The Papers of Henry Clay: Secretary of State 1825 [1 ed.] 9780813156705, 9780813100548

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The Papers of

HENRY CLAY

{The {Papers of

HENRY CLAY James F. Hopkins, Editor Mary W. M. Hargreaves, Associate Editor Wayne Cutler and Burton Milward, Assistant Editors

VOLUME 4

SECRETARY OF STATE 1825

THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY

Copyright © 1972 by The University Press of Kentucky Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 59-13605

"My ambition is that we may enter a new and larger era of service to humanity."

Dedicated to the memory of JOSIAH KIRBY LILLY 1861-1948 President of Eli Lilly and Company Founder of Lilly Endowment, Inc. Whose wisdom and foresight were devoted to the service of education, religion, and public welfare

PREFACE Selection of documents for The Papers of Henry Clay during the period of Clay's service as Secretary of State has presented very different problems from those encountered in preparation of the previous volumes in the series. As originally contemplated, the volumes were not to have included materials identified with Clay's professional duties. Since his personal correspondence at this time became inextricably interlocked with comments upon foreign affairs, such an approach was quickly rejected. For the same reason, a separate calendaring of official correspondence also proved unsatisfactory. Yet the availability of many of the papers as published Congressional documents suggested that full reproduction was not now necessary. The editors have accordingly provided summaries of most of the official correspondence, both incoming and outgoing —summaries which, it is hoped, will fulfill not only the basic purpose of these volumes in illuminating Clay's role but also the needs of those who seek guidance to related subjects more fully developed in the original manuscripts. Where Clay's personal contribution as author was significant, the official documents have been reproduced in full, either from the version received by the addressee or from the letterbook copy, which constituted the official Department record. Files of the foreign service posts, though generally preferable for their inclusion of the signed instructions, as received, are broken; for this reason they were not filmed by the National Archives until the more complete letterbook series was made available. Since this volume and the succeeding one went to press, the post papers (RG84) have been cataloged and the Clay documents reproduced. No items have been found which were not included in the letterbooks, here cited. Where Clay's original draft versions have been available, they have been collated to the final form and annotations supplied, if noteworthy, to indicate the possibility that revisions were made in deference to the views of colleagues. As in previous volumes of the series, Clay's personal correspondence, incoming and outgoing, has generally been published in full. Two categories of the official correspondence have impressed the editors as warranting more consideration than might have been anticipated—the consular files and the letters of application and recommendation for office or for publication of the laws. Since both

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are voluminous, they have been presented in summary. Neither has been extensively published heretofore, and neither has been generally consulted by scholars. Yet during the period when diplomatic and commercial ties with the Latin-American states were newly developing, the consular reports proved highly interesting, particularly in relation to the role o£ Clay as Secretary of State. And at a time when old party affiliations were rapidly shifting, the correspondence in relation to patronage distribution reveals much that is pertinent to Clay's position as political leader. When first made available to this project through the cooperation of the National Historical Publications Commission, the letters of application and recommendation for office were filmed as a special project; and, for the most part, they have been so identified in our source listing. Subsequently, they have been reproduced as one of the regular collections available on microfilm from the National Archives. Where, in some instances, the latter file has proved more complete than that originally consulted, the revised series has been utilized and so indicated. Since both series are organized chronologically under the name of the applicant or individual recommended, the dual forms of citation should not occasion serious difficulties for those who would consult the manuscript record. Official correspondence sent to the Secretary of State without designation by name or, during the first weeks of the administration, even when addressed to John Quincy Adams has been defined as Clay's if it was dated after he assumed his duties. Clerical correspondence has generally been omitted, though notation has been given when replies to published letters were written at the Secretary's direction. Numerous categories of documents clearly identifiable with the office rather than with Clay have also been excluded. These encompass most ceremonial communications, requests for and grants of exequaturs and other diplomatic courtesies, shipping reports and financial accounts from consular or diplomatic officers, accounts for publication of the laws, formal signature of laws and commissions of appointment, correspondence relating to filing of State laws, certification of patents, pardons, passports, and naturalization, transmittal of court orders to Federal judicial officers, requests for authentication of documents and for transmittal of mail via diplomatic pouch, notices of the sailing of vessels, and offers to transmit public mail. The range and volume of such papers, nevertheless, should be recognized as adding a very considerable burden to Clay's duties as Secretary of State. During the prolonged interval since publication of earlier volumes in this series, the editors have incurred deep obligations.

PREFACE

ix

First they would express apologies to those whose interest in the forthcoming papers has been so long deferred. Among these, Lilly Endowment, Inc., claims particular consideration, for its basic funding permitted initiation of the Clay Papers Project. Throughout the development of the undertaking the National Historical Publications Commission and its executive directors, first, Dr. Philip M. Hamer and, subsequently, Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, have extended encouragement and support, by making available microfilm copies of State Department records, by providing supplementary funds for secretarial and research assistance, and, in two instances, by assigning editorial trainees under the Commission's fellowship program. To those young scholars, Peter T. Harsted and Paul J. Woehrmann, who interrupted teaching careers for a year of postdoctoral training in the frequently exacting chores of editorial assistants, the Clay Papers Project conveys special thanks. The editors acknowledge with sincere appreciation the services of the staff of the National Historical Publications Commission, and particularly those of Miss F. Helen Beach, now retired, in searching the records of the National Archives for the major files of Clay's official correspondence. The cooperation of the University of Kentucky Research Foundation and the executive committee of the Project has given a sustaining direction for which the editors are also grateful. With sorrow they here note the recent loss of a long-time friend and counselor, Dr. Albert D. Kirwan, who served most recently as chairman of the executive committee and for many years as director of the Research Foundation. For all these and many more who have assisted in this undertaking—typists, graduate assistants, encouraging colleagues, and librarians of many institutions—the editors voice the hope that their efforts will have proved fruitful. J. F. H. M.W.H.

SYMBOLS The following symbols are used to describe the nature of the originals of documents copied from manuscript sources. AD AD draft ADS , AE AEI AES AL AL draft ALI draft ALS AN ANS Copy D DI DS ES L draft LS N N draft

Autograph Document Autograph Document, draft Autograph Document Signed Autograph Endorsement Autograph Endorsement Initialed Autograph Endorsement Signed Autograph Letter Autograph Letter, draft Autograph Letter Initialed, draft Autograph Letter Signed Autograph Note Autograph Note Signed Copy not by writer (indicated "true" if so certified) Document Document Initialed Document Signed Endorsement Signed Letter, draft Letter Signed Note Note, draft

The following, from the Symbols Used in the National Union Catalog of the Library of Congress (8th ed., rev.; Washington, 1960), indicate the location of the original documents in institutional libraries of the United States. CSmH CtY DLC DLC-HC DLC-TJC

Henry E. Huntington Library and Museum, San Marino, California Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut United States Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Library of Congress, Henry Clay Collection Library of Congress, Thomas J. Clay Collection

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DNA

ICHi ICU IEN InU KyHi KyLoF KyLxT KyU MH MHi MiU-C NBuHi NHi NN-A NNC NNPM NRU NUtHi NcD NcU NhD NjP OCHP OClWHi OHi PHi PPL-R ScHi THi TxU ViU

SECRETARY OF STATE

United States National Archives Library, Washington, D.C. Following the symbol for this depository, the letters A. and R. mean Applications and Recommendations; M, Microcopy; P. and D. of L., Publication and Distribution of the Laws; R, Reel; and RG, Record Group. Chicago Historical Society, Chicago, Illinois University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana Kentucky Historical Society, Frankfort, Kentucky Filson Club, Louisville, Kentucky Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston, Massachusetts University of Michigan, William L. Clements Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan Buffalo Historical Society, Buffalo, New York New York Historical Society, New York City American Geographical Society, New York Columbia University, New York Pierpont Morgan Library, New York City University of Rochester, Rochester, New York Oneida Historical Society, Utica, New York Duke University, Durham, North Carolina University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, Cincinnati, Ohio Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, Ohio Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Library Company of Philadelphia, Ridgeway Branch, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania South Carolina Historical Society, Charleston, South Carolina Tennessee Historical Society, Nashville, Tennessee University of Texas, Austin, Texas University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia

Jhe Papers of HENRY CLAY Remarks and Toast at Public Dinner [January 1, 1825] Mr. Clay, wished, in a parting glass, to propose a sentiment for which he anticipated a cordial reception from both their illustrious guests, and from every other gentleman present. It had indeed been, as it was impossible it should not be, on this pleasing occasion, alluded to in the toasts prepared with so much judgment and taste by the excellent Committee of arrangement, 1 and which had already received, as they merited, unqualified approbation. But the sentiment deserved repetition—he hoped, without arrogance, that he might say a distinct and emphatic expression from him. Whilst we are enjoying, in peace plenty and safety, the blessings of those free institutions which the valor and the patriotism of our sires and their gallant companions now present have established, and freely and gratefully indulging in our Revolutionary recollections, can we forget that our neighbours and friends, on the same Continent, are now struggling to achieve that freedom and independence which here happily was so successfully vindicated? In their behalf no Foreign nation, no generous and disinterested La Fayette has risen unaided, they have sustained their glorious cause alone, conscious of its righteousness, and with no other helps than those which their courage, their morasses, and their Andes have supplied. If the monarch of miserable Spain2 had ever displayed any extraordinary moral fitness—if he possessed any superior wisdom, for governing—if, situated beyond the Atlantic, within his contracted European Peninsula, all mankind was not obliged to confess the folly and the presumption of his vain effort to regain his lost dominion over the greater part of America, we might moderate our sympathies, and feel a less lively interest in the final issue of the War. But wretched Spain, governed itself by foreign forceinfatuated monarch, yet to cherish the impracticable hope of maintaining a rule in the new world for which he is utterly incompetent in the old— He would not longer detain the Company. He proposed Genl Bolivar, the Washington of South America, and the Republic of Colombia

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SECRETARY OF STATE

AD draft. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R5). Published in Washington Daily National Intelligencer, January 3, 1825; Lexington Kentucky Reporter, February 7, 1825; Niles' Weekly Register, XXVII (January 8, 1825), 291-92. Clay presented this salute after the regular toasts had been offered, near the end of a dinner given by members of both Houses of Congress in honor of Lafayette. Attended by 200 guests, the banquet was held at Williamson's "Mansion House" (or "Mansion Hotel") on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington. Williamson not further identified. John Quincy Adams, who sat next to Clay, reported that the latter commented that "he should be glad to have with me soon some confidential conversation upon public affairs. I said I should be happy to have it whenever it might suit his convenience." Adams, Memoirs, VI, 457. See below, Clay to Adams, January 9, 1825. 1 Composed of Robert Y. Hayne, Richard M. Johnson, and Elijah Hunt Mills, of the Senate, and James Hamilton, Jr., Stephen Van Rensselaer, and Duncan McArthur, of the House of Representatives. 2 Ferdinand VII. See above, III, 313n, 498n, 606-607; below, Nelson to Clay, April 26, 1825, note.

Account with Samuel Redd Lexington 1st January. 1825 H. Clay Esqr. To Saml Redd Dr May 31st Charg d in Specie. Repairing the mouldings on the Dorr of Your Carrige [sic] 0 50 A new roof cover made of Russia Sheeting puting it on 8c painting it 3 .... New wooden mouldings around the Top to receive the plated mouldings of the body.— 0 75 puting new Sprigs in the plated mouldings for the Top, Cleaning the mouldings & puting them on— 1 .... A new Sett of fellows in one of the hind wheels Sc eight new Spokes— 3 75 Cuting welding & puting on one tyre & fovirteen new tyre nails 1 25 Wedging Boxes in the wheels 0 37i/2 Two new Bolts for the carriage 0 50 One large Iron washer for front wheel & two new nuts for old bolts 0 50 Repairing the raising pieces that Supports the board behind 1 .... 10 yds of Rattinitte for the inside curtains & Roof lining at 5/3 p yd 8 75 25 yds of fringe at 12i/£ Cents p yd 3 12^ Making $c puting up inside roof & curtains 2 50 18 plated nails for inside curtains at 25/100 [sic] 0 37i/£ eight new plated knobs for outside curtains 0 37i/2 A new pr of Footman holders & Tassels 4 .... Furnishing materials & Stringing two real Venitian Blinds & one mock Venitian Blind 2 .... A new piece of Leather over the pole pin 0 12i/2 Mending one of the long Braces with new leather 1 ....

JANUARY 1, 1825 Cleaning oyling & Varnishing the long Braces Check Braces Footboard Braces pole Braces & Swingletree Braces Cleaning oyling & Varnishing the curtains for the body Puting piece leather on the pole to make it fit the futchels Painting ornamenting Varnishing & Polishing Body & Painting & Varnishing the carriage & Wheels 2 new Britchbands with plated Buckles for the harness 2 new pads for Do one new throat Latch with two plated Buckles

June 18th

June 25th.

July 2nd.

3

1 50 0 75 0 371/, 35 .... 5

2

0 50 }80 00 Amount Brt over $80 00 0 50 Two new Brow Bands for the Bridles— A new howsing Strap & a new Strap for Belly band,, o 25 Mending one howsing tug with new leather & Mending collar & putting on a new plated buckle at the Top 0 37i/ 2 Mending Bridle in Sundry places & one new gag Strap 0 62i/ 2 Cleaning oyling & Varnishing the harness 2 A new key for the Boot 0 121/2 A new pole hook for the end of the pole two new Bolts for Do 1 50 Piecing four Traces for your Tandum Harness with new leather, two feet long each 4 .... Mending one trace in another place with new leather 0 25 A new Belly band & new plated Buckle 0 50 4 new loops on hame tugs & Sewing them where they were ript 0 50 Mending two pads & one back band 0 37i/2 One half of the long reins for the Tandum harness made new 3 .... One collar nearly new 1 75 Cleaning oyling & Varnishing Tandum Harness 2 .... One large Iron clip on Double Tree for the Tandum Horses to Draw By 0 50 2 new hame straps with plated Buckles & a new Buckle & strap for the pole hook 0 75 A new hinge for the dorr of your light carriage new Screws & puting it on 0 62]/2 Mending curtains for your light carriage & puting on new leather patches 0 50 four new loops for the harness 8c one new plated Dee, & a new Strap for Belly Band 0 62i/g

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One new clip for the hame two new Rivits & puting it on Mending' one collar & puting on a new cap Acct for 1824 as p Bill Rend., herwith [sic]

0 /£ 0 37 y£ $101 50 14 $115 50

[Endorsement]1 Amount brought up $115.50 By bal. due H.C on a/c of 1823 in Commths notes—$11.75 5:87i/£ 109:62i/i Received the above sum of $109:621/4 in full this 4h. July 1825 Note The wood delivered by Mr. Hawkins2 in the fall 1823 has been settled at 20 Cords. If it were more I am to account for it. SAML REDD D. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16).

1 ES, in Clay's hand.

2 Francis Hawkins.

From James Cowan Dear Sir Lexington Jany 1st, 1825 Your attention & time has generally been so faithfully and generously bestowed on business coming from the West that I feel somewhat unwilling to trouble you with mine. However as I have no acquaintances in Congress whose general acquaintance with the Lawyers from the different Sea port towns is as extensive as your own, you must excuse this intrusion on your time, and oblige your friend very much by employing a Lawyer of integrity who lives in the town or City, wherever the Frigate John Adams1 is stationed, to sue (and hold to bail if practicable.) the Obligee Hugh N. Page2 to the inclosed Note for $540 with interest from 1815. Mr Page is a Lieutenant in the navy, & is attached to the John Adams. His Parents live near Winchester Virginia,3 are wealthy and respectable as I am told. He is a nephew of the late Wm Briant.4 If upon inquiry you find that the John Adams is stationed in any American Port, you will be so good as to enclose the note to some Lawyer of your acquaintance at the place— If the John Adams is at sea and it is uncertain when or where she will be in port, you will then (if you deem it expedient) prevail on some Lawyer at Washington (to be confided in) to take charge of the Note, who may probably be able to stop a portion of Lieutenant Page's pay at the proper Office or hold him to bail, if he ever comes to Washington. You may well imagine the general regret, common to all your Western friends, at the result of the late Presidential election. But however much on your own account, they may regret it, yet so

JANUARY 1, 1825

5

far as the general welfare of the United States is concerned, they have cause of congratulation that your exertions will be continued in the councils of the Nations [sic], where in my opinion an honest, firm and undeviating patriotic spirit will be more needed than at any period since our separation from England— Whether the bonds of Union which have been thrown around us by our Forefathers, in the various guards, checks & balances introduced into their improvements on the republican system of government, will or will not be burst asunder by those convulsions produced by local causes, interests, lawless ambition, prejudice fe passion, is yet to be tried. Nor do I believe the time is far distant, so far as it relates to Kentucky. You have no doubt learnt through the medium of the Newspaper & other wise the "fantastic tricks" which our Legislature have been & are now playing "before high Heaven" And if the "Angels have not wept" I am sure that every true patriot, every man who loves Justice, law & order, every friend to Kentuckys honor & future prosperity will weep over the ruins of her Constitution prostrated by a prostituted Legislature. If there is not a redeeming spirit in the powers of the General Government it is in vain that we boast of Governments superior to those of the Petty States of Greece & Rome. The Legislature have passed a law to place the Judiciary, so far as they can place it, under the entire control of the Legislature.5 Are not the Legislature in a state of rebellion against the government? Have they not invaded and violently trampled on one coordinate Branch of Government? Is not the Congress of the United States bound & solemnly pledged in the Constitution of the U. S. to guarantee to each State a republican form of Government. If the General Government has no power to bring a rebellious State to anchor it must be most obvious from the case of Kentucky that it should possess the power. One great object in organizing the Government of the U. S. was to keep the States in their proper Spheres to regulate their Centrifugal and centripetal tendencies, and to compel them, "sic utere tuo, non alienum laedas" so to exercise their own rights, as not to encroach on the rights of others; to move in their proper Orbits. My dear Sir, you hold the fate of Kentucky in your hands. You can impress on the Supreme Court of this Union, the absolute necessity of marching straight up to the relief questions from Kentucky now before them,6 and of deciding fully and at large all the questions involved in the cases, without resorting to "go bys" or hiding behind technicallites [sic] The firmness of the Judicial Tribunals is the Sheet Anchor of the Nation, their temporizing

6 SECRETARY OF STATE policy & timidity its ruin, and their own certain degradation. The Mandate of the Supreme Court on all the relief laws of Kentucky ought to be in Kentucky early next Spring so as to bring the new relief Court to issue and let it be decided at once whether Kentucky can set up for herself, or whether the laws of the Union shall prevail. The old Court of Appeals in their response to the Legislature say that they are bound as honest men to disregard the law repealing the Court of Appeals as clearly unconstitutional and that they will "remain on the forlorn hope to the last hour of official existence"7 From which it is inferrable that they will not succumb— They have adjourned to meet again on the 4th Monday of this month, by which time the relief Court will be organized. Have, or have not, Congress the power of interfering to settle this matter? It seems to me that the Government of the U. S cannot be so imperfect as not to provide for such a case. The importance of this subject I offer as an apology for boring you with this long letter Your Friend JAS. COWAN ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). Addressed to Clay at Washington. MS. badly faded. 1 The John Adams, a corvette, not a frigate, then attached to the West Indian squadron, had sailed from Philadelphia for Thompson's Island (Key West) in November and returned to Norfolk in March. 2 Hugh Nelson Page, born in North End, Gloucester (now Middlesex) County, Virginia, in 1788, had entered the United States Navy as a midshipman in 1811, had served with distinction during the War of 1812, and remained in the service until his retirement in 1855. 3 John Page, of Caroline County, Virginia, had married Elizabeth Burwell, of King's Mills, York County, Virginia, in 1764. He had died in 1789, and she, in 1811. Hugh Nelson Page was the youngest of their fifteen children. 4 Not identified. Peyton Randolph Page, a much older brother of Hugh, had married Elizabeth Schona, widow of a William Bryan, around 1801. 5 See above, III, 902. « See above, III, 261n, 349n. 7 "The Response of the Judges of the Court of Appeals, to the Preamble, Resolutions and Address. . . ," December 9, 1824, in Ky. H. of Reps., Journal . . . 1824-1825, p. 348. The old court judges were John Boyle, Benjamin Mills, and William Owsley.

From Robert Scott Dr. Sir, Lexington 3 Jany 1825— Your favors of the 7 & 16th. Ulto. 1 have been received in due course.— I have reed, a letter from Thos. B. Reed Esqr. of Natchez, acknowledging the receipt of Colo. Butler's Note, and also a letter from the latter to the former stating his motives for refusing payment— I enclose herewith a copy of the first and the letter of Colo B.2 From these letters you will see there are difficulties in the way, but notwithstandg I have requested Mr. Reed to bring suit leaving it optional with himself in what court to institute it—

JANUARY 5,

1825

7 3

1 have reed, also a letter from the Messrs. Henderson's of Natchez of 29th. Novr.— in which they state that they had not been able to dispose of our Bale Rope— unless 5 Coils (a) 53^c. except at a great sacrifice from 3 to 4c. they say it is good—but Smaller than what the planters wish it—and there was a large supply of thicker rope in market—I know it was heavier than Morrison & Bruce had been in the habit of making theirs— On last week Hawkins4 left the farm & Car5 [sic], the New Overseer came on it— Parker6 has paid the interest on his Note & I deposited it in Bank to your credit— Warfield7 has not yet paid the interest on his, but promises in a few days— In case he fails I think you directed suit to be brought on his Note—please say in your next— To day I paid Mrs. Clay 200$ more in Corns. Notes—and [she]8 informed me she stil [sic] had some of what I paid her before.® In two or three days will forward the Accounts for last month10— Very respectfully Your Hble Servt. ROBT. SCOTT The Honble H. Clay ALS. KyLxT. l Neither letter found. 2 Cf. above, III, 628. The enclosures not found. 3 John Henderson and Sons. 4 Francis Hawkins. 5 John H. Kerr, who had married a Fayette County girl two years earlier. 6 Alexander Parker. 7 Dr. Walter Warfield. 8 MS. torn. 8 See above, III, 889. 10 See below, Scott to Clay, January 7, 1825.

To John C. Calhoun Washington Jany 4. 1825 Hon J. C. Calhoun Secy of the Dept. of War Sir We beg leave to recommend for a place as a Cadet in the Military Academy at West Point Robert Holley of Lyons in the County of Wayne in the State of New York We are Sir Respectfully Yr Obdt Servt HENRY R. STORRS S V RENSSELAER H. CLAY ALS by Storrs, signed also by Van Rensselaer and Clay. DNA, RG94, U. S. Military Academy, Cadet Applications, 1824/324. Cf. above, III, 904-905.

Inventory of Livestock and Farming Implements at "Ashland" 66 Head Cattle 28 Head of Horses

Jany 5th. 1825

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6 190 112 8 7 7 3 5

SECRETARY OF STATE

Mules Head of Hogs Head of Sheep Ploughes & 5 Harrows Axes—2 Waggons 3 Carts & 6 Setts Geer— 5 Hemp brakes Hemp Hooks pr Stretchers Clevis's 8c One Wheat Fan

AD by Robert Scott. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). Endorsed by Scott on verso: "List of Stock &c. deld. by [Francis] Hawkins to Carr [i.e., John H. Kerr] 5 Jany. 1825-"

Check to Pishey Thompson 7 Jan. 1825 Pay to Pishey Thompson or order nineteen dollars and 65 Cents, balance of his account. H. CLAY Cashr. of the Off. of Dt. & Dt, Washington 1 ADS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). Thompson was a Washington, District of Columbia, author and bookseller. l Richard Smith.

From Robert Scott Dr. Sir, Lexington, 7 Jany 1825 On the 3rd. inst. I wrote you enclosing the letter of Thos. B. Reed Esqr. on the subject of Colo. Butlers N o t e Herewith are your Accounts Current with the estate of Colo. Morrison for the last month1— By them you will perceive that collections have been very inconsiderable— The purchasers at the Sale all promise payment very soon— If they fail will bring suits on their Notes to the March Court— I have been Solicited to enquire of you, if you would lease your Hotel establishment,2 including the Stable, for the term of 3 or 5 Years, to be occupied as a public house—and if you would at what rent—to take it as it is, or repair it— It is a Mr. Edwards8 formerly of Russellsville who wishes to get it— I was out at the farm4 yesterday— Mr. Carr5 was spreading hemp— We have nothing new I beleive [sic]— at least nothing but what our papers will give you— Our Legislature have carried on with a high hand this sessession [sic] It is supposed they will adjourn some time next week— Aunt Morrison and family are w e l l Very respectfully Yr Hble Servt ROBT. SCOTT The Honble H. ClayALS. KyLxT. 1 Private accounts not found. For the executor's accounts, see below, ca. June 13, 1825 (the monthly accounts, ADS by Scott, may be found in KyLxT), 2 The Kentucky Hotel. 3 Not identified. * "Ashland." 5 John H. Kerr.

JANUARY 8,

1825

9

To Francis Preston Blair My dear Sir. Washington 8th Jan. 1824 [i.e., 1825] I sent you by this days Mail Lord Byrons conversations1 which notwithstanding Mr Walshes2 unfavorable opinion of them, I think you will find often piquant, and worth upon the whole an attentive perusal. Besides the literary & critical interest which they possess they will have the effect of diminishing, though not entirely removing, the odium brought 3 upon himself by his conduct to his wife4— My position in relation to the friends of the three returned candidates is singular enough and often to me very amusing. In the first place they all beleive [sic] that my friends have the power of deciding the question, and that I have the power of controling my friends. Acting upon this supposition in the same hour, I am sometimes touched gently on the shoulder by a friend (for example) of Genel. Jackson, who will thus address me. "My dear Sir, all our6 dependence is on you; don't disappoint us; you know our partiality was for you next to the Hero; and how much we want a western President— Immediately after a friend of Mr. Crawford will accost me 8 "The hopes of the Republican party are concentrated on you For God's sake preserve it— If you had been returned instead of Mr. Crawford every man of us would have supported you to the last hour. We consider him & you as the only genuine Republican Candidates." Next a friend of Mr. Adams comes "with tears in his eyes."7 "Sir Mr Adams has always had the greatest respect for you, & admiration for8 your talents— There is no station to which they9 are not equal— Most undoubtedly you were the second choice of New England. And I pray you to consider seriously whether the public good & your own future interests do not point most distinctly to the choice which you ought to make—" How can one withstand all this distinterested homage & kindness? Really the friends of all the three Gentlemen are so very courteous, and affectionate, that I sometimes almost wish that it was in my power to accomodate [sic] each of them. But that being impossible we are beginning to think seriously of the choice which we must finally make. I will tell you then, that I believe the contest will be limited to Mr. Adams & Genl. Jackson; Mr. Crawford's personal condition precludes the choice of him; if there were no other objection to his election. As to the only alternative which is presented to us, it is sufficiently painful, & I consider whatever choice we may make will be only a choice of evils— To both those10 Gentlemen there are strong personal objections— The principal difference between them is that in the election of Mr Adams we shall not by the example inflict any wound upon the character of our institutions; but I should much fear hereafter, if not during

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the present generation, that the election of the General would give to the Military Spirit a Stimulus and a confidence that might lead to the most pernicious results— I shall therefore with great regret, on account of the dilemma in which the people have placed us, support Mr Adams— My friends are generally so inclined, what has great weight with me is the decided preference which a majority of the delegation from Ohio has for him over the 11 Genl. Jackson— If therefore Kentucky were to vote for the Genl. it would probably only have the effect of dividing our friends, without defeating ultimately the election of Mr Adams. Three of the four States, favorable to Mr. Crawford are believed to prefer Mr. Adams to12 the General. Virginia is one of them— I am inclined to think that nearly three-fourths of our delegation have yeilded [sic] to the influence of these views, and will vote for Mr Adams— My friends entertain the belief that their kind wishes13 will, in the end, be more likely to be accomplished by so bestowing their votes— I have however most earnestly entreated them to throw me out of their consideration in bringing their Judgements to a final conclusion and to look, & be guided solely by the public good— If I know my self that alone has determined me— Your representative14 is inclined to concur with us in these sentiments and views; and if they should meet your approbation, as I know that18 he has great respect for your Opinions, I would be glad if you would by the return mail address a letter to him to strengthen him in his inclination. Be pleased to show this letter to Crittenden 16 alone. I remain faithy. Your friend H CLAY Copy. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). Endorsed by Clay: "This is a true copy—" Another version, attested by Blair as "a true copy" (KyHi), differs from this only in punctuation, capitalization, spelling, and the instances noted below. Blair also noted: "The original is misdated it should be Jany 8. 1825." The letter was first published in its entirety, from a copy of the Blair copy, in Richmond Whig, October 7, 1844, reprinted in Washington Daily National Intelligencer, October 10, 1844, and widely recopied. It had been summarized, with quoted passages, by Amos Kendall, in Washington United States Telegraph, July 21, 1828 (United States Telegraph-Extra, I [July 26, 1828], 315), and by him interpreted as significant proof of the charge that Clay's support had been given to John Quincy Adams for the Presidency in return for a promise of appointment as Secretary of State. It is included, without the first paragraph, in Colton (ed.), Private Correspondence of Henry Clay, 109-10. 1 After the death of Lord Byron (George Gordon Byron, sixth Baron Byron) in April, 1824, Thomas Medwin had published the Journal of the Conversations of Lord Byron: Noted during a Residence with His Lordship at Pisa in the Years 1821 and 1822 (London, 1824). An edition had been published in New York later in the year. 2 Robert Walsh, Jr. 3 This word preceded by "which he" in Blair's true copy. 4 On January 2, 1815, Byron had married Anna Isabella Milbanke, who had left him slightly more than a year later. 5 This word given as "my" in Blair's true copy. 8 This word interlined subsequently in unidentified hand. T Cf. above, III, 187n. 8 "Of" in Blair's true copy. 9 "You" in Blair's true copy. 10 "Of those" in Blair's true copy. 11 This word omitted in Blair's true copy.

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12 Last three words interlined subsequently in unidentified hand. 13 This word followed by "towards me" in Blair's true copy. 14 David White, of New Castle, who represented the Sixth Kentucky District, composed of Shelby, Henry, Franklin, Owen, and Gallatin Counties. 15 This word not in Blair's true copy. 18 John J. Crittenden.

To John Quincy Adams 9 Jan. 25. Mr. Clay's Compliments, to Mr. Adams, and, if he be not engaged, Mr. C. will call this evening at six O Clock to see him on an affair of business. [Endorsement] 1 Mr Adams, with his respectful Compliments to Mr Clay, will be happy to see him this Evening at 6. O'Clock. Sunday 9. Jany 1825. AN. MHi-Adams Papers. Addressed: "The Honble J. Q. Adams, Present." Cf. above, Remarks, January 1, 1825, note. l AE by Adams. Reporting this interview, Adams noted: "Mr. Clay came at six, and spent the evening with me in a long conversation explanatory of the past and prospective of the future. He said that the time was drawing near when the choice must be made in the House of Representatives of a President from the three candidates presented by the electoral colleges; that he had been much urged and solicited with regard to the part in that transaction that he should take, and had not been five minutes landed at his lodgings before he had been applied to by a friend of Mr. Crawford's, in a manner so gross that it had disgusted him; that some of my friends also, disclaiming, indeed, to have any authority from me, had repeatedly applied to him, directly or indirectly, urging considerations personal to himself as motives to his cause. He had thought it best to reserve for some time his determination to himself: first, to give a decent time for his own funeral solemnities as a candidate; and, secondly, to prepare and predispose all his friends to a state of neutrality between the three candidates who would be before the House, so that they might be free ultimately to take that course which might be most conducive to the public interest. The time had now come at which he might be explicit in his communication with me, and he had for that purpose asked this confidential interview. He wished me, as far as I might think proper, to satisfy him with regard to some principles of great public importance, but without any personal considerations for himself. In the question to come before the House between General Jackson, Mr. Crawford, and myself, he had no hesitation in saying that his preference would be for me." Adams, Memoirs, VI, 464-65.

From William T. Barry My Dear Sir Frankfort 10th. January 1825 I have received yours of the 22nd. Ult.1 As soon as it was known that you would be left out of the House of Representatives, the sentiment in favour of Genl. Jackson grew strong, the disposition to express a preference for him over Mr. Adams too powerful to be resisted. Resolutions expressive of this have passed both houses of our Legislature.2 The proceedings will be seen in the papers. You stand on an eminence that overlooks the whole nation, in the survey you will take of its great interests, you can best decide on the proper course to be pursued in the approaching contest,

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suggestions of mine could hardly be useful, I will only remark that Mr. Adams is more unpopular in this State, than I had supposed him to be, altho' my views in relation to his standing have ever been unfavorable. We are pleased to learn of the determination of Genl. Lafayette to visit the west, it is particularly gratifying to know that he will accompany you & it is presumed other members of our delegation.3 It is expected that the Govr.4 will be advised in due time of your approach, in order that arrangements may be made for the reception. It was the intention of the Govr. to have communicated the invitation thro' you, but upon reflection, it was thought that the more regular channel was our Senators, the more immediate representatives of the State. I am pleased to inform you of a resolution that has just passed the Senate, & which will undoubtedly pass the H. of R. directing the Govr. to employ M. H. Jouett to paint the Portrait of Genl. Lafayette, to be placed in our capital [sic].6 It is cause of pride that native genius is employed to assist in perpetuating the fame of the illustrious man, that the Nation so much delights to honour. The act will be a new and interesting evidence of devotion; whilst it reflects honour on the State & rewards genius. We flatter ourselves that Jouett will not suffer by comparison with other artists; and if he should chance to excell, the reputation of our State will be raised by the triumph of his genius. Would it not be well & promotive of Jouetts interest for him to go on & paint the portrait at Washington?6 It would introduce him as an artist to the public, in an interesting & imposeing [sic] attitude, stimulate his genius, and probably in this way improve highly the work that he has to perform. The Legislature will adjourn this week. It has been an animated Session, to[o] much characterized by violent debate & personal reflections, which unhappily does not subside as it approaches the close. The bitterness of party is without example. It is hoped that when the members return home, cool reflection will calm the violence of feeling that has been excited by the discussions here. The great body of the people remain queit [sic] & will continue so, unless disturbed by political partizans. Very sincerely & truely Your friend & Sert. W. T. BARRY Honbe. H. Clay Washington ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). l Not found. 2 See above, III, 901-902. 3 Cf. above, III, 856n. Members of Congress and of the Kentucky Legislature were components of the procession which honored the general upon his arrival at Frankfort, May 14. 4 Joseph Desha. The invitation had been extended by resolution of the State legislature approved November 17, 1824. Ky. Gen. Assy., Acts . . . 1824-1825, pp. 215-17. 5 The resolution was formally approved January 12, 1825. Ibid., 229-30. The

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portrait still hangs in the old State Capitol at Frankfort. Drawn full length, it was reportedly based as to body lineament on a painting by the artist, Ary Scheffer, born in Holland but long resident in Paris, who had presented the work to the United States Congress on the occasion of Lafayette's visit to that body (above, III, 893-94; below, Clay to Brown, March 29, 1825). Jouett sketched the head and facial detail from life when the general visited Lexington in May. Lexington Kentucky Reporter, May 23, 1825. e Jouett did not reach Washington in time to see Lafayette before the latter's departure on his tour of the South, which began on February 23.

From John Boyle Dear Sir Jany 10th 1825 Inclosed is a paper1 containing the suggestions I have to make in answer to Mr Websters argument before the Supreme court on the constitutional question.depending in that court.2 I am sorry I had not bestowed my attention earlier upon the subject.that I might have rendered the answers I have given to Mr. Websters argument more perfect & satisfactory, I may have misconceived his argument— & no doubt I have not stated it in its most imposing aspect. But what ever shape it may assume I am perfectly convinced that the principles I have suggested are the true answer to it. You may think otherwise & when you shall find an answer to it upon other principles which are correct I will readily acknowledge my error. Fearful that what I have said in the inclosed paper might not be worth decyphering in my hierogly hical [sic] hand writing I have had it copied as you will see in a more legible hand. Before I returned from Frankfort your son Tom 3 had gone to Lexington to spend his Christmas & he has not yet got home. I have been however looking for him every day, & when he gets back I will take care he shall not take such an other trip shortly I am with great respect & esteem Your Friend JOHN BOYLE The Honbl. H Clay Esqr ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). 1 See below, this date. 2 Probably relating to the case of Ogden vs. Saunders, first argued before the United States Supreme Court at the February Term, 1824, when, as members of opposing counsel, Daniel Webster had attacked and Clay had defended the validity of bankrupt or insolvent laws passed by various States. The cause was continued until the January Term, 1827, when (without Clay's participation) it was re-argued. The decision then reached by the Court was adverse to Webster's position. 25 U. S. (12 Wheaton) 213-368. 3 Thomas Hart Clay, who read law under Judge Boyle until the fall of this year.

From J[ohn] Bfoyle] Dear Sir [January 10, 1825] I have not forgotten the promise which I made you last summer of giving you my ideas in writing, in answer to the argument said

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to be used before the supreme Court of the U. S. at their last term, to prove that a law of a State, which discharges a debtor from his contract, on condition of his giving up his effects in compliance with the requisitions of the Law, was, in its operation upon a contract made after its passage, a violation of that clause of the constitution of the U. S., which declares that "no State shall pass any law impairing the obligations of contracts." When I made this promise, I had no very distinct view of the subject, but confident that the argument was fallacious, and unsound, I expected, a little time for reflection would suggest the reasoning, necessary to prove it so, and time sufficient for that purpose has elapsed, but various circumstances, which I need not mention, have occur'd to prevent any portion of it from being bestowed by me upon the subject. What I shall now say, therefore, must be view'd rather as loose and disjointed suggestions, than as a regular and logical discourse upon the subject. [Approximately ten manuscript pages here present argument upholding the authority of States to enact bankruptcy laws.] respectfully J B DI. KyU-Thomas Hart Papers.

Check to John Davis 11 Jan. 1825 Pay to John Davis or order One hundred & seventy five dollars. Cash, of the Off. of Dt. & Dt. Washn.1

H CLAY

ADS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). Cf. above, III, 531n. l Richard Smith.

From Martin Duralde (Jr.) Dr. Sir, New Orleans 12th. January 1825 You wrote to Mr. Cox1 last year that you would accept the procurations of Individuals of this State having claims on the General Government. Inclosed I take the liberty of sending you two, one from the heirs of the widow Dupre and one from heirs of Solomon Provost.2 The heirs of the widow Dupre Say that all the papers concerning their Claims, which Mr. Fromentin 3 took to Washington, were left with Mr. Wm. Blendley4 & the heirs of Provost Say that their papers are in the hands of Messrs. Law 8c Wallach,5 attorneys in Washington. I am authorised by these claiments [sic] to offer you ten per

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Cent on the moneis [sic] you may collect for them. They are all my neighbours in the Country. They are plain and honest farmers. I have promised them that I would interest myself in their behalf. If your business will not permit you to attend to their claims you will confer a particular favor on me by intrusting them to a zelous [sic] person. The Claims of the heirs of Dupre amounted at first to nearly $18,000 but they have only received $6202. .94 of it, which is the amount of Materials furnished for the purpose of building a Fort, the balance being the amount of damages occasioned by our own troops. I have delivered to Mr. Whittlesey8 the last papers you sent me concerning Col. Morrison's7 business. He must have written to you and geven [sic] you his opinion 8 . I am happy to be able to tell you that we succeded [sic] on monday last, to reelect Josiah S. Johnston a Senator to Congress by a majority of five votes over Mr. Levingston.9 The opposition was great and we had nearly as much intrigue on this occasion as we had on a former one,10 but we were more fortunate this time. We have received the returns of the Presidential election from all the States & your friends here regret very much to see that for the want of the votes of this State you have been left out of the House. The friends of Mr. Crawford must be now convinced of their folly. They are the cause of what has happened. Gel. Jackson I presume will be our next President. Mr. Erwin has at last obtained a Judgment against Flood's estate.11 He and his wife are both well. They stayed with us when they first arrived but since the arrival of Mrs. Yatman,12 Mr. Es Sister, they have moved to town.13 Mrs. Erwin is more fond of her husband than any Lady I ever saw.— They appear to be quite happy. Our last child14 is labouring under a very Severe cold which has geven [sic] us a great deal of uneasiness. Since a day or two he seems to be doing better. The rest of the family is well. Susan15 will [wrjite to you in a few days. I am with due respect Dr. Sir, Your Obt. Servt. M. DURALDE ALS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R13). MS. torn. Addressed to Clay. 1 Probably Nathaniel Cox. Letter not found. 2 The plantation of Augustin Dupre (or Dupres), who had been appointed a justice of the peace of Plaquemine Parish in 1808 and elected mayor of New Orleans in 1814, was near General Andrew Jackson's lines during the Battle of New Orleans. By act of May 29, 1830, Congress approved an appropriation of $8,995 to the heirs of Dupre's widow in compensation for damage to buildings and fences while the property was under military occupation "during the late war." 6 U.S. Stat., 438. Under act of May 7, 1822 (6 US. Stat., 273), Solomon Prevost, appointed a justice of the peace of New Orleans in 1807, had been awarded $1,966, in full settlement of his losses during the same conflict.

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3 Eligius Froraentin. 4 Not identified. s Probably Edmund Law and Richard Wallach. Law had resigned his appointment as judge of the Circuit Court of East Florida and returned to Washington in 1823. Wallach was a distinguished lawyer, active in community affairs of the District. 6 Chauncey Whittelsey, at this time residing and practicing law in New Orleans. 7 James Morrison. 8 No letter found. 9 Edward Livingston, who continued as a member of the United States House of Representatives. 10 Possibly a reference to the recent presidential election in Louisiana. See above, III, 900. 11 Suit not found. It apparently dealt with a claim by James Erwin against the estate of Dr. William Flood, a Virginian who had served as a major of militia and port physician of New Orleans during the Territorial period. 12 Jane Erwin Yeatman, wife o£ Thomas Yeatman, a Nashville commission merchant and banker, later prominent as an iron manufacturer. is Mr. and Mrs. James Erwin were now residents of New Orleans. 14 Henry Clay Duralde, born in 1824. IB Mrs. Duralde.

To Josiah Stoddard Johnston To remind Friday 14 Jan. [1825]. Mr. Clay expects the pleasure of the Company of Mr Johnson at dinner tomorrow at 4 OClock— AN. PHi. Addressed: "The Honble Josiah S. Johnson [sic] Of the Senate." Endorsed, in Johnston's hand: "1825."

From Peter B. Porter Dear Sir, ' Black Rock Jany 14th. 1825 I have received your favour of the 26th. Ult. and thank you for the interest you are taking in favour of Mr Holley, whose situation is such as to demand the sympathy & kindness of all his friends. I learnt, some time ago, & with a good deal of mortification the result of the election in Louisiana;1 but I confess that I was not altogether disappointed, for I had anticipated that the same confident and bullying policy which was pursued by the friends of Genl. Jackson at the north, would be extended also to that State, & with more probability of success. Three or four days before the appointment of our Elector [sic] an Express arrived at Albany from Ohio, under whip & spur, bringing a letter from Caleb Atwater of Circleville to Dewit [sic] Clinton headed "Glorious News" and announcing the election of the Jackson ticket in that State by a majority of 4,000! I was told by a Gentleman who was at Columbus at the time of the Canvas [sic], that similar letters were dispatched from there to Indiana & Illinois, some three or four days before so as to reach their respective destinations at the commencement of the elections—and all these accompanied by strong solicitations to your friends to give up your cause as hopeless. My regret at the loss of Louisiana after knowing the state of the

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vote in the other States, was a good deal chastened by the reflection, that if you had succeeded there, it would have brought you into the house where Mr Crawford now is, with so lean a vote compared with the other two candidates, as to have greatly diminished your chance of ultimate success; such a defeat there would have rendered your situation much more mortifying than it is at present. I was disappointed at the result of the election in this State, although my calculations had never been very sanguine. I intended to have given you a full history of all the manoeuvring \sic~\ at Albany, but it would be a tedious, &, under present circumstances, an uninteresting story, & I will omit it untill I see you. Had Young succeeded2 we should have given you the entire vote of the State without any difficulty. But he was prostrated and with him, for a time, the whole Republican party, by the selfish & petty fogging course of Van Buren3 & his friends. Clintons success gave him some influence in this question & it was all exerted against you. Then a few Clintonian members from this part of the State who were warm advocates of yours & had attended all our meetings were persuaded as soon as the result of the election was known, to vote for the Adams ticket— Not that Clinton was in favour of Adams, but they would not vote for Jackson; & he was less afraid of Adams than of you. The 4 Electors (Crawford men) last chosen, did not succeed by the honest supporters of that ticket nor by your friends but by the aid of some half a dozen of Mr. Clinton's partizans, & with an understanding that if their votes would elect Jackson, by the College he should have them—otherwise to go to Crawford. The grand mistake in the policy of your friends in this State was, in not closing at once with the offer made by the Adams men to divide the ticket equally. Many of us were fully impressed with the propriety of this course, but we could not bring a sufficient number into the measure, while it was practicable.— But I perceive that I am going into the details I promised to avoid, & will stop. As you are now hors du combat, who is to be the next President? I know not what your views may be, but I have no hesitation in expressing my own—not however with any expectation that they will have any weight with you. Toward Mr Crawford personally, I have no other feelings than those of respect. But I confess that I was never an admirer of the company he keeps. I know not how it has happened but he has been the nucleus around which all the radicalism or jacobinism of the country when sent to Washington has instinctively gathered. The public policy, moreover, which local interest & feeling would naturally lead him, & in fact have led him to pursue, is not such as I admire, or as is adapted to the interests of this part of the country.

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While I respect Genl. Jackson for his military qualifications, I doubt whether he has political information & experience that fit him for the office— But my great objection to him is that he is by nature a Tyrant— I mean no unworthy imputation, for I believe him to be a man of the purest honor & integrity, but his habits as well as his native disposition have always been to consider the law, & his own notions of justice as synonimous. As watchfull republicans I should think we were committing, to say the least of it, a great indiscretion, in placing the whole military & civil power of the country in such hands. In point of strictly executive qualifications Mr Adams falls perhaps as far short of the proper mark as Genl. J. goes beyond it. But he is certainly a splendid Cabinet Minister, & I believe an honest politician. In peace I think his administration would be respectable, & even in war our hazards would not be great. I confess I should prefer him even though my views were not to extend beyond four years, but I think that his election would be most propitious to your elevation four years hence. Give the presidency this time to the north and the people will naturally look to the west for a successor. Clinton is preparing for the next election, & his policy is to have Jackson elected now, & by a strict concert with him which I believe already exists, pave the way to his own elevation. I hope that in four cars more the people of New York will better understand their own interests & your merrits \sic\. Yours truly & respectfully P. B. PORTER Please give my respects to your friend Mr Vance, & present him my thanks for his able & eloquent speech in favour of the Niagara Sufferers.4 Mrs P. & Mrs. Breckenridge5 beg to be kindly remembered to you. I should be pleased to hear from you when you have leasure ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). Addressed to Clay at Washington. 1 See above, III, 900. 2 DeWitt Clinton had defeated Samuel Young by a large margin in the New York gubernatorial election of November, 1824. 3 Martin Van Buren. ± Early in the current Session, the Congress had taken up a bill "authorizing payment for property lost or destroyed by the enemy during the late war," in which debate the discussion had centered on the ravages on the Niagara frontier (cf. above, II, 270-72, 275n, 563-64). Joseph Vance had spoken, in Committee of the Whole, on December 30. The measure, in the form of "An Act further to amend the act . . . passed ninth April, one thousand eight hundred and sixteen," became law on March 3, 1825. Register of Debates, 18 Cong., 2 Sess., 9-10, 101-105; 4 U. S. Stat., 123. 5 Mrs. Porter; Mrs. John Breckinridge.

To Josephus B. Stuart Dr Sir Washn. 15h. Jan. 1825 I duly reed, your letter of the 8h. inst.1 On the question to which

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it principally relates there is much uncertainty prevailing here; and I do not believe that any one can, with any degree of probability, affirm what will be the issue of it. Many states are supposed to be doubtful, and your own among the number. With respect to my friends generally and myself all that I can venture now to assure you is that we are looking at the subject with an anxious desire to make that decision which will best promote the public interest. The truth is that anticipations, as to the final result, vary from day to day, and according to the wishes of individuals who make them. The most that may be safely now said is that either Mr Adams or Genl. Jackson will probably be elected, but which it would be extremely hazardous to designate. I will add that the Kentucky delegation I believe feels perfectly free to vote, as its own judgment shall dictate, notwithstanding the recent request of the K. Legislature.2 I am Yr's with high regard H CLAY Dr. J. B. Stuart. ALS. NcD.

l Not found.

2 See above, III, 901-902n.

To George Thompson Dr. Sir: Washington, 15th Jan. 1825 I received your kind letter1 respecting Gen'l La Fayette and will take some opportunity to communicate your message to him. He appears to delight in all Revolutionary recollections, and especially in the society of his companions in arms. As he will be in Kentucky in the Spring, I hope you will both live to meet and embrace each other. We have passed a law for his benefit2 which I doubt not will be approved by our Constituents. It conforms pretty much to the ideas expressed in your letter. As we have to make a President this session, we shall do but little else. It is by no means certain who will be chosen. All I think that can be safely affirmed is that it will be Mr. Adams or Gen'l Jackson. Be pleased to give my kind regards to your son3 and believe me, Faithfully your friend, H. CLAY. Col. Geo. Thompson. Kentucky State Historical Society, Register, XXXIII (1935), 128. Addressed: "Col. Geo. Thompson, Senior, Shawnee Springs, Harrodsburg, Ky." l Not found. 2 See above, III, 899, 900. 3 George C. Thompson.

Speech on Cumberland Road [January 17, 1825] Mr. CLAY, (Speaker,) rose, and observed, that, from his attachment to that system of internal policy, of which the measure

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now before the committee formed a part, he had entertained a wish to offer to their consideration some views in relation to it which had forcibly impressed his own mind; but had he anticipated the state of expectation which it would be needless for him to affect not to perceive, or that debilitated state in which he now appeared before the committee, he should have contented himself with giving his silent vote in favor of the bill. The object proposed, he said, involved a question which had often been debated in that House, and the general views of which were already so familiar to the minds of those whom he addressed, that he despaired of adding any thing to that knowledge of it which they already possessed. Indeed, he considered the views of policy which he held on this subject as having been vindicated and maintained by the votes of the House at the last session.1 Yet he would say thus much: that he considered the question, as to the existence and the exercise of a power in the General Government to carry into effect a system of internal improvements, as amounting to the question whether the union of these states should be preserved or not—a question which involved the dearest hopes and brightest prospects of our country. As to the opinion, that the carrying on of these improvements belonged to the states in their individual and separate character, it might as well be expected that the states should perform any other duty which appertained to the General Government. You have no more right, observed Mr. C. to ask the individual states to make internal improvements for the general welfare, than you have to ask them to make war for the general welfare, or to build fortifications for the general defence, because some of them may happen to have a peculiar local interest in either. They are no more bound to do any one of the duties which pertain to the General Government, than to do any other one of the duties which pertain to it. Sir, it is our province, not theirs. It is, indeed, true, that the interests of the whole and of one of the parts may be coincident, and sometimes to a very remarkable degree—nay, to such a degree as may induce a State Government to undertake a duty which more properly belongs to Congress. But such cases are rare, and such an effect has seldom happened. One instance, indeed, may be pointed out—that of the great Canal in the state of New York. When that state applied to this House for aid in her great and spirited undertaking, it was my opinion that she ought to receive it2—and it is now my opinion that, for what she has advanced in the completion of that noble enterprise, she has at this hour a just claim upon the General Government. But cases of this kind always will be rare—it is vain to expect that any state will feel a sufficient interest in any object

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or improvement (unless such as are purely local in their character) as to induce her to make an appropriation of her individual resources for its accomplishment. With these preliminary observations on the great policy of measures of the kind of that now proposed, he would go on to inquire in the first place, is the object in the present bill of sufficient magnitude to authorize an application to it of the resources of the nation? To answer this inquiry, the object must be considered, not as standing isolated and alone—but as constituting one link in the great chain of the Internal Improvement of the Union. What, said he, is the actual state of the facts? There now exists from the city of Baltimore to Wheeling, in the state of Virginia, an uninterrupted line of turnpike road, extending to a total distance of two hundred and seventy miles; and there also exists a like line of road from this city to the same place, with the exception of one small gap between Montgomery Court House and Frederick town. Taking its origin at the foot of the Alleghany Mountains, the Cumberland Road extends to the Eastern Bank of the Ohio a distance of one hundred and thirty-five miles. Of this distance eighty-five miles lie in Pennsylvania, thirty or thirty-five in Maryland, and the residue in Virginia—the entire work, from one end to the other, and through its whole extent, lying exclusively in the states East of the Ohio river. The proposition now presented to the committee is to extend this road from the West bank of that river to Zanesville, in the state of Ohio, a distance of eighty miles. If the proposition shall meet with the favor of Congress, the whole length of road from Baltimore to Zanesville will be 350 miles. Mr. C. then remarked on the character of the country through which the contemplated road is to pass, which he described as containing a succession of hills, some of which might perhaps have been called mountains, but for the altitude of the neighboring Alleghanies—and which continue as far west as the Muskingum River, on the bank of which Zanesville is situated. There, or a little to the west of it, commences a level plain of an alluvial character, extending from the Muskingum to the Mississippi, a distance of four hundred and twenty miles. The present proposition, Mr. C. said, was to be considered in reference, first, to what had been done, and second, to what remained to be done. The proposed part of the road must be viewed, first, in respect to one termination of the entire line which is at Cumberland, and then in respect to the other termination of it, which he trusted would one day be on the Missouri. It must also be viewed in reference to that branch of it, which he hoped, at no distant day, would pass through Kentucky and

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Tennessee, to Natchez and New Orleans, intersecting the great road, now proposed from the latter place to this city.3 It must be remembered, said he, that it is a part of a road which is to traverse nine States and two Territories; so that whether we look to the right or to the left, we find the interests of nine entire States and two Territories, all concentrated in the present design. Here Mr. C. wished to be permitted to state one fact with which, perhaps, but few members of the committee were acquainted. A distinguished member of the other House had lately travelled in company with the Delegate from Florida,4 now on this floor, over the very route which was contemplated in this bill for the road proposed. They had found it, though somewhat hilly, free from any mountainous obstructions, and abounding in all the materials which would be required for construction. Mr. C. next proceeded to inquire, whether the object, such as he had now described it, was not justly entitled to be considered a national object. Look, said he, at the effect produced upon the convenience of the whole country, from what has been already done. The usual space of time formerly required to go from Baltimore to Wheeling, was from eight to ten days—the time now occupied is three days. The effect of such a saving of time would readily be conceived. To this consideration might be added the advantage resulting from the investment of so much capital, and the expenditure of so much public money, in a region of country where both were so much needed. Settlements had been multiplied—buildings of all kinds erected—villages had sprung up as if by enchantment; and, to use the language of one of the gentlemen who had ably advocated the bill, the road resembled one continued street, almost the whole way from Cumberland to Wheeling.5 The effect had been a great addition to the value of property, and an important increase of the wealth of three states through which this great public work had been constructed. It has been called, by some gentlemen, a Western road, but how could it be a Western road, when not one foot of it lay within any one of the Western states, but the entire road, in all its parts, lay wholly in the Eastern states? The direct benefit, and much that was collateral, was felt by the three Eastern states where the road lay; the only benefit to the Western states was a mere right of way. All they enjoyed in the road was the right to pass over it to visit their brethren in the East, and to come to this Metropolis to mingle their counsels with their fellow citizens of the South and East—important benefits no doubt—but not such as ought to designate this road as a Western road. In fact, Mr. C. said, it was neither an Eastern nor a Western road, but partly the

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one and partly the other. The benefits derived from it were strictly mutual. Mr. C. asked, if the United States were not under a positive obligation to extend this road? What was the history of this undertaking? It arose out of a compact between the United States and the state of Ohio, at the time that state was admitted into the Union, by which two per cent, of the nett proceeds of the sales of the public lands was to be applied to the making of a road leading to the state of Ohio.6 A similar provision was also made in the compacts, by which Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Mississippi, and, he believed, Alabama, were admitted as states.7 It had been contended by some gentlemen, that the construction of the Cumberland road was a fulfilment of this compact on the part of the United States. This, said Mr. C. I deny utterly. I grant, indeed, that it is a fulfilment of the compact with the state of Ohio. The United States covenanted to make a road leading to that state. They have done so; and Ohio has no right to demand that the road should be carried one foot further. But the case is entirely different with the states beyond Ohio. They have a right, under their respective compacts, to demand a road which shall terminate at their limits—a road which shall be brought up to the boundary line of those states respectively. It is very true, that Congress may begin the road wherever they please, but it must terminate at the state to which Congress had covenanted that the road shall lead. Am I not, said Mr. CLAY, arguing a question which is too plain to be illustrated? Can it be said, that Government has made a road to Missouri, when it has made a road which no where approaches Missouri within 500 miles? or, that it has made a road to the other Western states, when it has made one to a point 250, 300, or 500 miles from them? Gentlemen say, that a road has been made in that direction. It might as well be said, that the making of Pennsylvania avenue, in this city, was a fulfilment of the contract, or that the Government might begin a road in the remotest part of the East, and end it there, provided it had a western direction. He repeated, Government was not bound to spend more than the two per cent, under the contract—but the road must end at the limit of the states with whom the compact was made. And here, said Mr. C. let me ask my worthy friend from Mississippi, (Mr. RAN KIN,8) whether he would consider a road ending at Wheeling as a road to Mississippi, because it leads, though obliquely, toward that state? I am sure he would not. He would say Congress had fulfilled its bargain only when the road terminated at the Mississippi. It has been said, that the provision which pledges the two per

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cent, fund of the several Western states for defraying the expense of the Cumberland road, had been inserted in all the former bills on that subject. I admit this, said Mr. C. but I should never have given my consent to its insertion, had I not thought that it was understood and agreed upon, as a part of the plan, that Congress should go on with the road, and carry it to all the states whose funds have been thus pledged. On the question of the utility of the present undertaking, Mr. C. trusted he need say no more. He was happy, he said, to find that the worthy gentleman from Virginia, (Mr. P. P. BARBOUR,) who, to his great regret, could not, with his views of the constitution, support the bill, had declared, with that honorable frankness for which he was so eminently distinguished, that, apart from that view of the question, he should be in favor of the measure now proposed.9 Mr. C. thought that the principle of preservation itself afforded sufficient argument in support of the measure now under consideration. He knew, indeed, that all questions which glanced at the union of the states, and the possibility of its severance, should be touched lightly, and with a cautious hand. But, if they were not to be discussed in that august assembly, where might they be? I, said Mr. CLAY, am not one of those who are in favor of covering our eyes, and concealing from ourselves the dangers to which we may be exposed. Danger, of whatever kind, is best guarded against when it is deliberately contemplated, and fully understood. It is not to be averted by shutting our eyes and ears against the possibility of its approach. Happily, there exist among us many great and powerful principles of cohesion—a common origin—common language—a common law—common liberty—common recollection of national glory. But, asked Mr. C. have we not seen, in at least one instance in history,10 that all these have not been strong enough to prevent a total and lasting separation. And, though causes of the opposite kind may not in our case go all the length of producing this, yet they operate on every natural tendency to separation. That such tendencies do exist, will not be denied by any candid and reflecting man, and they call on us to look far a-head, and to prevent if possible, the disastrous evil which they threaten. Among the causes which go to increase the tendencies to separation, in such a system as ours, may be enumerated the lofty mountains which separates [sic] different parts of our country—the extended space over which our population and government are spread, together with the different scenes to which commercial pursuits lead the citizens of different districts of the Union. Some of these are, indeed, beyond human control, but the

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effect of many of them may be, in a certain degree, corrected, if not wholly removed. The mountains may be cut through: we will teach the lofty Alleghany to bow its proud head to the interest and repose of our country. As to space and distance, they are terms wholly relative, and they have relation as much to the facility of intercourse as to actual distance of place. It will be the business of wise legislation, to correct the evils to which a sparse population exposes us. We have already seen what may be effected. A distance which formerly consumed nine days, (and in this I speak from personal knowledge, having passed the route in all conditions of the road,) can now be done in three. Wheeling is thus six days' travel nearer to Washington. So is St. Louis. So is every place West of Wheeling. If two places are twenty miles apart, and two other places are eighty miles asunder, and yet the distance between both occupies but one day, the two latter places, for every practical purpose, are as near to each other as the two former. And is it not the solemn duty of this House, to strengthen, by every means in its power, the principles of cohesion which bind us together— to perpetuate the union of these states, and to weaken and diminish, to the utmost of its ability, whatever has an opposite tendency? Can the imagination of man conceive a policy better calculated than that of which the present measure forms a part, to bring the opposite extremities of our country together—to bind its various parts to each other, and to multiply and strengthen the various and innumerable ties of commercial, social, and literary intercourse—in a word, to make of the various and wide-spread population of these confederated Republics one united people? It is true, that no efforts of the Government can altogether remove one effect of our local situation, which causes one part of our country to find its commercial vent in one ocean, and another in another. Yet, even this may be in part corrected, and one great advantage attending the proposed national highway—the formation of a part of which is contemplated in the present b i l l will be its effect upon the commerce of the country. And here, said Mr. C. let me state one fact. If, at this moment, the alternative were presented to me, of a total exclusion of my state from all use of the Mississippi river for commercial purposes, or the same exclusion from the Atlantic states, I would, without hesitation, prefer the former, and I believe that the commerce, that now passes the mountains from the West, to seek its outlet on the Atlantic coast, is of greater value than that which passes down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico—and this will be increasingly the case, if, as I hope, we are to have several different outlets like that which is now proposed. I beg gentlemen not to be alarmed.

