The Prehistory of Beer Head: Field survey and excavations at an isolated flint source on the South Devon coast 9780860548850, 9781407319018

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The Prehistory of Beer Head Field survey and excavations at an isolated flint source on the South Devon coast

Martin Tingle

with contributions from S. Carter, A.J. Clark, R. Cleal, I. Figueira!, J. Letts, J.R. Stewart, B. West, K.N. Wilkinson and D.F. Williams

BAR British Series 270 1998

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR British Series 270 The Prehistory of Beer Head © The author and contributors individually and the Publisher 1998 The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860548850 paperback ISBN 9781407319018 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860548850 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Archaeopress in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 1998. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

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TO KAT IE AND WILL IA M

B ee rH ead v i ewed f r om t h e s ea

CONTENTS

L i s to fF igu r e s L i s to fT ab le s L i s to fP la te s A cknow ledgemen t s

1 .I n t roduc t ion .

1

2 .T he E xcava t ion o f aC o l luv ia lD epo s i ti n B ovey L ane , B ee r .

7

3 .S u rf ace C o l lec t ion a tB ee r .

3 7

4 .T he E xcava t ion o fa nI mp lemen t S ca t te ra t Ma re L ane , B ee r .

6 7

5 .L i th ic si nt h e S ou th We s tP en in su la .

8 9

6 .C onc lu s ion .

9 9

7 .P la te s

1 07

8 .B ib l iog raphy .

11

L IST OF F IGURES

F ig 1 F ig 2

T he E x ten to fC ha lk i nS ou the rn E ng land L oca t ion o ft h e F i e ldwa lk ing a nd E xcava t ion s a tB ee r

F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 2 1 3

B ee rH ead a nd A s soc ia ted S i te s i nt h e S ou th We s tP en in su la T he L oca t ion o fE xcava t ion sa tB ee r T he T rench P lan a tB ovey L ane S ec t ion a c ros sB ovey L ane A l lt h ree d imen s iona l ly r e co rded f i nd s T he a r tef ac tc oncen t ra t ion w i th in C on tex t3 . I d en t if iab le p reh i s to r ic p o t te ry i nC on tex t3 . S c rape r , B o re r sa nd A r rowhead sw i th in C on tex t3 . F l ake We igh tF requency T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fS y s tema t ic C o re s T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fB lade s , B lade S egmen t s a nd B lade C o re s

F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig

1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8

T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fB each p ebb le s T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fB u rn tF l in t H i s tog ram o fL and S na i l S pec ie s T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fB one T he D i s t r ibu t ion o f Ma r ine Mo l lu sca

F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig

1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3

AS he rd o fH embu ry Wa re ( 1 )a nd aD r i l led B one O b jec t( 2 ) T he R e la t ion sh ip B e tween S na i la nd B u lk S amp le R e su l t s T he D i s t r ibu t ion o f Med ieva l a nd p o s t - Med ieva lP o t te ry T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fR omano -B r i t i sh P o t te ry T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fP reh i s to r ic P o t te ry

F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig

2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 4 3 5

T he T he T he T he T he T he T he T he T he T he T he T he

F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig F ig

3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 3

T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fS c rape r s T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fR e touched F lake s T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fB o re r s T he D i s t r ibu t ion o f No tched F lake s T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fA r rowhead s AC ompa r i son o fH amme r s tone We igh t sf r om B ee r H ead a nd t h e Madd le F a rm S urvey T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fH amme r s tone sb y We igh t T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fO va te s T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fP i ck s a nd A xe /Ch i se l s T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fT ype 1F l in tI mp lemen t s Two P or t land T ype C hen A r tef ac t s T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fA l lC hen A r tef ac t s R e touched T oo l sf r om F i e ldwa lk ing a t Ma re L ane P r ima ry F lake s f r om F i e ldwa lk ing a t Ma re L ane B ur n tF l in tf r om F i e ldwa lk ing a t Ma re L ane T he T ype s o fR e touched T oo l sf r om F i e ldwa lk ing T he T rench L ayou tw i th t h e F i e ldwa lk ing R e su l t s F ea tu re s l o ca ted w i th in t h eT r enche s

A rea o fF i e ldwa lk ing S u rvey A rea Madd le F a rm S urvey A rea D i s t r ibu t ion o fA l l Wo rked F l in t D i s t r ibu t ion o fP r ima ry F l ake s D i s t r ibu t ion o fS econda ry F l ake s D i s t r ibu t ion o fT er t ia ry F lake s D i s t r ibu t ion o fP r ima ry F l ake sb y We igh t R ange o fS y s tema t ic a nd U n sy s tema t ic C o r e We igh t s C oncen t ra t ion so fS y s tema t ic a nd U n sy s tema t ic C o re s F requency o fB u rn tF l in ti nI nd iv idua l F i e ldwa lk ing R un s D i s t r ibu t ion o fB u rn tF l in t D i s t r ibu t ion o fA l lR e touched T oo l s

F ig 5 4 F ig 5 5

P l an o ff e a tu re s w i th in T rench 1 S ec t ion o fF ea tu re s W i th in T rench 1

F ig 5 6 F ig 5 7 F ig 5 8

E xamp le o f aWo rked S and s tone F l ake P l an o f F ea tu res i nT rench 8 S ec t ion o f F ea tu re s i nT rench 8

F ig 5 9 F ig 6 0 F ig 6 1

T he L oca t ion o f P reh i s to r ic P o t tery w i th in T rench 1 T he L oca t ion o f P reh i s to r ic P o t te ry w i th in T rench 8 I lu s t ra ted S he rd so fP reh i s to r ic P o t te ry

F ig 6 2

I lu s t ra ted R e touched T oo l s

F ig 6 3 F ig 6 4

T he e x ten to fa cce s s ib le f l i n ta tB ee r P r eh i s to r ic S i te s i nt h e S ou th We s tP en in su la

L IST OF TABLES

T ab le 1 A S umma ry o ft h e Ma te r ia lR ecove red f r om t h e 1 991 B ovey L ane E xcava t ion T ab le 2 S umma ry o ft h e F l in tA r tef ac t sf r om t h eE xcava t ion T ab le 3 S pec ie sw i th in t h e Ma r ine Mo l lu sc A s semb lage I s o la t ing T ho se R ecove red f r om C on tex t3 T ab le 4 T he I d en t if iab le B one A s semb lage T ab le 5 T he Ma r ine Mo l lusca T ab le 6 C h rono logy o ft h e E xcava ted P o t tery A s semb lage T ab le 7 S pec ie s I d en t if i ca t ion o fC ha rcoa lP i ece sR ecove red f r om C on tex t3 T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le

8AS umma ry o ft h e R e su l t sf r om t h e R e - Wa lk ing o fF ou r C o l lec t ion U n i t s 9S umma ry o ft h e Wo rked F l in tR ecove red f r om F i e ldwa lk ing a tB ee r 1 0 AC ompa r i son o fF lake sf r om t h e Madd le F a rm ( M ) a nd B ee r( B ) s u rvey s 1 AC ompa r i son o fC o re s f r om t h e Madd le F a rm a nd B ee rS u rvey s 1 2 AC ompa r i son o fL i th ic R ecove ry R a te s f r om S u rvey s i nS ou the rn E ng land 1 3T he R e touched T ype s f r om B ee rH ead , Madd le F a rm a nd T he V a le o ft h e Wh i t e H o r se 1 4 P r ima ry , S econda ry o rT er t ia ry F l ake s w i th in e ach 2 5 m e t re C o l lec t ion U n i t

T ab le 1 5 T he C ompa r i son o f Wo rked C hen w i th Wo rked F l in t T ab le 1 6 Wo rked F l in ta nd C he r tf r om C on tex t2 , No r th S ec t ion T ab le 1 7 Wo rked F l in ta nd C hen f r om C on tex t2 ,S ou th S ec t ion T ab le 1 8 S umma ry o fA l l B roken a nd I n tac tF lake s o fF l in ta nd C hen f r om C on tex t2 T ab le 1 9 Wo rked F l in t a nd C hen f r om C on tex t3 ,N or th S ec t ion T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le

2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6

Wo rked F l in ta nd C hen f r om C on tex t3 ,S ou th S ec t ion S umma ry o fa l l B roken a nd I n tac tF lake s o fF l in ta nd C hen f r om C on tex t3 Wo rked S tone f r om C on tex t 1 2 Wo rked S t one f r om C on tex t 1 7 Wo rked S tone f r om C on tex t 1 9 I lu s t ra ted P reh i s to r ic p o t te ry C ompa r ing T ype 1F l in tT oo l s w i th t h e Who le A s semb lage

T ab le 2 7 T he U sage o fS tone T ype sf r om E xcava ted E a r ly N eo l i th ic A s semb lage s i nt h e S ou th We s t T ab le 2 8 C ompa r ing S u rf ace C o l lec t ion a tN or th D a le w i th S urvey s i nS ou ther nE ng land T ab le 2 9 AC ompa r i son B e tween r e su l t sf r om B ee ra nd N or th D a le

L IST OF PLATES P la te 1 T he C ha lk C l if f s a tB ee r P la te 2 D e ta i lo ft h e F l in tB ea r ing S t ra ta w i th in t h eC l if fF ace P la te P la te P la te P la te

3T he C l if fF ace a tS ea ton H o le 4AR o ta ry L and s l ip a tt h e H ooken C l if f 5T he B ovey L ane E xcava t ion i nP rog re s s 6T he O va l P i ti nT rench 1P r io rt oE xcava t ion

ACKNO WLEDGE MENTS

Iw ou ld l i ke t ot h ank C l in ton D evon E s ta te sf o ra low ing m ea cce s st ot h e i rl a nd a tB ee rH ead a nd e spec ia l ly , Mr I an B ee ra nd M rJ on B ond f o rp e rm i t t ing m et oe xcava te l a rge t r enche s i nt h e i rf i e ld s . O ft h en ume rou s i nd iv idua l s w ho p a r t ic ipa ted i nt h e f i e ldwa lk ing a nd e xcava t ion s , Ia m p a r t icu la r ly i n deb ted t oN ia l l O akey , F rances R aymond a nd R oy E n tw i s t le . T h i s w o rk w a s g r ea t ly a s s i s ted b y t h e h e lp o f F rance s G r iff i th a tD evon C oun ty C ounc i l , J on A l len a tE xe te r Mu seum a nd Anna T yack a tT ru ro Mu seum . Many o the r s h ave h e lped m e w i th t h e a na ly s i s o ft h e f i nd s . S i nce re t h ank s a r e d ue t oJ ohn L et s , D r S t eve M i then , D r R o s C lea l , L o r ra ine Mepham , A r thu rC happ le , L ady E i leen F ox , M ike G reen , M ike A l len a nd D rK e i th W i lk in son . T hank s a r ed ue t o And rew L aw son a nd P e te rD awe s a t We s sex A rchaeo logy w ho a dm in i s te red t h e f und ing o ft h ep ro jec t . R icha rd B rad ley ' s e n thu s ia s t ic s upe rv i s ion p roved i nva luab le t h roughou tt h i s p ro jec t , e spec ia l ly d u r ing t h e f i na ly ea r . F ina l ly , Iw ou ld l i ke t ot h ank L iz , K a t ie a nd W i l l iam f o rp u t t ing u pw i th m e a nd a l lt h e f l in tf o rs uch al o ng t ime . T h i s r e sea rch r e ce ived f i nanc ia l s uppo r t f r om t h e R oya l A r chaeo log ica l I n s t i tu te a nd t h e D evon A r chaeo log ica l E xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty .

I NTRODUCTION

" The s i gn if i cance a nd w ide d i s t r ibu t ion o fB ee r f l in t i nt h e S ou th We s t e rn p en in su la a r ea a r e n ow w e l l e s tab l i shed , b u t t h e re i s much mo re wo rk t ob e d one o n t h e se a nd r e la ted t o p ic s . H ow f a r t o t h e e a s t a nd i nw ha t q uan t i t ie s w a s t h i s h igh q ua l i ty ma te r ia l c a r r ied? I nw ha tw ay s , i fa ta l l , w a s i t s d i s t r ibu t ion a s soc ia ted w i th t h a t o fs t one a xe sf r om t h ew e s t C or nwa l l? Wa s a ny c on t ro l o n i t s e x t rac t ion e xe rc i sed a t B ee r i t se l f ' ? T h i s i s al a rge s ub jec ta nd o ne i nn eed o fu rgen t a t ten t ion " . ( Todd , M . 1 987 , 7 1)

S tud ie s o f m a te r ia lc u l tu re i nt h e S ou th We s tp en in su la h ave e mpha s i sed b o th t h e d i s t inc t ive s t y le s o fa r tef a c t s a nd t h e i r mob i l i ty w i th in a nd b eyond t h e r e g ion . H embu ry w a re , f ound a ts eve ra l e a r l ie r N eo l i t h ic s i t e s , i sc ha rac te r i sed b y d eep b ag s haped p o t s a nd c a r ina ted b ow l s . T he se v e s se l f o rms o ccu r t h roughou t S ou th We s ter n B r i ta in , e x tend ing i n to D o r se t , S ome r se t a nd W i l t sh i re . S ome a r e made f r om c l ay w h ich , i th a sb een c l a imed ,h a s ap a r t icu la rs ou rce i nt h e G abb ro ic r o ck s o f t h e L iza rd p en in su la ( F ig 3 ) , a l though o t her l e s ss p ec if ic s ou rce sh ave b een s ugge s ted ( Me rce r , R .J . 1 981 , 1 79 ;Q u inne l l , H . 1 987 , 1 ) . P e t ro log ica l s t ud ie s o f B eake r , F ood V e s se l a nd c o l la red U rns f r om t he S ou th We s t s how d i f f e r ing mode s o f p roduc t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion . B eake r s t e nded t o b e m ade f r om d i ve r se c l ay s o f l o ca l o r ig in a nd w h i le t h i s w a s a l so t r ue o f F ood V es se l s a nd C o l la red U rn s ,a s i gn if i can t n umbe r o ft h ese w e re a s soc ia ted w i th G abb ro ic c l ay s . T he u se o ft h e se c l ay s i s mo re t y p ica l o ft h e C or n i sh T rev i ske r s e r ie s , al o ca l v a r ian t o fF ood V e s se l s a nd C o l la red Ur n s , wh ich p r edom ina te s i nt h e S ou th We s t b u t i sa l so f ound i n Wes sex a nd n or ther nF rance ( Pa rke rP ea r son , M . 1 990 , 5 ) .

F ig 1 . T he E x ten to ft h eC ha lk i n S ou th E a s tE ng land A ng l ia a nd e ven Y o rk sh i re ( Me rce r , R .J . 1 986 ) . A s i n C umm in s a na ly s i s ,t h e mo t ive f o rce f o rt h e manuf ac tu re a nd movemen t o f a xe s i s i d en t if ied a s e conom ic g row th i n N eo l i th ic " boom a r ea s " ( Me rce r , R .J . 1 986 , 7 4 ) . T he a ppa r en t c onf idence w i th w h ich s ou rce s o f C or n i sh a xe s h ave b een i d en t if ied h a s r e cen t ly b een c ha l lenged ( Ber r idge , P . 1 993 ) . B e r r idge p o in t s o u tt h a t s i nce 1 941 , 1 2 a xe p roduc t ion s i te s h ave b een c l a imed t oe x i s t i nC o rnwa l l , a l though n one h ave a c tua l ly b een l o ca ted o nt h eg round . O ne e xcep t ion i st h e s ou r ce o fG roup V a xe s , w h ich w a s i n i t ia l ly

T he p e t ro log ica l e xam ina t ion o f s t one t oo l s b egan i nt h e S ou th We s t whe re g roup s o fa xe s w e r e t e n ta t ive ly a s c r ibed t o c er ta in g reens tone s ou rce s i n C or nwa l l . T he n a tu r e o f t h e i r m anuf ac tu re a nd d i s t r ibu t ion w a s f i r s t d i scu s sed b y C umm in sw ho i n i t ia l ly r ega rded t h el o ng d i s tance movemen t o f G roup I a xes a s t h e p roduc t o f s ea -bor n e e xpo r t b y me r chan tt r ade r s , a l though t h i s w a sl a t e rr ev i sed i n to af o rm

p l aced i n t h e n e ighbou rhood o f S t I v e s ( F ig 3 ) u n t i l a c omb ina t ion o f f i e ldwo rk a nd p e t ro logy d emons t ra ted t ha t t h ey d e r ived f r om C reag n aC a i l l ich i nP e r th sh i re ( Be r r idge ,

o fc o lon ia le xp lo i ta t ion o ft h eS ou th We s tb yt h ep opu la t ions o f e a s te rn E ng land ( Cumm in s , W .A . 1 974 ; 1 979 , 1 0 ; B er r idge , P .1 993 ,4 6 ) .

P . 1 993 ,4 9 ) . H i s g ene ra l c onc lu s ion i st h a t mo s to ft h e s t one t y pe s t h a t h ave b een i d en t if ied a t s pec if ic l o ca t ion s i n C o rnwa l l a r e much mo re w ide ly d i s t r ibu ted t h roughou t t h e S ou th We s t a nd m ay a l so o ccu r i n Wa le s , n or thern E ng land a nd S co t land .

Mo re r e cen t ly , Me rce rh a s i d en t if i ed t h ree p ha se s o fC o rn i sh a xe p roduc t ion ; s ma l l s ca le p r e -Neo l i th ic e xp lo i ta t ion o f s ou rce s i n t h e S t I v e s a r ea f o l lowed b y e a r ly N eo l i th ic

T he r e h ave a l so b een mo re b road ly b a sed c r i t ic i sms o ft h e e conom ic mode ls u sed t o e xp la in t h e p roduc t ion a nd e xchange o fa xe s ( B rad ley , R . & E dmond s 1 993) . T h i s h a s p a r t icu la r ly c oncer ned t h e w ay c oncep t ion s o f h ow s uch a c t iv i ty m ay h ave b een o rgan i sed a r e d i s tor ted b yt h e u se o f modern n o t ions o fi n du s t ry , m anuf ac tu re a nd t r ade .Me rce r

p roduc t ion a t Moun t s B ay , B a l s tone D own , S tA u s te l l ( F ig 2 ) a nd a " g reens tone c h ip v a l ley " e x tend ing f r om C ambou rne t o S t I v e s ( Me r ce r , R . J . 1 986 , 4 9 ) .F ina l ly , d u r ing t h el a te rN eo l i th ic , t h e r ew a s am a jo re xpan s ion o ft h e s ou rce s i n Moun t s B ay , w i th a s m any a s 5 m i l l ion a xe s b e ing p r oduced a nd d i s t r ibu ted t h roughou t We s sex , E a s t

h a s s e en t h e r o le o f s i te s s uch a s C am B rea a s b e ing 1

SEATON

S ID M OUTH

PORTLAND

AREA OF F lE LD WALK I NG

BOVEY LANE

—

2 00 f t

MARE LANE

1 00 ft

400f t

UNDERCL IF F 0

5 00

METRES

F ig 2 . T he L oca t ion o f F ie ldwa lk ing a nd E xcava t ions a tB eer H ead

2

A -S t Au s te l l B -B a l s tone D own C -C ambou rne H -H embu ry L -L iza rd P en in su la M -Moun t s B ay S -S t I ve s

A

0

4 0 I C in s •

F ig 3 .B ee rH ead a nd O ther A s soc ia ted S i te s i nt h eS ou th W e s tP en in su la s t ud ie s h ave e xam ined p a r t icu la r ly d i s t inc t ive s t one s ou rce s o r u nu sua l a r tef ac t s w h ich a lmo s t b y d ef in i t ion make u p o n ly af r ac t ion o fa ny e xcava ted a s semb lage . I nc on t ra s t , t h e o verwhe lm ing m a jo r i ty o f s t one t oo l s a r e made f r om f l in t w h ich d e r ive s f r om u nknown a nd u n t raceab le s ou rce s .

d ef ended c en t re s t h rough w h ich t h e movemen t o fa r tef ac t s c ou ld b e c on t ro l led . I n c on t ra s t , E dmond s h a s e mpha s i sed t h e a ppa r en t s epa ra t ion o f e a r l ie r N eo l i th ic s t one s ou r ce s f r om c on tempo ra ry s e t t lemen t s a nd s ugge s ted t h a t t h i s m ay h ave r ef l ec ted s e a sona l o r e p i sod ic e xp lo i ta t ion ( Edmond s , M . 1 995 ,6 1)

O bv iou s ly , mo s t p r eh i s to r ic w o rked f l in t d id n o t d e r ive f r om m ine c omp lexe ss uch a st ho se o nt h e S ou th D own sa nd a tG r imes G rave s . T he t r ue e x ten t o fi s o la ted s haf tm in ing i s i mpo s s ib le t og auge a tp r e sen t , h oweve r t h e mo s t c ommon m e thod o fo b ta in ing f l in tw a s p robab ly t h e s o r t o fe x ten s ive c o l lec t ion e ncoun te red b yf i e ldwa lk ing s u rvey so n S a l i sbury

I nr e spon se t o i n c rea s ing i n te re s t i np r eh i s to r ic r aw m a te r ia l s t ud ie s , t h e re h a s b een , w i th in t h e l a s t f i ve y ea r s , an ew g ene ra t ion o f f i e ldwo rk p ro jec t s c oncen t ra ted o n s t one s ou rce s s uch a s K i l l in , L angda le a nd F l ambo rough H ead ( Edmond s , M . S he r idan , A& T ipp ing , R . 1 992 ; B rad ley , R & E dmond s M . 1 993 ; D u rden , T . 1 994 ) . I ti sw i th in t h e

P l a in a nd t h e B e rk sh i re D own s ( R icha rd s , J .C . 1 990 , 1 9 -22 ; G af f ney , V . &T ing le , M . 1 989 , 6 2 -66 ) . H e re i tw a sp o s s ib le t o i d en t if y a r ea s o f p r ima ry r e duc t ion t h a t s p read a c ros s s eve ra l k i lome t r e s o fd own land . O n t h e B e rk sh i re D own s , t h e se w e re c ha rac te r ised b y e nhanced f l ake d en s i t ie s i n w h ich p r ima ry a nd s e conda ry f l ake s w e re o ve r r ep re sen ted t oge the r w i th l a rge n umbe r s o f c o r e s , h amme r s tone s a nd h amme r s tone f r agmen t s . T he l o ca t ion s o ft h e se s i tes w e re o n t h e u ppe rs l ope s o fd ry v a l ley s w he re p r e sumab ly t h ey w e re a b le t o e xp lo i t n a tu ra l o r m an m ade e xpo su re s w i thou t t h e

c on tex t o fs uch s t ud ie s t h a t t h e p r e sen t e xam ina t ion o ft h e s t one s ou r ces a tB ee rH ead w a s c onduc ted .

A im s a nd Ob jec t ive s S tud ie s o ft h e p r eh i s to r ic e xp lo i ta t ion o f s t one r e sou rce s h ave i nt h e p a s t t e nded t oc oncen t ra te e i the r o n p roduc t ion s i te s a t w h ich t h e re i se v idence o f m in ing o r w he re t h e p roduc t , u sua l ly a g round s t one a xe , i sw ide ly r e cogn ized i f n o t a lway s p rec ise ly s ou r ced . I np a r t icu la r c a se s i th a s b een

n eed f o ra ny l a rge s c a le movemen to fs o i l o rc ha lk r o ck .

p o s s ib le t oc ons ide r t h e p roduc t s o f as pec if ic s ou rce f r om t h e ir f a b r ica t ion t ot h e i r f i na l d epo s i t ion . I n ev i tab ly t h e se

A l though s o m uch a r chaeo log ica l r e sea rch h a s b een b a sed

3

o n t he We s sex c ha lk u p land s i th a s p roved i mpo s s ib le

t o

c omp le ted , s amp les w e re t aken f o r e nv i ronmen ta l a nd p a laeobo tan ica l s t ud ie s a sw e l l a ss o i l m ic romo rpho logy a nd r emnan tm agne t ic d a t ing .

r e la te f l in t a r tef ac t s t o f l in t s ou rce s , l a rge ly b ecau se f l in t s ou rce sa r es ou b iqu i tou s . T he o n ly p o s s ib i l i ty o fc onduc t ing s uch as t udy w ou ld b et ol o ca te as u rvey a tt h ep e r iphe ry o f t h e C ha lk . B ee r H ead i sp a r t icu la r ly s u i tab le f o r s u ch a s u rvey b ecause , a s ar e su l t o f c omp lex f au l t ing i n t h e s u r round ing g eo logy , i ti sa n i s o la ted o u tc rop o fm idd le a nd

F o l low ing o n f r om t h e p rog ramme o f s u rf ace c o l lec t ion , i t w a s a l so p ropo sed t o e xcava te a t l e a s t o ne s i gn if ican t c oncen t ra t ion o f ma te r ia l r evea led b y s y s tema t ic s u rf ace c o l lec t ion . A s amp le e xcava t ion w a s i n tended t od e te rm ine w he the r s u rf ace s ca t te r s w e re i n d ica t ion s o f p a s t a c t iv i t ie s t h a tw e re r e f lec ted i nt h e e xcava t ion o fs ub so i l f e a tu r e s . T he a r tef ac t c oncen t ra t ion c hosen f o r e xcava t ion w a s

u ppe r c ha lk , s epa ra ted f r om t h e C re taceou s d epo s i t s o ft h e H amp sh i r eB a s in b ya pp rox ima te ly 3 0k i lome t r e s( F ig 1 ) . T he a im s o f t h e f i e ldwo rk a tB ee r w e re t o d e te rm ine t h e n a tu re a nd e x ten t o f p reh i s to r ic s t one w o rk ing a r ound t h e h ead land . I t w a s a l so i n tended t o e s tab l i sh w he ther

p redom inan t ly c ompo sed o f r e touched t o o l s wh i le p i ece s i n d ica t ing c o re r educ t ion w e re l a rge ly a b sen t . I na n a t temp t t o max im i se t h e s ca le o ft h i s e xam ina t ion , t h e c l ea rance o f t o p so i lw a s c a r r ied o u tb ym echan ica l e xcava to r , l e av ing t h e b a se o ft h e s ub so i l t ob e c l eaned b y h and . S eve ra l s amp le s o ft h e p l ough s o i l f r om t h e s i de o fo ne t r ench w e re s i eved

e xp lo i ta t ion r ef lec ted f a c to r s s uch a st h e e ff ic ien t u se o fr aw ma ter ia ls , o rt h e d e s i re t op roduce s pec if i ct y pe s o fa r tef ac t s . G iven t h e c ompa ra t ive ly s ma l l a r ea i n w h ich c ha lk f l in t o u tc ropped a nd w a s e a s i ly a cce ss ib le , i tw a s h oped t h a t e v idence o fc on t ro l led a cce s st ot h e s ou rce m igh tb ep r e sen t . I t wa s a l so i n tended t h a t s ome s or t o f c h rono log ica l

t o d e te rm ine h ow r ep re sen ta t ive t h e s u rf a ce c o l lec t ion h ad b een o ft h e p l ough so i l a s aw ho le .

f r amewo rk c ou ld b ed e term ined s ot ha tc hange si nt h en a tu re o ff l in te xp lo i ta t ion c ou ld b ee l uc ida ted . F ina l ly i tw a sh oped

T he c onc lud ing e l emen t o f t h i s s u rvey w a s t o e xam ine ma te r ia l f r om t wo a dd i t iona l s ou rce s . C o l lec t ion s o f e xcava ted ma te r ia l f r om T ru ro a nd E xe t e r Mu seum s w e r e

b y l ook ing a tt h e e v idence f r om s i te s a way f r om B ee r t o s ugges t t h e s c a le o f f l in t i mpor ta t ion a nd t h u s g auge t h e i mpor tance o fB ee rt o p reh i s to r ic c ommun i t ie s o ft h e S ou th

e xam ined a nd w i th p a r t icu la r r e f e rence t of i ve c ompa rab le a nd p e rhap s b road ly c on tempo ra ry s i te s a t H igh P eak , H embu ry , H a ldon , H aza rd H i l l a nd C am B r ea . S amp le s o f

We s tp en in su la .

f l in t a nd c her t o ra ny o t he r a va i lab le r ock w e re t a ken f r om a r ound B ee r a nd t e s ted t o g i ve a n a dm i t ted ly s ub jec t ive a s se s smen t o ft h e i r s u i tab i l i ty f o r wo rk ing . Whe re p o s s ib le ,

I np u re ly p r ac t ica l t e rm s B ee r i sa n a t t rac t ive l o ca t ion f o r a r e sea rch p ro jec ts uch a st h i s .T he re w a ss uff i c ien ta r ab le l a nd i n t he a r ea f o r a mean ingf u l s urf ace c o l lec t ion t o b e c onduc ted . T hu s as pa t ia l a pp rec ia t ion c ou ld b e made o ft h e l e ve l s a nd r a nge so fa c t iv i ty a c ro s st h e l a nd scape . I na dd i t ion t o s urf ace c o l lec t ion a p rog ramme o f e xcava t ion w a s

t h i s a s se s smen t w a s e x tended t o t ake i n t h e i mmed ia te v i c in i ty o f s ome o ft h e e xcava ted a s semb lage s men t ioned a bove .

p l anned w h ich i tw a s h oped wou ld a dd a c h rono log ica l d imen s ion t o t h e s t udy . E xcava t ions c a r r ied o u t b y l o ca l a ma teu r a r chaeo log is t G er t rude a nd R o land

T he H i s tor ica lC on tex to fR aw Ma ter ia lS tud ie s

MacA lp l ine - Wood s

b e tween 1 932 a nd 1 936 d emon s t ra ted

t h e e x i s tence o f ad eep c o l luv ia ld epo s i t a tB ovey L ane , i na d ry v a l ley a bove t h e mode rn s e t t lemen t o fB ee r . A l though t h e e xcava t ion sw e re p oo r ly r e co rded ,t h ey i n d ica ted t h a tn o t o n ly l i t h ic , b u t f a una l , c e ram ic a nd e nv i ronmen ta l e v idence

E a r ly

r e sea rch

i n to

p r eh i s to r ic

s t one

e xp lo i ta t ion

c oncen t ra ted o n t h e d a te , t h e me thod s o f p roduc t ion e mp loyed a nd t h ec u l tura la ff in i ty o ff l in tm ine s . T he e a r l ie s t t ob e e xcava ted t e nded t ob e t h o se s i tua ted w i th in t h e r e a ch o f a n a c t ive l o ca l a r chaeo log ica l s oc ie ty , a s i nS us sex a nd

c ou ld b er e cove red .

E a s t A ng l ia . F l in t q ua r r ie s , s uch a s B ee r , t e nded t o b e o ve r looked e ven w hen , a s i nt h e c a se o f G rand P r es s igny , t h e i r p roduc t s w e re f ound t oh ave b een w ide ly d i s t r ibu ted ( C la rk , J .D . G . & P iggo t t , S . 1 933) . A l though t h e e a r ly e xcava t ion s o ff l in t m ine s r e vea led e v idence o f N eo l i th ic a c t iv i ty ,i tw a s s ugge s ted t h a t t h is w a s t h e c on t inua t ion o f

T he o b jec t ive s o ft h e s u rvey w e re , i nt h e f i r s t i n s tance , t o c a r ry o u ts u rf ace c o l lec t ion o ve r a sw ide a n a r ea a sp o s s ib le . A rab le a g r icu l tu re i sn o t w ide ly p rac t iced i n e a s t D evon , o t her t han f o r t h e l im i ted p roduc t ion o f f odde r c r op s . I mmed ia te ly a r ound B ee r h oweve r , t h e h ome f a rm o f t h e C l in ton D evon E s ta te h ad r e cen t ly r educed i t ss t ock o fs h eep i nf avou r o ft h e i n c rea sed c u l t iva t ion o fc e rea l s , r oo t c r op s a nd o i lseed r a pe . S ince c u l t iva t ion o f t h e se c r op s w a s r o ta ted , i tw a s p o ss ib le b y c a r ry ing o u t t wo s ea son s o f s u rf ace c o l lec t ion ,t oc ove rm o s to ft h el a nd w h ich w a sb e ing p l oughed . T he f i e ldwa lk ing p roceeded d u r ing t h e w in te r s

mo re r ud imen ta ry m in ing b egun d u r ing t h e u ppe r P a laeo l i th ic . No tab le i nh i s s uppor t f o r t h e e a r ly o r ig in s o f f l in tm ine sw a s JR e id Mo i rw ho w a s i n s t rumen ta l i ni n i t ia l ly a s s ign ing t h e e v idence o ff l in t w o rk ing a tB ee rt ot h e u ppe r P a laeo l i th ic , a l though t h e e xcava ted f l in t wo rk w a s a s soc ia ted w i th p r eh i s to r ic p o t tery ( See C hap te r 2 ) . A t E a s ton D own , R e id Mo i r i d en t if i ed af l in t a r tef ac t f r om t h e m ine a sh av ing b o th t h e a t t r ibu te s o f ar o s t roca r ina te a nd a n

1 986 a nd 1 990 f o l lowed b y t wo e xcava t ion s d u r ing t h e s umme r s o f1 99 1 a nd 1 992 .

e a r ly h and a xe , d e sp i te i t s h av ing b een r e cove red f r om a bove a c on tex t w h ich c on ta ined s t ra t if i ed W indm i l l H i l l t ype p o t te ry ( C la rk , J .D .G . &P iggo t t , S . 1 933 , 1 8 1) .

I n o rde r t oc omp lemen t t h e d a ta f r om s u rf ace c o l lec t ion i t w a s d ec ided t o e xcava te as e c t ion t h rough t h e B ovey L ane c o l luv ium . T he l o ca t ion o f t h e 1 930 's e xcava t ion w a s r e -e s tab l ished a nd ao ne m e t r e w ide s e c t ion o ft h ec o l luv ium w a s h and e xcava ted f r om t h et op so i l d own t on a tu ra lw i th a l f i nds b e ing t h ree d imen s iona l ly r e co rded . When t h i s w a s

T he m o re r e cen t h i s to ry o f p r eh i s to r ic s t one s ou rce s t ud ie s h a s b een r ev iewed b y B rad ley a nd E dmond s w hen t h ey e xam ined t h e p roduc t ion a nd e xchange o f L angda le a xe s .

4

T h i s h i gh l igh t s t h e p rob lem s o fa t t emp t ing t oi n te rp re t t h e

ma te r ia l w e re n o t e xp lo i ted w h i le q ua r ry f a ce s w e re f ound i n r emo te a nd o f ten p r ec ip i tou s l o ca t ion s ( Brad ley R . & E dmond s , M . 1 993 15 ) .E v idence f o r t h e n a tu re o fs t one e x t rac t ion w a sr evea led b ys i gn so ff i re s e t t ing a ts ome o ft h e

d i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tef ac t sw i thou ta tt h e s ame t ime c on s ide r ing t h e s oc ia l c on tex t i n w h ich t h e o b jec t s c i rcu la ted . I n p a r t icu la r t h ey p o in t o u t t h e s ho r tcom ing s o fa t temp t ing t o i d en t if y t ype so fe xchange a nd t h en t ol i nk t h em w i th s oc ia l s t ruc tu r e , a s w e l l a s t h e l im i ta t ion s o f p ro jec t ing mode rn n o t ion s o f c o s t s , b ene f i t s a nd p roduc t ive e ff ic iency o n to h uman b ehav iour i n E dmond s ,M . 1 993 , 9 ) .

q ua r ry f a ce s a nd i ta ppea red t h a t h amme r s tones w e re b e ing b rough t t o t h e q ua r r ie s f r om d i s tan t l o ca t ion s . A na ly s i s o f t h e d eb i tage r evea led t h a t v i r tua l ly a l l o f i tw a s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e p roduc t ion o f a xe s . L im i ted e xcava t ion s r evea led t h a t a spec t s o f a xe s p roduc t ion s e emed t o c hange t h rough t ime . T h is w a s c ha rac ter i sed b y a n e a r ly i n f orma l e xp lo i ta t ion w h ich t e nded n o t t o a n t ic ipa te t e chno log ica l p rob lems , g iv ing w ay t o a much mo re s t ruc tu red a nd m e t icu lou s a pp roach ( B rad ley R . & E dmond s , M . 1 993 , 1 69 ) .

t h e d i s tan t p a s t ( Brad ley , R . &

T he s i te s o f s pec if ic p reh i s to r ic s t one p rocu remen t c an b e d i v ided b e tween t h e h igh land a xe q ua r r ie s w h ich p roduce p e t ro log ica l ly i d en t if iab le p roduc t s , a nd t h e l ow land f l in t m ine s w h ich d o n o t . T h i s d i cho tomy h a s c ond i t ioned t h e w ay i nw h ich b o th t ype s o fs i te h ave b een i n ve s t iga t ed . T he p e t ro log ica l a na ly s i s o f g round s t one a xe s h a s p roduced

T he re a r e o bv iou s a dvan tage s i ns e lec t ing t h e p roduc t s o f G r ea t L angda le a s ab a s is f o r t h e s t udy o ft h e p roduc t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion o fa r tef a c t sw i th in t h e B r i t i sh N eo l i th ic . T he s t one s ou rce s a r e w e l l d ocumen ted a nd t h e p roduc t s a r e w ide ly r e cogn ized a nd c an , i fn eces sa ry , b e i d en t if ied p e t ro log ica l ly . I ndeed , much o f t h e w o rk o f i d en t if y ing

d e ta i led a ccoun t s o f t h e i r c hang ing d i s t r ibu t ion wh i le c ompa ra t ive ly l i t t le w o rk h a sb een d one t oi d en t if yt h ea c tua l l o ca t ion o ft h e s ou rce s , l e ta l one t oa s se s st h en a tu re o ft h e i r e xp lo i ta t ion . I nc on t ra s t ,t h ep roduc t so ff l in tm ine sa r e much l e s s w e l l u nde r s tood w h i le t h e m ine s t h em se lve s h ave i n s ome c a se s b een t h e s ub jec t o f l i m i ted e xcava t ion . B ee r H ead f a l l s s omewhe re b e tween t h e se t wo c ha rac te r i sa t ion s

w he re t h e a xe s w e re f i na l ly t o e n te r t h e a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd h ad a l ready b een c a r r ied o u t . T he f i e ldwo rk f o r t h e p ro jec t r equ i red ad e ta i led s t udy o ft h e p roduc t ion s i te i t se lf

s i nce i th a sn e i the r ap e t ro log ica l ly i d en t if iab le p roduc tn o r ap a r t icu la r a r chaeo log ica lf e a tu re f r om w h ich t h e f l in tw a s

t o d e te rm ine t h e n a tu re o f p roduc t ion a t t h e s ource .

d e r ived .

T he reaf t e rt h es t udy c ou ld c oncen t ra te o ns e conda ry s ou rce s .

B ee r m ay w e l l h ave h ad mo re i nc ommon w i th t h e u p land s t one s ou r ce st han t h e l ow land f l in tm ine s . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t B ee r f l in t w a s e x t rac ted f r om av a r ie ty o fl o ca t ion s a r ound t h e h ead land h oweve r , u n l ike s ome o ft h e h i gh land q ua r r ie s , t h e re a r e n o k nown t r ace s o f t h e w ay i n w h ich t h i s w a s c a r r ied o u t o r t h e c ha rac te r o fa ny w o rk ing t h a t t ook p l ace i mmed ia te ly a f t e rwa rd s . U nf o r tuna te ly , i f t h is a c t iv i ty o ccu r red a l ong t h e c l if ff a ce , t h e re i sn o l i ke l ihood o fs uch

U nf o r tuna te ly , i t w ou ld b e i n app rop r ia te t o a dop t t h e a im s

e v idence s u rv iv ing .

a t L angda le a nd n o e v idence w a s f ound t o s ugge s t a ny a c t iv i ty a t t h e s i te o t he r t h an t h a t w h ich w a s u l t ima te ly r e la ted t oa xe p roduc t ion . A t B ee r , s e t t lemen t e v idence a nd s ub s i s tence a c t iv i t ie s a r e i nd ica ted f r om t h e a ppea rance o f ma r ine mo l lu sc s a nd c a rbon i sed c e rea l r ema in s a s soc ia ted w i th H embu ry Wa re a t t h e b a se o f t h e B ovey L ane c o l luv ium . F ina l ly , L angda le a xe s c an b e r e cogn ized a t

a nd o b jec t ive s o ft h e L angda le S urvey a nd g raf t t h em t ot h e s t udy o f af l in t s ou rce s u ch a sB ee r . T he p roduc t ion s i te s a t L angda le w e re a lmo s t e xc lu s ive ly as i ng le p roduc t s ou rce , s ot h a tc hange si nt h en a tu re o ft h ed eb i tage c ou ld b ed i rec t ly r e la ted t oc hange s i na xe p roduc t ion . I n c on t ra s t , f l in t f r om B ee rp roduced av a r ie ty o ft oo lt y pe sf o ru se b o th l o ca l ly a nd a way f r om t h e s ou rce . T he re w a s n o p ermanen t o ccupa t ion

F i e ldwo rk a t t h e k nown u p land s t one s ou rce s h ad u n t i l r e cen t ly b een l im i ted . G ra ig Lwyd i n Nor th Wa le s h a s b een d amaged b y moder n q ua r ry ing b u t e a r ly e xcava t ion s a tt h e s i te r e vea led a s ma l l w o rk ing a r ea s i ted a way f r om t h e s ou r ce i t s e lf , w i th as p read o fs u rf a ce m a te r ia l i n d ica t ing t h e p roduc t ion o f l a rge b i f ac ia l t o o l s ( B rad ley R . & E dmond s ,

d i s tan t l o ca t ion s w h i le t h e l o ng d i s tance movemen t o ff l in t i n to t h e S ou th We s t c an o n ly b e s u rm i sed o n t h e g round s t h a t B ee r i st h e c l o se s t c ha lk f l in t s ou rce . N one the less ,

M . 1 993 , 9 6 ) . T he T ievebu l l iagh s ou rce i nN o r ther n I r e land w h ich i n c ludes a n o u tc rop o n R a th l in I s land , h a s b een k nown t of l in t c o l lec to r s f o r s ome t ime b u t h a s n eve r b een s y s tema t ica l ly i n ve s t iga t ed . Mo re r e cen t ly , f i e ldwo rk a t C reag n aC a i l l ich i nP er th sh i re r e vea led e v idence o fw o rk ing f l oo r s w h ich p roduced r oughou t s t h a t w e re t a ken e l sewhe r e f o r t h e i r f i na l g r ind ing a nd p o l i sh ing ( Edmond s , M . S he r idan , A& T ipp ing , R . 1 992 ) . T he b e s t k nown u p land , s ou r ce b o th i n t e rms o f t h e m app ing o f i t s p roduc t s a nd

l o ca t ion s s uch a sB ee r H ead p rov ide t h e b e s t o ppor tun i ty o f s e t t ing s t ud ie s l i ke t h a t o fL angda le i n to t h e i r c on tex t . O n ly b y c on s ide r ing t h e w ay i n w h ich a n a ppa ren t ly o rd ina ry s t one s ou rce s uch a st h e f l in t f r om B ee r w a s e xp lo i ted c an t h e s i gn if icance o fe xo t ic s t one s ou rce sb e made c l ea r . F l in t m ine s a r e l o ca ted t h roughou t s ou thern E ng land w i th a f ew o f t h e b e t te r k nown e xamp le s o ccu r r ing a s g roup s o f m ine w o rk ing s . S ome , l i ke t ho se i nS u s sex w e re a c t ive i nt h e e a r ly N eo l i th ic w h i le o t he r s , n o tab ly G r ime s G rave s , a ppea r i n t h e l a te r N eo l i th ic , s e em t o p eak i n p roduc t ion a round 2 500 B .C . a nd a r e t h en r e -used i nt h e B ronze A ge ( B rad ley R . &E dmond s , M . 1 993 , 9 4 ) . F i e ldwo rk a nd e xcava t ions a t G r ime s G rave s h ave r e vea led b e tween f ou ra nd f i ve h und red m ine s haf t s f r om w h ich r ad ia t ing g a l le r ie s w e re d ug t o e x t rac t ap a r t icu la r s e am o f f l in t . F ew o ft h e se s haf t s h ave a c tua l ly b een i n ve s t iga ted b u t t h e r e su l t s f r om o ne

o r ig ina l f i e ldwo rk a tt h e s i te , i ss ou r ce o fG roup V I a xe s a t G r ea tL angda le . I n i t ia l ly , f i e ldwo rk a t L angda le s ough t t o i l um ina te f ou r p a r t icu la r a spec t s o f a xe p roduc t ion ; t h e s e lec t ion o f r aw m a te r ia l , t h e c ha rac te r o fs t one e x t rac t ion , t h e n a tu re o ft h e r e duc t ion s equence a nd t h e o rgan i sa t ion o fp roduc t ion . O ne s t r ik ing f e a ture w h ich e me rged w a s t h a tt h e e x t rac t ion s i te s a ppea red t o h ave b een c ho sen f o r r e a sons o t he r t h an t h e i r t o pog raphy o r g eo logy . T hus , m any a r ea s w i th s u i tab le r aw

5

e xcava t ion s ugge s t m in ing w a s a n e p i sod ic o r s e a sona l

T he b u lk o f t h e p reh i s tor ic e n t r ies o n t he S i te s a nd Monumen t s R eco rd r e f e rt ot h e d i scove ry o f 1 4 " knapp ing s i te s " , 2" f l in ts ca t te r s " , a" f l in tw a s te p i t " , " af l in tw a s te t i p "

a c t iv i ty . T he e xcava to r h a s p ropo sed t h e s c a le o fs uch a n e n terp r i se i nd ica te s a "h igh ly i n s t i tu t iona l i sed a nd ' p rof e s s iona l ' m in ing c ommun i ty " h oweve r n o s e t t lemen t e v idence h a s b een f ound t ha t w ou ld d emon s t ra te t h e

a nd ag roup o f" f l in t m ine s " , s a id t ob e v i s ib le i nt h e s e c t ion o fB ee rQ ua r ry . A tf i r s t s i gh tt h i s s e em s a n u n l ike ly l o ca t ion f o r af l in tm ine b ecau se t h e re d oe s n o ta ppea rt ob e a ny f l in t w i th in t h e e xpo sed c ha lk o ft h e q ua r ry f a ce f o rt h e m ine st o h ave e x t rac ted . T he " f l in tm ine s " w e re d e sc r ibed a sh av ing a V s haped p rof i le a nd b e ing f i l led w i th ar eddy b rown c l ay a nd f l i n t n odu le s . S im i la r f e a tu re s w e re n o t iced d u r ing t h e c ou r se o ft h ef i e ldwa lk ing s u rvey i np a r to f t h e Hooken c l if f a nd o ne a l so a ppea red i n s e c t ion w he re ac a rp a rk h ad b een

e x i s tence o fs uch ag roup ( Me rce r , R . 1 981b , 12 ) . O the r s r ega rd G r imes G rave s a sb e ing e mbedded w i th in as ea sona l r ou t ine o fg roup sw ho t r ave l led c on s ide rab le d i s tance st ot h e s i te ( Edmond s , M . 1 995 , 3 7 ) . H oweve ri tw a sc onduc ted , t h e s c a le o fa c t iv i ty i si mp r e s s ive . I th a s b een c a lcu la ted t h a t 1 000 t o n s o fo ve rbu rden w ou ld h ave b een r emoved t og i ve a cce s s t o 8t on s o f f l oo r s tone ( Me rce r , R . 1 981b , 12 ) . G iven t h e a bundance n ea rby o f r e ad i ly a va i lab le f l in t o f r e a sonab le q ua l i ty , t h e mo t iva t ion b eh ind t h e m ine s a ppea r s t oe x tend b eyond t h e d emand s o fm e re s ub s i s tence . Mo s to f

t e r ra ced b ack i n to t h e c l if fa tt h e e nd o f Ma r e L ane . I nb o th c a se s ad e ta i led e xam ina t ion o f t h e f e a tu r e w a s p o s s ib le w h ich r e vea led t h em t o b e s o lu t ion p i pe s ( Pe rk in s , 1 971 , 1 44 ) . E ach o f t h e 1 4 " knapp ing s i te s " a r e d e sc r ibed a s a d i sc r e te c l u s t e r o f w a s te f l ake s , h amme r s tone s , c o r e s a nd

t h e p o t te ry t h a th a sb een f ound a tt h e s i te i sG rooved Wa re , s ome o f w h ich s e ems t o h ave b een d e l ibe ra te ly d epo s i ted w i th in t h e m ine shaf t s . U nusua l d epo s i t s , s uch a s c a rved c ha lk o b jec t s a nd c l u s te r s o f a n t le r p i ck s h ave a l so b een

f ew r e touched t oo l s , w h ich w e re c o l lec ted a nd t h en r e ta ined b y t h e f i nde r . T hey a r e f r equen t ly s a id t ob e a s soc ia t ed w i th p loughed o u t k napp ing f l oo r s i mp ly ing a m e thod o f r educ t ion b a sed a round i n d iv idua l w o rk ing a r ea s . I ti sa l so s ugge s ted t h a t c or tex w a s r emoved f r om r aw f l in t n odu le s

l o ca ted . I ti sp o s s ib le t ha t b o th t h e u p land s t one s ou r ce s a nd t h e f l in t m ine s h ave o ne t h ing i nc ommon . T ha t t h ey b o th e mpha s i se t h e n eed t o a cce s s s t one i n ap a r t icu la r w ay o r f r om ap a r t icu la r p l ace . T h i s i se spec ia l ly t r ue o ft h e f l in t

p r io r t ot h e p roduc t ion o fr e touched t oo l s w h ich w e r e t h en r emoved f o ru se e l sewhe re . T he re a r e , h oweve r , n od e ta i l so f a ny c o l lec t ion m e thodo logy wh ich may h ave b een e mp loyed i nt h e i d en t if i ca t ion o ft h e se s i te s .

m ine s i nt h e s en se t h ey s e t t h em se lve s a pa r t f r om t h e mo re mundane a nd mo re c ommon w ide sp read m e thod o f a cqu i r ing f l in t f r om e x ten s ive h i l l s i de e xpo su r e s . Many o f t ho se w ho e mpha s i se t h e i mpor tance o f B ee r f l in t t o P reh i s to r ic c ommun i t ie s i nt h e S ou th We s t , s t re s st h e s av ing

I t s e em s p robab le t h a t ad eg ree o fs e lec t ive c o l lec t ion h a s c o lou r ed t h e r e por t s . When t h e l o ca t ion s w e re w a lked u s ing s y s tema t ic g r idded c o l lec t ion , n o o bv iou s c l u s te r ing o fa ny ma te r ia lw a s o b se rved , a nd t h e re w a s c e r ta in ly n o i n d ica t ion

i ne ne rgy e xpended i np rocu r ing f l in t a tB ee rr a the rt h an 3 0 k i lome t re s t o t h e w e s t o n t h e D o r se t c ha lk u p land s . T h is h a rd ly s e em s t o b e as i gn if i can t f a c to r w hen t a k ing i n to a ccoun t t h e s ca le o fa c t iv i t ies a nd t h e e xpend i tu re o fe f f or t a s soc ia ted w i th f l in t p rocu remen t a t f l in t m ine s s uch a s

o ft h e e x i s tence o f d i sc r e te a r ea s o f p r ima ry r educ t ion . I t may b e s i gn if ican tt h a tt h e ma jo r i ty o f t h e se c oncen t ra t ion s a r e a d jacen t t o p ub l ic f oo tpa th s w h i le o t he r s h ave b een l o ca ted i nf i e ld s o fp ermanen t p a s tu re . I ti si n s t ruc t ive t h a t ,

G r ime s G rave s .

h ad n o o r ig ina l f i e ldwo rk b een u nder taken a s p a r t o f t h i s r e sea rch , t h e e xcava t ion s o ft h e MacA lp ine Wood s a nd t h e e n t r ie s o nt h e S i te s a nd Monumen t s r e co rd w ou ld h ave b een a l l t h a t w a s a va i lab le t o a s se s s t h e n a tu re o f p r eh i s to r ic a c t iv i ty a tB ee r .

P rev iou s Work i nt he A rea I n a dd i t ion t o t h e f i e ldwo rk o ft h e MacA lp ine - Wood s , t h e c oun ty S i te s a nd Monumen t s R eco rd d e ta i l s o b se rva t ion s o f u p s tand ing monumen t sb yH u tch in son i nt h e l a te n ine teen th c en tu ry a nd mo re r e cen t ly b y G r inse l l . H u tch inson r e po r t s t h ep re sence o ft wo b a r row s i mmed ia te ly t ot h en o r th w e s to f t h e s u rvey a r ea . T he se w e re s a id t ob e 1 2 p ace s i nd i ame te r a nd l a rge ly made u p o f s t one s . A pp rox ima te ly 3 50 m e t r e s s ou th o ft h e se , G r in se l l r e co rd s t h e s t one s f r om ap robab le c i s t f r om w h ich p lough ing u nea r thed a n u rn w i th t w is ted c o rd d eco ra t ion c on ta in ing b u rn t h uman b one s . I n 1 958 , a g roup o ff ou r f l in t c a ir n s w e re a l so r epor ted n ea r t h e c l if f e dge o n S ou th D own C ommon ( F ig 2 ) , a pp rox ima te ly 8 00 m e t re s s ou th o ft h e Ma re L ane e xcava t ion s i te ( See B e low ) . A i r p ho tog raphy h a s r evea led s even c r op a nd s o i l m a rk s i n t h e a r ea , a l l o fw h ich h ave b een v i s i ted o n t h e g round . Two o ft h e se w e re r e jec ted a sb e ing e i the r modern o rg eo log ica l w h i le t h e r ema in ing f i ve a r e c ompo sed o ft h ree r e c tangu la r e nc lo su re s , af a in to va l e nc lo su re a nd a n i regu la re nc lo su r e . T he re i sn o o bv iou s c onnec t ion b e tween t h e se f e a tu re s a nd t h e r e su l t s f r om s u rf ace c o l lec t ion . I na tl e a s t o ne c a se ( C 1N 3 9952 ) i ti sl i ke ly t ha t t h e e nc lo su re i sp a r t o f a n u nda ted f i e ld s y s tem ( F ig 2 ) .

6

THE EXCAVATION OF A COLLUV IAL DEPOSIT AT BOVEY LANE , BEER . T he f o rme r d e sc r ibe s t h e e xam ina t ion o fa r tef ac t s c o l lec ted

I ntroduc t ion

f r om v a r iou s p l oughed f i e ld s a tB ee r H ead a nd 4k i lome t re s t o t h e e a s t a tS ea ton . Nume rou s e xamp le s o f wo rked f l in t a nd c he r t w e re n o ted b u t e xamp le s w h ich m igh t h ave b een c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e p rev iou s ly o b se rved b u r ia l mound s w e re n o tab ly a b sen t .

T he a r chaeo log ica l a nd p a laeoenv i ronmen ta l p o ten t ia l o f d eep c o l luv ia l d epos i t s w a s f i r s t c onv inc ing ly d emon s t ra ted b ye xcava t ion sa tK i ln C ombe o nt h e S ou th D own s( Be l l , M . 1 981 ; 1 982 ; 1 983) . A s t r ip 1 0 m e t re s l o ng a nd t wo m e t re s w ide w i th in al a rge r mach ine c u tt r ench , w a sh and e xcava ted a nd t h e l o ca t ion o f a l l a r tef ac t s w a s t h ree d imen s iona l ly r e co rded . F ou r teen d i s t inc t ive l a ye r s w e re i d en t if i ed , s ome o f wh ich w e r e a s soc ia ted w i th h o r izon s o f Med ieva l , I r on A ge a nd B eake rp o t te ry . F l in ta r tef ac t s a l so f o rmed d i s t inc t h o r izon s w h ich w e re i n te rp re ted a s t h e r e su l t e a r thwo rm

" Among m any t h ou sand s o fw o rked f l in t s e xam ined o nt h i s s i te , If ound n o t r a ce o fp o l i sh n o r a ny b a rbed a nd t a nged a r rowhead " ( A l lman P owe l l , J .1 9 19 -20 ,2 09 ) T h is o b se rva t ion o f t h e a b sence o f d i agno s t ic t oo l s d a t ing f r om t h e N eo l i th ic a nd E a r ly B ronze A ge w a s t h e e a r l ie s t e xamp le o f a n i n te rp r e ta t ion w h ich a s c r ibed mo s t o f t h e a c t iv i ty a tB ee rt ot h e M idd le a nd U ppe rP a laeo l i th ic . I tw a s r e i te ra ted w hen s u rf ace c o l lec t ion i n p loughed f i e ld s

s o r t ing d u r ing s t and s t i l l e p i sode s ( Be l l , M . 1 983 , 1 29 ) . P ar t ic le s i z e a na lys i s o ft h e s o i l i t se lf s ugge s ted t h a t l o e s s ic d epo s i t s h ad e r oded t o f o rm s i gn if i can t c omponen t s o f a t

i mmed ia te ly t o t h e w e s t o f B ee r p roduced n ume rou s f l in t t oo l s a nd at o r to i se c o re . T he n ea re s t p a ra l le l t o t h i s w a s j udged t o b e t h e Mou s te r ian s i t e a tS t B re lade o n J e r sey ( MacA lp ine - Wood s ,G . 1 927 , 8 4 ) .

l e a s tt wo b u r ied s o i ls i nt h es e c t ion . Mo l lu scan s amp le sw e r e t a ken f r om t wo c o lumn s a nd a s ub so i l h o l low , t h e l a t te r i n d ica t ing t h ep resence o f wood land . S ub sequen te p i sode so f s o i l e ro s ion a r e a s soc ia ted w i th i n c r ea s ing p ropo r t ion s o f o pen c oun t ry s pec ie s ( Be l l , M . 1 983 , 1 3 1) . T he g ene ra l c onc lus ion s f r om t h i s a nd t wo o t he r e xcava t ion s a tC ha l ton a nd I t f o rd B o t tom , e mpha s i sed t h e p o ten t ia l o fc o l luv ia t ion t o ma sk s i te sl o ca ted i nv a l ley b o t tom s ,w h i le t h ep r e sence o f e roded l o e s s i nd ica ted t ha t p reh i s to r ic s o i l s w e re s ubs tan t ia l ly c oun terpa r t s .

more

f e r t i le

t han

t h e i r

I n 1 932 , t h e a ccoun t o f a n e xcava t ion w a s p ub l i shed t h a t p u rpor ted t o d emon s t ra te t h e e x i s tence o f a n o ccupa t ion l e ve l , o ne f oo t b e low t h e p re sen t l a nd s u rf ace . T he l o ca t ion o ft h e e xcava t ion i sn o tr e co rded a s ide f r om ar e f e rence t oi t b e ing o n t h e p l a teau a bove B ee r . T he e xcava t ion r e cove red 1 , 500 w o rked f l in t s , o ccur r ing i n al ow h eap w i th in a n a r ea o f l i t t le o ve r o ne s qua re y a rd a nd w a s i n te rp re ted a s a n

c on tempo ra ry

i n s i tu f l ak ing f l oo r o n ab u r ied l a nd s u rf ace . A l though t h e e xcava t ion i sd e sc r ibed i n t h e c on tex t o f f i nd s f r om t h e p lough so i l , i t mu s t h ave t a ken p l ace o n g ra ss land . T he

A f te rt h e se e xcava t ion s w e re p ub l i shed , l a nd scape s t ud ie s i n p rog re s s o n t h e Wes sex c ha lk u p land s a t temp ted t o l o ca te a r ea s w he r e s u rf ace s ca t t e r s m igh t h ave b een c oncea led b y c o l luv ium . T he r e su l t s s ugge s ted t h a t c o l luv ium w a s f a r l e s s u b iqu i tou s t han h ad a t f i r s t b een s ugge s ted . T e s t p i t s u rvey s a c ro s s t h e t wo v a l ley s o n t h e B e rk sh i re D own s a nd a n a ug e r s u rvey o fS a l isbury P l a in b o th f a i led t ol o ca te a ny s i gn if i can t d epo s i t s ( Gaf f ney , V & T ing le M . 1 989 , 2 7 ; R icha rd s , J . C . 1 990 , 2 51) . I nb o th o ft h e se c a se s ,t hough , t h e o b jec t w a ss imp ly t od emon s t ra te t h ep re sence o ra b sence o f

a ccompany ing s e c t ion s how s t h a t t h e f l in t w a s l o ca ted a lmo s te xc lu s ive ly a tt h eb a se o fw ha ti sd e sc r ibed a ss u rf ace h umu s a nd a bove a d epos i t o f E ocene c l ay w i th f l in t s ( MacA lp ine - Wood s , G . 1 929 -32 , 1 ) . I tm ay b e t ha t wha t i s b e ing d e sc r ibed i s aw orm s o r ted l a ye r a tt h e b a se o f t h e t op so i l h o r izon . H oweve r , t h e d ens i ty o f t h e f i nd s c ou ld i n d ica te t h a t s ome s o r t o fd i sc r e te f l in t w o rk ing a s semb lage h ad b een l o ca ted . U nf or tuna te ly n o a na ly s i s w a s made t o d e term ine w he the r t h i s ma te r ia l r ep re sen ted a k napp ing

c o l luv ium f r om t he a r ea s t ha t h ad b een f i e ldwa lked , r a the r t h an t o s amp le t he l a nd scape a s aw ho le . W i thou t s uch s u rvey s i ti sd i ff icu l tt op red ic tt h e p r e sence o fc o l luv ium b y s u rf ace o b se rva t ion a l one s i nce t h e re s e em s t o b e l i t t le c or re la t ion b e tween t h e d ep th a nd t ype o f t h e c o l luv ia l d epos i ta nd t h e s l ope o rp a s t l a nd u se o ft h e v a l ley i nw h ich i to ccu r s( A l len M . 1 992 , 3 8 ) .

c l u s te r a nd t h e f i nd s h ave n ow b een l o s t . I na dd i t ion t ot h i s s i te ,t h ef i nd ing o f as ma l le r' wo rk shop 'w a sr epor ted t oh ave b een r e vea led b y t h e c on s t ruc t ion o fn ea rby f a rm b u i ld ing s . H e re 3 00 a r tef ac t s w e re r e cove red f r om a d ep th o f a pp rox ima te ly o ne f oo t ( Ma cA lp ine - Wood s , G . 1 929 -32 , 1 ) . T he c onc lu s ion s d r awn f r om t h i s e a r ly f i e ldwo rk w e re t h a t t h e e xp lo i ta t ion o f B ee r f l i n t w a s u ncommon i n t h e N eo l i th ic a nd u nknown i n t h e B ronze A ge . A Me so l i th ic e l emen t w a s n o ted i nt h e a s semb lage b u t t h e p re sence o f a r tef ac t s i d en t if ied a sh and a xe sa nd t o r to i se c o re s s ugge s ted t h a t t h e p r inc ipa l p e r iod o fe xp lo i ta t ion o ccur red d u r ing t h e U ppe rP a laeo l i th ic .

P rev iou s F ie ldwork a nd E xcava t ions a tB eer T he e a r l ie s t r e f e rence s t o a r chaeo log ica l f i e ldwo rk a tB ee r a ppea r i nt h e d i a r ies o f P e te r O r lando H u tch in son , al o ca l a n t iqua r ian a nd membe r o f t h e D evonsh i re A s soc ia t ion B a r row s C omm i t tee , w ho r e co rded s eve ra l e a r thwo rk s i te s b e tween 1 872 a nd 1 880 . T he e a r l ie s t p ub l i shed a ccoun t s o f

I n 1 931 , t h e e x i s tence o f ad eep c o l luv ia l d epo s i t i nt h e d ry v a l ley t ot h e n o r th w e s t o ft h e v i l lage o fB ee r w a s b rough t t ot h e a t ten t ion o f ag roup o f l o ca l a ma teu r a r chaeo log is t s

p r eh is to r ic f l in t wo rk ing a tB ee r a ppea red i n1 9 19 a nd 1 922 ( A l lman P owe l l , J . 1 9 19 -20 ; MacA lp ine - Wood s , G . 1 922 ) . 7

A E XCAVAT ION

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5 00 emem annem e METRES

BOVEY LANE A

SEATON HOLE

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BEER ROADS

UNDERCL IF F

F ig . 4T he L oca t ion o fE xcava t ion sa tB ee r . i n c lud ing G er t rude a nd R o land MacA lp ine - Wood s . A c u t t ing , e xcava ted t o ad ep th o f 1 2 f e e t i ns e a rch o fw a te r , r evea led n ume rous p ieces o f wo rked f l in t w i th in w ha t b ecame k nown a s " t he I mp lemen t if e rou s D epo s i t " . T he MacA lp ine - Wood s a sc r ibed t h e f o rma t ion o ft h i s " Depo s i t " t op e r ig lac ia l s o l if luc t ion , d a ted t h e f l in t i mp lemen t s w i th in i tt o t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic a nd w e re a tp a in s t od i s t ingu i sh t h em f r om i mp lemen t s c o l lec ted f r om t h e s u rf ace o f s u r round ing a r ab le l a nd ( MacA lp ine - Wood s , G & MacA lp ine - Wood s R , 1 934 ; 1 932 -36 , 1 ) . T he i r r e a son s f o r a r r iv ing a tt h e se t h ree e r roneou s c onc lu s ion s i l us t ra te t h e i n f luen t ia l r o le p layed i n t h e d eve lopmen t o f t h e a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd b y f a c t iona l d i spu te s w i th in s oc ie t ie s .

w e re a l l t ho se o f t h e ir c on tempora r ies w ho w e re a l so i n vo lved i nf i e ldwo rk a round B ee r H ead . When t h e D evon A r chaeo log ica lE xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty w a s e s tab l i shed i n1 929 , R o land w a s ac omm i t tee m embe r wh i le G e r t rude w a s t h e j o in th ono ra ry s e c r e ta ry . B o th c on t inued t oa c t ive o ff ice r so f t h e D .A .E .S . d u r ing t h e p e r iod w hen t h ey w e re e xcava t ing a r ound B ee r H ead . S ho r t ly a f te r t h e o u tb r eak o ft h e S econd Wo r ld Wa r , t h ey e m ig ra ted t o Ame r ica a nd t h e i r h ou se i n B ee r b ecame a h ome f o r r e f ugee s . ( Chapp le , A .J . P e r s C omm ) . I n 1 945 , t h ey w e re b o th n amed a s v i ce p r es iden t s o ft h e D .A .E .S . a l though t h e i ra dd re s sw a s i nM iam i . T he l a te s t l i s t

l e a rned

o f D .A .E .S . m embe r s i n wh ich t h ey a ppea r ed , d a te s f r om J une 1 951 . T he i r l a s t k nown a r chaeo log ica l p ub l ica t ion , d i scus s ing t h e r o le o f R idgeways i n t h e P reh is to r ic

T he MacA lp ine - Woods w e r e t e a p l an te r s f r om C ey lon w ho h ad moved t oB ee ri n a bou t 1 920 . F rom 1 92 1 t o 1 939 , t h ey w e re m embe r s o f t h e P reh i s to r ic S oc ie ty o fE a s tA ng l ia a s

d i s t r ibu t ion o ff l i n t , a ppea r s i nt h e D evon c oun ty j ou rna l o f t h a t y ea r , w h ich s e ems t o h ave a c tua l ly b een p ub l i shed i n 8

1 954 . N o th ing i sk nown o fw ha tb ecame o ft h e i rf i nd sf r om a lmo s t ad ecade o ff i e ldwo rk a nd e xcava t ion sa t B ee r . T he re

e xcava ted o n e i the r s i de o f ah edge d iv id ing a p a s tu r e f i e ld f r om a l lo tmen t s g a rden s . O ne p ho tog raph s how s ag ene ra l v i ew l o ok ing u p B ovey L ane f r om t h e s ou th w i th t h e a lo tmen t s i nt h e f o reg round . T he se d o n o t e x i s t t oday b u t

i s as ma l l a s semb lage o f a r tef ac t s f r om B ee r i n E xe te r Mu seum , s ome o f w h ich may h ave o r ig ina ted f r om t h e i r c o l lec t ion . T he B r i t i sh Mu seum h a s as ma l l g roup o ff i nd s f r om t h e B ovey L ane e xcava t ion wh ich i n c ludes t h e i lu s t ra ted f i nd s , ac o l lec t ion o f u npub l ished p ho tog raph s a nd s ome s u rvey ing n o te s .

a r e s t i l l s hown o n t h e O rdnance S u rvey 6 i n che s t o 1m i le m ap o fB ee r , i n i t ia l ly s u rveyed i n1 958 . A n a r row h a s b een

B e tween 1 931 a nd 1 936 t h e MacA lp ine - Wood sc onduc ted a s e r ie s o f e xcava t ion s a nd s ondage s i n a n a t temp t t o d e term ine t h e n a tu re a nd e x ten t o f t h e a r chaeo log ica l

1 0f e e t s qua re a nd e xcava ted t o ad ep th o fa pp rox ima te ly 1 5 f e e t . T he c o l luv ium w i th in t h i s t r ench e xh ib i t s t h e c ha rac t e r i s t ic d a rken ing i n c o lou r t owa rd s i t s b a se t h a t i s

d epo s i t s a r ound B ee r H ead . P r inc ipa l a mong s t t h e se w a s a t r ench e xcava ted i n 1 933 a tB ovey L ane . An o te r epor t ing t h e e xcava t ion i nt h e P roceed ing s o f t h e P reh i s to r ic S oc ie ty o f E a s t A ng l ia m en t ion s t h a t t h e MacA lp ine - Wood s w e r e w o rk ing i nc o -ope ra t ion w i th M r R e id Mo i r . ( C la rk , J .G .D . C h i lde , V .G . &G r ime s , W .F . 1 934 , 3 75 ) .

i d en t if ied a sC on tex t 3i nt h e 1 991 e xcava t ion . I nc on t ra s t , t h e d ep th o f C on tex t 3 r ange s a c ro s s t h e t r ench f r om a pp rox ima te ly f ou rf e e ta to ne s i de t oa pp rox ima te ly t wo f e e t t h e o ppos i te s i de . T he o r ien ta t ion i s n o t c er ta in , b u t c ompa r i son s w i th o t he rp ho tog raph s i n d ica te t h a t C on tex t3 b ecome s r a p id ly s ha l lowe r a way f r om t h e v a l ley b o t tom .

J ame s R e id Mo i r w a s o ne o ft h e f ounde r m embe r s o f t h e P reh i s to r ic S oc ie ty o fE a s t A ng l ia a nd w a s t w ice e l ec ted i t s

T he re a r en or e f e rence st ot h ee xcava t ion o ft h i st r ench i nt h e f i na l r epor t n o r t o a ny o f t h e f i nd s t h a t i tm igh t h ave p roduced . U nf or tuna te ly , t h e o rde r i n wh ich t h i s a nd a s e cond l a rge rt r ench w e re e xcava ted i sa l so u nknown .

d r awn o nt h ep ho tog raph , p o in t ing t o ac ro s s ,n ex tt ow h ich a r et h ew o rd s " Bovey L ane , t h eE xcava t ion s , l o ok ing N .W ." . T h i s a nd o t he r p ho tog raph s s how a t r ench a pp rox ima te ly

p re s iden t . A l though , l i ke m any o fh i s c on tempo ra r ie s i nt h e S oc ie ty , h e l a cked a ny f o rma l t r a in ing i n g eo logy o r p a laeon to logy , h e f o rmed p a r t o f as ma l l b u t i nf luen t ia l

T he s e cond t r ench i sd e sc r ibed i nt h e f i na l r e po r t b u t n o t a ccu ra te ly l o ca ted . I tm ea su red 3 0 f e e t b y 1 2 f e e t a nd w a s

g roup w ho w e r e s e ek ing t r ace s o fe a r ly man i nt h e g l ac ia l d epo s i t so fE a s tA ng l ia . A tt h et ime , t h e r e la t ive c h rono logy o ft h e se d epo s i t s w a s n o t w e l l u nde r s tood a nd n e i the r w e re t h e re e s tab l i shed c r i te r ia f o r t h e i d en t if ica t ion o f h uman w o rk ing o ns t one t o o l s . R e id Mo i rf i r s tc ame t op rom inence w hen h ew ro te t ot h e T ime s i nO c tobe r 1 910 a nnounc ing t h e

e xcava ted t o ad ep th o f 1 6 f e e t w he re i te ncoun te red s o l id b ed s o fc he r t . T he re i so n ly o ne u npub l i shed p ho tog raph o f t h i s t r ench , s how ing a s e c t ion ,a t l e a s t 1 5 f e e t l o ng c u t t h rough p a s tu re a nd r unn ing p a ra l le l t o ah edge . H e re , t h e " Depo s i t " w a s 1 2 f e e t d eep a nd l a y b e tween t h e b a se o ft h e

r ema rkab le d i scove ry o fh uman ly w o rked f l in tt h a tp reda t ed t h e R ed C rag D epo s i t( Bo swe l l , P .G .H . 1 945 , 6 6 ) . T h i s w a s d e sc r ibed i nR e id Mo i r 's o b i tua ry a s ap r ec ip i tan t a c t ion

t o p so i l a nd a n a tu ra l s t ony h o r izon . I ti sd e sc r ibed a s a b rown i sh m agma , d a rke r a nd mo re a r g i l la ceou s t owa rd s i t s b a se w h i le b ecom ing g radua l ly p a le rf r om ad ep th o fa bou t6

m ade a ga in s tt h e a dv ice o ff r iend s b u t i n 1 9 13 i tw a s h a i led a s a n e xemp la ry p i ece o f f i e ld w o rk ( Chapman , R . 1 985 , 1 6 ) . S ince t h e p rovenance o f f i nd s a nd t h e i r a c tua l i d en t if i ca t ion a s h uman ly w o rked t oo l s w a s o pen t o s uch w ide d i scu s s ion , t h e a ccep tance o f n ew d i scove r ie s w a s l a rge ly d ependan t o n t h e i d en t i ty o ft h e d i scove re r a nd t h e i n f luence o f h i s s uppor te r s . R e id Mo i r 's s ucce ss a s a n a r chaeo log i s t l a yn o ts o much i nt h e q ua l i ty o fh i s f i e ldwo rk o rt h e r i gou ro fh i sa na ly s i s b u tr a the r i nh i s a b i l i ty t oe n l i s t t h e s uppor to fd i s t ingu i shed s cho la r s f r om r e la ted d i sc ip l ine s (C la rk , J .G .D . 1 985 ,3 ) . I ta ppea r st h a ta sw e l la sc u l t iva t ing h i s i n f luen t ia l c on tempo ra r ie s , R e id Mo i r r e c ru i ted l e s se r f i gu r es s u ch a st h e MacA lp ine - Wood s w ho se f i e ldwo rk h e c ou ld d i rec ti ns uppo r to fh i s o wn i n te re s t s . When p ropo s ing

f e e tu pwa rd s . A l though t h i s d i f f e rence i nc o lou r i sr e co rded , b o th e l emen t s o f t h e " Depo s i t " w e re a lway s c on s ide red t o h ave b een f o rmed a tt h e s ame t ime ( MacA lp ine - Wood s , G & MacA lp ine - Wood s R , 1 932 -36 , 1 ) . T he e xcava t ion t e chn ique i sn o td e sc r ibed b u ta ppea r s , f r om p ho tog raph s , t oh ave i n vo lved t h e c o l luv ium b e ing d ug o u t b y al a bou re r a nd t h en p i cked o ve r o n t h e s u rf ace b y t h e MacA lp ine - Wood s a nd p oss ib ly o the r s . G er t rude MacA lp ine - Wood s h ad p rev ious ly c a r r ied o u t s u rf ace c o l lec t ion a nd as ma l l e xcava t ion a tB ee r w i th M r . P re sco t t R ow , af e l low m embe r o f t h e P reh i s to r ic S oc ie ty o f E a s t A ng l ia .

t h e e x i s tence o f P a leo l i th ic p o t te ry , R e id Mo i r m en t ion s e v idence f r om B e lg ian c ave s i te s b u t t h e o n ly e xamp le h e u ses f r om B r i ta in i s t h a t o f t h e MacA lp ine - Wood s

I nt h ef a rw e s tern c or ne ro ft h e 1 991 e xcava t ion ,t h ee dge so f ab ackf i l led t r ench w e re l o ca ted w h ich a r et hough tt ob e t h a t o ft h e MacA lp ine - Wood s . I ft h i s w a s t h e c a se , t h e b ackf i l l c on ta ined a r ema rkab ly h i gh n umbe r o f f i nd s s ugge s t ing e i the r t h a t t h e i r r e cove ry w a s n o t r i gou rou s , o rt h a t a f te r a

e xcava t ion a tB ee r ( Mo i r , J .R . 1 935 , 8 3) . T he 1 933 e xcava t ion i n B ovey L ane i sn o t m e t icu lou s ly

c u r sory i n spec t ion , f i nd s d eemed u nwor thy o f p ub l ica t ion w e re d i sca rded w hen t h e t r ench w a s b ack f i l led . T o g a in

r e po r ted . Two s e a sons w o rk a r e m en t ioned a nd a s e cond t r ench i s r e f e r r ed t o , b u t o n ly o ne t r ench i s a c tua l ly d e sc r ibed . T he p ub l ished r e po r t o f t h e 1 933 e xcava t ion l o ca ted t h es i te o n ly o n as ke tch m ap ,w h i le s u rvey ing n o te s i n c luded i n t h e s i te a r ch ive s w e re i n comp le te ( Ma cA lp ine - Wood s , G & MacA lp ine - Wood s R , 1 933-36 , 2 9 ) . A g roup o f u npub l i shed p ho tog raph s i n t h e B r i t i sh Mu seum a r ch ive r e vea l t h a tt h e re w e re i n deed , t wo t r enche s

s ome i d ea o f t h e l e ve l o f f i nd s r e cove ry d u r ing t h e 1 932 e xcava t ion o ne c an c ompa re t h e d en s i ty o ff i nd s r e por ted f r om t h a t e xcava t ion w i th t ho se o ft h e 1 99 1 s i te . I n 1 932 a pp rox ima te ly 1f i nd w a sr e cove red f r om e ve ry c ub ic f oo to f e xcava ted " Depo s i t " w h i le i n 1 99 1 , t h e r e cove ry r a te w a s s even t ime s g rea te r .

9

T he MacA lp ine - Wood s l i s t o n ly a pp rox ima t e n umbe r s o f f i nd s i n t h e r epor t o f t h e i r e xcava t ion a nd t h e m ea su r ed

n ume rou s c a lc ined f l in t s , s and s tone a nd q ua r tz i te s ( s ome o f

a na ly s i s i sc a r r ied o u to n . . .

w h ich h ad b een u sed a sh amme r s )a nd p i ece s , s ome l a rge , o f b u rn tc l ay o fv ery d ef in i te f o rm s " ( Mo i r , J .R . 1 925 , 2 39 ) .

" s eve ra l h und red s pec imens t a ken a t r andom f r om t h e p l a teau a nd t h e D epo s i t " ( MacA lp ine - Wood s , G . 1 933 -36 .

