The Roman Baths of Lycia: An Architectural Study

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British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph No. 20

THE ROMAN BATHS OF L YCIA AN ARCHITECTURAL STUDY

LIKYA'DAKI ROMA HAMAMLARI MIMARI ARA~TIRMALARI

Andrew Farrington

Published by THE BRITISH INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT ANKARA 1995

British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, c/o British Academy, 20-21 Cornwall Terrace London NW14QP

This book is available from Oxbow Books, Park End Place, Oxford OXJJHN

ISBN 1 898249 04 0 ISSN 0969-9007 © British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, 1995

All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara.

The cover shows a view of Baths B (Yedi Kapz) at Tlos, Lycia (A. Farrington)

Printed by Short Run Press Ltd, Exeter

Contents PAGE Preface Acknowledgements

v vi

~~M~

~

List of Tables List of Illustrations Abbreviations English Summary Ttirkce Ozet (Turkish Summary) Maps

vn IX

xiii xix xxi xxiv

INTRODUCTION

1

CHAPTER 1 The Layout of Lycian Baths

3

General Description Lycian Bathing Habits Conclusions

CHAPTER 2 Imperial Baths in the Remainder of South-West Asia Minor A. Rectangular Bath Blocks Symmetrical About Short Axes with Double

Circulatory Patterns A(i). Bath Blocks With Annular Double Circulatory Patterns A(i)(a). Bath Blocks With a Long Narrow Frigidarium A(i)(b). Other Double Annular Layouts (excluding the Baths at Caunus) A(i)(c). The Baths at Caunus A(ii). Bath Blocks With Retractive Double Circulatory Plans B. Asymmetrical Bath Buildings on a Block Arrangement C. Bath Buildings on a Row Arrangement C (i). Bath Buildings on a Simple Row Arrangement C (ii).Bath Buildings on a Row Arrangement with Transverse Elements D. Bath Buildings with a Central Rectangular Covered Gallery Relationship of Lycian Bath Design to Bath Design in the Rest of Imperial Asia Minor

CHAPTER 3 The Origin of Lycian Baths Hellenistic Baths and Bathing Imperial Baths in the Aegean Islands and Mainland Greece Republican and Imperial Baths on a Row Arrangement in Rome and the Rest of Italy Conclusions on the Origin and Plan ofLycian baths

3 7 15

20 20 20 20 25 26 27 29 30 31 32 34 37

41 41 43 44 48

IV

CHAPTER 4 Structural Techniques and Chronology Masonry Techniques Employed in Lycian Baths A. Polygonal Masonry A(i). Chronology of Closely Jointed Polygonal A(ii). Chronology of Loosely Fitted Mortared Polygonal Masonry A(iii). Chronology of Mortared Rubble B. Coursed Masonry B(i). Chronology of Mortarless Coursed Masonry B(ii). Chronology of Coursed Masonry on Structurally Important Core B(iii). Chronology of Single Walls of Coursed Masonry on Mortar Core C. Brickwork and Other Vaulting Techniques Epigraphically Attested, but Otherwise Unknown Baths Dating Spread of Baths Structural Techniques in Lycia Building Techniques in Areas Neighbouring upon Lycia A. Caria and Ionia B. Southern Phrygia C. Pamphylia, Pisidia and Cibyra D. Rough Cilicia Building Techniques in Lycia and in the Rest of South-West Asia Minor

CHAPTER 5 Heating, Water Supply and Decoration Heating Techniques in Lycian Baths Water Supply Marble Revetment, Painted Plaster, Statuary and Mosaic

CHAPTER 6 Baths and Bathing in the Social and Cultural Life of Lycia The Introduction, Popularity and Decline of Bathing in Lycia The Social and Cultural Background: Hellenization and Romanization The Place of Baths and Bathing in Imperial Lycia: The Relationship Between Baths and ru!Jvama Conclusions

CATALOGUE Part One: Baths and ru!Jvama in Imperial Lycia Part Two: Selective Catalogue of Baths and ru!Jvama in Areas Neighbouring Lycia

