimate History, New York, 1948. Published in London, 2 vols., 1948-9, with the title, The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins, an Intimate History. Smith, Gaddis, American Diplomacy During the Second World War, ig4i—ig4g. New York, 1965. Dean Acheson, New York, 1972. Smith, R. Harris, OSS, the Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency, Berkeley, 1972. Stettinius, Edward R., Jr, Roosevelt and the Russians, London, 1950. Stimson, Henry L., and Bundy, McGeorge, On Active Service in Peace and War, New York, 1947.

Bibliography

215

Truman, Harry S., The Autobiography of Harry S. Truman, ed. Robert H. Farrell, Boulder, Colo., 1980. Memoirs, 2 vols. (softcover ed.). New York, 1965. Truman, Margaret, Harry S. Truman, New York, 1973. Tucker, Robert W., The Radical Left and American Foreign Policy, Baltimore, 1971-

Tugwell, Rexford, G., The Democratic Roosevelt: A Biography of Franklin D. Roosevelt, New York, 1957. Vandenberg, Arthur H., Jr (ed.). The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg, Boston, 1952. Venkataramani, M. S., The Sunny Side of FDR, Athens, Ohio, 1973. Ward, Patricia Dawson, The Threat of Peace: James F. Byrnes and the Council of Foreign Ministers, Kent, Ohio, 1979. White, Theodore, H. (ed.). The Stilwell Papers, London, 1949. Williams, William Appleman, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (rev. edn). New York, 1972. Young, Roland A., Congressional Politics in the Second World War, New York, 1956.

British background and Anglo-American relations

Allen, H. C., Great Britain and the United States, London, 1954. The Anglo-American Predicament, London, 1960. The Anglo-American Relationship Since lySg, London, 1959. Anderson, Terry H., The United States, Great Britain and the Cold War, ig44-ig4y, Columbia, Mo., 1981. Aster, Sidney, Anthony Eden, London, 1976. Attlee, Clement R., As It Happened, London, 1954. Barker, Elisabeth, The British Between the Superpowers, ig45-50, Toronto, 1983. Churchill and Eden at War, London, 1978. Barnett, Correlli, The Collapse of British Power, London, 1972. Bartlett, C.J., The Long Retreat: A Short History of British Defense Policy, 1945-70, London, 1971.

Bell, Coral, The Debatable Alliance: An Essay in Anglo-American Relations, Oxford, 1964. Berlin, Isaiah, Mr Churchill in 1940, London, 1949. Birkenhead, Lord, Halifax, London, 1965. Blum, John Morton, From the Morgenthau Diaries: vol. 3, Tears of War, 1941-1945, Boston, 1967. Bullock, Alan, The Life and Times of Ernest Bevin, vols. 2 and 3, London, 1967, 1983-

Calvocoressi, Peter, The British Experience, i945~75i London, 1978-

Bibliography

2i6

Campbell Johnson, Alan, Sir Anthony Eden: A Biography, London,

1955-

Viscount Halifax: A Biography, London, 1941. Carlton, David, Anthony Eden: A Biography, London, 1981. Churchill, Winston S., The Second World War, 6 vols., London, 1948-54. Cyr, Arthur L, British Foreign Policy and the Atlantic Area: The Techniques of Accommodation, New York, 1979. Dalton, Hugh, High Tide and After: Memoirs, ig45-ig6o, London, 1962. The Fateful Years: Memoirs, 1931-1945, London, 1957. Dilks, David, (ed.). The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 1938-1945, London, 1971-

Eden, Anthony, The Eden Memoirs - The Reckoning, London, 1965. Fitzsimons,

M. A.,

The Foreign

Policy of the British Labour Government,

1945-1951, Notre Dame, Indiana, 1953. Frankel, Joseph, British Foreign Policy, 1945-1973, London, 1975. Gardner, Richard N., Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy (rev. edn), New York, 1969. Gilbert, Martin, (ed.), Churchill, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1967. Churchill's Political Philosophy, Oxford, 1981. Winston S. Churchill, vol. 6, ‘Finest Hour, 1939-1941 ’, London, 1983. Gleason, John Howes, The Genesis of Russophobia in Great Britain, Cambridge, Mass., 1950. Gore-Booth, Lord, With Great Truth and Respect, London, 1974. Halifax, Lord, Fulness of Days, London, 1957. Hall, H. Duncan, North American Supply, London, 1955. Halle, Kay, (ed.), Winston Churchill on America and Britain, New York, 1970. Harrod, Henry Roy Forbes, The Life of John Maynard Kgmes, London, 1951. Hathaway, Robert, Ambiguous Partnership: Britain and America, 1944-1947, New York, 1981. Higgins, Trumbull, Winston Churchill and the Second Front, 1940-1943, New York, 1957. Hinsley, F. H., British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations, vols. i and 2, London, 1979 and 1981. Horsefield, John Keith, The International Monetary Fund, 1945-1963, 3 vols., Washington, 1969. Humes, James C., Churchill, Speaker of the Century, New York, 1980. Ismay, Lord, Memoirs, London, i960. Jenkins, Roy, Mr. Attlee: An Interim Biography, London, 1948. Kennedy, Paul, The Realities Behind Diplomacy: Background Influence on British External Policy, 1865—1980, London, 1981. Kimball, Warren, The Most Unsordid Act: Lend Lease, 1939-1941, Baltimore,

1969Lash, Joseph P., Roosevelt and Churchill, 1939-1941: The Partnership That Saved the West, New York, 1976. Lee, J. M., The Churchill Coalition, 1940-1945, London, 1980. Lewin, Ronald, Churchill as Warlord, London, 1973.

Bibliography

217

Louis, Wm Roger, Imperialism at Bay, Oxford, 1977. Mansergh, Nicholas, Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs: Problems of Wartime Co-operation and Post-War Change, 1939-1952, London, 1958. Moggridge, D. E., Keynes, London, 1976. Montgomery, Bernard Law, Memoirs, London, 1958. Moore, R. J., Churchill, Cripps, and India, 1939-1945, New York, 1979. Moran, Lord, Winston Churchill, A Struggle for Survival, 1940-1965,London, 1966. Murphy, J. T., Labour's Big Three: A Biographical Study of Clement Attlee, Herbert Morrison and Ernest Bevin, London, 1948. Nicholas, H. G., Britain and the United States, Baltimore, 1963. The United States and Britain, Chicago, 1975. (ed.), Washington Dispatches, 1941—1945: Weekly Political Reports from the British Embassy, Chicago, 1981. Nicholson, Nigel, (ed.), Harold Nicholson, Diaries and Letters, 1930-62, 3 vols., London,1966-8. Parker, Henry Michael Denne, Manpower: A Study of War-time Policy and Administration, London, 1957. Felling, Henry, Britain and the Second World War, Glasgow, 1970. Winston Churchill, London, 1974. Pilpel, Robert H., Churchill in America, 1895-1961: An Affectionate Portrait, London, 1977. Rees, David, Harry Dexter White: A Study in Paradox, London, 1973. Reynolds, David, The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance, 193^-41: A Study in Competitive Co-operation, London, 1981. Lord Lothian and Anglo-American Relations, 1939-1940, Philadelphia, 1983. Sayers, R. S., Financial Policy, 1939-1945, London, 1956. Sbrega, John J.,