R e id Mo i r c on t inued t o a dvoca te t he e x is tence o f P a laeo l i th ic p o t te ry e ven a f te r B u r ch i l l w a s f o r ced t or e t rac t

3 6 ) .

h i s c l a im s . R ecen t ly as he rd , w h ich R e id Mo i r h ad c l a imed t o h ave f ound i n a n u nd i s tu rbed P a leo l i th ic c on tex t , w a s

O ve r4 000 p i ece s o fw o rked f l in tw e re r e cove r ed a sw e l l a s p o t te ry , s he l l s ,t e e th ,b one s , c ha rcoa la nd 3 00 p i ece so fb u rn t f l in t . T he f i nd s a r e a s c r ibed t od ep th b and sw h ich v a ry f r om t h ree t of i ve f e e t . T he s t one a r tef ac t sw e re p r edom inan t ly o f f l in ta l though t wo c her ti mp lemen t sw e re a l so r e cogn ized a s w e l l a s t h ree w o rked B un te r p ebb le s . Among s t t h e t oo l s , e xamp le s w e re i d en t if ied o f l e af s haped b l ade s , s pec ia l i sed s c rape r s ( g ra t to i r amu seau ) , c o re s o f aMou s te r ian t r ad i t ion a nd

aS o lu t rean L au re l L eaf ( MacA lp ine - Wood s , G &

MacA lp ine - Wood s R , 1 933-36 , 3 1) . D e sp i te t h e i rc l a im t h a t t h e se r e p re sen ta n U ppe rP a leo l i th ic a s semb lage n one o ft h e i mp lemen t s i lus t ra ted i nt h e r e por tw ou ld b e c on s ide red o u t o fp l ace i n aN eo l i th ic c on tex t . F rom ad ep th b e tween 5f e e t 6i n che s a nd 1 f e e t b e low t h e s u rf ace , n ume rou s p i ece s o f c ha r coa l w e r e r e cove red a s w e l l a st h et e e th a nd b one s o fB o s , S u sa nd O v i sa nd as i ng le t oo th f r om a s ka te a nd a p ike . F rom t h e s ame l o ca t ion s , s ma l l s he rd s o fp o t te ry w e re a l so r e cove red . T he p o t tery i s d e sc r ibed a s b e ing h and m ade a nd f l in t g r i t ted w i th ar e d s u rf a ce o u t s ide a nd b l ack w i th in . R eg ina ld S m i th o f t h e B r i t i sh Mu seum , t h e t h en p re s iden t o f t h e D evon

d a ted b y t h e rmo lum ine scence t o4 790 B P +3 40 . I ta ppea r s h e h ad i d en t if ied t h e v a l ley d epo s i t f r om w h ich t h e s he rd o r ig ina ted a s g l ac ia l ly d e r ived w hen i tw a s a c tua l ly c o l luv ium , a n e r ro r t h a t h e w a s t o r e pea t a t B ovey L ane ( Bahn ,P .1 986 ) . U nu sua l ly , p r io r t o t h e i r p ub l ica t ion i n t h e D evon c oun ty j ou rna l , b o th t h e B ovey L ane e xcava t ion a nd a ne a r l ie rs ma l l e xcava t ion b y G e r t rude a ppea red i nt h e P roceed ing s o ft h e P reh i s to r ic S oc ie ty o fE a s tA ng l ia ( MacA lp ine - Wood s , G& MacA lp ine - Wood s R , 1 934 ) . Much o ft h e t ex t a nd m any o f t h e i lu s t ra t ion s a r e t h e s ame i nb o th a ccoun t s , h oweve r t h e a s se r t ion i nt h e P .P .S .E .A . t e x t , t h a t f i nd s o f p o t te ry h ave b een r epor ted f r om o t he r P a laeo l i th ic c on tex t s , i s a ccompan ied b y af oo tno te . " I t i sh oweve r w o r th m en t ion ing t h a t , w he rea s t h e e v idence f o r P a laeo l i th ic p o t te ry i nE u rope r e s t s u pon e v idence b o th e x iguou s a nd d i spu ted , t h a td e r ived f r om t h e e xcava t ion o fa v e ry c on s ide rab le n umbe ro fs ea led c ave d epo s i t s i n We s ter n E u rope p o in t s d ec i s ive ly i nt h e o ppo s i te d i rec t ion -E d i to r " ( MacA lp ine - Wood s , G & Ma cA lp ine - Wood s R , 1 934 , 3 62 ) .

A rchaeo log ica l E xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty , s t a ted t h a t . . . " They r e p re sen t p r im i t ive p r eh i s to r ic p o t tery : n o th ing mo re d ef in i te t h an t h i s c an b e s a id " ( MacA lp ine - Wood s , G . & MacA lp ine - Wood s , R . 1 933 -36 . 3 5 ) .

N e i the r t h e f oo tno te n o r i t s s en t imen t s w e re r e pea ted w hen t h e a r t ic le r e appea r ed i n t h e D evon c oun ty j our na l . T he e d i to r s o ft h e o r ig ina l p ape r w e re J .G .D C la rk , V .G . C h i lde a nd W .F . G r ime s . T he i r f ou r p redece s so r s o n t h e e d i to r ia l c omm i t t ee h ad i n c luded J .R e id Mo i r .

T he MacA lp ine - Wood sh oweve rd raw a t ten t ion t oc l a ims o f P a laeo l i th ic p o t te ry h av ing b een r e cove red a tL e s E yz ie s b y M . P ey rony , d esc r ibed b y t h em a s b e ing a r e cogn ized l e ad ing a u tho r i ty . ( MacA lp ine - Wood s , MacA lp ine - Wood s , R . 1 933 -36 . 3 5 ) .

G .

&

T hey a l so r e f er red t o t wo c ompa rab le d i scove r ie s i n t h e T hame s v a l ley a nd E a s tA ng l ia ( Bu r ch i l l ,J . P .T . 1 933 ; Mo i r , J .R . 1 927 ) . T he f o rme ri sa n i n ve s t iga t ion i n to t h e l i ke ly d a te a nd f o rma t ion o f b r ickea r th d epo s i t s i nt h e N o r thf lee t a nd S wan scombe a r ea w i th p a r t icu la r r e f e rence t o a n e xpo sed q ua r ry s e c t ion i n t h e I ng re s s V a le . A p ho tog raph o f t h e s e c t ion i sa nno ta ted t os how , a t ad ep th o fn i ne f e e t , v a r iou s d epo s i t s s e a l ing amuch d a rke r l a ye r . T h i s i sd e sc r ibed a sa s ub -ae r ia l b r ickear th w i th a' f l oo r ' a tt h e b a se , w h ich y i e lded U ppe r P a laeo l i th ic i mp lemen t s a nd f r agmen t s o f p o t tery . T he p o t te ry i ss a id t o b e c oa r se a nd r ed b rown i nc o lou r , f o rm ing p a r t o f a t l e a s t o ne l a rge v es se l ( Bu r ch i l l , J . P .T . 1 933 , 8 4 ) . I nb r ick f ie ld s t ot h e n or th o fI p sw ich , R e id Mo i r f ound p a r t ia l ly w a te r logged d epo s i t s 1 0t o 1 2 f e e tb e low t h e s u rf ace , s e a led b y 8f e e t o fs t ony h i l lwa sh . W i th in t h e l owe r l e ve ls o ft h i s d epo s i t , as p l i t p l ank o f o ak w a s f o und w i th s eve ra l o ak a nd h az e l s t ake s . A s soc ia ted w i th t h e se . . . " The re

w e re

T he re i sn o e xp lana t ion w i th in e i the r v e r s ion o f t h e s i te r epor t o f w hy t h e MacA lp ine - Wood s b e l ieved t h a t t h e " Depo s i t " w a s t h e p roduc t o f p e r ig lac ia l s o l i f lux ion . H oweve r , i n t h e s ame v o lume o f t h e P roceed ing s o f t h e D evon A rchaeo log ica l E xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty , t h e re i s a n a r t ic le e n t i t led , " Anc ien t Man i nD evon " b y J .R e id Mo i r , a b r ief s ynop s i s o f w h ich a ppea r s o n a s i ng le p age i mmed ia te ly a f te r t h e B ovey L ane e xcava t ion r epor t . T he a r t ic le s umma r i se s aL eve rhu lme f unded r e sea rch p ro jec tt o s t udy t h e P l e i s tocene d epo s i t s o f E a s t D evon . P r ima r i ly , i t c on s ide r s P a laeo l i th ic f i nd s f r om B roome P i t a nd ac u t t ing o n t h e B ee rt oS ea ton r o ad . T he re a r e s t r ik ing r e semb lance s b e tween t h i s a ccoun ta nd t h e B ovey L ane e xcava t ion r e por t . T he i l u s t ra ted s e c t ion s o f B roome P i t a nd B ovey L ane a r e b o th p re sen ted i nt h e s ame w ay a nd b o th a ccoun t s make u se o f t h e t e rm , " t he I mp lemen t if e rou s D epos i t " ( MacA lp ine - Wood s , G & MacA lp ine - Woods R , 1 933 -36 , 2 9 ; Mo i r , J .R . 1 933 -36 , 2 64 ) . R e id Mo ir w a s s e ek ing e v idence f o r t h e e f f ec t s o f ah i ther to u nknown e p i sode o f g l ac ia t ion i n D evon . H e s ugge s ted p o ss ib le p a ra l le ls b e tween s o i l a ccumu la t ion s i nE a s t D evon a nd t h e g l ac ia l s o i l s o f E a s t A ng l ia . Wh i le i tw a s n o t c l a imed t h a t t h e d epo s i t s i nB roome P i t w e r e g l ac ia l ly d e r ived , c ompa r i son s w e re m ade b e tween t h eB roome P i tf i nd sw i th t ho se f r om t h e

h ea r th so f c on s ide rab le e x ten t c on ta in ing

1 0

R oad c u t t ing n ea rB ee r . T he se w e re r e cove red b yR e id Mo i r h im se lf , w i th t h eh e lp o f R o land Ma cA lp ine - Wood sa nd D r P owe l l ,w ho w a sa l so am embe ro ft h eP reh i s to r ic S oc ie ty o f

r e f e r s t ot h e e xcava t ion o ve r ap e r iod o f 1 w eek s , o fo ne t r ench a nd . . "many s ma l l s ound ing s " ( MacA lp ine - Wood s , o & MacA lp ine - Wood sR , 1 933 -36 ,2 9 ; MacA lp ine - Wood s ,

E a s t A ng l ia ( Re id Mo i r , J .1 933 -36 , w h ich t h e se f i nd s a ppa ren t ly d e r ived g l ac ia l i no r ig in , h oweve r , R e id Mo i r b e tween t h e b rown b ou lde r c l ay s o f

G & MacA lp ine - Wood sR , 1 937 ,4 4 ) . O ft h ef o rme rt e s tp i t s , e i gh t a r e d i s t r ibu ted a l ong B ovey L ane w h i le o ne i s a t C ouch i l l , t wo a r e o nt h ep l a teau o ve r look ing B ee r, af u r the r t wo a r e p l aced o n t h e 2 00 f oo t c on tou r i nB ran scombe a nd o ne i sl o ca ted o n t h e c l if f s i de a tA xm in s te r . E igh t o ft h e

2 77 ) . T he s t ra ta f r om a r e s a id t ob e p o s s ib ly n o te s ac l ea rs im i la r i ty n o r th N o rf o lk a nd t h e

B ovey L ane c o l luv ium (Mo i r , J .R . 1 933 -36 , 2 79 ) . I ts e em s mos t l i ke ly t h a t h e h ad t h e MacA lp ine - Wood s f i rm ly i n m ind w hen h ec onc luded t h a ti n af u tu r e i n ve s t iga t ion . . . "T he a r chaeo log i s t mu s tt a ke af o remo s tp l ace ,a si ti sb yt h e d i scove ry o fd a tab le i mp lemen t s i ng eo log ica l d epo s i t s t h a t t h e r e a l a ge o f t h e se b ed s w i l l p robab ly b e r e cogn ized " (Mo i r , J .R . 1 933-36 , 2 79 ) . T hu s ,t h eo r ig in so ft h eB ovey L ane c o l luv ium w e r ea s c r ibed b y R e id Mo i r , t o am ino rg l ac ia t ion o ft h e l a te A u r ignac ian . A l l t h a tw a st h en r equ i red w a s f o rt h e Ma cA lp ine - Wood s t o r e cove r s u i tab ly d a tab le i mp lemen t s f r om w i th in i tf o r t h e c a se t o b e p roved , w h ich w a s p r ec i se ly w ha t o ccu r r ed . G iven i t s g l ac ia l o r ig in , i tw a s t o b e e xpec ted t h a t t h e " Depo s i t " w ou ld o ccu r t h roughou t t h e a r ea . D emon s t ra t ion

t we lve t e s t p i t s w e r e d ug a l ong B ovey L ane , l o ca t ing t h e " Depo s i t " u p t o o ne m i le i n land f r om t h e c oa s t a nd a t a m ax imum o f3 00 f e e t a bove s e a l e ve l . I tw a s a l so f ound a t B ran scombe , C ouch i l l a nd A xm in s te r b u t w a s a b sen t f r om t h e p l a teau a nd t wo o f t h e f ou r s ondage s a tB ee r i t se lf . F ur the r s e c t ion s o f ad ra in c u t t ing w i th in t h e v i l lage o fB ee r w e re e xam ined b u t t h e r e su l t s w e re i n conc lus ive . U nf or tuna te ly , t h e MacA lp ine - Wood s c on s ide red a l l c o l luv ium t o s ha re a c ommon p e r ig lac ia l o r ig in a nd t h e ref o re d i d n o t i d en t if y w he the r o r n o t t h e i r t e s t p i t s l o ca ted c o l luv ium a s soc ia ted w i th s ub s tan t ia l q uan t i t ie s o f c ha r coa l . T he p ub l i shed s ou rce s d o n o t r evea l t h e w ay i n w h ich t h e se s ondage s w e re e xcava ted o rt h e d ep th t ow h ich t h ey p ene t ra ted .

o ft h i s may h ave b een t h e mo t iva t ion b eh ind t h e e xcava t ion i n 1 936 o f as e cond d ry v a l ley s e c t ion a tC ouch i l l ( F ig 4 ) , o ne k i lome t re n o r th e a s t o f B ovey L ane ( Ma cA lp ine - Wood s , G & MacA lp ine - Wood s R , 1 937 , 4 4 -

T he B r i t i sh Mu seum a r ch ive i n c lude s as i ng le s hee t o f g raph p ape rw h ich r e co rd s t h e s e c t ion s o ft h ree t e s t p i t s , A , Ba nd C a nd t h e p rof i le o f av a l ley i nw h ich B ovey L ane i s s i tua ted . T he re i sn o i n d ica t ion o f t h e s e c t ion s ' o r ien ta t ion

5 0 ) .

b u tt h e d eg ree o fs l ope t h a t i ss hown o n e ach s i de o ft h e l a ne s ugge s t s t h a t i ti sb e ing v i ewed f r om t h e s ou th e a s t , l o ok ing u p s l ope f r om t h e v i l lage o f B ee r . S ondage A , w h ich w a s l o ca ted 5 0 f e e t t ot h e S ou th We s t o fB ovey L ane , r e co rd s 1 5 i n che s o f h umu s ( t op so i l ) b e low w h ich t h e re i s al a ye r w i th a d ep th o f 1 5 ( no u n i t s s pec if ied ) l a be l led " F l in t s ( ? ) t r unca ted " . S ondage B i sl o ca ted 2 0 f e e tt ot h e S ou th We s t o fB ovey L ane . B e low 9i n che s o fh umu s a2 7 i n ch l a ye r o f l o am i nw h ich " one o r t wo a r tef ac t s " a r e n o ted a nd b e low t h a t t h e re i s "s l ur ry w i th p o t b o i le r a nd af ew a r tef ac t s " . I n c on t ra s t S ondage C i s3 5 f e e t n o r th e a s t o fB ovey L ane a nd r e co rd s 9 i n ches o f h umu s b e low w h ich e xcava t ion

H e r e , at r ench 1 2 f e e t w ide a nd 10 f e e t i n l e ng th w a s e xcava ted a t r i gh t a ng le s t o t h e s t r eam b ed i n t h e v a l ley b o t tom . F o l low ing t h er emova lo ft u rf , a l ls o i lw a se xcava ted u n t i l t h e u nde r ly ing G reen sand w a s r evea led . A s chema t ic s e c t ion w a s p ub l i shed i n d ica t ing t h a t t h e " Depo s i t " w a s p resen t t h roughou t t h e t r ench , h oweve r c on tempo ra ry p ho tog raphs s how t h a t much o ft h e t r ench w a s l e s s t h an 2 f e e t d eep w hen f u l ly e xcava ted a nd c u t w e l l i n to n a tu ra l G reensand . A ti t sl owe s tp o in tt h e " Depo s i t " i ss a id t om e rge i n to a l luv ium . P ub l i shed p ho tog raph s s how s ome s o r t o f r e la t ive ly s ha l low s ub so i l b u i ld u p , b u t i ti si mpo s s ib le t o d e te rm ine w he the rt h i s i sc o l luv ia l o ra l luv ia l i no r ig in . T he r e po r ti se x t reme ly v ague a bou tt h en umbe ro ff i nd st h a t w e re r e cove red . None o f t h e f l in t a r tef ac t s a r e i lus t ra ted , i n deed n one a r e e ven d e sc r ibed b eyond t h e i n f o rma t ion t h a t t h ey w e re a l l p a t ina ted a nd . . . . " t rue t o t ype " ( MacA lp ine - Wood s , G . & MacA lp ine - Wood s , R . 1 937 , 4 5 ) . F rom t h e p ho tog raph s i ta ppea r s t h a tt h e C ouch i l l d epo s i t i s i nn o s ense s im i la rt ot h a t o fB ovey L ane . I tw a s a l so n o ted i nc ompa r i son t h a tt h e re w e re o n ly af ew f r agmen ta ry f a una l r ema in s a nd n o p o t tery o r c ha rcoa l . T h i s l a t te r o b se rva t ion s ugge s t s t h a t e ven i ft h e s o i l a ccumu la t ion a t C ouch i l l r e p re sen t s c o l luv ia t ion i tw a s n o t f o rmed b y t h e s ame p roce s ses t h a t w e re r e spons ib le f o r t h e c o l luv ium i nB ovey L ane .

c on t inued t o ad ep th 1 0 f e e t 3i n che s t h rough t h e " s lur ry " . T he w o rd " po t " a ppea r s n ex t t o t h e l e t te r C o n b o th t h e s e c t ion a nd t h e v a l ley p rof i le . Two f u r the r s ondage s a ppea r t oh ave b een d ug 7 0 f e e t a nd 1 20 f e e t n o r th w e s t o ft h e l a ne r e co rd ing t h e " s lu r ry " d ep th a s b e ing 4 f e e t a nd 6 i n che s r e spec t ive ly . T hey a r e n o t i d en t if ied w i th l e t te r s a nd t h e i r s e c t ion s a r e n o t r e co rded . N one o ft h e se o b se rva t ions h ave b een p ub l ished a nd t h e a l ignmen t o ft h e s ondage s d oe s n o t r e semb le a ny o ft ho se t h a t a ppea r i nt h e r e po r t o ft h e 1 932 B ovey L ane e xcava t ion s . T he i n i t ia l s A .S .B . a ppea r i nt h e m a rg in , s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e se o b se rva t ion s w e r e made b y s omeone o the rt h an t h e MacA lp ine - Wood s . T he o n ly p e r son w i th t h e se i n i t ia l s , w ho w a s a l so a m embe r o f t h e D evon A rchaeo log ica l E xp lo ra t ion S oc ie ty d u r ing t h e 1 930 's , w a s P rof A .S . B a rne s . D e sp i te l i v ing i n O xf o rd , h e w a s a c omm i t tee m embe r o f t h e D .A .E .S . a t t h e s ame t ime a s R o land MacA lp ine - Wood s . H e w a s a l so am embe r o ft h e P reh i s to r ic S oc ie ty o fE a s tA ng l ia a nd s t aunch s uppo r te ro fJ R e id Mo i r i nt h eh ea ted e xchange sw i th F .N . H awa rd a nd S . H . Wa r ren o n t h e a u then t ic i ty o f r o s t ro -ca r ina te s a nd t h e p o s s ib le n a tu ra l f o rma t ion o f o t he r a leged ly m an m ade i mp lemen t s ( Co le s , J .1 968 , 2 7 ) .

I na dd i t ion t ot h e t wo e xcava t ion s , as e r ie s o ft e s t p i t s w e re e xcava ted a nd t h e e xpo sed s e c t ion s o f q ua r r ie s a nd p i t s b e tween B ran scombe a nd A xmou th w e re e xam ined , t o d e te rm ine t h e e x ten t o ft h e c o l luv ium . T he l o ca t ion o f 1 2 t e s t p i t s i s p ub l ished i n t h e r e po r t o f t h e B ovey L ane e xcava t ions w h i le t h e C ouch i l l e xcava t ion r e por t s imp ly 1

T he f i e ldwo rk t h a tw a s c a r r ied o u ta r ound B ee rH ead d u r ing t h e 1 930 ' s p rov ided s ome i mpor tan t i n f orma t ion t h a t c ou ld b e u t i l i sed 6 0 y ea r s l a te r . I te s tab l i shed b eyond d oub t t h e e x is tence , a nd t o ad eg ree t h e l o ca t ion ,

B road D own t ot h e c oa s t d own B ovey L ane . T he e xcava t ion w a s l o ca ted i na n a r ea o fu ppe r G reen sand a nd w a s more t h an ak i lome t re f r om t h eb each ( F ig . 4 ) .

o f as ub s tan t ia l

c o l luv ia l a ccumu la t ion i n wh ich a v a r ie ty o f a r tef ac t s a nd e cof ac t s w e re p re se rved . I t r e co rded t h e d ep th o f t h e c o l luv ia t ion a nd i ns ome o ft h e u npub l i shed p ho tog raph s , i t

T he a im s o f t h e e xcava t ion w e re t o l o ca te a s c l o se ly a s

l o ca l i sed v a r iab i l i ty .

p o s s ib le t h e o r ig ina l 1 933 t r ench a nd t h en t o e xcava te t h e e qu iva len t o f ao ne m e t re b l ock o fs o i l f r om t h e t o p so i l t o t h e b a se o f t h e c o l luv ium w he re i t o ve r l ie s n a tu ra l

O nt h ep l a teau a bove B ee r , i th in ted a tt h e e x i s tence o fd en se c oncen t ra t ion s o f w o rked f l in t l o ca ted b enea th g ra s s land

G r een sand . T he l o ca t ion o f e ach f i nd w ou ld b e r e co rded t h ree d imen s iona l ly t oge the r w i th t h e c o l lec t ion o f p a laeoenv i ronmen ta l , p a laeobo tan ica l , s o i l

wh ich w ou ld c e r ta in ly h ave b een b rough t t ot h e s u rf ace h ad t h e l a nd b een p loughed . Unf or tuna te ly , i n a lmo s t e ve ry o t he r r e spec t , t h e c on s ide rab le t ime a nd e f f o r t e xpended i n

m ic romo rpho log ica l a nd f a una l s amp le s a s soc ia ted w i th a

a r chaeo log ica lf i e ld w o rk a tB ee r ,w a sc r i t ica l ly f l awed .

p rec i se ly p l o t t ing i nd iv idua l f i nd s , i tw a s h oped t oe s tab l i sh ac h rono log ica l f r amewo rk t h rough w h ich t e chno log ica l

T he t e s t p i t t ing p rog ramme a nd t h e e xcava t ion a tC ouch i l l

c hange m igh t b ecome a ppa ren t . I tw a s a l so e xpec ted t h a t t h i s b ody o f e v idence w ou ld a dd s i gn if ican t ly t o t h e

c on t inuous s o i l c o lumn t o e s tab l i sh r emanen t magne t ic d a t ing a nd r e co rd c hange s i n magne t ic s u scep t ib i l i ty . B y

s ough tt oe s tab l i sh t h e u b iqu i ty o ft h e " Depo s i t " i nk eep ing w i th i t sp r e sumed p e r ig lac ia l o r ig in s . I nf a c t , i ti sd eba tab le w he the r a ny c o l luv ium w a s p re sen t i n t h e C ouch i l l e xcava t ion b u t i fi tw a s t h e re , i tw a s c l ea r ly n o t f o rmed b y t h e s ame p roce s se s a st h e B ovey L ane " Depo s i t " . T he c l a im t h a t t h e t e s tp i t s d emon s t ra te t h e e x ten t o ft h e D epo s i t mu s t t h e ref o re a l so b e v i ewed s c ep t ica l ly . T he o n ly t e s t p i t t h a t a c tua l ly a ppea r s t o h ave b een e xcava ted t o as i gn if i can t d ep th , s ondage C , w a s n eve r p ub l i shed . A l though i tc anno t b e p r ec i se ly l o ca ted , t h e s e c t ion o f s ondage C d oe s s how t h a t s ub s tan t ia l s o i l a ccumu la t ion s e x i s t o n e i the r s i de o f B ovey L ane a nd i mp ly t ha t t h e d ep th o f c o l luv ium e ncoun te red i n1 933 a nd 1 991 m ay n o tb e ah i gh ly l o ca l i sed p henomena . A t f i r s t s i gh t , t h e 1 933 e xcava t ion a tB ovey L ane r e semb le s t h e p rove rb ia l d og w a lk ing o n h i s h inde r l e g s . When c on s ide red w i th t h e w o rk o fB u rch i l l a nd R e id Mo i r i t i s r evea led a sa n a t temp t t og ene ra te e v idence f o r ap a r t icu la r v i ew o f t h e U ppe r P a laeo l i th ic t h a t w a s h e ld b y ag roup w i th in t h eP reh i s to r ic S oc ie ty o fE a s tA ng l ia ,c en t red a r ound J .R e id Mo i r . H e p ropo sed a h i ther to u nknown e p i sode o f g l ac ia t ion i n S ou th We s t E ng land , a nd a s ser t ed t h a t i t , w ou ld b e v e r if ied b y s ub sequen t a r chaeo log ica l d i scove r ie s . T he B ovey L ane c o l luv ium w a s i d en t if ied a sa n e xamp le o f ag l ac ia l ly d e r ived s o i l , a nd t h i s i s ma in ta ined i ns p i te o fi t p roduc ing f i nd s o f p o t te ry . T he e d i to r s o f t h e o r ig ina l B ovey L ane r e por t w e re c l ea r ly s c ep t ica l o ft h i s c l a im a nd t h e w r i te ro fR e id Mo i r 's o b i tua ry r e co rd s as e r ie so f . . . "o ve r o p t im i s t ic v i ew s w h ich h i s c o l league s d i d n o t s ha re . . . r e la t ing t ot h e a s soc ia t ion o fp o t te ry a nd u ppe r P a laeo l i th ic i n dus t r ie s a nd t h e i n terp r e ta t ion o fh i l l w a sh a nd w ea the red ma te r ia l s " ( Bo swe l l , P .G .H . 1 945 , 6 7 ) .

T he 1 991 E xcava t ion

a na ly s i so f as y s tema t ica l ly r e cove red s u rf ace a s semb lage .

Me thodo logy E xcava t ion s o f d eep c o l luv ia l d epos i t s s uch a st h i s ,r evea l a b a s ic c on t rad ic t ion i n t h e m e thodo logy o f r e cove r ing e nv i ronmen ta l s amp le s a nd t ha t o f t h ree d imen s iona l ly r e co rd ing i n d iv idua l a r tef a c t s . I n t h e c a se o f t h e f o rme r , s amp l ing i sc on s ide red mo s t e f f ec t ive f r om a c on t inuou s v e r t ica l f a ce b ecau se o f t h e p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t t h e c o l luv ium may n o th ave b een e ven ly d epo s i t ed ( A l len , M . p e r s c omm ) . F o r t h is r e a son c o l luv ia l s e c t ion s m ade s o le ly f o r e nv i ronmen ta ls amp l ing t e nd t ob et h ew id th o f am echan ica l e xcava to r s b ucke t a nd a r e t h en s hu t te r ed a nd b raced . Whe re t h e o b jec t ive i st o h and e xcava te a nd t h ree d imen s iona l ly r e co rd a l l f i nd s f r om w i th in a c on s ide rab le d ep th o f s o i l w h i le r ema in ing w i th in c u r ren t l aw s c oncern ing e xcava t ion s af e ty , a n a l te rna t ive s t ra tegy i sr e qu i r ed . A t K i ln C ombe , at r ench m ea su r ing 3 0 m e t re s b y 3m e t re s w a s f i r s t c u t b y amach ine . S ub sequen t ly at wo m e t re w id th o f a1 0m e t re s e c t ion w a s e xcava ted a st wo , o ne m e t re s t r ip s p rog re s s ive ly d e scend ing t o ad ep th o fa lmo s t t h r ee m e t re s ( Be l l , M . 1 983 , 1 29 ) . E ven u s ing t h i s a pp roach t h e t r ench s i de s w ou ld t oday h ave r e qu i red e x ten s ive a nd p rog re s s ive s ho r ing . T he o n ly p rac t icab le m e thod b y w h ich s ho r ing c ou ld b e c omp le te ly a vo ided w a st h rough t h e m echan ica l e xcava t ion o f as e r ie s o fs t epped s e c t ion s s o t h a t t h e re w a s n o p o in t i n t h e t r ench , whe re av er t ica l s e c t ion e xceeded o ne m e te r i n h e igh t . When t he e xcava t ion w a s c omp le te a b lock o f a pp rox ima te ly t h ree c ub ic m e te r s w a s r emoved f r om t h e e a s te rnmo s te nd o ft h et r ench , whe re t h e c o l luv ium w a s a ti t s d eepe s t a nd t h e se e xpo sed f a ce s w e re s ho red . T h i s p rov ided av er t ica l s e c t ion o ne m e te r w ide a nd 2 . 8 m e t res d eep f r om w h ich t h e a r chaeomagne t ic d a t ing c o lumn c ou ld b et a ken .

B ovey L ane r un s a l ong t h e f l oo r o f av a l ley t h a t d e scend s g en t ly f r om t h e s ur round ing p l a teau , t h rough t h e moder n s e t t lemen t o fB ee r a nd t e rm ina te s a tt h e b each . L e s s t h an a k i lome t re f r om t h et op o fB ovey L ane , e a sy a cce s s i n land t o

T he S i t ing o ft he T rench S ince i tw a s p o ss ib le t h a t t h e MacA lp ine Wood s h ad

B road D own i s r e s t r ic ted b y t wo s t eep ly c u t v a l ley s s epa ra ted b y an a r row n eck o f u p land . I ft h e l i ne o f l e a s t e f f or t i ss ough t ,t h is h a st h e e f f ec to fc hanne l l ing e n t ry f r om

s e c t ioned av e ry l o ca l i sed d epo s i t , i tw a s i mpo r tan tt os i te t h e t r ench a sn ea ra sp o s s ib le t ot h e o r ig ina l c u t t ing . A tt h e t ime ,

1 2

t h e f a c tt h a tt h ey h ad c u tt wo t r enche s w a s n o t s u spec ted . I t w a s a s sumed t ha t t h e t r ench d e sc r ibed i n t h e p ub l i shed r epo r tw a st h a tl o ca ted i nt h ea l lo tmen t s .I tw a si mpo s s ib le t o e xcava te t h e re a tp re sen tb ecau se t h ea r ea i sn ow c omp le te ly o ve rg rown . T he t r ench f o r t h e 1 991 e xcava t ion t h e r ef o re

S ECT ION

l o ca ted o n t h e e dge o f t h e p a s tu r e f i e ld , a d ja cen t t o t h e f o rme ra lo tmen t s a t SY 2 8 . 2 212 8 972 .

T he E xcava t ion P r io rt oh and e xcava t ion , t h e t r ench m ea su red 1 4 m e t r e s b y 7m e t r e s o nt h e s u rf ace , w he reupon am echan ica l e xcava to r c u t as e r ie s o fp a ra l le l , d e scend ing , o ne m e t re w ide s t ep s ( F ig 5 , P l a te 5 ) . A s e ach s t ep d e scended , b o th o f t h e se d imen s ion s r educed b y t wo m e t re s s ot h a tt h e b o t tom o ft h e t r ench p r io r t o e xcava t ion w a s e i gh t m e t re s l o ng a nd o ne m e t re w ide . C onsequen t ly ab lock o fs o i lo ne m e t re w ide a nd e i gh t m e te r s l o ng c ou ld b e e xcava ted f r om t h et o p so i l t ot h e b a se o ft h e c o l luv ium w i thou t t h e n ece ss i ty o f s ho r ing t h e t r ench . T he s hape

P LAN

o ft h e t r ench a l so e n su r ed t h a t e ven t h e

b a se o f t h e c o l luv ium w ou ld b e n a tu ra l ly w e l l l i t d u r ing e xcava t ion a nd t ha t i fs u rvey ing e qu ipmen t w e re b e s i t ed o u t s ide t h e t r ench i tc ou ld s t i l l h ave al i ne o fs i gh t t oe ach p a r t o f i t( P la te 5 ) . T o f a c i l i ta te e xcava t ion , e a ch s t ep w a s d i v ided i n to e i gh to ne m e t r e s qua re s w i th as i ng le e xcava to r a s s igned t oe ach s qua re . D u r ing t h e e xcava t ion o ft h e f i r s t s t ep t h e e dge o f ad eep , s t ra igh t s i ded f ea tu re f i l led w i th a m ix tu re o f c ha r coa l f l ecked a nd c l ean c o l luv ium , w a s o b se rved c u t b y t h e e dge o ft h e t r ench . I tr e appea red i nt h e s e cond s t ep a l though i t s a r ea w a s g rea t ly r educed b ecause o ft h e ' s t epp ing i n ' o ft h e m a ch ine c u t t r ench . T h i s f e a tu re s e em s t o h ave b een t h e l a rge ro ft h et wo t r enche st h a tw e re e xcava ted a nd b ack f i l led i n 1 933 . I t s m ixed f i l l d emons t ra te s t h a t i th ad p ene t ra ted t h e d a rke r c o l luv ium a nd w a s t h e ref o re a tl e a s t t wo m e t r e s d eep . A s t h e e xcava t ion o ft h e s e cond a nd t h i rd s t ep s p roceeded a t r an s i t ion w a s o bse rved b e tween t h e c l ean , u ppe rc o l luv ium ( Con tex t2 )a nd ad a rke rc o lou red d epo s i ti nw h ich t h e r ew a s a n i n c r ea s ing d en s i ty o fc ha rcoa l ( Con tex t 3 ) . T h i s h ad b een n o ted i n t h e 1 935 r epo r t b u t n o t c ommen ted o n . T he t r an s i t ion b e tween C on tex t st wo a nd t h ree w a s i mpo s s ib le t o l o ca te w i th a ny p rec i s ion , e ven w hen t h e e xcava t ion w a s c omp le ted . I ti sd ep ic ted a s ad i s t inc t l i ne o n t h e a r tef ac t d i s t r ibu t ion p lo t o u t s , b u t i n r e a l i ty t h i s d ep ic t s t h e a pp rox ima te c en t re o f t h e a r ea i n w h ich t h e t r an s i t ion o ccu r red . T he i n d i s t inc t n a tu r e o ft h e t r an s i t ion c ou ld h ave t wo p o s s ib le e xp lana t ion s . E i the r t h e a c t iv i ty w h ich l e d t o t h e p roduc t ion o f c ha rcoa l d ec l ined o ve r ac on s ide rab le p e r iod o ft ime o r i tc ea sed mo re p r ec ip i ta te ly a nd c ha r coa l f r om u ps lope o ft h e e xcava ted a r ea c on t inued t o b e w a shed d own a nd i n corpo ra ted i n to t h ec o l luv ium .

F ig 5 .T he L ayou to ft h e 1 991 E xca va t ion T rench . a vo id t h e a cc iden ta l d i sca rd o fm a r ine mo l lusc s , p a r t icu la r ly w ink le s , w h ich t h ey c l o se ly r e semb le . A l l f i nd sw e re b agged s epa ra te ly a nd g iven au n ique n umbe r . F o l low ing w a sh ing a nd ma rk ing t h ey w e r e s o r ted b y t h e c a tego r ie s o u t l ined b e low . When t h e e xcava t ion h ad b een c omp le ted , at r ave r se a c ro s s t h e l a nd scape w a sm ade m ea su r ing s po th e igh t s a tf i ve m e t re i n te rva l s . T h i s p roduced as e c t ion t h rough t h e v a l ley a tt h e p o in ta tw h ich t h ee xcava t ion t ook p l ace ( F ig 6 ) . I ti lu s t ra te s t h a tt h e s l ope o nt h e n o r th e a s te rn s i de o ft h e v a l ley i s much s t eepe rt h an t h a tt ot h e S ou th We s t . H oweve r , t h e e xcava t ion d emon s t ra ted t h a t i tw a s t h e g en t le r S ou th We s tern s l ope t h a t w a s t h e s ou rce o ft h e c o l luv ium . T he t r ench a ppea r s t o b e s i tua ted o n as l igh t s hou lde r a bove t h e d eepe s t s e c t ion o f t h ev a l ley . T h i s i ss l igh t ly m is lead ing s i nce t h e l owe s tp a r to f t h e v a l ley s e c t ion i si nB ovey L ane i t s e lf . A t s ome t ime i n

D u r ing t h e c our se o f t h e e xcava t ion a l f i nd s o f w o rked

t h e h i s to r ic p a s t t h e l a ne w a s s epa ra ted f r om t h e n e ighbou r ing f i e ld s w i th b ounda ry h edge s . A l though B ovey

s t one , b urn t s t one , f o re ign s t one ( i nc lud ing b each p ebb le s ) , o r gan ic r ema in s s uch a s b one , s e a s h e l ls a nd a l c e ram ic s w e re t h ree d imen s iona l ly l o ca ted w i th a G eod ime te r . A l l l a rge t e r re s t r ia l s na i l s he l ls w e re r e co rded n o t o n ly b ecau se t h ey r e p re sen ted ap o ten t ia l s ou rce o f i n f o rma t ion , b u t t o

L ane i sn ow ad ry v a l ley t h is h ad t h e e f f ec t o fc oncen t ra t ing a l e r o s ion c au sed b y t h e p a s sage o fp eop le a nd a n ima l s i n to o ne n a r row s t r ip , w h ich a l so b ecame t h e d ra inage c hanne l

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F ig 6 .S ec t ion a cro s st h e V a l l ey a tt h eB ovey L ane E xcava t ion . f o r a l l s u rf ace w a te r . T hu s , t h e l a ne h a s b ecome h eav i ly e roded a nd a l though t h i s h a s b een p a r t ia l ly r eve r sed b y t h e d ump ing o ff l in tn odu le s a l ong i t s l e ng th , t h e l a ne s u rf ace i s a pp rox ima te ly o ne m e t re b e low t h e n or th w e s t c orne ro ft h e e xcava t ion t r ench . T he c l a s s if i ca t ion ,w e igh ta nd l o ca t ion o fa l f i nd sw e re i n pu t o n to aD ba se I I p lu s d a ta f i l e a nd t h en c omb ined w i th t h e t r ench s e c t ion w h ich h ad b een d rawn w i th E a sycad . T he i n d iv idua l f i nd p lo t s w e re p roduced w i th t h e s ame Map inf o

c l ea r t ha t s eve ra l c l a s ses o f f i nd s d i sp layed d i s t inc t h o r izon ta lb and ing . I tm igh t h ave p re sen ted ap rob lem i ft h e d en s i ty o ff i nd sw a s much l owe ro ri ft h e e xcava t ed a r ea h ad b een mo re t h an o ne m e t re w ide .

T he F ind s

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5 6 6 1 74

T ab le 2 .T he F ind so fW o rked F l in tf rom t h eE xca va t ion I nc on t ra s tt o t h ea r tef ac t sr e cove red b y f i e ldwa lk ing , a l lt h e w o rked f l in t f r om t h i s e xcava t ion h a s al i gh t b l ue /g rey p a t ina t ion . T he f r equency o f P r ima ry , S econda ry a nd T er t ia ry f l ake s s or ted b yw e igh t , d emon s t ra te st h et e ndency o f h and e xcava t ion t o r e cove r as ub s tan t ia l p ropor t ion o f s ma l l f l ake s .

A l though i nF ig 1 , o n ly t hose f l ake s w e igh ing 1 0 g ramm s o r l e s s a r e p l o t ted , t h i s w e igh t r a nge i n c ludes 8 0% o fa l l i n tac t f l ake s ( P r ima ry 7 2% , S econda ry 8 0% a nd T e r t ia ry 8 7% ) . O ve r3 0% o ft h et e r t ia ry f l ake s w e ighed o ne g ramme o r l e s s a nd t h e n umbe r s w e igh ing b e tween 1 5 g ramme s e xceed b o th p r ima ry a nd s e conda ry f l akes . T he w e igh t r a nge o fi n tac t f l ake s e x tend s b eyond t h e r a nge c ho sen f o r F ig 1 w i th 2 2 f l ake s w e igh ing mo re t h an 7 7 g ramme s , t h e h eav ie s tb e ing 1 98 g ramme s . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o f a l l w o rked f l i n t r e vea l s t h a t i to ccu r s t h roughou t t h e c o l luv ium b u t f o rm s ad i s t inc t a r tef ac t c oncen t ra t ion w i th in C on tex tt h r ee ( Be tween A a nd B o nF ig 7 ) . When t h i s a r ea i sv i ewed mo r e c l o se ly i ta ppea r s t ob e made u p o ft wo e l emen t s . A l i nea r c oncen t ra t ion o f f i nd s t h a tf o l low t h e l i ne o ft h e o r ig ina lg round s u rf ace ( At o Bo n F ig 8 )a nd a n a brup tb roaden ing o ft h i s d i s t r ibu t ion ( Ct oD o n F ig 8 ) . I f o ne w e re t o v i ew t h i s a s ac onven t iona l a r chaeo log ica l s e c t ion , i tw ou ld b e q u i te a pp rop r ia te t o s ugge s tt h a tt h i s r ep re sen t s o ne c on tex t b e ing c u tb ya no the r l a te r f e a tu re . T he f a c t t h a t t h e se a r e p l o t s o fa r tef ac t d en s i ty r a the rt h an r ep re sen ta t ion s o fs o i l c o lou r o rt e x tu re n eed n o t n ece s sa r i ly p rec lude s uch a n i n te rp re ta t ion . T he c h rono log ica l e l emen t o f t h i s i n terp re ta t ion i s c er ta in ly c on s i s ten t w i th t h e r e su l t s w hen d a tab le p r eh i s to r ic p o t tery i ss upe r impo sed o n t h e a r tef ac t c oncen t ra t ion ( F ig 9 ) . O ve r 6 0% o fa l r e touched t o o l s w e re l o ca ted w i th in C on tex t 3 a nd t h e se t e nd t of o rm p a r to ft h ea r tef ac tc oncen t ra t ion . T h i s i sp a r t icu la r ly t r ue o f s c rape r s , b o r e r s a nd a r rowhead s ( F ig 1 0 ) a l though r a the r l e s s p ronounced i nt h e s o o ft h e mo re e xped ian tt oo lt ype s ( r e touched a nd n o tched f l akes ) . S im i la r d i s t r ibu t ion s o ccu r f o r t h e b one , s e a s he l l a nd b u rn t f l in t w i th in C on tex t 3 . T he a r tef a c t c oncen t ra t ion i s a l so c o inc iden t w i th mo l lu scan e v idence s ugge s t ing a p o s s ib le t r an s i t ion f r om a r ab le t og ra s s land a nd t h e o n ly b u lk s amp le t h a tp roduced c a rbon i sed c e rea lr ema ins ( F ig 2 0 ) . T he a r tef ac t c oncen t ra t ion i nC on tex t 3b ea r s as upe rf ic ia l r e semb lance t o t h e h o r izons o f w o rked f l in t t ha t B e l l i d en t if i ed a sw o rm s o r ted h o r izon s f o rmed d u r ing s t and s t i l l e p i sode s . I nt h i s i n s tance t h e r ange o f ma te r ia l i n co rpo ra ted i n c lude s ar a nge o fc ompa ra t ive ly f r ag i le c l a s se s o fa r tef a c t

P r imary F lakes

c g Secondary

F lakes

T ert iary F lakes

a nd e cof ac t , s ugge s t ing t h a t s ome o t he r f o rma t ion p roce s s i s r e p re sen ted . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e b r eak o f s l ope w h ich c o inc ide s w i th t h e s ou ther n e nd o f t h e c oncen t ra t ion d e l inea te st h e e dge o f an a tu ra l c a t chmen t f o r ma te r ia lb e ing w a shed d own s l ope . H oweve r , t h e p re sence o f s o much d e l ica te m a te r ia l s ugge s t s a mo r e d i r ec t ly a n th ropogen ic o r ig in . S ome s o r to fo ccupa t ion d epo s i tr e semb l ing am idden w ou ld s e em a pp rop r ia te . I t i s i mpo ss ib le t o d e term ine w he the r t h e g roup o f B eake r s h e rd s w i th in t h e b roade r c oncen t ra t ion a tt h e n o r ther n e nd o ft h e t r ench r ep re sen tt h e i n t rus ion o f a n i n d iv idua l f e a tu re o r a mo re g ene ra l i n ten s if ica t ion o f l i t h ic d i sca rd a s soc ia ted w i th i n c rea sed e r o s ion a nd d epo s i t ion o ft h e v a l ley f l oo r .

E v idence f or T echno log ica l Change T he f l i n t a s semb lage r e cove red b y f i e ldwa lk ing r e vea led l i t t le e v idence o f b l ade p roduc t ion o r r aw m a te r ia l c onse rva t ion . T h i s i sn o t s u rp r i s ing g i ven t h e p rox im i ty t o

F ig 1 . T he F requency o fP r ima ry , S econda ry a nd T e r t ia ry F lake s W e igh ing l e s st han 1 0g ramme s . 1 7

F ig 1 2 . T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fS y s tema t ic C ore s .

B lade s , B lade S egmen t s a nd B lade C o re s

F ig 1 3 . T he D i s tr ibu t ion o fB lad es , B lad es egmen t sa nd B lad e C ore s .

1 8

F ig 1 4 . T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fB each P ebb le s t h e f l in t s ou rce a nd t h e l i ke l ihood t h a t t h e f i e ldwa lk ing a s semb lage w a sb o th l a te a nd p e r iphe ra lt ot h em a in f o cu so f

T h i s c ou ld b e a ccoun ted f o r b y e i the r o f t h e t wo f a c to r s p ropo sed f o rt h e d i s t r ibu t ion o fc o re f r agmen t s .

a c t iv i ty . W i th in t h e c o l luv ium , t h e re a ppea r st ob e d i s t inc ta vo idance o f e xped ien t f l in t r educ t ion . A l l t h e c o re s f r om C on tex t 3

B each P ebb le s

C on tex t 2w h i le af u r the r f ou rw e re l o ca ted i nt h e p r e sumed MacA lp ine - Wood s e xcava t ion . I n c on t ra s t , c o re f r agmen t s

D u r ing f i e ldwa lk ing a r ound t h e h ead land a s ub s tan t ia l n umbe r o f b each p ebb le s w e r e e ncoun te red a nd i n i t ia l ly c o l lec ted a s p o s s ib le h amme r s tone s . S ince t h e re w a s n o e v idence o f l o ca l i sed b a t te r ing v i s ib le o n t h em , t h ey w e re w e ighed a nd s ubsequen t ly d i sca rded . H oweve r , t h e d i scove ry o f b each p ebb le h amme r s tone s s t ra t if ied w i th B eake r p o t te ry d u r ing t h e 1 992 e xcava t ion n ece s s i ta ted a r e con s ide ra t ion o ft h e i rp o s s ib le o r ig in a nd f unc t ion . I fe dge d amage w e re s l igh t , i tm igh th ave b een p o ss ib le f o re v idence

a ppea r mo re c ommon i n c on tex t t wo . T hese c ou ld r e su l t f r om a l a t e r l e s s s y s tema t ic r educ t ion o f f l in t w h ich o n ly

o fu t i l i sa t ion a s ah amme r s tone t ob er emoved b ys ub sequen t movemen t t h rough t h e p loughso i l . I ti sc l ea r f r om F ig 1 4 ,

e i the r h ave p r epa red p l a tf o rm s ( s y s tema t ic c o r e s ) o r h ave b een u sed f o r t h e p roduc t ion o f b l ade s ( F ig s 1 2 & 1 3 ) . S im i la r ly , b lades ( 77% ) a nd b l ade s egmen t s ( 8 8% ) a r e p r edom inan t ly f ound i nC on tex t 3( F ig s 1 3 ) . O n ly o ne u n sy s tema t ica l ly w o rked c o re w a s r e cove red f r om

b ecomes i n co rpo ra ted i n to t h e c o l luv ium t h rough p o s t -P reh i s to r ic l a nd u se . A l te rna t ive ly i tm igh t a c tua l ly r e p re sen t p o s t -P reh is to r ic a c t iv i ty s uch a st h e u se o ff l in t a s ac on s t ruc t ion m a te r ia l o re ven i n c rea s ing p l ough d amage . I ti sp e rhap sn o ts u rp r is ing t h a ts os ma l l a n e xcava t ion f a i led t o r e cove r a ny h amme r s tone s . T he p reponde rance o f s y s tema t ica l ly p r epa red c o re s a nd b l ade c o re s m ay i n d ica te

t h a tw i th t wo e xcep t ion s ( one o fw h ich i s ab o rde r l ine c a se ) , a l b each p ebb le s d e r ive f r om C on tex t 2o r t h e b ackf i l led t r ench o f t h e 1 930 's . T h is s t rong ly s ugge s t s t h a t t h e i r p r e sence i n B ovey L ane w a s n o t a s ar e su l t o f P reh i s to r ic a c t iv i ty .

Worked Cher t

t h a t o rgan ic h amme r s w e re u sed . A l l b u t o ne o f t h e h amme r s tone f r agmen t s w e re r e cove red f r om c on tex t t wo .

Wo rked g reen sand c her t f r om t h e c o l luv ium p r e sen t s a c u r iou s d i cho tomy . Wh i le t h e u t i l i sa t ion o f c he r t h a s b een 1 9

F ig 1 5 . T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fB u rn tF l in t d emon s t ra ted o n Me so l i th ic s i te st h roughou tt h e S ou th We s t i t i s g ene ra l ly a b sen t f r om N eo l i th ic a nd B ronze A ge a s semb lage s . S ome c her t d eb i tage a nd s eve ra l c her t a r tef ac t s w e re r e cove red b y f i e ldwa lk ing a tB ee r b u t n one w e re c h rono log ica l ly d i agno s t ic . I tw a s t h e ref o re h oped t h a t t h e c he r t f i nd s f r om t h e c o l luv ium w ou ld g i ve s ome i d ea o f t h e l i ke ly d a te o ft h e se a r tef a c t s . O n ly 2 0 p i ece o fw o rked a le r t w e r e r e cove red d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion ,s i x o fw h ich w e re f r om t h ea r ea o ft h e s u spec ted 1 930 's e xcava t ion . T hey v a ry i nc o lou r f r om a n o range b rown t o ad a rk g rey b anded t y pe b u t a l l c ou ld h ave o r ig ina ted f r om g reen sand d epos i t sw i th in B ovey L ane . Wh i le t h ey a l l e xh ib i ts ome t h e c ha rac te r i s t ic s o fP reh i s to r ic w o rked s t one , n one h ave b een r e touched o re xh ib i t ap ronounced s t r ik ing p l a tf orm o rb u lb o f p e rcus s ion . T he i r d i s t r ibu t ion i n t h e c o l luv ium i s r e s t r ic ted t ot h e u ppe r l e ve l s o fC on tex t 2 ,w h ich a r e d a ted b y t h e i r a s soc ia ted c e ram ics t o t h e Med ieva l a nd p o s t - Med ieva l . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t P r eh i s to r ic c he r t w o rk ing w a s o n ly t a k ing p l ace u p s lope o f t h e e xcava ted a r ea a nd t h e refo re o n ly b ecame i n co rpo ra ted i n to t h e e xcava ted c o l luv ium a t ac ompa ra t ive ly l a t e d a te . H oweve r i t i s e qua l ly l i ke ly t h a t t h e se f ew p i ece s d a te f r om t h e p e r iod s ugge s ted b y t h e a s soc ia t ed p o t te ry . B ee r s t one , at y pe o f l i me s tone t h a to ccu r sb e low t h eg r een sand d epo s i t s , h a s b een e x tens ive ly q ua r r ied s i nce t h e t we lf th c en tu ry A .D . L a rge

d i su sed q ua r r ie s a r e s i tua ted t o t h e n o r th a nd e a s t o f B ee r a nd t h e re a r e many s ma l le r a r ea s o f s unken b ack f i l led w o rk ing s a nd s l umped s po i l h eap s w h ich may a l so h ave b een s t one q ua r r ie s o r e ven Ma r l p i t s .O ne s uch i so n t h e n or th w e s t s i de o f B ovey L ane w i th in 3 00 m e t re s o f t h e e xcava t ion s i te . I tt h e ref o re s e ems mo s t p robab le t h a t t h e c her t f i nd s w e re t h e a c c iden ta l p roduc t o f Med ieva l o r l a te r q ua r ry t oo l s d igg ing t h rough b and s o f g reensand c her t t o r e cove rB ee rs t one .

B urn tF l in t O ft h e 1 4 1 p i ece s o ff l in t w h ich s howed s ome e v idence o f b urn ing , o n ly 3 2 d i d n o t h ave a ny s u rv iv ing i n d ica t ion t h a t t h ey h ad a l so b een w o rked . O ve r h a lf o f a l l e xamp le s w e ighed l e s s t h an 1 0 g r amme s a nd e ven t h e t h ree h eav ie s t p i ece s w e ighed s l igh t ly m o re t han 1 00 g ramme s . T he re w e re n o e xamp le s o f t h e a lmo s t i n tac t b u rn t c ha lk f l in t n odu le s e ncoun te red d u r ing f i e ldwa lk ing . I ti st h e ref o re p o s s ib le t h a t t h e b u rn ing o f t h e se p i ece s w a s i n c iden ta l r a the r t h an t h e b y -p roduc t o f s ome d omes t ic a c t iv i ty . I t s d i s t r ibu t ion i sl a rge ly w i th in C on tex t 3a nd t h e l owe rt h i rd o f C on tex tt wo ( F ig 1 5 )a nd t h e re i sn o t iceab le c oncen t ra t ion i n a s soc ia t ion w i th t h e C on tex t 3a r tef ac tc oncen t ra t ion .

2 0

Mo l lu scan A na ly s i s

p e rcen tage h i s tog ram g ene ra ted f r om mo l lu sc d a ta r e cove r ed . T he v e r t ica l s ca le o n t h e r i gh t o ft h i s d i ag ram i s o n ly t os ca le f o rs amp le s i nC on tex t 3a st h e s amp le c o lumn w a s n o t c on t inuou s t h rough t h e t h ree u n i t s a bove t h i s . S haded c i rc le s a r e u sed t o i nd ica te t h e p re sence o f a n on -ap ica l f r agmen ti nt h a ts amp le , o ri nt h ec a se o ft h et h r ee

b y K e i th N W i lk in son I n troduc t ion D u r ing t h e e xcava t ion o ft h e d ry v a l ley s i te a tB ovey L ane , B ee r i n1 991 , t h ir teen s amp le s w e r et a ken b y t h e e xcava to r , f o r mo l luscan a na ly s i s f r om v a r iou s p o in t s i n ac o l luv ia l d epo s i t d a t ing f r om t h e N eo l i th ic a nd l a te r . T hese w e

s amp le st owa rd s t h e b a se o f C on tex t 3 ,s imp ly t os how t h a t t h e s pec ie s w e re f ound ( i . e . t h e se t h ree s amp le s c on ta ined t oo f ew s he l l a p ice s t o r e l iab ly c onver t t o p e r cen tage s ) . S haded s qua re s i n d ica te s t h e p re sence o f s ma l l mamma l b one s .

c omposed o f e i gh t s amp le s f r om t h e l owes t s t ep o f t h e e xcava t ion w h ich w a s w ho l ly w i th in C on tex t t h ree a nd t wo f r om as ub so i l i n vo lu t ion a tt h eb a se o ft h is s t ep . E ach o ft h e t h ree r ema in ing s t ep sa bove t h i s c o lumn w a ss amp led f r om a s i ng le s po t . T he s amp le s w e re p roce s sed b y t h e e xcava to r , w h i l s tt h es amp le r e s idue sw e re s o r ted a nd t h e i d en t if i ca t ion s

T he t wo s amp le s o f t h e g r ea te s t a n t iqu i ty a r e f r om t h e s ub so i l h o l low a t t h e v ery b a se o f t h e p rof i le . T he mo l lu scan a s semb lage s f r om b o th o ft h e se s amp le s a r e v e ry s im i la r a nd v a ry o n ly i nd e ta i l . T hey a r e b o th d om ina ted b y D i scu sr o tunda tu sa nd Monacha c ar tu s ia ,t h el a t te r as pec ie s t h a t i sr a re ly f ound a f t e r t h e I r on A ge w hen i ti st hough tt o

c a r r ied o u t b y t h e p re sen t a u tho r s ; Mo l lu sc s -KN W a nd V er teb ra te s -J RS ( See b e low ) . S amp le P roce s s ing a nd S or t ing P rocedure

b e r e p laced b y Monacha c an t iana ,a nd e ven b ef o r e t h i s i s n o t c ommon ly f ound i nl a rge n umbe r s ( Evans 1 972 ) . T hu s

T he s amp le s w e re i n i t ia l ly w e t s i eved t h rough a s e r ie s o f m e she s o fw h ich t h e f i ne s tw a s3 00 m ic ron sa nd t h er e s idue s a i rd r ied . T he r e s idue sw e re t h en d ry s i eved t h rough a no the r s e r ies o fs i eve m e shes t h e f i ne s to fw h ich w a s 5 00 m ic ron s , a nd e ach f r ac t ion s or ted s epa ra te ly . S or t ing w a s c a r r ied o u t b y e ye f o r f r a c t ions g r ea te rt han 2mm , a nd w i th t h e a i d o fa l ow p owe r b i nocu la r m ic roscope f o r f r ac t ion s f r om t wo m i l l ime t re st o5 00 m ic ron s . F lo ta t ion s amp le s p roduced f l o t s w h ich c on s i s ted o f m a te r ia l g rea te r t h an 0 . 25 mm a nd r e s idue sg r ea te rt h an 1mm . T hu st h e se s amp les w e re b i a sed a ga ins t s ma l l r obu s t s he l l s t ha t d o n o t f l oa t . A l l mo l luscan a p ice s , o pe r cu lae o f P oma t ia s e l egan s , l i p s o f V e r t igo s p , P up i l la m u sco rum a nd C a lych ium t r id en ta tum a nd p l a te s o f

i t s p r e sence a ts u ch ah igh l e ve l i ss omewha t u nu sua l a nd i s p robab ly d ue t o ac omb ina t ion o f ( unde te rm ined ) l o ca l e nv i ronmen ta l v a r iab le s a nd l a ck o f c ompe t i t ion . K e rney a nd C ame ron ( 1979 , 1 84 ) c on s ide r i tt o h ave c a tho l ic p ref e r ence s , b u t s t a te t h a t i ti sr a re i nw ood land . H oweve r , t h e l a rge n umbe r o fD . r o tunda tu s f ound , c oup led w i th t h e d i ve r s i ty o ft h e s hade l o v ing c omponen ts ugge s t e xac t ly t h i s t ype o f e nv i ronmen t . T hu s i tw ou ld s e em t ha t e i the r M c a r tu s iana w a s t a k ing a dvan tage o f a mo re o pen m ic ro e nv i ronmen tw i th in t h ew ood land , f o re xamp le ac l ea r ing , o r i t sb ehav iou rp a t ter ni nt h ep a s tw a s s i gn if i can t ly d i f f e ren tt o t oday . O the r t h an t h e d i scove ry o f af ew s he l l s o fC epaea , T r ich ia h i sp ida , V a l lon ia c o s ta ta a nd H e / ice / la i t a la , t h e r ema inde r o f t h e a s semb lage i sm ade u p o f E van s ' (1972 )

t h e L imac idae w e re p i cked f r om t h e r e s idue a nd i d en t if ied . I d en t if i ca t ion o ft h e mo l lu sc s he l l sw a sa ch ieved w i th t h ea i d o f a modern c ompa ra t ive r e f e rence c o l lec t ion , a nd t h e

s hade l o v ing g roup . I ndeed , C epaea a nd T h i sp ida a r e c ommon f i nd s i n w ood land f auna s ( Came ron 1 973 ) a nd e ven V .c o s ta ta i st hough t t o b e p r e sen t i n M id -F land r ian f o r e s t s . H oweve r , t h e p r e sence o f as i ng le i nd iv idua l o fH .

n omenc la tu r e u sed i sa f te r K e rney a nd C ame ron ( 1 979 ) . Q uan t if ica t ion w a s c a r r ied o u t o nt h e b a s is o ft h e n umbe ro f a p ice s r e cove red e xcep tw hen t h i s n umbe r w a s e xceeded b y a no the r o f t h e p rev iou s ly m en t ioned b ody p a r t s , i nw h ich c a se t h i sw a su sed i n s tead . I na dd i t ion , v e r teb ra te b one sw e r e r emoved w heneve r t h ey w e re e ncoun te red a l though n o q uan t if ica t ion w a s a t temp ted d ue t o t he n a tu re o f t h e ma te r ia l a nd t h e s ma l l q uan t i ty o fb one r e cove red ( B i shop 1 982 ; H i l l son 1 986 ) , a l though w heneve r p o s s ib le o the r a na tom ica lp a r t sw e r ea l so i d en t if i ed .

i t a la , as pec ie s t h a t i st y p ica l ly f ound o n s ou th f a c ing s l ope s d evo id o f l o ng v ege ta t ion ( Ke rney a nd C ame ron 1 979 ) , i n o ne o ft h e s amp le s c an o n ly b e e xp la ined t h rough i t sh av ing b een r ewo rked f r om a D even s ian s o l i f luc t ion d epo s i t , i n wh ich i ti s ac ommon f i nd a f te r 1 2000 B .P ( Ke rney e ta l . 1 980 )o rb rough td own b yf r om o ve r ly ing s ed imen t st h rough f a una l o r t r ee r oo t a c t ion . S ub so i l h o l low s s uch a s t h a t f ound a tB ee r a r e r e la t ive ly c ommon i na r ea s o f l i me s tone g eo logy . T hey a r e s t anda rd ly i n terp re ted a sb e ing t h e r e su l t o f at r ee t h row ( Evan s 1 972 ) , a l though L imb rey ( 1975 ) c on s ide r s t h a t s o lu t iona l p roce s se s m ay a l so l e ad t o t h e f o rma t ion o f s im i la r d ep res s ion s . Wh icheve r o f t h ese e xp lana t ion s i sc o r rec t , i ti se v iden t t h a t a s s oon a s t h e d ep r e s s ion w a s f o rmed i t wou ld f i l l w i th s ed imen t d e r ived f r om t h e c on tempo ra ry s o i l ( MacPha i l & G o ldbe rg , 1 990 ) . Mo s t e xamp les s o f a r h ave b een f ound t o c on ta in s hade lov ing mo l lu scan f auna , l e ad ing E vans ( 1972 ) t o

Mo l luscan A na ly s i s P re se rva t ion o f mo l lu scan s he l l w a s v a r iab le , r a ng ing f r om 6t o 2 64 p e r s amp le . T he s amp les w i th t h e l e a s t w e l l p re se rved r ema in s w e re f ound t owa rd s t h e m idd le o f t h e p rof i le ( a nd a r ep robab ly N eo l i th ic i nd a te ) , c o inc iden ta l ly i n t h e l a ye r st h a tc on ta ined t h e g r ea te s ta moun to fc ha r coa l a nd t h e l e a s t q uan t i ty o fc ha lk . P rese rva t ion w a s b e t te r t owa rd s t h e t o p o ft h e p rof i le w he re l e s s c ha rcoa l w a s e ncoun te red , t h e c ha lk c on ten t w a s h i gh a nd t h e d epos i t s w e re l a t e r

s ugge s tt h a t t h ey a r e ap r e -Neo l i th ic p henomena ( i . e . b ef o re f o re s t c l ea rance ) . H oweve r , r e cen t r e sea rch h a s d emon s t ra ted t h a t s ubso i l h o l lows w e re f o rm ing i n t h e

p r eh i s to r ic i nd a te . T hu s i tw ou ld s e em t h a tt h ev a r iab le mo s t g r ea t ly e f f ec t ing s he l l p r e se rva t ion i st h e c a lc ium c a rbona te c on ten t o ft h e s ed imen t m a t r ix , w h ich i sv i s ib ly m an if e s ted i nt h e q uan t i ty o fc ha lk g r anu le s f ound i nt h e s amp le . T ab le 3 d e ta i ls t h e m o l lusc s he l l r e cove red . F igu re l6 i s a

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t op o in t t o aN eo l i th ic o r e a r l ie r d a te , w h i s t t h e p r e sence o f s pec ie s s uch a s O xych i lus c e l la r iu s , A c icu la f u sca a nd P oma t ia s e l egan s wh ich a r e n o t t hough t t o h ave c o lon i sed B r i ta in b ef o r e 7 500 BP , s ugge s t s t h a t az one V I o rV I I d a te . H oweve r o n ly r ad iome t r ic d a t ing o f c ha rcoa l f r om t h e h o l low c an s e t t le t h eq ue s t ion .

F ragmen t s o f mu s se l (M y t i lu s s p . ) w e re f ound f r om s amp le s t h roughou t C on tex t 3 .T hey o bv iou s ly r ep re sen tt h e r ema in s o f f ood p roce s s ing a c t iv i t ie s a nd h ave mo s t p robab ly b een i n co rpo ra ted i n to t h e c o l luv ium i nd omes t ic r ubb i sh s p read o n t ot h e f i e ld a s manu re a nd p rov ide a no the r i n d ica to ra st o t h ea r ab le n a tu r e o ft h ee conomy i nC on tex t3 .

I ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h e re i s ah ia tu s b e tween t h e ma te r ia l f r om t h e s ubso i l h o l low a nd t h e s ed imen t s d i rec t ly o ve r ly ing i t

Mo l lu scan a s semb lage s f r om C on tex t 2a r e d i ff icu l t t o

( Con tex t 3 ) . T he se a r e t hough t t ob e N eo l i th ic i nd a te a nd c o l luv ia l i nn a tu re . T he t h ree b a sa ls amp les w i th in C on tex t3

i n t e rp r e ta so n ly as i ng le s amp le w a s t a ken f r om e ach . T hu s t h e r e i sn o w ay o f o b serv ing h ow e nv i ronmen ta l c hange s t ook p l ace i e . w he the r r ap id o r g radua l wh ich w ou ld h ave b een p o s s ib le i ft h e s amp le h ad b een c on t inuou s . I ti sa l so n o t p o s s ib le t o s t a te w i th a ny c onf idence h ow t yp ica l t h e s amp le sa r e o ft h eh o r izon f r om w h ich t h ey w e re t a ken .

c on ta ined v e ry f ew mo l lu sc s he l l s , a nd t hose t h a ta r ep r e sen t a r e n o t d ef in i t ive o f t he c on tempo ra ry e nv i ronmen t . H oweve r i ti s l i ke ly , b a sed o n t h e n umbe r o f V a l lon ia c o s ta ta , H e l i ce l la i t a la a nd T r ich ia h i sp ida r e cove red t h a t t h e e nv i ronmen tw a s o pen . I ndeed mo s t o ft h e s hade lov ing c omponen t c on s i s t s o f a p ice s o ft h e C lau s i l idae , af am i ly

T he mo l lu scan a s semb lage f r om C on tex t 2i sb a s ica l ly t h e s ame a s t h a t f r om t h e t op mo s t s amp le o f C on tex t 3 , a l though C t r id en ta tum w a s o n ly f ound a s n on -ap ica l f r agmen t s . T h i s c omb ined w i th t h e f a c t t h a t V . excen t r ica r e -expand s a nd H e l ice l la i t a la w a s f ound , s ugge s t t ha t t h e

t h a t i sk nown t o h ave a p ar t icu la r ly d u rab le s he l l ( Evan s 1 972 ) . T he se s he l l s c ou ld d e r ive f r om t h e s ub so i l h o l low o r f r om o the rp r e -c lea rance d epo s i t s . O the r s he l l s w h ich m igh t d e r ive f r om t h e h o l low a r e t ho se o f M . c a r tu s iana a s t h i s s pec ie s i sf o und f r om n owhe re e l se h ighe ru p i nt h ep rof i le .

e nv i ronmen t w a s mo re o pen t h an b ef o re a nd t h a t a n a r ab le f a rm ing r e g ime w a s p robab ly b e ing p rac t iced . G ra s s land i s l i ke ly t o h ave b een p r e sen t w hen C on tex t 2w a s b e ing

A bove 5 0cm t h e p r ese rva t ion o f mo l lu sc s he l l s i mp rove s d rama t ica l ly , s ugge s t ing t ha t t h e t a phanom ic p roce s se s t h a t h ave o pe ra ted o nt he u ppe rd epo s i t s a r e d i f f e ren t f r om t ho se o pe ra t ing l owe r d own i nC on tex t 3 .I ti sa l so l i ke ly t h a t t h e

d epo s i ted a s V .e xcen t r ica d ec l ine s w h i l s t V er t igo p ygmaea i sf ound f o rt h e f i r s t t ime a nd t h e r e i s as l igh t e xpans ion o f t h e V i t rea /V i t r ina /N e sov i t rea g roup . V .p ygmaea i s as pec ie s t h a t p r ef e r s s ho r tu nd i s tu rbed g ra s s land ( Evans 1 972 ) a nd i s r a re ly f ound i n mode rn a r ab le c on tex t s a l though i t may n o t h ave b een s im i la r ly e f f ec ted b y p r eh is to r ic a r ab le p rac t ice s . T he V i trea /V i t r ina /N e sov i t rea g roup s t o le ra te a rab le c ond i t ion s b u t t e nd t o p ro l if e ra te i n g ras s land whe re

p roce sse s b y w h ich s ed imen ta t ion t o ok p l ace h ad a l te red f r om b ef o re a nd t ha t ah i a tu s i nd epo s i t ion h ad o ccu r red . T he mo l luscan a s semb lage t h rough t h e u ppe r p ar t o fC on tex t 3 , f r om 5 0 c m s r ema in s b a s ica l ly u na l tered t h roughou t w i th T r ich ia h i sp ida , V a l lon ia c o s ta ta a nd V a l lon ia e xen t r ica d om ina t ing . T he se t h ree a r e k nown t o p reva i l i nc o l luv ia l s ed imen t s a nd p robab ly i nd ica te t h a t a r ab le a g r icu l tu re w a s b e ing p r ac t iced ( Be l l , M . 1 983 ; W i lk in son , K . 1 993 ) . T h i s a ppea r st oh ave i n ten s if ied o ve rt i me a ss amp le sh i ghe ru p i n C on tex t 3b ecome p rog ress ive ly l e ss d ive r se a nd t h e p ropo r t ion o f V e xcen t r ica a nd T h i sp ida i n c r ea se s i n r e la t ion t o V c o s ta ta . V . e xcen t r i ca i st hough t t o p r ef e r

v ege ta t ion i sl o ng a nd c on s i s ten t i ni t sp re sence . T he s amp le f r om t h e t o p o fC on tex t 2i sm a rked ly d i f f e ren t f r om t ho se b e low . I ti sd i ve r se i ns pec ie s c ompo s i t ion a nd i sd om ina ted b y Th i sp ida a nd t o al e s se r e x ten t b y t h e t wo s pec ie s o f V a l lon ia . H oweve r i ta l so i n c lude s P up i l la m u scorum , V er t igo p ygmaea a nd H e l ice l la i t a la , a l l o pen c oun t ry s pec ie s t h a t p r ef e r g r a s s land r a the r t h an a r ab le c ond i t ion s . A l so f ound w e r e s eve ra l e xamp le s o fC and idu la i n ter sec ta , as pec ie s t h a t E van s ( 1972 ) c l a s s if ie s a sb e ing aR oman o r l a te rm ig ran ti n to B r i ta in . H oweve r , B e l la nd J ohn son ( 1990 ) h ave f ound t h e s ame s pec ie s i nq uan t i ty a tt h e c oa s ta l s i te o f B rean D own , i nB ronze A ge d epo s i t s w he re i tc ou ld n o t

h ab i ta t sw i th l e s sv ege ta t ion t han V .c o s ta ta ( Evan s ,J .1 972 ) . A f ew s pec ie s w hose n orma l p r ef e rence i s f o r s haded e nv i ronmen t sa r ea l so f ound i nt h i sz one s uch a sA egop ine l la s p . O xych i lus s p . a nd D i scu s r o tunda tu s , a l though i ti s p oss ib le t h a t t h ey a r e d e r ived f r om t h e h o l low b e low . H oweve rt h i sw ou ld s e em u n l ike ly a st h ey o ccu rt h roughou t

h ave b een i n t ru s ive . T hey s ugge s tt h a t i tc o lon ised B r i ta in i n t h e P r eh i s to r ic p e r iod , b u tr ema ined i nc oa s ta l l o ca t ion s u n t i l t h e R oman p e r iod w hen a c hange i n A g r icu l tu ra l p rac t ice a l lowed i t s e xpan s ion . I t s p re sence a tB ee r H ead c ou ld a l so c onf i rm B e l l s o b se rva t ion s , a s t h e s he l ls w e r e f ound i n

t he s equence a nd many o ccu r c omp le te . O xych i lu s a nd A egop ine l la h ave f r ag i le s he l l st h a ta r e l i ke ly t ob ed amaged b y a ny p roce s so fr e -wo rk ing . I n t h e t o p mos t s amp le o f C on tex t 3 , ac hange i n t h e e nv i ronmen t s e em s t o o ccu r a s V .c o s ta ta i n c rea se s a tt h e

s uff i c ien tn umbe r st os ugge s tt h a tt h ey w e re n o ti n t ru s ive .

e xpen se o f V e xcen t r ica a nd T h i sp ida a nd C a rych ium t r id en ta tum p eak s i n v a lue . T h i s l a t te r s pec ie s w a s o nce t hough t t oi n d ica te w ood land , b u to t he r r e sea rch s how s t h a t i ti sa l so f ound i nl o ng g ra ss land ( Evan s , G . 1 972 ; C ame ron & Mo rgon -Huw s 1 975 ; L ozek 1 986 ) . T he ref o re i tw ou ld s eem t h a t v ege ta t ion w a s l o nge r d u r ing t h e p ha se r ep re sen ted b y t h is s amp le t h an b ef o re a nd p e rhap s t h e a g r icu l tu ra l r eg ime h ad e ven c hanged t o o ne b a sed o n

Sma l lV er tebra te R ema ins b y J ohn R . S t ewa r t At o ta l o f6 6 b one s a nd f r agmen t s o fb one w e r e r e cove red d u r ing s o r t ing o f t h e mo l lu scan s amp le s . Mo s t w e re n o t i d en t if iab le a nd t h o se t h a t w e re , a r e m a in ly o fo ne s pec ie s ; C le thr iomomy s g la r io lu s , t h e b ank v o le . T he d a ta i s p r e sen ted i n F i gu re 1 6 . P r io rt ot h ea na ly s i s o fs amp les f r om B ee r H ead , o n ly o ne c o l luv ia l s i te h ad p roduced s ma l l v ver teb ra te r ema in s ( Ca r reck i n K erney e t a l 1 964 ) . T h i s d e sp i te t h e f a c t t h a t m any c o l luv ia l s i tes h ave b een

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n ve s t iga ted a nd w he re mo l lu scan a na ly s i s h a s b een u sed t o d e te rm ine t h e d epo s i t iona l e nv i ronmen t . B ecau se o ft h e f i ne s i eve s i ze r equ i red f o r mo l lu sc a na ly s i s a ny s ma l l v e r teb ra te

T he s ma l l v e r teb ra te s r e cove red f r om B ee r H ead a r e i mpor tan t , n o t o n ly b ecau se o f t h e p a la eoenv i ronmen ta l i n f orma t ion t h ey p rov ide ( a l though t h i s i s o bv iou s ly o f i n teres t ) , b u t b ecau se t o t h e a u tho r s k now ledge t h ey r e p re sen t t h e o l de s t s ma l l v er teb ra te a s semb lage r e cove red f r om c o l luv ia l d epo s i t s i nt h e B r i t i sh F land r ian . I n f a c t , t h e

b ones p re sen t i n t he s ed imen t s hou ld a l so h ave b een r e cove red . T he ref o re t h e p rob lem i sn o t t h a t t h e b one s a r e b e ing m i s sed , b u t t ha t t h ey a r e n o t p r e sen t ( o r p re sen t i n s ma l l q uan t i t ie s ) i n mo s t c o l luv ia l d epo s i t s . T he r e a son f o r

o n ly o t he r s i te w he r e s uch r ema in s h ave b een f ound i sf r om B ronze A ge c o l luv ia l d epo s i t s a tt h e D ev i l s K nead ing t rough ( R i f le B u t t s s e c t ion ) B rook , K en t ( Ca r reck i nK e rney e ta l

t h i s n eed s t o b e f u r the r i n ve s t iga ted . Mo s t o f t h e s ma l l v er teb ra te r ema in s a tB ee r H ead w e r e c oncen t ra ted i nf ou r s amp le s ; C on t ex t 3 , 6 5 -5 c ms a nd 7 5 -6 5 c m s a nd f r om t h e s ubso i l i n vo lu t ion , 017 c ms a nd 2 7 -1 7 c m s , a l though t h e s pec ie s c ompos i t ion i na l i ss im i la r . I ti si n te re s t ing t o n o te t ha tt h et wo s amp le sf r om C on tex t 3c on ta ined v e ry f ew mo l lu sc s he l l s i n d ica t ing t h a t t a phanom ic p roce s se s w e re o pe ra t ing t h a t h a s l e ad t ol e ad t ot h e d e s t ruc t ion o f mo l lu sc

1 964 ) . T he a s semb lage f ound h e re i sv e ry s im i la r t o t ha t f r om B ee r H ead , e ven i nt h e w ay t h a t s pec ie s i n d ica t ive o f w ood land s e em t oh ave moved u p t h rough t h e p rof i le i n to d epo s i t s t h a t c on ta in a n o pen c oun t ry mo l lu sca ( a l though a s s t a ted , t h e re a r e a l te rna t ive e xp lana t ion s f o r t h i s p henomenon ) . T he f a c t t h a t s ma l l v er teb ra te r ema in s h ave b een f ound f r om c o l luv ia l d epo s i t s h igh l igh t s t h e n eed f o r

s he l l s b u tn o tv er teb ra te b one . A l l s amp le s a r ed om ina ted b y C . g la r io lu s , as pec ie s t ha t h a s ap r e sen t d ay h ab i ta t p ref e rence f o r w ood land a nd o the r v ege ta t iona l ly s haded a r ea s( Van d en B r ink , 1 967 ) .T hus i t sp r e sence i nt h i sf e a tu r e i sn o t s u rp r i s ing a s i ti sl i ke ly t oh ave f o rmed i n aw ood land e nv i ronmen t . H oweve r , t h er ema in s f r om t h e s amp le s a bove a r e a s soc ia ted w i th amo l lu sc a s semb lage t h a th a st e n ta t ive ly b een i n te rp re ted a sb e ing i n d ica t ive o fo pen c ond i t ion s . T hu s

f u r the r r e sea rch i n to h ow t h i s t ype o f ma te r ia l b ecome s i n corpo ra ted , w hy i ti sn o t o f ten f ound i nc o l luv ia l d epo s i t s a nd h ow much o f ar e la t ion sh ip i tb ea r s t o t h e a s soc ia ted mo l lu scan a s semb lage s . C onc lus ion

e i ther t h i s i n te rp re ta t ion i si n co r rec t ( i . e . p e rhap s t h e re w a s l o ca l s had ing i nt h ee nv i ronmen tt ha tw a so t herw ise o pen )o r t h e b one s h ave b een r ewo rked f r om d epo s i t s i nt h e h o l low a sh a s a l ready b een s ugge s t ed f o rs ome o ft h e mo l lu sc s he l l s . I f t h e l a t te r e xp lana t ion i s a ccep ted , t h e re a r e c e r ta in i mp l ica t ion sf o rt h ei n terp re ta t ion o fm a te r ia lf r om t h e l owe r

A na ly s i s o f mo l lu scan a nd s ma l l v er teb ra te r ema ins f r om B ee r H ead h a s e nab led a p i c tu re t o b e c on s t ruc ted o f e nv i ronmen ta l c hange f r om a t l e a s t t h e N eo l i th ic t o t h e p r e sen td ay . T he s ub so i l h o l low a tt h e b a se o ft h e s equence w ou ld s e em t o h ave f o rmed i n aw ood land e nv i ronmen t p r io r t oa ny c l ea rance . T he p r e sence o fA c i eu la f u sca i nt h e h o l low , as pec ie s t h a t i s i n to le ran t o f h uman a c t iv i ty , i n d ica te s t h a t t h i s w ood land w a s p r ima ry a nd t h e ref o re i ti s u nf o r tuna t e t h a t t h i s f e a tu re h a s n o t b een f i rm ly d a ted . I ti s

o fC on tex t3 . No mamma l s pec ie s o the r t han C . g la r iou lu s c ou ld b e i d en t if ied f r om t h e h o l low , a l though many o t he r mamma l b one sw e r ee ncoun te red . H oweve rt wo p o s s ib le f r agmen t so f b i rd b one s w e re f ound i n t h e s amp le f r om 0 - 1 7cm s a l though a n e xac t i d en t if ica t ion w a s n o t p o s s ib le . I n t h e

h oweve r l i ke ly t h a t i t f o rmed a l o ng t ime b ef ore t h e o ve r ly ing d epo s i t , a s t h e re i sn o e v idence o f wood land c l ea rance i n t h e mo l lu scan a s semb lage s . C on tex t 3i t se lf w ou ld a ppea r t o b e ac ompo s i te f o rma t ion w i th d i f f e r en t s ed imen to log ica l a nd p edo log ica l p roce s se s l e ad ing t o t h e f o rma t ion o f v a r iou s p a r t s o f i t s s t ra t ig raphy . T he t h ree

s amp le f r om 2 7 -1 7 c m s t h ree t e e th o f aT e leo s tean ( bony f i sh ) w e r e f ound , a l though a ga in mo re e xac t i d en t if i ca t ion s c ou ld n o t b e made . T he se r ema in s c ou ld i n d ica te h uman a c t iv i ty a tt h et ime ma te r ia lw a se rod ing i n to t h e h o l low ( i . e . a sab ip roduc t o ff ood p roce s s ing ) b u t i ti sl i ke ly t h a tt h ey a r e d e r ived C re ta taceou s f o s s i l s f r om t h e l o ca l c ha lk s t ra ta . I ndeed , e xamp le s o f C hond r i ch th ian ( s ha rk ) t e e th w e re f ound f r om t h es amp le f r om 017 c m sw h ich c an o n ly h ave d e r ived f r om c ha lk d esp i te t h e f a c t t h a t t h e i r p rese rva t ion w a s e xce l len t .

s amp le s d i rec t ly o ve r ly ing t h eh o l low a r e l a rge ly d eca lc if ied s o mo l lu sc s he l l p r e se rva t ion i sp oo r , b u t v e r teb ra te b one s a r e f ound t h a t o bv iou s ly d e r ive f r om t h e h o l low . F o r t h i s m ix ing p roce s s t oo ccu r , e a r thwo rm a c t iv i ty w ou ld h ave t o b e h igh , w h ich i nt u rn s ugge s t s t h a t t h e se s amp le s a r e t a ken f r om t h e r ema in s o f ap a laeo so l . I t s p rope r t ie s , ad eca lc if ied s i l t w i th h igh c ha rcoa l a nd l ow c ha lk c on ten t a ppea r v e ry s im i la rt o aN eo l i th ic p a la eo so l f ound b enea th c o l luv ium a t T oad sho le b o t tom E a s t , B r igh ton , w he r e ar a d ioca rbon d a te o f 4 020+ 9 0 w a s o b ta ined . H oweve r , o n ly m ic romo rpr io log ica l a na ly s i s o f t h e d epo s i t f r om B ee r c an p rov ide f u r the ri n f o rma t ion a st oi t s mode o ff o rma t ion .

