The Tragedies of Ennius 9780521068963, 0521068967, 9780521069113, 0521069114

Citation preview

CAMBRIDGE CLASSICAL TEXTS COMMENTARIES

AND

EDITOllS

C. 0. BRINK

D. W. LUCAS

F. H. SANDBACH

10 THE TRAGEDIES ENNIUS

OF

THE TRAGEDIES

OF

ENNIUS THE FRAGMENTS EDITED

WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND COMMENTARY BY

H.D.JOCELYN Reader in Latin in the University of Sydney

CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY 1967

PRESS

Published by the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press Bentley House, 200 Euston Road. London, N.W. 1 American Branch: 32 East 57th Street, New York, N.Y. 10022 C Cambridge University Press 1967 Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 67-11525

Printed in Great Britain at the University Printing House, Cambridge (Brooke Crutchley, University Printer)

CONTENTS pagevu

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION I

1

Athenian Drama and the Roman Festivals

3

Il

The Hellenising of the Roman Stage

12

m

Athenian Drama and the Roman Poets

23

IV

The Form of Roman Tragedy

29

Ennius

43

VI

The History of the Text of Ennius' Tragedies

47

VII

The Titles of Ennius' Tragedies

58

V

THE

FRAGMENTS

65

COMMENTARY

159

ADDENDA

427

BIBLIOGRAPHY

428

CONCORDANCE

I

433

II

438

III

441

INDICES

I D

m

Ennius' Tragic Vocabulary

445

Ennius' Metres

465

Matters Discussedin Introduction and Commentary 468 V

PREFACE This book contains material from a dissertation submitted in the year 1961to the University of Cambridge for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. No alterations of substance were made to the typescript after June 1966.I have tried, using printed editions of the authors who quote Ennius, to present the evidence which exists concerning each tragedy whose title is known and to discuss the questions to which this evidence is relevant. I have put together under the rubric INCERTA those pieces of verse which are quoted by ancient authors in company with Ennius' name and which have been attributed by one modem scholar or another to the tragedies. My debts are many. The Faculty of Archaeology, History and Letters of the British School at Rome, the Faculty Board of Classics in the University of Cambridge, the Council of St John's College, Cambridge, and the Senate of the University of Sydney gave me financial help at various times. Dr W. Ehlers allowed me in the northern summers of 1957 and 1958 to use the archive and library of the Institute for the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae. Professor 0. Skutsch read and criticised a section of my typescript, showed me unpublished work of his own and discussed several problems with me at great length. Mr D. W. Lucas and Dr D. R. Shackleton Bailey read sections of my typescript and made criticisms. Professor C. 0. Brink read many drafts of the whole work, devoted much time to writing extensive criticisms of these drafts, tolerated occasior.al unwillingness to accept good advice and encouraged me in moments of weariness to persevere. The officers of the Cambridge University Press indulged my vagaries and lavished their skill on the somewhat forbidding material with which

vu

PREFACE

I supplied them. Professor S. Mariotti and Mr F. H. Sandbach corrected and improved the proof pages in many places. I thank these whom I have named and the many others whose friendship, knowledge and wisdom I exploited. H. D.JOCBLYN

New Haven, Connecticut

March1967

Vlll

INTRODUCTION

I. ATHENIAN DRAMA AND THE ROMAN FESTIVALS The twenty-two dramatic treatments of Greek heroic legend whose remains are discussedin this volume were adapted from Athenian tragedies between the years 203 B.c. and 169 for performance at ludi scaenid.These ludi scaeniciformed an important element both of the regular yearly festivals managed by the civil magistrates in honour of luppiter, Apollo, Ceres, Magna Mater and Flora and of those held for some special purpose, such as to thank a deity for a magistrate's military success or to honour the spirit of a deceased member of the ruling class.1 They were believed to have been introduced to Rome from Etruria in 364 as a means of placating the divine senders of a plague. i The old agricultural festivals of the socalled Calendar of N uma, which continued to be managed by the priests, had no place for them.3 The earliest adaptation of an Athenian play which scholars of the first century B.c. could find recorded was performed at Judiscaenidin 240, the year following the first capitulation of Carthage to Roman arms.4 1

Sec Habel, RE Suppl. v (1931), s.v. ludi publid, 6o8 ff., L. R. Taylor, T APhA LXVm (1937), 284 ff. For the continuing religious associations of the ludi scaenid see J. A. Hanson, Roman Theater-Temples (Princeton, 1959), pp. 3 ff. a Cf. Festus, p. 436.23 tf., Llvy 7.2, Valerius Maximus 2.4.4. 3 Naeviw (Com. IIJ) identified the old Liberaliawith the Attic f110M1a. Plautw however (Cist. 89, 156, Cure. 644, Pseud.S9) seems to have thought the differences too great to justify the identification. Tertullian's statement (De spect.10. 19) that scenic games were properly calledLiberaliais based on secondhand theorising rather than firm knowledge. 4 H. Mattingly Jr., CQ N.S. vn (1957), 159-63, produces no good reason for doubting the veracity of the antiqui commentariiconsulted by Varro (Gellius 17.21.42), Atticw and Cicero (Brut. 72, Tusc. 1.3, Cato so). Accius, set the first production of a play by Livius Andronicus in 197, whose Didascalica

3

I-2

INTRODUCTION

Scholars and literary amateurs of the first century B.c. regarded those plays of the previous two centuries whose scenes were set in Greece as being the work of the men who wrote the Latin acting scripts and yet were conscious ~t particular Greek tragedies and comedies underlay them all.1 The Greek philosophical dialogues which Cicero adapted were full of quotations from Attic drama. Cicero sometimes replaced these with quotations from the scripts of Latin stage adaptations and sometimes with his own translations of the verses quoted. In the first case he either left the quotation anonymous or named the Latin adapter while in the second he always named the Greek may have been quite well aware that Naevius and Plautus had produced plays before this date (sec W. Hupperth, Horaz iiberdie scamicaeoriginesder Romer [Diss. Koln, 1961], pp. s ff., 10 ff., H. Dahlmann, 'Studien zu Varro, "De poetis'", Abh. Ale.d. Wiss. u. d. Lit. Mainz, Geistes-u. Sozialw. Kl. 1962, Nr. 10, 29 ff., C. 0. Brink, 'Horace and Varro', EntretiensHardtIX (1963], 192). E. Fraenkel seems to have based his view that Livius produced only one play, and that a tragedy, in 240 (RE SuppL v [1931], s.v. Liuius, 598 f.) on Cicero, Brut. 72, Tusc. 1. 3, Cato s. These passages should not be pressed nor, it must be admitted, should Gcllius' words Liuius poetafabulas dome . .. coepit. However according to Cassiodorus (Chronica)Livius produced both a tragedy and a comedy in 239. This date is a clear error for 240 but the rest of Cassiodorus' statement may be reliable. For Livius as the founder of both comedy and tragedy cf. Donatus, De com. s .4, Gloss. Lat. 1128, s.v. comoedia,1 568, s.v.

tragoedia. ' There is nothing in ancient discussionsof republican tragedy and comedy to support the statement frequently made in modem times that the Latin poets occasionally wrote quite independently of particular Greek models (cf. J. J. Scaliger, Coniectaneain M. TerentiumVarronemde linguaLatina [Paris, 1565], p. 6, H. Columna, Q. Ennii PoetaeVetustissimiquaesupersuntFragmenta[Naples, 1590], p. 408, F. Nieberding, flias HomeriabL. Attio Poetain DramataConuersa [Conitz, 1838], p. 3, T. Ladewig, Analeda Scenica[Neustrelitz, 1848], pp. 8, 29, 38, G. Boissier, Le poete Attius [Paris, Nimes, 1857], p. 6o, W. S. Teuffel, CaeciliusStatius,Pacuuius,Attius, Aftanius [Tiibingen, 1858], pp. 23, 29, U. von W ., in T. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Die dramatische TechnikdesSophokles [Berlin, 1917], p. 315 n. 1,J. Vahlen, EnnianaePoesisReliquiael[Leipzig, 1903], p. ccvn [very tentatively], E. M. Steuart, A]Ph XLVU [1926], 276,J. Heurgon, Enniusn [Paris, 1958], p. 143). Cicero, Fin. 1.7 refen to the relations between Ennius' Annalesand Homer's epics; Gloss. Lat. I 568, s.v. tragoedia(tragoedias autemEnnius FEBB omnesex Graecistranstulit),to plays on Roman historical themes such as the Sabinae(cf. Horace, Ars 285-8).

4

ATHENIAN

DRAMA

AND THE ROMAN

FESTIVALS

dramatist. 1 Scholars normally at this time gave the name of the Latin poet and his Latin tide when quoting from an acting script but very occasion.allygave the title of the Greek original; on one occasion a play is quoted with the name of the author of the original as well as that of the adapter. 2 The writers of the third and second century acting scripts were by now thought of with varying degrees of admiration as the fathers of an indigenous Roman literature and it is clear that performances of these scripts were advertised with their names to the fore. . When the early adaptations were being made a different attitude to them probably prevailed among the managers of the ludi scaeniciand the citizens who attended the theatre. The literary and artistic culture that had spread out from Athens over the whole Greek-speaking world was then making the same appeal to certain of the Roman governing classas it had to the rulers of Etruria and other barbarians in earlier centuries. The works that had been produced for performance at the

festivalsof Dionysuswere among the brightestjewels of that culture. They could have been produced in the original Greek at the Roman ludi, as in later times they perhaps sometimes were,3 but one of the purposes of the ludi was to impress the peers of the presiding magistrate and their clients. To many of these Greek culture in its less adulterated forms was an alien and suspect thing. The pride of the majority in Roman race, language and tradition was satisfied by the form in which the Greek works were presented; the enthusiasm of the minority Cf. G. Przychocki, FAsXXXII(1929). 215 ff.• Fraenkel. GnomonVI (1930). 663. Seneca followed Ciccro's practice; contrast Epist. n5 .14-15 with 95. 53 and 102. 16. 3 Sec below• p. 59. 3 The evidence collectcd by F. G. Welckcr. Du grkchischenT,agodienmit Rucksichtauf den tpischenCyclus (RhM Suppl. n. Bonn. 1839-41). pp. 1323 ff.. is of an ambiguous kind. Polybius 30.22. Tacitus. Ann. 14.21. Plutarch. Brut. 21 do not ncccssarily refc:£to drama at all. Suetonius (Jui. 39. Aug. 43) talks of performances by 'omniwn linguarum bistrioncs •. 1

s

INTRODUCTION

for classical Greek culture by their advertisement as the works of the classical Athenian tragedians and comedians. Slaves and foreign immigrants did the work of adaptation and it is unlikely that their names carried much weight while they lived. The uncertainty among Roman scholars about the authorship of certain comic scripts popularly ascribed to Plautus 1 may have been partly due to failure by the magistrates of earlier times always to record the Latin poet's name in their commentarii. A Sophocles might be made a magistrate at Athens but at Rome a magistrate could be pilloried for having an Ennius in his retinue. 1 The opening speech of the Rudensdescribes a storm as follows (83-8): pro di immortales,tempestatem quoiusnwdiI Neptunusnobis

nocte hac misit proxuma. I detexit uentus uillam- quid uerbis opust? I non uentusfuit uerum AlcumenaEuripidi, I ita omnis de Jedt Jenestrasqueindidit.It is tectodeturbauittegulas; I inlustriores

unclear whether the speaker has in mind a stormy reaction by the heroine of Euripides' play to her husband's accusations3 or a real storm within the action of that play ;4 likewise whether the identification stood in the Diphilian originals or was added by Plautus himsel£ 6 In any case one cannot imagine such a state1

i

Cf. Terence, Eun. 25 (?), Varro, Ling. 6.89, Gellius 3.3. For the traditional Roman suspicion of the maker of verses cf. Cato, Mor. 2

poeticaeartishonosnon erat; si quis in ea re studebataut sesead conuiuiaadplicabat 3 C£ Plautus, Amph. 812 ff. g,assatoruocabatur. 4 So R. Engelmann, Ann. 1st. Corrisp.Arch. xuv (1872), 16, Beitriigezu Euripides I: Alkmene (Berlin, 1882), p. 11, ArchiiologischeStudien zu den Tragikem (Berlin, 1900), pp. S9-00, 5 So S. Vissering, ~estiones Plautinae I (Amsterdam, 1842), p. 42, T. Bergk. Ind. lectt.Marburg 1844, XI ( = Kl. phil. Sehr. 1 22s), Ladewig, Anal. seen.p. 5. 6 So Fraenkel, Plautinischesim Plautus (Berlin, 1922), p. 68 ( = Elementi Plautiniin Plauto[Florence, 1900], p. 64); cf. the Addendato the Italian translation, p. 403. The addition of the Greek poet's name suggests Plautine authorship; for the late fourth century method of referring to famous tragedies cf. Menander, Epitr. 767 Tpaytk'l)Vfpa, 0-01~i')cnvf~ A(iyris6~1'1"(contrast Aristophanes, Thesm. 134 ff.).

6

ATHENIAN

DRAMA

AND

THE ROMAN

FESTIVALS

ment being made on the Roman stage unless a play about Alcmena had already appeared there and been advertised as Admittedly there is no being in some sense Euripides' •AA1q111V1lundisputed evidence elsewhere for the existence of an adaptation of this play, 1 but considering the fragmentary record of third and second century dramatic productioni we should not be surprised to find such a reference in the Rudens.The prologues of the Poenulus(v. I) and the Eunuchus(vv. 9, 19-20) refer to Latin versions of Greek plays in this way although it was theatrically possible for the speakers to use the first century's customary mode of reference if it had then been in general use. The only Greek plays which are said by knowledgeable ancient authorities to have been adapted for performance at Roman ludi in the late third and early second centuries were originally composed for the festivals of Dionysus at Athens in the fifth, fourth and early third centuries.3 The only dramatists among the famous Greeks mentioned in Plautus' comedies are the Athenians, Euripides,4 Diphilus and Philemon.5 The forms of comedy written by Epicharmus and others at Syracuse in the fifth century and by Rhinthon at Tarentum in the third and the imitations of Athenian drama made by Machon and the • O.Ribbcck (sec Corollariumin TragicorumRomanorumFragmenta'[Leipzig, 1871], p. LXDI) took Marius Victorinus, Gramm. VI 8.6 ff. to refer to tragic personages rather than to titles; hence Alcumenadocs not appear in his 'index fabubrum •. Plautus, Amph. 91 ff. can be plausibly interpreted as referring to the play postulated. Sec also below, p. 63. a Of the 130 comic titles once attributed to Plautus we now know only 53. Several tragic titles occur only once or twice in our sources, sometimes even without the Latin adapter's name (Laomeckmat Schol. Vcron. Verg. Am. 2. 81 ; Penthesileaat Fcstus, p. 206.3). 3 Bcrgk. Commmtationumde Reliquiis ComoediaeAtticae Anliquae Libri II (Leipzig, 1838), p. 148, explained the fragment of Varro's De pottis quoted by Priscian, Gramm.u 469. ')-dei,uk ad Siculosseadplicauit-asreferring to Plautus (c£ Horace, Epist. 2.1.58) but thought that Varro was speaking generally of the reputed np&Tas eupnfis of the comic genre. 4 Rud. 86. s Most. 1149. Philcmon was not, of course, an Athenian by birth.

7

INTRODUCTION

tragedians of the 'Pleiad' for the festival of Dionysus established at Alexandria by Ptolemy Philadelphus (285-247) 1 obtained for themselves a certain literary notoriety and it is not utterly impossible that plays from Alexandria1 and Magna Graecia3 were adapted for the Roman stage. Ennius adapted non-dramatic works by Epichannus, Archestratus, Sotades and Euhemerus for the private delectation of his aristocratic patrons

and perhaps imitated Callimachus'AITiain the proem of his epic Annales4but the public presentation of dramatic works outside the classicalAthenian repertoire would have been quite another matter. As late as 45, when a large number of poetical works from Alexandria and other Hellenistic centres had achieved a sort of second-grade classicalstatus and were being enthusiastically studied and imitated by poets writing in Latin, Cicero chose adaptations of the non-dramatic poems of Euphorion to set against what he believed to be a version by Ennius of a Euripidean tragedy.5 New plays continued to be presented at the Dionysiac competitions of Athens until well into the first century A.D. 6 but no playwright productive Cf. Wilamowitz, Hellenistische Dichtung1 (Berlin, 1924), pp. 166 ff. So A. Rostagni, RFIC xuv (1916), 379-97 ( = ScrittiMin. n ii 3-22); cf. M. Lcnchantin De Gubernatis, MAT Lxm (1913), 389 ff., Ennio (Torino, 1915), pp. 62 ff. For detailed criticism ofRostagni's argument see N. Terzaghi, AATLx (1925), 66off. (=Stud. Graec.et !.At. [Torino, 1963], 686ff.). 3 So T. B. L. Webster, 'Alexandrian Epigrams and the Theatre', in Miscellaneadi studiAlessandriniin memoriadi AugustoRostagni(Torino, 1963), S31-43, HellenisticPoetryand Art (London, 1964), pp. 269 ff., 282 ff., 290 f. 4 So K. Dilthey, De Callimachi Cydippa (Leipzig, 1863), pp. IS f., F. Skutsch, Aus VergilsFrUhzeit(Leipzig, 1901), pp. 34 ff., S. Mariotti, Lezioni su Ennio (Pcsaro, 1951), p. 60, 0. Skutsch, The AnnalsofQ!intus Ennius (London, 1953), p. 10; contraE. Rcitzenstcin, in Festschrift R. Reitzenstein(Leipzig, 1931), 63 ff., R. Pfeiffer, CallimachuSI(Oxford, 1949), p. II, G. Marconi, RCCMm (1961), 224 ff. s Tusc. 3 .45. For Cicero's belief (apparently false) that Ennius' Andromacha was an adaptation of a tragedy by Euripides see Opt. gen. 18. 6 Cf. Dio Chrysostom, Or. 19. The competition for new plays was over by the late second century {Lucian, Enc. Dem. 27). Ot mpl TOV tu6wo-ov-rexvtTCXt often included tragic and comic poets as well as actors (sec below, p. 16). 1

3

8

ATHENIAN

DRAMA

AND THE

ROMAN

FESTIVALS

between 240 B.C. and the fall of the Roman senatorial regime seems to have gained more than an ephemeral repute. Ziegler's view 1 that the Latin playwrights adapted contemporary Greek work thus lacks all probability. Besides the six classical Athenian dramatic poets Roman audiences are reported to have seen in Latin linguistic dress Aristarchus, a contemporary of Euripides whose name figured in accounts of the development of tragedy and from whose hand seventy titles were known to ancient scholars,i Alexis, Posidippus, Apollodorus and Demophilus.3 Only the last mentioned is absent from the Greek record but that may be an accident and there is no good reason to suppose that the original of the Asinaria was composed either outside Athens or by a contemporary of Plautus. Of the comedians Menander was plainly the one most often performed and of the tragedians Euripides. The classical six had certainly acquired most of their later pre-eminencein Greeceby 240 B.C. A competitionfor actors held at Athens in 254 employed three old satyr plays, three old tragedies and three old comedies, one each by Diphilus, Menander and Philemon. 4 Aristophanes' comedy Bcrrpax01 shows Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides standing out in public esteem as early as the end of the fifth century. From 1

i

RE 2 VIii (1937), s.v. Tragoedia,1984. Souda A 3893 Adler. A third century B.c. papyrus (FlindersPetrie

Papyri Part 11, ed. J.P. Mahaffy [Dublin, 1893), pp. 158-9 [ = nr. 1594 Pack1 ]) contains scraps of what looks like a collection of epigrams addressed to famous poets; in them and their titles are legible the names Aristarchus, Astydamas and Cratinus. See R. Rcitzenstein, BPhW XIV (1894), 155-9. 3 At Epist. 2. 1 . 163 ff. Horace is talking generally. He names Thespis because of his fame as the ,rpC,Tosevpnfisof tragedy; cf. above, p. 7 n. 3, on the reference to Epicharmus at v. 58. 4 See B. D. Meritt, HesperiaVII (1938), 116 ff., A. Korte, HermesLXXIII (1938), 123 ff., A. W. Pickard-Cambridge, The DramaticFestivalsof Athens (Oxford, 1953), pp. 123 f.

9

INTRODUCTION

the record of theatrical revivals in Athens and elsewhere1 and the character of allusions to tragedy in fourth and third century comedyi it is clear that Euripides' popularity far surpassed that of the other two quite early and continued to do so. Menander gained a similar position among comedians, although exactly when is hard to say.3Nevertheless for some time other tragedians and comedians continued to have their works revived. There are recorded performances of tragedies by the fourth-century poet Chaeremon and the otherwise unknown Archestratus4 and performances of comedies by Anaxandrides, Posidippus and Philippides.5 The scholars of the Alexandrian Museum thought Ion and Achaeus worthy to stand beside Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides,6 doubtless in obedience to a common opinion. The Ptolemaic rubbish tips of Oxyrhynchus and other Greek settlements of the Egyptian countryside provide evidence of a taste in tragic poetry more extensive 1

For the literary and inscriptional evidence see Welcker, Die griech. Trag. pp. 127s ff., A. Miiller, Lehrbuchder griechi.schen Buhnenalterthumer (Freiburg, 1886), pp. 390 £, N]bb xx:m (1909), 36 ff., Pickard-Cambridge, Dramatic Festivals,pp. 100 ff., M. Kokolakis, ID.crroovXII (1900), 67 ff. The evidence from figurative monuments collected by Webster (CQ XLII [1948], IS f., HermesL:xxxn [19s4], 29s ff., MonumentsIllustratingTragedyand Satyr Play [BICSL Suppl. XIV (1962)]) is ambiguous; it has to be interpreted with the aid of knowledge provided by literature and lapidary inscriptions; it does not prvide new knowledge. a See A. Pertusi, Dioni.soXVI (19s3), 27 ff., XIX (19s6), III ff., I9S ff. 3 On Menander's posthumous f.ame see A. Dain, Maia xv (1963), 278 ff. The material concerning comedy in late antiquity collected by Webster (AJA LXVI [1962], 333 ff.) refers almost exclusively to Menander. 4 I.G. v 2. n8 (saec. n a Chr. = S.I.G. 1 1080). Given the context, Webster's view (HellenisticPoetry and Art, p. 16) that Archestratus was a contemporary poet seems most unlikely. L. Moretti's doubts (Athenaeum xxxvm [1900], 272) as to whether I.G. XII 1. 12s (saec. n a Chr.) refen to the classicalSophocles are likewise unjustified. s I.G. n• 2323a (Anaxandrides 311), 2323 col. iii (Posidippus 181), col. v (Philippides 1ss). 6 Anecd. Grace. Par. IV 196.20, Tzctzes, Proleg.Lye. p. 3.8 Scheer. 10

ATHENIAN

DRAMA

AND

THE ROMAN

FESTIVALS

and catholic than that possessed by the schoolmasters of the urban centres of later antiquity. 1 Where playwrights were concerned the tragic and comic repertory of the third and second century Roman theatre probably reflected that of contemporary Greek theatres. But in actual plays the Romans seem to have had their own taste. Many scholars have noted the extraordinary preponderance among surviving tragic titles of those connected with the Trojan cycle of heroic legends.i These legends had long been of particular interest to the ruling families of Greek states of recent origin; in these there was a keen desire to find the same linkswith the heroic past as Argos, Thebes and Athens possessed.3The wanderings of the Greek and Trojan heroes after the destructionofTroywere easilyembroidered to suit anystate in the Mediterranean area. The families of the citiesofEtruria and Latium, as of other non-Greek speaking communities, early took an interest in the legends that fascinated their Greek neighbours. Long before the earliestadaptationof an Attic tragedy speakersof Latin imitated as best they could the sounds of the Greek heroes' names4 and were accustomed to see representations of incidents from the legends on works of art.5 There is 1

On the comparatively large number of Euripidean plays absent from the selection of the later schools which are represented in Ptolemaic papyri see C. H. Roberts, MusHx (1953), 270. The proportion of tragic papyri which cannot be attributed to the classicaltrio seems to be much greater among the Ptolemaic than among the Roman; cf. nos. 169 ff. and 1707 ff. in the second edition of R. A. Pack's catalogue (Ann Arbor, 1965). a E.g. Welcker, Die griech. Trag. pp. 1344, 1350, Ribbeclc, Die riimische Tragiidieim Zdu,Jter tierRepublilt (Leipzig, 1875), p. 632. 3 Cf. T. J. Dunbabin. PBSR XVI (1948), II ff., for the claimsof South Italian cities to be founded by Greek heroes after the fall of Troy. 4 On the inscriptions on the Praeneste mirron and caskets (C.I.L. 11 547-70) see R. S. Conway, Tht lt4lic Dialects(Cambridge, 1897), pp. 315 ff. On the forms of names usedby the early poets see J. Wackemagel, PhilologusLXXXVI (1931), 143 (,.. Kl. Sehr.I 7SS). s Sec I. S. Ryberg, An ArchdtologicalRecordof Romefrom the Sevtnlh to the &cond CenturyB.c. (London, 1940 [Studies and Documents xm]), passim. II

INTRODUCTION

good evidence that by the end of the third century many Roman aristocrats liked to think of themselves as the descendants of the Trojans led to Latium by Aeneas.1 At least one family, the Mamilii of Tusculum, was advertising itself by the end of the second century as sprung from Ulysses.i During the first century the Iulii claimed descent from Aeneas himself and the Memmii from Mnestheus.3 These genealogical obsessions must have been encouraged by the constant performance of the old adaptations of tragedy at the ludibut it would not be fanciful to see in them one of the forces directing the choice of the magistrates who first had the adaptations made in the third and second centuries.

II. THE HELLENISING OF THE ROMAN STAGE The history of the ludi scaenicidown to 240 is wrapped in obscurity. The accounts which serious scholars wrote have come down to us in somewhat garbled form and it is clear that they were based much more on Greek theories about the origins of Attic drama4 than on documentary evidence about • The time of this story's birth and the speed of its growth arc disputed. For the extreme views on either sidecf. J. Perret, Lts originesde la ligendetroyennede Rome (Paris, 1~). pp. 451 ff., A. Alfoldi, Early Rome and the Latins (Ann Arbor, 1963), pp. 278 ff. a Sec Fcstus, pp. 116. 7 ff., Livy 1.49.9, Dionysius Hal. 4.45. 1, F. Munzer, RomischeAdelsparteien undAdelsfamilien(Stuttgart, 1920), p. 65 (on numismatic

evidence). 3 Sec Alfoldi, 'The Main Aspects of Political Propaganda on the Coinage of the Roman Republic', in R. A. G. Canon and C. H. V. Sutherland (edd.), Essaysin Roman Coinagepresentedto H. Mattingly (Oxford, 1956), pp. 79 f. 4 Sec F. Leo, HermesXXIV (1889), 67 ff. (= Ausg. kl. Sehr. 1283 ff.), XXXIX (1904), 63 ff., G. L. Hendrickson, A]Ph xv (1894), 1 ff., XIX (1898), 285 ff., F. Solmscn, T APhA LXXVIII (1947), 252 ff., J. H. Waszink, VigiliaeChristianaen (1948), 224 ff., K. Meuli, MusH·xn (1955), 206 ff., Brink, EntretiensHardt IX (1963), 175 ff. 12

THB HELLENISING

OF THE ROMAN

STAGE

what went on in Rome before 240. Nevertheless some elements of these accounts seem to come from intelligent observation of post-240 stage practices and their general evolutionary approach is preferable to that of certain modem idealist accounts. The survival of words of probable Etruscan origin, like histrio,persona1 and scaena, ~ in the vocabulary of first-century theatrical practice suggests that some of the early performers did come from Etruria and may have brought Etruscan theatrical ways with them. The word saturaitself can be plausibly interpreted as Etruscan.3 The word must have denoted at one time some sort of stage performance. It can hardly be a mere invention on the model of Aristotle's TOacnvp1K6v.4All, however, that Livy's story at 7 .2 .4 f[ implies is that the histriones presented on a scaenaat public festivals arrangements of words in a variety of metrical patterns accompanied by pipe music and called saturae.There is no suggestion that these saturaeinvolved consistent acts of impersonation.5 Indeed the use of the word as a book title by Ennius, Pacuvius6 and Varro7 and what we know of the form of their books 8 carries the very opposite suggestion. 1

Sec W. Dcccke, EtruskischeForschungmund Studim VI {Stuttgart, 1884), p. 47, F. Skutsch, ALL xv (1908), 145, P. Friedlander, Ciotta n (1910), 164, v. Blumenthal, RE X1X i (1937), s.v. Persona:1. Dit Thtatermaske,1036 ff. a Sec W. Schulz.e, Kuhns Zeitschr.u (1923), 242 ( = Kl. Sehr. 638 f.); A. Ernout discusses objections raised to Schulz.e's view in BSL xxx (1929), 122 n. 2 ( = Philologita1 [Paris, 19,46),p. son. 2). 3 Sec P. Meriggi, Studi EtruschiXI {1937), 157, ICJ7, B. Snell, SIFC N.S. XVD (1940), 21s f. For criticism see F. Althcim. Geschichteder l4teinischtnSprache (Frankfurt am M., 1951), pp. 363 ff. 4 The title Saturaattributed to the scenic poets Naevius {Festus,p. 3o6. 29 ), Pomponius (Gramm.n 200.7, 282. 16) and Atta {Isidore, Orig. 6.9) looks like a usefulpiece of evidence but does not materially help the argument . .5 Talk of 'dramatic' saturais confused and misleading. 6 7 Q..uintilian,Inst. 10.1.93. Diomedes, Gramm.1,485.32ff. 8 The 'JU'#tuor libri saturarummentioned by Porphyrio (Hor. Sat. 1. 10.46) and quoted by Nonius, Macrobius and the Danieline Servius must be a late arrangement. There is no getting round the plain words of Diomedcs (Suetonius): olim carmenquad ex uariispoematibusamstabatsatira uocabaturquale

saipsenmt Pacuuiuset Ennius.

13

INTRODUCTION

The aristocracies of Etruria imported from Greece and had made by local artists objects decorated with pictorial representations of the heroic legends as early as the sixth century. 1 Etruscan or Etruscanised names were given to the gods and heroes. a A writer of the late second or early first century, a certain Volnius, is said3 to have composed tragedies in the Etruscan language. Modem scholars have often suggested that Volnius worked in a tradition that went back beyond 240. The idea is not an improbable one but unambiguous evidence is lacking. Excavation of tombs has produced frescos portraying many aspects of pre-240 scenic performances, but so far of nothing like an Attic tragedy. The nearest approach to drama is in pictures of entertainments involving a masked performer. 4 Vase-paintings and reliefs on cinerary urns which have heroic themes can all be easily interpreted as going back to Greek originals.5 One can, however, leave open the possibility that forerunners and contemporaries of the 240 B.c. Latin-speaking histrionesperformed Etruscan adaptations of the Athenian

classics. Campanian farce was performed at ludiscaenidin Rome during the first century and later both in Latin and in Oscan. 6 Plautus makes an obvious reference to the stock character Bucco Sec J. D. Beazley, EtruscanVase-Painting(Oxford, 1947), p. 8, L. Banti, Die Welt der Etrusker (Stuttgart, 196),pp. n6 f., R. Hampe and E. Simon, GriechischeSagen in der.frUhenetruskischenKunst (Mainz, 1964). :a See E. Fiesel. Namen des griechischen Mythos im Etruskischen(Gottingen, 3 1928). Varro, Ling. S. SS· 4 SeeS. De Marinis, Bnciclopedia dell'ArteAntica VI (1965), s.v. Phersu,n9. s A series of third-century cinerary urns (E. Brunn and G. Korte, I rilievidelle urneetrusche1-m[Rome and Berlin, 1870-1916)) are often taken to be based on a Greek artist's venions of scenes from Euripidean tragedies. A. Piganiol, Recherchessur lesjeux romains(Strasbourg, 1923), pp. 32 ff., argued that they 1

represent Etruscan adaptations of plays by Euripides made for performance at funeral games. 6 See Varro, Ling. 7 .29, Strabo S .233, Cicero, Fam. 7. I. 3, Diomedes, Gramm.I 489. 32 ff.

14

THE HELLENISING

OF THE ROMAN

STAGE

at Baah. 1088 and another to Manducus at Rud. 535. The name Maccus 1 suggests that Plautus may at one time have been himself an actor in this kind of drama .. Livy leaves it unclear when precisely he thought Campanian farce was first performed at the ludi scaenidbut it seems likely that the aediles would have presented this kind of drama before they tried the more sophisticated Atheniankind. There were plainly no links between the histrionesand the performers of farce in Livy' s own day and it is therefore hazardous to supppse either that they had more than accidental relations in the thirqcentury or that the form of Campanian drama had any considerable influence on the form which Athenian drama assumed on the Roman stage. The years between 240 and the middle of the next century saw considerable reorganisation of the old magisterial festivals as well as the establishment of new ones. One of the principal innovations was the regular performance ofLatin versions of the classics of Attic drama. Many Greek states had reformed their

ancient festivalsin similar fashion or introduced new ones on the model of the Athenian festivals of Dionysus. i As early as the fifth century Archelaus of Macedon established a festival in honour of Zeus and the Muses of which scenic performances were an important element.3 Philip,4 Alexanders and the successor kings 6 often had tragedies and comedies performed at the monster public festivals they delighted in arranging. Even the old musical festivals of Pythian Apollo were forced to admit the Athenian newcomers, tragedy and comedy. 7 To cater for the 1

Asin. n, Mere.10, Gellius, 3. 3; cf. Varro, Ling. 7. 104 (?: Maccius F), Leo, 1 (Berlin, 1912), p. 85. PlautinischeForschungen 2 Sec W. W. Tam and G. T. Griffith, HellenisticCivilisation' (London, 1952), pp. n3 ff. on Greek. festivals between Alexander's death and 189 B.c. 3

4 Demosthenes 19.192ff. Diodorus 17.16.3. S Plutarch, Alex. 4, 29, Athcnaeus 12. 538 F. 6 Diodorus 20.108.1. 7 Plutarch, Mor. 674D, Philostratus, Soph. pp. 238.20 ff., 269. 1 ff., Apoll. 6. 10 (pp. 109.35 ff.).

IS

INTRODUCTION

demand guilds of itinerant theatrical workers and performers, ol mpl Tov A16waov nxviTa1, 1 established themselves. Stray references in literature and a.great nwnber of lapidary inscriptions record their activities from early in the third century in most parts of the Greek-speaking world. On at least two occasions in the first half of the second century 2 they performed at Rome. The Greek cities with which members of the Roman ruling class had their first direct contacts after the long period of cultural isolation following the expulsion of the second Tarquin3 were those of southern Italy and Sicily. Three of the four known dramatists of the third century came to Rome from thisarea.Hiero II of Syracuse visited Rome in 237, according to Eutropius4 ad ludos spectandos.Permanent theatres had been erected in the wealthier cities as early as the fifth century .5 Athenian drama was well known. Aeschylus visited the court of Hiero I and produced the Titpaa1 and the Al-rvaia1in Syracuse.6 Those Athenian prisoners taken in 413 who could recite Euripides were, according to legend, 7 released by their admiring captors. The tyrant Dionysius not only invited Athenian poets 1

See Welder, Die griech. Trag. pp. 1303 ff., 0. Liiders, Die Dionysischen artificumapudGraecos Kunstler(Berlin, 1873), P. Foucart, De collegiisscenicorum (Paris, 1873), Poland, RE 2 vii (1934), s.v. Technitai (Nachtrage), 2473 ff., Pickard-Cambridge, DramaticFestivals,pp. 286 ff. :a At the ludi celebrated by M. Fulvius Nobilior in 186 (Livy 39.22.2) and those celebrated by L. Scipio in the same year (Livy 39.22. 10). Cf. Polybiw 30.22 for the ludi of L. Aniciw in 167. There is no need to suppose that they performed in tragedy or comedy. 3 See Altheim, Epochender romischenGeschichte 1 (Frankfurt am M., 1934), pp. 128 ff., A. Blakeway, JRS xxv (1935), 136, Ryberg, An Archaeological Recordof Rome, pp. 3, 79, 107, 204 f. 4 3. 1-2. 5 On the theatre of Syracuse, which seems to have been dedicated about •6o B.c., sec G. E. Rizzo, n TeatroGrecodi Siracusa(Milan, Rome, 1923). On the other theatres of Magna Graecia sec B. Pace, Dionisox (1947), 266 ff., A. von Gcrkan, in FestschriftA. Rumpf (Cologne, 1965), pp. 82 ff. 6 Vita, 9, 18. 7 Plutarch, Nie. 29.

