The Tempietto del Clitunno near Spoleto 9780271071473

Citation preview

THE TEMPIETTO DEL CLITUNNO NEAR SPOLETO

THE TEMPIETTO DEL CLITUNNO NEAR SPOLETO

Publication of this book has been aided by a grant from the Samuel H. Kress Foundation.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Emerick, Judson J., 1941The Tempietto del Clitunno near Spoleto 1 by Judson J. Emerick. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-27 1-0 1728-7 (alk. paper) 1. Tempietto del Clitunno (Campello sul Clitunno, Italy) 2. Architecture, Medieval-Italy-Campello sul Clitunno. 3. Middle Ages-Historiography. 4. Campello sul Clitunno (Italy)Antiquities. 5. Campello sul Clitunno (Italy)-Buildings, structures, etc. I. Title. NA5621 .C2728E47 1998 726.5'0945'65 1-dc2 1 97-7729 CIP Copyright 0 1998 The Pennsylvania State University All rights reserved Published by The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA 16802- 1003 It is the policy of The Pennsylvania State University Press to use acid-free paper for the first printing of all clothbound books. Publications on uncoated stock satisfy the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI 239.48- 1992.

ILLUSTRATIONS

This page intentionally left blank.

PLATES

This page intentionally left blank.

Pissignano Alto Castello

S. Michele Arcangelo (19th centurv. present

Plate I. General Site Plan: the Tempietto del Clitunno and environs

Plate 11. Plan: upper story

Plate 111. Plan: lower story

Plate IV. Elevation: west front

Plate V. Elevation: north flank

Plate VI. Elevation: south flank

Plate VII. Elevation: east gable

Plate VIII. Longitudinal section: view to north

Plate IX. Longitudinal section: view to south

Plate X. Cross section in porticoes: view to east

Plate XI. Cross section in porticoes: view to west

Plate XII. Cross section in nave: view to east

Plate XIII. Cross section in nave: view to west

Plate XIV. Plan: soffit of architrave of west front

FIGURES

This page intentionally left blank.

Fig. 1. View of the Tempietto from the north along the old Via Flaminia (photo: author 1972)

Fig. 2. View of the Tempietto from the hill above (photo: author 1973)

Fig. 3. View of the Tempietto with the mill from the plain below (photo: author 1981)

Fig. 4. West front (photo: author 1988)

Fig. 5. Detail of the west front (photo: Monti 1971)

Fig. 6. Detail of the west front: entablature (photo: Monti 1971)

=i Fig. 7. Detail of the west front: inscription (photo: Turchi 1988)

Fig. 8. Detail of the west front: inscription (photo: Turchi 1988)

1

L

Fig. 9. Detail of the west front: inscription (photo: Turchi 1988)

Fig. 10. Detail of the west front: inscription (photo: author 1971)

. v-:

**-:Fig. 11. Detail of the west front: Lesbian cyma from the architrave (photo: author 1971)

Fig. 12. Detail of the west front: entablature di sotto in su (photo: author 1985)

Fig. 13. Detail of the west front: horizontal cornice di sotto in sit (photo: author 1985)

Fig. 14. Detail of the west front: modillions from the horizontal cornice (photo: author 1985)

Fig. 15. Detail of the west front: tympanum (photo: author 1971)

Fig. 16. Detail of the west front: tympanum (photo: author 197 1 )

Fig. 17. Detail of the west front: tympanum (photo: author 1971)

Fig. 18. Detail of the west front: raking cornices (photo: author 1971)

Fig. 19. Detail of the west front: iron pin holding the tympanum in place on the horizontal cornice (photo: author 197 1)

Fig. 20. West front: capital of the north imbric column (photo: Turchi 1988)

Fig. 21. West front: capital of the south imbricated column (photo: Turchi 1988)

Fig. 22. West front: leaf-volute capitals to the north (photo: Turchi 1988)

Fig. 23. West front: leaf-volute capitals to the south (photo: Turchi 1988)

Fig. 24. Detail of the west front: architrave's soffit viewed from inside the narthex (photo: author 1973)

Fig. 25. Detail of the west front: soffit panel from the central intercolumniation [N.B.: The architrave's west face is toward the bottom of the photo] (photo: Turchi 1988)