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It is not my intention to ask for any further appropriations for this purpose, at least for some time to come, but we shall live, I hope, as a nation, as long as any other nation. I speak not of the works of one year, or of twenty years, but of those to which we may look forward, should our present state of peace continue. An appropriation of half a million of dollars annually would not be felt by a country like this, and yet it would effect every object which the friends of internal improvement propose to themselves or to this House. But it may be said, Why should the General Government make a road for the state of Ohio? Sir, if this were a road for the benefit of Ohio, I would not ask an appropriation of a single dollar. Ohio has no such peculiar interest in this measure as would ever induce her to undertake to make this road. It is not a state road, but a national road, that is contemplated. It is not the duty of the state, it is your duty to make it. The route for the road passes through one of the poorest parts of the state of Ohio. Indeed, for sixty miles, it runs through as poor a country as I ever saw. Let me ask of the gentleman from Pennsylvania, Had this argument been used with respect to the Cumberland Road, would Pennsylvania have made that part of the road which now passes through her territory? Or would Maryland or Virginia have made what passes through theirs? No, sir! So far from it, that I am well satisfied, if that road were destroyed to-morrow, a part of the population of these states would heartily rejoice.11 The resources of Ohio are scanty, and she will not do that which you ought to do. Ohio will certainly be benefitted by this road, just as Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland, are now benefitted by the Cumberland road. But these incidental advantages, resulting to Ohio, are not to deter you from performing your duty to the Union, any more than the incidental benefits of a fortification in any particular state should prevent the General Government from making the fortification. Without troubling the committee with any further observations on the first branch of the subject, Mr. C. trusted he was authorized to say, that the present is an object of such importance as to be worthy of the application of the national resources. He then proceeded to the second branch of the subject, and inquired, is this object a fit one to be pursued at this time? As an objection, it had been said,12 that this was an anticipation of a part of the system of Internal Improvement devised at the last session, and that the execution of that system ought not to be begun till the whole has been considered. But, in the first place, said Mr. C. I do not know that any general system of internal improvement

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has as yet been devised. The act of the last session was intended merely to collect information, but did not give any authority to use or apply it in any general system of measures; and, if gentlemen are to wait till all the objects which may be proposed go on together, I will venture to say that the system of internal improvements will be postponed indefinitely. If any thing is to be done, we must select some object on which to begin. But, even on gentlemen's own ground, I contend that this measure is not in the least inconsistent with the act of last session. What was the object of that act? To obtain facts and collect information respecting objects of improvements where that knowledge was not yet obtained. But, with respect to this object, the information is obtained, the facts are known. Surveys and estimates have been made. The length of the road proposed by this bill is eighty miles. Its estimated cost is 450,000 dollars. The work is already begun—it is still in progress. A momentary pause has indeed taken place, but it is ready to proceed, and to be continued on the other side of the Ohio, as it has been finished on this side. But we have been told that it is to be the policy of the next administration to pay the public debt; that it must be paid with as much expedition as is at all practicable, and that no part of the public resources are to be diverted to any other object.13 Sir, there is no member of this House more desirous to see the national debt paid than I am. I never was one of those who believe that a public debt is a public blessing. I have always considered it as a mortgage, dragging on our finances, and one which it was our duty to foreclose and pay off as soon as possible. Yet, we have also other duties. There are, indeed, some debts which we may not devolve on posterity—debts which spring from wasteful and ambitious wars—debts which have their origin in national luxury and extravagance. But there are debts of another description, which I feel no hesitation in devolving on posterity. I refer to a debt which carries the benefit with the burden. When we bequeath both together, posterity cannot equitably reproach our memory, because, while they bear the burden, they cannot but recollect that they are, at the same time, enjoying the benefit. But, sir, is there any proposition before you to create a national debt for internal improvements? What is the scheme proposed in the report lately laid before this House, by the officer who presides with so much ability over the Department of the Treasury, and which has received the approbation of the Committee of Ways and Means of this House? That officer tells you, that the public debt may be completely extinguished in ten years; that, by the year 1835, the last dollar of it will have been paid, and that all [sic] this time

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there will remain in the Treasury a surplus of three millions, applicable to any object within the constitutional powers of the General Government.14 The present bill cannot, therefore, be rejected from any want of means to carry it into effect. There is another view of the subject, not, indeed, contained in any public document, and which ought not to be, since it has not that entire degree of certainty which ought to accompany all documentary information. What is your source of revenue? It is consumption. And what are the sources of consumption? Population and wealth. Then, in a course of ten years, starting on any given tariff of duties, the increase of population will occasion an increase of the revenue of 40 per cent, at a ratio of four per cent, per annum. These truths are sufficiently obvious. It is said, indeed, that the policy that has been adopted for the encouragement of industry will diminish the revenue. But, when that subject was under consideration last session, I endeavored to show and I now repeat, that this cannot be the case.15 Different years will vary. In some, the revenue may fall short, but the redundance of others will supply the deficiency. The measure of our export trade will always be the measure of our imports, and the measure of our imports will be the measure of our revenue. I hope, therefore, that the policy which was, at the last session, fixed upon,16 will ever be adhered to by this nation, as long as the course pursued by foreign nations shall render it necessary. On the whole, I think that gentlemen may calm their fears about the extent of the public debt. That debt is melting away before us faster, perhaps, than for some of our financial interests, it might be wished. We have the prospect that it will be extinguished in ten years, and when we have paid this, we shall have fulfilled the whole of our duty in that respect. But, if we are invited to the present measure by the abundance of our means, are we not less so by a variety of other considerations? One of these is the cheapness of labor, greater, perhaps, at this time than ever before. Some gentlemen, indeed, spoke in the language of alarm about the vast expense of the Cumberland road. But, it must be remembered, that there were peculiar causes to produce that effect. The general aspect of the times, when it was constructed; the nature of the materials which were required for it; the difficulty in some cases of obtaining them; and the unnecessary number and extravagant price, of the bridges on that road, several of which cost forty thousand dollars each, and which are so numerous, that, upon one single creek, in a course of ten miles, there are eleven bridges, some of which cost $20,000 a-piece. These, indeed, are beautiful specimens of architecture, surpassed by nothing which I ever saw, unless it be the bridge of Jena at

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Paris: but they have been also very costly. Under the circumstances, this was certainly a useless expense. I pledge myself, however, said Mr. C. that if Congress shall grant the one hundred and fifty thousand dollars estimated as the total expense of the road from Wheeling to Zanesville, nothing more shall be asked for bridges, or any other expenses, on that road. An additional consideration in favor of this measure, Mr. C. said, was to be found in the pecuniary distresses of the West, which would in part be alleviated by the expenditure of the public money in that quarter, and which was certainly entitled to the parental consideration of this body. Its being, then, a national object—an object which has been commenced—an object due by compact to the Western states—all these considerations united to call for the passage of the present bill. As to commencing a general system of internal improvement, said he, if gentlemen can shew us any road beginning at the heart of the confederacy, of equal national importance, I for one, will heartily support it; but I believe there is not another object in which all these considerations unite. Why pause for what we do not want? For plans, estimates, and surveys, which we have already got? Why pause in prosecuting this object, more than in another— (the Delaware and Chesapeake Canal) a bill which I was delighted to see pass the committee to its third reading; and which I cannot doubt will continue its progress through the House with a still increasing majority.17 It has been said by some gentlemen in conversation, though not of a confidential kind, that the West ought not to have this bill, until other portions of this Union receive a simultaneous benefit. But I can assure gentlemen, there is no danger of undue appropriation in favor of the West. In a late report from the Department of War, a document consistent with the high character of that Department, and which bore the impress of the mind of its author, rapid yet correct, we are informed what objects are indicated by the Secretary of War, as more immediately calling for the attention of the General Government. They are only four. The canal to unite the Potomac with the Ohio, the canal round the Falls at Louisville, the canal round the Muscle Shoals, and the Cumberland Road.18 It is possible that for some, at least, of these objects, the National resources will never be appealed to. The state which I in part represent, said Mr. C , lately passed a bill through one branch of the Legislature, to cut the canal round the Falls at Louisville, entirely from the state resources, and it is highly probable that that bill will pass the other House, and become a law.19 The number of objects, then, claiming immediate attention will be reduced to three. Of these

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the Cumberland road is certainly not a Western object, any more than the canal uniting the Ohio and Potomac.20 That canal is not located in the West, nor, on the other hand, is it exclusively an Eastern improvement. Like the National road, it is neither an Eastern nor a Western object, but one which belongs to the whole nation, and is calculated, in its effects, to cement the East and the West in bonds of an affectionate kind. Let me advert to one other topic, to which I refer, not for the purpose of exciting, but of allaying jealousy. It is to the small comparative amount of the public expenditures beyond the mountains. I do not say an equivalent is to be given to the West for the vast sums expended on this side upon the navy, fortifications, &c. No such thing. I know the disproportion results from local circumstances, not in the control of Government. Yet, am I wrong to say, that it forms an equitable consideration which addresses itself strongly to the feeling, to the justice, and to the generosity of Congress; all which cannot but induce them to correct, as far as possible, such a state of things, and make the balance of public benefits more equal whenever the opportunity is presented to them? I may ask with confidence, has the West ever acted on this narrow policy? Did it ever hesitate when the public wants required its aid? Did you ask for navies?—The moneys for building and equipping them were freely granted; and here I must be permitted to say, that, when the navy was friendless and forlorn, and I well knew that my vote in its favor would be no sooner given than denounced, anticipating the triumphs which have since wreathed with laurels the national brow, I personally risked every thing in giving my vote in favor of it.21 No, sir, there was no hesitation ever manifested by the West, in granting any appropriation, the object of which is clearly shewn to be the public good. Enquiry, it is true, is sometimes called for, but as soon as gentlemen from the West are convinced that the object is a good one, they give without hesitation. Do you call for war? A war to protect commerce? What was the conduct of the West? No seamen sprang from her bosom. They were dear to her indeed, as the sons of our own common country. Yes [sic], they were not peculiarly hers—her interest in them was collateral, not direct—sympathetic, not selfish. The West rushed manfully on—but what they bore, what they suffered, and what they did, it does not belong to me here to say. With respect to the hon. member from South Carolina, (Mr. McDUFFIE,) whom I was delighted, on a former occasion, to find co-operating with the friends of internal improvement, I must say that my delight was only equalled by the regret I now feel at his opposition to the present bill.22 He tells us that the West is filled with emigrants from the Eastern states; that her

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inhabitants are but one part of the same family, spread on the eastern and western side of the mountains; that all the various and fond recollections which belong to the birth-place of these emigrants, constitute so many ties and safeguards to cement the common union. But, need I remind that gentleman, that other generations are hereafter to spring up—generations who will find the tombs of their ancestry, not upon the shores of the Atlantic, but in the valley of the Mississippi and the Ohio. On them no such ties will exert their power—no such recollections spread their healing influence. Is it not then the duty of the General Government to bind our population by other and more lasting ties? And, after all, what is it that is asked from Congress, not only at this session, but at all future sessions, for these eighty miles of the great National highway? Less than the cost of a single frigate—not twice the sum which will build those ten sloops of war which are now called for, and which I apprehend will be required for the defence of our commerce against the depredations of piracy23—this is all that is asked. Yet we are told of the ravenous voracity of the West! Will Pennsylvania decline an appeal, not to her generosity, but to her justice? Is it fair—is it generous—is it just—after she has enjoyed the expenditure of more than a million of the public money, on the Cumberland road—after houses have sprung up, and villages been formed, and settlements multiplied upon her soil, in consequence of that expenditure—I ask, is it generous, to say, the moment the road leaves the limit of that territory, that she will oppose its farther progress? But, if neither justice nor generosity will prevail with her, let me remind her delegation of the interest of that state. What is this road but an extension of the road from Philadelphia to Pittsburg? And whither will its branches lead but to Bedford, to Carlisle, and downward, from thence, through all the neighboring towns? Sir, I do hope that the gentleman from Pennsylvania will not oppose this bill.24 I know, indeed, that there did once exist a prejudice against the Cumberland road, in one city of that state;25 but I feel satisfied that ere now the good sense which so eminently distinguishes that city, has prevailed against the prejudice arising from a local interest, by which, for a moment, it was clouded. May I not appeal to the whole House? We have a great trust—we have also a great duty to perform. Let us lend our hearty co-operation for the common good of those who sent us. What shall we, from the West, say to our constituents when we return home, and they ask us, what have you done for the Cumberland road? Must we answer, "No money, no money." If they can ask us what was done for the Delaware and Chesapeake canal, must we say, "O! there was some money for that—about twice the sum we asked for the Cumberland road?" Sir, we are men, and we

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have the feelings of men. But I will not longer detain the committee on an object so simple and a proposition so self-evident as the expediency of this measure. Let me rather anticipate your parental kindness—your paternal feelings, in promoting a design so intimately connected, I will say, with the safety and the best interests of our country.28 Register of Debates, 18 Cong., 2 Sess., 231-39. Debate on "the bill for the continuation of the Cumberland road" had begun in Committee of the Whole on January 12 and had continued on the following day, when the discussion had centered on a motion by Philemon Beecher to fill the blank for an appropriation with the figure, $150,000. Proceedings on the latter date had ended when Clay "rose, and, expressing a desire of presenting to the committee his views on the general subject, requested, as the hour was late, the indulgence that the committee would rise." When the House, in Committee of the Whole, returned to consideration of Beecher's motion, Clay immediately took the floor. 1 In connection with the bill for surveys for roads and canals. See above, III, 633n. 2 By act of April 8, 1811, the New York Legislature had appointed commissioners empowered to apply to Congress for cooperation and aid in opening a canal system between the Great Lakes and the Hudson River. The commissioners had submitted a memorial to this effect, presented to the United States House of Representatives on December 23, 1811, and to the Senate the following day. In a special message of December 23, President Madison had called the attention of Congress to "the signal advantages to be derived to the United States from a general system of internal communication and conveyance," particularly in connection "with arrangements and exertions for the general security. . . ." The matter had been referred to committee; but that body, while approving the concept of aid by the General Government to effect such improvements, had reported it "improper, at the present time, to grant that effectual aid . . . to which they are so well entitled." Annals of Cong., 12 Cong., 1 Sess., XXIII, 87, 569, 1078; XXIV, 2167. 3 President Monroe had stated, in his message to Congress, December 7, 1824, that a survey of a route from Washington to New Orleans, in accordance with the provision for road surveys under the act of April 30, 1824 (see above, III, 568-69, 592n, 593n, 626n, 633n), was to begin "early in the next season." Register of Debates, 18 Cong., 2 Sess. Appendix, 5. 4 Senator Andrew Jackson; Delegate Richard K. Call. 5 See speech by William McLean, of Ohio, January 13. Register of Debates, 18 Cong., 2 Sess., 202. McLean, a brother of John McLean, had been born in Mason County, Kentucky, had studied and practiced law in Cincinnati, and served in Congress from 1823 to 1829. 6 See above, II, 188n. 7 3 U. S. Stat., 290 (April 19, 1816), 349 (March 1, 1817), 430 (April 18, 1818), 491 (March 2, 1819), 547 (March 6, 1820). S Christopher Rankin. 9 Register of Debates, 18 Cong., 2 Sess., 209. 10 The American Revolution. n See above, III, 575, 593n. 12 By Christopher Rankin, on January 13. Register of Debates, 18 Cong., 2 Sess., 199-201. 13 George McDuffie, speaking in opposition to the bill on January 13, had said; "It appeared very clear that, for at least ten years to come, all the surplus revenue of this country would be exhausted in paying the public debt—and, from the character and well known wishes of the nation, he presumed that it must be the great object of the next administration to pay that debt." Ibid., 212. 14 [William H. Crawford], "Report from the Secretary of the Treasury, on the State of the Finances, January 3, 1825," Senate Docs., 18 Cong., 2 Sess., no. 8, p. 13. 15 See above, III, 707-709. ie See above, III, 756n. 17 The bill, authorizing a subscription of stock in the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Company, had been ordered to a third reading by a margin of only three votes (86 to 83). On the question of its final passage in the House, January 21, it was approved by a vote of 113 to 74. It became law on March 3, 1825. Register of Debates, 18 Cong., 2 Sess., 223-24, 333-34; 4 U. S. Stat., 124; and above, III, 593n. 18 John C. Calhoun to the President of the United States, December 3, 1824, in Senate Docs., 18 Cong., 2 Sess., no. 1, p. 61. The Muscle Shoals Canal, the only one of these projects not discussed more fully elsewhere in this speech, was given Federal support under act of May 23, 1828, as amended February 12, 1831, wherein Congress granted the State of Alabama 400,000

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acres of certain relinquished public lands in that State for use in improvement of navigation and construction of a canal at the shoals in the Tennessee River. 4 U. S. Stat., 290, 441. The canal was completed by 1836 but still failed to solve the problems of hazardous river navigation. The system was abandoned within a few years, and more comprehensive works were not attempted until much later. 18 In his message to the legislature Governor Joseph Desha had recommended that construction of a canal around the falls of the Ohio be undertaken with public funds. Both House and Senate committees had endorsed this recommendation, but legislation to carry it into effect had been tabled in the Senate and defeated in the House. Instead, an act to incorporate the Louisville and Portland Canal Company for construction of the works with private funds had been approved January 12, 1825, efforts in the Senate to amend the measure to provide for State financing of the company having also been defeated. Ky. H. of Reps., Journal . . . 1824-182?, pp. 146, 520-21, 522, 539, 582; Ky. Sen., Journal . . . 1824-1825, pp. 271-78, 344, 413-17, 431; Ky. Gen. Assy., Acts . . . 1824-1825, p p . 167-73. T h e Federal Government later, under acts of May 13, 1826, and March 2, 1829, was authorized to purchase 2,350 shares of stock in the corporation at prices not to exceed $100 a share; and by virtue of stock payments in lieu of interest returns, this financial involvement in support of the canal was considerably increased. 4 U. S. Stat., 162, 352; "Report on the Louisville and Portland Canal," House Misc. Docs., 40 Cong., 2 Sess., no. 83 (February 28, 1868), p . 5. Navigation of the canal was opened in 1829. 20 See above, III, 593n. 21 See above, I, 618-27n. 22 At the previous Session of Congress McDuffie had spoken in support of the bill to provide surveys for roads and canals. Annals of Gong., 18 Cong., 1 Sess., XLI, 1371-88. 23 Early in the current Session the House had rejected a motion to go into Committee of the Whole on a bill to authorize construction of ten sloops of war. On January 10 the Senate had begun consideration of "A Bill for the Suppression of Piracy in the West Indies," one provision of which was the addition of "a number of sloops of war" to the naval force of the United States. As finally enacted, the measure authorized the building of a maximum of ten of these vessels. 4 V. S. Stat., 131 (March 3, 1825). 24 Samuel Breck subsequently offered a substitute bill, by way of amendment, which would have permitted the Federal Government to subscribe to twenty per cent of the stock of a company if incorporated by the State of Ohio for construction of the road from a point opposite Wheeling to Zanesville. This amendment was defeated. Register of Debates, 18 Cong., 2 Sess., 239-40 (January 17, 1825). 25 See above, III, 593n. 26 Following this speech the appropriation was fixed at $150,000, and the bill, with amendments, was enacted. T h e measure provided not only for construction of the road "from the town of Canton, in the state of Ohio, on the right bank of the Ohio river, opposite the town of Wheeling, to the Muskingum river, at Zanesville, in said state," but also for completion of surveys authorized under an act of May 25, 1820 (3 U. S. Stat., 604-605), which had projected extension of the route from Wheeling to "a point on the left bank of the Mississippi river . . . between St. Louis and the mouth of the Illinois river, . . . the said road to be on a straight line, or as nearly so as, having a due regard to the condition and situation of the ground and watercourses over which the same shall be laid out, shall be deemed expedient and practicable." T h e new law further extended this route "to the permanent seat of government of the state of Missouri" and delineated its course by requiring that it "shall pass by the seat of government of the states of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. . . ." 4 V. S. Stat., 128 (March 3, 1825).

Check to Robert Blair Campbell 21 Jan. 1825 Pay to Rob. Campbell or order Two hundred and thirty dollars. Cashr. of the Off. of Dt. & Dt. Washn 1 H CLAY ADS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). Endorsed on verso: "R B Campbell." Campbell, a member of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina (1823-1825, 1834-1837), later moved successively to Alabama, to Texas, and to London, England. He was United States consul at Havana, 1842-1850, and at London, 1854-1861. l Richard Smith.

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To George William Featherstonhaugh My dear Sir Washn. 21 Jan. 1825 I ought earlier to have acknowledged the receipt of your very friendly letter of the 30h. Ulto. 1 under date at Albany. Of the difficulties which my friends had to encounter, in relation to the choice of Electors by your State, as detailed in your letter I entertain no doubt. Your account is corroborated by that which I have received from other highly respectable sources. I never had, I assure you, the smallest doubt of the zeal fidelity and discretion of my friends; and to you, my dear Sir, who have given me such disinterested, generous and efficient support, I feel an extent of obligation which I cannot express. There is but one alternative, in the discharge of the duty which has devolved on the H. of R., as it appears to me, and that is to select Mr. Adams or Genl. Jackson. To say nothing more of Mr. Crawford, his personal condition is, in my mind, an insuperable objection to him. That alternative is far from being agreeable. We must however meet it, with a determination to make for our Country the best choice we can under actual circumstances. As I am at present advised, I think the preponderating considerations are on the side of Mr. Adams. I cannot but fear that the election of Genl. Jackson, when we look at the cause which would produce it, and the principles by which it has been supported, would be a precedent fraught with much danger to the character and security of our institutions. I thank you for the two volumes of Agricultural transactions which you kindly sent me by your member.2 Do you know of any Bologna Hemp seed in your State? I am very desirous to visit the interior of your State. I had once, some years ago, fixed upon a summer for that gratification, but I was prevented from enjoying it by the situation of Mrs. Clay, arising out of a mutual fault. I hope I shall be able in the course of no very distant period to pay you my respects, and there is no one in N. York whom I shall see with more satisfaction than yourself. I am faithfully and Cordially Yr. ob. Servt. H. CLAY G. W. Featherstonhaugh Esqr. ALS. CSmH. Addressed to "Duanesburgh New York." Featherstonhaugh, an Englishman who had settled in New York, was later (1834-1835) employed by the United States War Department to make a geological survey of a part of the West. He served as Commissioner for the British Government to settle the boundary between the United States and Canada under the terms of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) and subsequently became a British consul in France. He published numerous works, mainly geological and travel accounts, among which the best known is Excursion through the Slave States, from Washington on the Potomac to the Frontier of Mexico; with Sketches of Popular Manners and Geological Notices (2 vols., London, 1844). l Not found. 2 Lewis Eaton, who resided in Duanesburg.

JANUARY 22,

1825

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From Amos Kendall FRANKFORT, Jan.

21st,

1825.

Dear Sir:—Our Legislature is gone, but have left us no repose. We have a prospect of a contest more embittered than ever.1 I regret it, and would gladly escape from it; but the fates seem to order it otherwise. I may mistake; but I think the legislature will be sustained. The excitement is among those opposed to removing the judges by any means. As I informed you,2 the resolutions requesting you to vote for Jackson passed, and you have doubtless received them. Jackson is my second choice, all circumstances being equal between him and Adams. But if our interest in the west can be promoted by any other arrangement, I shall be content. At any rate, let us have a President. I would sooner vote for any of the three than have a Vicegerent for four years. Do what you think best—the Argus will not complain, because it has faith that you will do nothing to compromit the interests of the western country, or the nation. Sincerely your friend, AMOS KENDALL. Frankfort Argus of Western America, July 2, 1828. Published also in Washington United States Telegraph, July 19, 1828; United States Telegraph-Extra, I (July 26, 1828), 308-309, 322. iSee above, III, 902n; Cowan to Clay, January 1, 1825. 2 Cf. above, III, 901-902.

To Walter Dun Dear Sir Washn. 22d. Jan. 1825 I duly received your letter of the lOh. inst1 and thank you for your friendly communication of the condition of a tract of land in Ohio, which you suppose to belong to the Estate of the late Col. Morrison.2 I expect it has been assigned to some of the legatees who ought to take care of the affair of taxes; but I have written to my agent at home,3 with directions to do what may be proper. Your suggestions in respect to the Military district4 shall receive due consideration; but I apprehend it would be difficult to prevail upon Congress to substitute other lands for those which were reserved for the satisfaction of Virginia Military warrants, however equitable it may be. I cannot express my very great obligations to my Ohio friends for their firm and faithful support of me for the Presidency. As the event has not realized their kind expectations and wishes, all that remains for me is to acquiesce, as I do most entirely, in the public decision. In the selection which has devolved on the H. of

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R. we have great difficulty; but I must confess that the preponderating considerations appear to me to be rather on the side of Mr. Adams, as a choice which is least likely to prove injurious to the public interests or to establish a precedent fraught with future mischief. With great regard I am faithfly Yrs H. CLAY Walter Dun Esq. ALS. Ross County Historical Society, Chillicothe, Ohio. 2 James Morrison. 3 Robert Scott; letter not found. 4 See above, I, 654n; III, 8n-9n.

1 Not found.

From Percival Butler Hon H Clay Versailles Jan 22d 1825 Dear Sir Apprised of the arduousness of your publick duties and your untiring devotion to the discharge of them, it was with difficulty I persuaded myself to trouble you with an office of private friendship. You are acquainted with the decree of the court in the case of Edwards and wife against Wilson Tandy & others foreclosing the mortgage and ordering a sale of the property purchased by Mrs Russell of James Huges [sic] the mortgagor1—under that decree a sale has taken place and the property has been (by Wickliff2 [sic] instructions) purchased for the benefit of the mortgagee at $3450 By this decision Mrs Russell will be ultimately liable to the last purchaser (unless it can be otherwise accomodated [sic]) for the price paid by her immediate alienee with the interest 8c charges for improvements which, after the deduction for rents, will be at least double the present value of the property. Thus she is compelled either to secure to the last purchaser the title to the property or become responsible upon her warranty for double its value. Mr Wickliff availing, himself of this dilemma has purchased in the property; hoping thereby to extort from her any amount short of her liability to the last alienee— Now this is surely unworthy of a man who wishes to be esteemed liberal honourable & just— and degrading when pactised [sic] upon one whom he has affected to befriend. His duty to his client did not require him to avail himself of the fraud of the Brother, to gratify the cupidity of the sister. He may be excused for resorting to chicane to obtain his ends at the bar; but here his duty as counsel terminates, and he cannot (the circumstances of the case considered) be justified for descending to tricks to sell the property above its intrinsick worth— But this is foreign from my object in adressing [sic] you: Which is to request that you will as soon as you can possibly make it convenient, see Mr Nurse 8 (who I am informed is atty in fact for

JANUARY 22,

1825

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Edwards with unlimited discretion) and endeavour to purchase of him the premises in question at a fair price, he may may [sic] assume the price they sold at as a criterion of their value, (it is certainly an evidence that no one would give more), or he may let them be valued by disinterested gentlemen in Lexington and Mrs R will abide their award. I am informed that Edwards needs money and his agent is anxious to sell you may stimulate that anxiety by remarking upon the probability of compromise between Mrs R and the tenant in possession, and in good faith assure him that from the low price and little demand for houses in Lexington at present, if he lets pass this chance of sale he may be bedeviled with bad tenants and run the risk of conflagration for many years before another presents itself I have made these suggestions as to the plan to be pursued in the attempt to purchase to save you trouble in thinking of the matter, regard them as mere hints which you will weigh at their worth, whilst you exercise your own sound judgement and discretion in the affair If you should succeed in negotiating a purchase, you may bind Mrs. R to pay $2500 in hand—and obtain for the balance the longest time you can— upon being notified of your success, you will receive my check for $500 on the U S Bk Pha, and your check for 2000 on Lex payable in 60 days will be punctually, paid or any other plan of payment you may agree upon will be punctiliously complied.4 I hope you will feel no distrust in binding yourself for the fulfillment of the terms you may agree upon— be assured that Mrs R is prepared to fulfil what she through me has requested you to engage for her, and your exertions in this business will be gratefully acknowled [sic] by her and not forgotten by your Friend & humble St P BUTLER P S If a valuation is agreed upon Messrs J Tilford Gratz5 J C Richardson and J M McCalla or any of them would do PB [Marginal note on last page] I addressed by private hand on the 18th Deer6 but presume you did not get my letter, I having reed no answer ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). Butler, a lawyer, had resided in Fayette County before moving to Woodford and had represented both counties in the Kentucky House of Representatives (the former in 1820, the latter in 1821 and 1822). He later settled in Louisville, where he was an eminent member of the bar, and represented that city in the State legislature. 1 See above, III, 135, 136n. The Wilson here mentioned could have been either James or Robert, both of whom were among the defendants in this case. 24 Robert Wickliffe. 3 Probably Joseph Nourse. Clay apparently failed in this mission. A kinsman of Mrs. Russell subsequently claimed to have paid Wickliffe $10,000 in full discharge of her liability under the decree. Amended bill, Bled April 28, 1849, in Todd's Heirs vs. Wickliffe, Fayette Circuit Court. 5 Benjamin Gratz. 6 Not found.

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To James Brown My dear Sir Washington 23 Jan. 1825 I had heard, with much regret, prior to the receipt of your letter of the 12th. Nov.1 which has just come to hand, of your serious indisposition and confinement. I am rejoiced to find that your health has improved, and that you have assurances of its complete restoration. My own was better the last year throughout than it was during that which preceded it; but I yet am some times too distinctly reminded that my complaint has not finally taken leave of me. During the present year I hope, however, entirely to subdue it. Our Kentucky friends were generally well at my last dates. Mrs. Clay did not accompany me here as I wished. Her long absence from society, and the too rigorous economy to which she thinks herself bound to subject herself opposed [sic], in her view, obstacles to her accompanying me which I could not overcome. I am beginning to reap some of the fruits of her frugality; and of my professional success, by gradually emerging from the weight of debt which bore us down. I have paid off my Astor bond,2 and no longer am afflicted by fears of the condition in which I should leave my family, if I were cut off suddenly. Two years more of such prosperity as I have enjoyed during those two which are past would find me liberated from debt. My purchase of Kentucky bank paper is likely to realize all my anticipations,3 and if I had as I wished extended that operation I should even now consider myself as freed from pecuniary difficulties. The papers will have informed you of the results so far of the Presidential contest. In spite of all the discouragements which all the friends of the other Candidates industriously contributed to throw around my cause, accident alone prevented my return to the H. of R. and, as is generally now believed, my election. In the actual position in which I find myself, my friends have probably the power of controlling the ultimate result. Those of the three Candidates returned make to us the strongest professions &c &c. We are endeavoring to form the best judgment we can of the existing state of things, and our resolution will be dictated exclusively by public considerations and public duty. Looking to these we regard the contest as now limited to two in fact although it embraces three in form. Mr. Crawford's personal condition, to say nothing more, seems to us to put him out of the question. Between the other two we are inclined to select Mr. Adams, as a choice of evils. The probability is that he will be elected; but, as throughout this whole affair, all calculations appear to have been most completely baffled, we may yet be disappointed in that

JANUARY 23,

1825

39

result. I will not trouble you with details, especially as those of day [sic] may be varied by tomorrow. Genl La Fayette has filled our papers and engrossed all our Conversations. His arrival among us, by diverting the public from too intense devotion to the affair of the Presidency, ha[s]4 had good effect, altho' it doubtless contributed, in the military and other parades to which it gave rise, to the unexpected advancement of the interests of one of the Candidates. We have passed for the Generals benefit an act creditable to the gratitude of the nation and comfortable to him.5 It has made him very happy. There is an eddy in Congress produced by the termination of one and the commencement of a new administration. The Session will pass off without being characterized by any great national measure; for such I do not call the continuation of the Cumberland road, which has been authorized by a vote of the H. of R., nor the business of the pirates, now under consideration, important as both of them undoubtedly are6— I can tell you nothing of the formation of the new Cabinet. I believe that, if I choose to go into it, I can enter in any situation that I may please. This opinion is formed from circumstances, not from assurances to which I should not listen, but which I should instantly check if attempted to be made. Feeling really great indifference about any office, resting upon the will of one man, I do not know that I should accept the first place in the Cabinet, if offered. I sent to Mrs Clay the letter of Mrs. Brown, to whom be pleased to present my affectionate regards and believe me Faithfully Yr friend H CLAY James Brown Esq. ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). * Not found. 2 See above, III, 857, 874, 886-87. 3 See above, III, 519, 525-27, 549-50, 671-72, 810. 4 MS. torn. 5 See above, III, 899, 900. 6 See above, Speech, January 17, 1825, and notes.

To Peter B. Porter My dear General Washn. 23d. Jan. 1825 I have this moment received your letter of the 14h. inst. I agree with you in thinking it unprofitable and unnecessary to review the circumstances by which I lost the vote of your state and am placed, by adverse causes elsewhere, in my present position. The important enquiry should be what are the duties now incident to that position? And I am happy to find that, by a similar train of reasoning, we have brought our minds to the same conclusion.

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SECRETARY OF STATE

Whatever objections exist against Mr. Adams (and they are many and strong) I believe he is the best choice we can now make. I shall support him. I think he will be elected, but of that there is not entire certainty. I congratulate you on the passage of the Niagara bilfl.]1 Altho' I was prevented from taking a part in the discussion, I was not indifferent as to its passage, and believe I rendered some service in promoting that object. Mr. Tracey2 ascribed even more to me than I am disposed to admit. Give my respects to Mrs. B. and to Mrs. P.3 and believe me, my dear General, always Your friend H. CLAY Genl. P. B. Porter. ALS. NBuHi. l MS. torn. 2 Albert H. Tracy. Reference not found, s Mrs. John Breckinridge; Mrs. Porter.

To Littleton Dennis Teackle Sir Washn. 24 Jan. 1825 I received the letter which you did me the honor to write me on the llh. inst. with the bill which accompanied it; 1 and I shall express with great frankness my opinion upon the project which it proposes. I do not think it will succeed. The emission of paper, founded upon any other basis than that of specie, cannot I think, under any conceivable circumstances, be attended with success. The paper must depreciate. If in funding it, as is proposed, the interest were payable in specie it might give it a temporary support. But then the value of the paper, as a circulating medium, would be tested by its being thrown out of circulation, and would depend upon the rate of specie interest which the funded debt bore. It would, on that contingency, be rapidly funded. So that it would come to the question, whether it would be desirable to create any given amount of stock, bearing a rate of three or four per Cent. I have not time to give you at large the reasons of the opinion which I entertain. Our paper bank in Kentucky2 has so far disappointed the hopes of the public that every body is tired of it and desirous to get back, as soon as we can, to a specie circulation. With all the precautions which you could employ, the public would be ultimately defrauded in the execution of your plan. There would be false values upon and false conveyances of property; and in winding up the concern great losses, which society would not be compensated for by the accruing interest. I could not say more without writing an essay. With great respect I am Yr. ob. Servt. Littleton Dennis Teackle Esq.

H. CLAY

JANUARY 25,

1825

41

ALS. ViU-U. B. Quinby Manuscripts. Addressed to Annapolis, Maryland, where Teackle had recently removed from Princess Anne, in Somerset County, on the Eastern Shore. Having come to Maryland from Virginia at the turn of the century, he had for many years served as president of the Bank of Somerset and was prominent in financial and manufacturing activities. 1 Neither the letter nor the enclosure has been found. 2 Bank of the Commonwealth.

From Francis Preston Blair My Dear Sir Frankfort Jany 24. 1825 I received your letter of 8th this night & the "conversations of Lord Byron" by the previous Mail. I thank you for the pleasure which I have derived from them— I had anticipated (even before a letter from Letcher1 which hinted at it, had been received) that our Representative might brought [sic] by Bibb 2 into his leading strings, patticularly [sic] as he furnishd [sic] with a strong hold upon him in our Legislative Resolutions3— Both Crittenden 4 & myself therefore wrote him emancipating letters. I spoke to Thos Bryan5 our newsmonger, who gives Davy6 all the advices, to tell him better about the Sentiments of his immediate Constituents— He showed me the letter after it was written—it was just such as I would have dictated— I send off one from John Logan7 which I have procured from him because I thought he might have a sort of Special influence on him— This I put in the mail with this scrawl— Dudley & Kendall8 promised me to write to him to the same purpose & he should be told that Charles Allen9 another Senator in his District voted against the Resolutions I have no doubt that Adams is the safest Choice & therefore the best— Mrs Blair tells me to thank you over again for the Books which you were so good as to forward— Your friends are well except the Judges10 of whom I would tell you more if I had time to do anything, but acknowledge my obligations to you & that I am Sir Yr Mo Ob st. F P. BLAIR ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). Addressed to Clay at Washington. i Robert P. Letcher. 2 George M. Bibb. s See above, III, 901-902 and note. 4 John J. Crittenden. 5 Of Frankfort. « David White (Jr.). 7 Brother of William and Benjamin (the younger) Logan. John Logan, a lawyer, represented Shelby County in the Kentucky Legislature from 1815 through 1818 and in 1825. He died January 6, 1826. 8 Either Peter or Jephthah Dudley; Amos Kendall. 9 Charles H. Allen. io Probably a reference to the judges of the old court. Cf. above, III, 902n; Cowan to Clay, January 1, 1825.

From Nicholas Biddle Dear Sir, Bank of the United States—Jany. 25th. 1825 I have the pleasure of inclosing two letters from Mr Jones, one

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of the 27th. ulto & the other of "the 4th inst1 and will thank you at your first leisure, to consider the proposition contained in them, to obtain an assignment of the judgment of the U.S. against Jesse Hunt, 2 and give me your views in relation to it. This case appears to present one of those attempts to evade the payment to the Bank by secret & fraudulent conveyances, from which a Court of Chancery might afford relief. The extent & the probability of that relief you can best estimate—but in the mean time it may be worth reflection whether by succeeding to the claim of the government we may not protect the property which that claim may be made the pretext for sacrificing. You will have the goodness when you have no further occasion for these original letters to return them to me, & to believe me With great respect very truly Yrs Honble Henry Clay. Washington Cola. N BIDDLE Prest. ALS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R13). 1 George W. Jones. Letters not found. Cf. below, Clay to Biddle, January 31, 1825. 2 See above, III, 389n.

Remarks on the Judicial System [January 26, 1825] Mr. CLAY observed that he had not been aware of the intention of his colleague to call up the resolution at this time. He had, however, no objections to it. He now rose chiefly for the purpose of presenting an inquiry to the chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary. 1 The whole House, as well as that gentleman, were perfectly aware that some alteration was requisite in the Judicial system of the United States, so as to make it comprise all parts of the Union, and to extend it to those six or seven states,2 which are at present out of the pale of its benefits. He had hoped that the House would have received, before now, a bill for that purpose from the Judiciary Committee—a bill that should either go to alter the whole system, or, if that was not to be done, at least to extend it in its present form to all the states.3 He should be glad to know whether there was any probability of such report being made. If any new Judges were to be added to the present number of those on the bench of the Supreme Court, it would require the blank to be differently filled. If there was any probability that such a report would soon be presented, he should advise his colleagues to defer the consideration of the present subject until the House should have the bill before it, which the committee might report. [Daniel Webster called attention to the bill on this subject, reported by him at the last Session, "which was now on the Order Book" and which he was eager to call up. He agreed with critics

JANUARY 26,

1825

43

of the existing judicial system but hoped that Letcher's "resolutions might not be further discussed, till the general subject of the judiciary should be considered."] Mr. CLAY observed, in reply, that he was not unaware that the bill referred to had been reported at the last session, and now lay on the table. But, as he had observed no movement with respect to it, he had begun to fear, that it was intended to suffer it to lie there. He was glad to learn that it was to be called up. There was not a case of more crying injustice to be found in the Union, than that presented by the present organization of the Judiciary system of the United States. Seven, (and indeed he might say nine,) states were cut off from the enjoyment of its benefits. There was, to be sure, one Judge to hold circuits in all these states; but the task was vastly beyond the strength of any individual, and the constitution of the present Judge 4 was suffering under the burden. Two states were occasionally favored by the presence of the Judge; the remaining seven had no aid whatever from the United States Courts. He was confident, he said, that gentlemen would agree with him in the sentiment, that the principle of representation was not more important in legislation itself, than in the administration of justice. In the present state of things, the Judges of the Supreme Court know as little about the local laws of some of the Western and Southern states, as if they did not belong to the confederacy. Of the great variety of different codes existing in those states, not one was represented on the bench of the Supreme Court, and the people of the West had certainly a right to expect that if Congress did not approve the present system, they would alter it, or if they did approve it, that they would then extend its operations to the Western states. Mr. C. closed with observing, that, important as the bill was, which had this day been ordered to its third reading, the object of which was to punish crimes against the United States,5 it was not more important nor more necessary, than that which went to secure the administration of justice by the Courts of the United States, throughout nine states of this Union. 6 Register of Debates, 18 Cong., 2 Sess., 369-70. Earlier in the day, on motion of Robert P. Letcher, the House in Committee of the Whole had taken up the resolutions, introduced by Letcher at the preceding Session, concerning the authority of the United States Supreme Court in cases involving the validity of State constitutions and laws (see above, III, 746, 753-56). 1 Daniel Webster. 2 Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, for which States an act of February 19, 1831 (4 U. S. Stat., 444), ultimately assigned circuit court jurisdiction to the district courts. Clay here counted Tennessee as a seventh State and, below, included Ohio and Kentucky in referring to the nine States which lacked adequate service under the Federal judicial system. 3 See above, III, 551n. * Thomas Todd. 5 The bill was enacted. 4 U. S. Stat, 115-23 (March 3, 1825). 6 Letcher agreed to postponement of consideration of his resolutions, and the Committee rose. The House did not return to this subject during the Session.

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To John Quincy Adams Thursday morning [January 27, 1825]. Mr. Clay's Compliments to Mr. Adams, and he will call to see him this evening at six OClock, if he should be disengaged. AN. MHi-Adams Papers. Addressed on attached sheet: "The Honble J. Q. Adams." Endorsed on verso by Adams: "Clay—H. 27. Jany 1825." Upon receipt of this note Adams sent word to Clay that he "had company to dine with me this evening, but would see him at any other time that would suit his convenience, at my house or at his lodgings." Clay called on the evening of January 29 and sat "a couple of hours, discussing all the prospects and probabilities of the Presidential election." Adams, Memoirs, VI, 480, 483.

From Philander Chase VERY DEAR SIR:—

Worthington, Jan. 27, 1825.

Your kind letter, in answer to mine of the 14th of October, dated at Washington the 14th of Dec. last,1 was duly received. That you condescend to become the umpire in the matter alluded to commands my respect and grateful consideration, and I firmly trust your name will prove as serviceable in the progress as it was in the beginning of our seminary's prosperity. My English correspondents continue to increase in number and zeal. The legislature of Ohio have granted us a charter.2 We are allowed to conduct our affairs in our own way, and hold to the amount of twenty thousand dollars annual income. The Bishops are to be members of our corporation, and have a visitatorial power. What severe reflections will these auspicious tidings bring on all who reported me as a schismatical and scheming fugitive, unsupported by my own state and people! The place where our seminary will be fixed will not be known till the next June convention.3 In the mean time I am faithfully and gratefully yours, P. CHASE. Extract. Chase, Reminiscences, I, 463-64. l Not found. 2 Ohio, Laws, 1824-1825 (Local Laws), XXIII, 12 (app. December 29, 1824). 3 " T h e Convocation of the Protestant Episcopal Church for the Diocese of Ohio, which met at Columbus on the 7th" of June, 1826, resolved unanimously "to locate the Theological Seminary on the land purchased for that purpose . . . by Bishop Chase. . . ." Washington Daily National Intelligencer, July 3, 1826. Construction of the buildings at Gambier Hill, Ohio, was not completed until 1828. I n the interim classes were begun on Chase's farm at Worthington.

To Nicholas Biddle Sir Washington 28h. Jan: 1825. I beg leave to introduce to your acquaintance Mr. Houston,1 who will present you this letter. He is a gentleman of great respectability whose integrity and veracity are entirely to be relied on. The

JANUARY 28,

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executor of the late Genl. M. D. Hardin, he goes to Philadelphia with the view of endeavoring to effect some accommodation in the payment of a large debt due from his testator to the Bank of the U. S., at its Lexington office. The very great esteem which I felt for Genl. Hardin, and the interest which I take in the welfare of his family induce me strongly to wish that the Board may see fit to afford to the estate some indulgence in the payment of this debt. Nevertheless it is my duty to say, what I am sure Mr. Huston would himself not fail to communicate, that the Bank can coerce payment of this debt, not however without great if not ruinous sacrifices to the Estate. Should the Board feel disposed to yield any accommodation, among the objects which will be offered, I should recommend the acceptance of the Bridge stock.3 In the value of that stock I have high confidence. The removal of the seat of Government from Frankfort, which would certainly somewhat diminish that value, I do not believe will happen.4 I am with great respect Your ob. Servant H. CLAY Nicholas Biddle Esq &c &c &c ALS. KyLoF. 1 Felix Huston, born and reared in the Green River district of Kentucky, was at this time practicing law in Frankfort. He later removed to Natchez, Mississippi, where he became a planter, lawyer, and member of the State legislature. In 1836 he led a force of volunteers in the struggle for Texan independence and there attained the rank of major general. Upon his return to Mississippi in 1840 he resumed the practice of law. 2 Who had died October 8, 1823. 3 The Frankfort Bridge Company, incorporated in 1810, built the first permanent bridge across the Kentucky River at Frankfort. Under the act of incorporation a stock issue had been authorized not to exceed $30,000. This had been extended by another 120,000 under legislation of 1816. Ky. Gen. Assy., Acts, 1809-1810, ch. CXLV, p. 86; 1812-1816, ch. CCCXXIII, p. 530. 4 Cf. above, III, 878-79 and note, 880-81 and note.

To Francis T. Brooke Washington 28th. Jany. 1825 My Dear Sir: My position, in regard to the Presidential election, is highly critical, & such as to leave me no path on which I can move without censure; I have pursued, in regard to it, the rule which I always observe in the discharge of my public duty. I have interrogated my conscience as to what I ought to do, & that faithful guide tells me that I ought to vote for Mr. Adams. I shall fulfill its injunctions. Mr. Crawford's state of health, & the circumstances under which he presents himself to the house, appear to me to be conclusive against him. As a friend of liberty, & to the permanence of our institutions, I cannot consent, in this early stage of their existence, by contributing to the election of a military chieftain, to give the strongest guarranty that this republic will march in

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the fatal road which has conducted every other republic to ruin. I owe to our friendship this frank exposition of my intentions. I am, & shall continue to be, assailed by all the abuse, which partizan zeal, malignity, & rivalry can invent. I shall risk, without emotion, these effusions of malice, & remain unshaken in my purpose. What is a public man worth, if he will not expose himself, on fit occasions, for the good of his country?— As to the result of the election, I cannot speak with absolute certainty; but there is every reason to believe that we shall avoid the dangerous precedent to which I allude. Be pleased to give my respects to Mr & believe me always your cordial friend H. CLAY 1 The Honorable F. Brooke— Copy by Brooke. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R13). Published in Washington Daily National Intelligencer, February 12, 1825 (republished, March 28, 1828), reprinted from Richmond Enquirer, February 8, 1825; Niles' Weekly Register, XXVII (February 19, 1825), 386; Lexington Kentucky Reporter, February 28, 1825 (republished, April 2, 1828); Lexington Kentucky Gazette, March 3, 1825. i An answer to this letter, by way of a communication from Andrew Jackson to Samuel Swartwout, dated February 23, 1825, was published in the Washington Daily National Intelligencer, March 9, 1825, reprinted from the New York National Advocate. In it Jackson commented on the use "of the epithet 'military chieftain.' " Then he spoke of Clay: "Mr. Clay has never risked himself for his country. He has never sacrificed his repose, nor made an effort to repel an invading foe; of course 'his conscience' assured him it was altogether wrong in any other man to lead his countrymen to battle and victory. He who fights, and fights successfully, must, according to his standard, be held up as 'a military chieftain.' Even Washington, could he appear again among us, might be so considered, because he dared to be a virtuous and successful soldier— a correct man, and an honest statesman." Again referring to Clay, Jackson continued: "To him, thank God, I am in no wise responsible. There is a purer tribunal to which I would in preference refer myself— to the judgment of an enlightened, patriotic, and uncorrupted people. To that tribunal I would rather appeal, whence is derived whatever of reputation either he or I may possess. By a reference, there, it will be ascertained that I did not solicit the office of President; it was the frank and flattering call of the freemen of this country, not mine, which placed my name before the nation. When they failed in their colleges to make a choice, no one beheld me seeking, through art or management, to entice any Representative in Congress from a conscientious responsibility to his own, or the wishes of his constituents. No midnight taper burnt by me; no secret conclaves were held, nor cabals entered into, to persuade any one to a violation of pledges given, or of instructions received. By me no plans were concerted to impair the pure principles of our republican institution, nor to prostrate that fundamental maxim which maintains the supremacy of the people's will. On the contrary, having never, in any manner, either before the people or Congress, interfered in the slightest degree with the question, my conscience stands void of offence, and will go quietly with me, regardless of the insinuations of those who, through management, may seek an influence not sanctioned by integrity and merit. "Demagogues, I am persuaded, have, in times past, done more injury to the cause of freedom, and the rights of man, than ever did a military Chieftain; and, in our country, at least in times of peace, should be much more feared."

To Francis Preston Blair My Dear Blair, Washington 29. Jany. 1825. I received this morning your very agreeable favor of the 17th

JANUARY 29, 1

1825

47

Inst. A letter from you is always refreshing, and I wish that I could entitle myself to expect them more frequently, by more punctuality & diligence, on my part, in our correspondence]. 2 — — My last letter 3 informed you of the unction that was unceasingly applied to me by all the returned Candidates for the Presidency, or rather their friends. Since then I have avowed my intention to support Mr Adams, under actual circumstances, and thereupon the oil has been instantly transformed into vinegar. The friends of ( ) (The devil knows who else for I think if he does not preside in their councils he must be quite conversant with them) 4 have turned upon me and with the most amiable unanimity agree to vituperate me. I am a deserter from Democracy: A Giant at intrigue; have sold the West—sold myself—defeating Genl Jacksons election to leave open the Western pretentions that I may hereafter fill them myself—blasting all my fair prospects &c &c &c To these are added a thousand other of the most gentle and kind and agreeable epithets and things in the world. — — — — who are themselves straining every nerve to elect Jackson that the claims of the West may be satisfied and I be thereby pretermitted, are accusing me of acting on their own principles. The Knaves cannot comprehend how a man can be honest.8 They cannot conceive that I should have solemnly interrogated my Conscience and asked it to tell me seriously what I ought to do? that it should have enjoined me not to establish the dangerous precedent of elevating, in this early stage of the Republic, a Military Chieftain, merely because he has won a great victory? that it should have told me that a public man is undeserving his station who will not regardless of aspersions and calumnies, risk himself for his country? I am afraid that you will think me moved by these abuses. Be not deceived. I assure you that I never in my whole life felt more perfect composure, more entire confidence in the resolutions of my judgment and a more unshakeable determination to march up to my duty. And, my Dear Sir, is there an intelligent and unbiased man who must not sooner or later, concur with me? Mr Adams, you know well, I should never have selected, if at liberty to draw from the whole mass of our citizens for a President. But there is no danger in his elevation now or in time to come. Not so of his competitor, of whom I cannot believe that killing 2500 Englishmen at N. Orleans qualifies for the, various, difficult and complicated duties of the Chief Magistracy. I perceive that I am unconsciously writing a sort of defence, which you may possibly think imp[lies]6 guilt. What will be the result? you will ask with curiosity, if not anxiety. I think Mr Adams must be elected. Such is the prevailing opinion. Still I shall not consider the matter as certain until the election is over. With my

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best respects to Mrs Blair and to Mr Crittenden, 7 I remain truly Your friend H. CLAY F. P. Blair Esqr. Copy. KyHi. Endorsed (ES): "The above is a true extract from so much of Mr. Clays letter of the above date as speaks of the presidential Election with the omission of the names of individuals. F. P. Blair—" A copy from this copy may be found in DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). The letter was first published from a copy of the Blair copy, in Richmond Whig, October 7, 1844, reprinted in Washington Daily National Intelligencer, October 10, 1844, and widely recopied. iNot found. 2 MS. torn. 3 Above, January 8, 1825. 4 This parenthetical comment interlined in same hand. 5 This sentence interlined in same hand. 6 MS. torn. T John J. Crittenden.

To Gales and Seaton Gent. 30 Jan. 1825 I will thank you to inform me if you will publish the inclosed article in your paper of tomorrow Yr. ob. Servt. H. CLAY [Enclosure] A. Card. I have seen, without any other emotion than that of ineffable contempt, the abuse which has been poured out upon me by a scurrillous paper issued in this City1 and by other kindred prints and persons, in regard to the Presidential election. The editor2 of one of those prints, ushered forth in Philadelphia, called the Columbian Observer, for which I do not subscribe, and which I have not ordered, has had the impudence to transmit to me his vile paper of the 28h. instant. In that number is inserted a letter, purporting to have been written from this City, on the 25th. instant, by a member of the H. of R. belonging to the Pennsylvania Delegation.3 I believe it to be a forgery; but, if it be genuine, I pronounce the member, whoever he may be, a base and infamous calumniator, a dastard and a liar; and if he dare unveil himself and avow his name I will hold him responsible, as I here admit myself to be, to all the laws which govern and regulate the conduct of men of honor. H. CLAY 31 January 1825. ALS. MHi-Adams Papers. Addressed on attached sheet: "Mess. Gales & Seaton Present." The "Card," with minor editorial changes, was published in Washington Daily National Intelligencer, January 31, 1825; it was republished in most contemporary newspapers. 1 See, e.g., Washington Gazette, January 21, 27-29, 1825. 2 Stephen Simpson. 3 The letter, reprinted in Washington Daily National Intelligencer, February 4, 1825, professing to reveal "one of the most disgraceful transactions that ever covered with infamy the Republican Ranks," accused Clay of giving his support to Adams in return for an appointment as Secretary of State; "should this unholy coalition prevail." See below, Kremer to Clay, ca. February 3, 1825.