16

THE

HELLENISING

OF THE

ROMAN

STAGE

to his court but composed tragedies himself for performance at the Athenian festivals.1 An early South Italian kalyx krater (400-390) depicting the punishment of a thief in a stage comedy has an inscription in what is possibly Attic dialect and iambic verse. :i It is probably an accident that activity by ot mpl TOV ~16waov TE)(ViTCX1 is not recorded until the mid first century.3 Nevertheless the Dorian cities had theatrical traditions of their own, independent at least in origin of the Athenian theatre, 4 and it is possible that the texts of Athenian plays were used by actors costumed differently from Athenian actors and on stages different in character from the Athenian.5 In any case one may reasonably seek the inspiration of at least some of the changes made to the Roman ludiscaenicibetween 240 and the turn of the century in the stage practices of Magna Graecia. However one imagines the amalgam of Etruscan, Italiote Greek and perhaps Oscan elements in the practice of the late third century Roman histrionesit is plain that the adapters of Athenian tragic and comic scripts had to deal with a theatrical situation very different in the one case from that which faced ' Sec Niese, RE v (1905), s.v. Dionysios [1), 900 f., for references. See Beazley, AJA LVI (1952), 193, Webster, CQ xm (1948), 25, in Fe.stschrift B. Schweitzer (Stuttgart, 1954), pp. 26o f. 3 Plutarch, Brut. 21 (Naples). J.C. XIV 12, 13 {Syracuse), 615 {Rhegium) are widated. • On the so-called Cf>).VCOJ..a 8vya-rpl avµcpovevacrre.Columna's pared Euripides, Hek. 391 vv,eis discussion at Q. .EtuaiiFrag.pp. 362-3 foreshadowed both suggestions. 3 HSCPh LXXI (1967), 128. 4 Cf. Plautus, Rud. 1 quigentesomnesmariaqueet tmas mouet. i

s See above, p. 6.

THE FRAGMENTS

5

JTO

Testes cuiusque tragoediae ratione fere temporum ordinaui. testium codices siglis notaui usitatis.

ACHILLES I Plautus, Poen. 1 :

s

10

1

s

20

Achillcm AristarchimihicoQll]lcntari lul>et; inde ·mihi principium capiam, ex ea tragoedia. sileteque et tacete atque animum aduortite. audire iubet uos imperator histricus ·(histrycus codJ.), bonoque ut animo sedeate in subselliis et qui esurientes (D': esuplentes BCD1) et qui saturi uenerint. qui edistis multo fecistis sapientius; qui non edistis saturi fite fabulis. nam cui paratumst quod edit, nostra gratia nimia est stultitia sessum inpransum incedere. exsurge praeco, fac populo audientiam. iam dudum exspecto si tuom officium scias; exerce uocem quam per uiuisque et colis. nam nisi -clamabis tacitum ( Turnebus: ta titum B: statim CD) te obrepet fames. age nunc reside duplicem ut mercedem feras. bonum factum, tesset edicta ut seruetis mea. scortum exoletum ne quis in proscaenio sedeat, neu (Camerarius:niue codJ.)lictor uerbum aut uirgae muttiant, neu dissignator praeter os obambulet, neu sessum ducat dum histrio in scaena (scena codJ.)siet. diu qui domi otiosi dormierunt, decet animo aequo nunc stent uel dormire temperent. serui ne obsideant, liberis ut sit locus, uel aes pro capite dent; si id facere non queunt

67

5-2

THE FRAGMENTS

domum abeant, uitent aneipiti infortunio, ne et hie uarientur uirgis et loris domi si minus eurassint (cura sint codd.)tquom eri ueniant domumt. nutriees pueros infantisminutulos domi ut procurent, neu quae spectatum adferat 30 ne et ipsae sitiant et pueri pereant (CD: pertant B: 25

-peritent T) fame neue esurientes hie quasi haedi obuagiant. -·matronae tacitac spectcnt, tacitae rideant (redcant C: rediant B: reddeant D), canora hie uoce sua tinnire temperent, domum sermones fabulandi eonferant 35 ne et hie uiris sint et domi molestiae. quodque ad ludorum curatores attinet, ne palma dctur quoiquam artifiei iniuria, neue ambitionis eaussa extrudantur foras quo deteriores anteponantur bonis. 40 et hoe quoque etiam quod paene oblitus fui: dum ludi fiunt in popinam pedisequi inruptionem facite; nune dum oeeasio est, nune dum scribilitae aestuant oeeurrite. haec quae imperata sunt pro imperio histrieo, 45 bonum hercle faetum, prose quisque ut meminerit. ad argumentum none uieissatim uolo remigrare ut aeque meeum sitis gnarures (T: siti signa rures BCD); eius nune regiones limites eonfinia determinabo; ei (codd.Plauti:eius codd.Non. p. II .25) rei ego sum factus finitor.

68

ACHILLES

II (a} Cicero, Verr. 2. 1.46: Delum uenit. ibi ex fano Apollinis religiosissimo noctu clam sustulit signa pulcherrima atque antiquissima, eaque in onerariam nauem· suam conicienda curauit. postridie cum fanum spoliatum uiderent ii qui Delum incolebant, grauiter ferebant; est enim tanta apud eos eius fani religio atque antiquitas ut in eo loco ipsum Apollinem natum esse arbitrentur. uerbum tamen facere non audebant, ne forte ea res ad Dolabellam ipsum pertineret. tum subito tempestates coortae sunt maximae, iudices, ut non modo proficisci cum cuperet Dolabella non posset sed uix in oppido consisteret.

ita magnifluctus eidebantur.

I

hie nauis illa praedonis istius, onusta signis religiosis, expulsa atque eiecta fluctu frangitur; in litore signa illa Apollinis reperiuntur; iussu Dolabellae reponuntur. tempestas sedatur, Dolabella Delo proficiscitur.

(b) Schol. Gronouianus:

ITA MAGNI

FLVCTVS EICIBBANTVR.

Enniano hemistichio usus est ex ea tragoedia quae Achilles inscribitur.

III Festus, p.

282.

9:

prolatoaereastitit,

2

Ennius in Achille Aristarchi cum ait, significat clipeo ante se protento.

IV (a} Festus, p. 394. 33 : SVBICBS Ennius in Achille pro subiectis posuit cum dixit nubes:

per egodeumsublimassubices umidasundeoriturimbersonitusaeuoet spiritu.

m in Achille Sailiger:achillacin F IV (a) 3 deum subiccs F

4 indc oritur imbcr sonitus acuo spiritu F

69

3

THE FRAGMENTS

(b) Gellius 4.17.13: congruens igitur est ut subices etiam, quod proinde ut obices compositum est, u littera breui dici oporteat. 14: Ennius in tragoedia quae Achilles inscribitur subices pro aere alto ponit, qui caelo subiectus est, in his uersibus: 'per ego deum sublimas subices humidas unde oritur imber sonitu saeuo et strcpitu'. plerosque omnes tamen legere audias u littera producta. (c) Nonius, p. 169. 1: SVBICES noue positum; non a subiciendo sed altitudine. Ennius Achille (acille codd.):'per ego deum sublimas subicis umidas unde oritur imber'. V Nonius, p. 147. 18: OBVARARE, peruertere, deprauare; dictum a uaris. Ennius Achille: tnam consiliust obuarantquibustam concedithie ordo.

s

VI Nonius, p. 166. 20:

REGRBDBRB, reuocare.

Ennius Achille:

quonuncincertare atqueinoratagradum regredere conare? VII Nonius, p. 277.23: DEFBNDBRE, ttuerit ueri AA). Ennius Achille:

6

depellere (debellare

seruadues, dejendehostescumpotesdejendere.

8

VIII Nonius, p. 472.26:

PROWANT.

Ennius Achille:

tmtatmortalesintersesepugnantproeliant.

9

V acille codd.:s nam consiliis ius Timpanaro VD in achille Gen.: in chille (achillco lJI) que te B VIII 9 inta mortalcs J..BA04 : ita mortalcs A.d: mortales interea Klussnum,i: interca mortalcs Laclunann

AIAX

IX Isidorus, Di.ff 1.218: inter famam et gloriam: gloria quippe uirtutum est, famauero uitiorum. Ennius in Achille:

summamtu tibipro malauitafamam extolles et pro bonaparatamgloriam. maleuolentes[enim] famam tollunt,beneuolentesgloriam.

10

AIAX X Cicero, Off. 1 . 114: suum quisque 1g1tur noscat ingenium acremque se et bonorum et uitiorum suorum iudicem praebeat, ne scaenici plus quam nos uideantur habere prudcntiae. illi enim non optumas sed sibi accommodatissimas fabulas eligunt: qui uoce freti sunt Epigonos Medumque (Medeamque X), qui gestu Melanippam (melenippam B: menalippam bX), Clytemestram (clitemestram Lp: clitimestram c), semper Rupilius quem ego memini Antiopam (Anthiopam Z), non saepe Aesopus Aiacem. XI

(a) Varro, Ling. 6.6: cum stella prima exorta ... id tempus dictum a Graecis Acrn-ipa,Latine uesper; ut ante solem ortum quod eadem stella uocatur iubar, quod iubata. Pacui dicit pastor ... Enni Aiax:

lumeniubarnein caelocerno?

(b) Varro, Ling. 6. 81: cemo idem ualet. itaque pro uideo ait Ennius: 'lumen iubarne in caelo cemo?' IX 12 enim tkl. R.ibbtdt XI (a) Ennii l..Mtus: cnnius F

71

13

THE FRAGMENTS

(c) Varro, Ling. 7. 75: possunt triones dicti, vn quod ita sitae stellae ut temae trigona faciant. taliquod t 76: 'lumen iubame in caelo cemo ?' iubar dicitur stella lucifer tquaet in summo quod habet lumen d.iffusumut leo in capite iubam. huius ortus significat circiter esse extremam noctem. itaque ait Pacuius ... XII

Festus,p. 48.2.3: TVWOS al)ti dixerunt essesilanos, alii (ali F) riuos, alii (ali F) uehementes proiectiones sanguinis arcuatim fluentis quales sunt Tiburi in Aniene. Ennius in Aiace:

uolant. ta iaxt missosanguinetepidotullii e.Jllantes

14

XIII Nonius, p. 393. 7: STATIM producta prima syllaba, a stando, perseueranter et aequaliter significat ... Ennius Aiace:

qui rem cumAchiuisgesseruntstatim.

ALCMEO XIV (a) Cicero, De orat.3. 154: nouantur autem uerba quae ah eo qui dicit ipso gignuntur ac fiunt uel coniungendis uerbis ut haec: 'tum pauor sapientiam omnem (mihi add.M: sapientiam mihi omnem 'pars integrorum'[Vahlen];cod. G Non. p. 16.7: omnem sapientiam mihi cod.L Non.) exanimato (exanimo B) expectorat (expectarat A) (v. 17)'; 'num non uis huius me uersutiloquas malitias'. uidetis enim et 'uersutiloquas' et 'expectorat' ex coniunctione facta esse uerba, non nata. sed saepe uel sine coniunctione ... XII cnnius inaiacea. iax F XDI Is achibidis AA

14 tulii F: tullii codd.Pauli

72

IS

ALCMEO

(b) Cicero, De orat.3 .217: aliud enim uocis genus iracundia sibi sumat, acutum ... aliud miseratio ac maeror, Bexibile ... 218: aliud metus, demissum et haesitans et abiectum:

multissum modisdrcumuentus,morboexilioatqueinopia. tum pauorsapientiamomnemexanimatoexpectorat. taitert terribilemminaturuitaecruciatum et necem; quaenemoest tam.fimw ingenioet tantacon.fidentia quin refugiattimidosanguenatqueexalbescatmetu. 219: aliud uis, contentum ...

(c) Cicero, Tusc.4.19: quae autem subiecta sunt sub metum, ea sic definiunt: pigritiam ... terrorem ... timorem ... pauorem metum mentem loco moucntem, ex quo illud Emu (vncM: Ennius X) 'tum pauor sapientiam omnem exanimato (omnem mihi ex anima codd.)expectorat (K2: expectaret X: expectoret B: expelleret vr•c) (v.17)'; exanimationem ... conturbationem ... formidinem ...

(J) Cicero, Fin. 4.62: hoe uero te ferre non potuisse, quod antiqui illi quasi barbati, ut nos de nostris solemus dicere, crediderint (crediderunt RNV), eius, qui honeste uiueret, si idem etiam bene ualeret, bene audiret, copiosus esset, optabiliorem fore uitam melioremque et magis expetendam quam illius, qui aeque uir bonus multis modis esset, ut Emu Alcmeo, 'circumuentus morbo exilio atque inopia (v. 16)'. (e) Cicero, Fin. 5.31: quis est enim aut quotus quisque (est add.codd.Non. p. 224.18), cui, mors cum adpropinquet, non 'refugiat timido sanguen {refugiat timidos anguis BERNI: refugiat timido sanguis N2V: fugiat timido sanguen codd.Non.) atque exalbescat metu (v. 20)'.

(f) Cicero, Hortens.frag. ap. Prise. Gramm.II 250. 12: ut ait Eruuus, 'refugiat timido sanguen atque exalbescat metu (v. 20)'. XIV (b) 16 modis sum L L: om. M minitatur L

17 omnem mi P: omnem mihi VO 20 sanguineL

73

18 alter

16

20

THE FRAGMENTS

xv (a) Cicero, Ac. 2. 52: illud enim dicimus non eandem esse uim neque integritatem dormientium et uigilantium nee mente nee sensu ... quod idem contingit insanis, ut et incipientes furere sentiant et dicant aliquid quod non sit id uideri sibi et cum relaxentur sentiant atque illa dicant Alcmeonis:

sedmihi neutiquamcorconsentitcumoculorumaspectu.

21

(b) Cicero, Ac. 2. 88: dormientium et uinulentorum et furiosorum uisa inbeeilliora essedicebas quam uigilantium siccorum sanorum. quo modo? quia cum cxpcrrectus esset Ennius non diceret se uidisse Homerum sed uisum esse,Alcmeo autem: 'sed mihi neutiquam cor consentit- (v. 2 I)'. similia de uinulentis ... 89: quid loquar de insanis?... quid ipse Alcmeo tuus, qui negat cor sibi cum oculis consentire, nonne ibidem incitato furore:

untiehaecjlammaoritur?

22

et illa deinceps: tincede incedet adsunt;me expetunt. quid cum uirginis £idem implorat: fer mi auxilium,pestemabigea me,

jlammiferamhancuim quaeme excruciat. caeruleae incinctaeigni incedunt, drcumstantcumardentibus taedis.

25

num dubitas quin sibi haec uidere uideatur? itemque cetera:

intenditcrinitusApollo arcumauratumluna innixus; Dianaf acemiadt a laeua.

30

qui magis haec crederet si essent quam credebat quia uidebantur ? apparet enim iam cor cum oculis consentirc. XV (b) 23 incacde incacde V 26 ceruleae (cerulaeae .B)incincte igni codd.: caeruleo incinctae angui Colutnn4

74

ALEXANDER

(c) Festus, p. 162. 14: NBVTIQV AM pro cum ait 'sed lorum aspect (v. 21) neutiquam

XVI Nonius, p.

127.13:

IAMDIV

pro~~·-·

.Ennius Alcmeone:

f actumest iam.diu.

31

ALEXANDER XVII (a) Cicero, Att. 8 . 11 . 3 : uoluisti enim me quid de his malis sentirem ostendere. npo8ecnr(300igitur, noster Attice, non hariolans ut illa (Pius:utilia codd.)cui ncmo credidit sed coniectura prospiciens: 'iamque marl (maria codd.)magno-(v. 43)'. non multo, inquam, secus possum uaticinari. tanta malorum impendet •1A1QS.

(b) Cicero, Orat. 155: atque etiam a quibusdam sero iam emendatur antiquitas, qui haec reprehendunt. nam pro deum atque hominum £idem deorum aiunt. ita credo hoe illi nesciebant. an dabat hanc licentiam consuetudo? itaque idem poeta qui inusitatius contraxerat 'patris mei meum factum pudet (v. 37)' pro meorum factorum, et 'texitur exitium examen rapit (v. 44)' pro exitiorum, non dicit liberum ut plerique loquimur ... at ille alter in Chryse ... 156: ... atqui (uulgo:et quid Heerdegen:quid A: et qui L) dixit Accius ... (c) Cicero, Diu. I .66: inest igitur in animispraesagitio (uulgo: praesagatio codd.)extrinsecus iniecta atque inclusa diuinitus. ea XV (c) NEVTIQVAM pro nullo modo - Paulus

75

THE FRAGMENTS

si exarsit acrius furor appellatur cum a corpore animus abstractus diuino instinctu concitatur.

sedquidoculisrapereuisa est derepenteardentibus? ubi illapauloantesapienstuirginalit modestia? mater,optumatummultomuliermeliormulierum, missasum superstitiosis hariolationibus; tnequet me Apollofatisfandis detnenttminuitamciet. uirginesuereoraequalis,patrismei meumf actumpudet, optumiuiri. meamater,tui me miseret,meipiget. optumamprogeniemPriamopeperistiextrame. hoedolet: men obesse,illosprodesse,me obstare,illosobsequi.

32

3s

40

o poema tenerum et moratum atque molle. sed hoe minus ad rem. 67: illud quod uolumus expressum est ut uaticinari furor uera soleat.

adestadestJax obuolutasanguineatqueincendio. muhosannoslatuit.duesferte opemet restinguite.

41

deus (restinguit deus AV) inclusus corpore humano iam, non Cassandra loquitur.

iamquemarimagnoclassiscita texitur.exitiumexamenrapit. adueniet. fora ueliuolantibus nauibuscompleuitmanus.litora.

43

tragoedias loqui uideor et fabulas. XVD (c) 32 rabcrc lAmbimu 1573 33 (aut} ubi L«hmann uirgina1cB1 34 optumatum uulgo: optumarum Porson:optuma tum AVB 36 mcque Grotius:namquc me Hottingn: namquc Ribbede 37 ucrcor Ribbecle:ucrOIIC* 39 pcpcristi Marsus:rcppcristi AVB 40 mCllc (o tx c corr.)B: ucro AV B 42 rcfcrtc AV 4S aducnit et fcra VS 46 complebit P

ALEXANDER

{d) Cicero, Diu.

multos nemora siluaeque, multos amnes aut maria commouent, quorum furibunda mens uidet ante multo quae sint futura. quo de genere ilia sunt: 1.114:

eheuuidete: iudicauitinclitumiudidum inter Jeas tris aliquis, quo iudido LacedaemoniamulierFuriarumuna adueniet.

47

eodem enim modo multa a uaticinantibus saepe praedicta sunt. (e) Cicero, Diu. 2.112: at multi saepe uera uaticinati, ut Cassandra: 'iamque mari magno-( v. 43 )' eademque paulo {populo V) post: 'eheu uidete (v. 47)'. 113 : num igitur me cogis etiam fabulis credere? quae delectationis (ed. Veneta1471: delectationes AVB) habeant quantum uoles, uerbis sententiis numeris cantibus adiuuentur; auctoritatem quidem nullam debemus nee £idem commenticiis rebus adiungere. XVIII Cicero, Diu, 1 . 42: haec etiamsi ficta sunt a poeta non absunt tamen a consuetudine somniorum. sit sane etiam illud commenticium quo Priamus est conturbatus quia

matergrauidaparerese ardentemf acem uisa est in somnisHecuba.quofacto pater rex ipse Priamussomniomentismetu perculsuscurlssumptussuspirantibus XVIl "'Trag. inc. ap. Q!!intil. Inst. 9. 3 . 77 Hecuba hoe dolet pudet piget, Varro, Men. frag. ap. Non. pp. 112.21, 328 .28 adest fax inuoluta incendio (incendii coJJ. Non. p. 328.29), Vergilius, Aen. 2. 569-7 4 Tyndarida aspicio ... illa ... Troiae et patriae communis Erinys Iabdiderat sese; ex Vergilio Lucanus 10. 59 XVIlI *Ouidius, Epist. 17.237-8 fax quoque me terret quam se peperisse cruentam I ante diem partus est tua uisa parens. XVII (4) .f,8 inter add.W: intus VI> XVIII so se om. H

77

so

THE FRAGMENTS

exsacrificabat hostiisbalantibus. tum coniecturam postulatpacempetens, ut se edoceretobsecrans Apollinem quoseseuertanttantaesortessomnium. ibi ex oraclouocediuinaedidit ApollopuerumprimusPriamoquifo_ret postillanatustemperarettollere; eum esseexitium Troiae,pestemPergamo.

SS

6o

sint haec ut dixi somnia fahularum ...

XIX Varro, Ling. 6. 83: ah auribus uerha uidentur dicta audio et ausculto; aures (A. Spengel:auris 0. Mueller:audio F) ah aueo (Laetus:ahaucto F), quod his auemus discere (uu{go:dicere F) semper, quod Ennius uidetur hvµov ostendere uelle in Alexandro cum ait:

iam dudumab ludisanimusatqueauresauent auideexspectantes nuntium.

62

propter hanc aurium auiditatem theatra replentur.

XX Varro, Ling. 7.82: apud Ennium: 'Andromachaenomen qui indidit recte ei indidit (v. 99)'. item:

quapropter ParimpastoresnuncAlexandrumuocant.

64

imitari dum uoluit (Aldus:uolunt F) Euripidem (euripeden F) et ponere hvµov, est lapsus; nam Euripides quod Graeca posuit, hvµa sunt aperta. ille ait ideo nomen additum Andromachae, quod &v6plµaxe-ra1(Aldus: andromache · quod andromachete F); hoe Enni (ennii F) quis potest intellegere in uersu (Turnebus: 54 et sacrificabat H H: tempora extollere

56 doceret V

vc

58 ubi B

6o temptaret tollere

ALEXANDER

inuersum F) significare 'Andromachae nomen qui indidit recte indidit' aut Alexandrum ah eo appellatum in Graecia qui Paris fuisset,a quo Herculem quoque cognominatum Alexicacon, ah eo quod defensor esset hominum?

XXI

(a) Festus, p.

240. 10:

antiquos \1 dicisum est i nifici ait neq\l~ in Alexandr9 tamidiot purusP\lt(us) sycophanta est quo certior sc putatum dici sol ta id est pura fact

(b) Gellius, 7. s.10: scriptum est autem 'purum putum' non in Carthaginiensi solum foedere sed cum in multis aliis ueterum libris tum in Q. quoque Ennii tragoedia, quae inscribitur Alexander, et in satira M. Varronis, quae inscripta est Sls irai&s ol Y~VTES-

XXII Festus, p. 416.35: Alexandro:

STOLIDVS,

stultus. Ennius lib.

1. •.

et m

hominemappellat.'quid tiasciuit stolide?'non intellegit. et Caecilius ... XXI (a) PVTVS antiqui diccbant pro puro, unde putatac uitcs et arborcs, quod decisis inpcdimcntis rcmancrcnt purac. aurum quoquc putatum dici solct, id est expurgatum, et ratio putata, id est pura facta - Paulus XXD 66 lasciuisScaliger

79

66

THE FRAGMENTS

XXIII Festus, p. 494. 33: TABNIAS Graecam uocem sic interpretatur Verrius, ut dicat ornamentum esse laneum capitis honorati, ut sit apud Caecilium ... Ennius in Alexandro:

uolansde caelocum coronaet taeniis. Accius ...

XXIV Macrobius, Sat. 6. 1.61 (7: dicam itaque primum quos ah aliis traxit uel ex dimidio sui uersus uel paene solidos) : 'multi praeterea quos fama obscura recondit (Verg. Aen. s .302)'. Ennius in Alexandro:

multi alii aduentant,paupertasquorumobscuratnomina.

68

XXV Macrobius, Sat. 6. 2. 18 ( 1 : locos locis componere sedet animo ut unde formati sint quasi de speculo cognoscas): 'o lux Dardaniae spes o fidissima Teucrum (Verg. Aen. 2.281)' et reliqua. Ennius in Alexandro:

o lux Troiae,germaneHector, quid ita cum tuo laceratocorporemiser? aut qui te sic respectantibus tractauerenobis?

69

XXIV *ex Vergilio Statius, Theb.6. 56o. XXV *Vergilius, Aen. 2.281-6 o lux Dardaniae, spes o fidissima Teucrum, I quae tantae tenuere morae? quibus Hector ab oris I exspectate uenis? ut te post multa tuorum I funera, post uarios hominumque urbisque labores I defessi aspicimus. quae causa indigna serenos I foedauit uoltus? aut cur haec uolnera cemo ?, 6. 500-2 Deiphobe armipotens, genus alto a sanguine Teucri, I quis tarn crudelis optauit sumere poenas? I quoi tantum de te licuit? · XXV 70 ita cumque tuo T miser (ades) Mariotti:miser (es) Vahlm

80

ANDROMACHA

XXVI Macrobius, Sat. 6. 2. 25: 'cum fatalis equus saltu super ardua uenit I Pergama et armatum peditem grauis attulit aluo {Verg. Aen. 6.515-16)'. Ennius in Alexandra:

nam maximosaltusuperauitgrauidusarmatisequus qui suopartu arduaperdatPergama.

72

ANDROMACHA XXVII

(a) Cicero, Sest. 120: quid fuit illud quod, recenti nuncio de illo senatus consulto quod factum est in templo Virtutis ad ludos scaenamque perlato, consessu maximo summus artifex et mehercule semper partium in re publica (Naugerius:in TR.PL. codd.) tam quam in scaena optimarum, flens et recenti laetitia et mixto dolore ac desiderio mei, egit apud populum Romanum multo grauioribus uerbis meam causam quam egomet de me agere potuissem? summi enim poetae ingenium non solum XXVI *Lucretius

476-7 nee clam durateus Troianis Pergama partu I inB.ammasset equos noctumo Graiugenarum; Vergilius, Georg.3. 139-41 exactis grauidae cum mensibus errant, I non illas grauibus quisquam iuga ducere plaustris, I non saltu superare uiam sit passus, Aen. 2.237-8 scandit fatalis machina muros I feta armis, 328-9 arduus armatos mediis in moenibus adstans fundit equos, 6. 515-16 cum fatalis ecus saltu super ardua uenit I Pergama et armatum peditem grauis attulit aluo; Ouidius, Ars 1 . 364 militibus grauidum laeta recepit equum; Macro bi us, Sat. 3 . 13 . 13 nam Titius in suasione legis Fanniae obicit saeculo suo quod porcuin Troianum mensis inferant, quern il1iideo sic uocabant, quasi aliis inclusis animalibus grauidum, ut ille Troianus equus grauidus armatis fuit. 1.

I

XXVI 72 nwic maxima P 6

81

JTO

THE FRAGMENTS

arte sua sed etiam dolore exprimehat. tqua enimt (qua enim ui Koechly)

qui rempublicamcertoanimoadiuuerit statuerit,steteritcumAchiuis-

uohiscum me stetisse dicehat, uestros ordines demonstrahat. reuocahatur ah uniuersis.

re dubia haut dubitarituitam o.fferreneecapitipepercerit.

haec quantis ah illo clarnorihus agehantur. cum iam omisso gestu uerhis poetae et studio actoris (Heruagius:auctoris codd.)et exspectationi nostrae plauderetur: 121:

SVMMVM AMICVM SVMMO IN BBi.LO

- narn illud ipse actor adiungehat amico anirno et fortasse homines propter aliquod desiderium adprohahant SVMMO INGENIO PRAEDITVM.

tum (G: tam P: iarn ed. Ascens.1531)il1aquanto cum gemitu

populi Romani _aheodem paulo post in eadern fahula sunt acta.

(v. 87).'

'o pater-

me, me ille ahsentem ut patrem deplorandum putahat (ed. Ascens.1531:putarat codd.), quern Q. Catulus, quern multi alii saepe in senatu patrern patriae nominarant. quanto cum fletu de illis nostris incendiis ac ruinis, cum pattern pulsum, patriam adflictam deploraret, dornum incensan1euersamque. sic egit ut, demonstrata pristina fortuna, cum se conuertisset, 'haec omnia uidi inflammari (v. 92)' fletum etiam inimicis atque inuidis excitaret. 122: pro di immortales. quid? ilia quern ad modum dixit idem. quae mihi quidern ita acta et scripta uidentur esse ut uel a Q. Catulo, si reuixisset, praeclare posse dici uiderentur; is enim XXVD (a) 77 haut Madvig: *ut (fuit aut) P: ut G dubitari G uitam Naugerius:uiam codd. pepercerit uulgo: pcper P1 : pcpcrcit pee

82

74

AND ROMACHA

libere reprehendere et accusare populi non numquam temeritatem solebat aut errorem senatus. 'o (P: uero G) ingratifici Argiui (argui P 1), immunes (schol. Bob.: inanes codd.)Grai, inmemores bencfici (bencfitii

codd.)'. non erat illud quidem uerum; non enim ingrati, sed miseri, quibus reddere salutem a quo (P: quod G) acceperant non liceret, nee unus in quemquam umquam gratior quam in me uniuersi; sed tamen illud scripsit disertissimus poeta pro tmet (Telamone lAmbinus),egit fortissimus actor, non solum optimus, de me, cum omnis ordines demonstraret, senatum equites Romanos uniuersum populum Romanum accusarct. 'exulare sinitis (ed.Ascens.1531:sinite codd.), sistis (si istis codd.) pelli (P: belli G), pulsum patimini '. quae tum significatio fuerit omnium, quae declaratio uoluntatis ah uniuerso populo Romano in causa hominis non popularis, equidem audiebam (ed. Ascens. 1531: audiebamus codd.); existimare facilius possunt qui adfuerunt. 123 : et quoniam hue me prouexit oratio, histrio casum meum totiens conlacrimauit, cum ita dolenter ageret causam meam, ut uox eius ilia praeclara lacrimis impediretur; neque poetae, quorum ego semper ingenia dilexi, tempori meo defuerunt; eaque populus Romanus non solum plausu sed etiam gemitu suo comprobauit. utrum igitur haec Aesopum potius pro me aut Accium dicere oportuit, si populus Romanus liber esset, an principes ciuitatis? nominatim sum appellatus in Bruto. 'Tullius qui libertatem ciuibus stabiliuerat '. miliens reuocatum est. parumne uidebatur populus Romanus iudicare id a me et a senatu esse constitutum quod perditi ciues sublatum per nos criminabantur?

(b) Cicero, De orat.3 . 102: numquam agit hunc uersum Roscius eo gestu quo potest ... quid ille alter? 'quid petam praesidi 83 ~2

THE FRAGMENTS

(praesidiicodd.)? (v.81)' quam leniter, quam remisse, quamnon actuose. ins tat enim: 'o pater o patria o Priami do mus (v. 87) '. in quo tanta commoueri actio non posset, si esset consumpta superiore motu et exhausta. (c) Cicero, De orat. 3. 183: est autem paean hie posterior non syllabarum numero sed aurium mensura, quod est acrius iudicium et certius, par fere cretico, qui est ex longa et breui et longa, ut 'quid petam praesidi (praesidii codd.)aut exsequar? quoue nunc (v. 81) '. (d) Cicero, De orat. 3 .217: aliud enim uocis genus iracundia sibi sumat, acutum, incitatum, crebro incidens ... aliud miseratio ac maeror, Bexibile plenum interruptum fiebili uoce: ... et illa: 'o pater o patria o Priami domus (v. 87)'; et quae sequuntur 'haec omnia uidi (uidet M) infiammari, Priamo ui uitam euitari (ui uitam uitari L: uitam euitaret M) (vv. 92-3)'. aliud metus, demissum et haesitans et abiectum ...

(e) Cicero, Orat. 92: translata dico, ut saepe iam, quae per similitudinem ah alia re aut suauitatis aut inopiae causa transferuntur; immutata (Schutz:mutata AL), in quibus pro uerbo proprio subicitur aliud quod idem significat sumptum ex re aliqua consequenti. 93 : quod quamquam transferendo fit, tamen alio modo transtulit cum (L: quod A) dixit Ennius tarcem et urbem orbas (L: arcent urbem orbam A) (v. 83 ?) alio modo si pro patria arcem dixisset et horridam Africam terribili tremere tumultu cum dicit pro Afris immutate Africam t

(f) Cicero, Tusc. 1 . 8s: sit igitur aliquis qui nihil mali ha beat, nullum a fortuna uolnus acceperit. Metellus ille honoratis (V2 : honoratus X) quattuor filiis aut (K: at GRV) quinquaginta Priamus, e (V2: om. X) quibus septemdecim iusta uxore natis. in utroque eandem habuit fortuna potestatem, sed usa in altero 84

AND ROMACHA

est. Metellum enim multi filii filiae nepotes neptes in rogum inposuerunt, Priamum tanta progenie orbatum, cum in aram confugisset, hostilis manus intcremit. hie si uiuis filiis incolumi regno occidisset 'astante ope barbarica, tectis caelatis laqueatis (vv. 89-90)' utrum tandem a bonis an a malis discessisset?tum profecto uideretur a bonis. at certe ei melius euenisset, nee tam fiebiliter illa canerentur: 'haec omnia uidi infiammari, Priamo ui uitam euitari, Iouis aram sanguine turpari (vv. 92-4)'. quasi uero ista ui (PetrusCrassus:uel codd.)quicquam tum potuerit ei melius accidere. quodsi ante occidisset, talem (Dauisius:tamen codd.)euentum omnino amisisset; hoe autem tempo re sensum antisit malorum.

(g) Cicero, Tusc.I . 105: sed plena errorum sunt omnia. trahit Hectorem ad currum religatum Achilles; lacerari eum et sentire, credo, putat. ergo hie ulciscitur, ut quidem sibi uidetur; at illa sicut acerbissimam rem maeret:

uidi, uiderequodmepassaaegerrume, Hedoremcurruquadriiugo raptarier. quern Hectorem, aut quam diu ille erit Hector? melius Accius et aliquando sapiens Achilles: 'immo enimuero corpus Priamo reddidi, Hectora (Nieberding:Hectorem codd.)abstuli'. non igitur Hectora traxisti, sed corpus, quod fuerat Hectoris.

(h) Cicero, Tusc. 3 . 44: quaerendum igitur quern ad modum aegritudine priuemus cum qui ita dicat: 'pol mihi fortuna magis nunc defit quam genus. namque regnum suppetebat mi, ut scias quanto e loco, quantis opibus, quibus de rebus lapsa fortuna accidat (vv. 338-40)'. XXVD (g) 79 curro GI(lR etfart. V1 (-u i,a ras.)

85

THE FRAGMENTS

quid? huic calix mulsi impingendus est, ut plorare desinat, aut aliquid eius modi? ecce tibi ex altera parte ab eodem poeta:

ex opibussummisopisegensHectortuae.

So

huic subuenire debemus; quaerit enim auxilium.

quidpetampraesidiaut exequar?quouenunc auxilioexili autfugaefreta sim? arceet urbeorbasum. quo accedam? quoapplicem? cui neearaepatriaedomislant,fractaeet disiectaeiacent, Janafiammadefiagrata, tosti talii t stantparietes, deformatiatqueabietecrispa.

81

ss

scitis quae sequantur et ilia in primis (Tregder:illum primis X: illud in primis yes'):

o pater,o patria,o Priamidomus, saeptumaltisonocardinetemplum. uidi egote adstanteope barbarica, tectiscaelatislaqueatis, auroeboreinstructamregi.fice.

