The truth about Trudeau 9780986824210

Citation preview

THE TRUTH ABOUT

TRUDEAU BOB P L A M O N D O N

great river media inc.

The Truth A bout Trudeau Bob Plamondon Great River Media Copyright © 2013 by Bob Plamondon All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyrights hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means — graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or information storage and retrieval systems — without the prior written permission of the publisher, or, in case of photocopying or other reprographic copying, a licence from Access Copyright, the Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency, One Yonge Street, Suite 800, Toronto, Ontario, M5E 1E5. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Plamondon, Bob, author The Truth about Trudeau / Bob Plamondon. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-9868242-1-0 (bound) 32?) 1. Trudeau, Pierre Elliott, 19JÇÆÛ00. 2. Canada - Politics and government 1968-1979. 3. Canada - Politics anckgovernment - From 1980 to 1984. 4. Prime ministers - Canada - Biography. I^jjj^jle. FC626.T7P53 2013 971 064 ‘4092 C 2013-902814-5 Great River Media Inc Suite 500 - 2 5 0 City Centre Avenue Ottawa, ON K 1R 6K 7 www.greatriver.ca For inquiries about the book, or to contact the author, visit: www.truthabouttrudeau.ca Book design: Carole McLachlin Design Printed and bound in Canada

R E CY CLE D Paper made from recycled material

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To Nathaniel, Charlotte, Megan and Michael

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I

TA BLE OF CO N TEN TS Section I chapter

1

chapter 2

International Relations an d N ation al D efen ce

11

The Trudeau doctrine

13

Losing American favour

17

chapter

3

A friend to communists

33

chapter

4

At war with the Canadian military

45

chapter

5

A new world order

53

Section II

The N ation

63

chapter

6

The October Crisis

65

chapter

7

A constitutional obsession

81

chapter

8

Meech, Charlottetown and the 1995 Quebec referendum

119

Section III

T he Ju st Society

135

chapter

9

The Trudeau social doctrine

137

chapter

10

The rich and the poor

141

chapter

11

Native land

149

A Liberal society

155

CHAPTER 12 chapter

13

Multiculturalism and immigration

167

chapter

14

Environmental talk

177

A bilingual nation

183

CHAPTER is chapter

16

Charter of Rights and Freedoms

203

chapter

17

No apologies

219

Section IV chapter 18 chapter

227

The socialist experiment

229

19 Spend like there is no tomorrow

233

Our children will pay

241

21 Unemployment on the rise

251

chapter 20 chapter

T he E con om y

chapter 22

Free enterprise under attack

259

Inflation tergiversation

269

chapter

23

chapter

24 National energy disaster

279

chapter

25 Repairing the damage

289

Section V

Politics an d G overnance

295

chapter

26 Democracy, Parliament and the PMO

297

chapter

27 The politician

309

chapter

28 Election master?

321

Section V I

chapter 29

C onclusion

327

Canada’s most overrated prime minister?

329

Notes

347

Bibliography

379

Acknowledgements

387

Index

391

PREFACE We must concern ourselves with politics, as Pascal said, to m itigate as fa r as p ossib le the dam age don e by the m adness o f our rulers. Pierre E lliot Trudeau

h e r e is m u c h to admire about Pierre Trudeau. He espoused a clear and consistent vision. He demonstrated exceptional intellect and toughness. He charmed a nation with his irrev­ erence and charisma. And he led our country through a rocky period of rising Quebec nationalism when politicians from English Canada struggled in their dealings with la belle province. Our fascination with Canada’s third-longest-serving prime minister has sustained a large catalogue of bestsellers. Many are flattering reflections by his friends and others of like mind and persuasion. Trudeau himself authored or co-authored 11 books covering his time in office. As Winston Churchill reportedly said, “History will be kind to me for I intend to write it.” This literary blitzkrieg paid off. In the 2006 nationwide populist search conducted by the CBC for the G reatest C anadian of all time, Trudeau ranked number three, above all other prime ministers. But Pierre Trudeau is not universally admired. Critics deemed his vision too centrist and his style too arrogant. Pirouettes behind the Queen were not cute, but condescending. Flipping his middle finger at voters in Salmon Arm was not irreverent, but insulting. Yes, Quebec remained in Canada during Trudeau’s tenure, but its nationalist forces grew in response to his intransigence, leading to the near loss of the 1995 Quebec referendum. And Western alienation established

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7

8

THE TRU TH A B O U T TRU DEAU

deep roots as a consequence of Trudeau’s National Energy Program. When B eaver M agazine (now C an ada’s H istory) conducted an online poll in 2 0 0 7 to name “Canada’s worst person,” after the 15,000 ballots were counted, Pierre Trudeau topped the list. Being a great prime minister is about more than winning and losing popularity contests. More important is what a prime minister accomplishes for current and future generations. When we periodically re-examine Macdonald’s vision for Canada, Robert Borden’s wartime policies, R.B. Bennett’s management of the Depression, William Lyon Mackenzie King’s handling of Conscription, and Brian Mulroney’s leap on Free Trade, we are not simply deciding if they were correct in their time, but whether their wisdom and judgment has stood the test of time. As for Trudeau, surely the passions for and against the man have cooled to the point where Canadians can objectively assess how he changed Canada, for better and for worse. Did he leave the nation stronger and more united, or weaker and more divided? Did he prove to be a transformative leader with enduring accomplishments, or a prime minister whose actions have been undone by his successors? When 117 academics and other experts were asked by M aclean’s magazine in 2 0 0 7 to rate our prime ministers, Trudeau ranked number five out of the nine who held office for more than a single term. That’s the middle of the pack, and far below the rating that Trudeau receives in public opinion surveys in which he is consistently rated among the very best prime ministers. But even a cursory review of the record reveals that Trudeau’s critics have a point: • The discrepancy between the strong economic position Trudeau inherited from his predecessor and the calamity he left to his successor could not be more stark. The accumu­ lated deficit under Trudeau rose tenfold, from $19.4 billion to $194.4 billion, or from 25.5 percent of GDP to 43.2 percent. The unemployment rate was 4.5 percent in 1968 versus 11.2 percent in 1984. The annual budgetary deficit was 0.9 percent of GDP in 1968 and 8.3 percent in 1984. Total annual federal spending was $12.9 billion when Trudeau became PM and was $109.2 billion when he quit, leaping from 17 percent of GDP to 24.2 percent. Trudeau’s record on inflation, fueled by government spending that rose an average of close to 15 percent over his 15.5 years in office, was the worst among de­ veloped nations. Under Trudeau, our currency fell 17 percent