Anglo-American Relations and Colonialism

in

East Asia,

1941-1945, New York 1983. Schoenfeld, Maxwell Philip, The War Ministry of Winston Churchill, Ames, Iowa, 1972. Scott, J. D. and Hughes, Richard, The Administration of War Production, London, 1955. Strang, William, Home and Abroad, London, 1956. Taylor, A. J. P., Beaverbrook, London, 1972. (ed.), Churchill Revised, A Critical Assessment, New York, 1969. Also published in London as Churchill, Four Faces and the Man, 1969. English History, 1914-1945, Oxford, 1965. Thorne, Christopher, Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain, and the War Against Japan, 1941-1945, London, 1978. Watt, Donald C., Personalities and Policies: Studies in the Formulation of British Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century, London, I9h5' Williams, Francis, A Prime Minister Remembers, London, 1961. Ernest Bevin: Portrait of a Great Englishman, London, 1952. Nothing So Strange, an Autobiography, London, 1970.

Bibliography

2i8

Wilson, Henry Maitland, Eight Years Overseas, 193^-1947, London, 1950. Windrich, Elaine, British Labour's Foreign Policy, Stanford, 1952. Woodcock, George, Who Killed the British Empire?, London, 1974. Woodhouse, C. M., British Foreign Policy Since the Second World War, London, 1961. Woodward, Llewellyn, British Foreign Policy in the Second World War, 5 vols., London, 1970-6.

Background on the USSR Bialer, Seweryn, Stalin and His Generals: Soviet Military Memoirs of World War II, New York, 1969. Deane, John R., The Strange Alliance, London, 1947. Deutscher, Isaac, Stalin, a Political Biography, New York, 1967. Djilas, Milovan, Conversations with Stalin, New York, 1962. Fischer, Louis, Russia’s Road from Peace to War: Soviet Foreign Relations, 1917-1941, New York, 1969. The Life and Death of Stalin, London, 1953. The Road to Yalta: Soviet Foreign Relations, 1941-1943, New York, 1972. Gallagher, Matthew P., The Soviet History of World War II: Myths, Memories and Realities, New York, 1963. Harriman, W. Averell, Peace with Russia? London, i960. Mackintosh, Malcolm, Juggernaut: A History of the Soviet Armed Forces, London, 1967. Maisky, Ivan, Memoirs of a Soviet Ambassador: The War, 1939-43, London, 1967. McCagg, William O., Jr, Stalin Embattled, 1943-1948, Detroit, 1978. Payne, Robert, The Rise and Fall of Stalin, New York, 1965. Ponomaryov, B., Gromyko, A., Khuostov, V., History of Soviet Foreign Policy, Moscow, 1974. Shtemenko, S. M., The Soviet General Staff at War, Moscow, 1970. Snowden, Mrs Philip (Ethel), Through Bolshevik Russia, London, 1920. Standley, William H., and Ageton, A. A., Admiral Ambassador to Russia, Chicago, 1955. Ulam, Adam B., Expansion and Coexistence: The History of Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-63, London, 1968. A History of Soviet Russia, New York, 1976. Stalin: The Man and his Fra, London, 1974. Werth, Alexander, Russia at War, 1941-19,^3, London, 1964. Zhukov, Georgi K., Marshal Jhukov's Greatest Battles, New Y ork, 1969. The Memoirs of Marshal J^hukov, London, 1971. Ziemkc, Earl I., Stalingrad to Berlin: the (terman Defeat in the Fast, Washington, 1968.

Bibliography

219

The Greek crisis of the mid-ig40s Alexander, George M., The Prelude to the Truman Doctrine: British Policy in Greece, ig44-ig47, Oxford, 1982. Amen, Michael Mark, American Foreign Policy in Greece, ig44-ig4g: Economic, Military and Institutional Aspects, Frankfurt on Main, 1978. Auty, Phyllis, and Clogg, Richard, British Policy Towards Wartime Resistance in Yugoslavia and Greece, London, 1975. Averoff-Tossizza, Evangelos A., By Fire and Axe: The Communist Party and the Civil War in Greece, ig44~ig4g. New Rochelle, N.Y., 1978. Barker, Elisabeth, British Policy in South-East Europe in the Second World War, London, 1976. Macedonia, Its Place in Balkan Power Politics, London, 1950. Truce in the Balkans, London, 1948. Campbell, John K., and Sherrard, Philip, Modern Greece, London, 1968. Candilis, Wray O., The Economy of Greece, ig44—66: Efforts for Stability and Development, New York, 1968. Carey, Jane and Andrew, The Web of Modem Greek Politics, New York, 1968. Chandler, Geoffrey, The Divided Land: An Anglo-Greek Tragedy, London, 1959. Condit, D. M., Case Study in Guerrilla War: Greece during World War II, Washington, 1961. Eudes,

Dominique,

The

Kapetanios:

Partisans and Civil

War in

Greece,

1943-1949- London, 1972. Genevoix, Maurice, The Greece of Karamanlis, London, 1973. Hamson, Denys, We Fell Among Greeks, London, 1946. latrides, John O. (ed.). Ambassador MacVeagh Reports: Greece, ig33-ig47, Princeton, 1980. Balkan Triangle: Birth and Decline of an Alliance Across Ideological Boundaries, The Hague, 1968. Revolt in Athens, Princeton, 1972. ed., Greece in the ig4o’s: A Bibliographic Companion, Hanover, N.H., 1981. ed., Greece in the ig4o’s: A Nation in Crisis, Hanover, N.H., 1981. Kofos, Evangelos, Nationalism and Communism in Macedonia, Thessaloniki, 1964. Koumoulides, John T. A. (ed.), Greece in Transition: Essays in the History of Modem Greece, London, 1977. Kousoulos, D. George, Revolution and Defeat: The Story of the Greek Communist Party, London, 1965. Kuniholm, Bruce Robellet, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conflict and Diplomacy in Iran, Turkey and Greece, Princeton, 1980. Leeper, Reginald, When Greek Meets Greek, London, 1950. Legg, Keith R., Politics in Modern Greece, Stanford, 1969. Macmillan, Harold, The Blast of War, tg3g-ig45, London, 1967.