90

45 : o poetam egregium. quamquam ab his cantoribus Eu-

phorionis contemnitur. sentit omnia repentina et necopinata esse grauiora. exaggeratis igitur regiis (s':regis X) opibus, quae uidebantur sempiternae fore, quid adiungit?

haecomniauidi injlammari, Priamoui uitameuitari, Iouisaramsanguineturpari.

92

praeclarum carmen. est enim et rebus et uerbis et modis lugubre. eripiamus huic aegritudinem. quo modo? conlocemus in culcita plumea ... XXVD (h) 81 pracsidii X 82 exilii X fugae ~ Bentley: fuga X Ss alti M'< 89 adstantem (m eras.in V) X 90 laqueatis codd.:lacuatis Seruius aud. Atn. 1 • 726 91 regificem (m exp. K1B) X 94 sanguine KR' todd. Non. p. 181.1: sanguinem GR 1 V

86

ANDROMACHA

(i) Cicero, Tusc. 3. 53: Karthaginienses multi Romae seruierunt, Macedones rege Perse capto; uidi etiam in Pdoponneso, cum essem adulescens, quosdam Corinthios. hi poterant omnes eadem ilia de Andromacha (~: antromacha X) deplorare: 'haec omnia uidi (v. 92)'. sed iam (etiam KR) decantauerant fortasse. eo enim erant uoltu, oratione, omni reliquo motu et statu, ut eos Argiuos aut Sicyonios (sicionios K1R) diceres (dicere X: co". vc), magisque me mouerant Corinthi subito aspectae (aspecta X: co". V2) parietinae quam ipsos Corinthios, quorum animis diuturna cogitatio callum uetustatis obduxerat.

XXVIII

(a) Cicero, De orat.2 . 1 ss: ' ... miror cur philosophiae sicut Zethus ille Pacuuianus prope bellum indixeris '. 156: 'minime ', inquit Antonius; 'ac sic decreui philosophari XXVII *Plautw, Baah. 933-4 o Troia o patria o Pergamum o Priame periisti senex I qui misere male mulcabere quadringentis Philippis aureis; Sallustius, lug. 14. 17 nunc uero exul patria domo, solus atque omnium honestarum rerum egens, quo accedam aut quos appellem?; Vergilius, Atn. 1 . 483 ter circum Iliacos raptauerat Hectora muros, 2.241-2 o patria (o PATRIA. uersus EnnianusSeruius)o diuom domus Ilium et incluta hello Imoenia Dardanidum, 27r5 raptatw bigis ut quondam aterque crucnto I puluere perquc pedes traiectw lora tumentis. I ei mihi (m MIHI. Ennii uersus Seruius)qualis erat, quantum mutatus ah illo I Hectore, 499-505 uidi ipse furentem Icaede Ncoptolemum geminosque in limine Atridas, I uidi Hecubam centumque nurus Priamumque per aras I sanguine foedantem quos ipse sacrauerat ignis. I quinquaginta illi thalami, spes tanta nepotum, I barbarico postes auro spoliisque superbi I procubuere; Porcius Latro ap. Sen. Contr.2. 1. I uidi ego magni exercitus ducem sine comite fugientem, uidi ... limina deserta... nam quid ex summis opibus ad egestatem deuolutos loquar?; Tacitus, Ann. 13. 15 ille constanter exorsus est carmcn quo euolutum cum sede patria rebusque summis significabatur.

87

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potius, ut Neoptolemus apud Ennium, "paucis; nam omnino (quam omnino HE 2) haud placet'".

(b) Cicero, Rep. 1 . 30: Aelius Sextus ... Zethum ilium Pacuui nimis inimicum doctrinae esse dicebat; magis eum delectabat Neoptolemus Enni qui se ait philosophari (filosofari cod.)uelle set paucis; nam omnino haud placere. (,) Cicero, Tusc. 2. 1: Neoptolemus quidem apud Ennium philosophari sibi ait necesse esse (est H) sed paucis; nam omnino haud placere. ego autem, Brute, necesse mihi quidem esse arbitror philosophari - nam quid possum praesertim nihil agens agere melius? - sed non paucis ut ille ... 2: sed tamen in uita occupata atque, ut Neoptolemi tum erat, militari pauca ipsa multum saepe prosunt et ferunt fructus ...

(d)Gellius s.1 s.9: hos alios talis argutae delectabilisque desidiae aculeos cum audiremus uel lectitaremus neque in his scrupulis aut emolumentum aliquod solidum ad rationem uitae pertinens aut finem ullum quaerendi uideremus, Ennianum (ennianum autem RV) Neoptolemum probabamus, qui profecto ita ait:

philosophandum estpauds; nam omninohaudplacet. (e) Gellius s. 16. s: sed hie aeque (Petschenig: eaque codd.)non diutius muginandum eiusdemque illius Enniani Neoptolemi, de quo supra scripsimus, consilio utendum est, qui degustandum ex philosophia censet, non in eam ingurgitandum.

(f) Apuleius, Apol. 13: da igitur ueniam Platoni philosopho uersuum eius de amore ne ego necesse habeam contra sententiam Neoptolemi Enniani pluribus philosophari.

XXIX Cicero, Att. 4. 1 s.6: redii Romam Fontei causa a.d. vn. Id. Q_uint. veni spectatum (Graeuius:spectaculum codd.)primum magno et aequabili plausu (sed hoe ne curaris; ego ineptus qui

88

95

AND ROMACHA

scripserim); deinde Antiphonti operam. is erat (Victorius: miserat codd.)ante manu missus quam productus. ne diutius pendeas, palroam tulit; sed nihil tarn pusillum nihil tarn sine uoce nihi1tam - uerum haec tu tecum habeto. in Andromacha tamen maior fuit quam Astyanax ( Victorius:Astyanax nam Cratander:astya [uel astia] nam /l: astra nam TT), in ceteris parem habuit neminem.

XXX Cicero, Opt. gen. 18: huic labori nostro duo genera reprehensionum opponuntur. unum hoe: 'uerum (uu~o: uerbum G) melius Graeci '. a quo quaeratur ecquid (uu~o: et quid G) possint ipsi (uu~o: illi G) melius Larine? alterum: 'quid istas potius legam quam Graecas?' idem (uu~o:id est G) Andriam et Synephebos nee minus Terentium et Caecilium quam Menandrum legunt, nee Andromacham aut.Antiopam aut Epigonos Latinos trecipiuntt, sed tamen Ennium et Pacuuium et Accium potius quam Euripidem et Sophoclem legunt. quod igitur est eorum in orationibus e Graeco (Lambinus:a greco G) conuersis fastidium, nullum cum sit in uersibus? XXXI Cicero, Ac. 2. 20: quam multa quae nos fugiunt in cantu exaudiunt in eo genere exercitati qui primo inflatu tibicinis Antiopam esse aiunt aut Andromacham, cum id nos ne suspicemur quidem. XXXII Cicero, Diu. 1 . 23 : sus rostro si humi A litteram inpresserit, num propterea suspicari poteris Andromacham Enni (Ennii Acvc) ah ea posse describi?

89

THE

FRAGMENTS

XXXIII Varro, Ling. s. 19: omnino feo magis puto a chao chount et hinc caelum, quoniam, ut clixi, 'hoe circum. supraque quod complexu continet terram ', cauum caelum. itaque dicit Andromaca Nocti:

quaecauacaeli

96

signitenentibus con.fids bigis. et Agamemno: 'in altisono caeli clipeo (vv. I 88-9) '; cauumenim clipeum. et Ennius item ad cauationem: 'caeli ingentes fornices'.

XXXIV Varro, Ling. 7. 6: templum tribus modis dicitur: ah natura, ah auspicando, a similitudine; natura in caelo, ah auspiciis in terra, a similitudine sub terra. in caelo templum dicitur, ut in Hecuba ... in terra, ut in Periboea ... sub terra, ut in Andromacha:

Acherusiatemplaalta Orci salueteinfera.

98

XXXV Varro, Ling. 7. 82: apud Ennium:

Andromachaenomenqui indiditrede indidit.

99

item ... imitari dum uoluit (Aldus: uolunt F) Euripidem (euripiden F) et ponere m,µov, est lapsus. nam Euripides (euripedes F) quod Graeca posuit, hvµa sunt aperta. ille ait ideo XXXIV *Trag. inc. ap. Cic. Tusc. I . 48 quae est anus tam delira quae timeat ista quae uos uidelicet si physica non didicissetistimeretis 'Acherunsia templa alta Orci pallida leti nubila Qetio nubila GK1 (b post o add.K']R: let/lo nubila V [leto nubila B]}tenebris loca'? XXXV *Cicero, Att. 2. I . s ego illam odi male consularem. ea est enim seditiosa, ea cum uiro bellum gerit.

xxxm Andromacha Nocti 'quae Lattus: Andromeda Nocti 'quae Scaligtr: androma noctiquc F XXXV 99 recte ei indidit F

90

ANDROMACHA

nomen additum Andromachae quod av6pl l-lCXXETa1 (Aldus: andromache· quod andromachete F).hoe Enni (EnniiF) quis potest intellegere in uersu (Turnebus:inuersum F) significare 'Andromachae no men qui indidit recte indidit' aut ...

XXXVI Varro, Ling. 10.70: tde generet multi utuntur non modo poetae sed etiam plerique thaec primot omnes qui soluta oratione loquuntur ( • • •) dicebant ut quaestorem praetorem sic Hectorem Nestorem. itaque Ennius ait:

Hectorisnatumde Troianomuroiactari.

100

Accius haec in tragoediis largius a prisca consuetudine mouere coepit et ad formas Graecas uerborum magis reuocare.

XXXVII Festus, p. 384.16:

ysSIdicebantur Naeuius: 'odi' inquit inde aperte dice times? Ennius in sexto ntus in occulto mussa s in Andromacha: di 101 9n est: nam mussare si s in Agnorizomene: 'quod potes sile cela oc tege tace mussa mane'. SVM pro eum XXXVIII

Nonius, p. 76. I:

AVGIFICAT, auget.

Ennius Andromaca:

tquid fit seditio tabesne an numerust augificatfsuost. XXXVI 100 iactari uulgo: lactari F XXXVD SVMMVSSI,murmuratorcs. Naeviw: •odi' inquit •summussos, proinde aperte dice quid sit'. Terentiw (sic) mwsare pro taccre posuit cum ait: •sile ccla occulta tege tacc mussa' - Paulus 102 tabetne Lipsius nwneros ed.print. XXXVIII andromaga L 1

91

102

THE

FRAGMENTS

XXXIX Nonius, p. 292.7: BXANCLAitB etiam significat perpeti. Ennius Andromache aechmaloto:

quantiscumaerumnisiliumexanclauidiem. XL (a) Nonius, p. 401. 37: SVMMVM, gloriosum, laudabile ... Ennius Andromache aechmaloto (andromaca haec malo codd.): 'annos multos longinque Qongique codd.)ah domo bellum gerentes summum summa (summam AA) industria '.

(b) Nonius, p.

515. 12:

LONGINQVB

et

LONGITBR

pro longe.

Ennius Andromache aechmaloto:

annosmultoslonginquea domo heliumgerentessummumsummaindustria.

104

XLI Nonius, p. 504.18: LAVERBNT (uulgo:lauere codd.)etiam inde manauit. Ennius Andromaca:

nam ubi introducta estpuerumqueut lauerentlocant in clipeo. XLII

1o6

Nonius, p. 505 . 12 SONVNT etiam inde manauit. Ennius Andromache aechmalotide:

nam nequeiratinequeblandiquicquamsinceresonunt. XXXIX Andromache aedunaloto 'quantis Gerlach:Andromache aechmalotidi 'quantis Roth: andromache malo torquantis (torquentis LBA) codd. 103 exanclaui cum diem AAL• XL (b) accius andromache ei nwo (mala CA) codd. XLI 1o6 puerorumque G 107 clypeo Aldus: cypeo LBamb.: cipeo HG XLU andromace ethemapotide codd. 108 quiquam codd.:co". L 1

92

108

ANDROMEDA

XLIII Nonius, p.

515.24:

RARBNTBR.•.

Ennius Andromacha:

sedquasiautferrum aut lapis duratrarentergemitumtconatur trabem t

109

XLIV {a) Servius, Aen. 1 . 224: ueliuolum duas res significat, et quod uelis uolatur, ut hoe loco, et quod uelis uolat, ut Ennius: 'naues (nauius C) ueliuolas'. qui et proprie dixit.

(b) Macrobius, Sat. 6. 5. 10:

rnulta quoque epitheta apud Vergilium sunt quae ah ipso ficta creduntur sed et haec a ueteribus tracta monstrabo) despiciens mare ueliuolum (Aen. 1 .224) ... Ennius in quarto decimo ... idem in Andromache: ( 1:

rapitex altonauesueliuolas.

Ill

ANDROMEDA XLV Festus, p. 312. 7: QVABSO, ut significat idem quod rogo, ita quaesere ponitur ah antiquis pro quaerere, ut est apud Ennium lib. n ... et in Cresphonte ... et in Andromeda:

liberumquaesendum causafamiliae matremtuae. XLDI 109 quasi ferrum B'0 4 no conatu trahens Lipsius XLIV (b) andromache rapit A: dromachera alpit N: dromachera capit P: dromacera apice T: dromache rapit RF uelicolas F XLV andromedoa liberum quae sedm (i.e. secundum) F

93

112

THE FRAGMENTS

XLVI (a) Festus, p. 448.19: saxa et difficili ri insuetae, aut lere. Ennius jn An tita saxo atque host unde scrupulosam in se asperi. Come! Im: his tum iniectus et quaedam dubitatio

(b) Nonius, p. 169. 25:

pro scabra es (QH.icherat: scapres pro scabres codd.). Ennius Andromeda: SCABRES

scrupeoinuestitasaxoatqueostreistquam excrabrentt.

113

XLVII Festus, p. 514.22: VRVAT. Ennius in Andromeda significat circumdat, ah eo sulco, qui fit in urbe condenda uruo aratri, quae fit forma simillima uncini curuatione buris et dentis, cui praefigitur uomer. ait autem:

circumseseuruatadpedesa te"a quadringentos tcaputt.

n4

XLVIII Nonius, p. 20. 18: CORPORARB est interficere et quasi corpus solum sine anima relinquere. Ennius Andromeda:

corpuscontemplatur undecorporaret uulnere. XL VI (a) SCRVPI dicuntur aspera saxa et difficiliaattrcctatu; uncle saupulosam rem dicimw, quae aliquid in se habct asperi - Paulus XL VI (b) I I 3 scrcpeo L squamae scabrent Mncerus

94

us

ANDllOMEDA

XLIX (a) Nonius, p. 165.8: i"reciproca animum in quam odioset Ennius Andromeda: 'rursus (riscus B.4) prorsus rcciprocat fluctus (fructus codd.)feram'.

(b) Nonius, p. 384. 32: RVRSVS, retro ... Ennius Andromeda: rursusprorsusredprocat fluctus tferamt.

116

L Nonius, p. 183. 18: VISCBRATIM, per uiscera (peruiscera CJ 04: om. L ). Ennius Andromeda:

aliaJluctusdilfert dissupat uisceratim membra;mariasalsaspumantsanguine.

117

LI Priscianus, Gramm. II 293 . s: inueniwitur tamen quaedam pauca feminini generis, quae ex masculinis transfigurantur non habentibus neutra, quae et animalium swit demonstratiua, naturaliter diuisum genus habentia, quae differentiae causa ablatiuo singulari 'bus' assumentia faciwit datiuum et ablatiuum pluralem, quod nulla alia habet declinatio in 'bus' terminans supra dictos casus,ut 'a' longam in eispaenultimam habeat, ut 'his natabus ', 'filiabus ', 'deabus ', 'equabus ', 'mulabus ', 'libertabus ', 'asinabus' . . . et 'filiis' tamen in eodem genere dictum est. Ennius in Andromeda:

filiis propterte obiectasum innocensNerei. [id est natis pro natabus] id

est

Nerei filiabus.

U andromcadaRr: andromedia GK

9S

119

THE

FRAGMENTS

ATHAMAS LII Charisius, p. 314. 9 BVHOB ••• Ennius in Athamante: his erat in oreBromius,his Bacchuspater, illis Lyaeusuitis inuentorsacrae. tum pariterteuhan euhiumt ignotusiuuenumcoetusalternauice inibatalacrisBacchicoinsultansmodo.

120

CRESPHONTES LIII Rhetor ineertus, Her. 2. 38: utuntur igitur studiosi {studioseM) in eonfirmanda ratione duplici eonclusione hoe modo: iniuriaabste adfidorindignapater. nam si inprobumesseCresphontemexistimas, cur me huic locabasnuptiis?sin estprobus, cur taleminuitaminuitumcogislinquere? quae hoe modo eoncludentur, aut ex eontrario eonuertentur aut ex simpliei parte reprehendentur {reprehendetur M). ex eontrario (eontraria M) hoe modo: nulla te indignanataadfido iniuria. si probusest, collocaui.sin est inprobus, diuortiote liberaboincommodis. LII 120 hiserat Fabricius:is crat N 121 illisLyaeus uitis n1 : illis* uitis n: illis lisaew uitis N 122 tum pariter euhan (euhoe euhoe) euhium Fabricius: tum pariter euchoe neucheum Cauchiiexc. 123 iuuenem Cauchii exc. 124 insultans ed. princ.: insultas N LIii 126 chresponthe H: chrespontem BC: chresponthem PTT:threspontem E existimabas bd 127 sin est EC: sine si M 128 linqucre TTBC:liquere 129 nuta M 130 est locaui sin (sin autem bi) E: es M: relinquerc E collocabisin M: est te locaui Oudendorp 131 te liberabo Omnibonus:libero te M: liberabo te E

12s

129

CRESPHONTES

ex simplici parte reprehendetur si (sed M) ex duplici conclusione alterutra pars diluitur, hoe modo: 'nam si inprobum esse Cresphontem (esse chrespontem M: threspontem esse E) existimas (existimabas bd), cur me huic (huius Cd: his bi) locabas nuptiis? : : duxi probum. erraui. post cognoui et fugio (fugio nunc E) cognitum'. ergo reprehensio huiusmodi conclusionis duplex est; auctior (acutior CBE) ilia superior, facilior haec posterior ad cogitandum. LIV Festus, p. 312. 7: QVABSO, ut significat idem quod rogo, ita quaesere ponitur ah antiquis pro quaerere, ut est apud Ennium lib. n ... et in Cresphonte:

dudt me uxoremliberorumsibi quaesendum gratia.

13~

LV Festus, p. 334. 8 : RBDHOSTIRB, referre gratiam ... nam et hostire (hostiae F) pro aequare posuerunt. Ennius in Cresphonte:

audiatqueauditishostimentumadiungito.

133

LVI Gellius 7. 16. 8: sed neque solus Catullus ita isto uerbo (i.e. 'deprecor';92 .3) usus est. pleni sunt adeo libri similis in hoe uerbo significationis, ex quibus unum et alterum quae subpetierant apposui. 9: Q. Ennius in Erectheo non longe secus dixit quam Catullus ... signat abigo et amolior uel prece adhibita uel quo alio modo. 10: item Ennius in Cresphonte:

ego meaecum uitaeparcam,letum inimicodeprecer.

134

LIV chrcsponte F LV chrcsponte F 133 audi Scaligtr:audis F LVI 134 cum meae codd.:transp.Bothe 7

97

JTO

THE FRAGMENTS

LVII Nonius, p. 144.12: NITIDANT, abluunt (F3mg.: albunt F3: aluunt L1C.4J)A.); dictum a nitore. Ennius Cresphonte: topiet

13s

eamsecumaduocant,eunt adfontem, nitidantcorpora. LVIII Nonius, p. 471.2: SORTIRBNT pro sortirentur ... moderantur ... SORTIVNT. Ennius Cresphonte:

MODBRANT

pro

an interse sortiunturbematqueagros.

137

LIX Macrobius, Sat. 6.2 .21 (c£fr. xxv): 'nee te tua funera mater I produxi pressiue oculos aut uulnera laui {Vergilius, Aen. 9. 4867)'. Ennius in Cresphonte:

nequeterraminicerenequecruentaconuestirecorpora mihi licuitnequemiseraelauerelacrimaesalsumsanguinem.

138

ERECTHEVS LX Festus, p. 158. 10:

aerumnas. NBMINIS et quis diceret cum sit uitio creatis neminisque us Erectheo : lapideosunt 1 40

cordemulti quosnon miseretneminis.NBMO LVII crcspontc codd. 136 ad fortcm codd.:co". P LVID crcsfontc codd. 137 inter scsc Vossius LIX crcsiphontc P: crcssiphontc NRFA 138 conucrtirc T: conucrtcrc A 139 mihi corpora codd.:transp.Bothe LX NBMINIS gcnitiuo casu Cato (sic)usus est, cum dixit: 'sunt multi cordc quos non miscret ncminis' - Paulus

98

EV MENIDES

LXI Gellius 7. 16.9: Q. Ennius in Erectheo non longe secus dixit quam Catullus (c£ fr. LVI}: tqwt

nunc

inquit

aerumnamea libertatemparo, quibusseruitutemmea miseriadeprecor.

LXII Macro bi us, Sat. 6. 4. 6 ( I : ego conabor ostcnderc hunc studiosissimum uatem et de singulis uerbis ueterum aptissime iudicasse et inseruisse electa operi suo uerba quae nobis noua uideri facit incuria uetustatis) : 'tum ferreus hastis I horret ager (Vergilius, Aen. 11. 6o1-2) '. HORRET mire se habet. sed et Ennius in quarto decimo ... et in Erectheo:

armat arriguntt horrescunttela.

1-43

EVMENIDES LXIII Nonius, p. dibus:

292. 18:

EXANCLARE,

effundere. Ennius Eumeni-

nisi patremmaternosanguineexanclandouldscerem.

1#

LXI cricthco V: cripitco (cripite o B') codJ.Ncm.p. 290.i8 1-41 cui codd. Non. crumnam ea (crumnam et a L) codd.Ncm.: crumpna ea V libcrtatc para codd.Ncm. 14-2mcam miscriam (mcam miseria A' : mea miscriar E)

codd.Ncm. LXII crccthco RFA: crcctco NP: cricthco T arguntA

99

143 horrigunt

N:

THE FRAGMENTS

LXIV Nonius, p. 3o6. 32: Eumenidibus:

PACBSSBRB

significat recedere. Ennius

dicouicisseOrestem.uos ab hoefacessite.

145

LXV Nonius, p. 474.35: dibus:

OPINO

pro opinor ... Ennius Eumeni-

tacereopinoesseoptumumet pro uiribus sapere,atquefabularitute noueris. LXVI Nonius, p. 505. 16: Eumenidibus:

BXPBDIBO

pro

expediam ... Ennius

id ego aecumac iustumfecisseexpediboatqueeloquar.

HECTORIS

148

L YTRA

LXVII Festus, p. 334. 8: RBDHOSTIRE, referre gratiam ... nam et hostire pro aequare posuerunt. Ennius in Cresphonte ... et in Hectoris lytris:

quaemeacomminusmachaeraatquehastathospius manut. LXIV 145 edico L. Mueller: dico ego Scaliger Orestcm ed. princ.: orestcn codd. nuossab (nuosab B) A.4 faccssit (faccssiL1) codd.:co". Vrbin.307 LXV 147 atquca AA tatc C.4 LXVI 148 ac iwtum fccisseJocelyn: ac iw fuisse Gulielmius: accius fecisse codd. LXVII inncctoris lyrisque mea F: co". Vrsinus 149 hostibis eminus Timpanaro: hostiuit c manu Scalig:er 100

149

HECT ORIS

L YTRA

LXVIII Nonius, p.

111.7:

sim uel fiam ... Ennius Hectoris

FVAM,

lytris:

at egoomnipotens ted exposcout hoeconsiliumAchiuisauxiliofuat.

Nonius, p.

222.25:

ISO

LXIX SPBCVSgenere masculino ... Ennius Lytris:

inferumuastosspecus.

1s2

LXX Nonius, p. 3SS. 3: OCCVPARB est proprie praeuenire ... Ennius Hectoris lytris:

Hedor tei summat armatoseducitforas castrisque castraultroiamf erreoccupat.

153

LXXI Nonius, p. 399. 8: SPBRNBRBrursum segregare. Ennius Hectoris

lytris: meliusest uirtuteius: nam saepeuirtutemmali nanciscuntur; ius atqueaecumse a malisspernitprocul.

1ss

LXXII Nonius, p. 407. 24: Hectoris lytris :

TBNACIA

est perseuerantia et duritia. Ennius

tducet quadrupedum iugo inuitamt

157

Jomainf,enaet iungeualidaquorumtenaciainf,enariminis. LXVIII haectoris lytris (listris BA) codd. I soa ego L Is I ted Bothe: tc codd. auxilio Vossius:auxilii ,odd. LXX hacctoris listris codd. 153 ui sumnu Mercerus foras Iunius: in foras ,odd. 154 confcrrc Vossius LXXI hacctoris lystris (listris G: lytris L 1) codd. ISS ius Bentinus:ciw codd. 156 nanciscu tur L: nascuntur G atque cum L LXXII hacctoris listris (lystris Bamb.)codd. 158 iungc Lipsius: iugc ,odd.

IOI

THE

FRAGMENTS

LXXIII

Nonius, p. 467.23: lytris:

VAGAS

pro uagaris ... Ennius Hectoris

constititcredoScamander,arboresuentouacant. LXXIV Nonius, p. 469.25: CVNCTANT pro idem Hectoris lytris:

CWlCtantur

•••

159

Ennius ...

qui cupiantdarearmaAehilli tut ipset cundent.

16o

LXXV Nonius, p. 472. 21: lytris:

CONMISERBSCIMVS .•.

Ennius Hectoris

tser uos et uostrum t imperiumetfidem Myrmidonum,uigiles,conmiserescite.

161

LXXVI Nonius, p. 489. 29: TVMVLTI. Ennius Hectoris lytris: quidhoehieclamoris,quidtumultiest?nomenquiusurpatmeum?163

N onius, p. 490. 6: STRBPm

LXXVII pro strepitus. Ennius Hectoris lytris:

quidin eastrisstrepitiest? LXXDI hcctoris (haectoris H&mb.) lystris (litris &mb.) codd. 159 arboris codd. uacant Columna:uagant codd. LXXIV hcctoris (hacctoris H&mb.) lytris (lystris H1) codd. 16o ut ipsi Junius cunctet AA LXXV cctoris lystris (hacctori listris &mb.) codd. 161 ser uos et uostrum (useruos urorQ &mb.) codd.:per uos et nostrum Palmerius LXXVI haectoris lystris (litris H1: listris H1) codd. 163 qui tumulti CA LXXVD haectoris lystris (lytris &mb.) codd.164 strepitus G 102

HECTORIS

L YTRA

LXXVIII Nonius, p. 504. 30 SONIT pro sonat ... Ennius Hectoris lytris: aessonit,frangunturhastae,terrasudatsanguine.

16s

LXXIX Nonius, p. 510.32: lytris:

SABVITBR

pro saeue ... Ennius Hectoris

saeuiter fortunaferro cernuntde uictoria.

166

LXXX Nonius, p. 518. 3:

DBRBPBNTB•••

Ennius Hectoris lytris:

ecceautemcaligoobortaest, omnemprospectumabstulit. derepentecontulitsesein pedes.

167

LXXXI Diomedes, Gramm.I 345. 3: similiter halare et halitare (alare et alitare A: alere et alitare B: halere et halitare M). Ennius in Lytris:

sublimeiterut quadrupedantes jlammamhalitantes.

LXXXII Diomedes, Gramm.I 387. 21 : est tertium his (i.e.odiet memini) simile, ut quidam putant - nee enim defuerunt qui hoe uerbum praesentis temporis esse dicerent -, noui nouisti nouit; et id simile est instanti et perfecto, ut memini ... apud ueteres LXXVID hacctoris lystris codd. 165 acs sonit Nie. Fabn: et sonit codd. LXXIX haectoris lystris codd. LXXX hectoris (haectoris H&mb.) lystris codd. 167 aborta LA' B' 168 se sese G in pede C' LXXXI lustris codd. 169 sublime iter ut B: lublime iter A: lublime item M quadrupedaorisB alitantcs B

103

THE FRAGMENTS

pluraliter huius uerbi instans colligitur, cum nomus dicunt pro eo quod est nouimus, ita ut Ennius in Lytris:

nos quiescere aequumest; nomusamboVlixem.

HECVBA LXXXIII Varro, Ling. 7. 6: tempi um tribus modis dicitur: ah natura, ah auspicando, a similitudine; natura in caelo, ah auspiciisin terra,a similitudine sub terra. in caelo templum dicitur, ut in Hecuba:

o magnatemplacaelitumcommixtastellissplendidis.

171

in terra, ut in Periboea ... sub terra, ut in Andromacha ...

LXXXIV Gellius 11 . 4. 1 : Euripidis uersus sunt in Hecuba uerbis, sententia, breuitate insignes inlustresque; Hecuba est ad Vlixen dicens (293-5): 2:

aov

TO s· a~{ooµa,Kav KaKOOS {KaKoScodd.Gell.) Afy,J, TO VlK~(m{ae1,m{6e1codd.Bur.)· A6y05yap~ T" a~OWTOOV

lwv KaKTwv 6oKoVVTc..:>v CXVToS (Porson: CXVToS codd.)ov TCXVTOV

o%1e1. 3: hos uersus Q. Ennius, cum earn tragoediam uerteret, non sane incommode aemulatus est. uersus totidem Enniani hi sunt:

haectu _etsiperuersedices,facile Achiuosjlexeris: nam cum opulentilocunturpariteratqueignobiles, eademdictaeademqueoratioaequanon aequeualet. LXXXII lustris codd. LXXXID inecuba F 171 caelitum Scioppius:caeli tum F 173 namque opulenti cum Scaliger:nam LXXXIV 172 haec tametsi X opulenti quum Porson pariter et TT 174 dicta atque eadem TT 104

172

HECVBA

4: bene, sicuti dixi, Ennius; sed ignobiles tamen et opulenti avrl a~OWTCA>VKa\ 6oKOVV"TCA>V satisfacere sententiae non uidentur; nam ncque omnes ignobilcs a~oOcn, neque omnes opulenti ~oOcnv.

LXXXV Nonius, p.

115 • 28: GVTIATIM •••

Ennius Hecuba:

guttatimcadunt. 1"tndehinc meae inquamt lacrumae

17s

LXXXVI Nonius, p.

116.31:

GRATVLAIU,

gratias agere. Ennius Hecuba:

luppitertibi summetandemmaleregestagratulor.

176

LXXXVII Nonius, p.

153 .22: PBllBITBRE, perire ...

Ennius Hecuba:

set numquamscripstisquisparentemaut hospitem necassettquos quist cruciatuperbiteret.

177

LXXXVIII Nonius, p. 223 .24: SALVM neutri generis est uulgari consuetudine. masculini. Ennius Hecuba:

undantemsalum.

179

LXXXIX (a) Nonius, p. 224. 6: SANGVIS masculino genere in consuetudine habetur ... neutro. Ennius Hecuba:

heu me miseram.interii.perguntlaueresanguensanguine. LXXXV haccuba codd. 175 uide hWlc meac in quern MerctrUs:uidc hanc mcae in quam Vossius lacrumac a..t: lacrimac P: meac L LXXXVI 176 iupitcr codd.:corr. L 1 LXXXVD 177 scripstis Vossius:scripsistis codd. qui Junius 178 nccassct quo quis cruciatu Junius: nccassat quos quis cruciatur codd. LXXXIX (a) hccuba hcu IJ.4:hccubac hcu L 1 : hccuba chcu P 180 labcrc codd. 105

180

THE FRAGMENTS

(b) Nonius, p. 466.18:

cum sit eluere et emaculare et aquis sordida quaeque purgare, uetustatis auctoritas posuit etiam polluere ... Ennius Hecuba (heucuba LBamb.:ecuba G): 'heu me miseram (miserum C,f). interii. pergunt lauere sanguen sanguine (sanguen om. L 1 )'. LAVARE,

(c) Nonius, p. 503. 38: LAVIT pro lauat ...

inde tractum est ... Ennius ... idem Hecuba: 'heu me miscrum. interii. pergunt lauere Qabere codd.) sanguincm (LA,f: sanguen sanguinem _&4C.d)'. LAVERE

XC Nonius, p. 342. 23: MODICVM in consuetudine pausillum. uolumus significare; modicum ueteres moderatum et cum modo (commodo AA: conunodum LJ>f) dici uolunt ... Ennius Hecuba:

quaetibi in concubiouerecunde et modicemoremgerit.

181

XCI Nonius, p. 474.32:

MISBRBTB. Ennius

Hecuba:

tmanust dateferrum qui me animapriuem.

miserete

182

XCII (a) Nonius, p. 494.3: PAVPBIUES pro paupertate. Ennius Hecuba: 'senex sum: utinam moriar mortem oppetam priusquam eueniat quod in pauperie mea (pauperie J>f : paupericm C..f)senex grauiter gemam'.

(b) Nonius, p. 507. 19:

BVBNAT

pro eueniat. Ennius Hecuba:

senexsum: utinammortemobpetampriusquameuenat quodin pauperiemeasenexgrauitergemam. XC haecuba L: heccuba Gm.H XCI ecuba codd.

181 in cubio AA.D-4

1o6

183

THE FRAGMENTS

IPHIGENIA XCIII Rhetor incertus, Her. 3 . 34: cum uerborum similitudines imaginibus exprimere uolemus, plus negoti suscipiemus et magis ingenium nostrum exercebimus. id nos hoe modo facere oportebit. 'iam domum ultionem (domu ultionem l: domui 212bdp: domum itionem ultionem C: domi ultionem HPTTBC p m. 2, librariuscod. Bernensis469 in marg., Vidorius)reges Atridae parant'. in loco tconstitueret (PTTB:construere H: oportet constituere bi:constituere oportet CJ) manus ad caelum tollentem Domitium cum a Regibus Marciis loris caedatur: hoe erit 'iam domum ultionem (domii ultionem l: domii ultiones M: domi ultionem bd) reges'. in altero loco Aesopum et Cimbrum subornari, ut agant ( W. Kroll: ut ad M: ut uel uagantemE) Iphigeniam (ephigeniam codd.), in Agamemnonem et (PTTB:in agamen non emit H: in agamen nomen et C: om.E) Menelaum (om.E): hoe erit 'Atridae parant'. hoe modo omnia uerba erunt (CE: erant M) expressa.

XCIV Cicero, Tusc. I. 116: clarae uero mortes pro patria oppetitae non solum gloriosae rhetoribus sed etiam beatae uideri solent ... Menoeceus non praetermittitur qui item oraculo edito largitus est patriae suum sanguinem. Iphigenia ((nam) Iphigenia Vahlen)Aulide duci se immolandam iubet ut hostium (sanguis superscriptum habetV) eliciatur suo.

XCV (a) Cicero, Rep. I . 30: in ipsius patemo genere fuit noster ille amicus dignus huic ad imitandum, 'egregie cordatus homo, catus Aelius Sextus', qui egregie cordatus et catus fuit et ah 107

THB FRAGMENTS

Ennio dictus est, non quod ea quaerebat quae numquam inueniret, sed quod ea respondebat quae eos qui quaesissent et cura et negotio soluerent, cuique contra Galli studia disputanti in ore semper erat ille (utrumA in e an e in A co"ectasit, diiudicarenon potuitZiegler)de Iphigenia (ifigenia cod.)Achilles:

astrologorum signain caeloquidsit obseruationis? cum Capraaut Nepa aut exoriturnomenaliquodbeluarum, quodest antepedesnemospectat,caeliscrutantur plagas.