PREFACE

9

against the American dollar, 47 percent against the Japanese Yen, and 68 percent relative to the German Mark. While poverty for seniors declined under Trudeau, the gen­ eral income gap between rich and poor Canadians remained unchanged. When he left office, 42.7 percent of unattached seniors lived in poverty, as did one in six children, and 42.5 percent of households headed by women — compared with just 13.2 percent in the early 1960s. It is a myth that Trudeau opened up the country to scores of new immigrants. When he left office, the relative immigration rate was one-third what it was in 1968. In world affairs, Canadians say they were proud to have had a strong intellect representing their country. But Trudeau un­ dermined our alliances, pointlessly annoyed our major trading partners and cozied up to communist dictators. His panache and flair got attention, but did not advance Canadian interests. His talk about North-South, a Third Option, and his peace ini­ tiative were ridiculed. As one American observer commented, Trudeau did not have enough country to satisfy his ambitions. While Trudeau defiantly opposed Quebec separatists and im­ plemented official bilingualism, no prime minister did more damage to national unity. More than 30 years later, the West has not forgiven Trudeau for his National Energy Program. While Trudeau helped win the 1980 Quebec referendum for the NO side, he did so by misleading the people of Quebec — and then implemented constitutional reform that their govern­ ment opposed. Along the way he made life difficult for many federalists on the ground in Quebec who were trying to win hearts and minds. Trudeau’s major judicial achievement, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, is not the panacea its proponents assert. While far from revolutionary, over time the Charter Americanized our constitution, made our culture more litigious, enabled ju­ dicial activism, and gave parliamentarians an excuse to duck sensitive issues. On matters of personal freedom, Trudeau was at best incon­ sistent. He presided over the most serious suspension of civil liberties since World War II — on false pretenses. Rather than responding to a provincial request, the invocation of the War Measures Act in October 1970 was Trudeau’s idea. And for all his purported love of liberty, during his reign Trudeau restrict-

10

THE TRUTH A B O U T TRU D EAU

ed the ability of Canadians to choose their own health care, their music, and the television shows they wanted to watch. • Far from being a “green” prime minister, Trudeau let Canada fall behind the United States on environmental protection. He subsidized the price of oil, invested in the oil sands, and opened the far north for exploration. • Politically, while Trudeau won four of five federal elections, after 1968 he lost every contest outside of the province of Quebec. In his wake, the Liberal Party of Canada has strug­ gled as a national political force. • Even in retirement Trudeau left his mark. When Mulroney and all provincial premiers agreed to a constitutional package at Meech Lake in 1987, Trudeau used his influence to scuttle the deal. Gordon Robertson, a former clerk of the Privy Coun­ cil who served under Pearson and Trudeau, concluded that nothing in Canadian history rivaled the irresponsibility of Trudeau in helping to destroy the only prospect of an agree­ ment that would bring Quebec into willing acceptance of the Constitution. Pierre Trudeau was certainly an intriguing, intelligent, charismatic, visionary and fearless leader. But on the fundamental question of whether he advanced and strengthened the nation, he fell well short of the mark. Canadians may have admired his personal qualities, but we should have been wary of a man with a radical past whose ideas had never been tested. So let us, as Trudeau liked to say, be coolly intelligent and follow reason over passion. Let us examine the evidence, review the record, and learn the truth about Pierre Elliot Trudeau.

SECTION I INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND NATIONAL DEFENCE

11

CHAPTER

1

THE TRUDEAU DOCTRINE

Personally, 1 tend to discount the weight o f our influence in the world.

ie r r e t r u d e a u o n c e said that everything he needed to know about foreign affairs he could read in the New York Times.1 More than a colourful quip, it embodied Trudeau’s libera­ tion from the Department of Foreign Affairs and its more structured approach to diplomacy. Rather than ground foreign policy in our economic and security interests, Canadian foreign affairs became Trudeau’s personal domain. While he produced a few bold ventures and the occasional triumph, more often than not his indulgent forays around the globe infuriated our friends and allies. Derek Burney, who worked at Foreign Affairs in the 1970s, and would go on to serve as our ambassador in Washington under Mulroney, thought Trudeau had panache and flair but was often oblivious or indifferent to Canadian interests. “Trudeau was a consummate actor. He got attention on the world stage, but few results.”2 Many Canadians took pride in how Trudeau could hold his own with world leaders, both intellectually and stylistically. But we have to ask ourselves what we got in return for his displays of bravado.

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prime minister, he downplayed foreign policy as an area of interest. As a middle power, Canada, Trudeau suggested,