INDEX

52

52 52 53 66 67 70 72 72 72 76 78 79 80 86 87 89 90 92 92

101 101 104 111

117 117 121 133 136

149 149 164

175

Preface I would first of all like to thank my doctoral supervisor, Dr J J Coulton. .He suggested Imperial Lycian baths as a topic of study for the doctorate upon which this work is based, and kept me generously supplied with sometimes crucial material from his own fieldwork. I have however relied on the help of many others; the late Mr A S Hall, who invited me to participate in the survey of Oenoanda conducted by the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, and Dr Stephen Mitchell, Dr David French and Dr Anne Murray who helped me find my way around south-~est Turkey. Among many friends in Oxford I must single out Dr and Mrs E Stento~ who helped me with my architect~ral drawings, and Dr J Mariathasen, who helped me with the photography. ~r Barbara Levick in Oxford, and Dr Kanm Arafat, Dr Judith Binder, Dr Catherine Morgan, and Dr Caroline Williams in Athens very kindly read parts . or all of the manuscript, and I have profited greatly from their comments. I must also thank Dr J DeLaine, for supplying me with a copy of her important paper on the links between Hellenistic and Roman baths, Dr Hazel Dodge, for a stimulating correspondence on bricks in Asia Minor, Professor Fikret Yegtil, for supplying me with a copy of his Harvard Ph.D thesis, which I have used a great deal, and to Dr B Kupke, for information and views on certain buildings at Cyaneae. None of these, of course, is to be held respon~ib!e for any of the faults that doubtless remam m my work. My thanks are also due to the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, the Craven Committee of the University of Oxford, the U.K. Department of Education and Science and the Publications Committee of the Faculties of the Australian National University for their extremely liberal financial support. Department of Classics, . Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand

Equally important are my debts. to the Turkish government and people. Fust and foremost, I thank the Ministry of Tourism and Culture for so readily granting me a permit to conduct surveys of certain Lycian bath buildings. In particular, I thank Mr Ramazan Peker of Aydm Museum, who was assigned me ~s my gov~r_n.ment representative, for his help and flexibility far beyond the call of duty. I thank, too, the Directors of Museums at Antalya, Aydm, Fethiye, Parnmukale and Side for th~ir advice and practical help. My work profited from conversations with Professor Dr. H Abbasoglu, Professor Dr. C Bayburtluoglu and Professor Dr. E Akurgal. I also thank the German Archaeological Institute in Istanbul, the use of the facilities of which were readily granted me by the late Pr?fess~:>r W Mi.iller-Wiener. Much of my time m Turkey was taken up in travelling, and I must record my warm thanks to the Turkish people for their unfailing kindness and help. I would also like to thank the Canadian Institute of Archaeology in Athens, which provided me with convenient and con~enial surroundings in which to finish the thesis t~at forms the basis of this book. The translatiOn of the summary into Turkish is by Ms Z Lanera, whom I also thank. I must also thank Mr Stephen Marshall, o! t~e Computing Servic~s Centre of th~ Y_Ictona University of Wellington, for furmshmg me with a Turkish typeface. The bulk of the work for this study was completed by 1989, but ~nf?resee~ circumstances have delayed publicatiOn until the present. I have therefore _been able to take into account only the more Important wor~s published since 1989 that relate to Lycia, Asia Minor and to bathing in general.

June 1994

Acknowledgements I gratefully acknowledge permission from the following to reproduce material as text figures and photographs. American Academy at Rome, fig 52. Professor Dr C Bayburtluoglu, figs 136, 138, 149. J Bean, fig 80. Corinth Excavations, American School of Classical Studies at Athens, fig 93. J J Coulton, figs 115, 116, 126, 133, 152, 195. Deutsches

Archaologisches Institut, Abteilung Istanbul, fig 168. Walter de Gruyter & Co., figs 47, 59. 'L'Erma' di Bretschneider, fig 190. MIT Press, figs 39, 41, 46 (from F Yegiil Baths and Bathing in Classical Antiquity (MIT Press, New York and Cambridge, Mass., 1992). Penguin Books, figs 42, 49, 51, 53, 54. Prestel Verlag, Munich, figs 88, 95, 97. R A Tomlinson, fig 92. Tiirk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, figs 57, 66, 68.

Te§ekkiirler Bu ~ali§manm TUrkiye hUkUmetinin bUyUk destek ve i§birligi olmadan ger~ekle§tirilmesi imkansiZdL Her§eyden once, Likya hamamlanmn yerinde in~elenmesi i~in gerekli izni seve seve derhal veren Turizm ve Ktilttir bakanhg1mn yetkililerinden saym Dr. Nurretin Yardimci'ya te§ekkur etmeyi vazifem say1yorum. Aynca TUrk hUkUmetinin temsilcisi s1fat1 ile gorevinin smulanm a§arak bana saglad1g1 bUyUk yard1m ve destekten otUrU Aydm mUzesi gorevlilerinden saym Ramazan Peker'e de te§ekkUr ederim. Tavsiyeleri ve praktik yard1mlar1 ile bana yard1mc1 olan Antalya, Aydm, Fethiye, Pamukkale ve Side mUzelerinin mUdUrlerine te§ekkUr etmem

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