Fig. 26. Detail of the west front: base and foot of shaft from the south imbricated column (photo: I.C.C.D., Rome, 1971)

Fig. 27. Detail of the west front: Lesbian cyma decorating the lower tori of the bases from the two imbricated columns (drawing: author)

Fig. 28. Detail of the west front: podium (photo: Turchi 1988)

Fig. 29. Detail of the west front: doorway in podium (photo: author 1971)

Fig. 30. Detail of the west front: remains of fresco on the jamb and soffit of the podium doorway (photo: author 1971)

Fig. 3 1. Detail of the west front: podium socle (photo: author 1970)

Fig. 32. View of the south flank (photo: I.C.C.D.,Rome, 1971)

Fig. 33. Detail of the south flank: crown of the entry-portico podium (photo: author 1985)

Fig. 34. Detail of the south flank: entablature with "block-console" cornice (photo: author 1985)

Fig. 35. View of the north flank (photo: I.C.C.D., Rome, 1971)

Fig. 36. View of the east gable (photo: I.C.C.D., Rome, 197I )

Fig. 37. Detail of the east gable: entablature (photo: Turchi 1988)

Fig. 38. Detail of the east gable: tympanum (photo: Turchi 1988)

Fig. 39. Detail of the east gable: tympanum and cornices (photo: Turchi 1988)

Fig. 40. Detail of the east gable: entablature (photo: I.C.C.D., Rome, 1971)

Fig. 41. Detail of the east gable: entablature (photo: I.C.C.D., Rome, 1971)

Fig. 42. Detail of the east gable: horizontal and raking cornices (photo: author 1971)

Fig. 43. Detail of the north entry-portico front: architrave and frieze (two fragments) (photo: author 1972)

Fig. 44. Detail of the north entry-portico front: inscription from the frieze (photo: author 1972)

Fig. 45. Detail of the north entry-portico front: fragment of the frieze with an inscription (photo: author 1972)

Fig. 46. Detail of the south entry-portico front: fragment of the architrave and frieze (photo: author 1972)

Fig. 47. Detail of the south entry-portico front: inscription from the frieze (photo: author 1972)

Fig. 48. Detail of the entry-portico fronts: fragment of the horizontal and raking cornices (photo: author 1972)

Fig. 49. Detail of the entry-portico fronts: fragment of the horizontal cornices (photo: author I97 1)

Fig. 50. Detail of the entry-portico fronts: fragment of the horizontal and raking cornices (photo: author 1972)

Fig. 5 1. Detail of the entry-portico fronts: fragment of the horizontal and raking cornices (photo: author 1972)

Fig. 52. Detail of the entry-portico fronts: fragment of the horizontal and raking cornices (photo: author 1972)

Fig. 53. Detail of the north-portico front: two fragments of the tympanum (photo: author 1972) Stolen on 16 April 1980

Fig. 54. Detail of the north entry-portico front: closeup of the tympanum fragments (photo: author 1972)

Fig. 55. Detail of the entry-portico flanks: two fragments of the horizontal cornices (photo: I.C.C.D., Rome, 1971)

Fig. 56. Detail of the entry-portico flanks: fragment of the architrave (photo: author 1972)

Fig. 57. Detail of the entry-portico flanks: fragment of the architrave (photo: author 1972)

Fig. 58. Detail of the frescoes in the basement: lozenge pattern (photo: author 1972)

Fig. 59. Detail of the frescoes in the basement: lozenge pattern in raking light (photo: I.C.C.D., Rome, 1971)

Fig. 60. Detail of the frescoes in the basement: vase pattern in raking light (photo: I.C.C.D., Rome, 1971)

Fig. 61. Detail of the frescoes in the basement: north mandorla pattern (photo: I.C.C.D., Rome, 1971)

Fig. 62. Detail of the frescoes in the basement: north mandorla pattern in raking light (photo: I.C.C.D., Rome, 1971)

Fig. 63. Detail of the frescoes in the basement: south mandorla pattern (photo: I.C.C.D., Rome, 1971)

Fig. 64. View of the rear nave wall (photo: Turchi 1985)