WHEN TRUDEAU b e c a m e

13

14

THE TRUTH A B O U T TRU DEAU

should not extend its reach or exaggerate its importance. He harbored no ambitions of Canada punching above its weight. When the Commonwealth conference came up in 1969, the first such international meeting with Trudeau at the helm, he initially refused to attend, calling it a waste of his time.3 Trudeau had once observed that the monarchy was less important to Canada than skiing and snowshoeing, but he didn’t consider its abolition a priority.4 When his officials pointed out that Canada’s foreign minister could not very well sit at the table with heads of government at the conference, Trudeau relented. But after one of the lengthy formal sessions, he made his dissatisfaction known by sliding down a banister with photographers at the ready. The Queen, however, was not amused, calling the stunt “rather disappointing.” Trudeau initially claimed that he had little choice but to get involved in foreign-policy issues, “if only because of the various summits, personal exchanges, and visits that inevitably occur.” In one sense, he did take a passive approach, believing that Canada had no right to interfere in the affairs of another country regardless of how oppressive and offensive their reality might be. Before entering politics, he thought South Africa’s problems so complex and difficult that an outsider could sympathize but not criticize or recommend what course should be pursued.5 In this context, he said that Canada was “not an important nation.”6 “We should be trying to make our own country a good place. Personally, I tend to discount the weight of our influence in the world.”7 But the evidence suggests that he was either being insincere or had changed his mind once he occupied high office. The record shows that when given the opportunity, he made dramatic changes in Canadian foreign policy and made his mark on the world stage. Mark MacGuigan, a foreign affairs minister under Trudeau, captured the reality of his boss’s desire: “Whenever things got interesting, Trudeau pushed me out of his way.”8 Trudeau distanced Canada from our traditional allies and undermined our relations with countries upon whom we relied for trade and national security. At the same time, he cozied up to the enemies of freedom and democracy, thereby lending credibility to brutal regimes that practiced oppression, torture, and imprisonment for political beliefs. When he visited dictators, he made little effort to raise the issue of human rights. His fascination with socialism, even communism, made him unique among western leaders. It proved a lifelong enthrallment, grounded by Trudeau’s socialist inclinations and his many treks to communist

THE TR U D EA U D O C T R IN E

15

countries while a private citizen, places where most foreigners did not often tread. He preferred civility and diplomacy with those operating behind the Iron Curtain to confrontation or estrangement. While Trudeau followed Lester B. Pearson, a Nobel Peace Prize winner and seasoned diplomat, he showed anything but deference to his predecessor. In his early days as prime minister, he launched a comprehensive foreign policy review, which led to the publication of six booklets under the title Foreign Policy fo r Canadians. Under Trudeau’s new blueprint, Canada would give diplomatic recognition to China, put our commitment to NATO on notice, and pledge that we would substantially increase assistance to third world countries. Canada, under Trudeau, would distance itself from its allies to become an increasingly neutral nation. The policy review proposed new initiatives, and attempted to circumvent the Foreign Affairs department and the Canadian diplomatic core. The prime minister’s office, under the watchful eye of his chosen guru Ivan Head (who was seen internationally to speak for the prime minister), became the centre of foreign policy thinking and action. It was Head who co-wrote a book with Trudeau: The Canadian Way: Shaping C an ada’s Foreign Policy, 1 9 6 8-1984. Perhaps the most unusual aspect of Trudeau’s early foreign policy work was the extent to which he diminished the importance and value of Canada’s relationship with the United States. In his comprehensive foreign policy review, America barely rated a mention.

the Liberal Party Dominates Cana­ dian Politics. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2005. — . “ Charisma and Contradiction: The Legacy o f Pierre Elliott Trudeau.” Q ueen’s Quarterly 107. 4 (Winter 2000): 5 90-607. Clarkson, Stephen and Christina M cCall. The Magnificent Obsession. Vol. 1 of Trudeau and Our Times. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1990. — . The H eroic Delusion. Vol. 2 of Trudeau and Our Times. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1994. Claude Couture. Paddling with the Current: Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Étienne Parent, Liberalism, and Nationalism in Canada. Edmonton: University of Alberta. 1998. Cohen, Andrew. A D eal Undone: The Making and Breaking o f the M eech L ake Ac­ cord. Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre, 1990. Cohen, Andrew, and J.L.Granatstein, eds. Trudeau’s Shadow: The L ife and Legacy o f Pierre Elliott Trudeau. Toronto: Random House, 1998. Coleman, Ronald. Just Watch Me: Trudeau’s Tragic Legacy. Bloomington, IN: Trafford Publishing, 2003. Cook, Ramsay. The Teeth o f Time: Remembering Pierre Elliott Trudeau. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2006. Coyne, Deborah. Unscripted: A Life D evoted to Building a Better Canada. EBook, www.deborahcoyne.ca, 2 0 1 3 . Crowley, Brian. Fearful Symmetry: The Rise and Fall o f Canada’s Founding Values. Toronto: Key Porter, 2009. Danson, Barney, with Curtis Fahey. N ot Bad fo r a Sergeant: The Memoirs o f Barney Danson. Toronto: Dundurn, 2002. Davey, Keith. The Rainmaker: A Passion fo r Politics. Toronto: Stoddart, 1986. Dobell, Peter. Canada’s Search fo r N ew Roles: Foreign Policy in the Trudeau Era. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1972. Doern, G. Bruce, and Glen Toner. The Politics o f Energy: The D evelopment and Implementation o f the NEP. Toronto: Methuen, 1985. Donaldson, Gordon. The Prime Ministers o f Canada. Toronto: Doubleday, 1994. Duchaîne, Jean-François. R apport sur les événements d ’octobre 1970. Quebec: M in­ istry of Justice, 1981. Duffy, John. Fights o f Our Lives: Elections, Leadership, and the Making o f Canada. Toronto: HarperCollins, 2 0 0 2 .

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English, John. Citizen o f the World: The L ife o f Pierre Elliott Trudeau. Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf Canada, 2006. — . Just Watch Me: The L ife o f Pierre Elliot Trudeau, 1968-2000. Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf Canada, 2 0 0 9 . English, John, Richard Gwyn, and P. Whitney Lackenbauer, eds. The Hidden Pierre Elliott Trudeau: The Faith Behind The Politics. Ottawa: Novalis, 2 0 0 4 . Fraser, Graham. Sorry, I D on ’t Speak French: Confronting the Canadian Crisis that W on’t G o Away. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 2 0 0 6 . Freeman, Linda. The Ambiguous Champion: Canada and South Africa in the Trudeau and Mulroney Years. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997. Gossage, Patrick. Close to Charisma: My Years Between the Press and Pierre Elliott Trudeau. Halifax, NS: Formac Publishing Co., 1987. Gotlieb, Allan. The Washington Diaries. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 2 0 0 6 . Graham, Ron. One-Eyed Kings: Promise and Illusion in Canadian Politics. Toronto: Collins, 1986. Granatstein, J. L., and Robert Bothwell. Pirouette: Pierre Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Policy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1990. Gwyn, Richard. Northern Magus: Pierre Trudeau and Canadians. Toronto: M cClel­ land and Stewart, 1980. Gwyn, Sandra. “The Politics of Peace.” Saturday Night, May 1984. — . “Where Are You, M ike Pearson, Now That W e Need You? Decline and Fall of Canada’s Foreign Policy.” Saturday Night, April 1978. Haddow, Rodney. Poverty Reform in Canada, 1958-1978. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1978. Hustak, Allan. Peter L ou gheed: A Biography. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1979. Iglauer, Edith. “Prime Minister/Premier M inistre.” The N ew Yorker, July 5 , 1969. Jackm an, M artha. “Canadian Charter Equality at 20: Reflections of a Card-Carrying Member of the Court Party.” Policy Options, Dec. 2 0 0 5 -Ja n . 2 0 0 6 . Kissinger, Henry. White H ouse Years. Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown, 1979. Kolber, Leo, with L. Ian MacDonald. L eo: A Life. Montreal and Kingston: McGillQueen’s University Press, 2 0 0 6 .