(b) Cicero, Diu. 2. 30: Democritus tamen non inscite nugatur, ut physicus, quo genere nihil est adrogantius. 'quod est ante pedes nemo spectat, caeli scrutantur plagas'. uerum is tamen habitu extorum et colore declarari censet haec dumtaxat: pabuli genus et earum rerum quas terra procreet uel ubertatem uel tenuitatem; salubritatem etiam aut pestilentiam extis significari putat. (c) Seneca, Apocol.8 .2: si mehercules a Saturno petisset hoe beneficium, cuius mensem toto anno celebrauit, Saturnalicius (Biicheler:saturnaliaeius codd.) princeps, non tulisset illud, nedum ah Ioue, quem (Gronouius:illum deum abiouem [abioue VL] qui codd.),quantum quidem in illo fuit, damnauit incesti .. . 3 : ... hie no bis curua corriget (Sonntag:corrigit codd.)?quid in cubiculo suo faciat nescit (Bucheler:nescio codd.),et iam caeli scrutatur plagas.

(d) Nonius, p.

quidam cancrum putant ad illud Plauti (Cas. 443) 'retrouorsum cedam: imitabor nepam (nepa C..4I)d)' et illud aliud 'aut cum nepa tessett'. dubium in utroque. nam uere nepa scorpius clicitur. 145. 12: NEPAM

(e) Donatus, Ter. Ad. 386 (386-8 istuc est sapere, non quod ante pedes modost I uidere sed etiam ilia quae futura sunt I prospicere): NON QVOD ANTB PBDBS MODO BST VIDBRB. hoe 108

185

IP HI GENIA

sumpsit poeta de illo in (in V: om. C) tsyrumt (Syrium Schoell:physicum Lindenbrog)peruulgato ancillae dicto: 'quod ante pcdcsest non uident, caeli scrutantur (uidet caeli scrutatur V) plagas'.

XCVI (a) Varro, Ling. s.19: omnino teo magisputo a chao choullt et hinc caelum, quoniam, ut dixi, 'hoe circum supraque quod complexa continet terram ', cauum caelum. itaque dicit Andromacha nocti (uide fr. XXXIII) •• •et Agamemno: 'in altisono caeli clipeo '. cauum enim clipeum. et Ennius item ad cauationem: 'caeli ingentes fornices (v. 319)'.

(b) Varro, Ling. 7. 73: quidnoctisuidetur?in altisono caeliclipeotemosuperat (plaustri) stellassublimumagens etiamatqueetiamnoctisiter.

188

hie multam noctem ostendere uol t a temonis motu; sed temo unde et cur dicatur latet. arbitror antiquos rusticos primum notasse quaedam in caelo signa, quae praeter alia erant insignia atque ad aliquem usum tcultlll'aet tempus designandum conuenire animaduertebantur. XCV *Cicero, Tusc. 5 . 114 et cum alii saepe quod ante pedes esset non uiderent, ille (FBY,-•c•1 b: illa X) in (s': om. XF) infinitatem omnem peregrinabatur, ut nulla in extremitate consisteret, Nat.

Jeor.3 .40 singulas enim stellas numeras deos eosque (easque P) aut beluarum nomine appellas ut Capram, ut Nepam (cod.Vrsini:lupam AVB), ut Taurum, ut Leonem, aut rerum inanim.arum, ut Argo, ut Aram, ut Coronam; Poeta incertus, Aetna 254-6 nam quae mortali spes est, quae amentia maior, I in Iouis errantem regno perquirere diuos, Itantum opus ante pedes transire ac perdere segnem (&hrader: segne est G: segnes x); ex Cicerone Minucius Felix 12. 7, Augustinus, Conf.10. 16. 25, Ambrosius, Noe 7. 17, Paulinus Nolanus, Epist.12. 5. XCVI (b) 190 (plaustri) stcllas Joalyn agcns Tumtbus: sublime agens F

109

sublimum agens Joalyn: sublimis

THE FRAGMENTS

74: eius signa sunt quod has septem stellasGraeci ut Homerus (bootem uocant &µa~av et propinquum eius signum ~v signum F), nostri eas septem stellas thoues et temonem et prope eas axem t triones enim et boues appellantur a bubulcis etiam nunc cum arant terram ... 75: temo dictus a tenendo: is enim continet iugum. et plaustrum appellatum a parte totum, ut multa. possunt triones dicti, vn quod ita sitaestellae, ut ternae trigona faciant taiiquod t

(c) Festus, p. 454.37: septem stellae appell bus innctis quos trio appellent quod iun~ quasi terrionei:µ quod id astrum Graec partem quandam Ennius: 'superat et physici eum sumi:µ conten ... temp ainnt, quod ita snnt ut ternae proxi~~ trigona

(d) Apuleius, Socr.2: suspicientes in hoe perfectissimo mnndi, ut ait Ennius, clipeo miris fulgoribus uariata caelamina. XCVII Festus, p. 218.21: OB praepositione antiquos usos esse pro ad testis est Ennius, cum ait lib. XIV ••• et in Iphigenia:

Acherontemobiboubi Mortis thesauriobiacent. eiusdem autem generis esse ait obferre, obtulit, obcurrit, oblatus, obiectus. mihi non satis persuadet. XCVD ephigcnia W: hiphigenia X X obiacent X: adiacent W

192

110

obibo ed. print.: adibo W: adhibo

192

IPHIGBNIA

XCVIII (a) Festus, p. 292.7: PBDVM est quidem baculum incuruum quo pastores utuntur ad conprehendendas oues aut capras; a pedibus. cuius mcminit etiam Vergilius in Bucolicis, cum ait (s. 88): 'at tu sume pedum '. sed in co uersu, qui est in Iphigenia Enni:

procede:gradumproferrepedum, nitere,cessasojide?

193

id ipsum baculum (Vrsinus: iaculum F) significari cum ait Verrius, mirari sarisnon possum, cum sit ordo talis, et per cum significatio aperta: gradum proferre pedum cessasnitere.

(b) Schol. Veronensis, Verg. Eel.

s.88:

pedum autem est baculum recuruum quo pastores utuntur • I aut adminiculum pedum sit, ut ait Ennius in Iphigenia (ifigenia): 'gradum proferre pedum nitere cessas o fide' • • I pastores pedes ouium (Keil: bouium) retrahere soleant.

XCIX Gellius 19. 10.4: ••. cumque architectus dixisset necessaria uideri esse sestertia ferme trecenta, unus ex amicis Frontonis: 'et praeter propter' inquit 'alia quinquaginta' ... 6: 'non meum' inquit 'hoe uerbum est, sed multorum hominum, quos loquentis id audias; 7: quid autem id uerbum significet, non ex me, sed ex grammatico quaerundum est' ... 11 : atque ibi Iulius Celsinus admonuit in tragoedia quoque Enni, quae Iphigenia inscripta est, id ipsum, de quo quaerebatur, scriptum esse et a grammaticis contaminari magis solitum quam enarrari. XCVlD (a) iphigeniae F

194 o fide om. F etfortasseFestus III

THE FRAGMENTS

quocirca statim proferri Iphigeniam Q. Enni iubet. in eius tragoediae choro inscriptos esse hos uersus legimus: otio qui nescituti 195 plus negotihabetquamcum est negotiumin negotio. nam cui quodagatinstitutumest fin.illist negotium, id agit,( id) studet,ibi mentematqueanimumdeleetatsuum; totioso initiot animusnescitquiduelit. 200 hoe idemest: em nequedominuncnos neemilitiaesumus. imus hue, hinc illuc; cum illueuentumest, ire illinelubet. ineertee"at animus,praeterpropteruitamuiuitur. 12:

13 : ... 'audistine ', inquit, 'magister optime, Ennium tuum

dixissepraeter propter et cum sententia quidem tali quali seuerissimae philosophorum esseobiurgationes solent? petimus igitur, dicas, quoniam de Enniano iam uerbo quaeritur, qui (uulgo: quid eodd.) sit remotus (Hosius: motus eodd.)huiusce uersus • • • • "' sensus: U• mcerte errat ammus praeter propter wtam wwtur .

C Julius Rufinianus, Rhet. 11, p. 41 . 28: ayavCXKTfl015, indignatio, quae fit maxime pronuntiatione. Ennius in Iphigenia: Menelausme obiurgat;id meisrebusregimenrestitat.

203

Cl Iulius Rufinianus, Rhet. 37, p. 47. 16: cruyKp1a15 siue &\ni8ea1s, comparatio rerum atque personarum inter se contrariarum, ut egoproiectorquodtu peccas.tu tdelinquast egoarguor. 204 pro malejactisHelenaredeat,uirgopereatinnoeens? tua reeoncilietur uxor, meanecetur}ilia? XCIX 196 negotii codd. 197 in illis 6: in illo y negotio TTX 198 (id) studet Ribbeclt 199 otioso in otio Lipsius 200 nee uulgo:de wdd. 201 hunc 6 hinc illinc Z: illuc hinc Q ire illuc Q lubct .Btroaldus:iubet codd. 202 uita Salmasius C 203 rcstitat Bentley: rcstat ed. Basil. Cl 204 delinquis R. Stephanus 206 nccctur filia Columna:negetur £ilia mca ed. Basil.112

MEDEA

EXVL;

MEDEA

CII Servius auctus, Aen. 1 . 52: sane uasto pro desolato ueteres ponebant. Ennius Iphigenia:

quaenuncabste uiduaeet uastaeuirginessunt.

207

ponebant et pro magno. Clodiw Commentariorum: 'uasta . , mama magna.

.

MEDEA EXVL; MEDEA CIII (a) Rhetor incertus, Her. 2.34: item wttosa expos1t10 quae nimium longe repetitur ... hie id, quod extremum dictum est, saris fuit exponere, ne Ennium et ceteros poetas imitemur, quibus hoe modo loqui concessum est:

utinamne in nemorePeliosecuribus caesaacddissetabiegnaad terramtrabes, neue indenauisinchoandiexordium cepisset,quaenuncnominaturnomine Argo, quiaArgiui in ea delectiuiri uectipetebantpellem inauratamarietis Colchis,imperioregisPeliae,per dolum. nam numquameraerransmeadomoejferretpedem Medeaanimoaegroamoresaeuosauda.

208

210

21

209 cacsa accidisset abiegna scripsit cm (a) 208 utinam CE: uti iam M F.nnius:forwse mauit rhdor: cacsae codd. accidissent BTT://// / cidissent P 1 : accedissentH: cecidissent J>ICE abiegn.aeEBITCP':ad ign~ H: abi~ P1 210 nauis E: naucs M inchoandi b: inchoandas H: inchoansas P 1 : inchoans 211 cepisset M: coepisTT:inchoanda B: inchoandae CP'd: inchoandum I set bdH'TTC: caepisset BI 212 argu M cjui {qua PB) argiui in eadem lecti uiri M: qua argiui delecti uiri E 214- pclire M 215 nam (urioam C)

numquam era (hera C) errans mea domo efferret pedem BC: nam numquam era mea errans medea domo efferret pedem d: nam numquam hera errans mea me f:}poVTijCTTEpo,rij T' I l>µf:}pot6pota(vT' ~µ01s ayp(asI ~oS cwrf\acnms 6AotVTo.For alliteration of noun and determinant cf. Sophocles, Ai. SS, 44S; of the last three words in a metrical unit cf. Aeschylus, Ag. 1-430, Sophocles, Ai. 44S, 687, El. 210, Euripides, Ba. 1298, Rhes. 383. 3 Cf. those recorded by Cato, Ag,. 132 ff. 4 SIFC N.S. xxu (19-47), 69 ff. Cf. Havet, RPh XXXI (1907), 133. 171

COMMENTARY For tam with verb cf. Plautus, .Bacch.778 ( = adeo). Ennius, Trag. 380

(- tamen). Hie ordowas a phrase regularly usedby Roman SCllaton referring to their assembled peen (e.g. Cicero, Pis. 6, 8, 40, 4S et al.). Cf. Plautus' parody at

Cist. 22-4 decetpol, mea Seknium, benequeamidtiautier.

I hunt esseordinembeniuolentisinter se I VI

For a parallel situation cf. Seneca.Thy. 429-30 quaecausacogit,genitor,a patria me uisa? Ennius' speaker may be one of the ambassadon sent to g,tulumI ref placate Achilles. Cicero perhaps hasthispassage in mind when at S. Rose.26 he says of the ambassadon sent to Sulla: Ameriam re inoratareuerterunt.The phrase re inorataoccun nowhere else in Latin. Cicero hasremagereand remdicerequite commonly in his orations, remorarenot at all; he hascausamagereand causam dicerealso commonly. causamorareonly once (in the early Pro Q!inctio43; cf. Brut. 47). 6 incerta re atqae inorata: for the word-order cf. Plautus, Amph. 33 iustamremetfacilem,Terence, .Atulr.132 benedissimulatumamoremet celatum; see Haffter, Untersuchungen, p. 73. Orare,•speak, say• (cf. Varro, Ling. 7. 41 ). seems to have been obsolete even in Ennius' time in the vemacular except for the legalistic phrases aequomorareand ius orare. In Ennius' time the absolute phrase, especially where it had a preponderantly temporal significance,characterised the officiallanguage rather than the ordinary vernacular. It is a noticeable feature of the style of speeches in comedy parodying the reports which generals made of their achievements; 1 wherever else it appears the context has a markedly formal tone. It is not .•. very common even in tragedy; Ennius has SI quofacto. 71 respectantibus nobis,176 maleregesta,299 remissa.humanauita, Pacuvius 411 o«identesole. ~ gndum

Iregredereconare:

Nonius' source may have madethe sort of error that Caesellius made over the gender of cor in Ann. 382 (Gcllius 6. 2. 3 ff.). &g,edereis not elsewhere recorded in Latin and reg,ediis common only in the historians. The grammarian could have mistaken reg,edere,a second penon singular present indicative, 1 for an infinitive and amare, an imperative, for an indicative. E.g. Plautus, Amph. 188 f., 654 ff., &«h. 1070 f., Persa1S3 ff. Sec Fraenkel. Pl. im Pl. pp. 236 f.• Addend4to Italian trans. p. 429, Haffter, Untersuchungm, P· 49. :a The form normally ended in -re in republican drama; for statistics on Plautus' usage sec C. M. S. Miiller, Ciotta xvn (1928), 137 ff. 1

172

ACHILLES

Gradus,'act of taking a step', occurs only once in comedy outside Plautus (Terence, Phorm.867), is avoided by Caesar, and is rardy used by Cicero. Sallust and Livy, on the other hand. have it often in accounts of military activities. Republican (12instances)and Scnccantragedy (6s) have it in all kinds of contexts. Plautus' 22 instancescan all be interpreted as parody of either military or tragic language; he has neithergradumregredtre nor gradum refme nor gradumreptdare(so Pacuvius. Trag.400); redire(142 instances; Terence 89), reuerti(27; Terence 10), reuenire(17; Terence o), readere(10; Terence o) expressthe idea for him. For the etymological figure cf. Euripides, Alie. 869n66a ffll£VOOV, Plautus,Poen.s14 istocgrassari g,adu.Suchfiguresfrequentlyoccur in the plays of Plautus in all kinds of contexts from theludicrousto thehighly pathetic. They are much lesscommon in the rest of comedy.1 Ennius has them often in both tragedy (36 f atisf andis,48 iudicauit . .. iudidum,93 uitameuitari,11s corpus... corporaret, 211 nominaturnomine,236 fadnus... fit) and epic (Ann. souoceuoaibam,77 curantes..• cumcura,244/aceretfadnus,314/actumquefadt, 452 longiscere longe,458 riserunt.. .risu); in the rest of tragedy I find only Naevius 39 injlexujlectitur,Pacuvius 239 nuncupastinomine,Trag. inc. 82 partu... parit, 185 dominaredomino.They occur fairly frequently in Attic tragedy but it was their use by Roman public men in solemn contexts3 that made them attractive to a poet seeking !l theatrical equivalent of the Attic TpaylJcr\ ~lS.

If conareis to beunderstood in Nonius' sense,it means 'are you about to?, are you preparing to?'; cf. Pacuvius, Trag.227, Terence, Phorm.52, Haut. 240, Cicero, Fam. 5.12.1, Propertius 1.6.19. VII

These words would have beenaddressedto the ~nlking Achilles.For their sentiment c£ Homer, 9.251 cppvI ovSw yey&'>cn~{OTOv~YKCA>acxsµfyav, I EOKM1a 6" ots ~ lo-r' aAri&{cxs wo I ev6ooµov{300, Med. 1 1229-30 6AJ:kn, s· hnppvwTOSarrvxio-reposI&XA.ovywlT &, &Mes, ev6a{µoov6 &, oO, Accius, Trag. 4-9, 296,Trag. inc. 30. Grammatical and rhetorical theorisingprovided the impetus as much in seconckcntury Rome 1

as in filth-century Athens. 10 tu

tibi: c£ Plautus, Ann. S24, Cure. 9, Pseud. 936, et al.

&rnam extolles: c£ Nacvius, Trag. 7 desubitofamamtolluntsi quamsolam uiderein uia,Plautus, Persa3sI inimicif amamnonita ut natastf erunt,Trln. 186 ha.seine propterresmaledicas f anuuf erunt,689 nemi honef amamdi.fferant.There is a tendencyin tragedy to replace simple verbs regular in the common language by compounds with ex-; sec below on v. 20.

AIAX

The title Aiax is given to Ennius by Vcrrius 1 and Nonius. 2 Nonius gives the same title to Livius.3 Livius' one fragment, mirumuideturquoJsitf actum iam Jiu,is of indeterminate subject-matter. 4 The fragment ofEnnius' play quoted by V crrius suggests that the death of Ajax was the main theme. V ahlen interpreted the fragment quoted by Nonius in such a way as to carry the action back to the debate over whether Achilles' armour should be given to Ajax or to Ulysses. Greek sources record the title Alcxsagainst the names of Sophocles, Carcinus, Theodectesand the younger Astydamas. Scaliger's view5 that Ennius adapted Sophocles' extant Alcxswould be upset if Vahlen were right about fr. xm or if it could be shown that Livius had already adapted this play. 1

Fcstus,p. -482.S, a P. 393 • IS, P. 127. 20. The source is obscure at all three places. 4 Ribbcck (Die rom. Trag. p. 26) and Leo (De Trag. Rom. p. 6 [ = Ausg. ltl. Sehr. I 195)) refer it to Greek ingratitude towards Ajax, Ribbcck supplying mirumuideturquodsitf actum iamdiu( oblitosesse)?,Leo ( mortalibus)mirumuidetur quodsitfactum iam diu; cf. Sophocles, Ai. 646 tf., 1266 tf. s Coniea. Varr. Ling., on 6.6. 3

12

177

JTO

COMMENTARY

At least two other republican tragedies, Pacuvius' Amwrum iudidumand Accius' tragedy of the same name, had Ajax the son of Tclamon as a central figure. The action of Accius' tragedy almost certainly included the death of Ajax.1 Ajax appeared as a minor figure in a scconclEooiao tragedy, either the Achillesor the Hectorislytra? Cicero distinguishesbetween 'Homericus Aiax' (Diu. 2.82, Tusc.4.49) and •Afax fabulacque' (Scaur.3). He refen to tragic presentations of the debate between Ajax and Ulysses before the judges (Off. 3 .98), Ajax's demented attack on Uly~ (De orat. 3. 162, Ac. 2. 89) and Ajax's death ( Tusc.4. 52, Off. 1 . 113, Scaur.3). Since he nowhere quotes Livius verbally and on one occasion refcn to his plays with some dicdaio,3we may suppose that the Aiax to which he refers at Off. 1. 114 is Ennius' tragedy. Ribbcck4 attributed the trimetcr quoted by Cicero at Off. 1 . 61 without name of author and by Festus at p. 439. 17 with that of Ennius (fr. CLXXXI) -Salmadda spoliasinesudoreetsanguine-to a sceneof the Aiax in which Ajax molested a herd of cattle, imagining the cattle to be the Greek princes who had deprived him of Achilles'armour.SThe attribution is plausible.It would not conffictwith the view that Ennius adapted Sophocles' Af cxs. In thisplay Ajax's treatment of the cattle was describedby Athena but a Latin adaptation might well have substituted an actual scene. In adapting the •A&Aq,o{of Menander, where, it scems,6 the young man's seizure of the girl from the procurer was merely reported, Terence added after the introductory dialogue between the two old men a sceneshowing the actual seizure.This must be the scenewhich, in the prologue,7 Terence claims to be a careful vcnion of a sceneofDiphilus' Iwcnro8vtj0'1s. Servius says probably comes from the same mythological source as lies beneath Hyginus, Fab.91. 1 •.• Hecubae,Cissti siueDynumtisfiliae. uxor eius praegnasin quiett uidit sef acemardenttmparereand Apollodorus 3 • 12. S •2 'EK~v T11V AvµavTOS fi ~ TtWScpaat Kia~ ... !~ •EK~ Ka9' vnvovs OOAOV TEKElV 61cnrvpov, TOVTOV & ,raaav hnwµeo6cn T11V Th~ similarity between Hyginus and Ennius, Trag. so-1 1r6A1vKcxiKOOEIV. mater grauida parerese ardenttmf aam Iuisaestin somnisHecubais an accidental one.3 The information about Euripides' view ofHecuba's parentage might refer to the •EKcp0.1mro1T~ (fr. 935). Wilamowitz4 pointed out that of the Alexandrian seventy the only one to which Ps. Longinus could be referring is the •AfJ~avSpos. Hartung' s guess5that Ps. Longinus quotes the original ofEnnius' duesferte opemis thus very likely correct. Lefke6 argued that vv. 32-3 (reading rabererather than ,apere) were a version of those Euripidean trimeters preserved in Strasbourg as ]flSf\1vt~ dap, Euripides, Hipp. 173 T{1fOTfoTl µa8etv lpaT T16A~ Kal K6pn,8eKal TCX ,r&-rp1aI A6y~ 1TCXAatCX &.:>µae•, Euripides, Med. 166 c:'>,ra-reper,1r6A1s. For the parechesis pattr ~patriac£ Plautus, Capt. 43, Men. 1083, 1090, Mere.660. For the anaphora and ascendingtricolon c£ Sophocles, Ant. 891-2 G> TV~, c:'> wµq>Etov, c:'> KcrraaKacp1'\s I ol1 irpos 8eo6µ,;T mTVEt I a~ls •AxtX>J.KE TTp(aµosZT)vosA()JµOv E\iyEvelcp6vV, Euripides, Ion I 126--7~ acpayatC11 Atowaov -rrtrpasI SEvcntE61aaas 1Tat6os &VT'btrnip(CA>\I. 4 Cf. Aeschylus,Ag. 232, Euripides, El. 813 ff., Hel. 1561 ff., I.A. 1578 ff., I.T. 26 ff. s This was noticed by W. Warde Fowler, The ReligiousExptrima of tht Roman Peoplt (London, 1911), pp. 180, 196. Later writers (e.g. G. Wissowa, ReligionundKultusde, Romer,ed. 2 [Munich, 1912], pp. 416 ff., Latte, RE IX i (1914], s.v. immolatio,1129, Rom. Rei. p. 388) have seen no significancein it. Nothing about the ritusRomanusis to be learnt from Ciris525 sanguinetaurorum supplex rtsperserataras, Catalepton14.8 uictimasaaatos spargethonortfocos, Seneca, Phatdr. 498-9 non cruor'4rguspias I inundataras.The silence of the A~id, stuffed as it is with Roman antiquarian lore, is eloquent. Lucretius 4.1236-7 sanguine... conspergunt aras, s.1201-2 Mas sanguine... spargert,and Amobius 3 . 24 nisi ~corum sanguinedtlibutas suas consptxerintarulas,suos deserunt. .. pratsidiatusarc concernedwith religious ritual in general. 1

251

COMMENTARY

pouring upon the altar turns to blood (Am. 4.453-5) suggest that the Romans fearedto let blood of any sort staincertain altars.If thisis so we have part of an explanation why the Roman antiquarians believed that animal sacrificewas unknown m early Rome.1 Ennius' phrase Iouisaramsanguine turparimay therefore be not a literal translationof some Attic poet's phrase but an original creation aimed at superstitionspeculiarto second-a:ntury Romans. Turparedocsnot occur elsewherein republicandramaand is very rare m classicalprose. The two-syllable rhyme nmning over three anapaestic dimcten... injlammari . .. euitmi. .. turpariappearsnot to be paralleledm ancient drama. Euripideshasone-syllablerhyme over two dimetersoften enough (e.g. Helt. 70-1, 111-12, 116-17, 127-8, 130-1, 142-3), Plautus two-syllable rhyme over two (e.g. &ah. 1094. Rud.955~a). XXVIII

Aulus Gdlius quotesphilosophmulum estpaucisas the very words of Ennius. Efforts to extract something different from Cicero's various paraphrascsdecreui philosophari . .. paucis;se aitphilosophari utilesedpaucis;philosophari sibi ait necesse essesedpauds-should be abandoned. In his first edition of the tragic fragments Ribbcck got from Gdlius' discourseat s.16. s the trochaictetrameter degustandum exphilosophia nonin eam 1 L. Mercklin's arguments against the particular form of ingurgitandum. Ribbcck'sverse have some weight but the mode of expressionseems a little drasticeven for Gelliusand we may m fact have a paraphrasediverging only ex philosophia c£ slightlyfrom Ennius' own words. For the phrase degustare Labcrius, Mim. 36 sequereme in latrinumut aliquidgustts ex Cynicahaeresi, Tacitus, Dial. 31. 7 sed eum qui quasdamartts haurire,omneslibaredebtt, Q!!intilian,Inst. 12. 2. 4 qui litterasuelprimisut aiuntlabrisdegustmit,Schol Pers. 3 . 52 certe degustasti philosophuun.For in philosophiamingurgitare c£ Cicero, Fin. 3 . 7 quasihelluarilibris. The words q>tA6a~ and q,~oooq,etvdo not occur m extant Attic trahowever is frequently representedunder gedy) The activity of q>tAoaoq,{a the traditional heroic masb by the innovating Euripides: TOlOVTOS arnv 4 Neoptolemus' &ef, TIX'l')(XA>tKairpoac.ma eloay(A)vq>tAOO'Oq>OWTa. C£ DionysiusHal. Ant. Rom. 2.74.4, Ovid, Fast. 1.337 ff., Pliny, Nat. 18. 7, Plutarch,Rom. 12, Num.8, 16. Mere pythagoreanisingwill not sufficeas 1

an explanation. a

N]bb Suppl.m (1860), 668.

3 4

Trag. Grace.me. 522 looks like comedy. Schol.Hipp. 953; cf. Athenae,us13. 561 A. 252

ANDROMACHA modified anti-intellectual sentiments were probably common among men of affiun both at Athens 1 and at Rome. 2 Ennius may have found them in his original or insertedthem himscl£3In any casehe would have taken the word pmlosopharifrom the common language.

9Sphilosorhaodurnest paucis: one must understand uerbis;cf. Plautus, Aul. 1 nequismireturqui sim pauciseloquar,Terence, Haut. 10 nuncquamob rem haspartisdidicerim paucisdabo.

baudplacet: this and similar phrases occur at Plautus, Mere.349, Stich. 297, Pseud.653; nonplacetet sim. are much more common. XXIX

Andromache was notoriously tall (cf. Ovid, Ars 2. 645, 3 . 777, Juvenal 6.503, Dares 12); henceAntiphon's unsuitability for the role. XXX

See above, p. 236. XXXI

To explainthis remark of Cicero's schobrs often adduce Donatus, De com. 8 . 11 : huiusmodicarminaad tibiasfiebant. ut his auditismulti ex populo ante Jicerent,quamfabulam acturi scaeniciessent, quam omninospectatoribus ipsius antecedens tituluspronuntiaretur. But Cicero is patently referring to the personage from whom the aria comes, not the play as a whole. It is worth quoting hisfurther remark at 2 • 86: simul.injlauittibicena peritocannenagnoscitur. Donatus' statement may come from scholastic misinterpretation of Ac. 2. 20 itself rather than observation of stage practice. Cicero could have in mind the opening aria of a play .4 If so it is hard to believe that connoisseurs came to the theatre not knowing what plays were to be performed. On the other hand, if he is referring to an aria within a play it is hard to believe that the connoisseurs recognised what personage was about to give utterance from knowledge of the music rather than from knowledge of the action of the play. 1

Cf. Plato, Gorg. 484c. :a Cf. Cicero, Off. I. 19, Fin. I. I, Tacit:us, Agric. 4. 3 For Ennius' freedom in the matter of sententiaesec below on fr. LXXXIV, fr. CV, fr. CVIII. 4 Cf. Euripides' 'lqnywEta 1'lv AvAf6t, CPfiaoS,Plautus' Cistellaria,Epidicus, Persaand Stichus,which all departed from the normal in having, according to the surviving scripts, musically accompanied openings.

2.53

COMMENTARY These difficulties can be avoided by the assumption that Cicero had in mind a theatrical show like that given at the funeralgames of the murdered Julius Caesar, where certain arias from Pacuvius' Armorum iudiciumand Atilius' adaptation of Sophocles' 'HAEKTpa particularly befitting the occasion were performed (Suetonius, Jui. 84, Appian, B.C. 2. 146). On such an occasion it might well be that those with trained can would first recognise the source of each aria. XXXIII

Pomponius Laetus' Arulroma(ca) Nocti ispalaeographically at least as likdy as Scaliger's Androm(ed)aNocti and evidence exists that Varro and/or his sources knew the Andromacha, none that they knew theAndromedaof either Ennius or Accius. The alleged similarity between the Latin anapaests and Aristophanes, Thesm.1065-8 wvv~tepee I OOSµaKpOVhnrevµa 61001 m'.,).~.3 Most scholars since Stephanus' time seem to have assumed that Cicero quotes the very same speech as Varro does, some considering that Varro omitted pallidaleti nubilatenebrislocaafter Ord, others that Cicero omitted salueteinferaafterthisword. It is difficult to see how Varro could have omitted pallidaleti nubilatenebrisloca.. If they formed one of the metrical units recognised by ancient editon of dramatic texts we would have a caseparallel with the omission of tibi utilisquehabere(an iambic dimeter catalectic) from the quotation of Plautus, Cist. 8-11 at Ling.7. 99.4 But they do not form such a unit. It is possible that Cicero omitted salueteinferain order to merge the tragic piece into his own discourse. However the conglomeration of words that results from this hypothesis-Acherusia templaalta Ord salueteinfera pallidaletinubilatenebrisloca-ought not to be foisted on Ennius; inferagoes tidily neither with templanor with loca. In difficulties like this one it is profitable to question basic assumptions. And indeed the assumption that Varro and Cicero are necessarily quoting the same passage is an arbitrary one. Lucretius repeats the two-word phrase Acherusiatempla three times in the six booksof his didactic poem ( 1 • 120, 3 .25, 3. 86). In the extant scripts of both Greek and Latin drama there recur phrases much longer than four-word ones. Cicero does not even say he is quoting Ennius. What he quotes should be assigned to the 'incertae incertorum fabulae •. 1

Plautus, Aul. 661, Mere. 483, Mil. 1241. :a Cf. Aeschylus, Ag. 508, Sophocles, El. 67 ff., fr. 825. 1, Euripides, Htrakles 523 ff., frs. ss8. 1-2, 696.1-2, 817, Menander, frs. 1, 287, Plautus, Ba«h. 170,

Stich.649.

Vahlen compares Euripides, Amir. 413-14 ~ ovµt'i&avt;is I a·,dxoo,rpos ·A16flVand 501-3 xtpcxsalµQ'TT}lpas~p6xo101mv.13µwaI mµ,roµa, K«TO: yafcxs.These passages arc not strictly parallel. The Euripidean Andromache is only threatened with death. 4 See Leo, Die plaut. Cant.p. 6. 3

ANDROMACHA XXXV

Vahlen's notion that this fragment refersto resistanceby Andromache to Ncoptolemus' sexualdcmands1 is highly implausible. Indeed heliumgerert and proeliumf aart often suggest something very differentin erotic contexts. The person with whom Andromache has been quarrellingcould only be Ncoptolemus. The issue would most likely be the proposal to sacrifice Polyxcnc to the shade of Achilles, Ncoptolcmus' father. Ncoptolcmus is nowhere represented as concerned in the killing of Astyanax. Zj)ljnger suggestedathat Cicero had the Ennian Andromache in mind when, writing to Atticus in 6o (2. 1. s),he said of Clodia, the wife of the consul Metellus, sedegoillamodimaleconsularem. ea estenimseditiosa,ta cum uiroheliumgerit; nequtsolumcumMetellosedetiamcumFabio•••• Orclli and Buecheler3are aslikely to beright in proposingone of the perpetuallyquarrelsome uxoresdotataeof comedy.4 For the declaration that a man's name suits hischaracter, hisdeeds,or bis fate cf. Aeschylus,Ag. 681-7 Tfs1TOT'oovoµa~ cI>S" IlsTO,rav mrrvµoos ... Tav I Sopfyaµ~pov ~,1ve1Kf\ I8' •EJJvav;. Hile.315, Sophocles,Ai. 430-1, 6.-.880, Euripides,Ba. 508, Rhes. 15~. Phoin.636-7, 6.-.SI7, Telephos Pap. Mediol. 1. 11-13. For the rhetorical value of thus referring to the significanceof a name cf. Aristotle,Rhet. 2. 23 . 29, Cicero, Inu. 2. 28, Q_uintilian, Inst. s. 10. 30-1. XXXVI

Scaliger struck out Troianoas a gloss, substituted iactarierfor what he imagined to be iactariof the paradosisand joined the resulting trimeter with the two quoted by Cicero, Tusc.1. 105 (vv. 7~ ). He seemsto have thought the versesbelonged to Ennius' Hecuba.Columna compared Euripides,And,. 8-1o~T1S1T001VµAv·EK-rop· f~ "Ax~ I8av6vr"rotl6ov, ,raJ6a6" TIKTCA> 1TOO'El I ~up8wra Trvpyv •AaTVOOJax:r· cm·6p8fCA>V and assigned the versesto the Latin Andromacha. But thismakes senseonly on the assumption that Ennius' play was set at some time well afterthe killing of Astyanax. DiintzerS proposed that iubentor .flagitantbe supplied with iactariand com6:rro. pared Euripides, Tr. 725~l'fl& ,rpayµcm I q,c,.,vetv hax&t)v ,rpos aoq,ov [email protected](Orestes' speech on arrival in Athens)and wrote sapereesseopinoroptimum pro uiribus:tacereac fabularitutenoueris.Ribbeckwrote itasapereopinoesseoptumum,ut prouiribusI 1

Plautus sometimes refers to legal institutions that could have had no equivalent in his Attic original; cf. Aul. 416. a Ennius has ana (acc.) and crateras in epic {Ann.148, 5n). It is difficult to give an account of Salm'acida{voc.) at Trag.347. Where comedy uses a proper name taken from the Greek fint declension, the a of the nominative and vocative cases seems normally to be scanned as short; but the matter is disputed; cf. RH. Martin, CQ N.S. v (1955), 206 tf., VI (1956), 197, 0. Skutsch, CQ VI (1956), 90, VD (1957), 52.

COMMENTARY

tacereacfabularitute noutris,L. Mueller ego sapae opinoe~ optumumpro uiribus: I tacereetfabularitute noueris.Vahlen kept what is transmitted and interpreted it rather tortuously as 'qua sum condicionc tacerc optumum essc censco, et hoe si feceris,sapcre pro uiribus (els 6vvaµ1v,6-n µaA1a-ra)et fabularitute (aaq,S (Orestes speaking); Ribbeck 616-20 owooirOT' ehtov IJavTIKolcnvh, 6p6vo1s,I 0\11< avSp6s, ov ywatKoS, ov ir6AES mp1, I O IJT)KWVaoo H. Fuchs, HermesLXX (1935), 245, writes t«ere opinoesseoptimum,at pro uiribusI sapereatquef abularitutenouerisand suggests that the trimeten belonged to a scene created independently by Ennius in which either Apollo briefs 1

Orestes on how to behave in court or Orestes in soliloquy repeats advice given to him by Apollo. Such freedom in adaptation is not unexampled in what we know of republican drama but the scenes postulated by Fuchs arc difficult to believein.