Fig. 65. View of the rear nave wall: apse aedicula and lunette (photo: I.C.C.D., Rome, 1971)

Fig. 66. Detail of the apse aedicula: horizontal cornice (photo: author 1971)

Fig. 67. Detail of the apse aedicula: haunch of the archivolt (photo: author 1971)

Fig. 68. Detail of the apse aedicula: keystone of the archivolt (photo: author 1973)

Fig. 69. Detail of the apse aedicula: soffit of the archivolt (photo: author 1971)

Fig. 70. Detail of the apse aedicula: tympanum at the apex (photo: author 1971)

Fig. 7 1. Detail of the apse aedicula: north tympanum (photo: author 1971)

Fig. 72. Detail of the apse aedicula: south tympanum (photo: author 1971)

Fig. 73. Detail of the reliquary: entablature [N.B.: The colonnettes date to 1857-581 (photo: author 1971)

Fig. 74. Detail of the reliquary: entablature (photo: author 1971)

Fig. 75. Detail of the reliquary: soffit of the architrave (photo: author 1971)

Fig. 77. Detail of the reliquary: slab forming the south side of the box (photo: author 1971)

Fig. 78. Frescoes in the nave: bust of Christ in the apse conch (photo: Turchi 1985)

Fig. 79. Frescoes in the nave: bust of Christ in the apse conch (photo: author 1991)

Fig. 80. Frescoes in the nave: inscription in the apse conch (photo: author 1972)

Fig. 81. Frescoes in the nave: a tracing of the legible letters in the inscription from the apse conch

Fig. 82. Frescoes in the nave: bust of Peter (photo: author 1984)

Fig. 83. Frescoes in the nave: detail of Peter's halo in raking light (photo: author 1971 )

Fig. 84. Frescoes in the nave: detail of Peter's head (photo: author 1984)

Fig. 85. Frescoes in the nave: detail of Peter's he raking light (photo: author 1971)

Fig. 86. Frescoes in the nave: hands of Peter (photo: author 1984)

Fig. 87. Frescoes in the nave: bust of Paul (photo: author 1984)

Fig. 88. Frescoes in the nave: detail of Paul's head (photo: author 1984)

Fig. 89. Frescoes in the nave: detail of Paul's heald in raking light (photo: author 1971)

Fig. 90. Frescoes in the nave: detail of Paul's hand (photo: author 1984)

Fig. 91. Frescoes in the nave: velum in the apse (photo: Turchi 1985)

Fig. 92. Frescoes in the nave: bust of the angel in the north medallion (photo: Turchi 1985)

Fig. 93. Frescoes in the nave: detail of the north angel's head (photo: author 1984)

( ~ 8 6 1~ q 3 m :oioqd) ~ uo!IppauI qinos aqi u! 1aBuv aql jo isnq :aAw aqi u! sao3saq .pg

( ~ 8 6 1~ o y l n e:oloqd) peaq s,[a%uvylnos aql j o pwap :amu a q u! ~ sa0ssa.y 'gj.%!,I

Fig 96. Frescoes in the nave: vine scrolls in the south spandrel above the apse aedicula (photo: author 1991)

Fig. 97. Frescoes in the nave: panel with the palm tree to the north (photo: Turchi 1985)

Fig. 98. Frescoes in the nave: panel with the palm tree to the south (photo: Turchi 1985)

Fig. 99. Fragments of the fnlsa cortina behind the east jamb of the south entry-portico door (photo: author 1971)

Fig. 100. Fragment of the falsa cortina on the nave entry wall (west face) covered by a fragment of painted plaster (photo: author 1972)

Fig. 101. Fragment of the falsa cortina inside the nave in the northwest comer (photo: author 1972)

Fig. 102. Francesco di Giorgio: plan and elevations of the Tempietto del Clitunno (Uffizi, Dis. Arch. 321)

-

i f

I

-

-

-

--

--

- --

.-

-

,J3

TEMPIO.DEL G E N I O DI C L r T V N N O

Fig. 103. Pirro Ligorio: view of the Tempietto del Clitunno from I1 libro delle antichita (Paris, B.N., ms. ital. 1129, fol. 399)