T he s amp le f r om 6 5 55 c ms i n C on tex t 3c on ta ined t wo a dd i t iona l s ma l l v er teb ra te s pec ie s f r om t ho se f ound i nt h e h o l low ; S o rex m imu tu s ( P igmy s h rew ) a nd a n u nde te rm ined s pec ie s o f mouse ( Apod emu s /Mu s ) . T he f o rme r i st hough t t o b e as pec ies o f c a tho l ic e nv i ronmen ta l p ref e rence , a l though i ta vo ids d en se w ood land a nd t h e refo re i ti s p os s ib le t h a t i tw a s p re sen t a tt h e t ime t h a t C on tex t 3w a s b e ing d epo s i ted r a the r t h an b e ing d e r ived f r om t h e s ub so i l h o l low ( Van d en B r ink , 1 967 ) .The s i ng le mou se t oo th c ou ld c ome f r om o ne o ft h ree s pec ie s ;A pod emu ss y lva t icu s (Wood mouse ) A pod emu sf l ay /co i l s ( Ye l low k necked f i e ld mou se ) o r Mu s m u seu /u s ( Hou se Mouse ) b u t a s a l t h ree h ave d i f f e ren t e nv i ronmen ta l p r ef e rence s i t i s d ange rou s t o s pecu la te w h ich o ft h ese i ti s .

T he d epo s i t s a bove t h e p a laeo so l i nC on tex t 3a r e o bv iou s ly c o l luv ia l a nd t h e mo l lu scan a s semb lage i n d ica te s t ha t a r ab le f a rm ing w a s b e ing p rac t iced . O n ly a tt h e t op o fC on tex t 3 a nd i nC on tex t 2i st h e re e v idence o fa ny o t he rl a nd -u se t ype , i . e . p a s to ra l i sm . I nve s t iga t ion s a st ot h e e nv i ronmen t u nde r w h ich c o l luv ia t ion o ccu r s a lmo s t i n ev i tab le a r r ive a ts im i la r c onc lu s ion s , a se r o s ion h a s b een d emon s t ra ted t ob e d i rec t ly r e la ted t o t h e i n tens i ty o f m ans u se o f t h e l a nd scape a nd o ccu r s o n ly a t v ery l ow r a te s u nde r l o ng g ra s s land a nd f o res t ( Kwaad , 1 977 ; B e l l , M . 1 982 ; Mo rgan , 1 985 ; B oa rdman , 1 992 ) . H oweve r , t h e p o ten t ia l f o r f u r the r 2 5

F ig 1 7 . T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fB one

i n ve s t iga t ion i n to t h e f a una s , b o th mo l lu scan a nd s ma l l v er teb ra te , c on ta ined i n t h e c o l luv ia l d epo s i t s a t B ee r i s o bv iou s ly i mmen se , p r ima r i ly b ecau se s uch al a rge q uan t i ty o fs ma l l v e r teb ra te r ema in s w e re f ound . T he a u tho r s b e l ieve t h a t f u r the r i n ve s t iga t ion o f t h e l owe r d ry v a l ley d epo s i t s , u s ing c on t inuou s c o lumn s amp l ing a tf i ne i n terva l s w ou ld p rov ide much n eeded d a ta a bou tt h e l o ca le nv i ronmen ti nt h e N eo l i th ic p e r iod . S uch w o rk w ou ld a l so e nab le c ompa r i son b e tween m o l lu scan a nd s ma l l v er teb ra te d a ta s ou rce s t h a t h a s o n ly s o f a r b een a ch ieved i n t h e s t udy o f Q ua te rna ry d epo s i t s .

B one b y B . Wes t I n a dd i t ion t ot h e s ma l l v e r teb ra te r ema in s , t h e e xcava t ion a l so r e cove r ed a t o ta l o f 6 1 p i ece s o f b one i n c lud ing 1 8 t e e th . O n ly t h e t e e th a nd t wo o ft h e l a rge r b one f r agmen t s c an b e i d en t if ied . Mo s to ft h eb one s u rv ive s i nt h e u ppe rh a lf o fC on tex t 2w i th ad i s t inc t c oncen t ra t ion l e s s t h an am e t r e

C on tex t2 C on tex t3 CATTLE Max i l l ia ry T ee th ( P robab ly A du l t ) Mand ibu la rT ee th ( P robab ly A du l t ) Max /Mand ibu la rT ee th I n c i so r /Can ine D ec iduous mand ibu la r p remo la r s ( j uven i le s ) S HEEP /GOAT I n c i so r /Can ine R ad iu s S haf t H umeru s ( d i s ta l )

3 6

1 1 3

1 2

2 1 1

T ab le 4 .T he I nc id ence o fI d en t if iab le B one .

I na dd i t ion t ot h e b one l i s ted a bove , as i ng le p i ece o fw o rked

b e low g round ( F ig 1 7 ) . T h is c ou ld r ef lec t Med ieva l o r p o s t -Med ieva l r e f use d i spo sa l a c t iv i t ie s b u t c ou ld e qua l ly r e su l t f r om t h e d ea th o f ab ur row ing a n ima l . T he b one

b 5 0 ocm nesw a a s bov r e e cov t h e r eb d a sef r om o fC o w i n t t h e ix n ta 3s n ( F i a i l g s a 1 9 ,m 2 ) p . le I t t a k i s en1 64 mm 0 s qua re a nd i nt h e c en t re t h e re i s ah o le 4mm a c ro s s , w h ich h a s b een b o r ed f r om b o th s i de s . No s im i la r o b jec t s a r e k nown f r om o t he r s i te s i nt h e S ou th Wes t , a l though i td oe s c l o se ly r e semb le b one b u t tons o rt ogg le s f r om mo re d i s tan t B eake ra s semb lage s( See C la rke e ta l1 985 , 2 25 F ig 5 . 62 ) .

a s semb lage f r om c on tex t 3i sc ompo sed o f1 3 u n iden t if iab le b one f r agmen t s a nd f i ve t e e th . T h ree o ft h e f o u r i d en t if iab le t e e th a r e f r om c a t t le w h i le t h e r ema in ing o ne i sf r om as h eep o rg oa t.

2 6

F ig 1 8 . T he D i s t r ibu t ion o f Mar ine Mo l lu sca . H e re e r o s ion o f s of t l i a s ic d epo s i t s h ave u nde rcu t t h e c l if f a nd r e su l ted i nt h e c o l lap se o ft h e o ve r ly ing g reen sand a nd

Mar ine Mo l lu sca

S he l l T ype S ea S he l l F rag L impe t W ink le O y s te r

T o ta l 5 1 6 1 3 3

c ha lk . A sw e l la sb e ing s t rewn w i th b ou lde r s , t h i sa r ea i sa l so c ove red i nl a rge b l ock s o fc her tt oge the rw i th n ume rou sf l in t n odu le s .

C on tex t3 1 5 5

P o t tery

T ab le 5 . Ma r ine Mo l lu sc S pec ie s

A t o ta l o f 3 7 m a r ine mo l lu sca w e re r e cove red f r om t h e c o l luv ium o f w h ich 1 w e re f r om w i th in C on tex t 3 . T he l a t te r a r e c ompo sed o f a n e qua l n umbe r o f l impe t s a nd w ink le s b o th s pec ies w i th t h ick s he l l s s uff ic ien t ly r obu s t t o s u rv ive i n tac ta f te rc ook ing ( F ig 1 8 ) . T he se w e re n o t t h e o n ly s pec ie s o f e d ib le m a r ine mo l lu sc t h a t w a s p r e sen t . T he a na ly s i s o f s o i l s amp le s t a ken f o r mo l lu scan a na ly s is r evea led f r agmen t s o f mus se l s he l l s t h roughou t C on tex t 3 . A l l t h ree s pec ie s s ha re a c ommon h ab i ta t , i mmovab le s u rf ace s w i th in t h e i n te r t i da l z one , u sua l ly ar o ck s t rewn f o re sho re o rr a i sed b each . T he b each a t B ee r R oad s i ni t s p r esen t s t a te o f f e r s n e i the r h ab i ta t . T o t h e e a s t t h e re i s as ub s tan t ia l a r ea o f b ou lde r s t rewn b each a s soc ia ted w i th c l if fe r o s ion a tS ea ton H o le ( F ig 4 ;P l a te 3 ) .

P o t te ry ( un iden t if ed )

5 6

P o s t Med ieva l

1 40

Med ieva l

4 2

R omano -B r i t i sh

9

P r eh i s to r ic ( Un iden t if ied )

1 8

B eake r

8

? Pe te rbo rough Wa r e

2

H embu ry Wa r e

1

T ab le 6 .T he C hrono logy o fE xca va ted P o t te ry . At o ta l o f2 75 s he rd s w e re r e cove red d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion o fw h ich f o r ty t wo w e re r emoved f o rs pec ia l is t i d en t if ica t ion

27

F ig 1 9 . AS herd o fH embury W a re a nd a W orked B one A r tef ac t ( s ca l e 1 :I ) . s im i la r d a te a tH igh P eak , S idmou th , 1 0 km a l ong t he c oa s t t ot h e w e s t a nd a tS ea ton , l e s st h an 5 I cm t ot h e e a s t ( Sm i th I ,

The I den t if iab le P reh i s tor ic P o t tery

1 963 , 1 981) . P o t te ry made f r om t h e g abb ro ic c l ay s o f t h e L iza rd i sp r e sen t a tb o th s i te s . T h is d oe s n o t o ccu r among s t t h e B ee rm a te r ia l b u tt h e e a r l ie rN eo l i th ic p o t te ry f r om B ee r i sl i ke ly t o b e c on tempo ra ry w i th i t s u se . T he p re sence o f g abb ro ic w a r e i n t h e l o ca l a r ea i nd ica te s t h e w idesp read n a tu re o fc on tac t s a tt h i sp e r iod .

b y R o samund M . J .C lea l . I n t roduc t ion F or ty t wo s he rd s , w e igh ing 1 30g w e re r e cover ed f r om B ee r . T he c o l lec t ion o f s herd s w a s e xam ined u s ing s t anda rd We s sex A rcha eo logy p rocedu r e s ( Mo r r i s , E . 1 992 ) . A s t h e

P o s s ib le P e terborough Ware

c o l lec t ion w a s f r om ac o l luv ia l d epos i ti th a s b een t r ea ted a s i n d iv idua l s he rd s r a the r t h an a s a n a s semb lage . S he rd s a r e l i s ted b y s ma l l f i nd n umbe r i nt h e p o t te ry c a ta logue a nd f a b r ic s a r e d e sc r ibed i nt h e f a b r ic c a ta logue . T he s ma l l s i ze o ft h e s he rd s a nd t h e p auc i ty o ff e a tu re s s he rd s h a s r ende red i d en t if ica t ion d i ff icu l t , b u t i ts e ems c l ea r t ha t t h e c e ram ic t r ad i t ions r ep resen ted i n t h e c o l lec t ion i n c lude e a r ly N eo l i th ic b ow l s , P e te rbo rough Wa re , B eake r s a nd p os s ib ly s ome l a te r p r eh i s to r ic p o t te ry . R omano -B r i t i sh , Med ieva l a nd p o s t Med ieva lp o t tery w a sa l so p re sen t .

Two s ma l l s he rd s ( 3 403 a nd 4 527 ) wh ich s how s ome a ng le t o t h e p rof i le a r e t e n ta t ive ly i d en t if ied a s P e te rbo rough Wa re , b u t i t mu s t b e s t res sed t h a t t h e i d en t if i ca t ion i so f n ece s s i ty v e ry u ncer ta in . O ne s he rd a ppea r s t o b e u ndeco ra ted , t hough i t s c ond i t ion i s s uch t h a t d eco ra t ion m ay h ave b een w or no f f , a nd i ts e em st ob ep a r to f ac oncave n eck . T he o t he r s he rd ( 4527 ) i s as ma l l s he rd w i th a s ha rp a ng le s how ing o n t h e i n te r io r ( i n suff ic ien t s u rv ives o f t h e e x t e r io r t os how t h en a tu re o ft h ea ng le t h e re ) ; i tw ou ld s e em

E ar l ier N eo l i th ic

l i ke ly t oc ome f r om t h e s hou lde r o f ab ow l . T he r e a r e s ma l l i regu la r i mp res s ion so nt h e e x te r io r . B o th s he rd s s e em t of i t

A s i ng le r im s he rd , ( SF N o .4452 : F ig 1 9 , 1) i sc e r ta in ly o f e a r l ie r N eo l i th ic d a te , a nd p robab ly b e long s t o t h e S ou th

w i th in t h e P e te rbo rough t r ad i t ion a sb o th f ab r ic a nd f o rm a r e c ompa t ib le w i th t h i s .

We s te rn ( o r H embu ry ) r e g iona l s t y le (Wh i t t le 1 977 ) . T he

B eaker

r im i ss imp le a nd u p r igh t o r o n ly s l igh t ly e ve r ted . D i rec t ly b enea th t h e r im i s as moo thed a r ea w h ich i sb e s t i n terp re ted a s as c a r l ef t b y al u g w h ich w a s l o s t i n a n t iqu i ty . T he o ccur rence o f al u g a tt h e l i p o f av e s se l i su nusua l , a s n o

T he re i s a lmos t c e r ta in ly a B eake r e l emen t w i th in t h e c o l lec t ion , a l though t h e re a r e n o d eco ra ted s he rd s . T h i s e l emen t c omp r i se s 9s he rd s ( we igh ing 1 9g ) i n F ab r ic G 1 a nd 5( 16g ) i nG 2 . As i ng le s he rd i nt h e l a t te r( 4 566 ) a ppea r s t o h ave f i ngerna i l imp re s sed d eco ra t ion , a nd t h ere i s a

o t he rc a se sa r ek nown b yt h ew r i te r , b u t i ti sn o td i ss im i la rt o t h e l u g s s e to n v e s se l w a l l s s u ch a s , f o r i n s tance , n o s 1 35 o r 1 36 a t Ma iden C a s t le , D o r se t (Whee le r , R .E .M . 1 943 . f i g 3 6 ) . T he S ou th We s ter n S t y le c an b e d a ted ma in ly t o t h e f ou r th m i l len ium c a l BC , t h a t i s , t h e d a te s p rov ided b y e xcava t ions a t Ma iden C a s t le c ausewayed e nc lo su re ( Sha rp ie s ,N . 1 99 1 , p . 105 , f i g 1 00 ) .

s i ng le p l a in b a sa l s he rd i nG 1 ( 27 17 ) . F ab r ic G 1 i se n t i re ly t y p ica l o fB eake rf a b r ic s i ns ou the rn E ng land , a nd G 2 s how s t h e s ame g ene ra l a ppea rance w i th t h e a dd i t ion o f r ock i n c lu s ions i n t h e f a b r ic . T hese i n c lu s ions a r e l i ke ly t o i g neou s b u t t h i s c an o n ly b e c onf i rmed b y t h in s e c t ion ing ( s ee b e low ) . A B eake r s he rd f r om t h e n ea rby s i te o f

W i th in t h e l o ca l a r ea , t h e re a r e a s semb lage s p robab ly o f 2 8

H oneyd i tches v i l la , S ea ton , s howed u nde r p e t ro log ica l a na ly s i s t ha t i tc on ta ined i n c lu s ions w h ich c ou ld n o t b e o f l o ca l d e r iva t ion a nd w e r e l i ke ly t ob e f r om a s ou r ce much f u r the rw e s t( Da rv i l l , T . 1 981 , 6 0 ) . As i ng le s he rd ( 4 566 ) i nf a b r ic G 2 s how sw ha t a ppea r t ob e f i nge rna i l i mp re s s ions o n t h e e x te r io r ; t h i s i sl i ke ly t o b e

p o s s ib le s t ab ma rk s o n t h e s hou lde r ; p o s s ib ly P e te rbo rough Wa r e . F ab r ic : S of t r ough i sh g r i t ty f a b r ic w i th l i gh t t o d a rk g r ey r ock i n c lu s ion s o f as im i la r l o ok ing c ompo s i t ion t o n o . 1 , d a rk g r ey t h roughou t( 5Y 4 / 1) .

r u s t ica ted B eake r , b u t b ecause o f t h e o ccu r rence o f f i nge rna i l -deco ra ted v e s se l s i n o the r l a te N eo l i th ic /ea r ly B ronze A ge t r ad i t ion s t h i s c anno t b e t a ken a s ac er ta in i d en t if ica t ion .

P e t ro logy : af a i r ly f i ne t e x tu red c l ay ma t r ix c on ta in ing a g roundma s s o f s i l t s ized q ua r tz g ra in s , w i th a f ew s l igh t ly l a rge r g ra in s ,f r agmen t s o f a n a l te red i g neou s r ock o ft h e s ame c ompo s i t ion t ot h a t i nn o . 1 ,s ome f l eck s o fm ica a nd i r on o x ide s .

L a ter P reh i s tor ic 3 .B 9 1 4 528 R 1/?Neo . B ody S he rd . S even s he rd s ( 3 5g ) i nt h ree s andy f a b r ic s ( Q 1-Q3 , s he rd s 1 644 , 1 809 , 2 297 , 2 627 , 3 074 , 3 350 a nd 3 681) a r e p o ss ib ly

G ene ra l ly s im i la rf a b r ic a nd p e t ro logy t on o . 2 .

l a te rp reh i s to r ic ,b u tt h e ma te r ia l i su nd iagno s t ic . 4 .B 9 1 3 620 DI / I nde t . P reh i s to r ic B ody s he rd . L a te I ron A ge /Romano -Br i t i sh N ine s he rd s w e igh ing 2 4g a r e a lmo s t c er ta in ly B lack B u rn i shed Wa r e ( BB 1) a nd R omano -B r i t i sh i nd a te . T h ree r ims a r e p r e sen t( 1888 ,2 505 ,2 820 ) . A cknow ledgemen t s R achae l S eage r Sm i th o f We ssex A rchaeo logy , k ind ly e xam ined a nd c ommen ted o nt h e R omano -B r i t i sh p o t te ry .

AP e tro log ica ln o te o nE ar ly P reh i s tor ic P o t tery f r om B eer b y D . F .W i l l iams . I n troduc t ion F ive v e ry s ma l la nd f r iab le p o t te ry s he rd sf r om l a te N eo l i th ic o r e a r ly B ronze Age v e s se l s r e cove red f r om e xcava t ion s a t B ee r , D evon, w e re s ubm i t ted f o r ad e ta i led e xam ina t ion i n t h in s e c t ion u nde rt h ep e t ro log ica lm ic ro scope . T he o b jec to f t h e a na ly s i s w a s t o s e e w ha t r a nge o ff a b r ic s w e re p re sen t a nd i fs ugges t ions a st op o s s ib le o r ig in s m igh t b e made f o r a ny o ra l o ft hem . B ee rl i es o nt h ec oa s to ne a nd ah a lf m i le s w e s t o fS ea ton , a nd i ss i tua ted i na n a r ea o fc l ay w i th f l in t s a nd c he r t , U ppe r G reensand , C ha lk a nd a l luv ium n ea r t o Uppe rK euper Ma r l sa nd S and s tone .

F ab r ic : S of t s l igh t ly r ough s andy f a b r ic , l i gh tr edd i sh b rown o u te rs u rf ace ( 5YR 6 / 4 ) , d a rk g r ey i n ne rs u rf ace a nd c o re . P e t ro logy : A f a i r ly f i ne t e x tu r ed c l ay ma t r ix c on ta in ing a s ca t te r o f q ua r tz g ra in s mos t ly u nde r 0 . 30mm i n s i ze , t oge the r w i th s ome p i ece s o f f l in t /cher t , c ha lk e l onga t ed v o id s w h ich p robab ly o nce c on ta ined o rgan ic ma te r ia l a nd mo re i regu la r shaped o ne s w h ich o nce p robab ly c on ta ined c ha lk , s pa r se m ica a nd i r on o x ide s . C ommen t s I ts e em s h i gh ly u n l ike ly t h a tt h e f i r s tt h ree s he rd s , wh ich a l c on ta in i g neou s i n c lu s ion s , w e re made i n t he a r ea o f t h e f i nd s i te . A l though t h e se i g neou s f r agmen t s a r e a pp rec iab ly a l te red , t h e l a rge a moun t o f f e ld spa r p re sen t l e ad o ne t o s u spec t t h a t t h ey m ay h ave o r ig ina ted f o rm a g ran i te . I n w h ich c a se , t h ey p robab ly d e r ive f r om o ne o f t h e g ran i t ic r eg ion s o fD evon a nd C o rnwa l l , p e rhap s f r om n ea rt h e a r ea o f o ne o f t h e m e tamorph ic a u reo le s w h ich s u r round t h e g ran i te m a s se so ft h e S ou th We s t . O f t h e r ema in ing t wo s he rd s , t h e r ange o f c ommon i n c lu s ion s i nn o . 4m ake s i td i ff icu l t t op o in t t o ap ar t icu la r s ou rce a r ea , w h i le t h e i n c lu s ion s o fc ha lk a nd f l in t /cher t i n n o . 5may i n d ica te af a i r ly l o ca l o r ig in .

P e tro logy a nd F abr ic .

P lan tR ema in s

1 .B 9 1 4 529 G 2 /LNBA . P la in b ody s he rd .

b yJ ohn L e t t s

F ab r ic : S of t , r ough g r i t ted f a b r ic w i th v i s ib le i n c lu s ions o f g rog a nd f r agmen t s o f al i gh t g rey r ock w i th d ecayed f e ld spa r s , d a rk b uf fo u te rs u rf ace a nd p ar tc o re .

When e xcava t ion h ad b een c omp le ted , 1 0 b u lk s o i l s amp le s o f1 5l i t r e se a ch w e re t a ken . T hese w e re made u po f a7 0cm c on t inuou s c o lumn t h rough C on tex t 3 ,w i th 3 s po t s amp le s f r om w i th in C on tex t 2 .E ach s amp le w a s p roce s sed w i th a f r o th f l o ta t ion mach ine , t h e f l o t s o f w h ich w e r e p a s se s t h rough a n e s t o f 1mm , 0 . 75mm a nd 0 . 5mm s i eves . T he

P e t ro logy : T he mo s t p rom inen t i n c lu s ions , w h ich a r ea s c a t te red t h roughou tt h e c l ay m a t r ix ,a r ep i ece s o fg rog a nd f r agmen t s o f amuch a l te red i g neous r o ck w h ich c an b e s e en t o i n c lude b o th p l ag ioc la se a nd o r thoc la se f e ld spa r . A l so p r e sen t a r e mode ra te ly f r equen t s i l t s i zed g ra in s o f q ua r tz ,

s l u r ry w h ich c o l lec ted w i th in t h e a ppa ra tus w a s t h en p a s sed t h rough a l mm b ox s i eve . T he o n ly n o tab le f i nd t h a t t h i s p roduced w a s aR oman b ronze p i n f r om t h e m idd le o f C on tex t2 .

w i th af ew s l igh t ly l a rge r g r a in s , f l eck s o f m ica a nd s ome i r on o x ide s .

A pa r t f r om ap os s ib le l e gume f r agmen t f r om t h e l owe r s po t s amp le i n c on tex t 2 , t h e o n ly s amp le t o p roduce p l an t

2 .B 9 1 4 527 R 1/?Neo B ody s h e rd ; s ma l l a ng led s he rd w i th 2 9

B u lk S amp l e C o lumn

S n a i lC o lumn — G r a s s l an d A r a b l e

t h eA r t ef a c t C on cen t r a t ion w i th in C on t ex t3

C a r b on iz ed C e r e a l s

O p en

? Wo od l a nd W ood l a nd AWL

F ig 2 0 . C ompa r ing t h eR e su l t sf rom t h eS na i la nd t h eB u lk S amp le C o lumn s . r ema in s w a s t a ken b e tween 1 0 a nd 2 0cm s b e low t h e t o p o f C on tex t 3 .S ix p a r t ia l a nd c omp le te c e rea l g ra in s w e r e i d en t if ied a s e mme r w hea t ( 1 ) , h u l led w hea t ( 3 ) , h u l led b a r ley ( 1 )a nd i n de te rm ina te c e rea l ( 1 ) . T he l o ca t ion o ft h e se g ra ins a r e a l l w i th in t h e d ense a r tef ac t h o r izon w i th in

F ou r g roup o fc ha rcoa l s amp le s w e re t a ken i nt h e c ou r se o f t h e e xcava t ion o ft h e l owe r l e ve l s o ft h e c o l luv ium . T hey w e re i d en t if ied b y t h e n ea re s t t h ree d imen s iona l ly r e co rded f i nd s ( Sma l l f i nd n umbe r s 4 274 , 4 886 , 4 980 a nd 5 000 ) . T he r e su l t s a r e s umma r i sed i n T ab le 7 t h ough t he n umbe r o f

C on tex t 3 .T hey a l so ma tch t h e a d jacen t mo l lu scan s amp le s d i scussed b e low w h ich i n d ica te a r ab le l a nd u se w i th a p o ss ib le t r an s i t ion t op a s tu re ( F ig 2 0 ) .

f r agmen t s a va i lab le a nd t h e a na tom ica l c ha rac te r i s t ic s a r e i n suff ic ien t f o r ac onv inc ing s pec if ic i d en t if ica t ion . A l l t h e t r ee s i d en t if i ed h e re a r e i n c luded i nt h e l i s ted n a t ive s p ec ie s o ft h e B r i t i sh I s le s a nd t h e i r p r e sence i sc on s is ten t w i th t h e c ommen t s o f R ackham w ho s t a ted t h a t . . ." The e a r l ie s t

Charcoa l

w i ldwood s w e r e f o rmed b y b i rch a spen a nd s a l low . . .Abou t 8 500 BC p i ne a nd h aze l s p read t o r ep la ce b i rch .. . P ine w a s f o l lowed b y o ak a nd a l de r ; n ex t b y l ime a nd e lm , t h en b y h o l ly a s h b eech h o rnbeam a nd m ap le " ( Rackham , 0 . 1 990 .

b y I s abe l F igue i ra l

N ea r e s t a d jacen t S FN o . 4 274 4 866 4 980 D ec iduou sO ak H aw tho rn H aze l Map le B i rch A sh I nde term inab le

4 3 5

2 2 4

6 4 1

2 7 ) 5 000 6 3 1 1 5

3

1

6

T ab le 7 . S pec ie s I d en t if i ca t ion o f C harcoa l P iece s f rom C on tex t3 .

S o i lM icromorpho logy b y S t ephen C a r te r . I n troduc t ion T h i s r e po r t d e sc r ibe s t h e m ic romorpho logy o f t wo t h in s e c t ion s f r om e xcava t ion s a tB ee r H ead , D evon . T he t wo s amp le s a r e p a r t o f ac o lumn c o l lec ted f o r a r chaeomagne t ic d a t ing a nd c on ta in C on tex t s 2a nd 3 . S amp le 1 5 i s3 5cm a bove t h e b a se o fC on tex t 2a nd s amp le 2 5 i s4 5 c m b e low t h et o p o fc on tex t 3 . Me thod s

C on tex t 3w a s d i f f e ren t ia ted f r om C on tex t 2b ecau se o ft h e p r e sence o fc ha r coa l . T he se w e re p r edom inan t ly s ma l l f l eck s w h ich w e re f ound t h roughou t C on tex t 3 , h oweve r s ma l l c oncen t ra t ions o f c ompa ra t ive ly l a rge p i ece s w e re n o ted t owa rds t h e b a se a nd t h ese w e re c o l lec ted f o r p o s s ib le s ubm i ss ion a sd a t ing s amp le s .

T he s amp le s , e nca sed i n P la s te r o f P a r is , w e re r e s in i mp regna ted a nd s e c t ioned b y t h e D ep t . o f E nv ironmen ta l S c ience , U n ive r s i ty o f S t e r l ing u s ing s t anda rd t e chn ique s ( Murphy , C .P . 1 986 ) . T he t h in s e c t ions a r e r e la t ive ly s ma l l ( 4 x4 c m ) . T hey w e re d e sc r ibe u s ing t h e t e rm ino logy a nd m e thod s o fB u l lock , P e ta l ( 1985 ) .

3 0

R e su l t s D e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion s o f t h e t h in s e c t ion s a r e g iven i n t h e a ppend ix a tt h e e nd o ft h i s r e por t . T he m a in c ha rac te r i s t ic s t h a td i s t ingu i sh t h et wo s amp le sa r e s umma r i sed i nt a b le 1 .

I n p a r t icu la r i tr ema in s u nknown h ow much i f a ny , o f C on tex t 3r e p re sen t sa n i ns i tu s o i l . C onc lus ion s

T he r e su l to ft h e m ic romorpho log ica l a na ly s is s how c l ea r ly t h a tC on tex t s 2a nd 3( a sr e p r e sen ted b yt h et wo s amp le s )a r e s ub s tan t ia l ly d i f f e ren t s ed imen t s . T ak ing t h e b a s ic m ine ra l c omponen t s f i r s t : C on tex t 2h a s ac oa r se f r ac t ion ( >50 gm ) d om inan t b y c ha lk a nd s he l l f r agmen t s a nd a f i ne f r ac t ion a l so d om ina ted b y c a lc ium c a rbona te ( de r ived f r om t h e

T he a na ly s i s o f t wo s ma l l t h in s e c t ions f r om a d eep a ccumu la t ion o f s ed imen t s h a s i d en t if ied s i gn if ican t d i f f e rence s i nc ompo s i t ion b e tween C on tex t s 2a nd 3 .T he se d i f f e rence s i nc ompo s i t ion c an e i the r b e e xp la ined i nt e rm s o f ac hange o f s ed imen t s ou rce , f r om d om inan t ly l o e ss i n C on tex t 3t oC ha lk i nC on tex t 2 ,o r i nt e rms o f t h e r a te o f s ed imen t a ccumu la t ion , f r om s l ow i nC on tex t 3t or e la t ive ly r a p id i nC on tex t 2 .C on tex t 2a nd t h e s amp led u ppe r p a r to f c on t ex t 3a r e c l ea r ly c o l luv ium .

c ha lk a nd n ew ly -f o rmed c r y s ta l s ) . I n c on t ra s t , C on tex t 3i s d om ina ted b y f i ne s and s i zed q ua r tz g ra in s w i th f r equen t c ha lk a nd f l i n t i n t h e c oa r se f r ac t ion a nd s i l t s i zed q ua r tz

T he A rchaeomagne t ic C o lumn

D i scus s ion

g ra in s i nt h e f i ne f r ac t ion . T he p a ren tm a te r ia l f o rC on tex t2 i sw i thou td oub tt h eC ha lk w h ich o u tc rop su p s l ope f r om t h e e xcava t ion . A t B ee r H ead , i tc on s i s t s o f c ha lk , f l in t a nd s andy l i me s tone s a nd c ou ld h ave a l l c on t r ibu ted t o t h i s s ed imen t ( Edwa rd s , E .A . e ta l , 1 975 ) . T he s ou rce o fC on tex t 3i sl e s s c l ea r ; t h e f r equen t c ha lk a nd f l in t c ou ld b e f r om l o ca l u p s lope s ou rce s a nd t h e r a r i ty o fg l aucon i te i n d ica te s t h a t t h e u nde r ly ing G reen sand i sn o t as i gn if i can t s ou rce . T he d om inan t mode ra te ly w e l ls o r ted s i l ta nd f i ne s and s i zed q uar tz c ou ld b e d e r ived f r om t h e s andy C re taceou s l i me s tone sb yd eca lc if ica t ion . I nw h ich c a se , C on tex t 3 ,w a s e i the r as t ab le d eca lc if ied s o i l o r as l ow ly a ccumu la t ing c o l luv ia ls ed imen t . A l te rna t ive ly , t h eg ra in s i ze o ft h e q ua r tz i s c on s i s ten t w i th l o es s a s t h e s ou rce o f mo s t o f t h e s ed imen t .The s t ra t ig raph ic s equence c ou ld i n d ica te t h e e a r ly e r os ion o f as upe rf ic ia l c ove r o fl o e s s d e r ived s o i l u p s lope f r om t h es i te e xpo s ing t h eu nde r ly ing C ha lk . T he a bundance o f c a lc ium c a rbona te i n C on tex t 2i st h e c au se o fo t he r d i f f e rence s b e tween t h e t wo c on tex t s . L and s na i l s he l l f r agmen t s a r e much mo re f r equen t a nd t h e re a r e a bundan t n ew -f o rmed c a lc ium c a rbona te c ry s ta ls w h ich h ave c r ea ted t h e c ry s ta l l i t ic b f ab r ic a nd t h e c ry s ta l l ine c oa t ing s t oa l l o ft h e v o id s u rf ace s . T he d i s t inc t ion b e tween C on tex t s 2 a nd 3 i s ma in ta ined i n t h e r a re o rgan ic c omponen t s : w ood c ha rcoa l i sp re sen t i n C on tex t 3b u t a b sen t i n C on tex t 2 . T h i s r e su l t a g ree s w i th t h e p a t te rn o b se rved o ns i te . T he f a c tt h a tb o th C on tex t s 2a nd 3c on ta in m a te r ia l d e r ived f r om t h e U ppe r C ha lk , u p s lope f r om t h e s i te , c onf i rm s t h e i d en t if i ca t ion o f t h e se s ed imen t s a s c o l luv ium . S uppor t ing e v idence f r om s o i l m ic ro s t ruc tu re f o r ac o l luv ia l o r ig in , p a r t icu la r ly t h e p r e sence o fd e r ived s o i l f r agmen t s i sl a ck ing ( Cour ty , M .A . e t a l , 1 989 ) . T he m ic ro s t ruc tu re o f b o th c on tex t s r e f lec t s c on s ide rab le b i o log ica l d i s tu rbance w h ich w i l l h ave d e s t royed a ny o r ig ina l s ed imen ta ry s t ruc tu re . T he d i f f e rence s i n t h e m ine ra l c omponen t s i n d ica te t h a t t h e s ed imen t s ou rce c hanged d u r ing t h e a ccumu la t ion o f t h e c o l luv ium o r t h a t t h e r a te w a s much s l owe r f o r C on tex t 3 t h an C on tex t2 . T h i s s t udy h a sb een l im i ted t oo ne s amp le f r om e ach c on tex t s ot h a t i ti sn o tp o s s ib le t oe xam ine v a r ia t ion w i th in c on tex t s .

b yA . J .C la rk . T h i s s e c t ion d e sc r ibe s a n a t temp tt oo b ta in a r chaeomagne t ic d a t ing f o r t h e c o l luv ia l d epo s i t . A l so s ome i n f o rma t ion o n e nv i ronmen ta l c ond i t ion s d u r ing d epo s i t ion w a s o b ta ined f r om m agne t ic i n t en s i ty v a lue s a nd magne t ic s u scep t ib i l i ty m ea su r emen t s A rchaeomagne t ic D a t ing O ne o f t h e p henomena t h a t r e co rd t h e d i rec t ion o f t h e g eomagne t ic f i e ld ( d ec l ina t ion a nd i n c l ina t ion ) , a nd c an t h e r ef o r e b e u sed i na r chaeomagne t ic d a t ing , i st h e d e t r i ta l r emanen t m agne t i sm o f w a te r la in s ed imen t s . T h i s r equ i r e s t ha t t h e s ed imen t c on ta in a p ropo r t ion o f magne t i sed p a r t ic le s w h ich t e nd t oa l ign w i th t h e E a r th 's magne t ic f i e ld d u r ing s e t t lemen t a nd r e ta in t h i s a l ignmen t a f te r d epo s i t ion . E xpe r imen t s h ave s hown t h a t c o l luv ia l d epo s i t s c an a l so r e ta in s t ab le r emanen t magne t ic d i rec t ions wh ich a r e c on s i s ten tw i th t h e i ra ge ( C la rke e ta l , 1 988 ) .The mechan i sm b y w h ich t h i s h appen s h a s n o t b een d emon s t ra ted , b u t i t c ou ld b et h a t ,o n i n i t ia l d epo s i t ion a nd p r io rt oc on so l ida t ion , s ma l l m agne t ised p a r t ic le s a r e f r ee t o move u nder t h e i n f luence o f w a t e r a nd g rav i ty , a nd i n t h e p roce ss h ave a c e r ta in a moun to ff r eedom t oa l ign w i th t h e E a r th 's magne t ic f i e ld . O n s ub sequen t c on so l ida t ion o f t he d epos i t , t h e i r p o s i t ion s w ou ld b e f i xed . T he s ma l l maghaema t i te p a r t ic le s t h a t a r e g ene ra ted f r om o t he r i r on c ompound s , e spec ia l ly i n t h e c ou r se o f h uman e xp lo i ta t ion o f t h e l a nd scape ( s ee b e low ) , w ou ld a l so a cqu i re a r emanence d u r ing t h e i r f o rma t ion , a l though i ft h i s p roce s s w e re p ro t rac ted , t h e i r magne t ic r e co rd w ou ld b e ' smudged ' . H oweve r , t h ey c ou ld t a ke p a r t i nt h e f i r s t o f t h e se s ugge s ted m echan i sm s , t h e i r magne t ic ' c lock ' b e ing s e t t o z e ro b y t h e c o l luv ia l t r an spo r ta t ion p roce s s . I tn eed h a rd ly b e s a id t h a t t h i s t ype o fr emanence i sh igh ly v u lnerab le t o d i s tu rbance . O ne s t amp o f a h oof w i l l c omp le te ly d e s t roy i t ;t h e mo re s ub t le b io tu rba t ion o fw o rms a nd o t he r b ur row ing f a una w i l l e rode i t ; s l ump ing w i l l d i s to r t i t ;a nd i r on c ompound s i ns ome s o i ls a r e n o t c apab le o fr e ta in ing as t ab le r emanence . H oweve r w he re p os s ib le , i t s iw or thwh i le t o t a ke m ea su remen t s i n c a se t h ey p roduce i n f orma t ion t h a t w ou ld o t herw ise b e l o s t ,and a dd t o t h e a t p r e sen t s ma l l c orpu s o fk now ledge o ft h e p henomenon . T he 3I

s amp le sc an a l so b eu sef u l f o ro t he rs t ud ie s .

s amp le m agne t ism w a s r ea sonab ly h igh a nd n o t v e ry v a r iab le , w i th a n a ve rage v a lue o f 3 .9mAm 1 , e xcep t f o r e x t reme v a lue s o f 1 80 .2 a nd 2 97 .6mAm -1 f o r s amp le s 2 1

S amp le s a r e t a ken i nt ube s 5 cm l o ng a nd 5 cm i nd i ame te r , c u t f r om PVC d r a inp ipe . W i th s of t s ed imen t s , t h e se c an b e p u shed i n to al e ve l led s u rf ace , b u tw i th d ry m a te r ia l s uch a s

a nd 2 2 r e spec t ive ly . T h i s w i l l b e d i scus sed w i th m agne t ic s u scep t ib i l i ty b e low .

t h e p re sen t c o l luv ium i ti sn ece s sa ry t ot r im t h e ma te r ia l t o l e ave s t umpy p i l la r s : t h e t u be s a r e p l aced o ve r t h e se a nd l e ve l led ,and t h e p i l la r s a r e t h en e ncap su la ted i np l a s te r o f P a r i s , w h ich i ss c raped o f f l e ve l a tt h e t op . A n o r ien ta t ion

S ubsequen t Ana l y s i so ft he Da t ing E v id ence w i th r egard t o t he S o i lM icromorpho logy a nd A r tef ac tD i s t r ibu t ion b yM T i ng le

l i ne i s ma rked o nt h i s s u rf a ce ( o rt h eu ppe re dge s o ft h et u be i fi ti sn o t c omp le te ly f i l led ) , a nd t h e t u be a nd s amp le t h en r emoved b y u nde rcu t t ing . Af t e r t h e u nde r s ide h a s b een t r immed , the e ncap su la t ion o ft h e s amp le i sc omp le ted w i th mo re p l a s te r .

U nf or tuna te ly n e i ther o ft h ea bove d a t e s w e re o b ta inedf rom c on tex tt h ree a nd a ny d ownwa rd e x t rapo la t ion r e l ie s o n t h e f orma t ion p roce s se so fC on tex t st wo a nd t h ree b e ing b road ly s im i la r . T h i s a ppear s , f rom t h e s o i l m icromorpho log ica l a na ly s i s , n o t t o b e t h e c a se . A l so , t h e b a se o f t he

T he d ep th a va i lab le f o rt h es amp le c o lumn a tB ee rw a sa bou t 2 44cm s . I d ea l ly , s amp le s s hou ld b e v e r t ica l ly c on t iguou s ,

a rchaeomagne t ic c o lumn i s l o ca ted w i th in t h e p os s ib le B eaker p ha se o f t h e C on tex t t h ree a r tef ac t c oncen t ra t ion w h ich may p o s tda te t h e e a r l ie s t e l emen t o ft h e c o l luv ium . F ina l ly , i fo ne c ompa re s t h e t wo d a ted s amp le s w i th t h e c e ram i c sf rom ac ompa rab le d ep th o fc o l luv ium , s amp le 1 / 2

g iv ing i ne f f ec t ac on t inuou sc o lumn ; b u ti nv i ew o ft h et ime a va i lab le a nd t h er a the r l a bou ri n ten s ive s amp l ing m e thod , i t w a s d ec ided t o l i m i t t h e n umbe r o f s amp le s t o 3 0 , w h ich m ean t t h a t t h e re w a s a3 cm g ap b e tween t h em . H e reaf te r , d ep th s a r e g i ven t ot h e c en t re o fe ach s amp le i nr e la t ion t o t h e s i te d a tum . T h ree s amp le s c ou ld n o t b et a ken b ecau se o f t h e e x t reme s t on ine s so ft h em a te r ia l a tt h o se l e ve l s . I nt h e l a bo ra to ry ,t h es amp le sw e re m ea su red w i th aMo l sp in a r chaeomagne t ic s p inne rm agne tome te r ,w h ich s howed q u i te e r ra t ic r e su l t s . S t epw i se d emagne t i sa t ion t e s t s w e re c a r r ied

( 1 300 -1350 c a l B P ) i sa s soc ia ted w i th Med ieva l a nd p o s t Med ieva l s herd s w h i le s amp le 1 6 / 17 ( 4800 c a l BP ) i s a s soc ia ted w i th R omano -Br i t i sh a nd I r on A ge p o t te ry . E i ther t h e d a t ing t e chn ique h a sp roved i naccura te i nt h i s i n s tance o r t h e c e ram ic s equence i ss omehow a tf au l t . G iven t h e c on s i s ten tz on ing o fd a tab le p o t te ry , i ts eems l i ke ly t ha t t h e f au l tl i e s i nt h e d a t ing t e chn ique . T hu s , t h e t wo d a te s u sed f or e x t rapo la t ion s e em u nre l iab le a nd t h ee x t rapo la t ion i t se lf

o u to nt wo o ft h em t ot e s tt h e i rm agne t ic s t ab i l i ty ,w h ich w a s f a i r , a nd t o a s ce r ta in w he the r ap ar t ia l d emagne t i sa t ion t r ea tmen t w a s n ece s sa ry t o r emove v i scou s m agne t i sm ( a ' s of t ' f o rm o fm agne t i sm w h ich t e nd st oc on t inuou s ly f o l low t h e c hang ing d i r ec t ion o f t h e E ar th 's f i e ld ) . A s a t i sf ac to ry l e ve l o f d emagne t isa t ion c ou ld n o t b e f ound , a nd t h e s amp le s w e re t h e ref o re p l aced i n z e ro f i e ld c on ta ine r s f o r e i gh t mon th s f o r v i scou s m agne t ism t o d ecay a way . R emea su remen ta f t e rt h is t r ea tmen ts howed a n i mp rovemen t i ns ome s amp le d i rec t ion s , b u t mo s t r ema ined e r ra t ic . T he c a l ib ra t ion c u rve u sed w a st h a te s tab l i shed f r om B r i t i sh l a ke s ed imen t s b y T urne r a nd T homp son ( 1981) , a s mod if ied b y C la rk ( f or thcom ing ) .

i su n l ike ly t op rod uce ar e l iab le f igure . Magne t ic S uscep t ib i l i ty H uman a c t iv i t ie s t e nd t oc onver t i r on c ompound s i nt h e s o i l t o s e conda ry c ompound s , n o tab ly t h e q u i te s t rong ly magne t ic o x ide , m aghaem i te ( C la rk , A . 1 990 ; Mu l l in s , C .E . 1 977 ) . T he mo s t p owe rf u l c au se i sb u rn ing , b u t t h e e f f ec t a l so d eve lops mo r e s l ow ly i nw e l l d ra ined c u l t iva ted s o i l s . A l terna t ion o fr educ ing a nd o x id i s ing c ond i t ion ss e em st ob e i mpo r tan t , a nd af e rmen ta t ion e f f ec t i n vo lv ing b ac te r ia m ay c on t r ibu te t o magne t ic e nhancemen t . Mea su r emen t s w e r e m ade w i th aB a r t ing ton MS2 me te ra nd

R e su l t s

MS2B d ua l f r equency l a bo ra to ry s enso r . T h i s i nvo lved r emov ing t h e s amp le s f r om t h e i r e ncap su la t ion , t h en d ry s i ev ing t h em w i th a 2mm m e sh . O n ly a l te rna te , e ven n umbe red s amp le sw e re u sed , t h er ema inde rb e ing p re se rved i nc a se t h ey w e re n eeded f o rt h in -sec t ion a na ly s i s .

I nv i ew o ft h ev a r iab le q ua l i ty o ft h er e su l t s , i tw a sn ece s sar y t oe s tab l i sh c r i te r ia f o r t h e i ra ccep tance . I n c l ina t ion v a lue s w e re g ene ra l ly b e t te r t h an d ec l ina t ion , w h ich i st h e m o r e v u lne rab le t os amp le d i s tor t ion o r movemen t b ecause o ft h e s t eepne s s o ft h e i n c l ina t ion -a ny i n c l ina t ion e r ro r w i th a n e a s t -we s t c omponen t w i l l h ave a r e la t ive ly l a rge e f f ec t o n d ec l ina t ion ; t h e ref o re o n ly i n c l ina t ion v a lue s a r e u sed t oI n

T he d ua l f r equency f a c i l i ty o ft h e s en so r ( 0 .43 a nd 4 . 3kHz ) i s c apab le o f g i v ing a n i n d ica t ion o f t h e s ou rce o f s o i l c on s t i tuen t s ( Thomp son , R . & O ldf ie ld , F . 1 986 ) . E roded b ed rock t e nd s t o c on s i s t o f r e la t ive ly l a rge , mu l t idoma in g ra ins g i v ing s im i la r r e ad ing s a tb o th f r equenc ie s , w he r ea s

a t temp t t h e d a t ing o f t h e c o lumn . I tw a s d ec ided t h a t i n c l ina t ion v a lue s a s soc ia ted w i th d ec l ina t ion sw h ich f e l l o n o r c l o se t o t h e k nown g eomagne t ic c u rve s hou ld b e t e n ta t ive ly a ccep tab le , w h i le t h e mo s t r e l iab le c a se s w e r e t a ken t ob et hose w he re t wo s ucce s s ive s amp le sg ave c l o se ly

i ns o i l s w h ich h ave b een s ub jec ted t os uch h uman a c t iv i t ie s a s b u rn ing a nd c u l t iva t ion , t h e s e conda ry i r on o x ides f o rmed i n c lude f i ne g r a in s w h ich h ave al owe rs u scep t ib i l i ty a tt h e h i ghe r f r equency . F requency d ependence i se xp re s sed h e re a s t h e d i f f e rence b e tween r e ad ing s a t t h e t wo

s im i la rd ec l ina t ions a nd i n c l ina t ion s . T h i sc r i te r ion p roduced j u s t t wo c onv inc ing b u t s t i l l t e n ta t ive p o in t s : a bou t 1 300 1 350 c a l B P f o r s amp le s 1 / 2 a nd a bou t 4 800 c a l B P f o r s amp les 1 6 / 17 . D ownwa rd e x t rapo la t ion o n t h e b a s i s o f i n c l ina t ion v a lue s s ugges t s t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o f ad a te a ta bou t 5 800 c a l B P f o r t h e b o t tom o f t h e c o lumn . I n tens i ty o f

f r equenc ie s a s ap e rcen tage o f t h e l ow f r equency r e ad ing . E roded b ed rock g i ve s r e ad ing s t yp ica l ly o ft h e o rde r o f 1 % , c u l t iva ted a nd b urn ts o i l o ft h e o rde r 1 0% o rm o r e .

3 2

R e su l t s

T he i n c rea s ing n umbe r o fc o l luv ia l s e c t ion s t h a t h ave b een e xam ined h a s r e inf o rced t h e i mp re s s ion o ft h e i r v a r ie ty a nd l e d t o a n a t temp ted c l a s s if ica t ion . A l lan 's d iv is ion o f

Magne t ic s u scep t ib i l i ty r e ad ing s f o r C on tex t 3w e re q u i te c on s i s ten ta bou tt h e i rm ean v a lue o f4 4 .8 x 1 08S I /kg . T h is w a sm o re t h an t w ice t h em ean v a lue o f1 9 .6 x 1 08S I /kg f o r

c o l luv ium i n to f i ve c a tego r ie s e s sen t ia l ly s epa ra te s t ho se d epo s i t s w h ich i n c lude v i s ib le h o r izon s , u sua l ly o f f l in t n odu le s o r c ha lk p i ece s , f r om t hose w h ich a ppea r

C on tex t 2 , d u r ing t h e f o rma t ion o f w h ich v a lue s d ropped q u i te s t ead i ly f r om 2 4 .8 t o 1 4 .0 x 1 0 8S I /kg . T he m ean

u nd if f e r en t ia ted ( A l len , M . 1 992 , 4 3) . T hese a r e b a sed o n o b se rva t ion s made a to ve r 1 5 s i te s w i th in t h e We s sex c ha lk a nd af u r the r 1 0e l sewhe r e . Wh i le 1 3o ft h e f o rme rp roduced d e ta i led mo l lu scan s equence s n one o ft h em a ppea r t oh ave b een a s soc ia ted w i th t h e t h ree d imen s iona l r e co rd ing o f a r t ef ac t s . I t i s n o t i mmed ia te ly c l ea r i n wh ich o f t h ese c a tego r ie s t h e B ovey L ane d epo s i t b e long s . Apa r t f r om t h e c o lou r d i f f e r ence c au sed b y t h e p r e sence o f c ha rcoa l , t h e

f r equency d ependence f o r b o th c on tex t s w a s c l ose ly s im i la r a t8 . 5% f o rC on tex t 3a nd 9 . 2% f o rC on tex t2 .C on tex t 3w a s a ga in t h e mo re c on s i s ten t . T he se r e su l t s i n d ica te t h a t t h e b u lk o f t h e l a nd c l ea rance , p robab ly i n vo lved b urn ing , t ook p l ace d u r ing t h e f o rma t ion o fC on tex t 3 ,a nd i n deed w a s r e spon s ib le f o r i t s f o rma t ion . T he c ons i s tency o fb o th t h e p a rame te r ss ugge s tt h a tt h is t ook

d epo s i t a ppea r s t o b e u nd if f e ren t ia ted , h oweve r t h e s o i l m ic romorpho logy i n d ica te s t h a t t h e t wo c on tex t s o r ig ina ted

p l ace a s as i ng le f a i r ly r ap id e p i sode a nd t h e q u i te h igh f r equency d ependence i n d ica te s t h a t c u l t iva t ion w a s l a rge ly c onf ined t ot h e t o p so i l , w i th l i t t le d i s tu rbance t os ub so i l o r b ed rock .

s epa ra te ly a nd a r tef ac t p l o t o u t s s how d i s t inc t h o r izon s o f a r tef ac t s t h a t d a te f r om P reh i s to ry t o t h e p o s t - Med ieva l p e r iod .

T he f a l l i n s u scep t ib i l i ty o ve r t h e p e r iod o f f o rma t ion o f

Two f e a tu r e s s t and o u t a s u nu sua l w hen c ompa r ing t h e B ovey L ane c o l luv ium w i th t h e d epo s i t s e xam ined b y A l len a nd B e l l ( A l len , M . 1 992 ; B e l l , M . 1 992 ) . T he l a rge

C on tex t 2 may b e d ue t o as t eady r educ t ion o f t h e s ma l l a moun t o f c l ea rance t a k ing p l ace o r t h e c on t inued b u t l e s sen ing l e ach ing o u t o f b u rn t s o i l f r om t h e C on tex t 3

q uan t i t ie s o f c ha rcoa l t h roughou t t h e l owe r l e ve l s o f t h e d epo s i t a nd t h e l i ke ly d a te i n t h e e a r ly N eo l i th ic f o r t h e c ommencemen t o f i t s f o rma t ion . T he p r e sence o f as i ng le

c l ea rance . T he f r equency d ependence p l o t s how s a c on t inued p reponde rance o ft op so i l , a l though t h e d rop f r om 1 3 .8% a t s amp le 8 ,t o 5 . 1% a t s amp le 6 d oe s s ugge s t a n o n se to fd eepe rp l ough ing .

s he rd o fH embu ry Wa re t owa rd s t h e b a se o ft h e e xcava ted s e c t ion s ugge s t s t h a t c o l luv ia t ion i nB ovey L ane b egan a t s ome t ime i n t h e f ou r th m i l len ium b cc a l . P o t te ry o ft h i st ype

T he i n tens i ty v a lues d e r ived f r om t h e a r chaeomagne t ic m ea su remen t s ( s ee a bove ) a r e mo s t ly mo re c on s i s t en t t h an t h es u scep t ib i l ty ,s how ing t h a tt h ec a r r ie ro ft h er emanence i s l a rge ly i n dependen to ft h et o ta l magne t ic c on t en to ft h e s o i l .

i s k nown t o b e e x t reme ly v u lne rab le t o w ea the r ing a nd w ou ld b e u n l ike ly t o s u rv ive s u rf ace e xpo su re d u r ing t h e w in te r ( R icha rd s , J . C . 1 985 , 3 8 ) . T he s ame c an p robab ly b e s a id o ft h e c a rbon i sed c e rea l r ema in s , much o ft h e b one a nd

A n e xcep t ion i st h e s t rong p eak i ns amp le s 2 1 a nd 2 2 , t h e l a t te r b e ing a lmo s t a n o rde r o fm agn i tude g r ea te r t h an t h e

t h e o t he rs he rd s o fp reh i s to r ic p o t te ry . T h i s i nd ica te st h a t a l l o ft h e se f i nd s w ou ld h ave b een r a p id ly i n co rpo ra ted b enea th t h e c on t empo ra ry g round s u rf ace . T oge the rw i th t h e a moun t

m ean o f t h e o the r r e ad ing s . T he se t wo s amp le s a l so g ave e xcep t iona l ly d i sc repan t a r chaeomagne t ic d i rec t ion s ,

o f c ha rcoa l t h a t a ccompan ied t h e se f r ag i le f i nd s , t h i s s ugge s t s t h a t t h e a r tef a c t c oncen t ra t ion w i th in c on tex t 3

s ugges t ing a s t rong magne t ic c on tam inan t a s b e ing r e spon s ib le . P a r t ic le s p i cked o u t w i th a m agne t c onf i rmed t h i s , a l though t h ey w e re t oo s ma l l t ob e i d en t if ied v i sua l ly . B u rn ing may h ave b een r e spon s ib le f o r t h i s s t rong m agne t i sa t ion , b u tu nexcep t iona l s u scep t ib i l i ty v a lue sa tt h i s l e ve l d o n o t i nd ica te t ha tb ur n ing t o ok p l ace i ns i tu . P o s s ib ly t h e ma te r ia l d e r ive sf r om d ecompo sed p o t tery .

r e semb led s ome th ing a k in t oa ne x tended m idden . T h i s may h ave h ad t wo p ha se s , t h e l a t te r s ugge s t ing a n i n ten s if ica t ion o fa c t iv i ty a s soc ia ted w i th B eake rp o t te ry . T he d a tab le p o t te ry a s soc ia ted w i th t h i s p ha se r ange s f r om H embu ry Wa r e , t h rough p o s s ib le P e te rbo rough Wa re t o B eake r . O n ly f ou r a r tef ac t s h ave a ny c h rono log ica l s i gn if icance ; t h ree o b l ique a r rowhead s a nd as i ng le b roken o va te , a l o fw h ich h ave l a te rN eo l i th ic a s soc ia t ion s . When

C onc lus ion

t h is p ha se o f c o l luv ia t ion c ea sed , s o i l i n co rpo ra t ing s ub s tan t ia l a moun t s o f c ha rcoa l c on t inued t o a ccumu la te , b l u r r ing t h et r ans i t ion b e tween c o l luv ia t ion w i th a nd w i thou t d i rec t ly d epo s i ted d ome s t ic r e f u se . I ti s u nc lea r w he the r t h e re w a s as t and s t i l l e p i sode b e tween C on tex t s t wo a nd t h ree s i nce a ny i n d ica t ion o f s uch a n e ven t c ou ld s ub sequen t ly h ave b een r emoved . U n iden t if ied p reh i s to r ic

I n c ommon w i th mo s t a r chaeo log i s t s , t h e t e rm s c o l luv ium a nd c o l luv ia t ion h ave b een u sed i nt h i s c hap te r w i thou t a ny a t temp t t od ef ine t h e a c tua l p roce s s i n vo lved ( Boa rdman , J . &B e l l , M . 1 992 , 4 ) . I nt h e p a s tt h e r eh a s b een at e ndency t o s e e c o l luv ium a s ap roduc t o f g r adua l e r o s ion a nd e qua te c o l luv ia t ion w i th a r ab le a g r icu l tu r e ( Be l l , M . 1 992 , 2 3 ) . Mor e r e cen t ly t h e re h a s b een a n e mpha s is o n t h e v a r ie ty o f t h e p roces ses t h a t c an p roduce s o i l m ovemen t s w i th p ar t icu la r r e f e rence t o e p i sode s o f r a p id s o i l movemen t

p o t te ry i sl o ca ted o n e i the r s i de o f t h e t r an s i t ion ( F ig 2 1) w h i le t h e i n i t ia l f o rma t ion o fC on tex tt wo i sa s soc ia ted w i th R omano B r i t ish p o t te ry ( F ig 2 2 ) .T he re a r e n o k nown s e t t lemen t o ft h a t p e r iod i nt h e i mmed ia te v i c in i ty o fB ovey L ane s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e p o t te ry d e r ives f r om m anu r ing . D u r ing t h e p o s t R oman p e r iod c o l luv ia t ion c on t inue s b u t t h e re a r e n o a ccompany ing d a tab le c e ram ics u n t i l t h e a ppea rance i n t h e o f Med ieva l a nd p o s t - Med ieva l p o t te ry

c on t ra s ted w i th p e r iod s o f s t ab i l i sa t ion . T he a b sence o f s ed imen to log ica l e v idence f o rN eo l i th ic w ood land c l ea rance l e ad ing o n t oa r ab le a g r icu l tu re h a s b een e xp la ined i nt e rm s r a ng ing f r om t h e s ub sequen t e r o s ion o f e a r ly e v idence t o q ue s t ion ing t h ee x is tence o fe x ten s ive N eo l i th ic a r ab le ( Be l l , M . 1 992 , 2 9 ) . 3

F ig 2 1 . T he D i s t r ibu t ion o f Med ieva la nd P os t -M ed ieva l p o t ter y .

F ig 2 2 . T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fR omano -Br i t i sh p o t te ry

3 4

F ig 2 3 . T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fP reh i s to r ic P o t te ry

F ig 3 1) . I ts e ems l i ke ly t ha t t h e se s he rd s a l so d e r ived f r om manu r ing . T he e xcava t ion d emon s t ra te s t h a t t h e f l i n t a s semb lage i n B ovey l a ne w a s o f ad i f f e ren t c ha ra c te rt ot h a tr e cove red b y f i e ldwa lk ing . I n t h e l a t te r c a se t h e r e w a s a n o bv iou s ly e xped ien t e l emen tw h i le i nB ovey L ane a lmo s ta l l t h e c o re s w e re e i the r s y s tema t ica l ly p r epa red o r u t i l i sed f o r b l ade p roduc t ion . T hey w e re a l so c ompa ra t ive ly f ew i nn umbe r . P e rhap s e a r ly s y s tema t ic r educ t ion t ook p l ace w i th in t h e

T he e xcava t ion r e vea led e v idence f o r s ub s i s t ence a c t iv i ty i n c lud ing b o th a r ab le a nd p a s to ra l a g r icu l tu re a sw e l l a st h e e xp lo i ta t ion o fs he l l f i sh f r om t h e c oa s t . T he a b sence o ff i sh b one f r om t h e s i te c anno t s imp ly b e e xp la ined b y t a phonom ica l f a c to r s g iven t h e p resence o f b ank v o le r ema in s . T he Ma cA lp ine - Wood sc l a imed t oh ave f ound b o th f r eshwa te r ( p ike ) a nd s ea ( s ka te ) f i sh b one s b u t a r e u nf o r tuna te ly v ague i n t h e a ccoun t o f t h e i r l o ca t ion . T he s i gn if icance o f t h e s he l l f i sh r ema in s may e xceed t h e i r e v idence f o r s ub s i s tence a c t iv i t ie s . A t p re sen t , c l if fe ro s ion h a s c r ea ted t h e n ece s sa ry h ab i ta t f o r s uch mo l lu sc s o n ly o n as ma l l a r ea o fb each a l ong t h e c ha lk c l if fa tS ea ton H o le ( P la te 3 ) . T he s ame e r o s ion h a s d umped l a rge p i eces o ff l in t

v a l ley s w h i le l a te re xped ien tw o rk ing w a s mo r e w ide sp r ead a nd t e nded t o u t i l i se ma te r ia l e xposed f r om t h e c l ay w i th f l in t s . I f s e t t lemen t l o ca t ion w a s p rof ound ly i n f luenced b y t h e a va i lab i l i ty o f r aw ma ter ia l s t h en a t B ee r i tm igh t b e e xpec t ed t of ocu s o nt h eb each . T he B ovey L ane s i te i so ve r

b ea r ing c ha lk a nd b l ock s o fc her t a l ong t h e f o re sho re . I f , a s s e em s l i ke ly , s im i la r c ond i t ion s a pp l ied t h roughou t t h e N eo l i th ic a nd l a te r , s he l l f i sh g a the r ing w ou ld h ave t a ken p l ace a mong s tl a rge q uan t i t ie so fw o rkab le f l in tn odu le s . I ti s t h e ref o re p o s s ib le t o s ugge s t a mode l i n wh ich t h e p rocu remen t o f f l in t c ou ld h ave b een e mbedded w i th in r ou t ine s ubs i s tence a c t iv i t ie s . H oweve r , t h e c l if fe r os ion t h a t r e lea sed f l in t f r om t h e c l if f a l so b rough t d own s ub s tan t ia l q uan t i t ie s o f g r een sand c her t w h ich w a s n o t u t i l i sed i n B ovey L ane . T o f u r the r a pp r ec ia te t h e n a tu re o f s t one e xp lo i ta t ion a tB ee r i tw a s n ece s sa ry t o v i ew t h e b roade r p i c tu r e t h a t w a s a va i lab le o n ly f r om w ide spaced s u rf ace c o l lec t ion .

ak i lome t re u p t h e v a l ley a way f r om t h e c oa s ta l o u tc rop s o f f l in t . S e t t lemen t e v idence o bv iou s ly e x tended b o th u p a nd d own s l ope o ft h e e xcava ted a r ea b u t t h e f u l l e x ten t o ft h e d epo s i t i s u nknown . I th a s n o t b een l o ca ted w i th in t h e moder n s e t t lemen t o fB ee r b u t i ti si mpo s s ib le t od e te rm ine w he the r t h i s i s ar e su l t o fl a te r e r o s ion . O ne m igh t s u spec t t h a t t h e MacA lp ine - Wood s w ou ld h ave b een v e ry k een t o d emon s t ra te t h e p resence o f t h e i r " Imp lemen t if e rou s D epo s i t" i nB ee r a nd t h e f a c tt h a tw e r eu nab le t od o s om ay b e s i gn i f ican t . U nf or tuna te ly , t h e v a l ley b o t tom i n w h ich B ovey L ane l i e s i sw ho l ly p a s tu re a nd t h u s f i e ldwa lk ing c anno te l uc ida te t h i sp rob lem . 3 5

SURFACE COLLECTION AT BEER HEAD

a nd c ompo s i t ion o f s u rf ace f i nd s i n r e la t ion t o t h e p l ough so i la s aw ho le w a sc a lcu la ted b yc ompa r ing i n ten s ive

T he Wide spaced C o l lec t ion Me thodo logy a t B eer

s u rf ace c o l lec t ion w i th s ub sequen t t op so i l s i ev ing r e s idue s . T he r a t io o f s u rf ace t o s ub so i l f i nd s w a s v a r iab le b u t g ene ra l ly i n d ica ted t h a tb e tween 2% t o 5% o ft h e ma te r ia l i n t h ep l ough so i lw a sa va i lab le f o rs u rf ace c o l lec t ion a ta ny o ne t ime ( Crow the r , D . 1 983 , 3 1) . T h i s w a s h oweve r

T he a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd i s a s much a p roduc t o f t h e m e thodo logy e mp loyed i n i t s i n ves t iga t ion a s i t i s a r e f lec t ion o f a c t iv i ty i nt h e d i s tan t p a s t . When t h i s p ro jec t w a s f i r s t c on s ide red , a n i n i t ia l e xam ina t ion o ft h e S i te s a nd Monumen t s r e co rd s f o r B ee r r evea led n ume rou s a ppa ren t ly

c omp l ica ted b yt h ef a c tt h a ts i ev ing r e cove red l a rge n umbe r s o fv e ry s ma l li t em sw h ich c ou ld d i s tor tt h er e su l t s , e spec ia l ly i nt h e c a se o fw o rked f l in t .

d i sc r e te c oncen t ra t ion s o fl c napp ing d eb r i s i nf i e ld s a r ound t h e h ead land s ugge s t ing , a t l e a s t t o t h e i n d iv idua l who r e por ted t h em , t h e p re sence o f i n d iv idua l w o rk shop a r ea s . U nf or tuna te ly , t hese h ad a l l b een d ef ined t h rough u n sy s tema t ic c o l lec t ion b y t h e s ame i nd iv idua l w ho h ad s ub sequen t ly r e ta ined a l l t h e f i nd s .I n o rde r t oc l a r if y t h e n a tu re o ft h es u rf ace a s semb lage a tB ee r , as y s tema t ic s u rvey w a sn ece s sa ry u t i l i s ing as t anda rd i sed m e thod o fc o l lec t ion . T h roughou t t h e 1 980 ' s , as e r ie s o f l a nd scape s u rvey s w e re i n i t ia t ed w i th in c en t ra l s ou thern E ng land , t h e a r ea c ove red b y t h e We s sex A rchaeo log ica lU n i t . I no rde rt os t anda rd i se t h e m e thodo logy , t h e c o l lec t ion u n i t s f o r a l s uch s u rvey s w e re t o b e b a sed o n t h e O rdnance S u rvey ' s h ec ta re g r id . T h i s w a s l a id o u t w i th in e ach f i e ld u s ing c o lou r c oded ma rke r s a f t e r wh ich , e ach 1 00 m e t r e s qua re w a st h en f u r the r s ubd iv ided i n to e i gh tc o l lec t ion u n i t ss paced 2 5 m e t re s a pa r t a nd 5 0m e t re si nl e ng th ( See G af f ney ,V . &T ing le , M . 1 989 , 1 5 -1 9 ) . F o rt h eB ee rs u rvey , t h es t anda rd We s sex U n i tg r id w a s mod if i ed b y d oub l ing t h e n umbe r o fc o l lec t ion u n i t s w i th in t h e h ec ta re s qua re s s o t h a t e ach w a s 2 5 m e t re s i n l e ng th a nd 2 5 me t re s a pa r t . T h i s p roduced amo r e d e ta i led p i c tu r e o fs u rf ace a r tef ac t d ens i t ie sw i th w h ich t oe s tab l i sh a

A necdo ta l e v idence h a s s ugge s ted t h a ta noma l ie s c an o ccu r i n t h e f o rm o f s udden i n c rea ses i n t h e d en s i ty o f s ur f ace c oncen t ra t ion s ( Co rney , M . 1 984 , 2 95 ) . S uch o ccu r rence s h ave o n ly b een a s soc ia ted w i th u n sy s tema t ic c o l lec t ion m e thod s a nd m igh t h ave r e su l ted f r om c hange s i n t h e c u l t iva t ion o f ap a r t icu la r f i e ld . R e -wa lk ing t h e s ame f i e ld o ve r ap e r iod o ft h ree y ea r s h a s , i nt wo c a se s , e s tab l i shed t h a t a l though a g r icu l tu ra l p rac t ice s c an v a ry t h e a b so lu te d en s i ty o ft h e ma te r ia l r e cove red , t h e c ha rac te r o ft h e f i nd s r ema in c ompa rab le ( Gaf f ney V & T ing le , M . 1 989 , 2 1 : T rubow i tz ,N .L . 1 978 ) . T he re h ave a l so b een

t h e p lough so i l ( C la rke , R .H . & S chof i e ld , A .J . 1 991 , 9 3 -95 ; R eyno ld s , P . J . 1 982 ) . T o p roduce m ean ingf u l r e su l t s t h a t a ccu ra te ly r ep l ica te p l ough so i l c ond i t ion st h is w ou ld i n vo lve at r ia l t a k ing p l ace o ve r s eve ra l d ecade s . T o e xped i te r e su l t s ac ompu te r s imu la t ion h a s b een u t i l i sed t o e x t rapo la te e mp i r ica l d a ta f r om t wo y ea r s o fo b se rva t ion s ( Yo r s ton , R . G af f ney , V . & R eyno ld s P . 1 990 ) . B o th t h e p r e l im ina ry

s t ra tegy f o rs ub su rf ace s amp l ing . I n s u rvey s e l sewhe re , i n ten s ive c o l lec t ion s a t temp ted t o e xam ine t h e e n t i re g round s u rf ace u t i l i s ing a g r id o f a d jacen t 5 me t re s qua re s . T h is h a s p roduced u sef u l r e su l t s p a r t icu la r ly whe re a n a r tef ac t c oncen t ra t ion c ou ld b e l i nked t o c r opma rk s a nd t h ence u sed a s ab a s i s f o r e xcava t ion ( Gaf f ney , V . &T ing le , M . 1 989 , 9 6 -11) . H oweve r , i th a s g ene ra l ly p roved l e s s e f f ec t ive i nd ef in ing s pa t ia l ly d i sc re te a c t iv i ty a r ea sw i th in l i t h ic s ca t te r s . D u r ing t h e Madd le F a rm S u rvey , at o ta l o f 1 272 , f i ve m e t r e s qua re s w e r e c o l lec ted f r om a n a r ea o f 3 . 18 h ec ta res , r e cove r ing 6 746 p i ece s o f w o rked f l in t . When t h e c ompo s i t ion o ft h i s a s semb lage w a s c ompa red t o t ha t w h ich h ad d e r ived f r om t h e o r ig ina l s u rf a ce c o l lec t ion t h ey w e re f ound t ob e a lmo s ti d en t ica l a nd

a t temp t s t o q uan t if y t h e l a te ra l

d i sp lacemen t o f a r tef ac t s wh ich r e su l t s f r om p lough ing , b a sed o nt h e d i rec to b serva t ion o ft e s tm a t e r ia lp l aced w i th in

r e su l t s o f t h e f i e ld t r ia ls a nd t h e ref o re t h e c ompu te r s imu la t ion h ave e mpha s i sed t h e p o ten t ia l o fd i sc re te s ca t te r s t o b e d i spe r sed o ve r w ide a r ea s i n ac ompa ra t ive ly s ho r t t ime . T he i mp l ica t ion s o f t h e se r e su l t s a r e t h a t a l l s u rf ace a s semb lage s w i l l b e d i spe r sed , m ixed a nd g ene ra l ly u n re la ted t oa ny s ub so i l f e a tu re s . T h i s s e em s t o b e a to dd s w i th e v idence d e r ived f r om t h e e xcava t ion o f i n ten s ive ly c o l lec ted a r tef ac t s ca t te r s a s soc ia ted w i th s ub so i l f e a tu r e s . A t Madd le F a rm , p l ough ing o ft h e v i l la p roduced s ome d own s l ope movemen t o fp o t te ry b u tt h e ma in c oncen t ra t ion sr ema ined o ve rt h e b u i ld ing i t se lf ( Gaf f ney , V& T ing le M . 1 989 , 9 9 ) . T h i s may w e l l r e su l t i n p a r t f r om t h e c ompa ra t ive ly s ho r t p e r iod t h a t t h e v i l la h ad

n o s pa t ia l ly d i sc re te a c t iv i ty a r ea s c ou ld b e i d en t if ied w i th in t h e i n ten s ive ly c o l lec ted a r ea ( Gaf f ney , V . & T ing le , M . 1 989 , 7 0 -8 6 ) . A s s u rf ace a r tef a c t d en s i t ie s a t B ee r w e r e much h ighe r t han t ho se o f t h e B e rk sh i re D owns ,n o i n ten s ive c o l lec t ion sw e re a t temp ted .

b een p l oughed , h oweve r o b se rva t ion s o f d i scr e te a r tef ac t c oncen t ra t ion s t h a t w e re s ub sequen t ly d i rec t ly r e la ted t o s ub so i l f e a tu re s h ave b een m ade i nt h e We l land v a l ley , a l a nd scape t h a t h a s b een d e sc r ibed a s a n a r ea o fp ermanen t a r ab le ( C row the r , D . 1 983 ) .