Bibliography

220

McNeill, William H., Greece: American Aid in Action, 1947-195^, New York,

1957' The Greek Dilemma: War and Aftermath, London, The Metamorphosis of Greece Since World War

11,

1947-

Chicago, 1978-

Myers, E. C. W., Greek Entanglement, London, 1955. North, John, (ed.). The Alexander Memoirs, 1940-1945, London, 1962. O’Ballance, Edgar, The Greek Civil War, 1944-1949, London, 1966. Papandreou, Andreas, Democracy at Gunpoint, London, 1971. Papandreou, George, The Liberation of Greece, Athens,

1945-

The Third War, Athens, 1948. Papastratis, Procopis, British Policy Towards Greece During the Second World War, 1941-1944, Cambridge, 1984. Pyromaglou, K., The National Resistance, Athens, 1947. Queen Frederica of the Hellenes, A Measure of Understanding, London, 1971. Rousseas, Stephen, The Death of a Democracy: Greece and the American Conscience, New York, 1967. Sarahs, Stefanos, Greek Resistance Army: The Story of ELAS, London, 1951. Stavrianos, L. S., Greece: American Dilemma and Opportunity, Chicago, 1952. Sweet-Escott, Bickham, Baker Street Irregular, London, 1965. Greece : A Political and Economic Survey, 1939-1953, London, 1954. Tsoucalas, Constantine, The Greek Tragedy, Harmondsworth, 1969. Tsouderos, E. L, Greek Anomalies in the Middle East, Athens, 1945. Voigt, F. A., The Greek Sedition, London, 1949. Wittner, Lawrence, S., American Intervention in Greece, 1943-1949, New York, 1982. Woodhouse, C. M., Apple of Discord, London, 1948. Something Ventured, London, 1982. The Struggle for Greece 1941-1949, London, 1976. Xydis, Stephan G., Greece and the Great Powers, 1944-1947, Thessaloniki, 1963. Young, Kenneth, The Greek Passion: A Study in People and Politics, London,

I969’

The Polish crisis of the mid-i940s Anders, W., An Army in Exile: The Story of the‘Second Polish Corps, London, 1949-

Bor-Komorowski, Tadeusz, The Secret Army, London, 1950. Borsody, Stephen, The Triumph of Tyranny, New York, i960. Bromke, Adam, Poland's Politics: Idealiam vs. Realism, Cambridge, Mass., 1967. Bruce, George, The Warsaw Uprising, London, 1972. Ciechanowski, Jan M., Defeat in Victory, London, 1948. Cicchanowski, Jan M., The Warsaw Rising of 1944, Cambridge, 1974. Davies, Norman, White Eagle, Red Star, London, 1972.

Bibliography

221

Davis, Lynn Etheridge, The Cold War Begins: Soviet-American Conflict over Eastern Europe, Princeton, 1974. De Zayas, Alfred M., Nemesis at Potsdam: The Anglo-Americans and the Expulsion of the Germans — Background, Execution, Consequences, Boston, 1977. Debicki, Roman, Foreign Policy of Poland, igig-ig^g, London, 1963. Dziewanowski, M. K., The Communist Party in Poland: An Outline of History, Cambridge, Mass., 1959. Halecki, Oskar, A History of Poland, London, 1976. (ed.), Poland, New York, 1957. Korbonski, Stefan, Fighting Warsaw, London, 1956. Kot, Stanislaw, Conversations with the Kremlin and Dispatches from Russia, London, 1963. Kusnierz, Bronislaw, Stalin and the Poles: An Indictment of the Soviet Leaders, London, 1949. Lane, Arthur Bliss, I Saw Freedom Betrayed, London, 1949. Published in Indianapolis in 1948 with the title / Saw Poland Betrayed. Lukas, Richard C., Bitter Legacy: Polish-American Relations in the Wake of World War H, Lexington, Ky., 1982. The Strange Allies:

The United States and Poland, ig^i-igqg, Knoxville,

Tenn., 1978. Mackiewicz, Joseph, The Katyn Wood Murders, London, i95*Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw,

The Pattern of Soviet Domination, London,

1948.

Published in New York, 1948, with the title The Rape of Poland. O’Malley, Owen, The Phantom Caravan, London, 1954. Orska, Irena, Silent is the Vistula, London, 1946. Ostaszewski, Jan, Modem Poland Between East and West: Six Essays, London, 1971Polish Cultural Foundation, The Crime of Katyn, London, 1965.

Polonsky, Antony, Politics in Independent Poland, igsi-iggg, Oxford, 1972. The Little Dictators: The History of Eastern Europe Since igi8, London, 1975. Pomian, John, (ed.), Joseph Retinger: Memoirs of an Eminence Grise, Brighton, 1972. Raczynski, Edward, In Allied London, London, 1962. Radziwill, Michael, One of the Radziwills, London, 1971. Roos, Hans, A History of Modern Poland, London, 1966. Rossi, A., The Russo-German Alliance, London, 1950. Rozek, Edward J., Allied Wartime Diplomacy: A Pattern in Poland, New York, 1958-

Umiastowski, R., Poland, Russia and Great Britain, igqi-igqg: A Study of Evidence, London, 1946. Russia and the Polish Republic, igiS-igqi, London, 1945. Wagner, Wolfgang. The Genesis of the Oder—Neisse Line, 2 vols., Stuttgart, 1957-

Bibliography

222

Wynot, Edward D., Jr, Polish Politics in Transition: The Camp of National Unity and the Struggle for Power, 1935-1939, Athens, Ga., 1974. Zagorski, W., Seventy Days, London, 1957. Zawodny, J. K., Death in the Forest: The Story of the Katyn Forest Massacre, London,1962. Zweig, Ferdynand, Poland Between Two fVars: A Critical Study of Social and Economic Changes, London, 1944.

World War

11 and general

background

Allison, Graham T., Essence of Decision, Boston, 1971. Ambrose, Stephen E., Eisenhower and Berlin, 1945: The Decision to Halt at the Elbe, New York, 1967. The Supreme Commander: The War Years of General Dwight D. Eisenhower, London,1971. Beitzell, Robert, The Uneasy Alliance: America, Britain and Russia, 1941-1943, New York, 1972. Benes, Eduard, Memoirs of Dr. Eduard Benes: From Munich to New War and New Victory, London, 1954. Bromke, Adam, and Uren, Philip E., eds.. The Communist States and the West, London, 1967. Bryant, Arthur W. M., The Turn of the Tide, 1939-43, London, 1957. Triumph in the West, 1943-46, London, 1959. Butler, J. R. M., Grand Strategy, vol. 3, part 2, London, 1964. Calvocoressi, Peter, and Wint, Guy, Total War: Causes and Courses of the Second World War, London, 1972. Clemens, Diane, Yalta, Oxford, 1970. Coakley, Robert W., and Leighton, Richard M., Global Logistics and Strategy, 1943-1945, Washington, 1968. Deibel, Terry and Roberts, Walter R., Culture and Information: Two Foreign Policy Functions, Beverly Hills, Cal., 1976. Ehrman, John, Grand Strategy, vol. 5, London, 1956. Grand Strategy, vol. 6, London, 1956. Eisenhower, Dwight D., Crusade in Europe, London, 1948. Feis, Herbert, Between War and Peace: The Potsdam Conference, Princeton, i960. Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin: The War They Waged and the Peace Thgy Sought, Princeton, 1957. Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy, London, 1964. The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War

11,

Princeton, 1966.

Gimbel, John, The Origins of the Marshall Plan, Stanford, 1976. Graebner, Norman A., The Age of Global Power, New York, 1979. Gwyer, J. M. A., Grand Strategy, vol. 3, part i, London, 1964.