Fig. 104. Pirro Ligorio: view of the Tempietto del Clitunno from I1 libro delle antichita (Paris, B.N., ms. ital. 1129, fol. 400)

Fig. 105. Pirro Ligorio: unfinished longitudinal section of the Tempietto del Clitunno from I1 libro delle antichit&(Paris, B.N., ms. ital. 1129, fol. 401)

Fig. 106. Pirro Ligorio: plan of the basement and view of the entablature of the Tempietto del Clitunno from I1 libro delle antichita (Paris, B.N., ms. ital. 1129, fol. 402)

Fig. 107. Andrea Palladio: longitudinal section and view of the Tempietto del Clitunno (Vicenza, Museo Civico, D. 22)

Fig. 108. Andrea Palladio: plans of the upper and lower stories of the Tempietto del Clitunno from I1 quarto libro dell'architettura, 1570, p. 97

Fig. 109. Andrea Palladio: elevation of the west front of the Tempietto del Clitunno from I1 quarto Iibro dell'architettura, 1570, p. 98

Fig. 110. Andrea Palladio: elevation of the west front of the Tempietto del Clitunno from I1 quarto libro dell 'architettura, 1570, p. 99

Fig. 11 1. Andrea Palladio: elevation of the north flank of the Tempietto del Clitunno from I1 quarto libro dell'architettura, 1570, p. 100

Fig. 112. Andrea Palladio: elevation of the west front of the Tempietto del Clitunno (Photo: The British Architectural Library, R.I.B.A., London, vol. XI, fol. 15)

Fig. 113. Onofrio Panvinio: view of the Tempietto del Clitunno (Vatican, cod. lat. 3439, fol. 44v) (Courtesy of the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana)

Fig. 114. Onofrio Panvinio: plans of the upper and lower stories of the Tempietto del Clitunno (Vatican, cod. lat. 3439, fol. 45v) (Courtesy of the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana)

Fig. 115. Antonio da Sangallo the Younger: views of the Tempietto del Clitunno (Florence, Uffizi, Dis. Arch. 1162r)

Fig. 116. Antonio da Sangallo the Younger: plans of the upper and lower stories of the Tempietto del Clitunno and view of the apse aedicula (Florence, Uffizi, Dis. Arch. 1162v)

Fig. 1 17. Giovanni Battista Piranesi: view of the Tempietto del Clitunno from Alcune vedute, 1748, pl. 26

Fig. 118. Richard Wilson: view of the Tempietto del Clitunno from Ridolfino Venuti, Osservuzione sopru ilfiume Clitunno, 1753, pl. V I

Fig. 1 19. Robert Adam: view of the Tempietto del Clitunno, no. 164 in the "Clerk of Peniciuk Album" (photo: The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland)

Fig. 120. C.-L. ClCrisseau: view of the Tempietto del Clitunno (watercolor) in the collection of the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry VRD, 46.9 x 60.3 cm (photo: Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry)

Fig. 121. Thomas Hardwick: elevation, west front of the Tempietto del Clitunno, R.I.B.A., Library, H 211, fol. 73r (photo: The British Architectural Library, R.I.B.A., London)

Fig. 122. John Soane: elevation, west front of the Tempietto del Clitunno, Victoria and Albert Museum, Box A104, no. 3436.187 (photo: V. & A. Museum, London)

$'

--

Fig. 123. Philipp Hackert: view of the Tempietto del Clitunno from the southwest (etching by B. A. Dunker), British Museum, London, 33.1 x 44.5 cm, dated 1783 (photo: British Museum)

A

- it-..-

!'I

5

Fig. 124. J. M. W. Turner: view of the castle of Pissignano, the Tempietto del Clitunno, and the mill from the north along the Via Flaminia (London, British Museum, Sketchbook No. cLxxvrr, fol. 36v)

Fig. 125. J. M. W. Turner: elevation of the Tempietto del Clitunno, west front; views of the Fonti del Clitunno and S. Giacomo (London, British Museum, Sketchbook No. c~xxvrr,fol. 37)

Fig. 126. J. M. W. Turner: view of the Tempietto del Clitunno, from the mill canal looking south (London, British Museum, Sketchbook No. CLXXVII, fol. 37v)

.