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Laforest, Guy. Trudeau and the End o f a Canadian Dream. Translated by Michelle Weinroth and Paul Leduc Browne. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1995. Laxer, James, and Robert Laxer. The Liberal Idea o f Canada: Pierre Trudeau and the Question o f Canada’s Survival. Toronto: Lorimer. 1977. Lévesque, René. Memoirs. Translated by Philip Stratford. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1986. Lind, Jennifer. Sorry States: A pologies in International Politics. Ithaca, N Y: Cornell University Press, 2 0 1 0 . Lift, Paul. Elusive Destiny: The Political Vocation o f Joh n N apier Turner. Vancou­ ver: UBC Press, 2011 — . “Trudeaumania: Participatory Democracy in the Mass-Mediated N ation.” The Canadian Historical Review 89, March 2 0 0 8 . MacDonald, L. Ian. From Bourassa to Bourassa: Wilderness to Restoration. 2nd ed. Montréal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2 0 0 2 . MacGuigan, M ark. An Inside L o o k at External Affairs During the Trudeau Years: The Memoirs o f Mark MacGuigan. Edited by Whitney Lackenbauer. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2 0 0 1 . MacLennan, Christopher. Towards the Charter: Canadians and the Dem and for a National Bill o f Rights, 1929-1960. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2 0 0 3 . Martin, Paul. Hell or High Water: My Life In and Out o f Politics. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Limited, 2008. McCall-Newman, Christina. Grits: An Intimate Portrait o f the Liberal Party. T o ­ ronto: Macmillan, 1982. McWhinney, Edward. Canada and the Constitution, 1979-1982: Patriation and the Charter o f Rights. Toronto: University o f Toronto Press, 1982. Muggeridge, John. “Why Trudeau, in 1973, Became a M onarchist.” Saturday Night, January 1974. Mulroney, Brian. Memoirs, 1939-1993. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 2 0 0 7 . — . Where I Stand. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1983. Nemni, M ax, and Monique Nemni. Trudeau Transformed: The Shaping o f a States­ man, 1944-1965. Translated by George Tombs. Toronto: McClelland Sc Stew­ art, 2011. — . Young Trudeau, Son o f Québec, Father o f Canada, 1919-1944. Translated by William Johnson. Toronto: McClelland Sc Stewart, 2 0 0 6 .

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Newman, Peter C. The Distemper o f Our Times: Canadian Politics in Transition, 1963- 1968. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1990. — . Here Be Dragons: Telling Tales o f People, Passion, and Power. Toronto: M cClel­ land and Stewart, 2004. — . A N ation Divided: Canada and the Coming o f Pierre Trudeau. New York: Al­ fred A. Knopf, 1969. — . True N orth N ot Strong and Free. Toronto: McClelland 8c Stewart, 1983. Oliver, Craig. Oliver’s Twist: The L ife and Times o f an Unapologetic Newshound. Toronto: Viking Canada, 2 0 1 1 . Pelletier, Gérard. The O ctober Crisis. Translated by Joyce M arshall. Toronto: M c­ Clelland and Stewart, 1971. Pickersgill, Ï.W . Seeing Canada Whole: A M emoir. M arkham, ON: Fitzhenry and Whiteside, 1994. Plamondon, Bob. Blue Thunder: The Truth abou t Conservatives from M acdonald to Harper. Toronto: Key Porter, 2 0 0 9 . Potvin, André, Michel Letourneux, and Robert Smith. L ’Anti-Trudeau: Choix de texts. Montreal: Éditions Parti-pris, 1972. Powe, B.W . Mystic Trudeau: The Fire and the Rose. Toronto: Thomas Allen, 2 0 0 7 . Radwanski, George. Trudeau. Toronto: Macmillan, 1978. Rae, Bob. From Protest to Pow er: Personal Reflections on a L ife in Politics. T o ­ ronto: Penguin, 1997. Reagan, Ronald. An American Life. New York: Simon 8c Schuster, 1990. Ricci, Nino. Extraordinary Canadians: Pierre Elliot Trudeau. Toronto: Penguin Canada, 2 0 0 9 . Robertson, Gordon. M emoirs o f a Very Civil Servant: M ackenzie King to Pierre Trudeau. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2 0 0 0 . Romanow, Roy. Canada Notwithstanding: The M aking o f the Constitution 19781982. Toronto: Carswell/Methuen, 1984. Scott, Frank, and Michael Oliver, eds. Q u ébec States her Case. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1966. Sharp, Mitchell. Which Reminds Me — A Memoir. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994. Sheppard, Robert, and M ichael Valpy. The N ational Deal: The Fight for a Canadian Constitution. Toronto: Fleet, 1982.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS t h is b o o k w a s born at the Politics and the Pen dinner in 2009, just after John English, a member of the Pierre Elliot Trudeau Foundation, was given the Shaughnessy Cohen Award for the best political book of the year for the second volume of his Trudeau biography. Lawrence M ar­ tin cornered me that night and said that enough was enough and that the record was just as important as the man. What makes his encour­ agement all the more significant is that Lawrence Martin is a defender and admirer of Trudeau. My journey began with the numerous Trudeau biographies and many books that Trudeau authored. Despite the spate of published material, there was much about the Trudeau record that was absent from the copious collection. It’s not that important material was inaccessible to those prepared to do the digging. I concluded that the inclinations of the legions of literary lions who reveled in the Trudeau persona had largely failed to dissect his record fully and fairly. Beyond the fresh insights obtained through interviews, I was amazed at the extent to which a substantial portion of the journalistic account of Trudeau’s tenure was ignored by his biographers. It may well be that I am the only person to have read and scrutinized every federal budget document produced from 1968 to 1984. I certainly had the advantage of coming to my subject after Internet search possibilities advanced to the point where a subject matter query produced a wide array of content. In this regard, I am grateful to the digital services of the Ottawa Public Library, ably supported by the remarkable Craig Ginther. Three solid years of research, analysis and interviewing have produced a surprising number of revelations and insights about Trudeau. I am grateful to those who offered their experiences and assessments of Trudeau, and who steered me toward fruitful avenues of inquiry. This includes Derek Burney, Graham Fraser, Conrad Black,