I n o rde r t o i n te rp re t w idespaced s y s tema t ic g r idded c o l lec t ion d a ta , e xpe r imen t s h ave b een c onduc ted t o q uan t if y t h e r e su l t s o f s u rf ace c o l lec t ion s . T he p ropo r t ion

O ne e xp lana t ion f o r t h is a ppa ren t d i cho tomy m ay l i e i nt h e d i f f e rence i nd i s t r ibu t ion b e tween a r tef ac t st h a ta r eg radua l ly

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F ig 2 4 . L oca t ion o ft h eF ie ldwa lk ing a tB ee r

e r oded f r om s ub -so i l f e a tu re s a nd t ho se w h ich w e r e d i rec t ly i n corpo ra ted i n to t he t op so i l a f t e r d i sca rd . P rog re s s ive p lough d amage t o s ubso i l f e a tu re s w ou ld t e nd t o r e lea se mo re ma te r ia l i n to t he t op so i l o ve r t ime a nd t hu s r e new t h e v i s ib i l i ty o f as u rf ace c oncen t ra t ion . T h i s e f f ec t c ou ld b e e nhanced i ft h e ma te r ia l i nq ue s t ion w e re af r iab le c e ram ic . A l though i tm igh t b e d i spe r sed b y p lough ing , t h i s p roce s s c ou ld a l so p rog re s s ive ly a b rade t h e p o t te ry a nd t h u sr e nde r i td i ff icu l tt or e cogn i se . A l terna t ive ly , i ti sp os s ib le t h a t t h e r e p l ica t ion e xpe r imen t s h ave o ve r looked s ome p a r t icu la r d e ta i lt h a td i s tor t st h e i r i n i t ia l f i nd ing s . C la rke a nd S chof ie ld f o r i n s tance , p l aced a l l t h e i rt a rge t f i nd s w i th in at r ench t h a t t h ey h ad e xcava ted i n to t h e p lough so i l . ( C la rke , R .H . & S chof ie ld , A .J . 1 991 , 9 4 ) . U n le s s i tw a s c ompac ted a f t e r b ackf i l l ing t o p r ec i se ly ma tch t h e s u r round ing p l ough so i l , t h e a r ea o f t h e i r t r ench w ou ld o f f e r s i gn if ican t ly l e s s r e s is tance t ot h e p lough w hen t h e s o i l w a s n ex t c u l t iva ted . T he r e su l t ing i n c rea se i nt h e s peed o ft h ep l ough t h rough t h e t a rge t p i ece s m ay h e lp t o e xp la in s ome o f t h e i r mo re s ub s tan t ia l movemen t s .

An E xper imen t t o Quan t ify Wide

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S ur f ace C o l lec t ion S eve ra l a t temp t s h ave b een made t o q uan t if y t h e r e su l t s o f s u rf ace c o l lec t ion , i np a r t icu la rt h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e p opu la t ion o f s u rf ace f i nd s f r om i n ten s ive c o l lec t ion s a nd t h a to ft h e p lough s o i l a s aw ho le ( Pa rke rP ea r son , M . 1 981 ; G af f ney , V& T ing le M . 1 989 , 13) . T h i sh a s t a ken t h ef o rm o fc ompa r ing t h e r e su l t s o fi n ten s ive s u rf a ce c o l lec t ion w i th t ho se o ft op so i l s i ev ing . H oweve r , t od a te t h e re h a s b een n o a t temp t t o d e te rm ine w ha t p ropor t ion o f t h e s u rf ace a s semb lage i sr e cove red b yw ide spaced c o l lec t ion . I ti so f t en a s sumed t h a t t h e re i s ad i rec t r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e m a te r ia l r e cove red b y w ide spaced s u rf a ce c o l lec t ion a nd i n ten s ive s u rf ace c o l lec t ion s uch t h a t t h e f o rme r i ss imp ly a s pac ia l ly e x tended e qu iva len t o f t h e l a t te r . I n o rde r t o e s t ima te t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween w ide spa ced c o l lec t ion a nd t h et o ta l s u rf ace f i nd sp opu la t ion i ti sn ece s sa ry t od e term ine t wo f a c to r s : f i r s t ly , t h e a r ea w i th in w h ich w ide spaced

3 8

c o l lec t ion t a ke sp l ace , i ne f f ec t ,t h ew id th o fe ach c o l lec t ion u n i t ; a nd s e cond ly t h e q uan t i ta t ive a nd q ua l i ta t ive d i f f e rence s i nt h e ma te r ia l w h ich i s c o l lec ted b y t h e s i ng le

c o l lec t ion w a s b i a s t owa rd s l a rge r e xamp le s b u t o n ly i nt h e c a se o f t h e s ma l le r o b jec t s . T hu s t h e m ean w e igh t o f a l l f l ake s i n t h e i n i t ia l c o l lec t ion w a s 1 8 .81g wh i le i n t h e

e xam ina t ion o f t h e f i e ld s u rf ace d u r ing w ide s paced c o l lec t ion , c ompa red t o i t s r e pea ted s c ru t iny i n i n ten s ive

s ub sequen t c o l lec t ion s i tw a s 7 . 12g . T h i s d ive rgence w a s p rog re s s ive ly l e s sa ppa ren ta st h e o b jec t sb ecame l a rge r . T he m ean w e igh t o f r e touched t oo l s w a s 3 3g o n t h e i n i t ia l c o l lec t ion a nd 2 0 .8 o n t h e s ub sequen t w h i le f o r c o r e s a nd

c o l lec t ion . T he e f f ec t ive w id th o fw ide s paced s u rf a ce c o l lec t ion u n i t s h a s n eve r b een a ccu ra te ly d e te rm ined . F o rd e s t ima ted i tt o b e 1m e t re w h i le R icha rd s h a s e s t ima ted 2 . 5 m e t re s ( Fo rd ,

c o re f r agmen t s i t s w a s 1 35g a nd 1 32g r e spec t ive ly . T he c omponen t t h a t i s mo s t u nde r r ep re sen ted w i th in t h e i n i t ia l c o l lec t ion a r e s ma l l a nd b roken f l ake s . Wh i le t h e se a r e p e rhap s t h e l e a s t u sef u l i n d i agno s t ic t e rms t h ey m ay b e r e levan t i f a m e t r ica l a na ly s i s i s c a r r ied o u t a s a c h rono log ica l i n d ica to r . I th a s a l ready b een o b served b y

S .1 987b , 1 ; R icha rd s , J . C . 1 990 , 1 ) . I nt h e s u rvey a tB ee r i tw a s a s sumed t h a t t h e e f f ec t ive c o l lec t ion w id th o f a w ide spaced c o l lec t ion r un w a sa pp rox ima te ly 2m e t re s . I na n a t temp t t o d e term ine t h e a moun t o f ma te r ia l t h a t t h i s r e cove r ed , f ou rr un s m ea su r ing 2 5 m e t re s b y 2m e t re s w e r e ma rked o u tw i th t a pe s i nt wo a d jacen tf i e ld s . I no ne f i e ld t h e

c ompa r ing t h e r e su l t s o f i n ten s ive c o l lec t ion w i th t op so i l s i ev ing r e s idue s , t h a t i ng ene ra l , b l ade s a nd b l ade s egmen t s a r e u nde r r ep re sen ted i n t h e s u rf ace f i nd s p opu la t ion ( Gaf f ney , V & T ing le M . 1 989 , 5 8 ; F o rd , S . 1 987 , 6 9 ; T a in te r , J .1 979 , 4 66 ) .

c rop o f s p r ing b a r ley h ad b a re ly p ene t ra ted t h e s u rf ace wh i le i nt h e o t he r i tw a s f i rm ly e s tab l i shed a l though j udged n o ts uff i c ien t ly d en se t oi mpa i rs u rf a ce c o l lec t ion .

T od e te rm ine w he the rf a c to r ss uch a st h ed eg ree o f mode ra te O ne c r i t ic i sm o ft h e We ssex f i e ldwa lk ing m e thod i st h a t i t w i l ln o ta l low t h e w a lke r st oa l ign t h e i rc o l lec t ion u n i t sw i th t h e d i rec t ion o f t h e c rop r ows a nd t hu s o p t im ise t h e

c r op g row th o rf i e ldwa lk ing a l ong o ra c ro s st h et h ec r op r ow s i gn if ican t ly e nhanced t h er a te o f c o l lec t ion , a l l t h em a te r ia l c o l lec ted f r om t h et e s tr un w a s a s sumed t or ep re sen tt h et o ta l

c ond i t ion s f o r r e covery . T o t e s t w he the r t h i s i si n deed a s i gn if i can tf a c to r ,t wo o ft h et e s tr un sw a s l a id o u tp a ra l le lt o t h e c r op r ow s w h i le t h e o t he r s c u t a c ro s s t h em a t r i gh t

p opu la t ion o fs u rf ace f i nd s . T he a moun t r e cove red f r om t h e f i r s t " w ide s paced " c o l lec t ion w a s t h en c a lcu la ted a s a p e rcen tage o f t h e w ho le . T he r e su l t s s ugge s t t ha t c r op t h ickne s sw a s i ni t se lf n o ts i gn if ican ti nt h ec a se o fc o l lec t ion a c ros s t h e p l an t ing r ow s . I n t h e t h in c rop , t h e a moun t r e cove red w a s 2 0 .8% o ft h e w ho le w h i le i nt h e t h ick c r op i t

a ng le s .

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w a s 2 1 % .C o l lec t ion a l ong t h e p l an t ing r ow d id i n c rea se e ff i c iency . S urp r i s ing ly t h is w a s ma rg ina l ly mo r e s o i nt h e t h in c r op , w he re 3 2% w a s r e cove red ,c ompa red t o2 8% f r om t h et h ick c r op . T he r e su l t s o f t h i s l im i ted e xe rc ise i nd ica te t h a t a pp rox ima te ly 2 5% o ft h et o ta ls u rf ace a r tef ac tp opu la t ion i s r e cove red b y w ide s paced c o l lec t ion . T h i s s amp le i sb i a sed t owa rd s t h e l a rge r a nd mo re o bv iou s p i ece s a nd i ta ppea r s t ha t t h e c o l lec t ion o f wo rked s t one may p re jud ice t h e c o l lec to ra ga in s tt h e c o l lec t ion o fs t one t h a t i su nwo rked b u t h uman ly mod if ied , i nt h i s c a se b ur n t . A s i tm igh t b e e xpec ted , t h e re i s as l igh t i n crea se i n c o l lec t ion e ff ic iency r e su l t ing f r om c o l lec t ion a l ong c r op r ow s . T h is c o l lec t ion m e thod d oe s h oweve r r equ i r e mo re c omp lex s u rvey ing t o d e term ine p r ec ise ly w he re t h e c o l lec t ion u n i t s h ave b een l o ca ted s i nce t h e c o l lec t ion g r id , o fn ece s s i ty , b ea r s n o r e la t ion sh ip t ot h e O .S . N a t iona l G r id . A s at r ade o f f a ga ins t s t ra igh tf orwa rd a nd a ccu ra te g r id l o ca t ion i tw a s n o t c on s ide r ed s uff ic ien t ly i mpo r tan t t o w a r ran t ac hange i nt h e We ssex f i e ldwa lk ing m e thodo logy .

T ab le 8 .AS ummary o ft h eR e su l t sf rom t h eF ou rC o l lec t ion U n i t s

I n i t ia l ly e ach r un w a s w a lked b yt h e a u tho ra si ft h ey w e re a n o rma l w ide s paced c o l lec t ion u n i t . T he r un w a s t h en

P e rhap st h e mo s t i mpo r tan tc onc lu s ion t ob e d rawn f r om t h is e xe rc ise i st h a t w ide spaced a nd i n ten s ive c o l lec t ion s a r e

i n tens ive ly c o l lec ted b y t wo o t he r t e am m embe r s , t h en i n ten s ive ly r e -exam ined b ya l lt h et e am a nd f i na l ly a ga in f o r t h e f o ur th t ime , b yt h ea u tho r .

d i s t inc t e xe rc ise s . T he ma te r ia l t h a t t h ey r e cove r c an e mpha s i se d i f f e ren t a spec t s o f t h e s ame a s semb lage . O ne c anno t s imp ly a s sume t ha t a w ide spaced c o l lec t ion a s semb lage i s as amp le o ft h e t op so i l p opu la t ion t h a t c an b e

I ti sc l ea r t h a t t h e re c an b e s ub s tan t ia l v a r ia t ion i n t h e a moun t o f m a te r ia l f r om t h e i n i t ia l c o l lec t ion a nd t h e s ubsequen t i n tens ive f o l low u p . T h i s i s p a r t icu la r ly n o t iceab le w i th b roken f l ake s a nd b u rn t f l in t . T he m ean w e igh t s o fe a ch o ft h e a r tef ac t t ype s ugge s t t h a t t h e i n i t ia l

d i rec t ly c ompa red w i th i n tens ive c o l lec t ion o r t op so i l s i ev ing , a s h a s b een p r ev iou s ly a s se r ted ( Gaf f ney , V & T ing le M . 1 989 , 2 3 -27 ) .

3 9

C ompu ter Ana ly s i s o fF ie ldwa lk ing D a ta Much o ft h e a na ly s i s a nd p re sen ta t ion o ft h e f i e ldwa lk ing r e su l t h a s b een a s s i s ted b y t h e u se o f Map inf o , amapp ing p ackage f o r DOS t ha t h a s b een a dop ted f o r f i e ldwa lk ing r e su l t s b y t h e R aund s A rea S u rvey ( Pa r ry , S .f o r thcom ing ) . T h i s a l low s t h e c omb ina t ion o f D ba se I I f i l e s c on ta in ing t h e l o ca t ion a nd c ompo s i t ion o fe ach f i e ldwa lk ing c o l lec t ion u n i t w i th E a sycad map f i le s d ep ic t ing i n f o rma t ion s uch a s t h e c oa s t l ine , f i e ld b ounda r ie s a nd c on tou r s . I tw a s t h u s p o s s ib le t o p roduce d i s t r ibu t ion map s o f a l l c l a s se s o f m a te r ia l f i l te red b y c r i te r ia s uch a s a r tef ac t t ype , a r tef a c t n umbe r s , a r tef ac t w e igh t , f l in t t ype o r ac omb ina t ion o f t h e se .

F ie ldwa lk ing a tB eer T he a r ea a tB ee rH ead i n wh ich s u rf ace c o l lec t ion t ook p l a ce i sd e l inea ted t ot h e s ou th b yt h e H ooken C l if f sa nd t oe a s tb y ad end r i t ic v a l ley s y s tem t ha td ra in s i n to t h e s e at h rough t h e moder n s e t t lemen t o fB ee r ( F ig 2 4 ) . T o t h e n o r th a nd w e s t t h e l a nd scape i sc u tb y s t eep v a l ley s wh ich d r a in i n to t h e s e a a t B ran scombe . Ag r icu l tura l l a nd u se i n t h e v a l ley s s u r round ing B ee r i sp redom inan t ly p e rmanen t p a s tu re w h i le a r ab le l a nd i sc oncen t ra ted o n t h e f l a t h i l l t op s a r ound t h e h ead land . T he v i l lage o f B ee r c ove r s a n a r ea o f a pp rox ima te ly 3 4 h ec ta re s , w h i le t h e o n ly s i gn if ican t t ype o f i n du s t r ia l l a nd u se i nt h e a r ea i ss t one q ua r ry ing , w h ich h a st a ken p l ace o ve ra pp rox ima te ly 3 0 h ec ta re s . A lmo s ta l lt h ef i e ld sw a lked a r es i tua ted a bove t h e 1 00 m e t re c on tou r ;a n a r ea r e f er red t o b y t h e MacA lp ine - Wood s a s " t he p l a teau " ( MacA lp ine - Wood s , G & MacA lp ine - Wood s , R . 1 932 -36 , 3 7 ) . A t i t s max imum t h e s u rvey a r ea e x tend s t h ree k i lome t re s i n land ,w h i le a ti t s c l o se s t i ti s7 50 m e t re s f r om t h e f l in te xpo su re s i nt h ec ha lk c l if f s . T o c l a r ify t h e d i scuss ion o f t h e s u rf ace a s semb lage d i s t r ibu t ion ,t h e s u rvey a r ea c an b e d iv ided i n to t h ree t opog raph ic e n t i t ie s ( See F ig 2 4 ) . I n t h e n or th , ( h e reaf t e r k nown a st h e Nor ther n P la teau ) , ab lock o ff i e ld s c ove r ing a pp rox ima te ly 1 09 h ec ta res e x tend o ve r af l a t h i l l t o p o ve r look ing B ovey L ane a nd t h e t own o f B ee r f r om t h e n o r th e a s t . S t eep v a l ley s f a l l a way f r om i to n a l l s i de se xcep t i nt h en or th w es tw he re an eck o fl a nd 5 00 m e t re sw ide l i nk s i tt o al a rge r a r ea o f u p land . T h i s e roded p enep lane , o n w h ich t h e B road D own a nd F a rway b a r row g roup s a r e l o ca ted , e x tend s i n land f o r o ve r 2 5 k i lome t re s . T o t h e s ou th , t h e re a r e ag roup o ff i e ld s , t ha t e x tend a l ong P a izan L ane o ccupy ing t h eh ead o f av a l ley a bove t h e moder nB ee r l i me s tone q ua r ry a nd a n u p land s pu r t h a t r e ache s t ow i th in 7 50 m e t re so fB ee rb each . T ot h es ou th o fP a izan L ane i sa n a r ea o f a pp rox ima te ly 8 1 h ec ta re s ( t he S ou ther n P la teau ) w h ich e x tend st ow i th in 2 00 m e t re s o ft h e H ooken c l if f . S u rf ace c o l lec t ion t ook p l ace o ve r t wo , t wo w eek p e r iod s d u r ing t h e w in te r s o f 1 986 a nd 1 990 a nd c ove red at o ta l o f 2 16 h ec ta re s o fa r ab le l a nd . T h i s r e p re sen ted a l t h e a r ab le l a nd a va i lab le a tt h a tt ime , a n a r ea t h a t h a s s i nce d im in i shed a sp a r t s o ft h e f a rms h ave b een p u t i n to as e t a s ide s cheme . Wh i le e a ch c omp le te h ec ta re s qua re w a s c ompo sed o f 1 6

c o l lec t ion u n i t s , s ma l lf i e ld sw i th i regu la re dge sm ean tt h a t s ome f i e ldwa lk ing r un s w e re t oo s ho r t f o r i n c lu s ion i nt h e f i na lr e su l t s . T hu st h e2 16 h ec ta r e sw e re a c tua l ly m ade u po f 2 960 c o l lec t ion u n i t s . A l though d i ff icu l t t o c a lcu la te p r ec i se ly , s u rf ace c o l lec t ion c ove rage a r ound t h e h ead land a nd w i th in t h ep l a teau d e sc r ibed b yt h e 1 00 m e t re c on tou ri s a pp rox ima te ly 2 5% . T h i s c ompa re s f avou rab ly w i th t h e f i gu r e o f2 3% a ch ieved b yt h e V a le o ft h e Wh i te H o r se , a nd E a s t B e rk sh i re s u rvey s w h ich w e re a l so c a r r ied o u t i na r ea s o f m ixed a g r icu l tu re . A l l t h e f i e ld s w e re w a lked a f te r t h e max imum d eg ree o f w ea the r ing h ad t a ken p l ace w i th t h e c e rea l c r op j u s t b eg inn ing t o a ppea r . T he f i ve f i e ldwa lke r s w e r ea l lg radua te a r chaeo log is t sw i th c on s ide rab le f i e ldwo rk e xpe r ience a nd t h ree o ft h e f i ve t ook p ar t i nb o th t h e 1 986 a nd 1 990 s e a son s .

T he S urf ace A s semb lage At o ta lo f1 2 ,379 p i ece so fw orked s t one w e re r e cove red a s w e l l a s 3 194 p i ece s o f b urn t b u t a ppa r en t ly o t herw i se u nwo rked f l i n t a nd 1 5 1 e xamp le s o fw o rked c he r t . E xcep t f o rt wo p i ece s o fP or t land t ype c he r t , t h e l a t te r c ou ld h ave d e r ived f r om l o ca l d epo s i t s u nde r ly ing t h e c ha lk . N o o t he r t ype o fw o rked s t one w a s r e cove red b y f i e ldwa lk ing d e sp i te t h e f a c tt h a tw o rked g l aucon i te s and s tone p i ece sw e re f ound s t ra t if ied w i th B eake r p o t tery d u r ing t h e B .92 e xcava t ion . T he p rospec t t ha t t h e se o r i n deed o t he r t ype s o f w o rked s t one w e re p r e sen t i nt h e s u rf ace a s semb lage b u t r ema ined u n recogn i sed , i s ap o s s ib i l i ty . W i thou t r e -wa lk ing as amp le o ft h e s u rvey a r ea t h i s c anno t b e f i na l ly r e so lved , h oweve r p a s t e xpe r ience w ou ld s ugge s tt h a t i ft h e re w e re s i gn if ican t a moun t o f an on -f l in t w o rked s t one i nt h e a r ea , i ti sl i ke ly t h a tt h e se w ou ld h ave b een n o ted . A n e x ten s ive f i e ld s u rvey i n e a s tern B r i t tany w h ich w a s p r ima r i ly i n ve s t iga t ing Med ieva l l a nd u se , n o t o n ly r e cove red n ume rou s p i ece s o f p reh i s to r ic w o rked f l in t b u t a l so w o rked s and s tone , q ua r tz a nd s ch i s t . P reh i s to r ic u t i l i sa t ion o ft h e se l o ca l s t one t ype s w a s n o t d emons t ra ted b y e xcava t ion u n t i l a f t e r t h e f i e ldwa lk ing h ad b een c omp le ted w hen ac hambe r ed t omb w a s e xcava ted i n an e ighbou r ing c ommune , 1 994 , 2 30 ) .

( T ing le , M .

No N eo l i th ic o r e a r ly B ronze Age p o t tery w a s e xpec ted t o s u rv ive i nt h e p lough so i l t hough as ma l l n umbe ro fp o s s ib le I r on A ge s he rd s w e re f o und . Al ow d en s i ty a s semb lage o f R oman p o t te ry w a s r e cove red f r om t h e s ou ther n p l a teau s ugge s t ive o f a manu r ing s ca t te r , a l though t h e n ea re s t k nown R oman b u i ld ing i s o ve r 3k i lome t re s t o t h e e a s t ( M i le s , H . 1 977 ) . P o s t Med ieva l p o t t e ry , c e ram ic b u i ld ing ma te r ia l s a nd g l a s s w e re a l so c o l lec ted b u t n one o f t h e se f i nd sw i l lb e d i scu s sed h e re . Af t e rw a sh ing a nd s or t ing , t h e f i nd s f r om e ach f i e ldwa lk ing r un w e re r e co rded o n D ba se I I f i l e s . F l ake s w e re c l a s s if i ed a sP r ima ry ( Mo re t h an 5 0 % d o r sa l c o r tex ) , S econda ry ( Le s s t h an 5 0% d o r sa l c or tex ) a nd T er t ia ry ( No d o r sa l c or tex ) a nd b roken , e ach g roup o f w h ich w a s c oun ted a nd w e ighed . C o re s w e re c l a ss if ied a se i the r s y s tema t ic , u n sy s t ema t ic o r f r agmen ta ry , t h e f o rme r s how ing e v idence o f p l a tf o rm p repa ra t ion o rs e lec t ion w h i le t h e l a t te r i n c luded a l f o rm so f a rb i t ra ry w o rk ing a nd n odu le t e s t ing . T he se w e re i n d iv idua l ly w e ighed a nd a n e s t ima te o f t h e p e rcen tage o f

4 0

s urv iv ing c or tex w a s r e co rded a s ab a s ic i n d ica t ion o ft h e i n ten s i ty o f r educ t ion . B ur n t f l in t w a s c oun ted , w e ighed a nd t h en d i sca rded . H amme r s tone s a nd h amme r s tone f r agmen t s w e re c oun ted a nd w e ighed . A l l r e touched t oo l s w e re r emoved d u r ing p roce s s ing ,g i ven i n d iv idua ls ma l l f i nd n umbe r sa nd r e co rded s epa ra te ly .

T o ta l Mean / T o ta l N umbe rH ec ta r e We igh t

Mean We igh t

T he D o r se t R idgeway a nd Ma iden C a s t le F i e ld S u rvey e xam ined a n a r ea a pp rox ima te ly 4 0 k i lome t re s d ue e a s t o f B ee r H ead . T he D o r se t R idgeway s u rvey c ove red 3 b l ock s o f l a nd a l ong c ha lk u p land s a bove t h e r i ve r F rome a nd a f u r the r s i ng le b l ock i mmed ia te ly t ot h e n or th o fD o rche s te r ,

P r ima ry F l ake s 2 080 S econda ry F lake s3 177 T e r t ia ry F lake s 1 405 B roken F l ake s 1 842 A l l I n tac tF lake s 6 662

9 . 38

7 2 ,035g

3 4 .6g

S y s tema t ic C o re s 1 59 U n sy s C o re s 4 64 C o re F ragmen t s 9 25

1 4 .70

8 1 ,271g

2 5 .5g

6 . 50 8 . 52

1 7 ,117g 2 1 ,092g

1 2 .1g 1 .4g

3 0 .84

1 70 ,423g

2 5 .5g

0 . 87 2 . 14

1 7 ,687g 8 7 ,417g

11g 1 88 .3g

4 . 28 0 . 25

1 92 ,370g 1 0 ,453g

2 07 .9g 1 93 .5g

0 . 16 1 4 .78

2 , 161g 1 67 ,312g

6 0 .0g 5 2 .3g

H amme r s tone s H s tone F rag s B u rn tF l in t

5 4 3 6 3 194

S c rape r s R e touched

7 93 9 24

3 . 67 4 . 32

2 2 ,955g 2 6 ,411g

2 8 .9g 2 8 .5g

B o re r N o tched F ab r ica to r O b l ique A -head P i ck O va te S e rra ted F lake

3 24 1 56 1 0 6 9 6 2

1 . 50 0 . 72

9 , 064g 3 , 527g 1 58g 1 8g 2 , 252g 3 55g

2 7 .9g 2 2 .6g 1 5 .8g 3 . 0g 2 50 .2g 5 9 .1g

2 2g

1 .0g

8 8g 1 52g

7 6 .0g

C h i se l /Axe 1 K n if e 2 Y -Shaped T oo l 2 P e rf o ra ted P ebb lel

1 987b ; G af f ney , V& T ing le , M . 1 989 ; R icha rd s , J .1 990 ; T ing le , M . 1 991 ; Woodwa rd , P . 1 991 ; S ha rp ie s , N . 1 991) . S ome c ompa r i son s c an a l so b e made w i th t h e r e su l t s o ft h e E a s tH amp sh i r e S u rvey , a l though i t sc o l lec t ion m e thodo logy w a s d i f f e ren t f r om a l l t h e a bove s u rvey s a nd f ew o f t h e f i gu re s t h a t a ppea r i n t h e f i na l r epo r t c an u sef u l ly b e r e ca lcu la ted ( She rman , S .1 985 ) .

18g 3 84g

5 9 .0g

t o ta l l ing 1 34 h ec ta re s (Woodwa rd , P . J . 1 991 , 2 0 ) . W i th in t h e D o r se t R idgeway s u rvey a r ea , t h e Ma iden C a s t le l a nd scape s u rvey c oncen t ra ted o n f i e ld s s u r round ing t ha t monumen t , e xam in ing a n a dd i t iona l 3 24 h ec ta re s ( Sha rp ie s , N . 1 991 , 2 3 ) . B o th s u rvey s r e cove red s ubs tan t ia l l i th ic a s semb lage sw h ich w e re a na ly sed i ns ome d e ta i l . E igh ty k i lome t re s t ot h e n or th e a s t o fB ee r , t h e S tonehenge E nv i ron s p ro jec t r e cove red o ve r 1 02 ,000 p i ece s o fw o rked f l in t f r om 7 52 h ec ta re s o f e x ten s ive s u rf ace c o l lec t ion , h oweve r t h e r epo r t c on ta ins n o d e ta i led b r eakdown o f t h e f i nd s b eyond t h ese f i gure s . I t c an b e d educed t ha t a pp rox ima te ly 3 273 r e touched t oo l sw e r er e cove red ,s i nce i n t h e a na ly s i s o f s c rape r s t ypes i ti s r evea led t h a t t h ey c omp r i sed o ve r 2 500 e xamp le s o r c .7 8% o fa l l f l ake t oo l s ( R icha rd s , J . C . 1 991 , 2 4 ) . O ne h und red a nd t wen ty k i lome t re s f r om B ee r , o n t h e b o rde r so fB e rk sh i re , W i l t sh i re a nd O xf o rd sh i re , t h e Madd le F a rm a nd V a le o ft h e Wh i te H o r se S u rvey sc omb ine t oc ove r a n a r ea o f 2 229 h ec ta re s , t h e l a rge s t c on t inuou s a r ea o f s y s tema t ic s u rf ace c o l lec t ion p ub l i shed t od a te ( Gaf f ney , V & T ing le , M . 1 989 ; T ing le M . 1 991) . I ti s p a r t icu la r ly a pp rop r ia te t oc ompa r e t h e Madd le F a rm s u rvey w i th t h e r e su l t s f r om B ee r s i nce b o th a s semb lages h ave b een

F l in tT oo l s

2 237

1 0 .35

6 5331g

5 8 .4g

a na ly sed i np r ec i se ly t h e s ame w ay b yt h e s ame p e r son .

A l l F l in t ( excep tb ur n t )

1 2 ,379

5 7 .3

1 566934g

2 624 .6g

C ompar ing S urvey Work a t B eer H ead a nd Madd le F arm

T ab le 9 . S umma ry o ft h e W orked F l in t R ecove red f rom

T he Madd le F a rm p ro jec te xam ined a n a r ea o ft h e B e rk sh i re

F ie ldwa lk ing a tB ee r .

D own s i n w h ich t h e p reponde rance o f a r ab le a g r icu l tu r e m ean t t h a t i tw a s p o s s ib le t o e xam ine 6 8% ( 1792 h ec ta re s ) o ft h et o ta ls u rvey a r ea ( Gaf f ney , V& T ing le , M . 1 989 , 1 4 ) . A l though t h e p ro jec t w a s p r ima r i ly a n i n ves t iga t ion o f R oman s e t t lemen t a nd l a nd u se , o ve r 3 7 ,000 p i ece s o f w o rked f l in t w e re r e cove red b y f i e ldwa lk ing . D iagno s t ic a r tef ac t s s ugges ted t ha t t h e re w a s l i t t le e v idence o f Me so l i th ic a c t iv i ty i nt h e s u rvey a r ea w h i le E a r ly N eo l i th ic f i nd s w e re r e s t r ic ted t o t h e t wo d ry v a l leys i n w h ich Way land s Sm i thy a nd t h e L ambou rn l o ng b a r row h ad b een c on s t ruc ted . I n c on t ra s t , f l in t a r tef ac t s o ft h e l a te N eo l i th ic a nd e a r ly B ronze Age w e re much mo re w ide ly d i s t r ibu ted a c ros st h e m idd le a nd l owe rc ha lk o ft h e c en t ra l a nd w e s tern p a r t o ft h e s u rvey a r ea ( Gaf f ney , V&T ing le , M . 1 989 , 5 3 5) .

N .B . T he t e rm " pe rH ec ta r e "r e f e r st ot h e a moun to fm a te r ia l c o l lec ted i n e ach h ec ta re s qua r e u s ing t h e m e thodo logy d esc r ibed a bove .

C ompar ing t he B eer H ead S urface A s semb lage w i th O ther S urvey s i n C en tra l S ou thern E ng land T he f i e ldwa lk ing m e thodo logy e mp loyed a t B ee r w a s d eve loped b y t h e T rus t f o r Wes sex A rchaeo logy f o r a pp l ica t ion t h roughou t c en t ra l s ou thern E ng land . T o d a te , s i x s uch s u rvey s h ave b een p ub l ished e xam in ing a r ea s w i th in E a s tB e rk sh i re ,t h e B e rk sh i re D own s ,t h e S t onehenge e nv iron s , t h e V a le o f t h e Wh i te H o r se , t h e s ou th D o r se t R idgeway a nd t h e e nv i ron s o f Ma iden C a s t le ( Fo rd , S .

Wo rked f l in t w a s r e cove red t h roughou t t h e l a nd scape . S c rape r s a nd r e touched f l ake s m ade u p n ea r ly 8 5% o f t h e

4 1

r e touched t oo l a s semb lage b u t t h e b u lk o f t h e ma ter ia l r e cove red w a sc ompo sed o fu nmod if ied f l ake s . T he i rd en s i ty

a l ong i t sl o ng a x i s . I ts e ems u n l ike ly , p a r t icu la r ly i nt h el a t te r t wo e xamp le s ,t h a ts uch b r eakage c ou ld r e su l tf r om t h eh and h e ld u t i l i sa t ion o f t h ese i mp lemen t s . I t w a s t h e ref o re s ugge s ted t h a t t h ey m igh t h ave f o rmed t h e w o rk ing t i p o f s ome t y pe o fh af t ed t oo l ( c .f . B rad ley , R . 1 970 . 3 51) . T h i s w a s p ropo sed t o b e al o ca l i sed r e spon se t o t h e g ene ra l

a nd d i s t r ibu t ion s ugge s ted t h a t mo s t o f t h i s f l in t d e r ived f r om l o ca l h i l l s i de e xpo su re s . D e ta i led a na ly s i s o fs amp le a s semb lage s a c ro ss t h e s u rvey a r ea , d emon s t ra ted r e cu r r ing p ropor t ions o f p r ima ry , s e conda ry a nd t e r t ia ry f l akes ( app rox ima te ly 3 : 5 :2 ) . U nsu rp r is ing ly , d ec l in ing mean w e igh t v a lue s i nd ica ted t h a t p r ima ry f l ake s w e re g ene ra l ly l a rge r t h an s e conda ry f l ake s w h ich w e re i nt u rn l a rge r t han

s c a r c i ty o f l a rge f l in t n odu le s w i thou t w h ich b i f ac ia l ly w o rked c o r e t o o l s c ou ld n o t b e p roduced . H oweve r , o ne c ou ld a l so s pecu la te t h a tt h e c ompos i t ion o ft h e We l lbo t tom D own a s semb lage may r e f lec t i t s p rox im i ty t o t h e

t e r t ia ry f l ake s( Gaf f ney , V& T ing le , M . 1 989 , 3 5 -4 3 ) . I ns ome p a r t so ft h es u rvey a r ea t h e re w e re e xcep t ion st ot h i s g ene ra l p a t tern . A long t h e n or the rn s c a rp e dge o ve r look ing t h e V a le o f t h e Wh i te H o r se , t h e r e w e re u nu sua l ly l a rge n umbe r s o f t e r t ia ry f l ake s wh i le p r ima ry f l ake s w e r e o n a ve rage s ma l le r t han s e conda ry f l ake s . T h i s s ugge s t s e i the r a t temp t s t o max im i se f l ake e dge p roduc t ion w i th t h e d e l ibera te r emova l o f s ma l l c or t ica l f l ake s , o r i mpor ta t ion o f f l ake b l ank s a nd f i n ished t oo ls

t h e o r a

L ambour n l o ng b a r row . A s c raper , b roken l a te ra l ly , w a s f ound a s soc ia ted w i th a n i n d iv idua l i n huma t ion a d jacen tt o , a nd c on tempo ra ry w i th , aL ong B a r row a t Ab ingdon ( B rad ley , P .p e r s c omm ) . P a t ter n s o f i mp lemen t w ea r a nd b r eakage s im i la r t o t ho se f r om We l lbo t tom D own w e re e ncoun te r ed a tB ee r , i n c lud ing aP o r t land t ype c her t s c rape r t h a t h ad a ppa ren t ly b een b roken b o th l a te ra l ly a nd a l ong t h e l o ng a x i s .

c omb ina t ion o ft h et wo ( Gaf f ney , V& T ing le , M . 1 989 , 3 6 ) .

T he r ema in ing c oncen t ra t ion , c ove r ing a pp rox ima te ly 4 . 5 h ec ta re s , w a s l o ca ted a tP a rk D own F a rm o n af l a t h i l l t op

W i th in t h e c en t re o ft h e s u rvey a r ea , f i ve p a r t icu la r ly d en se c oncen t ra t ions o f ma te r ia lw e re n o ted ( F ig 2 5 , 1 5 ) . T h ree o f t h e se ( F ig 2 5 , 1 , 2& 3 ) , w e re l o ca ted w he re f l in t b ea r ing

o ve r look ing t h e S even B a r row s g roup ( F ig 2 5 , 5 ) . H e re f l ake , c o r e a nd h amme r s tone d ens i t ie s w e re n o tab ly a bove t h e o ve ra l l m ean b u tb e low t h a t o ft h e q ua r ry s i te s , h oweve r

d epo s i t s o fu ppe r a nd m idd le c ha lk b ecame e xpo sed a tt h e

A t I d s tone D own ( F ig 2 5 , 1 ) as i te wh ich a l one w a s

t h e re w e re a l so u nu sua l ly h igh d ens i t ies o fr e touched t oo l s . A s a p re lude t o e xcava t ion , t h e d enses t p a r t o f t h is c oncen t ra t ion w a s s ub jec ted t o i n ten s ive c o l lec t ion . I tw a s h oped t h a t a na ly s i s o ft h e r e su l t ing a s semb lage w ou ld t e s t h ow r ep re sen ta t ive w ide s paced c o l lec t ion w a s o f t h e s u rf ace a s semb lage a s aw ho le a nd a l so r evea l f unc t iona l ly

e xp lo i t ing U ppe r C ha lk f l in t , a c oncen t ra t ion o f u nsy s tema t ica l ly wo rked c o re s w a sc o inc iden tw i th ac l u s te r

d i sc re te d i sca rd z one s t h a t c ou ld b e u sed a s ab a s i s f o r s amp le e xcava t ion . T he i n ten s ive c o l lec t ion e xam ined 3 . 2

o fp r ima ry f l ake s , s ugge s t ing t h a t p r ima ry w o rk ing a nd /o r

h ec ta re sw i th 1 272 , 5b y 5m e t re s qua re sa nd r e cove red 6 393 f l ake s , 2 10 c o r e s , a nd 1 43 r e touched t oo l s .

t op o fh i l l s l ope s . T hey w e re t e rmed " qua r ry s i te s " a l though t h e re w a s n o e v idence t ha t a ny s i gn if ican t p reh i s to r ic e xcava t ion w a s i n vo lved .

c o re t e s t ing w a s t a k ing p l ace a to ne s p ec if i c l o ca t ion . T he p r e sence o f n ume rou s b acked k n ive s a tt h i s s i te w a s t h e o n ly e v idence o f l o ca l i sed , s pec if i c a r tef ac t p roduc t ion i n t h e e n t i re s u rvey a r ea . T he t wo o t he r q ua r ry s i t e s , a tP a rk F a rm ( F ig 2 5 , 2& 3 ) ,w e re s i tua ted w i th in 3 00 m e t re s o f o ne a no the r a l ong t h e u ppe r s l ope s o f am idd le c ha lk r i dge a nd e ach c ove red a na r ea o fa pp rox ima te ly 1 5h ec ta re s . B o th f e a tu red u nu sua l ly h igh d en s i t ie s o fp r ima ry a nd s e conda ry f l ake s , c o re s , h amme r s tone s a nd h amme r s tone f r agmen t s . A rea 2h ad a g rea te rd en s i ty o fd eb i tage b u tt h ec ompo s i t ion o f t h e t wo a s semb lage s w e re v i r tua l ly i d en t ica l s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e r e duc t ion t e chn ique s a tb o th s i t e s w e re l i ke ly t ob e t h e s ame . N one o f t h e se " quar ry " s i te s w e re d i rec t ly a s soc ia ted w i th a ny d a t ing e v idence . T he t wo r ema in ing c oncen t ra t ion s w e re l o ca ted a d ja cen t t o t h e L ambour n l o ng b a r row a nd t h e S even B a r row s g roup . O n We l lbo t tom D own , 3 00 m e t re s f r om t h e l o ng b a r row ( F ig 2 5 , 4 ) ac oncen t ra t ion o f r e touched t oo l s w a s l o ca ted w i th a m ean d ens i ty o f 2 . 1 p e r h ec ta re , t h e g r ea tes t

C ompa r i son s b e tween t h e i n ten s ive a nd t h e w ide spa ced a s semb lage s r e vea led t h em t o b e b road ly s im i la r , t h e o n ly d i f f e rence b e ing t h a t i n ten s ive c o l lec t ion r e cove red mo re s ma l le r p i ece s . T h i s i s mo s t l i ke ly t o r e su l t f r om t h e mo re i n tens ive s c ru t iny o f t h e f i e ld s urf ace t ha t o ccu r s w i th i n ten s ive c o l lec t ion . T he p o s s ib le d a t ing o f t h e s c a t te r , h i n ted a t b y t h e r e cove ry o f as i ng le b a rbed a nd t a nged a r rowhead f r om w ide spa ced c o l lec t ion w a s a ugmen ted b y t h e r e cove ry o f af u r the r 8a r rowhead s ( 2 l e af s haped , 2 b a rbed a nd t a nged , 2t r iangu la r , 1h o l low b a sed a nd 1 t a nged ) s ugge s t ing f o rma t ion d u r ing t h e l a te N eo l i th ic t o E a r ly B ronze A ge . Me t r ica l a na ly s i s o f t he s u rf ace a s semb lage d emons t ra ted o n ly a n o verwhe lm ing p r eponde rance o fs qua tf l ake s . Mo re i mpo r tan t ly , n oc l u s te r ing o fa ny s pec if ic c l a s so fl i t h ic a r tef ac t c ou ld b e i d en t if ied f r om i n ten s ive c o l lec t ion . T h i s w a s t r ue , n o t o n ly o fd eb i tage s ugges t ive o fc o re r educ t ion , b u t a l so o ft h e r e touched t o o l s a s semb lage . S c rape r s , w h ich

e ncoun te red d u r ing t h e s u rvey . I tw a s a ccompan ied b y s i gn if ican t n umbe r s o f h amme r s tone s a nd c o re s b u t t h e re w e re r ema rkab ly f ew u n r e touched f l ake s . O ft h e r e touched t oo ls , 6 8% w e re s c rape r s o f w h ich a lmo s t h a lf w e re e i the r w orn o r b roken . S c rape r w ea r w a s d i s t ingu i shed b y s ma l l s em i c i rcu la r i n den ta t ions o n t h e r e touched e dge , u sua l ly t o o ne s i de o f t h e l o ng a x i s o f t h e f l ake . T he b r eakage c ha rac te r is t ic s v a r ied f r om t h e r emova l o f as e c t ion o ft h e r e touched e dge , t o b r eak s b i sec t ing t h e s c rape r l a te ra l ly o r

m ade u p 7 2% o f t h is g roup , w e re p l o t ted o u t b a sed o n f a c to r s s uch a sw e igh t , a ng le o fr e touch a nd g ene ra l t ype b u t n one o ft h e se p roved t ob e s i gn if ican t . A s amp le e xcava t ion w a s t h en p l anned , t o d e term ine t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e s u rf ace a nd t h e s ub so i l a s semb lage s a nd t o r e vea l w he the r t h e re w e re a ny s u rv iv ing s ub so i l f e a tu re s t h a t c ou ld b e r e la ted t o t h e s u rf ace m a te r ia l . A n

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F ig 2 5 . T he Madd le F arm ( v e r t i ca lh a tch ing ) a nd V a le o ft h e W h i te H or se ( hor i zon ta lh a tch ing ) S urvey A rea s .

4 3

i mmed ia te c onf l ic t l a y i nt h e s ca le o ft h i s u nde r tak ing . T he i n ten s ive c o l lec t ion h ad e xam ined a na r ea o f3 00 ,000 s qua r e m e t re s w h i le t h e p ropo sed e xcava t ion w a s t o s i eve 5 6 s qua re m e t r e so fp lough so i l a nd h and e xcava te af u r the r2 24 s qua re m e t r e s d own t o t h e n a tu ra l c ha lk . S i nce i tw a s i mpo s s ib le t o e xcava te a s i gn if ican t s amp le o f t h e w ho le i n ten s ive c o l lec t ion a r ea , t h i s w a s d i v ided i n to t wo a r ea s m ea su r ing 7 5 b y 2 5 m e t r e s a nd at h i rd m ea su r ing 5 0 b y 2 0 m e t re s t h a tr a nt h rough t h e c en t r e o ft h e i n ten s ive c o l lec t ion a r ea . A 5% s amp le o ft h e se w e re e xcava ted . O n ly o ne o ft h e 5 2 s amp le t r enche s l o ca ted s ub so i l f e a tu r e s a nd w a s t h e ref o re e n la rged . T he se c omp r i sed ap i t , al i nea r f e a tu re a nd as ma l l a morphou s s ub -c i r cu la r f e a tu re . T he p i t , w h ich w a s 9 0 c ms i nd i ame te r , c on ta ined a n i n tac t s a r sen s add le q ue rn a nd t wo s a r sen r ubb ing s t ones a s w e l l a s a

t h et wo A rea sw e re t r ea ted a s as i ng le e n t i ty ,t h e " s i te " wou ld b e o ve r ak i lome t re a c ro s s . D ef in ing t h e n a tu r e a nd e x ten t o f s uch a c oncen t ra t ion t h rough i n tens ive c o l lec t ion w a s o n ly a t temp ted a t P a rk D own F a rm . F rom 2 . 9 h ec ta re s , at o ta l o f 6 746 w o rked p i ece s w e r e c o l lec ted b u t t h e a na ly s i s o ft h i s ma te r ia l d id l i t t le mo re t h an c onf i rm t h a tw ide s pa ced c o l lec t ion r e cove r s ar e p re sen ta t ive s amp le o ft h e s u rf ace a s semb lage . N o t o n ly d i d i tf a i lt or e vea l a ny a r ea s o ff unc t iona l ly s pec if ic d i sca rd , i tf a i led e ven t o s how a ny o bv iou s e dge t ot h e s c a t te r . T he s ub sequen t s amp le e xcava t ion d i d r evea l s e t t lemen t e v idence w h ich w a s p o s s ib ly c on tempo ra ry w i th t h e b u lk o f t h e s u rf ace s ca t ter , b u t s i gn if ican t ly i ts e emed t o b e a s soc ia ted w i th s e a sona lo ccupa t ion .

s c rape r , as i ck le /Kn if ea nd t h ef r agmen ta ry r ema in so f aB o s

A C ompar i son o f t he B eer H ead a nd Madd le

i n c iso r . T he s i ck le /kn if e e xh ib i ted a w ea r g lo s s a l ong i t s c u t t ing e dge . A n a lmo s t i d en t ica l e xamp le w a s f ound d u r ing

F arm A s semb lage s

t h e e xcava t ion o fL ambou rn B a r row 3 1 w h ich i s4 50 m e t r e s f r om t h e P os t Down F a rm s i te ( Ca se H , 1 956 . F ig 5 ) . F lo ta t ion s amp les a l so r evea led t h e p re sence o f a n

A c ompa r i son b e tween t h e f l ake a s semb lage f r om Madd le

i n de te rm ina te c e rea l i nt h e u ppe r f i l l o ft h e p i t . T he s add le q uern h ad b een p laced i n t h e p i t a f te r i tw a s a l ready s ubs tan t ia l ly b ackf i l led s o t h a t o ne e nd p ro t ruded f r om i t . Wha teve r t h e o r ig ina l f unc t ion o f t h e p i t , i tw ou ld s e em l i ke ly t h a t i t s f i na l u se w a s t h e l o ca t ion o f ac ache o f i mp lemen t s a s soc ia ted w i th h a rve s t ing a nd p roce s s ing o f c e rea l s . T he l i nea r f e a tu r e w a s a pp rox ima te ly 3 . 6 m e t re s i n l e ng th a nd f i nd s f r om i t s f i l l a moun ted t o as i ng le p i ece o f b urn t s a r sen , 9f l in t f l ake s a nd t wo s he rd s o fu n iden t if iab le p reh is to r ic a nd c a rbon i sed g ra in s o f e mme r w hea t , b a r ley a nd i nde te rm ina te c e rea ls . N o d ef in i te f unc t ion c an b e a s c r ibed t o t h i s f e a tu re b u t i tm ay h ave f o rm p a r t o f a t empo ra ry s t ruc tu re . P robab ly a s ar e su l t o ft h e c oncep t ion o ff l in t s c a t te r s a st h e s o l id r ema in s o f e pheme ra l p r eh i s to r ic s e t t lemen t s , i tw a s o f ten a s sumed t ha tt h ey w ou ld b e s im i la r ly s ma l l , n ume rou s a nd d i sc r e te . I n r e a l i ty , t h e re i so n ly o ne l i t h ic s ca t te r i n B r i ta in . I tc ove r s t h e e n t i re i s land , v a ry ing i nd en s i ty a nd c ompo s i t ion t o r e f lec t n o t j u s t s e t t lemen t b u t ar ange o f a c t iv i t ie s w h ich l e d d i r ec t ly o ri n d i rec t ly t ot h e p roduc t ion , u se a nd d i sca rd ing o fs t one t oo l s . I ti st h e ref o re o bv iou st h a t e ven w i thou tc on s ide r ing aw ho le r a nge o fp o s td epos i t iona l f a c to r s , s u rf ace c o l lec t ion w i l l n o t p roduce as imp le map o f p r eh is to r ic s e t t lemen t l o ca t ion s . T he d ens i ty , d i s t r ibu t ion a nd c ompo s i t ion o f ma te r ia l i nt h e Madd le F a rm s u rvey a r ea t e nded t o b e e x ten s ive a nd b o th v a r ied a nd r e s t r ic ted i ni t s l o ca t ion b yt h e a cce ss ib i l i ty o fr aw m a te r ia ls . I t w a s p o s s ib le t o i d en t if y s ome l o ca t ion s w he re t h e e nhanced d ens i ty o f ma te r ia l p roduced a f unc t iona l ly e xp l ic i t a s semb lage . F l in t r educ t ion w a s t a k ing p l ace t h roughou tt h e s u rvey a r ea p a r t icu la r ly o n h i l l s l ope s , w i th in w h ich t h e re w e re f o c i o fp a r t icu la r ly i n ten s ive r educ t ion , s uch a sa tI d s tone D own a nd P a rk F a rm A rea s 8a nd 9 .T he se r e p re sen ted a c t iv i ty c oncen t ra ted o n ar aw m a te r ia l s ou r ce b u t s p read a c ro s s l a rge a r ea s . A t I d s tone D own o n ly 2 . 5 h ec ta re s o f t h e d en se s t p a r t o f t h e s i te w a s a va i lab le f o r

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R a t io t oF lake s i nt h e Madd le F a rm a nd B ee rS urvey s . T he re a r e s l igh t ly f ewe r p r ima ry f l ake s a nd s l igh t ly mo re t e r t ia ry f l ake s a t B ee r b u t p ropor t iona l ly t h e d i f f e rence b e tween t h e t h ree g roup s n eve r d ev ia te s b y mo re t h an 3% A s w i th t h e f l ake s , t h e m ean w e igh t o fB ee r c o re s s ugge s t t h a t l a rge r n odu le s w e re b e ing r educed . H oweve r , t h e c o re m ean w e igh t i sa n i n d ica t ion o ft h e s i ze a tw h ich c o re s a r e d i sca rded , w h ich c an s ugge s t t h e i n tens i ty w i th w h ich t h ey h ave b een r e duced .

c o l lec t ion . Mo re e x tens ive a r ab le l a nd a tP a rk F a rm s howed b o th A rea s 8a nd 9t oc ove r i ne xce s s o f1 5 h ec ta re s e ach . I f

4 4

T h i s i sa l so r e vea led b yt h e i rr e la t ive d en s i ty a nd t h er a t io o f c o r e t o f l ake s . I t s how s t h a t w h i le c o r e s a r e a lmo s t t h ree t i me s mo re c ommon a tB ee rt h ey p roduce a lmo s tf our t ime s l e s sd eb i tage .

p ropo r t ion o f r e touched i mp lemen t s . T h i s l a t te r e ven e xceed s t h e d ens i t ie s o ft h e E a s t B e rk sh i r e a nd V a le o ft h e Wh i te H o r se s u rvey s w h ich t o ok p l ace i n a r ea s w i thou t d i r ec t a cce s s t o c ha lk f l in t . S i nce t h e re a r e n o s uch n a tu ra l r e s t r ic t ion s o n t h e s upp ly o f r aw ma te r ia l s a tB ee r , i st h i s e v idence t h a t a cce s s t ot h e f l in t s ou rce c ou ld b e c on t ro l led , a r t if ic ia l ly p roduc ing t h e c ond i t ion s o f n on f l in t a r ea s i mmed ia te ly a round t h e h ead land? G iven t h e l ow l e ve l o f r e duc t ion s ugges ted b y t h e c o r e c ompa r i son ( Tab le 1 9 ) t h i s s e em s u n l ike ly . A l t e rna t ive ly i tc ou ld b e e xp la ined a s a r eg iona l v a r ia t ion i n e xped ien t t oo l p roduc t ion b y wh ich a

T he c ompa r i son o f c o r e w e igh t s a nd c o re t o f l ake r a t io s b e tween t h e B e rk sh i re D own s a nd B ee r i n d ica te s t ha t t h e r aw ma ter ia l s a t B ee r w e re r e la t ive ly u n in ten s ive ly e xp lo i ted . H oweve r , q u i te d i f f e ren t p i c tu re e me rge s i fo ne c ompa re s t h ep roduc t ion o fr e touched t o o l s a tB ee rw i th t h e We s sex s u rvey s .

much g r ea t e r p ropor t ion o ff l ake s a r e r e touched r a the r t h an Mean d ens i ty / h ec ta re o fa l l w o rked f l in t

Mean d en s i ty / h ec ta re o fa l r e touched t o o l s

b e ing u t i l i sed w i thou t s e conda ry w o rk ing . D u r ing t h e Madd le F a rm s u rvey , i tw a s n o ted t h a t t h e n umbe r s o f " wa s te f l ake s" w e re f a r i n e xce s s o f t h e n umbe r s o f

%o f t o o l st o a l f l in t

r e cogn i sab le t oo l t y pe s , s uch t h a t t h e f o rme r c ou ld n o t s imp ly h ave b een t h ew a s te f r om t h ep roduc t ion o ft h e l a t t e r ( Gaf f ney , V& T ing le , M . 1 989 , 6 8 ) .

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T ab l e 1 3 . T he P ropor t ion s o fR e touched T oo l T ype s W i th in t h eA s semb lage s a tB ee r H ead , Madd le F a rm a nd T he V a l e o ft h e W h i te Hor se .

N .B . T he t e rm " pe rH ec ta re "r e f e r s t ot h e a moun to f ma te r ia l c o l lec ted i n e ach H ec ta re s qua re u s ing t h e m e thodo logy o u t l ined a bove .

T ab le 1 3 s how s t h a tt h e re i s ah i gh p ropor t ion o fr e touched f l ake s i nt h e B ee r H ead a s semb lage , ac ha rac te r i s t ic t h a t i t s ha r e s w i th a s semb lage f r om t h e m ixed g eo logy o ft h e V a le

T ab le 1 2 . A C ompar i son o fL i th ic R ecove ry R a te s f rom S urvey si nS ou the rn E ng land .

S u rvey . I fh oweve r , r e touched f l ake s w e re e xc luded f r om t h e m ean p e rcen tage o ft o o l s t oa l l f l in t a tB ee r , t h i s o n ly r e duce s t h e f i gu re f r om 1 8% t o 1 3% . T h i s i s h a rd ly s uff i c ien t t oa ccoun t f o r t h e c on t ra s t b e tween B ee r a nd t h e Ma iden C a s t le o r t h e S t onehenge e nv i ron s a s semb lage s . H e re t h e o ve ra l l d en s i t ie s o ff l in t w e re t wo a nd t h ree t ime s

E xc lud ing t h ed a ta f r om B ee r ,t h e s i x We s sex a r ea sr evea la r ema rkab le l e ve l o f c on s i s tency . T he g r ea te s t d en s i t ie s o f ma te r ia l a ppea r w i th in a nd a r ound p reh i s to r ic monumen t c omp lexe s . Away f r om t h e se , d en s i t ie s d ec l ine a l though i ti s i na r ea s w h ich l a ck d i rec t a c ce s s t or aw ma te r ia l s t ha t t h ey a r e l owe s t . T he p ropor t ion o f f l in t i mp lemen t s t o w a s te f l ake s s hows am a rked c ohe r ence b e tween t h e S tonehenge ,

g r ea te rt h an t h a t o fB ee rw h i le t h e i r r e touched t oo l d ens i t ie s w e re l e s st h an h a lf a sm uch .

Madd le F a rm a nd Ma iden C a s t le s u rvey s , t h e o n ly a noma ly b e ing t h ec ompa ra t ive ly l a rge n umbe r s o fi mp lemen t s f ound b y D o r se t R idgeway s u rvey . T h i s i s l a rge ly a ccoun ted f o r b yt h ef i nd sf r om as i ng le s amp le a r ea , S t in sf o rd W45 ,w he r e

A l l o f t h e se s e em ing ly c on t rad ic to ry i n d ica t ion s c an b e a ccommoda ted i f as ub s tan t ia l e l emen t o ft h e d eb i tage t ha t p roduced t h e r e touched t o o l a s semb lage a tB ee r i sa b sen t f r om t h e f i e ldwa lk ing s u rvey a r ea . S i nce f i e ldwa lk ing c ou ld o n ly t a ke p l ace o n a r ab le l a nd a way f r om t h e c l if ff a ce , i t

r e touched i mp lemen t s m ade u p 3 6% o ft h et o ta l a s semb lage (Woodwa rd , P . 1 99 1 , 2 5 ) . I n t h e t wo s u rvey s w h ich t o ok p l ace o n m ixed g eo log ie s w i th l im i ted a cce s s t o f l in t , t h e

m ay o n ly h ave s amp led t h e e dge o f t h e p r inc ipa l a r ea o f a c t iv i ty . I fc o re r educ t ion a nd p o s s ib ly a l so t o o l p roduc t ion

r e su l t s d i sp lay l ow a bso lu te l i t h ic d en s i t ie s w i th r e la t ive ly h i gh p e r cen tage s o f i mp lemen t s . T h i s w ou ld b e c ons i s ten t w i th l i t t le i n s i tu f l in t r e duc t ion a nd t h e i mpo r ta t ion o f

t o ok p l a ce p r edom inan t ly a tt h ef l i n ts ou rce , a sw a s c e r ta in ly t h e c a se i nt h e Madd le S u rvey a r ea , a l l e v idence f o r t h e

f i n ished i mp lemen t s .

n a tu r e a nd e x ten t o fs u ch a c t iv i ty w ou ld n ow b e l o s t . T he r e i s a l so t h e p o ss ib i l i ty t h a t t h e p l a teau a bove t h e c l if f s

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b ecame , f o r w ha teve r r e a son , a n a r ea i n w h ich r e touched t o o ls w e r e p r ef e ren t ia l ly d i sca rded . I ft h i s w e re t h e c a se , i t

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a s p o s s ib le t h a t t h e mo t iva t ion f o r s u ch p a t tern s o fd i sca rd wwou ld b e r e vea led i fs ub so i l f e a tu re s c ou ld b e l o ca ted b enea th t h e p l ough so i l . T he B 92 e xcava t ion w a sc a r r ied o u t t od e term ine w he the rs uch s ub so i l f e a tu r e s e x i s ted .

( R icha rd s , J . C .

B eer Head .

t h er e su l to fa tl e a s t at h ou sand y ea r s o ft h e m anuf ac tu re , u se a nd d i spo sa l o f h uman ly mod if ied f l i n t w ha t m ean ingf u l c onc lu s ion s c an b ee x t rac ted f r om i t ?

A s imp le p l o t o u t o f a l t h e f l ake s a nd c o re s r e cove red b y f i e ldwa lk ing r e vea l s t h a tt h ey a r ep r e sen t a lmo s te ve rywhe re w i th in t h e s u rvey a r ea ( F ig 2 6 ) . P r ev iou s s u rvey s h ave t h e

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e x tens ion o ft h er educ t ive n a tu re o ff l in tt e chno logy w h ich i s e mp loyed i nt h e a na ly s i s o fs t ra t if ied a s semb lage s . Whe the r t h is i sa pp rop r ia te f o r s u rf ace a s semb lage s d epend s l a rge ly o n t h e l e ve l o f p r eh i s to r ic a c t iv i ty w i th in t h e s u rvey a r ea .

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F ig 2 8 . T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fS econda ry F lake s r e touched t o o l s , i n c rea se s i nr e la t ion t ot h e p rox im i ty o ft h e c ha lk o u tc rop a tt h e c oa s t . I ft h i s i n d ica te s t h a t t h e c oa s ta l o u tc rop w a s t h e p r ima ry f l in t s ou rce , t h e e x i s tence o ff l in t m ine s a t B ee r , p ropo sed b y t h e MacA lp ine s - Wood s a nd s uppo r ted b y Wh i t t le s eems t o b e u n l ike ly ( MacA lp ine s - Wood s G & MacA lp ine s - Wood sR . 1 933 -3 6 , 1 ; Wh i t t le ,A .W .R . 1 977 , 6 7 ) . W i th in t h i sg ro s sd i s t r ibu t ion o f ma te r ia l i ti sp o s s ib le t oi d en t if yc oncen t ra t ion s o fc e r ta in c l a s se s o fm a te r ia l , b u t i n i n terp re t ing a ny s uch a spec t s o f t h e a s semb lage , t h e l i ke ly c h rono log ica l d eve lopmen t i s c r uc ia l .

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A ssemb lage A n o bv iou s p rob lem a s soc ia ted w i th l i t h ic s u rf ace s ca t te r s i s t h e d i ff icu l ty o f i s o la t ing d i agno s t ic e l emen t s t h a t i lu s t ra te t h e i r c hrono logy a nd d eve lopmen t . U n re touched f l ake s , w h ich m ake u pt h e b u lk o fe ach a s semb lage a r e i n d iv idua l ly u nda tab le . Me t r ica l a na ly s i s o f as u rf ace a s semb lage c an s ome t ime s d emons t ra te d i s t inc t n a r row f l ake e l emen t s b u t t h i s o n ly o ccu r s i n e xcep t iona l c i rcums tance s ( T ing le , M .

4 8

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F ig 2 9 . T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fT er t ia ry F lake s 1 991 , 2 9 ) . T op so i l s i ev ing d u r ing e xcava t ion s h a s d emon s t ra ted t h a t i n tac tn a r row f l ake sa r e u nde rr ep r e sen ted i n t h e p lough so i l , p re sumab ly b ecause o f t h e i r f r ag i l i ty ( Gaf f ney , V . & T ing le , M . 1 989 , 7 8 ) . I n a dd i t ion t h e re i s e v idence t o s ugge s t t h a t e a r ly N eo l i th ic f l in two rk c an b e p r ef e r en t ia l ly d i sca rded i n to p i t s a nd i st h e r ef o re e xc luded f r om t h e s u rf ace a s semb lage ( Hea ly , F . 1 987 , 1 3 ) . G iven a l so t h e c ons tan t r e -u se o f t h e l a nd scape , a ny d i s t inc t n a r row f l ake c omponen t w i th in as u rf ace a s semb lage c ou ld b ecome u n recogn isab le w i th in a g r ea te r d en s i ty o f b road f l ake s . ( Fo rd , S .1 987b ;T ing le , M . 1 99 1 , 2 8 -31) .

A t temp t s h ave b een m ade t oc ompa re s pec if ic t e chno log ica l a spec t s o f s u rf ace a s semb lage sw i th a r tef ac t s f r om s t ra t if i ed c on tex t s w i th in t h e s u rvey a r ea . E ven i n as i tua t ion s uch a s t h e S t onehenge E nv i rons , w i th a c ompa ra t ive p l e tho ra o f e xcava ted s i te s , t h i s a pproach p roved t o b e o f l i m i ted e f f ec t ivene s s .T he d eg ree o f t e chn ica l v a r ia t ion b e tween e a r ly a nd l a te r N eo l i th ic a s semb lage s w a s i n suff ic ien t t o p rov ide a c h rono log ica l f r amewo rk b a sed o n u n r e touched m a te r ia l . I n s tead , c hrono log ica l a t t r ibu te s w e re d e r ived f r om v a r ious r e touched t oo ls ; L eaf a r rowhead s , d oub led e nded , Ds haped a nd l o ng f l ake s c rape r s a s w e l l a s g round

4 9

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2 50 t o 5 12 ( 1 9 ) 1 00 t o 2 49 ( 1 7 1 ) 1t o 9 9 ( 1 108 ) 0 ( 1 628 )

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F ig 3 0 . T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fP r ima ry F lake s ( mean w e igh t ) f l in t a xe s a nd m ic ro d en t icu la te s w e re a l l s e en a s c ha rac te r i s t ic o ft h e e a r ly N eo l i th ic . T he l a te rN eo l i th ic w a s i d en t if ied b y t r an sve r se a r rowhead s , g round s t one a xe s , f a b r ica to r s , Ys haped t oo ls , d i sco ida l k n ive s a nd r od s w h i le aB eake r a s semb lage w a s t y p if ied b y b a rbed a nd t a nged a r rowhead s , t h umb n a i l s c rape r s , p l ano -convex k n ive s a nd b o re r s . T he l a t e rb ronze a ge s aw t h e c on t inuance o f b o r e r s t oge the r w i th u n sy s tema t ica l ly r e touched s c rape r s w h ich w e re s ome t ime s c omb ined w i th b o re r s ( R icha rd s , J . C . 1 990 ,

1 8 ) . T he se c r i te r ia a r e b road ly f o l lowed i n t h e a na ly s i s o f m a te r ia l f r om a r ound Ma iden C a s t le e xcep t t h a t i nt h e l a t te r c a se , s c rape r s , p i ece r s a nd f a b r ica to r s a r e s e en a so ccu r r ing f r om t h ee a r ly N eo l i th ic t ot h em idd le B ronze Age w h i le l e af a r rowhead s a r e , s omewha t s urp r i s ing ly , s een a s s u rv iv ing i n to t h e p e r iod b e tween 1 000 a nd 1 500 B .C . ( Woodwa rd , P . J . &B e l lamy P .1 99 1 , 2 6 ) . A t B ee r , f i e ldwa lk ing d i d n o t r e cove r as i ng le e xamp le o f

5 0

d i agno s t ica l ly Meso l i th ic w o rked f l in t . T he MacA lp ine - Wood s p ub l i shed a g roup o f f l in t s c o l lec ted f r om B ee r w h ich t h ey s ugge s t d i sp lay s p a ra l le l s w i th a Me so l i th ic s i te n ea r B e rw ick . U nf o r tuna te ly , t h e se a r e t oo p oo r ly i lu s t ra ted f o r t h i s t o b e v e r if i ed , a nd t h e a c tua l i mp lemen t sa r en ow l o s t . As i ng le p l a tf o rm b l ade c o re i sa l so s hown b u tt h i si sa sl i ke ly t ob ee a r ly N eo l i th ic a s Me so l i th ic ( MacA lp ine - Wood s , G & MacA lp ine - Wood s , R . 1 929 -32 , 1 2 ) . R e ly ing s o le ly o n a r rowhead s a sd a t ing e v idence , t h e 6 e xamp le s o fo b l ique t ype s w ou ld s ugge s t al a te N eo l i th ic d a te f o ra c t iv i ty i nt h ea r ea t h a tw a s f i e ldwa lked . T he B ovey L ane e xcava t ion h oweve r , s ugges t s amuch e a r l ie r d a te f o r o ccupa t ion i nt h e v a l ley b o t tom . I ti sq u i te p o s s ib le t h a tt h e t h i s s imp ly r ef lec t s ap ref e ren t ia l c oncen t ra t ion o f e a r ly a c t iv i ty i n a n a r ea w i th g r ea te r a cce s s t o s he l te r , r unn ing w a te ra nd t h es ub s i s tence r e sou rce s a va i lab le a tt h ec oa s t . T o s ome e x ten t s uch t opog raph ic d i s t r ibu t ion o f d i agno s t ic

T he re a r e s eve ra l m e thod s a va i lab le t op roduce p lo t s o ft h e d en se s t c oncen t ra t ion s o ft h e se f l ake c l a s s if ica t ion s . U s ing Map inf o 's t h ema t ic mapp ing o p t ion ( F ig 2 7 ) i t si sp o s s ib le t o e xc lude s ome o f t h e l owe r v a lue s . P r ima ry f l ake s t e nd t o c oncen t ra te i n t h r ee g roup ing , w i th o ne ( A rea A ) o n t h e s ou th p l a teau a nd af u r the rt wo a tt h e e a s t( A rea B ) a nd w e s t ( A r ea C ) e nd s o f P a izen L ane . T he re a r e , h oweve r , f ou r l o ca t ion s i n t h e N or th P la teau w i th c ompa ra t ive ly h igh c oncen t ra t ion s o n i nd iv idua l c o l lec t ion r un s ( 1 -4 ) . S econda ry f l ake s m i r ro r t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o n t h e S ou ther n P l a teau a nd P a iz en L ane e xcep t t ha t , i n t h e c a se o f t h e f o rme r , t h e re i s a n a dd i t iona l c oncen t ra t ion i n t h e s ou thwe s ter n c o rne r ( F ig 2 8 D ) . T he ma in c oncen t ra t ion o f P r ima ry F lake s ( F ig 2 7 B ) d oes n o t e xh ib i t a c o r re spond ing ly h i gh d en s i ty o f s e conda ry f l ake s . T e r t ia ry F l ake s c l u s te r p r edom inan t ly a r ound a r ea A ( F ig 2 9 ) o n t h e S ou the rn P la teau a l though a t P a izen L ane t h e re i s a

a r tef ac t s i sc ompa rab le w i th t ha t e ncoun te red a t Madd le F a rm . A l though t h e c on t ra s t b e tween h i l l t o p a nd v a l ley b o t tom w a s much l e s s e x t r eme i tw a s n o t iceab le t ha t a lmo s t a l t h e d i agno s t ica l ly e a r ly N eo l i th ic ma te r ia l w a s f ound i n t h e v a l ley b o t tom s w h i le l a te r a r tef ac t s w e re much mo re w ide ly d i s t r ibu ted ( Gaf f ney , V& T ing le , M . 1 989 , 5 3 -5 5 ) .

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2 50

i n d iv idua l2 5m e t re sc o l lec t ion u n i t sw a st a bu la t ed . I ti sc l ea r f r om T ab le 2 2 , t h a t mos t o ft h e a s semb lage f a l ls w i th in a

2 00

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4 5

4 4 ( 8% ) 1 5 ( 4% )

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s i gn if ican tc oncen t ra t ion a ta r ea C a nd as i gn if i can t a b sence o fm a te r ia l a tt h e p r ima ry f l ake c l u s te r ( B o n F ig 2 7 ) .

T ab le 1 4 . T he N umbe r o f2 5 m e t re F ie ldwa lk ing R un s t ha t P roduced B e tween 0a nd 1 3 , P r imar y , S econda ry o r T e r t ia ry F lake s T oge the r w i th t h e P ercen tage A s semb lage w i th in E ach C a tegory .

o f t h e

A l l t h e m a te r ia l f r om f i e ldwa lk ing w a s w e ighed a sw e l l a s c oun ted t od e term ine t h e s i ze v a r ia t ion o ff l ake s a nd c o re s . T h i s w a s i n tended t o p rov ide a b a s ic m ea su remen t o ft h e i n tens i ty w i th w h ich f l in t w a s b e ing r educed . I tw a s

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F ig 3 2 . T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fS y s tema t ic a nd U n sy s tema t i c C o re s ( more t h an 2p e r2 5m c o l lec t ion u n i t ) a s sumed i ft h e p r inc ipa l s ou rce o f f l in t w a s a to r n ea r t h e c l if ff a ce a t B ee r , t h en p r ima ry f l ake w e igh t s hou ld b e s e en t od ec l ine a st h e d i s tance f r om t h e c oa s t i n c rea sed . A s F ig 3 0 s how s , n o t o n ly i st h is n o t s o , b u t t h e r eve r se a ppea r s t o b e t h e c a se , w i th t h e h eav ie r p r ima ry f l ake s b e ing p redom inan t ly f ound i n t h e N o r thern P la teau . T hey a r e a s soc ia ted w i th t h e h igh c oncen t ra t ion s o f p r ima ry f l ake s w i th in i n d iv idua l r uns , s hown o n F ig 2 7 ( No s . 1 4 ) . R e -exam ina t ion o ft h ese p i ece s r e vea led t h a t t h ey d e r ived f r om l o ca l d epo s i t s o fc l ay w i th f l i n t s . F a r f r om b e ing p a r t o f ar e duc t ive s e quence o r ig ina t ing a tt h e c oa s t , t h e f l ake s

a ppea r t o h ave r e su l ted f r om a p roce ss o f n odu le t e s t ing , p e rhap s t o d e te rm ine t h e e x ten t o fa ny f r o s t d amage o rt h e p re sence o f n a tura l i n c lus ions . P resumab ly , i f al a rge p r ima ry f l ake w a ss ucce s sf u l ly r emoved ,t h en w ha tr ema ined o ft h e n odu le c ou ld s u cce s sf u l ly b e r educed .

T he D i s tr ibu t ion o fC ore s A l though i n i t ia l f i nd s p roce s s ing a l lowed f o r t h e r e co rd ing o f s p ec ia l i sed c o re t y pe s , o ve r 9 9% o ft ho se r e cove r ed f e l l i n to t h e g ene ra l i sed c a tego r ie s o f e i the r u nsy s tema t ic o r

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F ig 3 3 . T he F requency o fB urn tF l in ti nI nd iv idua lF ie ldwa lk ing R un s . s y s tema t ic . S i nce o n ly f i ve b l ade c o r es , 1l e va l lo i s c o re a nd 1d i sco ida l c o re w e re i d en t if ied , t h ey w e re s imp ly a dded t o t h e f o rme r g roup . I tm igh t b e a s sumed t h a t s y s tema t ic c o r e r e duc t ion f o rmed p a r to f ad e l ibe ra t e e xp lo i ta t ion o ft h e f l i n t s ou r ce a tB ee r , wh i le t h e u n sy s tema t ic c o re s d e r ived f r om

B urn t F l in t S u rf ace f i nd s o f b u rn t f l in t a r e e f f ec t ive ly u nda teab le , b u t t h ey d o p o s se s s p o ten t ia l a s i n d ica to r s o fd omes t ic a c t iv i ty . O ve r 1 67 k i lo s o f b ur n t f l in t w e r e c o l lec ted d u r ing t h e f i e ldwa lk ing , a l l o f w h ich w a s w a shed , c oun ted , w e ighed a nd s ub sequen t ly d i sca rded . I tw a s n o ted t ha t many o ft h e p i ece sw e re n odu le sw i th h orn l i ke p ro jec t ion s c ha rac te r i s t ic o f c ha lk d e r ived f l in t b u t t h e re w a s n o e f f ec t ive w ay i n w h ich t h is f e a tu re c ou ld b e q uan t if ied .

e xped ien t u se . T he d i f f e ren t c ha rac te r o ft h e t wo c o re t y pe s i se v iden ti ft h e i rw e igh td i s t r ibu t ion i sp l o t ted . P lo t t ing t h e r ange o f c o re w e igh t d i s t r ibu t ion s how s t h a t u n sy s tema t ic r educ t ion r e su l t s i n aw ho le r a nge o fd i sca rded c o re s i ze s d ec l in ing f r om l e s s t h an 5 0 g ramme s t oa lmo s t a k i lo . I n c on t ra s t t h e s y s tema t ic c o re s h ave a much mo r e r e s t r ic ted s i ze r ange t e nd ing t of a l l w i th in t h e w e igh t l i m i t s

B ur n tf l in tw a sp r e sen ti n1 475 o ft h e2 920 f i e ldwa lk ing r un s b u t a s h i s tog ram a bove s how s , a lmo s t h a lf o f t he se

o f5 0 t o 1 50 g rammes . T h is i n d ica te s t h a t s y s tema t ic c o r e s a r e d i sca rded when t h ey c an n o l o nge r p roduce ap ar t icu la r s i ze o f f l ake wh i le u n sy s tema t ic c o re s c an b e e i the r b e r educed t o ap o in ta tw h ich f u r the rw o rk ing i si mpo ss ib le o r d i sca rded w hen p e rhap s o n ly o ne f l ake h a s b een r emoved . T od e te rm ine whe the rt h e re i sa ny s pa t ia ls epa ra t ion b e tween

p roduced o n ly as i ng le p i ece . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o fr un s w i th b u rn t f l in t ( F ig 3 4 ) s how s t ha t mo s t o f i tw a s f ound i nt h e n o r th p l a teau a r ea a l though t h e l a rge s t s i ng le c oncen t ra t ion

t h e se r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s t h e t wo w e re p l o t ted t oge the r , b u t i n o rde r t o e mpha s ise t h e p r inc ipa l c oncen t ra t ions , o n ly t ho se r uns w i th 2 o r mo re c o re s a r e s hown ( F ig 3 2 ) . B o th c o re t y pes a ppea rt oge the r , w i th in c oncen t ra t ions t h a tm i r ro r t h ed i s t r ibu t ion o ff l ake s , p a r t icu la r ly p r ima ry f l ake s . T he a r e l o ca t ed a l ong P a izen L ane ,b e tween a r ea s Ba nd C a nd i n t h e c en t re o f t h e S ou thern P l a t eau a r ound A rea A . O nce a ga in , t h is wou ld s ugge s tt h a tt h e n a tu r e o ff l in t e xp lo i ta t ion

T he D i s tr ibu t ion o f T oo lT ype s

i s a l ong P a izen L ane . T h i s c l u s te r i s c o inc iden t w i th c oncen t ra t ion s o ff l ake s , c o re s a nd r e touched t oo ls .

T he o ve ra l l d i s t r ibu t ion o f r e touched a nd o t he r t oo l s d emon s t ra te s n o tab le c on t ra s t s t o t ha t o f t h e d eb i tage a s soc ia ted w i th n odu le r educ t ion . T he t wo p r inc ipa l i mp lemen t c oncen t ra t ions a r e s i tua t ed o n t h e f l a t h i l l t op s o ve r look ing B ee r ( F ig 3 5 . A & B ) w i th a t h i rd , l e s se r c oncen t ra t ion a tt h e w e s t e nd o f P a izen L ane ( F ig 3 5 . C ) , p o s s ib ly e x tend ing o u t s ide t h e a r ea a va i lab le f o r f i e ldwa lk ing . T hu s a sw e l l a s i mp lemen t s , A rea C e xh ib i t s c oncen t ra t ion s o f p r ima ry s e conda ry a nd t e r t ia ry f l ake s ,

a tB ee r w a s am ix tu re o f t h e p urpo s ive a nd t h e e xped ien t . T he r e a ppea r s t on op hy s ica l s e pa ra t ion o ft h et wo s t ra teg ie s b u t i ti si mpo s s ib le t o d e te rm ine w he the r ac hrono log ica l s e pa ra t ion e x is ted .

s y s tema t ic

5 3

a nd

u n sy s tema t ic

c o re s ,

h amme r s tone s ,

B ur n tF l in t A •

8t o 9 ( 20 ) 5t o 7 ( 75 ) 1t o 4( 1 365 ) 0 ( 1 452 )

kms

1

2

F ig 3 4 . T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fB u rn tF l in t i nI nd iv idua lF ie ldwa lk ing R un s h amme r s tone f r agmen t sa nd b ur n tf l in t . T ot h e s ou th o fA rea C , a n e x ten s ive i mp lemen t c oncen t ra t ion i sa d jacen t t o , r a the r t h an c o inc iden t w i th , t h e p r inc ipa l c l u s te r o f f l ake s .

r e cove red b y f i e ldwa lk ing , d emons t ra t ing t h a t l o ca l t o o l p roduc t ion w a s b a sed p redom inan t ly o n t h e m in ima l mod if ica t ion o ff l ake s .