288

.BVM.BNIDES

Zeus'O1'vµir{v ira-n'\p. I TO µiv

S{KcnovTOU6'6aov a6M1 µa&tv, I ~vMj fflcp{Apollo speaking). The verb fecissemakes it fairly plain that Orestes' deed and not Apollo's· advice is in question. The corrupt acciuscries out to be altered to aciusbut thisalteration leaves hiatus in two places in the trochaic tetrameter (eachcase tolerable in itself' but suspiciousin company) and a very queer phrase id iusfaare (for which iusorartis no parallel). Furthermore the normal order of the doublet seems to have been ius atqueaecum{c£ Ennius, Trag. 155, Plautus, Stich. 423, Terence, Haut. 642, Cicero, Brut. 145,Tacitus, Ann. 14. 18, Fronto, p. 81 .15, Claudian 10.313).1 On the other hand the adjectives usually arranged themselves aequusac iustus(c£ Plautus, Amph. 16, Cicero, Phil. 2.72, Fin. 3 . 71, Seneca, Epist. 95. 52; rhythm dictates the refractory instances at Cicero, Fin. 3 . 71 and Horace, Sat. 1 . 3 . 98). Accordingly I propose to write id egoaecumaciustumfecissewith hiatus at the diaeresisof the tetrameter. The substance of the Eooiao verse, which is plain whatever the detailsof its restoration, departs a long way from the spirit of Aeschylus' Evµw{5Es. The Aeschylean Orestes hesitates to claimeven TOS{Kcnov for his act {c£ Choe.1027), the Aeschylean Apollo claimsit for the will of Zeus. Ennius' penonage pretends confidenceabout not only the justice but also the equity of his act. The notion of equity {ToffllElt-40TOVSEµ1')m18avopa I 3£V~W ~{ms, Sophocles,Ant. 291-2 ovs· vrrolVY'i> I i\6q,ov6tKOO(t.)S eixov, wsCTTtp-yEtV iµt, El. 1460-3 ~ et TISS 3aµeves TaxvmT]ets [6p6µ]ovs, I i\f\~e 6e j3cxpv~p6µCA>v ..• •Aa(t.)11'6s o[t6µa, Alcaeusof Messene,A.P. 7. 412.s-6 f,oov6' fCTTT)cnv (grief for deathof Pylades), Virgil, Aen. 9. 123-s obstipuere animisRutuli,

296

HECT ORIS

L YTRA

conterritus ipseI turbansMessapus equis,cunddt#retamnisIrtiuu sonansrtuOCdll[Ut pedan Tiberinusabalto,10. 101-3 eodiante deumdomusaltosiksdt I et tremefactllsonotellus,siletarduusaether,Itum Ztphyriposuae,premitpLidtldaequora pontus, [Tibullus) 3. 7. 121-34- 1 The word aedo suggests that nothing in the action of the play is referred to; rather that we have a heanay report of earlier events (c£ Plautus, Epid. 34 Muldberaedo amu, fecit '[Ude habuit

Stratippocles ).i LXXIV

The text of this fragment is corrupt and its specific interpretation obscure3 but one can give it a fairly secure context: news of Patroclus' death hascome and Achilles is without arms, powerless to avenge his beloved. 4

16o canct.ent: once elsewhere in tragedy (Accius 72) and only twice in comedy (Plautus, Cas.792, Epid. 162); comparatively uncommon in Caesar and Cicero (who both use it as a deponent). LXXV

This fragment must come from an address by Priam to the guards at Achillestent. Janus PalmeriusS restored it as per uoset nostrumimpaium etfidemMy,midonum,uigiles,commiserescite. Bcrgkand Vahlcn thought they could make sense of it with only one alteration: per uos et uostrumimperiumet falem, However three grave difficulties can be My,midonumuigiles,conmiserescite. made about the text they offer. First, the words will not fit into any of the recognisedversepatterns of republican drama. 6 1

One has to guess at the context of Ennius, Var. 9-12 mundusaieli U4Stus constitit. .. constitere amnu perennesarbo,esuento uacant. a 0. Skutsch (London seminar, IS November I9SS) proposes to replace credowith cursu.See now HSCPh LJOCI (1967), 136 f. 3 Ribbeck {cf. Co,oll. p. xxiv, Die ,om.T,ag. p. 123) wrote in his final edition ei ipsicunctent. .. and made the speaker some Achaean refusing Achilles' request for armour after the death of Patroclus. Vahlen (cf. Ind. lectt.Berlin 1888/9, s ff. [ = Op. ac.I 403 ff.]) wrote ut ipsicundent?and made the speaker Achilles pointing out his lack of armour in reply to Iris' command to go into battle and recover Patroclus' body. 4 The mood of cupiantmakes it very difficult to accept Welcker's view (Die griech. T,ag. p. 136) that the words are spoken by Achilles to Priam in an account of past events. S Spicilegium {Frankfurt, I 580); repr. in Gruterus, 1.Ampas, IV 787. 6 For the trochaic pentameter alleged by Bergk see above on fr. XLDI.

297

COMMENTARY

Secondly, while the appeal per uos can be paralldcd in Cic:cro'soratory (Plane.103 nolite iudias per uosperfortwuu per liberosuutros inimids mds • •. darelaetitiam)and in thewritings of the historians (Sallust, lug. 14.25 patru conscriptiper uosper liberosatqueparentisnostrosper maitstatem populi Romani subuenitemihi misero,Hist. 2.47.13, Livy 29.18.9, Curtius 9.2.28) and in classicalpoetry (Lygdamus I . Is) it hasno parallel in republican drama.Here, in certain very solemn passages,per is disjoincd from its object by the pronominal subject and/or object of the verb of supplication (secabove on v. 3). The construction was already old-fashioned in tone in the early second century and Cicero's noliteper uosetc. seemsto spring from a misunderstanding of its nature. One should not try to take uos as the object of an unexpressed verb of supplication.This was a Greek construction (c£ Euripides, Andr.8923 npos a& Tc;;.;v& yowarCA>v, I oiKTipovftl!QS)and seemsto appear first in Latin at Rhet. inc. Her. 4.65 (perte ea quaetibi dulcissimasunt in uita miserere nostri),in what looks like a rhetorician's literal translation of a Greek story, and then sporadically in poetry (e.g. Lucan 10. 370, Silius 1.658). Thirdly, the idea that mere uigilesshould possessa thing like imperiumis absurd. The word imperiumhad a semi-religioustone lackingin Greek words for power and authority; it belonged properly to the officiallanguage and denoted the authority of the chief civil magistrates. Plautus uses it, perhaps in jest, of the authority of the head of the private Greek household' but there is no parallel anywhere for the use which Bergk and Vahlcn foist on Ennius.3 I cannot sec how to restore the fragment without extensive rewriting. That there stood in Ennius' text a variant of the appeal perfidem (Plautus, Trin. 153, Terence, Andr.290, Sallust,lug. 10. 3 et al.) isfairly certain; for the coupling offideJ and imperiumc£ Cann. deu.ap. Macrob. Sat. 3 •9. II ut me meamquefidem imperiumquelegionu exerdtumque nostrum qui in his rebus gerundissunt bentsaluossiritisesse.3One should take imperiumetfidan Myrmidonumtogether; according to some Roman politicians and political theorists imperium belonged in the last resort to the whole populus Romanus (c£ Cicero, Phil. 3. 37 cum senatus auctoritatempopulique Romani libertatem Cf. Asin. 87 doteimperiumuendidi.It is possiblethat the juridical language already used it so; cf. Paulus, Fest. p. 55 .9 nuptiali iure imperiouiri subititur nubens,Ulpian, Dig. so.17. 4 uelle non crediturqui obsequiturimperiopatris uel domini. a 0. Prinz, T.L.L. vni 574.38 ff., puts the fragment at the end of his examples of imperium,de certarumpersonarum potestate/apud exteros/demonarchis but is obviously nonplussed. 3 Ennius, Ann. 107 has fales and regnumtogether, Caesar, Gall. 2.3 .2, 2.13.2, Cicero, ad Q. fr. 1.1.27, Curtius 8.4.21 fales and potest41,Livy 34. 35. 10, 37 .45. 3, 38. 31.6 .fidts and dicio. 1

298

HECT ORIS L YTRA

imptriumque defendat, Livy 4. s.1, Ulpian, Dig. 1. 4. 1) and theearly tragedians were ready to transfer thiscollective imptriumto the heroic world of Greece (c£ Accius 231 Argiuomimperium). Ennius' Priam draws on the solemn formulae of the Roman deditioinfit/em for his appeal. Something of the characterof Euripides, Mtd. ~II a:>,;A•

6vt-oµaf ereTijaSe ,rposyeve1aSos I yOVo:Toov -n: Tc1>v acZ>vlJv, ,rposToO yeve{ov,irposTc1>v yova-roovand irposTiis 6e~1asarc the normal csprcssionsin Attic tragedy; appeals to abstract qualities arc rare (c£ Sophocles, O.K. 515 J.111 irpos~{as ••• ). In Roman comedy

the normal appeal is per deosor per geniumor pergenua or per dexteram; abstracts appear when the tone rises (c£ Plautus, Asin. 18 ted obttstorper senectutem tuam,Capt.245-6 perf ortunamincertamet per meite ergabonitatem

patris,I perqueconseruitium commune).

162 comrnis«escite: a high tragic form; twice elsewhere in republican tragedy, only three times in all comedy (Plautus, Rud.1090, Terence, Hee. 129, Turpilius, Com.211); comedy hasmisertsarethreetimes in very solemn contexts (Plautus, Epid. 526, Trin. 343, Terence, Haut. 1026); misereriis the regular form (37 times in comedy, 7 in tragedy). LXXVI

The noisy arrival is a commonplace of tragedy (c£ Euripides, I.A. 317, I. T. 1307-8, Rhes. 11-16) as well as of comedy (c£ Plautus, Bacch.583-6, 1120, Cure.277, Trin. 1093). Scholl referred the fragment to the arrival of news of Hector' success in his attack on the Greek encampment. It could equally well concern that of news of Patroclus' death (soRibbcck) or the arrival of Priam in quest ofHcctor's body. 163 quid hoe hie clamoris: c£ Plautus, Aul. 403 sed quid hoeclamoris oriturhincex proximot, Trin. 1093 quidhoehieclamoris audioanteatdismtast, Caccilius, Com. 245 quidhoeclamoris t

· quid tamulti est: c£ Plautus, Poen.207 quidistuctumultiestt, Turpilius, Com. 154 quid hie tumulti ante/orest, Pomponius, Atell. 121 quid hoe tst

tumultit nomen qa.i usurpatmeum: contrast Plautus, Bacch.1120 quissonituac

tumultutantonominatmt t, Cure.304 quis nominalmet, Mil. 901, Most. 784, Rud.98, 678 b, 868,Terence, Phorm.739, 990, Trag. inc. 1 quisenimest qui meumnomennuncupatt, 97 quismeumnominansnomenatdetxciett

COMMENTARY

Q!.i is transmitted quite often as an indefiniteor interrogativesubstantive in both tragedy (Pacuvius 228, Accius 6-4,343,562,625) and comcdy.1 Its enclitic position here is highly unusual. For usu,pare,'nominare •, c£ Cicero, Off. 2. 40 Ldelius,is qui Sapiffuusurpatur.Plautus has the verb six times (&ah. 149, Cas. 631, Cist. sos, Persa 736, Trin. 846, Pseud.135), mostly as a high-&lutin synonym of uti; elsewhere in republican drama it occurs only at Trag. inc. 127 and Accius, Trag. praet.29. LXXVII

Lindsay's analysis of the structure of Nonius' dictionary tends to confirm Columna's view that this fragment followed LXXVI directly. Nonius illustrated TVMVLTI and STREPm with pieces taken successively from the list based. 3 on Ennius' Hectorislytraand Telephus. LXXVIII

165aes sonit: Nie.

Faber's emendation is almost certain; c£ thecorruption at Catullus 41. 8. The phrase can hardly refer to theblast of trumpets (so T.L.L. I 1073 .48). The clashof iron-tipped spears on brazen shieldsand 832 ,r6aov T1v·avxets ,ra-rahelmets is meant; c£ Euripides,Herakleidai yov acm{&>v ~IJElV, Ennius, Ann. 363 tum clipeiresonuntet stridit acumen,Virgil, Aen. 9. 666-?tumscutacauaequedantsonitumjlictugaleoe.3

I

Jerri

&anguntarhastae:c£ Euripides, Plwin. 1399-402 &,ro 6' C6pava• &V 6pp6{av, Ennius, Ann. 406 totumsudorhabetcorpus)and the blood pouring upon the ground {c£Homer, n 8.65 ~ s· 001,laTl yaia, 10.484 lpv6a{wro 6' alµa,-1 yaia, Euripides,Phoin.1152 e,,pav 6' ISevov yaiav atµcrros (xxxis). The alliterative pair sanguiset sudoris common in Latin writing {c£ Ennius, Trag.347, Cicero, Leg. agr. 2.16, 2.69, Livy 2.48.2, 7.38.6 et al). LXXIX

The unexpressedsubjectof cernunthave good fortune aswellastheir weapons helping them. Fortunanever indicatesimpersonalchance(TVXTl) in republican drama except at Pacuvius, Trag.366 ff., where the speaker is discoursingon philosophicaldoctrines; when unqualified it is normally optimistic in tone. Its nearest equivalent in Attic drama would be 8e6sor Safµc.>v{contrast Aeschylus,fr. 395 cpwl SeTei'> K yap irovown 8eosavAAaµ~1 with Terence, Phorm.203 fortisfortunaadiuuat).

xoo

166 saeuiter: the regular form in republican drama, 6 times in comedy, 3 times in tragedy; neither saeuiternor saeueseemsto occur in classicalLatin.

fortunaferro: for the asyndeton bimembre c£ the tragic exampleslisted above on v. 9 and the formulaicfortefortuna (Plautus, Bacch.916, Mil. 287, Terence, Eun. 134, 568). Neither Columna'sfortunafmi nor Bergk'sfmo ac f ortunais necessary but the latter emendation has the merit of directing attention to the fact that the longer word rarely precedesthe shorter in these asyndeta. For the combination offortuna andferrum c£ Virgil, Aen. 10.421-2 da nunc Thybripaterf mo quodmissilelibroIf ortunam. cemant: HomericKp{voVTa1 (n. 2. 385, 18. 209); a usagehard to explain;1 to be found elsewhere only at Ennius, Trag.232, Ann. 196,555, Pacuvius, Trag.24, Accius, Trag.326, Lucretius 5. 393, Virgil, Aen. 12. 218, 709. The compound tkcernereis used with the same sense at Ennius, Ann. 133, frequently in Virgil and Livy, occasionallyin Cicero and Caesar. Comedy has tkcernere'decide' often and cernerewith the same senseat Plautus, Bacch.399, Cas. 516, Trin.479. For cernere'perceive' see above on v. 13. Certareseemsto have been the regular word in the common language for 'fight for a decision' (Plautus,Mere.345, Mil. 714, Persa238, True.948,950, Terence, Phorm. 20, Pacuvius, Trag.25). 1

SeeEmout, BSL XXIX (1929), 82 ff. ( =Philologica1, pp. 83 ff.), Lcumann, Gnomon xm (1937), 31, MusHIV (1947), 133 (=Kl.Sehr. 154). 301

COMMENTARY LXXX

This fragment seemsto describean encounter between two warrion; while one is temporarily blinded, the other takes to his heels. The vision of Homer's warrion is frequently obscuredon the field of battle by mists, etc. (cf. n. 16.790 ff., 17.644 ff., 20.321 ff., 20.441 ff.) but there is no exact parallel in the n;aJfor Ennius' Latin. I should guessthat the final encounter between Achillesand Hector is beingdescribed; Homer's account is somew61,cm,lAeTp6µos· ov6' what different (cf.n.22. 136-7.EKTOpa 6' oos &p•h' hAfl I av61 µhie1v, 6,daCi>Se 'ITVA~ Aim, ~ii Se q>o~118efs) but so too is his account of several other events described or enacted in Ennius' tragedy. The abrupt asyndetonand change of subject do not compel one to postulate a lacunabetween abstulitand derepente. If there is something missinghere it becomesdoubly hard to undentand why Nonius quoted ecce... abstulitin an article illustratingthe adverb derepente.

167ecce

autem caligo oborta est; omnem prospectum abstulit: cf. Anon. Bell. Aft.52 nisi. .. puluis. .. uentoflatus omnium prospectuo.Jfecisset, Virgil.Aen. 8. 253-4 inuoluitque domumcaligine caecaIprospectum eripiensoculis, Livy 4.33.8, 10. 32.6. F.cceautemindicateseither the speaker'ssurpriseat an unexpected tum of the action (c£ Plautus, Mere.748,792), or as here, hisfeelingthat the hearer will be surprisedat what he is to narrate (cf. Virgil. Aen. 2. 201-5 Laocoon. ..

adaras.Iecceautemgemini. .. anguesIincumbunt pelago). taurumingentem mactabat appearselsewherein republicandrama only at Plautus,Mil. 009. 'Prospectus

168 contulit sese in pedes: c£ Plautus, Bacch.374 me continuocontuli protinamin pedes(paratragic);pedibusse dareseemsto have been the regular phrase (Naevius, Com. 35, Plautus, fr. 15); Plautus, Capt. 121 si nonestq,wd dem,meneuis demipse- in pedesis humorously meant. L. Mueller was thus quite wrong to excisecontulitsesein pedesfrom the Ennian fragment as being untragic. LXXXI

Sublimeiter(cf. vv. 190-1) indicatesthat the fragment refers to the horsesof the sun-god (c£ Pindar, Ol. 7. 71-2 6 yM6AIOS&K-rlvCi>V ircmip, I nOp ,n,e6VTCi>V apxcslmTCA>V, Euripides, I.A. 159 nOp TI: Tl:6p{,mCA>v TOOV •AeAfov,Virgil, Georg.1. 250 nosqutubiprimusequisOriensa.fllauit anhelis,Aen. elatisnaribus 12. 114-15 cumprimumaltosegurgitetolluntI solisequi,lucemque ejflant)rather than to those of any of the heroes (c£ Euripides,Alie.493 nOp TIVEOva1 IJVK'?TlpCA>V &iro, Lucretius 5 •29 et Diomedisequispirantesnaribus ignem,Virgil. Aen. 7.280-1 geminosqueiugalisI semineah aetheriospirantis 302

HECVBA

naribusignem).Omitting ut and comparing Ennius, Var.11-12 sol equisiter Iconstitereamnesperennes,arboresuento uacantVahlen repressit ungulisuolantibus, argued that the fragment belonged in the same context as LXXIII. This is an acute suggestion but I should prefer to leave ut and take the fragment as part of a simile.

1'9 quadrupedantes:an odd formation, restored at Accius, Trag.6o3, sccurcly transmitted at Plautus, Capt.814 quiaduehuntu,quad,upedanti crucianti (a tragically styled parody of a praetor's edict), Virgil, Aen. 8. 595-6 cantherio putremsonituquatitungulacampum,11 .614-15 agminefacto I quadrupedante per.fractaque quadrupedantum Ipectorapectoribusrumpunt; perhaps concocted by Ennius himselffor the sake of sound-play with halitantes. Tragedy hasquadrupes commonly of animals(Naevius 25, Ennius 157, Pacuvius2, Accius 315, 381), comedy only once (Terence, .Atulr.865 [perhaps paratragic]). The formation quad,upedans is of the same type as undans(Ennius, Trag.179), uiridans(Accius, T,ag. 244), unanimans(Plautus, True.435 [paratragic]), a type of formation rare in old Latin and confined to poetry in classicalLatin.

halitantes: only here in Latin; halareitselfis rare and confined to poetry. LXXXII

Scholl took this fragment as spokenby Achilles to a worried Patroclus after Ulysses has come with bad news from the battle-field. It could as easily be spoken by Priam to a companion while on the way to Achilles' tent or by Achilles to Priam afterthe ransom has been arranged.The Attic tragedians made Ulysses the opponent of all just and merciful arrangements. 1 170 nomas: probably the regular form in the common language; its absence from the rest of extant dramais accidental; nouimusdoes not appear either; the situations of drama leave little scope for the first person plural; nosti, nossemetc., nosseare common in Plautus and ahnost universal in Terence.

HECVBA Aulus Gcllius asserts at NoctesAtticae11 . 4 that the Hecubaof Ennius was a version of Euripides' homonymous tragedy and quotes three verses of the Gt-eckscript along with the particular Latin rendering. At 2.23 he makes a Vahlen {E.P.R.1 , p. 145) appears to have taken the fragment as spoken by Mcnelaus to Ajax after the wounded Ulysses has shouted for help {Homer, 11. I 1 • 463 ff.); such an interpretation would require a quite incredible change of scene. 1

COMMENTARY

similarbut much more extended comparison between Mcnand.cr' s mOKtov and Caccilius' vcnion. The extant scholia to Terence's comedies contain scraps of similar comparisons between Terence's Latin and the Greek of his originals. We may suppose that Gcllius based his assertion about Ennius' Hecubaeither on a detailed pcnonalknowledge of the texts of this play and the Euripidean or on a didascalic notice of the type affixed to the extant texts of the six comedies of Terence and the Stichusof Plautus. It has a reliability quite lacking in apparently similar assertions by Varro and Cicero about particularLatin tragedies (secabove, p. 236). Nonius Marcellus gives Ennius the title Hecubaeleven times. The eight pieces quoted seem to come from grammatical sources rather than Nonius' own knowledge of the text. The wording of only two of them (frs.xc and xcu) parallels Euripides' Greek 1 as closely as does that of Gcllius' quotation (LXXXIV) but the others can be fitted into free versions of Euripidean speeches without upsetting at any point the framework of the Greek plot. This circumstance indicates clearly what others only suggest, namely that the republican poets rarely followed the exact wording of the Athenian classics they were hired to adapt. It is accordingly improper to use, as many have done, the text of Euripides' "E1ea~11 as an aid in restoring that of the Ennian fragments. A trimeter, ueterfatorum terminussic iussaat, is attributed by Priscian (Gramm.II 264. 1 s) to a Hecubaof Accius. Iff atabe interpreted as •oracles' the trimcter hasno counterpart in Euripides' "E1ealnl.If it be interpreted as •fate' or •destiny' there arc a number of possible counterparts: c£, for example, vv. 43 ft 1TfflpµM), 584 8eoov6vaytµ1, 'T0V K fOVOV I µvaapov lKv('fXA), Accius, Trag. 82-3 cum patre paruospatrum hiscertcodd.) suo, Trag.pratt. hostificeI sanguinesangutnmiscert{Pas.1Cfatius: 4 lue patrium {Buccheler: ue patrum codd.) hostilifaso sangutnsanguine, Lucretius3 . 71 caedemcaedeaccumulantes. XC

This fragment clearlycomes from a version of Euripides,Htle. 824-35Kai µ1'tv- laCA>S "'1vTOOAoyov 1CEVOV TO&, I Kwpav npo~v· &XA• 6µCA>S elp1'ta£Tat• I npos aolat nMVpols nats lµ'i'i1pvyes. &(~etS, &va~, I i\ TWVW EUVijcplATCXTCA>V aanaaµaTCA>V I xap1v T(v· 1~, nats lµfi, 1eO • yepoovµevetµ•, 6µoosSe µ01eavetv I el11irplv at~ irep1mcrelvTVXTJ TIVLThe Talthybiusof the Tp~Ses refers explicitlyto hisown poverty (v. 415) but the matter of wealth and poverty is a constant discussed explicitlyat vv. 317 ff., 492 £, 1218 ff., and theme of the •E1vi\{a, fr. 913 µenCa>pi\6yoov ... O'KOAlO:S airarasoovToi\µ11payi\ooaa·Ehi\ET mpl TOOV &cpavoov, ovSevyvcbµ11s µe-rixovaa, 973 µav-ns a()lO'TOS&rns EIKVOlS aocpov I K 6CXAaµovs, Herakks 1247 elµ1 yi)s vrro, T,. 460i\~CA> 6' ls VElv when he was introduced to the Roman state cult in 249.3 For similar obliquity cf. Sophocles,0. T. 29-30 ~CXS s• I •A16T)S a-micxyµotsKcxly6o1s irAovr(3ercn; for the explicit etymology Ennius, Var. 78 Pluto Lotineest Dis pater,alii Orcumuocant,Cicero, Nat. deor.2. 66. The Greek borrowing thesaurus occun frequently in comedy, usually in the singular; the plural is always accompaniedby other signs of stylistic elevation (Plautw, Aul. 240, Mil. 1064, Pseud.628, True.245 ). M. L. Cunningham has interpretedthe fragmentas a questionand compared I.A. 1219 Ta6' v,royiis µfi µ• l&tv &vaylcqs; see 0. Skutsch, HSCPh 1

LXXI

(1967), I.µ.

~ See Pasquali, StudiEtruschi1 (1927), 291 ff. ( = Pagineme,u, stravaganti di un filologo~pp. 163 ff.). 'Axif"'>V often indicatesthe underworld in Hellenistic poetry: cf. Asclepiades,A.P. S . 8 S. 3 et al 3 See Latte, Rom. Rei. pp. 246 ff.

331

COMMENTARY

obiacent: not elsewhere in republican drama; tragedy has the simple iaare4 times, comedy 16. Ennius choosesthe unusualcompound for the sake of word play with obibo;c£ his expetuntat v. 23 and indnct« at v. 26. XCVIII

The speakerbids someonewhom he esteemseither to come towards him (c£ Plautus, Mil. 828 proade hue,Terence, Eun. 470 procedetu hue,Seneca, Tro. 705 huee latebrisprocedetuis}or to move away (c£ Plautus, Capt.954 agetu illueprocede);Ennius could be adapting either I.A. 1-2 &">,rprof}v 66µCAW aov ir66a, ToovSe,rapo18a, Iontxe (Vahlen)or 139-40 &XA'18'l~aaCA>V yf\pq;I µT}Sh, vm(KCA>V(Scaliger).The 1TlaTaT1')S of Agamemnon's servant is a constant theme of Euripides' play (vv. 45, 114, 304, 867). 193-4 gradam proferre

pedam,I nitere, cesaas: for the imperative in

parenthesisc£ Aeschylus,Theb.435 Tote;,&cpc,.YT{, iriµm, Tfs~O'TI)aeTCXI;, Choe.779 &yyeXA'loOaa,irpaaae, TarreoTCXAµa,a, Ennius,Ann. 201 Jono, dudte,Joque,Plautus, Mere.111-12 ex summisopibusuiribusqueusqueexperire, nitere,I erus ut minoroperatua seruetur,Catullus 14.21-2 uos hinc interea, ualete,abiteI illucundemalumpedemattulistiset al. Some modem scholarsput a stop after nitereand make the infinitiveprofme its object-a construction absent from Caesar and Cicero but common enough in the historians and dactylic poets and therefore possiblein archaic tragedy. Plautus, Men. 754 has gradumproferamin bacchiacs.For the periphrasis gradum... pedum c£ Euripides, Tr. 333-4 iro6oov I ~povaa cp1ATCXTav j3aaiv, Lucretius 5 .914 trans mariaaltapedumnisusut ponereposset.1 Verrius must have understoodgradumas an internal object of procede. 194 o ii.de:the doctrine reported at Serviusauct. Aen. 1. 113, quidamuelint .fidumamicum,.fidelem seruumdid, appears to be refuted by this verse, v. 237, Ritschl'salmost certain restoration of Plautus, Most.785, and Livy 33. 28. 13. But it is clear from the comparative rarity of.fidusin comedy (5 occurrences as against24 of.fidelis)and classicalprose and from the contexts of occurrence

that it conveyed much more emotion than.fidelisand was more likely to appear in the dialogue of socialequals.Applied to a person of servilestatusit perhaps indicated an out of the ordinary affectionon the part of the speaker. Bergk's supplement o.fide(senex) is quite unnecessary;the absenceofjidus as a substantive from our record of early Latin loses significancewhen one considershow rarely even the adjective occurs. No real parallel is provided by Pollio ap. Gell. 10.26.4 transgressus a transgrediendo dicitur,idqueipsumab ingressuet a pedumgraduappellatum. 1

332

IPHIGBNIA XCIX

The structure of the soldien' argument is dear despite several corrupt words: a general statement about the employment of otiumis followed by a reference to the particular dramatic situation. This structure has many parallels in republican drama: where stichic iambic trimeters are usedat Plautus, Poer,. 627 ff., Pseud.767 ff.; where iambic tetrameters are used at Plautus, Rud. 290 ff.; where trochaic tetrameters are used at Pacuvius, Trag.366 ff.,Plautus, Bacch. 540 ff., Poer,. 504 ff., Terence, Ad. 855 ff., Eun. 232 ff.; where different types of verse are mingled at Plautus, Amph. 633 ff., Epid. 166 ff., Men. 571 ff., Caecilius, Com. 142 ff. One cannot decidewhat metre Ennius gave his soldien' words on a priorigrounds. It is, however, significant that no such argumentative structure beginsin the middle of a metrical unit. Three kinds of measurement have been tried: one in stichic trochaic tetrameten, 1 one in corresponding lyric strophes,:aand one in a mixture of trochaic lengths. 3 The third kind requires least alteration to the words transmitted. The first thirteenwords transmitted form a trochaic dimeter and a catalectic trochaic tetrameter without diaeresisbut with caesura afterthe fourth arsis.4 The extended word play, otio. .. negoti. .. negotium. .. , hasfew analogues in Attic drama (c£ however Philemon, fr. 23 .3-4 6 Ao16opoov yap, &, 6 Ao16opovµEVOS µ'I'}irpocnro1fiToo,Ao16opetTCX1 Ao16op&>V) but seems to have been considered a stylistic ornament in early second century Rome (c£ Ennius, Sal. sS>-62 nam qui lepidepostulatalterum J,ustrariI quemJ,ustratur

I

J,ustra eum dicit.frustraesse.I tutm qui sesef,ustrari quemf,ustra sentit, I qui .frustraturisJ,ustraest si non ille est.frustra,Plautus, Amph. 33-6, Capt. 255-6, Pseud. 704-5, Terence, Andr. 251HJ). The interpretation of negotiumin negotiohasgiven difficulty.Vahlen offered the translation 'sehr viel Arbeit'. E. H. Warmington 'when he is awork at work'.S There is no parallel however for this particular kind of expression in republican drama although it is common in Attic (c£ Euripides, I. T. 197 q,6vashrl cp6v~,&xea &xeV Ma Kai Ma KaTa OTpaTOVov6e µaxovro, Euripides,I.A. 812-18yf\v yap i\1,roovCl>apav and Evµa,{5Es,Sophocles' Tpax{v1aa,Euripides' 'Av6poµax11,•h1a have actions spread over long intervalsof time. Sophocles' Ai~ and Euripides' •EK&jni have actions which can scarcely be said to possess unity in the Aristotelian sense. But nothing we know resembles Vahlen's hypothetised monster; nor is there any good evidence that the Roman adapters of comedy and tragedy ever employed such a combinatory technique. 1

It seems to have been accepted with varyingdegreesof enthusiasm by F. Skutsch (RE v [1905], 2594), Leo (Gesch. pp. 187 ff., 193 n. 1), Terzaghi (SIFC N.S. VI [1928], 191), Drabkin (The MedeaExul, pp. 10 ff.), Warmington, Klotz and Heurgon. C. Bailey (CR :xvm [190-4], 171) was sceptical. a The Pseudolushas 1335 verses in our texts; the prologist remarks (v. 2) Plautinalongafabulain sC4tlUJm uenit, the slave Pseudolus (v. 388) nolo bis iterari; sat sic longae.fiuntfabulae. The Casinohas 1018 verses; the matron Clcustrata remarks (v. 1006) hancex longalongioremneftlliamusfabu'4m.

34S

COMMENTARY One might try to salvage V ahlen' s general theory by postulating only a small scene at the end of the Medeaexul showing Medea' s arrival in Athens. Our texts have what looks like a scene based on Sophocles' •Avny6V11added at the end of Aeschylus' •Eirra hrl 01'\~- Some of our texts have added to the end of Terence's Andriaa scene in which Charinus and Philumena are betrothed. 1 Our texts of Plautus' Captiuiand Poenulusshow obvious traces of similar interference with Plautus' original versions. The prologue of Terence's Adelphi admits to the insertion of a scene into the action of Menander' s comedy by the adapter. However the shift of scene from Corinth to Athens remains very difficult to accept (seeabove, p. 165). The Medeaexul was well known outside the ranks of lexicographers. We therefore expect to find among the unattributed quotations of tragedy made by Cicero, Varro and the rhetoricians quite a number belonging to it. The searchfor such quotations has not however always been sufficiently critical. Cicero knew at least two other tragedies about Medea: Pacuvius' Medus," which dealt with the reunion in Colchis between Medea and the son she bore to Aegeus, and Accius' Medea,3whose scene has been set by one scholar or another in practically every place mentioned in the stories about Medea. 4 Qgotations of tragedy referring to Medea and accompanied by the name of Ennius should go to the Medeaexul. Where Ennius is not mentioned too 1

Sec 0. Skutsch, RhM c (1957), S3 ff. Off. 1 . 114, Nat. deor.3 . 48. 3 Nat. deor. 2. 89; one of the trimcters quoted by Cicero appears under Acdus Medeaat Nonius, p. 90. s; Priscian, Gramm.m 424. 9 quotes six as by Acdus in Argonautis.H. Keil (in app.) argued that Priscian drew on Cicero and that the title Argonautaewas a mere error. However Priscian goes on to quote passages unknown elsewhere from Accius' Persidae,Phoenissaeand Telephusin that order. All four seem to come from prologues and we should suppose that they came directly from texts to the source of Priscian's metrical treatise (see above, p. 343 n. 2 ). An even closer alphabetical arrangement appears in the titles if we suppose that the first play bore the title ArgonautaeuelMedea(cf. Aeschylus' i\ •EICTopos >.VTpa,Accius' Stasiastaeuel Tropaeumand Aeneadaeuel C!>p(ryEs Decius). Nonius would have used one, Priscian the other. Stephanus gave Accius two separate plays Argonautaeand Medea,arguing (Addenda,p. 428) that Nonius was in error at p. 90. s. Ribbeck (c£ Manutius on Cic. Fam. 7 .6, Bothe, RhM v [1837], 259) abolished not only the play but even the title Argonautae. 4 In Colchis at the end of the heroine's wanderings by Welcker (Die griech. Trag.pp. 1214-16); in Athens by Mercerus (onNonius, p. 237 .43); in Corinth by Scaliger (Coniect.Va". Ling., on 7 .9), in Scythia by Ribbeck (In Tragicos RomanorumPoetasConiectanea.SpecimenI, pp; 2sff., comparing Apollonius Rhod. 4.31 s ff. with the verses quoted by Cicero); in Colchis at the beginning by Manutius (on Cic. Fam. 7 .6) and Ladewig (Anal. seen.p. 18). 2

MEDEA

EXVL;

MEDEA

many pombilities are open for a firm decision to be made. Similarity with the text of Euripides' M1')6e1a is a quite treacherous guide. Study of Nonius' quotations of the Hecubashows that Ennius departed radically from the wording of his original even more often thanhe adhered to it. Tumebus 1 assignedthe two trimeten quoted at Tusc.3 .63 (fr. CVI)to the Medeaexul. Columna printed the Euripidean passage Turne bus had in mind: Med. 57-8. Succeeding editors have all followed Columna. Politianusi compared the pieces quoted in Fam. 7. 6 (fr. cv a) with Euripides, Med. 214 ff. Manutius3 argued that there is no parallel for the tetrameter qui ipsesibisapiensprodesse nonquit nequiqumn sapitin the extant Mi)&1abut that it is rather like a Greek trimeter quoted by Cicero at Fam. I 3 . 15 . 2 as by Euripides4 and assigned it to the second Ennian Medeapostulated by Victorius and Scaliger. Columna accepted Manutius' argument. Later editors have not. The substance of qui ipsesibisapiensprodesse nonquit nequiquam sapitis in fact no further removed from that of Euripides, Med. 294-301 thanis the substance of the previous sententiafrom vv. 215-18. In any case,just as Athenian actors excised and transferredalmost at will the general statements about religion, morality, society and politics they found in the scripts of classicaltragedy and comedy,S so too did the Roman adapters of thesescripts. Donatus, or his source, could not find the substance of Terence, Atulr.95~ in Menandcr's'Av6p(a but did in the Ewovxas. There is no trace, however, in Terence's adaptation of the latter play. The substance of Caecilius, Com. 143 is apparently absent from the speechof Menandcr's TTh6K1ov which is beingadapted. Ennius was much admired by 6 early first century rhetoricians for the quality of his sententiae. He seems to have usedthem much more frequently than did succeeding tragedians. They were an orator's device as much as clausula rhythm, antithesis, the figures of speech and thought and the rest and the handbooks of rhetoric gave precise instructions on their proper use.7 It is likely that Ennius handled them with more art than my analogy with the behaviour of Athenian actors might suggest. 1

Aduersariorum tomusII {Paris, 1565), XIX 5. a Misall. I 27. 3 On Cic. Fam.7. 6; in volume VI of the edition published by Aldus (Vcnice, 1579). The 'Scholia' of 1540 do not discussthe matter. 4 This had already been pointed out by Stephanus. S Euripides, &kchai 1028 is plainly inserted in our text from Medeia 54. Androm«he 330-2, considered objectionable in its present context by Didymus and many later scholars, is ascribed by Stobaeus (104.14) to Menander. See C. W. Friedrich, Die dramatische Funletionder euripideischmGnomen,p. 232. 6 See Rhet. inc. Her. 4.7. 7 Cf. Aristotle, Rhet. 2.21.1394a-1395b, Rhet. inc. Her. 4.24, Q..uintilian, Inst. 8. 5. 1-8.