,

-

5

Ilt;, * :j--

.r

-

ir

._

,

L

,

.

.

- 3

, ; -

;,

-

--

!

>

,

L' CL'

..' JI - 3 8

Fig. 127. J. M. W. Turner: two views of the Tempietto del Clitunno from the plain at the west (London, British Museum, Sketchbook No. CLXXVII, fol. 38)

Fig. 128. Survey of the Tempietto dated "Spoleto, 17 September 1857," and signed by the pontifical engineer [name illegible]: plan with the terrace and mill and system of stairways; inset with plan of the basement (Rome, Archivio Centrale dello Stato) (photo: C. Jaggi)

Fig. 129. Survey of the Tempietto dated "Spoleto, 17 September 1857," and signed by the pontifical engineer [name illegible]: west front reconstructed with lateral stairways and stairways rising to the street behind (Rome, Archivio Centrale dello Stato) (photo: C. Jaggi)

'

.

*, CN.

Fig. 130. Bongioannini survey of 1886-87: plan of the Tempietto's upper story (Rome, Archivio Centrale dello Stato) (photo: C. Jaggi)

Fig. 131. Bongioannini survey of 1886-87: plan of the Tempietto's basement (Rome, Archivio Centrale dello Stato) (photo: C. Jaggi)

Fig. 132. Bongioannini survey of 1886-87: elevation of the Tempietto's west front (Rome, Archivio Centrale dello Stato) (photo: C. Jaggi)

t- ',T "

...L

,--.-4 . - ~~---. - ?. .- - .-A

Fig. 133. Bongioannini survey of 1886-87: elevation of the Tempietto's west front reconstructed (Rome, Archivio Centrale dello Stato) (photo: C. Jaggi)

Fig. 134. Bongioannini survey of 1886-87: elevation of the Tempietto's south flank (Rome, Archivio Centrale dello Stato) (photo: C. Jaggi)

Fig. 135. Bongioannini survey of 1886-87: elevation of the Tempietto's south flank reconstructed (Rome, Archivio Centrale dello Stato) (photo: C. Jaggi)

Fig. 136. C. Ciavarri: elevations and plans showing the Tempietto del Clitunno, the mill, and the site, dated 27 November 1887 (Perugia, Soprintendenza per i Beni Ambientali, Architettonici, Artistici e Storici dell'umbria, Archivio Storico)

Fig. 137. G. Sordini: drawing of the tympanum fragment belonging to the Marchese Marignoli in Parrano (Trevi) from a letter of 1 December 1887 (Rome, Archivio Centrale dello Stato) (photo: C. Jaggi)

I'

, .

Fig. 138. G. Sordini: drawings of the two marble fragments belonging to the Marchese Marignoli of Parrano [i.e., figs. 2 and 31 and a drawing of a marble fragment belonging to La Badia di Montecorona, a monastery near Umbertide [fig. 41 from a letter of 1 December 1887 (Rome, Archivio Centrale dello Stato) (photo: C. Jaggi)

Fig. 139. Early twentieth-century photograph of the Tempietto del Clitunno from the mill canal (I.C.C.D., Rome, E.3324)

Fig. 140. Early twentieth-century photograph of the north flank of the Tempietto del Clitunno from the terrace (I.C.C.D., Rome, E.3323)

Fig. 141. Photograph of the Tempietto's west front, c. 1907 (I.C.C.D., Rome, E.1823)

Fig. 142. Photograph of the Tempietto's west front, c. 1907 (I.C.C.D., Rome, E. 1824)

Fig. 143. Photograph of the apse aedicula, c. 1892-19 10 (Scuola d'Arti Grafiche Orfani Impiegati, Spoleto)

Fig. 144. Photograph of the apse aedicula, c. 1911-1 2 (I.C.C.D., Rome, C.5348)

Fig. 145. Photograph of the apse aedicula's pediment and the upper portion of the rear cella wall, c. 1911-12 (I.C.C.D., Rome, C.5349)

Fig. 146. Photograph of the fresco depicting Peter, c. 1911-12 (I.C.C.D., Rome, C.5350)

Fig. 147. Photograph of the fresco depicting Paul, c. 1911-12 (I.C.C.D., Rome, C.5351)

Fig. 148. Photograph showing Christ in the apse conch, after 1931 (Perugia, Soprintendenza per i Beni Ambientali, Architettonici, Artistici e Storici dell'umbria)

a

Fig. 149. Photograph showing Peter in the apse, after 1931 (Perugia, Soprintendenza per i Beni Ambientali, Architettonici, Artistici e Storici dell'umbria)

..