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49

To Nicholas Biddle Dear Sir Washington 31 January 1825 I duly received your letter under date the 25h. instant with two letters inclosed from Mr. Jones, the agent of the Bank of the U. States, one dated the 27h. Ulto. and the other the 4h. instant; and I have considered the recommendation which he makes of procuring from the Government of the U. States an assignment of its Judgments against Jesse Hunt. Mr. Jones's letters, supposing him not to be mistaken in the alleged connivance of the Atto. of the U. States,1 and his co-operation with Mr. Hunt, disclose a most nefarious attempt to perpetrate a gross fraud upon the creditors of the latter, including the Bank; and it is certainly very desirable to prevent the consummation of it. I am inclined however to think that the course which Mr. Jones has already adopted, of attending the sales advertized under the Government executions, and thereby preventing unjust sacrifices of the debtor's estate, a better one than that would be of obtaining an assignment of the Judgments. If the Government would transfer them (which I presume is doubtful) it would only be upon the payment of the full amount of what remains to be paid upon them. This would consequently require an advance of the clear amount of that balance, with the hazard, whatever it may be of ultimate reimbursement. Supposing the Bank now to be the assignee of the Judgments, enforcing their execution, the debtor would through himself and his friends take care that whatever property was sold should bring something like its real value. Instead of the facilities which are now afforded to the operation of the executions, whilst they are under the friendly direction of the U.S. Attorney, every obstacle would be thrown in the way, when they should be under the adverse control of the Bank. In fact the transfer would only transpose the Bank and the Debtor. Now, the Bank is interested in the property not being sacrificed under the executions, and he is interested in its sacrifice. After the transfer, the Bank would be interested in the sacrifice, with the view to the payment of other debts, and he that it should not be. And he would then as the Bank may now prevent the sacrifice. If the Government would place the collection of its debt, under the control of the Bank, it would be well to obtain such control; but I take it for granted it would not be given. Upon the supposition of the existence of the alleged combination and confederacy, a Court of Chancery upon proper application to it, or the Court on its common law side would doubtless interpose and prevent the abuse of its process. The difficulty, I apprehend,

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however, in either case would be to make out by proof the necessary facts. For there are many things which we may suspect or believe, of which it would be extremely difficult, if not impracticable, to adduce competent proof. Upon the whole I am induced to believe that, for the present, the safer and better plan is for Mr. Jones to attend future sales of Mr. Hunt's property and prevent its fraudulent sacrifice. That course appears so far to have been attended with success. If nevertheless you should prefer an assignment of the judgments, or the acquisition of a control over their execution, and will signify your request to me, I will make application to the Secretary of the Treasury 2 accordingly. It may also be worthy of consideration whether the Executive should not be applied to in order that the necessary corrective should be employed with the Attorney of the U. S. I return Mr. Jones's letters. I have the honor to be with great respect Your obedient Servant H. CLAY

Nicholas Biddle Esqr. &c. &c. &c. ALS. KyU. i Joseph S. Benham, born in Connecticut, Cincinnati attorney at law, appointed to the government post in 1823 and reappointed in 1827. a William H. Crawford.

From Robert Scott Dr. Sir, Lexington 2d. Feby 1825 Your favor of 20th. Ulto. 1 came to hand to day— Doctr. Warfield2 has not yet paid the interest on his Note—tho' I have not given him an oppy. of forgetting that circumstance and shall continue reminding him of it until the interest shall be paid— Confidentially—that connexion are I beleive [sic] much pressed for money— I have been informed that Majr. Parker3 has mortgaged all his property but did not enquire to whom— I would not therefore be surprized if a stoppage or blow up should take place ere long— However this is principally surmise as I have not collected certain data sufficient to enable me to form a positive opinion.— The land in Ohio, to which you refer I think indeed am pretty certain was disposed of by Colo. Morrison— However I have written to Genl. Taylor, 4 who will doubtless inform me whether it is so or not— I will attend to it— Herewith is the Accts of Colo. Morrison's estate with you for the last month5— From them you will see no collection of consequence has been made during the month— You will see by them also that I have paid Mr Gibson's6 Acct.— He and others it is

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1825

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true are indebted to the estate for a road, but as that could not be finally setled [sic] until your return— The Acct. being of pretty old standing and as he took i/2 m Comths. Notes,7 I believed it best to pay it— By the Comths. Note Acct you will observe also what I have paid for repairing the fence of the lot where Mr. Mason8 lives—the amt of course will greatly exceed your expectations On examining the fence I found it so old and rotten, that I was compelled to have a great part of it made anew (or to suffer the lot to become common with the adjoining ones— I believed it best to have the fence made complete and had it done— I have had a cross fence made in front of the house. this might have been dispensed with, but Mr Mason has promised (and doubtless will perform his promise) to plant the space in trees and shrubery [sic], which will render the place more desirable and comfortable in appearance at least— In addition to this he has had Some old fence put up about the Stable at his own expense— 1 have seen those indebted for purchases at C Farm in Octr. 18239 and informed them that suits would be brot. on their Notes to the March Court if not paid very soon and they have said it would not be necessary to resort to that alternative as they would certainly prevent it by making paymentMr. Foster10 (Tailor) wishes to rent your corner brik [sic] House on Short and Market Streets—including that part lately occupied by Mr. Breckenridge & Curry11— His object is for his shop and family Could he get it provided the other tenants would relinquish their leases—and if he could at what price? On computation I find your rents for that property are 600$. He says he will give 500$. I suppose nothing will be done in the matter until your return, but have been frequently pressed and now make the inquiryCurry's time is out the first of March and suppose [sic] he will not want it longer as he will not be able to go on and if Mr. F. can get the property would be glad to take possession of that part when C shall give it up—I have issued a Warrt. of distress vs CurryMrs Blanton has paid me a part of her quarters rent12— Among the papers which you have with you belonging to the estate is an acct. against Colo. Jno. McPherson13— Should you present it for payment add 50c. which I have since paid—a fee bill— We are all well—as are I believe all your domestic affairs— Respectfully Yr. obt. Servt. ROBT. SCOTT The Honble H - Clay ALS. KyLxT. 1 Not found. Cf. above, Clay to Dun, January 22, 1825. 2 Dr. Walter Warfield. 3 Alexander Parker. 4 James Taylor. 5 Private account not found. For the executor's accounts, see below, ca. June 13, 1825 (the monthly accounts, ADS by Scott, may be found in KyLxT). 6 William Gibson, blacksmith, who owned a farm southeast of "Ashland" and adjacent to the Morrison "Carlisle Farm." William was a brother of James Gibson.

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7 Notes of the Bank of the Commonwealth. 8 John T. Mason, who, after suffering financial reverses, had given up his home on the Richmond Road in 1819 and moved to Mount Sterling, Kentucky. He had only recently returned to Lexington, apparently as a tenant in the "Large Brick house and ground" on High Street bought by Morrison from James and David Maccoun.. 9 See above, III, 488-89, 774. 10 Hugh Foster. 11 Robert J. Breckinridge; Thomas Curry. 12 Mrs. K. H. Blanton, who with Mrs. Henrietta Warren was residing in Clay's house at the corner of Short and Market Streets. The rental agreement has not been found. is Of Frederick, Maryland, a veteran of the Revolutionary War, for a time a member of the State legislature, one of the judges of the orphans' court (1813-1819), iron manufacturer, and large landowner. He was an active proponent of internal improvements.

To [John Quincy Adams] Feb. 3 1825. The subscribers, understand that Mr Rd. H Mosby. is willing to accept the appointment of attorney for the District of Florida, shortly to be filled.— Mr. Mosby was born in Virginia, & has for the last five or six years, resided $c practised law in the West1— We take pleasure in recommending him to the President2 as a man of high charactr [sic] & honor, & qualifd for the station to be filled.— AND: STEVENSON ARTHUR SMITH 3

J. T. JOHNSON H. CLAY

ADS by Stevenson, signed also by Smith, Johnson, and Clay. MHi-Adams Papers, Letters Received (MR467). 1 His residence in the West not located. A son of Wade Mosby, he was living in Petersburg, Virginia, by the summer of 1825. 2 James Monroe. 3 Of Smithfield, Virginia; a member of the United States House of Representatives, 1821-1825.

From George Kremer [ca. February 3, 1825] ANOTHER CARD. GEORGE KREMER, of the House of Representatives, tenders his respects to the Honorable "H. Clay," and informs him, that, by reference to the Editor of the Columbian Observer, he may ascertain the name of the writer of a letter of the 25th ult. which, it seems, has afforded so much concern to "H. Clay:" in the mean time, George Kremer holds himself ready to prove, to the satisfaction of unprejudiced minds, enough to satisfy them of the accuracy of the statements which are contained in that letter, to the extent that they concern the course and conduct of "H. Clay." Being a Representative of the People, he will not fear to "cry aloud and spare not," when their rights and privileges are at stake.

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Washington Daily National Intelligencer, February 3, 1825. Published widely in contemporary newspapers. See above, Clay to Gales and Seaton, January 30, 1825, and enclosure. On Kremer's authorship, cf. below, Address, March 26, 1825; Eaton to Clay, March 28, 31, 1825; Clay to Eaton, March 30, April 1, 1825.

Appeal to the House [February 3, 1825] The SPEAKER rose, and observed, that he requested the indulgence of the House for a few moments, while he asked its attention to a subject in which he felt himself deeply concerned. A note had appeared this morning in the National Intelligencer, under the name, and with the authority, as he presumed, of a member of this House from Pennsylvania, (Mr. Kremer,) which adopted as his own, a previous letter published in another print, containing serious and injurious imputations against him, and which the author avowed his readiness to substantiate by proof.1 These charges implicated his conduct in regard to the pending Presidential election; and the respectability of the station which the member holds, who thus openly prefers them, and that of the people whom he represents, entitled them to grave attention. It might be, indeed, worthy of consideration, whether the character and dignity of the House itself, did not require a full investigation of them, and an impartial decision on their truth. For, if they were true; if he were capable and base enough, to betray the solemn trust which the constitution had confided to him; if, yielding to personal views and considerations, he could compromit the highest interests of his country, the House would be scandalized by his continuance to occupy the chair with which he had been so long honored in presiding at its deliberations, and he merited instantaneous expulsion. Without, however, presuming to indicate what the House might conceive it ought to do, on account of its own purity and honor, he hoped that he should be allowed, respectfully, to solicit, in behalf of himself, an inquiry into the truth of the charges to which he referred. Standing in the relations to the House, which both the member from Pennsylvania and himself did, it appeared to him, that here was the proper place to institute the inquiry, in order that, if guilty, here the proper punishment might be applied, and if innocent, that here his character and conduct may be vindicated. He anxiously hoped, therefore, that the House would be pleased to direct an investigation to be made into the truth of the charges. Emanating from the source which they did, this was the only notice which he could take of them. If the House should think proper to raise a committee, he trusted that some other than the ordinary mode pursued by

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the practice and rules of the House would be adopted to appoint the committee.2 U. S. H. of Reps., Journal, 18 Cong., 2 Sess., 198. Published also in Register of Debates, 18 Cong., 2 Sess., 440-41, and in most contemporary American newspapers. 1 See above, Clay to Gales and Seaton, January 30, 1825, enclosure; Kremer to Clay, ca. February 3, 1825. 2 At the conclusion of his remarks, Clay called John W. Taylor to the chair in his place. John Forsyth now rose and expressed hopes that the Speaker's address would be entered on the journal of the House, that the document to which Clay had referred would be laid on the table, and that both address and document "would be referred to a committee of nine members, to be chosen by ballot." George Kremer declared that "if, upon an investigation being instituted, it should appear that he had not sufficient reason to justify the statements he had made, he trusted he should receive the marked reprobation which had been suggested by the Speaker.— Let it fall where it might, Mr. K. said, he was willing to meet the inquiry, and abide the result." After some discussion of the propriety of considering the matter and of the method of procedure to be followed, the House ordered Clay's address to be entered on the journal and postponed further action. On the following day, after lengthy debate, Forsyth's motion was adopted, referring Clay's statement to a special committee; and another motion by Forsyth, to select the committee by ballot, also carried. According to the report of the special committee, submitted by Philip P. Barbour on February 9, Kremer was invited to offer any evidence or explanation he wished in relation to his charges and "replied that he would make a communication to the committee." In his "communication," a skillfully worded letter dated February 8, he declined to appear before the committee, whose jurisdiction he refused to recognize on constitutional grounds. Further, though considering himself "justified, as the writer of the letter," he felt "bound by prudence and duty, not to appear in the character of an accuser of the Speaker upon charges not . . . [his] own, but those which he [Clay] has requested to be investigated." Referring to the "deep excitement" attending the presidential election and "the unequal contest between an humble member on the floor, and the Speaker of the House," Kremer ended by stating; "the issue should be left before the American people, or the ordinary tribunals of the country; and I therefore protest against the proceedings in this view, as well as against the power of the House to exercise jurisdiction over me, as being equally calculated to restrain the exercise of my just rights, in an unconstitutional manner." Barbour's report concluded; "In this posture of the case, the committee can take no further steps. They are aware that it is competent to the House to invest them with power to send for persons and papers, and by that means, to enable them to make any investigation which might be thought necessary; and if they knew any reason for such investigation, they would have asked to be clothed with the proper power; but not having, themselves, any such knowledge, they have felt it to be their duty only to lay before the House the communication which they have received." The report and letter, after being read, were, on Barbour's motion, "ordered to lie on the table, with the accompanying papers, and to be printed." No further action was reported. Register of Debates, 18 Cong., 2 Sess., 441-44, 463-86, 522-25.

To WASHINGTON, FEBRUARY 4,

1825

I have received, and read with all the attention due to our ancient and unbroken friendship, your letter of the 2d inst.1 You state that the conviction has been forced upon the Richmond public, by the papers which are daily received from this City, that "I have gone over to the party of Mr. Adams with a view to constitute a part of his Cabinet." Do you believe it? Then you ought not to respect me. Do you wish me to deny it? Then you cannot respect me. What do you desire? That I should vote for MY DEAR SIR:

FEBRUARY 4,

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Mr. Crawford? I cannot. For Gen. Jackson? I will not. I shall pursue the course which my conscience dictates, regardless of all imputations and all consequences. I love the State which gave me birth more than she loves me. Personally, I would make any sacrifices to evince this attachment. But I have public duties to perform which comprehend a consideration of her peculiar interest and wishes, and those of the rest of the Confederacy. Those I shall perform. In doing so, I may incur, unfortunately, her displeasure. Be it so. I cannot help it. The quiet of my conscience is of more importance to me than the good opinion of even Virginia, highly as I do and ever must respect it. Your faithful friend, H. CLAY. Washington Daily National Intelligencer, April 28, 1828, reprinted from the Richmond Constitutional Whig. Published also in Lexington Kentucky Reporter, May 7, 1828; Niles' Weekly Register, XXXIV (July 5, 1828), 312. Reportedly sent to a member of the Virginia Legislature. l Not found.

To Francis T. Brooke My dear Sir, Washington 4th Feb: 1825 I received your obliging letter of the 1st. instant.1 Altho' my letter2 to which it is an answer was not intended for publication, I would rather that it should be published and speak for itself, than that its contents should appear through the medium of Mr. Ritchie's3 representation of them. With regard to its publication, you will be pleased to do as you may think proper. All that I feel anxious about is that the public should not receive an impression that it was my intention that it should be published. My condition at this moment is most peculiar. The batteries of some of the friends of every man who would now be President, or who four or eight years hence would be President, are directed against me, with only the exception of those of Mr. Adams. Some of the friends of Gen: Jackson, Mr. Crawford, Mr. Calhoun and Mr. Clinton, with very different ultimate ends agree for the present to unite in assailing me. The object now is on the part of Mr. Crawford and Gen: Jackson to drive me from the course which my deliberate judgment points out, and for the future, on the part of Mr. Clinton and Mr. Calhoun, to remove me as an obstacle to their elevation. They all have yet to learn my character if they suppose it possible to make me swerve from my duty, by any species of intimidation or denunciation. But I did not expect that my old friend Ritchie would join in the general cry. He ought to recollect that he is struggling for a man, I for the country.—he to elevate an unfortunate Gentleman worn down by disease, I, to preserve our youthful institutions from the bane which has destroyed all the republics

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of the old world.— I might have expected from the patriotism of Thomas Ritchie, that he would have surrendered his personal predilections, and joined with me in the effort to save us from a precedent fraught with the most pernicious consequences. I am so far disappointed: I say it with mortification and regret. But all attempts to make me unite with him; to induce me to give up the defence of our institutions, that we may elect a sick Gentleman who has also been rejected by the great body of the Nation, are vain and utterly fruitless.— Mr. Ritchie ought to awake, should be himself again, and love Rome more than Cesar [sic]. I observe what you kindly tell me about the future cabinet: My dear Sir, I want no office. When have I shewn an avidity for office? In rejecting the mission to Russia, and the department of war under one administration?4 In rejecting the same department, the mission to England, or any other foreign mission under the succeeding administration? 5 If Mr. Adams is elected, I know not who will be his Cabinet; I know not whether I shall be offered a place in it or not. If there should be an offer, I shall decide upon it, when it may be made according to my sense of duty. But do you not perceive that this denunciation of me by anticipation, is a part of the common system between the discordant confederates which I have above described? Most certainly, if an office should be offered to me under the new administration, and I should be induced to think that I ought to accept it, I shall not be deterred from accepting it, either by the denunciations of open or secret enemies, or the hypocrisy of pretended friends. With great respect I am faithfully your friend H. CLAY. The Hon: Francis Brooke. Copy. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R13). Published in Washington Daily National Intelligencer, March 28, 1828; Lexington Kentucky Reporter, April 2, 1828; Niles' Weekly Register, XXXIV (July 5, 1828), 312. Endorsed: "I do certify that the preceding is a true copy of the original letter from Mr. Clay to Mr. Brooke, of the date which it bears above. W. C. C. Claiborne." l Not found. 2 Above, January 28, 1825. 3 Thomas Ritchie, in Richmond Enquirer, February 8, 1825. 4 See above, II, 88-89, 226, 233. 5 See above, II, 391n.

From Lafayette GENTLEMEN.

WASHINGTON, FEB. 4TH,

1825.

I have been highly gratified by the honour, which the citizens of Fayette County and Lexington have, in their much valued kindness, conferred upon me, and of which you have been pleased, in most flattering terms, to become the organs.1 It has ever been my intention to visit the Western part of the Union, and particularly

FEBRUARY 4,

1825

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the State of Kentucky. But I could not, until lately, fix the time when I will begin a journey to the Southern States and New Orleans, which will bring me up to Lexington sometime in the next Spring. I with regret foresee, that in this tour of five thousand miles, my passage must be rapid, as I will not leave Washington before the anniversary of the 22d of this month, and must be at Boston on the 17th of June, for the inauguration and laying the Corner Stone of the Bunker's Hill Monument, an engagement which will be approved of in a state, the first settlers of which have adopted the name of Lexington. One of you, gentlemen, my friend Mr. Clay, will be, before my departure, more particularly informed of my expectations as to the dates of this long Southern and Western Tour; but I could not longer delay the expression of my respectful affectionate gratitude to the citizens of Fayette county and Lexington, and particularly to you, gentlemen, whom I beg to accept the assurance of my highest regard. LA FAYETTE. The

Hon.

HENRY CLAY, &C.

Lexington Kentucky Reporter, April 25, 1825. l Cf. above, III, 855-56. The letter of invitation has not been found.

From Robert Oliver and Others Sir Balto [Feby] 4th. 1825 The Bearer Mr Saml J. Donaldson1 is Authorized by the Creditors of the late Saml & Robt Purviance to proceed to Washington &: receive from you the Money in your hands as Trustee for said Estate, and we hereby Guaranty that he will deposit the Amount in the Chan[cery] Office of Maryland to be applied under the direction of the Chancello[r]. Mr Donaldson is also Authorized so far as the Creditors have that Power to Make Arrangements with you for Closing Your Agenc[y] in relation to this Estate, and any Plan agreed on between you will be acceptable to the Creditors and receive their Sanction. We are Sir Yr Obt Servts ROBERT OLIVER T Smith Assee 1 J. Carey8 2 of Hans Morrison j James Purviance7 Exer. 3 John Nicholson Robert Purviance— Rossiter Scott4 John Purviance Robert Casey for ~| Saml Moale Elizabeth Casey Exx. [ Atty for Ellen Moale of John Hammond 5 j exx of Jno Moale8 a creditor— [Hen]ry Clay Esq

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[Endorsement on verso] Reed. Five thousand dollars on a/c. of the within H. CLAY

16 Feb. 1825

SAML J. DONALDSON

LS, in Samuel J. Donaldson's hand. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R13). MS. torn. Oliver was surviving partner of the firm Robert and John Oliver, Baltimore merchants and financiers. i Baltimore lawyer. 2 Smith not identified; Morrison was probably of Mississippi, where he had been commissioned a captain of the United States Army in 1813. 3 Of Baltimore, probably a former officer of the United States Navy who had served as a captain of "Sea Fencibles" during the War of 1812. i A Quaker, reared near Gunpowder, Carroll County, Maryland. s Hammond, who had served as an officer in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, had been proprietor of extensive wharves at Fell's Point in Baltimore and had been one of the town commissioners in 1789. In 1795 he had married Elizabeth Anderson, also of Baltimore, who, following his death in 1811, had become the wife of Robert Casey. e Probably James Carey, who had settled in Baltimore and engaged in mercantile business since shortly after the close of the Revolution. He had been a member of the city council around the turn of the century and had been one of (hose active in organizing the Bank of Maryland, which he still served as president. 1 Of Baltimore, having represented that district in the Maryland Assembly (1802). 8 Ellen North Moale, born and throughout her life resident in Baltimore, died the next month. John Moale, her deceased husband, had been a merchant and had held numerous local public offices—long a Baltimore town commissioner; member of the Provincial Assembly (1767), of the pre-Revolutionary Baltimore committee of correspondence (1774), and of the Annapolis Convention (1775); and for many years thereafter presiding judge of the county court. He had died in 1798. 9 AES, in Clay's hand, signed also by Donaldson.

To Horace Holley Dear Sir Washington 5h Feb. 1825 1 reed, your favor of the 16h. Ulto. 1 The transmission to you of the same documents, in triplicate, was a mistake, and was not intended. It is one easily committed, considering the multitude of documents published by the order of Congress. I thank you for the information contained in your letter respecting the state of the College. I hope another year the number in the Academical classes and Preparatory department will be increased. The success is very encouraging of the Medical class.2 The final result of the P. election is near at hand. At a distance you will be deceived as to the state of excitement here. It is by no means as great as you may imagine. I congratulate you on the recent marriage of your daughter. 3 I hope that all parties will find it a happy union. With my best respects to Mrs. Holley, I am faithfully Your ob. Servt. H. CLAY The Revd. Mr. Holley. ALS. CSmH. l Not found. 2 Two hundred thirty four students, the largest number in any year to this date, were enrolled in the Medical Department at Transylvania University during the session of 1824-1825. s Harriette Williman Holley, only daughter of Horace Holley, had married, January 8, 1825, William Moses Brand, son of John Brand.

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To [Thomas I.] Wharton Dear Sir Washington 5 Feb. 1825. 1 reed, your letter 1 of the respecting the Kentucky books. I cannot take upon myself to advise any disposition of them. The recent burning of the Capitol at Frankfort2 I know caused a considerable destruction of books, and perhaps some of those under your care may even be wanted in Kentucky. Who is the present Secretary of state I have not heard. Mr. Barry, the late Secretary, has been appointed to the Bench.3 A letter to our mutual friend Blair4 would obtain for you the necessary directions. On the other interesting topic to which your letter refers I regret that I cannot give you any authority to contradict the rumor which you state 'as prevailing, in regard to the person for whom I am likely to' vote. Most certainly that person would not be the object of my choice, if I were left free to select from among the Citizens of the U.S. the person who should be their chief Magistrate. But that is not the state of the case; and restricted as we are to the three returned Candidates, after the best consideration which I have been able to give to the matter, it does appear to me that I ought to vote for Mr. Adams. I need not say to you how highly gratifying it would have been to me if I could have been spared from performing the painful duty which lies before me. But that I cannot escape. I have therefore conscientiously sought to know what I ought to do, and believing that I have ascertained it, I shall march up to my duty, regardless of all consequences. My friends at a distance appear to be much divided, and give me advise [sic] of the most opposite character. Indeed I could not comply with their wishes unless, at the same time, I were to vote for all three of the Candidates. I pray you to communicate my respectful compliments to Mrs. Wharton 5 and believe me Faithfy Your friend H. CLAY Mr. Wharton. ALS. PHi. l Not found. 2 See above, III, 878-79n. 3 After passage of the act reorganizing the Kentucky Court of Appeals (see above, III, 902), William T. Barry, who had become secretary of state in the fall of 1824, had been appointed chief justice (January 10, 1825). James C. Pickett, a native of Virginia, an officer of United States Artillery during the War of 1812, a lawyer of Mason County, Kentucky, briefly editor of the Maysville Eagle, and member of the Kentucky Legislature in 1822, was appointed secretary of state in February, 1825, and held this office until 1828. Pickett subsequently held numerous political and diplomatic appointments—as Secretary of Legation at Colombia, 1829 to 1833; Commissioner of the Patent Office, 1834; Fourth Auditor of the Treasury, 1835 to 1838; Charge d'Affaires to the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, 1838; and Charge to Peru, 1838 to 1845. He was a son of Colonel John Pickett and son-in-law of Governor Joseph Desha. * Francis Preston Blair. B The former Arabella Griffith, of Philadelphia.

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From Tucker and Carter NEW-YORK, FEB. 5th, 1825. SIR.—Presuming that it will not be unacceptable to you, to be informed of the state of our Hemp market and of its future prospects, we beg leave to state, that owing to the late inundation at St. Petersburgh, in Russia, by which a considerable quantity of hemp has been either wholly destroyed or greatly injured, and moreover from the unusually small supply at present in the United States—hemp has advanced in price here and in our other ports. The whole quantity in this place is not more than 1000 tons, old and new.— To the eastward of this, they have 1600 to 1800 tons, of old and new, and the ports to the south have very little indeed. Our next sales will probably be at $200 per ton, for clean new St. Petersburgh hemp—at which price it is now held, and we think that it will maintain that price, at least until August next, and perhaps go much higher. We are strengthened in this belief, by the fact, that at the latest London quotations, hemp cannot be imported thence into the United States, to cost less than 225 to $230, per ton, and it was rising there. This is certainly favorable to the growers of hemp in this country, and we sincerely hope, that you will be able to get yours to market in the spring, or quite early in the summer, when waterrotted, or such as that received through Mr. Smedes,1 will, without doubt, be in demand and bring a good price; and even dew-rotted will in our opinion, do better this season than for many years past, especially if in well spun yarns—in which state we should recommend all the hemp raised in Kentucky to be sent to market; the rough parts of the hemp could be taken out at home, for coarse purposes, such as bale rope, &c. &c— The yarns could be secured from damage by covering the reels with tarpauling [sic], and there would be a saving in the transportation, equal perhaps to the expense of spinning. We are very desirous that it should be known in Kentucky, that no prejudice exists here against American hemp, if water-rotted or prepared as your's has been—but that on the contrary, if the hemp be also as well-cleaned as foreign hemp, and have [sic] grown thick, consequently being fine fibred, and not long coarse hemp, it would have a preference here, at the same price, over any imported hemp. We have for many years dealt largely in hemp, and manufactured cordage upon an extensive scale, and we rejoice at the efforts which you are making to bring our hemp to a competition with that of foreign growth. You may rely upon our best disposition,

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and exertions too, to aid you in so laudable an endeavour. We shall be happy to receive your own hemp, and still more gratified to make you profitable and satisfactory returns—and if any of your friends are disposed to send theirs also to us, they may freely command our best services. The following statement will afford you some guide as to probable prices. When Russia clean hemp is scarce, and will bring $200 per ton, then we consider dew rotted Kentucky, well cleaned, as being worth about $150, and water rotted $200, or as much as Russia. Dew Rotted Yarns worth 8 cents per lb. Water Rotted, do - 10 to 101/2 do Hemp well cleaned out by Smedes' Machine, worth as much as Russia or thereabouts—and the yarns from the same, at a cent, or a cent and a half more than the hemp. We have the honor to be, Very respectfully, Sir, Your most ob't Servants, TUCKER & CARTER. HON. H. CLAY. Lexington Kentucky Reporter, February 21, 1825. i Abraham K. Smedes. See above, III, 735n.

To [Thomas Smith] H. of R. 7th Feb., '25. Will you be good enough to publish the inclosed1 in the Reporter? Yours, &c. H. CLAY. Lexington Kentucky Reporter, February 21, 1825. i The letter above, Tucker and Carter to Clay, February 5, 1825.

To James Taylor Dear Sir H. of R. 7 Feb. 1825 I take pleasure in introducing to your acquaintance Mr. W. Bell and Mr. Jas. Hansborough, 1 who will deliver you this letter. Altho' I have not the satisfaction of personally knowing them, they have been mentioned to me in a manner which authorizes me to present them to you as gentlemen of great respectability and to request your kind attention to them. With great respect I am Yr. ob. Servt. H. CLAY Genl. James Taylor— ALS. NNC. i Both of Virginia. Hansborough was married in Lunenburg County in 1830.

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From Nicholas Biddle Dear Sir, Bank of the U. States Feby. 9th 1825 Your favor of the 31st ulto was duly received. I am very reluctant to draw your attention from the important occupations which at the present moment naturally engross so much of your time, but I am anxious to close if possible the transaction which forms the subject of the inclosed paper 1 and it is so familiar to you that you can readily give your opinion of it. The sum in question is small— but if it be clearly due to the Bank, I should not be disposed to yield it from any unwillingness to encounter either the opposition or the expence which may attend the enforcement of the just rights of the institution. Have the goodness at your leisure, to give me your advice on this point. And in the mean time, believe me to be with great respect & regard Very truly yrs N BIDDLE Prest. Honble Henry Clay Speaker of the H of R. Washington Cola. ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). i An extract of a letter from Abraham Claypool, cashier of the Chillicothe branch of the Bank of the United States, to Thomas Wilson, cashier of the parent institution, January 17, 1825, stating that a conditional settlement of the case, Bank of the United States vs. Osborn and Others, had been made by acceptance of $2,000 from the State auditor (see above, III, 647n). The "conditional" feature of the transaction had resulted from an interpretation by the auditor that interest on this sum was chargeable only from July 16, 1824, the date of the final decree of the circuit court. To this interpretation the solicitor of the bank had agreed, but Claypool raises the question whether interest should not be charged from the date of the decree of restitution, in September, 1821. See above, III, 111-15.

To Francis T. Brooke My dear Sir Washington lOh. Feb. 1825 I reed, your letters of the 6h. and 8h. inst.1 In the former was inclosed a ten dollar note, about which not one word was contained in your letter. Was it inclosed by mistake? Or did you intend that I should apply it to some object for you? Be pleased to instruct me. The "long agony" was terminated yesterday, and Mr. Adams was elected on the first ballot.2 Exertions to defeat or even to delay the result, of the most strenuous kind, were made up to the last moment. Without refering to the issue of the election, the manner in which the whole scenic [sic] was exhibited in the H. of R. was creditable to our institutions and to our Country. I have not yet reed, the Enquirer in which my letter has been published.3 It did not arrive to day. With great regard I am faithfly & Cordially Your Friend H. CLAY The Honble Francis Brooke.

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1825

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ALS. KyU. i Neither letter has been found. 2 On February 9 the "President of the Senate, in the presence of both Houses of Congress, [had] proceeded to open the certificates of the electors of the several states"; announced that, of the 261 votes for President, Andrew Jackson had received 99, John Quincy Adams, 84, William H. Crawford, 41, and Henry Clay, 37; and declared that, since none of the candidates had received a majority of the electoral votes, "it therefore devolved upon the House of Representatives of the United States to choose a President of the United States . . . from the three highest on the list of those voted for by the electors. . . ." After the vote for Vice President had also been announced and John C. Calhoun had been declared winner of that contest, the Senate had retired to its own chamber. The House had then divided into State delegations and proceeded to the election of a President. The tellers for the various delegations had reported the votes of 13 States for John Quincy Adams, those of 7 States for Andrew Jackson, and those of 4 States for William H. Crawford. "The Speaker [had] again announced the state of the votes to the House, and declared, 'That JOHN QUINCY ADAMS of Massachusetts, having received a majority of the votes of all the states of this Union, was duly elected President of the United States for four years, to commence on the fourth of March, 1825.'" U. S. H. of Reps., Journal, 18 Cong., 2 Sess., 220-22. 3 The letter to Brooke, January 28, 1825, had been published in the Richmond Enquirer, February 8, 1825.

To John Quincy Adams Dr Sir llh. Feb. 25 I should be glad to have the opportunity of an early interview with you, this evening, if you are not engaged, or on Sunday evening, at such hour as may be most convenient. I am respectfully Yr. ob. Servt H. CLAY Honble Mr. Adams. [Endorsement on same sheet]1 Dear Sir I shall be happy to see you this Evening at half past six if it will suit your convenience.2 J-Q-A. Friday 11. Feby 1825. ALS. MHi-Adams Papers. 1 AEI. 2 According to Adams, Clay arrived at the appointed time, "and we had a conversation of about an hour. I then offered him the nomination to the Department of State. "He said he would take it into consideration, and answer me as soon as he should have time to consult his friends. "I desired him to take his own time; but he promised if anything should occur requiring that he should hasten his answer, he would, upon my giving him notice of it, answer immediately. He made light of the threatened opposition, and thought all the projects of that nature which have been announced were mere ebullitions of disappointment at the issue of the election, which would soon be abandoned. He said that as to his affair with Kremer, if Kremer had gone before the committee, he (Clay) could have proved something very much like a conspiracy against himself. He would have proved that Kremer had disclaimed in the most explicit terms to several persons his having intended any imputation against Clay, and declared his readiness to sign a paper to that effect, from which he had been dissuaded by [Samuel D.] Ingham, [Tames] Buchanan, and [Georerei McDuffie." Adams, Memoirs, VI, 508-509.

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From Francis Preston Blair My dear Sir Frankfort: Feby. 11. 1825. I received your letter of the 29: by the last mail & I assert that notwithstanding the seal of reprobation you have set upon the fate of my party in this world & the world to come, it gave me very great delight— There are certain points in our home politics which I hope I shall have the pleasure shortly to dispute with you in person, & as I am sensible I have all the advantages which grow out of the subject on my side, I anticipate the satisfaction of driving you to extremitiesIs it possible that Wickliffe is considered orthodox or eloquent on your side of the mountains? Is he read abroad, whom nobody will hear at home?1 I cannot but beleive [sic] that it is the horrid tragedy of which he speaks, that has caught attention, & the monstrous opprobrium with which he would brand his state has made patient readers of those whose habitual love of scandal has there found a new feild [sic] to root in— There is scarcely one word of truth in the whole speech— There never was a case in which a change of venue was more necessary for the interest, excitement & violent feelings produced in the vicinity was so great, that I doubt very much whether a legal Jury could have been impannelled there to try the case— All the designs which Wickliffes suspicions imputed as the motives which actuated those who voted for measure [sic],- proved to be the mere fabrication of his b r a i n There was no attempt to evade a fair trial— Trimble 2 did not sit— Roper 3 of the opposite party was invited to preside— he accepted and afterwards threw the duty on Shannon4— The commonwealths Atto: 5 was a political opponent of the Governors— all the officers did their duty most rigidly, & the Jury was acknowledged on all hands to be intelligent, impartial & independent— I am sure I do not differ from you in opinion as it regards the propriety of the verdict rendered— Nor do I think that we should form a different Judgement of Wickliffe's conduct if you knew all the circumstancesWas it not unmanly to wring the heart of a father by false suppositions, & suggestions who already labored under the weight of an affliction, so dreadful? Was it not against the spirit of our humane laws, as a Legislator to take advantage of his position to prejudice the whole community against a miserable wretch loaded with guilt & shackles? How mean to strike at a poor devil in his dungeon!— Was it not shameful to attempt to stain a whole party, (because of a difference about the responsibility of Judges), with the blood of this horrible Murder, & to tarnish the reputation of the country

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by propagating a beleif, that the public were not only disposed to tolerate, but to sanction the deed, by screening the culprit? Whatever others may think of the speech, I hold it in every way inexcusable, the effusion of morbid feelings acted on by the horrors of a spectral imagination— You will perceive by the late papers that I have been appointed Clerk to the new court of Appeals & you will catch a glimpse of the accidental causes which put me into the station6— I may well say with Shakespeare's Malvolio "that some are born great, some atcheive greatness, but I have it thrust upon me"— I assure you my advancement was as unexpected, as it was welcome— Indeed I was one of the first to recommend Mr Sneed to the new court, & when the old court met in Frankfort & compelled him to choose between the two tribunals I most anxiously advised him against serving his old Masters, although I thought I should profit by it— & to the last, I refused to be considered as willing to accept, if the new court preferred Mr Sneed to other candidates, with the exception of myself— I know it will be said that the place was given to me, as a reward for the party zeal I may have manifested, but I attribute my good luck, (if in the present state of uncertainty it can be so considered) to an inclination to propitiate influential persons in the opposition to the new state of things—for when it was found that Sneed was out of the question Crittenden 7 & all the rest of the Bar young & old—even Judge Todd 8 (who by the way let me tell is mending) all desired that the fortune might fall on one who needed it so much as I did— Let me tell you too that remote as you were, I have no doubt but that the kind sentiments you have manifested for me, proved a preponderating weight in my scale— Indeed Barry9 told me that he employed it as an argument to the other Judges10 (who were indisposed to my appointment because I opposed them) that although it would not change any opinion you had formed in respect to the questions connected with the court, yet that it would soften your feelings toward them individually.— In this however I fear he gave me credit for more influence than I have, much more I am sure than I deserve, & yet you see by the details I give you of my affairs, how greatly I overvalue my importance with you— Mrs Blair still holds out a shew, of support to her old opinions, but she intimates now 8c then "how extremely amiable it is to acquiesce as a wife in the opinions of a husband particularly in political affairs &c &c" Indeed I really suspect you are about to lose a proselyte— She has felt so severely the oppression of debt & the humiliations of poverty, that to invite her to take sides with a party whose success must

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renew those ills, will be something like inviting an unfortunate person relieved from the rack to make another experiment of its powers— I reed, letters from Moore,11 by which I find that all the letters I wrote to him with a view to release him from the influence of the Jackson instructions12 have been thrown away— Being well acquainted with him, I addressed him as a pragmatical little body who would use what I wrote to influence the other members with whom I was not so well acquainted— From his replies I find I was deceived in his feelings towards you, & in my influence over him— He has as much of Jackson in him, as so small a man can hold— His letters however furnish me with one fact, which I mean to use to prepare the public mind to expect the vote of our delegation against Jackson— It appears from them that Jackson has determined to frown upon the future hopes of Kentucky should he be elected president.— Under such circumstances I shall rejoice in his defeat, & doubt not, it will reconcile the State to Adams' elevation— pardon my long letter & measure my love by it, for you see it holds out to the very end Yr. mo. ob. st F. P. BLAIR LS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). 1 Robert Wickliffe, who at the preceding Session of the Kentucky Legislature had been defeated in a motion for public printing of his protest against the resolutions condemning the Green-Biddle decision (see above, III, 393n; Ky. H. of Reps., Journal, 1823-1824, pp. 397-426), on November 30 had delivered a lengthy attack, widely publicized (see Lexington Kentucky Reporter, December 27, 1824; March 21, 1825; Washington Daily National Journal, January 28, 1825; Washington Gazette, February 12, 1825), against proposed legislation authorizing a change of venue for trial of Isaac B. Desha, a resident of Fleming County, Kentucky, son of Governor Joseph Desha. Young Desha was accused of robbing and murdering Francis Baker, a lawyer and editor of Natchez, Mississippi, who had been crossing Kentucky en route to his native State, New Jersey. Following enactment of the measure permitting removal of the trial from Fleming County, where Governor Desha was not politically popular, to Harrison, where he was (Ky. Gen. Assy., Acts, 1824-1825, pp. 25-27, December 4, 1824), the young man had, nevertheless, been found guilty. The proceedings had thereafter been ruled a mistrial, on grounds that the jury had been contaminated and intimidated and that the verdict was not in accordance with the evidence. At a subsequent trial, in February, 1826, Desha was again found guilty. Shortly before the date set for his execution, he attempted suicide, by cutting his windpipe, but recovered and was eventually pardoned by Governor Desha a few months before the close of his administration, in 1827. The son soon afterward went to New Orleans, and from there to Texas, whence it was reported that he was again indicted for murder of a fellow traveler and did commit suicide in prison, at San Felipe de Austin, pending trial. Letter of Thomas M. Duke, from San Felipe, September 23, 1828, in Lexington Kentucky Reporter, December 3, 1828. 2 John Trimble, of Harrison County, Kentucky, brother of Robert Trimble, had as a young man served about two years as secretary to the Governor of Indiana Territory, had returned to Kentucky and studied law under George Nicholas, had practiced at Paris from 1807 to 1816, had been appointed circuit judge, and thereupon had removed to Cynthiana. Earlier in 1825 he had resigned his judgeship and, on January 10, had been appointed by Governor Desha to the new court of appeals. He was later a member of the State legislature for several terms. 3 William P. Roper, circuit judge for the district composed of Bracken, Fleming, Greenup, Lewis, and Mason Counties, had at first agreed to sit, then, a day or two before the trial, had declined. 4 George Shannon, recently re-commissioned circuit judge for the district composed of Bourbon, Clark, Estill, and Madison Counties, after a legislative inquiry into

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charges of "judicial arrogance." The reappointment and its support by the Governor and his adherents contributed to angry criticism of Shannon's decision to grant a second trial. He was burned in effigy in both Harrison and Bourbon Counties. Frankfort Argus of Western America, February 9, 1825. 5 William K. Wall, born in Washington County, Pennsylvania, and brought as a child to Harrison County, Kentucky, had studied law under Richard M. Johnson, had been licensed to practice in 1809, and had located in Cynthiana. After service in the War of 1812, he had been a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives, 1814 to 1818, and Commonwealth attorney for Harrison County since 1820. He retained the latter post until 1843 and later became a State senator from 1846 to 1850. 6 No appointment of clerk for the new court had been made until its first sitting, which had been delayed by the engagement of William T. Barry in Harrison Circuit Court, as counsel for Desha, until the week after the regular meeting of the old court. Achilles Sneed, the incumbent clerk, had not attended the latter session but had sent a deputy. His position relative to the new court had remained in doubt until it convened—only two days before then he had written to one of the judges, stating his wish to be made the clerk and his promise to "act as your Clerk only." The latter body, however, deeming his recent recognition of the old court's authority as incompatible with service to the new, had named Blair to the post. Frankfort Argus of Western America, February 9, 1825. 1 John J. Crittenden. 8 Thomas Todd. 9 William T. Barry. 10 Besides Barry and Trimble, the judges of the new court were James Haggin and Benjamin W. Patton. Haggin, a native of Mercer County, Kentucky, had moved to Lexington in 1810 and engaged in the practice of law. Acclaimed as an expert on land law, he held no public office other than this court appointment. Patton, born in Clark County, Kentucky, was practicing law in Hopkinsville when appointed to the bench. Though young, he died on February 11, 1825, and was succeeded on the court by Rezin H. Davidge, a native of Baltimore County, Maryland, who had settled at Russellville, Kentucky, in early manhood and was now a resident of Hopkinsville. Davidge had been appointed the first Commonwealth attorney of the Logan County Circuit, in 1803, and later, in 1831, was named to the bench of the newly established circuit court for the Sixteenth District, covering the "Purchase" area. He subsequently resided briefly in Livingston County and at Princeton, Kentucky, but returned to spend the bulk of his life at Hopkinsville. 11 Thomas P. Moore. 21 See above, III, 901-902n.

To Francis T. Brooke My dear Sir

(Confidential) H. of R. 14h. Feb. 1825 I return the \0%.1 Southard2 remains in the Navy Dept. I am offered that of the State, but have not yet decided. The others not yet determined on.3 Crawford retires. What shall I do? In haste Yr friend H. CLAY The Honble F. Brooke. ALS. NcD. i See above, Clay to Brooke, February 10, 1825. 2 Samuel L. Southard. 3 See below, Commission, March 7, 1825, note.

From John J. Crittenden Hon. H. Clay, Frankfort, Feby. 15, 1825— Dear Sir We are all waiting with breathless impatience to know the result of the presidential election. It was rumored here a few days past, that a coalition had been formed between Jackson &

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Crawford; that New York, Virginia, &c, had fallen into its ranks; that it was bearing on irresistibly 8c triumphantly; & that you & Adams were its destined victims. The mail of last night, however, brought no Confirmation of this terrible rising, & we are all settling down again into the opinion, which has for some time prevailed here, that Adams is to be the president. I have seen the abuse that has been heaped upon you in some of the Newspapers, & your card in the Intelligencer.1 I confess that I feel some apprehension for you. There are about you a thousand desperadoes, political & military, following at the heels of leaders, & living upon expectations, that would think it a most honorable service to fasten a quarrel upon Mr. Clay, & shoot him. And this card of yours, evincing such a spontaneous & uncalculating spirit, of gallantry, will be a signal, I fear, for some of these fellows to gather about you, & to endeavor to provoke you to some extremity. For God's sake, be upon your guard, at least as it respects these subalterns. As for the abuse there has been heaped upon you, you may safely regard it as the idle wind that passes by.2 I expected to hear you vilified. You occupy too lofty & imposing a stand to escape. You prefer Mr. Adams under existing circumstances, & for that you are calumniated. And so it would equally have been had you announced your preference for either of the other competitors. If, notwithstanding your support of Adams, Jackson should be elected, that circumstance would certainly embolden your comparatively few adversaries in this state, & enable them for a little while to excite some petty clamor against you. But no such thing can displace you from the hold you have on the pride & affections of Kentucky. If Adams is elected, & you will accept a station in his cabinet, all will be quieted in a moment. This is my view.— I think I can see the policy which dictates the charges which are now made against you, "of going over to Mr. Adams," of having "made your bargain," with him, & of a thousand other horrible conspiracies, &c. It is intended to intimidate you, if possible, from the acceptance of the department of State, which they think Mr. Adams must tender to you, & where they tremble to see you. They wish to obstruct your passage to it by heaping up the way with all the falsehood & calumny they can create Ec invent. This is the real secret of the whole business, as I think. Whether I am right or wrong, I trust you will hold on your course unshaken & unaltered by all the calumny, calumny [sic~\, falsehood, & scandal of your enemies. It will not be long before it will all recoil on themselves. I think it is due to yourself, to your friends here, & to the expectations & wishes of the State, that you should accept the office of Secretary of State, if it should be offered to you. Some few of your friends think your present station the more elevated & commanding

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one, & of course that you should retain it. Whatever may be its nominal elevation, its practical importance & power is not to be compared with that of the department of State. The Chair of the house of representatives is undoubtedly a very high & lofty station, but all its honors 8c advantages are of the abstract, fruitless kind, & I am now convinced, that no man will live to see the incumbent of that Chair transferred at once to the presidency. You best know, [h]owever, what course to pursue. That it may be a prosperous & happy one is the earnest wish of yours &c, J. J. CRITTENDEN Copy. DLC-John J. Crittenden Papers (DNA, M212, R20). 1 See above, Clay to Gales and Seaton, January 30, 1825. 2 Cf. Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, Act IV, Sc. 3, line 66.

Promissory Note to Samuel J. Donaldson $5175.96 Washington Feby 16th 1825 In Two Years after date I promise to pay Saml J. Donaldson or order Five Thousand One Hu[ndred] Seventy five Dollars & ninety Six Cents for Value re[ceived.] [Endorsement on verso]1 Paid in a check2 on Off. B. U. S. at Washn. 19 Feb. 1827. H CLAY D (signature removed), in Donaldson's hand. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). See below, Agreement, this date. i AES. This endorsement follows two others which have been omitted by the editors: the first, by Donaldson, his signature; the second, by George T. Dunbar, cashier of the Commercial and Farmers Bank, of Baltimore, an assignment of the note to Richard Smith. 2 Not found.

Agreement with Samuel J. Donaldson [February 16, 1825] An Agreement made this 16th day of Feb 1825 between H Clay and Saml J. Donaldson acting in behalf of the Creditors of Saml & Robert Purviance. The parties have agreed to Settle the agency and Trust of the Said Clay so far as they can settle it in the Business of Saml and Robert Purviance in Kentucky, according to an account which is hereto annexed Marked A. By that account the Said Clay Stands Chargeable with the Sum of Twenty thousand five Hundred and twenty Seven Dollars and 89 Cents, of which he has this day paid five thousand dollars,1 and given three Notes each for the Sum of five thousand One Hundred and Seventy five Dollars and 96 Cents, one payable one year, another two years, and the third three years from the date.2

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The Said Clay is, Upon the request of the Said Donaldson to Execute a Mortgage3 Upon real Estate in Lexington or its vicinity sufficient to Guaranty the payment of the Said Notes in the Judgment of the Cashr of the Off. of Discount and Deposit at Lexington. Upon the payment of the Said Notes the Said Clays responsibility on account of any pecuniary Transactions or Sales of Land Made by him in his agency and trust aforesaid is to be Considered Closed and terminated. The Said Clay is to Convey the lands bought in by him for the Trust and which he did not Subsequently Sell in Such Manner as the Chancellor of Maryland May hereafter direct, or as May hereafter be agreed upon. If the said Clay Shall have Omitted in the Said Account Marked A to Charge himself with any lands bought in by him for the trust and which he Subsequently Sold he is to be hereafter Charged with the Amount for which Such Omitted Lands Sold with Interest. Witness the Seals of the parties H CLAY [LS] SAML J.

DONALDSON [LS]

for Crs of S. 8c R Purviance

A The paper referred to as the account, in our agreement of the 16 Feb

1825

H CLAY SAML J. DONALDSON

Dr H Clay To the Trustees of the Messrs Purviances To gross amount of Sales Made the 6h Octr 1811 upon a credit of Six Months according to the first report of the ComrsCredit by Ten per Cent for Services incident to the Sales Making conveyances, Collections &c &c 2078.70 By fee in the Suit in Chy to foreclose the Mortgage— 100.00 By Cash paid Comrs for their Services 10.00 By Do paid the Cryer 5.00 By Do. paid the Printer for Advertizing 5.00 By Amount of purchases made in behalf of 2300.00 the Trust by H Clay See report To Interest thereon from 6 April 1812 to the 6 Feby 1825 at Six per Cent By Cash paid 12 Feby 1814 ,, Exchange between Lexn & Balto Int on the whole Until 6 Feby 1825 By Cash paid 28 Augt 1817 including Exchange Int on Do Until 6 Feby 1825

$5000.00B 100.00 3361.75 4590.008 2058.52—

$20787—4

4498.70 16288.30 12542.53

15110.27 13720.56

FEBRUARY 16,

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1825

T o gross amt. of Sales Made $10719.50 2d Octr. 181ST Six Mos. Credit Credit By Ten per Cent 11071.90 for Services &c By Cash paid Comrs Cryer & Printer 8 19.00 ,, Amt of Purchases for Trust 5570.00 M Fees in Cross Suits in Chancery & Court of Appeals 200.00 M Costs in Circuit Court Moale vs Purviance 9 39.00 ,, Costs in Fayette Circuit 75.00 vs Hopkins 10 41.77 ii Court of Appeals vs Same 11.19— ,, Taxes & Postage 7027.86— To Int on $3691.64 from 2 Apl. 1814 Until 6 Feby 1815 To Amt of Sales of 2237 Acres of land sold to Clarkson & Kendricks 11 $575.00 „ Int on Do from 26 Deer 1816 Until 6 Feby 1825 249.79 764.79 By Cash paid to W. Prentiss $50.0012 & Int from 8 Novr 1824 50.75 714.04— By Cash paid 16 Feby 1825

3691.64 2401.65 19813.85

714.04 $20527.89 5000.00 $15527.89

Copy. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). 1 See above, Oliver and others to Clay, February 4, 1825, endorsement. 2 Only the second (see above, this date) of the three notes has been found. 3 Not found. 4Cf. above, I, 811-12. S Cf. above, ibid., 868. 6 cf. above, II, 375-76. 7 Cf. above, I, 827-28. 8 See above, ibid., 830. 9 See above, ibid., 494n. io See above, II, 325-27n. 11 Probably of Bourbon County, Kentucky; individuals not identified. 12 See above, III, 882.

Note of Introduction for Felix Huston Washington City 16 Feb. 1825 I do hereby Certify and make known that the bearer hereof Mr. Felix Huston is a native and highly respectable Citizen of the State of Kentucky, one of the States of the North American Union; that his connexions are among the most eminent and highly esteemed in that State; & that he is a member of its Bar, and has practised his profession for some time with great promise of success and attaining eminence. Fired with a laudable zeal for the establishment of Grecian Liberty, Mr. Huston has determined to dedicate

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himself to that noble cause. I have great pleasure in recommending him as a man of honor and gallantry to all good men. H. CLAY ANS. NRU.

From Samuel J. Donaldson Dr Sir Feb 16th. 1825 In Compliance with my promise, I Send a Copy of the agreement Executed by You 8c myself toDay1 together with the account annexed thereto. Very respectfully Yr Obt servt H Clay Esq SAML J. DONALDSON ALS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16).

l Above.

To John Quincy Adams Thursday morning [February 17, 1825] Mr. Clay presents his Compliments to Mr. Adams, and would be happy to have the honor to wait upon him, at such hour this evening as may best suit his convenience, and which he will be pleased by a line to indicate. Should Mr. Adams engagements prevent him from receiving Mr. Clay this evening, he would call on that of tomorrow, if agreeable. [Endorsement]1 Mr Adams will be happy to see Mr Clay this Evening at 9. O'Clock. Thursday 17. Feby. AN. MHi-Adams Papers.

l AE by Adams.

To Nicholas Biddle Dear Sir Washington 18h. Feb. 1825 I received your favor of the 9h. instant, and hope you will have the goodness to excuse the delay which has arisen in the transmission of my answer. The decree, in the case refered to by you, does not in terms direct the payment of any interest, nor am I aware of any law of the State of Ohio which attaches, as a necessary incident to such a decree, the obligation, on the part of the defendant, to pay interest. The arrangement by which interest has been agreed to be paid from the 16h. of July last, the day when the decree of the Supreme Court was entered at Columbus as the decree of the Circuit Court, grows out of my consent to forbear enforcing the decree until the meeting

FEBRUARY 18,

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of the Legislature of Ohio. The payment of that interest is equitable and just; but I do not think that the Bank can lawfully demand any interest prior to the 16h. of July. It appears to me therefore that the settlement of that affair has been right and ought to be acquiesced in. I am with great respect faithfy Yr. ob. Servt. Nicholas Biddle Esqr. H. CLAY ALS. PHi.

To Francis T. Brooke My dear Sir (Confidential) Washn. 18h. Feb. 1825 When the subject of the offer of the Department of State to me was first opened to my Congressional friends there existed among them some diversity of opinion as to the propriety of my accepting it. On the one hand it was said that, if I took it, that fact would be treated as conclusive evidence of the imputations which have been made against me; 1 that the H. of R. was my theatre; that the administration would want me there, if it should prove itself worthy of support, more than in the Cabinet; and that my own section would not like to see me translated from the Legislative Hall to the Executive departments. On the other hand it was urged that, whether I accepted or declined the office, I should not escape severe animadversion; that, in the latter contingency, it would be said that the patriotic Mr. Kremer, by an exposure of the corrupt arrangement, had prevented its consummation; that the very object of propagating the calumny would be accomplished; that, conscious of my own purity of intentions, I ought not to give the weight of a feather to Mr. Kremer *s affair; that there would be much difficulty in filling the administration without me; that either of the other Candidates, if he had been elected, would have made me the same offer; that it would be said of me that, after having contributed to the election of a President, I thought so ill of him that I would not take the first place under him; that he was now the Constitutional Head of the Government, and as such I ought to regard him, dismissing any personal objections which I might have heretofore had to him; that I had perhaps remained long enough in the H. of R.; and that my own section could not be dissatisfied with seeing me placed where, if I should prove myself possessed of the requisite attainments, my services might have a more extended usefulness. On mature consideration, those of my friends who were originally averse from my entering the office, changed their opinion, and I believe they were finally unanimous in thinking that I ought not to

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hesitate in taking upon myself its duties. Those of Mr. Adams, especially in New England, were alike unanimous and indeed extremely urgent in their solicitations. Several of Mr. Crawfords friends (Mr. McLane of Delaware Mr. Forsythe, Mr. Mangum2 &c Sec) and also some of those of Genl. Jackson in Pennsylvania have expressed to me their strong convictions that I ought to accept. The opposition to my acceptance is limited chiefly to the violent of Mr. Calhouns friends, and to some of those of Mr. Crawford and Genl. Jackson. From the first I determined to throw myself into the hands of my friends; and, if they advised me to decline the office, not to accept it; but if they thought it was my duty and for the public interest to go into it, to do so. I have an unaffected repugnance to any Executive employment, and my rejection of the offer, if it were in conformity to their deliberate judgment, would have been more compatible with my feelings than its acceptance. But as their advice to me is to accept, I have resolved accordingly; and I have just communicated my final determination to Mr. Adams.3 I am not yet at liberty to communicate the names of the persons who will fill the other vacant departments; but I will say to you that they will be Republicans. I entertain a strong belief, and sanguine hopes, that the administration will be conducted upon principles which will entitle it to liberal and general support. An opposition is talked of here; but I regard that as the ebullition of the moment, the natural offspring of chagrin and disappointment. There are elements for faction; none for opposition. Opposition to what? to measures and principles which are yet to be developed! Opposition may follow, it cannot precede, the unknown measures of administration, without meriting the denomination of faction. Mr. Adams is on his trial. Hear him and then decide. This is the rational sentiment of every candid and impartial mind. He would not have been my President, if I had been allowed to range at large among the great mass of our Citizens to select a President; but I was not so allowed, & circumscribed as I was, I thought that, under all circumstances, he was the best choice that I could practically make. I received your kind letter of the 16h. instant4 and I am happy to find that your better judgment points to the course which I am about to take. I hope that on further reflection, my other Richmond friends will probably unite in sentiment with you. This is not written for publication in whole or in part; but I request you to shew it to Mr Call, Mr. Leigh and Mr. Ritchie, 5 who will have the goodness to regard it in the same confidential light. I am, my dear Sir, Your affte friend The Honble F. Brooke. H. CLAY

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ALS. KyU. 1 See above, Clay to Gales and Seaton, January 30, 1825; Appeal, February 3, 1825. 2 Louis McLane; John Forsyth; Willie Person Mangum. Mangum, a Representative from North Carolina, had been graduated from the University of North Carolina in 1815, had studied law and established himself as an attorney at Red Mountain, North Carolina, had served in the State legislature and as a judge, and from 1823 to 1826 was a member of the United States House of Representatives. He served in the United States Senate from 1840 to 1853. 3 Cf. above, Clay to Adams, February 17, 1825. No journal entries are available for this period in Adams' Diary. 4 Not found. 5 Daniel Call; Benjamin W. Leigh; Thomas Ritchie.