T o t he n or th , t h e mos t e x tens ive c oncen t ra t ion o f i mp lemen t s i n t h e s u rvey a r ea i s l a rge ly u n re la ted t o e v idence o ff l in tr e duc t ion . E ach o ft h e se c oncen t ra t ion s a r e c omposed o f t h e s ame f ou r i mp lemen t t ype s i n a pp rox ima te ly t h e s ame p ropo r t ions ; R e touched F lake s , B o re r s , S c rape r a nd N o tched F l akes . T he se f ou r t ype s o f i mp lemen t s m ake u p 9 8% o f a l l t h e r e touched t oo l s

S c rape r s w e re i n i t ia l ly s ub -d iv ided i n to 2 2 d if f e ren t c a tego r ie s b a sed o n t h e i r f o rm a nd t ype o ff l ake f r om w h ich t h ey w e re p roduced . N ine d i f f e r en t p a t tern s o fw ea r a nd 7 d i s t inc t p a t te rn s o f b r eakage w e re o b se rved . R e touched f l ake s w e re s ubd iv ided i n to 6 c a tego r ie s ; T ho se p a r t ia l ly r e touched a l ong o ne e dge ( 487 e xamp le s ) , i regu la r ly a l ong

5 4

R e tou ch ed T oo l s

N I

: : .

: . . 1 . ▪1 . i n

. an

k ms 2

1

F ig 3 5 . T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fR e touched T oo l s i n to f ou r d i s t inc t t oo l t ype s , t h is i sl a rge ly am a t te r o f a r b i t ra ry a r chaeo log ica l c l a s s if i ca t ion . T he re i s ad eg ree t o

a w ho le e dge ( 23 e xamp le s ) , r e gu la r ly r e touched a l ong a w ho le e dge ( 340 e xamp le s ) , R e touched o n b o th f a ce s ( 10 e xamp le s ) , R e touched b l ade s ( 29 e xamp le s ) a nd R e touched l o ng F l ake s ( 3 1 e xamp le s ) . E a ch c a tego ry w a s i n d iv idua l ly p l o t ted b u t n one r e vea led a ny s i gn if ican t d eg ree o f

w h ich e ach o f t h e se g roup s w i l l t e nd t o o ve r lap w i th t h e o t he r s . O ve r 2 5% o f t h e s c rape r s a r e c l a s sed a s u n sy s tema t ica l ly o r m in ima l ly r e touched a nd t hus a r e d i f f e r en t ia ted f r om s y s tema t ica l ly r e touched f l ake s o n ly b y t h e p o in t a tw h ich t h e s e conda ry w o rk ing h a s t a ken p l ace . S imp le n o tched f l ake s c ou ld e qua l ly b e p l aced i n t h i s c a tegory ,t h e i ro n ly d i s t ingu i sh ing f e a tur eb e ing t h e i n ten s i ty o ft h e s e conda ry w o rk ing .

c l u s te r ing . A t temp t s t o s im i la r ly c l a ss if y b o re r s a nd n o tched f l ake s f a i led t op roduce s i gn if ican t r e su l t s . P lo t ted s epa ra te ly t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f t h e se f ou r i mp lemen t s s how r ema rkab le s im i la r i ty , b u t p e rhap s t h is i st o b e e xpec ted ( F ig s 3 6 , 3 7 , 3 8 a nd 3 9 ) A l though t h ey h ave b een s epa ra ted

5

S c rape r s

kms . 1

F ig 3 6 . T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fS c rape r s

R e tou ch ed F l ake s . i » . •• 7 .4 l ' • . • :4 • 2 6 K .t ! : . .• •.• . . : :. 7. `: ‚ •• . • .4 : re d . 3. •: . : 6 4 : .IL.: D I , . ,. • . • :• : ,: . • :e l i • • , .• : • ; , . •

••

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kms 2

F ig 3 7 . T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fR e touched F l ak e s

5 6

F ig 3 8 . T he D i s tr ibu t ion o fB orer s

N o t ched F l ake s

kms

F ig 3 9 . T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fN o tched F lake s

5 7

A r rowh ead s

kms 2

F ig 4 0 . T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fA r rowhead s

A rrowheads

w i th l e s se r d ens i t ie s i n We ssex a nd D o r se t ( G reen , H . 1 980 , 1 03 ) . T h i s c ou ld s ugge s t a n a s soc ia t ion , a tl e a s t i nt h e f i r s t

I nt o ta l , 6a r rowhead sw e re r e cove red f r om f i e ldwa lk ing a l o f w h ich w e re o b l ique t ypes . T hey a r e e ven ly d i s t r ibu ted a l though a l l w e re f ound o n t h e S ou thern P l a teau o r a l ong P a izen L ane ( F ig 4 0 ) . T he p r edom inance o f o b l ique a r rowhead s a l so f i gu red i nb o th o ft h e e xcava t ion s . O ft h e t h ree a r rowhead s f ound i nt h e B ovey L ane c o l luv ium , a l l

t wo i n s tance s b e tween o b l ique a r rowhead s a nd f l in t s ou rce s . R ipp le f l aked o b l ique a r rowhead s h ave b een l i nked t o s pec ia l i sed p roduc t ion a tF lambo rough t h rough t h e i rh av ing b een m ade o n f l ake s r emoved f r om t o r to i se c o r e s ( Du rden , T . 1 994 , 1 48 ) .

w e r e o b l ique w h i le t h e Ma re L ane e xcava t ion r e cove red o ne o b l ique , o ne t a nged a nd o ne b a rbed a nd t a nged a r rowhead . T he p r edom inance o fo b l ique a r rowhead s m ay a l so h ave a s i gn if i cance r e la t ing t o t he f l in t s ou rce i t se lf . O b l ique a r rowheads h ave b een s een e l sewhe re t o e xh ib i t a

Hammer s tone s

p a r t icu la r ly r e s t r ic ted d i s t r ibu t ion ( Edmond s , M &T homa s , J . 1 987 , 1 94 ) . I n We ssex t h i s i s a s soc ia ted w i th h enge monumen t s a l though h e re , au sef u l d i s t inc t ion c ou ld b e d r aw b e tween t h e f i ne o b l ique a r rowhead s s uch a s t ho se f ound d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion o f D ur r ing ton Wa l l s a nd t h e m uch c r ude r e xamp le s t ha t w e re r e cove red b y f i e ldwa lk ing a r ound t h e monumen t . F i e ldwa lk ing a r ound Ma iden C a s t le c o l lec ted a w ide r ange o f a r rowhead t ype t h ough i tw a s o b se rved t ha t t h e t r ansve r se a r rowhead s f o rmed d i sc re te c l us te r s (Woodwa rd , P . & B e l lamy , P . 1 99 1 , 2 6 ) . T he n a t iona l d i s t r ibu t ion o b l ique a r rowhead s r evea l s t wo d i s t inc t c oncen t ra t ions ; a tF l ambo rough H ead a nd G r ime s G rave s

I fc o r e r e duc t ion w e re t a k ing p l ace a tt h e c l if f f a ce , i ti s r ea sonab le t o s ugge s t t ha t b each p ebb les w ou ld b e a n o bv iou s s ou rce o f h amme r s tone s . T hey a r e wor n i n to c onven ien t , man ipu lab le s hape s a sw e l l a sb e ing a bundan t ly p re sen t i na lmo s t a ny s i z e d e s i rab le . H oweve r , o u t o f at o ta l o f 5 3 h amme r s tone s f ound b y f i e ldwa lk ing o n ly t wo o f t h e se w e re b each p ebb le s . I nt h e c ou r se o fs u rf ace c o l lec t ion n ume rou s u nwo rked b each p ebb le s w e re c o l lec ted a nd p roce s sed s i nce t h ey c ou ld b e r e ga rded e i the r a s p o s s ib le h amme r s tone s o r a t t h e v ery l e a s t , s t one t h a t h ad b een t r an spo r ted t o t h e c l if f t op f o r s ome o the r r e a son . O n e xam ina t ion , t h ey f a i led t o s how a ny d amage o rw ea r t h a t w a ss ugge s t ive o fu t i l isa t ion a sh amme r s tone . T he i rp r e sence w a s f i na l ly a s c r ibed t oe i the r t h e r e su l t o fe r o s ion t o al o ca l t e r t ia ry p ebb le b ea r ing d epo s i t o r p o s s ib ly t o h ave a r isen

5 8

N UMBER O F E XAMPLES

1 2

1 0

8

6

2

< 30

5 0

7 0

9 0

1 0

1 30

1 5 0

WE IGHT I N G RAMMES

E s eer H ead S urveg _ j

M add le F arm S urveg

F ig 4 1 . AC ompa r i son o f Hamme r s tone W e igh t sf rom B ee rH ead a nd t h e Madd le F a rm S urvey A rea s

i n c iden ta l ly f r om s ome u nda teab le a n th rop rogen ic p roce s s s uch a sm anu r ing w i th s e aweed . T hus , t h e f i e ldwa lk ing h ad b een c onc luded b y t h e t ime o ft h e B 92 e xcava t ion , d u r ing w h ich s t ra t if ied b each p ebb le h amme r s tone s w e re l o ca t ed a s soc ia t ed w i th B eake rp o t te ry . T he p ebb les , l i ke mo s t o t he r m a te r ia l f r om t h i s c on tex t , w e re i n p r i s t ine c ond i t ion a nd e xh ib i ted o n ly s l igh t b u t e v iden t p eck ing o n o ne e nd . I ti s p o s s ib le t h a ts uch e v idence c ou ld b e r emoved b ys ub sequen t a b ra s ion i nt h e p l oughso i l a nd t h a t a n u nknown n umbe r o f b each p ebb le h amme r s tone s w e re u n recogn ised a nd u nco l lec ted . B each p ebb le h amme r s tone s a r ek nown f r om a t l e a s t o ne o the r p r eh i s to r ic c oa s ta l s i te i n s ou the rn B r i ta in

r e co rded , o n ly t wo w e re l o ca ted w i th in ap reh i s to r ic c on tex t , a nd b o th w e re i ni t s t h e u ppe r l e ve l s a nd t h e ref o re p o s s ib ly i n t ru s ive . T hu s , i fb each p ebb le s w e re b e ing e x ten s ive ly u t i l i sed a t o r a r ound t h e c l if f f a ce , t h en t h ey a r e n o t s ubsequen t ly b e ing b rough t i n land . T he w e igh t o f h amme r s tone s v a ry b e tween 1 0 a nd 6 52 g ramme s w i th t h e m ean w e igh t o f 1 93 .5 g ramme s b e ing s kewed a way f r om t h e moda l w e igh t ( F ig 4 1) b y as ma l l n umbe ro f much h eav ie re xamp le s . T he B ee r h amme r s tone s d i sp lay a s im i la r i f r a ther l e s s p ronounced w e igh t d i s t r ibu t ion t ot h o se o ft h e Madd le F a rm s urvey . I nt h e l a t te r c a se 4 3% o f a l l r e cove red e xamp le s f e l l w i th in a w e igh t r ange b e tween 7 0 -1 20 g ramme s , w h i le a tB ee r , 3 8% a r e b e tween 1 00 -1 60 g rammes . I t may b e s i gn if ican t t h a t t h e o n ly t wo r e co rded b each p ebb le h amme r s tone sw e ighed 2 92 a nd 5 02 g ramme s . Ap lo to ft h e ir d i s t r ibu t ion b y w e igh t( F ig 4 2 ) s how s 3 5% o ft h e h eav ie r e xamp le s ( t ho se w e igh ing i n e xce s s o f2 50 g r amme s ) a s soc ia ted w i th ac oncen t ra t ion o f P r ima ry f l ake s i nt h e Ma re L ane a r ea . I n c on t ra s t af u r the r

( B rad ley , R . 1 970 , 3 59 ) . A l te rna t ive ly , t h e B 92 a s semb lage w a s c e r ta in ly a s t ruc tu red d epo s i t a nd m ay t h e ref o re h ave b een h ave r ep re sen ted e xcep t iona l d epos i t ion . B each p ebb le s r e cove red d u r ing e xcava t ion s o f ac oa s ta l f l in t s ou rce a t F lambo rough w e re s im i la r ly f ound c l us te r ed t o ge the r i n as ha l low d ep re s s ion a bove w h ich r e s ted as l ab o fs a nd s tone ( Moo re , J .W . 1 966 , 1 96 ) .

4 0% a r e f ound o n t h e n o r ther np l a teau , a way f r om t h e m a in f l ake a nd c o re c oncen t ra t ions . T h i s l o ca t ion w ou ld , h oweve r , a s soc ia te t h em w i th d i s t r ibu t ion o f t h e h eav ie r p r ima ry

A t B ee r , t h e s i ze r a nge o f b each p ebb le s f e a tu red t h o se w h ich w ou ld h ave m ade s e rv iceab le h amme r s tone s b u t a l so i n c luded many w h ich w e r e f a r t o o s ma l l t o m an ipu la te . S econd ly t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f b each p ebb les f r om t h e B 9 1 e xcava t ion s t rong ly s ugge s t ap o s t -p reh is to r ic d a te f o r t h e i r i n co rpo ra t ion i n to t h e c o l luv ium . O f t h e 1 7 e xamp le s

f l ake sm en t ioned a bove a nd d emon s t ra te sa no the re l emen to f l o ca l i sed e xped ien tr e duc t ion .

5 9

H amm e r s ton e s : We igh t( gm s )

A • •

2 5 1 t o 1 0 1 t o 5 1 t o 1t o

1 000 ( 1 4 ) 2 50 ( 29 ) 1 00 ( 7 ) 5 0 ( 4 )

• • %

•

•

kms 2

F ig 4 2 . T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fH ammer s tone sb y W e igh t H amme r s tone d i s t r ibu t ion ( F ig 4 2 ) a nd t o al e s se r d eg r ee t ha t o f t h e h ammer s tone f r agmen t s c on t rad ic t t h e e xpec ta t ion t h a t t h ey s hou ld f o rm , t oge the r w i th p r ima ry f l ake s , c l u s te r s o f m a te r ia l t h a t c ou ld b e c ha rac te r i sed a s " i ndu s t r ia l " ( R icha rd s , J .C . 1 990 , 2 2 ) . A l though t h e re a r e h amme r s tone c l us te r s w h ich a r e a s soc ia ted w i th p r ima ry f l ake c oncen t ra t ions , t h ey a r e a l so e ven ly d i s t r ibu ted a round t h e s u rvey a r ea . I tc ou ld b e a n o ve r s imp l if ica t ion t or ega rd t h e se i mp lemen t s a s s imp ly e xped ien t ly c ho sen p i ece s o f

s t one . T he i rd i sca rd a way f r om c oncen t ra t ion s o f" i ndu s t r ia l d eb i tage " h a s b een n o t ed o n t h e B e rk sh i re D own s w he r e 2 0% o ft h o se r e cove r ed w e re f ound i nh ec ta re s qua re s f r om w h ich c o re sw e re a b sen t( Gaf f ney , V& T ing le M . 1 989 , 5 2 ) . C once ivab ly , t h e i r f u nc t ion e x tended o u t s ide ar o le i nf l in t r e duc t ion .

6 0

O va t e s

kms 0

. 1

. 2

F ig 4 3 . T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fO va te s

ä6 22

F ig 4 4 . A xe /Ch i se lR ecovered b yF ie ldwa lk ing

6 1

T ype 1T oo l s

•

•

•

•

••

•

•

kms . 1

. 2

F ig 4 5 . T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fT ype IF l in t T oo l s

O va te s T he se w e re t h e o n ly t oo l s f ound a t B ee r t h a t m igh t h ave r e qu i red s pec ia l ised p roduc t ion , o fw h ich 6 e xamp le s w e r e r e cove red . O ne w a s a l so r e cove red b y t h e MacA lp ine - Wood s d u r ing t h e i r e xcava t ion o f t h e B ovey L ane c o l luv ium ,b u tw a s i d en t if ied a s aS o lu t rean l a u re l l e af ( Mac A lp ine - Wood s , G & Mac A lp ine - Wood s , R , 1 933 -36 , 3 1 ) . A l l b u t o ne o f t h e o va te s w e re e i the r u nf in i shed o r b roken. A t H u r s tF en , a lmo s th a lf t h e i n tac to va t e ss u rv ived i nt h e f o rm o fr ough o u t sw h i le a t O r se t ta l lo ft h e e xamp le s f ound w e r e u ncomp le ted ( C la rk , J .D .G . 1 960 , 2 23 ; B on sa l l , C . 1 978 , 2 56 ) . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o fo va te s c l o se ly r e semb le s t h a t o f a r rowhead s w i th a l l s i x e xamp le s a vo id ing t h e N o r ther nP l a teau ( F ig 4 3 ) . A xe s , Ch i se l sa nd P ick s

b een o b se rved a tB ee r H o le a nd o n t h e b each b e low t h e l a nd s l ip a tt h e H ooken C l if f . A pa r t f r om t h e f l in t a tB ee r t h e re i sa l so t h e c her t b ed s w h ich a r e e xpo sed i nt h e s t ream c u t v a l ley s i mmed ia te ly t ot h e w e s t o fB ee r . T he s u i tab i l i ty o ft h e se d epo s i t s f o r a xe p roduc t ion i sa mp ly d emon s t ra t ed b y t h e i r u t i l i sa t ion f o r t h e p roduc t ion o fu ppe r P a laeo l i th ic h and a xe s a tB roome P i t( Mo i r , J .R . 1 933 -36 ) . No t o n ly a r e t h e se r e sou rce s u nu t i l i sed , t h e o n ly e xamp le o fa n a xe /ch i se l f ound b y s u rf a ce c o l lec t ion w a s a8c m s i n l e ng th , a nd manuf ac tu r e s f r om f l in t d e r iv ing f r om c l ay w i th f l in t s ( F ig 4 4 ) . N ine c r ude ly f o rmed p i ck s w e re a l so f ound . T oge the r w i th t h e e xamp le o f a n a xe /ch i se l , t h ey c l u s te r i n t h e n or the rn p a r to ft h e s u rvey a r ea .

R e touched T oo l s a nd S tone T ype s I n t h e i n i t ia l c l a s s if ica t ion o f r e touched t o o l s , a n a t temp t w a s m ade t o a s s ign e ach p i ece t o o ne o f w ha t b ecame 3 0 d i s t inc t s t one t y pe s b a sed o n a ppea rance . I th ad b een n o t ed t h a t c ha lk f l in t a tB ee r c ou ld o ccu r i ns eve ra l f o rms r ang ing f r om b l ack a nd f l aw le s s t h rough t o p a le g r ey w i th d a rk p a tche s . S eve ra l t ype s o f l i gh t g rey t o w h i te f l in t w i th mo t t led s t a in ing a l so o ccur red w h ich p robab ly d e r ived f r om

T he a bsence o f a xe m ak ing a t B ee r H ead h a s b een c ommen ted o n p r ev ious ly ( Ca r e , V . 1 982 , 2 77 ) . I tc anno t b e a ccoun ted f o r s imp ly b y t h e a b sence o f s u i tab ly s i zed n odu le s . Wh i le m any f l in t n odu le s v i s ib le i n t h e c l if ff a ce a r e t oo s ma l l f o r a xe p roduc t ion , b ea ch c obb le s m ea su r ing m o re t han 3 0cms i n l e ng th d emon s t ra te t h a t l a rge n odu le s a r ep re sen tw i th in t h ec l if f . P a ramoud ra s , l a rge t o ro ida l f l i n t n odu le s t h a t c an m ea su r e o ve r 6 0cms a c ro s s , h ave a l so

t h e l o ca l d epo s i t s o fc l ay w i th f l i n t s a nd t h e re w e re a l so 1 d i s t inc t t ype s o f g r eensand c he r t . I tw a s h oped t o d i scove r

6 2

F ig 4 6 . P or t land T ype C he r tA r tef ac t sR ecove red b yF ie ldwa lk ing

C h e r tA r t ef a c t s

k rns . 1

. 2

F ig 4 7 . T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fG reen sand C he r tA r tef ac t s

p r ed ic t i t s l o ca t ion o r e ven t h e e x ten t t ow h ich i to ccu r red

w he the rt h ea ppea rance o ft h er aw ma te r ia lw a s as i gn if ican t f a c to r i ni t s s e lec t ion f o r i mp lemen t p roduc t ion .I ts oon b ecame a ppa r en tt h a t , w i th t h e e xcep t ion o ft h e c he r t , i tw a s i mpo s s ib le r e l iab ly t o a s c r ibe i n d iv idua l p i ece s b a sed o n

w i th in as i ng le n odu le . Ap lo t o u t o fa l l T ype 1i mp lemen t s ( F ig 4 5 ) s howed t h e i rd i s t r ibu t ion t ob et h e s ame a sa l o t he r r e touched t o o l s .

t h e i r a ppea rance a l one . E ven tua l ly a l l d i s t inc t ion s b e tween f l in t i mp lemen t s w e re a bandoned e xcep t t h a t b e tween t h e

T he E xp lo i ta t ion o f Green sand Cher t

u ncommon f l aw le s s b l ack f l i n t ( Type 1 ) a nd t h e m o t t led g ray , c ha lk d e r ived f l in t ( Type 4 ) w h ich m ade u p t h e

C hen w a s u t i l i sed t h roughou t t h e S ou th Wes t p en insu la d u r ing t h em idd le a nd u ppe r P a laeo l i th ic a nd t h e Me so l i th ic . T he t y pe o ft oo l sp roduced v a r ied f r om f l ake a nd b l ade t o o l s t o ar a nge o f a xe t ype s . T he i n f r equency o f c he r t i n

m a jo r i ty o fw o rked p i ece so r ig ina t ing f r om t h ec l if fd epo s i t s . E xam ina t ion o ff l in t c o re s t h en r e vea led b o th t ype s o ff l in t o ccu r r ing w i th in t h e s ame n odu le . T h i s w ou ld n o t i ni t s e lf p rec lude s e lec t ion o r r e jec t ion o f T ype 1 f o r s pec if ic i mp lemen t s b u t s ugge s ted t h a t i tw ou ld b e i mpo ss ib le t o

N eo l i th ic a s semb lage s t h e ref o re c anno t b e r e su l t f r om i t s u n su i tab i l i ty a s as ou r ce f o r N eo l i th ic i mp lemen t s . I tc ou ld

6 3

b e c l a imed t ha t f l in t i sa s upe r io r r aw ma te r ia l b u t o n ly i n t ha t i tc an p roduce a s ha rpe r c u t t ing e dge o n u nmod if ied f l ake s . I nt h ep roduc t ion o ft h et ype o fr e touched f l ake t oo l s t h a tm ake u p9 8% o ft h ea s semb lage f r om B ee rt h e re i sl i t t le

f i n ished t o o l s . T he f a c tt h a to ne o ft h em i st h e s urv iv ing p a r t o f a n i mp lemen t t h a t h a s b een b roken i n to a t l e a s t t h ree p i ece sm ay a l so b e s i gn if ican t( F ig . 4 6 ) .

t e chn ica la dvan tage i nu t i l i s ing f l in ti np ref e rence t oc her t .

F i e ldwa lk ing r e cove r ed a t o ta l o f 1 5 1 p i ece s o f w o rked

U ppe r g r eensand c on ta in ing b ed s o fc her t l i e s b enea th t h e l owe r c ha lk a tB ee r a nd o u tc rop s i nn ume rou s l o ca t ions . I t

c he r t . N one o f t h e p i ece s a r e i n he ren t ly d a tab le , a l though t h e i rs i ze , t h e a b sence o fa ny i n d ica t ion o fb lade p roduc t ion c ou ld s ugge s tp o s t - Me so l i th ic o r ig in s . E ach p iece w a ss o r ted o n a ppea rance ( c o lou r , p r e sence o r a b sence o f b and ing ,

c ou ld h ave p rov ided af a r mo re e x ten s ive s ou rce o fw o rkab le s t one t h an t h e d epo s i t s o f f l in t . C hen b ed s a r e c u r ren t ly v i s ib le i ns e c t ion w he re b u i ld ing p l o t s h ave b een s ca rped i n to t h e v a l ley s i de s a nd i t wou ld e ven h ave b een a va i lab le i n v a l ley b o t tom s . T he MacA lp ine - Wood s c onc luded t h e i r e xcava t ion i n B ovey L ane w hen t h ey e ncoun te red i n s i tu c her t b ed s f ou r f e e t b e low t h e N eo l i th ic l a nd s u rf ace ( MacA lp ine - Wood s , G & MacA lp ine - Wood s , R . 1 933 -3 6 , 2 8 -2 9 ) . A sw i th t h e f l in th oweve r , c he r t i sf r ee ly a va i lab le o n t h e b ea ch a tS ea ton H o le ( F ig 4 ) . H e re b o th c ha lk , u ppe r g reensand a nd s of t h a s d epo s i t s a r e e xpo sed a nd t h e e r o s ion b y t h e s e a o f t h e l a t te r c au se s f r equen t c o l lap se s o f t h e o ve r ly ing d epo s i t s . T he f o re sho re i sl i t te red w i th l a rge s l ab s o fg reen sand , c her tb lock sa nd f l in tn odu le s . I th a s n o tp roved p o s s ib le t od e te rm ine t h e p r ec i se o r ig in o f t h e c her tw h ich w a su t i l i sed a tB ee ra l though e xam ina t ion o fs amp le p i ece sb y t h eB r i t i sh G eo log ica l S u rvey i nE xe te r a nd t h e d epa r tmen t o fG eo logy a tt h e U n ive r s i ty o fR ead ing s ugge s t s t h a t t h ey c ou ld a l l h ave d e r ived l o ca l ly ( Edwa rd s , R .A . P e r s C omm ; S e lwood , B . P e r s C omm ) . Two p i ece s w e re i d en t if ied a s P o r t land t ype c he r t , w h ich c ou ld m ean t h a t t h ey w e re b rough t f r om o ne o ft h e s ou r ce s 2 0 kms t o t h e w e s t a c ro s s L yme B ay .T he r e la t ive i mpo r tance o f h uman a gency o r n a tu ra l p roce s se s i n t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f P or t land c her t t h roughou t t h e S ou th c on ten t iou s i s sue ( Be r r idge , P . 1 993) .

We s t r ema ins a

2 0

3 0 17g

1 50 .8g

3 4 .6g

S econda ry F lake s4 0 T er t ia ry F l ake s 2 3 B roken F l ake s 3 0 A l l I n tac tF l ake s 8 3 S y s tema t ic C o re s 1 U n sy s C o r e s 5 C o re F ragmen t s 1 4 B urn t 1

5 553g 1 486g 1 789g 1 0054g 2 36g 1 906g 2 4 11g 5 1g

1 38 .8g 6 4 .6g 5 9 .6g 1 21 .1g 2 36g 3 81 .2g 1 72 .2g 5 1g

2 5 .5g 1 2 .1g 1 .4g 2 5 .5g 11 .2g 1 88 .3g 2 07 .9g 5 2 .3g

S c rape r s R e touched B o re r N o tched P i ck

1 201g 2 231g 3 57g 7 3g 3 26g

1 20 .1g 7 1 .9 g 8 9 .2g 3 6 .5g 3 26g

2 8 .9g 2 8 .5g 2 7 .9g 2 2 .6g 2 50 .2g

1 0 3 1 4 2 1

C ompa red t ot h e f l in t a s semb lage , t h e mo s t p rom inen t a nd c ons i s ten t d i f f e rence b e tween t h e t wo i s t h e i r s i ze . A l l c l a sse s o fc he r t f l ake s a r e a pp rox ima te ly f i ve t ime s h eav ie r t h an t h e i r f l in t e qu iva len t s a nd t h i s d i f f e ren t ia l , t hough s ome t ime s l e s s p ronounced , a pp l ie s i na l o the r c l a s se s o f m a te r ia l . T h i s c an p a r t ly b e a ccoun ted f o r b y t h e f a c t t h a t c her t b l ock s t e nd t ob e much l a rge r t h an f l in t n odu le s a nd c an t h e ref o re p roduce much l a rge rf l ake s . T hese a r e u t i l i sed t o p roduce s c rape r s t h a t a r e o ve r s ized i nc ompa r i son w i th t ho se m ade o ff l in t . I tw ou ld b e p e rf ec t ly f e a s ib le t op roduce s ma l le r s c rape r s b u t , a s w i th t h e f l in t , t h e s i ze o f t h e i mp lemen t a ppea r s t o b e c ond i t ioned b y t h e s i ze o f s e conda ry f l ake s . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o fa l l w o rked c her t ( F ig 4 7 ) a nd e spec ia l ly a l c he r t t oo l s s ugge s t s as i gn if ican t c on t ra s t t o t ha t o f w o rked f l in t . C hen c oncen t ra te s i nt h e c en t re a nd n or th o f t h e No r the rn P l a teau a nd t h e c en t re a nd s ou th o f t h e S ou the rn P l a teau . P a izen L ane , t h e a r ea w i th t h e mo s t d i rec t e v idence o f f l in t r e duc t ion , i sb y c ompa r i son a vo ided , a d i s t r ibu t ion t h a t i s p a r t icu la r ly e v iden t w i th t h e c her t r e touched t o o ls .

T o ta l T o ta l Mean Mean N umbe r We igh t We igh t We igh t ( F l in t ) P r ima ry F l ake s

t ype s o f m ine ra l i n c lu s ion s ) i n to 1 2 p oss ib ly s epa ra te s ou r ce s . S i nce t h e t o ta l a s semb lage i ss os ma l l , t h i s s ugges t s t h a t w hen c her t w a s u t i l i sed t h e re w a s n o p ref e rence f o r a p a r t icu la rt y pe .

T ab le 1 5 . T he C ompos i t ion o f t he W orked A s semb lage C ompared t ot ha to fW orked F l in t

C onc lu s ion O ne o f t h e n o tewor thy a spec t s o f t h e f i e ldwa lk ing a s semb lage i st h et y pe so fa r tef ac t st h a ti td i dn o ti n c lude . No p o l i shed t o o l s o f a ny t y pe w e re f ound b y f i e ldwa lk i ng o r e xcava t ion . T he re w e re n o a xe s made f r om c ha lk d e r ived l o ca l f l in t a nd n one o fi mpor ted f l in t o r s t one . T he Madd le F a rm s u rvey r e cove red 6 p o l i shed a xe f r agmen t s , f ou r o f w h ich w e re s ma l l f l ake s t h a t h ad b een d e tached f r om t h e a xe t i p ( Gaf f ney , V . &T ing le , M . 1 989 , 5 0 ) . T he a b sence o f c ompa rab le f i nd sf r om B ee rs ugge s t st h a tn o to n ly w e re a xe s n o t m ade o r d i sca rded a tt h e s i te t h ey w e re n o t u sed t h e re e i the r . T he r ange o f a r rowhead s p re sen t i s a l so u nu sua l . F i e ldwa lk ing e l sewhe r e i ns ou ther n E ng land s e em s a lway s t or e cove r ar a nge o ff o rms , p a r t icu la r ly t h e d i s t inc t ive l e af a nd b a rbed a nd t a nged t y pe s , w h i le a t B ee r o n ly c rude ly m ade o b l ique a r rowhead sw e re p r esen t . I nc ompa r i son w i th o t he r f i e ldwa lk ing p ro jec t s i ns ou the rn E ng land , t h e s u rvey a tB ee r w a s r e s t r ic ted b o th i n i t s a r ea a nd t h e r a nge o ft o pog raphy t h a t i tc ou ld c ove r . T h i sw a s a n i n ev i tab le c on sequence o ft h e c ur ren ta g r icu l tu ra l l a nd u se . O ne m igh t h ave w ish t h a t t h e a r ea o f a va i lab le l a nd h ad b een g r ea te r b u t s i nce p a s to ra l a g r icu l tu r e p redom ina te s i n e a s t D evon , i tw a s m uch l a rge r t h an o ne m igh t r e a sonab ly

C he r t

T he t wo e xamp le s f ound a tB ee r w e re b o th s c rape r s r a the r t h an d eb i tage w h ich m ay i n d ica te t h a tt h ey w e r e i mpo r ted a s

6 4

h ave e xpec ted . T he p r inc ipa l r e s t r ic t ion t h a tt h i s i mpo sed o n t h e s u rvey w a s t h a t i tp reven ted t h e c ove rage o f at r an sec t t h a t w ou ld t a ke i na l l a spec t s o ft h e l a nd scape . E l sewhe r e t h i s m igh th ave b een c i r cumven ted b y e xcava t ing t e s tp i t s i n a r ea sw he re f i e ldwa lk ing w a s i mpo s s ib le , h oweve rt h e d ep th o fc o l luv ium a tB ovey L ane e xc luded t h i s o p t ion . T h is l e ave s u n re so lved t h e c on t ra s t b e tween t h e e xcava ted a s semb lage f r om B ovey L ane , w i th i t s p r edom inance o f s y s tema t ic c o re s a nd b l ade c o r e s a nd t h a t c o l lec ted b y t h e f i e ldwa lk ing w i th i t s u n in ten s ive a nd u n spec ia l ized f l in t r educ t ion . I t may s imp ly r ef lec t t h a t i nt h e l a t te r c a se , t h e a s semb lage d e r ived f r om a n a r ea p e r iphe ra l t ot h e p r inc ipa l a c t iv i ty a tB ee r . I ti sd i ff i cu l t t os ugge s t ad a te r a nge f o rt h e a ccumu la t ion o f t h e s u rf ace s c a t t e r . T he mo s t d i agno s t ic i mp lemen t s a r e t h e o b l ique a r rowhead s , b u t t h e a b sence o f l e af a r rowhead s may b e a noma lou s p a r t icu la r ly w hen o ne c on s ide r s t h e i r u b iqu i ty a to t he r e a r ly N eo l i th ic s i te s i nt h e S ou th We s t . F i e ldwa lk ing p roduced s eve ra l c l u s te r s o ff i nd s . T he re w e re s eve ra l c oncen t ra t ion s o f p r ima ry , s e conda ry a nd t e r t ia ry f l ake t y pe s , t wo o fw h ich ( A & Co n F ig s 2 7 , 2 8 & 2 9 ) c ou ld b ed e sc r ibed a sb e ing " i ndu s t r ia l " i nt h a ta l lc l a s se s o f f l akes a r e p re sen t i n q uan t i ty . N e i the r h oweve r a r e a s soc ia ted w i th c oncen t ra t ion s o f c o r e s , h amme r s tone s o r h amme r s tone f r agmen t sw h ich c ha ra c te r i sed t h e q ua r ry s i te s o f t h e Madd le F a rm S u rvey ( Gaf f ney , V . & T ing le , M . 1 989 , 5 0 ) . L oca t ion C m ay b e m o re c or rec t ly v i ewed a s h av ing ad omes t ic e l emen t s i nce i ti sa l so a s soc ia ted w i th a h igh c oncen t ra t ion o fr e touched t o o l s a nd t h e d en se s t s i ng le c l u s te r o fb urn t f l in t f r om t h e w ho le s u rvey a r ea . I tmay b e s i gn if ican tt h a t L oca t ion C i ss i tua t ed b e tween t wo v a l ley s , b o th o f w h ich h ave d i rec t a cce s s t ot h e b each a tB ee r . I n o ccupy ing h igh g round a bove a n a c ce s s p o in t t o t h e c l if f f a ce f l in t e xpo su re s , i tb ea r s ac l o se r e semb lance t ot h e s i te a tB eacon H i l l ,n ea rF l ambo rough ( Moo re , J .W . 1 966 ) . P e rhap s t h e mo s t s t r ik ing f e a tu r e o ft h e s u rf ace a s semb lage a r e t h e d en se c oncen t ra t ion s o f r e touched t oo l s t h a t w e re e ncoun t e red . I tw a s i mpo s s ib le t od e te rm ine t h e i rf u l l e x ten t s i nce b o th a ppea red t oe x tend o u t s ide t h e s u rvey a r ea . T hey w e re c omposed o f n o tched f l ake s , r e touched f l ake s , s c rape r s a nd b o re r s a nd a ss uch t h ey c ou ld b e a s c r ibed t oa v e ry b road d a te r a nge . T hey w e r e n o t a s soc ia ted w i th " i ndu s t r ia l " d eb i tage s uch a s p r ima ry f l akes , c o re s , h amme r s tone s . T hey c ou ld b e c ha rac te r i sed a s " dome s t ic " b u t a r e n o t a s soc ia ted w i th b u rn t f l i n t a nd o ccupy e xpo sed l o ca t ion s w h ich a r e h a rd ly a n i d ea l b a se f o r s ub s i s tence a c t iv i t ie s . I tw a s t h e s ou ther nmo s t o ft h e se t wo i mp lemen t c oncen t ra t ion s w h ich w a s e ven tua l ly s e lec ted f o r s amp le e xcava t ion .

6 5

THE SA MPLE EXCAVATION OF AN IMPLE MENT SCATTER AT M ARE LANE , BEER . G eo logy a nd Topography o f t he E xcava ted

s e r ie s f i e ldwa lk ing s u rvey s i n We s sex . O f t h ese , t h e S tonehenge E nv i ron s P ro jec t w a s t h e mo s t p ro l if ic ,

A rea .

e xcava t ing f ou rf l in ts c a t te r s . T he se e xam ined a ni mp lemen t c oncen t ra t ion a d jacen tt oR ob in H ood sB a l l (W83 ) , a nd f l in t c oncen t ra t ion so n (W59 )K ing B a r row r i dge a t (W32 )F a rgo

T he a r ea i nw h ich t he t r enche s w e re l o ca ted i sp a r t o f a d i s sec ted p enep la in t ha t e x tend s i n land t ot h en or th f o ro ve r 2 0 km s ( F ig s 2& 2 4 ) .F rom i t s h ighe s t p o in t o n B road

Wood a nd (W31) W i l sf o rd D own ( R icha rd s , J .C . 1 990 , 5 ) .

D own a t 9 0 m e t re s a bove s ea l e ve l , i t s l ope s g en t ly s ou thwa rd s t owa rd s t h e c oa s t n ea r Ma re L ane , w he re t h e c l if f s a r e a pp rox ima te ly 4 5 m e t re s h i gh . T he e xcava t ion s t ook p l ace o n t he c rown o f as l igh t e a s t f a c ing s l ope

A t F a rgo Wood , a n a ppa ren t ly d i sc re te l i nea r f l in t c oncen t ra t ion h ad b een d e tec ted b y w ide s paced s u rf ace c o l lec t ion . T h i s a s semb lage a ppea red t o h ave a s i gn if ican t b l ade c omponen t s ugge s t ing a n e a r ly N eo l i th ic d a te a nd a d ome s t ic c ha rac te r ( R icha rd s J .C . 1 990 , 6 7 ) . I n ten s ive s u rf ace c o l lec t ion o ve r 1 300 s qua r e m e t re s r evea led amo re c h rono log ica l ly d i ve r se e l emen t t ot h e c oncen t ra t ion i nt h e

o ve r look ing L yme B ay . I n c l ea r c ond i t ion s , t h e o u t l ine o f P or t land i sv i s ib le , 4 8 k i lome t re st oe a s t, w h i le 1 00 m e t r e s t ot h e S ou th Wes t t he v i ew a l ong t h e c oa s t i nt h e o ppo s i te d i rec t ion i s e qua l ly i mp re ss ive , t h e f u r the s t i d en t if iab le l a ndma rk b e ing B er ry H ead ,4 2 k i lome t re sd i s tan t .

f o rm o fB eake rp o t te ry a nd p o s t -Neo l i th ic f l in tt oo l s . When a2 0 m e t r e b y 2m e t r e s t r ip w a s h and e xcava ted a c ro ss a nd b eyond t h e c oncen t ra t ion , i t s d i s t inc t e dge w a s f ound t ob e

T he e xcava ted a rea i s p redom inan t ly c l ay w i th f l in t s

t h e p roduc t o f d i f f e ren t ia l p lough d amage . A s im i la r p henomenon h ad b een o b served t h e p r ev iou s y ea rf o l low ing

o ve r ly ing u ppe r c ha lk , g reensand a nd k eupe r ma r l . A l though t h e a r ea a round t h e e xcava t ion i sc u l t iva ted f o r c e rea l s a nd o i l s eed r ape t h e p r edom inan t l a nd u se a r ound B ee r i sp a s to ra l a g r icu l tu re . T he r e i sv i r tua l ly n o h ab i ta t ion i nt h e a r ea o ft h e e xcava t ion , l a rge ly b ecau se t h e c l if ft op a t t h i s l o ca t ion i sd i rec t ly e xpo sed t op r eva i l ing w e s te r ly g a le s . O ne e xcep t ion i st he c oa s tgua rd s t a t ion , as i ng le s t o r ey s t one b u i ld ing p ro tec ted b y as u r round ing e a r th b ank . Wea the r c ond i t ion s e ncoun te red d u r ing w in te rf i e ldwo rk a tB ee r a l so s ugge s ted t h a tt h i s wa s as ub -op t ima l s e t t lemen tl o ca t ion .

t h e e xcava t ion o f aR oman p o t te ry s c a t te r o n t h e B e rk sh i re D own s( Gaf f ney , V . a nd T ing le , M . 1 989 . 13123) . I n 1 983 , amo re r ef ined p r e -excava t ion s u rvey w a s u t i l i sed t oi n ve s t iga te a n e x ten s ive f l in t s c a t te r o n t h e K ing B a r row R idge . O n t h i s o cca s ion , 1 5 ,300 s qua re me t re s w e re i n tens ive ly c o l lec ted f o l lowed b y s o i l p hospha te a nd magne t ic s u scep t ib i l i ty a na ly s i s a s w e l l a s amagne tome te r s urvey ( En tw i s t le , R . & R icha rd s , J . C . 1 987 , 2 8 ) . O nce a ga in t h e s i te w a sc ha ra c te r i sed a sb e ing d ome s t ic i nt ha tt h e a s semb lage f e a tu red a bove a ve rage d en s i t ie s o ft oo l s , ah igh p ropo r t ion o fw h ich w e r e d i agno s t ica l ly N eo l i th ic , a nd t h e re w e re l ow d en s i t ie s o f f l ake s a nd s ma l l c o re s . B u rn t f l in t

Apa r t f r om c hange s t o t h e v a l ley p rof i le i n B ovey L ane r e su l t ing f r om c o l luv ia t ion , o ne c an b e r e a sonab ly c er ta in t ha t t h e i n land t opog raphy o ft h i s a r ea h a s n o t s ub s tan t ia l ly a l te red s i nce t h e f our th m i l len ium B .C . U nf o r tuna te ly , t h e s ame m ay n o t b e s a id o ft h e c l if f s a nd t h e i n te r t i da l z one . T he c l if f st ot h e s ou th o ft h e e xcava t ion a r e s ub jec tt o ma jo r r o ta ry l a nd s l ip s , t he mo s t r e cen t h av ing t a ken p l ace i nt h e m idd le o ft h e l a s t c en tu ry ( P la te 4 ) . T hen , t h e a r ea o fc l if f e dge i n vo lved wa s 1 400 m e t re s i n l e ng th a nd , a t i t s max imum , e x tended 2 00 m e t re s i n land . I ti si mpo ss ib le t o d e te rm ine w he the r e ro s ion e ven t s s uch a st h i s h ave b een a r egu la rf e a tu re o f a r ea a nd h ow much l a nd m igh th ave b een

o ccu r red i nl ow d en s i t ie s a nd a s p read o fs a r sen d eb r i s w a s a l so o b served . V a r iou s c l a s se s o fs u rf ace a r tef ac t s c l u s te r ed i nt h es ame a r ea w i th in w h ich magne tome t e rs urvey r evea led s eve ra l a noma l ie s t h a t e xcava t ion r e vea led t o b e p i t s . A s a g roup , t h e p i t f i l l s w e r e i n te rp re ted w a s a ccumu la t ion s o f d ome s t ic d eb r i s w i th t h e s i ng le e xcep t ion o fo ne wh ich w a s d om ina ted b yf oo t b one s f r om y oung p ig s . T h is w a s s een a s e v idence o f r i tua l d epo s i t ion e mbedded w i th in d ome s t ic a c t iv i ty ( En tw i s t le , R . &R icha rd s , J . C . 1 987 , 3 2 ) . T he f l in t

l o s to ve rt h ep a s t5 000 y ea r s .

s ca t te r e xcava t ion s o f t h e S t onehenge E nv i ron s P ro jec t d emon s t ra te t h e p rob lem s a s soc ia ted w i th e xcava t ing a d ense c oncen t ra t ion o f ma te r ia l w h i le a t t h e s ame t ime i lu s t ra t ing t h e b enef i t s o f g eophy s ica l a nd g eochem ica l a na ly s i s i na dvance o fe xcava t ion .

T he e v idence f o r c hange s i ns e a l e ve l d u r ing t h i s p e r iod i s l e s sp rob lema t ic . Wi th r e f e rence t ot h e l a s t8 000 y ea r s i th a s b een c onc luded t ha tt h e re h a s b een n o s i gn if ican t d i f f e rence i ns e a l e ve lb e tween t h e S ou th We s tp en in su la a nd C a rd igan B ay . A ny o sc i l la t ions i n s ea l e ve l w e re s ma l le r t h an t i da l

T he p e r cep t ion t h a t s u rf ace s c a t te r s m igh t o n ly e x i s t w i th in t h e p l ough so i l h a s r e su l ted i nt h e e xcava t ion s t ra teg ie s t h a t

v a r ia t ions a nd s t orm s u rge s a nd t h e r e i sn o e v idence t ha t s e a l e ve l s h ave b een h ighe r t h an a tp r e sen t ( Heywo r th , A & K id son , C . 1 982 , 9 1) .

f e a tu re s ma l l t r enche s t oge the r w i th t h e t ime c onsum ing s i ev ing o ft h et op so i l( R icha rd s ,J . C . 1 990 , 1 ; G af f ney , V& T ing le , M . 1 989 , 7 9 ) . P a r t ly , o ne s u spec t s , a s ar e su l to ft h i s s t ra tegy , s uch e xcava t ion s r a re ly u ncove red s ub so i l f e a t u re s l e ad ing t o t h e c onc lu s ion t ha t e i the r n o s uch r e la t ion sh ip e x i s ted o rt h a t i fs ub so i l f e a tu r e sw e re l o ca ted , t h ey n eed n o t

T he E xcava t ion o fF l in tS ca t ter s I n s ou thern E ng land , t h e f i r s t e xcava t ion s o fl i t h ic s c a t te r s d ef ined b y s y s tema t ic s u rf a ce c o l lec t ion f o rmed p a r to fa

6 7

R ETOUCHED TOOLS

0 5 00 1 2 f l ia f l i l laam ie r METRES

F ig 4 8 . T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fR e touched T oo l sf rom F ie ldwa lk ing a tB ee rH ead

6 8

T h eD i s t r ibu t ion o fP r im a ry F l ak e s

-

• • • •

•

A •

••

6t o 8( 1 0 ) 4t o 5( 59 ) 2t o 3( 422 ) 1t o 2( 808 )

•

F ig 4 9 . T he D i s tr ibu t ion o fP r imary F lake sA round t h eH ec tare S qua re s5 Y214890 a nd S Y2 15890 .

T h eD i st r ibu t ion o fB u rn tF l in t( g r amm e s ) •

• •

• • • •

A

•

5 00 t o1 080 ( 25 ) • 2 50 t o 4 99 ( 1 47 ) • 1 00 t o 2 49 ( 394 ) 1t o 9 9( 9 10 )

•

•

• •

F ig 5 0 . T he D i s tr ibu t ion o f B urn tF l in tA round t h eH ec tare S quare sS Y2 14890 a nd S Y2 15890 .

6 9

2 14890

) 15890

B orers ( 1 0 ,3% )

N o tched

S ore s ( 7 .9% )

( 32% )

S crapers ( 33 ,2% )

S crapers ( 32 .8% )

R etouched

( 4 7 . 1% )

R etouched ( 5 5 .6% )

F ig 5 1 . T he C ompo s i t ion o ft h eR e touched T oo lC oncen t ra t ion

s c rape r s ( 3 5% ) b o re r s ( 9% ) o rn o tched f l ake s ( 4% ) w i th t h e d en se s tp a r to ft h i s c oncen t ra t ion w a s l o ca ted i nt h ec en t r eo f SY 2 15890 ( F ig 5 2 ) . T h i s r e su l t s f r om a n u nu sua l ly h igh d en s i ty o f r e touched f l ake s a t t h i s l o ca t ion . S c rape r s i n c on t ra s t a r e e ven ly d i s t r ibu ted t h roughou t . No c h rono log ica l ly d i agno s t ic i mp lemen t s w e r e r e cove red a nd t h e re w a s n o s i gn if i can t p r e sence o fb l ade s o rn a r row f l akes t o s ugge s t a d a te f o r t h e a c t iv i ty w h ich g ene ra ted t h e i mp lemen tc l u s te r

d i rec t ly r e la ted t o a r tef ac t s w i th in t h e p lough so i l . T he e xpec ta t ion t h a t d i sc re te a nd d a tab le f l in t s ca t te r s c ou ld b e l o ca ted t h a t d i rec t ly o ve r l ie s e t t lemen t e v idence h a s l a rge ly b een a bandoned b u t n o c l ea r c onsen sus a s t o t h e i n te rp re ta t ion o fl i t h ic s ca t te r sh a se me rged .

F ie ldwa lk ing a tt he E xcava ted A rea I n t h e c ou r se o f s y s tema t ic s u rf ace c o l lec t ion a r ound t h e h ead land a t B ee r , s eve ra l d ense c oncen t ra t ion s o f f l i n t

T he B 92 E xcava t ion Me thodo logy

i mp lemen t s w e re i d en t if ied . Two o f t h e p r inc ipa l c oncen t ra t ion sw e re l o ca ted o n f l a th i l lt op s o ve r look ing t h e s e a , a bove v a l ley s t ha t t e rm ina te o n t h e b each a tB ee r ( F ig

T he e xcava t ion s a t Ma re L ane a dap ted t h e m e thodo logy o f t h e E a s t B r i t tany S u rvey , w h ich i n teg ra t ed i n ten s ive s ur f a ce

4 8 ) . O ft h e se t wo ,o n ly t h e s ou the rnmo s tw a s a va i lab le f o r e xcava t ion d u r ing t h e p e r iod i n q ue s t ion . E xcava t ion t o ok p l ace w i th in t wo h ec ta re s qua re s ( SY214 8 90 a nd S Y215 8 90 ) i n w h ich t h e g rea te r p a r t o f a c oncen t ra t ion o f r e touched t o o l sh ad b een l o ca ted .

c o l lec t ion o f Med ieva l a nd R oman p o t te ry d i s t r ibu t ion sw i th m echan i sed s amp l ing o f t h e c o l lec ted a r ea s ( A s t i l l , G . & D av ie s , W . 1 994 , 1 8 ) . T he o n ly d i f f e rence i nt h e a pp roa ch l a y i nt h e i n ten s i ty o ft h e s amp le . I n B r i t tany t h e s amp l ing t r enche s w e re l a id o u t o nt h e b a s i s o ft h e r e su l t s o fi n ten s ive s u rf ace c o l lec t ion a nd w e re t y p ica l ly o n ly am e t re w ide a nd s paced a t 3 0 m e t re i n te rva l s . D e sp i te t h e s i z e o f s uch a s amp le t h ey f r equen t ly s ucceeded i n l o ca t ing a v a r ie ty o f s ub so i l f e a tu re s , n o tab ly b ounda ry d i tche s . ( A s t i l l , G . & D av ie s , W . 1 994 , 1 8 ) .

A pa r t f r om t h e r e touched t oo l s , t h e re w e re n o o t he r c l a s se s o f a r tef ac t w h ich c l u s te red a tt h is l o ca t ion , o t he r t han a s l igh t c oncen t ra t ion o fp r ima ry f l ake s ( F ig 4 9 ) . S y s tema t ic a nd u n sy s tema t ic c o re s w e re p resen t i n b o th h ec ta re s b u t o n ly i nn o g r ea te r d en s i ty t h an i nt h e s u r round ing a r ea t h e ref o re s e em s t h a t t h e t wo h ec ta re s qua re s w e re n o t l o ca t ion o f n o tab le f l ake p roduc t ion . A l though t h e re s i gn i f ican t c oncen t ra t ion s o f b urn t f l in t t h roughou t s ou thern p l a teau , i tw a s a lmo s t c omp le te ly a b sen t f r om e xcava ted h ec ta re s( F ig 5 0 ) .

.I t t h e a r e t h e t h e

A t Ma re L ane , t h e re w a s n e i the r i n ten s ive c o l lec t ion d a ta o r a ny e v idence f r om p r ev iou s e xcava t ion s w h ich m igh t g i ve a ny i n d ica t ion o f t h e p o ss ib le d ens i ty o f s ub so i l f e a tu r e s .

a nd d i s t ingu i she s t h em f r om t h e i r n e ighbou r s a r e r e touched t o o l s . I nt o ta l , 1 28 r e touched t o o l s w e re r e cove red f r om t h e

T he re w a s a l so n o i n f orma t ion f r om a e r ia l p ho tog raphy w h ich m igh t h ave f o rmed t h e b a s i s o f as amp l ing d e s ign . T he o n ly l i ke ly c on tempo ra ry s i te i n ac ompa rab le l o ca t ion i s 1 3 k i lome t r e s t o t h e e a s t , a t H igh P eak . A l though p o s t -Roman e a r thwo rk sh ad s ub s tan t ia l ly e r oded aN eo l i th ic

t wo h ec ta r e s ( F ig 5 1) , c ompo sed o fr e touched f l ake s ( 5 1% ) ,

d i tch a nd a s soc ia ted o ccupa t ion a r ea s , t h e l a t te rw e re d ef ined

T he c l a s s o fm a te r ia l t h a t c oncen t ra te i nt h e se t wo h ec ta r e s

7 0

F ig 5 2 . T he L ayou to fT renche si nR e la t ion t ot h eN umbe ro fR e touched T oo l sR ecove red b yF ie ldwa lk ing

T he p lough so i l , w h ich w a s o n a ve rage 3 0 c m s d eep , w a s

b y t r enche s s paced b e tween 1 4 , 1 8 a nd 3 6 m e t re s a pa r t ( Po l la rd , S .1 966 , 3 6 ) . A tH a ldon 3 5 k i lome t re st ot h ee a s to f B ee r , ag roup o ff ea tu re s , s ome o fw h ich w e r e i n te rp re ted a s t h e r ema in s o f aN eo l i th ic h ou se , h ad b een i n i t ia l ly l o ca ted

c l ea red b y am echan ica l e xcava to r w i th at oo th le s s b ucke t a nd t he t op o f t h e s ub so i l w a s t h en c l eaned w i th a c omb ina t ion o f t r owe ls a nd h oe s . T he s ub so i l w a s a c ompac t s andy s i l t w h ich p roved e x t reme ly d i ff icu l t t o

b y s u rf ace a r tef ac t c o l lec t ion , a l though t h i s h ad n o t b een c onduc ted s y s tema t ica l ly . Wha teve r t h e t r ue n a tu re o f t h e s i te , i ta ppea red t o s p read o ve r a n a r ea a tl e a s t 4 0 m e t re s

e xcava te c l ean ly . O nce t r owe l led , t h e u ppe r s u rf ace w ou ld i mmed ia te ly d ry o u t, o b scu r ing a ny c hange s i ns o i l c o lou r o rt e x tu r e . T h i sw a s l a rge ly r e c t if ied b yt h eu se o fs p ray sa nd ap or tab le i ndu s t r ia l v acuum c l eane r , b u t i t r ema ined p os s ib le f o r s ma l l f e a tu re s s uch a s s t ake h o le s t o b e o ve r looked . A long t h e l e ng th o f T r ench 1 , ao ne me t re s qua re o f t h e a d ja cen t u nd is tu rbed t o p so i l w a s d ry s i eved t h rough a5 mm m e sh t op rov ide ap l ough z one a s semb lage t o c ompa re w i th t h e s u rf a ce c o l lec t ion a nd a ny s t ra t if ied ma te r ia l .

(W i l lock ,E .H . 1 933 -3 6 , 2 46 )

T he Mare L ane S i te Two g roup s o ft r enche s w e re l a id o u t i nt wo s epa ra te f i e ld s i n wh ich t h e d en se s t e l emen t s o f t h e s ca t te r w e re l o ca ted . T he t h r ee t r enche s i n SY 2 15890 , m ea su r ing 1 . 7 m e t re s b y 7 5 me t r e s a nd s paced a t 8m e t re i n t e rva l s , p a s sed t h rough t h e d en se s t p ar t o f t h e s ca t te r , a ta n o b l ique a ng le t o t h e s u rf ace c o l lec t ion g r id ( F ig 5 2 ) . T he g r id o f s amp l ing t r enche s c ove red a n a r ea o f 1 455 s qua re m e t re s i n w h ich

I n t h e o r ig ina l e xcava t ion d e s ign , o n ly f i ve t r enche s ( t ho se l a te r n umbe r ed f r om 2 t o 6 ) h ad b een p l anned f o r t h e h ec ta re s qua re S Y 2 14 8 90 . When as u rvey t e am a r r ived t o l a y o u t t h e t r enche s i nb o th f i e ld s , i t d i scove red t h a t t h e re w a s a n u p s tand ing c e r ea l c r op i nt h e f i e ld i nw h ich S Y 2 15 8 90 i sl o ca ted. S i nce t h e d a te a tw h ich i tc ou ld b e h a rves ted w a s u nknown , a n a dd i t iona l t r ench w a s a dded t ot h e g roup

3 82 .5 s qua re me t res ( 26% ) o ft h es ub so i lw a se xpo sed . I nS Y 2 14890 , s i x t r enche s w e r e e xcava ted a tr i gh t a ng le t o t h e s u rf ace c o l lec t ion g r id m ea su r ing 1 . 7 m e t re s b y 4 0 m e t re s . T he se w e re i n tended t ob e 8m e t re s a pa r t , h oweve r

i n S Y 2 14 8 90 ( T r ench 1 ) . I tw i l l c ome a s n o s urp r i se t o e xpe r ienced e xcava to r st h a tt h eo n ly s ub so i lf e a tu re s l o ca ted i nt h is f i e ld w e re i n T r ench 1 .

d ue t oa n e r ro r d u r ing t h e m ach in ing , T rench 5w a s c u t o n t h e w rong s i de o fi t sg u ide l i ne a nd w a st h e ref o re 1 . 7 m e t re s c l o se rt oT rench 4t h an w a s o r ig ina l ly p l anned . N ever the le s s t h e t r enche s w i th in S Y 2 14890 r e p re sen ted a 4 08 s qua re m e t re s o f e xposed s ub so i l w i th in a n a r ea o f 1 680 s qua re

A t t h e c en t re o f T rench 1 , al i nea r f e a tu re w a s r evea led r unn ing f r om n or th w e s tt os ou th e a s t . I no rde rt od e te rm ine

m e t re s , a2 4% s amp le .

7 1

F ig 5 3 . T he D i s t r ibu t ion o fN ega t ive F ea ture s W i th in t h eS amp le T renche s

whe the rt h i s f e a tu re f o rmed p a r to f ac omp le te o rs egmen ted d i tch , t h et r ench w a se x tended b yh and , s ot h a ta n a dd i t iona l

T he E xcava t ion o fF ea ture s i nT rench 1 .

5 0 s qua re m e t re s o f s ub so i l w e re e xpo sed ( F ig 5 3) . T h i s r evea led a n o va l f e a tu re m ea su r ing 3 . 5 m e t re s b y 1 . 8 me t re s w i th d i s t inc tc ha rcoa l s t a in ing a r ound t h ee a s tern e nd

T he P lough so i l( Con tex t 1 ) .

a nd l a rge n umbe r s o f s t one s a tt h e w e s te rn e nd . A s ma l l i n ten se ly b u rn tp a tch o ft h es ub so i lw a s l o ca ted 1 . 5 m e t re st o t h e s ou th o ft h ef e a tu r ew h i le i mmed ia te ly t ot h en o r th ,t h e r e w a s al a rge , t r iangu la rb l ock o fs t one . B ecau se o ft h e n a tu re

a l l o ft h e p l ough so i l w a s r emoved b y m ach ine a nd t h e o n ly a t temp t t o e xam ine u n s t ra t if ied f i nd s w e re t h rough s i eved o ne m e t re s qua re s . When t h e b a se o ft h e m ach ine t r enche s w e re t r owe l led , f i nd s w e re r e ta ined , p r ima r i ly t o a s s i s t t h e

o ft h e s t one a nd i t s v u lne rab i l i ty t op lough d amage , i tw a s n o t p o s s ib le f i na l ly t o e s tab l i sh w he the r a ny p a r t o f t h i s b lock h ad b een wo rked . T he b road b a se o ft h e t r i ang le w a s

l e s s e xpe r ienced e xcava to r s t o i mp rove t h e i r r e cogn i t ion o f w o rked s t one . I nt o ta l , 1 8 k i log rams o fw o rked s t one w e re r e cove red f r om c l ean ing t h e t r enche s . T he se f i nd s c ou ld n o t b e a na lyzed s pa t ia l ly b u t w e re s or ted t od e te rm ine w he the r s ome o f t h e mo r e u nusua l s t one t ype s w h ich w e re f ound w i th in t h e f e a tu r e s w e r e a l so p r esen ted i nt h e p l ough so i l . I n

E xcep t i nt h e a r ea s w he r e t r enches 1a nd 8w e re e x tended ,

c er ta in ly u na l te red b u tt h ea pex m ay h ave b een m od if ied . I n T renche s 7-9 as i ng le g roup o ff e a tu re s w e re l o ca ted i n T rench 8 ,c omp r i s ing t wo s ma l l p i t s . S ince b o th o f t h e se e x tended b enea th t h e o r ig ina l s e c t ion , t h e t r ench w a s e x tended t ot a ke i na n a dd i t iona l 1 2 s qua re m e t r e s . W i th in t h i s a r ea a na dd i t iona lp i tw a s l o ca ted ( F ig 5 3 ) .

t h e w ho le s amp le , o n ly t wo p i eces o f w o rked c her t w e r e r e cove red f r om T rench 8 w h i le a s i ng le p i ece o f w o rked s a nd s tone w a s f o und i nT rench I .I ti sp o s s ib le t ha t i nt h e l a t te rc a se , t h e m a te r ia l d e r ived f r om p lough e r o s ion o ro ve r

7 2

F ig 5 4 . P lan o fF ea tures W i th in T rench 1 .

7 3

F ig 5 5 . S ec t ion o fF ea ture s w i th in T rench 1 .

7 4

e n thus ia s t ic t r owe l l ing o f t h e t op o f

t h e s ub so i l f e a tu r e .

S ome o ft h e a ccompany ing f l in t w a s r ema rkab ly f r e sh a nd b obo re a s t r ik ing r e semb lance t o e xamp le s t ha t w e re s ub sequen t ly e xcava ted f r om w i th in s e a led c on tex t s .

o f t h e f e a tu re ( Con tex t 3 ) f r om t h e s t on ie r w e s ter n e nd ( Con tex t2 ) . T h i sp rov ided s i xa r ea sw i th in t h ef ea tu re w h ich w e re s epa ra te ly e xcava ted ( F ig . 5 4 ) T he f i l ls f r om t h e f e a tu re w a s d ry s i eved t h rough a5 mm m e sh a nd t h e r e s idue

D u r ing t h e c l ean ing t he e x ten s ion st oT rench 1 ,o ne n o tab le

s or ted b y t h e a u tho r . A l l t h e w o rked s t one w a s r e co rded b y c on tex t a nd b y i t s l o ca t ion t ot h e n or th o rs ou th o ft h e a x ia l

f i nd wa s o f ab a rbed a nd t a nged a r rowhead .T h i s w a s a c ompa ra t ive ly s ma l l e xamp le made f r om a r eddy b rown / g r ey f l in t , t y p ica l o f ma te r ia l d e r iv ing f r om t h e c l ay w i th f l in t s ( F ig 6 1 ,1) . T h i s , t oge the r w i th t h e t a nged a r rowhead f r om C on t ex t 1 7 w e re t h e o n ly s uch e xamp le s f ound

s e c t ion l i ne . A l l p r eh i s to r ic p o t te ry a nd t h e s i ng le e xamp le o f as ea s he l lw e re t h ree d imen s iona l ly r e co rded .

d u r ing t h e p ro jec t , a l lt h ea r rowhead sf ound b yf i e ldwa lk ing a nd t he e x cava t ion a tB ovey L ane b e ing o b l ique t ype s.

o fw h ich a ppea r . A to ne s t age i tp robab ly f o rmed t h eb u lk o f t h e f i l l o ft h e f e a tu re , h oweve rt h ew e s ter ne nd o ft h e f e a tu re w a s r e -cu t a nd f i l led w i th t h e f l in t n odu le s t ha t make u p C on tex t 2 . T he n odu le s d e r ive f r om l o ca l d epo s i t s o f c l ay w i th f l in tr a the rt h an f r om t h ec ha lk a nd w e re p acked i ns uch aw ay t h a tv o id ss t i l le x i s ted b e tween m any o ft hem . F ind so f w o rked s t one w i th in C on tex t 2 may w e l l r ep re sen t r e s idua l

C on tex t 3w a s al o o se s andy s i l t w i th s ome s ma l l p i ece s o f f l in t i nw h ich t h e r e w e r e o cca s iona l l e n se s o fc ha rcoa l , o ne

A t o ta l o f f i ve , o ne m e t re s qua re s s paced a t 1 0 m e t re i n te rva ls w e re e xcava ted i n to t h e p l ough so i l a l ong t h e n or ther n e dge o fT rench 1a nd af u r the r 3w e re c omp le ted a l ong t h en o r thern e dge o fT rench 8 .T he s i eve r e s idue sw e re a na lyzed t o d e term ine t h e i r r e la t ion sh ip t o t h e s u rf ace

ma te r ia l f r om t h e C on tex t 3 . B enea th C on tex t 3 , b u t p r e sumab ly r emoved b y t h e r e -cu t t ing o f C on tex t 2w a s a d en se l a ye r o f s o i l a nd c ha rcoa l , C on tex t s 1 5 a nd 1 6 . T he l a t te r w a s d i s t ingu i shed a tt h e t ime o f e xcava t ion , b y a p a r t icu la r ly d en se c oncen t ra t ion o f c ha rcoa l i n wh ich t h e r ema in s o fb a rk a nd t w ig s w e re v i s ib le . When b o th c on tex t s

a s semb lage ,t oc ompa re t h er e su l t sb e tween t h et wo t r enche s a nd t o d e t e rm ine whe the r t h e re w a s a ny s i gn if ican t s pa t ia l v a r ia t ion w i th in T rench 1 .C ompa r ing t h e s i eved s amp le s w i th t h e r e su l t o f w idespaced f i e ldwa lk ing r evea led , u n su rp r i s ing ly , t ha t s i ev ing w i l l r e cove r many mo re s ma l l p i ece s o fw o rked f l in t . P e rhap s t h e o n ly n o tab le d i f f e r ence b e tween t h e s u rf ace a nd s i eved a s semb lage s w e re t h a t t h e

w e re e xcava ted i tw a s i mpo s s ib le t od e te rm ine amean ingf u l b ounda ry b e tween t h e t wo a nd h encef o r th , f i nd s f r om t h em w i l lb ec on s ide red t oge the r .

l a t te r i n c luded ah igh p ropo r t ion o fs ma l l f l ake st ha td e r ived f r om t h eC lay w i th F l in t s . T he s i eved s qua re sw i th in T rench 1p roduced a n a ve rage o f8 3 p i ece s o fw o rked f l in t w i th a m ean w e igh to f2 .6 g ramme s c ompa r ed t ot ho se i nT rench 8

T he Worked S tone A s semb lage i nT rench 1

w he re a n a ve rage o f 3 8 f l ake s h ad a m ean w e igh t o f 7 . 3 g ramme s . T h i s i nd ica ted t h a t t h e p r edom inance o f s ma l l f l ake s i n T r ench 1 w a s ar e la t ive ly l o ca l i sed p henomena

I tw a sn o ted f r om t h eo u t se tt h a tt h e re a ppea red t ob es eve ra l d i f f e ren t t y pe s o fw o rked s t one w i th in t h i s f ea tu re . A lmo s t a l l o ft h ese h ad b een e ncoun te red d u r ing s u rf ace c o l lec t ion a nd a r e d e sc r ibed u s ing at ype s e r ie s i n i t ia l ly d ef ined b yt h e w ide spaced s u rf a ce c o l lec t ion .

h oweve r t h e re w a s n o s i gn if ican t s pa t ia l v a r ia t ion i nt h e q uan t i t ie so fw o rked s t one t h a tw e re r e cove red t h a tc ou ld b e r e la ted t ot h e f e a tu re s i nT rench 1 .C ompa r i son b e tween t h e r e s idue s o f T renche s 1a nd 8 a l so f a i led t o r evea l a ny

T ype 1 .A l u s t rou s b l ack f l in t w i th f ew f l aw s o r i n c lu s ion s , d e r iv ing f r om u ppe rc ha lk .

s i gn if ican td i f f e rence s . T he H ear th ( Con tex t8 )

T ype 2 . A b l a ck / g rey f l in t w i th w h i te s peck s a nd i r on s t a in ing ,t hough tt od e r ive f r om t h e c l ay w i th f l in t s .

T h i s f e a tu r e , r evea led f o l low ing t h e e x ten s ion o fT rench 1 , w a s a n i regu la r o va l a pp rox ima te ly 7 0cm s a c ro s s ( F ig 5 4 ) .

T ype 4 . A mo t t led g r ey a nd b l ack f l in t d e r iv ing f r om u ppe r c ha lk

H a lf s e c t ion ing r evea led i tt o b e o n ly 9 c en t ime t re s d eep w i th a p a r t icu la r ly d ense c oncen t ra t ion o f c ha rcoa l a tt h e e a s ter n e dge ( F ig 5 5 , S ec t ion 1 ) . F ind s f r om t h e w e s tern e dge o ft h e f e a tu re w e r e c ompo sed o f f ou r u nbum t f l ake s a nd as i ng le n o tched t e r t ia ry f l ake . T he re w a s a l so as i ng le p i ece o fb u rn t f l in t a nd t h ree p i ece s o f b u rn t , a nd p e rhap s

T ype 6 . Wh i te a nd B rown Mo t t led f l in t w i th I r on s t a in ing , p robab ly f r om t h e c l ay w i th f l in t s . T ype 7 .Ag r ey b rown b anded c her t d e r iv ing f r om t h e l o ca l g r een sand .

a l so w o rked s and s tone . T h i s f e a tu r eh a sb een i n terp re ted a s ah ea r th , a l though i tm ay o n ly h ave b een u sed i n as i ng le e p i sode . I t sp rox im i ty t ot h e l a rge rf e a tu re w i th i t se x ten s ive e v idence o fb urn ing s ugge s t s t h a tt h i sm igh t h ave b een t h e l o ca t ion w he re as ma l l f i re w a s k ind led i n r ead ine s s f o r i g n i t ing t h e w ood w h ich w a s

T ype 1 7 . A g o lden b rown c her t w i th s ome d a rk b and ing w h ich d e r ive s f r om t h e l o ca lg reen sand T ype 2 1 . Ap i nky g r ey f l in tw i th i r on s t a ins t h ough tt od e r ive f r om l o ca lc l ay w i th f l in t s

e ven tua l ly s e a led b yC on tex t3 . T he B urn t P i t /Ca irn ( Con tex t4 )

T ype 2 8 . Ag r eeny g rey c her t d e r iv ing f r om l o ca l g r een sand d epo s i t s

T h is f e a tu r e w a s e xcava t ed i ns e c t ion s a c ro s s i t s l o ng a x i s w i th a5 0cm b au lk s e pa ra t ing t h e c ha rcoa l r i ch e a s te rn e nd

T ype 2 9 . Ap a le g r ey g l a s sy c her t p r e sumed t o b e o f l o ca l o r ig in .

7 5

F ig 5 6 . AW orked S and s tone F lake f rom C on tex t 3( S ca l e 1 : 2 ) O ne s t r ik ing f e a tu re o f b o th t h e f l in t a nd t h e c he r t i st h e e xcep t iona l ly f r e sh q ua l i ty o fa l l o ft h e ma te r ia l w i th in t h e

s and s tone r ubbe r s f ound i nt h e p lough so i l a nd w i th in p i t s a t H amb ledon H i l l . T he i r s ou rce h a s b een i d en t if ied a s

f e a tu re . S ome o ft h e f l in t , p a r t icu la r ly t h a t f ound i nC on t ex t t h ree w a s i np r i s t ine c ond i t ion a nd i tw a s p o s s ib le t or e -f i t

o ccu r r ing n ea r B ud le igh S a l ter ton ( b e tween E xmou th a nd S idmou th ) , 1 7 k i lome t re s t ot h e w es t o fB ee r H ead ( Me rce r ,

t h ree o ft h e p i ece s .

R . 1 980 , 2 3 ) .

I n a dd i t ion t o t h e a bove t h e re w e re t wo o the r s t one t y pe s w h ich h ad n o tp rev iou s b een e ncoun te r ed . T he se c omp r i sed

T he D i s tr ibu t ion o f S tone T ype s b y E xcava ted C on tex t .

o f b each p ebb le h amme r s tones w h ich e xh ib i ted c l ea r e v idence o f h av ing b een u t i l i sed i n f l ake p roduc t ion a nd w o rked p i ece s o f s and s tone . T he u se o f b each p ebb le s a s h amme r s tone sh ad b een e xpec ted g iven t h a t t h e mos t e a s i ly a cce ss ib le s ou rce o ff l in ta tB ee rw a s a tt h ef oo t o ft h e c l if f s , h oweve r , o n ly u nwo rked e xamp le s h ad b een r e cove r ed b y f i e ldwa lk ing . E xcava t ion s i n B ovey L ane s ugge s ted t h a t t h e se m igh t h ave b een t r an spo r ted t ot h e p l a teau a bove t h e c l if f s b y s ome n a tu ra l o r a n t rop rogen ic p roce s s u n r e la ted t o f l in tr educ t ion . T he wo rked s and s tone h ad n o t p rev iou s ly b een e ncoun te r ed d u r ing s u rf ace c o l lec t ion a nd h a s n o t b een a ccu ra te ly p rovenanced , e xcep t t ha t i ti s n o t f r om t h e i mmed ia te v i c in i ty o f B ee r H ead ( F ig 5 6 ) . P i ece s e xam ined b y t h e B r i t i sh G eo log ica l S u rvey i nE xe te r w e re t hough t t o h ave d e r ived f r om t h e s ou th D evon c oa s t b e tween E xmou th a nd S idmou th ( Edwa rd s , p e r s c omm ) . I ti sp inky g r ey i nc o lou r a l though t h i sm ay r e su l t f r om p a r t ia l b u rn ing , e i the rf r om i t s a s soc ia t ion w i th t h is f e a tu re o r p o s s ib ly a s p a r t o f s ome p r epa ra t ion t o a s s i s t i n i t s w o rk ing . I th a s ac oa r se t e x t u r e a nd c on ta in s many i n c lu s ion s o f aq ua r tz l i ke m a te r ia l . U n surp r i s ing ly , n one o ft h e p i ece s s how s i gn s o fs e conda ry w o rk ing s i nce t h e s t one i su n su i tab le f o rt h e p roduc t ion o fa

N umbe r

We igh t( gms )

B roken F lake s T ype l ( F ) T ype 2 1(F ) S econda ry F lake s T ype 4 (F ) T ype 2 1(F ) T er t ia ry F lake s T ype 1 ( F ) T ype 4 (F ) T ype 1 7 (C )

2 1

1 g 1 g

2 1

1 3g l g

2 2 1

4 g 2 g 1 g

B ur n t F l in t

5

7 g

Wo rked S and s tone

6

14g

T ab le 1 6 . W ork ed S tone , F l in t ( F ) a nd C he r t ( C ) f rom C on tex t2 ,N or th S ec t ion T he d i s t r ibu t ion o fi n tac t , u n r e touched f l i n t a nd c her t f l ake s w i th in C on tex t 2d emon s t ra te s a n o bv iou s b i a s t owa rd s t h e s ou ther ns i de o ft h e f e a tu re , b o th i nt e rm s o ft h e a moun ta nd t h e t ype o f ma te r ia l d epo s i ted . I n t o ta l , 1 f l i n t a nd c he r t f l ake s w e igh ing 2 3g w e re r e cove red f r om t h e n o r th s e c t ion c ompa red w i th 1 57 f l ake s w e igh ing 1 037g w h ich w e re f ound i nt h e s ou th s e c t ion . Wh i le t h e s ou th s e c t ion c on ta ined

w o rk ing e dge . I tt h e ref o re s e ems mo s t l i ke ly t h a t t h e se p i eces r ep re sen t t h e w a s te r e su l t ing f r om t h e f a b r ica t ion o f a n a b ra s ive i mp lemen t s uch a s aq uern o r ar ubb ing s t one . I t i sp o s s ib le t h a t t h ey o r ig ina te f r om t h e s ame s ou rce a st h e

7 6

b o th wo rked f l in t a nd c her t , o n ly o ne c her t f r agmen t w a s t h an T ype 7 w h ich made u p a lmo s t a l l o ft h e c her t i nt h e

i nC on tex t 2a l l o f wh ich w e re f r om t h e s ou th s ec t ion . T h i s c on t ra s t i sl e s s ma rked f o rt h e wo rked s ands tone f r agmen t s wh ich a r en ume r ica l ly g rea te ri nt h en or th s e c t ion b u t wh ich

s ou th

a ccoun tf o r ag rea te rw e igh ti nt h es ou th .

f ound i n t h e n or th s ec t ion a nd t h is w a s o f T ype 1 7 r a the r s ec t ion .