Fig. 150. Photograph showing Paul in the apse, after 1931 (Perugia, Soprintendenza per i Beni Ambientali, Architettonici, Artistici e Storici dell'umbria)

.

'

'

,

Fig. 151. Excavation of Soprintendente Martelli behind the Tempietto (Perugia, Soprintendenza per i Beni Ambientali, Architettonici, Artistici e Storici dell' Umbria)

Fig. 152. View of the rear of the Tempietto from the dry moat built between 1991 and 1995 (photo: author 1995)

Fig. 153. Detail of the nave interior: east portion of the north flank (photo: author 1971)

Fig. 154. Detail of the nave interior: east portion of the south flank (photo: author 1971)

Fig. 155. View of the cella's vault (photo: Monti 1971)

Fig. 157. View in south entry portico: a portion of the Phase One building's southwest corner visible between the entry portico's flank and door jamb (photo: author 1972)

I-.

0

t

* -

.S

I

, I

2

3

4

5

6

I

I

I

I

I

Fig. 158. Sketch elevations showing the Phase One structure at the Clitunno

Fig. 159. View of the south entry portico showing the bonding of the entry portico's entablature with the vestibule's flank (photo: author 1974)

I

Fig. 160. Reconstruction drawing: entablature and pediment of the north entry portico's front

Fig. 161. Sketch showing the north entry portico from the terrace: how it appeared during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and early eighteenth centuries

Fig. 162. Sketch showing the north entry portico from the hillside above: how it appeared during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and early eighteenth centuries

Fig. 163. Sketch showing the: north entry portico from the terrace: how it appeared immediately after Phase Two

Fig. 164. Sketch showing the north entry portico from the hillside above: how it appeared immediately after Phase Two

Fig. 165. Fragment from the portico architraves of the Augustan Forum, Rome (photo: author)

Fig. 166. Arch of Drusus and Germanicus, Spoleto, dating to A.D. 23: pilaster capital from the interior northwest corner of its passageway (photo: author 1988)

Fig. 167. Temple of Mars Ultor, Augustan Forum, Rome: pilaster capital from the cella's interior order (photo: DAI)

Fig. 168. Second Style wall painting from Pompeii, Casa di Obellio Firmo, oecus, left wall; reconstruction by W. Klinkert (photo: DAI, Rome)

Fig. 169. Reconstruction of the scenic aedicular screen crowning the north side of the Great Peristyle, Palazzo delle Colonne, Ptolemais (Lybia) (Gennaro Pesce, I1 "Palazzo delle Colonne" in Tolemaide di Cirenaica, Rome, 1950, pl. x)

Fig. 170. Capital from Hadrian's Villa in Tivoli now in the vestibule of the Vatican Library (photo: author 198 1)

Fig. 17 1. Interior of the Pantheon, Rome, between 118 and 128 (photo: author 1988)

Fig. 172. Interior of the Ninfeo Dorico near the Lago di Albano (Lazio), c. 50 B.C. (etching from Luigi Rossini, Antichitic dei contorni di Roma, Rome, 1826)

Fig. 173. Sestertius of Domitian of A.D. 95-96 (photo: Fototeca Unione presso Accademia Americana, Rome)

Fig. 174. Constantine's shrine in honor of Peter at the Vatican, from the Pola Casket (photo: I.C.C.D., Rome, E.5 1229)

eastern entry to the columns dividing the north aisles

columns along the nave's north flank

1. white granite

2. (fluted)

ma-

I

misch70

bas? lica

marm mlschio

?

?