To Robert Walsh, Jr. {CONFIDENTIAL.}

WASHINGTON, 18th

Feb.

'25.

I thank you for your prompt attention to the paragraph which I sent you, and for your friendly letter.1 You did not like my Kremer Card.2 I was not surprised, but hear me. I was assailed from all quarters. The cannon of every man who would now, or four or eight years hence, be President, (except that of Mr. A.,3) was directed against me. I heard it all, and saw every movement. I should have disregarded it, whilst the attack assumed the ordinary form of anonymous or even editorial commentary. But when a person was so far designated as to be elected to be a member of the H. of R. belonging to the Pennsylvania delegation, it assumed a tangible shape. A crisis arose in my poor affairs. Silence and criminality would have been the same. And it seemed to me that I was called upon to take a step even of apparent rashness. I ought to have omitted the last sentence in the Card; but as to the rest, I yet approve of it. And still the reason, the philosophy, the religion of no man more decidedly condemns duelling than, I hope I may say, mine does. The corrective of that pernicious practice must be found in communities, not in individuals, at least in such humble ones as I am. When the public shall cease to stamp with dishonor the man who tamely submits to injurious imputations, duels will cease. I hope the sequel of that affair was more satisfactory to the northern public. I have consented to go into the department of state, after much deliberation. They will abuse me for it. They would have abused me more if I had declined it. I shall carry into it zeal and industry only. The other departments which are vacant by Mr. Calhoun's election to the V. P., and Mr. Crawford's retirement, 4 remain to be filled, but I am not at liberty to indicate their probable incumbents.5 An opposition is threatened; but there is no danger of any, unless the course of the Administration shall furnish just occasion for it, which we shall strive to prevent. What is now threatened, is the offspring of chagrin and disappointment. What will they oppose? DEAR SIR:

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SECRETARY OF STATE

If we go right, that will not, is it [sic] to be hoped, make them go wrong. An impartial trial and a just verdict are all that is demanded, and that the country will render, whatever the hopes of faction may inspire. I am, with great regard, Faithfully yours, ROBERT WALSH, JR V ESQ.

.

H. CLAY.

Mallory, Life and Speeches of the Hon. Henry Clay, II, 637-38. 1 Neither the "paragraph" nor the letter has been found. 2 See above, Clay to Gales and Seaton, January 30, 1825. 3 John Quincy Adams. 4 John C. Calhoun; William H. Crawford. 5 See below, Commission, March 7, 1825, note.

From William Creighton, Jr. My dear Sir: Chillicothe Feby. 19 1825 1 was gratified to learn by the mail of this morning that the long agony is over, and particularly that the contest was terminated on the first ballot.1 A protracted ballot could not have failed to produce great excitement both within and without. Here there is entire acquiescence. The inflammable materials artificially excited in Pennsylvania & New York will soon spend themselves. Thinking it probable in the event of Mr. Adams' election you might be invited to the administration, the question propounded in your letter of the 7th Inst: 2 is one on which I have thought a great deal this winter, and have endeavoured with the feeble lights I possess to view it in all its ulterior bearings. Necessarilly [sic] ignorant of many circumstances that may exist at Washington that may have a bearing pro or con. My opinion is, if the offer is made you ought to accept This opinion is formed regardless of the scurrility and abuse that the election has given rise to. If a man would suffer himself to be driven from his purpose by means like these he would always be at the mercy of the profligate and unprincipled. In the expression of this opinion it is taken for granted that Mr. Adams will pursue a liberal policy and embrace within its scope the great leading policy that you have been advocating. By uniting with such an administration you could not be charged by the most fastidious with a dereliction of principle for place. I could not in the compass of a letter detail my views for the opinion expressed, and therefore shall not attempt it. Should the invitation be given, your friends in Ohio will acquiesce in whatever decision you make. Will our friend Cheves3 be invited to the Treasury? Your friend W CREIGHTON JUN ALS. NcD. 2 Not found.

l See above, Clay to Brooke, February 10, 1825. s Langdon Cheves. See below, Commission, March 7, 1825, note.

FEBRUARY 19,

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77

From Amos Kendall Dear Sir, Frankfort Feb. 19th 1825 The course which has been taken by yourself and a majority of the Kentucky delegation,1 has created considerable excitement in this quarter. Some justify, some condemn and some palliate; but the general impression is certainly unfavorable to you. My impression is, that much will be said for a while and that it will be made to operate on some of the elections; but that there will not be any thing like a general attack upon you. There are some who are for going all lengths, and I have frequently been advised that I must quit you and give you up "to a reprobate mind." But I have uniformly answered, that there are relations in life which men cannot forget or disregard; that I have been an inmate of your family, was treated with kindness when friendless and a stranger,2 and that could I [. . . ] 3 descend to injure the feelings or destroy the hopes of that family, I should feel myself guilty of petit treason. It is true, I owe no obligations to you on that score; but I cannot separate you from Mrs. Clay whose kindness I never shall return by an attempt to destroy the popularity and hopes of her husband. Yet I cannot promise, that nothing shall be said on the subject in the Argus.4 I consider a newspaper, in some degree as public property, at least an avenue through which a community has a right to make its feelings known. Whatever may be written, be advised, that it shall not receive form, aid or polish from my pen. I have had a frank conversation with Maj. Barry5 on the subject, and I am happy that his views correspond with my own. Although he hoped you would vote for Jackson, he can see no public good to be answered by assailing you. In Harrodsburg and even in Lexington, threats have been made to submit you to the fiery ordeal of burning in effigy, a mode of punishing refractory witnesses, judges, governors and statesmen now quite the rage in Kentucky; but for our own sakes as well as yours, measures have been taken which, I presume, will prevent it. We wish this mode of proceeding to be left wholly to our political enemies, that when they have progressed a little further with it, we may roll back the odium which it must excite with a force which will overwhelm them. In Desha's case6 I think public feeling is recoiling. Before the trial, I thought him guilty; but a portion of the evidence and many circumstances have brought my mind to a pause. The means used to procure his conviction are base beyond the power of my pen to paint, and the use intended to be made of it was baser still. I was shocked at hearing of the eulogies bestowed on Wickliffe's speech at Washington. He will be roughly handled or I mistake the signs of

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the times. Would it not shock you, should this young man be condemned and executed while his father holds the pardoning power? Should he be condemned, I am confident, such will be the result! I believe his father, although convinced of his innocence, has come to a resolute determination not to pardon him, after he shall have had a fair trial. But I doubt whether a trial can be had until the next session of the Legislature. The office of Judge in that District is vacant and no man hereafter appointed by the governor will sit.7 Nor can it be presumed, that any other Judge will sit in the case after the treatment received by judge Shannon. You doubtless hear much of public meetings, reaction &c. &c. in Kentucky. Unless I am deceived, it is all wind. The people have little concern in these preconcerted affairs, and look on them with almost perfect indifference. The only county in which the real public sentiment has been sufficiently expressed to insure a change, is Green, and there the change is in favor of the new order of things.8 In fact, nothing can yet be determined as to the final result. I thank you for your kind intentions relative to myself. If I delighted in power, I should remain at the post I now hold; for I could not expect in any other situation to have the same influence. But such are not my feelings. My soul pants for a peaceful and quiet life, aloof from all broils and all controversies. Before the loss of my wife,9 I looked forward with delight to the period when I could establish myself in the country and retire from my public post to the pleasures of domestic life. That prospect is all blasted, but I have been prosecuting the improvements which I had then commenced. Her death deprived me of a large portion of the means on which I depended, and I cannot borrow here without giving an interest which my prospects will not justify. I cannot, therefore, complete my plan at present, and am compelled, from sheer necessity, to remain at this vile business, make great men who never thank me, new enmities which I neither wish nor deserve, get praised as a patriot, & cursed as a knave, with but a miserable compensation either for my favors or my labors. Thank God, I am under no obligations to any man or any party—I have avoided incurring them— and therefore nothing will prevent my embracing the first opportunity to make an honorable retreat from this battle ground. I should be content to fix myself on my little farm, could I complete my improvements, or I should like a residence in some peaceful vocation in any eastern city, or I would not shrink from any public duty, although I do not covet public employment. However, you owe me nothing and I ask nothing. Should any opportunity occur which you could turn thus to my advantage, it would be a relief measure which I would suffer no judge to declare unconstitutional

FEBRUARY 20,

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with impunity. Till something more agreeable to my feelings offers, I shall manfully support the party whose side10 I have espoused, because, in the main, I prefer their principles. Your friend &c AMOS KENDALL ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). Addressed: "Henry Clay Esq Speaker House of Reps. Washington." 1 The Kentucky delegation had determined, by a vote of eight to four, to support Adams for the Presidency. Those taking this position were: David Trimble, Francis Johnson, Thomas Metcalfe, Robert P. Letcher, Richard A. Buckner, Philip Thompson, David White, and Clay. Those in opposition, all Jackson adherents, were Robert P. Henry, John T. Johnson, Thomas P. Moore, and Charles A. Wickliffe. Buckner, born in Fauquier County, Virginia, had moved to Green County, Kentucky, in 1803, had studied law, had begun practice at Greensburg in 1811, had served in the Kentucky Legislature in 1813 and 1815, and was a member of Congress from 1823 to 1829. Defeated for re-election in 1828, he held appointment as an associate justice of the court of appeals briefly in 1829. Unsuccessful as Whig candidate for Governor in 1832, he returned to the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1837 to 1839, was appointed a State circuit judge in 1845, and held that post until his death two years later. 2 See above, II, 54n. 3 MS. faded; one or two words missing. 4 Frankfort Argus of Western America. Kendall's comment, in the issue of February 23, 1825, was as follows: "Adams is President. And what do you intend to say about it, asks this one and that one? Nothing at all. We have lost both our first and second choice; but we are too busy just now to march off in search of new adversaries and new adventures. So we shall leave our delegation and their constituents to make their own explanations without our interference one way or the other." 5 William T. Barry. 6 See above, Blair to Clay, February 11, 1825, and note. ? John Trimble was succeeded as circuit judge by Henry O. Brown, member of the house of representatives for Harrison County, who assumed his new duties at the regular term in March, 1825, and presided at the second trial of Isaac Desha the following year. 8 Shortly after passage of the legislation establishing the new court (above, III, 902 and note), numerous protest meetings had been organized—in Washington, Garrard (including representatives from Lincoln and Mercer), Whitley, Madison, Shelby, Scott, Bourbon, Harrison, Bracken, Estill, Henry, Mason, Woodford, Fleming, and Grayson counties, as well as in the towns of Louisville and Lexington. Several of these had been countered by meetings endorsing the change, and Green County sentiment was cited particularly for such a stand. Frankfort Argus of Western America, February 23, 1825, quoting recent mail. 9 The former Mary B. Woolfolk, of Jefferson County, Kentucky. She had died October 13, 1823. 10 MS. torn; possibly one or two words missing.

From [Daniel Drake] Dear Sir Lexington February 20h. 1825 When you shall have, or have not, glanced your eye into Mr. Bests little book,1 with this transmitted to you, please to forward it to our common friend, Dr. Godman,2 for whom it is designed. We have had the misfortune to lose Profr Brown.3 He delivered a final valedictory to the class on friday and will send in his resignation perhaps tomorrow. I did all in my power to prevent such a consummation; and greatly fear that we shall suffer from it, by a diminution in our future classes. As it is of great importance that a chair so fundamental as that of

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Theory & practice of Medicine, should not be suffered to remain vacant for any considerable length of time; and as it is probable that our Trustees will not fill it in your absence, I hope you will be here by the first monday of April, that an election may then be held.4 On the early and judicious selection of a successor for Piof. B. much of the prosperity of our school, in future, must depend. We have a class of 234 pupils. Mr. Mathews5 I am happy to say fulfills the expectations under which he was elected. For the last 3 weeks he has been indisposed; but is now convalescent. I am of course delighted with the final result of the Presidential election. It is agreeable to your friends that you should, at last, have given them the best man of the three returned to the House; and it is something that he who defeated your election, should himself be defeated. The Kremer, and McDuffie? [sic]6 Conspiracy is perfectly consonant with the whole system of operations & expedients, by which the return to the House, of the Tennessee Candidate,7 was effected. His friends here are in a state of equal irritation and dismay. The former, at least, will soon subside. Decisive blows do not in general produce lingering effects. I have no doubt that all the Mississippi states except Ten. will sustain you in the great act of Umpirage which you have so daringly performed. We have much speculation here on the questions whether you will be invited to a seat in the new Cabinet; and, if so, whether you will accept it. I consider the latter a great political question, involving the interests of the American System and of the states of the Interior; and am happy in believing, that your own sagacity, aided by that of the congregated friends of those two important interests, will be likely to enable you to make a correct decision. If your friends in Congress advise the step and promise to sustain you in it, I cannot doubt that it will prove in the end to be sound policy for yourself personally and for the great interests which you are destined still to represent. I consider the contest for the next presidency as now established between yourself and one other gentleman only, and every step which is taken AL (incomplete). DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). 1 Robert Best (ed.), Tables of Chemical Equivalents, Incompatible Substances, and Poisons and Antidotes; with an Explanatory Introduction (Lexington, Ky., 1825). 2 John D. Godman. 3 Samuel Brown. 4 Drake, who was serving as professor of materia medica and medical botany, himself took over Brown's courses, while Dr. Charles Wilkins Short was hired for Drake's former position. The new instructor, son of Peyton Short and nephew of Dr. Frederick Ridgely, had been born in Woodford County, Kentucky, graduated from Transylvania with honors in 1810, and, after beginning the study of medicine under Dr. Ridgely, had completed his training at the Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1815. He had been practicing medicine and conducting botanical re-

FEBRUARY 24,

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search at Hopkinsville, Kentucky, when he accepted the post at Transylvania. He succeeded Drake as dean of the Medical Department from 1827 to 1837, when he transferred to the Medical Institute in Louisville, 1838 to 1848. 5 Thomas J. Matthews. 6 George Kremer; George McDuffie. 7 Andrew Jackson.

From Amos Kendall FRANKFORT, Feb. 20th, 1825. the enclosed was written, 1 we have received the news of the result of the Presidential election. It creates very little sensation here. In Frankfort, probably half or nearly so, approve the course of our representation. Jackson's original friends are loud in their complaints, and several who were for you join them. I think in some sections of the country, there will be a considerable stir; but if the Administration is prudent it will die away. I speak of Kentucky only. There is much inquiry whether you will be offered or will accept the Secretaryship of State, and much diversity of opinion as to what you ought to do if it is offered. It seems to me, that no man here can tell what you ought to do; because it is impossible for us to know all the circumstances. Is there not a probability that Jackson may be elected by the people at the end of four years? Will not Clinton 2 unite his interest with Jackson's with the expectation that he will succeed him in the Presidency, and will not such a combination be too powerful to withstand? Will not Adams for his own safety, retain Crawford, and thereby conciliate his interest? I know nothing of these matters; but on viewing at this distance, the posture of men and parties, ideas indicated by these queries, have flitted through my mind. Your friend, &c. AMOS KENDALL. DEAR SIR:—Since

Frankfort Argus of Western America, July 2, 1828. Published also in Washington United States Telegraph, July 19, 1828; United States Telegraph-Extra, T (July 26, 1828), 309. l Above, February 19, 1825. 2 DeWitt Clinton.

To James Erwin Dr Sir Washn. 24 Feb. 1825 I reed, your letter of the 15h. Jan. 1 with the bill inclosed for $5200. drawn by Commodore S. G. Pitot,2 requesting me to put it in a train for collection. I have sent it to Mr. Palacios,3 the Consul General of Colombia, a very particular friend of mine and a worthy and highly esteemed gentleman, whose letter I transmit to you inclosed. It will be some time before the fate of it is known, which I will take care to apprize you of.

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I have not time to inform you of all the late public events, of which you will, through the papers, receive a full account. Kremer4 is an old vulgar gross drinking half dutchman half irishman, of whom I could make nothing, and whose affair has, for the present, passed off. The Department of State is offered to me, and I have determined to accept it. I shall be much abused, and I should have been more if I had declined it. My present intention is to be in Kentucky during the greater part of the month of May and until about the lOh. of June. I shall then wish to bring my family here. I should be rejoiced to meet my daughters there and Mr. Duralde 5 and yourself. I have given a letter6 of introduction to the girls to Genl. La Fayette. Tell them both that they must be very courteous and affectionate to him. Give my love to Anne. Yr's Affectionately James Erwin Esqr. H. CLAY ALS. THi. l Not found. 2 Not identified. 3 Leandro Palacios, who had taken up this post in the spring of 1823, after holding appointment as agent for Colombia in France in 1821. 4 George Kremer. 5 Anne Brown Clay Erwin; Susan Hart Clay Duralde; Martin Duralde (Jr.). 6 Not found. Cf. below, Clay to Bledsoe and others, April 7, 1825.

To Hubbard Taylor Dear Sir Washn. 25 Feb. 25 I reed, and thank you for your letter of the 22d Ulto. 1 You will have heard of the event of the P. question. I am greatly flattered by the confidence reposed in me by my Clarke2 friends and yourself, to vote according to my best judgment. That I have done, and shall be happy if in that instance I obtain their approbation. I have that of my deliberate convictions. I am offered and shall accept the Dept. of State. They will abuse me for it; but they would have abused me more, and I think with more reason, if I had declined it. I hope to see my friends in May or June. Your's faithfy. H. CLAY H. Taylor Esq. ALS. TxU.

l Not found.

2 Clark County, Kentucky.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

February 25, 1825

W. SIBLEY, Rochester (New York), urges transfer of the appointment for publication of the laws from "Mr. O[ran]. Follett, the printer of the 'Spirit of the Times' at Batavia" to himself as proprietor of the Rochester Monroe Republican. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Addressed to Clay as Secretary of State. The printing contract for the Nineteenth Congress, First Session, was awarded to Sibley, partner of Derick Sibley as proprietor of the Monroe Republican. Follett had established the Spirit of the Times in 1819.

L[EVI]

FEBRUARY 26,

1825

83

To George W. Featherstonhaugh My dear Sir Washington 26 Feb. 1825 I recognize in your letter of the 20h. inst.1 a new proof which I duly appreciate of your friendly regard of me. Personally I do not know Mr. Lockwood.2 He became my unsolicited correspondent, and I saw in his letters marks of zeal and intelligence, and integrity. I regret if I have been deceived in him; but I do not think that he has any letter from me, which, being properly interpreted by its contents and circumstances, can do me any injury. Such a correspondent, if he be unworthy, is one of the misfortunes of public life. What can one do but to answer civilly and kindly letters which breathe nothing but disinterested zeal and devotion? I have accepted the Department of State, if the appointmt. shd. be confirmed. I hesitated, but finally concluded that they would abuse me at any rate, and more if I declined than if I accepted. Mr. Adams, I am persuaded, will strive, by the wisdom and prudence of his measures, to deprive opposition of all just cause of complaint. A fair trial and an impartial decision are all that is asked. Your's faithfly. H. CLAY G. W. Featherstonhaugh Esqr. ALS. CSmH.

1 Not found.

2 Ralph I. Lockwood.

From Samuel J. Donaldson Dr Sir Balto Feby 26h 1825 On my return to Baltimore, the arrangements made by you & myself1 were Submitted to those who were principally interested in the Estate of Messrs Saml & Robt Purviance which, I am happy to add were approved of by them. On Consultation with Messrs Jno Purviance & Moale,2 we have thought it Expedient, that for the purpose of relieving yourself from this Trust, you Should address a Petition to "The Hon Theodorick Bland Chancellor of Maryland" praying to be discharged from it 8c Stating the reasons which make it inconvenient for you further to attend to it. This Petition you Can send to me & one on behalf of the Creditors will be prepared here, Shewing their Consent to your Withdrawing from the Trust & praying for the appointment of another Trustee in your place. I have been named as your Successor, & if appointed shall advise you of it when you Can Convey to me the Lands purchased by you for the Trust and Which you have not Since Sold. this perhaps had better be done in Kentucky, and you Can at the Same time Execute the Mortgage as agreed on at Washington & have them recorded according to the Laws of Your State.

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In writing, Oblige me by mentioning the name of Some person, who would be a Suitable Agent in Kentucky for the Sale of the residue of the Lands, & if in possession of any papers Shewing the Quantity or locality of them I will thank you to forward them. You were good Enough to Offer me in one of our interviews, Copies of the Reports of Sales made by the Comrs under the Decree in the Case of Moale Trustee vs Purviance, which I then declined taking Supposing they Could be readily had here. In this I was mistaken & should be glad to have them if not wanted by you. Copies of our Agreement & the Account were addressed to you under Cover which Mr Handy 3 promised to Send to you. If they have not been received (by mentioning it when you write) others Shall be prepared & forwarded. I am Sir very respectfully yours Henry Clay Esq SAML J. DONALDSON ALS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R13). l See above, Agreement, February 16, 1825. 2 Samuel Moale. 3 Not identified. The family was prominent on the Maryland peninsula.

From John Binns Dr. Sir Phila. Feby 27-1825. I wrote to Mr. Markley1 yesterday on a subject which shall occupy this letter and I requested him to ask you for what information you could furnish. Further reflections induce me to write you directly and thus open two sources of information. I know that immediately on the adjournment of Congress an attack will be opened, on the Admistration [sic] of Mr. Adams, in this State from every press, which can be commanded by Ingham, Kremer2 & Co. I need not say how important it is that this attack should be met promptly with all the facts and all the ability which can be mustered. If this be not done, the presses of the State will be enlisted and public opinion influenced so decidedly that it may hereafter be difficult indeed to divert them into other channels. If I have the materials I will instantly repel the attack and what I write will at once find its way into nearly one half the papers and thus we shall ensure a hearing which I trust is all we shall want. I have already taken some pains so to impress the Govr.3 and our State Admn. as to make them feel that they have an interest in turning the current agst Kremer inasmuch as some of Genl. Jackson's original friends seriously contemplate runing [sic] Kremer, on Jackson's interest as the next Govr. of Pena. You will at once perceive how much this intention on the one side and the consequent resistance on the other will tend to embark feeling & zeal in the question which in the first instance will only appear to be an attack by Kremer on

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you although in truth it will involve so many other interests and feelings. I learn from Washington that McDuffie4 & Ingham wrote Kremers letter, that in the copy made by Kremer and sent to the Committee 6 he had misspelled many words and that the corrections of the spelling were in the hand writing of McDuffie. As that letter is in possession of the Come, and you have several friends on it, nothing can be more easy than to have the letter examined and every thing worth noting carefully & correctly noted down and forwarded. As the house will soon adjourn the sooner this and all other information, can be obtained & forwarded the better. Yrs Truly Sc Respectfully H. Clay Esqr JOHN BINNS. ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). 1 Philip Swenk Markley, of Norristown, Pennsylvania, a member of the United States House of Representatives, 1823 to 1827. 2 Samuel D. Ingham; George Kremer. 3 John A. Shulze. 4 George McDuffie. 5 See above, Appeal, February 3, 1825, note.

To [John Quincy Adams] House of Representatives; Washington City, March 1st, 1825. The undersigned having understood, that Mr. Jeremy Robinson has been in the service of the Government, and has rendered important services in South America,1 and being impressed with a favourable opinion of the capacity and integrity of this gentleman, as well as of his thorough knowledge of the character of the people of Spanish and Portuguese America, and with the course of events in those countries, beg leave to recommend him to the President of the United States2 for any diplomatic, or other, appointment, in the public service, for which his experience, and qualifications, fit him.3— Copy. DLC-Jeremy Robinson Papers (DNA, M212, R22). 1 In 1817 Robinson had been appointed agent for commerce and seamen in Lima, Callao, and other places in South America. 2 James Monroe. 3 Signed by Clay and thirty-six other members of Congress. Robinson was nominated by President John Quincy Adams, on March 8, 1825, for the post of consul of the United States at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; the nomination was confirmed the following day. Cf. below, Clay to Silsbee, April 21, 1825, note. Rorn at Boxford, Massachusetts, Robinson at this date resided in Virginia.

To Samuel Smith Dear Sir H. of R. 1 Mar. 25. I received your note 1 respecting our friend Mr. Hughes, towards

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whom I retain, with unabated force, the kind dispositions which I have ever cherished. On the details of the appointments to which you refer I have had as yet but little conversation with Mr. Adams; but if in the arrangements which may be made for the public service any thing can be done (as I am inclined to think there may be) to promote his ease and comfort, and at the same time the public interest, be assured of my sincere desire to embrace the opportunity of effecting an object which would be so agreeable to me2— With great regard I am faithfy Yrs The Honble Genl Smith

H. CLAY

ALS. DLC-Samuel Smith Papers (DNA, M212, R22). 1 Not found. 2 On March 5 Christopher Hughes (Jr.) was nominated Charge d'Affaires to the Netherlands; the proposed appointment was confirmed on March 7. Following the death of Hughes' father (see below, Oliver to Clay, March 12, 1825, note), the son had dropped the "Jr.," which had heretofore been attached, somewhat irregularly, to his signature. APPLICATIONS,

RECOMMENDATIONS

[ca. March 1, 1825]

T. L. F. HIGGINS, "Washington City," solicits a clerkship. States that he resided in Maryland "till a few days ago." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2) . Dated "March 1825." Cover addressed to Clay. Higgins, not further identified, received no appointment.

Remarks on Bill to Establish Navy Yard [March 2, 1825] Cited in Register of Debates, 18 Cong., 2 Sess., 738. The House, in Committee of the Whole at an evening session, had taken up a bill from the Senate, providing for the establishment of a navy yard at Pensacola. Clay participated in the debate, his remarks not recorded; and, after the bill had been changed to authorize location of the navy yard at any point "on the coast of Florida, in the gulf of Mexico," he spoke in its support. The measure was passed and, with Senate concurrence in the amendment, was enacted on March 3, 1825. 4 U. S. Stat., 127.

Resolution of Thanks from the House of Representatives [March 3, 1825] Resolved, That the thanks of this House be presented to the Honorable Henry Clay, for the able, impartial, and dignified manner, in which he has presided over its deliberations, and performed the arduous and important duties of the chair during the present session of Congress AD by Philip S. Markley. DNA, RG233, HR 18A-B4. Published in U.S. H. of Reps., Journal, 18 Cong., 2 Sess., 309; Register of Debates, 18 Cong., 2 Sess., 739.

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1825

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Remarks on Adjourning the House of Representatives [March 3, 1825] For the honorable testimony which you have been pleased this day to express to my official conduct in this highly distinguished station, I pray you to accept my profound acknowledgments. Near fourteen years, with but two comparatively short intervals, the arduous duties of the chair have been assigned to me. In that long period, of peace and of war, causes, from without and within, of great public excitement, have, occasionally, divided our councils, disturbed our harmony, and threatened our safety. Happily, however, past dangers, which appeared to encompass us, were dispelled, as I anxiously hope those of the present will be, in a spirit of mutual forbearance, moderation, and wisdom. The debates in this House, to which those causes gave rise, were sometimes ardent and animated; but amidst all the heats and agitations produced by our temporary divisions, it has been my happy fortune to experience, in an unexampled degree, the kindness, the confidence, and the affectionate attachment of the members of the House. Of the numerous decisions which I have been called upon to pronounce from this place, on questions often suddenly started and of much difficulty, it has so happened, from the generous support given me, that not one of them has ever been reversed by the House. I advert to this fact, not in a vain spirit of exultation, but as furnishing a powerful motive for undissembled gratitude. In retiring, perhaps for ever, from a situation with which so large a portion of my life has been associated, I shall continually revert, during the remainder of it, with unceasing respect and gratitude, to this great theatre of our public action, and with the firm belief that the public interests and the liberty of our beloved country will be safely guarded hereafter, as they have been heretofore, by enlightened patriotism. Gentlemen: In retiring to your respective families and constituents, I beg all of you, without exception, to carry with you my fervent prayers for the continuation of your lives, your health, and your happiness. GENTLEMEN:

U. S. H. of Reps., Journal, 18 Cong., 2 Sess., 314. Published also in Register of Debates, 18 Cong., 2 Sess., 739-40.

To Francis T. Brooke My dear Sir Washn. 4 Mar. 1825 I have the gratification to tell you that all my information from the West bespeaks a satisfied state of the public mind, in relation

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to the result of the late election. In Ohio the approbation of it is enthusiastic. In K. too the expression of public opinion evinces general acquiescence. I transmit to you inclosed two letters which are from Crittenden and Creighton, 1 two of the most discreet men in Ohio & K. Be pleased to shew them to Mr. Pleasants.2 Yr. friend H. CLAY ALS. KyU. Addressed on attached sheet: "The Honble Francis Brooke Richmond Va." l See above, Crittenden to Clay, February 15, 1825; Creighton to Clay, February 19, 1825. 2 Probably John H. Pleasants.

To [John Quincy Adams] Dear Sir 4 O'Clock 5 Mar. 2 5 My cold or influenza has obliged me to confine myself today to my room, and a great part of it to my bed, and to take medicine. I should otherwise have called to see you. Will you have the goodness to peruse, at your leisure, the inclosed letter from Mr. Rochester,1 one of the most intelligent members of the N. York delegation in the H. of R. in the 17h. Congress, and now one of the Judges of the Superior Courts of that State? His venerable father,2 whose name has been confered [sic] on one of the most flourishing villages in the Western part of N. York, of which he is an inhabitant, is one of the purest and best men I ever knew. The son is worthy of the sire. I am Your ob. Servant H. CLAY. ALS. MHi-Adams Papers, Letters Received (MR468). 1 William B. Rochester; letter not found. 2 Nathaniel Rochester.

To [James Barbour] Sir Washn. 5 Mar. 1825 The name of the soldier, for whose release Mr. Letcher 1 had the goodness to apply at my instance some days ago is Joseph Parkinson2 of the 4h. Company of Artillery commanded by Capt. Morris3 and stationed at St. Augustine. His sister4 is willing to refund bounty &c. and conform to any other reasonable condition. I have the honor to be Your obedient Servt. H. CLAY The Honble Secy of War. ALS. DNA, RG94, Letters Received, 1825, no. 5. Endorsed on cover: "Adjt Gl. apply the rule in similar cases. By order C[hristopher]. V[an de Venter, a native of New York, Chief Clerk in the War Department]." For Barbour's appointment to the Cabinet, see below, Commission, March 7, 1825, note. i Robert P. Letcher. 2 Probably of Mercer County, Kentucky.

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3 William Walton Morris, born at Ballston Springs, New York, and graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1820, had been raised to the rank of first lieutenant in 1823 and assigned to the Fourth Artillery in July, 1824; but he did not attain the permanent rank of captain until 1836. He remained on Army duty until his death in 1865, with the permanent rank of colonel, brevetted a major general. 4 Not identified.

INSTRUCTIONS

AND DISPATCHES

March 5, 1825

From RICHARD RUSH, London, no. 423. Encloses copies of correspondence with William Huskisson, member of Parliament and (from 1823 to 1827) president of the Board of Trade, relating to inquiries made by the United States consul at Liverpool (James Maury); reports further conversation with Huskisson, in which the latter has warned that if a recent recommendation by the Treasury Department to Congress be enacted so as "to discriminate between citizens of the United States and foreigners in the collection of duties upon our imports, by continuing to give credits on bond to the former, but to demand immediate payment from the latter," Great Britain would deem it "at variance with the spirit of the subsisting treaty between the two countries and . . . she would have to meet it by some measure of counteraction." ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Great Britain, vol. 32 (M30, R28) . Addressed to Secretary of State; received April 19. The enclosed correspondence concerns the interpretation of regulations on tonnage duties with respect to vessels carrying passengers and baggage, only, or in ballast, Huskisson assuming a liberal position which absolved such vessels from duty. His accompanying protest related to a letter from William H. Crawford to Clay, as Speaker of the House of Representatives, on December 14, 1824, in which the Secretary of the Treasury, answering a House resolution of inquiry about the losses incurred on credits extended for importation duties, had argued against "abolishing or curtailing the credits now given for duties" but had perceived "no sufficient reason . . . [for] continuing it [a credit] to foreigners, who are not domiciliated in the republic. A discrimination, in this respect, between citizens of the United States and others," he had commented, "would tend to confine the commerce of the nation to its own citizens, and would aid in restraining the practice of shipping merchandise to this country, upon consignment, for foreign account, which has hitherto been found to interfere with the interests of our own regular merchants." House Docs., 18 Cong., 2 Sess., no. 13, p. 3.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

March 5, 1825

P. LETCHER, Washington, recommends Joseph Duncan for appointment as register of the land office in Illinois. LS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). Duncan, born in Paris, Kentucky, had served in the War of 1812 and, in 1818, had moved to Illinois, where he became a farmer in Jackson County. He had been a justice of the peace (1821-1823), was a member of the State legislature (1824-1826), and, as a Jackson Democrat, became a member of Congress (18271834) and Governor of Illinois (1834-1838). He did not receive the Federal appointment here sought for him. ROBERT

J. PEARCE, Washington, recommends Richard Fitzpatrick, of Key West, as United States marshal in Florida. ALS. Ibid. (MR2). Pearce, of Newport, Rhode Island, elected a member of the United States House of Representatives DUTEE

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for the term beginning March 4, 1825, served in Congress until March 3, 1837. He had been State attorney general from 1819 until 1825 and, on January 3, 1825, had been appointed Federal district attorney for the District of Rhode Island. Fitzpatrick, not further identified, received no appointment. March 6, 1825

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

From CHARLES SAVAGE, Guatemala (City). Announces his arrival on February 22, after a voyage from Boston of five months, involving "two partial shipwrecks"; his accreditation on March 5; and the probability of delay in supplying the information requested "in relation to the American commerce in this Republic." ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Guatemala, vol. 1 (M-T337, Rl). Addressed to Secretary of State; received May 27.

Commission as Secretary of State [March 7, 1825] John Quincy Adams, President of the United States of America. To all who shall see these presents, Greeting: Know Ye, That reposing special Trust and Confidence in the Patriotism, Integrity and Abilities of Henry Clay, of Kentucky, I have nominated and by and with the advice and Consent of the Senate, do appoint him Secretary of State; and do authorize and empower him to execute and fulfil the duties of that Office according to law; and to Have and to Hold the said Office, with all the powers, privileges and emoluments to the same of right appertaining unto him the said Henry Clay, during the pleasure of the President of the United States for the time being. In Testimony whereof, I have caused these Letters to be made patent, and the Seal of the United States to be hereunto affixed. Given under my hand at the City of Washington the Seventh day of March A.D. 1825; and of the Independence of the United States of America, the Forty Ninth. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.

DS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). President Adams had sent to the Senate on March 5 a list of nominations to three Cabinet posts (Clay, Secretary of State; Richard Rush, Secretary of the Treasury; and James Barbour, Secretary of War) and various other offices. The only evidence of opposition to these appointments came in the vote, March 7, confirming Clay as Secretary of State by a tally of twenty-seven to fourteen. Andrew Jackson had been among those opposing the nomination. Pending the return of Rush from England, Samuel L. Southard was appointed acting Secretary of the Treasury, in addition to continuing his duties as Secretary of the Navy.

From Francis Preston Blair My dear Sir Frankfort March 7. 1825 Your letter of the 19 to Kendall1 brought the first certain intelli-

MARCH 7,

1825

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gence of your determination to accept the appointment of secy, of State. I rejoice most sincerely that you so determined— I wrote to white2 some time since, that it was decidedly my opinion that you should accept on your account, that of your friends & your country— I rejoice to find that I was but uniting my voice to that of your other friends. The Jackson party among us are quite vociferous— reiterate the Kremer3 abuse, & seem to consider that your acceptance of the Office of Secretary, a greater outrage, than even defeating the election of General Jackson. As it regards themselves, I really beleive [sic] they think rightly. For the latter only prevented the General for the present, the first circumstance will I greatly hope cut off his [prospects]4 forever. Your friends here all concur in the wish to see you Secretary of State, & I have no doubt but the great mass of those throughout the State who preferred Jackson next to yourself will feel that they & the Country have more than an equivalent in your appointment for the loss of the election in the house, on the part of the Western Candidate— All attacks here on the administration with which you have connected yourself will be easily made to recoil on the assailants. Your present Situation & future prospects are advantages in which the whole West participate & of which it will make the most by cherishing your popularity. I have remarked an attempt in the Washington Gazette to alienate from you the majority here opposed to the late Judges5— From certain indices afforded by the peice [sic] although it is an editorial article, I am convinced that it is the production of some sinister Kentucky enemy of yours— From such hands we might expect such attempts; but I was astonished at the paragraph by which your note to Judge Brooks [sic] was ushered to the public6— Is it possible that Judge Brooks could have written it? If he did he is mistaken as to facts for when some of the relief party were persuaded from bringing forward the resolutions they were at last introduced by one of the pillars of "the temple of liberty" as the Judge would call him—one of the Judge party & was supported by most of them7— Now that you are loaded with the correspondence of half the world, I fear that you will feel the idle letters of your friends an irksome addition. Yet you must allow me now & then the privilege to indulge the vanity I feel in being remembered by you & to bring my self to your recollection by a letter that shall reach you on a holy day— An anniversary congratulation I shall consider as a right8— When do you expect to return to Kentucky? We want some occasion such as your return or the arrival of LaFayette8 to call us off awhile from from [sic] party strife— Your men of order, have become the most outrageous fellows in the world— They threaten

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on the first Monday in April to arm themselves with the orders of the ex-Court & to punish the iniquities of the whole Judge breaking crew, by laying pains & penalties on a certain poor Clerk of your acquaintance.10 As I have got into the courts allow me to ask to whom you will leave your professional mantle in Kentucky? Is not Crittenden11 the ablest & worthiest to bear it? The Bank of the United States I think owes him some favors, for to my certain knowledge he has presented it with several gratuities on behalf of some of its insolvent debtors— I should be pleased to see his profession made profitable for during the term of your presidency I should be glad to see him enabled to go into the counsels of his country that he might add to the glory & lustre of his state— I am sorry Rush12 is appointed secretary of the Treasury Do command in any thing in which I can be serviceable to you— The marks of your confidence & kindness have been many to me, & every time you shall put in my power to be grateful will confer a new obligation— In haste Your affectionate friend F. P. BLAIR

ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). 1 Amos Kendall; letter not found. 2 David White, Jr. 3 George Kremer. 4 Word not clear. 5 John Boyle, Benjamin Mills, and William Owsley. An editorial had asserted that Clay had rallied support for Adams with "the assurance . . . that the defeat of Gen. Jackson was essential to ensure the triumph of the judge party in Kentucky." Washington Gazette, February 14, 1825. Reference is here made to the supporters of the old court. Cf. above, III, 902n. 6 The note "To the Editors of the Richmond Enquirer," prefacing a request for publication of Clay's letter to Francis T. Brooke, January 28, 1825, spoke of Clay's decision "to vote for Mr. Adams, in the face of instructions from a dominant party in Kentucky; a party who have prophaned the temple of their liberty, by putting down their constitution. . . ." Reprinted in Lexington Kentucky Gazette, March 3, 1825. 7 John Jordan Crittenden had introduced the resolutions (see above, III, 901-902) in the Kentucky House of Representatives on December 24. The votes in their support had been decisive and had included members of both the relief and antirelief forces. Ky. H. of Reps., Journal, 1824-1825, pp. 455, 496-98. 8 Probably a reference to their shared birthday anniversary, April 12. 9 See above, Barry to Clay, January 10, 1825, note. 10 See above, III, 902 and note. The judges of the old court at the April term decided against undertaking measures to regain their records from Blair, who with other officers of the new court had been indicted on February 7, in Franklin Circuit ' Court, for seizing the papers from the office of Achilles Sneed. Rejecting "the singular spectacle of those clothed with the garb of peace officers of the country, warring against each other and applying and resisting physical force, and thus endangering the peace and good order of society," the old court called upon the electorate in the approaching August contest to render a verdict upon the actions of the preceding legislature. Apart from continuances and interlocutory decrees, judicial actions of this court were suspended until October. The judges' statement was published in Lexington Kentucky Reporter, April 5, 1825. 11 John J. Crittenden. Cf. below, Clay to Todd, March 27, 1825. 12 Richard Rush. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

March 7, 1825

From P[ETER] A. BROWNE, corresponding secretary of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts, Philadelphia.

MARCH 8,

1825

93

Protesting against the refusal of employees of the Patent Office to release for publication the specifications of patented inventions prior to expiration of the patent, charges that these officers are ignorant of the law, partial, and inconsistent in their application of the regulations. LS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R62).

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

March 7, 1825

JAMES DEWOLF, Washington, transmits a letter from George McKinley (not

identified; the letter not found), urging the propriety of appointing a commercial agent for the United States to reside at Puerto Plata, Santo Domingo; recommends McKinley for the post should an appointment be made. LS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1). No commercial agent was named for this port, and no appointment was given to McKinley.

To Nicholas Biddle Dear Sir Washington 8h. March 1825 As I am about to enter upon the duties of an office which will put it out of my power to render the services any longer to the Bank, which I have heretofore performed as its Counsel, in the States of Ohio and Kentucky, I think it right to apprize you of the termination of that relation from this day. It is my intention to be in Kentucky, during the sitting of the Court in May, at which time I will do any thing in my power to enable my successor1 to complete whatever professional business, confided to my care, remains to be finished. In the mean time I will take pleasure, by correspondence, with the Bank or with its officers and agents, in those two states, to afford any information or assistance that I may be capable of rendering. I have drawn in favor of the office here for $2000 upon the Bank $1500 of that sum being the residue of my compensation for the year terminating on the 31st. Deer, last and $500 on account of what has since accrued. I have the honor to be with great respect Your obedient Servant H. CLAY Nicholas Biddle Esqr. &c. &c. &c. ALS. PHi. Endorsed: "reed March 10. 1825." i Cf. below, Clay to Todd, March 27, 1825.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

March 8, 1825

From HUGH NELSON, Madrid, no. [53]. Encloses copies of documents relating to the practice of "exacting bonds from American Shipmasters entering the ports of Spain with goods in transit," to "the outrage" suffered by the Secretary of Legation on his way to Paris with dispatches for the American Government, to "a demand made at Cadiz, for the tonnage duty on the Brig Dick [of New York] entering that port in distress," and to an attempt at Barcelona to exact from American vessels a double payment of duty. Reports on the ill health of

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the King (Ferdinand VII). Notes that English recognition of the South American States has made a deep impression, that Spain desires a rupture between the continental powers and Great Britain, that "something is in preparation between France and Spain," that "Mr Heredia the new Minister to the United States has not yet left," and that the government is compiling evidence to use in pressing claims "which they pretend to set up for injuries sustained by naval equipments in the ports of the United States." LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Spain, vol. 24 (M31, R26). Addressed to Secretary of State; received May 6. The Secretary of Legation (since 1822), John James Appleton, of Massachusetts, en route from Madrid to the United States with diplomatic dispatches, had been requested by the French gendarmerie at Buitrago to surrender his passport and, upon his refusal, had been arrested. Notice of the British Cabinet's decision to recognize Buenos Aires, Mexico, and Colombia as independent states had been transmitted to the Spanish Foreign Minister on December 31, 1824 (see below, Brown to Secretary of State, March 22, 1825) and to the London representatives of the continental powers during the next month; it had been announced publicly in Parliament on February 7, 1825. The first formal act of recognition was accorded in the exchange of ratifications of a commercial treaty with the Government of Buenos Aires, on May 11, 1825, the treaty having been signed the preceding February 2. Harold Temperley, The Foreign Policy of Canning, 1822-1827 . . . (London, 1925), 147, 151, 499. The Chevalier Jose de Heredia, whose appointment had been announced in November, 1824, did not assume his post; Hilario de Rivas y Salmon, former Secretary of Legation, who had performed the duties as Charge d'Affaires since 1821, continued until he was relieved by Francisco Tacon, as Minister Resident, in July, 1827. Tacon in 1825 was serving as a commissioner for the Spanish Government in London. From RICHARD RUSH, London, no. 424. Encloses a copy of a note of March 5 from (George) Canning, British Foreign Secretary (1822-1827; Prime Minister, 1827, when he died), in reply to Rush's note of February 25, relative to the St. Petersburg Convention (see above, III, 736n). ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Great Britain, vol. 32 (M30, R28). Addressed to Secretary of State. Canning's note explains that in view of the British Government's "earnest desire . . . to act up both to the letter and spirit of the 3rd article of the convention," he will present Rush's "renewed representation" to the Board of Admiralty. The third article of the convention provided that, after the average value of the slaves had been fixed, the commissioners were to constitute a board to examine claims and the British Government was "to cause to be produced before the Commission, as material towards ascertaining facts, all the evidence of which His Majesty's Government may be in possession . . . of the number of Slaves carried away." Miller (ed.), Treaties. . . , III, 98-99. Rush's note to Canning on February 25 had protested against the stand taken by the British Commissioner, (George) Jackson, who had contended that the reproduction of certain documents requested from the British archives for presentation to the board by the American claimants "would take so much time as to defeat, probably, the object of the application," the documents "being so voluminous that they could not or would not be transmitted identically." DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Great Britain, vol. 32 (M30, R28).

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

March 8, 1825

From WILLIAM P. DUVAL, Washington City. Endorses a claim by Thomas

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Murphy for compensation for services as clerk to the Governor of Florida. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R62). Published in Carter (ed.), Territorial Papers. . . , XXIII, 211-12. Murphy not further identified.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

March 8, 1825

Baltimore, recommends John Pendleton Kennedy for the mission to Sweden. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1). Barney, son of Joshua Barney, was a member of Congress from Maryland (1825-1829). Kennedy, son of John Kennedy of Baltimore, was a lawyer and former member of the Maryland Legislature; he later became a Congressman (1838-1839, 1841-1845), Secretary of the Navy (1852-1853), and a well known author. JOHN BARNEY,

J[EREMY] ROBINSON encloses

a copy of a note sent to the President because, at the time he wrote it, there was no acting Secretary of State. ALS. Ibid. (MR3). In the enclosure, dated March 7, Robinson solicits appointment as Charge to Peru. Cf. above, Clay and others to Adams, March 1, 1825, note; below, Clay to Silsbee, April 21, 1825, note. Washington, stating a belief that it would give Clay "pleasure to do an Act of kindness to Mr. Jefferson," recommends appointment of Thomas Jefferson's grandnephew, Dabney Carr, who is also Smith's nephew, as successor to Christopher Hughes. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1) . Dabney Smith Carr, born in Albemarle County, Virginia, had begun a business career in Smith's employ. The young man founded the Baltimore Republican and Commercial Advertiser in support of Andrew Jackson in 1827, was appointed naval officer for the port of Baltimore in 1829, and in 1843 became Minister to Turkey. SAMUEL SMITH,

From Alexander Armstrong and Samuel Potts Hon. Henry ClaySt. Clairsville, O, March 9, 1825. Sir, Mr. Patterson,1 late Representative in Congress from this District, has returned home, and informs that there are two Candidates before the Executive for the appointment of Superintendant of the Road from Wheeling towards Zanesville. One a gentleman living near Harpers Ferry, and the other a Citizen of Wheeling: and that Mr. Ruggles2 and Mr. Patterson had signed the recommendation of the latter. The intelligence that our immediate Representatives had united in the recommendation of Mr. M Lure 3 of Wheeling, was received here with general astonishment. We should suppose that a moments consideration would have satisfied them that a Superintendant from abroad would be much more acceptable here, than any man resident at Wheeling. It was sufficiently obvious, that the proximity of Wheeling to this place, added to the circulation of Cash there, occasioned by the construction of the Road east of the Ohio, and the throng of strangers from navigation and the use of the Cumberland Road, operated for some years to affect severely the business and property on this side the river. In fact a large proportion of the

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business of this county was transacted at Wheeling for two or three years. The last year or two has witnessed a considerable check to this unnatural course of business. There is no longer a general monopoly of the business of this county at Wheeling. The prospect of an appropriation for the road, which might operate to some extent in equalizing matters between the two places, was always regarded with much interest. But if a Superintendant should be appointed at Wheeling, he can make his deposits there; he can pay contractors in checks on Wheeling, he can supply the wants of the hands on the road by remittances of merchandize and country fabrics from that place; and by throwing us again under the power of Wheeling he can prevent us from obtaining a fair participation of the advantages which have heretofore been enjoyed in a higher degree (from more extravagant expenditures) in the neighbourhood of the Road east of the Ohio. Wheeling in particular has reaped decisive advantages from that Road. By the appointment of a Superintendant at Wheeling, the power will be vested in his hands, (and the people there have acquired skill in the use of advantages) to draw to that place most of the profits of the expenditure for the construction of the Road on this side of the River. This is called a Western Road, and is to be made in a Western State. But will a Wheeling Superintendant manage the business so as to dispense the benefits of the expenditure] in Ohio, or will he endeavour to secure as much to Virginia as may be? It may, then, be readily seen, how much more desirable it would be, to have a Superintendant from abroad, who would have no rival interest to support. Any foreigner of the proper character ought to have been preferred by our Representatives. They have improperly, and inconsiderately as we suppose, yielded to the solicitations in favour of Mr. M Lure; and we should be glad to have it understood at head quarters, that this act of theirs is wholly disapproved at home. There exists here a good deal of concern on this subject. It is a matter of public interest; and being so, we tru[st] you will forgive our intrusion upon your notice in relation to it. It may be that the appointment is still undeterm[in]ed—that you are not committed respecting it, and that you may be consulted on the subject by the proper Department. We would fain hope that the propriety of selecting a Super [in] tendant, whose local feelings and interests would not be in direct opposition to those of this section of Ohio, and whose management would not be suspected of having an eye to any local considerations, may be taken into Consideration; and that the gentleman from the east of the Mountains may be preferred. Your known sentiments in favour of securing to the Western States a reasonable participation in the public expenditures, lead us to

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believe that our objections against the appointment from Wheeling, will be regarded by you as possessing some weight. On another subject, allow us the pleasure of expressing our feelings. We would use the opportunity afforded by this communication to say, that the course pursued by yourself and friends in the Delegations of Ohio, Kentucky and Missouri, in the recent election of President, has our decided and unqualified approbation. Having had the honour of being taken into notice by the friends of "an American System," at the Meeting held in Columbus last Summer, which formed the Clay Ticket in Ohio,4 (one of us being called to act as Secretary at that meeting, and the other appointed by that meeting the Standing Committee for the County of Belmont,) we would say for ourselves and the considerate persons with whom we are in the habit of associating, that the support of Mr. Adams by the states above mentioned, appears to have been in the highest degree judicious. We presume the friends of Mr. Adams Mr Crawford and Gen Jackson, upon repeated ballottings would have tenaciously adhered to them. If O. K. & Missouri had went for Jackson (waving [sic] all objections against him) they could not have elected him. If they had went for Cra[wford]B they could not have carried him. And it seems that if [there] had been 20 or 30 ballottings these three states must have went for Adams in the end in order to effect an election.6 How much more dignified, and creditable to the government, to avoid the excitement resulting from reiterated ballottings, and go at once as it was obvious those states must eventually go? We are with sincere regard Yours ALEXR. ARMSTRONG SAM POTTS ALS by Armstrong, signed also by Potts, both of St. Clairsville, Ohio. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R62). 1 John Patterson. 2 Benjamin Ruggles, born and educated at law in Connecticut, had begun practice in Marietta, Ohio, in 1807, but shortly thereafter had removed to St. Clairsville, where he had been president judge of the court of common pleas (1810-1815) until elected to the United States Senate (1815-1833). 3 John McLure received the post of superintendent of repairs for the Cumberland Road; but Caspar W. Wever, of Washington County, Maryland, had been nominated on March 8, and confirmed on the date of this letter, as construction superintendent for the extension of the road west to Zanesville. Wever, a former member of the Maryland Legislature, resigned from service under the Federal Government in 1828, to become the first superintendent of construction for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. In 1832 and 1833, as an expert on macadamized roads, he supervised the paving of Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, District of Columbia. 4 See above, III, 798-99n. B Hole in MS. obscures this and the next bracketed word, e See above, Clay to Brooke, February 10, 1825, note.

From Robert Scott Dr. Sir, Lexington 9th. March 1825 Herewith are the Accounts of Colo. Morrison's estate with you

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as its executor for the month of February1— By them you will perceive that very little has been collected during that period.— Since their date, Jno. Hart 2 has paid his Note—in a day or two the Clarks3 will pay the bal. of theirs—that of George & Hawkins4 I left in Versailles for the purpose of having suit brought on it in time to obtain judgment at their Court for the present month, unless they should prevent it by payment— I expect they have paid at least a part of it— Atcheson5 I have sued and doubtless will have to bring suit on the Note of Browns.6 Dr. Warfield7 has not yet paid the interest on his Note— I have apprized him that I would bring suit on it in time to obtain Judgment at our March Court, unless payment of the interest should be made in time to prevent it—and have been assured that the interest would be paid within that period— I have not heard anything further from Mr Reed of Natchez since I wrote you on the subject of Butler's debt8— When a decision shall be rendered in the case of Ogden vs Sanders from the Orleans Circuit,9 I will thank you to inform me, and what the decision is, as the estate of Colo. Morrison, as well as myself are interested in i t It appears you have accepted of the appointment of Secretary of State— Of course you will not be much with us for some time to come— Individually, many of your friends will regret it; but when public good is taken into veiw [M'C]—they approve of your acceptance— There are a few malcontents amongst the Jacksonians, but am confident not to such extent as to effect [sic] your public standing— Let them growl— they cannot injure you— Confidential—I beg you if you can effect it, to procure some appointment for Mr. J.W.E.,10 as it seems to be reduced to a certainty that he never will have energy enough to do any thing in a professional way—I have not been informed, but feel pretty confident it would be very agreeable to his Aunt 11 and other connexionsAunt Morrison and family are wellvery respectfully Yr. obt Servt ROBT. SCOTT The Honble H. Clay Congress ALS. KyLxT. 1 See below, ca. June 13, 1825 (monthly accounts, ADS by Scott, may be found in KyLxT). 2 John Hart, Sr., who, with the subsequent debtors listed in this paragraph, owed the estate for purchases made at the sale at "Carlisle Farm" in October, 1823 (above, III, 488-89, 774n). 3 John (probably not the Lexington carpenter) and A. (probably Alexander) Clark, of the Tate's Creek Road, near Lexington. 4 See above, III, 503. 5 Hamilton Atchison, whose debt for stock purchases amounted to $138.00. 6 Samuel M. Brown, of Fayette County, later a post office agent at New Orleans, who had already paid part of his note and completed payment on June 9, 1825. He was the son of Joshua and Margaret Brown.

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7 Walter Warfield. s See above, III, 628; Scott to Clay, January 3, 1825. 9 See above, Boyle to Clay, January 10, 1825, note. 10 Joseph William Edmiston, a young lawyer, graduated from Yale University and, with a master's degree in 1824, from Transylvania University. He later moved to Washington, Alabama, where he died in October, 1829. 11 Mrs. James Morrison.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

March 9, 1825

From JOHN BOYER, Reading, Pennsylvania. Asks for information concerning the law for payment of Niagara claims. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R62) . See above, Porter to Clay, January 14, 1825, note.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

March 9, 1825

Washington, recommends Vincent Masi for a clerkship in the State Department. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3) . Masi, a music teacher and dancing master, for several years had operated a dance hall, offering cotillion parties, in Washington. He did not receive an appointment in the Government.

JAMES NOBLE,

Baltimore, recommends Jonah Baldwin, of Springfield, Clark County, Ohio, as a commissioner to lay out the road from Detroit to Chicago. ALS. Ibid. (MR1). Under an act approved March 3, 1825, the President had been authorized to appoint three commissioners to "explore, survey, and mark, in the most eligible course" such a road. 4 U. S. Stat., 135. Baldwin was appointed one of the three.

JOSEPH VANCE,

LEWIS WILLIAMS, Washington,

recommends Vincent Masi for a clerkship. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3) .

Circular Department of State, Washington, 10th. March, 1825. To the Foreign Ministers residing in the United States. The Undersigned has the honour of notifying the Foreign Ministers accredited to the Government of the United States, that, having been appointed Secretary of State, he has entered upon the discharge of the duties of that Office, and will be happy to receive from them such communications as they may think proper to address to him in that capacity. He avails himself, with pleasure, of the opportunity afforded him of requesting the Minister of His Majesty the King of to accept the assurance of his distinguished Consideration. HENRY CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Ministers and Consuls, vol. 3, p. 202 (M38, R3). Formal acknowledgments of the receipt of this circular, and felicitations upon the appointment, were received by Clay on March 11 from Antonio Jose Cafiaz (see below, that date); the Baron Durand de Mareuil (LS. DNA, RG59, Notes from French Legation, vol. 9 [M53, R7]); Jose Silvester Rebello (LS. DNA, RG59, Notes from

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Brazilian Legation, vol. 1 [M49, Rl]); Jose Maria Salazar (LS. DNA, RG59, Notes from Colombian Legation, vol. 1[M51, R2]); and the Baron Tuyll (LS. DNA, RG59, Notes from Russian Legation, vol. 1 [M39, Rl]); on March 12 from Pablo Obregon (LS. DNA, RG59, Notes from Mexican Legation, vol. 1 [M54, Rl]); and Hilario de Rivas y Salmon (LS. DNA, RG59, Notes from Spanish Legation, vol. 8 [M59, Rll]); on March 14 from Peter Pedersen (see below, that date).

