The Routledge Atlas of British History [5 ed.] 9780415608756, 0415608759

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THE ROUTLEDGE ATLAS OF BRITISH HISTORY

The evolving story of the British Isles forms the central theme of this fascinating and compelling atlas, which covers England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales - and the expansion and gradual disintegration of Britain's overseas empire. This new edition includes: •

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Politics - from the Saxon kingdoms and the collapse of England's French Empire to the Tudors and Stuarts, the English Civil War, the Restoration, Parliamentary Reform, the Commonwealth and Europe, the European Union and the Coalition Government formed in 2010 War and conflict - from Viking attacks and the Norman Invasion to the Armada, two World Wars and the end of empire, the Falklands War, the Gulf War, British forces overseas, terror at home and the recent armed conflicts in Kosovo, Sierra Leone, Iraq and Afghanistan Trade and industry - from the post-Norman economy and Tudor trade to industrial unrest and the opening of international trade routes, imports and exports, arms sales and British humanitarian aid overseas today Religion - from the Saxon Church to the Reformation and the multi-cultural Britain of modern times Society and economics - from civilian life in Roman Britain to the Industrial and Agricultural revolutions, the General Strike and the growth of universities, unemployment, homelessness, charitable activities and government expenditure, nuclear power, energy and eco-towns and the 2012 London Olympic Games Immigration - the growth of immigrant communities, the wide range of countries from which immigrants came, citizenship applications and citizenship granted in the first decade of the twenty-first century.

Sir Martin Gilbert is Winston Churchill's official biographer, and one of Britain's leading historians, having written eighty-two books in total. He is an Honorary Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and a Distinguished Fellow of Hillsdale College, Michigan. He has most recently served on the Iraq Inquiry set up by the British Government. For more information, please visit www.martingilbert.com.

BOOKS BY MARTIN GILBERT The Routledge Atlas of American History The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict The Routledge Atlas of British History The Routledge Atlas of the First World War The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust

The Routledge Historical Atlas of Jerusalem The Routledge Atlas of Jewish History The Routledge Atlas of Russian History The Routledge Atlas of the Second World War

The Appeasers (with Richard Gott) The European Powers, 1900-1945 The Roots of Appeasement Children's Illustrated Bible Atlas Atlas of British Charities The Holocaust: Maps and Photographs The Jews of Arab Lands: Their History in Maps The Jews of Russia: Their History in Maps Sir Horace Rumbold: Portrait of a Diplomat Jerusalem: Rebirth of a City Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century Exile and Return: The Struggle for Jewish Statehood Israel: A History The Story of Israel Auschwitz and the Allies The Jews of Hope: The Plight of Soviet Jewry Today Shcharansky: Hero of Our Time The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction The Boys: Triumph over Adversity The First World War Somme: The Heroism and Horror of War

The Second World War D-Day The Day the War Ended Empires in Conflict: A History of the Twentieth Century, 1900-1933 Descent into Barbarism: A History of the Twentieth Century, 1934-1951 Challenge to Civilization: A History of the Twentieth Century, 1952-1999 Never Again: A History of the Holocaust The Jews in the Twentieth Century: An Illustrated History Letters to Auntie Fori: The 5,000-Year History of the Jewish People and Their Faith The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust In Search of Churchill Churchill and America Churchill and the Jews The Will of the People: Churchill and Parliamentary Democracy In Ishmael's House: The 1,400-Year History of Jews under Muslim Rule

THE CHURCHILL BIOGRAPHY Volume III: The Challenge of War, 1914-1916 Document Volume III (in two parts) Volume IV: World in Torment, 1917-1922 Document Volume IV (in three parts) Volume V: The Coming of War, 1922-1939 Document Volume V: The Exchequer Years, 1922-1929 Document Volume V: The Wilderness Years, 1929-1935 Document Volume V: The Coming of War, 1936-1939

Volume VI: Finest Hour, 1939-1941 Churchill War Papers I: At the Admiralty, September 1939-May 1940 Churchill War Papers II: Never Surrender, May-December 1940 Churchill War Papers III: The EverWidening War, 1941 Volume VII: Road to Victory, 1941-1945 Volume VIII: Never Despair, 1945-1965 Churchill: A Photographic Portrait Churchill: A Life

EDITIONS OF DOCUMENTS Britain and Germany between the Wars Plough My Own Furrow: The Life of Lord Allen of Hurtwood