O n ly

t wo

r e touched

t oo l s w e re f ound

Numbe r s

We igh t( gms )

T ype l ( F )

3

2 2g

T ype 4 (F )

2 2

4 4g

T ype 7 (C )

1 3

3 4g

T ype 2 1(F )

1 0

1l g

1

5 g

Numbe r s

We igh t( gms )

T ype 2 (F )

2

5 g

T ype 4 (F )

6

1 7g

T ype 7 (C )

4

6 g

3

3g 2 4g

B roken F lakes

B roken F lake s

P r imary F lake s T ype 1 (F )

P r ima ry F lakes T ype 4 (F ) T ype 2 1(F )

T ype 4 (F )

9

1 87g

T ype 7 (C )

4

9 5g

S econda ry F lake s T ype 4 (F )

3

3 5g

T ype 2 1(F )

6

2 6g

T ype 7 (C )

1

1 3g 1 2g

S econda ry F l akes

T er t ia ry F lakes

T ype l (F )

7

1 6g

T ype 4 (F )

1

T ype 2 (F )

4

5 g

T ype 7 (C )

3

1 7g

T ype 4 (F )

2 8

2 01g

T ype 1 9 (C )

T ype 7 (C )

4

1 8g

T ype 2 1(F )

2 1

5 g l a

T ype 2 1(F )

5

6 6g

T er t ia ry F l akes T ype 1 (F )

2

10g

2

1g

T ype 4 (F )

2 2

6 5g

T ab le 1 9 .

T ype 7 (C )

1 5

2 05g

C on tex t3 , Nor th S ec t ion .

Worked S and s tone

T ype 2 1(F )

1

2 g

T ype 2 8(C )

1

2 4g

3

5 g ,19g ,4 2g

Worked S tone , F l in t ( F ) a nd C her t ( C ) f rom

C ore F ragmen t s T ype 4 (F )

Numbe r s

We igh t( gms )

T ype 1 ( F )

6

6 g

T ype 2 (F )

2

5 g

3 8

4 5g

B roken F lakes

B urn tF l in t T ype ?

4

1 28g

S and s tone B ur n t Wo rked

2

2 76g

T ype 4 (F )

Wo rked

1

3 g

T ype 7 (C )

1 0

3 0g

T ype 2 9 (C )

4

1 2g

T ype l ( F )

2

2 g

T ype 4 (F )

5 1g

S crape r T ype 4 (F )

1 ( F ig 6 2 , 3 )

7 4g

B roken K n if e T ype 4 (F )

1 ( F ig 6 2 ,4 )

3 9g

P r ima ry F lake s

her t ( C ) f rom T ab le 1 7 . Worked S tone , F l in t ( F ) a nd C

T ype 1 9 (C )

1 2

C on tex t2 ,S ou th S ec t ion .

T ype 2 1(F )

3

8 g 2 4g

T ype 4 (F )

2 9

4 87g

T ype 7 (C )

1

1 3g

S econda ry F lakes N th S ec t ion

T ype 1 ( F )

Wg t

No

Wg t

T ype 4 (F )

7

6 5g

4

5

1 3

5 5

T ype 7 (C )

7

8 3g

4

5

T ype 1 9 (C )

2

5 g

8 1

4 97

T ype 2 1(F )

1

1g

3 6

3 52

T ype 2 9 (C ) S and s tone

2

4 g

4

T ype 7 ( C ) T ype 1 7( C ) T ype 2 1 ( F )

1 2

1 5 1 2

T ype 2 8 ( C ) T o ta l

( F ) ( C )

T ab le 1 8 .

T er t ia ry F lakes

No

T ype 2 ( F ) T ype 4 ( F )

S th S ec t ion

2 2

1 05

B ur n t Wo rked

1

7 4g

1

2 4

Wo rked

2 0

1 320g

1( F ig 6 2 , 2 )

1 5g

1 0

2 2

1 20

8 62

1

1

3 7

3 76

R e touched F lake T ype 4 (F )

A lso , 1Q uar tz b each p ebb le f r agmen t .

A l l B roken a nd I n tac t F lake s o fF l in t ( F ) a nd

C her t( C )f rom C on tex t2 . T ab le 2 0 . Worked S tone , F l in t(F ) a nd C her t ( C ) C on tex t3 ,S ou th S ec t ion .

7 7

f rom

T he d i v i s ion o f f i nd s b e tween t h e n or th a nd t h e s ou th

p redom ina t e s i nt h i sa r ea .

T ype T ype T ype T ype T ype T ype

1( F ) 2( F ) 4( F ) 7( C ) 1 9 (C ) 2 1(F )

T o ta l ( F ) ( C ) T ab le 2 1 .

S t h S ec t ion

N o

Wg t

N o

Wg t

1 2 8 2 4

9 7 3 6 5 2 5

8 2 5 8 5 1 8 4 4

8 2 5 6 48 1 26 1 3 2 5

1 8 1 0

1 28 4 1

9 9 2 2

6 86 1 39

We igh t( gm s )

1 0 1

1 7g 1 5g 1 7g

T ype 4 (F ) S econdary F l akes

4

6 4g

T ype 4 (F ) T ype 8 (F ) T ype 2 1(F ) T e r t ia ry F l ake s T ype 4 (F )

1 7 6 4

2 92g 1 58g 5 4g

8 1

2 3g 2 g

1

1 02g

T ype l (F ) T ype 4 (F ) T ype 6 (F ) P r ima ry F l akes

8 41g . A s w i th C on tex t 2 , t h e s i ng le r e touched f l ake w a s f ound i n t h e s ou th s e c t ion , w h i le wo rked s and s tone a l so

N th S ec t ion

Numbe r s B roken F l ake s

s e c t ion s o fC on tex t 3i ss im i la r i n many r e spec t s t ot h a t o f C on tex t2 .I nt h e n or th s e c t ion , t h e re w e re 2 8 f l in t a nd c her t f l ake s w e igh ing 1 68g c ompa red t o 1 27 f l ake s w e igh ing

T ype 2 1(F ) U n sy s t ema t ic C o re T ype 4 (F ) B each P ebb le H amme r s tone B u rn tF l in t

8 6g 1g

S ummary o fa l l b roken a nd i n tac tf l ake s o ffl i n t

( F ) a nd c he r t( C )f rom C on tex t3 .

S c rape r( s ide )Type 4 (F ) S c rape r( e nd )Type 4 (F )

The E xcava t ion o fF ea ture s i nT rench 8

B roken F l akes T ype 4 (F ) S econda ry F l ake s T ype 4 (F ) T ype 2 1(F )

1( F ig 6 2 ,6 ) 1( F ig 6 2 ,9 ) 1( F ig 6 2 ,7 ) 1( F ig 6 2 , 7 ) 1( F ig 6 2 , 1 )

1 3g 5 g 1g 1 8g 3 g

Numbe r s

We igh t( gm s )

S c rape r( e nd )Type 4 (F ) S c rape r( e nd )T ype 4 (F ) A r rowhead T ype 4 (F )

1 4

5 7g

T ab le 2 3 . W orked S tone f rom C on tex t1 7 .

4 g 2 g

T he se w e re l e f ti ns i tu d u r ing t h e c omp l e te e xcava t ion o ft h e f e a tu re b u tw e re f ound n o tt or epresen tp o s tp ack ing ( F ig 5 8 , S ec t ion 5 ) .

2 1

T er t ia ry F l ake s T ype 4 (F )

1

3 1g

B each P ebb le H amme r s tone H amme r s tone F rag .

T he t wo i n te rcu t t ing p i t s ( Con tex t s 1 7 a nd 1 9 ) w e re s e c t ioned s o t ha t t h e i r r e la t ive c h rono logy c ou ld b e d e te rm ined . I t w a s e s tab l ished t ha t t h e l a rge r f e a tu re ( Con t ex t 1 7 )c u tt h es ma l le r( Con tex t 1 9 ) , a l though t h e i rf i l l s

1 1

5 4g 6 0g

w e re v i r t ua l ly i d en t ica l . S he rd s f r om t h es ame B eake rv e s se l w e re f ound i nb o th f e a tu r e s .

Wo rked S and s tone

1

3 g

S c rape r T ype 4 (F ) R e touched T ype 4 (F ) ?K n if e T ype T ype 2 9 (C ) N o tch F l ake T ype 4 (F ) 1

1( F ig 6 2 , 1 3 ) 1( F ig 6 2 , 5 ) 1( F ig 6 2 , 1 2 ) ( F ig 6 2 , 1 4 )

1 3g 6 g 2 3g 2 g

Me t r ica l a na ly s i s o fi n tac t f l akes empha s i se s t h e s im i la r i t ie s b e tween t h e a s semb lage s i nt h e a d jo in ing p i t s ( Con tex t s 1 7 & 1 9 ) ,w h i le t h a to fC on tex t 1 2 i sp redom inan t ly o f s ma l le r t e r t ia ry f l ake s . T aken a sa w ho le , the a s semb lage f r om t h e

B roken F l ake s T ype 4 (F ) P r ima ry F l akes T ype 4 (F )

T ab le 2 2 . W orked S tone f rom C on tex t 1 2 . T he i s o la t ed p i t( Con tex t 1 2 )w a sh a lf s e c t ioned a nd f ound t o c on ta in m any l a rge f l in t n odu le s , s im i la r t o t h o se w h ich made u p t h e p o s s ib le c a i rn i n C on tex t 2o f T rench 1 . F o l low ing t h em echan ised c l ea rance o ft h et o p so i l ,t h e t h ree t r enche s ( 6 -8 ) w e re c l eaned w i th ac omb ina t ion o ft r owe l s a nd h oe s . O n ly o ne g roup o ff e a tu re s , a ppea red a tt h e n o r th e a s te rn e nd o fT rench 8 ( F ig 5 3) . I n r e la t ion t ot h e r e su l t s f r om s u rf a ce c o l lec t ion , t h is p i t g roup a ppea r s t o b e p e r iphe ra lt ot h em a in c oncen t ra t ion o fr e touched t o o l s i nt h e p l oughso i l.

N umbe r s

We igh t( gm s )

3

1 7g

4

1 7g

S econda ry F l ake s T ype 4 (F ) T ype 2 4 (F ) T er t ia ry F l ake s T ype l ( F ) T ype 4 (F )

8 1

1 86g 3 g

1 2

5 g 4 g

A r rowhead T ype 4 (F )

1( F ig 6 2 , 1 0 )

8 g

T ab le 2 4 . W orked S tone f rom C on tex t 1 9 .

7 8

F ig 5 7 . P lan o fF ea ture s W i th in T rench 8 .

7 9

F ig 5 8 . S ec t ion so fF ea tu re s W i th in T rench 8 .

p i t s e xh ib i t s s eve ra l p o in t s o f c on t ra s t w i th t h a t f r om t h e

i l u s t ra t ed , r ep r e sen t ing t h e m in imum o f f i ve v e s se l s . I n a dd i t ion t of a b r ic , c oun t a nd w e igh t t h e c ond i t ion o fs he rd s w a s r e co rded o n as ca le o f 1 4 , i nw h ich 1i sf r e sh , 2f a i r , 3 w or n( s u rf ace sa nd e dge sw or nb u ts u rf ace d e ta i l sc l ea r ) , a nd

o va l p i t i nT rench 1 . F i r s t ly t h e p i t s i n c luded o n ly o ne p i ece o f wo rked c her t , a nd a s i ng le p i ece o f w o rked S and s tone . O f t h e 1 00 e xamp le s o f f l in t f l ake s , 8 6 a r e o f t ype s t h a t d e r ive d i rec t ly f r om t h e u ppe r a nd m idd le C ha lk . T he p i t s p roduced 1 0 r e touched t oo l s , i n c lud ing t wo a r rowhead s , a l lo fw h ich h ad b een made f r om c ha lk f l in t . I n t h i s r e spec t , t h e p i t g roup a s semb lage mo re c l o se ly r e f lec t s

4 ,v e ry w orn ( e dge s w or n a nd s u rf ace s t ow or nt ot h e p o in t o fo b scu r ing d e ta i l s ) . S he rd a r ea w a s a l so r e co rded i n mm 2 ( c onver t ed i nt h e t e x t t o c m 2) ,u s ing a c l ea r p l a s t ic g r id o f c en t ime t re s .

t h e s u rf ace c o l lec t ion t han t h e f i nd s f r om t h e o va l f e a tu re i n T rench 1 ,w he re r e touched t o o l sw e re c ompa ra t ive ly r a re .

F abr ic S he rd s w e re e xam ined f o l low ing s t anda rd Wes sex A r cha eo logy p rocedu re s . F ab r ics w e re d ef ined a nd s he rd s a s s igned t o t h em u s ing a b inocu la r m ic ro scope a t X 20

Charcoa l B y I s abe lF igue i ra l .

m agn if ica t ion . F requency o f i n c lus ion s i s g iven b y p e r cen tage o f t o ta l s u rf ace a r ea , u s ing c ompa ra t ive c ha r t s ( Te r ry a nd C h i l inga r 1 955 ) .

Two s amp le s f r om C on tex t 3 w e re t a ken d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion o fa n o va l p i t a tt h e Ma re L ane s i te ( B92 ) . T he s amp le s p roduced 1 46 i d en t if iab le f r agmen t s , h oweve ro n ly t wo s pec ie s w e re r ep re sen ted : C o ty lu s a ve l lana ( Haze l ) o f

D i scu s s ion

w h ich t h e re w e re 1 44 e xamp le s a nd C ra taegu s monogyna ( Haw thorn ) o f w h ich t h e re w e r e 2e xamp le s . Mo s t o f t h e f r agmen t s w e re i n comp le te b u t s howed am in imum o f 8t o 1 8 g row th r i ng s . I n o ne o f t h e f r agmen t s ( b ranch ) , i tw a s p o s s ib le t oe s tab l i sh t h a t i th ad b een c u td u r ing t h e p e r iod o f

T he n umbe r o fs he rd s i nt h e a s semb lage i ss ma l l , a nd t h ey a ppea r t o d e r ive f r om f a i r ly f ew v e sse l s . T he e s t ima ted m in imum n umbe r o ff i ve v e s se l s s e em s l i ke ly t ob e c l o se t o t h e t o ta l n umbe r o f v e s se l s p re sen t . T he f a b r ic s a r e a l so h omogeneou s , w i th g rog p resen t i n b o th B eake r f ab r ic s , a l though d i f f e ren ts ou rce s o fc l ay mu s tb er e p re sen ted b yt h e m ica ceou s a nd n on -m icaceou s f ab r ic s .

t r ee g row th ( Sp r ing /Summe r ) .

P reh i s tor ic P o t tery f r om t he Mare L ane ( B92 ) E xcava t ion . B y R o samund M .J . C lea l

T he c ond i t ion o ft h es he rd s i sv e ry p oo r ,w i th n of r e sh o rf a i r s he rd s p r e sen t i nt h e a s semb lage . B o th t h e b roken e dge s o f t h e s h e rd s a nd t h e s u rf ace s s how w ea r i n mo s t c a se s a nd

I n troduc t ion

s ome h ave a v e ry w ea the red a ppea rance ( p ar t icu la r ly t h e

S ix ty -f ive p reh i s to r ic s he rd s ( we igh ing 3 79g ) w e re r e cove red f r om B ee r , o fw h ich 6 4 ( 37 1g ) a r e B eake r . T he re a r e a t l e a s t f i ve v e s se ls r e p r e sen ted b y t h e B eake r s he rd s . T he s i ng le n on -Beake r s he rd i sf e a tu re le s s , b u t i sp robab ly

l a rge c on jo in ing s h e rd s F ig 6 1 . N o s 1 57 , 1 58 , a nd 1 59 f r om C on t ex t 1 2 ) . I ti sn o t c l ea r w hy t h is s hou ld b e s o , a l though t h e f a b r ics a r e q u i te s of t a nd may h ave b een mo re s u scep t ib le t ow ea the r ing t h an s ome f i ne rB eake rf a b r ics .

f i r s tm i l lenn ium BC i nd a t e .

A l l t h e v es se l s a r e f r agmen ta ry , a nd i ti s a moo t p o in t w he the r t h ey m ay a l b e c l a s s if ied a s B eake r . V es se ls 1 ,2

T he p o t te ry w a s r e co rded i n d iv idua l ly , b y s he rd , u s ing t h e d a taba se

D ba se I V . A s e lec t ion o f f e a tu red s he rd s i s 8 0

1 Metres

o

0 0

I

F ig 6 0 . T he L oca t ion o fP reh i s tor ic P o t te ry W i th in T rench 8 . t h e B r i t ish Mu seum B eake r D a t ing P rog ramme h a s e s tab l i shed ad a te r ange o fb e tween c .2 600 a nd 1 800 c a l BC f o rt h e c u r r ency o fB eake r s ( K inne s e ta l . 1 991) . T he d a t ing o ft h eo t he rs t y le s a s s ignab le t ot h ee a r l ie rp ar t o ft h e B ronze A ge a r ee ven mo re i mp rec i se .

F ig 5 9 . T he L oca t ion o fP reh i s tor ic P o t tery W i th in T rench 1 . a nd 4 c l ea r ly m ay b e s o c l a s s if ied , o n t h e g round s o ft h e i r

I nt e rm so ff a b r ic t h ea s semb lage , f r om b o th p ar t so ft h es i te , i sv e ry r e s t r ic ted , a nd i ts e ems l i ke ly t h a tt h e t wo g roup s a r e

d eco ra t ion , w a l l t h ickne s s , a nd f a b r ic , a nd o nw ha t l i t t le c an b e d e term ined o ft h e i ro ve ra l lf o rm , a nd v e s se l 3s e em s mo re l i ke ly t ob e aB eake r t h an s ome o t he r f o rm o fB ronze Age c e ram ic o n t h e g round s o ft h e r unn ing c hev ron o f( F ig 6 1 14 & 15 ) , b u t t he t r ad i t ion t ow h ich v e s se l 5b e long s i s l e s s c e r ta in . T h is v e s se l i s l a rge , a ppa ren t ly p l a in , t h ick -

c on tempo ra ry . T he re a r e n o c on jo in s b e tween t h e t wo g roup s , a nd e ven i ft h e re w e re t h e p o s s ib i l i ty o fr edepo s i t ion i sa lway sd i ff i cu l tt od i sm i s s e n t i re ly .

w a l led a nd i n ac oa r se g rog tempe r ed f a b r ic . I ta l so s e em s l i ke ly t h a tt h e s i ng le r im i nt h i s f a b r ic , ( PRN 1 66 ) , f r om t h e

B eake r f a b r ic s i n t h e S ou th We s t h ave b een s t ud ied b y P a rke r P ea r son ( 1990 ) , w ho c onc lude s t h a t t h ey s e em t o i nd ica te d i spe r sed p roduc t ion o f B eaker s , w i th l o ca l

s ame c on tex t , a l so b e long s t o t h i s v e sse l , w h ich c ou ld t h e ref o r e b e s e en a s a n u nc la s s if iab le n on -Beake r E a r ly B ronze A ge f o rm . I tw a s f ound , h oweve r , w i th in t h e c l u s te r o f p i t s w h ich h ave p roduced much o f t h e B eake r p o t te ry f r om t h e s i t e , a l though s epa ra ted b ys ome 2m e t re s f r om t h e t wo w i th c e r ta in ly B eake rp o t te ry . O nb a lance i ts e em s mo r e l i ke ly t o b e long t o t h e B eake r t r ad i t ion t h an t o a ny o the r b ecause o f i t s a s soc ia t ions h e r e , b u t i th a s n o d i agno s t ic f e a tu re s a nd a s r im top d eco ra t ion i sr a re o n B eake r s i ti s r ea l ly o n ly p o ss ib le t o b e c onf iden t t ha t i t b e long s

ma te r ia l s u sua l ly u sed i nt h e f a b r ic s ( 1990 , 1 2 ) . O ne o ft h e f ew e xcep t ion s t ot h i s , h oweve r , i sf r om S ea ton , o n ly 4 km f r om B ee r , w he re a f ew B eake r s he rd s c on ta ined q ua r tz i t ic s and s tone , p robab ly d e r ived f r om c . 4 0 km t o t h e w e s t ( mea su red a s t h e mo s t d i r ec t d i s tance , b y s e a ) , i n s ou th D evon ( Pa rke r P ea r son 1 990 , 1 2 , f i g . 4 ;D a rv i l l 1 981) . I ti s i n te re s t ing i n t h i s c on tex t t o n o te t h a t i g neou s i n c lu s ion s w e r e f ound i nB eake r p o t te ry f r om t h e 1 991 e xcava t ion s a t B ovey L ane , B ee r . T h i s , i n c on junc t ion w i th P a rke r P ea r son ' s w o rk , s ugge s t s t h a t l o ca l r e sou rce s w e r e g ene ra l ly u sed f o rB eake rp roduc t ion , b u tt h a tv e s se l s d id o cca s iona l ly t r ave l ac on s ide rab le d i s tance f r om s ou rce .

s omewhe r e w i th in t h e B eake r /Co l la red U rn /Food V e s se l / T rev i ske r Wa re c omp lex o f s t y le s , e ach o f w h ich o ve r lap s c hrono log ica l ly w i th a t l e a s t o ne o f t h e o t he r s ( Pa rke r P ea r son 1 990 , 7 ) .

F ired C lay I nt h e c u r r en t s t a te o fB eake r d a t ing n one o ft h e s y s tems o f c l a s s if i ca t ion u sed o ve rt h ep a s tt wen ty t ot h ir ty y ea r sc an b e

Twe lve s ma l l p i ece s o f f i red c l ay w e r e r e cove red f r om t h e t h ree p i t s i nT rench 8 .T he f a b r ic i ss of t , a lmo s t s i l ty , a nd w th ree p i t s i nT rench 8 .T he f a b r ic i ss of t , a lmo s t s i l ty w i th o n ly o cca s iona l a ngu la r f l in t f r agmen t s p re sen t ; t h e se m ay b e d e t r i tu s r a the r t h an d e l ibe ra te ly a dded m a te r ia l . I t i s

u sed t o s ugges t a b so lu te d a te . I n C la rke ' s s t y l i s t ic t e rms ( C la rk e 1 970 ) a t l e a s t V e s se l 4( F ig 6 1 . N o . 1 52 ) c an b e a s s igned t oh i s S ou thern T rad i t ion , a sa l so c ou ld V e s se l 3i f S he rd N o s 14 a nd 15 b e long t oi t .I nc hrono log ica l t e rms

8 1

V e s se l

P o t . R ec .

e sc r ip t ion F ab r i c -D

N o s I

I lu s t ra ted 1 0 1 , 1 02 , ? 103

G 2

F ou r s he rd s ( 3 d ec . b ody , 1p la in b ody ) c e r ta in ly o ft h is v e s se l , a nd t wo mo re p robab ly b e long ing t ot h e s ame v e s se l ( 2 d ec . b ody ) . A l l t h e d eco ra t ion i si n c i sed , w i th z one s o f mu l t ip le h or izon ta l l i ne s a nd a tl e a s t o ne z one o fc r os s -ha tch ing . T he p rof i le i sn o t r e cons t ruc tab le a nd t h e re i sn o r im . T he t o ta l s he rd a r ea ( i nc lud ing t h e t wo d oub t fu l s he rd s ) i s o n ly 3 0 s q . c m . T he s u rf ace s a r e o x id ised o r p a r t ia l ly o x id ised ( mos t ly b uf f , s ome m id -b rown ) , c o re s b ic o lou red ( ex t . h a lf p a le o range , i n t . h a lf b l a ck ) .Cond i t ion p oo r t ov e ry p oo r . 2s he rd s c on tex t 1 7 ( 105 , 1 50 ) , 4s he rd s c on tex t 1 9 ( 10 1 , 1 02 , 1 03 , 1 25 )

G 2

S ix s he rd s ( a l l d ec . b ody ) o f av e s se l w i t h f i ne r e c tangu la r too thed -comb i mp re s s ion s , a r ranged i nz one s o f mu l t ip le h or izon ta l l i ne s , w i th a tl e a s t o ne z one f i l led w i th o b l ique l i nes ( 106 ) . T he p rof i le i sn o t r e con s t ruc tab le a nd t h e re a r e n o r im s he rd s . o range t oo range -b rown , c o re b l ack , i n te r io r p a le b rown . C on tex t 1 7

G I

S even s he rd s ( d ec b ody ) o f av es se l w i th l a rge r e c tangu la r too th -comb i mp re s s ion s a nd o t he r i mp re s s ions w h ich a ppea r t ob e e i the r s t ab -and -d rag o r i mp res s ion w i th a s i ng le p o in t . F ou r o t he r s he rd s may a l so b e long t ot h is v e s se l . A l l t h e s he rd s a r e t h icke r t h an i su sua l a mongs t B eake r s , b u t t h e d eco ra t ive d e s ign i sc er ta in ly a B eake r mo t if , c on s is t ing o fa n u nf i l led r u nn ing c hev ron b and b e tween z one s f i l led w i th s t abb ing o r s i ng le i mp re s s ions ( PRN 14 & 15 ) . S u rf a ce s m id t o d a rk b rown , s ome o range -b rown , c o re d a rk g r ey . C ond i t ion o f m os t s he rd s p oo r .

N o t I lu s t ra ted 1 05 , 1 50 . , ? 125

2

I lu s t ra ted 1 04 , 1 06 , N o t I lu s t ra ted 1 4 1 , 1 42 , 1 48 , 1 49

3

I lu s t ra ted 1 09 , 13 , ? 1 I4 , 2 1 15 , N o t I lu s t ra ted 10 , 11 , 12 , 1 44 , 1 46 , ? 1 16 , ? 1 17

C on tex t 2 4

I lu s t ra ted 1 52

G 2

As i ng le b ody s h e rd , d eco ra ted w i th f i ne , n a r row , r e c tangu la r too thed -comb i mp re ss ions a r ranged i n ai l -def ined m o t if . T h is s he rd d oe s n o t a ppea r t o b e long t ot h e v e s se l 2 ,t h e o t he r v e s se l i n t h is f a b r ic . E x te r io r s u r f a ce i sp a le o range , t h e i n te r io r p a le g rey a nd t h e c o re o bscu red . T he s he rd i si n av e ry w o rn c ond i t ion . C on tex t 3( 5 th s e c t ion )

5

I lu s t ra ted 1 57 , 1 58 , 1 59

GI

T h ree l a rge , c oa r se , c on jo in ing p la in b ody s he rd s w h ich d o n o t a ppea r t o b e long t ot h e o t he r v e s se l i nt h is f a b r ic , v e s se l 3 .T he s u rf a ce s a r e p a le o range , t h e c ore b l a ck . T he s he rd s a r e i nv e ry w o rn c ond i t ion C on tex t 1 2

S he rd s n o t a s s igned t ov e s se l s P o t . R ec . N os

F ab r ic

D e sc r ip t ion

I lu s t ra ted 1 6 1

G I

S eve ra l s h e rd s o ft h e b a se a nd l owe r w a l l o f a v e s se l ( t he b r eaks h ad b een j o ined b ef o re e xam ina t ion s o c ou ld n o t b e i d en t if ied a s a nc ien t o r r e cen t ) . T h is c ou ld b e long t o av e s se l a l ready r e p re sen ted . T he s u rf ace s a r e o range -b rown a nd t h e c o re d a rk g r ey . C ond i t ion : v e ry w o rn . C on tex t 2

T ab le 2 5 . D e sc r ip t ion o ft h eI lu s t ra ted S he rd s

8 2

1 57 , 1 58 & 1 59

: 1 13 1 1 1! -

0

F ig 6 1 . F ind so fP o t te ry ( S ca le 1 : 2 )

8 3

2

«.••• •

5

, 6

8

7

9

_• I

1 1 2

1 4 1 3

F ig 6 2 . F ind s o f Worked S tone ( S ca le 1 : 2 )

8 4

o x id i sed t h roughou t . T he t h r ee f r agmen t s w i thou t aS F n umbe rf r om C on tex t 1 7 a r e a n e xcep t ion t ot h i s , a st h ey a r e i n a s of t , p robab ly g rog tempe red f ab r ic w h ich i s

r e por ted t h a th e w a s a b le t od o t h i s w i thou t e ven l e av ing h i s c a r r iage , s imp ly b y s po t t ing t h e c a i rn i n af i e ld a nd c oun t ing t h e r evo lu t ion s o fh i s c a r r iage whee l s u n t i l h e r e ached h i s h ome . H e s e rved o n t h e D evon A s soc ia t ion s B a r row s

u nox id ised . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e se a r e s he rd s r a the r t h an f i red c l ay , b u t t h e re i so n ly o ne s u rf a ce v i s ib le , wh ich i s i regu la r ly c oncave , a nd t h e f r agmen t s s e em t o o t h ick a nd i regu la rt ob e long t o av e sse l .

C omm i t tee a nd made n o a t temp t t o d i sgu ise h i s d i s l ike o f K i rwan , t y p if i ed b y s t a temen t s s uch a sh i s d e sc r ip t ion o fa b a r row n ea r S idmou th .

N one o ft h ep i eces s how a ny f o rm wh ich w ou ld e nab le t h e i r f unc t ion t ob e d e term ined . I nt h e a b sence o fa ny i n d ica t ion

f r agmen t so fc l ay .

" The R ev . R . K i rwan , l a te V ica r o fG i t t i sham , d i s tu rbed i t a bou t 1 867 , b u t m ade n o c a refu l e xam ina t ion a nd f ound n o th ing . I ti s ap i ty t h a t s uch o pe ra t ion s s hou ld b e p e rm i t ted b y t h e o wne r s a s t h ey l e ad t o n o r e su l t . T hey c onf u se t h e h eap b y m ix ing t h e s o i l , t h ey d e s t roy l a ndma rk s t h a t w ou ld

S i nce a l l s h e rd s w e re t h ree d imens iona l ly r e co rded , i ti s p o s s ib le t op l o tt h e i r l o ca t ion w i th in t h e f e a tu r e s I nT rench 1t h e s he rd s f r om C on tex t s 2a nd 3 c oncen t ra te o n t h e

b e v a luab le t o mo re c a ref u l s e a r che r s , t h ey e ndange r t h e s a f e ty o fo b jec t s t h a t m ay b e b u r ied t h e re a nd t h ey s po i l t h e c hances o f s ucces s t o s c ien t if ic e xam ine r s a f t erwa rd s" . ( Hu t ch in son , P .O . 1 880 , 1 26 ) .

o f as t ruc t u ra lu se i ti si mpo s s ib le t oi d en t if y t h em a s d aub , p a r t s o f f i red c l ay o b jec t s , o r s imp ly f o r tu i tou s ly f i red

s ou ther ns i de o ft h e f e a tu re i nt h ew h ich mo s to ft h e wo rked s t one w a s r e cove red ( F ig 5 9 ) . A s im i la r d i s t r ibu t ion o f s he rd s a l ong t h e s ou the rn e dge s o f C on tex t s 1 7 a nd 1 9 i s a l so a ppa r en t a l though p o t te ry i se ven ly d i s t r ibu ted w i th in

When i n1 869 , t h e B r i t i sh A s soc ia t ion f o rt h e A dvancemen t o fS c ience v i s i ted D evon , K irwan p l anned t oh ave p a r t ia l ly e xcava ted a c a ir n , l e av ing t h e k i s t t o b e o pened i n t h e p r e sence o ft h e v i s i to r s . T he b a r row i nq ue s t ion w a s p a r t o f t h e g roup f r om w h ich K i rwan h ad r e cove red t wo s ha le c up s d u r ing t h e p r ev iou s t wo y ea r s . H u tch in son r e co rd s h ow t h e A s soc ia t ion m embe r s w e re f i r s t t a ken t o a n e xh ib i t ion i na t e n tw he re h eh ad a r ranged r e f r e shmen t s .

t h e f i l l o f C on tex t 1 2( F ig 6 0 )

Mo l luscan Ana ly s i s b y K e i th W i lk inson B u lk s o i l s amp le s w e re t a ken f r om t h e f e a tu re s i nT renche s 1a nd 8 a nd p roce s sed b y f r o th f l o ta t ion i nt h e h ope o f r e cove r ing p l an t r ema ins . A l though n o g ra in o r s e ed

" So l a rge as l ice o ft h e a f ter noon h oweve rw a s c on sumed a t t h e s p lend id c o l la t ion i nt h e t e n t , t oge the r w i th m any o t he r s l ice s o f av a r ie ty o fg ood t h ing s , t h a tt h e re w a s n ot ime l ef t t oc omp le te t h e e xam ina t ion o ft h e b a r row o r e ven t oo pen t h ek i s t -vaen o ff l in t s " ( Hu tch in son , P .O . 1 880 , 1 26 ) .

r emnan t s o fa ny t ype w e re f ound , al i m i ted s amp le o f l a nd s na i ls w e r e r e cove red a na ly s i s o fw h ich s ugge s ted t ha t t h e f e a tu re s w e re c on tempora ry w i th a n o pen g ra ss land e nv i ronmen t.

H u tch in son 's d e roga tory d esc r ip t ion o f K i rwan 's w ork a ppea r s a t o dd s w i th t h e p ub l i shed a ccoun t s o f t h e e xcava t ion s ; am emo i r o n t h e e xam ina t ion o f 3b a r row s o n B road D own a nd n o te so nt h ep reh i s to r ic a r chaeo logy o fe a s t

E xcava ted B eaker S i te so nB road D own

D evon p ub l i shed i n 1 868 a nd 1 870 ( K irwan , R . 1 867 -8 ; K i rwan , R . 1 870 ) . B o th a r e e x t reme ly m e t icu lou s a ccoun t s o fh i s b a r row e xcava t ion s w i th d e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion s o ft h e s t ruc tu re a nd c ompo s i t ion o f t h e monumen t s . A l though i t w a s l a te r c i ted b y H u tch in son a sp roof o fh i s i n compe tence , K i rwan m ade n o a t t emp t t od i sgu i se o re xcu se t h e f a c tt h a t h ew a s a b sen tf r om o ne e xcava t ion w hen a n i n cen se c up w a s f ound o nt h e s po i lh eap b y av i s i to rt ot h e s i te . Wh i le h e may n o t a lway s h ave b een p r e sen t d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion s , h i s

T o i n te rp r e t t h e se o b se rva t ion s i ti su sef u l t o c on s ide r t h e r e su l t s o f p r ev iou s e xcava t ion s w i th in t h e s ame r eg ion . W i th in 5m i le so fB ee rH ead , a nd o ccupy ing p a r to ft h es ame e r oded p enep la in , i so ne o ft h e d en se s tg roup s o fp reh i s to r ic b u r ia l mound si nt h e S ou th We s t . T he B road D own ( Fa rway ) b a r row s a r e c ompo sed o f a t l e a s t 5 7 mound s , d i s t r ibu ted a l ong a t h ree m i le s e c t ion o f t h e w a te r shed b e tween t h e r i ve r s S i d a nd C o ly . I n a dd i t ion t o t h e b a r row s t h e re i sa c i rcu la r e nc lo su re k nown a s F a rway C a s t le w h ich h a s b een

r e co rd ing o fa ppa r en t ly i n s ign if ican t o r i n exp l icab le d e ta i l s w a s , b y t h e s t anda rd s o ft h e d ay , e xemp la ry . I ti sp o s s ib le , u s ing h i s a ccoun t o ft h e b a r row e xcava t ion s , t oi s o la te t h ree s i gn if ican te l emen t s i nt h e s t ruc tu re o ft h e se monumen t s : t h e u se i nt h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e mound s o fs t one s c ho sen f o r t h e i r s i ze , t h e i n c lu s ion o f p a r t icu la r s t one t y pe s s ome o f w h ich w e re n o t l o ca l ly d e r ived a nd t h e v a r ia t ion s i n t h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft h em onumen t .

d e sc r ibed a sb e ing al ow b ank s u r rounded b y ad i tch , 2 00 f e e ti nd i ame te rw i th n o e n t rance ( Fox , A . 1 948 -52 , 3 ) . A t l e a s t e l even o ft h e se mound s w e r e d ug i n to b y R ev . R K irwan , o f G i t t isham w i th a f u r the r f ou r " excava ted " b y H an sf o rd Wo r th i n t h e c ou r se o f aw eek . D u r ing o ne o f K i rwan ' s e xcava t ions , a n e xcep t iona l ly f i ne a nd w e l l p re se rved s ha le c up w a s r e cove red w h ich may h ave c on t r ibu ted t ot h e i lf e e l ing e xp re s sed b y s ome o fh i s l e s s a c t ive c on tempo ra r ie s c oncern ing K i rwan ' s a b i l i t ie s a s a n

T he i n i t ia l c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e monumen t s a r e o f t en p ref aced b y t h e p r epa ra t ion o f t h e g round w h ich t h ey o ccupy . A t B a r row A , t h e n a tu ra l g round s u rf ace w a s l e ve l led a nd f l in t

e xcava to r . K irwan ' s u nfor tuna te r e pu ta t ion a s a n a r chaeo log ica l i n compe ten t d e r ive s f r om t h e w r i t ing s o fh i s c on tempo ra ry a nd n ea r n e ighbou r , P e te r O r lando H u tch in son , w h ich a r e r e pea ted b y l a te rw r i te r s . H u tch in son

n odu le st h a tc ove red a n a r ea m ea su r ing 1 3f tb y9 f tw e re . . . " p laced w i th s ome r e ga rd t oo rde r , s i de b y s i de s oa st of o rm ak i nd o fp avemen t . T he i n te r s t ices b e tween t h e n odu le s w a s

w a s a n a n t iqua r ian w ho p ref e r red s imp ly t o r e cord t h e p re sence o f b a r row s a nd c a irn s a nd o n o ne o cca s ion 8 5

p acked w i th ab l ue c l ay , s ome o fw h ich h ad b een b u rn t . O ve r t h is t h e re w a s al a ye ro fc ha rcoa lo nw h ich c a lc ined b one a nd aK imme rage s ha le c up w e re d epo s i ted . O ve r t h e se w e re a mound o f f l in t i n te r spe r sed w i th c ha rcoa l a ccompan ied b y n odu le s o f i r on p y r i te s a nd r ed o ch re o r h aema t i te . I r on p y r i te s o ccu r s n a tu ra l ly i nt h e l o ca l i ty , b u t i tw a s p r e sen t i n

Mo re r e cen t ly , e xcava t ion s h ave b een c a r r ied o u t o n f ou r f l in tr i ng sa nd t h ree f l i n tc a ir n s s i tua ted o nt h es ame b l ock o f u p land a st h e B road D own g roup , 1 2 k i lome t re s n o r th w e s t o f B ee r ( Po l la rd . S , 1 967 ; P o l la rd . S , 1 97 1) . T he B u rn t C ommon r i ng w a l l w a s c ons t ruc ted f o l low ing t opso i l c l ea rance a nd al a rge , i n tense f i re f u e l led b y o ak . Ap i t 5 f t ( 1 52 c ms ) b y amax imum o f3 . 5f t( 106 c ms ) w a s t h en l i ned w i th a m ix tu re o f f l i n t a nd c he r t . T he f i l l o f t h i s f e a tu re a ppea red t oh ave b een r e cen t ly d i s tu rbed b u t i n c luded a sh

t h e se b a r row s i n s uch a bundance a s t o s ugge s t t h a t t h e p robab i l i ty o f i th av ing b een p l aced t h e re d e s igned ly " ( K irwan , R . 1 867 -8 , 6 25 ) .

f r om t h e f i r e , as i ng le b eake ra nd t wo f o s s i l i sed s ea u r ch in s . No t r ace o fb one w a s f o und d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion b u t t h is

T he r ed o ch r e o r h aema t i te w a s n o t n a t ive t oB road D own a nd i tw a s s ugge s ted t h a t i th ad o r ig ina ted f r om t h e c oa s t a t

w a s a s c r ibed t o t h e a c id i ty o f t h e s o i l . S ub sequen t ly a c i r cu la r d ry s t one w a l l , 3 6f t i n d i ame t e r w a s c on s t ruc ted , p a r t ia l ly o ve r lay ing t h ep i ta nd t h e b u rn ta r ea . T he w a l l w a s

S idmou th , 1 0 km t o t h e s ou thwe s t . T he r ema inde r o f t h e mound m ay h ave b een c on s t ruc ted w i th t u rf , s u r rounded b y s t one s c o l lec ted f r om n ea rby ( K i rwan , R . 1 867 -8 , 6 24 ) . D e sp i te t h e f a c t t h a t t h e e xcava t ion t r ench w a s e x tended

c ompo sed o ff l in ta nd c her tw i th o cca s iona l p i ece s o fy e l low s and s tone a nd h aema t i te . A l though f l i n t o ccu r s l o ca l ly , i t

s ome d i s tance f r om t h e c en t ra l d epo s i t s ,

w a sn o ted t h a tt ho se u s ed i nt h er i ng w a l l ,p a r t icu la r ly o nt h e i n ne r a nd o u te r f a ce s , w e re much l a rge r t h an n o rma l . F i f ty

" No t av e s t ige o f p o t tery , n o f l in t f l ake , w o rked f l in t o r

s i x w o rked p i ece s o f ap oo r q ua l i ty l o ca l f l in tw e re f ound i n t h e s u r round ing p lough so i l , w i th a f u r ther s i x p i eces s t ra t if ied b enea th t h e r i ng w a l l .

w eapon o f a ny k ind w a s d i scove red " (K irwan , R . 1 867 -8 , 6 24 ) .

T h ree o t he r f l in t r i ng s h ave b een s im i la r ly e xcava ted ,one

I nB a r row C ,c r ema ted b one sw h ich h ad b een r emoved f r om t h e p y re a nd s ubsequen t ly w a shed w e re p l aced o n t h e

e xamp le a t Wh i te C ro s s , 4km s ou th o fB ur n tC ommon a nd t wo o t he r st ot h e n or th o fF a rway H i l l . T he Wh i te C ro s sr i ng w a s s im i la r i n many r e spec t s t o t h e e xamp le o n B ur n t C ommon . T he w a l l s w e re o f s im i la r d imens ions a nd c on s t ruc ted o ft h e s ame m a te r ia l s a nd t h e r e w a s ac en t ra lp i t o ve r w h ich t h e re w e r e t h e f r agmen ta ry r ema in s o f af l in t c a i rn . A t Wh i te C ro s s h oweve r , r ed c l ay h ad b een b rough t t o t h e s i te f r om n e ighbou r ing r i ve r v a l ley s a pp rox ima te ly 1 k m t ot h e s ou th a nd e a s t . N o b one w a s r e cove red f r om t h e

g round s u rf a ce . A n ur n w a s s e t o ve r t h i s , s u r rounded b y c ha rcoa l a nd a l o o se f l in t c a ir n w a s b u i l t o ve r t h e w ho le . T h is w a s c ove red b y al a ye r o fb ur n t s o i l a nd t h en c apped w i th t op so i l . S ur round ing t h e mound a nd p o s s ib ly p r e -da t ing i t s c ons t ruc t ion t h e re ac i r c le o fl a rge b ou lde r s w e re p l aced a t 3 f t i n te rva l s . T hey a ppea r ed t o h ave o r ig ina t ed f r om a s t ream b ed a nd s ome w e re e s t ima ted t o w e igh t a pp rox ima te ly 5 00kg .

s i te b u t t h i s w a s a ga in a s c r ibed t os o i l a c id i ty . Un l ike B ur n t C ommon t h e re w a s n o e v idence o f a s soc ia ted b urn ing a nd n o p o t te ry i nt h e c en t ra l p i t . A lso , w o rked f l in t w a s mo re

A n a dd i t iona l l e s s d e ta i led a ccoun t o f b a r row e xcava t ion s w a s p ub l i shed i n1 870 . O ne p roved t oh ave b een p r ev iou s ly o pened b u tf i nd s i n c luded w a te rw o rn p ebb le sa nd h aema t i te a s w e l l a s c ha rcoa l a nd a s ma l l n umbe r o f s he rd s . T he s e cond w a s as ma l l mound w i th in a c i rc le , 5 0 f e e t i n

f r equen t a nd w a s n o tab ly i n corpo ra ted i n to t h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft h ew a l l . T he t wo r i ng s o n F a rway H i l l a r e w i th in 4 m e t re s o f o ne a no the r , R ing 1b e ing 4 6f ta nd R ing 2 ,3 1f t i nd i ame te r . T he c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e monumen t s s eem t o h ave c ommenced w i th t h e s t r ipp ing o ft h e t op so i l f o l lowed b y t h e e xcava t ion o fa tl e a s t 1 4 1 s ma l lp i t s ,s ome o f wh ich w e r eo ve r la in b yt h e

d i ame te r , m a rked o u tb yr e gu la r ly s paced c her tb l ock s . F ou r b ronze f r agmen t s w e re f ound u nde r o ne o f t h e se . A t t h e c en t re o ft h e c i r c le , ac r ema t ion h ad t a ken p l ace a nd s ome o f t h e l o ca l s t one h ad b een v i t r if ied b yt h eh ea t .

r i ng w a l l s . F or ty o ne o f t h e se i n t h e i n te r io r o f R ing 1 c on ta ined c ha rcoa l a nd w e re b ack f i l led b y y e l low c l ay .

O f af u r the rt h ree e xcava t ions ,t h ef i r s tr evea led n of i nd sb u t ac ons t ruc t ion o f l a rge s t one s a nd f l in t w a s n o ted . T he s e cond monumen tw a sc on s t ruc ted b yp l ac ing t h ree l a rge f l a t s t one t oge the ro n w h ich w a shed c a lc ined b one , t h e b one s o f ac h i ld a nd a s i ng le b one b ead w e re d epo s i ted . A d ome s haped c hambe r w a s c ons t ruc ted o ve r t h is . T he t h i rd e xcava t ion i n d ica ted as imp le c a ir n , 3 6 f ti nd i ame te r , b u i l t o ve r a n i n s i tu c r ema t ion . A dd i t iona l e xcava t ion s w e re c onduc ted a tt h e ma in S even B a r row s g roup . B a r row E w a s s hown t o b e w i th in a 1 20 f e e t d i ame te r c i r c le o f ma ss ive

Among s t t h e se t h e re w a s as i ng le e xamp le w h ich i n c luded c a lc ined b one . A t t h e c en t re o f R ing 1 t h e re w a s a p a r t icu la r ly d eep p i t b u t n e i the r o f t h e F a rway r i ng s h ad c en t ra l f e a tu re s t h a t r e semb le t ho se o f B u rn t C ommon o r Wh i te C ro s s . T he r ema in ing 1 00 s ma l l p i t s w e re f ound a c ro s st h e s i te a nd w e r e d e sc r ibed a sh av ing . . . " F i l l so fa l ien m a te r ia l s , n o t b ack f i l l s "

c her t b lock s . T he c en t ra l f l in t c a ir n c ove red a d epo s i t o f b u rn t b one w i th in l a ye r s o f as ub s tance t h a t K irwan i d en t if ied a st r ee b a rk . T h i sw a sa ccompan ied b yt h e r ema in s o f ab ronz e s pea r a nd ad r ink ing c up . Twen ty y a rd s t ot h e s ou th o ft h e b a r row amound o fc l ay a nd p ea tw a s s e c t ioned t o r e vea l ac en t ra l f l in t c a i rn b u i l t o ve r ad epo s i t o f b urn t

( Po l la rd . S , 1 971) .

T he se c omp r ised a d a rk l o am , s ma l l f l in t s w i th s ma l l a moun t s o fl e ached g r ey c l ay a nd g rey c l ay o n i t so wn . O ne p i tc on ta ined af o s s i l s e au r ch in . A l though f r ee s t and ing f l in t r i ng s a r e u nusua l i ne a s t D evon , n ume rou s p a ra l le l s c an b e f ound o n D a r tmoo ra nd i nC or nwa l l ,

b one w i th ac o r roded b ronze i mp lemen t . O u t s ide t h e c a ir n , e xcava t ions r e vea led a n a r ea o f c ha rcoa l w h ich w a s s ugge s ted a st h e s i te o ft h e c r ema t ion .

" pa r t icu la r ly i ft h e a c tua l m a te r ia ls e mp loyed a r e r ega rded a s s imp ly al o ca l e xp re s s ion o f aB eake r t r ad i t ion " ( Po l la rd . S ,

8 6

1 967 ,30 ) .

C onc lu s ion

T he t h r ee f l i n t c a irn s a tF a rway , D agge r s P i ece a nd Wh i te

T he f o rma t ion o ft h e l a rge o va l p i t i n T r ench 1r evea l s a s e r ie s o fa c t ion s i nw h ich t h e s ymbo l ic i mpor tance o fl o ca l s t one i se v iden t . I n i t ia l ly , t h e p i t w a s e xcava ted a nd wood f r om as pec if i c t y pe o ft r ee o r p o s s ib ly as i ng le i n d iv idua l

C ross , h ad a l l b een r educed b y a g r icu l tu re a nd s t one c l ea rance . B o th F a rway a nd D agge r s P i ece f e a tu red c i r cu la r o r o va l p l a tf orm s o f f l a t f l in t s t ha t w e re c ove r ed b y t h e c a irn s . I n b o th c a se s t h e p l a tf orm s w e r e b u i l t o ve r e a r l ie r f e a tu re s a s soc ia ted w i th e p i sode s o f b u rn ing . A t F a rway , t h ey t ook t h e f o rm o ft wo a pp rox ima te ly c oncen t r ic r i ng s o f

t r ee w a s p l aced i ni t .T h i s w a s t h en i g n i ted , p e rhap s f r om a h ea r th t h a t w a s s i tua ted i mmed ia te ly t o t h e s ou th o f t h e f e a tu re . T he r e w a s n o t r ace w ha teve r o fa ny c a lc ined b one s u rv iv ing w i th in t h e f e a tu r e , s o t h a t i ft h e f i re w a s i n tended

p i t s a nd p o s t h o le s , t h e o u te r p i t s b e ing f i l led w i th much c ha rcoa l a nd p os s ib ly s ea led w i th l a rge f l a t s t one s . A t D agge r s P i ece , t h e mound w a s i n a b e t te r s t a te o f p rese rva t ion , r evea l ing t wo p i t s w i th t h e i r c ove r s t one s i n p l ace . O ne o ft h e se w a s as l ab o fc her t w e igh ing 31b s ( 1 5 k g ) , w h i le t h e o t he rw a s al a rge , f l a t p i ece o ff l in t , p a r t ia l ly

t o c on sume a ny th ing , i tw a s n o t ah uman b ody . Af t e r t h e f i re h ad b ur n to u ta nd c oo led , g roup s o fo b jec t sw e re p l aced i nt h e a she s i n c lud ing l i t h ic s a nd p o t t ery . T he p re sence o fa s i ng le ma r ine m o l lu sc s he l l may i n d ica te t h a t t h e re w e re o t he r o rgan ic e l emen t s w i th in t h e f e a tu re , h oweve r n one h ave s u rv ived . Much o ft h e p o t te ry i si d en t if iab le a sB eake r ,

s uppor ted u nde rnea th b y ap i ece o fc a rbon ized w ood . B o th p i t s c on ta ined c ha r coa l , i no ne c a se m ak ing u p 5 0% o ft h e

s eve ra l s he rd s o fw h ich b e long t ot h e s ame v e s se l . W i th in

p i t f i l l . N one o ft h e se monumen t s w a s a s soc ia ted w i th f i nd s o f e i the r b one o r p o t te ry . O f t h e t h ree s i te s , o n ly t wo s t ra t if ied f l i n t f l ake s w e re r e cove red f r om t h e e xcava t ion a t D agge r sP i ece a nd t wo r e cogn i sab le i mp lemen t s , af a b r ica to r a nd a w a i s ted c o re t oo l , f r om Wh i te C ro s s . T he r e w a s , i n a dd i t ion , a n a s semb lage o f 2 6 o t he r w o rked o r u t i l ised p i ece s . S ome w e re i d en t if i ed a s b e ing f r om a l o ca l f l in t s ou rce w h i le amo t t led g r ey f l in tw a ss a id t oh ave o r ig ina ted

t h e f e a tu re , p o t te ry c oncen t ra te s a r ound as i ng le l o ca t ion o n t h e w e s te rn e dge . T he c ond i t ion o ft h e p o t te ry s ugge s t s t h a t t h e v e s se l s w e re b roken a nd t h en e xpo sed t o c on s ide rab le w ea the r ing p r io r t oi n c lu s ion w i th in t h e f e a tu r e . I n c on t ra s t t h e l i t h ic s a r e i np r i s t ine c ond i t ion . O ne g roup o f a tl e a s t t h ree f l ake s m ade f r om c ha lk d e r ived f l in t c an b e r e -f ited s ugge s t ing t h a t t h ey w e re a c tua l ly k napped o n t h e s po t a nd t h en i mmed ia te ly a dded t ot h e f e a tu r e . T he r ange o f s t one

o n S a lcombe H i l l , e i gh tk i lome t re st ot h ew e s to fB ee rH ead .

t ype s r e p re sen ted i nt h e f e a tu re i n c lude s f l in t f r om b o th t h e c ha lk a nd t h e c l ay w i th f l in t s . I n a dd i t ion , t h e re i s a s ub s tan t ia l c omponen t o f w o rked g r een sand c her t , w h ich

S u rvey w o rk a tS a lcombe H i l l , S idmou th ( F ig 2 ) t oge the r w i th a r e -exam ina t ion o f t h e a n t iqua r ian o b se rva t ion s o f P e te r O r lando H u tch in son , s ugge s t t h a t d u r ing t h e l a s t c en tu ry t h e re h a s b een c ons ide rab le d e s t ruc t ion o f

p re sumab ly w a s a l so d e r ived f r om l o ca l d epos i t s , a nd w o rked s a nd s tone ,p robab ly f r om as ou r ce o nt h ec oa s tt ot h e w e s t o f B ee r . T he p o t te ry a nd l i t h ic s w e re b ack f i l led b y C on tex t 2 , p r e sumab ly w i th in a r e la t ive ly s ho r t p e r iod o f t ime g iven t h e p re se rva t ion o f t h e c ha rcoa l w he re c a rbon ized b a rk a nd t w ig s w e re o b se rved . A t s ome l a te r s t age , t h e w e s te rn e nd o ft h e f e a tu r e w a s r e -excava ted a nd b ackf i l led w i th f l in tn odu le s w h ich m ay h ave f o rmed p a r t o f as ma l l c a i rn . A l a rge s t one f ound a d jacen t t o t h i s f e a tu r e c ou ld a l so h ave b een p a r t o ft h i s s t ruc tu re .

p reh i s to r ic c a irns , c i rc le s a nd mono l i ths i n e a s t D evon ( Po l la rd , S& L ux ton S . 1 978 ) . B e tween 1 962 -78 a l a rge a s semb lage o f s u rf ace f i nd s w e re c o l lec ted f r om t h e a r ea , a l though , a s w a s c ommon a t t h e t ime , t h e re w a s n o s y s tema t ic a t temp t t or e co rd t h e s pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion o f t h e ma te r ia l r e cove red . I tw a s , h oweve r , o b se rved t h a t av a r ie ty o f f l in t s ou r ce s w e re b e ing e xp lo i ted a tt h i s l o ca t ion . Mo s t d e r ived f r om al o ca l s ou rce o fc l ay w i th f l in t s b u t t h e mo r e c a ref u l ly w o rked e xamp le s w e re o f B ee r f l in t . E xamp le s w ere a l so r e co rded o f a r rowhead s a nd k n ives b e ing p roduced f r om a t r an s lucen t w h i te f l in t a nd a t r an s lucen t t o f f ee c o lou red f l in t( Po l la rd , S& L ux ton S . 1 978 , 1 84 ) .

O ne h und red a nd s e ven ty f i ve m e t re st ot h e n o r th e a s t ,t h r ee p i t sw e re e xcava ted , o ne o fw h ich c u t i n to i t sn ea rn e ighbou r w h ich h ad a l ready b een b ackf i l led . A no the rp i tw a s p a r t ia l ly f i l led w i th f l in t n odu le s t h a t d e r ived f r om t h e C lay w i th F l in t s . O the rf i nd s i n c luded b each p ebb le h amme r s tone s a nd

I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e re w e re s im i la r g roups o f monumen t s p re sen t i nt h e s u rvey a r ea a t B ee r . T he c oun ty S i tes a nd Monumen t s R eco rd d e ta i l s o bse rva t ions o f u ps tand ing monumen t s b y H u tch in son i nt h e l a te n ine teen th c en tu ry a nd mo re r e cen t ly b y G r in se l l . H u tch inson r epor t s t h e p re sence o ft wo b a r row s i mmed ia te ly t ot h en o r th w e s to ft h e

a n a s semb lage o f w a s te f l ake s mo s t o f w h ich d e r ive f r om c ha lk f l in t . I n r e la t ion t o t h e n umbe r o f f l ake s t h e re w a s a h i gh d en s i ty o fr e touched t oo ls , i n c lud ing a n o b l ique a nd a t a nged a r rowhead f r om t h e i n te rcu t t ing p i t s . T hu s t h e re a r e t wo p r inc ipa l f e a tu r es o f t h e Ma re L ane s i te t ha t h ave

s u rvey a r ea . T he se w e re s a id t o 1 2 p ace s i n d i ame te r a nd l a rge ly m ade u p o fs t one s . A pp rox ima te ly 3 50 m e t re s s ou th o f t h e se , G r in se l l r e co rd s t h e s t one s f r om a p robab le c i s t f r om w h ich p l ough ing u nea r thed a n u rn w i th t w i s ted c o rd d eco ra t ion c on ta in ing b urn t h uman b one s . I n 1 958 , ag roup o ff ou r f l in t c a ir n s w e re a l so r e por ted n ea rt h e c l if fe dge o n S ou th D own C ommon , a pp rox ima te ly 8 00 m e t re s s ou th o f

monumen ta l i sa t ion o f ad epo s i t o f b ur n t w ood a nd t h e d e l ibe ra te s e lec t ion o f s pec if ic a nd i n s ome c a se s u nusua l s t one t ype st of u lf i l s ome a spec to ft h i sr i tua l a c t iv i ty .

w ide sp read

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A l though t h e f i ve f e a tu re s c on ta ined a r e la t ive ly mode s t g roup o ff i nd s , t h ey a low t h e p o s ing o ft h ree f undamen ta l q ue s t ion s . Wha t w a s t h e f unc t ion o f t h e se f e a tu re s ; w ha t r e la t ionsh ip d i d t h ey h ave t o t h e s u rf ace c oncen t ra t ion o f

t h e Ma re L ane e xcava t ion s i te . A l l o f t h e se f e a tu re s h ave s ub sequen t ly d i sappea red .

i mp lemen t s i nw h ich t h ey o ccur red a nd w ha td oe st h i sr evea l o ft h e n a tu re o fa r tef ac t d epo s i t ion d u r ing t h e l a te N eo l i th ic a tB ee r?

8 7

T he f o rma t ion o f t h e se f e a tu re s i n d ica te t h a tt h ey a r e s ha re m any d i s t inc t ive e l emen t s w i th t h e b a r row s a nd f l in t r i ng s o n B road D own . T he e xcava t ion s o n B road D own h ave d emon s t ra ted r e cur r ing v a r ia t ion s i nb u r ia l p rac t ice a nd t h e

c oa s ta l p a s sage g rave s ( Pa t ton , M . 1 995 , 5 3) . L e s s w e l l k nown f o r o bv iou s r e a son s , a r e e xamp le s whe re l o ca l ly a va i lab le s t one s a ppea r w i th in monumen t s i nc on tex t s t h a t d ef y af unc t iona l e xp lana t ion . W i th in t h e L ambourn L ong b a r row , s a r sen b ou lde r s o n t h e N eo l i th ic t u rf l i ne w e re n o ted t h a t " had c l ea r ly b een p l aced c a ref u l ly t o s ome d e s ign " w h i le a n u ncha rac te r i s t ica l ly c r ude a s semb lage o f f l in t f l ake s a nd c o re s s e em t oh ave b een p roduced s o le ly t o b e i n co rpo ra ted i n to t h e m ake u p o ft h e mound (Wyme r , J . J . 1 966 , 7& 1 0 ) .

c on s t ruc t ion o f r i tua l s t ruc t u re s . T he d i spo sa l o f h uman r ema in s i sa lmo s t a lway s a s soc ia ted w i th c r ema t ion a nd b u r ia l monumen t s o f t en f e a tu re t h e s e lec t ive u se o f p a r t icu la r l o ca l s t one t ype s o rt h e i mpor ta t ion o fs t one f r om o u t s ide t h e i mmed ia te v i c in i ty . T he re i s c ons ide rab le d i ve rgence i nt h e i n corpo ra t ion o fc r ema ted h uman r ema in s w i th in monumen t s a nd t h e a ppa ren t m e thod b y w h ich monumen t s a r e c ons t ruc ted . G rave g ood s s e em t ob e r a r e o r a r e r ep re sen ted b y as i ng le o b jec t . T h i s u sua l ly c omp r i se s

T he i n co rpo ra t ion i n to monumen t s o fm an made a r tef a c t s a s w e l l a s a ppa ren t ly u nmod if ied n a tu ra l o b jec t s t ha t h ave d i s tan t o r ig ins i s o b servab le i n l a te r monumen t s . A t C a r logga s Io n t h e S tA u s te l l g ran i te , ar i ng o fy e l low c l ay

p o t te ry , c a rved s ha le o rm e ta lwo rk w h i le f l in t t oo ls s e ldom a ppea r . T he se v a r ia t ion sm ay i ns ome w ay r e f lec tt h es t a tu s w i th in t h e c ommun i ty o f t h e i n d iv idua l c oncerned . C r ema t ion d e s t roy s d i rec t e v idence o f a ge a nd g ende r b u t t h e o n ly e xamp le o f u nc r ema ted b one i st h a t o f ac h i ld

b enea th ar i ng c a ir ne nc lo sed amoo rs t one a d jacen tt ow h ich ap i tw a s l o ca ted . T h i s c on ta in ing av a r ie ty o fd i f f e ren tt y pe s o f p ebb le s a s w e l l a s i n c i sed s l a te , w o rked f l in t , q ua r tz c r y s ta l a nd t wo f r agmen t s o f b ur n t b one ( M i le s , H . 1 975 , 2 6 ) . O u t s ide t h e p i t b u t w i th in t h e e nc lo su re w e re as im i la r g roup o fu nmod if ied s t one s a ccompan ied b yp o t tery , a mbe r ,

a s soc ia ted w i th ac r ema t ion i nw h ich t h eo n ly a ccompany ing f i nd w a s as i ng le b ead . T he f l in t r i ng s s e em t o s ha r e many o ft h e f e a tu re s o f t h e c r ema t ion s e xcep t t ha t t h e re i s o f ten n o t r ace o f b one a s soc ia ted w i th t h em . T he a b sence o f b one i s o f t en

s l ag a nd t h e h and le o f aC ame r ton -Snow sh i l l d agge r( M i le s , H . 1 975 , 3 8 ) .

a ccoun ted f o rb yt h e a c id i ty o ft h e s o i l a nd P h l e ve l s i nt h e n e ighbou r ing s o i l s a r e q uo t ed i ns uppo r t ( Po l la rd , S . 1 967 , 2 5 ) . T h i s f a i l s t ot a ke i n to c on s ide ra t ion t h e p re sence o ft h e c ha rcoa l r i ch d epos i t s t h em se lve s w h ich w ou ld t e nd t ob e a l ka l ine . I ta l so d oes n o t e xp la in w hy b one s u rv ive s i n s im i la rc on tex t s , s uch a st h ec a ir n s e xcava ted b y K i rwan . A s mo r er e cen tw o rk h a ss hown ,t h e re i sn or e a ln eed t oa ccoun t f o r t h e a b sence o f b one i nt h e se f e a tu r e s . T he re i sa mp le e v idence f r om u p land B r i ta in a nd I r e land a s soc ia t ing a v a r ie ty o fl a te N eo l i th ic a nd e a r ly B ronz e A ge c a ir n t ype s w i th " Cha rcoa lR i tua l s" ( Lynch F . 1 979 , 1 ) .

I nc onven t iona l a r chaeo log ica lm e thodo logy , i ti si mpo s s ib le t od emon s t ra te ad i rec tl i nk b e tween as u rf ace a r tef ac ts c a t te r a nd u nde r ly ing s ub so i l f e a tu r e s . A t b e s t o ne c an c l a im t h a t t h e t wo a s semb lage s a r e n o t i n con s i s ten t w i th b e ing c on tempora ry . T he e xcava t ion i n tens ive ly s amp led t h e s ub so i l o ve r al a rge a r ea b u tf ound n o d ome s t ic o rs t ruc tu ra l e v idence . T he c l if f t op l o ca t ion o f t h e s c a t te r wou ld a l so s e em t o a rgue a ga in s t i tr e p re sen t ing a n a ccumu la t ion o f s e t t lemen t d eb r i s . T he a b sence o fa s soc ia ted d eb i tage w ou ld a l so s e em t or u le o u t amanuf ac tu r ing c en t re . T h is s ugge s t s t h a t Ma re L ane w a s t h e l o ca t ion o f s ome s o r t o f a c t iv i ty u n r e la ted d i rec t ly t o a ny s e t t lemen t t ha t r e su l ted i n t h e d i sca rd o fl a rge n umbe r s o fr e touched t oo l s .

I ta ppea r st h a tt h e e x tan t monumen t s o n B road D own o we t h e i r s u rv iva l t o ac omb ina t ion o ft h e i rs i z e a nd t h e f a c tt h a t t h ea r ea i s ac ommon wh ich h a sn eve rb een p l oughed o ru sed

I n ar e cen t s t udy o fl a te N eo l i th ic ma te r ia l c u l tu re , T homa s

f o r a ny th ing o t he r t h an r ough g raz ing . E ven h e r e , s ome o f t h e s ma l le r monumen t s m ay h ave d i sappea red ( G r in se l l ,

p ropo se s ar e cons ide ra t ion o ft h e s ymbo l ic r o le o fa r tef ac t s . A l though p r inc ipa l ly c oncer ned w i th t h e e xo t ic a r tef ac t s a s soc ia ted w i th monumen t s , h e e mpha s ise s t h e c on tex t o f

L .V . 1 983 , 1 4 ) . T he e v idence f r om S a lcombe H i l l s ugge s t s t h a t i n t h e c oa s ta l a r ea t h e re w e re m any mo re s ma l le r monumen t st h a th ave s i nce b een d e s t royed .

a r tef ac td i spo sa la s aw ay i nw h ich ap e r sona l i ty o ft h e o b jec t w a se xp re s sed . H en o tes t h a tt h e re a r e s ome c l a s se so fo b jec t w h ich a r e n eve r f ound i nf e a tu re s a nd s ugge s t s t ha t g roup s o fa r tef ac t s w h ich h ad i nt h e p a s t b een i n te rp re ted a s g rave g ood s o rh oa rd s m ay i nf a c tr e p re sen t

I ft h ef e a tu r e sr evea led d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion s a t Ma r e L ane a r e r e la ted t o t h e monumen t s o n B road D own o ne m igh t s pecu la te o n t h e f unc t ion o ft h e l i t h ic s w i th in t h e f e a tu r e s a nd t h e i rr e la t ion sh ip t ot h e c oncen t ra t ion o fr e touched t oo l s t h a t s u r round t h em . T he u se o fs pec if ic t y pe s o fs t one f r om d i s tan t l o ca t ions w i th in N eo l i th ic b u r ia l mound s i sw e l l d ocumen ted . I n s ome c a se s , i tc ou ld b e a r gued t h a t t h ey f u lf i l an ece s sa ry s t ruc tu ra l f u nc t ion i nt h e monumen t t h a t c ou ld n o t b e m e t b y l o ca l m a te r ia ls , s uch a s t h e l i me s tone f a c ing a t Way land s Sm i thy ( A tk inson , R . J .C . 1 965 , 1 32 ) . E l sewhe re , t h e i n corpo ra t ion o ff o re ign s t one i sc l ea r ly p a r t o f ar i tua l i sed e l emen t i nt h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e monumen t . O n J e r sey , a tl e a s t s i x c oa s ta l p a s sage g r ave s i n c lude s t one t a ken f r om w i th in 1 2 k i lome t re s a nd n o s ou rce i ss ha red b e tween t wo o r mo re s i te s . I nc on t ra s t , t h e p a s sage g rave a t

" t he b u r ia l s o fa r tef a c t s w h ich h ave c ome t ot h e e nd o ft h e i r s oc ia l l i ve s " ( Thoma s , J .1 996 , 1 41-182 ) . T h i s i n terp re ta t ion o fh oa rd sc ou ld e qua l ly w e l lb e a pp l ied t o t h e Ma re L ane a r tef a c t s ca t te r . E i the r a s a n " imp lemen t s ' g raveya rds " o r a s ap l ace a t w h ich a r i tua l ly p o l lu t ing a c t iv i ty t ook p l ace t h a t r e nde red t h e t oo ls u nf i t f o r f u r the r h uman c on tac t .

L a H ougue B ie i n c lude s s t one o r ig ina t ing f r om p o in t s u pt o s i x k i lome t re s d i s tan t i n c lud ing t wo w h ich w e re u t i l i sed b y

8 8

L ITHICS I N THE SOUTH WEST PEN INSULA

F l in t f r om Museum C o l lec t ion s i n t he S ou th We s t

At o ta lo f2 58 r e touched t o o l sw e re c l a s s if ied a sb e long ing t o T ype 1mak ing u p 1 .5% o ft h e t o o l a s semb lage . O ft h e se , 2 51 w e re e i the r s c rape r s , b ore r s , n o tched o r r e touched f l akes . T o d e term ine w he the r T ype 1 f l in t w a s p ref e ren t ia l ly s e lec ted f o rp roduc ing a ny o ft h e se t oo l t ype s , t h e T ype 1e xamp le s w e re c ompa red w i th t h e a s semb lage a s

B y c ompa r ing a ssemb lage s f r om e xcava ted s i te s i n t h e S ou th We s t i tw a s h oped t o d e te rm ine t h e v a r iab i l i ty o f p r eh i s tor ic s t one e xp lo i ta t ion a nd t h e i mpor tance w i th in t h i s o f i mpor ted c ha lk f l in t . O ne a spec t o f t h i s s t udy w a s t o e s tab l ish w he ther t he n a tu re o f f l in t e xp lo i ta t ion a t

a who le . A s T ab le 2 6 s how s , t h e re i s a r ema rkab le c on s i s tency b e tween t h e t wo g roup s s ugge s t ing t h a t T ype 1 f l in tw a su t i l i sed i ne xac t ly t h es ame w ay a sa l lt h e o t he rf l in t

a pp rox ima te ly c on tempo ra ry s i te s c hanged a s t h e d i s tance f r om t he s ou r ce i nc rea sed . T he re a r e t wo c ha l leng ing p rob lems a s soc ia ted w i th t h i s e xe rc i se . F i r s t ly , i tc anno t b e

t ype s e ncoun te red . T he a ppa ren t s e lec t ion o f d i s t inc t ive ly c o lou red f l in th a s b een n o ted f o r l e af a r rowhead s a nd o va te s a t H embu ry a nd H igh P eak b u t n o e xamp les o f t hose i mp lemen t s i n T ype 1 f l in t w e re r e cove red b y t he f i e ldwa L k ing .

d one a nd , s e cond ly , n o tw i th s tand ing t h e f i r s t p o in t , i th a s b een d one a l r eady ( Ca re , V . 1 982 ) . U nf or tuna te ly , t he g eog raph ica l s ou rce o f a n i nd iv idua l p i ece o f f l in t c anno t b e e s tab l i shed b y v i sua l i n spec t ion . B ecau se o f i t s u n iform c ompo s i t ion e ven m ic roscop ic

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e xam ina t ion f a i ls t o r evea l a ny p e t ro log ica l v a r ia t ion b e tween av a r ie ty o fd i f f e ren ts ou rce s o ff l in t( S ievek ing , G d e G . e t a l , 1 972 , 1 51) . N one the les s " Bee r F l in t " i s f r equen t ly i d en t if ied o n p reh i s to r ic s i te s i nt h e S ou th We s t a nd a ny b l ack o rd a rk g rey f l in tt h a t h a s b een f ound t ot h e w e s t o fB ee rH ead h a sb een a s sumed t oo r ig ina te f r om t h e re . T he p r inc ipa l r e a son f o r c l a im ing t h a t a l c ha lk f l in t i n D evon a nd C o rnwa l l d e r ive sf r om t oB ee ri st h a tB ee ri st h e n ea re s t i ns i tu s ou rce ( Sav i l le , A . 1 981 , 1 08 ) . I ti s a s sumed t h a t t he re i s as imp le l i nkage b e tween t h e d emand f o r a

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T ab le 2 6 . C ompa r ing T ype 1 F l in t T oo l s w i th t h e Who le A s semb lage .

p roduc t a nd t h e e f for t i n vo lved i na cqu i r ing i ts uch t h a tt h e f o rme r w i l l b e a lway s m e t a tt h e l e a s t p o s s ib le e xpend i tu r e o ft h e l a t t e r . T he c on tempo ra ry l o ng d i s tance movemen t o f C o rn ish s t one a xes i s c i ted a s as im i la r o r e ven c omp lemen ta ry a c t iv i ty ( Sav i l le ,A . 1 981 , 1 08 ) .

I fT ype 1 f l in t w a s n o t p r ef e r en t ia l ly s e lec ted f o r s pec if ic t oo l u se a tB ee r ,w a s s uch s e lec t ion o ccu r r ing a way f r om t h e s i te? I nt h e a s semb lage f r om C hu r s ton , ab lack B ee r f l in t a nd c ha lk f l in t w e re l i s ted s epa ra te ly ( Pa rke r P ea r son , M 1 981 , 2 0 ) .A s sum ing t h ef o rme rt ob eT ype 1f l in tt h i s wou ld m ean t h a t i tm ade 1 6% o ft h e c ha lk f l in t a s semb lage a s a w ho le . G iven p o s s ib le d i f f e rence s i ni d en t if ica t ion a nd t h e s ma l l s i ze o f t h e C hu r s ton a s semb lage , t h i s w ou ld b e c ompa rab le w i th t h e 1% n o ted a tB ee ri t s e lf .

When i d en t if y ing " Bee r F l in t " p a r t icu la r a t ten t ion i sd rawn t oe xamp le s w h ich a r e b l ack a nd f l aw le s s ( Pa rke r P ea r son , M 1 981 , 2 1) . H oweve r , t h e c o lou r o f u npa t ina ted f l in t r e su l t s f r om a n o p t ica l e f f ec t c au sed b y t h e l i gh t e n te r ing i t b e ing s ca t te r ed b y i t s m ic ro s t ruc tu re . ( Shepha rd , W . 1 972 , 2 3) . A l l f l in t w hen t h in s e c t ioned i st r an s lucen t a nd e i the r p a le y e l low o rn ea r ly c o lou r le s s . T h i s r e nde r s c l a s s if ica t ion b a sed o n a ppea rance u n re l iab le s i nce , i n t h e c a se o f

T he p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t T ype 1f l in t m igh th ave o r ig ina ted f r om as pec if ic l o ca t ion c an a l so b e d i scoun ted . S ince l o ca l b y law s p roh ib i t t h e t a k ing o fg eo log ica l s amp le s f r om t h e c l if f s a tB ee r , i tw a s i mpo s s ib le t oa c t ive ly s ea rch f o r s uch a s ou rce o n t h e g round . H oweve r t h i s p roved u nneces sa ry s i nce a t temp t st oc l a s s if yc o re su s ing t h e s ame c r i te r ia a st h e t oo l a s semb lage r evea led t h a t t wo d i s t inc t f l in t t ype s c ou ld a ppea r o n as i ng le c o re . I ta ppea r s t h a t t h e mo t t l ing wh ich c ha rac te r i se s mo s t o f t h e f l in t f r om B ee r i sn o t a who l ly c on s is ten t f e a tu re s o t h a t T ype 1f l i n t w a s f ound o n s eve ra l

i mp lemen t s s uch a s l e af s haped a r rowhead s , i tw ou ld b e p oss ib le f o r a n a r tef ac t t o a ppea r ad i f f e r en t c o lou r t ot h e m a te r ia lf r om w h ich i td e r ived . T he f i e ldwa lk ing a s semb lage f r om B ee r w a s s epa ra ted i n to o ver 3 0 d i f f e ren t t ypes o f

A l l

T oo l s

f l in t a nd c her t b a sed o n

a ppea rance a l one , t h e mo s t c ommon f l in t t ype b e ing a mo t t led d a rk g rey /b lack ( Type 4 ) . Af l aw le s sa nd s ome t ime s g l as sy b l ack f l in t ( Type 1 ) w a s a l so f ound , r a is ing t h e

c o r es w h ich w ou ld o t herw i se h ave b een c l a s s if ied a sT ype 4 . I tw a s n o t p o s s ib le t o d e te rm ine f r om t h e r e su l t s o f t h e B ovey L ane e xcava t ion w he the rt h eu se o fv a r iou sf l in tt ype s

q ue s t ion so fw he the rt h e r e w a s as pec if ic l o ca l i sed s ou r ce o f t h is d i s t inc t ive ma te r ia l a nd w he the r i tw a s p r ef e ren t ia l ly u t i l i sed f o rt h ep roduc t ion o fp a r t icu la rt oo lt y pe s .

c hanged t h rough t ime s i nce f l in t s i nce a l l t h e e xcava ted p i ece s h ad b een p a t ina ted au n if o rm b l ue g rey .