From Nicholas Biddle Dear Sir Philada. March 10th 1825. As my occupation brings me into some familiarity with the trade between the United States and Mexico, and renders our intercourse with that Country an object of peculiar attention, I take the liberty of bringing to your notice a circumstance in relation to it, which has recently excited some uneasiness here. Our Merchants have hitherto found in Mexico a valuable market for our domestic cotton goods, which have in consequence been sent there in considerable quantities. Not long since as one of the exporters assured me there were shipped from Philada. in the course of three weeks more than $140,000 worth of these articles all of American and the greater part of Philadelphia manufacture and the trade appeared so promising, that prepartions [sic] were made for carrying it on upon a much larger scale. A vessel however has within a few days arrived from Alvarado, with intelligence, that the Custom House of that place has demanded double the duty hitherto paid.—that the Americans had refused to pay it, but had sent an appeal to the Government at Mexico, and that until the decision was known the goods were placed in depot ready to be reshipped to the U. S. in case the double duty should be exacted, as the article would not bear the additional charge on it. This sudden increase of duty on American manufactures is ascribed by our Merchants to the ascendancy of the English interest—and they believe, though they do not know the fact that an equal duty is not charged on English goods of the same description. This last consideration is however of great importance. It would certainly be unfortunate if this growing branch of commerce were destroyed by excessive duties, yet if these be general and applicable to all similar fabrics it is a cause rather of regret than complaint. But a distinction to the disadvantage of this Country is equally injurious and insidious, and it would be very hard indeed if England after a tardy acknowledgment of an independence which we were the first to proclaim should be able thus early to infuse into the legislation of Mexico any jealousy of our commerce. The late Mexican papers which I have seen, contain no act of the Congress on that subject, and the arrivals from Alvarado which are daily expected will probably bring some more satisfactory information. In the meantime I have thought it right to state to

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you the fact that American vessels, with American manufactures were according to the last accounts awaiting the decision of the Mexican Government on a charge of duties on those manufactures double that heretofore paid, and which if enforced must put an end to the exportation of those goods to Mexico. It will be for your consideration how far this state of things may require any explanations from Mr Obregon1 or any instructions to Mr Poinsett.2 The gentlemen aggrieved had actually prepared a memorial to the Government on this subject, but on considering it last evening some difference of opinion arose as to the introduction of other causes of complaint against the Mexican Government to which some persons present objected, and the memorial was not adopted. It is however too important in a national point of view to be neglected, and I therefore promised two of our most respectable merchants, who have more than $70,000 of goods affected by this change of duty that I would present the object to your attention. If any apology be needed for this trouble you will I am sure readily find it in my solicitude for the public interests with which you are now so conspicuously charged and in the consideration and regard with which I am Yours N BIDDLE Hon: Henry Clay

Secretary of State

Washington

Copy. DLC-Nicholas Biddle Papers, President's Letter Book, 216-17 (DNA, M212, R20). 1 Pablo Obregon, Mexican Minister to the United States, who had arrived in this country in the fall of 1824. 2 Joel R. Poinsett, appointed on March 8, 1825, as Minister to Mexico.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

March 10, 1825

To RICHARD RUSH, no. 1. Informs him of his appointment as Secretary of the Treasury and requests his return to the United States no later than June. Encloses "Letters of recredence, to be used on . . . taking leave; when . . . [he is to] assure the British Government that the President is animated with a sincere desire to to [sic] maintain, and, if possible, to give fresh vigour, to the amicable relations which happily exist between the two Governments." This communication is being carried by George S. Watkins, as special messenger. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, pp. 224-25 (M77, R5) . Another version, ALS draft, may be found in DCL-HC (DNA, M212, R 7 ) . Watkins was appointed a clerk in the State Department May 8, 1827, and held that post until discharged by the Jackson administration, effective May 1, 1829. His name was inserted in this document in place of that of Edward Wyer, crossed out. See below, Clay to Adams, March 11, 1825. From ROBERT MONROE HARRISON, Antigua.

Reports condemnation of the

brig Liberty of Kennebunk (Maine) at this place on February 7 and the requirement that full tonnage be paid on it despite the fact that it had been forced into harbor "by distress of weather, and in a sinking state. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Antiqua, vol. 1 (M-T327, R l ) . Addressed to John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State; received April 25. Harrison, a Virginian and

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former naval officer (1799-1801), had held posts as United States consul on the islands of St. Thomas (appointed in 1816) and St. Bartholomew (appointed in 1821) before assuming the same position for the islands of St. Christopher and Antigua in 1823. He returned to the consular office at St. Bartholomew from 1827 to 1831, when he was transferred to Kingston, Jamaica, where he died in 1858. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

March 10, 1825

From MATHEW CAREY, RICHARD PETERS, JR., and JOSEPH HEMPHILL, on behalf of the Pennsylvania Society for the Promotion of Internal Improvements, Philadelphia. Ask Clay for a letter of introduction for William Strickland, who goes to Europe as agent of the Society to study canals, railways, roads, and bridges. Attested by Gerard Ralston, corresponding secretary. LS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R62). Peters, son of Judge Richard Peters, was solicitor of Philadelphia County before succeeding Henry Wheaton as United States Supreme Court Reporter, in 1827. His numerous compilations and other works include Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court of the United States, 1828 to 1842 (16 vols., 1828-1842) . Strickland, an artist, engineer, and architect, is best remembered for his work in the field of Greek Revival architecture. His early training had been under Benjamin H. Latrobe. APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

March 10, 1825

"Stafford near Port Deposit," Maryland, solicits appointment as receiver or register of public lands in East Florida. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1). Williams, formerly a prominent merchant of Baltimore, did not receive an appointment. On March 16 Daniel Brent replied that he had been directed by the Secretary to state "that it is not the present purpose of the Executive to open a Land Office in East Florida or make appointments for such an Office immediately. . . ." Copy, in DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 5-6 (M40, R19).

JAMES WILLIAMS,

To [John Quincy Adams] Dear Sir 11 Mar. 1825. Mr. Wyer declines being messenger to England,1 and has given publicity, I understand, in the City, to the offer and to the fact of his declining it. Dr. Watkins2 would be gratified if his son George S. was designated for that service. Altho' I have not thought it very necessary to send the despatch to Mr. Rush,3 by a special messenger, perhaps the facts that, in a former instance, that was done, and the publicity given in this to what was contemplated might make it expedient. If you think so, I should be glad if Dr. Watkins's son could be employed on the occasion. Your obedient Servant The President. ALS. MHi-Adams Papers, Letters Received (MR468). 1 See above, Clay to Rush, March 10, 1825, note. 2 Tobias Watkins. 3 Above, March 10, 1825.

H. CLAY

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From Nicholas Biddle Dear Sir, Bank of the United States March 11. 1825 Your letter of the 8th inst. is received. Though prepared to anticipate the contents of it, and already apprized by you personally that your services would not be required after the present year, I cannot see without regret the dissolution of your professional connection with the Bank. I have long known & appreciated your services, & have uniformly borne a willing testimony, that the remuneration for them, liberal as it was designed to be, has been amply earned. To myself individually, it has been a source of great satisfaction to repose with such entire reliance on your abilities & judgment in managing the important concerns entrusted to you. These sentiments are shared by all who have been charged with the administration of the Bank—and I am accordingly instructed, by an unanimous vote of the Board this day, to convey to you the expression of their entire satisfaction at the able & faithful manner in which you have uniformly discharged your professional duties to the institution. Wishing you the same success in the new & brilliant career on which you are entering, I remain, With great respect Yrs N BIDDLE Prest. Honble Henry Clay Secretary of State Washington Cola. ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl).

From Antonio Jose Canaz Washington Marzo 11 de 1825. Legon. del centro de america Honorl. Sor. Henry Clay Secretario de Estado. Por la nota1 con que el Sr. Clay me favo recio el dia de ayer, he tenido la pura satisfaccion de saber que se haya posesionado del alto destino de Secretario de Estado de este Supremo Gobierno para que fue nombrado. Si toda la Union debe prometerse las conciderables ventajas que producira el sabis desempeno de tan importante negociado digno de las acreditadas manos del Sr. Clay, la America toda del sur i del centro que ha visto en el el amigo de su independencia, debe penetrarse de gozo i congratularse al verlo elevado al destino a que lo llamo su merito. Yo le felicito cordialmente en nombre de la america del centro que tengo el honor de representar; i me lisonjeo con la satisfaccion de que en lo sucsesivo [sic] los negocios entre esta nacion i la de Guatemala seran inmediatamente attendidos por la direccion i tino del Sor. Clay, quien se sevira aceptar la particular consideracion con quele ofrece sus respectos. ANTONIO JOSE CANAZ

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LS, with trans, in State Department file. DNA, RG59, Notes from Central American Legation, vol. 1 (M-T34, Rl). Cafiaz, who had been a deputy from San Vicente in the General Congress of El Salvador during 1822, had arrived in the United States late in December, 1824, as the first Minister Plenipotentiary from the Federation (or United Provinces) of Central America. This state, from 1821 to 1823 a part of Mexico, had declared its independence by action of assembly in Guatemala City, on July 1, 1823. The unstable union disintegrated in 1838. Cafiaz remained in the United States until the summer of 1826, when, because of ill health, he returned home. He subsequently held a variety of governmental offices, including the position of Chief of State for El Salvador from 1839 to 1840, following the breakup of the Federation. l See above, March 10, 1825.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPA TCHES

March 11, 1825

From CONDY RAGUET, Rio de Janeiro. States that (Thomas) Cochrane, upon his arrival at Maranham (Maranhao) in November, had found a civil war underway between two factions, both "under the Imperial flag." Notes the desire of the Brazilian "Government to assume the rank of a naval power," the success of Brazil's application for a foreign loan, and indications of a revival of freedom of the press. Cites anticipation that the arrival of Charles Stuart will mean adjustment of affairs between Brazil and Portugal. Speculates that a commercial treaty between Great Britain and Brazil would mean exclusive advantages to the former country and abolition of the slave trade; reports local news that a treaty has been signed between Britain and the Government of Buenos Aires. Discusses the effect upon Brazil of news of the defeat of the (Spanish) Royalist army in Peru. Transmits copies of Raguet's representations to the Brazilian authorities concerning imprisonment of an American, James Hude Rodgers (Rogers), for participation in the rebellion at Pernambuco, and seizure of two American vessels, the Spermo and the Exchange. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Rio de Janeiro, vol. 2 (M-T172, R3) . Addressed to Secretary of State; received May 2. Raguet, United States consul at Rio de Janeiro since 1822, was a native of Philadelphia. He had engaged in mercantile business, fought in the War of 1812, practiced law, served briefly in the Pennsylvania Senate, and published a study on money. Returning to the United States in 1827, he was later editor of newspapers in Philadelphia and Washington and author of books and articles on currency, banking, and free trade, which established his reputation as an economist. Cochrane, named Marquis of Maranham upon assumption of his duties as commander of the Brazilian Navy, had undertaken in the fall of 1824 to put down rebellion, centering at Pernambuco, in the northern provinces. He remained in this area until late in the spring, when, upon the ground that his crew was sickly, he set sail for the North Atlantic and, in June, arrived off England. T h e Brazilian Minister, to whom he there presented a request for supplies, complained that Cochrane had deserted the service and stolen the vessel. As the admiral remained in England, his crew was ordered to return without him. In November Cochrane finally submitted his resignation. Sir Charles Stuart (created Baron Stuart de Rothesay in 1828), who had begun his diplomatic career as British Charge d'Affaires at Madrid in 1808, had served as British Ambassador to Paris from 1815 until the autumn of 1824. In the spring of 1825 he served as mediator in the settlement by which Portugal recognized the independence of Brazil (which had been asserted at San Paulo on September 7, 1822) and the establishment of Dom Pedro, eldest son and heir to John VI of Portugal, as the constitutional Emperor of Brazil. Under the terms of the treaty, dated August 29, 1825, John first assumed the title Emperor of Brazil, then renounced the throne in favor of his son, while the Brazilian

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Government undertook to pay some £2,000,000 as compensation to Portugal. A treaty of friendship, navigation, and commerce between Great Britain and the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, concluded February 19, 1825, had provided for reciprocity of most-favored-nation arrangements, with the British conceding these privileges in respect to both their "dominions in Europe, and other parts of the world," and with mutual concession of freedom of worship. The United Provinces agreed, however, to prohibit those subject to their jurisdiction, "in the most effectual manner, and by the most solemn laws, from taking any part in the" slave traffic. Annual Register, 1825, "Public Documents," 84-87. On the treaty between Great Britain and Brazil, see below, Raguet to Clay, October 26, 1825, note. Defeat of the Spanish Royalists in Peru at Junin, in August, and at Ayacucho, in December, 1824, had virtually terminated the La tin-American war for independence. James Hude Rodgers (Rogers), of New York, who had been serving as a warrant officer in the Brazilian Navy, had been convicted and sentenced to death for participation on the side of the Brazilian natives against the Portuguese supporters of the Imperial Government at Pernambuco. His case having been recommended by the court to the mercy of the Emperor, clemency was denied on March 16 and the young man was executed. The Spermo, of New York, had been seized in August, 1824, while in the harbor of Pernambuco, when Brazilian authorities had reimposed a blockade without advance notice. The claim was finally settled in full by the Brazilian Government under a convention negotiated in 1849. The Exchange, of Boston, had been taken ten miles off the coast of Brazil, in November, 1824, and claimed as a prize because she was carrying gunpowder not included in the manifest. A lower court at Bahia had ordered return of the vessel, with damages, but the case was under appeal.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

March 11, 1825

From SAMUEL KEITH, Philadelphia. Requests Clay to urge (Richard C.) Anderson (Jr.) to obtain payment of a claim on Colombia "for an unwarrantable Capture, of the Cargo of the Schooner Minerva. . . ." LS. DNA, RG76, Misc. Claims, Colombia. Keith signs as president of the Delaware Insurance Company. See below, Anderson to Secretary of State, March 18, 1825. The Minerva had been captured by a Venezuelan vessel near Santiago, Cuba, in June, 1820, on the ground that the cargo was Spanish. The schooner had subsequently been ordered released, with freight charges to be paid for the cargo from the proceeds of its sale. Neither order had been carried out.

APPLICA TIONS, RECOMMENDA TIONS

March 11, 1825

J. BARZIZA, Williamsburg, Virginia, congratulates Clay upon his elevation to the office of Secretary of State and solicits "the appointment of Consul at Tangiers on the Coast of Barbary if vaccant [sic] or to any port of South America." He is a citizen of the United States and can obtain recommendations from the Virginia delegation in both houses of Congress and from Thomas Jefferson. The letter continues: "At Sight of my name it is probable you will not hold me a total stranger; But least the multiplicity of your occupations might have obbliterated [sic] me from your memory; Permit me to remind you of a Young Man, who in PHILIP

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the Spring of the year 1815 had the honor to be introduced to you in London, and who at that time asked your advice on certain claims to Landed, and personal Estate of his Ancestors in Virginia. "Well, and greatfully do I remember your kind reception, and the promptitude with which you favored me with your friendly Counsil [sic]. I have been however contrary to the opinions of Eminent Lawyers in this state, frustrated in my hopes; and hafter [sic] ten years of an expensive Law suit I find myself with a Large family in a Situation different from what I had expected and my abbandoned [sic] pretensions in Europe ensured. "I am induced therefore to be an applicant for office as well for the means of Support, as from a desire to devote some part of my Life to the Service of the country of my Ancestors, and of my adoption." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1). Barziza, son of Count Philip J. Barziza, of Venice, was through his mother a descendant of the Ludwell family of Virginia. Young Barziza had settled in Williamsburg around 1816. He did not receive a Federal appointment. In a note dated March 16, 1825, Daniel Brent, at Clay's direction, acknowledged receipt of the young man's letter and informed him "that the United States now have, as they have long had, a Consul residing at Tangier [see below, Salmon to Clay, March 16, 1825, note]— [and] with respect to an appointment in South America . . . that there is no vacancy, known to this Department, worth the acceptance of any one." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 8 (M40, R19) . WILLIAM DRAYTON, Charleston, South Carolina, asks for appointment to a

consulship in France or England. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R62) . Dray ton, who had been an officer in the War of 1812, was judge of the city court of Charleston. Later in the year he was elected to succeed Joel R. Poinsett in Congress, where he served until 1833. He then moved to Philadelphia.

To Nicholas Biddle Sir Washington 12h. Mar. 1825 I received and thank you for your communication respecting the duty to which American Cotton fabrics are supposed to have been recently subjected in Mexico.1 It has come to hand at the moment when I happen to be engaged in preparing instructions for our Minister lately appointed to that Republic, 2 and shall receive, as shall all other similar communications with which you may honor me, the particular attention of your obliged and Obedient Servant Nicholas Biddle Esqr. H. CLAY ALS. DLC-Nicholas Biddle Papers (DNA, M212, R20). Endorsed: " . . . reed. March 16. 1825." i See above, March 10, 1825. 2 See below, Clay to Poinsett, March 26, 1825.

From N. C. Findlay Sir, Chambersbg 1 March 12th. 1825. Accept of my good wishes on your being admitted one of the Cabinet of the Nation, hoping you may prove not only an honour to yourself, but usefull to the Nation at large, and the West in par-

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1825

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ticular, as well as to act that part that will be agreeable to your friends, and be efficient in doing away the [sic] slander of your enemies— —Not knowing from the extensive patronage of the Office you have the honour to hold, but it may be in your power to bestow a Clerkship, which from my misfortunes in Ohio would be acceptable—and would hope that if you have it in your power, that you feel the disposition to confer one on me that would enable me to make a genteel & honest support, and should you grant me an appointment, it would be one I hope you would not regret, as well as one that would be acceptable to a number of your political, and our personal friends of OHio— With good wishes and prayers for your health & happiness, Yr., friend The Honble Henry Clay Secy of State N., C. FINDLAY P.S. Understanding that Genl. Harrison was still a candidate for Minister to Mexico, I thought it probable from your influence in his favour that he might be appointed, but it appears that he has not received the appointment2— N. C. F— ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. prominent brothers, James, John, 1 Pennsylvania. 2 On the appointment of Joel above, Biddle to Clay, March 10,

(MR2). Findlay, probably related to the politically and William Findlay, did not receive an appointment. R. Poinsett, instead of William Henry Harrison, see 1825, note.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

March 12, 1825

From THOMAS MORRIS, New York. Notes that his absence from this city has prevented earlier acknowledgment of the receipt of a letter from (John Quincy) Adams, dated February 3, giving notice of Morris' reappointment as marshal of the district, and states that the commission has been received from Judge (William P.) Van Ness. Congratulates Clay on his appointment "to the..very important & distinguished Office in which" he has "recently been placed." Requests delivery of a letter to Morris' son, Robert, in Washington. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1). Robert Morris, who had served as an ensign in the War of 1812, has not been further identified. From ROBERT OLIVER, Baltimore. Encloses "an open letter" from Christopher Hughes, to which an early answer is requested. States that he (Oliver) and (Samuel) Smith think "Mr. Hughes presence here, is now necessary" and they hope he may be permitted to return home before assuming his new duties at Brussels. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Sweden and Norway, vol. 4 (M45, R5) . See below, Clay to Smith, March 17, 1825. Hughes' letter, dated November 18, 1824, and addressed to John Quincy Adams, as Secretary of State, reports that he has been informed of the death of his father (Christopher Hughes, Sr., Baltimore merchant) and requests leave from his post for six months.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

March 12, 1825

ROBERT ANDREWS, Philadelphia, solicits appointment as consul at Bordeaux. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1) . Andrews not further identified.

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MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

March 13, 1825

From ISRAEL THORNDIKE, Boston. Presents briefly his claim against the Russian Government in the case of the Hector, which had been captured by "a Russian Frigate . . . in the gulph of Smyrna" in 1807. Requests Clay's attention to the matter; notes that (Henry) Middleton "has never condescended to answer any . . . Letters" relative to the claim; and asks Clay to inform (Daniel) Webster "whether all the papers, respecting this vessel remain" in the State Department. LS. DNA, RG76, Misc. Claims, Russia. Thorndike, born in Beverly, Massachusetts, had commanded several privateers during the American Revolution and, from 1788 to 1814, had been a partner in a shipping firm engaged in the China trade. Long active in Massachusetts politics, he had served thirteen terms in the legislature, had been a member of the constitutional conventions of 1788 and 1820, and had been chosen a presidential elector in 1812 and 1816. He was prominent also as a benefactor of Harvard University. APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

March 13, 1825

H. WILLIAMS, Hagerstown (Maryland), solicits some office for his brother, John S. Williams. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR4) . John S. Williams received no appointment but was nominated in February, 1829, to serve as superintendent of the Cumberland Road from Canton to Zanesville, Ohio. O[THO]

Settlement with James Smith, Jr. [March 14, 1825] Whereas H. Clay during past years has had many collections of various persons to make for me in Kentucky and other parts of the Western Country, and has made me, from time to time, sundry payments on account thereof; and whereas I have agreed with him to receive Two hundred & fifty dollars in full of all claims and demands whatever which I have upon him on account of any such collections, and moreover have agreed that the said sum shall be a full satisfaction of whatever remains to be collected of any debts or accounts heretofore put by me in his hands and especially what may remain due to me from Woodson Wren of the State of Mississippi; all of which, when collected are to accrue to the exclusive benefit of the said Clay. Now I do hereby acknowledge the receipt of the said Sum of Two hundred & fifty dollars and do hereby assign and transfer to the said Clay all such debts or balances as are due from the said Woodson Wren and others as aforesaid to me, but this assignment is without any sort of recourse upon me. Witness my hand & seal this fourteenth1 day of March 1825. Witness Ed: E: Law.2

JAS SMITH JR. {LS}

DS, in Clay's hand (exception noted). DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). i This word in Smith's hand. 2 Not identified.

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From Simon Gratz and Brother Honle Henry Clay Philadelphia March 14. 1825 Dear Sir We have reinsured at the Pensy. fire Insurance Company the house occupied by the late Colo Morrison for Four thousand Dollars Premium & policy Twenty one DollarsVery Respectfully Your Obt Sevts SIMON GRATZ & BROTHER ALS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R13).

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

March 14, 1825

From PETER PEDERSEN, Philadelphia. Acknowledges receipt of Clay's note of March 10; extends congratulations on his appointment as Secretary of State; and states that, if the Government of the United States be disposed to negotiate a commercial convention with Denmark, Pedersen now has full powers to sign one. ALS. DNA, RG59, Notes from Danish Legation, vol. 1 (M52, R l ) . Pedersen, who had served as consul general and Charge d'Affaires to the United States ad interim from 1803 to 1815, remained as Minister Resident from 1815 to 1830.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

March 14, 1825

From W[ILLIAM] BROWNE, Department of State, Washington. Outlines his duties as a clerk. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R62). Browne had been hired in October, 1823; he was discharged under the Jackson administration, in May, 1829. From LANGDON CHEVES, Office of the Board of Commissioners under the Convention of St. Petersburg. Refers to a letter dated February 19, 1825, from Cheves to Clay's predecessor in office (John Quincy Adams), requesting instructions on a specific point; notes that Cheves on February 25 presented an argument in the case of John Couper of Georgia, supporting the claim for interest, a copy of the journal entry of which document is here enclosed; and encloses a copy of an argument submitted by (Edward) Livingston, also on February 25, on the same topic. ALS. DNA, RG76, G.B.9-Folder 8. True copy of the journal extract of the argument of Cheves, ibid.; the Livingston argument, not found. In his letter to Adams on February 19, Cheves had requested instruction regarding whether he should accede to the insistence of George Jackson, the British Commissioner, that the latter should "prescribe" the points of controversy to be brought before arbitration under Article 5 of the St. Petersburg Convention (see above, III, 736n; Rush to the Secretary of State, March 8, 1825; and below, Clay to King, May 10, 1825) . The issue had arisen when the British Commissioner declined to submit the American claimants' demands for interest to such a determination. Copy, in DNA, RG76, Indemnity for Slaves. Couper (Cowper), born in Scotland, had emigrated to Georgia in 1792 and shortly thereafter settled on St. Simon's Island. He had listed 55 slaves as carried off by the British after the conclusion of the War of 1812.

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From RICHARD FORREST. Similar in content to the letter from Browne to Clay, above, this date. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R62). Forrest, born in Maryland, had been attached to the State Department for nearly twenty years and retained his position until his death in October, 1828. From GEORGE E. IRONSIDE. Similar in content to the letter from Browne to Clay, above, this date. Notes that the information is supplied in response to Clay's request (not found) . ALS. Ibid. Ironside, an expert in the Spanish language, had been hired in November, 1820, and remained in the State Department until his death in May, 1827. From JOSIAS W. KING. Similar in content to the letters from Browne to Clay and Ironside to Clay, above, this date. ALS. Ibid. King had been a clerk for the past decade and remained in the Department through the first years of the Jackson administration. From ANDREW T. MCCORMICK. Similar in content to the letter from Browne to Clay, above, this date. ALS. Ibid. Born in Ireland, McCormick had resided in Washington since 1796 and had been minister of the First Episcopal Congregation and clerk in the State Department since 1818. He remained with the Department for another decade. From LINNAEUS SMITH. Similar in content to the letter from Browne to Clay, above, this date. ALS. Ibid. Smith had been hired in October, 1822, and remained with the State Department until the spring of 1829, when he became mentally deranged, reportedly from worry occasioned by the dismissals of the Jackson administration. Adams, Memoirs, VIII, 144, 147. From WILLIAM THORNTON, Patent Office, Department of State. Presents his defense against the attack on his office by Peter A. Browne (see above, Browne to Clay, March 7, 1825) and requests Clay's ruling on the matter. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R62). From TH[OMAS] L. THRUSTON. Similar in content to the letter from Browne to Clay, above, this date. ALS. Ibid. The date of the Thruston letter is supplied by the editors. Thruston had been hired in May, 1818, and was discharged under the Jackson administration, in April, 1829.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

March 14, 1825

WILLIAM H. BRISCOE, Chaptico, St. Mary's County, Maryland, pleads a previous acquaintance with Clay and membership of both Clay and himself in "the ancient society of free and accepted masons" as basis for his application for office in the State Department; states that he has already requested a "mutual friend the Hob. R. Neale" to write a letter of recommendation (below, March 15, 1825); and notes that other recommendations may be had from Doctor Joseph Kent, Charles F. Mercer, Henry Ashford, Judge (Gabriel) Duvall, and Briscoe's "half brother Edmund Key Esq. Judge of the Lower district Court of Maryland." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1). Postmarked at Leonardtown, Maryland. Raphael Neale, of Leonardtown, had been a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1819 to 1825. Briscoe did not receive an appointment. EDWARD B. BROOKING, Spring Grove, Georgia, though not acquainted personally

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with Clay, asks him to recommend a nephew, James Henry Brooking, who lives in or near Winchester, Kentucky, for "a cadetship in the Academy at West Point." ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R62). Endorsed by Daniel Brent: "Referred respectfully to the Dept. of War— As soon as Circumstances will permit, it would be very agreeable to Mr Clay, if Mr. Barbour could give this young Gentleman a warrant at [sic] Cadet." Brooking, nevertheless, did not enter the Academy. On March 31, Daniel Brent, at Clay's direction, acknowledged receipt of Brooking's letter, "which a little indisposition, with a pressure of other business of more urgency" prevented Clay from doing, informed Brooking of Clay's effort in the young man's behalf, but warned that it was "very doubtful whether his request can be complied with for some time. . . ." Copy in DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 19-20 (M40, R19). Burlington, Otsego County, New York, solicits "a situation as Clk in one of the departments of Government" and names, as a reference, William G. Angel, Congressman from New York (1825-1827, 1829-1833), under whose direction Flint is reading law. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). Flint did not receive an appointment. ZACHEUS FLINT, JR.,

Draft by James Smith, Jr. 250 Dollars Philada. March 15h. 1825 At sight please pay to the Order of S & M Aliens & Co.1 Two hundred and Fifty Dollars— as advised by Yr. Friend JAS SMITH JR

Honble. Henry Clay City of Washington [Endorsement on verso]2 Pay the amt. of the within to the Cashr. of the Off. of Dt & Dt. of Washn. H. Clay Exor of James Morrison To the Cashr. Off. of D & Dt Washn.3 ADS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). See above, Settlement, March 14, 1825. Endorsed on verso: "S & M Allen & Co." i Founded by Solomon and Moses Allen in New York in 1815, as dealers in lottery tickets and exchange, but subsequently expanded with branches in most of the leading cities. 2 AES. 3 Richard Smith.

From Josephus B. Stuart My dear Sir. New York. 15th. March 1825. Since my return I have been solicited by the friends of most of the papers in this City, to reccommend [sic] each one of them to you as printers of the Laws & Notices of the U.S.:—the designation of which, it is understood belongs to you. Heretofore, I beleive [sic], the National Advocate & New York American were the two designated by Mr. Adams—but when we got 2 Advocates,1 & it was difficult to distinguish the real Simon Pure, the Navy Commissioners have directed their notices to be published

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in the American & Commercial Advertizer.2 At first I thought it not worth while to trouble you with a line on this subject, but on consulting with Worth & Lynch,3 they thought it best that you should know our opinion—which is to let it remain where it now is: at least for a time.—Early in May a meeting will be called in this City of the friends of the Administration as now formed; at which, measures will be adopted to organize committees in all the districts which shall insure the election of Republicans to our next Legislature who are friendly to the Administration. At this meeting we shall adopt a paper in this City.— Your acceptance as Secretary gives almost universal satisfaction in this City.— I think Mr. Clinton will go to London.4— The Ohio Commissioners are here, & will have no difficulty in getting money on fair terms.5— Yours with great regard J, B, STUART. Honbl. H. Clay. ALS, DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. 1 When political and financial difficulties forced sale of the "Establishment" of the New York National Advocate, edited by M. M. Noah, in December, 1824, he retained possession of the building and claimed continuation of editorial proprietorship. During the next year he issued a journal styled the New York National Advocate in competition with the former publication, now edited by Thomas Snowden. 2 New York Commercial Advertiser (1797-1904). 3 Gorham A. Worth, who around 1822 had left the service of the United States Bank and returned to his home city, Albany; probably General James Lynch, of New York City, a lawyer and a leading tariff advocate. 4 On February 18 Adams had offered DeWitt Clinton the mission as United States Minister to Great Britain. Clinton had declined the appointment on February 25. Cf. below, Stuart to Clay, March 29, 1825, note. 5 By act of February 4, 1825, the Ohio Legislature had authorized construction of canals from Lake Erie to the Ohio River by way of the Cuyahoga and Scioto Rivers (known as the Ohio and Erie Canal) and by way of the Maumee and Miami (the Miami and Erie Canal). Commissions were authorized to borrow up to $400,000 the first year and not over $600,000 in any succeeding year, at interest not to exceed six per cent, in exchange for stock certificates to mature at periods ranging from 1850 to 1875. John Kilbourn (comp.), Public Documents Concerning the Ohio Canals . . . (Columbus, 1828), 158-66 passim.

INSTRUCTIONS

AND DISPATCHES

March 15, 1825

To the MINISTERS, CONSULS, and PUBLIC AGENTS OF THE UNITED STATES IN EUROPE, a circular. Written at the direction of the President, requests that

"your friendly offices and every convenient facility" be extended to William Strickland. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, pp. 246-47 (M77, R5). Another version, AL draft, is located in DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R7). Cf. above, Carey and others to Clay, March TO, 1825. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

March 15, 1825

From JOHN MARTIN BAKER. Outlines his duties as clerk in the State Department. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R62). Baker had been hired in October, 1822, and remained in the position until November, 1831.

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113

From P[ETER] A. BROWNE. Requests reply to his letter of March 7. LS. Ibid. On March 19, Daniel Brent, "by direction of the Secretary," acknowledged receipt of Browne's letters of March 5 and 15 and promised attention to ihe matter "as soon as more important duties will admit of." Copy, in DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 9-10 (M40, R19). From WILLIAM SLADE, JR. Similar in content to the letter from Baker, above, this date. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R62). Slade had practiced law, edited a newspaper, and held office as county judge and secretary of state in Vermont. He was a clerk in the Department of State from 1823 to 1829; later a member of the United States House of Representatives (1831-1843) and Governor of Vermont (1844-1846) . He had compiled and published a volume of Vermont State Papers (1823) and The Laws of Vermont of a Publick and Permanent Nature (1825). From WILLIAM C. SOMERVILLE. Sends his address as "Baltimore," pending his departure for Sweden. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Sweden and Norway, vol. 4 (M45, R5). Somerville, a native of St. Mary's County, Maryland, who had fought in the struggle for South American independence and traveled extensively in Europe, had been appointed on March 9 as Charge d'Affaires for the United States in Sweden. His writings include Letters from Paris, on the Causes and Consequences of the French Revolution (Baltimore, 1822). From PETER W. SPROAT, Philadelphia. Notes that in August (1824) he sent "J. Q. Adams several Documents relative to the dentention [sic] of the Morning Star for indemnity"; sends "duplicates, as the others were mislaid or lost"; and adds: "Please to give instructions." ALS. DNA, RG76, Misc. Claims, Spain. An enclosure reveals that the detention of the vessel had occurred at Pernambuco in February, 1818. Sproat not identified. On March 19, Daniel Brent, "by direction of the Secretary," acknowledged receipt of Sproat's letter. Copy, in DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 11 (M40, R19).

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

March 15, 1825

Franklin County, Pennsylvania, recommends for "a clerkship in a respectable office under the Government," his "neighbour," David Fullerton, formerly a Pennsylvania Congressman (1819-1820) ; states that a further recommendation may be obtained from Matthew St. Clair Clarke; and assures Clay "that notwithstanding the base and wicked conduct of that silley creature G Kremer to arouse public feeling & the part taken by Genl. Jackson and his partisans I have not a doubt but your appointment by our friend the President is the most pleasing to the generall mass of the people that he could possibly have made. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). Bard was several times a member of the Pennsylvania Legislature, held a judicial position, and filled other offices on a local level. Fullerton, who did not receive a Federal appointment, became a member of the Pennsylvania Senate from 1827 to 1839. In addition to his earlier statements (see above, Clay to Gales and Seaton, January 30, 1825, note; Kremer to Clay, ca. February 3, 1825; Appeal, February 3, 1825, note), George Kremer had published in the Washington Gazette of February 28, 1825, an address "To the Electors of the Ninth Congressional District of the State of Pennsylvania," dated February 25. Referring to Clay's acceptance of the Secretaryship of State, Kremer said: "Surely Mr. Clay must ARCHIBALD BARD,

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have been compelled by some fatal madness to take this step, which lays open the motives of his conduct, and gives the seal of truth to the charges I have made against him." Leonardtown, Maryland, recommends William H. Briscoe for an appointment. ALS. DNA, RG59, A and R. (MR1). RAPHAEL NEALE,

and SETH PAINE, editors of the Portland Advertiser and Gazette of Maine, apply for appointment as printers of the laws of the United States. ALS by David Paine. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. David Paine, born in Eastham, Massachusetts, had settled in Portland; he later removed to Athens, Pennsylvania. Seth was probably his son. The Portland Gazette, established in 1798, and the Portland Advertiser, begun in 1823, had been combined in January, 1825. The Paines did not obtain the contract for public printing.

DAVID

S. WILLIAMS, "Highlands, near Baltimore," Maryland, applies "for some public employment, for which" he thinks himself "better adapted, than for turning the clods of sterile soil," and states that his "family connexions & the services rendered our Country by some of them, are perfectly familiar to" Clay. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR4). See above, O[tho] H. Williams to Clay, March 13, 1825, note; below, Kent to Clay, March 23, 1825.

J[OHN]

From Jfoseph] Afnderson] The Honble Henry Clay, late Speaker &ca 16th March 1825 Sir, Your account for paying compensation and mileage to the Members of the House of Representatives of the United States, at the 2d Session of the 18th Congress, including your own compensation 8c the Salary of the Chaplain, has been adjusted at the Treasury; and a balance of $12,698 60/100 found due from you to the United States. With great respect J. A. Copy. DNA, RG217, Records of First Comptroller, Misc. Letters Sent, vol. 22, p. 323.

From Caleb Atwater Sir, Circleville March 16, 1825. On your arrival in this town from Columbus, immediately after the trial of the U. S. Bank case, against Ohio, 1 you remarked in my hearing, that "I wished to belong to your party, but you would not permit me to belong to it." From that day to this, I have not belonged to your party and the late election shows that my opposition was zealous, persevering and not without its effect, either in this, or the surrounding states. Before the period alluded to, when you drove me away from you, I had written and published a pamphlet 2 in a distant city, in your favor.

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1825

115

Since the late election (by the people) I have lain perfectly quiet, and propose to do so for some months to come, until I can ascertain what course the administration is about to pursue, after which time, I shall either support, or oppose it, with vigor, if not with effect. It is quite probable that, placed as you now are, at the head of the government, (in reality,) my friendship or ill will, my support or opposition, are both alike to you. If so, burn this letter, without reading the remainder of it. If on the other hand, you do not feel, entirely indifferent on the subject, say so, and let me know, first, whether for supporting Gen. Jackson, I am to be proscribed? Whether Mr. Adams is to be the head of a party, or a president of the United States? Whether, the relations of members of congress, when entirely incapable, are to be appointed to office? Whether, men, who never attend to the duties of their offices, are to be continued in them? Whether, the Augean stable is to be cleansed? Whether, internal Improvements are to be encouraged by the General Government? And finally, what course will the present administration pursue, as to our foreign relations? Nothing is further from my intentions, in what I have written, above, than a wish to say any thing to wound your feelings. You may think it strange that I write to you at all, but, it is done with a view to conciliation, if that can be brought about, in a fair and honorable manner, otherwise to proceed on with as fair and honorable an opposition. The relation in which I stand to a great number of my fellow citizens, as it respects this administration, imposes on me, the necessity and propriety of addressing you this note. This is confidential and your answer, if you think it worth your attention, enough to write one I will consider and treat as such, under the solemn promise of a MASON [.] And if you treat me as Mr. A[dams] did more than once, by not answ[ering] this, I shall not trouble you agai[n] in the same way, during life. Respectfully your's CALEB ATWATER. Hon. H. Clay Esqr Secy of State. I have not been able to obtain the Report on the National Armory, on the Western waters,3 and would feel much obliged to you for a copy, provided you have one to spare to a Jacksonian. ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). MS. torn. iSee above, III, 111-16. 2 Not found. 3 The "Report of the Commissioners Appointed under the Act of the Third of March, 1823, to Establish a National Armory on the Western Waters" had been transmitted by President Monroe to the United States House of Representatives on January 18, 1825. House Docs., 18 Cong., % Sess., no. 55.

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SECRETARY OF STATE

March 16, 1825

From SEVERIN LORICH, Philadelphia. Notes receipt of a dispatch from his Government, dated December 10, 1824, dealing with complaints which he has earlier presented to the State Department, in notes of July 25 and September 2, 1824, relating to duties imposed upon Swedish vessels and those from the Island of St. Bartholomew in ports of the United States. As evidence of Swedish desire to promote reciprocal trade, cites royal decree of December 9, 1824, rescinding a fine levied against J. Demming, master of the American ship La Jaronne, for filing an improper cargo manifest at a Swedish port. States that, under a decree of the Swedish Diet of 1812, the inhabitants of St. Bartholomew are exempt from Swedish legislative authority and that the commercial regulations of the island "differ materially from those of Sweden, foreign vessels being permitted to import the productions of their own and all other countries"; furthermore, that "the Treaty of 1816. between His Majesty and the Government of the United States has at S. Bartholomew been invariably so applied as to permit American vessels to import American as well as foreign productions, upon their paying duties and charges equal with those to which the vessels of the Island are subjected." Requests that under the terms of the act of Congress of January 7, 1824, vessels of St. Bartholomew, "importing from whatever country foreign as well as domestic productions into the United States, may enjoy the benefit of the equalisation of duties and charges." ALS. DNA, RG59, Notes from Swedish Legation, vol. 3 (M60, R2). From the fall of 1824 to January 17, 1826, Lorich acted as Charge d'Affaires during the absence of Baron Berndt Robert Gustaf Stackelberg, former Governor of the Island of St. Bartholomew, who held the diplomatic assignment to Washington from 1819 to 1832. The above-mentioned act of Congress of January 7, 1824, suspended discriminating duties on foreign vessels in American ports in the case of shipping owned by citizens of certain designated governments, those of the Netherlands, Prussia, the Hanseatic cities of Hamburg, Liibeck, and Bremen, Oldenburg, Norway, Sardinia, and Russia, provided American vessels and cargoes should be exempt from discriminating duties in their ports. A similar lifting of such duties was authorized with respect to "goods, wares, and merchandise, imported into the United States. . . , so far as the same respects the produce or manufactures of the territories in Europe, or such produce and manufactures as can only be, or most usually are, first shipped from a port or place in the said territories in Europe. . . , the same being imported in vessels truly and wholly belonging to the subjects or citizens of each of the said nations, respectively, the vessels of each nation importing its own produce and manufactures as aforesaid." The measure also authorized the President to extend such suspension to any foreign nation, by proclamation, upon receipt of evidence that no discrimination was imposed by that country against the vessels and goods of citizens of the United States. 4 U. S. Stat., 2-3; below, Clay to Anderson, September 16, 1825. On the treaty of commerce of 1816 between the United States and the Kingdom of Sweden and Norway, see above, II, 427-28, note. Separate legislation, approved February 22, 1827, temporarily extended the exemptions under the act of January 7, 1824, with respect to Swedish and Norwegian vessels and those from the Island of St. Bartholomew. 4 U. S. Stat., 206. The temporary nature of this arrangement was eliminated with completion of a new commercial treaty on July 4, 1827, which also specifically included the Island of St. Bartholomew. See below, Appleton to Clay, July 11, 1827.

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From HILARIO DE RIVAS Y SALMON, Philadelphia. Complains of the conduct of the American consul in Tangier, "for sheltering and protecting the Revolutionary Spaniards, who, having escaped from Tarifa, had taken refuge in that place . . . and the said Consul not content with admitting them to his house and table, has had the effrontery to solicit from the Government of Morocco personal security for men so unnatural and perverse, giving for that purpose his security in the most positive terms." Transmits copies of the protest to, and answer of, Hugh Nelson, in Madrid, on this matter and requests the recall and punishment of the consul. LS. DNA, RG59, Notes from Spanish Legation, vol. 8 (M59, Rll). John Mullowny, of Pennsylvania, United States consul at Tangier from 1820 until his death in 1831, had granted a request by Joseph Morena de Guerro, who held a commission as "Consul of Guatimala for Gibraltar," for the protection of the United States flag. Mullowny's action had been based on a belief, derived from a passage in President Monroe's last message to Congress, "that Guatimala is an independent nation." Mullowny to John Q. Adams, Secretary of State, March 4, 1825, in DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Tangier, vol. 4 (M-T61, R4).

INSTRUCTIONS

AND DISPATCHES

March 16, 1825

From A[LEXANDER] BURTON, Cadiz. Transmits copy of an order closing the port of Cadiz, from June 1 through the summer (as had been done the previous year), to vessels "coming from the West Indies, the Gulf of Mexico, or other Countries exposed to Yellow Fever—this latter clause is intended to include all ports of the United States, south of Rhode-Island"; also encloses a copy of another order, ending the requirement that masters of foreign vessels give bond "for Merchandize on board of their vessels, in transit"; reports a growing scarcity of grain and a decision, not yet publicized, to open the port to foreign wheat and flour; and notes the activity of French troops in building up the defences of "this Isla." ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Cadiz, vol. 4 (M-T186, R4). Addressed to Secretary of State; received May 6. Burton, of Pennsylvania, was consul at Cadiz from 1824 to 1856. On the presence of French troops at Cadiz, see above, III, 313, n.4; below, Nelson to Secretary of State, April 26, 1825, note. From RICHARD RUSH, no. 425. Acknowledges receipt of instructions of January 25, requesting documents relating to the State of Georgia from British archives. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Great Britain, vol. 32 (M30, R28). Addressed to Secretary of State; received April 21. Authorized by the Legislature of Georgia to compile and publish documents connected with the history of that State, Joseph Vallence Bevan, of Savannah, had applied, through the Department of State, to the British Government "for all Provincial papers." Bevan to William Godwin, July 4, 1825, in Jack W. Marken (ed.), "Joseph Bevan and William Godwin," Georgia Historical Quarterly, XLIII (September, 1959), 316-17. Bevan died in 1830, before the work was completed.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

March 16, 1825

To MATHEW CAREY, RICHARD PETERS, JR., and JOSEPH HOPKINSON [sic]. Encloses a general letter of introduction for William Strickland. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 8 (M40, R19). Cf. above, Carey, Peters, and Hemphill to Clay, March 10, 1825; Clay to Ministers and others, March 15, 1825. To JOHN VAWTER, Vernon (Indiana). Informs him that his commission as

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"Marshal of the United States for the District of Indiana, has just been forwarded . . . to Mr. Parke, Judge of the said District. . . ." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 6-7 (M40, R19). The commission was sent to Judge Benjamin Parke on the same day. Copy. Ibid., p. 6. Vawter acknowledged receipt, May 10, 1825. ALS. DNA, RG59, Acceptances and Orders for Comms. (M-T645, R2). Vawter, born in Virginia, had settled in Madison, Indiana, in 1807. He had been appointed a Federal marshal in 1810 and remained in that post until 1829. Founder of the towns of Vernon and Morgantown, Indiana, he was pastor of a Baptist Church at the former place from 1821 to 1848 and sat in the State legislature from 1831 to 1836. From NICHOLAS] BIDDLE, Philadelphia. Sends a copy of a letter from an unnamed "respectable merchant." ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R62). The enclosure, without signature, same source, reports an increase in Mexican duties on "Domestick Goods" over 33 inches in width and interprets this change as a "partial" duty, aimed against the United States. Cf. above, Biddle to Clay, March 10, 1825; Clay to Biddle, March 12, 1825. From C[ORNELIUS] P. VAN NESS, "Vermont Executive Department, Burlington." Forwards a letter from Sir Francis Burton, Acting Governor of Canada (18241825), and Van Ness' reply to it. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R62). The enclosures, both copies, same source, present Sir Francis' application for delivery to Canadian officials of two fugitives, deserters from the Canadian Army, who have been imprisoned under civil suits for robbery brought in Vermont by their Canadian officers, and Governor Van Ness' rejection of the request on the ground that, under the Constitution and laws of the United States, he has no authority to deliver any person to a foreign power.

To Samuel Smith Dear Sir Washn. 17h. Mar. 1825 I reed, your letter of yesterday,1 and thank you for your observations contained in it. You are mistaken however in supposing that there is any want of reciprocity in the Colombian treaty in respect to the Navigation of the two Countries.2 The stipulation on that subject is reciprocal, although it leaves each party to discriminate, in favor of its own, up to the point of the amount of favor granted to any other nation. Consequently if Colombia makes such a discrimination, in behalf of her navigation, so may we, with the limit suggested. But in the instructions which I have already prepared,3 I have endeavored to get established a principle of more practical equality. I think with you that the article concerning piracy has no great value, and may possibly be mischievous. I regret I did not see you when you called. Yr's faithfully The Honble S. Smith. H. CLAY P.S. Mr Hughes will be allowed to return for a short time.4 H.C. ALS. DLC-Samuel Smith Papers (DNA, M212, R22). Postmarked at Washington, "Mar 16 [sic]." Endorsed: "Henry Clay 17 March 1825 Ansd. 18th." Answer not found. l Not found. 2 See below, Clay to Salazar, March 21, 1825.

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3 Clay sent no instructions on this subject to diplomatic agents of the United States in Colombia until the document below, September 16, 1825. He apparently referred to work on the instructions to Poinsett, below, March 26, 1825. 1 See above, Oliver to Clay, March 12, 1825.

To Samuel Smith Dear Sir Washn. 17 Mar. 1825 In reply to your letter of yesterday1 I have to say that Mr. Hughes 2 will be allowed to return to the U.S., and I shall prepare as soon as possible the requisite permission and other despatches for him.3 Perhaps he may be required to stop at Copenhagen, but without being long detained there. Your determination of giving to the new administration a fair trial is liberal and all that could be expected. I do not apprehend any serious opposition, because it is not intended to lay any just foundation for it. If the Administration commit no intentional error, and faithfully discharge the public trust committed to it, why should there be any opposition? Your's faithfy and cordially The Honble S. Smith. H. CLAY ALS. DLC-Samuel Smith Papers (DNA, M212, R22). 2 See above, Oliver to Clay, March 12, 1825. 3 See below, Clay to Hughes (1), March 24, 1825.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

l Not found.

March 17, 1825

From ALEXANDER H. EVERETT, Washington. Transmits documents relating to a private claim on the Netherlands, put into his hands since his return to the United States; encloses a copy of a letter requesting "Mr. Mertens of Brussels" to deliver to Christopher Hughes the archives of the Legation; and requests a letter of recall which he can forward to the Count de Reede, Foreign Minister of the Low Countries. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Spain, vol. 24 (M31, R27). On March 9, 1825, Everett had been appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Spain. Mertens not further identified. From JOHN WARNER, commercial agent, Havana. Encloses the court calendar which announces recognition of the French consul, states that Warner is attempting to secure release of seven American seamen imprisoned in Havana, and notes that the United States schooner Shark is providing convoy service twice a week for protection against pirates. LS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Havana, Cuba, vol. 3 (M-T20, R3). Warner, a resident of Delaware, had formerly held the position of United States consul at Puerto Rico. On the significance of the recognition accorded the French consul in Havana, see below, Robertson to Clay, April 20, 1825; Clay to Everett, April 27, 1825. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

March 17, 1825

To [JOHN M. BAILHACHE,] the editor of the Chillicothe, Ohio, Supporter. Daniel Brent, at the direction of the Secretary of State, requests that this news-

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paper be sent regularly to the Department. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 9 (M40, R19). After editing another Chillicothe newspaper for several years, Bailhache in 1815 had acquired the Scioto Gazette. In 1821 the latter journal had been merged with the Supporter (established in 1808), and the two appeared as the Supporter and Scioto Gazette. On the same date Brent also wrote similar letters to [THOMAS SMITH,] the editor of the Lexington Kentucky Reporter and to [FRANCIS G. YANCEY,] the editor of the Petersburg, Virginia, Intelligencer. Copies of both letters in DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 9 (M40, R19). The Intelligencer, and Petersburg Commercial Advertiser was a continuation of the Virginia Gazette, and Petersburg Intelligencer, established in 1786, with the basic change in title dating from 1800; it remained in publication until 1860. Yancey was the editor from 1815 to 1828. APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

March 17, 1825

Carlisle, Pennsylvania, acknowledges receipt of a letter from Clay dated March 11 (not found). Since "it was not convenient" for his wishes "to be realized in regard to the Indian agency," Boden applies for a clerkship in the State Department or other Washington office or for any government employment in the Western States. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R62). Boden received no appointment.

ANDREW BODEN,

From Samuel Smith Dear Sir/ Baltimore 18 March 1825 I may be mistaken in my construction of the treaty with Columbia [itc]— The senate appears to concurr [sic] with me in Opinion—and I thought Mr. Adams1 did when I conversed with him on the subject and promised me that an explanation should be had on the subject with Salazar2 & words more definite be used in what I thought he meant a seperate [sic] Convention— The sooner this shall be done the better— The English will be as anxious as we are on the subject— I dislike that a solemn treaty should depend on Construction. I am well pleased that C. H. 3 will have leave of absence however short. I think a return from foreign Countries at proper periods useful to themselves and their Country— Do me the favour with as little delay as possible to send me Original and a Copy of his leave of return, that I may send them without delay. It takes from 60 to 75 days for a letter to go to him. It will take a month to prepare and another month before he Can reach Liverpool—as he will bring his family I wish him to avoid the Equinox. The Enclosed is from a highly respectable merchant.4 I sincerely wish you may find it Convenient to gratify him If you do—send the Commission thro: me. and you will greatly Oblige Your Friend & Servant

S. SMITH

MARCH 18,

1825

121

Copy. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R62). Cf. above, Clay to Smith, March 17,1825 (1). l John Quincy Adams. 2 Jose Maria Salazar, who had arrived in the United States the preceding October as Minister Plenipotentiary from the Republic of Colombia. 3 Christopher Hughes. 4 The enclosed letter, written by R. H. Douglass, Baltimore merchant, and addressed to Smith, March 17, 1825, seeks the appointment of John L. McGregor, a native of Charleston, South Carolina, now residing at Campeche, as United States consul in Yucatan. McGregor was named consul at Campeche, but not until 1839.

From J. Wingate, Jr. (Private) State of Maine Portland, March 18th. 1825 Dr. Sir, Permit me to address you on the subject of the conversation, I had the honor to hold with you in relation to the publication of the laws of the U. States being given to the "Independent Statesman and Main [sic] Republican" 1 instead of the "Eastern Argus."2 The ground on which the patronage of the general Government is claimed for the "Statesman" is, that it has uniformly supported the measures of the late Administration, and the Election of ovir present most estimable Chief Magistrate— In doing which it has had to repel, during the late Electioneering Campaign, the vituperative assaults, made by the "Argus," not only upon Mr Adams, but also upon those of our own Citizens, who had the honesty and independence to avow themselves the advocates of his Election.— In fact the "Argus" has been the most personally abusive Paper, printed in our Section of the Union—and its principal supporters a set of political charlatans, who after it was ascertained there was no hopes of their favorite candidate, for the Presidency, succeeding became the ardent supporters of Genl Jackson. In short the course pursued by that Paper has been marked by such a wanton profligacy and baseness, that its claims to the patronage of the general Government, are nowise better or stronger than those of the Washington City Gazette or Columbian Observer.3 I think [it] would be considered a species of political suicide, in the present Administration, to patronise and foster Papers of this discription [sic]. A cordial, hearty and efficient support of the Administration can reasonably be expected only from its friends, and such Papers as have defended it and its measures "through good report and through evil report"— from those who have sustained and upheld the Government because they conscientiously believed, by so doing, they were promoting the best interests of their Country. Whereas by giving its patronage to men & Papers, that have been personally and politically opposed to Administration [sic], it ought not and cannot expect any thing in return, but a cold hollow hearted support, which would ultimately

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do it more injury than benefit. Under these circumstances I cannot doubt you will give the publishing of the laws of the U. States to the "Statesman." As the laws of the last session of Congress are not yet published it is necessary and expedient, I presume, this appointment should be made in season to afford the Paper selected an opportunity to commence the publication of them as soon as practicable, I, therefore, confidently hope & expect you will be pleased to make an early decision in this case. The Editor4 of the New York Daily Advertiser, of the 15h. inst, in his remarks on Genl Jacksons letter to Mr Swartwout,5 has in a very brief manner exhibited the opinions and views of the "Military Chieftain," in such a light as to satisfy eve[ry] honest Republican of the soundness & correctness of your objections to his being made President. The insidious attempt that is making, in this quarter of the Union to excite a hostility to you, by circulating the imbecile letters of Kremer,6 and the egotistical and tyrannical sentiments of Genl Jackson, you may rest assured will produce a salutary effect, and the Actors in this political drama will be completely foiled in their calculations and expectations. And as soon as this temporary and unnatural excitment, which has been produced, on this occasion, shall have subsided, the course you have pursued will receive the unequivocal approbation of all honorable Men. I have the honor to be with Sentiments of Esteem & respect— Your obt St J. WINGATE, JR Hon Henry Clay Secy of State Washington City ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. MS. torn. Wingate not further identified. 1 This Portland newspaper ceased publication the following May but was succeeded by the Portland American Patriot, which received the contract for public printing in 1827 and 1828. 2 Published at this time by Thomas Todd and Smith, not further identified. s Cf. above, Clay to Gales and Seaton, January 30, 1825, enclosure. * Theodore Dwight, Sr. s See above, Clay to Brooke, January 28, 1825, note. « See above, Bard to Clay, March 15, 1825, note.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPA TCHES

March 18, 1825

From RICHARD C. ANDERSON, JR., Bogota, no. 28. States that his departure has been delayed pending final adjustment of old claims against the Government of Colombia. Reports "successful settlement in the cases of the Schooner Liberty and Cargo, the Schooner Tiger and Cargo, the Cargo of the Brig America, the Minerva and Cargo [see above, Keith to Clay, March 11, 1825, note], and the Josephine and Cargo." He will, upon his arrival (in Washington), deposit in the Secretary's office the bills, received in payment, "drawn on the Colombian Consul General in the United States" (Jose Leandro Palacios). In regard to captures last summer, Colombia rejects the contention that Spanish goods under the United States flag are exempt from seizure. The claim in the case of the Paloma has also been rejected; Secretary (Pedro) Gual has offered

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to prepare a paper in explanation of the position, but Anderson has declined this formalization of the statement, with the hope that opportunity may arise for reopening the discussion. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Colombia, vol. 3 (M-T33, R3). Addressed to J. Q. Adams, Secretary of State; received April 21. On Anderson's departure, see below, Watts to Secretary of State, April 8, 1825; Anderson to Clay, May 17, 1825. On the Colombian claims convention, which had been signed by Anderson and Pedro Gual, at Bogota, on March 16, see Miller (ed.) , Treaties . . . , III, 195-96. The claims successfully negotiated all related to seizures by Venezuelan squadrons during the revolutionary action of the period from 1817 to 1820. The Tiger, sailing out of Salem, had been captured in July, 1817. The Liberty, the America, and the Josephine sailed out of Philadelphia. The first had been seized in the Orinoco River, in July, 1817. Military supplies, representing a part of the cargo of the America, had been confiscated and sold at Santa Marta in 1820. A Colombian court of appeals had upheld the claim of the owners, but the amount of collateral damages had been in controversy. The Josephine had been seized off La Guaira, in January, 1819. The claims for damages during the summer of 1824 arose from the depredations of the Colombian privateer, General Santander, sailing under Captain John Chase, of Baltimore, with American officers and crew, which had seized three American vessels, the Mechanic (see below, Gracie to Clay, March 25, 1825), the Midas, and the Ned, on the ground that they transported Spanish property. Two additional American vessels, the Junius, of Baltimore, and the Oris, had been captured by other Colombian privateers later in the summer. The Paloma was a Spanish vessel, seized by Colombian privateers on the high seas between La Guaira and Cumana in July, 1818. The United States interest in the case related to the cargo of military supplies, owned by American citizens. On May 30, 1825, Daniel Brent, "In the absence of the Secretary," sent to Thomas Wilson "the first of several sets of Exchange, at ninety days sight, drawn by the Government of Colombia on the 18th. day of March last upon Col. Jose Leandro Palacio [sic], its Consul General in the United States, in favour of Mr. Richard C. Anderson . . . , for the benefit of those entitled to the proceeds of them. . . ." One bill, for $21,750, with interest at six per cent from January 27, 1819, to March 18, 1825, was "to satisfy the claim of the Brig Josephine"; one, for $9,461.40, "to satisfy the claim of the Cargo of the Schooner Liberty, with interest as above from 5th. July 1817, to the date of the bill"; one for $20,000, "for the claim of the Schooner Minerva, Cargo, &c. with interest, from 27th. June 1820"; and one for $21,442, "for the claim of the Brig America's Cargo." Brent requested Wilson to procure acceptance of the bills and pay the proceeds to "the rightful Owners." Brent further requested, in a postscript, that Wilson obtain acceptance also of an enclosed "first and second of Exchange on Mr. [Manuel Jose] Hurtado, the Colombian Agent in London, at ninety days sight, for eighteen hundred and forty eight pounds, eight shillings and five pence, Sterling, to the order of Mr. Anderson . . . to answer the Claim for the Schooner Liberty. . . ." Copy, in DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 73-75 (M40, R19) . Hurtado, a member of the Colombian Senate, had been sent as his country's representative to Great Britain in 1824. On May 30, Brent informed each of the following claimants of the action that had been taken: Joseph E. Read, Troy, Massachusetts, and Samuel Keith, relative to the Minerva; Daniel Smith and John Leamy, Philadelphia, the Josephine; John A. Leamy, Philadelphia, "the claim for the cargo of the Schooner Liberty"; Charles H. Baker and John "Reinhard [i.e., Rianhard]," the America; and Joseph Peabody and Gideon Tucker, Salem, Massachusetts,

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O F STATE

"the Schooner Tyger [Tiger} and Cargo." Copies, in ibid., pp. 75-78 (M40, R19). Two days later, on June 1, Wilson informed Brent that the bills had "been accepted by Mr Palacio [sic]"; stated that, since the Bank could not assume the responsibility of disbursing the proceeds in the manner designated by Brent, "an officer of the Government" should be authorized to liquidate claims by drawing on the fund; and inquired concerning disposition of the proceeds, when collected, of the bill of exchange on Hurtado. ALS, in DNA, RG76, Misc. Claims, Colombia. Read and Smith have not been further identified. John Leamy, president of the Insurance Company of the State of Pennsylvania, had been prominent as a merchant in Philadelphia as early as 1790. John A. Leamy was his son. Baker and Rianhard have not been further identified. Peabody, wealthy merchant shipper, owned a fleet of vessels trading in many parts of the world. Tucker had grown up in the business and had become Peabody's partner. From CHARLES SAVAGE, Guatemala (City) . Reports receipt of a file of the Government Gazette (of the Federation of Central America) for the last year, three copies of the constitution of the republic, and as many of a discourse recently delivered by "the president of the Executive"; transmits "a few of the last papers and one of each of the pamphlets" with this dispatch. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Guatemala, vol. 1 (M-T337, R l ) . Addressed to Secretary of State; received August 4. Manuel Jose Arce (or De Arza) had been appointed President of the Regency by the Guatemalan Congress in June of 1823 and thus became the first President of the new Republic, organized as the Federation of Central America. On his earlier activities, see below, Clay to Miller, April 22, 1825, note. Arce remained in this office until he was overthrown in 1829. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

March 18, 1825

T o JOHN TUCKER MANSFIELD, "Consular Commercial Agent of the U. S. pro.

tern, at Pernambuco [Brazil]." Encloses "evidence of . . . appointment, together with a copy of the printed Circular Instructions to Consuls." Copy. DNA, RG59, Cons. Instr., vol. 2, p. 346 (M78, R 2 ) . On March 19 Mansfield, writing from Salem (Massachusetts), acknowledged receipt of this letter, brought by Justice (Joseph) Story, and stated his intention of leaving for the post about April 10. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Pernambuco, vol. 1 (M-T344, Rl) . This was an interim appointment, not confirmed until December 19. He remained in the position until 1836. From JOHN A. LEAMY, Philadelphia. States that he was informed in 1823 of an offer by Colombia to pay his claim, resulting from "the capture and condemnation of Schr [sic] Liberty & Cargo . . . in 1817," but that he was told in 1824 that nothing could be found in (Richard C.) Anderson's correspondence relative to the matter. Wishes to know whether Anderson has written anything about it. ALS. DNA, RG76, Misc. Claims, Colombia. See above, Anderson to Secretary of State, this date. From HENRY WHEATON, Washington. Seeks opinion on whether a claim of "Capt. Ordronnaux" (John Ordronaux) can be admitted to the list of American claims on France (see above, III, 154-55n, 313n). AL. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R62) . Ordronaux, a native of France, naturalized a citizen of

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the United States, had commanded an American privateer during the War of 1812. His award on prize vessels taken into French ports had been attached by action of French tribunals under judgments requiring payment of obligations alleged to have been assumed by him in re-outfitting after his vessel had been disarmed at Cherbourg, following the peace agreement between France and England in the spring of 1814. APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

March 18, 1825

WILLIAM D. FORD, Watertown (New York), seeks appointment as collector of customs at the port of Cape Vincent, Jefferson County, New York, in the place of John B. Esselstyne, (Essylstine, Esseltyne) . ALS. DNA, RG 59, A. and R. (MR2) . Esselstyne had been first appointed surveyor and inspector of revenue at this port in 1811; he had held this post jointly with the collectorship since 1818. His appointment was renewed for an additional term at its expiration November 30, 1826.