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Peter Russell, David Zussman, Bill Pristanski, Elizabeth May, François Bregha, Jim MacNeill, Adam Daifalah, James Anderson, Rob Collins, Chris Vivone, Tom Velk, Brian Lee Crowley, Marjorie Lebreton, David Angus, Scott Reid, Arthur Milnes, Regan Watts, David Frum, and Harry Near. My faithful friend Johnny Usborne was always the first person to see my rough work and steer me in the right direction. Those right honourable gentlemen, Brian Mulroney and John Turner, provided their views on a range of issues, bringing perspectives to bear that only a member of the prime minister’s club could muster. Barely a day has gone by over the past few years when I did not explore my subject with a member of the Parliamentary Press Gallery. The names of those who offered insight and encouragement are simply too numerous to mention. Anyone who believes that no one in Ottawa works hard or knows real dedication is unaware of the heroic efforts made by the fourth estate. They provide a vital check and balance on the power exercised by our parliamentarians and government officials, and do so at a pay grade that is rarely above that of a mid-level public servant. I appreciate the fact that I may be introducing Trudeau to a new generation of Canadians. That’s why I am particularly grateful to have insights from those who were born well after Trudeau left office. In particular, Ted Cousins, a brilliant and aspiring writer and adventurer, helped to give this book a contemporary perspective. Daniel Horovitz, who did yeoman’s work on my previous book, stepped up to the plate once again to make sure every page had punch and polish. My two oldest children, Nathaniel and Charlotte, pitched in with editing help, as did my sisters, who, incidentally, look particularly good when wearing red. The relationship between an author and editor is often fraught with stress and conflict. My good fortune was to work with the best editor on the planet. Tasha Kheiriddin — author, columnist, broadcaster, teacher, political activist — certainly has the historical knowledge and political background necessary to take on this project in spades. But she is also an exceptionally talented writer who took my raw material and brought it to an altogether different level. To describe Kel Pero as the copyeditor does not do the job description justice. She has the trained eye of an accomplished academic, but also the brilliance and good judgment to pick up flaws that only the most exceptional among us might discern. She was pure joy to work with, and her exceptional talents are beyond my powers to describe properly.

ACKNOW LEDG EM ENTS

389

The presentation of the book — including the cover and pages — was given exceptional treatment by Carole McLachlin. With over 900 endnotes, and graphs and charts of various styles, this was a challenge of the highest order, even for a creative genius. Carole delivered a beautiful book and never missed a deadline. I was fortunate to have a number of vociferous Trudeau defenders critique my manuscript. Their work ensured that any observation not supported by solid evidence was purged from the final text. I took heed of their suggestions — including their wishes not to be named in the acknowledgements. In the age of social media and downloadable everything, the Canadian publishing world is shrinking in almost every way imaginable. But there are a few success stories out there, like Great River Media (GRM ), which is growing by leaps and bounds by filling in the gaps left by traditional publishers and struggling media companies. When I took this project to GRM CEO Mark Sutcliffe, he conjectured that this would likely be the most important literary effort I would ever embark upon. When it was suggested that the book be accelerated in 2010 to follow the John English biography as quickly as possible, M ark told me to take my time, dig deep into the archives, and make my work the most authoritative book on the record of a prime minister that had ever been written. M ark has been my partner in this project every step of the way. Donna Neil and Michael Curran manage the day-to-day operations of GRM , which they do with great ability and commitment. Donna was the hands-on publisher of this book, and she navigated every technical, production, and business issue that arose with great joy and much acumen. I always knew I was in good hands with Donna in the lead. On a personal level, I am blessed with a large and beautiful family. My mother Jeanette, a sprightly 86, continues to be my inspiration. My siblings Sue, Tom, Kathy, and Steve are with me in every moment. My mother-in-law and father-in law, Jim and June Coke, do nothing but contribute to the quality of life for everyone around them, especially me. My wife, Marian Coke, inspires me with her healthy ways and devotion to living an enjoyable life. And my children — Nathaniel, Charlotte, Megan and Michael — well, you are the joy of my life. This book is dedicated to you.