Bibliography

223

Hammond, Thomas T., (ed.), The Anatomy of Communist Takeovers, New Haven, Conn., 1975. Harriman, W. Averell, America and Russia in a Changing World, London, 1971. Harriman, W. Averell, and Abel, Elie, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, ig4i-ig46, London, 1976. Hinsley, Francis Harry, Nationalism and the International System, London, 1973. Power and the Pursuit of Peace: Theory and Practice in the History of Relations Between States, Cambridge, 1963. Howard, Michael, Grand Strateg)), vol. 4, London, 1972. The Mediterranean Strategy in the Second World War, London, 1968. King, F. P., The New Internationalism: Allied Policy and the European Peace, 1939-1945, Newton Abbot, Devon, 1973. Kirk, George, The Middle East, 1949-1990, London, 1954. Kolko, Gabriel, The Politics of War: Allied Diplomacy and the World Crisis of 1943-5^ London, 1969. Laqueur, Walter Ze’ev, Europe Since Hitler, London, 1970. (ed.), The Second World War: Essays in Political and Military History, London, 1982. Liddell Hart, B. H., History of the Second World War, London, 1970. Lukacs, John A., The Great Powers and Eastern Europe, New York, 1953. Mackesey, Kenneth, The Partisans of Europe in World War H, London, 1975. McNeill, William Hardy, America, Britain and Russia: Their Co-operation and Conflict, 1941-1946, London, 1953. Mee, Charles L., Jr, Meeting at Potsdam, New York, 1975. Michel, Henri, The Second World War, London,

1975-

The Shadow War: Resistance in Europe, 1933-1949, London, 1972. Miller, Merle, Plain Speaking, London, 1974. Neumann, William L., After Victory: Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin and the Making of the Peace, New York, 1967. Pearson, Lester B., Memoirs, vol. i, 1897-1948, ‘Through Diplomacy to Politics’, London, 1973. Rose, Lisle A., After Yalta, New York, 1973. Schwarz, Urs, Confrontation and Intervention in the Modem World, Dobbs Ferry, NY, 1970. Seton-Watson, Hugh, Eastern Europe Between the Wars, 1918-1941 (3rd ed.), Cambridge, 1962. Sherwin, Martin J., A World Destroyed: The Atomic Bomb and the Grand Alliance, New York, 1975. Snell, John L., (ed.), The Meaning of Yalta, Baton Rouge, 1956. Stoler, Mark, The Politics of the Second Front, Westport, Conn., 1977. Taylor, A. J. P., The Second World War: An Illustrated History, London, 1975. Theoharis, Athan G., The Yalta Myths: An Issue in US Politics, r945~^955> Columbia, Mo., 1970-

Bibliography

224

Toynbee, Arnold and Veronica, Hitler's Europe, London, 1954. The Realignment of Europe, London, 1955. Trevor-Roper, Hugh, (ed.). The Goebbels Diaries: The Last Days, London, 1978. Published in New York with the subtitle, Einal Entries, ig4J. Welles, Sumner, Seven Major Decisions, London, 1951. The Time for Decision, London, 1944. The World of the Eour Ereedoms, London, 1944. Where Are We Heading?, London, 1947. Wheeler-Bennett, John and Nicholls, Anthony, The Semblance of Peace: The Political Settlement After the Second World War, London, 1972. Willkie, Wendell, One World, London, 1943. Wilmot, Chester, The Struggle for Europe, London, 1952. The Cold War and its origins Alperovitz, Gar, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam, London, 1966. Ambrose, Stephen E., Rise to Globalism, London, 1971. Aron, Raymond,

The Imperial Republic: the United States and the

World,

1945-1973^ London, 1975. Davis, Lynn Etheridge, The Cold War Begins: Soviet-American Conflict over Eastern Europe, Princeton, 1974. Divine, Robert A., Since ig4g: Politics and Diplomacy in Recent American History, New York, 1975. Doenecke, Justus D., Not to the Swift: The Old Isolationists in the Cold War Era, Lewisburg, Pa., 1979. Donovan, Robert J., Conflict and Crisis: The President of Harry S. Truman, ’945-1948^ New York, 1977. Douglas, Roy, From War to Cold War, ig42-48. New York, 1981. Feis, Herbert, From Trust to Terror: The Onset of the Cold War, 1945-1950, London, 1970. Fleming, Denna Frank,

The Cold War and Its Origins, igij-60, 2 vols.,

London,1961. Fontaine, Andre, The History of the Cold War: From the October Revolution to the Korean War, igiy~ig50. New York, 1968. Freeland, Richard M., The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of McCarthyism: Foreign Policy, Domestic Politics, and Internal Security, ig4&-ig48. New York, 1972. Gaddis, John Lewis,

The United States and the Origins of the Cold War,

m‘-i947> New York, 1972. Gardner, Brian, The Wasted Hour: The Tragedy of ig45, London, 1963. Gardner, Lloyd C., Architects of Illusion, Chicago, 1970. Gardner, Lloyd C., Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr, and Morgenthau, HansJ., The Origins of the Cold War, Waltham, Mass., 1970.

Bibliography Goldman, Eric,

225 The Crucial Decade —and After: America, ig^^-igGo, New

York, 1966. Graebner,

Norman

A.,

Cold

War

Diplomacy:

American

Foreign

Policy,

1945-1960, Princeton, 1962. (ed.). The Cold War: Ideological Conflict or Power Struggle?, Boston, 1963. Halle, Louis J., The Cold War as History, New York, 1967. Hammond, Paul Y., The Cold War and Detente: American Foreign Policy Process Since 1945, New York, 1975. Herz, Martin F., Beginnings of the Cold War, Bloomington, Ind., 1966. Horowitz, David, The Free World Colossus: A Critique of American Foreign Policy in the Cold War (rev. edn). New York, 1971. Kaiser, Robert G., Cold Winter, Cold War, London, 1974. Kolko, Joyce and Gabriel, The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1954, New York, 1972. LaFeber, Walter, America, Russia and the Cold War, 1945-1^61511^5, New York, 1967, 1972, 1976 (three edns). Lippmann, Walter, The Cold War, London, 1947Lukacs, John A., A History of the Cold War, New York, 1961. Maddox, Robert James,

The New Left and the Origins of the Cold War,

Princeton, 1973. Mastny, Vojtech, Russia's Road to the Cold War, New York, 1979. Nagai, Yonosuke, and Iriye, Akira, (eds.). The Origins of the Cold War in Asia, Tokyo, 1977. Paterson, Thomas G., (ed.). Cold War Critics: Alternatives to American Foreign Policy in the Truman Years, Chicago, 1971. On Every Front: The Making of the Cold War, New York, 1979(ed.). The Origins of the Cold War, Lexington, Mass., 1970. Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War, Baltimore, 1973. Rapoport, Anatol, The Big Two: Soviet-American Perceptions of Foreign Policy, Indianapolis, 1971. Roth well, Victor, Britain and the Cold War, 1941-1945, London, 1982. Schlesinger, Arthur M., The Vital Center, Boston, 1949. Schuman, Frederick L., The Cold War: Retrospect and Prospect, Baton Rouge, 1962. Seabury, Paul, The Rise and Decline of the Cold War, New York 1976. Siracusa, Joseph M., New Left Diplomatic Histories and Historians: The American Revisionists, Port Washington, NY, 1973. Siracusa, Joseph M. and Barclay, Glen St John (eds.). The Impact of the Cold War, Reconsiderations, Port Washington, NY, 1977. Smith, Arthur L., Jr, Churchill's German Army: Wartime Strategy and Cold War Politics, 1943-1947, Beverly Hills, 1977.