Servant of India: Diaries of the Viceroy's Private Secretary, 1905-1910 Winston Churchill and Emery Reves: Correspondence 1937-1964

THE ROUTLEDGE ATLAS OF

BRITISH HISTORY 5th Edition

Martin Gilbert

~l Routledge ~~

Taylor & Francis Group

LONDON AND NEW YORK

Fifth edition published 2011 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2011 Martin Gilbert The right of Martin Gilbert to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published as British History Atlas by Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1968 Fourth edition published by Routledge 2007 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Gilbert, Martin. The Routledge atlas of British history. -5th ed. p. cm. 1. Great Britain-Historical geography-Maps. I. Title. G1811.S2.G52011 911'.41-dc22 2010051164 ISBN: 978-0-415-60875-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-415-60876-3 (pbk) Typeset in Sabon by RefineCatch Ltd, Bungay, Suffolk

Preface

The maps in this atlas are intended to provide a visual introduction to British history. I have used the word 'British' in its widest sense, including when relevant England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales, the changing overseas empire, the wars and treaties in which Britain engaged, the alliances in time of peace, the growth of industry and trade, and, on five of the maps, famine and plague. The story of the British Isles forms the central theme. I have included maps to illustrate economic, social and political problems as well as territorial and military ones. I hope this atlas will help to show that there is more to British history than Hastings and Crecy, Blenheim and Waterloo, Passchendaele and Dunkirk, all of which moments of glory I have tried to put in their wider, and no less important, contexts. For the maps covering the period before the Norman Conquest, the sources are often conflicting on specific details. I have therefore drawn these maps on the basis of probability. In many instances precise knowledge of early frontiers is lacking. I have tried nevertheless to give a clear if also, of necessity, an approximate picture. As British history advances from wattle huts to timber mansions, and thence on to steel and concrete, so too do the number and variety of facts available to the historian. This is reflected in the maps themselves. I have tried to avoid too complex or too cluttered a page; but a map cannot always satisfy all the demands made upon it, and only the reader can judge where clarity of design and sufficiency of information have been successfully combined. I am under an obligation of gratitude to those historians and colleagues who kindly scrutinised my draft maps at an early stage, and who made many suggestions for their scope and improvement; in particular Dr J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, Dr Roger Highfield, Mr Ralph Davies, Mr T. F. R. G. Braun, Dr C. C. Davies and Miss Barbara Malament. When the maps were more completed, they were checked by Mr Adrian Scheps, Mr Edmund Ranallo, Mrs Elizabeth Goold, Mr Tony Lawdham and Mrs Jean Kelly, to all of whom my thanks are due. Twenty-five years have passed since the first edition of this atlas. Within a year of its publication, violence in Northern Ireland re-emerged at the centre of the political stage: I have drawn three new maps to reflect this. The evolution of the European Community has led to growing British participation in Europe, culminating in the Maastricht Treaty of February 1992 and the Edinburgh Summit of December 1992, both of which are a part of the new maps. The Falkland Islands and Persian Gulf wars are included, as are the natural and man-made disasters of the past forty years. Also mapped are many of the problems and challenges of the 1990s, among them asylum, charity, homelessness, unemployment, trade, education, religious diversity, and ethnic minorities. Britain's oil and gas resources are a new feature, as is the most recent phase of the reduction of British overseas possessions, her dwindling military and naval commitments world wide, and her new overseas responsibilities. The first 118 maps were produced for this atlas by Arthur Banks and his team of cartographers, including Terry Bicknell. The new maps in this edition were produced by Tim Aspden and Robert Bradbrook; I have been helped considerably in the task of compiling them by Abe Eisenstat and Kay Thomson. For their help in providing material for this volume, I would also like to thank the Information Officer, Private Secretary's Office, Buckingham Palace; the Board of Deputies of British Jews, Central Information Desk; the Building Societies Association Press Office; the Lesotho High Commission; the Race Relations Commission; the Refugee Arrivals Project, London Airport; and the Royal Ulster Constabulary Press Office, Belfast. 24 June 1993