347

COMMENTARY

Columna compared the tetrameter, nequetuumumquamingremiumextolLu liberorum ex tegenus,quotcdby Cicero at Drat. 155 (fr. o.xx), with Euripides, Med. 803-4 oPOVelai~s •ApyoOsaxaq,os. This is the version of the story told by Sophocles(Schol. Apoll. Rhod.4. 228). The Latin tetrameters give a different one. However in order to put them in the Metka exulone need only make the assumptionthat Ennius gave one of Euripides' choral odesa new content. Greater changesthan thisto the Attic classicsarc well evidencedin the Roman adaptations.7 Osann8 and Bothe put them in the Metkaexul, Ribbcck and Vahlen9 excluded them. Vahlen's stated reason was the lack of correspondence in Euripides' Greek. A better reason would bethe possibilityof putting them in other plays known to Cicero. The problem is a difficultone and study of Cicero's mode of quotation docs not help. Different poets' handlingsof the one legend arc sometimes indicated ( Tusc.3 . 62, 4. 69), sometimesnot ( Tusc. 3 .28, 39, 58). 1

Sec below, p. 389. Q. EnniiFrag.p. 323. He did not include the three tctrameteninhis actual collection. 3 Q. Ennii Medea,pp. 100-2. 4 Anal. crit.pp. 117-18. s Cf. Cicero, Manil. 22, Ovid, Epist. 6. 129-30, Trist. 3 .9.27-34. 6 Medea herself comes nearest at v. 257; contrast the nurse at v. 32, the chorus at vv. 431 ff., Medea at vv. 476 ff. 7 See above, pp. 333 ff. 8 Anal. crit.p. 125. 9 Cf. Ind. lectt.Berlin 1877, 1 ff. ( = Op. ac. I 34). a

348

MEDEA EXVL;

MEDEA

The pieces quoted by Cicero at De orat.3 .217 (fr. crv) and Tusc.4.69 (fr. CVII)could hardly go anywhere except into an adaptation of theencounter between Medea and Jason, Euripides, Med.446-626. With thefint Stephanus compared vv. 502-4, with the second vv. 530-1. In discussing the relations between his client and Ptolemaeus at R.ab.Post. 28-9Cicero quotes threeroyal utterances from tragedy: ergoaderatuis, ut ait

poetll noster,quae'summasfrangit infirm4tqUeopes•... nemo nostrumignorat ttiamsi txperti nonsumusc-OnSUttudinem regiam.regumautemsunthateimptria 'anjmaJuerteac diaopare et praeterrogitatumtsit pief et illae minae•si te secundoluminehit (hoecodd.) offenderomoriere',quaenon ut delectemur solum 1 legereet speetllre debemus,sedut cauereetiametfagerediscmnus.Scaliger assigned the second two to Ennius' Medeaexul, comparing with the first Euripides, Med. 321aXA'~16' cl>s Ta)(lOTa,J.l'll 1'6yovs Afyeand with the second vv. 352-4 el a' Ii 'moOaa Aaµ~ 6'f,ETai 6eoOI 1Ci> cp11crl 1T()WTct> t, Euripides, Ion 80-1, 800, Pacuvius, Trag.239 quistu es ,nulierquaeme insuetonuncupasti nomine?, Trag. inc. 97, Plautus, Asin. 780, Terence, Phorm.739. 'OvoµCX3EIV and nominarearc normally unaccompanied. For etymological figure in general see above on vv. 6-7. 211-12

212-13

qwa Argiai in ea delecti uiri

I av6poov&pfO"'Toov ol .•. IJE"rilA&ov.

I uecti petebant: ~ x~ I

This is the text that must have stood in the archetype of our manuscripts in of the anonymous rhetorician's treatiseand, with the exception of delecti, 1

At Euripides, Hel. 229 ff. the ship that took Paris to Sparta is made of pine, at Hek. 631 ff. of fir. a Sec Theophrastus, Hist. plant. S. 7. 1, Livy 28. 4S. 18, RE 2 IV i (1932), 2216 ff., s.v. Tonne. 3 C£ also, in a different context, Plautus, Pstud.399-400. 23

3S3

JTO

COMMENTARY that of Cicero, Tusc.1 . 4S, where it is confirmed by the context of Cicero' s discourse. Priscian, Gramm.m 424. s~ offers the possible but muchlessgood quauectiArgiui dilectiuiri petebantillam. Imitations of Ennius' phraseology by Lucretius (1.86 ductoresDanaumdelecti,prima uirorum)and Virgil (Eel. 4. 34-s alteraquaeueluuArgo delectosheroas)put delectibeyond reasonable

I

doubL

.

The main verbal ideaseemsto be carried in the participle: 'because in her (N.B.the emphatic position of in ea) were carried the Argiuiwho went in· search... '. The etymological explanation given by Ennius for thename Argo . .. nauem(contrast Aratus 504) and lies behind Cicero, Arat. 277 Argolicam Manilius 1 . 694Argiuumqueratem.It is not to be found in Greek writings; the 1 nearestis Hegcsander's6-n W •Apye1TI) 1TOAElKCXTE01S, normally &1v6s (Euripides, Hipp. 28 et al.), never receives an epithet of the characterof saeuusin Attic tragedy. Ennius' phrase appealed to later Latin poets; c£ Virgil, Eel. 8 .47-8 saeuus anwr docuit natorum sanguinematrem commaculare manus,Aen. 4.532 saeuit amor, Lygdamus 4. 65--6 saeuus amor docuit ualidos temptarelabores, saeuus amor docuit uerberasaeuapati, Seneca, Med. 849-51 quonamcruentamaenas praeceps

I

I

amoresaeuoI rapitur?

I

CIV

There arc grounds for thinking that Cicero' s quotation is as defective as those of Terence, Eun. 46-9 at Nat. dtor. 3 . 72, Eun. 114-15 at Att. 7. 3 . 10, and Andr.117-28 at l)eorat. 2.327, which would cause some difficultyin the absence of a direct tradition of Terence's comedies. Eonius' apparent trimcters must come from an adaptation of the Euripidcan Mcdca's verbal assault on Jason, vv. 465-519. One would expect Ennius to have turned such a highly emotional utterance into musically accompanied verse, especially as he did so with Jason's reply (see fr. cvu). Both Attic tragedy and Roman comedy on occasion insert a series of trimctcrs into musically accompanied scenes but always for good cause: Aeschylus, Pers.176-214 (narration of dream); Euripides, I.A. 402 to end of scene (sharpdrop in emotional tone); Plautus, Amph. 1006 to end of scene, Cist. 747 to end of scene, Cure.635 to end of scene (sharp drop in emotional tone); Rud.1338 to end of scene (recitation of oath); Ba«h. 997 to end of scene, PerS4501-12, 520-7, Pseud.998 to end of scene (reading of letter); Stich.762-8 (piper takes time off for a drink); Terence, Andr.215-24, Eun. 323-51, Haut. 265-311 (narration). In Accius' BrutusTarquin recounts his dream in trimctcrs (Trag. Praet.17-28) while the coniectores interpret it in trochaic tetrameters (29-38). Ennius' Andromachc seems to have described Hector' s death in trimctcrs and expressed her own emotions in musically accompanied verses (Trag. 78-94). There is no reason why Ennius' Mcdca should descend to trimctcn for rhetorical questions like quonuncme uortam? quoJiter incipiamingrtdil In any case such tautological phrasal doublets normally occur in musically accompanied verses rather than trimctcrs (see above on v. 19). One could treat the trimctcrs as 'lyric', like those at Plautus, Baah. 669,Epid. 24, 46-7, 177, Stich. 300 et al. The unusual arrangement of

MEDEA EXVL;

MEDEA

words at the beginningof the verse v-, v- - 1 might be excused by a musical setting. theEuripidcan Mcdca After her rhetorical question vvv,rot Tpv aoq,a 66~1s ~pEloS ICOV a~ mq,v1dvar TWVs· CXV SOICOWTCA>V elSWCXI TI 1TOIK0.ov '-vrrpos q,avij. 1 xpficnµcs ov6' &, c».Aovq,p6vtµov,ro11')a&1EV, N.T. Mark, Euang. 15. 31 c».Aovslac.oow,mvrov ov 6V\la'TCX1 aooaCXt, Plautus, True.49S~

sineuirtuteargutumciuemmihihabeampropraejic4,I quaealioseollaudat,eapsesese uerononpotest,Pacuviw, Trag.348 odi egohominesignauaoperaetphilosopha sentmtia,Phacdrus 1.9. 1-2 sibinoncauereet aliisconsilium dareI stultumesse,Ovid, Ars I. 84 quiquealiiscauitnon cauetipsesibi.

363

COMMENTARY

proloqui: compare Virgil, Atn. 2. 10-11, 6. 133-4 andcontrastLivy 1 .6. 3 Romulum... cupido cepit... urbis condendae, 32. S. 3, 33. 38. II, 38. 16.4, 40. 21. 1. Grammarians 1 dispute about the extent to which the Ennian type of expression is a conscious graecism where it occursin Augustan poetry. In the passage under discussion Ennius is unlikely to have retained the Greek syntax if it was grossly inconsistent with contemporary Latin usage. One findsin fact a state of apparent anarchy in comedy where the infinitive and the gerund arc concerned. Plautus has occasiotst with the infinitive 3 times, with the gerund 4; tempus tst with the infinitive 3 times, with the gerund 6.

223 Medeaimiseria1: Turnebus' emendation restores the iambic rhythm. The manuscripts ofCicero's writings frequently modernise archaic forms in quotations of dramatic verse: e.g. De orat. 2. 193 txtinxisti, Off. 3 .98 percepisset,Tusc. 3 . 26 socero,3. 28 sdebam.The manuscripts of Plautus' comedies either corrupt the genitive in -ai where it occursor modernise it to

-ae.i The genitive in -aeappears to have been normal in tragedy. Epic had -ai {Ennius, Ann. 16, 33 bis, 119, 191, *203, *343, *489) and -as (see Priscian, Gramm.11 198. 8 ff.)quite frequently as well as -ae. Plautine comedy had -ai occasionally in formulaic and stylised passages.3 CVII

In her denunciation of Jason (vv. 465-519) the Euripidean Medca speaks of their relationship as one of cp1A{a(vv. 470, 499) and implies that she had thought him anaya8bs&vfip (vv.465,488,498,518,586,618). She mentions in passing the xap1s (v. 508) she had shown him.Jason accepts the definition of their relationship (vv. 549, 622) but argues that it was not so much the socially honourable feeling of xap1s that motivated her actions as sexual lust (vv. 527-31 KVTTptv voµ{300Ti\s !µfis VCMf\KEV flµipcxvI µetvat µ•,a,~- ... The Euripidean Medea refers to her anger later in the speech: Med.395-8 yap... xatpv TlS TOVµov&Aywet dap. It is a major theme of the play (vv. 91. 93 f., 99, 172 f., 176 f., 26o f., 271, 395 ff., 446 f., 520, 589 f., 615, 870, 878 £, 898,909). Repagulaare regularly the ban placed across the leaves of a door on the inside (Cicero, Vm. 4.94, Diu. 1. 74, Apuleius, Met. 1.14. 1, Paulus, Fest. p. 351. 3 f. repagulasunt quaepatefadendig,atia itafiguntur ut e contrariooppangantur.haecet repagesdicuntur).It is difficult to interpret closely Ennius' metaphor. The same area provides Plautus' quite intelligible metaphor at True.6o3 meamqueiramex pectoreiampromam.

~ avrCJv

ov

230-1 atque illi pemiciem dabo, I mihi maerores, illi lactum, exitium illi, exilium mihi: TpeTsTOOV {µoovtxepoovVEKpOVS&fiaoo, iro:ripa TE Kai K6pr)v ,r6atv T' {µ6v ... fflKpOVS S' fycb aq>tv.... The sur-

~

face meaning of the Greek isbelied by the action of the play. Only the king's daughter will be destroyed. Jason will not die; his children will. If Cicero reports Ennius' Latin correctly, Ennius substituted vagueness and confusion for dramatic irony. Maeroresmust allude to the plan to kill Jason's children but this has nothing to do with the grief she is going to imposeon Creon. One might assume a lacuna1 in Cicero's quotation after daboand take the next verse as referring to the vengeance to be wreaked on Jason much more explicitly than do Euripides' verses. The Greek play does not refer to the killing ofJason's children until v. 792. The nouns pernidesand permitiesare confused in Cicero's manuscripts as they often are in those of Plautus. I see no way of sorting out the confusion. The phrase pernidemdaremust have been based on malumdare,a phrase which refers regularly in comedy to the punishment of slaves. C£ Seneca's

letumdare(Med. 17-18). Maerornormally occurs in the singular in both tragedy (5 times) and 1

Cf. the passage discussed above, pp. 356 f..

MEDBA

BXVL;

MEDEA

comedy ( 14 times). The plural occun elsewhere at Plautus, Capt. 840, 8-41. Epid. 105. Lucius occun 9 times in tragedy and only twice (Plautw, Vid. &. 2, Terence, Hee. 210) in comedy. This perhaps reflectsa difference of subjectmatter rather than one of style. CIX

Behind Ennius' trochaic verse1 lie the trimeters, Euripides, Med. 248-51:

ws ws

s• i)µas &Jdv6wovJ3lov 3&>µev Kra n Kcxl,raµcpcrl\s mls ·1wt.,ov.KvTaACXtvav cpovlavT. •Eptvw VTI'CXACUM'OpOV. Since thetime ofVossius scholars have usually wanted to arrange Ennius' words in catalectic trochaic tetrameters. 2 At least two alterations to the 1

0. Skutsch. however, emends to produce trimeters: nam ter sub armis nuJlimuitamcemereI quammnll modoparire.Sec HSCPh LXXI (1967). 137. a Osann, Anal. crit. p. 1.23,produced Ji crctic tetrameten. 24

369

JTO

COMMENTARY paradosis, in places where sense and Latinity appear quite sound, are needed to produce the required tetrameten. Furthermore it seems unlikely that a stage adaptation which turned the relativdy calm trimeters 364-409 into stichic tetrameters should use thesame form of verse as a replacement of the excited dochmiacs 1251-70. Ennius' words can be dividedinto three rhetorical units. The units of verse in republican drama,particularly in theearly period, tend markedly to coincide with units of rhetoric. Any attempt to analyse the rhythm of Ennius' words must take account of this tendency. The first unit, luppiter tuqueatko summeSol qui res omnis inspicis,1 can be treated as a cretic trimeter followed by a catalcctic trochaic dimeter. In proposing this scansion Strzelecki3 compared Plautus, Epid. 330 is nummum nullum habesneesodalituo in te copiast,which appears in a dialogueof paratragic characteralong with other types of crctic verse, trochaic verses and iambic. The second unit, quiquetuo luminemareterramcaelumcontines,is metrically obscurebut sound in scnse.3Strzeleckiscanned the words transmitted as two catalectic trochaic dimeters. Thefirst part of the third unit, inspieehoef acinuspriusquamfit,4 formsa possible trochaic dimetcr.S The second part is corrupt. Bothe's prohibessissalus satisfiesthesense of the whole passage, the stylistic levcl 6 and palaeography. The metre however remains obscure. In adapting the Euripidean ode Ennius preserved the salient features of its Vahlen's spicis(RhM XIV(1859], 566 [ = Ges. phil. Sehr.14o6]) destroys a common type of sentence arrangement in which a verb of the preceding relative clauseis taken up in the principal (sec above on v. 8). Where co-ordinate clauses arc concerned simple verbs frequently pick up their compound forms (sec above on fr. IX); less frcquentlycompowid picks up simple (e.g. in such plconastic doublets as Plautus, Amph. SSI sequo,subsequor,Poen. 221 poliri expoliri,223 lauandotluendo,Caecilius, Com. 212 ploroatqueinploro,Terence. Eun. 962 dicoedico,Ennius, Trag. 337 nequepati nequeptrpeti). 3 '&s XLIIfasc. 2 (1947), 98 n. 52, in Tragica1, SS, 3 Vahlcn's quiquetuo cumluminespoils the sense; likewise Leo's qui igneotuo lumine(Dt Trag.Rom. p. 14 [ = Ausg. kl. Sehr.12031). 4 The indicative.fit is unexceptional in early Latin; cf. Plautus, Capt. 831-2, Cure.210, True. IIS, Terence, Phorm.1037. 5 Priusquamis much more often an anapaest than a bacchius in republican drama; sec Lindsay, E.L. V. p. 212. 6 The form occurs only in apotropaic prayers of great solemnity: Plautus, Aul. 6n, Pstud. 13-14, Cato, Ag,. 141.2, Cicero, Ltg. 3 .6, 3 .9, Contrast Terence, Amir. 568 quoddi prohibtant,Haut. 1038, Hee. 207, Ad. 275. The only other -ss- form of a second conjugation verb in republican drama seems to be at Plautus. Asin. 6o3 (liassit). 1

370

MEDEA EXVL;

MEDEA

grammatical framework, the address to the Sun, the imperative verb of seeing,the adverbial referenceto the aime to come and the imperative verb of preventing. However, while Euripides made the Corinthian women give expression to traditional religious ideas still valid for at least some mcmben of his fifth-century Athenianaudience, Ennius put in their mouths an amalgam of traditional Roman religious thought and Hellenisticphilosophical speculation. 1 For the special poeticvocabulary of Greek choral lyric &mus substituted the words and formulae of the Roman sacrallanguage. A major theme of the Athenian tragedy was the puoisbment of Jason for perjury through the destruction of his children.Hence the constant complaints by the heroine and her friends ccnteringon Jason's breaking of his oathratherthanhisactoftakinganewconsort (vv.21-2, 161-3, 168-70, 2089, 439, 492, 1391-2) and the elaborate desaiption of the binding of Acgeus (vv. 734-ss). At the culminating point of the drama, as Medea enters the palace to carry out a just act of vengeance, the Corinthian women beseech Earth and Sun to prevent her. Theseare the deitiesby wmch not long ago on the very stage Mcdea made Aegcusswear and by wmch, we arc given implicitly to understand, on the fatal day in Colchis Jason himself swore. from the house. This "Ep1vvs is not They are askedto remove an "Ep1vvs 3 Medea herselfbut a real demon, one of those who in the world of epic and tragic poetry3 (probably too in that of Euripides' audience) were supposed to punish perjury among other misdemcanours. She is urging Medea on to destroy Jason's childrenin punishment for Jason's aime rather than waiting to punish Medea for the act shehasnot yet committed. This act, a aimc as 4 well as an act of justice, will be dealt with by another 'Ep1vvs. Sophisticated Greeksof the second century, even in Athens, would have found the ideas underlying the words of Euripides' chorus hard to fathom and there were no precise parallelsin Roman religious belie£It is not surprising that Ennius did not try to reproduce them. In any caseit is possible 1

Scholarly discussion has conccmcd itself solely with the replacement of Earth by Iuppitcr. According to Ribbeck (Dit rom. Trag.p. 1s7) 'dcr Name Iuppitcr war popularer als die uralte Mutter Erde ... •. G. Herzog-Hauser (Comment. Vindob.1 [193s], 48) addedsome psycho-analytical sophistication, suggesting that Ennius' preference for the father-god Iuppiter over the mother-god Earth rdlects the patriarchal structure of Roman society. R. Goossens (Latomusv (1946), 288-91) approached the same narrow question from another angle, suggesting that in Ennius' text of the Greek play stood the word 6a (= ya) and that this was misW1derstood by Ennius, who learnt the West Doric dialect of Greek in Tarcntum, where Aa would have been the equivalent ofbv. a So one of the scholiasts; contraPage on v. 1260. 3 Cf. Homer D. 19. .258-65. 4 Cf. Jason's curse, vv. 1389-90 ~6: a' 'Ep1vvsWatlE TacvCAlV j IP()viaTE Ahcfl.

371

COMMENTARY

that he had abandoned Euripides' subtly sympatheticview of Medca and opposing her master's presented her simply as a foreign-born concubina arrangementsof his own affairs(seeaboveon frs. cv, CVII, below on v. 237). His chorus appearsto be requestingIuppiterprodigialis(cl Plautus, Amph. 739) and the Al&t'\p in which thisdeity dwellsand whosenature he sharesto make somesign by which the Corinthiansmight be warned of Medca's evil intentions and thus enabledto prevent salusaffectingtheir community. In his epic poem on his own consulshipCicero writes of Iuppitermuch more explicitly in terms of philosophicaltheory (Cams. fr. 3. 1-s [Diu. 1. 17)) -principio aetherio jlamnumu Iuppiterigni I uatitur et totumconlustratlumine mundumI mtnttfUt diuinaaielumterrasque ptttssit, I quaepenitussensushominum uitasfUtretentatI aetherisaeternisaeptaatqut inclusacauernis-beforcdescribing the prodigiasent to warn Rome of the troubles in store for her. I The substanceof inspia hoef acinuspriusquamfit ( ~ Kcrr{Sn-•16m: TCXV 6Aoµa,av ywcxtKa, irpiv q,o1v{avI TS(VOtS irpoa~lv x'P•avroacr6vov)loob on the surfaceto be absurd. But as early as the time of the composerof Od.20. 3sI ff.1 gods and human seerswere wont to see future eventsas if they were happeningin the presentbeforetheir very eyes.Many philosophersregarded all events,past present and future, as linked together and capable of being known by an intelligentdivine cosmic principle; in their view human seers foresaw the future in so far as their minds were connected with a principle which observed the eternal process unaffected by temporal divisions.Some philosophersidentifiedthisprinciplewith the lower atmosphere and their theory lies behind Philemon's prologising•Af\p: fr. 91 &, ovS~els MA118Ev ov& Iv lt'OlWV I ovs· cro 1T01T}CTOOV ov~ 1Trn0lfl~ 1TCXAat, Iovn 8e6sov,-' &vepc,.,,ros,OVTC,S elµ' fy~. I •Af\p, &, &, TIS 6voµaCJEtEKai ~{a. Other philosophers,perhaps Hcraclitusand Empedoclesand certainlythe Stoics,made the fiery upper atmospherethe sourceof propheticknowledge:1 inspicehoef acinuspriusquamfit would be a natural prayer to addressto the AIEh')p of Stoic theology. Probus took the relative clause quifU,ttuo lumine mare terramcaelum continesas co-ordinatewith quiresomnisinspicisand thus qualifyingSol.3 The verb contineswill hardly apply to the normal activityof the sun4 and for this 1

See aboveon vv. 43-4. Cf. Ps.Hippocrates,De camibus2 60K£el6! µ01aKaMOl,IEV 8epµov&eavc:nov TEelvenKai V08:IVmwra Kai opf\v Kai aKOUEIV Kai el6wat ,rav-ra !6VTaTEKai la61JW(X. ToOToow To ,r}.eta-rov,6-rehaPCXXEhi arrcnmx,!~wpT\cm, els TI')v avc.na-roo mp1q,opfiv,KCXl cnrr6 µ01 6o1.cnc,1fflw• 4yOVO'• lpt}µfav fflTl~, CXV'Tfl 8pEOl,IMlC7CX\ni;i KaKa;

P. Maasi objected that the word exanimatahasno counterpart in the Greek and would more aptly apply to the nune's reaction to the catastrophe of 1271-8. There is considerable weight in Maas's second point. Euripides pictures the nurse as sympathetic with Medea (vv. 54-6, 78--9) and afraid of where her anger might lead (vv. 37, 90 ff. et al.) but not distraught. Nevertheless Ennius' adaptations of the nurse's utterances employ language of greater emotional colouring than the Greek {215-16 mans ... animoaegro amoresaeuosauda, 222-3 miseram... miserias)and the same exaggerating tendency may be in play here. The present tense normally indicatesthat the personage referred to enten the stage at the moment of speaking {e.g. Plautus, Most. 419 sed quid tu egredereSplUJerio?}, the perfectthat he or she has been there for some time {e.g. Plautus, Amph. 1078--9 sed quid tu foras I egressaes?). Accordingly Fraenkel argued3that the Ennian paedagogus was already on stage when the nurse entered. For reasons which I have given above {p. 350) this could not have been the case. But the link between the Latin trimeters and Euripides, Med.49-51 need not be abandoned. Eliminas/-tcan be treated as a resultative present along with Plautus, Amph. 368 immo equidemtunicisconsutishue aduenio,non dolis,Mil. 1299 a matreilliusuenio,Most.440 trienniopostAegypto adueniodomum,Turpilius, Com. 52-3 mecuraesomnosegregantIforasquenoctis exdtantsilentio.4 1

If thetransmitted text of the quotationof Accius'Phoenissae, eg,edereexi ecfer te eliminaurbe,is correct this quotation docsillustratecorrectlythe lemma exire. 3 HermesLXVII (1932), 355-6. i HermesLXVII (1932), 243 f. 4 Sec G. Monaco, SIFC N.S. XXIV (1950), 249-53. Neverthelessit must be admitted that eliminare,an emphaticallyperfective verb, could not have been used thw in the common language.

376

MEDEA 237antiqaa:

EXVL;

MBDBA

~,rcx).cnov;a solemnand honorific word when applied to

persons {Plautus,Baab. 261, Cure. 591, Terence, Phonn.67, Aprissiusap. Varr. Ling. 6.68), but not markedly poeticallike the Greek fflWXlOS.

erilis6da CIUtol corporil: ~olKCA>V K"ri\µa &crno{Vfls Aµijs.The nurse came into Jason's possessionalong with Medea. Ennius' use of the word custosrather thanancillaisperhaps meant to emphasisethat Medeahasnot the who needswatching. statusof a matrona,that Jason regardsher as a concubina Elsewhere in republican drama custosis used of the attendants of unmarried

and meretriasof servile young men1 and women2 of freestatus,of concubinae3 status,4 never of matronae. Fiduswas a word of great solemnity, not normally applied to slaves;see above on v. 194-For its substancecf. Euripides,Med.821 is ,ra,,rra yap 61' aoi TCX maTa X()OOIJE6a. For the periphrasiseriliscorporis( ... erae)cf. the Attic tragedians' use of Stµas {e.g. Aeschylus,Bum.84 KTOV &µas, Euripides,I.A. 417, Med. 388, 531 et al.), Ennius, Trag.241 opti,nacorpora, Naevius, Trag. 21-2 uosquiregaliscorporis custodias I agitatis,Accius, Trag.547 pinnigeronon annigeroincorpore, Ennius, Ann. 93-4 ceduntdecaelota quattuorcorpora sancta I auium,521 corporeTartarino prognatapaludauirago,Lucretius 1. 770-1 tnrae .. .corpus,2.232 corpusaqu,ae,2.472 Neptunicorpus,Virgil, Atn. 5.318 ante omniacorpora, 6.21-2 septenaquotannis Icorporanatorum, II .690-1 Orsilochum Ovid, Met. 3 . 58fidissirnacorpora. For et ButenduomaximaTeucrumI corpora, the stylistic level of the adjective, see above on v. 100; for that of erilis see Lofstedt, Syntactica 11 , pp. 116 ff.

~

238quid ••• te ••• e1irnimt: Ti ... IOTT}Kas.Q!!idonly once elsewhere in republican drama so far as I can see governs a transitive verb (Terence, Eun. 162). Q_uestionsare normally introduced by quidadverbial or quidest

quod.But the high tragic style much affectsabstractnouns and incorporalia as the subjectsof transitiveverbs; see above on v. 17. The noun limenhad much more solemn associationsfor the Roman mindS thandid ovSoset sim. for fifth-century Athenians.It occun in comedy only in very formal contexts (Plautus, Cist. 650, Mere.830, Mil. 596, Most.1064, 1

:a

3 4

Plautus, Asin. 655, Capt. 708, Mere. 92, Terence, Phorm. 287. Plautus, True. 812. Plautus, Mil. 146, 153, 271, 298, 305, 467, 550. Plautus, Cure. 76, 91, True. 103.

s See K. Meister, 'Die Hausschwelle in Sprache und Religion der Romer', SB Heidelberg,Phil.-hist. Kl. Abh. m (1924/5). On the verseof the Arval hymn saturfa JereMars limensalista berberseeNorden, Aus altromisehmPriesterbuchern {Lund. 1939), pp. 146 ff. 377

COMMENTARY Terence, Hee. 378), in tragedy once in an elaborate periphrasis (Accius 531 ablimintc«li).1 The verb elimitu11e occun three times elsewhere in republican tragedy; according to Q_uintilian,Inst. 8. 3 . 31, inter Pomponiumac Senecam did oportui.sset. Elsewherein .. . essetractatuman 'groduseliminat' in tragoedia extant literature it occun only at Pomponius, Atell.33, Varro, Men.459 and Horace, Epist. 1. 5 .25. It was clearly a creation of the tragedians.

~ Tfiv6' &yova• ipT}1,dav. extra aedis: ~ ,rpos 'ITVATEKVa,I 66T &airaaaa6cn µflTpl 6e~1avx~a. j Wq>IATAoycs1·HA1e,Lucretius 5 .401-2 SolqueCM!enti aeternamsuscepitlampadamundi,976 dum rosea/ace Sol in/met luminacaelo, Seneca,Here.f 37-8 Sol . .. I binospropinquatinguitAethiopusface. The conventional image of 6.fdH:cnturyAttic tragedy was that of a man driving a four-horse chariot {Sophocles,Ai. 845-6 et al.)but c£ Euripides, I.A. 1505-7 (C.:.,loo. I AaµiraSovxos ~pa I ~16sTE cpfyyos ...•

380

MEDEA EXVL;

MEDEA

Candereoccun twice elsewhere in republican tragedy, is absent from comedy and classicalprose. For the tragic character of sublimissee above on v. 3. Sublinuireoccurs only here and at Cato, Orig.2. 63 in literature before the time of Apulcius. CXV

The theme of Mcdea's lustfulnessruns all through Euripides' Mf}6e1abut the only possibleparallelsfor this fragmentas a whole are the nurse'swords at vv. ~8 ov yap av 6icrn01v· lµf\ I Mf}6e1amipyoUSyiis l1TAEVa ICA:>A1dQS I lpCAnt8vµov aKav els cpacs).Many, 6 including Wilamowitz, have accepted Ribbeck's idea without explaining either the presence of the dactyls or how a sentence introduced by sicwould fit into a narrative of the creation of things.Welcker7 took the words to be part of a similewhile Ribbeck allowed that it might come from a version of fr. 486 61KCX100'WCXS TO XP'JC7EOVirp6aCA>1TOV ooe· lompos ooe· ~ OVTCA>8avµaOT6s (Meineke's arrangement). The dactyls suggest to me an utterance by the seerHellen (c£ vv. 43-6) and thetalk of light the epiphany

I

1

I

For this type of hiatus, frequently disallowed by students of republican drama, see above on v. I 54. Ribbeck scanned tibi as an iambus and W. Ax, Dt Hiatu qui in FragmentisPrisetttPoesisRomanaeinuenitur(Diss. Gottingen, 1917), p. 29, proposed hoetibi egodicoet eoniecturaid auguro.On iambic tibi, extremely rare in this part of the iambic trimeter, sec P. W. Harsh, Iambic Words and Rtgardfor Aatnt in Plautus(Stanford University, 1949), pp. 110 ff., 0. Skutsch, Mnemosyne4.xm (1900), 231 f. 3 RhM m (1835), 73. :a See CQ N.S. xv (1965), 129 ff. 4 EuripidesRutitutus I, p. 121. 5 Q.!aest.seen. p. 265, Die rom. Trag. p. 179. 6 SB Berlin 1921, 74 n. (=Kl.Sehr. I 453 n.). 7 Die grieeh. Trag. p. 850.

MELANIPPA of a god,.probably Poscidon. 1 Poscidon must have appeared at the end o f the play to rescue Melanippe and the children he had sired. ZSolarnirie . .. tremulo: c£ Apollonius Rhod. 3. 756 f)U\{ov... ,r~i\n'cn afyATt,Luaetius •. ♦04,-S iamquerubrumtremulisiubarignibuserigert alk cumcotpt4tnatura,s.697subtnris ideotrtmulumiubarluitsit4tignis,Virgil, Aen. 7. 9 splendettremulosublumintpontus,8. 22-3 sicutaquae tremulumlabris ubi lumenahenis solt repercussum, Ovid, Epist. 18. S9 lu,u,f ert tremulum

I

I

pratbebatlumeneunti. caerala: adjectives terminating in-ulus etc. are rare in republican tragedy, as are similarly terminating diminutive and instrumental nouns. The employment of two in the one sentenceperhaps sought some specialeffect. CXXIII

Most scholars refer this fragment in some way to the imprisonment of Melanippe.2 It is difficult,however, to imagine an imprisonment in an adaptation of Euripides' MU\avhmTl 1'iaoq,1').I can find no satisfactory interpretation of the three words transmitted.

NEMEA The title Nemea is given to Ennius by Nonius and Priscian. Nonius' source appears to be Lindsay's list 1 'Glou. i', Priscian's the work ofFlavius Caper, going back through Probus to Pliny and perhaps beyond. One of the two pieces quoted must have been spoken by a woman whose libertyof movement had been restricted; the other is quite enigmatic. Columna thought that Ennius' play dealt with the story of the death of Opheltes while under the care of the enslaved Hypsipyle and with the institution of the Nemean games in his memory, a story which hassince proved to Columna's view hasoften beenmainbe the theme of Euripides' 'Y'fll'Tl'VATttained, most recently by Przychocki.3 Ennius' play perhaps referred to the Cf. Homer, n. 4.75 ff., Hymn. 2. 189, 3 .440-4 ••. oO.as s· els 0\/paYOV IKEV ... nao-av & KpfC7T1v KaTSXEV oO.as, Euripides, Ba. 1082-3 npos o.6yCAlV 1Tcxpa7XETO. 2'o exerce li.aguam: c£ Ovid.Met. 6.374-s turpesI litibusexercent linguas,Tacitus, Dial. 31 linguammodoet uocemexercerent.

argutarier: Plautus has argutus•talkative in an idle, uselessway' a number of times, argutaritwice (Amph.349 perginargutarier?, &. 81 supnaboqueomnisargutando praeficas ). In private conversation,8 February 1966. T.R.F. 1, p. ,u; withdrawn in favour of stullus est qui non cupienda cupiens. .. , T .R.F. •, p. 59. 1

a

392

PHOENIX CXXX

Phoenix replies to advice suggesting that he resist his father with actions as well as words. 261 pbu miser: miserioris normal in drama; for this form of the comparative c£ Plautus, Cas.676-7 tibi inftstasolist plusqu11mcuiquam.