8 9

I to nce a ppea red t h a t t h e o r ig in o f as pec if ic p i ece o ff l in t

s ugge s ted o nt h e b a s is o ft h e i r s ha r ing t h e s urf ace p a t ina t ion o fi d en t if iab le f l ake s . T he re i sa n a dd i t iona l c on s ide ra t ion i f o ne a t temp t s t o c a lcu la te t he p ropo r t ion o f c ha lk f l in t t o d e r ived f l in t . T he n umbe ro fi d en t if iab le p i ece s f r om t h et wo

c ou ld b e i d en t if ied , w i th s ome d eg ree o f a ccu racy , u s ing e m i s s ion s pec t ro scop ic a na ly s i s . S amp le sf r om 7B r i t i sh f l in t s ou rce s i n c lud ing B ee ra nd 3c on t inen ta l s i te s w e r e f ound t o c on ta in u p t o 2 6 t r ace e l emen t s i n v a ry ing p ropor t ion s . S ta t is t ica l a na ly s i s o f t h ese r e su l t s w e r e s a id t o a l low t h e

d i f f e ren t s ou rce s w i l l d epend t o s ome d eg ree o n t h e s i ze o f t h e o r ig ina l n odu le s , t h e w ay i n w h ich t hey w e r e r e duced a nd t h e l o ca t ion a tw h ich r educ t ion t o ok p lace . T he s ma l le r t h en odu le , t h eg rea te rt h en umbe ro fp r ima ry a nd s e conda ry f l ake s i n c ompa r i son t o t e r t ia ry f l ake s , t ha t a r e p roduced

i d en t if ica t ion o f i n d iv idua l B r i t i sh s ou rce s a t a n a ccu racy l e ve l o f 9 4 .8% ( S ievek ing ,G d e G . e t a l . 1 972 , 1 63 ) . T he r epor t s t a ted t h a t f u r the r a na ly s i s o f f l in t f r om s i te s i nt h e S ou th We s t , a s sumed t od e r ive f r om B ee r , w ou ld b e c a r r ied

b ef o re i tb ecome s u nwo rkab le ( Be r r idge , P . J . 1 992 , 1) . S im i la r d i s to r t ion s c ou ld o ccu r i ff l i n t i s t r immed o f i t s

o u t s hor t ly b u t n o r e co rd o fs uch r e su l t s s e em t oh ave b een p ub l i shed ( S ievek ing , Gd e G . e ta l . 1 972 , 1 53) .

c or tex t om ax im i se t h ea moun to fu sab le u ncor t ica ted f l in ta s i nt h e p roduc t ion o f l e va l lo is f l ake s ( T ing le , M . 1 99 1 , 3 4 ) . F ina l ly t h e re i s t h e p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t f l in t t ha t h a s b een

Al a te rs t udy a t temp ted t ou se s im i la rt e chn ique st ol i nk f l in t a xe s w i th p o s s ib le p roduc t ion s i te sa tf l in tm ine s ( C raddock , P .T . e ta l . 1 983 ) . O nce a ga in , B ee rf e a tu red a s as ou r ce t h a t p roduced a d i s t inc t ive r aw ma te r ia l ; h oweve r , t h e r epor t

t r an spo r ted s ome d i s tance wou ld h ave b een p a r t ia l ly o r w ho l ly d ecor t ica ted a t s ource wh i le l o ca l ma te r ia l w a s e xped ien t ly r e duced .

c onc luded t h a t t h e p rovenanc ing o fi n d iv idua l p i ece s ( axe s )

S ource s o fP r imary F l in t i nt he S outh We s t

b yt r ace e l emen tc ompo s i t ion c ou ld n o tb ea ch ieved w i th a ny g rea t c onf idence ( C raddock , P .T . e ta l . 1 983 , 1 42 ) . Mo re r e cen t ly t h i s t e chn ique h a s b een r ef ined a nd f u r the r wo rk

T he w ide ly h e ld b e l ief t h a t B ee r H ead i st he mo s t w e s te r ly

c ar r ied o u t o n s eve ra l B r i t ish p reh is to r ic f l in t s ou rce s , h oweve r t h i s g roup n o l o nge r i n c lude s B ee r H ead ( Thomp son , M . B u sh P .&F e rgu son ,J .1 986 , 2 46 ) .

o u tc rop o ff l in t b ea r ing C ha lk h a s b een d i spu ted ( Co l lcu t t , S .N . 1 986 ; B rown , A .G . 1 989 ) . C o l lcu t th a s c l a imed t h a t . . . "Many p ocke t s o fu nd i s tu rbed c ha lk r e s idue o ccu r i nD evon a nd i ti sa pp rop r ia te h e re t o make ap l ea f o ra r chaeo log i s t st o s t op t r ea t ing t h e S ou th We s t a s i fp r ima ry f l in t s ou rce s c ea sed a tB ee r " ( Co l lcu t t , S .N . 1 986 , 7 4 ) .

I fi ti si mpo s s ib le t o e s tab l i sh t h e s ou rce o fi n d iv idua l f l in t a r tef ac t s f r om a v i sua l e xam ina t ion , i t i s p o s s ib le b y e xam in ing t h e c or tex t o m ake s ome v e ry g ene ra l o bse rva t ion s c once rn ing i t s g eo log ica l o r ig in . I n r e cen t y ea r s , a r chaeo log i s t s h ave a dop ted t h e u sage o f t h e w o rd P a t ina t ion t o r e f e r b o th t o t h e o u te r ' c ru s t ' o f an odu le ( f orme r ly k nown a st h e c or tex ) a nd a ny c o lou ra t ion t h a t t h e u ncor t ica ted f l in th ad t a ken o n . Wh i le t h i s i se n t i re ly c or rec t , s i nce c o r t ica t ion i ss imp ly p a t ina t ion t h a t h a s t a ken p l ace

C o l lcu t t c i te s t h e w o rk o fE dwa rd s a nd F re shey o n t e r t ia ry s ed imen ta ry r o ck s i n D evon , p ar t icu la r ly r ef e r r ing t o t h e f l in t d epo s i t s o n H a ldon ( Edwa rd s , R .A & F re shey , E .C . 1 982 , 2 06 ) . H oweve r , i nt h e s ame v o lume , t h e d i scu s s ion o f ma r ine r o ck s o ft h e Me sozo ic d esc r ibe s B ee r H ead a st h e mo s tw e s te r ly C re taceou s s t ra ta e xpo sed o n l a nd i ns ou ther n E ng land ( Ha r t , M .B . 1 982 , 1 89 ) . C o l lcu t t ' s v i ew s h ave a l so r e cen t ly b een c ha l lenged b yB e r r idge ,w ho p o in t so u tt h a tn o f l in tb ea r ing c ha lk r e s idue s , s uch a st h o se h e c l a im se x i s to n t h e H a ldon H i l l s , h ave a c tua l ly b een l o ca ted o n t h e g r ound ,

o ve r al o nge r p e r iod o ft ime , ad i s t inc t ion b e tween t h e t wo f e a tu re s r ema in s u sef u l i nt h i s a na ly s i s a nd w i l l t hu s b e r e ta ined . C or tex , w hen i ti sp r e sen t , c an o f t en i n d ica te w he the rt h e f l in to r ig ina ted d i rec t ly f r om U ppe ra nd M idd le C ha lk o rh a s d e r ived f r om s e conda ry d epo s i t s s uch a s C lay w i th F l in t so rr i ve rg rave l s . F l in tf r om p r ima ry c ha lk t e nd st o h ave at h in , u nab raded b rown o rw h i te c or tex a nd i n s ome

d e sp i te r e pea ted a t temp t s b y l o ca l f i e ldwo rke r s ( Ber r idge , P . J .& S imp son , S . J . 1 992 , 7 ) .

c a se s c ha lk c an s t i l l b e f ound a dhe r ing t o i t . T he s hape o f s ome p r ima ry a nd s e conda ry f l ake s c an a l so b e s im i la r ly s ugges t ive . S ome n odu les f r om t h e c ha lk , k nown a s a

I th a s a l so b een a s ser ted t h a t n one o ft h e f l in t a tH embu ry n eed h ave o r ig ina ted f r om B ee ra st h e r ew e re e xac t ly s im i la r f l in t d epo s i t s t ob e f ound o n t h e E a s t D evon P la teau , w i th in 7k i lome t re s o f H embury , a l though n o p r ec ise l o ca t ion i s g iven ( B rown , A . 1 989 , 4 7 ) . A cco rd ing t o t he B r i t i sh G eo log ica l S urvey , t h e re i so n ly o ne a r ea o f o u tc ropp ing U ppe r C ha lk o n t h e E a s t D evon P la t eau , a t W i lm ing ton , w h ich i sw i th in 1 0 k i lome t re s o f H embu ry . T he a r ea w a s v i s i ted d u r ing as u rvey o fa l l p o ten t ia l f l in t s ou rce s i nt h e a r ea , h oweve r n o f l in t w a s f ound e i the r i nt h e s ec t ion o fa n ea rby q ua r ry o r b e ing u t i l i sed a s al o ca l b u i ld ing s t one . A l though p r ima ry f l in t i sg ene ra l ly r e s t r ic ted t o Uppe rC ha lk a nd t h e u ppe r s t ra ta o fM idd le C ha lk , t h e p r e sence o ft h e se r ock t ype s o n ag eo log ica l s u rvey m ap i sn o t a lway s a g ua ran tee o ft h ep re sence o ff l in to nt h eg round . T he c l if f sa t B ee r H ead i t s e lf a r e r i ch i nf l in ta l ong t h e e a s tern h a lf o ft h e b each , b u t t h e re i s al a rge s e c t ion o ft h e c l if ft o t h e w e s t , a s soc ia ted w i th l o ca l ised f a u l t ing , i n w h ich f l in t i s c omp le te ly a b sen t . N ever the le s s , t h e c ha lk a t W i lm ing ton h a s t h e p o ten t ia l o fp rov id ing as ou rce o ff l in t f o r H embu ry

b ur row f o rm f l in t , i n c lude h or n l ike p ro jec t ions t h ough t t o h ave d eve loped a sn odu le s w e re f o rmed w i th in v o id s i nt h e c ha lk . S im i la rp ro jec t ions a ppea ri nn odu le s f r om C lay w i th F l in t s b u ta r e n eve r a sw e l l p re se rved a st ho se d i rec t ly f r om t h e c ha lk . Wa te r r o l led f l in t , w he the r f r om a s t r eam o r a b each a l so d i sp lay s ad i s t inc t ive p ecked a ppea rance o n P r ima ry a nd S econda ry f l ake s . T hu s , o ne c an s ugge s t a n o r ig in f o r mo s to ft h ef l ake sw i th in ag iven a s semb lage b a sed o n t h e a ppea rance o fw ha t r ema in s o ft h e i r o r ig ina l e x te r io r s u rf ace , e ven i ft h es pec if ic s ou rce i ss t i l lu nknown . T he re a r e o bv iou sp rob lems i nt h e a pp roach . T er t ia ry f l ake s , d ef ined h e re a sh av ing n o d o r sa l c o r tex , g ene ra l ly m ake u p a bou t 2 0% o f al a te r p reh is to r ic f l in t a s semb lage . A much h ighe r p ropo r t ion o f r e touched t o o l s e spec ia l ly t h e mo r e d i agno s t ic p i ece s s uch a sa r rowhead s a l so t e nd n o tt or e ta in a ny c or tex . I n t h eo ry t h e ref o r e i ti si mpo s s ib le t o a s c r ibe g eo log ica l s ou rce s t o t h e se p i ece s a l though t h i s i so f ten 9 0

a nd t h e ref o r ew a r ran t s amo re d e ta i led e xam ina t ion t h an w a s p o s s ib le h e r e .

a s semb lage , s i nce t h e e xcava t ion r epo r t o n ly l i s t s b r ead th m ea su remen t s a s r a t io s i np ropor t ion t o l e ng th ( Sav i l le , A . 1 981 , 16 ) . H oweve r , i ti sl i ke ly t h a t i fs uch a f i gu r e w a s c a lcu la ted , C am B rea w ou ld h ave amuch l owe r p e rcen tage t h an t h a t a tH aza rd H i l l o re ven H embu ry s i nce 5 9% o ft h e a s semb lage o f a l c omp le te f l ake s w e re l e s s 2 0mm i n

Var ia t ion i n N eo l i th ic a nd B ronze Age A ssemb lage Co mpos i t ion i n t he S ou th We s t P en in su la .

l e ng th . I ns hor t , t h e C am B rea a s semb lage i sd om ina ted b y l a rge n umbe r s o f v e ry s ma l l f l ake s .

T he w e s te r ly d i s t r ibu t ion o fB ee r f l in th a s f o rmed p ar t o fa n e xam ina t ion o f c hange s i nt h e n a tu re o fs t one e xp lo i ta t ion b e tween t h e l a te Me so l i th ic a nd t h e l a te N eo l i th ic ( Ca re , V .

T ak ing i n to a ccoun t t h e p rob lem s o fs ou rc ing f l in t , s eve ra l e xcava t ed a s semb lage s f r om E xe te r a nd T ru ro Mu seum w e re e xam ined w i th t h ree modes t o b jec t ives : f i r s t ly t o d e te rm ine h ow much c ha lk d e r ived f l in tw a sb e ing u t i l i sed i n c ompa r i son t oo t he r l o ca l ly a va i lab le s t one t ype s ; s e cond ly , t o d e te rm ine w he the r t h e p re sence o f c ha lk f l in t i s

1 982 ) . A s semb lages f r om B ee r , H igh P eak , H embu ry , H a ldon a nd H aza rd H i l l w e re a na ly sed a nd i tw a s c l a imed t h a tt h ey r e vea led e v idence o fi n c rea sed c on se rva t ion o ff l in t a st h e d i s tance f r om t h e p r e sumed s ou rce a tB ee r i n c rea sed . T h i s w ou ld i mp ly t ha t B ee r H ead w a s t h e e xc lu s ive s ou rce

s i gn if i can t ly d i f f e r en t i ne xcava ted o r s u rf ace a s semb lage s ; a nd , t h i rd ly , t or e vea l t h e e x ten t t ow h ich t h e u t i l i sa t ion o f r aw m a t e r ia l c hanged t h rough t ime . I n t h e c ou r se o ft h i s

o f t h i s m a te r ia l a nd t h a t d i s tance f r om t h e s ou rce w a s a s i gn if i can t f a c to r i n ac o s t /bene f i t r e la t ion sh ip w h ich w a s r ef lec ted i nt h ew ay i nw h ich t h e e xpo r ted f l in tw a sr educed .

s eve ra l mu seum c o l lec t ion s w e re e xam ined a nd as t udy w a s m ade o f t h e a va i lab le r aw ma te r ia l s i n t h e i mmed ia te v i c in i ty o fB ee r , H igh P eak , H a ldon a nd H embury .

U nf or tuna te ly , t he d a ta u sed t o d emons t ra te t h e se c onc lu s ion s a r e q ue s t ionab le . T he i n d ican t o f i n c rea s ing f l in t c on se rva t ion w a s c ho sen a s t h e p e rcen tage o f f l ake s

T he r aw m a te r ia l s s u rvey w a s i n tended s imp ly t o d i scove r w he the r t h e re w e re l o ca l s t one s ou r ce s o f as u i tab le n a tu re

f r om e ach s i tes a s semb lage w i th b r ead th mea suremen t s b e tween 1l mm a nd 2 0mm . T he c ho ice o f o n ly t h e w id th

a nd a va i lab le i ns uf f ic ien t q uan t i t ie s . S im i la r a s se s smen t s o f r aw ma te r ia lp o ten t ia lh ave b een c a r r ied o u to n Me lo sa nd a t

m ea su remen t i su nu sua l i nt h a t i tt a ke sn oa ccoun to ff l ake l e ng th i n r e la t ion t ow id th . T hu s , p rov ided t h a t i tf u lf i l s t h e c r i te r ia o fw id th , a ny th ing f r om ac l a s s ic b l ade t o as ma l l s qua t f l ake i s t aken t o i nd ica te s im i la r l e ve l s o f c on se rva t ion . T he a na ly s i s i sa l so f l awed i nt h a ti tc ompa r e s t h e e xcava ted a s semb lage s f r om f ou rb road ly c on tempo ra ry s i te s a tH igh P eak , H embu ry , H a ldon a nd H aza rd H i l lw i th a d i spa ra t e a nd u nda ted c o l lec t ion f r om B ee r . A t t h e t ime w hen t h e a r t ic le w a s w r i t ten , t h e o n ly mu seum c o l lec t ion s w i th i mp lemen t s f ound a t B ee r w e re t ho se o f t h e MacA lp ine - Wood s e xcava t ion i nt h e B r i t ish Mu seum a nd a s ma l l u np rovenanced c o l lec t ion i n E xe te r Museum . T he f o rme r c o l lec t ion i sc ompo sed a lmo s t e n t i re ly o fr e touched t oo ls a nd t h e refo re w ou ld n o t h ave f i gu red i n C a re ' s

G r ea t L angda le , a l though i nt h e l a t te r e xamp le t h e t e n s i le s t reng th o f v a r iou s o u tc rops w a s s c ien t if ica l ly t e s ted ( Tor rence , R . 1 986 ,171-181 ; B rad ley , R . & E dmond s M . 1 993 , 9 3 -95 ) . N o s im i la r t e s t ing w a s a va i lab le f o r r o ck s ou rce s i nt h e S ou th We s t a nd s o t h i s a spec t o ft h e s u rvey i s e n t i r e ly s ub jec t ive . T he a u tho r i s n o s en se a n a ccomp l i shed f l in tk nappe r a nd a ny j udgemen ta st ot h ee a se o r d i ff i cu l ty w i th w h ich v a r iou s s t one s ou rce s c ou ld b e w o rked i sb a sed o nt h e p roduc t ion o f ab a s ic r ange o ff l ake s a nd f l ake t o o l s . T he g ene ra l c onc lu s ion w a s t h a t f l in t f r om c l if f s a tB ee r H ead w a s n o t iceab ly s upe r io r t o a ny o t he r s t one s ou r ce o ccu r r ing t ot h e S ou th We s t i nt h e e a se w i th w h ich d e s i r ed f o rm s o f r e touched t oo l s c ou ld b e c r ea ted . H ad i tb een r e qu i r ed , t h e f l in t f r om B eer wou ld h ave b een

c a lcu la t ion sw h i le t h e l a t te ri sl i ke ly t oh ave o r ig ina ted f r om u n s t ruc tu r ed s u rf ace c o l lec t ion . Two o ft h eo the rs i te s , H igh P eak a nd H a ldon , a r e l o ca ted c l o se t o s e conda ry f l in t d epo s i t s w h ich w e re u t i l i sed f o r b l ade p roduc t ion . T h i s ma te r ia la ppea r st oh ave b een i n c luded i nt h ea na ly s i sa si fi t h ad o r ig ina t ed a t B ee r . A t H igh P eak , t h i s i sp a r t icu la r ly m i s lead ing s i nce d e sp i te b e ing o n ly 6 k i lome t r e s w e s t o f

s u i tab le f o r t h e p roduc t ion o f t h e s o r t o f h igh q ua l i ty i mp lemen t p roduc t ion t h a t c ha rac te r ised c oa s ta l f l in t e xp lo i ta t ion i nN or th Y o rk sh i re ( Du rden , T1 994 ) .

S tone s S ource s a t B eer a nd t he ir P o ten t ia l f or E xp lo i ta t ion

B ee r , s e conda ry f l in t make su pt h eb u lk o ft h ea s semb lage . I t i sa l so d i ff icu l t t o d e te rm ine t h e n a tu re o f t h e a s semb lage f r om H a ldon s i nce mo s t o f i tw a s d i sca rded a f te r t h e

Wh i le t h e m idd le a nd u ppe r C ha lk o u tc rop i sr e la t ive ly d i sc re te , w i th f l in te xpo sed o n ly a l ong as hor ts e c t ion o fc l if f f a ce , i ti s c l ea r f r om t h e v a r ie ty o f ma ter ia l t h a t w a s

e xcava t ion h ad b een c omp le ted . T he p ub l i shed r epor t s ugges t s t h a t t h e e xcava to r h ad n o t e ven c oun ted t h e t o ta l n umbe r o f f i nd s , a nd t h e museum c o l lec t ion , l i s ted a s d e r iv ing f r om H a ldon , a ppea r s t ob e ar a ndom c o l lec t ion o f s ome o ft h e mo re i n t e re s t ing p i ece s .

r e cove r ed f r om f i e ldwa lk ing a nd e xcava t ion s t h a t t h i s w a s n o tt h e s o le s ou rce o fw o rked s t one f o rt h e s u rvey a r ea . T he f l in t t h a t i su sua l ly d e sc r ibed a s t h e c l a s s ic B ee r t ype i sa b ur row f o rm f l in t w h ich d e r ives d i rec t ly f r om m idd le a nd u ppe r c ha lk . E xpe r imen ta l k napp ing d emon s t ra ted t h a t t h i s w a s o f e xcep t iona l ly h igh q ua l i ty i t s o n ly l im i ta t ions

S ince t h e r e por t o fe xcava t ions a tC am B rea d i d n o t a ppea r u n t i l a f t e rC a re 's a r t ic le h ad b een w r i t ten i t sr e su l t sc ou ld n o t b e i n c luded . I fC a re ' s mode lw a sc on s i s ten tt hough , i ts hou ld r e vea lt h a tt h ep ropo r t ion o ft h ed ef ined n a r row f l ake sw a s a t l e a s te qua lt ot ha to fH aza rd H i l lw he re t h ey made u p6 4% o f t h e t o ta l( Ca re , V . 1 982 , 2 78 ) . I ti su nf or tuna te ly i mpo s s ib le t o a s ce r ta in t h e p ropo r t ion o f w a s te f l ake s w i th a w id th b e tween 1 -20mm a tC am B rea w i thou t r e -mea su r ing t h e

d e r iv ing f r om t h e s i ze o ft h e n odu le s w h ich a r e f r equen t ly s ma l l a nd d i s tended . I n a dd i t ion t o b u r row f o rm n odu le s t h e re a r e a l so p a ramoud ra s . T he se u nusua l t o ro s s haped p i ece s c an m ea su re i ne xce s s o f 6 0cm s a c ro s s a nd w e igh o ve r 2 0kg . Two e xamp le s o f t h e se w e re n o ted d u r ing a 9 1

T he e x ten t o ft h e c ha lk c l if ff a ce S ea ton H o le T he e x ten t o f a cce s s ib le f l in t

B ee r R oad s

H ooken C l if f

B ee r H ead

1 K i lome t re s

1

F ig 6 4 . T he E x ten to fA cce s s ib l eC ha lk F l in tS ource sa tB ee r c u r so ry i n spec t ion o ft h ea r ea sb e low t h ec l if ff a ce a t S ea ton

n ume rou s e xamp le s a l ong t h eb each b e low t h e Hooken c l if f , p re sumab ly d e r iv ing f r om e a r l ie r c l if ff a l l s . T hey s im i la r ly o ccu r i n s ma l l n umbe r s t o t he e a s t o f S ea ton H o le ,

H o le a nd t h e H ooken C l if f . A l though n ume rou s b and s o f f l in t a r e e xpo sed i nt h e u ppe rs e c t ion s o ft h e c l if ff a ce a l ong a pp rox ima te ly 3 k i lome t re s o f c oa s t l ine b e tween S ea ton H o le a nd t h e H ooken C l if f s , mo s t o ft h e b a se o ft h e c l if fi s c omposed o f g reen sand . T hu s , t h e c l if f f l in t i s o n ly a cces s ib le a t g round l e ve l f o r ad i s tance o fa pp rox ima te ly

p re sumab ly c a r r ied t h e re a s p a r t o f ap roce s s o f l o ng sho re d r if t . T he se c obb le s r ep r e sen t t h e l a rge s t a nd mo s t e a s i ly a cces s ib le s ou rce o ff l in ta tB ee r .

8 00 me t re s , mo re t h an h a lf o fw h ich c an o n ly b e r e ached f o r as hor t p e r iod a tl ow t i de ( See P l a te s 1& 2 ) . T he t wo f u l ly a cce ss ib le s e c t ion s o fc l if fa r e t h e ref o re a2 00 m e t re c l if f

When w o rked , t h e b each c obb les a r e i n d i s t ingu ishab le f r om f l in t i n t h e c l if f d epos i t s u n less i tr e ta in s s ome o f i t s d i s t inc t ive w a te r r o l led d o r sa l s u rf ace . E xpe r imen ta l l c napp ing r e vea led t h a t t h e b ea ch c obb le s w e re s i gn if i can t ly mo re d i ff icu l t t ow o rk t h an t h e c l if fd e r ived f l in t e spec ia l ly w hen r emov ing t h e o u te r s u rf ace . T h i s i sl i ke ly t o r e su l t f r om c hem ica l c hange s t ot h e o u te r s u rf ace o ft h e n odu le a s ar e su l t o f p ro longed e xpo su re t o b r ine , c omb ined w i th s u rf ace d amage r e su l t ing f r om w a te r r o l l ing . H oweve r , a t F lambo rough H ead , f l in t e i the re roded f r om c l if f so rw a shed i n f r om s ubma r ine Q ua terna ry d epo s i t s w a s e x ten s ive ly

s e c t ion a tB ee r R oad s a nd a pp rox ima te ly 5 0 m e t re s o fc l if f f a ce a tS ea ton H o le ( P la te 3 ) . I nt h e l a t te r l o ca t ion , t h e b a se o ft h e c l if fw h ich u nde r l ie s t h e c ha lk a nd g r een sand i s as of t l i a s s ic d epo s i t t h a t i sp rone t oe r o s ion . T h i s r e su l t s i nc l if f f a l l s b r ing ing d own t h e o ve r ly ing d epo s i t s s o t h a t f l in t n odu le s a nd c he r tb l ock sa r ef ound o nt h e b ea ch b e low . I ti s p o s s ib le t h a t i n a dd i t ion t o t h e c l if f e xpo su re s , c ha lk f l in t m ay a l so h ave b een a cce s s ib le i n land w he re s t ream s h ad c u t d eep v a l ley s t h rough t h e c ha lk . U nf or tuna te ly a ny e v idence o f t h is h a s b een o b scured b y t h e s p read o f mode rn s e t t lemen t , b u ta tB ee rQ ua r ry , a pp rox ima te ly 1 . 5 k i lome t re s e a s t o ft h e b each t h e re i s al a rge e xposed s e c t ion o fc ha lk i nw h ich n o f l in t i sv i s ib le . D e r iv ing f r om t h eu ppe rC ha lk a r e n ume rou s f l in t c obb le s t h a t a r e f ound i n a bundance a l ong t h e b each a tB ee rR oad s . T he re a r e s im i la rt hough l e s s

e xp lo i ted i nt h ep roduc t ion o fh i gh q ua l i ty a r tef ac t s( Du rden , T . 1 994 , 2 8 ) . E ven w hen t a k ing i n to a c coun t t h e r e la t ive d i ff icu l ty o fw o rk ing b each p ebb le s , i tw a s r ema rkab le t h e f i e ldwa lk ing r e cove red o n ly 9 s uch e xamp le s f r om a n a s semb lage m ade u p o f5 257 p r ima ry a nd s e conda ry f l ake s . E i the rt h e l a rge s ta nd mo s t e a s i ly a va i lab le s ou r ce o ff l in t a t B ee r w a s t h e o ne t h a t w a s l e a s t u t i l ised o r , i f i tw a s 9 2

C -C am B rea C h -C hu r s ton D -D av id s tow Moo r D a -D a in ton H a -H a ldon H e -H embu ry H i -H igh P eak H z -H aza rd H i l l L -L iza rd S urvey A rea M -Ma iden C a s t le P -P o r t land R -R addon H i l l T -T opsham

F ig 6 5 . P reh i s tor ic S i te s i nt h eS ou th W e s tP en in su la e x ten s ive ly u t i l i sed a ts i te s i n e a s t D evon a nd s ou th -we s t S ome r se t . I n ar e cen t a na ly s i s o fs i te s f r om a n a r ea b e tween t h e E xe a nd Y a r ty V a l ley s c her t made u p 7 0% o f at o ta l o f t e n Me so l i th ic a s semb lage s ( Syve s te r , R . B e r r idge , P . & U ng low J .1 987 , 1 8 ) . I tw a s a l so n o ted t h a t a l though c her t a ppea r s much l e s s f r equen t ly o n N eo l i th ic a nd B ronze A ge s i te s , t h e i n c rea s ing u se o f f l in t , a l be i t l o ca l r a the r t h an i mpo r ted f l in t , s e em s t o o ccu r b e tween t h e e a r ly a nd l a te Me so l i th ic ( Syve s te r , R . B er r idge , P . & U ng low J .1 987 , 1 9 ) .

e xp lo i ted , ac on s ide rab le e f f or t w a s m ade t o c oncea l t h e o r ig in so ft h ef l in t . At h i rd s ou rce o ff l in t i st h e d epo s i t s o fc l ay w i th f l in t s t h a t c ove r l a rge a r ea s o ft h e i n land p l a teau s i ns ou th e a s t D evon . T he n odu le s o ccu r o n t h e s u rf ace i ns ub s tan t ia l q uan t i t ie s w he reve r t h e re i sb roken g round . T he w o rk ing q ua l i t ie s o f t h i s f l in t a r e n o t h igh b u t t h ey a r e c e r ta in ly n o wo r se t h an t ho se o ft h eb each c obb le s I na dd i t ion t of l in t , af our th s ou r ce o fw o rkab le s t one i st h e g r een sand c he r t s t h a t u nde r l ie t h e d epo s i t s o fc ha lk . T he se o ccu r i nl a rge b l ock st h a tv a ry i nc o lou rf r om d a rk b rown t o

F ou rp o ten t ia l s t one s ou rce s a r e p r esen ta tB ee rb u t o n ly t wo a r e e x ten s ive ly e xp lo i ted . T he a vo idance o fc he r t a nd b each c obb le s c anno t b e a ccoun ted f o r s o le ly o n t h e g round s o f e a se o fa cqu i s i t ion o rt h e w o rk ing q ua l i t ie s o ft h e s t one . I n s ome w ay s t h i s i ss ugge s t ive o ft h e s e lec t ion o f p a r t icu la r s t one s ou r ce s a tG rea t L angda le t h a t w e r e a ppa ren t ly b a sed o nt h e i rl o ca t ion r a the rt h an t h e i rw o rk ing q ua l i t ie s( B rad ley , R . & E dmond s M . 1 993 ) I fn o th ing e l se , i tc on s t i tu te s f u r the r e v idence q ue s t ion ing t h e v a l id i ty o fa pp roach ing t h e s t udy o fp r eh i s to r ic s t one s ou rce s s imp ly i nt e rms o fe ff ic ien t

r e ddy o range . C he r t o u tc rop s a l ong t h e b a se o ft h e H ooken c l if f s a nd a tS ea ton h o le w he re i ta ppea r s a tt h e b a se o ft h e c l if fm ixed w i th f l in tn odu le sb rough td own b y c l if fe r o s ion . E xpe r imen ta l k napp ing w i th t h e c he r t d emon s t ra ted t h a t i t h ad af i ne a nd r e gu la r g ra in t h a t g i ve s i te xce l len t w o rk ing p o t en t ia l . T o d emons t ra te w ha t c ou ld b e made f r om t h i s m a te r ia l o ne n eed l o ok n o f u r the r t h a t t h e P a leo l i th ic f i nd s f r om B room P i t ( Re id Mo i r , J .R . 1 933-36 . 2 64 -82 ) . T h roughou t t h e E a r l ie r Me so l i th ic , g r een sand c he r t w a s

e xp lo i ta t ion .

9 3

E xcava ted E ar ly N eo l i th ic A s semb lage s f rom

r a the r t h an a c au sewayed e nc lo su re ( Hou lde r , C .H . 1 963 , 2 8 ) . T he w o rked s t one a s semb lage i sa m ix tu re o fc ha lk f l in ta nd b ea ch o rr i ve rp ebb le s a sw e l l a s as ma l l n umbe ro f c her t p i ece s ( Hou lde r , C .H . 1 963 . 2 3 ) . A c ha rac te r is t ic f e a tu re o ft h ec ha lk f l in ta s semb lage i si t sr e s t r ic ted s i ze .

t he S ou th We s t T he e a r l ie s t l a rge s ca le p r eh i s to r ic e xcava t ion t o b e c a r r ied o u t i nt h e S ou th We s t w a s t h a t o ft h e c au sewayed e nc lo su re a t H embury ( L idde l l , D . 1 933-36 ) . I t i s s i tua ted o n a

H igh P eak i ss i tua ted o n a n e r od ing c l if ft op , s i x k i lome t re s

g r een sand s pu r c apped b y c l ay w i th f l in t s , 1 8 k i lome t re s n or th w e s t o f B ee r H ead a nd t hus i ti st h e o n ly k nown

t ot h ew e s to fB ee rH ead . T he e xcava t ion o ft h er ema in s o fa d i tched e nc lo su r e t ook p l ace b e tween 1 96 1 a nd 1 964 a nd a l though t h e p r inc ipa l e a r thwo rk d a ted f r om t h e l a te f i f th o r

c au sewayed e nc lo su re i nt h e s ou th -we s t t h a t d oe s n o t h ave d i rec to rr i ve r ine a cces st ot h e s ea ( F ig 6 5 ) . O ve r ap e r iod o f 3y ea r s , 3 4 t r enche s o f v a r iou s s i ze s w e re o pened a nd a pp rox ima te ly 2 6 ,500 f l in t s w e re r e cove r ed . D ue i np a r t t o t h eu n t ime ly d ea th o fi t se xcava to r , H embu ry h a sn eve rb een

s i x th c en tu r ie sA .D .t h e re w e r eu nde r ly ing N eo l i th ic p i t sa nd d i tche s p roduc ing 7 27 f l ake s , 2 8 c o re s a nd 4 2 r e touched t oo l s . T he re a r e s ub s tan t ia l d epo s i t s o f c l ay w i th f l in t s i n c l ose p rox im i ty t ot h es i te a nd b and so fg r een sand c he r tw e re a c tua l ly d ug t h rough i n t h e c ons t ruc t ion o f s ome o f t h e

f u l ly p ub l i shed a nd s ome d oub t e x is t s o ve r t h e c or rec t a s s ignmen to f many o ft h ef i nd s . I n ar e cen tr e -a s se s smen to f t h e a r chaeo log ica l p o ten t ia l o ft h i s a s semb lage , t h e o r ig ina l l i s t s o ff i nd s w e re c ompa r ed t o t h e s u rv iv ing b agged f i nd s f o r e ach p robab le N eo l i th ic c on tex t . F rom t h i s i ta ppea r ed

N eo l i th ic f e a tu re s ( Po l la rd , S . 1 966 . 4 1) .

D e sp i te i t s

p rox im i ty t o B ee r H ead , t h e r e i sl i t t le e v idence t ha t c ha lk d e r ived f l in t w a s a n i mpo r tan t r aw ma te r ia l s ou rce a tH igh P eak . Mo s t o f t h e f l ake s d e r ived f r om t h e c l ay w i th f l in t s

t h a t as e cu re a s semb lage o f 6 , 483 p i ece s c ou ld n ow b e

w h i le 8 o ft h e 2 8 c o re s w e re o r ig ina l ly b ea ch p ebb le s . T he b u lk o f t h e f l in t w a s a n o paque mo t t led g r ey c o lou r w i th l a rge c her ty i n c lu s ion s h oweve r as em i t r an s lucen t b rown f l in t w a s a l so p r e sen t a nd w a s t h e s ou r ce m a te r ia l f o r t h e t h ree l e af s haped a r rowhead s a nd as i ng le o va te . T he re i sn o d i rec t e v idence t h a t t h e l a t te r w a s made a tt h e s i te , a nd t h e f a c t t h a t o n ly o ne e xamp le w a s r e cove red h a rd ly j u s t if i e s d e sc r ib ing H igh P eak a sa n o va te p roduc t ion c en t re ( Ca re , V . 1 982 , 2 77 ) . O ne g roup o f3 0 f l ake s a nd r e touched t oo l s

i d en t if ied ( B rown , A . 1 991 , 2 01) . A lmo s t a l t h e w o rked s t one i sc ha lk f l in t . C hen o ccu r sl o ca l ly ,w h ich may a ccoun t f o r t h e p r e sence o f ad i s t inc t ive r ed c he r t t h a t w a s o n ly e ncoun te red i nt h is a s semb lage . O f t h e s e cu re a s semb lage i d en t if ied b y B rown , P or t land t ype c he r t m akes u p 0 . 9% w i th g reen sand c her t a n a dd i t iona l 6% . T h i s u nu sua l ly h i gh p ropor t ion o fw o rked c her t m ay r e su l tf r om Me so l i th ic c he r t w o rk ing b ecom ing i n co rpo ra ted w i th in s e a led N eo l i th ic c on tex t s O f ag roup o f r e cen t ly i d en t if ied Me so l i th ic a r tef ac t s f r om H embury , 2 0% w e re made f r om g reen sand

w e re f ound i ns u ch c l o se p rox im i ty t ha tt h ey a r ed e sc r ibed a s ac ache w h ich m igh t o nce h ave b een h e ld i n ap e r i shab le c on ta ine r . O ft h e se , s i xp i ece s ( t wo s c rape r s a nd f ou rf l ake s ) a r e i d en t if i ed a s b e ing c ha lk f l in t wh i le t h e r ema inde r ( 7 s c rape r s , 2b l un ted f l ake s , 1b acked k n if e , 8i n tac tf l ake sa nd 1 2 b roken f l ake s ) d e r ived f r om t h e c l ay w i th f l in t s .

c her t( Ber r idge , P .1 988 , 1 63 ) . S hor t ly a f te r t h e e xcava t ion s a t H embu ry h ad b een c onc luded , t h e r e cove ry o ff l in t i mp lemen t s f r om ab u i ld ing p l o t o n t h e H a ldon H i l l s , 7k i lome t re s ou th w es t o fE xe te r a nd 3 0 k i lome t re s w e s t o fB ee r, l e d t ot h e o pen ing o ff i ve t r enche s . F ind s i n c luded a pp rox ima te ly 4 500 f l ake s , 5 1 c o re s a nd 1 04 r e touched t o o l s o fw h ich 3 1 w e re l e af s haped a r rowhead s . T he e xcava t ion s r e vea led as e r ie s o fp o s t h o le s a s soc ia ted w i th as p read o fs t one w h ich w a s i n terp re ted a sa h u t s i te (W i l lock , E .H . 1 933 -36 , 2 49 ) . T he r e a r e e x ten s ive

G reen sand c her t w a s p r e sen t o n t h e s i te i nl a rge q uan t i t ie s , b u t o n ly 1 8 w o rked p i ece s w e re r e cove red i n c lud ing t wo e xamp le s o f P o r t land type c her t . F ive p o l ished a xe f r agmen t sw e r ea l so r e cove r ed , o ne o fw h ich w a s an on l o ca l f l in t . Two o ft h er ema in ing f r agmen t s w e re i d en t if ied ; o ne , a p i c r i te , w a s t hough t t o h ave o r ig ina ted o n B a l s tone D own , w h i le t h e o t he rw a sj ade i te f r om e i the rB r i t tany o rt h e A lp s .

d epo s i t s o ff l in to n H a ldon d e r iv ing f r om e r oded d epo s i t s o f c l ay w i th f l in t s .N odu le s o ft h i sf l in tw e re s ma l l a nd d i ff i cu l t t o wo rk . T he a s semb lage r e cove red d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion w a s , a cco rd ing t o t he e xcava to r , d om ina ted b y c ha lk f l in t

A s p a r t o f ag ene ra l

s u rvey o f r aw ma te r ia ls i n t h e a r ea ,

s amp le s o f f l in t w e r e t a ken f r om P eak H i l l , 1k i lome t r e t o t h e w e s t o f H igh P eak . T he f l in t w a s w o rkab le b u t t h e

w i th s e conda ry f l in t mak ing u p a pp rox ima te ly 6% o f t h e t o ta l (W i l lock , E .H . 1 933 -36 . 2 54 ) . U nf o r tuna te ly , a lmo s ta l l o f t h e c . 5000 p i ece s o f w o rked f l in t f r om w e re d i sca rded a f te r t h e e xcava t ion a nd o n ly t h e mo re i n te r e s t ing a r tef ac t s

n odu le s w e re s ma l l a nd f a r l e s s p r ed ic tab le i nt h e i r f l ak ing c ha rac te r i s t ic s t h an t h e f l in t f r om B ee r H ead . T he b each p ebb le f l in t d e r ived p r e sumab ly f r om c l if f e r o s ion o f t h e c l ay w i th f l in t w a s , i fa ny th ing , mo re d i ff icu l t t o wo rk . N ever the le s s , t h e H igh P eak a s semb lage i sc ha rac te r ised b y ah igh p e rcen tage o fb l ade s , 1 6% o ft h e i n tac t f l ake s h av ing al e ng th b r ead th r a t io e xceed ing 5 : 2 .

g iven t o E xe te r Museum . T he re w a s a ppa ren t ly n o u t i l i sa t ion o fg reen sand c he r ta tt h es i te t hough as i ng le p i ece o fP o r t land t ype c he r t i si d en t if ied . T he s i t e a t H aza rd H i l l i s6k i lome t re s w e s t o f t h e D a r t e s tua ry a nd 6 0 k i lome t r e s s ou th w e s t o f B ee r ( F ig 6 5 ) . I t

T he mo s t w ide ly a va i lab le , w o rkab le s t one a tH igh P eak i s G reensand C hen b u tw h ich m ade u p o n ly 2% o ft h e wo rked s t one a s semb lage . I tw ou ld a ppea r t h a t d e sp i te i t sp rox im i ty t o B ee r , c ha lk d e r ived f l in t w a s o f c ompa ra t ive ly l i t t le i mpor tance i nt h e p roduc t ion o ff l ake s a nd r e touched t oo l s . T he re i sa mp le e v idence o f b l ade p roduc t ion b u t t h is d oe s

w a s e xcava ted i n t wo s ea sons d u r ing 1 950 a nd 1 951 ( Hou lde r , C .H . 1 963 ) . T he e xcava t ion s t ra tegy c omp r ised o pen ing a s e r ie s o f l o ng n a r row t r enches w i th l a te r e x tens ions i n w h ich a s e r ies o f p i t s a nd d i tches w e re i d en t if ied . T he f i nd s i n c luded 2 887 f l in tf l ake s3 4 c o re s 1 3 1 r e touched t oo ls . A l though p o t te ry f r om t h e s i te w a s

n o t d emons t ra te a n i n c r ea s ing c onserva t ion o fr aw ma te r ia l s s i nce t h e f l in t f r om w h ich t h e b l ades w e re p roduced w a s a bundan t ly a va i lab le i nd epo s i t so fc l ay w i th f l i n t st h a ta r e

c ompa rab le w i th t h e a s semb lage f r om H embury , t h e e xcava to r s o fH aza rd H i l l i n terp re ted t h e s i t ea s as e t t lemen t 9 4

c l o se t o t h e s i te . I n ac ache o f f l ake s a nd r e touched t oo l s , c ha lk d e r ived f l in t a ccoun ted f o ro n ly 2 0% o ft h e g roup . A s a tH embu ry ,t h e re i s ap o s s ib i l i ty t h a ta nu nu sua l b rown f l in t w a s b e ing p ref e r en t ia l ly s e lec ted f o r t h e p roduc t ion l e af a r rowhead sa nd o va te s , b u t o n ly t h ree o ft h e f o rme ra nd o ne o ft h e l a t te rw e re f ound .

S ummary T he f i ve s i te s e xh ib i t av a r ia t ion s i nt h e e xp lo i ta t ion o fl o ca l a nd d i s tan t s t one s ou rces wh ich a r e u n re la ted t o t h e ir d i s tance f r om B ee r H ead o r a ny o t he r s ou rce o f c ha lk d e r ived f l in t .

I n C or nwa l l , e xcava t ion s a tC am B rea b e tween 1 970 a nd 1 973 r e cove red 2 0 ,311 f l ake s , 8 6 c o re s a nd 2 152 r e touched t oo ls o fw h ich 1 053 f l ake s , 5c o re s a nd 1 32 r e touched t oo l s w e re f r om s t ra t if ied N eo l i th ic c on tex t s ( Sav i l le , A . 1 981 . 1 02 -104 ) . C am B rea i st h e mo s t r emo te s i te i nt h i s g roup b e ing 1 60 k i lome t re sw e s to fB ee ra nd o ve r look ing t h en or th C o rn i sh c oa s t . A s ma l l q uan t i ty o f c he r t ( 8 1 p i ece s ) w a s p resen t o n t he s i te , 7 0% o f w h ich w a s t hough t t o b e P or t land type . T he p redom inan t w o rked s t one w e r e c ha lk f l in t ( d e sc r ibed a s n on -beach f l in t ) a nd f l in t t h a t p robab ly o r ig ina te s f r om n ea rby b eache s ( Sav i l le , A . 1 981 , 1 07 ) . I n t e rms o f c o re s a nd c o re f r agmen t s , 6 8 .4% w e re j udged t o d e r ive f r om c ha lk wh i le 3 0 .6% w e re b each p ebb le s . F o r u n re touched f l ake s t h e d i spa r i ty w a s s l igh t ly l e s s m a rked

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T ab le 2 7 . T he R e la t ive U sage o f S tone T ypes f r om E xcava ted E a r ly N eo l i th ic A s semb lage s i nt h e S ou th We s t I ti sc l ea r f r om t h i s t a b le t h a t r e la t ing d i s tance f r om t h e n ea re s t p o ten t ia l s ou rce o f f l in t t o t h e w ay i n w h ich r aw m a te r ia l s a r e e xp lo i ted i sa n o ve r s imp l if i ca t ion . T he g r ea te s t a nd t h e l e a s t d i s tance f r om B ee r b o th e xh ib i t t h e l owe s t r a te s o fc ha lk f l in t u t i l i sa t ion . T he e xp lo i ta t ion o fc he r t i s

( 6 3 .6% a nd 1 .1 % r e spec t ive ly ) b ecause al a rge rp ropo r t ion o ff l ake s ( 2 5 .3 % ) c ou ld n o t b e a s s igned t oe i the r g roup . I n c on t ra s t 8 4 .1 % o f r e touched t oo l s w e re made f r om c ha lk f l in t c ompa red t o 5 . 8% b e ing made f r om b each f l in t . U nf or tuna te ly , t h e i n te r im r epor t f o r t h e e xcava t ion s a t

u n if o rm ly l ow , w he the rt h e ma te r ia l i sa sf o re ign t ot h e s i te a sf l in to ra c tua l ly o ccu r s o ns i te .

H e lman T o rd oe s n o tg ive d e ta i l s o fa ny o ft h e a r tef ac t s t h a t w e re r e cove r ed ( Me rce r , R .J . 1 986 )

T he l a ter N eo l i th ic a nd E ar ly B ronze Age S i te s

I n a dd i t ion t o t h e s i te s l i s ted a bove , an ew C au sewayed E nc lo su r ew a sd i scove red i n1 994 d u r ing ar oad c on s t ruc t ion

T he re a r e c l ea r ly p rob lem s a s soc ia ted w i th c ompa r ing a s semb lage s f r om t h e a bove g roup o fs i te s . S ome o ft h em a r e c au sewayed e nc losu res a nd t h e ref o re may b e c on tempo ra ry a nd m ay a l so d i sp lay s ome c ommon e l emen t s

s cheme a tR addon H i l l i nt h e E xe v a l ley ( F . G r iff i th , p e r s c omm ) . A n a r ea 5 m e t r e s w ide a nd 4 00 m e t r e s l o ng h ad b een s t r ipped r evea l ing t wo s e t s o f c oncen t r ic d i tche s . E xcava t ion o ft h e se p roduced a n a s semb lage o f 1 079 p i ece s

o ff unc t ion , w h ich m igh t b e r e f lec ted i nt h e u se a nd d i sca rd o f s t one t o o l s . I t i s , h oweve r , e x t reme ly p rob lema t ic t o e x tend s uch c ompa r i sons t o a s semb lages f r om a l a te r p er iod . A l though t h e re a r e e x ten s ive l a ter p reh i s to r ic

o f wo rked c ha lk f l in ta nd t h r ee p i ece so fP o r t land t y pe c her t . A sy e tl i t t le a na ly s is h a sb een c a r r ied o u to nt h em a te r ia l , b u t t h e re a ppea r s t o b e v e ry f ew p r ima ry f l akes i n t h e a s semb lage a nd t h ec o re sa l lw e igh l e s st han 5 0g ramme s ( T . G en t , p e r sc omm ) .

r ema in s o n t h e G ran i te u p land s o ft h e S ou th We s t , f ew o f t h e se s i te s , i fe xcava ted , h ave p roduced l a rge s t ra t if ied f l in t a s semb lage s .

A l l o f t h e se s i te s w e re a s soc ia ted w i th f i nd s o f H embu ry Wa re a nd , w i th t h e e xcep t ion o fH igh P eak , u nu sua l ly l a rge n umbe r s o fl e af s haped a r rowhead s . A l l a r e s i tua ted o n h i l l t op s . C am B rea a nd H embu ry w e re c er ta in ly C au sewayed E nc lo su r e s , a s t oo , i ts e em s l i ke ly , w e re H igh P eak a nd H aza rd H i l l . H a ldon r ema in s a mb iguou s a l though r e cen t w o rk s ugge s t s t ha t t h e s i te i s much l a rge r t h an w a s p r ev iou s ly i mag ined . B u i ld ing w o rk a d ja cen t t ot h e s i t e h a s

H oweve r , ag roup o f l a te r N eo l i th ic a nd e a r ly B ronze A ge a s semb lage s l o ca ted n ea r t ot h e e a r ly N eo l i th ic s i te s w e r e s e lec ted f o r c ompa r ison . T he s i te a t T opsham i s a pp rox ima te ly f ou r k i lome t re s e a s t o fH a ldon a nd , a l though mu l t i -pe r iod , i n c luded a c l us te r o f p i t s c on ta in ing l a te N eo l i th ic p o t t ery . ( J a rv i s , K & Maxf ie ld , V . 1 975 , 2 58 ) . A t o ta l o f 6 18 f l in t s w e re r e co rded d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion o f w h ich 1 40 c ame f r om s e cu re l a te N eo l i th ic c on tex t s . T he r aw m a te r ia ls u t i l i sed a tt h e s i te w e re p redom inan t ly f r om

s i nce p roduced e v idence t o s ugges t t ha t t h e o r ig ina l i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e s i te w a s i n co r r ec t a nd t h a t i ti sf a c t a c ausewayed e nc lo su re ( T . G en t , p e r sc omm ) . T h i sw ou ld b e c ons i s ten tw i th i t sl o ca t ion a nd f i nd sa s semb lage . F o r ty y ea r s

r i ve r g rave l s a l though s ome g reen sand c he r t w a s a l so u sed . N odu le s o fc ha lk f l in tw e re a l so p r e sen to n t h e s i te b u ts i nce t h ey b o th w e re u nwo rked a nd u ns t ra t if ied t hey c anno t d ef in i te ly b e a s soc ia ted w i th t h e p r eh is to r ic a s semb lage ( J a rv i s , K & Maxf ie ld , V . 1 975 , 2 52 ) .

s epa ra te t h e e xcava t ion o f H embu ry f r om t h a to f C am B rea a nd t h e a tendan t e vo lu t ion i na r chaeo log ica l t e chn ique w i l l i n ev i tab ly c r ea te d i spa r i t ie s b e tween e ach s i te 's a s semb lage s . A t C am B rea , t h e re i s l i ke ly t o ag r ea te r r e p re sen ta t ion o fs ma l le rp i ece so fw o rked s t one b ecau se s o i l f r om " s en s i t ive l o ca t ions " w a s s i eved t h rough a7mm m e sh ( Me rce r , R . J . 1 98 1 , 1 6 ) .

F ur the r w e s t , t wo u ns t ra t if ied a s semb lage s w e r e r e cove red d u r ing e xcava t ion s a t D a in ton ( 98 p i ece s ) a nd C hu r s ton ( 1 ,108 p i ece s ) b o th s i te s l o ca ted l e s s t h an 1 0 k i lome t r e s t o t h e s ou th a nd e a s to fH aza rd H i l l ( Sy lve s te r , R . 1 980 ; P a rke r P ea r son , M 1 981) . O fo ve r 1 000 p i ece s o ff l in t a tC hu r s ton , 9 5

3 3% w e re o f c ha lk f l in t wh i le 5 % w e re f r om b each p ebb le s , 1 % f r om r i ve r g rave l s a nd t h e r ema inde r f r om a v a r ie ty o f s ource s . F ive f r agmen t s o f P or t land type c he r t w e re r e por ted a s w e l l f ou r g round s t one a xe f r agmen t s t hough t t oh ave o r ig ina ted i nC o rnwa l l ( Pa rke r P ea r son , M . 1 981 ,2 0 ) .T he re a ppea red t ob e mo re t h an o ne c h rono log ica l

b een d i sca rded w hen t h ey h ad b een r educed t os im i la rs i ze s . I ft h e o bv iou s s upe r io r i ty o fc ha lk f l in t o ve r b each d epo s i t s w e re as i gn if i can t f a c to r t ot ho se who w o rked t h e m a te r ia l , o ne m igh t h ave e xpec ted t h e re t ob e ad i f f e rence i nt h e s i ze o fc o re s w hen t h ey w e r e e ven tua l ly d i sca rded .C ha lk f l in t c o r e s o ugh t t ob e s ma l le r t h an t h e ir b each f l in t e qu iva len t s b ecau se t h e " c o s t " o fa cqu i r ing t h em f r om s uch a d i s tance

e l emen tt ot h e a s semb lage w i th ah i gh p ropo r t ion o fn a r row f l akes o ccu r r ing i n t h e s ame l o ca t ion a s l e af s haped a r rowhead s a nd e xamp le s o f " B lack B ee r F l in t " (Pa rke r P ea r son , M . 1 981 , 2 1) . A t D a in ton o n ly 9 8 p i ece s o f f l in t w e re r e cove red , a l l o fw h ich w e re f r om b each d epo s i t s . T he a s semb lage w a s g ene ra l ly d i s t r ibu ted a c ro s s t h e s i te a nd t h e re w a s e v idence t h a t w o rk ing h ad t a ken p l ace t h e re

w ou ld a dd " va lue " t ot h e i r p roduc t s o rs imp ly b ecau se t h e i r s upe r io rf l ak ing q ua l i t ie sm ade i te a s ie rt od os o . C onve r se ly , o ne m igh t e xpec t l a rge r c o r e s f r om t h e i n f e r io r b each f l in t f o r p rec i se ly s im i la r r e a son s . T he f a c t t h a t t h i s d oe s n o t o ccu r s ugge s t s t h a t t h e o r ig in s a nd q ua l i t ies o f t h e r aw ma te r ia ls w e r e n o t s i gn if i can t i nd e te rm in ing t h e a moun t o f e f f or te xpended o n r educ t ion . I ndeed , i tc ou ld b e a rgued t h a t mo re e f f o r t w a s e xpended r educ ing t h e l e s s t r ac tab le b each f l in tt h an t h em o re w o rkab le c ha lk f l in t .

( M i le s , H1 980 , 2 5 ) . D ur ing t h e S econd Wo r ld Wa r , t wo C o rn i sh b a r row g roup s w e re e xam ined b y C . K . C rof t A nd rew ; N ine b a r row s s i tua ted a l ong t h e n o r th c oa s t b e tween P o r t rea th a nd

I na dd i t ion t oe xcava ted s i te s , n ume rou s s u rf ace c o l lec t ion s h ave b een c a r r ied o u t i nt h e S ou th We s t ( M i le s , H . 1 976 ) . A l though mo s t h ave b een u n sy s tema t ic r e cove r ie s o f a r tef ac t s a nd t h e ref o re u n l ike ly t op rov ide ar e l iab le p i c tu re o fr aw ma te r ia l v a r iab i l i ty , t h i s i sn o t a lway s t h e c a se . I n C or nwa l l ,t h e L iza rd P ro jec t s y s tema t ica l ly w a lked at o ta l o f 2 65 h ec ta r e s i na n a r ea a pp rox ima te ly 2 0 k i lome t re s s ou th

C rack ing ton H aven a nd a b a r row c eme tery o n D av id s tow Moo r , b o th o f wh ich a r e a pp rox ima te ly 2 5 k i lome t re s n o r th e a s to fC am B rea ( Ch r i s t ie , P .M . 1 985 ;C h r i s t ie , P .M . 1 988 ) . T he c oa s ta l b a r row s w e r e p a r t ly e xcava ted b y w o rkmen w ho c ou ld n o tr e cogn i se p r eh i s to r ic w o rked f l in ta nd f i nd s i n g ene ra l w e r e p oo r ly r e co rded ( Ch r i s t ie , P .M . 1 985 , 2 4 ) . T he t o ta l n umbe r o fw o rked s t one p i ece s i st h e ref o re s ma l l a nd

o fC am B rea . At o ta l o f 1 09 18 f l in t a nd 1 306 c her t f l ake s w e re r e cove red t oge the rw i th 1 394 f l in ta nd 1 40 c he r tc o re s . T h i s m a te r ia l t e nded t o b e e ven ly d i s t r ibu ted w i th " s i te s b e ing d ef ined a s c oncen t ra t ions o f mo r e t h an 4 0 p i ece s w i th in a s i ng le f i e ld " ( Sm i th G .H . 1 987 , 1 6 ) . D a t ing t h e se c oncen t ra t ion s p roved p rob lema t ic s i nce s ome c on ta ined

t h e e xa c t p rovenance o f s ome o ft h e ma te r ia l i su nce r ta in . H oweve r , a lmos ta l l o ft h e f l in ti st h ough tt oh ave o r ig ina ted f r om l o ca l b each d epo s i t s w i th t h e s i ng le e xcep t ion o f a c ha lk f l in tp unch o rs t r ike -a l igh tf r om t h eT re l igga 2b a r row ( Hea ly , F .1 985 , 12 ) . T he e xcava t ion s o n D av id s tow Moo r w e re mo r e e x ten s ive a nd p roduced a n a s semb lage o f 4 23 p i eces . A l though o nce a ga in t h e c on tex t o f much o f t h i s

b o th Me so l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic p i ece s , b u t n one o f t h i s ma te r ia lw a sm ade f r om c ha lk d er ived f l in t .

ma te r ia l i su nc lea r ,s ome o ft h i s ma t e r ia lw a sf r om t h eb u r ied l a nd s u rf a ce s ea led b y t h e b a r row s a nd s ome w e r e f r om t h e

D i scu s s ion

mound s t h emse lves ( Ch r is t ie , P .M . 1 988 , 1 41) . Two p r inc ipa l c oncen t ra t ion s o f wo rked f l in t w e re i d en t if ied a t s i tes XX IV ( 65 p i ece s ) a nd XXV I ( 2 51 p i ece s ) w i th t h e r ema in ing 1 07 p i ece s b e ing c on s ide red t oge the r . Much o f

I n t h e q uo ta t ion wh ich i n t roduce s t h i s m onog raph ,T odd p o se s s eve ra l p er t inen t q ue s t ion s n o t t h e l e a s t o fw h ich i st o c on s ide r t h e s c a le o fc ha lk f l in t i mpor ta t ion i n to t h e S ou th

t h e f l in t o r ig ina ted o n l o ca l b eache s ; h oweve r , t h e re i sa s i gn if i can te l emen to fc ha lk f l in t , d e sc r ibed , a si tw a s i nt h e C am B rea f l in t r e por t , a s " non -bea ch f l in t " . A pp rox ima te ly h a lf o f t h e a s semb lage l a cked s uff ic ien t c or tex t o b e

We s ta nd i t sr e la t ion sh ip t ot h e movemen to fs t one a xe s . I ti s p o s s ib le t op l o tt h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f c ha lk f l i n t a nd t oa t temp t t os how h ow t h i s c hanged t h rough t ime b u to ppor tun i t ie s f o r q uan t if ica t ion a r e r a re . A t C am B rea , h oweve r a n

d ef in i te ly a s c r ibed t o as pec if ic s ou r ce a r ea , b u t much o ft h e r e s idue 's a ppea rance a nd c ha rac te rs t rong ly s ugge s ted t ha t i t t oo d e r ived f r om c ha lk ( Ch r is t ie , P .M . 1 988 , 1 41) . T he r e s t o ft h e a s semb lage w a sd i v ided b e tween b each f l in ta nd c he r t . T he l a t te rm ade u p l e s s t h an 5% o ft h e t o ta l r e cove r ed w i th t e n o ft h ef our teen p i ece sb e ing g r een sand c her tw h i le t h ree f l ake s a nd al e af s haped a r rowhead w e re o f af i ne r g ra ined

a s semb lage o fo ve r 2 0 ,000 p i ece s o f i mpo r ted f l in t d e r ived f r om t h e d e ta i led e xcava t ion o f2 5% o ft h e s i te . A s sum ing t h e e xcava ted a s semb lage i st yp ica l o ft h e s i te a s aw ho le , i t h a s b een c a lcu la ted t ha t , t h e t o ta l w e igh to fi mpo r ted f l in ta t C am B rea w a s 7 1 .4 k i lo s ( Hea ly , F . 1 985 , 1 9 ) . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e re w a s c on s ide rab le l o s s o f ma te r ia l a way f r om t h e s i te ,b u tt h i s i sn o td emon s t ra ted b ye v idence f r om t h eL iza rd S u rvey , a nd e ven w he re i td oe s a ppea r , a s a t D av id s tow

( pos s ib ly P o r t land t ype ) c he r t .

Moo r , t h e a c tua l a moun t o fm a te r ia l i sc ompa ra t ive ly s ma l l . T h i s m ean s t h a t t h e e n t i r e " t rade" o f i mpo r ted f l in t a tC am B rea c ou ld h ave b een r e p re sen ted b y t h e a r r iva l i n Moun t s B ay o f as i ng le s k in b oa t . A l te rna t ive ly , i f t he f l in t a r r ived a t a c on s tan t r a te t h roughou t t h e p e r iod o f t h e s i te ' s o ccupa t ion , o ne m igh t e nv isage t h e a nnua l a ppea rance o f as i ng le n odu le .

T he p ropo r t ion o fb each f l in t ,n on b each f l in ta nd u na s s igned f l in t f o r s i t e XX IV i s2 0% , 2 9% a nd 4 9% r e spec t ive ly a nd 1 7% , 2 2% a nd 5 6% f o rs i te XXV I . T he se f i gu re sw ou ld t e nd t ou nde r s ta te t h e s i gn if icance o fn on -beach f l in t , s ot h e t o ta l o f c o r t ica l f l ake s f r om s i tes XX IV a nd XXV I w e re a ma lgama ted . T h i s i n d ica ted t h a t t h e p ropor t ion o f n on b each f l in t w i th in t h e a s semb lage m ay h ave b een a sh i gh a s 5 5% w h ich i sc ompa rab le w i th a f i gu re o f 6 4% f r om a s im i la r s amp le f r om C am B rea ( Ch r i s t ie , P .M . 1 988 , 1 42 ) . O n ly 2 2 c o re s w e re f ound b u t t h ey w e re m ade u p o f b o th b each a nd n on -beach t ype s . S ign if ican t ly , b o th t y pe s h ad

S eve ra l a u tho r s h ave s ugge s ted t h e p oss ib i l i ty o f a c onnec t ion b e tween t h e e a s twa rds movemen t o fg reen s tone a xe s a nd t h e w e s twa rd movemen t o f c ha lk f l in t . T he l i ke l ihood o ft h i s b e ing t h e c a se , d epend s o n e s tab l ish ing 9 6

when a nd h ow b o th s t one t ype s a ppea r o u t s ide t h e i r r e spec t ive l o ca l i t ie s a nd a l so i n d e t e rm in ing t h e w ay i n w h ich t h e se o b jec t s moved . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o f G roup 1 a xe s s how s a ma rked c oncen t ra t ion i n w e s t C o rnwa l l , a ma rked a b sence f r om t h e r e s t o ft h e S ou th We s t p en insu la a nd ag ene ra l d i s t r ibu t ion t h roughou t We s sex , E a s t Ang l ia a nd t h e M id land s . T h i s h a s b een i n te rp r e ted a s e v idence o f s ea -bo rne t r anspor ta t ion t o e n t repö t c en t res i n Wessex , E s sex a nd E a s t Ang l ia ( Me rce r 1 986 , 4 9 ) . Mo r e r e cen t ly , B er r idge h a s q ues t ioned w he the r t h e i n te rp r e ta t ion o f t h in s e c t ion ing r e su l t s g ive r e l iab le l o ca t ion s f o r C o rn i sh s t one a xe s ou rce s . I t may t r an sp i re t h a t G roup V i sn o t t h e o n ly s ou rce t h a th a s b een e r roneou s ly a s c r ibed t ot h e S ou th We s t ( Be r r idge , P . 1 993 , 4 9 ) . R e sea rch i n co rpo ra t ing s imu la t ion s t ud ie s a nd e mpha s is ing t h e c h rono log ica l d eve lopmen t o f t h e d i s t r ibu t ion , h a s s ugge s ted as l ow d i s sem ina t ion o fa xe s t h rough as e r ie s o fs ho r t d i s tance movemen t s ( Edmond s , M . 1 995 , 5 1) . I ft h e l a t te r mode l i sa ccep ted , i ti sd i ff i cu l t t o e nv i sage ar e c ip roca l movemen t o ff l in tt h a tc ou ld b e l i nked t ot h a to fa xe s .

D e sp i te i t s l o ca t ion , H igh P eak i ss i tua ted a tt h e t op o f 1 50 m e t re h igh c l if f sa nd t h e ref o r ed oe sn o th ave d i rec ta cce s st o t h e s e a . I tm ay b e t h a t t h e p r e sence o f as he l te red h a rbou r a s s i s ted i nt h e movemen t o ft h e r aw ma te r ia l b u t i ti s much mo re l i ke ly t h a t s uch a n e nv i ronmen t e ncouraged a s ubs is tence e conomy i n w h ich t h e re w a s as i gn if i can t e l emen t o f c oa s ta l /e s tua r ine e xp lo i ta t ion . C on tac t b e tween t h e se c ommun i t ie s i n t h e p ur suance o f a r ange o f s ub s i s tence o r s oc ia l a c t iv i t ies r a the r t han a s pec if i c f l in t t r ade may h ave b een t h e m ean s b y w h ich c ha lk f l in t moved i n to t h e S ou th We s t . I th a s a l ready b een d emon s t ra ted t ha t f l in tf r om B ee rc anno t b e p o s i t ive ly i d en t if ied b y v i sua l e xam ina t ion a l one . I ti s t h e ref o re p o s s ib le t h a t c ha lk f l in t s ou r ce s i nw e s te rn D o r se t may h ave c on t r ibu ted t o a s semb lages i n D evon a nd C ornwa l l . I f as e a -bo rne d i s t r ibu t ion o f c ha lk f l in t i s e nv i saged t h e n ex t mo s tw e s te r ly c oa s ta l o u tc rop o ccu r s 5 k i lome t re sf r om B ee rt ot h ew e s to fP or t land . C oa s ta lf l in ts ou r ce so nt h e I s le o fP u rbeck w e re e xam ined t o

T he r e su l t s o f f i e ldwa lk ing a t B ee r d i d n o t r e vea l a ny e v idence f o r t he s pec ia l ised p roduc t ion o f p ar t icu la r a r tef a c t s . T he o ccu r r ence o fc ha lk f l in t a td i s tan t l o ca t ion s

d e t erm ine h ow c l o se ly t h ey c ompa red w i th t h e f l in ta va i lab le a tB ee r . F l in t w a s f ound i nt h e c l if f s a tL u lwor th C ove , 7 0

r a i se s t h e q ues t ion o f whe the r i tw a s i mpor ted s imp ly b ecau se o fi t s s upe r io rw o rk ing q ua l i t ie s o rb ecau se i tc ou ld f u lf i l ap a r t icu la r f unc t ion . A t a l l t h e p o ss ib le a nd p robab le

s pa r se ly

k i lome t r e s e a s t o fB ee r b u t t h e n odu le s w e re b o th s ma l l a r e d i s t r ibu ted .

C oa s ta l

f l in t

d epos i t s

t ha t w e re

c ompa rab le t o B ee r i n t h e i r q ua l i ty a nd q uan t i ty w e re e ncoun te r ed a t S t ud land , af u r the r 3 0 k i lome t res e a s t o f L u lwor th .

c au sewayed e nc lo su r e s i te s , i tw a s u t i l i sed t op roduce t h e n orma l r a nge o f f l ake t oo l s , t hough i n mo s t c a ses t h i s i n c lude s a n u nusua l ly l a rge n umbe r o f l e af s haped a r rowhead s . T he o n ly e xcep t ion i s H igh P eak , wh ich e xh ib i t s n e i the r ap r edom inance o f c ha lk f l in t n o r l a rge n umbe r s o f l e af a r rowhead s . A t C am B rea a nd H embury t h e se a r rowhead sh ave b een c i ted a se v idence f o rp r eh is tor ic w a rf a re , a l though a t H embu ry t h i s h a s r e cen t ly b een c ha l lenged . B rown h a s d emons t ra ted t ha t mo s t o f t h e a r rowhead s a c tua l ly d e r ived f r om p i t f i l l ing s a nd t h e ref o re may h ave b een a p roduc t o f r i tua l d epo s i t ion ( 1 989 , 4 8 ) . U se i nw a rf a re wou ld n o t i ni t s e lf m ean t h a tt h e a r rowhead s c ou ld n o t h ave b een m anuf ac tu red a tt h e s i te a nd a tC am B rea , s ome p a r t ly f i n ished e xamp le s w e re r e cove red ( Sav i l le , A . 1 981 , 1 26 ) . T he e xcava t ion s a tC am B rea a l so p roduced s ub s tan t ia l q uan t i t ie s o fv e ry s ma l l f l ake s . T he re a r e n o d e ta i l s i nt h e r e po r t a st ot h e a moun t a nd l o ca t ion o f s i ev ing d u r ing t he e xcava t ion a nd t h e o n ly m e thodo log ica l

I n land , f l in t b ea r ing c ha lk o ccu r s w i th in 3 0 k i lome t re s o f B ee ra nd t h e r e i sa mp le e v idence o ff l in tr educ t ion f r om s i te s s u ch a s Ma iden C a s t le . H e re , t h e re i se v idence b o th f o r t h e p roduc t ion o ff l in ta xe sa nd t h ep repa ra t ion o fc o re s , mo s to f w h ich a ppea r t oh ave b een r emoved f r om t h e s i te f o rf u r the r r e duc t ion e l sewhe re ( Sha rp ie s , N . 1 99 1 , 4 8 ) . I r on ica l ly , t h e s upp ly o ff l in t f r om s ou the rn D o r se tw ou ld f i t mo re c l o se ly i n to t h e mode lw h ich e nv i sage sC orn i sh a xe d i s t r ibu t ion i n to C ranborne C ha se a nd S a l i sbu ry P la in t h rough r i ve r ine e n t repö t s . I tw ou ld a l so g o s ome w ay t o a ccoun t f o r P or t land type c he r t i nt h e S ou th We s t a nd t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f g abb ro ic p o t te ry i nt h ew e s t e rn f r inge s o f We ssex .

C onc lu s ion A lmo s t e ve ry r e po r t o f e xcava t ion s i nD evon o r C or nwa l l

d e ta i l g i ven i st he 7mm m e sh s i z e ( Me r ce r , R .J . 1 981 , 1 6 ) . I ti s p o s s ib le t ha t mo r e s i ev ing t h rough f i ne r m e she s m igh t h ave r e vea led a s t i l l s ma l le r c omponen t t o t h e c ha lk f l in t a s semb lage i nd ica t ing w he the r v e ry s ma l l t h inn ing f l ake s w e re b e ing p roduced i na ny n umbe r .

w h ich r e cove r a r tef ac t s m ade f r om c ha lk f l in t g oe s o n t o o b se rve t h a tt h e mo s t w e s te r ly s ou rce o fs uch ma te r ia l i sa t B ee r H ead . T he se a s semb lage s may i n deed o r ig ina te f r om B ee r b u t i nt h e c ur ren t s t a te o fk now ledge t h e re i s n o r e a l e v idence t os uppor tt h i s c onc lu s ion . T he f i gu re s w h ich C a re p roduced t oi n d ica te t h a t f l i n t c on serva t ion w a s i n c rea s ing i nr e la t ion t ot h e d i s tance f r om B ee r a r e i n va l id , b u t e ven i f

T he m e thod b y wh ich c ha lk f l in tw a st r an spor ted t h rough t h e S ou th We s t p en in su la m ay b e s ugge s ted b y t h e l o ca t ion s a t w h ich i th a s b een f ound . I f B ee r w a s t h e s ou rce o f

t h ey w e r e n o t , t h ey c ou ld e qua l ly b e a pp l ied t of l in t s ou rce s i nD o r se t . T he w ho le c a se f o r B ee r b e ing t h e s o le s ou rce o f c ha lk f l in t f o r t h e S ou th We s t h inge s o n t h e n o t ion o ft h e

H embury 's f l in t t h en i t mus t e i the r h ave b een t r an spor ted t h e re b y h and o r d raugh t a n ima l s . W i th t h e s i ng le e xcep t ion o fH embu ry , t h e e a r l ie rN eo l i th ic s i te s a tw h ich c ha lk f l in t i s p r e sen t a r e a l l s i tua ted w i th in af ew k i lome t re s o fa cce s s t o t h e s e a , e i the r n ea r n a tu ra l h a rbou r s ( Cam B r ea ) o r l a rge t i da l e s tua r ie s ( Ha ldon a nd H aza rd H i l l ) . T he e xcep t ion t o t h i s i sH igh P eak w h ich i ss i tua ted o n t h e c oa s t b u t d oe s n o t

o p t im iza t ion o f r aw m a te r ia l p rocu remen t b a sed o n t h e m in ima l e xpend i tu re o f e ne rgy i nt r ave l l ing t o t h e s ou rce . T h i s i mp l ie s t h a t l o ng d i s tance j ou rney s w e re b e ing u nder taken s o le ly f o r t h e p u rpo se o f o b ta in ing f l in t f r om B ee r . S uch b ehav iou r h a s b een d i scoun ted , n o t o n ly f r om e t hnog raph ic s t ud ie s b u t a l so i nr e cen t f i e ldwo rk ( B inf o rd , L .R . 1 979 ; T ing le , M . 1 99 1 , 3 5 -6 ) . F i e ldwa lk ing i nt h e V a le

a ppea r t oh ave u t i l i sed s ub s tan t ia l q uan t i t ie s o fc ha lk f l in t . 9 7

o ft he Wh i te H o r se e xam ined t h e e x ten t t o wh ich t h e a r ea w a s s upp l ied w i th f l in t f r om t h e n e ighbou r ing B e rk sh i r e D own s a nd t h e w ay i nw h ich t h i s c hanged a s t h e d i s tance f r om t h e D own s i n c rea sed . A l though t h e D own s w e r e a s ou rce o f f l in t f o r t h e V a le , i t w a s c l ea r t h a t t h e re w a s w ide sp read u t i l i sa t ion o ff l in t f r om t h e C h i l te rn o u twa sh , 3 5 k i lome t re st ot h e w e s to ft h e s u rvey a r ea . T hu sw ha teve rt h e a dvan tage s o f ar aw ma te r ia l s ou rce , p rox im i ty a l one w i l l n o t e nsu re t h a t i tw i l l b e e xp lo i ted a tt h e e xpen se o f mo re d i s tan t s ou r ce s . Howeve r r e cen t d i scu s s ion s o n t h e p rec i se l o ca t ion o f C o rn i sh g r een s tone a nd g abb ro ic c l ay s ou rce s a r e r e so lved , i ti sc l ea r t h a t p o t te ry a nd s t one a r tef ac t s f r om t h e S ou th We s t a r e f ound i n c en t ra l s ou the rn E ng land a nd t h a t f l in t a xes f ound i n t h e S ou th We s t w e re n o t made f r om l o ca l ma ter ia l s . V iewed i n t h e c on tex t o f s t one e xp lo i ta t ion t h roughou t t h e S ou th We s t o ne c ou ld a r gue t h a t t h e f l in t r e sou rce s a tB ee r w e re o fm a rg ina l i mpo r tance d u r ing t h e e a r ly N eo l i th ic , wh i le i nl a te r p e r iod s t h ey w e re s i gn if ican t o n ly i n l o ca l s ub s i s tence s t ra t eg ie s .

