The Umayyad World 1138913502, 9781138913509

Table of contents :
Cover
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Figures
List of Tables
List of Contributors
Editor’s Acknowledgments
Chapter One Introduction: The Umayyad World
Notes
Part I Political Culture
Chapter Two Living Together: Social Perceptions and Changing Interactions of Arabian Believers and Other Religious Communities During the Umayyad Period
Preliminaries
Umayyads and Christians Before C. 690
The Umayyads and Christians C. 692–750
Notes
Bibliography
Chapter Three Prophetic Dominion, Umayyad Kingship: Varieties of Mulk in the Early Islamic Period
Introduction
Mulk in the Negative
Mulk in the Positive
Conclusion: the Varieties of Mulk
Notes
Bibliography
Chapter Four Ethnicity, Power and Umayyad Society
The Rise and Fall of the People of Maʿadd
Maʿadd in Pre-islamic Arabia
A Question of Method
Maʿadd, Muhammad and the Conquests
Maʿadd and the Umayyads: the Evidence of Poetry
A Maʿadd-less Desert
Maʿaddite Towns
Continuity and Change: Maʿadd and Umayyad Power
Maʿadd and the Genesis of Arab Identity
Defensive Manoeuvres: Maʿadd as the Original Arab
Reactionary Reflexes: Distancing Maʿadd from Arabness
Conclusions
Notes
Bibliography
Chapter Five Umayyad Visual Culture and Its Models
Portable Objects and Monuments as Models
Contested Origins: Geometrical Ornaments
Appropriation Processes and Late Antiquity’s Visual Koine
Notes
Bibliography
Part II Scribes, Administration and Law
Chapter Six Aspects of Umayyad Administration
Introduction
Administrative Divisions and Hierarchy
Fiscal Administration
The Poll Tax
Forced Labour
Marwanid Reforms and Memories of Administrative Change
Multilingualism, Public Documents and the Arabian Background
Memories of Changes and Perceptions of Administrative Violence
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
Chapter Seven the Social and Economic Background of Provincial Administrators in Egypt
Social Factors Behind a Classification of Administrators
Towards a Social Typology of Officials
Changes in the Social Composition of Administrators
Notes
Bibliography
Chapter Eight the Umayyads and the Formation of Islamic Judgeship
Judges
Courts
Procedures
Justice and Umayyad Government
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
Chapter Nine Al-awzaʿi and the Umayyad Influence on Islamic Legal Development
Introduction
Al-awzaʿi and His Works
Al-awzaʿi Beyond His Extant Works
Conclusions
Notes
Bibliography
Chapter Ten the Surrender Agreements: Origins and Authenticity
Treaties Before the Conquests
Treaties in Late Antiquity
Treaties with the Arabians
Local Surrender Agreements Before the Conquests
The Mechanism of Surrender
Surrender Agreements Made Following the Conquests
The Terminology
The Procedure of Surrendering
Actual Copies of the Agreements
The Structure of the Agreements
The Characteristics of the Agreements
A) Oath Formulae
B) Stipulations
C) Payments and Gifts Accompanying Surrender
Detailed Agreements
The Treaty of Alexandria
The Treaty of Jerusalem
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
Part III Regions of the Umayyad World
Chapter Eleven the Umayyad North1: (or: How Umayyad Was the Umayyad Caliphate?)
The Umayyad Family and the Umayyad North
Muʿawiya b. Abi Sufyan
ʿAbd Al-malik and Muhammad b. Marwan
ʿUmar b. ʿAbd Al-ʿAziz
Maslama b. ʿAbd Al-malik
Marwan b. Muhammad
Sources on the Umayyads in the North
Conclusions
Notes
Bibliography
Chapter Twelve Elites in the Countryside: the Economic and Political Factors Behind the Umayyad ‘desert Castles’
Introduction
Umayyad ‘desert Castles’: A Short Survey of Four Sites
Agriculture and Economy
Umayyad Aristocratic Settlements as Agricultural Estates
Politics and Diplomacy
Decentralisation and Mobility
Setting and Visual Expression of Power
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
Chapter Thirteen the Umayyad Red Sea as an Islamic Mare Nostrum
Introduction
Revisionist Approaches to the Red Sea
The Pre-Islamic Period
Direct Connections – Grain Export and Pilgrimage Routes
The Port of Ayla
Mining and Agriculture in Ayla’s Hinterland
Ports, Agriculture, and Mining in the Hijaz
Ports and Mining in Southern Arabia
Trade Connections with East Africa
Conclusion: the Creation of an Islamic Mare Nostrum
Notes
Bibliography
Chapter Fourteen the Umayyads and North Africa: Imperial Rule and Frontier Society
Introduction
The Muslim Conquest of North Africa
Governing Ifriqiya
A Frontier Province: the Role of the Military
The Umayyads and Urban Investment
The Aftermath
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
Chapter Fifteen Conquest and Settlement: What al- Andalus can tell us about the Arab expansion at the time of the ...