MARTIN GILBERT

Merton College, Oxford

Note to the Fifth Edition Thirty-three years have passed since the first edition of this atlas, and four years since the last (fourth) edition. When the first edition appeared, it took the story up to 1967. Ninety-five maps trace the British story from 1967 to 2010. The most recent maps cover Britain's military involvement in I(osovo, Sierra Leone, Afghanistan and Iraq, as well the conflict in Northern Ireland since 1967, from violence to settlement. The evolution of political powers to Scotland and Wales, the growth of nuclear power, and the spread of wind farms both off-shore and on-shore are all features of this new edition, as are immigrations and eco-towns. The General Election of 2010, the 2010 budget and the Coalition Government's expenditure cuts each have a map, as do the sites for the 2012 London Olympics both in London and outside it. 25 October 2010 MARTIN GILBERT London

Maps 1 The Celts in Britain by 50 BC 2 The Roman Conquest 54 Bc-l00 AD 3 Roman Military Government 100 AD-400 AD 4 Civilian Life in Roman Britain 5 The Pattern of Roman Settlement in Southern England 6 The Decline of Roman Britain 367 AD-517 AD 7 Early Saxon Settlement 500-626 8 Saxon Kingdoms and Bretwaldaships 630-829 9 The Church 700-850 10 Viking Expansion in Europe 700-941 11 The Norse and Danish Invasions 793-876 12 The English Resurgence 876-920 13 The English Resurgence 920-973 14 The Danish Empire 1000-1034 15 Bishoprics and Monasteries 1000-1066 16 Harold's Defeat 1066 17 The Norman Conquest 1066-1072 18 England under the Normans 1066-1100 19 Norman Rule 1066-1087 20 The Norman Conquest of Wales 1068-1200 21 Ireland 1150 22 Anglo-France 1189 23 The Church 1100-1300 24 Stephen and Matilda 1135-1148 25 England 1200-1300 26 The Economy 1200-1300 27 London 1200-1400 28 Scotland 1295-1402 29 The Hundred Years' War 1259-1368 30 The Conquest of Wales 1277-1295 31 England 1300-1400 32 The Black Death 1333-1369 33 The Peasants' Revolt 1381 34 England 1400-1500

35 Owen Glendower's Revolt 1400-1405 36 The Defeat of Owen Glendower 1405-1412 37 The Collapse of English Rule in France 1429-1453 38 The Wars of the Roses: Territorial Divisions 1450 39 The Wars of the Roses: Castles and Battles 1450-1485 40 English Trading Companies 1467-1696 41 Wales 1500-1535 42 Ireland 1500-1558 43 The Pattern of Monastic Property 1500-1530 44 The English Reformation 1531-1571 45 Scotland 1500-1603 46 England 1500-1600 47 Drake and Spain 1577-1585 48 Leicester's Intervention in the Netherlands 1585-1587 49 The Armada 1588 50 Ireland 1553-1603 51 Ireland 1603-1625 52 The Caribbean 1562-1717 53 The Origins of English Settlement in Virginia 1607-1700 54 The Origins of English Settlement in New England 1620-1700 55 The New World 1642-1713 56 The Civil War 1642-1643 57 The Civil War 1644-1646 58 Cromwell's Wars and Diplomacy 1649-1660 59 The Atlantic Ocean 1660 60 The Indian Ocean 1660 61 The Three Dutch Wars 62 Monmouth's Rebellion 1685 63 The Glorious Revolution 1688 64 Ireland 1649-1651 65 Ireland 1689-1691 66 The Jacobite Rising 1715

67 The Jacobite Rising 1745 68 The War of the Spanish Succession 1702-1713 69 The Peace of Utrecht 1713 70 The British Conquest of Canada 1758-1760 71 The British Empire 1763 72 The European Powers in India 1510-1775 73 The Revolt of the American Colonies 1774-1783 74 Agriculture 1700-1800 75 Industry 1715-1815 76 Transport 1760-1830 77 British Expansion in India 1775-1858 78 The War against France 1793-1802 79 The War against Napoleon 1805-1812 80 The Peninsular War 1808-1814 81 The Defeat of Napoleon 1812-1815 82 The War against the United States 1812-1815 83 The British Empire 1820 84 Parliamentary Representation before 1832 85 Parliamentary Reform 1832 86 Ireland 1789-1861 87 Ireland 1880-1882 88 Labour Movements 1819-1910 89 Famine and Plague in India 1866-1919 90 Railways 1825-1914 91 Britain in the Far East 1788-1914 92 Britain and China 1840-1945 93 Britain and France in Africa 1876-1904 94 The Boer War 1899-1902 95 The Indian Empire in 1901 96 Britain and Russia in Central Asia 1870-1907 97 Strikes and Riots 1910-1912 98 Ireland 1914-1922 99 British Diplomacy 1904-1914 100 The First World War 1914-1918 101 The Western Front 1914-1918 102 Industrial Unrest 1920-1939 103 The British Empire 1920 104 Britain and the Middle East 1919-1967