3. (fluted)

columns dividing the south aisles

columns along the nave's south flank

marm

mischio

(fluted)

I

I

marmo saligno marm

sal~gno

4. red gramte

m a w rnischio

marmo mischio

red granite

5.

cipoll~no

cipollino

red granite

teddish granite

6. reddish gramte 7. marmo saligna

8. marmo saligno 9. ma-

I 1

saligno (fluted)

lo. mamo taligno (fluted)

I

cipollino cipollim ~ipollino c'pO1llnO

crpollino

cipollino

white gramte

white granite

whrte granite

white granite

11. white granrte

reddish granite

redd~shgranite

12. white granite

reddish granite

13. red granite

cipollino

14. red granite

I

I I

(fluted) (fluted) (fluted)

I

(fluted) (fluted)

?

red granite

cipollino cipollino

red gramte

red granite

I

cisllinO c~pollino

opollmo

16. (fluted)

white granite

white granite

wh~tegranite

17.

whlte granite

white granite

white granite

18.

cipollino

cipoll>no

marmo mischio

19.

white granite

red

white granite

white granite

15. red granite

20.

I

aranite

western triumphal arch

I

granite

white gramte

Fig. 175. Colors of the shafts in the naveand aisle-colonades from Constantine's funerary basilica at the Vatican (after Renaissance surveys)

Fig. 176. Lateran Baptistery, Rome: narthex facade. Between 432 and 440 (photo: author 1991)

Fig. 177. S. Maria in Valle, Cividale del Friuli: interior. Presbytery facade. Lombard architecture of the mid-eighth century? Frankish architecture of the early ninth century? (photo: Istituto di Norvegia in Roma)

Fig. 178. Baptistery of S. Giovanni, Florence: interior. Between 1036 and 1059 (photo: Alinari)

Fig. 179. Baptistery of S. Giovanni, Florence: order in the second story inside (photo: Alinari)

Fig. 180. S. Miniato a1 Monte, Florence: west facade (photo: Alinari)

Fig. 181. S. Miniato a1 Monte, Florence: central bay of the1 facade's second story (photo: Alinari)

Fig. 182. Crown of the stele of Gorgion from Eretria (Euboea) reflecting Athenian models of the late fifth century B.C. (photo: author, from K. Kourouniotou, "Eretrikai epigraphai," Ephemeris archaiologike, ser. 3, 1911, fig. 33)

Fig. 183. Crown of the stele of Sosimenes (Piraeus, Museum), Athenian tombstone of the late fifth century B.C. (photo: author, from H. Mobius, Die Ornamente dc Griechischen Grabstelen, Munich, 1968, pl. 13b)

Fig. 184. Gable of sarcophagus from Sidon (Istanbul, Archaeological Museum), last third of the fourth century B.C. (photo: author 1970)

Fig. 185. Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome, vine-scoll panel from the east front (beneath the "Tellus" relief), 13-9 B.C. (photo: author 1984)

Fig. 186. Entablature fragment from Pergamon, first century B.c., now in Berlin, Staatliche Museen (photo: Staatliche Museen)

Fig. 187. Column base from the Temple of Apollo at Didyma, east front, outer peristyle, third base from the south, first century A.D., now in Paris, Louvre (photo: Louvre)

Fig. " 188. Detail of the column base in Figure 187 (photo: Louvre)

Fig. 189. Narthex of the Lateran Baptistery, Rome: mosaic in the east apse. [N.B.: vine scrolls rise from an acanthus calyx at bottom center hidden by Modem sculpture.] Between 432 and 440 (photo: Alinari)

Fig. 190. Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem (A.D. 69 11692): mosaic panel from the southwest pier of the inner arcade (from Creswell, Early Muslim Architecture, I , 1932, pl. 36a)

Fig. 19 1. Room Over the Ramp, Patriarchal Palace, Constantinople: vault mosaic between 565 and 577 (photo: D.O. SI-M- 1.4[56])

Fig. 192. S. Clemente, Rome: apse mosaic, 1128 (photo: Monti 1992)

Fig. 195. S. Maria in Pensole, Narni: facade, central portal, 1175 (photo: author 1988)

Fig. 196. Alcove of the Patriarchal Palace, Constantinople: vault mosaic, looking west. Between 565 and 577 (photo: D.O. SI-M-6.2 [54])