Bibliography

226

Spanier, John W., American Foreign Policy Since World War II (8th rev. edn), New York, 1980. Thompson, Kenneth VV., Cold War Theories, vol. i, ‘World Polarization, •943-1953’. Baton Rouge, La., 1981. Ulam, Adam B., The Rivals: America and Russia Since World War II, London, 1973-

Yergin, Daniel, Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State, Boston, 1977.

INDEX

Acheson, Dean 54, 69, 168

Belgium 108-9, "*8, 139, 148

aid 161, 165-6, 172

Berle, Adolfe 68, 128, 129

Air Transport Agreement (1946) 69

Berlin 98, 191 n. 67

Albania 166

Berlin, Isaiah 140, 199 n. 6

Allied Supreme Council 75

Bermuda Agreement (1946) 68

Amery, Leo S. 3, 57, 183 n. 19

Bessarabia 122

‘ Anglo-America ’ 1-8, 17-20, 170-1

Bevin, Ernest

a military alliance? 43, 170, 171 and triangularity 5-6, 47-8 see also United Kingdom: relationship with US appeasement 118, 119 see also Munich Agreement

and Greece 159, 160, 162-3, *87. 168, 202 n. 18 and image of UK in US 38 and US-UK relations 4, 56-7, 59, 66-7, 163, i74n. 4, 175 n.

Arciszewski, Tomasz 83, 89

Bierut, Boleslaw 190 n. 17

Arkansas Gazette 140

‘Big Three’ 5, 42, 47

article VII (Mutual Aid Agreement) 57.

58

Atlantic Charter 83, 142, 149

see also triangularity Bohlen, Charles E. 97, 103, 106, 113, 193 n. 14

atomic bomb 79, U2

Bor-Komorowski, T. 188 n. 8

Attlee, Clement

border arrangements 83

and ‘Anglo-America’ 3

I

and USSR 7, 164

see also Poland: boundaries

and Greece 3, 159, 162

Bracken, Brendan 23, 24, 26, 176 n. 26

and Lend-Lease 60

Brazil 200 n. 27

and US imperialism 38

Breslau 88

and USSR 7, 164

Bricker, Senator 31

Austin, Senator 30 Australia 16

British Information Services 25, 37, 177 n. 28 British Institute of Public Opinion 61

Balfour, John 18, 28

Brooke, Field Marshal Sir Alan 166

Balkans, the 121-2

Bukovina 122

Baltimore Sun 141

Bulgaria 122, 137, 157, 166

Baruch, Bernard 55

Butler, Harold 24, 25

Batt, William 60 BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation)

Butler, Nevile 26

23

Butler, R. A. 18 Byrnes, James F. 167-8, 174^5 n. i

Beaverbrook, Lord and air transport 67, 184 n. 65 and ‘Anglo-America’ 3

Cadogan, Sir Alexander 77, 91, 159, 185 n. II

and economic issues 57“8

Cairo Conference (1943) 131

and oil 62-3, 66

Campbell, Sir Ronald 22, 26, 33, 45,

and image of UK in US 25

114, 194 n. 8

228

Index

Canada i6 Cascrta Agreement (September 1944) 152

Agreement’ 136-7; Poland 92, 94-5; pre-conference meetings 49-53, 181 n. 53

Chamberlain, Neville 91

and Stalin 89, 91, 118

Chicago Daily News 25

and Truman 99, too, 108, 109, 113, 170-1

Chiefs of Staff 171 and Greece 125, 163, 196 n. 14, 197 n. 25 and oil 63 5

and US i, 3, 47, 170-1; ‘equilateral’ world view of 48; isolationism of 31; joint military bases 4-5,

on image of UK in US 25

174 n. 4; image of UK in 22-3, 27;

and USSR 64-5

neutrality of UK in domestic

on Western European coalition 14 China 5, 41, 52 Christian Science Monitor 144 Churchill, Winston Spencer and air transport 67-8, 184 n. 65 and Allied advance into eastern Europe 98, 99, 113, 1910. 67 and ‘ Anglo-America ’ 1-5, 15, 17, 19-20, 43, no, 170-2

politics 44-5; USSR policy 7, 71-2, 98, 105, 171 and USSR 7, 71-2, 98, 117-18, 135-8, 171-2; UK’s limited influence over 77, 79, 89, 185 n. 11 and Western Europtean coalition 14,15 ‘World Council’ 42 at Yalta 79, 87-9 civil aviation 67-9

and Greece 123-60 passim, 163; the

Civil Aviation Conference (1944) 67-8

mutiny 133-4; the OSS 153; the

Clark Kerr, Sir Archibald 38, 52, 115,

plebiscite 128-31; press comment (US) 140, 145, 148; Stettinius’ press statement 148-9; US

116, 118 and Poland 77, 78, 88^, 92-3, 96-7, 114

support/approval 133-4, 138,

Clarke, Major General George 162, 164

151-2. 157. 158-9; USSR agreement on 135-6

Clayton, William 64, 69

Harvard speech 43

Coalition Government 17, 20, 160, 171, 172

and imperial preferences 58, 183 n. 21

Cold War 6, 9-10, 72, 73, 123, 172

as instigator of Cold War 10

colonialism see Empire, British

‘Iron Curtain’ speech i, 2, 4, 170-1 and oil 65-6

Combined ChieE of Staff (CCS) i, 5,

and Parliament as diplomatic

Committee on American Opinion and

weapon, 66, 184 n. 53 and Pearson 35-6

42-3, 45-6, 151, 204 n. 6 the British Empire (Law Committee) 33-5

and ‘Percentages Agreement’ 83, 136-8

Commonwealth, British 4-5, 16, 176 n. 25

and Poland 74, 77-101 passim, 104,

Connally, Tom 42

107-10, 114-19/latrim; composition

Cranbome, Viscount 175 n. 18

of provisional government 90-6; an

Crimea Settlement, see Yalta Conference Cripps, Sir Stafford 17, 18, 19

electoral issue? 91-2, 94, 95, 96, 115-16, 118-19; emigre (London)

Cromer, Earl of 152

government 77, 79, 190 n. 17;

Crowley, Leo 54, 56

Mikolajezyk’s US visit 80^-3; the ‘missing t6’ 109, 115, 194 n. 26;