105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143

Violence in India 1919-1947 Britain and Abyssinia 1935 Britain and Czechoslovakia 1938 British Diplomacy 1939 The German Threat to Britain 1939-1941 The Defeat of Germany 1942-1945 Britain and Japan at War 1941-1945 Britain and Europe 1945-1965 Britain in Africa 1947-1968 University Foundations 1264-1967 Britain 1945-1966 The British Commonwealth 1967 Colonies and Bases 1967 The Western Pacific since 1945 Disasters, 1952-1992 The Queen and the Commonwealth, 1953-1992 Old Enemies, New Nations: State Visits, 1955-1992 Britain and Europe, 1957-1993 Northern Ireland, 1969-1993 Terrorism on the British Mainland, 1972-1992 Terrorism in London, 1973-1992 North Sea Gas and Oil since 1967 Britain and the Pacific Ocean, 1968-1980 Asylum, 1985-1992 Ethnic Minorities, 1991 The Falkland Islands War, 1982 Britain, the Gulf War and its Aftermath, 1990-1993 Homelessness, 1977-1993 Homes for the Homeless, 1992-1993 Private Charity and Public Welfare, 1992 New Universities, 1992-1993 Britain's Principal Trading Partners, 1989 British Overseas Dependent Territories, 1993 The Royal Navy in 1992 British Forces Overseas, 1992-1993 Towards a Single European Market, October-December 1992 A Prime Minister's Journeys, 1990-1993 The Long-Term Unemployed, 1993 Muslims, Sikhs, Hindus, Jews and Buddhists, 1993

144 Public Spending 1993-1994 145 Government Expenditure, 19992000 146 British Visitors Overseas, 2000: Europe 147 British Visitors Overseas, 2000: Beyond Europe 148 Visitors to Britain, 2000: From Europe 149 Visitors to Britain, 2000: Beyond Europe 150 United Kingdom Overseas Territories, 2002 151 British Armed Forces Overseas, 2002 152 Worldwide Citizens Obtaining Permission to Stay in Britain, 1997-2000 153 Non-European Union Citizens in Europe Given Permission to Stay in Britain, 2000 154 British Humanitarian Aid Overseas, 2000-2001 155 British Arms Exports to Countries with Internal Conflicts: 2001 156 Writers in Prison, Championed by English PEN 157 Britain's Muslims, 2002 158 United Kingdom Exports, Global, 2003 159 United Kingdom Exports, Europe, 2003 160 United Kingdom Imports, Global, 2003 161 United Kingdom Imports, Europe, 2003 162 The Defence Export Services Organisation (DESO) 163 Principal British Arms Sales Overseas, 2004 164 United Kingdom Citizenship Applications Granted, 2004: Europe 165 United Kingdom Citizenship Applications Granted, 2004: Asia 166 United Kingdom Citizenship Applications Granted, 2004: Africa 167 United Kingdom Citizenship Applications Granted, 2004: The Americas 168 The London Suicide Bombers, 7 July 2005

169 The London Suicide Bombers, 7 July 2005: Outside London 170 United Kingdom Citizenship Granted in 2005 171 Global Imports: Fresh Fruit and Vegetables on Sale in London, 2006 172 Government Expenditure, 2005-2006 173 Home Towns of British Soldiers Killed in Iraq, 2003-2009 174 National Parks, the National Forest and the National Memorial Arboretum, 1949-2010 175 Britain's Nuclear Power Stations, 1956-2010 176 Britain and Diego Garcia, 1964-2010 177 Northern Ireland: The Troubles, 1968-1998 178 Northern Ireland: From Civil War to Civil Society, 1998-2007 179 Northern Ireland: Agreements and the Renewed Troubles, 2007-2010 180 Scottish Devolution, 1997-1999 181 Welsh Devolution, 1997-2007 182 British Participation in the NATO Kosovo Campaign, 1999 183 British Emergency Aid to Ethnic Albanian Refugees from Kosovo, 1999 184 British Military Intervention in Sierra Leone,2000 185 British Civilian Victims of Terror Attacks, 2001-2008 186 Seventy-Four Prime Ministerial Journeys, July 2007-March 2010 187 British Humanitarian Aid Overseas, 2008-2010 188 British Airports and their Passengers, 2008 189 The National Gardens Scheme: Gardens Open for Charity 190 United I(ingdom-Funded Projects in Southern Iraq, 2008-2009 191 Britons Being Held Abroad in Prison and Detention, March 2009 192 Foreign-Born Population of the United I(ingdom, 2009: Countries of Origin, Numbers between 647,000 and 25,000 193 Foreign-Born Population of the United I(ingdom, 2009: Countries of Origin, Numbers between 24,000 and 3,000