Fig. 197. Christian tomb with pyramidal tower at El Bara in northern Syria, probably fifth century (M. de Vogiie, Syrie centrale, architecture civile et religieuse du Ier au VIIe sidcle, Paris, 1865-77, pl. 75)

Fig. 198. Hagia Sophia, Constantinople: cushion frieze and spandrels of lowerstory arcade, northeast exedra. Between 532 and 537 (photo: Mathews 16035)

Fig. 199. Hagia Sophia, Constantinople: marble intarsia in the spandrels of the upper-story arcade, northeast exedra. Between 532 and 537 (photo: Mathews 16049)

Fig. 200. Hagia Sophia, Constantinople: impost capital from the south gallery. Between 532 and 537 (photo: Mathews 4742)

Fig. 201. Central octagon, S. Vitale, Ravenna: floor mosaic, panel 4, restored state, mid-sixth century (photo: DAI 57.1894) Fig 202. Presbytery vault, S. Vitale, Ravenna: mosaic, mid-sixth century (photo: DAI 66.2684)

Fig. 203. S. Vitale, Ravenna: stucco relief in the central soffit of the arcade in the north passageway between the narthex and sanctuary, mid-sixth century (photo: DAI 57.1886)

Fig. 204. S. Gregorio Maggiore, Spoleto: marble plaque reused as a lintel for the left portal, eighth or ninth century (photo: author 1988)

Fig. 205. Tympanum fragment in Cividale, Museo Cristiano del Duomo, ninth century (photo: DAI, ROM L38.415)

Fig. 206. S. Sabina, Rome: plaque from the cancelli in the chancel built by Pope Eugenius I1 (824-827) (photo: Monti 1992)

Fig. 207. Pantheon, Rome, c. A.D. 118-c. 128: detail of the entablature of the exterior north front with inscription (photo: author 1988)

Fig. 208. Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, Rome, dedicated in A.D. 141 and 161: detail of the entablature from the main front with its inscription (photo: DAI 67.153)

Fig. 209. Fragmentary marble tablet from a Middle Augustan arch linked with the Portico of Gaius and Lucius on the Roman Forum (photo: DAI 66.161)

Fig. 210. S. Sabina, Rome: mosaic panel with inscription, interior, nave entry wall, A.D. 422440 (photo: author 1991)

Fig. 21 1. Duomo, Foligno: detail of the Romanesque facade and a portion of its inscription with the date 1133 and the names of two patrons, the Bishop Marco and the VIR MAGNVS LOTHOMVS ACT0 CHOMARCHVS (i.e., "the great man, the stone cutter, Atto, chief among the counts) (photo: author 1988)

Fig. 212. Simulated curtain dado from a chapel in the ex-convent of Torba near Castelseprio, c. A.D. 800? (photo: Osborne 1990)

Fig. 213. Icon of Peter from the Monastery of St. Catherine at Mount Sinai (reproduced through the courtesy of the Michigan-Princeton-Alexandria Expedition to Mount Sinai)

Fig. 214. Icon of Christ (Pre-Iconoclastic Portrait-Type) from the Monastery of St. Catherine at Mount Sinai (reproduced through the courtesy of the Michigan-Princeton-Alexandria Expedition to Mount Sinai)

A. Obverse

--

Fig. 2 15. Solidus of Justinian 11's first reign (685-95) (Courtesy of The Byzantine Collection O 1992 Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees of Harvard University)

Reverse

Fig. 216. Chapel of S. Venanzio, Lateran Baptistery complex, Rome: apse mosaic, A.D. 640-649 (photo: Monti 1992)

Fig. 217. Chapel of S. Zeno at S. Prassede, Rome: icon of Christ (Pre-Iconoclastic Portrait-Type) in mosaic at the center of the chapel's vault, A.D. 817-824 (photo: author 1995)

Fig. 218. S. Maria foris portas, Castelseprio (near Varese), frescoes in the east apse painted sometime between the last quarter of the eighth century and the second quarter of the tenth: icon of Christ (Pre-Iconoclastic Portrait-Type) (negative 02151L reproduced by permission of the Ministero per i Beni Culturali ed Ambientali, Soprintendenza per i Beni Artistici e Storici di Milano)