Cuba 200 n. 27

US support/approval 71-2, 74, 82,

Curzon Line 75, 76, 78-9, 83, 87, 91 Curzon, Lord 75

90, 92-5, 117; at Yalta 79, 87-9

Czechoslovakia 119

and ‘Poor Old England’ 157, 202 n. 6

Daily Express 25

and postwar planning 40, 41-2

Dalton, Hugh 56, 59, 60, 68-9, 168

and Roosevelt 43, 97-8, 131, 190 n. 30; Greece 148-9; ‘Percentages

Damaskinos (Archbishop of Athens) 138, 140

229

Index Darvall, Frank 23 Davies, Joseph 49, 50, 113, 181 n. 53

Eire 16, 176 n. 24

Deane, John R. 97, 103, 106, 188 n. 9,

192 n. 5 El Salvador 200 n. 27

188 n. 17 Donovan, General William 153 Dudley, Alan 26, 33, 34 Dunn, James C. 106

Eisenhower, General Dwight D. 98,

ELAS (Ethnikos Laikos Apelevtherotikbs Stratos - National Popular Liberation Army) 122-4 passim, 132, 142-3, 152

EAC (European Advisory Commission)

46 EAM (Ethnikon Apelevtherotikon Metopon - National Liberation Front) 122-^ passim, 137, 152, 157

see also EAM Empire, British 16, 26-7, 31-8 English-speaking peoples i European Advisory Commission (EAC)

46

and elections 124, 167, 203 n. 42

European regional groupings 14-15

at the Lebanon Conference 134

Export-Import Bank 167

and the mutiny 133 and the OSS 153, 201 n. 39 and Roosevelt-George II affair 131 Economic Advisory Mission (to Greece) 161 economic issues 54^69

Foreign Office (FO) and Air Conference 68 and CCS 180 n. 25 Economic and Reconstruction Department 14

Economist, The 141-2

and Greece 123-4, 126, 135, 143, 153

Eden, Anthony 88, 103

and Poland 91, 96, 97, 100, 114-16,

an alliance for the UK? 14-16

189 n. 12

and ‘ Anglo-America ’ 3

and State Department 39-40, 77

and Beaverbrook 184 n. 65

and US triangularity 47

and EAC 46-7

and US-UK alliance 3, 18-20

and Greece 122, 128-30, 135, 146, 156-7, 201 n. 27

and USSR 7, 15, 20, 121-2, 123 Washington embassy 27, 29, 171,

as instigator of Cold War i o

176-7 n. 6, 199 n. 6; aid to UK 59;

and ‘mixing’ process 39

Air Conference 68; anglophobia

and oil 63 and ‘Percentages Agreement’ 83,

46; anti-colonialism 32; appraisal

136-8 and Poland 78-94100-6

Churchill’s prestige 204 n. 3;

of 1942 elections 179 n. 4; on isolationism 30-1; and Lippmann’s

passim, 114, 117-19; bilateral

US Foreign Policy 30; on Poland

intervention 80; boundary

92-3; and Roosevelt’s interest in oil

negotiations 87, 91; Mikolajczyk’s

63; on Roosevelt’s State of the

US visit 8i; the ‘missing 16’

Union message (1945) 151; on

109-10; the Moscotv meeting

image of UK 22, 24, 26-9, 35; on

(October 1943) 78, 187 n. 27;

involvement of UK in Greece

Warsaw Rising 82, 188 n. 17 and postwar planning 41, 46 and Roosevelt 40-1, 44 and US 4, 40-2, 174 n. 4; India policy of 36; isolationism of 31; image of UK in 22, 24, 32; USSR policy 105, 108 and the USSR 117-18 and Western European coalition

140-4 passim, 149; on US self-confidence 43-4 and Western European coalition, 14 Forrestal, James Vincent, 106 France 14, 15, 17-18, 41 Fraser, Peter, 89 free trade 57-8, 64 Fulton speech, see Churchill: ‘Iron Curtain’ speech

14-15

at Yalta 53, 88 EDES 132

gold standard 58 Gomulka, Wladyslaw 116

230

Index

Greece 72, 121 69, 172

House of Commons 140, 149

aid for 156, 158 69 passim

Howard, D. F. 121-2

civil war 125, 167

Hull, Cordell 36, 41, 42, 64, 86,

elections 124, 159-61, 167, 203 n. 42 guerrillas 123-4; see also EAM; ELAS

179 n. 66 and Greece 128, 129, 135

the mutiny (April 1944) 133

and Poland 78, 82, 187 n. 27

plebiscite 124, 128 34 passim

and US-UK economic relations 54, 55, 183 n. 21

press opinion (UK and US) of 127,

'39-45 as Stalin’s precedent 108 9, 118 UK involvement in 3, 7, 37, 121-69; cooperation with EAM and ELAS

Hungary, 137 Ickes, Harold 42, 62, 63 imperialism, see Empire, British

123-4; economic mission to 156,

India 16, 31-2, 35-6

158-66 passim; and George 11

Indonesia 37

126-30, 160; military intervention

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

and withdrawal 124, 152, 166-8,

57, 58, 174 n. 1, 183 n. 19 internationalism, 151, 155

203 n. 52, 204 n. 56 US involvement in 125-69; economic

see also isolationism

aid 156, 1^8-66 passim, 167;

‘Iron Curtain’ speech see Churchill

military aid 167-9, 204 n. 56

isolationism 21, 29-31, 39-40, 41, 43-4,

US-UK commercial rivalry in 154 USSR involvement in 121-2, 135-8, 156-7, i6o

'55 Isvestia 148 Italy 139, 148

Greek-Americans 129 Grew, Joseph C. 103

Japan 14, 52, 112

Grigg, P.J. 3

Jebb, Gladwyn 14, 15, 16, 39, 180 n. 25

Grubb, K. G. 61

Joint Intelligence Collecting Agency (JICA) 125

Halifax, Earl of

Jordan, Philip 199 n. 4

and Greece 125-6, 148, 150-1, 153; economic mission to 164, 165; US press campaign 143, 145

Katyn Forest massacre 77, 186 n. 15, 187 n. 25

and Pearson 35-6

Keynes, John Maynard 58, 59

and Poland 85, 93, 97

Khrushchev, Nikita 175 n. 7

reports on US opinion 22-3, 30, 31-2, 36, 44, 46

King, Admiral 25, 64, 106, 149-50

and US-UK relations: an alliance? 4,

KKE (Greek Communist Party) 123 Knight, John S. 25

Kirk, Alexander C. 127, 129, 166

19; economic negotiations 58, 59-60, 62, 69; postwar planning 39, 40 Hankey, Lord 19

Konigsberg 83, 87

Harlow, Professor 179 n. 69

Kot, Stanislaw 185 n. 7

Korbonski, Stefan 188 n. 8

Harriman, Averell, 49, 100, 103-6 passim, 136-7 and Poland 82, 87, 88-9, 92-3, 96-7, 110 Harsch, Joseph C. 144-5

Labour Party/Government 3, 17, 56,

'7' and aid 165, 172

Hitler, Adolf 18

and Greece 159-61, 163, 202 h. 18 Laskey, D. S. 154

Hong Kong 40, 179 n. 12

Law Committee 33-5

Hopkins, Harry 35, 41, 44, 49, 53, 67

Law, Richard 26-7, 33, 47, 57, 115

and Greece 130, 150, 199 n. 31

Leahy, Admiral William 98, 106, 150

and Poland 108, 113-16, 194 n. 14

Lebanon Conference (1944) 134

talks with Stalin (May-June 1945) 113-16

Leeper, Reginald 200 n. 6 and Greece 133, 134, 146-7, 152,

231

Index Leeper, Reginald {cont.) 163; aid mission to 156, 161; press reports of 143, 199 n. 15 Lemberg (Lwow) 76, 83, 87, 89 Lend-Lease 16, 54-7, 1740. i Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 182 n. 75

provisional government/elections 88 9, 91-7 passim', the ‘missing 16’ 109 to San Francisco Conference too and Truman 99, 104-8 passim

Life 32, 144, 145

Molotov-Ribbentrop Line 75, 76, 119, 1850.3

Lippmann, Walter 30, 39, 142

Monroe Doctrine 19

Lodge, Senator Henry Cabot, Jr 30, 44,

Montgomery, Bernard Law, 191 n. 67

64

Moran, Lord 3, 137

London 45-6

Morgan, General W. D. 166

Lublin Committee 81

Morgenthau, Henry, Jr 54, 55, 61-2,

meeting with Mikolajczyk 81

64, 174 n.