194 Home Towns of British Soldiers Killed in Afghanistan, 2009 195 Home Towns of British Soldiers Killed in Afghanistan, 1 January 201031 December 2010 196 Places in Afghanistan where British Soldiers were killed, 1 January 20091 August 2010 197 Writers in Prison, Championed by English PEN, 2010 198 British Service Personnel Killed in Action, 1945-2011 199 British Forces Overseas, 2010 200 Previous Nationality of Immigrants Granted British Citizenship in 2009: Europe, Turkey and the Caucasus 201 Previous Nationality of Immigrants Granted British Citizenship in 2009: Asia and Oceania 202 Previous Nationality of Immigrants Granted British Citizenship in 2009: The Americas

203 Previous Nationality of Immigrants Granted British Citizenship in 2009: Africa 204 Off-Shore Wind Farms, 1991-2010 205 On-Shore Wind Farms, 2010: England 206 On-Shore Wind Farms, 2010: Scotland 207 On-Shore Wind Farms, 2010: Wales 208 On-Shore Wind Farms, 2010: Northern Ireland 209 Eco-Towns in Prospect, and in Jeopardy, 2010 210 First World War Sites and Museums in Britain, 2010 211 The British General Election of 6 May 2010 212 Proposed Government Expenditure and Receipts, 22 June 2010 213 Government Expenditure Cuts, 20 October 2010 214 The London Olympic Games, 2012: Sites in and outside London

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by bombs in two public houses (and 162 injured)

21 November 1974, ~ killed

3 December 1992, sixty people injured and city centre dislocated by two small bombs

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British soldier serving in Germany, shot dead in his car on his way to catch a ferry home

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July 1974 o17 killed, 41 injured by bomb

On 5 December 1992 Scotland Yard confirmed that random stop-andsearch policy was being used in London, and that armed road blocks had been set up nearly twenty times in the previous two weeks in an attempt to intercept or deter IRA van

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_ Stock ( Exchange 20 July 1990 bomb causes

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This map shows the most serious incidents of IRA bombing in London, in which twenty-seven people were killed between 1973 and 1992

ITERRORISM IN LONDON, 1973-19921 8 March 1973 ~rson a caretaker, t4U4illlOItiti't killed in a bomb blast at the Central Criminal Court i

-The Sussex

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public house

12 October 1992 obomb killed when explodes in

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16 December 1992 4 Christmas shoppers injured, and thousands evacuated, when two bombs explode

disposal expert, killed by a bomb

20 July 1982 Two bombs kill ill soldiers, four in an armv band

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23 October 1975 bomb placed under car of Hugh Fraser MP kills leading cancer s ecialist

26 October 1981

134;Ufljlij:t.iQ6iUn a bomb

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In addition to 2,400 people granted asylum in 1990, more than 28,000 individuals were permitted to immigrate to Britain

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On 4 March 1992 a Sudanese man who fled from racist attacks in Germany was granted political asylum in Britain on the grounds of a "well-founded fear of persecution in Germani'

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The only country in the Americas from which refugees were granted asylum to Britain between 1985 and 1992 was Colombia: E;I] admitted

Among groups helping refugees are, nationally, the United Kingdom Refugee Council, and, locally, groups such as the Newham Monitoring Project (London), the Southall Monitoring Group (London),and the Sheffield Somali Refugees Trust

Britain is a signatory of the 1951 United Nations Convention on Refugees, under which asylum should be granted to any refugee "with a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion"

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The census of 1991 showed that Britain1s ethnic minorities had risen above three million, making up 5.5% of the total population of 55 million