Albany, New York, recommends "Capt. Read" (Samuel C. Reid) as surveyor of the port of New York. ALS. Ibid. (MRS). See below, Savage to Clay, March 21, 1825.

GEORGE MCCLURE,

Albany, New York, observing that he, a State senator, is not personally acquainted with Clay but supported him "during the ardous [sic] Struggle Last fall," assures him that he has "lost no real friends in this State" and invites attention to "Captain Read" (Reid), "who goes to Washington for the purpose of obtaining the appointment of Marshal of the State of New York or Surveyor of that port-" ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MRS) . See below, Savage to Clay, March 21, 1825.

ARCHIBALD MCINTYRE,

From [Samuel L.] Southard Washington 19 March 1825 Mr. Southard encloses for the consideration of the Secretary of State, a letter from Mr. Me. Ilvaine,1 requesting a title to a tract of land in New Jersey.— [Endorsement]2 Mr. Clay's Compliments to Mr Southard, and he returns the above mentioned letter which he has perused. 21 Mar. AN. NjP-Samuel L. Southard Papers. 1 Joseph Mcllvaine, Burlington, New Jersey, lawyer, had been elected to the United States Senate in 1823 to fill Southard's unexpired term. The letter, addressed to Southard and dated March 1, 1825 (ALS), accompanies this document. 2 AE.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

March 19, 1825

From HEMAN ALLEN, Valparaiso, no. 13. Comments on the political instability in Chile and the unfavorable situation for settlement of the claims of United States citizens against the Republic. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Chile, vol. 1 (M-T2, R l ) . Addressed to Secretary of State; received July 13. The

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American claims generally stemmed from seizures of vessels and cargoes by the Chilean Navy and privateers in operations directed against trade with Spanish royalists. From CHRISTOPHER HUGHES, Stockholm. Reports that he has been informed by the Marquis de Gabriac, French Minister in Sweden, that Spain will not break off relations with England over the latter's recognition of the new American States and that France has used her influence to dissuade the Emperor of Austria (Francis I) "from all hostile determinations." Discusses the formidable war preparations of the Turks and Greeks, a rumor of Britain's dissatisfaction with political events in Portugal, and the great importance to Swedish commercial classes of the "projected reduction of British duties on foreign iron." Notes that there has been no further progress in settlement of the claims of American citizens against either Sweden or Denmark. ALS. Ibid., Sweden and Norway, vol. 4 (M45, R 5 ) . Addressed to Secretary of State; received May 14. The American claims against Sweden and Denmark grew out of seizures of vessels and their cargoes under application of the Continental System during the Napoleonic wars, those against Sweden, identified as the "Stralsund claims," arising out of enforcement of the restrictive decrees in Swedish Pomerania.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

March 19, 1825

To NICHOLAS BIDDLE. Acknowledges receipt of Biddle's note (of March 16) and states that the instructions prepared for (Joel R.) Poinsett (below, March 26, 1825) have "directed his attention to that interesting object." ALS. DLC-Nicholas Biddle Papers (DNA, M212, R20) . T o GEORGE IZARD, Philadelphia. Transmits his commission as Governor of the Territory of Arkansas. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 10 (M40, R19) . Published in Carter (ed.), Territorial Papers. . . , XX, 60. Izard had been nominated for the office by President Monroe on February 17, and the nomination had been confirmed on March 3; he acknowledged, on March 81, receipt of his commission and Clay's accompanying letter. ALS. DNA, RG59, Acceptances and Orders for Comms. From LYDE GOODWIN, Baltimore. Calls "attention to the claims of certain individuals of this City on the government of Mexico, for supplies furnished to General [Francisco Xavier] Mina in the year 1816 . . . . by the Mexican Company of Baltimore"; requests that the American Minister to Mexico (Joel R. Poinsett) be instructed to press the matter; and notes that D (ennis) A. Smith, bearer of the letter and one of the claimants, can supply additional information. ALS. DNA, RG76, Mexican Claims Commissions. Goodwin had also outfitted privateers for service in the War of 1812. His company's claims on Mexico, amounting to $25,933, were not allowed under the Mexican Claims Convention of 1839. The Mexican Company of Baltimore, represented by David M. Perine and John Glenn, had claims amounting to $608,313.53 for "munitions of war" supplied to Mina. The commissioners under the Mexican Convention awarded the company $417,427.47. House Docs., 27 Cong, 2 Sess., no. 291, p. 51. Perine was a distinguished lawyer, for many years clerk of court for Baltimore County, and active in civic affairs. Glenn, also a lawyer, later (1852-1853) became judge of the United States District Court of Maryland.

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To Jose Maria Salazar Don Jose Maria Salazar, Envoy Extraordinary, and Minister Plenipotentiary from the Republic of Colombia. Sir, Department of State Washington 21. March 1825. I have the honour to inform you that the President of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, having ratified the "general Convention of Peace, Amity, Navigation and Commerce" concluded and signed at Bogota on the 3d. day of October 1824.1 [sic] I shall be ready to exchange the ratification for that of your Government whenever you may be ready to make it.2 By the Constitution of the United States, as by that of the Republic of Colombia in respect to its Congress, the Senate is a component part with the Executive of the Treaty making power; and no Treaty is binding on them, to which the Senate does not give its Consent and advice. Each branch of the power acts independently of the other, and upon its own responsibility to the people and to the States, the common sources from which both derive all their authority. The Senate is as competent as the President to entertain and determine upon all the considerations which should be weighed in judging of the fitness and expediency of any Treaty. From this organization of the power instances may occur, in the progress of the Government, of its two branches entertaining different views of the effect upon the public interest, of the stipulations of a proposed Treaty. Any inconvenience which may arise from that cause are [sic] abundantly compensated by the Security to the public in the mutual action of those reciprocal checks. Of the value of that kind of security the framers of the Constitutions both of the United States and Colombia appear to have been fully sensible. These observations are called for by the communication which I have now the honour to make that an instance has occurred of such a difference of opinion between the late President of the United States and their Senate, in respect to the Convention for the complete suppression of the African slave trade which was concluded and signed at Bogota on the 10th. day of December 1824.3 That Convention, having been submitted to the Senate for its consent and advice, after great deliberation, it has not thought proper to advise its ratification; and consequently, for the want of the concurrence of both parties, it cannot be considered as binding on either. In communicating this decision to your Government, I have to request that you will accompany it by assurances that it is not to be regarded as proceeding from any want of the most friendly feelings towards the Republic of Colombia, nor from any insensibility to the

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great moral duty under which all Christendom is placed of totally suppressing that abominable traffic. I pray you, Sir, to accept the assurance of my distinguished Consideration. HENRY CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Ministers and Consuls, vol. 3, pp. 202-204 (M38, R3). AL draft is located in CSmH. 1 Miller (ed.), Treaties . . . , III, 163-85. 2 The ratifications were exchanged in Washington on May 27, 1825, with Daniel Brent acting in the absence of Clay. Ibid., 190. 3 American State Papers, Foreign Relations, V, 733-35.

From R[obert] D. Richardson Dear Sir, The Retreat, East Baton Rouge, 21st, March 1825. Your highly esteemed favour of the 20th. Ultimo, 1 was received in course by the Mail,—and I find myself placed under fresh obligations to you, for the kind solicitude which it expresses for my future welfare. I would greatly prefer the ambient air, which circulates freely throughout the district of Columbia, to the scorching rays of the matinal Sun, that we sensibly feel in this Southern latitude. If therefore, any clerkship can be conferred on me, by any one of my friends in Washington, by which I could obtain a decent support, and confer moderate education on my children; and at the same time, render some services to our common country, I will with pleasure repair to the city, altho' it would cost me a considerable sum for the transportation of my small family, and my baggage. My neighbor, and friend, Mr. Gurley,2 has not yet arrived; but his family and friends are anxiously looking out for the event of his return. With best wishes for your prosperity, I remain, in sincerity, Your friend and very obedient servant, R. D. RICHARDSON ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3). Addressed to Clay at Washington, i Not found. 2 Henry H. Gurley.

From Henry R. Storrs Dear Sir Whitesborough March 21st. 1825. I should have written to you from Albany had I not left there rather earlier than I expected. The election of Mr. Adams is generally approved of by the People of this State. The good sense and intelligence of the community is the basis on which their opinion rests. Their sectional feelings are gratified; and their confidence in the ability and integrity of Mr. Adams satisfies them that his administration will be founded on the interests of the nation and the

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steady support of our public institutions. The fact is that the great mass of the People of this State have never been excited to a very great degree on the question—and our local politics in a great measure overlaid the national question. It may also be generally considered as a truth that the People of this country cannot be brought to much excitement in relation to men merely. If they are well governed, they naturally rally round an administration which gives them good measures. For Mr. Crawford and Genl. Jackson there is scarcely sympathy left. The first was identified with the odious measures of our last Legislature1 and the last has never had much hold on the feelings of this State. He was artificially made to appear to have had some strength but in reality had very little. Such is. the popularity of the election of Mr. Adams that both political parties find themselves morally constrained to support it and neither can safely, whatever their personal wishes may be, venture to any opposition. Indeed the great leading object of both at Albany at this time is to endeavor to place the other in opposition to it, with the view to their own ascendancy at home—for the contest between them here is whether Mr. Clinton 2 shall be put down as Governor or not. The opposition to him consider that his election last fall (and there is much truth in it) was the effect of circumstances and not from his personal popularity—that there was combined in aid of his election all the topics of influence which had for some time been accumulating to render the then dominant power unpopular. The discordancy of the materials of which his strength in that election was composed has appeared most strikingly in the Legislature this winter. At Albany every thing is in confusion, except the opposition to Mr. C. and it is highly probable that the next legislature will present a majority against him in both branches of the legislature. There is a settled and implacable determination not only in the old Caucus party but with many of the Peoples party to destroy his political power as soon as they can accomplish it. Having the majority of the Senate against him he cannot effect any measures to strengthen his situation and they seem to understand in that body well the science which they practise. This state of things has rendered his declining the Mission to London 3 an important event—and the understanding that it is left open, and may yet be in his power to take, has created great solicitude among those who are opposed to him—lest he should accept it yet—for they consider (and with much reason) that should he accept he becomes more identified with the administration and of course more unassailable and is at the same time delivered from the chance of losing his moral power by a defeat at another election which should it so happen terminates his political life irrecoverably. It is also by them con-

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strued and represented as having originated from secret hostility to the administration as formed—and this is an impression which may be perhaps considerably made. If it should prevail in the State it is fatal to him. My own opinion of his declining is that he was governed by the notion that the administration was not to be permanent—that he was led away by the notion that such was and would be the opposition to it that it could not stand more than four years and that he himself would accomplish his chief object at that time. That he had made up his mind to decline such an offer even before it was actually made, there can be no doubt. He received Mr. Adams' letter by mail at evening—and on the same evening stated his intention to decline—so that it is not possible that he could have come to that conclusion in any deliberate reflection after the receipt of the letter. A confidential friend of his, too, who had been in Washington for some time (a Judge Her tell* of N York) left Washington three or four days after Mr. Adams was elected and went directly to Albany. This gentleman was at W. very intimate with the opposition to Mr. Adams from two quarters (since united) and carried with him, doubtless, the impression that the new administration would be overturned. I believe that this is the real solution of his motives in declining the place.—and I observed that in almost every conversation where his friends were present, when I expressed the opinion decidedly that it would be firmly sustained, that they received it with evident doubt and with some disappointment. I did not personally converse with him on the subject, tho' it seemed to have been expected by some that I should have done so. I knew that nothing which I should say would be received as it should have been. He would have considered, whatever I might have said, as rather intended for purposes adverse to his personal views hereafter; and as coming with motives at least to be suspected by him. Besides I could urge no other or farther considerations to induce him to take the place than what his own confidential friends from Washington, who were in Albany with me, had urged already and which to them were considered conclusive in favor of his accepting the place. Had he been offered the State Dept. I do not doubt that it would have been taken unless he would have considered that in taking it he would have in honor been precluded from opposing Mr. A. at four years. And this may be the solution also why in his letter to Mr. A. he virtually declines any place under the administration—considering that by accepting any place he would honorarily be placed hors du combat. His indiscreet and blabbing friends often say openly that had he have gone to London Mr. A. & Mr. Clay would have laid him on the shelf.

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It is not however to be denied that as regards the party of Mr. C. in the State it is not for their interest that he should leave the State and more especially as Mr. Tallmadge 5 would be thus left in the Executive govt. who is known to be hostile to Mr. C. & his friends— and I find that Mr. Clintons letter to Mr. A. declining the offer6 is made a great merit of, as being the offspring of motives altogether disinterested and patriotically regarding the State interest alone. If he does not take the place it is considered by his sagacious and well informed friends at Albany who regard his ulterior views as a great error in judgment. There is a settled determination in the Senate not to meet any measures on the part of the Assembly which shall elect Judge Spencer to the Senate of the U. S. and the intimate friends of Mr. C. are of opinion I understand that they should adhere to Judge S. and let the choice go over to another Legislature. If so, Judge S. will never be elected.7 There is one view of the appointment of the successor of Mr. Rush8 which very strongly creates solicitude in the part of Mr. C.'s friends, i.e.—that after the offer has been thus made to Mr. C. it may perhaps hereafter be offered to some one in the State who is not decidedly friendly to Mr. C. personally or intimately connected with his party feelings and views.—and indeed they cannot claim that it is to be conferred as a gift of theirs or with a view to the local politics of the State. The considerations growing out of such an alternative are indeed well calculated to alarm that interest and should have formed a conclusive reason in itself why Mr. C. should have at once accepted it. I know that our State politics are difficult to be understood and have endeavored only to speak as much of them as may enable you to understand their bearing on the question relating to the offer to Mr. Clinton. I am, Dr. Sir, Yrs truly Hon. H. Clay H R STORRS ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). 1 See above, III, 401, 475-76, 776, 822, 848; Porter to Clay, January 14, 1825. 2 DeWitt Clinton. 3 See above, Stuart to Clay, March 15, 1825, note. 4 Thomas Hertell, later a member of the New York Legislature, identified with the movement for revision o£ women's rights under the State property laws. 5 James Tallmadge, Jr., now Lieutenant Governor of New York. e Dated February 25, 1825. ALS. MHi-Adams Papers, Letters Received, LXXIV, 189 (M467). 7 An effort on the part of the Clintonians to elect Ambrose Spencer to the United States Senate resulted in a deadlock in the New York Legislature that kept the seat vacant through 1825. Spencer, brother-in-law of DeWitt Clinton and father of John C. Spencer, had held several political offices in New York, had been a member of the supreme court of that State from 1804 to 1823 (chief justice, 1819-1823), and was mayor of Albany (1824-1825). He was later a member of Congress, 1829-1831. 8 Richard Rush.

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INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

March 21, 1825

From JAMES BROWN, Paris, "Private." Inquires whether his expenses to be incurred in attendance at the coronation of Charles X of France will be paid by the United States Government. LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., France, vol. 22 (M34, R25). Addressed to Secretary of State. Charles X had succeeded Louis XVIII upon the latter's death September 16, 1824. From W[ILLIAM] TUDOR, Lima, no. 24. Reports the activities of French and British vessels at Chorrillos (near Lima) and a French demand for restitution of property and readmission of French citizens ordered out of the country; notes that the besiegers of Callao will soon open a heavier battery; outlines difficulties in trying to obtain official information concerning "a most infamous libel" written against Tudor by one Alsop, of Connecticut, a merchant at Lima (probably Richard Alsop) ; and states that reports of conditions in Upper Peru are contradictory. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Lima, vol. 1 (Ml54, Rl) . Addressed to Secretary of State; received July 2. Published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American States, III, 1780-81. Tudor, born in Boston and graduated from Harvard University, had been active in founding the Anthology Club (Boston), the Boston Atheneum, and the North American Review, the last of which he had served as the first editor (1815), and had filled several terms in the Massachusetts Legislature. He had been appointed consul to Lima in 1823 and continued in this post until his transfer to that of Charge d'Affaires in Brazil, in June, 1827, where he died three years later. Besides editorial writings, Tudor had published The Life of James Otis, of Massachusetts . . . (Boston, 1823). The patriot siege of the Spanish fortresses at Callao, invested soon after the fall of Ayacucho (above, Raguet to Secretary of State, March 11, 1825, note), continued until January, 1826 (see below, Allen to Clay, February 23, 1826) . MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

March 21, 1825

From DANIEL WYNNE, New York. States his wish to delay departure until September, so that he may complete arrangements for establishing a commercial house in Santiago. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Santiago, Cuba, vol. 1 (M-T55, Rl) . Wynne had been named in February, 1825, consul for the United States at Santiago de Chile. Daniel Brent informed him, on March 25, that the Secretary had no objection to his "remaining in the United States, till September. . . ." Copy, in DNA, RG59, Cons. Instr., vol. 2, p. 348 (M78, R2). APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

March 21, 1825

and THOMAS ABORN recommend appointment of Thomas H. Roberts as public printer. LS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Undated; postmarked: "N. Albany Ind. March 22." Neither correspondent has been identified. On Roberts, see below, this date. LATHROP GEDERKIN

C. KEEN, Vevay, Indiana, publisher of the Indiana Register, applies for "the appointment of printer of the laws of the U.S. in the 3d congressional district of Indiana." A veteran of the War of 1812, during which he was wounded in service on board the Lawrence, on Lake Erie, Keen says he supported Clay during the recent presidential campaign and will support the Adams

WILLIAM

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administration, "so far as its measures may tend to promote the general good." ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Keen had founded the Indiana Register in 1816, had surrendered ownership the following year, and, after the paper had been discontinued, had revived it in 1824. H. ROBERTS, New Albany, Indiana, states that he had established in Louisville in the spring of 1824 a newspaper "in opposition to the two papers then published in that place, both violently in favor of Genl Jackson for the Presidency"; that he had "dared advocate the cause, of both" Adams and Clay and, in consequence, had suffered bodily injury and property loss at the hands of a mob on the night of September 5; and that, unable to obtain justice in Louisville, he had moved across the Ohio River and had "commenced the publication of a small paper" in New Albany. Presents his application as "one of the Printers to [sic] the laws of the Union, in the State of Indiana." Refers "to the records of the Medical College of Baltimore" for information concerning his character and notes that he is "a son of old Counsellor Roberts of Frankfort Ky (formerly of Baltimore Md)." ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Dr. Thomas Henry Roberts, both a medical doctor and a licensed preacher of the Christian Society of the New Jerusalem, had established his paper, the Microscope and General Advertiser, in Louisville in April, 1824, and had moved it to New Albany in September, 1825. Soon thereafter it was succeeded by the Indiana Recorder and Public Advertiser, with which Roberts was connected until his death, April 6, 1827. His father, not identified.

T[HOMAS]

Albany, introduces "Captain Read [Samuel C. Reid]," who wishes Clay's "aid and influence in procuring some appointment. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3). See above, II, 436, 437n. Reid received no appointment.

JOHN SAVAGE,

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

March 22, 1825

From JAMES BROWN, Paris, "Private." Encloses copies of the answer, dated January 21, 1825, by Dr. Francisco de Zea Bermudez, Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs, to the note of December 31, 1824, from George Bosanquet, British Charge d'Affaires at Madrid, communicating the British decision to recognize the independence of the Latin American Republics (above, Nelson to Secretary of State, March 8, 1825) ; also of a note "by one of the diplomatic corps at London, and addressed to one of the ministers of the continent," indicating the reaction of Francis I, Emperor of Austria, to news of the British measure. Reports the arrival of Prince Metternich in Paris but comments that his visit is probably not occasioned by "the affairs of the late Spanish colonies." LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., France, vol. 22 (M34, R25). Addressed to Secretary of State; received April 25. Zea Bermudez had been appointed to head the Ministry on December 31, 1824, an action said "to have been almost forced upon Ferdinand [VII] by the influence of France, and by the extreme difficulties in which the court found itself placed." He was known as "a man of ability, of knowledge, and of moderation in politics"; but he lacked personal influence, family connections, or party support. He and his cabinet were dismissed the following October. Annual Register, 1825, "History of Europe," 166, 173. Metternich had come to Paris in February because of the illness of his wife, nee Eleonore von Kaunitz. Though she had died on March 19, the Austrian Chancellor remained in the French capital until the middle of April, using the

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time to consolidate support for his views. The European diplomatic maneuvering of this period, however, centered less upon the problems of Spain than upon the conflict between Turkey and Greece (see below, Middleton to Clay, April 21, 1825). MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

March 22, 1825

To WILLIAM DRAYTON, Charleston, South Carolina. Offers, with authorization of the President, the consulate at Dublin, vacated by the death of "Mr. English." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 15-16 (M40, R19) . Thomas English had been appointed consul at Dublin in 1816.

From Amos Kendall Mount Pleasant,—near Frankfort March 23d. 1825. Dear Sir, Yours of the 19th. ult. was duly received and shewn to Messrs Blair and Crittenden. 1 We have heard of your appointment and the opposition to it in the Senate.2 If Jackson has before acted magnanimously since the election he has certainly forfeited all claim to that attribute by voting against your nomination. I presume there is more of spite in it against you than against Mr. Adams, and that the opposition are more desirous to destroy your future prospects than they are to disturb the present administration. In some parts of this state there is a strong feeling of dissatisfaction at the vote of the Kentucky delegation and I fear your friends Trimble and F. Johnson 3 will have to meet a tempest. In this district there was some sensation; but it is dying away. White 4 is mingling freely with the people; they like him, and are easily induced to excuse him. But I must say I believe that more than three fourths of the people in his district would have instructed him to vote for Jackson. An impression is abroad, that our local question was brought to bear on the presidential election and that you at Washington have acted in concert with the old Judges and their friends in Kentucky.5 I put no confidence in this rumor; but it excites in some places a disposition to mingle the two subjects in our discussions. I am apprized of your opinion upon the late act of the Legislature,6 but I have learnt nothing to make me believe you have pressed it any where improperly or with a view of putting up one party and another down in Kentucky. I hope I shall be pardoned in the suggestion that as little interference in our contentions as a free citizen can well submit to would seem to me to be prudent and necessary for you in the present situation both of us and yourself. If it were shewn that you were using your influence to crush the

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party with whom our fortunes are united here, how could such men as Blair and myself defend you or restrain that angry discussion to which many of our friends are inclined? Besides, suffer me to say that in the present state of public feeling here, even your voice would have little influence. Passion is taking the place of reason and you have little conception of the ferocious feelings by which many men, especially of the old Judge Party, are actuated. Violence on one side begets it on the other, and a degree of heat is rising which not only puts an end to all fair and honorable discussion, but actually endangers the public peace. You might do yourself and some of your friends much harm by an active interference and you can do neither any good. I doubt not you are much deceived as to the true state of public opinion here. I am perfectly satisfied that the great mass of the people are settling down for and against the late act almost precisely as they were for and against removing the Judges, and that there will be little or no change of parties in favor of the old judges in the next Legislature. The whole parade of public meetings7 is preconcerted and forced, and if they have made any impression it is vanishing almost as rapidly as it was made. Indeed, we have, I humbly think, the best materials for arguments, the ablest hands to put them together, and the popular side with the people. The anarchy attempted to be introduced by the disobedience of the Circuit Courts is more likely to end in the destruction of that system than in any serious change of public opinion.8 I have spent most of my time lately at my little farm where I now write and am much relieved when I can escape from town and the bustle of the political world. I am becoming much attached to my little place. I have on it an old saw mill and grist mill, a new two vat paper mill one vat of which is nearly ready to start, a dwelling house and out buildings. The death of Mrs. K. removed all her real property out of my disposal and much crippled the means on which I relied to build my paper mill. The more I live in the country the less inclination I have to mingle with the busy quarrelling world. Could I borrow money on a liberal credit to finish my improvements here which I could secure by a mortgage on the place and if required get my building insured, the value of which would be two or three times the amount I w[. . . ]9 would abandon all local party politics to those who love quarrels better than I do, and spend the rest of life on this farm. I think I prefer this to any public or any other private employment. And now, sir, if you can tell me where I can borrow not less than $2000 nor more than $3000 in specie secured so as in no way to endanger the lender, on a credit of not less than two nor over four years, I believe you

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will do me the highest favor in your power.10 If I had friends at the east I could soon get it in Philadelphia or New York; but I know nobody there. If I cannot make some such arrangement I shall from necessity have to stick to my printing office and my political discussions, which, if they bring no pleasure, will finally enable me to accomplish that which I would gladly compass at once. Your friend AMOS KENDALL ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). Addressed to Clay at Washington. MS. faded. 1 Francis Preston Blair; John J. Crittenden. Letter not found. Cf. above, Blair to Clay, March 7, 1825. 2 See above, Commission, March 7, 1825, note. 3 David Trimble; Francis Johnson. 4 David White, Jr. 5Cf. above, Blair to Clay, March 7,1825. 6 See above, III, 896-97, 902 and note. 7 See above, Kendall to Clay, February 19, 1825, note. 8 During 1825 cases in two of the fifteen circuits of the Kentucky judicial system were sent on appeal exclusively to the old court; those in two others were sent exclusively to the new court; and those of the remaining eleven circuits were divided in their assignment. Arndt M. Stickles, The Critical Court Struggle in Kentucky, 1819-1829 ([Bloomington, Ind.], 1929), 85-87. The confusion was heightened by contrary rulings on the constitutionality of the court legislation and by refusal of circuit judges to accept certifications—of legal papers and of lawyers' licensing—by appellate jurists of the opposing faction. See Lexington Kentucky Reporter, March 7, 14, 28; April 18, 1825; Lexington Kentucky Gazette, March 17, May 5, 1825; Frankfort Argus of Western America, April 27, 1825. 9 MS. torn; one or two words missing. 10 Cf. below, Kendall to Clay, July 8, 1826, and note.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

March 23, 1825

From JOSE MARIA SALAZAR, Washington, no. 2. Acknowledges receipt of Clay's note of March 21 and expresses understanding of the system of government which occasions Senate refusal to concur in the convention respecting abolition of the slave trade. LS. DNA, RG59, Notes from Colombian Legation, vol. 1 (M51, R22). INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

March 23, 1825

From JAMES BROWN, Paris, no. 27. Encloses a copy of a letter which Brown addressed to (Ange-Hyacinthe-Maxence) the Baron de Damas, on March 18, explaining why the United States refuses to link discussion of the claims of American citizens on the French Government with the dispute on interpretation of the most favored nation clause in "the 8th. article of the Louisiana treaty of cession." LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., France, vol. 22 (M34, R25) . Addressed to Secretary of State; received April 25. See above, III, 154n, 313n, 382, 383n. Damas, who, as a French emigre, had been trained in the Russian Army and after the restoration of the monarchy in France had attained the rank of lieutenant general in the forces of his native land, had fought with the expedition to Spain (cf. above, III, 313n), had become Minister of War (18231824), and now (1824-1828) served as Minister of Foreign Affairs. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS To

LEWIS CASS,

March 23, 1825

Governor of Michigan Territory. Transmits a copy of a

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letter from Hugh Goodwin, Jr. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 12-13 (M40, R19). Cf. below, Clay to Goodwin, this date. To HUGH GOODWIN, JR., Spotsylvania, Virginia. In reply to a letter (not found) asking that an effort be made to obtain information relative to Major Benjamin Graves, supposedly still a prisoner of Indians, states that Clay will transmit a copy of the request to Governor Lewis Cass of Michigan and urge him to use "every exertion to ascertain the fate of Major Graves, and to procure his liberation, if it be practicable." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 13 (M40, R19). See above, II, 131-32, 139-40, 160; Clay to Cass, this date. From THOMAS U. P. CHARLTON, Savannah. Having been disappointed in his hope to receive from President Monroe an appointment as Minister to Mexico and having been dismissed from "high Official Station" in Georgia because of his opposition to "the friends and pretentions of one of the Candidates for the Presidency," Charlton asks Clay to ascertain from Adams "any reason, any cause, any difficulty, which prevented Mr. Monroe from handing over to him" his letters and recommendations. He reminds Clay of "a transient personal acquaintance at Washington, through the introduction of . . . Mr: [William] Pinkney" and bases an apology for this letter upon the ground of "an intimacy with some friends whom" Clay esteems "—and, perhaps, above all, to the marriage of a branch of" Clay's "family to one of . . . [Charlton's] near relatives-" ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R62). Charlton, a Savannah jurist and author, had served as a member of the Georgia Legislature (1801), attorney general of the State (1804-1808), and for many years as judge of the Eastern Circuit of Georgia. He had recently compiled the first volume of Georgia court decisions, Report of Cases Argued and Determined in the Superior Courts of the Eastern District of the State of Georgia (1824) . The family relationship mentioned in his letter has not been identified. From S[AMUEL] L. S[OUTHARD]. Transmits, "by order of the President . . . , several communications received from Commre. [Isaac] Hull which relate to transactions upon which instructions are to be given to our foreign diplomatic Agents." Asks that the documents be returned to the Navy Department and that Southard be informed, "Should it be thought necessary-'that any change should be made in the instructions of Commre. Hull, so far as relates to his intercourse with the Governments of South America. . . ." Copy. DNA, RG45, Executive Letter Books, vol. 1821-1831, p. 98. APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

March 23, 1825

New York, recommends Isaac English to succeed his late brother, Thomas, as consul at Dublin. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2) . Cf. below, Maury to Clay, March 29, 1825.

ABRAM BELL AND COMPANY,

"Rose Mount" (letter postmarked at Bladensburg, Maryland), encloses a letter from "Judge Buchanan" recommending John S. Williams, formerly of Hagerstown and presumed to be well known to Clay, for "some situation under the Govt."; notes his own long friendship with Williams, who "like many others who were engaged in commerce with small capital," was ruined financially at "about the close of the late war"; and adds that Williams' father "Coin. Eli [sic] Williams was a valuable man engaged through the most of a long life in the public service 8c his uncle Genl. Otho Williams acted as conspicuous a part as any officer of his grade during the revolutionary war" JOSEPH KENT,

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and that "not one of the immediate relatives of Genl. Ws. hold [sic] an office under the Genl. Govt." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR4). See above, Williams to Clay, March 13, 1825, note. John Buchanan, chief judge of the Fifth Judicial District of Maryland and an associate justice of the State court of appeals, became chief justice of the latter court in July, 1824. Elie Williams, a veteran of the Revolutionary War, who had died in 1823, had been clerk of the Washington County court, Maryland, a member of the first commission to lay out the Cumberland Road, and a promoter of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. His brother, Otho Holland Williams (1749-1794), after service in the Revolutionary War, had held the office of collector of the port of Baltimore. Elie Williams' children included Otho H. (the younger), John S., and Maria Sophia, the wife of John Buchanan.

To Christopher Hughes No. 1. Christopher Hughes, appointed charge d'affaires of the U.S. to the Netherlands. Sir, Department of State, Washington, 24. March 1825. I have the honour to inform you that the President of the UnitedStates, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, has appointed you Charge d'Affaires to the King of the Netherlands; and to transmit herewith your Commission and a letter of introduction. I also transmit a letter of recall to be presented on your taking leave.1 On that occasion, you will inform the Swedish Government that Mr. Wm. C. Somerville has been appointed your Successor, and if he shall not then have arrived, that no time will be unnecessarily lost in his replacing you. You will also assure it of the desire of the President to maintain in their full vigour the amicable relations which are at present happily subsisting between the two Countries. Your dispatch, under date the 18th. November 1824, forwarded through Mr. Oliver,2 has been received at the Department. The President is unwilling to give countenance to the practice of the return to the United-States of their foreign agents, during the continuance of their Commissions, but under the peculiar circumstances of your case he consents to your return to the U. States, as requested in that dispatch. With respect to the duration of your absence from your foreign post, he is willing to extend it to the six months which you solicit, if the public interest shall admit of it. But as that may happen to require a speedier return, you must take the indulgence which is given, subject to that contingency. On your way to the United-States, the President directs you to call at Copenhagen. Several Citizens of the United-States have just claims upon the Danish Government founded upon illegal captures made of their vessels and property during the late wars in Europe. These claims have been frequently urged upon the Danish

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Government, and particularly by Mr. George W. Erving, special Minister sent to the Court of Denmark in the year 1811, and by Mr. John M. Forbes, then Consul General of the U.S. at Copenhagen, in the years 1817 and 1818. Mr. Erving's correspondence with Mr. Monroe,3 then Secretary of State, and with Mr. Rosencrantz,4 the Danish Minister of State of the Department of Foreign Affairs, will be found in the ninth volume of Wait's State Papers5 from page 90 to 119 inclusive, now transmitted. It is expected that Mr. John Connell of Philadelphia, the agent of the claimants, will be at Copenhagen on your arrival there, supporting the claims before the Danish Government, and who will be able to supply any additional information that may be necessary. It is wished that you should afford to him any aid in your power; and particularly that you should address a Note to the Minister of Foreign Affairs stating the regret which the United-States feel at the great delay which has occurred in rendering justice to their Citizens who have these claims; the hope that the Danish Government will cause, without further procrastination, full and complete indemnity to be made to them; and the determination of the Government of the United-States not to abandon these claimants to the injustice under which they have so long suffered, but to persevere in the support of their just claims until full satisfaction is made. The President does not expect you to protract your continuance at Copenhagen for any considerable length of time, especially if there should be no favourable manifestations made of a disposition to allow and pay the claims. It is supposed that you will be able in the course of a period, not exceeding ten days or a fortnight, to ascertain what the probability of success may be, and if you find it unpromising you may not remain longer, but continue your voyage to the UnitedStates, if you avail yourself of the permission to return which is given you6 A letter of introduction to the Danish Minister of State of the Department of Foreign Affairs is herewith transmitted.7 I am, with great respect, Sir, your very humble and obedt. Servt. H. CLAY LS. MiU-C. Endorsed: "Instructions. Original from Mr Clay." AL draft is located in DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R7); copy, in DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, pp. 247-49 (M77, R5). 1 Copies of the letters of recall and credence, both dated March 23, 1825, from Clay to the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Sweden and Norway and of the Netherlands, respectively, are filed in DNA, RG59, Ceremonial Communications, II, 5-6. 2 Robert Oliver. 3 James Monroe. * Niels Rosenkrantz, who had continued in that post until his death in January, 1824. 5 Thomas B. Wait and Sons, Boston publishers, had issued three editions of State Papers and Public Documents of the United States from the Accession of George Washington to the Presidency, Exhibiting a Complete View of Our Foreign Relations since That Time. . . . The first, of three volumes (often considered as eight volumes, with five volumes already in print on the period from 1801 to 1815), had been published in 1815; the second, of ten volumes, in 1817; and the third, of twelve volumes, in 1819.

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6 The last thirteen words interlined, in Clay's hand. 7 Dated March 24, 1825. Copy. DNA, RG59, Ceremonial Communications, II, 6-7. Clay writes that Hughes is sent to Denmark "for the purpose of rendering such aid as it may be in his power to give towards procuring a satisfactory adjustment of the well known and no less well founded claims of a numerous and valuable class of American Citizens upon the Government of His Majesty the King of Denmark, arising from circumstances connected with the late Wars in Europe, which claims have been heretofore often brought to the notice of the Danish Government and Indemnities to the Parties interested, requested from its justice, by this Government. . . ."

INSTRUCTIONS

AND DISPATCHES

March 24, 1825

To CHRISTOPHER HUGHES, no. 2. Encloses an extract of a letter written June 28, 1818, by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams to George W. Campbell, concerning "the appointment of a Minister on the part of the United States, of equal rank with the Danish Minister residing here, to reside at Copenhagen," and the terms under which the United States consul on the Island of St. Thomas "should be permitted to hold and exercise the functions of that Office." Clay continues: "You will take an early opportunity to make known to the Minister of Foreign Affairs [Niels Rosenkrantz] that the views of this Government remain unchanged upon both these objects, and to invite his attention particularly to the last, by all the considerations referred to in the extract, and by the obvious necessity which continues to exist that the interests of the Citizens of the United States, resorting to the Island of St. Thomas, should be placed under the care of an authorised Agent of their Government." LS, "Duplicate." MiU-C. AL draft, in the hand of Daniel Brent, is located in DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R7); copy, in DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, p. 249 (M77, R5).

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

March 24, 1825

T o WILLIAM MILLER, Warrenton, North Carolina. Transmits his commission as Charge d'Affaires to Guatemala (the Federation of Central America) and requests that he be ready to depart as soon as instructions are prepared, "which will be with all possible dispatch." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, p. 250 (M77, R5). AL draft, in the hand of Daniel Brent, in DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R7) . Miller, a lawyer, member of the State legislature (1810-1814), and Governor of North Carolina (1814-1817), had been appointed on March 7. His acceptance, addressed to Clay, is dated March 28. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Central America, vol. 1 (M219, R2). A copy of his commission, dated March 7, is located in DNA, RG59, Ceremonial Communications, vol. 2, p. 8; for his instructions, see below, Clay to Miller, April 22, 1825. He died at Key West in September, en route to his post. From PETERS, POND AND COMPANY, Boston. Transmits "a copy of the protest of Capt Prentiss Crowell, which sets forth the particulars of his capture, & treatment during his detention at Porto rico [SJC]"; expresses "a strong belief" that the Government (of the United States) "will restore to all of its citizens the amount of property thus wrongfully taken, and look to the government of Spain for redress. . . ." LS. DNA, RG76, Misc. Claims, Spain. T h e enclosure identifies Crowell as of Barnstable, Massachusetts, and his vessel as the brig Sam, captured by a privateer in 1822. The shipping firm, composed of John Peters and Sabin Pond, was ultimately, under a convention of 1834, awarded compensation in full for the loss of the Sam and for the wages of Captain Crowell. Sen. Docs., 35 Cong., 2 Sess., no. 18, pp. 20, 21.

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APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

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CHRISTOPHER NEALE, Alexandria, asks that commissions be made out for Thomas Vowell, William Minor, and Neale as justices of the peace, to enable them "to receive security in a number of cases adjudicated before them, and now lying over to the prejudice of the Plaintiffs." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1). All three had held these offices in Alexandria County since 1814; Minor and Neal continued in their posts for another decade. In August, 1824, Neale had also been named Brazilian vice-consul for Alexandria and the District of Columbia. CHARLES JOHN STEEDMAN, Charleston, South Carolina, recalls having been introduced to Clay by (William) Lowndes; solicits, as joint owner of the Charleston City Gazette and Commercial Daily Advertiser, "the publication attached to the Department over which" Clay presides; characterizes his paper, "purely Republican" for nearly fifty years, as "the rallying point of the whole Republican Party in the State of South Carolina"; and cites John Gaillard and Langdon Cheves as references. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Steedman was at various times sheriff of Charleston District, member of the South Carolina General Assembly, and naval officer at the Charleston customhouse. Cf. below, Haig to Clay, December 19, 1825.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

March 25, 1825

To PETER PEDERSEN. States that Pedersen's note of March 14 has been submitted to the President, who has instructed Clay to say that the United States is willing to negotiate a convention which shall place commerce and navigation between this country and Denmark "on a basis of equality and reciprocity." Clay continues: "Owing to his recent entry upon the duties of his office, and the very great pressure of official business, he ["The undersigned Secretary of State"] must defer the consideration and discussion of the articles which should form the proposed Convention until a more distant day, of which he will apprize Mr. Pedersen. In the mean time he would receive and consider with great respect and attention any Communications on the Commerce and navigation of the two Countries which Mr. P. might think proper to make preparatory to the discussions on which it is proposed to enter." Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Ministers and Consuls, vol. 3, pp. 204-205 (M38, R3). AL draft is located in CSmH. To the BARON DE TUYLL [VAN SEROOKSKERKEN], Russian Minister to the United

States. Transmits the response of Bryant and Sturgis to an informal note from the Baron relating to their claim for indemnity. Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Ministers and Consuls, vol. 3, p. 304 (M38, R 3 ) . L draft is located in CSmH. Baron Tuyll had succeeded Pierre de Poletica at this post in 1823. The partnership of John Bryant and William Sturgis, Boston merchants, formed in 1810 and lasting for fifty-three years, handled much of the United States trade with the Pacific Coast and the Orient during the period to 1840. Their claim on Russia related to the case of the Pearl (see below, Clay to Tuyll, April 19, 1825), expelled from the northwest coast of North America under a ukase of Czar Alexander I, in 1821, which had forbidden foreign vessels to approach within 100 Italian miles of that coast as far south as 51 degrees north latitude. The Russian ukase had evoked protest from the governments of both Britain and the United States.

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AND DISPATCHES

March 25, 1825

From R[ICHARD] C. ANDERSON, JR., Bogota, no. 29. Encloses copies of correspondence transmitting to him bills of exchange submitted in settlement of American claims against the Government of Colombia. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Colombia, vol. 3 (M-T33, R3). Addressed to John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State; received May 22. Cf. above, Anderson to Adams, as Secretary of State, March 18, 1825. From CHRISTOPHER HUGHES, Stockholm, no. 7. Notes the satisfaction of the commercial and governing classes of Sweden with the recent reduction in British duties on iron. T h e Government has intimated to the British Cabinet its willingness "to grant, to England, whatever equivalent in the relaxation of its commercial system, England may ask! England has only to ask, and she will get!" ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Sweden and Norway, vol. 4 (M45, R5). Addressed to Secretary of State; received May 21. From CHRISTOPHER HUGHES [unnumbered]. Transmits copies of signed transcripts of oral communications to (George) Canning, from (Christoph Andreievich) Count von Lieven, the Russian Ambassador, on March 2, and from Prince (Paul Anthony) Esterhazy, Austrian Ambassador, on March 3, expressing the irritation of their governments over the British recognition of the Latin American Republics. Notes that the Baron Maltzahn, the Prussian Minister in London, expressed similar views. ALS. Ibid. Addressed to Secretary of State. See above, Nelson to Clay, March 8, 1825, note. Count Lieven, accorded the title of "Prince" in 1826, had risen to the rank of lieutenant general of the army in 1807, had been sent to Berlin as Russian Minister in 1810 and thence to London, in the same capacity, in 1812. He remained in the latter position until 1834. From JOHN MULLOWNY, Tangier, no. 34.' Reports receipt of a letter from Captain James Allen, III, and others, officers and crew of the ship Oscar, of New York, wrecked forty-eight hours out of Lisbon, who have reached Rabat; states that arrangements have been made to bring them to Tangier, whence they will be sent to Gibraltar. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Tangier, vol. 4 (M-T61, R4). Addressed to John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State; received June 30.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

March 25, 1825

T o CORNELIUS P. VAN NESS. Notes that the letter from Van Ness of March 16, with its enclosures, has been submitted to the President. Clay continues: "I am instructed by the President to express his regret to your Excellency, that the request of the acting Governor of Canada cannot be complied with, under any authority now vested in the Executive Government of the United States— The stipulation between this and the British Government for the mutual delivery over of fugitives from justice being no longer in force, and the renewal of it by Treaty being at this time a subject of negotiation between the two Governments." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 16-17 (M40, R19). From ARCHIBALD GRACIE, President of the Atlantic Insurance Company, New York. States that his firm had insured for $12,000 a part of the cargo of the schooner Mechanic, which, en route to Tampico with goods brought from Havana to Thompson's Island (Key West) and reshipped, had been seized

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by a Colombian privateer. Inquires whether the United States Government can get redress from Colombia for the cargo, condemned at Puerto Cabello as Spanish property, on the ground that it was protected by the American flag. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R62). The Atlantic Insurance Company had been organized in April, 1824, to deal in marine insurance. On the case of the Mechanic, see above, Anderson to Secretary of State, March 18, 1825. From MARY PERRY, Boston, Massachusetts. Asks that the Department of State act for the relief of her son, William, who has been imprisoned in Havana, Cuba, for fifteen months, although acquitted of the charge against him. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R62) . On March 31, Daniel Brent at Clay's direction acknowledged receipt of Mrs. Perry's letter, reported the steps taken by the State Department "to attend to the case," and enclosed an extract from the most recently received correspondence on the subject, "dated the 10th. Instant, which explains the then situation of your Son and his fellow prisoners, and the measures which the Consul [John Warner] had taken in their behalf." Copy, DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 20-21 (M40, R19). Mrs. Perry having again written to Clay in a letter dated September 6, 1825 (not found), she was informed by Daniel Brent, on September 12, 1825, that no further information had been received but that he saw "little reason . . . to doubt his release before this time." Copy. Ibid., p. 148. Cf. below, Diamond to Clay, October 8, 1825; Clay to Rodney, October 29, 1825; Clay to Vives, November 14, 1825; Rodney to Clay, December 19, 1825; January 7, 1826; February 4, 1826. From RICHARD PETERS, JR., on behalf of the Pennsylvania Society for the Promotion of Internal Improvement, Philadelphia. Thanks Clay for his letters introducing William Strickland to representatives of the United States in Europe. LS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R62). See above, Clay to Ministers and others, March 15, 1825.

Address to the People of the Congressional District Washington, 26th March, 1825. The relations of your representative and of your neighbour in which I have so long stood, and in which I have experienced so many strong proofs of your confidence, attachment and friendship, having just been, the one terminated, and other suspended, I avail myself of the occasion on taking, I hope a temporary, leave of you, to express my unfeigned gratitude for all your favours, and to assure you that I shall cherish a fond and unceasing recollection of them. The extraordinary circumstances in which, during the late session of Congress, I have been placed, and the unmerited animadversions which I have brought upon myself, for an honest and faithful discharge of my public duty, form an additional motive for this appeal to your candour and justice. If, in the office which I have just left, I have abused your confidence and betrayed your interests, I cannot deserve your support in that on the duties of which I have now entered. On the contrary, should it appear that

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I have been assailed without just cause, and that misguided zeal and interested passions have singled me out as a victim, I cannot doubt that I shall continue to find, in the enlightened tribunal of the public, that cheering countenance and impartial judgment, without which a public servant cannot possibly discharge with advantage the trust confided to him. It is known to you, that my name had been presented, by the respectable states of Ohio, Kentucky, Louisiana and Missouri,1 for the office of President, to the consideration of the American public, and that it had attracted some attention in other quarters of the Union. When, early in November last, I took my departure from the district to repair to this city, the issue of the Presidential election before the people was unknown. Events, however, had then so far transpired as to render it probable that there would be no election by the people, and that I should be excluded from the House of Representatives. It became, therefore, my duty to consider, and to make up an opinion on, the respective pretensions of the three gentlemen that might be returned, and at that early period I stated to Dr. Drake,2 one of the Professors in the Medical School of Transylvania University, and to John J. Crittenden, Esq. of Frankfort, my determination to support Mr. Adams in preference to Gen. Jackson. I wrote to Charles Hammond, Esq. of Cincinnati, about the same time, and mentioned certain objections to the election of Mr. Crawford, (among which was that of his continued ill health,) that appeared to me almost insuperable.3 During my journey hither, and up to near Christmas, it remained uncertain whether Mr. Crawford or I would be returned to the House of Representatives. Up to near Christmas, all our information made it highly probable that the vote of Louisiana would be given to me, and that I should consequently be returned, to the exclusion of Mr. Crawford. And, whilst that probability was strong, I communicated to Mr. Senator Johnston, 4 from Louisiana, my resolution not to allow my name, in consequence of the small number of votes by which it would be carried into the House, if I were returned, to constitute an obstacle, for one moment, to an election in the House of Representatives. During the month of December, and the greater part of January, strong professions of high consideration, and of unbounded admiration of me, were made to my friends, in the greatest profusion, by some of the active friends of all the returned candidates. Every body professed to regret, after I was excluded from the House, that I had not been returned to it. I seemed to be the favourite of every body. Describing my situation to a distant friend, I said to him, "I am enjoying, whilst alive, the posthumous honors which

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are usually awarded to the venerated dead." A person not acquainted with human nature would have been surprised, in listening to these praises, that the object of them had not been elected by general acclamation. None made more or warmer manifestations of these sentiments of esteem and admiration, than some of the friends of General Jackson. None were so reserved as those of Mr. Adams; under an opinion, (as I have learnt since the election,) which they early imbibed, that the western vote would be only influenced by its own sense of public duty; and that if its judgment pointed to any other than Mr. Adams, nothing which they could do would secure it to him. These professions and manifestations were taken by me for what they were worth. I knew that the sunbeams would quickly disappear, after my opinion should be ascertained, and that they would be succeeded by a storm; although I did not foresee exactly how it would burst upon my poor head. I found myself transformed from a candidate before the people, into an elector for the people. I deliberately examined the duties incident to this new attitude, and weighed all the facts before me, upon which my judgment was to be formed or reviewed. If the eagerness of any of the heated partisans of the respective candidates suggested a tardiness in the declaration of my intention, I believed that the new relation, in which I was placed to the subject, imposed on me an obligation to pay some respect to delicacy and decorum. Meanwhile that very reserve supplied aliment to newspaper criticism. The critics could not comprehend how a man, standing as I had stood towards the other gentlemen, should be restrained, by a sense of propriety, from instantly fighting under the banners of one of them, against the others. Letters were issued from the manufactory at Washington, to come back, after performing long journeys, for Washington consumption. These letters imputed to "Mr. Clay and his friends a mysterious air, a portentous silence," &c.8 From dark and distant hints the progress was easy to open and bitter denunciation. Anonymous letters,7 full of menace and abuse, were almost daily poured in on me. Personal threats were communicated to me, through friendly organs, and I was kindly apprised of all the glories of village effigies which awaited me.8 A systematic attack was simultaneously commenced upon me from Boston to Charleston, with an object, present and future, which it was impossible to mistake. No man but myself could know the nature, extent, and variety of means which were employed to awe and influence me. I bore them, I trust, as your representative ought to have borne them, and as became me. Then followed the letter, afterwards adopted as his own by Mr. Kremer, to the Columbian

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Observer — With its character and contents you are well acquainted. When I saw that letter, alleged to be written by a member of the very House over which I was presiding, who was so far designated as to be described as belonging to a particular delegation, by name, a member with whom I might be daily exchanging, at least on my part, friendly salutations, and who was possibly receiving from me constantly acts of courtesy and kindness, I felt I could no longer remain silent. A crisis appeared to me to have arisen in my public life, I issued my card. I ought not to have put in it the last paragraph, because, although it does not necessarily imply the resort to a personal combat, it admits of that construction; nor will I conceal that such a possible issue was within my contemplation. I owe it to the community to say, that whatever heretofore I may have done, or, by inevitable circumstances, might be forced to do, no man in it holds in deeper abhorrence than I do, that pernicious practice. Condemned as it must be by the judgment and philosophy, to say nothing of the religion, of every thinking man, it is an affair of feeling about which we cannot, although we should, reason. Its true corrective will be found when all shall unite, as all ought to unite, in its unqualified proscription. A few days after the publication of my Card, "Another Card," under Mr. Kremer's name, was published in the Intelligencer.10 The night before, as I was voluntarily informed, Mr. Eaton, a Senator from Tennessee, and the Biographer of Gen. Jackson11 (who boarded in the end of this city opposite to that in which Mr. Kremer took up his abode, a distance of about two miles and an half) was closeted for some time with him. Mr. Kremer is entitled to great credit for having overcome all the disadvantages, incident to his early life and want of education, and forced his way to the honourable station of a member of the House of Representatives. Ardent in his attachment to the cause which he had espoused, Gen. Jackson is his idol, and of his blind zeal others have availed themselves, and have made him their dupe and their instrument. I do not pretend to know the object of Mr. Eaton's visit to him. I state the fact, as it was communicated to me, and leave you to judge. Mr. Kremer's card is composed with some care and no little art, and he is made to avow in it, though somewhat equivocally, that he is the author of the letter to the Columbian Observer. To Mr. Crowninshield,12 a member from Massachusetts, formerly Secretary of the Navy, he declared that he was not the author of that letter. In his Card, he draws a clear line of separation between my friends and me, acquitting them, and undertaking to make good his charges, in that letter, only so far as I was concerned.