INDEX Abella, Rosalie, 216 Abortion, 138, 155,160-1, 165, 205-7, Access to Information Act, 30Q Acid Rain, 23,27,180-2 Advisory Committee to Study the Curtailment of Election Expenses, 304 Agent Orange Association of Canada, 179 Alberta Human Rights Commission, 158-9 Anderson, Donald, 223 Angola, 41-2, 338 Angus, David, 116, 134 Anti-Inflation Board (AIB), 273 Arcand, Adrien, 222 Arthur Erickson, 306 Assembly of First Nations, 151-2 Auf der Maur, Nick, 75 Axworthy, Lloyd, 57, 173 Axworthy, Tom, 30, 314

Bilingualism, 195 Government spied on by RCMP, 224 Bourgault, Pierre, 340 Bouthillier, Guy, 72, 78 Boyle, Admiral, 51 Braun, Father Leopold, 34 Bregha, François, 181 Breton, Albert, 272-3 Brinkhurst, Ralph, 180 British Commonwealth, 14 Brittain, Donald, 320 Broadbent, Ed, 109, 318 Brodie, Janine, 170 Brzezinski, Zbig, 59 Buchanan, Judd, 307 Buchanan, Patrick, 58 Burelle, André, 103 Burney, Derek, 13, 27, 60, 266 Bush, George H.W., 27

Batista, Fulgencio, 40 BC Human Rights Commission, 159 Bégin, Monique, 163 Bell, Joel, 268 Bennett, R.B., 8, 293, 301, 323 Bennett, W.A.C, 191 Benson, Edgar, 234, 242, 269 Berlin Wall, 47, 60 Bethune, Norman, 40 Biafra, 53-4 Bilingualism bonus, 188, 193, 196 Bill 101, 99, 125, 195-6, 200,212 Bill 22, 94, 99, 195,200 Black, Conrad, 24, 59, 331, 338

Caccia, Charles, 173 Cadieux, Léo, 47 Cameron, David, 170 Campagnola, Iona, 319 Campeau, Robert, 306 Canada Council for the Arts, 162 Canada Development Corporation (CDC), 265 Canada Health Act, 164 Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, 238 Canada World Youth, 156 Canadian Bar Association, 304 Canadian Human Rights Act, 157 Canadian Human Rights Commission,

Bliss, Michael, 343 Bokovsky, Vladimir 36, Borden Line, 282 Bothwell, Robert, 60 Bouchard, Lucien, 128-30, 133, 334-5 Bourassa, Robert, October Crisis, 72-3, 75-6 Constitution, 94-96, 107 Meech Lake, 120, 123, 125, 130

157-9 Canadian Human Rights Tribunal, 157-8 Canadian Institute for International Peace and Security, 58 Canadian Museum of Civilization, 162-3 Canadian Union of Public Employees, 157 Carlucci, Frank, 14 391

392

THE TRUTH ABOUT TRUDEAU

Carstairs, Sharon, 128 Carter, Jimmy, 23 ,2 4 , 61,180 Cartier, George Étienne, 85 Casgrain, Therese, 310 Castro, Fidel, 35, 40-3, 61, 187, 338 CBC, 7, 42, 58, 69, 70, 75, 106, 196, 299, 301-2, 333-4 Center for Islamic Pluralism, 169

Coyne, Sarah Elisabeth, 129 Cromwell, Thomas, 216 Crosbie, John, 243 Cross, James, 41, 67, 69-71, 76-79 Crow Rate, 147 Crowley, Brian Lee, 142, 146-7, 256 Cullen, Bud, 157, 173 Cumming, Hugh, 33

Chaouilli v. Quebec, 205 Charest, Jean, 128 Chernenko, Konstantin, 55 Chrétien, Jean, 43, 104, Constitution 112-4, 341 Meech Lake, 125, 129, 131-3, National unity, 147, 225 Native issues, 151, 156, Bilingualism, 189, Charter of Rights, 206, 210, 212, 216 War Crimes, 221 Economy and government finances, 237, 243, 250, 255, 272, 274, 292 Tributes to Trudeau, 306, 331, 333 Recruiting Trudeau to Liberals, 311-2 Undermining leadership of successors, 320 As prime minister, 326, 343 Churchill, Winston, 7, 332 CIDA, 54

Daifallah, Adam, 211 Darman, Richard, 25 Davey Keith, 56, 99, 274, 307-8, 314, 317 Davis, William, 109, 112-3, 180 DE Gaulle, Charles, 30, 93 Death penalty (capital punishment), 161 Deaver, Michael, 26 Deschênes Commission, 221 Desmarais, Paul, 38, 306 Dickson, Brian, 127, 191 Diefenbaker, John. G., US relations, 17-8 Trade policy, 28, 261 Bill of Rights, 84-5,109 Multiculturalism, 168 Bilingualism, 185 War Measures Act, 222 Economic policy, 264 Borden Line, 282

Clarity Act, 210 Clark, Edmund, 283 Clark, Joe, 23-4, 100, 107, 131, 174, 191, 243, 299, 303, 315-17, 325, 337, 340 Clarkson, Stephen, 148, 320, 323 Clift, Eleanor, 58 Cloutier, Edouard, 72, 78 Coche, Olivier, 196-7

Elections, 322 As prime minister, 337 Dion, Stéphane, 134 Dorval Airport, 305-6, 333 Douglas, Tommy, 75, 231 Drapeau, Jean, 67, 72-3, 220 Duceppe, Gilles, 130 Duplessis, Maurice, 75, 88, 90, 163, 185,

Cohen, Marshall, 283 Collenette, David, 223

236, 310 Durocher, René, 343

Communist Party of Canada, 204, 310 Cook, Ramsay, 48, 124, 313 Copps, Shelia, 225 Court Challenges Program of Canada, 212 Coutts, Jim, 302-3, 307, 314 Coyne, Andrew, 159, 248 Coyne, Deborah, 128-9,

Eagleburger, Lawrence, 58 Edelson, Michael, 209 Edwards, Jim, 128 Employment Equity Act, 157 En Lai, Chou, 39 Enders, Thomas, 259

INDEX English, John, 334-6 Fabian Society, 230, 310 Fader, Dr. Henry, 307 Fairweather, Gordon, 160, 223 Fantino, Julian, 208 Filmon, Gary, 128 Fish, Morris, 216 Flaherty, Jim, 54 Ford, Gerald, 22-3 Ford, Robert, 59 Foreign Investment Review Agency (FIRA), 262, 263, 268, 293 Forsey, Eugene, 310 Fowler, Bob, 55 Fox, Bill, 55 Fox, Francis, 124 Francis, Lloyd, 302 Francophonie, 29-30 Fraser Institute, 156 Fraser, Graham, 184-5, 187, 191-4, 196-9 Froggatt, Chris, 214 Frum, David, 331, 334, 336