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Nearly 45% of the ethnic population of Britain lives in Greater London (the home of 10.3% of the country's white population). This map shows the main ethnic communities in the London region, their countries of origin, and their percentage of the local population. The other main concentration of ethnic minorities is in the West Midlands

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MAIN ETHNIC MINORITIES Indian 840,000 Caribbean 499,000 Pakistani 475,000 Black African 270,000 Bangladeshi 160,000 Chinese 157,500

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THE FALKLAND ISLANDS WAR, 1982 "Our men did not risk their lives for a UN Trusteeship. They risked their lives for the British way of life, to _. defend British sovereignty. I do not intend to negotiate on the sovereignty of the Islands in any way except for the people who live here. That is my firm belief. These islands belong to us." Margaret Thatcher, 15 June 1982 Washington

UNITED STATES

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On 2 April 1982 more than 4,000 Argentine troops seized control of the Falkland Islands, a British Dependency since 1833. with a population of just over 2,000. The British garrison consisted of 80 Royal Marines. The South Georgia and South Sandwich Isl~nds Dependencies were also seized. A British naval task force left Portsmouth for the South Atlantic on April 5. It was joined by other warships at Gibraltar. On April 8, 3,000 troops left Southampton by ship. On April 14 it was announced that the United States was giving - Britain valuable Intelligence information. On April 14 it was also announced that a further 8,000 Argentine troops were sent to the islands On 25 April 1982 British forces re-took South Georgia after a two-hour battle. On May 2 a British submarine sunk the Argentine cruiser General Belgrano (formerly the USS Phoenix, and a survivor of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour in 1941). 200 Argentine sailors were killed. On May 4 an Argentine fighter-bomber sank the British cruiser ·Sheffield. 20 British sailors were killed. British troops landed on the Falkland Islands on May 21. The Argentine forces on the island surrendered on June 14 \..-

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The Royal Fleet Auxiliary Service ships (RFA) consisted of eleven tankers, five landing ships, one repair ship, four support ships, eleven training ships, six survey ships, and one hospital ship (for 200 patients), the Royal Yacht Britannia

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Despite drastic reductions in the size of the British Army (from 250,000 in 1960 to 140,000 in 1992), British forces continued to have defensive and active parts to play worldwide. This map shows the numbers stationed around the world in August 1992, and their tasks. A furthe~~~020 ~~s were st~~ioned in Britain

IBRITISH FORCES OVERSEAS, 1992-19931

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Between 1997 and 2000 more than 15,000 people from European countries not in the European Union ",- '1_...... (. were permitted to enter Britain as immigrants. L~A~1 Less than 900 were refused permission. This map ._._._._.".~)... shows the numbers accepted, and the numbers !' \.,.... :-) -'"";""'~ refused during that four-year period. LITHUANIA ( \.1.-)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - '

NON-EUROPEAN UNION CITIZENS IN EUROPE GIVEN PERMISSION TO STAY IN BRITAIN, 2000

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International PEN was founded in London in 1921. Its Writers in Prison Committee campaigns on behalf of writers worldwide who are imprisoned and persecuted because of their writings. This map shows English PEN Honorary Members who were in prison at the beginning of 2002, and on whose behalf members of PEN, known as 'minders', were active

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LARGEST RELIGOUS AFFILIATIONS: (as of 2002) Christians: Muslims: Sikhs: Hindus: Jews: Buddhists:

39,000,000 1,300,000 600,000 400,000 300,000 25,000

MAIN COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN OF BRITAIN'S MUSLIMS: Pakistan (700,000) Bangladesh (300,000) India, including Kashmir (240,000) SMALLER GROUPS: Malaysia Nigeria Somalia Turkey Saudi Arabia Cyprus Gulf States Caribbean North Africa

This map shows the main urban areas of Muslim residence in Britain, with the percentage of the total population.