I

and Poland’s boundaries 87

Morrison, Herbert 14, 37-8

as Poland’s provisional government

Morton, Sir Desmond 32

88-97 passim, 108-9,

192-3 n- 3. >93 n- 16

Moscow Commission, see Polish Commission

recognition 84, 86

Munich Agreement 91, 115-16, 119

USSR treaty with 101-2, 104

Mutual Aid Agreement 57

Luce, Clare Booth 30 Lvov, Lwow (Lemberg) 76, 83, 87, 89

Natiori, The 140, 199 n. 4

MacArthur, General Douglas 25

New Statesman 144

Macmillan, Harold 128, 147, 152, 154,

New York Herald Tribune 141

Nelson, Donald 158, 159

197 n- 35. 200 n. 10 and UK-US mission to Greece 156, 157

McNary, Senator 30 McNeil, Hector 162, 164-5 MacVeagh, Lincoln: and Greece 130-5 passim, 138, 147, 168, 201 n. 31; and aid mission 156, 164, 203 n. 28;

New York Times 141, 142, 144 New Zealand 16 Nichols, J. 18 NKVD (Soviet Security Police) 186 n. 15 Normandy front 51 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) 9, 15, 171, 204 n. 6

and OSS 153 Makins, R. M. 18 manpower 13-14 Mansergh, Dr P. N. S. 61

Oder-Neisse Line 87, 88 OflSce of Strategic Services (OSS) 125, 127, 152-4, 201 n. 39

Marshall, George 106, 107, 168

oil 62-7

Mason, Paul 18 Middle East 62-7 passim

Oil Conference (1944) 63-6

Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw 84, 91, 96,

opinion polls 34-5, 58-9, 61 see also public opinion

loo-i, I to, 116, 186 n. 15 in Hopkins-Stalin talks 114, 115

Pacific dominions 16

visit to Moscow 81, 83

Pan American Airways 154

visit to US 80, 118

Papandreou, George 134, 1960. 17

Ministry of Information (UK) 23-4, 37, 61, 68, 143, 176 n. 4, 177 n. 7

Parliament 65-6, 184 n. 53 Pax Britannica-Americana 3, 117

Ministry of Production (UK) 176 n. 4

Pearson, Drew 24, 35-6

‘mixing’ process 39-53

‘Percentages Agreement’ 83, 136-8

Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich

Philippines 31

and Cairo Conference 52

Phillips, Frederick 48

and ‘Percentages Agreement’ 137

Plastiras, Nicholas 154

and Poland 81, 82, 88-97 passim,

PM 145

io^~^ passim', composition of

Poland 71-2,

73-119,

172

232

Index

Poland [coni.) boundaries 75-6, 87-8 composition of provisional

Roman Catholic Church 59 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano

government 83, 88 -96 passim,

and air transport 68

114-16

and ‘ anglophobia ’ 44

elections 88, 90, 93, 96, 114-15,

and China 41

116 emigre (London) government 73,

and Churchill 43, 97-8, 131,

75-80 po-mm, 86 the‘missing 16’ too, loi, 109, lit, 114, 115, 194 n. 6 partition of 75, 185 n. 3 significance for Churchill and Eden 91. 117-19

UK involvement in 73-4, 75-80, 83-4, 87 loi, 104, 109-10, 114-19;

190 n. 30; and Greece, 148-9; ‘Percentages Agreement’ 136-7; and Poland 92, 94-5; pre-conference meetings 49-53, 181

n. 53 and colonialism 2, 40, 64 and EAC 46 and Eden 40 1, 44 and Greece 127-38 passim ', George II

an electoral issue? 91-2, 95,

128-32, 147; Stettinius’ press

118-19; at Yalta 87-90

statement 148, 200 n. 15; UK

US involvement in 71-2, 73-4, 76, 77-90, 91-117; Roosevelt agrees to approach Stalin 94-5; policy

involvement 135, 138, 151-2; US-UK aid mission 156-8 and Hong Kong 179 n. 12

statement (December 1944) 84-6;

and India 36

Truman’s line 103-9, 110-16; at

internationalism 40-1, 151, 155,

Yalta 87-90 and the USSR 74-90, 93, 95-6, too,

180 n. 13 and Lend-Lease 55, 182 n. 9

101-2, 107-8, 117-18; Katyn

and oil 62-6 passim

Forest massacre 77, 186 n. 15,

and Poland 74, 77-8, 80-97 passim,

187 n. 25; Warsaw Rising 81-2,

117; message to Stalin (April 1945)

188 n. 17

94-6; statement (December 1944)

at Yalta 87-9 see also Lublin Committee; Warsaw Rising Polish-Americans 77, 78, 8i, 89 Polish Commission 96-7, loi, 115 Polish Committee of National Liberation, see Lublin Committee Polish Home Army 81 postwar planning 39-42, 46 Potsdam Conference 55, 88, 113 Prague 98 Pravda 148, 175 n. 7 press, the 22, 68, 139-45, '^o public opinion 21-38

84-6; Warsaw Rising 82-3 postwar planning 40-1 and Stalin 49-53, 78, 79, 180 n. 23, 181 n. 53 State of the Union message (1945)

151. «55 and triangularity 5-7, 43, 47, 97, 117, 156, 172-3 and US-UK relationship 49, 52, 53,

69 and USSR 5, 43, 48-53, 74, 94-6, 98, 158

and Western European coalition 15 ‘world organisation’ 5, 7, 74, 94 Roumania 122, 135, 137, 138, 157, 172 Roumania-Greece arrangement 135-6

Quebec Conference, Second (1944) 25,

35. 5*. 55

Russo-Polish war (1919-21) 75 St Louis Post-Dispatch 140

Radcliffe, Cyril J. 23, 34, 68

San Francisco Conference (1945) 93, 94, loi, 106, 108, 110

Radio Moscow 80, 81, 186 n. 14

Sargent, Orme 97, no, 128, 167,

Readers' Digest 30 Reuter 143 Riga Line 75, 76, 79

193-4 n- 22 Scobie, Lieutenant-General Sir Ronald MacKenzie 143

Index

233

Scott, Sir David 33

triangularity 5-7, 43, 47-8, 97, 172-3

Sforza, Count 148, 149, 150

Trieste (Venezia Giulia) 113, 172

Sikorski, Wladyslaw 77, 186 n. 14

Truman, Harry S. 7, 69, 99, 103,

Slavin, General 188 n. 17 Smuts, Field Marshal Jan Christiaan loi, 130, 197 n. 43 SOE (Special Operations Executive)