The West in the East
Similarities and Dissimilarities in Futuh Accounts
Non- Arab Troops in the Conquering Armies: The Case of the Berbers
The Evidence of Coinage
Notes
Bibliograpy
Chapter Sixteen Ecology, economy, and the conquest of Khurasan
Introduction
Sources
Ecology and Economy As Motivating Forces for Early Muslim Ambitions in Khurasan
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
Part IV Pilgrimage in Mecca and Jerusalem
Chapter Seventeen the Transition from Late Antiquity to Early Islam in Western Arabia
The Pre-islamic Hijaz and the World of Late Antiquity
The Umayyad Hijaz
Early Islam to Late Antiquity?
Notes
Bibliography
Chapter Eighteen Ibn Al-zubayr, the Kaʿba and the Dome of the Rock
Introduction: the Problem
How Did the Meccan Kaʿba Become the Muslim Sanctuary? the Traditional Account
The Historical Background to Ibn Al-zubayr’s Construction of the Kaʿba
Did the Kaʿba Have a Role in the Hajj in the First Century of Islam?
The Nature of Ibn Al-zubayr’s Work on the Kaʿba
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
Chapter Nineteen Umayyad Jerusalem: from a Religious Capital to a Religious Town
Muʿawiya
ʿAbd Al-malik
Al-walid
The FadaʿIl Literature During the Umayyad Period
The Umayyadsʿ Diminished Interest?
Notes
Bibliography
Part V Religion and Identity in the Material Evidence
Chapter Twenty Arabic Rock Inscriptions Up to 750 Ce
Introduction
Pre-Islamic Arabic Inscriptions
The Provenance of the Inscriptions
Palaeographical Features in Early Inscriptions
The Types of the Inscriptions
1a. Building Inscriptions
1b. Epitaphs
1c. Milestone Inscriptions
2a. Supplications to God
2b. Declarations of Faith
2c. Graffiti of the Type Ana Fulan
2d. Qurʿanic Quotations
2e. Waṣiyyas, Graffiti Offering Advice to the Readers
2f. Literary Graffiti
2g. Miscellaneous Graffiti
Why Were Inscriptions Written?
Conclusions
Notes
Bibliography
Chapter Twenty One the Written Transmission of the Qur.an During Umayyad Times: Contextualising the Codex Amrensis 11
Introduction
Part One: the Description of the Codex A.1
The Codex A.1 and the Project Coranica
History of the Codex A.1
Palaeography of Codex A.1
Codicology of the Codex A.1
Textual Analysis: Orthography
Omission of Letters
Additional Letters
Different Letters
Probable Copyists’ Errors or Traditional Practice
Textual Analysis: Diacritical Signs
Consonants
Lam-alif
Diacritical Marks and Variant Readings
Textual Analysis: Division into Verses
Part Two: Contextualising Codex A.1
Palaeography: Codex A.1 and the Lh/a and a Families
Codicology
Textual Comparison: A Tradition Against Others
Orthography
Diacritical Signs and Variant Readings
Lam-alif
Fa and Qaf
Textual Division
Conclusions
Notes
Bibliography
Chapter Twenty Two Christian Art and Visual Culture in Umayyad Bilad Al-sham
Introduction
Attitudes to Christian Buildings in the Literary Sources
The Material Evidence
Iconophobia
Conclusions
Notes
Bibliography
Part VI Limits of Empire
Chapter Twenty Three Kharijism in the Umayyad Period
Introduction
The Sources
Historical Overview of Kharijite Rebellions in the Umayyad Period
Kharijite Thought
Kharijism in Modern Scholarship
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
Chapter Twenty Four Qurashi Marriage and the Roots of Revolt: the Rebellion of ʿAbd Allah b. Muʿawiya, 744–7471
Methodology
The Family Background
ʿAbd Allah b. Jaʿfar the Politician
The Marriages of ʿAbd Allah b. Jaʿfar in Statistical Context
The Marriages of Umm Kulthum Bt. ʿabd Allah and Her Siblings
Qurashi Female Endogamy
Ibn Mu.awiya Reconsidered
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
Chapter Twenty Five How the West Was Won: Unearthing the Umayyad History of the Conquest of the Maghrib
Introduction
Approaches to Early Islamic Historiography
Excavating Ibn ʿabd Al-hakam’s Main Source for the Conquest of the Maghrib
The Umayyad Origins of the Backbone Narrative
Alternative Circulation of the Backbone Narrative
The Backbone Narrative in Changing Contexts
Conclusions
Notes
Bibliography
Chapter Twenty Six Power, Law and Ideology in Umayyad Al-andalus
Research on the Ideology of the Cordoban Umayyads – Principal Themes
Malikism and the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba
Law and Ideology: Hisham I, Al-hakam I and the Jurists
Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
Index