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The purpose of this discrimination is obvious. At that time the election was undecided, and it was therefore as important to abstain from imputations against my friends, as it was politic to fix them upon me. If they could be made to believe that I had been perfidious, in the transport of their indignation, they might have been carried to the support of Gen. Jackson. I received the National Intelligencer, containing Mr. Kremer's card, at breakfast, (the usual time of its distribution,) on the morning of its publication. As soon as I read the card, I took my resolution. The terms of it clearly implied that it had not entered into his conception to have a personal affair with me; and I should have justly exposed myself to universal ridicule, if I had sought one with him. I determined to lay the matter before the House and respectfully to invite an investigation of my conduct. I accordingly made a communication to the House, on the same day, the motives for which I assigned. Mr. Kremer was in his place, and, when I sat down, rose and stated that he was prepared and willing to substantiate his charges against me.13 This was his voluntary declaration, unprompted by his aiders and abettors, who had no opportunity of previous consultation with him on that point. Here was an issue publicly and solemnly joined, in which the accused invoked an inquiry into serious charges against him, and the accuser professed an ability and a willingness to establish them. A debate ensued, on the next day, which occupied the greater part of it, during which Mr. Kremer declared to Mr. Brent, of Louisiana, a friend of mine, and to Mr. Little, of Maryland, a friend of Gen. Jackson, as they have certified, "that he never intended to charge Mr. Clay with corruption or dishonor in his intended vote for Mr. Adams as President, or that he had transfered, or could transfer, the votes or interest of his friends; that he (Mr. Kremer) was among the last men in the nation to make such a charge against Mr. Clay; and that his letter was never intended to convey the idea given to it." Mr. Digges, a highly respectable inhabitant of this city, has certified to the same declarations of Mr. Kremer.14 A message was also conveyed to me, during the discussions, through a member of the House, to ascertain if I would be satisfied with an explanation which was put on paper and shown me, and which it was stated Mr. Kremer was willing, in his place, to make. I replied that the matter was in the possession of the House. I was afterwards told that Mr. Ingham, of Pennsylvania, got hold of that paper, put it in his pocket, and that he advised Mr. Kremer to take no step without the approbation of his friends.15 Mr. Cook, of Illinois, moved an adjournment of the House, on informa-

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tion which he received of the probability of Mr. K.'s making a satisfactory atonement, on the next day, for the injury which he had done me, which I have no doubt he would have made, if he had been left to the impulses of his native honesty. The House decided to refer my communication to a committee, and adjourned until the next day to appoint it by ballot. In the mean time Mr. Kremer had taken, I presume, or rather there had been forced upon him, the advice of his friends, and I heard no more of the apology. A committee was appointed of seven gentlemen, of whom, not one was my political friend, but who were among the most eminent members of the body.17 I received no summons or notification from the committee from its first organization to its final dissolution, but Mr. Kremer was called upon by it to bring forward his proofs. For one moment be pleased to stop here and contemplate his posture, his relation to the House and to me, and the high obligations under which he had voluntarily placed himself. He was a member of one of the most august assemblies upon earth, of which he was bound to defend the purity, or expose the corruption, by every consideration which ought to influence a patriot bosom. A most responsible and highly important constitutional duty was to be performed by that assembly. He had chosen, in an anonymous letter, to bring against its presiding officer charges, in respect to that duty, of the most flagitious character. These charges comprehended delegations from several highly respectable states. If true, that presiding officer merited not merely to be dragged from the chair, but to be expelled the House.— He challenges an investigation into his conduct, and Mr. Kremer boldly accepts the challenge, and promises to sustain his accusation. The committee, appointed by the House itself, with the common consent of both parties, calls upon Mr. Kremer to execute his pledge, publicly given in his proper place, and also previously given in the public prints. Here is the theatre of the alleged arrangements; this the vicinage in which the trial ought to take place.— Every thing was here fresh in the recollection of the witnesses, if there were any. Here all the proofs were concentrated. Mr. Kremer was stimulated by every motive which could impel to action, by consistency of character; by duty to his constituents—to his country; by that of redeeming his solemn pledge; by his anxious wish for the success of his favourite, whose interests could not fail to be advanced by supporting his atroiocus [sic] charges. But Mr. Kremer had now the benefit of the advice of his friends. He had no proofs, for the plainest of all reasons, because there was no truth in his charges. They saw that to attempt, to establish them, and to fail, as he must fail, in the attempt, might

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lead to an exposure of the conspiracy, of what [sic] he was the organ. They advised therefore that he should make a retreat, and their adroitness suggested that, in an objection to that jurisdiction of the House, which had been admitted, and in the popular topics of the freedom of the press, his duty to his constituents, and the inequality in the condition of the Speaker of the House and a member on the floor, plausible means might be found to deceive the ignorant, and conceal his disgrace. A laboured communication was accordingly prepared by them, in Mr. Kremer's name, and transmitted to the committee, founded upon these suggestions. Thus the valiant champion, who had boldly stepped forward, and promised, as a Representative of the people, "to cry aloud and spare not," forgot all his gratuitous gallantry and boasted patriotism, and sunk at once into profound silence. With these remarks, I will, for the present, leave him, and proceed to assign the reasons to you, to whom alone I admit myself to be officially responsible, for the vote which I gave on the Presidential election. The first inquiry which it behoved me to make was, as to the influence which ought to be exerted on my judgment, by the relative state of the electoral votes which the three returned candidates brought into the House, from the colleges. General Jackson obtained 99, Mr. Adams 84, and Mr. Crawford 41. Ought the fact of a plurality being given to one of the candidates to have any, and what weight? If the Constitution had intended that it should have been decisive, the Constitution would have made it decisive, and interdicted the exercise of any discretion on the part of the House of Representatives. The Constitution has not so ordained, but, on the contrary, it has provided, that "from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President, the H. of Representatives shall choose, immediately, by ballot, a President." Thus, a discretion is necessarily invested in the House; for choice implies examination, comparison, judgment.— The fact, therefore, that one of the three persons was the highest returned, not being, by the constitution of the country, conclusive upon the judgment of the House, it still remains to determine what is the true degree of weight belonging to it? It has been contended that it should operate, if not as an instruction, at least in the nature of one, and that in this form it should control the judgment of the House. But this is the same argument of conclusiveness, which the constitution does not enjoin, thrown into a different, but more imposing shape. Let me analyze it.— There are certain States, the aggregate of whose electoral votes conferred upon the highest returned candidate, indicates their wish that he should be the

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President. Their votes amount in number to 99, out of 261 electoral votes of the whole Union. These 99 do not, and cannot, of themselves, make the President. If the fact of particular states giving 99 votes can, according to any received notions of the doctrine of instruction, be regarded in that light, to whom are those instructions to be considered addressed? According to that doctrine, the people, who appoint, have the right to direct, by their instructions, in certain cases, the course of the representative whom they appoint. The States, therefore, who gave those 99 votes may, in some sense, be understood thereby to have instructed their representatives in the House to vote for the person on whom they were bestowed, in the choice of a President. But most clearly the representatives coming from other states which gave no part of those 99 votes, cannot be considered as having been under any obligation to surrender their judgments to those of the States which gave the 99 votes. To contend that they are under such an obligation, would be to maintain that the people of one state have the right to instruct the representatives from another state. It would be to maintain a still more absurd proposition, that, in a case where the representatives from a state did not hold themselves instructed and bound by the will of that state, as indicated in its electoral college, the representatives from another state were, nevertheless, instructed and bound by that alien will. Thus, the entire vote of North-Carolina, and a large majority of that of Maryland, in their respective electoral colleges, were given to one of the three returned candidates, for whom the delegation from neither of those states voted.18— And yet the argument combatted requires that the delegation from Kentucky, who do not represent the people of North-Carolina nor Maryland, should be instructed by, and give an effect to, the indicated will of the people of those two states, when their own delegation paid no attention to it. Doubtless, those delegations felt themselves authorized to look into the actual composition of, and all other circumstances connected with, the majorities which gave the electoral votes, in their respective states; and felt themselves justified, from a view of the whole ground, to act upon their responsibility and according to their best judgments, disregarding the electoral votes in their states. And are the representatives from a different state not only bound by the will of the people of a different commonwealth, but forbidden to examine into the manner by which the expression of that will was brought about—an examination which the immediate representatives themselves feel it their duty to make? Is the fact, then, of a plurality to have no weight? Far from it. Here are 24 communities, united under a common government.

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The expression of the will of any one of them is entitled to the most respectful attention. It ought to be patiently heard and kindly regarded by the others; but it cannot be admitted to be conclusive upon them. The expression of the will of 99 out of 261 electors is entitled to very great attention, but that will cannot be considered as entitled to control the will of the 162 electors, who have manifested a different will. To give it such controlling influence, would be a subversion of the fundamental maxim of the Republic—that the majority should govern. The will of the 99 can neither be allowed rightfully to control the remaining 162, nor any one of the 162 electoral votes. It may be an argument, a persuasion, addressed to all, and to each of them, but it is binding and obligatory upon none. It follows, then, that the fact of a plurality was only one among the various considerations which the House was called upon to weigh, in making up its judgment. And the weight of the consideration ought to have been regulated by the extent of the plurality. As between General Jackson and Mr. Adams, the vote standing in the proportions of 99 to 84, it was entitled to less weight; as between the General and Mr. Crawford it was entitled to more, the vote being as 99 to 41. The concession may even be made that, upon the supposition of an equality of pretensions between competing candidates, the preponderance ought to be given to the fact of a plurality. With these views of the relative state of the vote, with which the three returned candidates entered the House, I proceeded to examine the other considerations which belonged to the question. For Mr. Crawford, who barely entered the House, with only four votes more than one candidate not returned,10 and upon whose case, therefore, the argument derived from the fact of plurality, operated with strong, though not decisive force, I have ever felt much personal regard. But I was called upon to perform a solemn public duty, in which my private feelings, whether of affection or aversion, were not to be indulged, but the good of my country only consulted. It appeared to me that the precarious state of that gentleman's health, although I participated with his best friends, in all their regrets and sympathies, on account of it, was conclusive against him, to say nothing of other considerations of a public nature which would have deserved examination, if, happily, in that respect, he had been differently circumstanced. He had been ill near eighteen months; and although I am aware that his actual condition was a fact depending upon evidence, and that the evidence in regard to it, which had been presented to the public, was not perfectly harmonious, I judged for myself upon what I saw and heard. He may, and I ardently hope, will, recover; but I

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did not think it became me to assist in committing the Executive administration of this great Republic on the doubtful contingency of the restoration to health of a gentleman who had been so long and so seriously afflicted. Moreover, if, under all the circumstances of his situation, his election had been desirable, I did not think it practicable. I believed, and yet believe, that if the votes of the Western States, given to Mr. Adams, had been conferred on Mr. Crawford, the effect would have been to protract in the House the decision of the contest, to the great agitation and distraction of the country, and, possibly, to defeat an election altogether20—the very worst result, I thought, that could happen. It appeared to me then, that sooner or later we must arrive at the only practical issue of the contest before us, and that was between Mr. Adams and General Jackson, and I thought that the earlier we got there, the better for the country and for the House. In considering this only alternative, I was not unaware of your strong desire to have a Western President; but I thought that I knew enough of your patriotism, and magnanimity, displayed on so many occasions, to believe that you could rise above the mere gratification of sectional pride, if the common good of the whole required you to make the sacrifice of local partiality. I solemnly believed it did, and this brings me to the most important consideration which belonged to the whole subject—that arising out of the respective fitness of the only two real competitors, as it appeared to my best judgment. In speaking of Gen. Jackson, I am aware of the delicacy and respect which are justly due to that distinguished citizen. It is far from my purpose to attempt to disparage him. I could not do it if I were capable of making the attempt; but I shall nevertheless speak of him as becomes me, with truth. I did not believe him so competent to discharge the various, intricate, and complex duties of the office of Chief Magistrate, as his competitor. He has displayed great skill and bravery as a military commander; and his renown will endure as long as the means exist of preserving a recollection of human transactions. But to be qualified to discharge the duties of President of the United States, the incumbent must have more than mere military attain-' ments—he must be a STATESMAN. An individual may be a gallant and successful general, an eminent lawyer, an eloquent divine, a learned physician, or an accomplished artist; and doubtless the union of all these characters in the person of a Chief Magistrate would be desirable; but no one of them, nor all combined, will qualify him to be President, unless he superadds that indispensable requisite of being a statesman. Far from meaning to say, that it is an objection to the elevation, to the chief magistracy, of any person,

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that he is a military commander, if he unites the other qualifications, I only intend to say that, whatever may be the success or splendor of his military achievements, if his qualification be only military, that is an objection, and I think a decisive objection to his election. If General Jackson has exhibited, either in the councils of the Union, or in those of his own state, or in those of any other state or territory, the qualities of a statesman, the evidence of the fact has escaped my observation. It would be as painful as it is unnecessary to recapitulate some of the incidents, which must be fresh in your recollection, of his public life. But I was greatly deceived in my judgment if they proved him to be endowed with that prudence, temper, and discretion, which are necessary for civil administration. It was in vain to remind me of the illustrious example of Washington. There was, in that extraordinary person, united a serenity of mind, a cool and collected wisdom, a cautious and deliberate judgment, a perfect command of the passions, and throughout his whole life, a familiarity and acquaintance with business and civil transactions, which rarely characterize any human being. No man was ever more deeply penetrated than he was, with profound respect for the safe and necessary principle of the entire subordination of the military to the civil authority. I hope I do no injustice to General Jackson, when I say, that I could not recognise, in his public conduct, those attainments for both civil government and military command, which cotemporaries [sic] and posterity have alike unanimously concurred in awarding as yet only to the father of his country. I was sensible of the gratitude which the people of this country justly feel towards Gen. Jackson for his brilliant military services. But the impulses of public gratitude should be controled [sic], it appeared to me, by reason and discretion, and I was not prepared blindly to surrender myself to the hazardous indulgence of a feeling, however amiable and excellent that feeling may be when properly directed. It did not seem to me to be wise or prudent, if, as I solemnly believed, General Jackson's competency for the office was highly questionable, that he should be placed in a situation where neither his fame nor the public interests would be advanced. General Jackson himself would be the last man to recommend or vote for any one for a place, for which he thought him unfit. I felt myself sustained by his own reasoning, in his letter to Mr. Monroe, in which, speaking of the qualifications of our venerable Shelby for the Department of War, he remarked: "I am compelled to say to you, that the acquirements of this worthy man are not competent to the discharge of the multiplied duties of this Department, I therefore hope he may not accept the appointment. I am fearful,

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if he does, he will not add much splendor to his present well-earned standing as a public character."21 Such was my opinion of General Jackson, in reference to the Presidency. His convictions of Governor Shelby's unfitness, by the habits of his life, for the appointment of Secretary of War, were not more honest nor stronger than mine were of his own want of experience, and the necessary civil qualifications to discharge the duties of a President of the United States. In his elevation to this office, too, I thought, I perceived the establishment of a fearful precedent; and I am mistaken in all the warnings of instructive history, if I erred in my judgment. Undoubtedly there are other and many dangers to public liberty, besides that which proceeds from military idolatry, but I have yet to acquire the knowledge of it, if there be one more perilous or more frequent. Whether Mr. Adams would or would not have been my choice of a President, if I had been left freely to select from the whole mass of American citizens, was not the question submitted to my decision. I had no such liberty: but I was circumscribed, in the selection I had to make, to one of the three gentlemen, whom the people themselves had thought proper to present to the House of Representatives. Whatever objections might be supposed to exist against him, still greater appeared to me to apply to his competitor. Of Mr. Adams, it is but truth and justice to say, that he is highly gifted, profoundly learned, and long and greatly experienced in public affairs, at home and abroad. Intimately conversant with the rise and progress of every negotiation with foreign powers, pending or concluded; personally acquainted with the capacity and attainments of most of the public men of this country, whom it "might be proper to employ in the public service; extensively possessed of much of that valuable kind of information, which is to be acquired neither from books nor tradition, but which is the fruit of largely participating in public affairs; discreet and sagacious; he would enter on the duties of the office with great advantages. I saw in his election the establishment of no dangerous example. I saw in it, on the contrary, only conformity to the safe precedents which had been established in the instances of Mr. Jefferson, Mr. Madison, and Mr. Monroe, who had respectively filled the same office from which he was to be translated. A collateral consideration of much weight was derived from the wishes of the Ohio delegation. A majority of it, during the progress of the session, made up their opinions to support Mr. Adams, and they were communicated to me. They said, "Ohio supported the candidate who was the choice of Kentucky. We failed in our common exertions to secure his election. Now, among those

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returned, we have a decided preference, and we think you ought to make some sacrifice to gratify us." Was not much due to our neighbour and friend? I considered, with the greatest respect, the resolution of the General Assembly of Kentucky, requesting the delegation to vote for General Jackson.22 That resolution, it is true, placed us in a peculiar situation. Whilst every other delegation, from every other state in the Union, was left by its Legislature entirely free to examine the pretensions of all the candidates, and to form its unbiased judgment, the General Assembly of Kentucky thought proper to interpose and to request the delegation to give its vote to one of the candidates, whom they were pleased to designate I felt a sincere desire to comply with a request emanating from a source so respectable, if I could have done so consistently with those paramount duties which I owed to you and to the country. But after full and anxious consideration, I found it incompatible with my best judgment of those duties to conform to the request of the General Assembly. The resolution asserts, that it was the wish of the people of Kentucky, that their delegation should vote for the General. It did not inform me by what means that body had arrived at a knowledge of the wish of the people. I knew that its members had repaired to Frankfort before I departed from home to come to Washington. I knew their attention was fixed on important local concerns, well entitled, by their magnitude, exclusively to engross it. No election, no general expression of the popular sentiment had occurred since that in November, when electors were chosen, and at that the people, by an overwhelming majority, had decided against General Jackson.23 I could not see how such an expression against him, could be interpreted into that of a desire for his election. If, as is true, the candidate whom they preferred, were not returned to the House, it is equally true, that the state of the contest as it presented itself here to me, had never been considered, discussed, and decided by the people of Kentucky, in their collective capacity. What would have been their decision on this new state of the question, I might have undertaken to conjecture, but the certainty of any conclusion of fact, as to their opinion, at which I could arrive, was by no means equal to that certainty of conviction of my duty to which I was carried by the exertion of my best and most deliberate reflections. The letters from home, which some of the delegation received, expressed the most opposite opinions, and there were not wanting instances of letters from some of the very members who had voted for the resolution, advising a different course. I received from a highly respectable portion of my constituents a paper, instructing me as follows: "We, the under-

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signed voters in the Congressional district, having viewed the instruction or request of the Legislature of Kentucky, on the subject of choosing a President and Vice-President of the United States, with regret, and the said request or instruction to our representative in Congress from this district, being without our knowledge or consent; we for many reasons known to ourselves, connected with so momentous an occasion, hereby instruct our representative in Congress to vote on this occasion agreeable to his own judgment, and by the best lights he may have on the subject, with, or without, the consent of the Legislature of Kentucky."24 This instruction came both unexpected and unsolicited by me, and it was accompanied by letters assuring me, that it expressed the opinion of a majority of my constituents.28 I could not therefore regard the resolution as conclusive evidence of your wishes. Viewed as a mere request, as it purported to be, the General Assembly doubtless had the power to make it. But then, with great deference, I think it was worthy of serious consideration whether the dignity of the General Assembly ought not to have induced it to forbear addressing itself, not to another legislative body, but to a small part of it, and requesting the members who composed that part, in a case which the constitution had confided to them, to vote according to the wishes of the General Assembly, whether those wishes did or did not conform to their sense of duty. I could not regard the resolution as an instruction; for, from the origin of our State, its legislature has never assumed nor exercised the right to instruct the Representatives in Congress. I did not recognise the right, therefore, of the Legislature to instruct me.26 I recognised that right only when exerted by you. That the portion of the public servants who made up the General Assembly have no right to instruct that portion of them who constituted the Kentucky delegation in the House of Representatives, is a proposition too clear to be argued. The members of the General Assembly would have been the first to behold as a presumptuous interposition, any instruction, if the Kentucky delegation could have committed the absurdity to issue, from this place, any instruction to them to vote in a particular manner on any of the interesting subjects which lately engaged their attention at Frankfort. And although nothing is further from my intention than to impute either absurdity or presumption to the General Assembly, in the adoption of the resolution referred to, I must say that the difference between an instruction emanating from them to the delegation, and from the delegation to them, is not in principle, but is to be found only in the degree of superior importance which belongs to the General Assembly.

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Entertaining these views of the election on which it was made my duty to vote, I felt myself bound, in the exercise of my best judgment, to prefer Mr. Adams; and I accordingly voted for him. I should have been highly gratified if it had not been my duty to vote on the occasion; but that was not my situation, and I did not choose to shrink from any responsibility which appertained to your Representative. Shortly after the election, it was rumored that Mr. Kremer was preparing a publication, and the preparations for it which were making excited much expectation. Accordingly, on the 26th [sic] of February, the address, under his name, to the "Electors of the ninth Congressional District of the State of Pennsylvania," made its appearance in the Washington City Gazette.27 No member of the House, I am persuaded, believed that Mr. Kremer wrote one paragraph of that address, or of the plea, which was presented to the committee, to the jurisdiction of the House.28 Those who counselled him, and composed both papers, and their purposes, were just as well known as the author of any report from a committee to the House. The first observation which is called for by the address is the place of its publication. That place was in this City, remote from the centre of Pennsylvania, near which Mr. Kremer's district is situated, and in a paper having but a very limited, if any, circulation in it. The time is also remarkable. The fact that the President intended to nominate me to the Senate for the office which I now hold, in the course of a few days, was then well known; and the publication of the address was, no doubt, made less with an intention to communicate information to the electors of the ninth Congressional District of Pennsylvania, than to affect the decision of the Senate on the intended nomination. Of the character and contents of that address of Messrs. George Kremer & Co. made up, as it is, of assertion without proof, of inferences without premises, and of careless, jocose, and quizzing conversations of some of my friends, to which I was no party, and of which I had never heard, it is not my intention to say much. It carried its own refutation, and the parties concerned saw its abortive nature the next day in the indignant countenance of every unprejudiced and honorable member. In his card, Mr. Kremer had been made to say, that he held himself ready "to prove, to the satisfaction of unprejudiced minds, enough to satisfy them of the accuracy of the statements which are contained in that letter, to the extent that they concern the course of conduct of H. Clay." The object for excluding my friends from this pledge has been noticed. But now the election was decided, and there no longer existed a motive for discriminating between them and me. Hence the only statements that are made, in the address, having the semblance of

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proof, relate rather to them than to me; and the design wa's, by establishing something like facts upon them, to make those facts re-act upon me. Of the few topics of the address upon which I shall remark, the first is, the accusation, brought forward against me, of violating instructions. If the accusation were true, who was the party offended, and to whom was I amenable? If I violated any instructions, they must have been yours, since you only had the right to give them, and to you alone was I responsible. Without allowing hardly time for you to hear of my vote, without waiting to know what your judgment was of my conduct, George Kremer & Co. chose to arraign me before the American public as the violater [sic] of instructions which I was bound to obey. If, instead of being, as you are, and I hope always will be, vigilant observers of the conduct of your public agents, jealous of your rights, and competent to protect and defend them, you had been ignorant and culpably confiding, the gratuitous interposition, as your advocate, of the honorable George Kremer, of the ninth Congressional district in Pennsylvania, would have merited your most grateful acknowledgments. Even upon that supposition, his arraignment of me would have required for its support one small circumstance, which happens not to exist, and that is, the fact of your having actually instructed me to vote according to his pleasure. The relations in which I stood to Mr. Adams constitute the next theme of the address, which I shall notice. I am described as having assumed "a position of peculiar and decided hostility to the election of Mr. Adams," and expressions towards him are attributed to me, which I never used. I am made also responsible for "pamphlets and essays of great ability," published by my friends in Kentucky, in the course of the canvass. The injustice of the principle of holding me thus answerable, may be tested by applying it to the case of General Jackson, in reference to publications issued, for example, from the Columbian Observer. That I was not in favour of the election of Mr. Adams, when the contest was before the people, is most certain. Neither was I in favour of that of Mr. Crawford or General Jackson. That I ever did any thing against Mr. Adams, or either of the other gentlemen, inconsistent with a fair and honorable competition, I utterly deny. My relations to Mr. Adams have been the subject of much misconception, if not misrepresentation. I have been stated to be under a public pledge to expose some nefarious conduct of that gentlemen, during the negotiation at Ghent; which would prove him to be entirely unworthy of public confidence; and that, with a knowledge of his perfidy, I, nevertheless, voted for him. If these imputations are

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well founded, I should, indeed, be a fit object for public censure; but if, on the contrary, it shall be found that others, inimical both to him and to me, have substituted their own interested wishes for my public promises, I trust that the indignation, which they would excite, will be turned from me. My letter, addressed to the Editors of the Intelligencer, under date of the 15th November, 1822,28 is made the occasion for ascribing to me the promise and the pledge to make those treasonable disclosures on Mr. Adams. Let that letter speak for itself, and it will be seen how little justification there is for such an assertion. It adverts to the controversy which had arisen between Messrs. Adams and Russell, and then proceeds to state that, "in the course of the several publications, of which it has been the occasion, and, particularly, in the appendix to a pamphlet which had [sic] been recently published by the Hon. John Quincy Adams, I think there are some errors (no doubt unintentional) both as to matters of fact and matters of opinion, in regard to the transactions at Ghent, relating to the navigation of the Mississippi, and certain liberties claimed by the United States in the Fisheries, and to the part which I bore in those transactions. These important interests are now well secured"—"An account, therefore, of what occurred in the negociation at Ghent, on those two subjects, is not, perhaps, necessary to the present or future security of any of the rights of the nation, and is only interesting as appertaining to its past history. With these impressions, and being extremely unwilling to present myself, at any time, before the public, I had almost resolved to remain silent, and thus expose myself to the inference of an acquiescence in the correctness of all the statements made by both my colleagues; but I have, on more reflection, thought it may be expected of me, and be considered as a duty on my part, to contribute all in my power towards a full and faithful understanding of the transactions referred to. Under this conviction, I will, at some future period, more propitious than the present to calm and dispassionate consideration, and when there can be no misinterpretation of motives, lay before the public a narrative of those transactions, as I understood them." From even a careless perusal of that letter, it is apparent, that the only two subjects of the negociations at Ghent to which it refers, were the navigation of the Mississippi and certain fishing liberties; that the errors, which I had supposed were committed, applied to both Mr. Russell and Mr. Adams, though more particularly to the appendix of the latter; that they were unintentional; and they affected myself principally; that I deemed them of no public importance, as connected with the then, or future security of any of the rights of the nation, but only interesting to its past history;

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that I doubted the necessity of my offering to the public any account of those transactions; and that the narrative which I promised was to be presented at a season of more calm, and when there could be no misinterpretation of motives. Although Mr. Adams believes otherwise, I yet think there are some unintentional errors, in the controversial papers between him and Mr. Russell. But I have reserved to myself an exclusive right of judging when I shall execute the promise which I have made, and I shall be neither quickened nor retarded in its performance, by the friendly anxieties of any of my opponents. If injury accrue to any one by the delay in publishing the narrative, the public will not suffer by it. It is already known by the publication of the British and American projets, the protocols, and the correspondence between the respective plenipotentiaries, that the British government made at Ghent a demand of the navigation of the Mississippi, by an article in their projet nearly in the same words as those which were employed in the treaty of 1783; that a majority of the American commissioners was in favour of acceding to that demand, upon the condition that the British government would concede to us the same fishing liberties, within their jurisdiction, as were secured to us by the same treaty of 1783; and that both demands were finally abandoned. The fact of these mutual propositions was communicated by me to the American public in a speech which I delivered in the House of Representatives, on the 29th day of January, 1816.30 Mr. Hopkinson 31 had arraigned the terms of the treaty of peace, and charged upon the War, and the Administration, the loss of the fishing liberties, within the British jurisdiction, which we enjoyed prior to the war. In vindicating, in my reply to him, the course of the government and the conditions of the peace, I stated: — "When the British Commissioners demanded, in their projet, a renewal to Great Britain of the right to the navigation of the Mississippi, secured by the treaty of 1783, a bare majority of the American Commissioners offered to renew it, upon the condition that the liberties in question were renewed to us. He was not one of that majority. He would not trouble the Committee with his reasons for being opposed to the offer. A majority of his colleagues, actuated he believed by the best motives, made, however, the offer, and it was refused by the British Commissioners." (See Daily Nat. Intelligencer, of the 21st March, 1816.} And what I thought of my colleagues of the majority, appears from the same extract. The spring after the termination of the negotiations at Ghent, I went to London, and there entered upon a new and highly important negotiation with two of them, (Messrs. Adams

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and Gallatin,) which resulted, on the 3d July, 1815, in the Commercial Convention,32 which has been since made the basis of most of our commercial arrangements with foreign powers. Now, if I had discovered at Ghent, as has been asserted, that either of them was false and faithless to his country, would I have voluntarily commenced with them another negotiation? Further: there never has been a period, during our whole acquaintance, that Mr. Adams and I have not exchanged when we have met, friendly salutations, and the courtesies and hospitalities of social intercourse. The address proceeds to characterize the support which I gave to Mr. Adams as unnatural. The authors of the address have not stated why it is unnatural, and we are therefore left to conjecture their meaning. Is it because Mr. Adams is from New-England, and I am a citizen of the West? If it be unnatural in the Western States to support a citizen of New-England, it must be equally unnatural in the New-England States to support a citizen of the West. And, on the same principle, the New-England States ought to be restrained from concurring in the election of a citizen in the Southern States, or the Southern States from co-operating in the election of a citizen of New-England. And, consequently, the support which the last three Presidents have derived from New-England, and that which the Vice-President recently received, has been most unnaturally given. The tendency of such reasoning would be to denationalize us, and to contract every part of the Union within the narrow selfish limits of its own section. It would be still worse: it would lead to the destruction of the Union itself. For if it be unnatural in one section to support a citizen in another, the Union itself must be unnatural; all our ties; all our glories; all that is animating in the past; all that is bright and cheering in the future, must be unnatural. Happily, such is the admirable texture of our Union, that the interests of all its parts are closely interwoven. If there are strong points of affinity between the South and the West, there are interests of not less, if not greater, strength and vigour, binding the West, and the North, and the East. Before I close this address, it is my duty, which I proceed to perform with great regret, on account of the occasion which calls for it, to invite your attention to a letter addressed by Gen. Jackson to Mr. Swartwout, on the 23d Feb. last.33 The names of both the General and myself had been before the American public, for its highest office. We had both been unsuccessful. The unfortunate have usually some sympathy for each other. For myself, I claim no merit for the cheerful acquiescence which I have given in a result by which I was excluded from the House. I have believed that the decision by the constituted authorities, in favour of others,

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has been founded upon a conviction of the superiority of their pretensions. It has been my habit, when an election is once decided, to forget, as soon as possible, all the irritating circumstances which attended the preceding canvass. If one be successful, he should be content with his success. If he have lost it, railing will do no good. I never gave General Jackson nor his friends any reason to believe that I would, in any contingency, support him. He had, as I thought, no public claim, and I will now add, no personal claim, if these ought to be ever considered, to my support. No one, therefore, ought to have been disappointed or chagrined that I did not vote for him. No more than I was neither surprised nor disappointed, that he did not, on a more recent occasion, feel it to be his duty to vote for me.34 After commenting upon a particular phrase used in my letter to Judge Brooke, a calm reconsideration of which will, I think, satisfy any person that it was not employed in an offensive sense, if indeed it have an offensive sense, the General, in his letter to Mr Swartwout, proceeds to remark, "No one beheld me seeking through art or management to entice any representative in Congress from conscientious responsibility to his own, or the wishes of his constituents. No midnight taper burnt by me; no secret conclaves were held, nor cabals entered into to persuade any one to a violation of pledges given, or of instructions received. By me no plans were concerted to impair the pure principles of our republican institutions, nor to prostrate that fundamental maxim which maintains the supremacy of the people's will. On the contrary, having never in any manner before the people or Congress interfered in the slightest degree with the question, my conscience stands void of offence, and will go quietly with me, regardless of the insinuations of those who, through management, may seek an influence not sanctioned by integrity and merit."—I am not aware that this defence of himself was rendered necessary by any charges brought forward against the General. Certainly I never made any such charges against him. I will not suppose that in the passages cited, he intended to impute to me the misconduct which he describes; and yet, taking the whole context of his letter together, and coupling it with Mr. Kremer's address, it cannot be disguised that others may suppose he intended to refer to me. I am quite sure that if he did, he could not have formed those unfavourable opinions of me upon any personal observation of my conduct made by himself; for, a supposition that they were founded upon his own knowledge, would imply that my lodgings and my person had been subjected to a system of espionage wholly incompatible with the open, manly, and honourable conduct of a gallant soldier. If he designed any insinuations against me, I must

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believe that he made them upon the information of others, of whom I can only say, that they have deceived his credulity, and are entirely unworthy of all credit. I entered into no cabals; I held no secret conclaves; I enticed no man to violate pledges given or instructions received. The members from Ohio and from the other Western States, with whom I voted, were all of them as competent as I was to form an opinion on the pending election. The M'Arthurs and the Metcalfes,35 and the other gentlemen from the West (some of whom have, if I have not, bravely "made an effort to repel an invading foe") are as incapable of dishonor as any men breathing; as disinterested, as unambitious, as exclusively devoted to the best interests of their country. It was quite as likely that I should be influenced by them, as that I could control their votes. Our object was not to impair, but to preserve from all danger, the purity of our republican institutions. And how I prostrated the maxim which maintains the supremacy of the people's will, I am entirely at a loss to comprehend. The illusions of the General's imagination deceive him. The people of the United States had never decided the election in his favour. If the people had willed his election, he would have been elected. It was because they had not willed his election, nor that of any other candidate, that the duty of making a choice devolved on the House of Representatives. The General remarks: "Mr. Clay has never yet risked himself for his country. He has never sacrificed his repose, nor made an effort to repel an invading foe; of course, his conscience assured him it was altogether wrong in any other man to lead his countrymen to battle and victory." The logic of this conclusion is not very striking. Gen. Jackson fights better than he reasons. When have I failed to concur in awarding appropriate honours to those who on the sea or on the land have sustained the glory of our arms, if I could not always approve of the acts of some of them? It is true, that it has been my misfortune never to have repelled an invading foe, nor to have led my countrymen to victory. If I had, I should have left to others to proclaim and appreciate the deed. The General's destiny and mine have led us in different directions. In the civil employment of my country, to which I have been confined, I regret that the little service which I have been able to render it, falls far short of my wishes. But, why this denunciation of those who have not repelled an invading foe, or led our armies to victory? At the very moment when he is inveighing against an objection to the election to the Presidency, founded upon the exclusive military nature of his merits, does he not perceive that he is establishing its validity by proscribing every man who has not successfully fought the public enemy? And that, by such a general

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proscription, and the requirement of successful military service as the only condition of civil preferment, the inevitable effect would be the ultimate establishment of a Military Government? If the contents of the letter to Mr. Swartwout were such as justly to excite surprise, there were other circumstances not calculated to diminish it. Of all the citizens of the United States, that gentleman is one of the last to whom it was necessary to address any vindication of Gen. Jackson. He had given abundant evidence of his entire devotion to the cause of the General. He was here after the election, and was one of a committee who invited the General to a public dinner, proposed to be given to him in this place. My letter to Judge Brooke was published in the papers of this City on the 12th of February. The General's note declining the invitation of Mr. Swartwout and others was published on the 14th in the National Journal. 38 The probability therefore is, that he did not leave this City until after he had a full opportunity to receive, in a personal interview with the General, any verbal observations upon it which he might have thought proper to make. The letter to Mr. Swartwout bears date the 23d of February. If received by him in New-York, it must have reached him, in the ordinary course of the mail, on the 25th or 26th. Whether intended or not as a "private communication," and not for the "public eye," as alleged by him, there is much probability in believing that its publication in New-York, on the 4th March, was then made, like Mr. Kremer's address, with the view to its arrival in this City in time to affect my nomination to the Senate. In point of fact, it reached here the day before the Senate acted on that nomination. Fellow-citizens, I am sensible that generally a public officer had better abstain from any vindication of his conduct, and leave it to the candor and justice of his countrymen, under all its attending circumstances. Such has been the course which I have heretofore prescribed to myself. This is the first, as I hope it may be the last, occasion of my thus appearing before you. The separation which has just taken place between us, and the venom, if not the vigor, of the late onsets upon my public conduct, will, I hope, be allowed in this instance to form an adequate apology. It has been upwards of twenty years since I first entered the public service. Nearly three fourths of that time, with some intermissions, I have represented the same district in Congress, with but little variation in its form. During that long period, you have beheld our country passing through scenes of peace and war, of prosperity and adversity, and of party divisions, local and general, often greatly exasperated against each other. I have been an actor in most of those scenes. Throughout the whole of them you have clung to me with an

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affectionate confidence which has never been surpassed. I have found in your attachment, in every embarrassment in my public career, the greatest consolation, and the most encouraging support. I should regard the loss of it as one of the most afflicting public misfortunes which could befal [sic] me. That I have often misconceived your true interests is highly probable. That I have ever sacrificed them to the object of personal aggrandizement I utterly deny. And for the purity of my motives, however in other respects I may be unworthy to approach the Throne of Grace and Mercy, I appeal to the justice of my God, with all the confidence which can flow from a consciousness of perfect rectitude. Your obedient servant, H. CLAY. Address, To the People of the Congressional District Composed of the Counties of Fayette, Woodford, and Clarke in Kentucky [Washington, 1825]. Published also in Washington Daily National Journal, March 28, 1825; widely reprinted in contemporary newspapers, including the Lexington Kentucky Reporter, April 11, 1825; Lexington Kentucky Gazette, April 21, 1825; and Frankfort Argus of Western America, May 4, 1825. 1 See above, III, 301n, 351, 415n. Members of the Legislature of Louisiana had endorsed Clay for the Presidency on March 15, 1823. 2 Daniel Drake. s None of these communications has been found, but cf. above, III, 901, 905, 906. 4 Josiah S. Johnston; letter not found. s Cf. above, III, 901. 6 Exact quotation not found. Cf. the letter signed "Hermes" in Washington Gazette, January 20, 1825; also the statements in George Kremer's letter of February 25 (see above, Wingate to Clay, March 18, 1825), that Clay had "enveloped himself in profound mystery from the beginning of the session until the 24th of January . . ." and, "after nearly two months of dubious silence and mysterious concealment," had accepted the Secretaryship. "Why this strange reserve and mystery on the part of Mr. Clay?" Kroner had asked. Washington Gazette, February 28, 1825. t8 Not found. Report that Clay had been burnt in effigy at Pittsburgh on February 24 had been published in the Washington Gazette on February 25 [sic], 1825. The same journal on March 18 had noted a similar incident at Brownsville, Pennsylvania. Such actions at Rutledge and Knoxville, Tennessee, and Carlisle, Kentucky, were also widely publicized. Lexington Kentucky Reporter, March 28, 1825. 9 See above, Clay to Gales and Seaton, January 30, 1825, enclosure and note. 10 See above, Kroner to Clay, ca. February 3, 1825. 11 John Reid and John Henry Eaton, The Life of Andrew Jackson, Major General in the Service of the United States: Comprising a History of the War in the South, from the Commencement of the Creek Campaign, to the Termination of Hostilities before New Orleans . . . (Philadelphia, 1817). A second edition had appeared in 1824. Several later editions were published, with expanded text and varying title. 12 Benjamin W. Crowninshield. 13 See above, Appeal, February 3, 1825, and note. 1* The statement of William L. Brent, as here quoted, was dated February 25 and printed originally in the Washington National Journal, March 1, 1825, after Kremer had been requested to examine it for inaccuracies and to suggest alterations. The conversation between Kremer and Brent had reportedly occurred "at the fire-place, in the lobby of the House of Representatives." Peter Little, of Maryland, appended a statement that he "was present, and heard the observations, as above stated." Following publication of the statements of the Congressmen, Brent and Little, William Dudley Digges, who had also been among those present, testified: "I feel no hesitation in saying that Mr. Brent's statement in the paper of this day, is substantially correct." Ibid., March 2, 1825. 15 Cf. above, Clay to Adams, February 11, 1825, note. 18 Daniel Pope Cook, in the course of the lengthy debate on John Forsyth's motion. See above, Appeal, February 3, 1825. Cook's proposal had been rejected. 17 The committee had been composed of Philip Pendleton Barbour, Daniel Webster,

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Louis McLane, John W. Taylor, John Forsyth, Romulus Mitchell Saunders (of North Carolina), and Christopher Rankin. 18 T h e electoral vote of North Carolina had been given to Jackson (see above, III, 889n), but in the election by the House of Representatives that State's delegation had voted for Crawford. T h e electoral votes of Maryland had been divided (Jackson, 7; Adams, 3; Crawford, 1); in the House, the State's representatives had voted for Adams. 19 See above, Clay to Brooke, February 10, 1825, note. 20 Cf. above, Armstrong and Potts to Clay, March 9, 1825. 21 Clay quotes from a letter written by Jackson to James Monroe, March 18, 1817, in which the Tennesseean deplored the offer of the Secretaryship of War to Isaac Shelby (see above, II, 316-17n). Bassett (ed.), Correspondence of Andrew Jackson, II, 283. T h e Jackson-Monroe correspondence had been brought to light as a feature of the political campaign in the spring of 1824, when Walter Lowrie had forced publication of the documents to prove that Jackson had urged the appointment of Federalists in the Monroe Cabinet. Livermore, The Twilight of Federalism, 160-65. 22 See above, III, 902 and note. 23 In Kentucky, Clay had received 17,331 votes; Jackson, 6,455. 24 Not found; but see above, Clay to Taylor, February 25, 1825, also an editorial notice of such instruction in Lexington Kentucky Reporter, March 21, 1825. 25 Cf. above, Kendall to Clay, January 21, 1825; Crittenden to Clay, February 15, 1825; Drake to Clay, February 20, 1825; Clay to Taylor, February 25, 1825. See also Lexington Kentucky Reporter, January 3, 17, 1825. 26 For earlier statements of Clay's views on legislative instruction to United States Senators and Representatives, see above, II, 199-200, 216-17. 27 See above, Wingate to Clay, March 18, 1825, note. 28 See above, this document, pp. 148-49. 29 Above, III, 322-23. so See above, II, 144. si Joseph Hopkinson, whose statement followed, not preceded, Clay's remarks of that date. 32 See above, II, 57-59 et passim. 33 See above, Clay to Brooke, January 28, 1825, note. 34 Jackson had been among those Senators who voted in opposition to Clay's ap>ointment as Secretary of State. See above, Commission, March 7, 1825, note. 35 Duncan McArthur; Thomas Metcalfe. 36 T h e invitation had been issued on February 10, for a dinner to be held at Williamson's Hotel on February 11. Jackson's reply had also been dated February 10. Both the invitation and the reply had been published in the Washington Daily National Intelligencer as early as February 12. For Swartwout's answer to this passage, see his letter addressed to the editors of the New York American, published without date in Niles' Weekly Register, XXVIII (April 16, 1825), 102.

To Joel R. Poinsett Department of State. Washington 26 March 1825. No. 1. Joel R. Poinsett appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Mexico. Sir, The mission on which the President wishes you, with all practicable dispatch, to depart, would, at any time, be highly important, but possesses, at this moment, a peculiar interest. Every where, on this Continent, but on the side of the United Mexican States, the United States are touched by the Colonial Territories of some Sovereign Authority, fixed in Europe. You are the first Minister actually leaving the United States, to reside near a Sovereign Power established and exerted on this Continent, whose territories are co-terminous with our own. You will probably be the first Minister

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received by that Power from any foreign State, exdept from those which have recently sprung out of Spanish America. The United Mexican States, whether we regard their present posture, or recall to our recollection their ancient history, and fortunes, are entitled to high consideration. In point of population, position and resources, they must be allowed to rank among the first powers of America. In contemplating the progress in them, towards civilization, which the Aborigines had made at the Epoch of the Spanish invasion, and the incidents connected with the Spanish conquest which ensued, an irresistible interest is excited, which is not surpassed, if it be equalled, by that which is awakened in perusing the early history of any other part of America. But what gives, with the President, to your Mission, peculiar importance, at this time, is that it has, for its principal object, to lay, for the first time, the foundations of an intercourse of Amity Commerce, Navigation and Neighbourhood, which may exert a powerful influence, for a long period upon the prosperity of both States. In more particularly inviting your attention to the objects which should engage it on your mission, I will, in the first place, refer you to the general instructions which were given by my predecessor, on the 27th. May, 1823, to Mr. Anderson, the Minister of the United States at Colombia, of which a copy is annexed, and which are to be considered as incorporated in these.1 So far as they are applicable alike to the condition of Colombia and of Mexico, and shall not be varied in this or subsequent letters, you will view them as forming a guide for your conduct. In that letter of the 27th. of May, the principles which have regulated the course of this Goverment in respect to the contest between Spanish America and Spain, from its origin, are clearly stated, explained and vindicated; and the bases of those upon which it is desirable to place the future intercourse between the United States and the several Governments which have been established in Spanish America, are laid down;—so that, although that Letter was intended to furnish instructions for the American Minister deputed to one of those Governments only, it should be contemplated as unfolding a system of relations which it is expedient to establish with all of them. From that letter, as well as from notorious public facts, it clearly appears that the people and the Government of the United States have alike, throughout all the stages of the struggle between Spain and her former Colonies, cherished the warmest feelings and the strongest sympathies towards the latter; that the establishment of their Independence and freedom has been anxiously desired; that the recognition of that Independence was made as early as it was possible, consistently with those just considerations of policy and

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duty which this Government felt itself bound to entertain towards both parties;2 and that, in point of fact, with the exception of the act of the Portuguese Brazilian Government, to which it was prompted by self interest, and which preceded that of the United States only a few months, 3 this Government has been the first to assume the responsibility and encounter the hazard of recognizing the Governments which have been formed out of Spanish America. If there ever were any ground for imputing tardiness to the United States in making that recognition, as it respects other parts of what was formerly, Spanish America, there is not the slightest pretext for such a suggestion in relation to Mexico. For within a little more than a year after its independence was proclaimed, the United States hastened to acknowledge it. They have never claimed, and do not now claim, any peculiar favour or concession to their commerce or navigation, as the consideration of the liberal policy which they have observed towards those Governments. But the President does confidently expect that the priority of movement on our part, which has disconcerted plans which the European Allies were contemplating against the independent Governments, and which has, no doubt, tended to accelerate similar acts of recognition by the European Powers, and especially that of Great Britain, will form a powerful motive with our southern neighbours, and particularly with Mexico, for denying to the Commerce and Navigation of those European States, any favours or privileges which shall not be equally extended to us.4 In pursuance of the Instructions given to Mr. Anderson, a general Convention of Peace, Amity, Navigation, and Commerce was concluded and signed at Bogota on the 3rd. of October 1824. Its ratification has been consented to, and advised, by the Senate of the United States; but the ratifications have not yet been exchanged in consequence of the unavoidable delay which has arisen in the transmission of its anticipated ratification on the part of Colombia, to her Minister here. 5 A copy of that Convention will accompany these instructions, and it will serve to assist you in the formation of the treaty which it is expected you will be able to conclude at Mexico. The basis of the regulations of the Commerce and Navigation of the United States and Colombia which that Convention assumes, is that of extending to them, respectively, the rule of the most favoured Nation. To that rule there are some objections, and the President would therefore prefer, and you are accordingly instructed to endeavour to get substituted to it, that of placing the Commerce and Navigation of the two Countries on the more liberal footing of reciprocity between the resident Citizen and the

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Foreigner, which is provided for by the Act of 7th. January, 1824,6 passed since the instructions to Mr. Anderson were prepared. The rule of the most favoured Nation may not be, and scarcely ever is, equal in its operation between two contracting parties. It could only be equal if the measure of voluntary concession by each of them to the most favoured third Power were precisely the same; but as that rarely happens, by referring the Citizens of the two contracting Powers to such a rule, the fair competition between them, which ought always to be a primary object, is not secured, but, on the contrary, those who belong to the Nation which has shewn least liberality to other Nations, are enabled to engross almost the entire Commerce and Navigation carried on between the two contracting Powers. The rule of the most favoured Nation is not so simple as the proposed substitute. In order to ascertain the quantum of favour which, being granted to the Commerce & Navigation of one Nation, is claimed by another, in virtue of a treaty-stipulation embracing that principle, it is necessary that the claimant should be accurately informed of the actual state of the Commercial relations between the Nation on which the claim of equal favour is preferred, and all the rest of the Commercial world. A knowledge of those relations must be sometimes sought after in numerous treaties, statutes, orders, decrees, and other regulations, and is often of very difficult attainment. When acquired, it is not always very easy to distinguish between what was a voluntary grant, and that which was a concession by one party for an equivalent yielded by the other. Sometimes the equivalent for the alledged favour proceeding from the one party may be diffused throughout all the stipulations in the treaty by the other, and is to be extracted only after a careful view and comparison of the whole of them. Not unfrequently the equivalent may not even be clearly deducible from the instrument itself, conveying the supposed favour. Peculiar considerations may lead to the grant of what, on a first impression, might be conceived to be a voluntary favour, but which has really been founded upon a received equivalent; and these considerations may sometimes apply to the entire commerce and navigation of a Country, and at others to particular ports only. Examples of the latter description are to be found in the Louisiana treaty, (See Laws U. S. V. 1. P. 134) by the 7th. Article of which, in respect to New Orleans and other ports of that Province, privileges were secured for the space of twelve years to the ships of France and Spain, and their cargoes, exclusive of all other nations.7 And by the 15th. Article of the Treaty with Spain which was signed on the 22nd. day of February, 1819,8 (See 6th. vol. U. S. Laws p. 614) like exclusive privileges were secured to Spanish vessels and their

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cargoes, for the term of twelve years, in the ports of Pensacola and St. Augustine. From some or all of these causes it so happens that in the practical application of the rule of the most favoured Nation, perplexing and embarrassing discussions sometimes arise; and there are not wanting instances of such discussions in our own intercourse and correspondence with Foreign Powers. It is better to avoid sowing the seeds of all collissions [sic] and misunderstandings; and that desirable object the President thinks will be best accomplished by adopting a plain and familiar rule for the two parties themselves, instead of referring each of them to that complicated rule which may happen to exist between either and third parties. By placing the admission into the Ports of Mexico, of a vessel of the United States, and her cargo, being of their produce or manufacture, upon the same footing with the admission into those ports of a like cargo imported in a vessel owned by a resident citizen of Mexico, and vice versa, the simplicity which it is desirable the rule should possess, will be secured, and all causes of misunderstanding be prevented. The President does not anticipate that you will experience any difficulty in impressing upon the United Mexican Government the very great liberality which characterizes the Act of 7th. January, 1824, and in making it perceive the utility of engrafting on the treaty which you are expected to conclude, the principle of that act. It has been already embraced by several of the European Powers, and been mutually extended to the commerce and navigation between them and the United States.9 He wishes it applied as extensively as practicable to all the commercial world; and he would see with regret that any of the Governments of America should be behind any European Power in acting on such a scale of enlightened liberality. Nevertheless if all your efforts should be unavailing to carry to the Mexican Government a conviction of the expediency of the proposed principle, and the propriety of treating on it, you are then at liberty to conclude a Convention, comprehending the rule for the regulation of the commerce and navigation of the two countries which was incorporated in the late Colombian Treaty. It is hardly necessary to remark that both principles leave the respective parties entirely free to impose such duties of impost and tonnage as they may think proper. A full power for negociating concerning matters of Commerce and navigation, accompanies these Instructions.10 You will bring to the notice of the Mexican Government, the Message of the late President of the United States, to their Congress, on the 2nd. December 1823, asserting certain important principles of intercontinental law in the relations of Europe and America.11 The first principle asserted in that message is, that the American

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Continents are not, henceforth, to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Powers. In the maintenance of that principle, all the Independent Governments of America have an interest, but that of the United States has probably the least. Whatever foundation may have existed three centuries ago, or even at a later period, when all this Continent was under European subjection, for the establishment of a rule founded on priority of discovery, and occupation, for apportioning among the Powers of Europe, parts of this Continent, none can be now admitted as applicable to its present condition. There is no disposition to disturb the Colonial possessions as they may now exist, of any of the European Powers; but it is against the establishment of new European Colonies upon this Continent, that the principle is directed. The Countries in which any such new establishments might be attempted are now open to the enterprise and commerce of all Americans. And the justice or propriety cannot be recognized, of arbitrarily limiting and circumscribing that enterprize and commerce, by the act of voluntarily planting a new Colony without the consent of America, under the auspices of foreign Powers belonging to another and a distant Continent. Europe would be indignant at any American attempt to plant a Colony on any part of her shores. And her justice must perceive in the rule contended for, only perfect reciprocity. The other principle asserted in the message is that, whilst we do not desire to interfere, in Europe, with the political system of the allied Powers, we should regard as dangerous to our peace and safety, any attempt on their part, to extend their system to any portion of this Hemisphere. The political systems of the two Continents are essentially different. Each has an exclusive right to judge for itself what is best suited to its own condition, and most likely to promote its happiness, but neither has a right to enforce upon the other the establishment of its peculiar system. This principle was declared in the face of the world at a moment when there was reason to apprehend that the allied Powers were entertaining designs inimical to the freedom, if not the Independence of the new Governments. There is ground for believing that the declartion [sic] of it had considerable effect in preventing the maturity, if not in producing the abandonment, of all such designs. Both principles were laid down after much and anxious deliberation on the part of the late Administration. The President who then formed a part of it, continues entirely to coincide in both. And you will urge upon the Government of Mexico the utility and expediency of asserting the same principles on all proper occasions. The final establishment of the limits between the territories of

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the United States, and those of the United Mexican States, is an interesting object to which you will direct your attention. By the third Article of the Treaty "of Amity, Settlement and limits between the United States of America and His Catholic Majesty," concluded and signed at Washington, on the 22nd. day of February, 1819, it is provided that "the boundary line between the two countries west of the Mississippi, shall begin on the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the river Sabine, in the sea, continuing north, along the western bank of that river to the 32nd. degree of latitude; thence by a line due north, to the degree of latitude where it strikes the Rio Roxo of Natchitoches or Red river; then following the course of the Rio Roxo westward, to the degree of longitude, 100 west from London, and 23 from Washington; then crossing the said Red river, and running thence, by a line due north, to the river Arkansas; thence following the course of the southern bank of the Arkansas, to its source, in latitude 42 North; and thence by that parallel of latitude to the South sea. The whole being as laid down in Melish's map of the United States, published at Philadelphia, improved to the first of January, 1818. But if the source of the Arkansas river shall be found to fall north or south of latitude 42, then the line shall run from the said source, due south or north, as the case may be, till it meets the said parallel of latitude 42, and thence along the said parallel to the South sea. All the Islands in the Sabine and the said Red and Arkansas rivers, throughout the course thus described, to belong to the United States; but the use of the waters and the navigation of the Sabine to the sea, and of the said Rivers Roxo and Arkansas, throughout the extent of the said Boundary, on their respective banks, shall be common to the respective inhabitants of both Nations." By the fourth Article, provision is made for the appointment by each of the contracting parties, of a commissioner and surveyor, to fix, with more precision the line described in the third, and to place the land-marks which shall designate exactly, the limits of both Nations; but it has not yet been carried into execution. That Treaty having been concluded when Mexico composed a part of the Dominions of Spain, is obligatory upon both the United States and Mexico. On the 15th. of February, 1824, Mr. Torrens, the Charge d'Affaires from Mexico, near this Government, addressed a Note12 to this Department (of which a copy is annexed) in which he declares the willingness of the Supreme Executive power of Mexico, to accede to the limits agreed upon in the third Article above mentioned; and its readiness to co-operate with the United States, in carrying into complete effect those two Articles. Some difficulties may possibly hereafter arise between the two

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countries from the line thus agreed upon, against which it would be desirable now to guard, if practicable; and as the Government of Mexico may be supposed not to have any disinclination to the fixation of a new line which would prevent those difficulties, the President wishes you to sound it on that subject; and to avail yourself of a favourable disposition, if you should find it, to effect that object. The line of the Sabine approaches our great western Mart, nearer than could be wished. Perhaps the Mexican Government may not be unwilling to establish that of the Rio Brassos de dios, or the Rio Colorado, or the Snow Mountains, or the Rio del Norte, in lieu of it. By the agreed line, portions of both the Red river and branches of the Arkansas, are thrown on the Mexican side, and the navigation of both those rivers, as well as that of the Sabine is made common to the respective inhabitants of the two Countries. When the Countries adjacent to those waters shall come to be thickly inhabited, collissions [sic] and misunderstandings may arise from the community thus established in the use of their navigation, which it would be well now to prevent. If the line were so altered as to throw altogether on one side, Red river and Arkansas, and their respective tributary streams, and the line on the Sabine were removed further west, all causes of further collission would be prevented. The Government of Mexico may have a motive for such an alteration of the line as is here proposed, in the fact that it would have the effect of placing the City of Mexico nearer the centre of its territories. If the line were so changed, the greater part, i£ not the whole of the powerful, warlike, and turbulent Indian Nation of the Camanches [sic] would be thrown on the side of the United States, and, as an equivalent for the proposed cession of territory, they would stipulate to restrain, as far as practicable, the Camanches from committing hostilities and depredations upon the Territories and people, whether Indians or otherwise, of Mexico. But if you shall find that the Mexican Government is unwilling to alter the agreed line in the manner proposed, and that it insists upon the execution of the third and fourth Articles of the Treaty before mentioned, you are authorised to agree to the recognition and establishment of the line as described in the third Article, and to the demarcation of it forthwith as is stipulated in the fourth. But, in that case, you will urge, not, however, as a sine qua non, the insertion of an Article in the Treaty by which each party shall undertake to restrain the Indians residing within his territories, from committing hostilities upon the people, Indians, or territories, of the other. The example of such an Article, which will, at the same time, furnish a model for that which is proposed, is to be found in the fifth Article of the Treaty of friendship, limits and

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navigation between the United States of America, and the King of Spain, which was signed at San Lorenzo el Real, the 27th. day of October, 1795.13 The hostilities which the President is desirous to restrain, are afflicting to humanity when confined to the Indians themselves; but they often affect, collaterally, peaceable citizens, who are no parties to them, and their property. Instances are beleived [sic] to have occurred, and others may be expected more frequently, of escape by slaves from their owners, in Louisiana, Missouri, and Arkansas, and their taking refuge in the adjacent territories of Mexico. The pursuit after, and recaption of, these slaves, which it would be difficult for this Government to restrain, may lead to irritations, if not acts of violence. And as their acquisition cannot be desired by Mexico, especially as the fugitive may be supposed to be the most worthless part of that unfortunate portion of our population, you are instructed to endeavour to get an Article inserted in the proposed Treaty, providing for the regular apprehension and surrender to their respective proprietors, or their lawful agents, of any such fugitive slaves. The victorious termination to which Genl. Bolivar has recently brought the war in Peru,14 liberates the Colombian arms from any further employment against the forces of Spain in South America. Those of Mexico have no Spanish force to encounter in North America. In this state of the contest, it is to be hoped that Spain, listening to wiser and better councils, and at last being made sensible of what all America and Europe have long since seen, that her dominion on this Continent is lost, will hasten, by a formal pacification with the southern Nations, to put an end to a war which she has not the ability any longer to wage. Such a pacific disposition, it is presumed, will be cordially met by the Government of the United Mexican States; and you will avail yourself of every fit occasion to strengthen it by friendly and frank representations of the desire of the President to see an honourable close of the war. Nevertheless, peace may not be established, and the pride of Spain may dissuade her from acceding to terms which a prudent regard of her actual comparative weakness should render acceptable. If the war be indefinitely protracted, to what object will the arms of the new Governments be directed? It is not unlikely that they may be turned upon the conquest of Cuba and Porto Rico, and that, with that view, a combined operation will be concerted between those of Colombia and Mexico. The United States cannot remain indifferent to such a movement. Their commerce, their peace and their safety are too intimately connected with the fortunes and fate of the Island of Cuba to allow them to behold any change in its condition and political relations without deep solicitude. They

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are not disposed, themselves, to interfere with its present actual state; but they could not see, with indifference, any change that may be attempted in it. It commands, from its position, the Gulf of Mexico, and the valuable commerce of the United States, which must necessarily pass near its shores. In the hands of Spain, its ports are open, its cannon silent and harmless, and its possession guaranteed by the mutual jealousies and interests of the maritime powers of Europe. Under the dominion of any one of those powers other than Spain, and especially under that of Great Britain, the United States would have just cause of serious alarm. Nor could they see that dominion passing either to Mexico or Colombia without some apprehensions of the future. Neither of those two states has, or is likely shortly to acquire, the naval ability to maintain and protect Cuba, if its conquest could be achieved. The United States have no desire to aggrandize themselves by the acquisition of Cuba. And yet if that Island is to be made a dependence of any one of the American States, it is impossible not to allow that the law of its position proclaims that it should be attached to the United States. Abounding in those productions to which the soil and climate, both of Mexico and Colombia are best adapted, neither of them can want it: whilst, in that view of the subject, if the United States were to lend themselves to the suggestions of interest, it would, to them, be particularly desirable. If the population of Cuba were capable of maintaining, and should make an unprompted declaration of, its independence, perhaps it would be the real interest of all parties that it should possess an independent self Government. And then it would be worthy of serious consideration whether the powers of the American Continent would not do well to guarantee that independence against all European attacks upon its existence. What the President, however, directs you to do is to keep a vigilant attention upon every movement towards Cuba, to ascertain the designs of Mexico in regard to it, and to put him, early, in full possession of every purpose of the Mexican Government relative to it. And you are authorized, if, in the progress of events it should become necessary, to disclose frankly the feelings and the interests as here developed, which the people of the United States cherish in respect to that Island. The Federal Constitution which the United Mexican States have adopted for themselves has evidently been formed after the model of that of the U. States.15 You will impress their President with a due sense of the compliment which is felt to be thus paid to the illustrious founders of our own; and you will shew, on all occasions, an unobtrusive readiness to explain the practical operation, and the very great advantages which appertain to our system.