I

scelestam: not elsewhere in tragedy, frequent in comedy of the behaviour of slaves. The manuscript salestim would in itself be acceptable; Vossius drew attention to the variation diserte/dimtim,U1Ute/U1Utim, arcte/arctim, exquisite/

exquisitim. fayjm: thisform was probably still alive in thecommon language,unlike other -s- and -ss- subjunctive/optative forms. Plautus hasf axim 10 times against fecerims; Terence hasthem twice each. See Thomas, R.echercks,

PP· S3 if. quod dic:amfore: Vahlen pointed out that this was a periphrasis of the type disamed below on v. 300. It can be objected that dicamis normally so

usedin direct and indirect questions, not in relative clauses. CXXXI

Someone, perhapsPhoenix, speaksof Amyntor's angry reaction to Phthia's accusations. 262 aeuiter ... ferre: c£ Afranius, Com. tog. 301.

ferre &J•m futtilum: triple alliteration of F is significantly rare in tragedy; it occun only here and at Naevius 45jlammisfierijlo,a; the letter beginsabout thesame number of words in the tragic lexicon as D, M and T (seeabove on v. 258). For fattilis/-usof persons c£ Terence, Atulr.609 muon fortutw measme fattili,Afranius, Com.tog.3S, Cicero, Fin. 3 . 38, Diu. 1 . 36, Virgil. commisisse Am.

II

.339, Phaedrus 4.

18

.33. CXXXII

Phoenix must be speaking of his failure to stand up to Amyntor. Feratisis an absolutely necessary correction (c£ Plautus, Asin. 323 em ista uirtusest. .. qui malumfertfortiter)but leaves the trochaic tetrameter with an oddly divided third foot (seeabove on fr. xn).

393

COMMENTARY CXXXIII

It is difficult to fit this tetrameter into a dramatic treatment of the story of Phoenix. No one has been convinced by Hartung's suggestion' that a messenger describesPhoenix receiving back his sight on top of Mount Pclion.

:&6.4ibi tam: c£Terence, Amir.131,634, Cicero, ~inct. 16, Verr.2. 3. 139, Caecin.27.

.TELAMO The title Telanwis given to Ennius six times by Nonius, i once by Verrius ·and once by Diomcdcs. Two of the seven pieces quoted (frs. CXXXV, CXXXIX) clearly fix the action of the play in Salamis at the time ofTcuccr's Sophocles' TMV T"6:mxm:peTvI q,11µ•fyw TVpaw{6aIK'TEiVElV opKovsTE irapaJ3alvoVTasmrop8eTv ir6AE1s · I Kal Tcxvra 6p&'>VTES ruaefk,vvToov fiovxfjKa8'""~. j 1r6i\e1s µciAA6v eta· ev6a{µovesITCA>V TE µncpas ol6a Tlµ(OO'QS ~. Iat µe136voovKAVOVal6vaae~v I AOYXTlS ap1&µc;> irAE{ovos 1V 6Kpo1,I El 1M'"'XoS~v mA11K·h, {a6AolcnvAfye1v (703), parodied by Aristophanes at Ath. 496-8'111 µ01 q>8oVf1011T•, c!n,6pEs ol 8Eooµevo1, IEl1M'OOXoS ~v trm-r• w •A&,,valo1sAfye1vI ~oo mpl Tfis 1TOM)(oS oov-flµ(is)Jy&1v;-may reflectthe Greekthat Ennius was adapting. Muttireand piaculumare both strongly abusivewords, unlikdy to be usedby a person. even one apparently destitute, of his own behaviour. :a8o mattire: •speak out of place, at the wrong time, in the wrong company'; normally applied to thebehaviour of slavesin comedy.

plebeio: elsewherein republicandrama only at Plautus,Pom.sIs; pkbs is likewiserare (Ennius, Trag.388, Plautus, Pseud.748, Caecilius,Com. 185); populusand popularison theother hand are fairly common. Pkbs was probably alreadyin the early secondcentury cnnfined to certain set phrasesof the constitutionallawyers. otque piacalam •t: cf. Plautus, True.220-3 nosJiuitemistummeminimus istepauperesnos: I uortnunt sesememoriae; stultussit qui id miretur.I si eget, miserere noshominum necessest nospati: amauit,aequomtif actumest. Ipiaculumst rti malegerentum.Elsewhere the associationsof the word piaculumare unquestionablysacral;c£ Varro, Ling. 6.29 diesfastiper quospraetoribus omnia uerbasinepiaculoliatfari,Gellius10. IS .10 (fi-omFabiusPictor)siquisaduerberandumducatur, si adpedemtius supplu procubuerit, eodieuerberari piaculumest. The dramatistsmay simply be using a sacralword that had become one of but it is possible general abusein the common language (cf.µuxp6s,scelestus) that they are consciouslygiving a Roman cast to their personages'sentiments. The notion that theinherited classstructure, distribution of politicalpower and constitutionalforms were divindy sanctionedwas firmly rooted in the thought of the republican aristocracy.The annalists(c£ Livy 4.1~, 6.3941) representedboth sidesin thestruggle of theorders as taking seriouslythe question of divine approval for projected socialand politicalchange. A sunilar ideology appears in Ionian epic (c£ n.2.196-7 8vµc!>s & µfycxsml 61arpecpiwv(3aalAf1CA>V, I Tl'1fls•be lu6s la-n, q,1A&t Si I µ11Tin'aZ&vs, 204~ ElsKofpavosIO'Tw,I els~. 4>C&>KE Kp6voviroosaytvI Kai mµmiip• &A{oov Ape-rµwv)but the operative phrase of theseverses, ow TIVl ... &G'>v, seemsto have a much wider reference than Ennius' deum. .. deconsilio. Pacuvius, Trag. 44-sJokt pigetquemagis ""'tisqut mt conatumhoe nequiqumnitiner,Virg~ Am. 10.685 ttr conatus

289itiner ... conatam: cf.

utramque uiam. The form itineroccurs 6 times in tragedy against ittr twice; comedy on the other hand has ittr IS times, itineronly 3 (Plautus, Mac. 913,929, Turpilius, Com. 207). THYESTES The title Thyestesis given to Ennius by Cicero, Vcrrius and Nonius; to Pacuvius by the unreliable Fulgentius2 and to Gracchus by Priscian (Gramm. II 269.8 ). Cicero once (Orat. 184) names the title alone. I have followed all editon since Columna in giving the verse here quoted to Ennius' Thyestes (fr. cu). It seems to me possible that the words attributed to Pacuvius' Thyestesby Fulgentius, nonillicluteisaurorabigis(uulgo: biiugiscodd.) are the work of neither Pacuvius nor the grammarian but come from Ennius' tragedy. The stories told about the feud between the two sonsof Pclops, Atrcus and Thycstes, over the kingship of Mycenae were many and various.3 Most students have accepted Welcker' s view4 that .Ennius' tragedy was set in 1

BICSL Suppl. v (1957), 38. ant. S7 Pacuuius in tragoediaThyestis (uulgo: Tietis (ti&Zis R: Tiethis D: tegetisBE) codd.). On the character of Fulgcntius' quotations of republican poetry see Wessner, Comment.phil. lenmsesVI 2 (1899), 135 ff., F. Skutsch, RE VIIi (1910), 219, Timpanaro, SIFC N.S. XXII (1947), 199 ff. 3 Sec Robert, Die griech.HtldtnSllgt 1, pp. 28s ff., 293 ff., A. Lesky, WSt XLID(1922/3), 172 ff. (= GesammelteSchriften[Bern, 1966), 519 ff.). 4 Ztitschr.J. d. Alt. 1838, 229 ff. ( = Die griech.Trag. pp. 678 ff.). :a Smn.

412

THYBSTBS

Mycenae and showed how Atrcus p1misbc,\Thycstcs for an act of adultery with hiswifeAeropc by fint banishinghim, then recallinghimand offering him at a feast the limbs of his murdered children to eat. I propose to argue that these events took place before the action of the Thytstts and that Eonius' tragedy was set at the court of Thcsprotus in Epirus. Thyestescursedhis brother and inquired of Apollo how he might be avenged. Apollo replied that a son sired on his own daughter would be the avenger. In the meantime drought struck Mycenae and Apollo told the inquiring Atreus that it would only end when Thyestesretumed. Thycstcs came to Epirus where his daughter Pelopia was being cared for by king Thcsprotus,saw Pelopiaunprotected and raped her (doubtlesdy in ignorance of her true identity).1 Atreus arrived in Epirusjust afterwards,was struckby Pelopia's beauty and took herin marriage from Thesprotus, believingher to be Thcsprotus' daughter. The rape of Pelopia and her marriage with Atreus in my view formed the action of the Thytstn. Ladewii seems to have included not only these events but also certain that took place at Myccnac many yean later in his reconstruction of the Thyestes.Pelopia exposedin the mountains by Myccnac the childshe conceived as a result ofThycstcs' assault.This childwas found being rearedby hc-rdsmcn and acceptedby Atreus as his own with the name of Aegisthus.In young manhoodAegisthusdiscoveredwho his real father was and fulfilled Apollo's prophecy by ki1lingAtreus. Of the piecesquoted by Nonius as from Ennius' Thyestes four (frs.CIJV, CLV, CLVI, CJ.IX) have a content relevant to the discussionof the theme of the

tragedy. Ribbcck,3who accepted Wek:ker's view of the plot, interpreted fr. cuv, theumeafortun4ut omniain me conglomeras mt1'4,and fr. ewe, qM"1fl mihi maximehiehoJiecontigtritmt1lum, as spoken by Thyestes after he discovered what he hadeaten at thefeast. In thelanguageof both fragments (seebelow, pp. 4-24, 426) there is an element of oxymoron implying that the speaker's woes are not unmixed. I would therefore suggestthat Thyestes' discovery that he hadlainwith his daughter was thecause of his remarks; confidence that Apollo's oracle will be fulfilledtempers horror at the thought of incest. Welcker interpreted fr. CLV, set me Apollo ipsedekclilltluctatDelphicus,as referring to an oracle delivered during Thyestes' fint period of exile (after his intrigue with Aeropc) and advising him to return to Mycenae. This Two versions of the story of Thyestes' incest are con&tcd at Hyginus, Fab. 87-8. Robert (Die gmch. Htldtnsdgt 1, p. 299) rightly treated the reference to Sicyon at 88. 3 as an error. :a Atuil. sun. p. 38. 3 Dit rom. Trag. p. 203. The fragments are not mentioned at ~st. sun. pp. 26'7£ 413 1

COMMENTARY oracle is not recorded anywhere in the mythographical tradition. There are two versions of the story of his return; according to one he returned secretly in quest of vengeance ;1 according to the other he came back openly on Atreus' invitation. 2 I should interpret fragment CLV as either from a speech by Thyestcs about the oracle concerning hisdaught.cr3 or from a speech by Atreusabout the oracle telling him to recall Thyestcs from hissecond spell of

cxile.4 Ribbeck interpreted fr.

Cl.VI,

sinjlacalnmt(Gulielmius: injlacabuntcodd.)

condiciones rtpudiatott redJiu,,as spoken by Thycstcs to supportcn of a plot to overthrow Atreus. Ladewig,who believed that Thyestcs' recognition of the grown Aegisthus was Ennius' centraltheme, argued that the words of the fragment are taken most naturally as those of a father betrothing hisdaughter and that the only possible marriage offered by the later history of the Pclopids is that which Atreus contracted with Pclopia in the belief that she was Thcsprotus' daught.cr.S He neverthclcssfailed to realisethat his acute observation nccessarily set Ennius' tragedy outside Mycenae and at a time some years before the discovery of Aegisthus' identity. Thycstcs was a personage of at least two other republican tragedies, the Atreusand the Pelopidaeof Accius. The Atreusquite certainly dealt with the feast while the meagre remains of the Pelopidatcan be very plausibly interpreted6 as deaHog with the recognition of Aegisthus. IfThyestcs had any role in Accius' Chrysippusit could only have been a minor one. Cicero nowhere names the title Atreus1but frequently quotes from the Accian tragedy that bore it. 8 Where utterances by Atreus are concerned. those at Off. 3. 102 and Tusc.4.55 (c£ De orat.3 .217) are quoted along with Accius' name; those at Sest. 102 (c£ Plane.59), Phil. 1. 34 and Off. 1. 97 are as.,ociatedwith the ageof Sulla by Seneca at Dial. 3 . 20. 4; those at Nat. deor. 3 . 68, which certainly come from a play about the feast, were given to the Atreusby Columna9 and have beenleft there by scholars ever since; that at 1

Accius, Trag. 198 ff.; cf. Aeschylus, Ag. 1583 ff. Hyginus, Fab. 88. 1, Seneca, Thy. 288 ff. J Hyginus, Fab. 87, Apollodorus, Epit. 2. 14, Schol. Stat. Theb. 1.694, Servius, Vcrg. Aen. 11 .262; cf. Sophocles, fr. 226, Seneca, Ag. 28-36, 48-9, 2

294.

Hyginus, Fab. 88. 5. s Hyginus, Fab. 88 .6. C£ Welcker, Dit griech. Trag. p. 370, Ribbcck, Q!yrest.seen.p. 335, Die rom. Trag. 457 ff., Robert, Die griech.Heldensage1, p. 298. 7 At De orat.3. 217 the phraseAtreusJeretotusrefers to the speeches made by a penonage Atreus; see above on fr. xcv. 8 A Virgilian scholium (Breu.Exp. Georg. 1. 1) ties the quotation at Tusc 2 • 13 to the Atreus. 9 Q. Ennii Frag.p. 419. 4 6

THYBSTBS

Tusc.s . 52 was given by W clckcr to theAlreur and restored to theinart4 by Ribbcck; the trimcter quoted at Pis. 82 is said by Asconius to have been spoken to Atrcus by Thyestes in a play by Accius. A verse whichis quoted four times in Nat. deor.(2.4, 2.65, 3. 10, 3 .40), twice with Ennius' name, is quoted by Fcstusas from the Thytstn (fr. am). Its context is obscure. Columna gave thecurse of Thycstcs quoted at Pis. 43 and Tusc.I. 1o6 (at the latter place with Ennius' name) to the tragedy Thymes (fr. a.). In W clckcr's view the vcncs were uttered by Thyestcs as he preparedto leave Mycenae.~The verb habtatsuggests to me that Thycstcs is speaking about Atrcus to a third party.3 Drowning was thought by the ancients to be a particularly terrible form of dcath4 and may have beenwishedon Atrcus as thewont fate Thycstcs,gorged with his own children's B.csh, could think of at that moment. However, the vcncs would have hadmuch more dramatic force if at the time of speakingtheseaseparatedThyestcsfrom Mycenae and Atrcus was known to be coming in search of him. One might compare the prayer of Aeschylus' Danaids that Zeus should wreck the ships of their Egyptian pursuers(Hilt.29-39 ). The lyric dialogue between Thyestcs and a number of 'hospitcs' which Cicero quotes at De Orat.3 . 164and Tusc.3. 26 was alsogiven by Columna to the Thymes (fr. cxux). Wclckcr interpreted this dialogue as having taken place between a chorus of Cretan women. the attendants of Atrcus' wife Aerope,and Thycstcswhenthe ~ttcr emergedfrom the dininghall.Ribbcck, Mueller, Vahlcn and Robert held to Welcker's view, although, in the mcantime,Sone ofits main supports, Valckcnaer's identificationof Euripides' Kpf\aam with the 8via-n}s, had collapsed. If one believes that both the Thyestesandthe Alreusdealt with the feast and acceptsW elckcr's interpretation of the dialogue there is no reason for assigningthe vcncs to one play rather than the other. On the other hand my reconstructionof the plot of the Thyestesand a more carefulinterpretation of the wording of theversespermits a rational decision. Warmington, whatever one might think of his reconstruction of the whole play,6 was right to set the scene of the dialogue at the court of Thcsprotus. Thyestcs has been standing on the stage for some time and 1

Zeitsthr.j. d. Alt. 1838, 221 ff., Die grieda.Trag. 3S7 tf. Aeschylus, Ag. l~l µ6pov 6' 6:cpEpTOVTTu.cmi6cnsmevxncn, I AaK"TIO'IJ(X &hrvov ~6hV. rnt0'1QaC71J CL

For the context of this fragment secabove, p. 415. Bentley was the fint to recognise its metrical character, i.e. two trochaic tetrameters followed by catalcctic tetrameters. Garatoni took the words nauftagiotxpulsus uspiam1 as the end of a catalcctic tetrameter. Suchtetrameters, lacking in diaeresisafter the second mctron but with caesura after the fourth arsis, arc transmitted in the remains of republican drama a number of times? However, although uspiamoccurs only once elsewhere in the orations (Fl«c.29),the phrase should be taken as Ciccro's own gloss on the poetic matter he intended to quote verbatim) The contents ofThyestes' curse, shipwreck, no grave or rest for the dead man, are commonplace in Greek poctry4and Roman.S It would, however, have sounded more horrible to Roman cars than to Greek; the Romans allowed even criminalsburial. 6

296--7 it- mmmi1 suis 6sm uperis, eauceratul, Ilaten peaclem:

cf. Euripides, T,. 448-50 1--40 2-48-9 247 250 251 cxviii 246 2S3 252 259 321 254-7 26o

258 262 261 263 264 276 seep. 394 278 270-1 265 occxivb

266-9 272 273-4 277 275 279 281 28o 288 287 283-4

CONCORDANCE III Vohlml

336 337-8 339 3♦0 3♦1 3♦2-3

3# 3♦S

346--7 3♦8 3♦9-SI

3S2 3S3 3S♦~

3S7-8 3S9 360 361 362-s l366-7sl 376 377 378 379 38o 381 382 383

Vohltn1

This edition 289 2ss~ 282 308 30S 309-10 30.., 301 306 300 293-S 290 302 338-40 291-2 cxlixb 307 303 296-9

This edition

39♦

3♦3

39S 396 397 398-400 ..,01

367 369 313-1s

♦02

3♦8

♦03

♦o6

3SO 320 377

♦07

37♦

♦OS

410 411 412-13

373 349 396 3S4 clxvii

♦14

♦01

♦IS

♦O♦-S

♦09

3♦1

3♦2

clxi41

♦23

319 387 3ss

♦24

,426

384 380 370 371 362 372 311 37S 391 390 39S

38♦-S

39♦

♦27

♦00

386-7 388-9 390-1 392-3

386 3S2-3 392-3 336--7

♦28

378 3¥> 379

♦16

417-18 419

9S xxviiie 382 383

♦20 ♦21

422

♦2S

♦29

430

443

INDEX

ENNIUS'

I

TRAGIC VOCABULARY

I refer with Arabic numerals to verses actually quoted as Ennian, with Roman numerals to passages from which Ennian words have been or could beextracted. My lists attempt to be inclusive rather than critical. Square brackets mark corruption, italic numerals conjecture, asterisks conjecture which I reject but considerto be specially interesting. I use the following abbreviations:

a. ah. adj.

adv. conj. d. f. g. imp. ind. indef. intcrr. m.

n. nom. p. part. perf. pres. prp. s. sub. subj. vb. voc.

accusative ablative adjective adverb conjunction dative feminine genitive imperative indicative indefinite interrogative

neuter nominative plural participle

perfect present preposition

singular substantive subjunctive verb vocative

masculine

A, AB a, 24, 30, 104, 114, 156, cva, *z63,291,clxvii;ab,62,[104),145, 268, 3o6; abs, 125,207 ABBO abire, [290] ABIBGNVSabicgna (f.s.nom.), 209; abiegnae (f.p.nom.), (209) ABIBSabiete, 86 ABIGO abige, 24 ABNVEOabnuebunt, 279; abnuebant, [279) ABNVTOabnutas, 290 ABOJllOR aborta (f.s.nom.), (167] ABSVMabsum, cva; abest, 265 AC 148 see ATQVB ACCBDOaccedi, 327 ACCBNDOaccendat, 314; accenderit, 3IS ACCIDO ~rccdarn (subj.), 83; accidat, 340; accidisset, 209 (accedisset) ; accidissent, [209 accedissent]

ACCIPIOaccipite, 242, [391]; acceptum (m.s.a.), 362; acceptam, *J62 ACER acrem, 333 ACHERVNSAcherontem, 192 ACHBRVSIVS Achcrusia (n.p.voc.), 98 ACHIU.BSAchilli, 16o ACHIVVS Achiuos (p.a.), 172; Achiuis (d.), 151; (abl.), 15, 7S ACIBS aciem, 333 AD 114, 136, 209, 218, 240, 293, 322, 382, 390 ADDECBTaddecet, *254 ADBO (adv.), 234 ADBO adibo, (192]; adire, 293; adiri, 290; adirier, * 290 ADFICIOadficio, 129; adficior, 12S ADIACBOadiacent, (192] ADICIO adiecit, (254] ADITO aditauere, 390 ADIVNGOadiungito, I 33

445

ENNius'

TRAGIC

ADIVVO adiuuerit. 74 ADSTO asta, 239; astitit, 2; adstante, 89; adstantem, [89] ADSVM adcst, 41, 41; adsunt, 23; adcs (ind.), *70 ADVENIO aduenit. [4s]; aduenirm, 322;aduenict,4s,49 ADVBNTOaducntant. 68 ADVBRSAJUVS aduersarios, 2ss ADVBRSVM 2SS, 286 (aduonum) ADVBRTOaduortite, i; aduortere, 369 ADVOCO aduocant, 136 ABAcvs Aeaci, 273 ABDIS aedis (p.a.), 238 ABGBRacger, 336; aegra (f.s.nom.), [216]; acgro (m.s.ah.), 216 ABGRBacgerrumc, 78 ABQVAUS aequalis {p.a.), 37 AEQVJ! 174 Al!QVVS aequa (f.s.nom.), 174; aequum (n.s.nom.), 170; aecum (n.s.a.), 148; (n.s.nom.) 156 ABR acr, 358; aerem, 3S7 ABRVMNA acrumna (ah.), 141; aerumnis (ah.), 103 ABS aes, 16.5;acre, 2 AllsCVLAPIVsAcsculapi, 326 (Aesculapii) AETAS aetatem, 220 ABVVM acui, 401 AGER agcr, 394; agros, 137 AGO agit, 198; agat, 197, 271, 308; agcns, 190; agerent, 220 Awe Aiax, [14]; Aiacem, 272 ALA alas, 34S ALACRIS alacris (m.s.nom.), 124 AllxANDBR Alexandrum, 64 AllQVI aliquod (nom.), 186; (a.),

:xic ALJQVISaliquis (m.s.nom. ), -48; aliquid, [391] AllQVOT 346 ALJVS alii (m.p.nom.), 68, [8s]; aliae (f.p.nom.), [2s7]; alia (n.p.a.), II7 ALMVSa1ma(f.s.voc.), 3SO

VOCABULARY ALTBRalter, [18]; altcri (m.s.d.), 267, 328 ALTBRNVSaltcrna (f.s.ah.), 123 ALTISONVSaltisono (m.s.ah.), 88, 188

ALTVS altum (n.s.a.), 264; alt:a.m, cva; alto (n.s.ah.), III, 264; alti (m.p.nom.), *85; alta (n.p.voc.), 98 AMBO amho (m.nom.), 170 AMICVS amicus, 3SI; amici (p.voc.), 263 AMOR amoris, 224; amore, 216 AN [102], 137, 374, [391]; see ANNE ANDROMACHA Andromachae (d.), 99

ANGVISangui (ah.), *26; angue, 384 ANIMA anima (ah.), [17], 182 ANIMO animatum, [254] ANIMVS animus, 62, 199, 202, 336; animum (a.), i, 198, 369; animo (ah.), 74, 216, 3o6 ANNE 218

ANNVS annos, 42, 104 ANTE (adv.), 33; (prp.), 187 ANTBSTOantestat, 388 (antistat) ANTIQVVS antiqua (f.s.voc.), 237; anticum (n.s.a.), 239; antiquo (m.s.ah.), 278 APouo Apollo, 28, 36, S9, 303 ; Apollincm, 56 APPBLLO appcllat, 66; appellarc, [218]

APPIJCO appliccm, 83 APTVS apta (f.s.voc.), 350 ARA aram, 94; arae (p.nom.), 84 ARBITROR arhitror, 349 ARBOR arborcs (p.nom.), 159 (arboris) ARCVS arcum, 29 ARDBOardentem, so; ardente, clxvii; ardentihus (ab.), 27, 32 ARDVVSardua (n.p.a.), 73, [379] ARBOPAGITBS Areopagitae (p.nom.), 364 ARcIVVS Argiui (m.p.nom.), 212; Argiuum (m.p.g.), 288, 330

BNNIUS'

TRAGIC

Allco Argo, 212 ARGVORarguor, 204 AllGVTORargutarier, 26o ~ arietis (s.g.), 213 ARMA arma (a.), 143, 16o; armis (ab.), 232 ARMO armatos, 1s3; armatis (ah.), 72 AlllllGO arrigunt, [143] ARX arccm, cv a; arcc, 83 ASPBCTVSaspectu, 2 l ASPBll aspera (n.p.a.), 379; asperis (n.p.d.), 296 ASPICIO aspicc, 240, 301 ASTROLOGVS astrologorum, 185 AT 1so; Stt ATQVB ATBR atro (m.ah.), 297 ATHENABAthenas, 239 ATQVB,i, 6, 16, 20, 41, 62, 86, II3, 133, 137, 147, 148, 149, 1s6, 173, [174], 191, 198, 223, 230, 239, 26o, 273, 274, 278, 309, 3S8, 36o, 382 AVCVPO aucupant, 245 AVDil!NTIAaudicntiam, i AVDIO audis, [133]; audiunt, 284; audire, i; audi, 133; audibo, 278; auditis (part.n.p.d.), 133 AVBO auent, 62 AVFBRO ahstulit, 167 AVGIFICOaugificat, 102 AVGVROauguro, 249 AVIDB 63 AVJUS aures (p.nom.), 62,245; auris (p.a.), 278, 305 AVRO auratum (m.s.a. ), 29 AVRVM auro (ah.), 91 AVSCVLTOausculta, 247 AVT *33, 71, [77], 81, 82, 109, 109, 177, 186, 186,266,266,266, [309], 373 AVTBM 167 AVVS aui (s.g.), *z73 AVXD.JVM awcilium (a.), 24, 322; awcili, [151 auxilii]; auxilio (d.), 151; (ah.), 82

VOCABULARY BAccmcvs Bacchico (m.ah.), 124 BACCIIVS Bacchus, 120 BALO halantihus (f. ab.), 54 BAllBAJUCVS harharica (f.s.ab.), 89 BBLLVMbellum (a.), 105; hello (ah.), 284 BBL VA beluas, 360; beluarum, 186 Bl!NII 12, 219, 265; see MBUVS BBNBPACTVM bcnefacta (a.), 349 BBNEPICIVMbcneficia (a.), [349] BIGAB higis (ah.), 97 BLANDil.OQVBNTIAhlandiloqucntia (ab.), 226 BLANDVSblandi (m.p.nom.), 108 BONVS bonum (n.s.nom.), i; honi (n.s.g.), 335; bona (£s.ah.), II; (n.p.a.),clxvii; bonis (m.p.d.),265; (n.p.d.), 294; set MBUOR, OPTIMVS BaoMIVs Bromius, 120 BRVGBS(nom.), 334 (Phryges) BRVGIVS Brugio (n.ah~), *31.2 CADO cadunt, 175, 385; cadens, [301]; cecidit, 370; cecidissent, [209] CABDBScaede, [23], [23] CABDO caesa (f.s.nom.), 209; caesae (f.p.nom.), [209] CABLEScaelitum, 171, 270 CABLO caelatis (part.n.p.ah.), 90 CABLVMcaelum (a.), 235; caeli, 96, [171], 187, 189, clxia, 319, 366, 387; caelo (d.), 223; (ah.), 13, 67, 18s, 243, [366] CABMBNTAcaementae (p.nom.), 385 CAERVLBVScaeruleo (m.ab.), *z6; (n.ab.), 365; caeruleae (f.p.nom.), 26 CABllVLVScaerula (n.p.nom.), 2SO CAIJGO caligo, 167 CANDBOcandcnt, 250; candens, 301; candcntem, 243 CANDIDVScandidum (n.s.nom.), 274 CANIS canis (s.g.), 384 CANTVS cantus, [345]; cantu (ah.), 345

447

ENNIUS'

TRAGIC

cepit, 222; ccpissct,211 CAPRA Capra (nom.), 186 CAPVT caput. [114]; capiti, 77 CAJU>O cardine, 88 CASTRA castra (a.), 154; castris (d.), 154; (ah.), 164 CAVBO cauco, [281] CAVSA cawa (nom.), [365]; (ah.), 112, 343 CAVVS caua (f.s.nom.), 365; (n.p. nom.), 250; (n.p.a.), 96 cmo ccdo, [281] CJIRIIS Ceres (nom.), clxxxviii; Ccreris, 240 CBRNO cemo, 13 ; cemunt, 166; ccmitur, 351; ccrnat, 306; cemcre, 232 CBRTAUO ccrtatio, 225, *248 CAPIO

CBRTB

clxxib

351; certo (ah.), 74, [248] ; certos, 3 I 7 Cl!SSO ccssas,194; cessat, 376 CIITJIRVS cetera (n.p.a.), 269 Cll1TB 242 CIBAJUVM clharia (a.), clxxxviii Cll!O clet, 36; clta (f.s.nom.), 43 CIRCVM 114 CIRCVMSTO clrcumstant, 27 CIRCVMVENIO circumuentus, 16 Cisssvs Cwei, ccxxv CBRTVS certus,

CITVS

Stt Cll!O

ems clues (voc.), 42; (a.), 8; cluis (p.a.), 341 (clues); cluium, 275 CIVrrAS cluitatem, 288 CLAMOR clamoris, 163 CLAJlBO claret, 274 Cl.ASSIS classis (s.nom. ), 43 CIJPBVS clipeus, 370; clipeo (ah.), 107, 189 COBPI coepisset, [211] COBTVS coetus (s.nom.), 123 COGITO cogitat, 308; cogitet, [308] COGNOSCO cognoui, liii; cognitum (n.s.a. ), liii COGO

cogis, 128

CoLCHVS Colchis (ah.), 214, *z,u

VOCABULARY collocaui, 130 COMBS comiti, [313] COMITBll 313, 369 COMMINVS 149 COMMISCBO commixta (n.p.voc.), 171 COMMISBIIESCO conmisercscite, 162 COMMVNITBll [313] COMPLEO complebit, *46; compleuit, 46 COMPOS compotes (m.p.a.), 317 COLLOCO

CONATVS

conatu,*uo

concedit, 5 concide, 372 CONClllO conciliant, 310 CONCIPIO conccpta, [252] CONCOllDIA concor~ 310 CONCVBIVM concuhio (ah.), 181 coNcvno concutit, clxia CONCBDO

CONCIDO

condiclones (nom.), 304 conferunt, 310; conferre, *154; contulit, 168 CONFICIO conficis, 97 CONDICIO CONFBRO

CONGLOMBRO

confidentia (ah.), 19 conglomeras, 302

CONIBCTURA

coniecturam, 55; con-

CONFIDBN'l1A

iectura (ah.), 249 conare (ind.), 7; conatur, [no]; conatum (n.s.a.), 289 CONSABPIO consacpta (f.s.nom.), 252 (consepta) CONOR

CONSBNnO

consentit, 21

consilium (nom.), 151; 382; consili, 317; consilio (ah.), 289; consiliis (ah.),

CONSILIVM

(a.), clxvi,

*s CONSISTO

consistere, ·324; constitit,

159 contagio, 294 coNTBMPLO contempla, 240 CONTBMPLOR contemplatur, I Is CONllNBO contincs, 23 s CONTINGO contigcrit,307 CONTRA278 CONVBNIO conueniat, 311 CONVBRTO conuertcre, [ I 381 CONTAGIO

ENNius'

TRAGIC

conucstire, 138; conucstitus, *z81. coR cor {nom.), 21; cordis, 244; cordc, 140, 244 ComITHVS Corinthum, cva CORONA coronam, 381; corona {ab.), 67 COBPORO corporarct, I IS coRPVS corpus {nom.), 299; (a.), us; corporis. 237, 298; corpore, 70, 295, 365; corpora (voc.), 241; {a.), 136, 138, 341 CORTINA cortina {nom.), 366 · cRASsvs crassa (f.s.nom.), 387 CREDO credo, IS9, 289; credcre, CONVJ!STIO

[26];crcde, *z6o CRBMITO CRBMO

cremitari, *z47 crcmari, 247

crinitus, 28 crispa (f.s.ab.), 86 CllVCIATVS cruciatum, 18; cruciatu, CRISPVS

178

CllVCIOcruciatur, [178] CllVl!NTVS crucnta {n.p.a.), 138 CVBrrvs cubitis {ab.), JS.if. CVM {prp.), IS, 21, 27, 67, 70, 7S, 103,136,308; {conj.), 8, 134,, [156], 173, 186, 196, 201, 251, [281], 315 CVNCTO cunctct, [ 1601; cunctent, 160 CVPIDO cupido, 222 CVPIDVS cupida, [259]; cupido {ab.), 244 CVPIIINTBR 259 CVPIO cupit, 259, [348]; cupiant, 160; cupiens, 259; cupere, 337 CVR 127,128 CVRA curls (ab.), S3 cvao curent, 265; curare, 271 CVRRVScurru, 79 (curro) CVSTOS custos, 237

166, [200],269,289, 314,

340

~ (nom.), 287; deas,48 DBDVCOdeducant, 269;deduci, [3921

DBA

29

xxviiit DBI.Bero delcctat, 198, 303 DBUGO delecti (m.p.nom.), 212 DBUNQVO delinquis, *zo4; delinquas, [204,] DBI.PHicvs Delphicus, 303 (delficus) DBMBNSdementem, 36 DBNVO 3SS, 358 DBPlll!COR deprecor, 142; deprecer,

DBSBRO deseri, 392 DBSINO desinit, 337 DBSPICIOdcspexit, 264 DBVBHOdeuchi, 392 DBVITO deuitari, 325 DBVS di (nom.), 287 (dii), 309 (dii); deos, 401; dcum (p.g.), 3, 270,

ClllNITVS

100,

defendant, 398; defende, 8; defenderBllScamander, 159 SCBLESDM (261) SCBLBSTVSscelestum (n.s.a.), 261 scm.vs scelus (a.), 236; sceleris, 277, 295 SCINDO sciciderit, 2 SI SCIO scit, 378; scias, 339; scire, 329; scibas, 272 SCRIBO scripstis, 177 (scripsistis) SCRVPBVSscrupeo (n.s.ab.), II3 SCRVTORscrutantur, 187 SE se (a.), so, 56, 137, 156, 228, (257), [310), 330; sese, 9, S7, II4, *137, 168, 310; sibi, 132, 221, 267, 269,clxvi, 329; se (ab.), 136, 308 SECO sectae, (209] SBCVM set CVM SECVRISsecuribus (ab.), 208 SBD sed, 21, 32, 109, 254, cxxxivb, 271, 288, 305, 346, (391]; set, 177, 303 smmo seditio, [ 102] SEMEL 233 SEMITA semitam, 267 SEMPBll228, 270, 336 SBNECTAsenecta (ab.), *300 SBNECTVSsenectute, 300 30