393

Haldeman, H.R., 221 Hall, Chris, 299 Harper, Elijah, 128, 153 Harper, Stephen, Constitution, 132 Québécois nation, 134 Economic policy, 143 As prime minister, 156, 164, 212, 302,314 Multiculturalism, 171 Immigration, 175 Bilingualism, 195, 201-2 Election financing, 212 Supreme Court, 216 Apology to Aboriginals, 226 Employment Insurance, 255 Foreign takeovers, 263 Trudeau legacy, 287, 331-2, 314 Harvard University, 86, 87, 188, 219, 226, 230 Hatfield, Richard, 112, 127 Hawthry, Ralph G., 230 Head, Ivan, 15, 18, 47 Hébert, Jacques, 34-5, 155 Hellyer, Paul, 48 Higgitt, William, 77

Gabon, 29 Gagnon, Jean-Louis, 310 Galbraith, John Kenneth, 230 Gauthier, Jean-Robert, 225 Gauvin, Michel, 59 Geddes, John, 336-7 Gens de l’Air, 193-5 Gillespie, Alastair, 263 Gimli Glider, 267 Gotlieb, Alan, 24-7, 30, 55, 73, 173, 283 Grafstein, Gerry, 313 Graham, Ron, 123 Granatstein, Jack, 52, 60, 77 Gray, Herb, 28 Gray, Jim, 287 Grenada, 27 Gunter, Lome, 212 Gwyn, Richard, 73, 171, 201, 333

Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 37 Johnson, Daniel Sr., 92 Johnson, Lyndon, 22 Johnson, William, 100 Johnston, Donald, 134, 274, 305-6 Juneau, Pierre, 301-2 Jyllands-Posten, 158

Habeas Corpus Act, 65, 84 Haig, Alexander, 26

Kadota, Gordon, 222 Kan, Angela, 170

Hormats, Robert, 26 Howe, Geoffrey, 55 Howe, Joseph, 96 Iacobucci, Frank, 216 Iran, 22-4 Irving, Victor, 105 Jamieson, Don, 71, 77, 302

394

THE TRUTH A B O U T TRU D EAU

Karakatsanis, Andromache, 216 Katimavik, 156, 265, 335 Kennedy, John F., 17, 40, 335 Kershaw, Sir Anthony, 107 Kheiriddin, Tasha, 211 Kidder, Margot, 56 Kierans, Eric, 72-3 King, Mackenzie, 8, 222, 301, 318, 334 Kirby, Michael, 105, 303 Kissinger, Henry, 17, 20-2, 39 Klein, Ralph, 287 Kniewasser, Andrew, 330 Kolber, Leo, 38 Korean Air Flight 007, 38 Kosygin, Alexie, 36 La Flèche, Major General Léo-Richer, 220 La Minerve, 85 Lalonde, Marc, 72, 78, 189, 239, 244, 267, 275, 282-3 Lamontagne, Gilles, 57 Lanctôt, Jacques, 67 Laporte, Pierre, 67, 69-71, 76, 77, 79 Lasalle, Roch, 303 Laski, Harold, 230 Laurier, Wilfrid, 86, 90, 130, 223, 323, 334, 337 Lebel, Louis, 2165 Leblanc, Romeo, 238 Leger, Jules, 52 Lenin, Vladimir, 34, 311 Lennon, John, 25, 49, 162 Levant, Ezra, 158-9 Lévesque, Rene, 78, 94, 96-8, 101-4, 108, 110, 112-5, 120, 133, 311, 320, 320, 326, 335, 340-1 Levitan, Gerry, 133 Lind, Jennifer, 226 Lougheed, Peter, 110, 285 Lyon, Sterling, 108, 110 MacCharles, Tonda, 375 Macdonald, Donald, 260, 272, 291-2 Macdonald, John A., 8, 108, 201,318, 322, 333-4, 337

MacDonald, L. Ian., 325 MacEachen, Allan J., 57, 147, 244 MacGuigan, Mark, 14, 20, 26, 124 Mackasey, Bryce, 253-4, 302 Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry, 179 Maclean’s Magazine, 8, 131, 159, 334, 336 MacNeil, Archbishop Joseph N., 205 MacNeill, Jim, 178, 181 Magna Carta, 84, 217 Manning, Ernest, 115 Manning, Preston, 132 Mansur, Salim, 169 Manufacturers’ Sales Tax, 265, 292-3 Marchand, Jean, 66, 73, 75, 78, 88, 189, 194,311-2, 341 Martin Lawrence, 293, 334-5 Martin, Paul, 125, 129, 216, 248, 320 Marx, Karl, 34, 311 Marxism, 33, 46, 87, 229-30 May, Elizabeth, 177-9, 180 McGarry, Brian, 333 McKenna, Frank, 127-8 McLachlin, Beverley, 209 McMurtry, Roy, 113 McTeer, Maureen, 341 Meighen, Arthur, 322 Mercredi, Ovide, 152-3 Merkel, Angela, 170 Metric system, 266-7 Mirabel Airport, 305-6 Moldaver, Michael, 216 Montfort Hospital, 210 Morgan, Gwyn, 287 Morgentaler, Dr. Henry, 205 Morton, Desmond, 129, 343 Mulroney, Brian, As prime minister, 8, 148, 320, 322, 337 Constitution, 10, 119-24, 128-33 Foreign Policy, 12, 24, 27, 30, 38, 40, 43 Trudeau legacy, 55, 326, 339, 343 Economic policy, 58, 250, 265, 267-8, 289, 292 Social policy, 143, 156

IN D E X

Political appointments, 156, 302, 319 Immigration, 175 Environmental policy, 177, 181-2 Official Languages Act, 197 Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 211-2