Europe 99 and Churchill 99, 100, 108, 109, 113, 170-1

124, 153

Soviet War Mews 186 n. 14 Special Operations Executive (SOE) >24,

111-12 and Allied advance into eastern

and foreign affairs 99, 191 n. 1, 192

n. I

and Greece 160, 167, 169

153

Spry, Graham 33-4

and India 36

Stalin, Joseph 79, 95-6, 118, 122

and Lend-Lease 55

and Churchill 89, 91, 118

and Molotov 99, 104-8 passim

and ‘Percentages Agreement’ 83,

and Poland 74, 83, 100, 104-9, 111,

136-8

113

and Poland 77-8, 81-6 passim, 91-7 passim, too, 108-9, i'5> >88 n. 17

at Potsdam 160 and Stalin 113

and Roosevelt 49-53, 78, 79. 95> 180 n. 23, 181 n. 53

and UK-US relations 105

and Truman 113

and USSR 74, 99, 104-8, 111-13, 160, 171; at 23 April 1945 meeting

Standley, William 97, 181 n. 53

and the UNO 99, 191 n. 1

and civil aviation 68

106-7 Truman Doctrine 7, 106, 112, 169, 172

and the FO 39-40, 77

Tsaldaris, Constantine 167

and Greece 125, 126, 128, 132, 134,

Tsouderos, Emmanuel 133

State Department

152; aid to 162, 164, 165, 168; the

Turkey 167, 168, 169, 172

elections/plebiscite 159 and Poland 84-5, 92-3, 96-7 and triangularity 47

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

sterling 58

foreign exchange 54-5

Stettinius, Edward R., Jr 93, 151,

and Germany 75

189 n. 4, 201 n. 27

and Leninist theory 182 n. 75 manpower 14, 175 n. 7

and EAC 46 and Greece 133, 150-1

and Poland, see Poland

and Poland

in Roosevelt’s ‘world organisation’

passim, 101-7 passim,

109-10

5-6

press statement (5 December 1944)

and UK, see United Kingdom

86, 139. >45. >48-9 and the UK 86, 99, 105

and US, see United States

and US-UK economic relations 54 and Western European coalition 175 n. 16 at Yalta 53 Stimson, Henry 42, 55, 106, 107, 117

and Western European coalition 14,

>5 at Yalta 79 United Kingdom an alliance, need for 13-20 and Cold War 10, 72, 123

Strang, William 46, 180 n. 25

colonial affairs 2, 31-8, 60-1

Swing, Raymond Gram 142, 144

decline 2-3, 6-7, 13-14, 26, 29-30,

Syria 125-6

168-9, 172 elections (1945) 91, 118-19

Taft, Senator 31

foreign exchange 54-5

Teheran Conference (1943) 51, 76, 78,

and Greece, see Greece

79. >31 Times, The 142

as ‘junior partner’ 26, 60, 72 manpower 13-14, >75 n. 7

Index

234 United Kingdom {coni.) and Poland, see Poland public image 21-38; as ‘first-rank’

the press 22, 68, 139-45, 160 public opinion 21-38, 45, 103; on

nation 2& 9, 60 2; as imperialist

UK as imperialist power 31-8;

power 31 8; in the war effort 216,

on UK as ‘junior partner’ 26-9;

177 8 n. 28

on UK’s war effort 21-6; see also

relationship with US; an alliance? 1-2, 17-20, 43, 170, 171; as

isolationism self-confidence 6, 26, 43-7

‘Anglo-America’ 1-3; common

and territorial issues 76

citizenship? 42, 43, 170, 171; the

and USSR 7, 48-9, 71-2, 97-8,

dilemma 5-7, 64, 69; economic

103-4, 111-12, 123, 170-3; at 23

relations 16, 54 69, 154,

April 1945 meeting 106-7;

174-5 n. I; in Greece 72, 121,

79

168-9, 172 [elpassim 121-69); ^fd joint military bases 4-5; obstacles

Yalta

and Western European coalition 15 at Yalta 79, 87-9

to: (isolationism) 29-31, (US nationalism) 43-7, (US press/

Vandenberg, Senator 59, 93

public opinion) 21-38, (US ‘triangularity’) 5-6, 47-53; in

Varkiza Agreement (January 1945) 159, 161

Poland 71-4, 117 -19 {et passim

Venezia Giulia 113, 172

73-119); US policy towards USSR

Vietnam 123, 200 n. 27

7. 71-2, 97-8, 117. 169, 170-3

Vilna 87

relationship with the USSR 7, 14, 29-30, 98; in Greece 121-3, 135-8,

Wallace, Henry 42, 43, 64

163-4; in Poland 71-4, 117-19

Warner, Christopher 97

{et passim 74-119); Treaty (1942)

Warner, E. R. 127

76; limited influence of UK 77, 79,

W’arsaw Government see Lublin Committee

89 Washington embassy, see Foreign Office

Warsaw Rising 81-2, 188 n. 17

at Yalta 87-9

Welles, Sumner 41, 42, 48, 142

see also Foreign Office

Western European coalition 14-15

Washington 47

United Nations Organisation (UNO) 4,

Wheeler, Senator 31

7. 93. '04. 171-2 United Nations Relief and

White, Harry Dexter 61

Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA), 156, 158, 159. 161, 162, 203 n. 28 United States aid programmes, 165-6, 172, 200 n. 27

Whitehead, T. N. 19 Wiley, Senator 30 Willkie, Wendell 30, 32, 45 Wilson, Field Marshal Henry Maitland 24, 25, 150, 151-2 Winant, John 31, 41, 47, 130

as ‘Anglo-America’ 1-3

Witos, Wincenty loi

‘anglophobia’ 43-7, 85

Woodhouse, C. M. 153, 167, 195 n. 1,

Churchill’s prestige in i, 170, 204 n. 3

201 n. 39

and colonialism 2, 30 8

World Bank : 74 n. i

and EAC 46- 7

Wright, Michael 144-5

and Europe’s ‘wily’ diplomats 5, 28 and India 16, 31-2, 35-6, 179 n. 66 armed forces’ eastward advance 98 loan to UK (1945 6) 58 60, 68 9; see also Lend-Lease manpower 14, 175 n. 7 Mediterranean policy 163 and Poland, see Poland

Yalta Conference (1945) 76, 79, 87-97,

*'9 Torkshire Post 142 ‘ Yugoslav model’ 107, 109, 115, 193 n. i6 Yugoslavia, 122, 137, 166

f-

\

\ t'

M • t. .

..

.

.ft

Date Due

BRODART. INC

SUNY COLLEGE AT 8R0CKP0RT

3 2815 00637 5672

O q:

< Q

§0