VOCABULARY SBNBX

senex, 183, 184; (voc.), 361

sententias, 343 SBNTIO sentit, 27S SEPVLCRVMsepulcrum (a.), 298

SENTENTIA

seruitutem, 142 serua, 8 ; seruetis, i; seruauisti,

SERVITVS SERVO

224 (seruasti) SI 126, 130, 261, 265, 32S, 369; Stt ETSI, QVASI SIC 71, 2J8, 2S0 SIGNITl!NBNSsignitenentibus (f.ab.), 97 SIGNVM signa (a.), 185 SILl!NTIVMsilentio (ab.), clxxix SILBO silete, i SIN 127, 130, 304 SINCBllB 108 SINE 347 SOCIBTASsocietas, 320 SOCBll soccro, [29 I] SOCRVS socru, 291 SOL sol, 243; Sol (voc.), 234 SOMNIVM somnio (ab.), 52; somnia (p.nom.), 346; somnium (p.g.), S7 soMNVSsomnis (ab.), SI soNITVSsonitus (s.nom.), 305; sonitu, 4, clxia SONO sonit, 165; sonunt, 108 SORDIDVSsordidam, 276 soas sortes (nom.), S7 soano sortiunt, 137 SOSPBSsospitem, 377 SOSPITO sospitent, 246 SPARGO spargens,297 SPBCTO spectat, 187 SPBCVSspecus (p.a.), 152 SPBRNO spernit, I S6 SPBS spe, [371] SPIRITVSspiritu, 4 SPLENDIDVSsplendidis (f.ab.), 171 SPOLIVM spolia, 347 SPVMO spumant, 118 SQVALIDVSsqualidam, (276); squalida (f.ab.), 281 SQVALVSsqualam, 276 SQVAMAsquamae (p.nom.), *113 JTO

ENNius'

TRAGIC

IS STATVO statuerit, 1S STATVS stata (f.s.ab.), cxviii STELLA stcllas, 190; stcllis (ab.), 171 STl!RNO strata (f.s.nom.}, 276 STlllPS stirpem, 363 STO Stant, 84, 85;. stare, *255; stcterit, 1S STOLA stola (ah.), 281, 282, 386, 396 STOLIDVS stolide (voc.}, 66 STRBPITVS strcpiti (g.). 164; strcpitu, [4] STVDBO studct, 198 STVDIVM studiis, (309] STVLTVS stultus, [259) SVB 232 SVBBX subices (a.}, 3 SVBIJMIS sublimis (m.s.nom.}, *190; sublime (n.s.a.), 169, [190], 301 SVBUMO sublimat, 243 SVBUMVS sublimum (n.s.a.), 190; sublimas, 3 SVCCJINSBO succemct, 371 svcCINGO succincta (f.s.nom.), 386 SVDO sudat, 16S SVDOR sudore, 347 SVM sum, 83, 183, [2611; CS, *70; est, 19,95,127, 130,130, ISS, 163, 16.. 170, 187, 196, 200, [248), 256, [259], .262, [274]. 280, 290, 309, 320, 3~ clxxib, 33S, 33S, 341, 342, 342, 346, 356, 3S1, 374, 37S, 386; sumus, 200; swit, 140, 207, cxviii, 359; omitted 346; sim, 82, 261;sit, 185, (236), [238), 265; siet, 248; cssc, [i), 61, 126, 146, *z28, [236), 270, 300, [309]; erat, 120; fuat, 151; fore, 261; fueratis, [263); fuissc,*148 sum (auxiliary verb), 16, 3S, 119; omitted 78; est, 31, 32, SI, 106, 167, 197, 201, 263, *292, 312, 386; omitted 292; SWlt, 220, 284; foret, S9; fuit, 396 SVMMVS summe, 176, 234; summam, 10; summum (n.s.a.), 105; STATIM

VOCABULARY summa (f.s.ab.}, 10s,[153]; (n.p. a.). clxia; summarum, [ clxvi]; summis (n.cl}, 296; (f.ab.), 80 SVMO sumpscrint, 367; sumptus, S3 SVPBRO supcrat, 189; superauit, 72 SVPIIBS1Tl10SVS supentitiosi (m.p. nom.}, cxxxivb; supentitiosis (f.p. ab.}, 3S SVPBRSTITO supentitcnt, 246 SVPBRVS superum (n.p.g.). 309 SVPPBTO suppetit, 331; suppetcbat, 3 39 SVPPUCO supplicarcm, 226 SVSCITO suscitant, 343 SVSPICIO suspicionem. .262, 277 svsPDto suspirantibus (f.p.ab.), S3 SVSTINEO sustinet, 330 svvs suum (m.s.a.), 198; suam, 219;

-

sitl (m.s.g.), 343; suo (m.s.ab.), 73; (n.s.ab.), 314 (suo); suos, [102); suarum, clxvi tabet, *102 tabcs, [102] TABVM tabo (ab.), 297 TACEO tacete, i; tacere, 146 TABDA taedis (ab.), 27 TABNIA taeniis (ab.), 67 TAUS talem (m.), 128 TAM S, 19, 380 TAMETSI [172] TANDEM 176 TANTALVS Tantalo (ab.), 291 TANTVS tanta (f.s.nom.), 295; tantum (n.s.a.), 331; tanta (f.s.ab.), 19, 226; tantae (f.p.nom.), S7 TARDVS tarda (f.s.ab.), 300 TECTVM tectis (ah.), 90 TEI.AMO Telamonis, 273 TELVM tela (nom.), 143 TEMERB 318 TEMO tcmo, I 89

TABEO TABES

tcmperaret, 6o templum (voc.), 88; (a.), 240; templa (voc.), 98, 171; (a.), cl:xia;see BXTEMPLO TBMPTO tcmptaret, [6o]

TEMPEJlO

TEMPLVM

ENNius'

TRAGIC

TBNACIAtenacia (nom.), 158 TBNBBRAB tcnebris (ab.}, xxxiv Tl!Nl!O tcneor, 252; teneat, clxvii TBPIDVStepido (m.s.ab.), 1-4 TBR 232

terra (nom.), 165,250; (voc.), 352; terram, 138, 209, 235; terrae (d.}, 223, 276; terra (ah.}, n-4. [276]; terris (ab.), 3S5 TBRRIBillS terribilem (m.), 18 TBSCVM tesca (a.), 379 TBRRA

TEXO

tcxitur, 44

Tum.Is Thclis, 368 (Thetis) THBSAVllVS thesauri(p.nom.}, 192 TmtABcvs Thraeca (f.s.voc.), 352 (Treca) TIMIDvs timido (m.s.d.), 20 TrrANIS Titanis, 363 Tou.o tollunt, 12; tollere, 6o TOPPER378 TORREOtosti (m.p.nom.), 85 TRABEStrabes (s.nom.}, 209 TRABS trabem, [no]; trabes (p. nom.), [209] TRACTOtractcnt, 318; tractauere, 71 TRADO tradidit, 229 TRAHO trahens, *uo TRAVBRSVS trauma (f.s.ab.}, 229 TRBMVI.Vs tremulo (m.s.ab.}, 250 Tlll!S tris (a.), 48 TllivIA Triuia (nom.), 363 TROIA Troiae (g.), 69; (d.), 61 TROIANVSTroiano (m.s.ab.), 100 TV tu, IO, 172, 20,4. 204, 224, 23-4, (260], 272, [321]; (voc.}, 309; te, 71, 89, II9, 129, *130, 131, [151], 238, *260, 285, 290, 300, 361; ted, 151; tui, 38; tibi, 10, 176, 181, 2-49, 258, 278, 359, 363 (tibi), 371; te (ab.), 125, 207, 321; uos (nom.}, 263; (voc.), 145, cva; (a.), i, [161], 322,397 TVEORtueor, 361 TVLUVStullii (p.nom.), 14 TVM 17, [34], SS, 122, [171], [224], [260], 264

-

VOCABULARY TVMVLTVS tumulti (g.), 163 TVOR tuor, 379 TVllBIDVSturbidas, 318 TVnO turpari.94 TVTB 147 TVVS tua (f.s.nom.), 2o6; tuum (n.s. a.), 321; tuae (f.s.g.), 80, 112; tuo (n.s.ab.), 70, 235 vAco uacant, 159; uacare, [255] VAGO uagant, [159] V All!O ualet, 174 VALIDVSualida (f.s.nom.), 158 VANVSuanum (n.s.a.), 382 VASTVS uastae (f.p.nom.), 207; uastos, 152 VATESuates (p.nom.), cxxxivb vm 33, [s8], 1o6, 192, 299, 333, 352 -VB 81, 294; seeNEVE VBHO uecti (m.p.nom.), 213 VBUVOLANS ueliuolantibus (f.p.ab.), -4S

VEUVOLVSucliuolas, III VBNIO uentum ·(n.s.nom.), 201 VENO uenor, 252 VBNTVSuentus, 357,358; uento (ah.), 159; uentis, [358] VBRBVM uerba (a.), *253; uerborum 24S VBI.B uerius, 373 VBUCVNDB

181

VBRBORuereor, 37 VBRO [37] VBRSOuenat, 402 VBRTO uertite, cva; uortam, 217; uertant, S7 VBRVM283 VBRVSuera (f.s.ab.), 254; (n.p.nom.), 346 VBSTBR uostrum (n.s.a.), (161]; uestra (f.s.ab.), 325; uostra (f.s.ab), 398; uestri (m.p.nom.), [397]; uestras, 242, 322 VESTIOuestitus, [28 I] VBSTIS uestem, 276 VIA uiam, [77 ]. 267, 313 ; seeOBVIAM 30-2

ENNIUS'

TRAGIC

uice, 123 uictoria {f.s.ab.), 166, 381 VIDBO uideo, 288; uident, [187); uidetur, 188; uide, [175); uidcte, 47; uidere, 78; uidi, 78, 89, 92; uisa {f.s.nom.), 32, 51 vrovvs uiduae (f.p.nom.), 207 VIGIL uigilcs (voc.), 162 VILLOSVS uillosi {m.s.g.). 384 VINCO uicisse, 145; uictis (m.p.ab.), VICIS

VICTORIA

*367

uindictam, *367 VIll uinun (s.a.), 254; uiri (s.g.), 38; (p.nom.), 212 VIRGINALIS uirginali, [33] VIRGO uirgo, 205; (voc.), xvb; uirgincs (nom.), 207; (a.), 37 VlllTVS uirtutem, IS S ; uirtute, I SS, 254 . . . * VIS WS, 29S; mm, 25; W, 93, 1$3, 334; uiribw (ah.), 146 VINDICTA

VISCBRA11M

II8

. {nom. ), *zoz; wtam, . 77, 93, wta 202, 232; uitae (d.), 18, 134; uita (ab.), 10, [232], 299, 398 VITALIS uitalem, (3o6) vms uitis (s.g.), 121 vmvM uitio (d.)r cva VITO uitari, [93] VJTVLOJl uitulans, 381· VIVO uiuitur, 202; uiuam, 374; uiuere, 254 VIVVS uiua, [253); uiuam, 253 VLCISCO ulciscercm, 144 VITA

VOCABULARY VLIXBS Vlixem, 170 vu.vs ullo {n.s.ab.), 324 VlTllO 154 VMBRA umbra (nom.), 294 VMIDVS umidas, 4 VMQVAM 244, 321 VNDB 4, 22, II5, clxvi VNDIQVB 252 VNDO undantem (m.), 179 VNVS una (f.s.nom.), 49 voco uocant, 64, 301, 356; uocare, [255] VOLO uolant, 14; uolans, 67 VOLO uolt, 228, 228; uelit, 199; uolentes, 12, 12; uolcs, 369 VOLVPTAS uoluptatem, 382 vox uoce, 58; uocibw (ah.), 372 VRBS urbem, 137; urbe, 83; urbcs (a.), 36o VJlVO uruat, I 14 VSPIAM

cla

usurpat, 163 VT i, 56, [77], lo6, 151, [16o), 169, xciv, 226, [228), 228, 246, 260, VSVRPO

263, 302, 300, [309), [31s], 318, 329,330,339,363,397 [208) VTINAM 183, 208, [215), 244 VTIQV AM see NBVTIQV AM VTOR uti, 195; utendos, [278); utendas, 278 VTI

uulneratw, 312 VVLNVS uulnere, II s vxoa uxor, 2o6; uxorem, VVLNEllO

132

INDEX

ENNIUS' 1-2 3-4

10-12 13 14 IS

16-21

9S

{?)

cJ6-97

trim. iamb. (7 ?) tetr. troch. cat. (9 ?)

98-99

{?)

trim. iamb. {?) tetr. troch. cat. {?) trim. iamb. (?) tctr. troch. cat. (16 V

V

22-23 24-30

(?) dim(etri) anap(aestici) {28-29 Apollo I arcum)

31 32-4,2

trim. iamb. ( ?) tetr. troch. cat. {33, 36 ?; VV

64 6s 66

67 68

69-73 74-7S 76 77 78-80

81-83 84-86

METRES

trim(etri) iamb(ici) (?) tetr(amctri) troch(aici) cat{alcctici) (3?)

modis; 17 omnem I cxanimato; 21 ?)

43-46 47 48-49 so-63

II

V

-

41 adcst adcst) tetr(ametri) dact(ylici) colon Rci:zianum tctr(amctri) troch{aici) trim. iamb. (63 ?) tctr. troch. cat. {?) tctr. troch. cat. (?) trim. iamb. tetr. troch. cat. {?) tetr. troch. cat. {?) tetr. troch. {?) tetr. troch. cat. trim. iamb. tetr(ametri) cret(ici) (82 auxilio I exili I aut) tetr. troch. cat. (84 V

V

domi; 8 5-86 ?)

dim. anap. (91--92

100-102 103-107 108 109-110

regwce. I baec> tetr. troch. cat. (?) tetr. dact. {96 ?) trim. iamb. (98 ?) {?) trim. iamb. (104, 107 ?) tetr. troch. cat. trim. iamb. (?)

Ill

dim. anap. (?)

112-113 114

tctr. troch. cat. (113 ?)

IIS

tctr. troch. cat.

116 117-119

(?)

120-131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138-139 140

(?)

tctr. troch. cat. {117, 119 ?) trim. iamb. (126 Cresphontcm I existimas) tetr(ameter) iamb(icus) trim. iamb. tetr. troch. cat. (?)

tetr. troch. cat. {?) tetr. iamb. tctr. troch. cat. 141-14,2 trim. iamb. (141 ?) 143 144-145 146-147

(?)

157-158

(?)

tetr. troch. cat. (145 ?) trim. iamb. 148-149 tetr. troch. cat. (148 fecisseI expedibo; 149 machaera I atque ?) tetr. troch. (?) ISO tetr. troch. cat. ISI 152-154 trim. iamb. (152-153 ?; 154 castra I ultro) 155-156 tctr. troch. cat.

465

ENNius'

ucrsus Reizianus

tctr. troch. cat. 159 160-161 (?) tetr. troch. cat. 162 V

V

163-164 tctr. iamb. (163 quid hoe V V hie; 164 quid incastris?) 165-168 tctr. troch. cat. (168 ?)

169

{?)

tctr. troch. cat. (?) 170 tctr. iamb. 171 172-174 tetr. troch. cat. (173 cum I opulenti) trim. iamb. (?) 175

V

tetr. troch. cat. 177-179 trim. iamb. (179 ?) V

180-181 tctr. troch. cat. (181 tibi V

in concubio) (?) 18.2 trim. iamb. 183-184 185-186 tetr. troch. V

tctr. troch. cat. (quod V

est) 188-190 dim. anap. (190 sublimum agcns) parocm(iacus) 191 tetr. troch. cat. (?) 19.2 dim. anap. 193 parocm. 194 dim(etcr) troch(aicus) 195 tctr. troch. cat. (197, 196-.207 199, .204, 207 ?) 208-218 trim. iamb. tctr. troch. cat. 219 tctr. troch. 2.20 221 tctr. troch. cat.

I

222-223 trim. iamb. 2.24,-.233 tctr. troch. cat. (226 nam I ut; 2.27,232233 ?) 234-236 {?) 237-240 trim. iamb. 24,1-24,2

(?)

243

trim. iamb. (?).

trim. iamb. ( ?)

tctr. cret. trim. iamb. (.248? ; 24-9 dico I et) hexameter dactylicus 250 trim. iamb. (?) 251 dim. anap. 252 (?) 253 254-258 tctr. troch. cat. (254-

255, 257 ?; 258

176

187

METRES

V

tibi ex ore) 259-260 (?) 261-278 tctr. troch. cat. (274 ?) (?) 279 trim. iamb. 280 tctr. troch. cat. (?) 281

28.2 283-284 285-288 289 290

trim. iamb. tctr. troch. cat. (283 ?) trim. iamb. (286 ?) tctr. troch. cat. tetrameter bacchiacus contractus 291-292 tctr. troch. cat. 293-294 tctramctri bacchiaci dim(ctcr} crct(icus) + 295 monomcter trochaicus tctr. troch. 296-297 298-299 tctr. troch. cat. tetrameter bacchiacus 300 hypermctricus 301-302 tctr. troch. cat. dim. crct. + dim. troch. 303 tctr. troch. cat. 304 trim. iamb. 305 (?) 306 dim. crct. + dim. troch. 307 trim. iamb. 308 309-312 tetr. troch. cat. (3 I 1312 ?) 313-319 trim. iamb. (316, 319 ?) (?) 320 tctr. troch. cat. 321 vv

322-332 tetr. iamb. (323 rnalarn: vv

327 potcst ?; 328 ?; 331

. vv

pot.est; 332 ?)

ENNius' 333 334 335 336 337-343

tetr. troch. (?) trim. iamb. (?) (?) dim. troch. tetr. troch. cat. (337 vv

potest; 338, 342 ?) 344-345 dim. anap. (344 ?) (?) 346 trim. iamb. 347 tetr. troch. cat. 348 trim. iamb. 349 tetr. troch. cat. 350 351-354 trim. iamb. (353-354 ?) 3SS-36o tctr. troch. cat. (35936o ?) 361-362 trim. iamb. (361 ?) tctr. troch. cat. 363 trim. iamb. (?) 364 365 dim. anap. parocm. 366 367 trim. iamb. 368 (?)

METRES

369 370 371-372 373 374 315 376 377-380

tetr. troch. cat. (?) trim. iamb. (?) tetr. troch. cat. trim. iamb. (?) (?)

trim. iamb. (?)

trim. iamb. tctr. troch. cat. trim. iamb. (384 ?) (?) tctr. troch. cat. trim. iamb. (390 ?) (?) tetr. troch. cat. (393 ?) (?) trim. iamb. (?) tetr. troch. cat. (397 ?) trim. iamb. (?) (?) 400 401-402 trim. iamb. (?) 381

382 383-385 386 387 388-390 391 392-393 394 395-396 391-398 399

INDEX

MATTERS INTRODUCTION

III

DISCUSSED IN AND COMMENTARY

ablative, absolute, 172, 312; of comparison, 180; without preposition, 215, 242, 354, 363 abstract notions, expression of, 390 abstract noun, for concrete, 192; governing transitive verb, 195; personification of, 21of., 212£, 224 Acciw, Achilles, 161£; Alcmeo, 185; Alphesibota, 186; Andromeda,262; Annorum iudicium, 178; Astyanax, 236; Athamas, 267; Atreus, 414tf.; Epigoni,185f.; Eriphyla,186; Eurysaces, 240; Hecuba, 304(; Mtdea, 346; Melanippus, 382; Myrmidones, 162 n. 2, 164; Ptlopidae,414; Teltphus, 319, 336£, 404£; Tertus, 47 accusative, after impersonal passive, 338; after verbal noun, 325; and infmitive,214,289 active for deponent, 172, 175, 286, 288, 317, 388 acton, competitions for, 22£; costume of, 21; interpolation of scripts by, 240£, 346; jargon of, 166; making of political allusions by, 238; number of available to producen, 20; performing in several plays by, 239tf.; singing by, 21; spccia]isation by, 20; status of, 22; use of nwks by, 22, 241 address, of greeting and farewell, 379f.; to gods, 168£, 170; to homeland, 256; to night, 254,285; to parts of the body, 317; to sky, 3o6; to social superion, 212,358£; tone of, 275, 277, 385

adjectives, terminating with -ans,303 314; -arius, 391; -bilis, 196; -eus, 201, 264; -fer, 200; -ficus,250; -icus, 249; -idus, 229, 307; -osus, 391; -sonus,248; -U4'lus,261; -ulus, 387; terminating with participial form (-potens,-tenm.s,-uolans),216, 292 wed instead of adverb, 215,270; genitive,258,285, 352,377 adverbs, terminating with -ter, 261, 391, 392; -tim, 266, 393 after-life, 255, 331, 422 AlcumttUJEuripidi,6, 63 allegory, 193 alliteration, 42, 170£, 214, 215, 216, 280 n. 4, 281, 301, 308, 340, 390, 392,393 anachronism, 173, 218, 249, 351 anacoluthon, 196 anapaestic verse, 35£, 37,244, 328f. anaphora, 197, 214, 246, 247, 361 n. S Antiphon, 238 antithesis, 174, 283 appeals, 169, 298f. Apulciw' quotations, 330 archaeology, 10 n. 1, 17 n. S, son. 3 archaism, 169, 172, 174, 183, 215, 247, 263, 292£, 311, 313, 364, 380, 385

architecture, 169f., 249, 307 n. 1 Aristarchw of Tegea, 9, 44£, 163 f. assonance, 170£, 211, 247, 250, 264, 303,333,352,353,363,391 astrology, 326£ asyndeton, 169, 174, 175, 182, 247, 301, 358 n. 3, 424, 425 Atcllane farce, 14£

INDEX

TO INTRODUCTION

Atilius, Electra,47, 206, 254 audiences, 5, 7ff., 23, 34, 37, 49(, 253( bacch.iac verse, 37, 231 f., 419, 422 f. Bacchic orgies, 267 f. Bear, 329£.

Caesar, avoidance of tragic vocabulary and phraseology by, 167, 173, 175, 195, 228, 229, 232, 233, 247, 252, 259, 269, 270, 309 n. 3, 310, 321, 332 363, 379 caesura. 333, 421 Caper, 180, 290 Cato's oratory, 42( Charisius' quotations, 267 cbiasmus, 200 chorus, 18 ff., 30(, 334( Christian view of translation, 28 Cicero, account of Roman drama of, 25ff.; avoidance of tragic vocabulary and phraseology by, 173, 175, 195, 232, 269, 309 n. 3, 321, 332, 358, 363, 379; mode of referring to Greek poetry of, 322; quotation of Roman poetry by, 4, 53 n. 5, 6o n. 3, 61 f., 162ff., 178, 186ff., 204ff., 209, 220(, 247, 256, 257, 262, 270, 273 f., 284f., 305, 32off., 325, 344f., 348(, 350, 356(, 358ff., 366, 395, 396ff., 422 f.; translation of Greek poetry by, 4, 46,215,222, 225, 254, 262, 270, 274 n. 1, 323 f., 329 n. 4, 424; use of antique language by, 167, 186 n. 9 coffered ceilings, 249 colon reizianum, 217 comparative, used for superlative, 211; formed with plus, 393 comparison, 220 concinnity,227, 278,398,402 conditional sentences, 275(, 278, 35S, 396 'contaminatio', 178, 237, 290, 319, 335, 345(

AND COMMENTARY corruption, ancient. 57, 296, 352, 37S cosmetics, 3 59 crctic verse, 37, 243, 246, 370, 384f. 419(, 425, 4.26 cunes, 410 f., 42 I dactylic verse, 36, 209, 386 dative, 402 Delphic oracle, 222 f. deponent for active. 265 dtutrbium, 29 n. 1 diaeresis, 37,169,333,421 differentiation of meaning, 177 dilemma.274£, 357 'dipody law', 276 disjunction, 169, 176, 194, 216, 259, 266, 3II, 355 divination, set prophecy Donatus, set scholiasts door pivots, 248 double negative, 282 'EMVafvtov, 378 ellipse, of preposition, 215, 242, 363; of pronominal adjective, 192; of pronoun, 194, 289, 338; of verb, 231, 243, 420 enjambcmcnt. stt metrical division and syntax Ennius, comedies by, 44; contemporary allusions in tragedies by, 44, 308, 398; education of, 43 ; patrons of, 44, 310; predilection for Euripides of, 4S, 189, 238, 319; racial origin of, 43; relationship with Homer of, 302; use of scholarly commentaries by, 46, 308, 351; AMdlts, 8, 36 n. 6, SSf., 194 n. 5, 381; Euhtmerus, 194 n. 5; Sabinat, 4 n. I cpanalcpsis,278 'Ep1ws. 191, 201, 218£., 371 Etruscan theatrical vocabulary, 13 etymological figure, 173, 213, 220, 228,242,339,353,375 etymology, 228,257, 331, 354, 379

INDEX

TO INTRODUCTION

Euphorion, 381 Euripides, Alexandrian edition of tragedies of, 4S, 61, 203, 208, 237, 342; posthumow popularity of, 9f., 238, 319

AND

COMMENTARY

gods, epiphany of, 296£., 386£.; naming of and referring to, 199, 268,311, 331,373f.,41o;natureof, 174 n. 3, 269, 396, 400, 423 f., 424 heroes, behaviour appropriate to, 217f., 339, 3Ss; deeds ofin Roman art, I I ; in Etrwcan art, 14 heroines, behaviour appropriate to, 188 n. I, 213, 221, 31Sf. hiatw, 194£., 198f., 210, 243, 272, 276,289,293,294,309,329,386 historians, use of tragic vocabulary and phraseology by, 172, 173, 17s, 309 n. 3, 332, 3S8 n. 2, 363, 369, 379 homoeotdeuton, 17s, 242 Horace, on chorw, 19; on republican metre, 33 n. 4; references by to republican tragedy, 162 n. 4, 40s n. 4 Hyginw, 204, 291, 342, 413 n. 1 hyperbole, 200, 21s, 234, 401, 408 uo-npov irpcmpov, 280,281,384,386

fairnessof complexion, 361 Fcstw, seeVerriw .fragmentaincerta:CLXI, 63; CLXII,174 n. 3,231,271, 416£.; CLXIV, 162£.; CLXV,4o6;CLXVI,284;CL:xvm,170; CLXIX,418;cucx,348,389;CLXXI, 163; CLXXD,164; CUCXIII, 3o6; CLXXV,394£., 40S, 418; CLXXVDI, 399 n. 4; CLXXIX, 323; CLXXXI,178, 287 n. 2; CUCXXII,418; CLXXXIV, 418; CLXXXV,3o6; CLXXXVI, 62, 28 I ; CXC, 63 ; CXCI, 262, 349; cxCII,28s;cxcv, 164,322;cxCVI, 4o6; CXCVII, 164; CCI, 282; CCIII, 164; CCIV,282; CCVI,262; CCVIII, 207;ccXII1,262;cCXIV,164;ccxv, 323;cCXIX,262;cCXXII,282,4o6; cCXXIII,164;ccxxv,203;ccxxvn, 164 iambic shortening, 36£., 176, 328 n. 6 Fulgentius' quotations, 412 Furia, 218 f. iambic verse, 29 n. 1, JS, 233,267,276 409£. Gellius' quotations, 164, 2s2, 303f., 'ictus', 32 n. 3 imagery, seemetaphor 334 genealogical obsessions, 12 imperative, 'future' form of, 278; gerutlve, with adjectives and partinegative, 420 ciples, 223; with verbal nouns, imperfect in narrative, 224 imperial tragedy, 48£. 326 gnomologies, S4 n. 1 indicative in repudiating questions, Greek accidence, 236, 287, 3S0 n. 3, 340 intransitive for transitive, 183, 246, 381 Greek language plays performed at 411, 422 isocolon, 246 Rome, s Greek proper names in Latin, 11, 184, Italic vocabulary, 183 ivory, 249£. 184 n. 2, 381 Greek syntax, 247, 248, 340, 364 Greek titles of Latin plays, s8 ff., 'Lange's law', 36 n. 8 283£., 291 legal language, 42, 220, 222, 244, 245, Greek vocabulary, 230, 2s2f., 2s9, 246,263,276,277,287,298,312ff., 291, 314 401. 407

470

INDEX

TO INTRODUCTION

'Lindsay's law', 300, 408 Livius Andronicus, date of fint play, 3 n. 4; Achilles, 161f.; Ajax, 177; Atulromeda,262; Odyma, 46 n. 4, 180; Ttuca (?), 47 n. 5 I.ivy on history of theatre, 3, 13 'locus Jacobsohnianus •. 276 'Luchs' law', 184, 426 ludi, 3, 12 Macrobius' quotations, 261, 279, 343 n. 6, 386 Magna Graccia, drama in, 16f. Mcnandcr, posthumous popularity of, JO messenger speeches, 163, 165, 229£., 265, 283, 293 metaphor, 170, 180 n. 1, 182, 190, 21of., 212, 215, 216, 220, 223, 225, 232, 233, 242, 259, 260, 283, 296, 304, 3rY7,324, 328, 330, 338, 353, 368,382,425 metre and dramatic content, 31, 34ff., 40£., 163, 190, 209, 243, 2s3 n. 4. 333, 3S6f., 370, 38s, 386, 419£. metre and verbal style, 4of., 17s. 176 n. 3, 19S, 197, 308f., 317, 3S2, 3S6, 361f. metrical division and syntax, 176, 182, 228, 309, 333, 3SS, 366, 370, 409 metrical terminology, 32 n. 3 military language, 173. 270,294. 338, 3S4. 401 morphology, abnormal, 211, 214, 226, 232, 243, 263, 264, 289, 293, 318, 364, 370 n. 6, 385, 403, 412, 420 music, 29ff., 46f., 2S3f.

Acontizommus, 6o n. 3 ; Iphigtnia, 318

Naevius,

neologism, 26s, 279, 296, 3rY7,378, 402,404 nominative for vocative, 247f. non-Attic Greek drama, 7 f.

AND COMMENTARY Nonius Marcellus, quotations by, 56, 18of., 296, 300, 317, 34S, 37sf., 389 n. 5, 408; misunderstandings by. I 72, 296 non-Latin vocabulary, ste Italic vocabulary, Greek vocabulary nouns, terminating with -m, 197; -mtia/-antia, 196, 367; -ex, 169; -mm, 182, 340; -mtntum, 278; -or, 195; -tio, 212; -tor, 268; -tus, 199; -u,a, 22s

oaths, 169 official language, 166, 173, 17s, 184, 226, 241, 246, 249, 2ss. 268, 270, 279, 298, 312, 338, 354£., 400. 420 orchestra, 18 Orcus,2SS, 331 order of words, 172, 228, 233, 289~ 296, 300, 309, 332, 334. 3S7, 358£., 374, 384£., 391, 403, 410; ste also disjunction orthography, 52, 184 n. 2, 220, 234, 258, 260, 291 Ovid, Medea,48 oxymoron, 259, 411, 424, 426 Pacuvius, Armorum iudidum, 47, 178, 254; lliona, 305; Medus, 346 irapa'1)(101s. 25 parcchcsis, see assonance parody, by comedians of tragic language, 39, 172, 175, 220, 242, 2ss, 276, 378, 401; by tragedians of 286, 3 II, 324, 4II sacral language, participle, perfectwith present force, 183 Paulus, see V errius periphrasis, 199, 200, 228, 231, 250, 2SS, 293, 327, 332, 352, 3SS, 377, 393, 400, 4n, 423 personification, 195, 210£., 224, 280, 331,380 philosophy, 168£., 174 n. 3, 191, 2s2, 255, 336, 372ff., 400. 424

471

INDEX

TO INTRODUCTION

Plautus, and Diphilus. 6; and Epicharmus, 7 n. 3; comedies asaibed to, 6; Asinaria, 9 1 Plciad', 8 pleonasm, s« redundancy, repetition of words, tautology

pluralfor singular,216, 223, 233, 249, 266, 331, 368£. poets, effect of theatrical conditions on, 31ff.; sreaaJjsat\on by, 24, 40; status of, 6, 22 f. pollution, 251 f., 420£. polyptoton, 177, 211, 24S, 259£., 276, 294 n. S, 308, 315, 334, 381, 392, 396,400 post-classical Attic drama, 8 f. 1 prcistoria • of dramatic metres, 33 f. present tense, resultativc, 376; with future force, 227 Priscian's quotations, 304£., 343 n. 2, 346 n. 3,350 Probus, SS, 342 n. 2 prophecy, 191f:, 205, 207ff., 212, 213, 215, 217, 222£., 326, 372, 396, 397, 399 prosody, 169, 184, 194, 243, ~ 261, 324 n. 3, 370 n. S, 386 n. I, 410; see alsoiambic shortening psychological analysis.336 quotation at second hand, S3, 56£. rati"oa)jsm, 201 redundancy, 196,201,211,220,226, 242, 24S, 294, 318, 337f., 353, 357, 370 n. 1, 384, 394, 403; see also repetition of words, tautology relative clauses, 170, 220, 313, 358, 363, 367£., 372£., 38o repetition of words, 174, 175, 215, 220,243,278,318,333,367,3700.1 revivals, at Athens, 9, 319 n. 2; at Rome, 47f. rhetoric, 42£., 347, 351 rhetoricians' quotations, 273, 319, 339, 416f.

AND

COMMENTARY

rhyme, 174, 214, 225, 252 Roman ideology, 241, 248, 252, 282, 398,407 Roman law: divorce, 274£.; homicide, 193, 312; judicial sentence, 286 f.; position of slaves, 307; torture before execution, 193 f. Roman morality, 3SS, 362, 365, 390 Roman religion: blood, 244, 2s1, 341 ; family ritual, 227; funerals, 28o;Jupiter's altar, 2sof.; portents, 214, 221 f., 225; sacrifice, 251 Rufinian's quotations, 320 sacral language, 42, 199, 201, 21 s. 216, 221, 2i., 225, 230, ~ 248, 259, 268, 286, 292, 298, 307, 311, 320, 3i., 352, 374, 385, 399, 407, 409,410 satura,13 scene-change, 165, 284, 303 n. 1, 390 n. 3 scholars, Greek, 10, 32, 4S f., 61, 179, 203, 208, 237, 283, 308, 330, 342; Roman, 27f., 32f., SI, 283f. scholiasts' quotations, 162, 167, 203£., 239£., 324£. schools, use of dramatic saipts in, so, 52, S4 Seneca, knowledge of republican tragedy of, S4f. ; tradition of tragedies of, 49; verbal style of, 2 so senatorial language, 172, 173 f., 187, 211, 282 smtmtuu, S4 n. 1, 253, 288, 305£., 323, 327, 336£., 347, 361 f. sequence of tenses, 225, 233 Scrvius, see scholiasts shadow,421 singular for plural, 352, 37-4sky, shape of, 254£. sound and sense, 170£. sound play, see assonance •split anapaest', 182, 198, 210, 233 stage, acton' entries on to, 20, 248, 378 f.; size of, 18, 188 n. 3

472

INDEX

TO INTRODUCTION

strategy, 293 £ subjunctive, 293, 318, 325, 370 n. 6 suicide, 316 c:Nyl(p1C11S, 27f. syntactical contamination, 223 syntax of exclamations, 269 tabu on names, 199 tautology, 166, 175, 197, 214, 337, 342, J70 n. I, 425 ffXvlTCXt, 8 n. 6, 15£ Terence, handling of Greek. scripts by, 178; performance of plays of during Empire, 48; titles of, 6o; view of translation of, 23 ff. Theodectes, 189 third penon for second, 166, 380 tragic arias performed alone, 253 £ tragic motifs, 207 n. 8, 248, 254, 256, 279, 285, 294, 299, 3oof .• 306, 310, 316, 379£ tricolon, 247, 374 trochaic verse, 198, 261, 276, 292, 325 Trojan legend, I I

AND

COMMENTARY

'unpoctische Worter', 19-4

V arius, Thytstes, 4-8 Varro's quotations, 62£., 178£, 181, 256, 305, 328, 343 n. I, 3# n. 2, 345 verbs, amplified with con-,281, 299; tx-, 177, 197, 22-4, 225, 293; in-, 201, 264, 270, 296, 367; ob-, 171, 215, 332; rt-, 197,422; inchoative, 198, 299; intensive, 196, 231, 2-43, 3-40,385, -419;omitting prefix, 183, 212, 213, 260, 276, 29-4, JOI, 366; terminating with -art, 171, 196, 250, 265, 279, 378, 384; -ere, 264; -ficart, 224, 258 Verrius' quotations, S3 n. 5, 59, 330, 332, 388, 423 venus reizianus, 384 Victori4, 229£ Virgil's imitations of tragedy, 203, 354 Volnius, 1-4 weapons, 168, 260, 291, 292