War crimes, 221 Japanese internment apology, 233-4 UIC/EI, 255 Foreign Investment Review Agency, 263 National Energy Program, 287 Murphy, Rex, 106 National Action Committee on the Status of Women, 156 National Citizen’s Coalition, 156 National Council on Welfare, 144 National Energy Program, 8-9, 25, 29, 179, 268, 279-87, 282, 325, 330, 339 National Film Board, 27, 180, 194 National Gallery of Canada, 162-3, 306 NATO, 15, 20, 36, 38, 41, 46-50, 57, 60, 279, 335, 338 Nemni, Max and Monique, 82, 220 New Horizons, 156 New York Times, 13, 22, 332 Newman, Peter C., 78, 138, Nigeria, 53-4 Nixon, Richard, 17, 19-22, 26-27, 39-40, 58-9,177-8,272,316, 338 NORAD, 20, 47-8, 57 Norilsk, 36 Nyerere, Julius, 53 O’Brien, J. C., 51 O’Neil, Wilfred, 67 O’Malley, Martin, 138 Office of Native Claims, 151 Oliver, Craig, 316-7 Olympic Games, 23, 37, 194 Ono, Yoko, 25, 49, 162 Opportunities for Youth, 156, 165 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 271, 280, 287

395

Paikin, Zach, 343 Parizeau, Jacques, 78, 133, 220, 225 Paul Sauvé Arena, 78, 101 Pawley, Howard, 128 Payette, Lise, 101 Pearson, Lester B. As prime minister, 10, 15, 40, 91-2, 121, 141, 163, 249, 300-1, 304, 318, 334, 337 Vietnam War, 22 Criticized by Trudeau, 34, 46, 235 Criticism of Trudeau, 60, 311, 313 Capital punishment, 161 Bilingualism, 183, 185-6, 189, 191, 201, 340 Economic policy, 264, 269 Peckford, Brian, 108, 112, 287 Pelletier, Gerald, 75, 91, 189, 199, 301, 311-12 Pépin, Jean-Luc, 96, 189 Pepin, Marcel, 78 Peterson, David, 319 Peterson, Jim, 225 Petro Canada, 29, 281, 284, 292 Phillips, Bruce, 259, 260 Pierre Elliot Trudeau Foundation, 333, 387 Pitfield, Michael, 283, 303, 307 Pollution Probe, 180-1 Pope John Paul II, 57 Poulin, Hugh, 302 Privacy Act, 300 Queen Elizabeth II, 81, 115, 318 Rabinovitch, Robert, 283 Radwanski, George, 123 Rae, Bob, 123, 132 Ralfe, Tim, 69-71,260 RCMP, 30, 66, 68, 72, 77-8, 105, 160, 194, 209, 211, 214, 219, 222, 224-5 Reagan, Ronald, 24-7, 37-8, 54-5, 58, 60, 180, 272, 338, Reid, Scott, 196-7 Reilly, Peter, 69 Richardson, James, 191

396

THE TRUTH ABOUT TRUDEAU

Richler, Mordecai, 236 Riel, Louis, 66 Riggs, Alvin, 293 Robarts, John, 97 Robertson, Gordon, 10, 77, 87, 94, 105, 121, 126-7, 131, 133 Robillard, Lucienne, 199 Rocher, François, 336 Rodai, Alti, 221 Rogers, William P., 19 Rose, Paul, 67 Rothstein, Marshall, 216 Roy Romanow, 232 Royal Commission into the Activities of the RCMP, 214, 219, 224-5 Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, 91, 186, 197, 334 Royal Commission into Canada’s Economic Prospects, 265 Royal Commission on Economic Union and Development, 291-2 Royal Commission on Taxation (Carter Commission), 264 Russell, Peter, 127, 134, 211, 214 Ryan, Claude, 69, 71-2, 78, 94, 103, 312 Saint-Pierre, Abbé Gérard, 34 Sakharov, Andrei, 37 Sauvé, Jeanne, 156, 340 Schmidt, Helmut, 25-6, 28, 57, 237 Schreyer, Ed, 107 Schultz, George, 27 Scientific Research Tax Credit, 243 Scott, Frank, 310 Sharp, Mitchell, 47, 60, 69, 273 Shcharansky, Anatoly, 37 Simpson, Jeffrey, 304, 315-7 South Africa, 14, 41, Spicer, Keith, 192 Stanfield, Robert, 13, 74-5, 93, 138, 191, 271, 273, 313, 324, 337, 340-1 Stollery, Peter, 173, 302 Sue Rodriguez, 206

Tassé, Roger, 206 Taylor, Carole, 259-60 Taylor, Charles, 312 Taylor, Ken, 24 Tetley, William, 75, 79 Thatcher, Margaret, 38, 54-5, 107, 109, 151 Third Option, 9, 27-9, 261, 338 Thorsell, William, 334 Thurlow, Sir Edward, 184 Tiananmen Square, 40 Time Magazine, 162 Trudeau, Alexandre, 37 Trudeau, Charles, 65 Trudeau, Margaret, 38, 56, 69, 76, 187, 209 TSE tung, Mao, 87, 311 Turner, John, As Minister of Justice, 47, 159, 224 Criticism of Trudeau, 60, 75, 77, 191 War Measures Act, 73, 76 Constitution, 93 Meech Lake Accord, 124-5, 128-30 Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 217 As Finance minister, 230,238, 271, 315 Wage and price controls, 272-3 As Liberal leader, 300, 302, 319-20, 326 Usborne, John, 244 Vadeboncoeur, Pierre, 311 Vaillancourt, François, 196-7 Vallières, Pierre, 77 Velk, Tom, 293 Vietnam War, 21-2, 49, 172 Vivone, Chris, 344 Vokes, Major General C., 51 Wagner, Richard, 216 Wells, Clyde, 111, 128-30, 132, 134 Western Economic Development Fund, 148 Western Standard, 158 Whitaker, Reg, 77 White, Vern, 209 Wilson, Bertha, 156 Wilson, John (Lord Moran), 302, 331

IN D E X

World War II, 9, 45, 47, 50, 82, 86, 143, 187,219, 252, 293 Yakovlev, Alexander, 37 Yalden, Max, 192-3 Young, Dr. John, 270 Ziyang, Zhao, 40

397

FULL CIRCLE DEATH AND RE SURRECTI ON IN C A N A DI A N C O N S E R V A T I V E P O L I T I C S

BOB PLAMONDON FOREWORD

BY L AW R EN CE MARTIN

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