9 8

CONCLUSION

The

Charac ter

o f

t he

A ssemb lage

d i s tanc ing o f s e t t lemen t f r om r e sou r ce . T h i s c ou ld h ave a cco rded w i th n o t ion s o f a n i n tended l im ina l i ty o f s t one s ou rce so ri n deed s ugge s tr e s t r ic t ion so fa cce ss t ov a lued r aw ma te r ia l s . I n c on t ra s t , t h e p r e sence o f ma r ine mo l lu scs i n d ica te c on tac tw i th t h e b each w h ich c ou ld h ave e mbedded

f rom

F ie ldwa lk ing a nd E xcava t ion a tB eer P r io r t ot h i s s u rvey , t h e p r inc ipa l s ou rce o fi n f o rma t ion f o r t h e p reh i s to r ic e xp lo i ta t ion o f f l in t a t B ee r w e re t h e

l i t h ic p rocu remen t w i th in l o ca l s ub s is tence s t ra teg ie s . U nf or tuna te ly i ti si mpo s s ib le t od e te rm ine t he l im i t s o ft h e c o l luv ium . N o c r edence c an b e g i ven t ot h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f c o l luv ium a c ro ss t he l a nd scape p ub l ished b y t h e MacA lp ine - Wood s b u t t h e re s e ems l i t t le l i ke l ihood o f s ub so i l s amp l ing s u rvey w i th in t h e a r ea b e tween B ovey L ane a nd t h e c oa s ts i nce t h i s i sn ow ar e s iden t ia l a r ea .

e xcava t ion s o f t h e MacA lp ine - Wood s p ub l i shed b e tween 1 932 a nd 1 937 . Mo re c o r rec t ly , i tw a s t h e i ri n te rp re ta t ion o f t h e se e xcava t ion s s i nce t h e f i nd s t h em se lve s h ad s ub sequen t ly d i sappea red . T hey a s ser ted t h a t B eer w a s p r ima r i ly , i fn o t e xc lu s ive ly , af l in t s ou rce e xp lo i ted d u r ing t h e U ppe r P a laeo l i th ic i n s p i te o f much e v idence t o t h e c on t ra ry . T h i s s e em s t oh ave b een mo t iva ted b y ad e s i r e t o s uppor t t h e c on ten t iou s v i ew s o f J .R e id Mo i r a nd h i s

F i e ldwa lk ing a tB ee rc ove red 2 16 h ec ta res a nd w a sm ade u p o f2 960 i n d iv idua l c o l lec t ion u n i t s . I nt e rm s o fa r ea t h i s w a s

f o l lower sw i th in t h eP reh i s to r ic S oc ie ty o fE a s tA ng l ia . T hey n ever the le s s d emon s t ra ted t h e e x i s tence o f as ub s tan t ia l d epos i t o f c o l luv ium i n wh ich f a una l a nd e nv i ronmen ta l

n o t al a rge s urvey b e ing l e s s t h an 1 0% o f t h e c omb ined c ove rage o ft h e Madd le F a rm a nd V a le o ft h e Wh i te H o r se S urvey s . I tw a s n eve r the le s s a2 5% s amp le o ft h e l a nd scape

e v idence w a sp re se rved t oge the rw i th w o rked f l i n t .

a r ound t h eh ead land a nd a lmos t 1 00% o ft h e p loughed l a nd a va i lab le w i th in amuch l a rge ra r ea t h a t i so therw i se a lmo s t e xc lu s ive ly p e rmanen t p a s tu re . T he s i gn if ican t r e s t r ic t ion i mpo sed o n s u rf ace c o l lec t ion b y t h e a g r icu l tu ra l r eg ime w a s t h a t t h e o n ly a r ea s p l oughed w e re o n ap l a teau a bove t h e 4 00 f oo t c on tou r . F i e ld s s u i tab le f o r s u rf a ce c o l lec t ion f e l l w i th in ar a nge t h a t w a s n eve r l e s s t h an 9 00 m e t re s a nd n eve r mo re t h an 4 k i lome t re s , f r om t h e o u tcropp ing c ha lk c l if f s o n B ee rb each . I nt o ta l 1 2 ,379 p i ece s o fw o rked s t one

T he 1 991 e xcava t ion w a s r e s t r ic ted t ot h e e xam ina t ion o fa o ne m e t r es e c t ion t h rough t h ed epo s i tw h ich a ti t sm ax imum , w a s 3 . 8 m e t re s d eep . I n t h e c ou r se o f t h e e xcava t ion , a g radua l c hange w a s n o ted i nt h e c o lou r o f t h e c o l luv ium , b rough t a bou tb y a n i n c rea s ing d en s i ty o fc ha r coa lw i th in i t . A pa r t f r om t h i s t h e re w a s n o i n d ica t ion t h a t a ny d i s t inc t h o r izons e x i s ted u n t i l a r tef ac t d i s t r ibu t ion s w e re p lo t ted . T owa rd st h eb a se o ft h ed epo s i t ,t h i sr e vea led ad en se , l i nea r d i s t r ibu t ion o f f l in t d eb i tage w i th in w h ich w e re f ound

w e re r e cove red f r om t h e s u rf ace c o l lec t ion o fw h ich o n ly 1 5 1 w e r e o f g r een sand c her t . O ve ra l l , t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f

s he rd s o fH embury a nd p o s s ib le P e te rbo rough w a re a sw e l l a s B eake r . S ub s i s tence a c t iv i t ie s a s soc ia ted w i th t h i s l e ve l

w o rked f l in t b ecome s g r ea te r w i th i n c r ea s ing p rox im i ty t o t h e b ea ch , i n d ica t ing t ha t q ua r ry ing t h e c l if f f a ce o r e xp lo i t ing c l if f f a l l s w a s t h e m a in s ou r ce o f r aw m a ter ia l s r a the r t h an i n land f l in t m ine s w h ich h ave p rev iou s ly b een s ugge s ted ( MacA lp ine s - Wood s G & MacA lp ine s - Wood s R . 1 933 -3 6 , 1; Wh i t t le , A .W .R . 1 977 , 6 7 ) .

w e re i nd ica ted b yt h e p r e sence o fa n ima lb one i n c lud ing t h e t e e th o fc a t t le a nd e d ib le ma r ine mo l lu sc s , o fw h ich w ink le s a nd l impe t s w e re f ound i n tac tw h i le m ic ro scop ic a na ly s i s o f t h e s o i l s howed i tt o i n c lude t h e f r agmen ta ry r ema in s o f mu s se ls . T he se c o inc ided w i th a s i ng le s o i l s amp le t h a t c on ta ined c a rbon i sed g r a in f r om t h es ame l e ve la tw h ich t h e s na i l c o lumn i nd ica ted a t r an s i t ion b e tween a r ab le a nd g r a s s land s pec ie s . T he p r e sence o fd e l ica te f i nd s s uch a st h e H embury Wa re a nd i n d iv idua l p i ece s o f c ha rcoa l s ugge s t s t h a t t h is d epo s i t h a s mo re o f t h e c ha rac te r o f am idden

P e rhap s t h e mo s t r ema rkab le f e a tu re o f t h e s u rf ace a s semb lage f r om B ee r , i si t su n rema rkab le n a tu re . T he re a r e n o s i gn if i can t c l u s te r s o f d eb i tage i n wh ich i n ten t iona l ly f o rmed f l ake s , s uch a s b l ade s o r l e va l lo i s f l ake s f o rm a c omponen t . F lakes t ha t e v idence c o re r e juvena t ion a r e e xcep t iona l , t h ough t h i s i st ob e e xpec ted s i nce 7 5% o f a l l t h e c o re s r e cove red s howed n o e v idence o f s y s tema t ic w o rk ing . T he r ema inde r w e r e p r edom inan t ly k ee led o r mu l t i -p la tf o rmed t ype s w h i le o n ly 1l e va l lo is , 1d i sco ida l

d epo s i tr a the rt h an ad i sp laced a g r icu l tu ra l s o i l . T he i n te rp re ta t ion o f t h i s e xcava t ion c en t re s o n t h e n a tu r e o f t h e c o l luv ia l d epo s i t i t se lf a nd i t s r e la t ion sh ip w i th t h e p ropo sed s ou rce o f f l in t i n t h e c l if f e xpo su re s a t B ee r . F i r s t ly , t h e re i st h e n a tu r e o fp r eh is to r ic l a nd -u se s ugge s ted b y t h e p r e sence o f s uch a d epo s i t . T he a s sump t ion t h a t c o l luv ium s hou ld a u toma t ica l ly b e l i nked w i th a r ab le a g r icu l tu re m ay b e c ha l lenged i nt h i s c a se , g i ven t h e a moun t o fd ome s t ic d eb r is p re sen t . T hen t h e re i st h ep hy s ica l e x ten t o f t h e d epo s i t . I f t h e c o l luv ia t ion w a s a l o ca l i sed p henomenon , i t s s i tua t ion , o n t h e m a in a cce s s r ou te t ot h e b each b u to ve r ak i lome t re i n land w ou ld s ugge s t ad e l ibe ra te

a nd 5b l ade c o re s w e re f ound . T he re i sn o e v idence f o rt h e p roduc t ion o f l a rge b i f ac ia l ly w o rked a r tef ac t s . T he i mp lemen t f o rms a r e d om ina ted b y f l ake t oo l s o f at ype w h ich c ou ld b e r e p l ica ted b y ac omp le te n ov ice i n f l in t t e chno logy . T h i s u nexcep t iona l a s semb lage m ay i ns ome p a r t r ef lec t a c h rono log ica l s h if t i nt h e f o cus o f a c t iv i ty s u ch t h a t t h e 9 9

a r ea s a va i lab le f o r f i e ldwa lk ing w e re t ho se w he re l a te r f l in t w o rk p redom ina ted . I n c on t ra s t t o t h e f i e ldwa lk ing a s semb lage , t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f c o re t ype s f r om t h e e xcava ted s e c t ion t h rough t h e B ovey L ane c o l luv ium r e vea led t h a t 3 7% w e re b l ade c o re s w h i le s y s tema t ic a nd u n sy s tema t ic c o re s b o th a ccoun ted f o r3 1% F i e ldwa lk ing a l so r evea led d i sc re te c oncen t ra t ion s

o f

P r ima ry , S econda ry a nd T er t ia ry f l ake s i n av a r ie ty o f l o ca t ion s t h a t t e nded t oc l u s te r a r ound t h e h ead land . T he se c oncen t ra t ion s w e re n o t e x ten s ive a nd f ew h ad a l l t ype s o f f l ake p r e sen t .N one o ft h ed eb i tage c oncen t ra t ion sc o inc ided w i th t h e d en se s t g roup ing s o fr e touched t oo l s . T he re w a s o n ly o ne e xamp le o f ac oncen t ra t ion o f d eb i tage a s soc ia ted w i th l a rge q uan t i t ie s o f b u rn t f l in t a nd r e touched t oo l s . I t m ay b e s i gn if i can tt h a tt h is w a ss i tua ted a tt h eh ead o fv a l ley t h a tr un sd own t ot h eb each . R e touched t o o l s w e re c oncen t ra ted a tt wo l o ca t ion s o n f l a t h i l l t op s o ve r look ing t h e s ea . I n c ompa r i son w i th s u rvey s c a r r ied o u to nt h e We s sex c ha lk u p land s ,t h e re w e re f a r mo r e r e touched t o o l sp re sen ti nr e la t ion t ot h e a moun to fd eb i tage . T h i s c ou ld b e a ccoun ted f o r i f as i gn if ican t a moun t o ft o o l p roduc t ion t o ok p la ce a tt h e f l in ts ou rce ,p e rhap s a tt h e c l if f f a ce i t se lf , w h i le t h e t oo ls w ere t h en u t i l i sed a nd s ub sequen t ly d i sca rded i n land . Wh i le i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t a c oncen t ra t ion o f r e touched t oo l s u na s soc ia ted w i th f l in t r educ t ion w a s te may i n d ica te t h e l o ca t ion o f as e t t lemen t , t h e re w e r e a l so r ea sons t ha t w e ighed a ga in s t t h i s . T he c oncen t ra t ion w a s s i ted o n a lmo s t t h e h ighe s t p o in t o ft h e p l a teau , a nd w h i le t h i sa f f o rded e xce l len tv i ew sa c ro s s L yme B ay a nd a l ong t h e c oa s t t o t h e w es t , i tw ou ld h ave b een e xcep t iona l ly e xpo sed t o t h e p r eva i l ing w e s te r ly g a le s . I n o rde r t o d e te rm ine t h e n a tu re o f t h e i mp lemen t c oncen t ra t ion s , t h es ou the rnmo s te xamp le w a s e xcava ted . E x ten s ive s amp le e xcava t ion o f t h e t op so i l r e vea led t wo g roup s o f s ub so i l f e a tu re s , b o th o f w h ich w e r e a s soc ia ted w i th B eake rp o t tery . T o t h e s ou th o ft h e ma in c oncen t ra t ion o fr e touched t o o ls , al a rge o va l f e a tu re w a s f ound t oc on ta in t h e r ema in s o f af i re i n to w h ich f r e sh ly k napped f l in t , c he r t a nd s and s tone f l ake s h ad b een i n t roduced t oge the r w i th p i ece s o fh eav i ly a b raded p o t te ry . T he n or the rn e nd o ft h e f e a tu r e w a s f i l led w i th l o ca l ly d e r ived f l in t n odu le s w h ich may o r ig ina l ly h ave f o rmed p a r t o f ac a ir n . T o t h e s ou th o f t h i s f e a tu re b enea th t h ed ense s tp a r to ft h e s c a t te r ag roup o f 3p i t s c on ta ined as ma l l a s semb lage o ft oo l s a nd f l ake s , a l made f r om c ha lk f l in t . T he a s semb lage f r om t h e l a rge r o va l f e a tu re i sa s soc ia ted w i th b ur n ing f o l lowed b y t h e i n c lu s ion o f u nu sua l r aw ma te r ia ls , b roken w ea the r ed p o t tery a nd f i na l ly t h e c ons t ruc t ion o f as ma l l c a i rn . A s s uch i th a s much i n c ommon w i th t h e n e ighbou r ing b a r row s a nd f l in t r i ng s o f F a rway a nd B road D own . A tt h e v e ry l e a s tt h i sd emon s t ra te s t h e s ymbo l ic i mpor tance o fl o ca l s t one s ou rce s b u t i t s l i ke ly r e la t ionsh ip t o t h e c oncen t ra t ion o f r e touched t oo l s w i th in t h ep l ough so i lr ema ins p rob lema t ic . T he a r tef ac t s i nq ue s t ion a r e p r edom inan t ly s imp le f l ake t o o ls s o p e rhap s t h i s a r ea w a s t h e f o cu s f o r ap a r t icu la r g roup o fa c t ions w h ich l e d t o t h e ir manuf ac ture , u se a nd t h en i mmed ia te d i sca rd . A l te rna t ive ly , o ne m igh t e nv isage a n a r ea a s soc ia ted w i th

r i tua l a c t iv i ty b ecom ing as u i tab le p l a ce f o r t h e d i spo sa l o f a r tef ac t s w h ich , f o r w ha teve r r e a son , c ou ld n o l o nge r b e u sed .

S e t t lemen t , S ubs i s tence E nv ironmen t

S y s tems

a nd

t he

T he p e r iod b e tween t h ee a r ly N eo l i th ic a nd t h e e a r ly B ronze A ge , w i tne s sed f undamen ta l c hange s t ot h e l a nd scape a nd t ot h es ub s i s tence s t ra teg ie so ft ho se w ho l i ved w i th in i t .T he n a tu r e a nd e x ten t o f t h e se d eve lopmen t s i s am a t te r o f c on s ide rab le d eba te . T he o n se t o f t h e N eo l i th ic w a s o nce s e en a sf undamen ta l ly a n e conom ic p roce s s , i n wh ich n a t ive w ood land w a s c l ea red a nd m ixed f a rm ing i n t roduced . T h i s i n t u rn n ece s s i ta ted a r educ t ion i n t h e s i gn if icance o f n a tu ra l ly o ccur r ing f ood s tuf f s a nd t h e a dop t ion o f a s eden ta ry l i f e s ty le f o rt h eb u lk o ft h ep opu la t ion ( Thoma s , J . 1 99 1 , 7 ) . Mo r er e cen t ly , t h eN eo l i th ic h a s b een p re sen ted a s c oncep tua l s y s tem f o r o rde r ing t h e w o r ld i n w h ich t h e c on t inued i mpor tance o f w i ld o r s em i -dome s t ica t ed f ood s ou r ce s i se mpha s i sed ( Thoma s , J . 1 99 1 , 1 78 -187 ) . S i nce t h e re i s e v idence f r om B eer , b o th o f s e t t lemen t a nd s ub s i s tence t h roughou t t h e N eo l i th ic a nd e a r ly B ronze A ge , t h e r e i sa n o bv iou s p o t en t ia l f o r t h e e v idence f r om B ee r t o b e c on s ide red i na w ide rc on tex t . F or ty k i lome t res e a s t o f B ee r , t h e r e i s a c orpu s o f e nv i ronmen ta l e v idence d e r iv ing f r om N eo l i th ic a nd e a r ly B ronze A ge e xcava t ions a l ong t h e s ou th D o r se tR idgeway s ugge s t ing t h e p rog re s s ive c l ea rance o f t h e l a nd scape (Woodwa rd , P . J . 1 991 , 1 27 ) . T he p o s t g l ac ia l e nv i ronmen t w a s d om ina ted b y m ixed w ood land o f v a r ied d en s i ty a nd c ha rac te r , t yp ica l ly c ompo sed o f O ak ,E lm a nd L ime (Woodwa rd , P . J . 1 991 , 1 27 ) . T h i s i ss e en t ob e d i s rup ted a t t h ee nd o ft h ef i f th m i l len ium BC ,w i th ar a p id d ec l ine i nt r ee p o l len , p a r t icu la r ly t h a t o fE lm a nd L ime , t oge the r w i th a n i n c r ea se i nt h eo ccu r rence o fg ra s s /he rb p o l len . T he e x ten to f t h i s c hange i sd i ff icu l tt oa s se s s a nd t h e r e i se v idence t h a ta t l e a s t o ne s i te , t h e Ma iden C a s t le c au sewayed e nc lo su re , w a sc on s t ruc ted w i th in aw ood land c l ea r ing r a the rt han o pen d own land . D u r ing t h e l a te r N eo l i th ic , e a r ly c l ea rances c oa le sced a nd e xpanded w h i le t h e s u rv iv ing w ood land w a s t h inned . T h i s i s a s soc ia ted w i th e p i sode s o f c e rea l c u l t iva t ion , p o s s ib ly i na r ea s w i th b rown e ar th s o i l s w h ich w e r e p rog r e s s ive ly e r oded t o p roduce t h e t h in r e ndz ina s wh ich h ave s ub sequen t ly c ha rac te r iz ed c ha lk d own land s o i ls (Woodwa rd , P . J . 1 991 , 1 35 ) . D u r ing t h e e a r ly B ronze A ge , t h e se t r end s c on t inued s o t ha t t h e l a ndscape b ecame p r edom inan t ly o pen w i th p r ima ry a nd s e conda ry w ood land s u rv iv ing o n ly i s o la ted t r a c t s (Woodwa rd , P . J . 1 991 , 1 40 ) . U nf o r tuna te ly t h e re i sn o c ompa rab le b ody o fe nv i ronmen ta l d a ta f o r t h e a r ea a r ound B ee r o r i n deed f r om t h e r e s t o ft h e S ou th We s t p en insu la . T he re a r e o bv iou s d i f f e rences b e tween t h e t o pog raphy a nd s o i l s o fs ou th D o r se t a nd e a s t D evon w h ich m ake a ny c ompa r i son b e tween t h e t wo a r ea s d i ff icu l t t o s u s ta in . H oweve r , l i m i ted e nv i ronmen ta l e v idence d e r ived f r om t h e s na i l c o lumn a t B ovey L ane , s how s b road a r ea s o fs im i la r i ty b e tween t h e s ou th D o r se t r i dgeway a nd t h e i mmed ia te v i c in i ty o fB ee r . T he s ub so i l i n vo lu t ion a t t h e b a se o f t h e s na i l c o lumn 1 00

i n d ica ted t ha t t he p re -Neo l i th ic l a nd scape w a s wooded a l though i ti sp o ss ib le t ha tt h eB ovey L ane s i te w a sw i th in o r n ea r ac l ea r ing . T he a ppea rance o fw o rked f l in t w i th in t h e d epos i t c o inc ide s w i th ac hange t os na i l s pec ie s t h a t f a vou r a n o pen e nv i ronmen t . T h i s r eg ime a ppea r s t o c on t inue u nchanged a st h e d epo s i t i n co rpo ra ted s he rd s o fH embu ry Wa re , p o s s ib le P e te rbo rough Wa re a nd B eake r . I ti so n ly i n t h e' u ppe r l e ve ls o ft h e P reh i s to r ic c o l luv ium t h a t mo l lu scan e v idence s ugges t sa n e p isode o fa r ab le c u l t iva t ion , a l though t h i s r eve r t st op a s tu re . T he a r ab le e p i sode c o inc ide sw i th t h e o n ly o the re v idence f o rc e rea lc on sump t ion i nt h ea r ea ,w hen t h e f l o ta t ion o fb u lk s o i l s amp le s f r om ac ompa rab le l e ve l i n t h e d epo s i t p roduced s i x p a r t ia l a nd c omp le te c e rea l g ra in s ( F ig 2 . 33 ) . T he e v idence f o r s ub s i s t ence a c t iv i t ie s i n t h e c o l luv ium b e low t h i s l e ve l i sr e s t r ic ted t ot h e a ppea rance o f

T hu s , t h e s i te a tB ovey L ane i sp rec i se ly t h e s or t o f e a r ly s e t t lemen t m a sked b y c o l luv ium w h ich w a s t hough t t o b e e l ud ing a r chaeo log ica l i n qu iry . B ee rw ou ld h ave r ep re sen ted ad e s i rab le l o ca t ion f o r e a r ly s e t t lemen t . I tc ou ld p rov ide a c ommun i ty w i th a cces s i n land w h i le a l so p e rm i t t ing i tt o e xp lo i t t h e r e sou rce s o f t h e c oa s t , q u i te a par t f r om t h e a cce s s ib i l i ty t o a n a bundan t f l in t s ou r ce . T he d en s i ty o f c ha rcoa l t h roughou tt h e l owe r l e ve l s o ft h e c o l luv ium c ou ld b e s e en a sd emon s t ra t ing ac on s tan t d epo s i t ion o fs e t t lemen t d eb r i s . H oweve r , s e t t lemen t d oe s n o t d emon s t ra te t h e e x i s tence o f a s e t t led c ommun i ty b a sed o n m ixed a g r icu l tu re . T he e nv i ronmen ta l a nd f auna l e v idence s ugges t s t h a t s ubs i s tence w a s b a sed o n am ix tu re o f w i ld r e sou rce s a nd c a t t le w i th c e rea l c u l t iva t ion a ppea r ing o n ly b r ief ly t owa rd st h e l a te rp ha se o fo ccupa t ion .

c a t t le t e e th a nd ma r ine mo l lu sc ss uch a sw ink le s , l impe t sa nd I th a sb een s ugge s ted t h a tt h ec on t inued p roduc t ion o fb l ade s d u r ing t h e e a r ly N eo l i th ic i n d ica te t h e s urv iva l o f amob i le

mu s se l s . N a t iona l ly , t h e e v idence

f o r N eo l i th ic a r ab le p roduc t ion

t a ke s t h e f o rm o fc a rbon i sed c e r ea l s , g ra in i mp re s s ion s i n p o t te ry a nd p re se rved c e rea l p o l len . T he se a r e e x t reme ly r a re , e spec ia l ly w hen c ompa red t o t h e e v idence t h a t s u rv ives f r om l a te rB ronze A ge a nd t h eI r on A ge ( En tw i s t le , R . & G ran t , A . 1 989 , 2 04 ) . T he s i gn if icance o fa r d ma rk s b enea th l o ng b a r rows , p rev ious ly a s sumed t o r ep re sen t t r ace s o f c u l t iva t ion t ha tw e r e p re served b y c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e mound , h a s b een s im i la r ly c ha l lenged . I th a s b een p o in ted o u t t h a t mo s t o ft h e e xamp le s o fd a tab le h i l l -wa sh d epos i t sw e re f o rmed i nt h eB ronze A ge , a no b se rva t ion t h a t h a s b een c onf i rmed b y s ub sequen t f i e ldwo rk ( En tw i s t le , R . &G ran t ,A . 1 989 ,2 04 ;A l len , M . 1 992 ,43 ) . I ti sa l so e v iden t t h a t c o l luv ia t ion i s a much mo re c omp lex p roce s s t h a t w a s o r ig ina l ly s uppo sed a nd t ha t i t sp re sence d oe s n o ti n va r iab ly i n d ica te a r ab le a g r icu l tu re ( A l len , M . 1 992 ,4 4 ) . T he c o l luv ium a tB ee rw i th i t sa s soc ia ted H embu ry Wa r e i s u nu sua l , n o to n ly b ecau se o ft h e a ppa ren tr a r i ty o fs uch e a r ly d epo s i t s . T he p re sence o f d e l ica te f i nd s s uch a s s ma l l m amma l b ones a nd p reh i s to r ic p o t te ry i n d ica te s t h a t t h e d epo s i t m ay h ave f o rmed i ns ome m anne r o t he r t h an a s a p roduc t o fe x ten s ive p lough ing . T he p r e sence o f c ha rcoa l , a f e a tu r e a ppa r en t ly u n ique t o t h e B ovey L ane c o l luv ium , s ugge s t s t h e m ix tu re o fa g r icu l tu ra l a c t iv i ty w i th s e t t lemen t d eb r i s t h a t i sc on s i s ten t w i th t i l lage t a k ing p l ace w i th in a d i spe r sed s e t t lemen t . T h i s w ou ld mo r e r e ad i ly a cco rd w i th s e t t lemen t b a sed h or t icu l tu re t h an e x ten s ive c e rea l p rodu c t ion ( Thoma s , J .1 991 , 2 8 ) . A no the rp rob lem i np ropo s ing as eden ta ry c e rea lb a sed e a r ly N eo l i th ic h a s b een t h e l a ck o f e v idence f o r p e rmanen t N eo l i th ic h ab i ta t ion s t ruc tu re s . T he i n c rea se i n a r cha eo log ica l f i e ld w o rk t h a t h a s t a ken p l ace o ve r t h e l a s t 2 0y ea r sh a ss e en n oc or respond ing i n c rea se i nf i nd so fe a r ly N eo l i th ic h ouses . I ndeed , t h e s i te a t H a ldon i n D evon , w h ich h a s b een c i ted a s at yp ica l i s o la ted f a rm s tead o ft h e p e r iod , a ppea r s n ow t o b e p a r t o f ac au sewayed e nc lo su re . O ne e xp lana t ion f o r t h is a b sence o f e v idence h a s b een t h a t t h e s e t t lemen t s a r e l o ca ted a way f r om t h e mo s t a r chaeo log ica l ly i n ve s t iga ted l a nd scape s , h i dden f r om e a sy d e tec t ion b y d eep d epos i t s o fc o l luv ium ( Megaw , J .V .S . & S imp son , D .D .A . 1 979 , 8 6 ) .

e conomy i n wh ich t h e c on se rva t ion o ff l in t r e sou rce s a r e a s i gn if ican t f a c to r ( B rad ley , R . 1 987 , 1 83) . Wh i le i ti st r ue t h a t b l ade s a r e b o th e conom ica l a nd v e r sa t i le , t h i s mode l d oe s n o t e xp la in t h e u b iqu i ty o fb l ade i n du s t r ie s r ega rd les s o ft h e a va i lab i l i ty o fr aw m a te r ia l s( Edmond s , M . 1 995 , 3 7 ) . A s ma l l a s semb lage f r om t h e B ovey L ane e xcava t ion r evea led a p r edom inance o f b l ade s , b l ade c o re s a nd b l ade s egmen t s w i th in t h e l owe r l e ve l s o ft h e d epo s i t . T h i s c ou ld b e i n terp re ted a st h e p roduc t ion o fa r tef ac t s f o r r e -wo rk ing a way f r om t h e s i te , b u t o t he r mo re g ene ra l i n te rp r e ta t ion s m ay b e e qua l ly v a l id . T he d eg ree o f mob i l i ty t h a t i sl i ke ly t oh ave b een e xh ib i t ed b y t h e e a r ly i n hab i tan t s o fB ee r i s am a t te r o f s pecu la t ion . P a r t icu la rg roup sw i th in t h ep opu la t ion m ay b ecome mo re o r l e s s mob i le w i th in s ub s i s tence s t ra teg ie s wh ich r e la te t o t h e i r a ge , g ende r o r s t a tu s . I ti sp o s s ib le t o e nv i sage t h e B ovey L ane v a l ley a s ab a se f o re xp lo i t ing t h e r e sou rce s o f t h ei mmed ia te a r ea a nd a ss uch , i tmay h ave b een c on t inua l ly o ccup ied f r om a c ompa ra t ive ly e a r ly p e r iod . T he i d en t if iab le p r eh i s to r ic b one a s semb lage f r om t h ec o l luv ium i sd om ina ted b y c a t t le b u t t h e s amp le i s s ma l l a nd m ay s imp ly r e f lec tt h er e la t ive d u rab i l i ty o fc a t t le t e e th o ve rt ho se o f s ma l le r a n ima l s . T he p r e sence o f s e a s he l l s , h oweve r d emon s t ra te st h e c on t inu ing i mpor tance o f aw i ld r e sou rce .

B eer a nd F lamborough T he mo s t o bv iou s f l in t p roduc t ion s i te w i th w h ich t o c ompa re B ee r i st h a to fF lambo rough H ead o n t h e e a s tc oa s t o f Y o rk sh i r e . B o th a r e i mp re s s ive c ha lk h ead land s w h ich h ave l o ng b een r e ecogn i sed a si mpo r tan tp r eh i s to r ic s ou rce s o f f l in t . T hey d i f f e r i nt h a t t h e h igh q ua l i ty f l in t a tB ee r d e r ives f r om t h e c l if f i t se lf . F l in t f r om t h e c ha lk a t F lambo rough o ccu r s e i the r i n ab r i t t le t abu la r v a r ie ty , u n su i tab le f o r t o o l m ak ing , o ra sn odu le s f ound c l o se t ot h e s u rf ace a nd t h e r ef o re l i ab le t o f r o s t d amage . D e sp i te t h e i r p oo r w o rk ing q ua l i t ie s , t h e n odu la r f l in t w a s u t i l i sed f o rt h e p roduc t ion o f s ma l l f l ake t oo l s . F l in t o f much h ighe r w o rk ing q ua l i ty i s f ound i n Q ua te rna ry g l ac ia l t i l l s a s soc ia ted w i th B ou lde rC lay d epo s i t s w h ich o ccu r i n ab and a l ong t h e e a s t c oa s t o fY o rk sh i re . T h i s s e ems t oh ave b een p ref e ren t ia l ly e xp lo i ted b y N eo l i th ic c ommun i t ie s t h roughou tt h e a r ea t ot h e w e s to ft h e P enn ine s ( Du rden , T . 1 0 1

1 994 ,26 ) . A tB ee r ,t h ea r ea o fc l if ff a ce w h ich a l low se a sy a cce ss t ot h e f l in t i s p robab ly l e s s t han 1 k i lome t re l ong . A t F lambo rough , T i l l f l in t a ppea r s t o h ave b een w ide ly a va i lab le o nt h e b eaches whe re i tw a s e roded f r om t h e c l if f s a nd p os s ib ly a l so w a s w a shed a sho re f r om s ubma r ine q ua te rna ry s ed imen t s ( Du rden , T . 1 994 , 2 8 ) . H oweve r , t h e l owe r c ha lk a l ong t h i s s e c t ion o f c oa s t l ine a ppea r s t o b e

B r i t i sh I s le s . T he se i n c luded e dge p o l i shed d i sco ida l a nd f l ake k n ive s , o b l ique a r rowhead s , i n c lud ing ar i pp le f l aked f o rm a nd t h e f i ne ly made S eame r a xe a nd D ugge lby a dze . T he se a r tef a c t s , t oge the rw i th f i nd s o fl e va l lo i s t ype t o r to i se c o r e s , h ave b een t a ken a s e v idence f o r t h e p re sence o f s pec ia l i s t f l in t k nappe r s ( Du rden , T . 1 994 , 2 8 ) . I n ma rked c on t ra s t , o ft h e 2 237 t oo l s c o l lec ted b y f i e ldwa lk ing a tB ee r

e r oded s t eep v a l ley sf r om t h ec l if ft op , a nd a tF lambo rough H ead i t se lf w he re e ro s ion h a s u nde rcu t p a r t s o f t h e c l if f

o n ly 7h ad b een b i f ac ia l ly w o rked . T he se w e re c ompo sed o f s i xo va te sa nd as i ng le c h i se l /axe ( F ig 4 4 )a nd n one o fw h ich e xh ib i ted e v idence o f p a r t icu la r t e chno log ica l e xper t i se . T he o n ly p o s s ib le a s soc ia t ion b e tween t h e f l in t f r om B ee r a nd s pec ia l i s t p roduc t ion w ou ld b e i fi tw a s p ref e ren t ia l ly u sed f o r mak ing l e af s haped a r rowhead sa ts i t e s s uch a sC am B rea . N one o f t h e a r tef ac t s f r om e i the r f i e ldwa lk ing o r e xcava t ion a tB ee rs howed a ny e v idence o fp o l i sh ing a nd a l t h e p o l i shed f l in t a r tef ac t s f ound o n s i te s e l sewhe re i nt h e S ou th We s t a ppea r t o h ave o r ig ina ted f o rm s ome s ou rce

a l low ing a cce s st o as ma l lb each o n ly .

o t he r t h an B ee r . I t i s p o s s ib ly t o o ve r -empha s ize t h i s

T he re s eem a l so t o b e p a ra l le l s

c on t ra s t , s i nce t h e s pec ia l i sed p roduc t ion o f a r tef ac t s a t F l ambo rough w a s n o t c ha rac te r i s t ic o f a l t oo l p roduc t ion . Many o ft h e s imp le f l ake a r tef ac t s f r om B ea con H i l l a nd

u nu sua l ly r e s i s tan t t o e ro s ion a nd f o rm s s hee r c l if f s , u p t o 4 0 m e t re s i n h e igh t . F o r a pp rox ima te ly 1 0k i lome t re s a l ong t h e c oa s tt on or th -we s t o ft h e h ead land a nd 5k i lome t re s t o t h e s ou th -we s t , a cce ss f r om t he l a nd t o t h e b each i s r e s t r ic ted t o t h ree p o in t s .T he se a r e a t No r th a nd S ou th L and ing , w he re s t reams d ra in ing o n t o t h e b each h ave

i n t h e c h rono logy o f t h e

e xp lo i ta t ion o ft h et wo s ou r ce s . E xcava t ion s a tB eacon H i l l o n t h e c oa s ta bove S ou th L and ing , r evea led e v idence o ft wo s epa ra te h o r izons i nw h ich f l in t d eb i tage w a s s t ra t if ied w i th p r eh i s to r ic p o t te ry . T he e a r l ie r f e a tu red T ow tho rpe Wa re ( a l o ca l N eo l i th ic b ow l t ype ) a nd P e te rbo rough Wa re . T h i s w ou ld g ive ap o ten t ia ld a te r ange b e tween t h em idd le a nd t h e l a te f ou r th m i l len ium B .C . T he l a te rh o r izon c on ta ined AOC B eake r s he rd s o f at ype t h a t i sc ommon i nE a s t Y o rk sh i r e a f te r t h e m idd le o f t h e t h i rd M i l len ium B .C . A t B ee r , t h e B ovey L ane c o l luv ium p roduced a c ompa rab le r ange o f p r eh i s to r ic c e ram ic sw i th H embu ry a nd P e te rbo rough Wa r e s s ucceeded b yB eake r .A l though ,u n l ike a tB eacon H i l l , t h e r e i sn o d i s t inc t s epa ra t ion b e tween t h e t wo , t h e d ens i ty a nd d i s t r ibu t ion o fB eake r s he rd s a tB ee r i ss ugge s t ive o fs ome a ccompany ing c hange o fa c t iv i ty a tt h e s i te . B o th t he F l ambo rough i n du s t ry a nd i t s p roduc t s h ave a r e cu r r ing a s soc ia t ion w i th G rooved Wa re , s pec if ica l ly w i th in " r i tua l" p i t s . T he e v idence f o r t h e s ymbo l ic i mpo r tance o f s t one w i th in " r i tua l " c on tex t s i n t h e S ou th We s t i s mo r e o bv iou s ly e v iden t f r om B eake r c on tex t s .T he Ma re L ane e xcava t ion s a tB ee r r evea led ah i the r to u nexpec ted e l emen t w i th t h e a ppea rance w i th in s t ra t if ied c on tex t s o f w o rked s t one t ype st h a tw e re e i the rr a re o rn onex i s ten ti nt h es u rf a ce a s semb lage . T h i s s ugge s t s as ymbo l ic i mpo r tance a pp l ied t o s t one wo rk ing t ha t i s i mpo s s ib le t o p red ic t f r om t h e a ppa ren t ly mundane p roduc t ion o f ar ange o f s imp le f l ake t oo ls . T he c oncen t ra t ion o f a r tef ac t s w h ich l e d t o t h e e xcava t ion o ft h e s i te may i n i t se lf i nd ica te s ome f o rm o f c on t ro l led d i sposa l o f i mp lemen t s .E v idence f o r t h e s e lec t ion o fu nmod if ied s t one t ypes t oc on s t ruc t as e r ie s o f b a r rows a nd c a i rn s t ot h e n o r th o f B ee r may b e af u r the r m an if e s ta t ion o ft h i s b ehav iou r . I nc on s ide r ing t h e s ymbo l ic i mpor tance o fp a r t icu la rs t one t y pes , i ti sw or th n o t ing t h a ti n b o th t h e S ou th We s t a nd i n Y o rk sh i re , c he r t w a s w ide ly u t i l ised d u r ing t h e Meso l i th ic b u t a vo ided d ur ing t h e N eo l i th ic ( Manby , T . 1 979 , 7 1) . T he p r inc ipa ld i f f e rences b e tween t h et wo f l in ts ou r ce s l i e i n t h e a r tef ac t s t h a t t h ey p roduced a nd t h e m anne r i n w h ich t h ey w e re m anuf ac tu red . F l in t f r om F lambo rough w a s m ade i n to s ome o f t h e f i nes t a r tef ac t s f ound a nywhe re i n t h e

S ou th L and ing s how a s l i t t le s t y l i s t ic a ccomp l i shmen t a s t h o se f r om B ee r( Du rden , T . 1 993 . 1 82 -5 ) . T he a r ea a r ound F lambo rough H ead h a s b een v i s i ted b y a r tef ac t c o l lec to r s s i nce t h e l a s t c en tu ry , w ho i d en t if ied n ume rou s a r tef ac t ' wo rk shop s ' . I t h a s b een o b se rved t h a t t h e re a r e t wo e l emen t s t o t he a r tef ac t p roduc t ion . P re l im ina ry w o rk ing t ook p l ace c l o se t o g u l l ie s g i v ing a cce s s t o t h e b ea ch a s e v idenced b y e x tens ive s c a t te r s o f w o rk ing d eb r i s a nd ma s s ive p r ima ry f l ake s ( Manby , T . 1 979 , 7 1) . T he c oa s ta l a s semb lage s d on o ta ppea rt oi n c lude e i the r t h e w a s te f r om f i ne t oo l p roduc t ion o r t h e t oo l s t h em se lve sa nd i th a sb een s ugge s ted t ha ts pec ia l i sed a r t ef ac t p roduc t ion t o ok p l ace e l sewhe re ( Du rden , T . 1 993 , 1 74 ) . O ne s uch l o ca t ion a t Nor th D a le , 6k i lome t res w e s to fS ou th L and ing . H e re t h ree f i e ld s w e re k nown b y l o ca l a r tef ac t c o l lec to r s t o c on ta in p a r t icu la r ly d en se c oncen t ra t ion s o f f i ne ly made i mp lemen t s t oge the rw i th av a r ie ty o fn on loca l s t one a xe s . S ome s u rf ace c o l lec t ions h ad r e co rded a r tef ac t l o ca t ion s w i th 6 f i gu re g r id r e f e rence s , b u t t h e re w a s a d i s t inc t b i a s t owa rd s t h e r e cove ry o f a xe s a nd f i ne t oo l s r a the r t han t h e s y s tema t ic c o l lec t ion a nd r e co rd ing o f d eb i tage . B a sed o n t h i s i n f o rma t ion , t wo p r inc ipa l a r ea s o f a c t iv i ty w e re i s o la ted a nd as y s tema t ic s u rf a ce c o l lec t ion w a s c onduc ted , u t i l i s ing c o l lec t ion u n i t s s paced 1 0 m e t re s a pa r t a nd 1 0 m e t re s i nl e ng th . A l l t h e f l in t a l ong t h e se r un s w e re r e cove red f r om t h e f i e ld s u rf ace a nd s o r ted l a te r b y t h e a u tho r o ft h e s t udy . I n t o ta l , 1 0 ,240 m e t re s o fl i ne w a lk ing w a s c onduc ted o ve r a n a r ea w h ich mea su r ed a pp rox ima te ly 9h ec ta re s( Du rden , T . 1 994 , 2 07 -209 ) . C ompa red t os u rf a ce c o l lec t ion sf r om s ou ther nE ng land w i th p r edom inan t ly c ha lk g eo logy ( s ee C hap te r 3 )t h e d en s i ty o f m a te r ia l f r om N o r th D a le a ppea r s q u i te r ema rkab le . O n f a c to r t h a t mu s t c on t r ibu te s ub s tan t ia l ly t ot h e h igh v a lue s e ncoun te r ed a tN o r th D a le i st h e f i e ldwa lk ing m e thodo logy . C o l lec t ion o f a l l t h e f l in t f r om t h e f i e ld s u rf ace f o r s ub sequen t s o r t ing i sl i ke ly t op roduce ar e covery r a te mo re a k in t os i ev ing t h an s u rf ace c o l lec t ion .

1 02

F ie ldwa lk ing S u rvey s

S ize o fS u rvey A rea ( Hec ta re s )

Nor th D a le B ee r Madd le F a rm D o r se tR idgeway Ma iden C a s t le S tonehenge E nv i ron s

A l l Wo rked F l in t p e r 1 00m w a lked

9 2 16

6 2 .98 1 4 .32

1 792 1 34 3 24 7 52

5 . 38 1 6 .55 2 7 .05 3 5 .98

T ab le 2 8 . C ompa r ing t h e R e su l t s o fS urf ace C o l lec t ion a t N or th D a le w i th t ho se f rom F ie ldwa lk ing S urvey s i n S ou thern E ng land I n a dd i t ion , T ab le 2 8 f a i l s t o t a ke i n to a ccoun t t h e mo re b road ly b a sed n a tu re o f t h e l a rge r s ca le s u rvey s w h ich i n c lude a r ea s whe re c ompa ra t ive ly f ew i mp lemen t s o r d eb i tage w a s r e cove red . I nt h e S tonehenge E nv i ron s P ro jec t t h e re w e r ea lmo s t3 00 , 5 0 m e t re r un sf r om w h ich n ow o rked f l in t o fa ny t ype w a s c o l lec ted w h i le t h e max imum n umbe r o f f i nd s f r om a s i ng le 5 0 me t re r un w a s 2 10 p i eces ( R icha rd s , J .1 990 , 1 6 ) . T hu s , w h i le t h e a moun t o f ma te r ia l f r om N o r th D a le i s ah igh c oncen t ra t ion , i ti sb y n o m eans e xcep t iona l . D e sp i te t h e se p rob lem s , t h e c ompo s i t ion a nd r e la t ive d en s i t ie s o f t h e No r th D a le a r tef ac t s r e vea l s ome n o tab le d i f f e rences f r om t h e B ee rH ead a s semb lage . T he No r th D a le a s semb lage

e xh ib i t s ag r ea t e r t e ndency

t owa rds s pec ia l ised wo rk ing w i th f ewe r u n in ten t iona l ly c r ea ted p i ece s . I n tac tf l ake s a r e mo re c ommon a tN or th

F lambo rough : No r th D a le ( 9H ec ta re s )

B ee r ( 2 16 H ec ta r e s )

I n tac tF l ake s B roken F l ake s

4 124 /4 0 .27

6 662 /7 . 71 1 842 /2 . 13

S y s tema t ic C o res U n sy s tema t ic C o re s

1 59 /0 . 21 4 64 /0 . 53

C o re F ragmen t s H amme r s tone s

4 17 /4 . 08 4 40 /4 . 29 1 74 / 1 . 69 7/0 . 06

B urn tF l in t

7 1 /0 . 69

3 194 / 3 .70

S c rape r B ore r /P ie r ce r R e touched

1 52 / 1 . 48 1 23 / 1 . 20 1 /0 . 10

K n if e A r rowhead L au re l L eaf

6 5 /0 . 63 2 3 /0 . 22 1/ -

7 93 /0 . 92 3 24 /0 . 37 9 24 /1 . 08 2/ 7/ 6/ -

6 82 /6 . 66

9 25 /1 . 07 5 4 /0 . 06

T ab le 2 9 . A C ompa r i son B e tween S urf ace C o l lec t ion R e su l t sf rom B eer a nd N or th Da le n ea rF lambo rough H ead

D a le b u ta s ap ropor t ion o fa l l f l ake s ,b roken f l ake s a r em uch more c ommon a t B ee r . A t N or th D a le , t h e re a r e p ropor t iona l ly mo re c o res , a nd o f t h e se s ub s tan t ia l ly m o r e a r e s y s tema t ica l ly r educed ( a s e i the r d i sco ida l , t o r to i se o r

b l ade c o re s ) . I n r e la t ion t o t h e n umbe r o f c o re s p r e sen t , h oweve r c o re f r agmen t s a r e mo re p r eva len t a t B ee r . T he d en s i ty o f h amme r s tone s i n b o th a s semb lage s i si d en t ica l , b u t g iven t h e a moun t o f d eb i tage a t Nor th D a le , t h is s ugge s t s amuch g rea te r u se o fo rgan ic h amme r s a nd /o r t h e e mp loymen t o f i n d i rec t p e rcu s s ion . E ven e xc lud ing a xe p roduc t ion , o f w h ich t h e re i sn o e v idence f r om B ee r , t h e N or th D a le i mp lemen t s s how ap redom inance o fs pec if i ca l ly f i n ished e xamp le s , w i thou t t h e s ub s tan t ia l p resence o f p a r t ia l ly e dge r e touched f l ake s .

T he S ou th We s tP en in su la a nd S co t land F l ambo rough p rov ide si n te re s t ing c ompa r i son sw i th B ee rf o r t h e p roce sse s o f a r tef ac t p roduc t ion , b u t t h e re a r e l e ss o bv iou s p a ra l le l s i nt e rm s o f t h e i r d i s t r ibu t ion . H oweve r , o ne m igh t c ompa r e t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o fw o rked s t one i nt h e S ou th We s t p en in su la w i th a r e cen t r ev iew o f t he e xp lo i ta t ion o f l o ca l a nd i mpor ted l i th ic r e sou rce s i n S co t land ( Sav i l le , A . 1 993 ) . A l though a much l a rge r a r ea , S co t land , l i ke t h e S ou th We s t h a s ag ran i t ic u p land i n t e r io r b ounded b y al o ng s ea c oa s t a l ong wh ich t h e re o ccur l o ca l i sed d epo s i t s o fs e conda ry f l in t . I fB ee rw a s as ou rce o f h igh q ua l i ty s t one t ha t w a s a cce s sed w i th in s eabourne s ub s i s tence a c t iv i t ie s , p a ra l le l s f o r S co t land c ou ld b e made w i th t h e e xp lo i ta t ion o fs t one t ypes s pec if ic t on e ighbou r ing i s land s . T h i s w ou ld i n c lude t h e B lood s tone o n R hum , A r ran P i tch s tone o re ven t h e f l in td epo s i t so f An t r im . A s i gn if ican t d i f f e rence b e tween t h e e xp lo i ta t ion

o fs t one

S co t land a nd t h e S ou th We s t l i e s i n t h e v a r ie ty o f t h e ma te r ia l s t h a t w e r e u t i l i sed . Me so l i th ic a s semb lages f r om b o th r eg ion s a r e c ha rac te r i sed b y t h e o ppor tun i s t ic e xp lo i ta t ion o f av a r ie ty o fs t one t ype s a l though i nS co t land t h e re s e em s t o h ave b een many mo re s ou rces e xp lo i ted . H oweve r , t h e r e ady a dop t ion o f l o ca l ly a va i lab le m a te r ia l s c on t inue s t o b e af e a ture o f N eo l i th ic a nd B ronze a ge a s semb lage s i n S co t land ( Sav i l le , A . 1 993 , 6 0 ) . G r eywake b each c obb le s w e re u sed t o manuf ac tu re a xe -hamme r s i n s ou th w e s t S co t land w h i le i nt h e N or the rn I s le s , m icaceou s s and s tone b each c obb le s w e re u t i l i sed t o p roduce t he s o -ca l led S ka i l l K n ive s . T he N eo l i th ic s i te a tt h e S cou rd o f B rew s te r p roduced a n a s semb lage c ompo sed o f 8f l in t f l ake s a nd 8 000 p i ece s o fw o rked q ua r tz , w h i le a t Mo r ton s F a rm i nF i f e , n o l e s s t h an 1 2 d i f f e ren t s t one s ou rce w e re u t i l i sed ( Sav i l le A . 1 993 , 5 9 ) . A l though d i ff icu l t t o i d en t ify w hen o ccur r ing a s s ma l l a r tef ac t s , R hum B lood s tone w a su t i l i sed f r om t h e Me so l i th ic o nwa rd s . D u r ing t h e N eo l i th ic a nd t h e e a r ly B ronze A ge i t a ppea r s t o h ave p ref e ren t ia l ly e xp lo i ted t o p roduce a r rowhead s t h a t t e nd t ob e f ound i nc e remon ia l o r f une ra ry c on tex t s . I t h a s , h oweve r , a c ompa ra t ive ly r e s t r ic ted d i s t r ibu t ion , t h e mo s t d i s tan t e xamp le s b e ing f ound 8 0 k i lome t re s n o r th e a s t o ft h e s ou rce . T h i s c on t ra s t s w i th t h e w idesp read d i s t r ibu t ion o fA r ran P i tchs tone , a n o b s id ian l ike v o lcan ic r o ck , w h ich i s f ound t h roughou t S co t land w i th s ome f i nd s o ccu r r ing i n Nor thern E ng land a nd A n t r im . P i tch s tone c o re s h ave b een f ound a tB a rnhou se o n m a in land O rkney o ve r4 00 k i lome t re s f r om t h e i ro r ig ina l s ou rce . I ti sd i ff icu l t t o a ccoun t f o r t h e 1 03

l i t h ic c onse rva t i sm w h ich

w a s p reva len t i n t h e S ou th We s t p en in su la f r om t h e N eo l i th ic o nwa rd s . I n S co t land , w he re c ompa rab le r e s t r ic t ion s o n t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f h i gh q ua l i ty f l in t a pp ly t h e re i s aw ide sp read u t i l i sa t ion o f l o ca l ly a va i lab le s t one s ou rces , s ome o f wh ich a ppea r t o b e man if e s t ly u n su i tab le f o rt h e p roduc t ion o ff i ne a r tef ac t s . T he d i f f e rence sb e tween t h e t wo r eg ions c ou ld b e a ccoun ted f o r i n t e rms o f c on t ra s t ing s ubs i s tence e conom ie s o r t h e a va i lab i l i ty o f a l te rna t ive s ou rces o f a r tef ac tua l r aw ma te r ia l s , w he the r l i t h ic , o rgan ic o r mo re l a t te r ly m e ta l l ic .B u t , i n sof a r a sa ny c ompa r i son i sp o s s ib le i tw ou ld a ppea r t ha t t h e p a t ter n s o f l i th ic r e sou rce e xp lo i ta t ion i n B r i t tany mo re c l ose ly r e semb le t h o se o fS co t land t h an t h ey d o s ou th w e s tE ng land ( T ing le , M . 1 994 , 2 30 ) .

A Mode lf or L i th ic E xp lo i ta t ion a tB eer I n t e rm s o ft h e u t i l i sa t ion o f r e sou rce s , t h e re s e em s t o b e l i t t le e v idence t ol i nk p reh i s to r ic s t one e xp lo i ta t ion a t B ee r H ead w i th m oder n n o t ion s o fe ff ic iency , t ime b udge t ing o r t h e m in im i sa t ion o fr i sk . S im i la r ly t h e n o t ion o fB ee r f l in t f o rm ing p a r t o f as ou th w e s tern N eo l i th ic t r ad ing n e two rk s e ems a to dd s w i th t h e s c a le a tw h ich c ha lk f l in t a ppea r s a t s i te s t o t h e w e s t o f B ee r , a nd , mo re i mpo r tan t ly , h ow i t a ppea r s i mmed ia te ly o u t s ide t ho se s i te s( Me rce r , R . 1 986 ) . E v idence f r om t h e e xcava t ions a tB ee r i n d ica te as ymbo l ic i mpor tance i nt h e e xp lo i ta t ion o ft h e s t one r e sou rce s , b u t i t i sa l so c l ea rt h a t s t one c ou ld a l so h ave a r i tua l s i gn if icance w hen i na n u nmod if ied f o rm . I n t h e c a ir n s a nd b a r row s o n F a rway D own , t h e u se o fs t one i n monumen t s e mpha s i sed t h e c o l lec t ion o f p a r t icu la r s t one t y pe s a nd c on s t ruc t ion w i thou tm od if ica t ion . W i th r ef e rence t ot h e f i nd s f r om t h e Y o rk sh i re Wo ld s , i th a s b een s t a t ed t h a t " The p re sence o f s uch e l abora te a r tef ac t s i n t h e l a te r N eo l i th ic i n t h is a r ea s ugge s t s t h a t c on s ide rab le s oc ia l c hange sw e re o ccu r r ing " ( Du rden , T . 1 994 , 9 0 ) . H e re t h e r e a r e o bv iou s l i nkage s b e tween f i ne f l in t a r tef ac t s , G rooved Wa re a nd t h e i r d epo s i t ion w i th in s oc ia l ly c on t ro l led c on tex t s . I tc an b e p ropo sed t h a t s pec ia l i sed p roduc t ion i sr e la ted t o t h e g row th o f an eed t o d i sp lay p e r sona l s t a tu s b u t i td oe s n o t f o l low t h a t t h e a b sence o f e l abo ra te s t one t oo l s i n d ica tes s t a t ic s oc ia l r e la t ion s . I f e v idence o fs pec ia l i s ta r tef a c tp roduc t ion w a st ob ee xpec ted a nywhe re i nt h e S ou th We s t p en in su la i tm igh t b e a tB ee r . H oweve r ,I tw a se i the ra b sen to rt a k ing p l ace o ns uch as ma l l s c a le a s t o b e i nv is ib le t o t h is s u rvey . T o e s tab l ish a m ea su red u nde r s tand ing o ft h e n a tu re o ff l in t e xp lo i ta t ion a t B ee r o ne mu s t a bandon t h e n o t ion t ha t r a r i ty a lway s t r an s la te s i n to wo r th a nd t h a t t e chn ica l e l abo ra t ion o f a n a tu ra l m a te r ia l i s ao u tcome t h a t i sa lways p u r sued . I nc ons t ruc t ing a n a l terna t ive mode l f o r f l in t e xp lo i ta t ion a t B ee r , i ti sn ece ssa ry t oc on s ide rt wo k ey i s sue s ; H ow w a st h e e xp lo i ta t ion o ff l in t a tB ee r l i ke ly t oh ave c hanged t h rough t ime a nd w ha t w a s t h e i mpo r tance o f t h is r e sou rce t o c ommun i t ie se l sewhe re i nt h e S ou th Wes tp en insu la .

T he re i s l i t t le i n d ica t ion o f Meso l i th ic a c t iv i ty a t B ee r . Me so l i th ic i n du s t r ie s i nt h e S ou th We s t e xp lo i ted a v a r ie ty o f s t one t ype s f r om n ume rou s s ou r ce s , n o tab ly g r een sand c he r t a nd s e conda ry d epo s i t s o ff l in t , s ome o fw h ich w e re m a r ine d e r ived ( Be r r idge , P .& R ober t s , A . 1 986 , 1 3 ) . C ha lk f l in t , a l leged ly f r om B ee r , h a s b e i d en t if ied o n Me so l i th ic s i t e s a tE a s t Week i nw e s t D evon a nd D oz ema ry p oo l o n B odm in Moo r ,b u t a tb o th s i te s t h i s m a te r ia l c ou ld h ave d e r ived f r om l a te ra c t iv i ty ( Be r r idge , P .& R ober t s ,A . 1 986 , 1 5 ) . A tt h ree Me so l i th ic s i te s l o ca ted i nt h eY a r ty V a l ley, 1 5 k i lome t re s t o t h e n or th o f B ee r , g reen sand c her t p r edom ina te s( Be r r idge , P .1 985 . 4 ) . S ome o ft h e f l in tw i th in t h e se a s semb lage sd e r ive sf r om l o ca l s e conda ry d epo s i t s b u t i ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h e l a rge rp i eces a r e c ha lk f l in tw h ich may h ave o r ig ina ted f r om B ee r . O ve ra l l t h e p ropo r t ion o ff l in tt o c he r tv a r ie sb e tween t h et h ree s i tes w i th f l i n t mak ing u p 3 0% o ft h e a s semb lage a tC randon s C ro s s c ompa red t o 6 0% a t T e leg raph C o t tage , a l though b o th o f t h e f i gu re s c ou ld b e m i s lead ing . A t C randon s C ro s s t he re w a s i n -s i tu w o rk ing o f g r een sand c her tw h i le t h e f l in tc omponen to ft h e a s semb lage m ay h ave b een i n t roduced t ot h e s i te a f t e rp r ima ry w o rk ing h ad t a ken p l ace e l sewhe re ( Ber r idge , P . 1 985 . 5 ) . A s ub sequen t r e v iew o f Me so l i th ic s i t e s i n D evon s howed p e r cen tage s o fc her t w i th in t h et o ta l a s semb lage s o fs i te s t o t h e w e s t o f B ee r e xceed ing 9 0% ( S i lve s t e r , R .J . B e r r idge , P . J . & U ng low , J . 1 987 , 1 8 ) . T h i s w ou ld s ugge s t t ha t Me so l i th ic c ommun i t ie s , e ven t hose i n r e la t ive ly c l o se p rox im i ty t oB ee r , s howed l i t t le i n c l ina t ion t oo p t im i se t h e i r e xp lo i ta t ion o ft h es ou rce . T he e a r l ie s t e v idence o f f l in t e xp lo i ta t ion a t B ee r d e r ive s f r om t h e b a se o f t h e B ovey L ane c o l luv ium , w he re o ccupa t ion d eb r i s i n c lud ing H embury Wa re , i sa s soc ia ted w i th f l in t d eb i tage . I th a s b een n o ted t h a t s ome e a r ly N eo l i th ic s t one s ou rce s c ommand h i gh ly c on sp icuous l o ca t ion s a nd m ay i ns ome c a se s h ave b een d e l ibe ra te ly s i ted t o i n c rea se t h e i r v i s ib i l i ty ( Edmond s , M . 1 995 , 5 9 ) . T h i s b e ing t h e c a se , t h e w ay i n wh ich t h e se s ou rce s w e re a pp roached c ou ld h ave p l ayed a s i gn if i can t r o le i nc e r ta in c e remon ia l a spec t s o fl i t h ic p rocu remen t . T he re a r e t wo o bv ious w ay s B ee r . O n t h e l a ndwa rd s i de , e a sy a cces s f r om t h e s ea p enep lane s t h a t c ha rac te r i se

o fa pp roa ch ing t h e c l if ff a ce a t t h e B ovey L ane v a l ley g i ve s t o o ne o f t h e l a rge e r oded t h e t opog raphy o f e a s t D evon .

A n a l te rna t ive w ou ld b e t oa r r ive f r om t h e s ea a c ro s s L yme B ay , a l though t h ese t wo r ou tes w ou ld p resen t q u i te c on t ra s t ing a spec t s . O n t h e l a ndwa rd s i de t h e c l if f f a ce w ou ld h ave b een a pp roached d own a g en t ly s l op ing a nd m eande r ing v a l ley . T h i s e ven tua l ly g ive sa c ce s st ot h eb each w he re i ti sf i na l ly p o s s ib le t os e et he c ha lk c l if ff a ce w i th i t s b and s o f f l in t . I n c on t ra s t , t h e a pp roa ch f r om t h e s ea p r e sen t s ap ro jec t ing w h i te h ead land v i s ib le f r om s eve ra l k i lome t re s ,s t and ing o u t i n s t a rk c on t ra s t t o t h e r ed s and s tone c l if f st h a tf o rm t h ec oa s t l ine t ot h e e a s ta nd w e s t . l ta ppea r s t h a t m any u p land s t one s ou r ce s a nd e a r ly f l in t m ines w e re d e l ibera te ly s e t a pa r t f r om c on tempo ra ry s e t t lemen t ( Edmond s , M . 1 995 , 5 9 ) . A t B ee r , t h e re i s e v idence o f e a r ly o ccupa t ion o ccur r ing w i th in ak i lome t re o f t h e f l in t s ou r ce . W i thou t k now ing t h e e x ten t o f t h e o ccupa t ion , o ne c an o n ly s pecu la te w he the r ad i v i s ion 1 04

e x i s ted b e tween t he s e t t lemen t a nd t h e s ou rce a l though i ti s p o s s ib le t h a t t h el im i ta t ion so fl o ca lt o pog raphy a nd g eo logy d i d n o t a l low s uch a s epa ra t ion t o b e e s tab l i shed o r m a in ta ined . T he f l in t a s semb lage f r om t h e l owe r l e ve l s o f t h e B ovey L ane c o l luv ium i n c lude s as i gn if ican t e l emen t o f n a r row f l ake s a nd b l ades s ugge s t ing t h a t m o s t e a r ly N eo l i th ic a c t iv i ty a tB ee r wa s r e s t r ic ted t o as i ng le v a l ley b o t tom . F i e ldwa lk ing i n t he s ur round ing a r ea p roduced f ew d i agnos t ic a r tef ac t s f r om t h is p e r iod . Wh i le s ome f l in t s ou rces a r ea s soc ia ted w i th t h ep roduc t ion o fa xe s ,t h i s i sn o t t h e c a se a tB ee r . On ly o ne e xamp le w a s f ound o fa na r tef ac t t h a te ven r e semb les a na xe , b u ta to n ly 8 5 mm . i nl e ng th a nd 8 g ram s i nw e igh t , i ti sa t t h e e x t reme e dge o f s uch a c l a s s if ica t ion ( Mercer , R . 1 98 1 , 12 ) . S ign if ican t ly p e rhap s , t h e f l in tf r om w h ich i tw a s made mo s tc l o se ly r e semb le st h a t f r om t h e l o ca l c l ay w i th f l in t s r a the r t h an t h a t o ft h e c ha lk c l if f s ( F ig 4 4 ) . T h is o b jec t , t oge the r w i th s i x u nf in i shed o va te s , m ak eu pa l lt he b i f ac ia l ly w o rked t o o l sr e cove r ed b y f i e ldwa lk ing . Wha teve rt h en a tu re o fe a r ly N eo l i th ic a c t iv i ty a r ound B ee ri td oes n o ta ppea rt of e a tu r e s pec ia l i s tw o rk ing a r ea s , s t i l l l e s s ac ommun i ty b a sed o n t h e p roduc t ion o ff i ne a r tef ac t s . T he f i e ldwa lk ing a s semb lage i sp r edom inan t ly m ade u p o f s qua t f l ake s a nd u n sy s tema t ica l ly w o rked c o re s . T he re i sn o s i gn if ican t e l emen t o f n a r row f l ake p roduc t ion a nd t h e c h rono log ica l ly d iagno s t ic a r tef ac t s , n o tab le t h e a r rowhead s , w e re a l l p r oduced d u r ing t h e l a t e r N eo l i th ic a nd e a r ly B ronze A ge . A s s uch i tc l o se ly p a ra l le l st h e r e su l t s o fo t he r l a nd scape s u rveys i n s ou the rn E ng land w he re s ma l l e a r ly N eo l i th ic a s semb lage s a r e s ucceeded b y , o r s ubsumed w i th in , l a te r much d en se r s ca t te r s o f e xped ian t ly w o rked m a ter ia l . A l though f i e ldwa lk ing a s semb lage i s d evo id o f a ny s i gn if ican t e l emen t o f b l ade o r n a r row f l ake p roduc t ion , t h e re a r e h i gh d ens i t ie s o ff l ake st h a th ave b een m ade i n to a b a s ic r a nge o fs c rape r s , b o re r s a nd r e touched f l ake s . T he se a r e f ound i nu nusua l ly h i gh d en s i t ie s o n t h e p l a teau a bove B ee r , s ugge s t ing t ha t t h ey w e re d i sca rded a way f r om t h e l o ca t ion a t w h ich t hey w e re made . I n c luded i n t h e f l in t d eb i tage r e cove red b y f i e ldwa lk ing i s as i gn if ican t e l emen t w h ich d e r ived f r om l o ca l d epo s i t s o fc l ay w i th f l in t s . T he se f e a ture c oncen t ra t ions o f l a rge p r ima ry f l akes a nd u n sy s tema t ic c o res , b o th i n d ica t ive o ft h e t e s t ing o fs u spec t n odu le s . L a te N eo l i th ic a nd e a r ly B ronz eA ge a c t iv i ty s e em s t oh ave c on t inued w i th in t h ea r ea o fB ovey L ane a nd t h e re i s s ome e v idence t o s ugge s t t h a t i tm igh t h ave i n ten s if ied , b u t i ta l so e xpanded o n to t h e h ead land a bove t h e c l if f s . H e re i n f er io r f l in t f r om i mmed ia te ly a cce ss ib le d epo s i t s w a s u t i l ised w i th in ak i lome t re o ft h e e xpo sed c l if ff l in t . I ns ome w ay s t h i sp a t ter no fe xp lo i ta t ion i sr em in i scen to ft h a tw h ich w a s e ncoun te red o n t h e B e rk sh i re D own s ( Gaf f ney , V . & T ing le , M . 1 989 , 3 1-69 ) . H e re , e a r ly N eo l i th ic a r tef ac t s c oncen t ra t ed a l ong t wo d ry v a l ley b o t toms , b o th o fw h ich c on ta ined l o ng b ar row s ( Gaf f ney , V . & T ing le , M . 1 989 , 5 3) . L a te r N eo l i th ic a nd e a r ly B ronze A ge m a te r ia l w a s much mo r ew ide ly d i s t r ibu ted p a r t icu la r ly i n to u p land a r ea s a way f r om t h ed ry v a l ley sw h ich w e re c apped b y d epo s i t s o f c l ay w i th f l i n t s( Gaf f ney , V . &T ing le , M . 1 989 , 5 5 ) .

I ft h e c ha lk f l in t a tB ee r d oe s n o t a ppea rt oh ave g ene ra ted t e chno log ica l s oph i s t ica t ion o r e x ten s ive l o ca l e xp lo i ta t ion , o ne mu s ts t i l la s se s s i t sr o le o u t s ide t h e i mmed ia te a r ea . D id c ommun i t ie s e l sewhe re i nt h e S ou th We s t u t i l i se i ta s a s ou rce o fu nmod if ied n odu le s , a n a c t iv i ty t h a t wou ld l e ave n ot r ace i nt h e a r chaeo log ica lr e co rd a tt h e s i te i t se lf ? A l l p rev iou s mode ls f o r t h e movemen t o ff l in t f r om B ee r a r e b a sed o n a s sump t ion s w h ich u nde r l ie t h e L aw o f Mono ton ic D ec remen t w h ich p ropo se st h a t. . " a s sum ing u n if o rm l o s s o r d epo s i t ion a nd t h e a b sence o f h igh ly o rgan i sed d i rec t iona l . . e xchange , t h e c u rve o f f r equency o r a bundance o f o ccu r rence o f a n e xchanged c ommod i ty a ga in s t e f f ec t ive d i s tance f r om al o ca l i sed s ou rce w i l lb e amono ton ic d ec rea s ing o ne . ( Renf rew , C . 1 977 , 7 2 ) . T h i s i mp l ie s t h a t a ny c ha lk f l in t f ound t ot h e e a s t o fB ee r mu s t h ave o r ig ina ted f r om t h a t s ou rce s i nce t h e e f f ec t ive d i s tance , d ef ined a s am ea su r e o f t h e e ne rgy r equ i red t o move g ood s b e tween t wo p o in t s , w i l l a lway s b e l e s s f r om B ee rt h an f r om a ny o t he r c ha lk f l in t s ou rce t ot h e e a s t . T h i s make s t h e q ue s t ionab le a s sump t ions t ha t e ne rgy c on serva t ion i s au n ive r sa l c on s ide ra t ion a pp l icab le t o a l l s oc ie t ie s . I ta l so i mp l ie st h a tt h e movemen to fr aw ma te r ia l s f r om t h e i r s ou rce t o t h e i r p o in t o f d epos i t ion i n to t h e a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd t a ke s p l ace a s as i ng le , u n id i r ec t iona l a c t ion . T h i s r a i se st wo i s sue s ;t h ee x ten tt o wh ich c ha lk f l in t c an b e i d en t if ied w i th in a s semb lage s i nt h e S ou th We s ta nd w hen i t c an , t h e l i ke l ihood t h a tt h i s m a te r ia l d e r ived f r om B ee r . T he p rob lems o fs ou rc ing f l in ta r ed i scu s sed i nC hap te r 5b u tc an b e s umma r i sed t hus . T he re i s c u r ren t ly n o r e l iab le c eochem ica l m e thod f o r d e te r m in ing t he s ou rce o f i n d iv idua l p i ece s o f f l in t , h oweve r o n f l ake s wh ich r e ta in d o r sa l c or tex , i ti so f ten p o s s ib le t o d i f f e ren t ia te b e tween t ho se w h ich w e re d i rec t ly d e r ived f r om t h e c ha lk a nd t h o se w h ich o r ig ina ted f r om s e conda ry d epo s i t s . I d en t if iab le C ha lk f l in t a ppea r s a ts ome e a r ly N eo l i th ic s i te s t ot h e w e s t o fB ee r , n o tab ly a tc au sewayed e nc losu re s . T he q uan t i ty o fc ha lk f l in t a ppea r s v e ry v a r iab le a nd t ob ea r n o r e la t ion sh ip t ot h e d i s tance b e tween t h e s i te a nd B ee r H ead . I n o ne c a se , a tC am B rea , i nw h ich i ti sp o s s ib le t oq uan t if y t h e a moun t o f f l in t b e ing i mpor ted , i t a ppea r s t o b e r ema rkab le l ow ( 7 1 .4 k g ) , c on s ide r ing t h e l i ke ly p e r iod d u r ing w h ich t h e s i te w a s a c t ive .

F u ture Work a tB eer D e sp i te t h e t ime t h a t h a s b een s pen t o n t h i s p ro jec t , t h e f i nd ing s t h a t h ave b een made s e em mo re a n e s tab l i shmen t o f f i r s t p r inc ip le s t h an a c onc lu s ion . E very a spec t o f t h e i n qu iry c ou ld b e t a ken f u r the r a nd i ti sh oped t h a t i nt h e f u tu r e , s ome o f t h em w i l l b e d eve loped . I ti sn ow h a lf a c en tury s i nce t h e MacA lp ine Wood s l e f t B ee r , b u t t h e o b jec t ive s o ft h e i r f i e ldwo rk c on t inue t ob e r i gh t f o r t h e w rong r e a son . I fa ny f u r the r w o rk w e re t ob e u nder taken a t B ee r , ah i gh p r io r i ty w ou ld b ea cco rded t ot r ac ing t h ee x ten t o ft h e c o l luv ia l d epo s i t s . C o l luv ium o f t h i s a ge , w i th s uch 1 05

e xcep t iona l p rese rva t ion o f d e l ica te ma te r ia l i s a n a r chaeo log ica l r e sou r ce o f n a t iona l i mpor tance . B u i ld ing d eve lopmen t i sc u r ren t ly e x tend ing t h e v i l lage o f B ee r t o w i th in 2 00 m e t re s o f t h e B ovey L ane e xcava t ion s . I ti s t h e ref o re c ruc ia l t ha t t h e d ep th a nd e x ten t o ft h e p r eh i s to r ic c o l luv ium i sd e te rm ined s ot h a t a n a pp rop r ia te r e spon se c an b e m ade t oa ny f u tu re a pp l ica t ion st od eve lop t h e a r ea . T h i s c ou ld b e a ch ieved b y a uge r ing o r p o s s ib le g eophy s ica l p rospec t ion . O nce i t s e x ten t w a s k nown , t h e e xcava t ion o f much l a rge r a r ea w ou ld h ave e no rmou s p o ten t ia l f o r e x tend ing o u r u nde r s tand ing o f p reh i s to r ic s ubs i s tence a c t iv i t ie s wh ich w ou ld h ave i mp l ica t ion s w e l l b eyond t h e f l in td epo s i t so fB ee rH ead .

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PLATES

P la te I .T he C ha lk C l if f sa tB ee r ;

P la te 2 .D e ta i l s o ft h eF l in tB ear ing S t ra ta w i th in t h eC l i. f 1 07

P la te 3 .T he C l if fF ace a tS ea ton H o le

P la te 4 .AR o tary L and s l ip a tt h e Hooken C l if f

1 0 8

P la te 5 .T he B ovey L ane E xcava t ion i nP rog re s s

P la te 6 .T he O va lP i ti nT rench IP r ior t oE xcava t ion 1 09

B IBLIOGRAPHY

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C h r i s t ie , P .M . 1 985 . B a r row s o n t h e N or th C o rn i sh C oa s t . Wa r t ime E xcava t ion s b y C .K . C rof t And rew 1 939 -45 . C orn i sh A rchaeo logy N o . 2 4 2 3-122 .

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A rchaeo logy N o . 2 5 , 8 1 110 .

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T rad e . P roduc t ion a nd E xchange i n N eo l i th ic B r i ta in . C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty P re s s . C amb r idge .

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d epo s i t s . I nN eedham , S .P & Mack l in , M . ( Ed s )P roceed ing s o f t h e B r i t i sh Mu seum c onf e rence A rchaeo logy u nde r A l luv ium .

B rown A . 1 991 . T he C hang ing R o le o fL i th ic A r tef ac t s i n L a ter P reh i s tor ic E ng land . U npub l ished P h D . T he s i s . D epa r tmen to fA rchaeo logy . U n ive r s i ty o fR ead ing . B rown A .G . 1 992 . S lope E ro s ion a nd C o l luv ia t ion a tt h e F loodp la in E dge . I nB e l l , M . a nd B oa rdman , J .( Ed s ) .P a s t a nd P re sen tS o i lE ro s ion :A rchaeo log ica la nd G eog raph ica l

C la rk , A . J .T ar t l ing , D .H & Noe l , M . 1 988 . D eve lopmen t s i n A rchaeomagne t ic d a t ing i n B r i ta in . J ou rna l o f A r chaeo log ica l S c ience 1 5 , 6 45-667 . C la rk , A . J .T a r l ing , D . H . a nd Noe l , M . 1 988 D eve lopmen t s i n A rchaeomagne t ic D a t ing i n B r i ta in . J ourna l o f A rchaeo log ica lS c ience 1 5 , 6 45 -667 .

P er spec t ive s . O xbow B ook s , O xf o rd . B u l lock , P .F ede rof f , N . J onge r iu s , A . & T u r s ina , T . 1 985 . Handbook f or S o i l T h in S ec t ion D e scr ip t ion . Wa ine

C la rk , J .D . G . 1 960 . E xcava t ion s a tt h e N eo l i th ic s i t e a t H u r s t F en , M i ldenha l l S uf fo lk . P roceed ing s o f t h e P reh i s tor ic S oc ie ty 1 ,2 02 -245 .

R e sea rch P ub l ica t ion s . Wo lve rhamp ton . B u rch i l l , J . P .T . 1 933 . T he N or thf lee t 5 0 f oo t s ubme rgence l a te r t han t h e C ombe R ock o fp o s t e a r ly Mou s te r ian t ime s .

C la rk , J .D .G . 1 985 , T he P reh i s tor ic S oc ie ty , F rom E a s t A ng l ia t ot h e Wo r ld . P roceed ing s o ft h eP reh i s tor ic S oc ie ty , 5 1 . 1 13 .

A rchaeo log ia V o l . LXXX I I I , 8 0 -9 2 . B ur ton , J . 1 980 . Mak ing S ense o f Wa s te F lake s : N ew Me thods f o r I nve s t iga t ing t h e T echno logy a nd E conom ic s B eh ind C h ipped S tone A ssemb lage s . J ourna l o f A rchaeo log ica lS c ience V I I , 1 3 1148 . C ame ron , R .A .D . 1 973 . S ome Wood land Mo l lu sc f a una s f r om s ou the rn E ng land . Ma laeco log ia 1 4 , 3 35 -370 . C ame ron , R .A .D . & Mo rgan -Huw s , D . 1 975 S na i l f a una s i n t h e e a r ly s t age o f c ha lk g ra s s land s ucce s s ion . B io log ica l J ourna lo ft h eL innean S oc ie ty , 7 ,2 15 -2 29 . C a re , V . 1 982 . T he c o l lec t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion o f l i t h ic ma te r ia ls d u r ing t h e Me so l i th ic a nd N eo l i th ic p e r iod s i n s ou the rn E ng land . O xf ord J ourna l o fA rchaeo logy V o l 1 .

C la rk , J .D .G . &P iggo t t , S . 1 933 . T he A ge o fB r i t i sh F l in t M ine s .A n t iqu i ty 7 ,1 66 183 . C la rk , J .D .G . C h i lde , V .G . & G r ime s , W .F . 1 934 . N o t e s . P roceed ing s o ft h e P reh i s tor ic S oc ie ty o fE a s t A ng l ia V o l . V I I , P a r t I I , 3 75 . C la rke , R .H . & S chof ie ld , A .J . 1 991 . B y E xpe r imen t a nd C a l ib ra t ion : A n I n teg ra ted A pp roach t oA r chaeo logy o ft h e P lough so i l . I n , S chof ie ld , A .J . ( Ed ) . I n t e rpre t ing A r t ef ac t S ca t ter s . O xbow Monog raph 4 . Oxf o rd , 9 3 106 . C o le s , J . 1 968 . A nc ien t Man i n E u rope . I n C o le s , Ja nd S imp son , D ( Ed s ) . S tud ie s i n A nc ien t E urope . E s say s p re sen ted t o S tua r t P iggo t . L e ices te r U n ive r s i ty P r e s s . L e ice s te r , 1 7 -43 .

No 3 ,2 69 -283 . C a se , H . 1 956 . T he L ambourn S even B a r row s . B e rk sh i re

C o l lcu t t , S .N . 1 986 . T he L a te r U ppe r P a laeo l i th ic S i te a t P i x ie s H o le , C hud le igh , S ou th D evon . I nC o l lcu t t , S .N . ( Ed ) . 12

T he P a laeo l i th ic o f B r i ta in a nd i t s N ea re s t N e ighbour s : R ecen t T rend s . J .R . C o l l i s P ub l ica t ion s , S heff ie ld : 7 3 -74 .

E dwa rd s , R .A . & F re shey , E .C . 1 982 . T he T er t ia ry S ed imen ta ry R ock s . I n D u r rance , E .M . & L am ing , D .J .C .

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( Ed s ) . T he G eo logy o fD evon . U n ive r s i ty o fE xe te r . E xe te r . 2 04 -237 . E dwa rd s , E .A . McKeown , M .C . & W i l l iams , M . 1 989 . B r i t i sh R eg iona lG eo logy . S ou th W e s tE ng land ( 4 th E d i t ion ) . HMSO . L ondon .

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C raddock , P .T . C owe l l , M .R . L ee se , M .N . & H ughe s , M .J . 1 983 . T he T race E lemen t C ompo s i t ion o f P o l i shed F l in t A xe s a s a n I nd ica to r o f S ource . A rchaeome t ry 2 5 , 2 1 35 163 . C row the r , D .

1 983 .

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L and

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R epo r tN o .2 3 ,5 -12 . D a rv i l l , T . 1 981 P e t ro log ica l e xam ina t ion , 5 9 -60 . I n , S yve s te r , R . J . E xcava t ion s a t H oneyd i t che s R oman v i l la , S oc ie ty No . 3 9 ,3 7 -89 .

F oa rd , G .R . 1 978 . S y s tema t ic F ie ldwa lk ing a nd t h e I nve s t iga t ion o f S axon S e t t lemen t i n Nor thamp ton sh i re . W or ld A rchaeo log yI X , 3 57 -374 .

D av id son ,D .C a r te r , S .a nd Q u ine T . 1 99 1 . A nE va lua t ion o f M ic romo rpho logy a sa na i dt oA rchaeo log ica lI n te rp re ta t ion . G eoa rchaeo logy V o l 7No 1 ,5 5 -6 6 .

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F o rd , S .1 987b . C h rono log ica l a nd f unc t iona l a spec t so ff l in t a s semb lage s . I n B rown A . a nd E dmond sM .L i th ic s i nL a te r P reh i s tory : S ome P rob lems a nd A pproache s , R ead ing S t ud ie s i n A rchaeo logy 2 , O xf o rd : B .A .R . B r i t i sh S e r ie s 1 62 , 6 7 -81 .

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G af f ney , V . a nd T ing le , M . 1 989 . T he Madd le F a rm P ro jec t . A n i n teg ra ted s ur vey o fP reh i s tor ic a nd R oman L and scape s o n t h e B e rk sh i re D own s . B .A .R . B r i t i sh S e r ie s , N o . 2 00 . O xf o rd . G a rd ine r , J . 1 984 . L i th ic D is t r ibu t ions a nd N eo l i th ic S e t t lemen t P a t te rns i n C en t ra l S ou the rn E ng land . I n B rad ley , R& G a rd ine r , J . (Ed s ) 1 984 . N eo l i th ic S tud ie s . A R ev iew o fS ome C ur ren t R e sea rch . B .A .R . B r i t i sh S e r ie s ,

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N o . 1 33 . O xf o rd , 1 5 -40 . G a rd ine r , J .1 990 . F l in t P rocu remen t a nd A xe P roduc t ion o n t h e S ou th D own s : a r e a s se s smen t . O xf ord J ourna l o f

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K er n ey , M .P . R eece ,R .C . &T u rne r , C . 1 980 . Mo l lu scan a nd p l an t b i o s t ra t ig raphy o fs ome L a te D even s ian a nd F land r ian d epo s i t s i n K en t . P h i lo soph ica l T ran sac t ion s o ft h e R oya l S oc ie ty o fL ondon B 291 , 1 43 .

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1 939 -45 .

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E a s t D evon . T ran sac t ion s o ft h e D evon sh i re A ssoc ia t ion , V o l I V , P a r t 1 ,2 95 -3 04 . Kwaad , F . J .P .M . 1 977 . Mea su remen t o f r a insp la sh e r o s ion a nd t h e f o rma t ion o fc o l luv ium b enea th d ec iduou sw ood land i n t h e L uxembo rg A rdenne s . E ar th S urf ace P roce s se s 2 , 1 6 1173 . L a id le r , B . &Y oung , W .E .V . 1 938 . As u rf ace f l in t i n du s t ry f r om a s i te n ea r S t onehenge , W i l t sh i re A rchaeo log ica la nd N a tu ra lH i s tory Maga z ine , 4 8 . 1 51-60 .

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L ondon .

14

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