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This map shows the number of United Kingdom citizenship applications that were granted in 2004 for immigrants from the Americas. The total for the Americas was 12,115 © Sir Martin Gilbert 2006

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• Homes of twenty-five of the victims of the London bombings

• Location of the four suicide bombs, with the numbers killed at each location

'It is important that those engaged in terrorism realise that our determination to defend our values and our way of life is greater than their determination to cause death and destruction to innocent people in a desire to impose extremism on the world.' Tony Blair, 7 July 2006

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Four suicide bombers, inspired by al-Quaeda, and claiming to act in the name of Islam, blew themselves up in London on 7 July 2005, killing fifty-two people travelling by tube and bus, and injuring seven hundred. The dead were a cross-section of Londoners, including Christians, Muslims, Hindus and Jews. Anthony Fatayi-Williams, aged 26, was the son of a Nigerian Catholic married to a Muslim. Ihab Silane (24), a Muslim, was about to return to his native France to start a masters degree. The father of Laura Webb (29) had survived the London Blitz. Marie Hartley (34), after texting several friends that she had avoided the tube bombings, had boarded the doomed bus

ITHE LONDON SUICIDE BOMBERS, 7 JULY 20051

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arrived in Britain during the previous decade from Afghanistan, France, Grenada, Israel, Italy, New Zealand, Poland and Turkey; and others born in Iran, Sri Lanka and Vietnam

LEEDS On 22 July 2005 police hunting terrorist bombers in London shot dead in error a Brazilian living in London, Jean Charles de Menezes

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In the New Year's Honours List, announced on 31 December 2005, honours were given to tube workers, medics and police who had tried to help the victims. Among them were John Boyle, an off-duty tube driver, who after fighting his way through suffocating smoke to reach the platform, had carried the injured on his back at Aldgate station; Glenn McMunn, a British Transport Police inspector, who forced his way into the front carriage at Russell Square and saved several dozen lives; and Police Constable Deborah Russell-Fenwick, who tore through the burning wreckage of the bus in Tavistock Square with her bare hands to pull out su rvivors, some of whom were trapped beneath the dead

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"There are half a million vacancies in our job market, and our strong and growing economy needs migration to fill these vacancies."

In a speech to the Confederation of British Industries (CBI) on 27 April 2004, the Prime Minister, Tony Blair, made four main points:

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"British citizenship should be recognised and celebrated as a crucial stage in integration into British life." L1AM BYRNE, IMMIGRATION MINISTER, 2006

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In 2005 a record 161,000 immigrants received British passports. This was in addition to the 750,000 granted citizenship in the previous eight years. Half of the new citizens of 2005 had been in Britain for at least five years. This map shows the top twenty nationalities granted British citizenship in 2005

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"The power of the English garden to inspire and refresh the human spirit is both remarkable and timeless .... In 2009, it seems our appetite for beauty and tranquillity, which gardens offer, remains as strong as ever." Prince Charles, 2009

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© Martin Gilbert 2010

From 2003 to 2009, the United Kingdom was responsible for the four southern provinces of Iraq, which, starting in 2006, it transferred to Provisional Iraqi Control (PIC). This map shows some of the 150 United Kingdom-funded projects that had been completed, or were in the process of completion, at the time of the visit of the British Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, to Iraq, on 17 December 2008. British troops withdrew from Iraq in July 2009.

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Britain has been a country of immigration for many centuries, accepting newcomers fleeing from persecution, and those seeking new opportunities. This map shows the 54 countries of origin of those living in Britain in 2009 who number more than 25,000. The facing map shows the 56 countries of origin of those living in Britain in 2009 who number between 24,000 and 3,000.

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The first British soldier to be killed in Afghanistan in 2009 (on 1 January) was Sergeant Chris Reed, aged 25, from Plymouth. A Territorial, and an Army volunteer since 2001, "Reedy" was killed by an Improvised Explosive Device (lED) at Garmsir. He built luxury yachts for a living, and had planned to marry his fiancee, Heather, on his return to England. © Martin Gilbert 2010

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The first British soldier to be killed in Afghanistan in 2010 (on 3 January) was 19 -year-old Private Robert Hayes, from Cambridge, who had played rugby for Newmarket, and who won his battalion boxing championships at his first attempt in 2009. Deployed to Afghanistan in November 2009, he was killed by an Improvised Explosive Device (lED) at Nad-e Ali.

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International PEN was founded in London in 1921. Its Writers in Prison Committee campaigns on behalf of writers worldwide who are imprisoned and persecuted because of their writings. This map shows English PEN Honorary Members who were in prison as of 1 September 2010, and on whose behalf members of PEN, known as "minders", were active.

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In the fifteen armed conflicts in which Britain was involved in the 65 years between 1945 and 201 0, a total of 2,744 soldiers, sailors and airmen were killed in combat; the largest number, 1,443, in Malaya (1948-60).

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