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By an Act passed at the late Session of Congress,16 of which a copy accompanies this letter, the President is authorised to appoint Commissioners to mark out a road from the western frontier of the State of Missouri, to the boundary line of the United States in the direction to Sante Fe, of New Mexico; and he is further empowered to cause the marking of the road to be continued from the boundary line of the United States to the frontier of New Mexico, under such regulations as may be agreed upon for that purpose, between him and the Mexican Government You will accompany the communication of that Act to the Mexican Government by assurances that it has originated in a friendly spirit to open a commerce and intercourse between the two countries in that direction, which it is believed, would be mutually beneficial. And you will receive any propositions which may be offered for regulating that intercourse. It does not occur to the President, at present, to suggest any. In regard to the continuation of the road to Santa Fe, as the United States have taken upon themselves the expense of making the road within their limits, it is presumed that Mexico would readily assume that of continuing it to Santa Fe. Information has been received at this Department, of an outrage committed on the 4th. January last, on the American Schooner Scott,17 by the Forts of La Vera Cruz, which you will represent to the Mexican Government in terms suited to the nature of the outrage, and demand satisfaction for the injury. According to that information, it appears that the Schooner Scott, bearing the American flag, hove in sight of the Castle, San Juan de Ulloa,18 in the afternoon of the 4th. of January; that the wind, blowing fresh from the northward, she came to anchor near the Castle, but within reach of the guns of the City, which position the vessel was obliged to take, by the heavy weather that prevailed; that a short time only elapsed, before the forts of Vera Cruz opened a dreadful fire on the vessel, tore her to pieces, wounded the mate severely, and finally compelled the Captain, in order to save the lives of his crew, to run the vessel ashore at the mouth of the Southern ditch of the Castle, where she immediately filled; & that the violence did not then close, the forts continued their fire, during the whole night of the 4th., and part of the next day, until they made the Schooner a complete wreck, and prostrated in the water the American flag, which had been kept flying the whole time, with a cannon ball that carried away both masts. A Letter detailing the circumstances of this attack, accompanies these instructions.19 The pretext for it will probably be, that she was attempting to violate a blockade of the castle; but if she were not warned off, or if there were no Mexican

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force at sea, present, to render her approach hazardous, the attack can find no justification in the law of blockade. Information has been also received at this Department, 20 respecting which, however, it is believed, there must be some mistake, that American fabrics, and especially that of Cotton, which is every day becoming more important, are subjected, on their entry at the Custom Houses of Mexico, to higher duties than those of similar manufacture of Great Britain are made to pay; and that the inequality is so great as to threaten a total discontinuance of the trade. The injustice and unfriendliness of such a discrimination, if it exist, are so manifest, that the President cannot doubt that a remonstrance which, in that contingency, you are instructed to make, will be promptly followed with the desired corrective. Mess'rs Samuel G. Arnold and Co., Richard J. Arnold, and Ratcliffe Hicks, owners of the Ship Louisa, of Providence in Rhode Island,21 have a claim upon the Mexican Government, of which Capt. Hicks, now in Mexico, is endeavouring to effect a payment. The Letter of Mr. Samuel G. Arnold, addressed to the President, under date the 15th. March, 1825,22 accompanying these instructions, and to which you are referred, will put you into more full possession of the case. It appears that the justice of the claim is not contested by the Mexican Government, which has even made some payments on account of it. Nevertheless, the claimants are subjected to a ruinous procrastination in obtaining their rights. You will render to Captain Hicks every assistance in your power, and urge the immediate payment of his claim. I have the honour to be, Sir, with great respect, Your obedient & very humble Servant. H. CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, pp. 225-38 (M77, R5). AL draft, in DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R7), and LS, in DNA, RG84, Mexico-both dated March 25, 1825. Transmitted with personal instructions, below, Clay to Poinsett, March 27, 1825. 1 Extracts of Adams' letter to Richard C. Anderson, Jr., are found in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, I, 192-208; American State Papers, Foreign Relations, V, 888-97; Alfred Tischendorf and E. Taylor Parks (eds.), The Diary and Journal of Richard Clough Anderson, Jr., 1814-1826 (Durham, N. C, 1964), 109-19. 2 See above, III, 186n. 3 Brazil had recognized the independence of the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata in July, 1821, as an accompaniment to assertion of its own jurisdiction over the Banda Oriental (cf. above, II, 446n, 702n). 4 See above, Nelson to Clay, March 8, 1825, note. The relevance of American action to the disruption of the plans of the European Allies has been minimized by most modern interpreters of these events. See Temperley, The Foreign Policy of Canning, 129-30; Dexter Perkins, The Monroe Doctrine, 1823-1826 (Cambridge, [Mass.], 1932), 112-43, 225-27, 231-35,, 255-58; Samuel Flagg Bemis, John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy (New York, 1949), 381, 406. On the other hand, diplomatic agents of the United States found that the desire to win recognition from Great Britain induced the new American Republics to accord her preferential treatment. See below, Forbes to Clay, March 30, 1825; Watts to Clay, May 10, 1825; Allen to Clay, September 16, 1825. 5 See above, Clay to Salazar, March 21, 1825, and note.

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6 See above, Lorich to Clay, March 16, 1825, note. I See above, III, 383n. 8 See above, II, 678n. 9 See above, Lorich to Clay, March 16, 1825, note; cf. below, Clay to Forbes, April 14, 1825. 10 Dated March 14. Copy, in DNA, RG59, Ceremonial Communications, vol. 2, pp. 3-4. II The original statement of the Monroe Doctrine (above, III, 542n). 12 ALS, in DNA, RG59, Notes from Foreign Legations, Mexico, vol. 1 (M54, Rl). Jose Anastasio Torrens, named Secretary of Legation for Mexico in the United States in September, 1822, had been accredited as Charge from December, 1823, until November, 1824, when he was transferred to similar duties in Colombia. is That is, Pinckney's Treaty. 14 See above, Raguet to Secretary of State, March 11, 1825, note; cf. above, Tudor to Secretary of State, March 21, 1825, note. 15 See above, III, 475n. ieApproved March 3, 1825. 4 U.S. Stat., 100-101. 17 Sailing from New Orleans; owners not identified. 18 The last Spanish post on the mainland of North America; by proclamation of the President of the Mexican States, dated December 14, 1824, declared to be "under a rigid blockade . . . by sea and by land." On the final surrender of the fortress, see below, Poinsett to Clay, November 23, 1825. 19 Not found. "The late master of the Scott complains severely of the transaction." Niles' Weekly Register, XXVIII (March 19, 1825), 35-36. The report of the incident by William Taylor, consul of the United States at Veracruz, written on January 5, 7, 1825, and received at the State Department on March 7, had differed markedly from this version. Taylor had noted that an American schooner, which he did not identify, "bound to the Castle with supplies from Havana, being chased by a Mexican vessel of war anchored under the Guns of the Castle, next to Vera Cruz"; the "Guns of the Town were immediately opened upon the Schooner whereupon . . . the Castle opened a heavy fire against the City"; "The firing Continued about 24 hours"; and finally, "the Castle having secured the provisions from on board the Schooner, and secured that vessel from the fire of the batteries on Shore, Ceased firing upon the C i t y - " ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Veracruz, vol. 1 (M183, Rl). 20 A memorial from David Lewis and others, of Philadelphia, dated March 21, 1825, and addressed to the President, had asked that the United States Minister to Mexico be instructed to try to get the duties there on American manufactures placed on a footing with those of the most favored nation. An endorsement by Clay on the wrapper (AEI) states: "The object of these Memorials has already been comprehended in the instructions given to our Minister; but let copies of them be made out for him. 28 Mar. 1825 H. C." DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R62). On May 14, Daniel Brent, at the direction of Clay, notified James Yard and others, memorialists of Philadelphia, that the object of their memorial, dated March 21 and addressed to the President, had been encompassed in the instruction to Poinsett. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 58-59 (M140, R19). See also, above, Biddle to Clay, March 10, 16, 1825; Clay to Biddle, March 12, 1825. 21 The Arnolds were wealthy and prominent merchants of that port. 22 Not found.

To Elisha Whittlesey Dear Sir Washington 26h. March 1825 I received today your obliging letter of the 17h. inst.1 and was pleased to find from it that you had reached your home in safety. I am gratified to learn that the good people of your district are generally satisfied with the result of the Presidential election. From all quarters I received information of the same agreeable character. I never doubted that such would be the sobjer [sic] judgment of our Country. I have prepared and now have in the press an address to my Constituents in defence of my late course in regard to public events here; 2 and to quiet all your friendly apprehensions about

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it, I tell you before hand that you will find it perfectly temperate. I will direct a Copy to be sent to you. The opposition to my nomination in the Senate3 was greater than I expected; but considering its discordant materials one ought not to be surprized or mortified. Mr. Macon4 took occasion to say explicitly to some of my friends that his vote was not influenced by my vote on the P. question; that he approved of what I had done; and that he could prove that I could not have consistently acted otherwise; but that he was governed by my opinions on the Constitution, alluding as I suppose to that respecting Internal Improvements and perhaps others. We have no news. I find my new office not a bed of roses, but one that requires me to work 12 or 14 hours per day. With my best wishes for your prosperity I am faithfully Yrs The Honble E. Whittlesey. ALS. OClWHi. i Not found. 3 See above, Commission, March 7, 1825, note.

INSTRUCTIONS

AND DISPATCHES

H. CLAY 2 See above, this date. 4 Nathaniel Macon.

March 26, 1825

From JOHN M. FORBES, Charge d'Affaires at Buenos Aires, no. 16. Transmits minutes of conferences with the Minister of Foreign Relations at Buenos Aires (Manuel Jose Garcia) on "the treaty lately concluded here by the British [above, Raguet to Secretary of State, March 11, 1825]" and "the views of this [the Buenos Aires] Government as to their future diplomatic intercourse with foreign Governments." Forbes reports having "obtained from the Minister a formal, written assurance of the readiness of this Government to Conclude a Treaty with the United States on precisely the Same bases of that Concluded with England.-" ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Argentina, vol. 2 (M69, R3). Addressed to Secretary of State. Published in Felipe A. Espil (comp., trans., and ed.), Once Anos en Buenos Aires, 1820-1831; las Cronicas Diplomaticas de John Murray Forbes (Buenos Aires, [1956]), 355-56. Forbes had returned from Denmark in the autumn of 1818 and in January, 1819, had submitted his resignation as consul general in that country. In June, 1820, he had been appointed agent for commerce and seamen in the Province of Buenos Aires and had set sail the following month. He was named Secretary of Legation at Buenos Aires in January, 1823, served as acting Charge d'Affaires there from 1824 to 1825, and on March 9, 1825, became the Charge, in which position he continued until 1831. The enclosed memorandum on the second of the conferences, held March 24, notes that Garcia cited the inability of his country to support diplomatic establishments of the higher grade and, on the other hand, the embarrassment they would feel at "the presence of a very elevated class of foreign diplomatists." From RICHARD RUSH, London, no. 426. Reports that "Mr. [Charles R.] Vaughan" is about to embark as Minister to the United States and that Stratford Canning has recently discussed with the Russian Government the differences between Russia and the United States on navigation in the Pacific; warns that British claims to the Columbia River and coast "will be followed up in a tone that will be unyielding." Interprets the program of the president of the Board of

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Trade (William Huskisson), presented to the House of Commons in speeches of March 21 and 25, as "raising up the British colonies in our hemisphere as rivals to the United States, making them more powerful by widening their range of free action, and conciliating them by boons, so as to render for the future their union with the mother country more cordial and more efficient." Particular emphasis is being placed upon the settlement of Canada, Rush notes, with advertisement of British command of navigation at the mouth of the St. Lawrence and plans for a governmental commission of engineers to examine "the whole line of frontier between the United States and that province, and to make report on the state of the posts and fortifications at every point." He believes the great powers of Europe are reconciling themselves, though reluctantly, to British recognition of the new American States. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Great Britain, vol. 32 (M30, R28). Addressed to Secretary of State; received May 19. Stratford Canning, cousin of George Canning, had been Minister to the United States from 1820 to 1824; he had been sent thence to St. Petersburg; and from there, in 1825, he was transferred to Constantinople, where he served as envoy much of the remainder of his life. He was a member of Parliament from 1835 to 1841. On the dispute between the United States and Russia, see above, Clay to Tuyll, March 25, 1825, note. Huskisson's program for revising the British policy on colonial trade (outlined in his speech of March 21—that of March 25 being devoted to general commercial policy) had been designed to counter the American legislation of March 1, 1823 (see above, III, 729n). He recommended that American vessels be subjected to general alien duties upon entry into the British colonies and that under such duties the colonies be opened to trade with all friendly states. Trade between Britain and her colonies, whether direct or circuitous, and all intercolonial commerce were, however, to be regarded as "coasting trade" and reserved entirely to British vessels. Importation of foreign goods into the colonies was to be permitted generally, under a scale of duties ranging from 7 i/z to SO per cent ad valorem for all products formerly excluded; and only firearms, ammunition, and, in specific colonies, sugar, rum, and a few other articles locally produced were to be barred. All port fees were to be abolished, the customs officials to be placed on salaries paid out of customs receipts, which income was otherwise to be subject to appropriation by the colonial legislatures. A system of bonding and warehousing was to be established in the West Indies, designed especially to facilitate mercantile relations with the former SpanishAmerican colonies. These recommendations, together with a provision that goods imported into the British colonies through the United Kingdom should receive a remission of one tenth of the duties, were enacted on June 27 and incorporated into a general summary of British trade regulations adopted on July 5, 1825. "Exposition of the Colonial Policy of the Country, March 21," in William Huskisson, The Speeches. . . , with a Biographical Memoir Supplied to the Editor from Authentic Sources (3 vols.; London, 1831), II, 304-27; 6 Geo. IV, c. 114; American State Papers, Foreign Relations, VI, 301-21; Annual Register, 1825, "History," 101-106; Benns, The American Struggle for the British West India Carrying Trade, 107-108. For features of the legislation which American policy makers did not understand and which led to closing of American trade with the British West Indies, cf. below, Clay to Gallatin, June 19, 1826; Gallatin to Clay, August 19, September 13, 14, November 8, 1826. See also George Dangerfield, The Era of Good Feelings (First Harbinger Books edn.; New York, 1963), 372-75. Looking forward to the time when "joint occupation" of Oregon would end (see above, III, 60n), the United States favored dividing the area west of the

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Rocky Mountains along the parallel of 49 degrees, north latitude, to the Pacific Ocean, while Britain agreed to a boundary at this line only so far as the Columbia River, thence down that stream to the coast. British negotiators in 1818 had, in fact, proposed, in their only formal denomination of a boundary, that the joint occupancy apply to the territory as far south as the forty-fifth parallel. Miller (ed.), Treaties. . . , V, 18-19. From CHARLES SAVAGE. Transmits residue of the Government Gazette, completing the file from March, 1824, to March, 1825, and one copy, each, of the Constitution of this republic and of a discourse of the President. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Guatemala, vol. 1 (M-T337, Rl). Addressed to Secretary of State; received July 25. See above, Savage to Clay, March 18, 1825. From JOHN WARNER. Reports rumors that Mexico has offered its protection in case the Captain General of Cuba (Francisco Dionisio Vives) should declare the island independent of Spain and has promised preservation of slavery as it now exists. Seven American seamen, held as accomplices in a murder aboard the brig Noble in 1823, have been brought to trial. LS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Havana, Cuba, vol. 3 (M-T20, R3). On the case of the seven seamen, see above, Perry to Clay, March 25, 1825; below, Bruce to Clay, August 26, 1825; Warner to Clay, October 8, 1825; Clay to Rodney, October 29, 1825; Clay to Vives, November 14, 1825; Rodney to Clay, December 19, 1825; January 7, 1826; February 4, 1826. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

March 26, 1825

To PETER A. BROWNE. Requests substantiation of charges against officials of the Patent Office. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 18 (M40, R19). See above, Browne to Clay, March 7, 1825.

To Henry Unwin Addington Henry U. Addington Esqe. Charge d'Affaires from Great Britain. Department of State, Sir, Washington City, 27. March 1825. I have the honour to transmit to you herewith a Report made by a Committee of the Senate of the state of Maine on the 18th. day of January last, and extracts from certain Letters marked from Ns. 1. to 5 inclusive, relating to encroachments by British subjects upon the territory of the United States.1 These documents shew that an extensive system of depredation has been adopted and persevered in, under which large quantities of timber have been cut and removed from lands within the limits of the State of Maine, belonging to that State and to the State of Massachusetts; that the trespassers pretend to derive authority for their intrusions from licences and permits which are said to have been granted by the Government of the Province of New Brunswick; that the timber is transported down to St. Johns and subsequently exported to the dominions of His Britannic Majesty; and that schemes have been

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probably formed by the Colonial authorities, if they are not now in a progress of execution for granting the lands within the State of Maine to British Subjects for the purpose of occupation and Settlement. It is entirely unnecessary to make any observation upon the character or impropriety of these proceedings, which must be altogether unauthorized by the Government of Great Britain. I am instructed by the President to demand that immediate and efficacious measures be adopted to put a stop to them all; and to communicate to you his just expectation that a full indemnity and reparation be made to the States of Massachusetts and Maine for the value of the timber which has been cut and removed from their lands. I pray you, Sir, to accept the assurance of my distinguished Consideration. H. CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Ministers and Consuls, vol. 3, pp. 205-206 (M38, R3). AL draft, in CSmH; published with the accompanying documents in House Docs., 20 Cong, 2 Sess., no. 90, pp. 3-8. Addington, who had been in the British foreign service since 1807, retired in 1826, but was repeatedly recalled to active duty and was Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from 1842 to 1854. i The commission established under Article V of the Treaty of Ghent, to fix the northeastern boundary of the United States (see above, I, 1006), had failed to reach agreement during conferences which had terminated in April, 1822- Controversy, stemming from the treaty ending the Revolutionary War, had continued between the United States and Great Britain and had grown more serious as settlers and timber cutters moved into the disputed area along the St. John's, Madawaska, and Aroostook rivers.

To Joel R. Poinsett Instructions—Personal No. 2 Joel R. Poinsett, appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, U. S. to Mexico. Sir, Department of State Washington 27. March 1825. With this Letter you will receive the following papers, documents, and books, which will be found necessary or useful to you, in the discharge of the duties of the Mission to which you have been appointed. 1. A Commission as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Mexico.1 2. A Letter of credence to the United Mexican States.2 3. A Full Power for negociating concerning matters of Commerce & Navigation and Boundaries3 Your General Instructions contain all the observations that I have to make with regard to the use of this Power. 4. A cypher to be used as occasion may require, in your correspondence with this Department, or with any other of the Ministers of the United States abroad.

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5. An engraved design of the Uniform worn by the Ministers of the United States at Foreign Courts, on occasions when full dress is required In the Monarchial Governments of Europe, a Minister of the United States is compelled to conform to the established usages of appearing in the presence of the Sovereign, in a Court dress. He cannot, indeed, deliver his credential Letter without it, and this uniform was adopted for the convenience of using the same dress upon all necessary occasions, and at every Court. In the Republican Government of Mexico, it may be presumed that no such dress will be required or expected; and if not, you will have no occasion for using it. The use of it is, in no case, prescribed by this Government, and every Minister of the United States abroad, may wear, at his discretion, any dress conformable to the customs of the place where he may reside. 6. A Letter of credit upon the Bankers of the United States at London, authorizing them to pay your drafts upon them for your salary and the contingent expenses of the Legation. You will be careful, in availing yourself of this, not to exceed in the amount drawn, the sum to which you may be entitled in account, with the United States, at the time of the draft. 7. A set of the Laws of the United States in six volumes, and pamphlet copies of the Laws of the subsequent sessions of Congress. 8. A volume containing the Commercial regulations of the Foreign Countries with which the United States have commercial intercourse, collected, digested, and published by order of Congress, now furnished you, will serve as a guide to your enquiries into the Commercial regulations of the Government of Mexico, the result of which you will communicate, as soon as you may find convenient, to this Department. 9. A Set of Niles' Register, complete, 26 volumes, and one of Index. 10. A sett [sic] of Waites [sic] State Papers, 12 volumes. All the printed Books are for the use of the Legation, and at the termination of your Mission are to remain with the Charge d' Affaires in case one should be left, or pass to your successor. 11. A Passport for yourself and your suite. 12. A Letter of General Instructions 13. A sample of Despatch-paper, and a set of lines adapted to its size. Your allowance, as limited by Law, is nine thousand dollars a

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year, for all personal and other expenses, with an outfit equal to one years salary, and a quarters salary for your return. By a general rule, the salary commences from the time of the Minister's leaving home to proceed upon his Mission, and ceases on his receiving notice or permission to return; after which the additional allowance takes place. In your case your salary will commence on the day of the date of the confirmation by the Senate, of your nomination, and of your Commission, the 8th. of this Month. The cost of Gazettes and Pamphlets transmitted to this Office; of Postage, Stationary [sic], necessary and customary presents to the menial attendants of the Public Functionaries at your presentation, and on other established occasions, (usually the Christmas or New Years days) are not considered as included under the denomination of personal and other expenses, and will form, as contingencies of the Legation, a separate charge in your accounts. It is hoped however, that there will be no such practice of making official presents in the Mexican Republic, and no contingent expenses are to be incurred without necessity, unless in compliance with the established usages, and no charge of any other description will be admitted not warranted by express directions from this Department. Exact vouchers, in all cases of expenditures, will be necessary for the settlement of your accounts; and, as some of these incidental charges are of a nature scarcely admitting of any other sort of voucher for every item, a separate account of them should be kept, and certified by the Secretary of the Legation. These particulars are stated thus minutely that you may be relieved from all doubts on the subject of your accounts, which, you will keep in remembrance, are to be regularly transmitted, by duplicates, for adjustment, at the Treasury, at the close of every quarter, ending with March, June, September and December. These directions, and particularly that of forbearing to draw for any public money in advance, and that of the regular quarterly transmission of your accounts for settlement, are rendered the more indispensable for the due observance of the recent Act of Congress "concerning the disbursement of public money." (31. January 1823. See Acts of the 2nd. Session, 17th. Congress p.7)4 Among the most important general duties of a Minister of the United States in foreign Countries is that of transmitting to his Government, accurate information of the policy and views of the Government to which he is accredited, and of the character and vicissitudes of its important relations with other powers. T o acquire this information, and particularly to discriminate between that which is authentic and that which is spurious requires steady and impartial observation, a free, though cautious correspondence

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with the other Ministers of the United States abroad, and friendly, social relations with the members of the Diplomatic Body at the same place. You will find, it is presumed, at Mexico, no accredited Minister from any European Government, but there may be several from the other South American States. In your correspondence with this Department, besides the current general and particular Politics of the Country where you are to reside, you will be mindful, as you may find it convenient, to collect and transmit information of every kind relating to the Government, Finances, Commerce, Arts, Science and condition of the Nation, not already known, and which may be made useful to our own Country. Books of Travels, containing statistical or other information of political importance; historical works not before in circulation, authentic maps, published by authority of the State, or distinguished by extraordinary reputation, and publications of new and useful discoveries, will always be acceptable acquisitions to this Department. The expense of procuring and transmitting all such Books or Pamphlets will form in your account a separate charge to the Department. But none of any considerable amount is to be incurred in any one account, without a previous express direction for it, from this Department. It is the practice of the European Governments in the drawing up of their Treaties with each other, to vary the order of naming the parties, and that of the signatures of the Plenipotentiaries, in the Counterparts of the same Treaty; so that each party is first named, and its Plenipotentiary signs first in the copy possessed and published by itself. And in Treaties drawn up between parties using different languages and executed in both, each party is first named, and its Plenipotentiary signs first, in the copy executed in its own language. This practice having, on several occasions, been accidentally, or inadvertently omitted, to be observed, by the United States, the omission was followed by indications of a disposition in the Negociators of certain Royal European Governments to question its application to the Treaties between them and the United States. It became, therefore, proper to insist upon it, as was accordingly done with effect.5 As it is understood to involve a principle, you will consider it as a standing instruction to adhere to this alternative, if, in any event, you should have occasion, as a Minister of the United States, to sign any Treaty, Convention or other Document, with the Plenipotentiary of any other Power. The Consuls appointed to reside in the Republic of Mexico are James Smith Wilcox, at the City of Mexico, William Taylor, Vera Cruz, and Alvarado, George R. Robertson, Tampico, Thomas

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Reilly, Aguatulco, Harvey Gregg, Acapulco, and John [sic] McGoffin at Saltillo.6 In the practice of our Government, there is no immediate connection or dependence between the persons holding Diplomatic & Consular appointments in the same Country; but, by the usage of all the commercial Nations of Europe, such a subordination is considered as of course. In the transaction of their official duties, the Consuls are often in necessary correspondence with their Ministers, through whom alone, they can regularly address the Supreme Government of the Country wherein they reside; and they are always supposed to be under their directions. You will, accordingly, maintain such correspondence with the Consuls of the United States in Mexico as you shall think conducive to the public interest, and in case of any vacancy in their offices, which may require a temporary appointment of a person to perform the duties of the Consulate, you are authorised, with the consent of the Government to which you are accredited, to make it, giving immediate notice to this Department. Among the ordinary functions of an American Minister abroad, is that of giving Passports to citizens of the United States, who apply for them. They sometimes receive applications for such Passports from the subjects of other countries; but these are not regularly valid, and should be granted only under special circumstances, as may sometimes occur in the case of foreigners coming to the United States. In times of war and internal commotions, such Passports are often solicited, and sometimes sought, by fraudulent means, to be obtained, to favour the escape of individuals having no right to such protection, and being in peril of their persons. It is not improbable that attempts of this kind may be made to procure Passports from you. Your vigilance will be exercised in guarding against such impositions, and your firmness in resisting such solicitations. Respect for the Passport of an American Minister abroad, is indispensable for the safety of his fellow citizens travelling with it, and nothing would be so fatal to that respect, as the experience that his Passport had been abusively obtained by persons not entitled to it. All Passports should be gratuitously given and a record or list kept of all those which you may deliver, containing the name and voucher of American Citizenship of the persons to whom they are given. They may be refused even to Citizens of the United States who have so far expatriated themselves as to have become bound in allegiance to other Nations, or who, in any other manner, have forfeited the protection of their own. Protections to seamen are not included under the denomination of Passports, nor are they ever granted by public Ministers. Seamen may, nevertheless, like

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other Citizens, occasionally want the Passport of the Minister, and be equally entitled to it. A custom prevails among the European Sovereigns upon the conclusion of Treaties, of bestowing presents of Jewelry or other articles of pecuniary value, upon the Minister of the Power with which they were negociated. The same usage is repeated upon the Ministers taking leave, at the termination of his Mission. The acceptance of such presents by Ministers of the United States is expressly prohibited by the Constitution; and even if it were not, it can scarcely be consistent with the delicacy of intercourse with foreign Powers, for the Ministers of the United States to receive from foreign Princes such favours, as the Ministers of those Princes to the United States never can receive from this Government in return. The usage, exceptionable in itself, could be tolerated only by its being reciprocal. It is expected by the President that every offer of such present which may in future be made to any public Minister or other officer of this Government abroad, will be respectfully, but decisively declined. This has been already a standing instruction to all the Ministers of the United States abroad, for several years, and is therefore repeated to you. It is probable that no such practice will be observed by the new Governments of South America, so that no offer of such present will be made; but should there be reason to expect it, at the termination of your mission, to avoid the apparent harshness of declining an intended favour, informal notice that it cannot be accepted, given in the proper quarter, may anticipate the necessity of a refusal. You are requested to provide yourself with a sufficient supply of despatch paper, in size and quality corresponding with the sample herewith furnished, to be exclusively used in your correspondence with this Department. It has been found highly convenient and useful to have the original despatches from our Ministers abroad, bound up in Volumes. For this purpose, with a view to uniformity, the Despatches should be regularly numbered and, with the copies made at the Legation of all papers transmitted with them, should be written on paper of the same dimensions, 1314 inches long, 814 broad, with the edges uncut, and a margin of at least, I14 inch round all its borders for stitching and cutting off the edges without injury to the text. The lines herewith furnished are adapted to the size of the paper, and mark the margin within which the manuscript should be confined, of which these Instructions also exhibit an example. Two Reams of the Despatch paper to be used in your correspondence with this Department, are herewith furnished. Minute as these particulars appear, they are found to be very

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essential to the good order and convenience of business in the Department. I have the honour to be, with great respect, Sir Your very humble and obedient Servant. H. CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, pp. 238-45 (M77, R5). L draft, in DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R7). This document, except for the transmittal of the "Full Power for negociating concerning matters of Commerce & Navigation and Boundaries," is representative of the "personal instructions" which were sent to all diplomatic agents of the United States as an accompaniment of the "general instructions," the latter covering the specific problems of their missions. Hereafter routine "personal instructions" will be omitted. 1 Dated March 8. Copy, in DNA, RG59, Ceremonial Communications, vol. 2, p. 2. 2 Dated March 14. Copy, in ibid., pp. 2-3. 3 See above, Clay to Poinsett, March 26, 1825. 4 3 U. S. Stat., 723-24. 5 In the Treaty of Ghent Great Britain had been named first and the British negotiators had signed first. John Quincy Adams subsequently wrote that he had demurred at this arrangement privately to Albert Gallatin but that he "had then forborne to make a point of it only because we had no instruction to warrant us in so doing, and because I thought all the precedents of our treaties were the other way." Adams, Memoirs, III, 242. That the earlier American treaties, notably the Treaty of Paris of 1783, with Great Britain, had not given priority to the opposing party was tartly brought to Adams' attention in his instructions as Minister to Great Britain by Secretary of State James Monroe, on March 13, 1815, wherein the latter criticized the oversight in the preparation of the Treaty of Ghent, noted that in "the exchange of ratifications it was thought proper to advert to these circumstances," and called upon Adams at "a suitable opportunity" to "explain to the British government, the sentiments of The President on it." Miller, Treaties. . . , II, 583-84. This was the background of Adams' stand in controversy with Clay and Gallatin over the subsequent arrangement of the London commercial convention. See above, II, 54n. At the latter date Clay was reported to have "said he thought it a matter of no consequence; that Mr. Monroe's argument in the dispatch was a bad one. It was no good reason why we should make a point of such a formality because the European Powers thought it so important; for the most insignificant powers, such as Spain for instance, were those that insisted most upon these punctilios." Adams, Memoirs, III, 241-42. 6Wilcocks, of Pennsylvania, and Taylor, of Virginia, had been appointed to these posts in January, 1823, and remained there until 1834 and 1831, respectively. Reilly, also of Pennsylvania, appointed in March, 1823, continued at Aguatulco until 1837. Robertson, of New York, Gregg, of Indiana, and James Wiley Magoflin, of Kentucky, had been appointed in the closing days of President Monroe's administration. Robertson remained until 1836, but the others held appointment for relatively short periods. Gregg, a former Kentuckian, residing in 1825 at Shelbyville, Indiana, had been named a State prosecuting attorney in August, 1824; he returned to resume that position in 1831 and thereafter lived at Indianapolis until his death in 1833. Magoffin, born in Harrodsburg, Kentucky, an elder brother of a later Kentucky Governor, Beriah Magoffin, embarked upon the Santa Fe trade around 1828 and continued in it most of his life. In 1835 he was appointed to, and briefly held, the post of register of the land office at St. Stephen's, Alabama. He settled at Independence, Missouri, in 1844 and, after the Mexican War, at the Mexican town of El Paso del Norte. Across the Rio Grande River from the latter community he founded a settlement later included in the present city of El Paso, Texas.

To Thomas Todd My dear Sir Washn. 27h. Mar. 1825 I cannot express to you how much solicitude I have felt about your health, nor how much I was delighted to learn from Charles, in a letter which I received from him of the 3d. inst.,1 that you were better. I most sincerely hope that your health may be restored, and your life, in which so many of us feel a deep interest, may be

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preserved. The Chief Justice, Johnson and Story expressed to me the greatest anxiety for your recovery. I will not trouble you about politics, of which I have had a surfeit I will triumph over all the villaney [sic] by which I have been cruelly assailed. Tell Charles that I reed, his letter. The Bank,3 I believe, does not intend to continue to employ a Counsel, in consequence of the diminution & settlement of so much of its Law business. If it did, I should take particular pleasure in recommending and urging the appointment of our friend Crittenden. 4 With my best respects to Mrs Todd, I am faithfully Your friend H. CLAY ALS. KyU. Addressed: "The Honble Thomas Todd Frankfort (K)." 1 The letter, from Charles S. Todd, not found. 2 John Marshall; William Johnson; Joseph Story. 3 Bank of the United States. 4 John J. Crittenden.

From John Tyler Dr. Sir: Chs. City county Va. March 27t. 1825— In the midst of the numerous accusations which have of late been urg'd against you from different quarters, and from none with more acrimony than from the seat of government of this State, I have deem'd it proper and in some measure call'd for, to make known to you that one of the million at least, still regarded you as I am satisfied you deserve to be regarded,— Instead of seeing in your course on the late presidential question ought [sic] morally or politically wrong, I am on the contrary fully impress'd with the belief that the U. States owes you a deep debt of gratitude for that course, resulting as it did in the speedy settlement of that distracting subject— Believing Mr. Crawford's chance of success to have been utterly desperate, you have not only met my wishes (which would be to you of little concern) but I do believe, the wishes and feelings of a large majority of the people of this your native State— I do not believe that the sober and reflecting people of Virginia would have been so far dazzled by military renown as to have confer'd their suffrages upon a mere soldier—one acknowledg'd on all hands to be of little value as a civilian— I will not withhold from you also the expression of my approval of your acceptance of your present honorable and exalted station— To have refus'd it would have been to have furnish'd your enemies with fresh ground of objection— Against an insidious and malitious attack you quoted [sic] an investigation not only before the Representatives of the people, but by accepting the office, before the Senate, and gave fresh evidence of your purity by your readiness

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to encounter your accusers supported as they were by the virulence and intemperance of party feeling on the part of some of your very judges. For a time the tide may run against you, but when the ferment excited by the feelings of the day shall have subsided, and men shall regard things with unprejudic'd eyes, your motives and your acts will be justly appreciated and the plaudits of your country will await you— This is not the language of flattery to one lifted high in authority— As an American citizen I claim to be your equal— It is the voluntary offering of truth at the shrine of patriotism, and is call'd for by the circumstance of our having been in times past fellow laborers in the same vineyard of our common country, altho' I was at the time an unprofitable servant— When one, however, is assail'd by unjust reproaches the expression of confidence from a quarter even the most humble and the most retired, cannot but be acceptable— It is under the influence of this feeling and of this belief that I have thus ventur'd to address you I pray you to accept assurances of my sincere regard and unshaken confidence—

JOHN TYLER

The Hon: Henry Clay— ALS.

DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl).

INSTRUCTIONS

AND DISPATCHES

March 27, 1825

From CHARLES SAVAGE. Refers to letters sent earlier, on March 18 and 26; transmits further issues of the Government Gazette, "which renders that file complete from March 1824 to this time." ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Guatemala, vol. 1 (M-T337, R l ) . Addressed to Secretary of State; received

July 25.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

March 27, 1825

From ACHILLE MURAT, Charleston, South Carolina. Requests the interference of the American Minister at Madrid in behalf of Murat's brother. Explains that the writer is a resident of the United States, in the process of becoming a citizen, and has no other government to which he can appeal. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R62). No addressee named; endorsed: "Care of Mess. Pitray [sic] and Viel Charleston." Charles Louis Napoleon Achille Murat, born in France, the elder son of Joachim Murat, King of Naples from 1808 until the fall of Napoleon, had emigrated to the United States in 1823 and applied for American naturalization. He shortly thereafter bought and began development of a plantation near Tallahassee, Florida, where he held various minor political offices and, in 1828, was admitted to the bar. Following the July Revolution of 1830 in France, Murat became an exponent of republican doctrines on the Continent. Denied permission to travel beyond Belgium, he published several widely circulated works descriptive of American governmental ideas: Lettres sur les Etats Unis . . . a Un de Ses Amis d'Europe (Paris, 1830) : Esquisse Morale et Politique des

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Etats-Unis de I'Amerique du Nord (Paris, 1832) ; and Exposition des Principes du Gouvernement Republicain, tel qu'Il A Ete Perfectionne en Amerique (Paris, 1833) . Returning to the United States, he later served in the Seminole War and was commissioned a colonel. He died in 1847. His brother, Napoleon Lucien Charles Joseph Francois Murat, born in Milan, Italy, had also taken passage for the United States, in 1824, after persecution by the Austrian authorities during the political unrest of the early 1820s. Shipwrecked near Gibraltar, he had been seized and imprisoned in Spain for several months. His brother's pleas for American intercession in his behalf, addressed previously to President Monroe, had already proved effective; and the younger Murat arrived at Boston in April. He, too, applied for American citizenship, traveled extensively over the country, and lived for a time in Florida. In 1827 he settled in Baltimore and resided there during most of the period from then until his return to France after the fall of Louis Philippe, in 1848. Murat thereupon became a deputy in the French Constituent Assembly, 1848 and 1849, was appointed Minister to Turin in 1849, and in 1852 was made a Senator and given the title of Prince. He remained prominent in the imperial government until its fall in 1870, when he returned to the United States. At his death in 1878, he was again in Paris. Lewis A. Petray and Just Viel were Charleston merchants. APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

March 27, 1825

F. C. CLOPPER, Woodland Mills, Maryland, recommends for a clerkship in the State Department "a friend & former neighbour. . . , C H. W. Wharton Esq, at present residing in Washington." ALS. DNA, R.G59, A. and R. (MR1) . Clopper not further identified. Charles H. W. Wharton had been appointed a justice of the peace for the county of Washington, District of Columbia, in 1821 and was reappointed to that office for successive five-year terms in 1826, 1831, and 1836.

From John H. Eaton WASHINGTON CITY., 28 MARCH, 1825.

SIR, In the National Journal of this morning, over your signature, I find my name introduced with the following remarks: "A few days after the publication of my Card, another Card under Mr. Kremer's name was published in the Intelligencer. The night before, as I was voluntarily informed, Mr. Eaton, a Senator from Tennessee, and the biographer of General Jackson was closeted for some time with him. I pretend not to know the object of Mr. Eaton's visit to him. I state the fact as it was communicated to me, and leave you to judge. Mr. Kremer's Card is composed with some care, and no little art; and he is made to avow in it, tho' somewhat equivocally, that he is the author of the letter to the Editor of the Columbian Observer. To Mr. Crowninshield, a member from Massachusetts, formerly Secretary of the Navy, he declared he was not the author of that letter." 1 The imputation which your phraseology would seem to convey

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is this: that the letter which appeared in the Columbian Observer, and acknowledged by Mr. Kremer, was not written by him, but was, in fact, written by me; and that by me he was made to avow himself, "though somewhat equivocally," the author. Your language and meaning are somewhat equivocal too; but as, by fair interpretation, they appear to warrant this construction, I present myself before you to require you distinctly to state, whether or not any such meaning was, by you, designed to be conveyed. If this be the idea intended to be communicated, I will not persuade myself but that at least you are possessed of facts and circumstances to fix against me the opprobrious charge of writing a letter, which, as the inference must be, I was not merely afraid to acknowledge, but which, through finesse, arrangement, and closet management, I had caused to be avowed by one who was innocent of producing it. I have the honor to be, Respectfully, Your most obedient, Hon. HENRY CLAY, Sec'y of State. JNO. H. EATON. Washington Gazette, April 5, 1825. Published also in Washington Daily National Intelligencer, April 6, 1825; Niles' Weekly Register, XXVIII (April 9, 1825), 87; Lexington Kentucky Reporter, April 25, 1825. iSee above, Address, March 26, 1825. March 28, 1825

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS From GEORGE WARREN CROSS, Charleston

(South Carolina).

Solicits aid for

his brother-in-law, (Thomas Lloyd) Halsey, in prosecuting a claim against the Government of Buenos Aires. ALS. DNA, RG76, Misc. Claims, Buenos Aires. Cross was a Charleston lawyer, former militia officer, and, briefly, member of the general assembly. After the death of his first wife, in 1808, he had married Frances Maria, sister of Thomas L. Halsey, of Providence, Rhode Island. Halsey, former United States consul in Buenos Aires, had furnished arms, ammunition, and money to the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata before losing favor with Pueyrredon. His claim for payment was not settled until after his death, in 1855. From JOHN C[OFFIN] JONES, Boston, Massachusetts.

Complains against the

Spanish consul at Boston (Ramundo Chacon) for failure to issue certificates for shipments to Spain without extra fee, application for such certification having been made by Jones' agent and son-in-law, Ebenezer Chadwick. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R62). Jones and Chadwick were both prominent Boston merchants, the former having also been active in local politics as a Federalist through the turn of the century, a career capped in 1802 by election to the speakership of the House of Representatives of the Massachusetts General Court. On April 18, Daniel Brent, "by direction of the Secretary," informed Jones "that he had made a representation to the Spanish Charge d'Affaires at Philadelphia [see below, Clay to Salmon, April 16, 1825], upon the conduct of M. Chacon . . . and that Instructions will be given to Mr. Everett . . . [see below, Clay to Everett, April 27, 1825] to bring it before the Government" of Spain for measures of counteraction. Copy in DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 33 (M40, R19) .

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To [John Quincy Adams] Tuesday morning [March 29, 1825] Mr. Clay's respectful compliments to the President and he sends for his perusal, at his leisure, two letters1 which Mr. C. has received. AN. MHi-Adams Papers, Letters Received (MR468). Endorsed at top of page, in unidentified hand: "29 March {1825}." l Not found.

To James Brown James Brown Esqr., Paris.— Washington 29 March 1825. Dear, [sic] Enclosed I transmit you a Letter for M: Scheffer,1 which I must ask the favor of you to deliver to him.— It contains my acknowledgment, on the part of the House of Representatives, during the late session of Congress, of the receipt from him of a super-excellent Portrait of our good friend, General la fayette.2 In delivering it, you will be so good as to intimate to M. Scheffer, in such a manner as, in no degree, to commit the House, that I was restrained myself from making any movement towards a more suitable return for this valued and acceptable present, by the advice of General la fayette and his son.— I am &c &c. HENRY CLAY.— Copy. DNA, RG59, Unofficial Letter-Book of H. Clay, p. 1. 1 Ary Scheffer; the letter not found. 2 See above, Barry to Clay, January 10, 1825, note. The portrait hangs in the House Chamber.

To James Strong My dear Sir Washn. 29h. Mar. 1825 I duly reed, your friendly letter dated at N. York on the 16h. instant.1 In regard to the publication of the laws, according to usage, I have defered [sic] designating the papers until the commencement of the next session of Congress, when I shall be able to have the benefit of your advice and that of other friends. Since you left us, Mr. Clinton declining to accept the English Mission, it has been offered to Mr. R. King.2 I make this communication to you however in confidence, as he has not yet positively decided to accept. You will readily, I hope, see in Mr. Ks. weight of character, the estimate in which he is held both here and in England, his residence, and the place of his nativity, so deeply concerned in fixing our N. E. boundary, sufficient considerations for his appointment. I have published an address to my Constituents,3 of which I have

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directed a Copy to be sent you—Tell me frankly and freely what you and others think of it. With great regard I am faithy Your friend H CLAY The honble JAMES STRONG. ALS.ViU. INot found. 2 Cf. above, Stuart to Clay, March 15, 1825, note. Rufus King had been offered the appointment by Adams' letter of March 17 and accepted on March 22. Issued a temporary commission during the recess of the Senate, he was formally nominated for the post on December 13, 1825, and the appointment was confirmed on December 20. 3 Above, March 26, 1825.

From Wade Mosby My Dear Sir, Powhatan C Vy. Mar. 29. 1825 It has been a long time Since I had the pleasure of seeing you, but time has not effaced my remembrance or friendship for you, I see you often, in print, as may be expected of every one who, as they become more conspicuous, will have their Enemies as well as friends, among the latter I have no doubt you place me, & my family I was much disappointed that you should have lost the Vote of Louisa. & therby [sic] was thrown out from Congress, which I with much anxiety anticipated, & in which event, I thot your success almost sure, but we must take things as they go, if we cant will [sic] the first heat we must try to get the second, I see a great deal of fuss made by the disappointed, but it will soon settle down to insignificance in publick mind, I shall be glad when you have a leisure moment, to hear from you, & while I am on that subject shall be obliged to to [sic] drop me a line & inform me whether the place in Florida which Richard1 was a candidate for has been filled or what State the business is in, I am Very anxious that he shoud [sic] be doing somthing [sic], & not be wasting the prime of his life in Idleness please let me hear from you & diret [sic] to Cartersville, Cumberland County,2 with respects of the highest order I am Yr. Friend & mo Ob.

WADE MOSBY

ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR5). Addressed to Clay at Washington. 1 Richard H. Mosby. See above, Clay and others to Adams, February 3, 1825. 2 Where Wade Mosby lived for about two years.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

March 29, 1825

T o HENRY U. ADDINGTON. Transmits copy of a letter from "Mr. Tattnall," who wishes to obtain from the British archives copies of documents on the early history of Georgia. Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Ministers and Consuls, vol. 3, p. 206 (M38, R 3 ) . Also L draft, in CSmH. Edward F. Tattnall, of Savannah, Georgia, who had been State solicitor general, 1816-1817, and member of the State legislature, 1818 and 1819, was at this time a member of Congress,

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1821-1827. Appointed appraiser of goods for the port of Savannah in 1832, he died later that year. On the subject of the Georgia documents, see above, Rush to [Clay], March 16, 1825.

INSTR UC TIONS AND DISPA TCHES

March 29, 1825

To JAMES BROWN, no. 6. Acknowledges receipt of his dispatch no. 24 and replies that with respect to his attendance at the coronation, "Whilst, on the one hand, the President does not wish the Foreign Representatives of the United States unnecessarily to assist in a mere pageant, he would not, on the other, have them omit shewing the usual respectful attentions. . . ." If Brown desides to attend, his "reasonable expenses will be allowed." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr. vol. 10, p. 252 (M77, R5) . AL draft in DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R7) . Brown's dispatch no. 24 was dated February 12 and received in the Department of State on March 18. For a repetition of his inquiry relating to the coronation, see above, Brown to Clay, March 21, 1825. From JAMES OMBROSI, Florence. Reports the arrival at Leghorn, in February, of an American vessel carrying a cannon and "various warlike ammunition" for the Greeks. Notes that the Government (of Tuscany), despite its neutrality, permitted these articles to be unloaded and reshipped, but Ombrosi warns that there is danger of seizure of future shipments of this kind. Cites the circumstances attending the arrest and pardon of an American sea captain as an indication of the need for a diplomatic or consular representative of the United States in Florence. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Florence, vol. 1 (M-T204, Rl). Addressed to Secretary of State; received August 18. Though Ombrosi, born in Florence, had been appointed as United States consul at that city in March, 1823, he had not yet been accredited by the Tuscan Government. Ombrosi to Secretary of State, January 1, 1825, in ibid. He retained the appointment until 1835 and served as acting consul from 1845 to 1847 and in 1851. From [WILLIAM TUDOR], Lima, no. 25, extract. Reports the death of Judge (John B.) Prevost; urges appointment of a Minister to Peru; encloses correspondence with (Simon) Bolivar on Prevost's death. AL. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Lima, vol. 1 (M154, R l ) . Addressed to Secretary of State; received September 4.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

March 29, 1825

From P[ETER] A. BROWNE, Philadelphia. Protests against the insult to the Franklin Institute by employees of the Patent Office in refusing to supply copies of patent papers; questions how one can know, without information on specifications, whether he infringes a patent; and charges Patent Office personnel with ignorance of the law and of their official duty, gross partiality, inconsistency, and extortion. LS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R62). From DANIEL WEBSTER, Boston. Introduces John C[offin] Jones and E[benezer] Chadwick. ALS. Ibid. See above, Jones to Clay, March 28, 1825. From DANIEL WYNNE, New York. Acknowledges receipt of letter of March 25 (not found), extending the date of his departure for Santiago de Chile to September 1. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Santiago de Cuba, vol. 1 (M-T55, Rl) . Cf. above, Wynne to Clay, March 21, 1825.

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APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

March 29, 1825

United States consul at Liverpool, recommends Thomas Wilson, of Dublin, son of Joseph Wilson, former consul at the latter city, to succeed Thomas English in that post. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR4). Cf. above, Clay to Drayton, March 22, 1825; below, Drayton to Clay, March 30, 1825. The post remained vacant until Wilson's nomination, submitted to the Senate on February 17, 1826, was confirmed on March 17. He thereafter remained consul until 1847. JAMES MAURY,

To John H. Eaton WASHINGTON, 30th March, 1825. SIR. Your letter, under date the 28th inst., was handed to me yesterday. After referring to an address of mine to my late constituents, published in the National Journal of Monday, and from which you quote certain passages, you observe, "the imputation which your phraseology would seem to convey is, that the letter which appeared in the Columbian Observer, and acknowledged by Mr. Kremer, was not written by him; but was, in fact, written by me; and, that by me, he was made to avow himself, though somewhat equivocally, the author. Your language and meaning are somewhat equivocal too; but, as by fair interpretation, they appear to warrant this conclusion, I present myself before you, to require you distinctly to state, whether or not, any such meaning was by you designed to be conveyed." In the part of my address to which you refer, having stated a particular fact respecting you, I observe, "I state the fact as it was communicated to me, and leave you to judge." I cannot, therefore, admit your right to call on me for my inferences from a fact, which I have submitted to my constituents, leaving them to draw their own conclusions. But, in the spirit of frankness which has ever guided me, I have no hesitation in stating that, in regard to the letter in the Columbian Observer, I have not formed, and therefore did not intend to intimate, any opinion of the person who was its real author. I was satisfied to take Mr. Kremer's declaration that he was not the author of the letter, as made to the late Secretary of the Navy. In the same spirit of frankness, however, it is proper for me to add that I did believe, from your nocturnal interview with Mr. K. referred to in my address, that you prepared or advised the publication of his Card, in the guarded terms in which it is expressed. I should be happy, by a disavowal on your part of the fact of that interview, or of its supposed object, to be able to declare, as, in the event of such disavowal, I would take pleasure in declaring, that

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I have been mistaken in supposing that you had any agency in the composition or publication of that Card. I have the honor to be, Your obedient servant, The Hon. JOHN H. EATON.

H. CLAY.

Washington Gazette, April 5, 1825. Published also in Washington Daily National Intelligencer, April 6, 1825; Niles' Weekly Register, XXVIII (April 9, 1825), 87; Lexington Kentucky Reporter, April 25, 1825.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

March 30, 1825

From H[ENRY] U. ADDINGTON, Washington. Acknowledges receipt of Clay's note of March 27, and enclosures; states that copies will be sent to the Governor of New Brunswick and the British Secretary of State. ALS. DNA, RG59, Notes from British Legation, vol. 13 (M50, R14). Published in House Docs., 20, Cong., 2 Sess., no. 90, p. 8.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

March 30, 1825

From JOHN M. FORBES, Buenos Aires, no. 17. Transmits copies of correspondence with the Government of Buenos Aires, requesting "that every political, religious or commercial right or privilege conceded to the subjects of his Britannic Majesty" under the recent treaty with England be extended to citizens of the United States under "similar reciprocal engagements." Mentions recent events in Peru and Chile; refers to the spirit of pecuniary speculation and the political difficulties in the Provinces of Rio de La Plata, to the influence exerted by England, and to the indifference toward the United States. States that he has, at the request of merchants engaged in the trade, made official representation, without success, against "the oppressive operation of a transit duty on flour," first imposed three years earlier. Transmits copies of his correspondence with Manuel Jose Garcia., the Foreign Minister, on this last topic, as well as a minute of his conference with the same official in which "the system of diplomatic intercourse which this Government proposes to adopt with other nations, is pretty clearly stated" (see above, Forbes to Clay, March 26, 1825, note). ALS, "Duplicate." DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Argentina, vol. 2 (M69, R3). Addressed to Secretary of State. Conclusion of the dispatch dated April 1. Published in Espil (comp.), Once Anos en Buenos Aires, 351-53.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

March 30, 1825

To JOSEPH E. CARO, Pensacola, Florida. Encloses his commission as keeper of the archives in West Florida. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 19 (M40, R19) . In a note addressed to Clay on April 30, 1825, Caro acknowledged receipt of this commission. ALS. DNA, RG59, Acceptances and Orders for Commissions (M-T645, R2). A native of Pensacola, he had been appointed to this office on March 7; he retained it until his death, around 1860. He was also appointed a justice of the peace for Escambia County in 1827. From WILLIAM DRAYTON, Charleston (South Carolina) . States his decision not to accept the Dublin consulate and expresses thanks for Clay's promptness

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and kindness in transmitting the President's offer. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R62) . APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

March 30, 1825

New York, inquires about the success of his application for appointment as receiver of public moneys at Edwardsville, Illinois. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R62) . See above, Letcher to Clay, March 5, 1825.

JOS[EPH] DUNCAN,

K. KANE, New York, under belief "that the office of postmaster for this city will in the progress of a few months become vacant," in consequence of the present paralysis and probable death of the incumbent, solicits the appointment of his father, Elias Kane, "for many years one of the most . . . successful merchants of this city" but now, since his bankruptcy in 1815, a resident of Albany. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (M531, R4) . Unaddressed. The younger Kane, born in New York and graduated from Yale, had begun legal practice in Nashville, Tennessee, before removing to Kaskaskia, Illinois, in 1814. A former secretary of state of Illinois (1820-1824) and member of the State legislature (1824), he had recently entered upon a term as United States Senator (1825-1835). Theodorus Bailey, a former member of Congress (17931797, 1799-1803) and United States Senator (1803-1804), had held office as postmaster of New York since 1804 and continued in that position until his death in 1828. ELIAS

MOSES SHAW, Wiscasset, Maine, editor of the Lincoln Intelligencer, solicits appointment to publish the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Endorsed (AES) by Francis Cook, collector of customs at Wiscasset, who recommends the appointment. Bedford, Pennsylvania, asks that Clay give favorable consideration to documents submitted to John Quincy Adams "about a year ago," including an application for a clerkship in the State Department "on behalf of Josiah M. Espy Esqr. of this place" and a "strong recommendation signed by all . . . of the most conspicuous men of the democratic side in this part of the Country, and backed by at least, twenty . . . of the members of Congress from this state." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2) . Espy received no appointment.

JOHN TOD,

From John H. Eaton WASHINGTON, 31 March, 1825.

SIR, Your letter, in answer to mine, was received at 4 o'clock yesterday:1 from the delay I was disposed to think you had concluded not to reply. On reading your communication to your late constituents,2 I understood you as intending to convey the idea, not "by inference from a fact," but almost by actual averment, that the letter published in the Columbian Observer was written by me, and that, to escape or avoid responsibility, by me Mr. Kremer was made to acknowledge himself its author. Your reply to my letter disavows this, and states

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that "you have not formed, and therefore did not intend to intimate, any opinion of the person who was its real author, being satisfied to take Mr. Kremer's declaration that he was not the author of the letter, as made to the late Secretary of the Navy." Having nothing to do with this controversy further than as I considered the introduction of my name intended personally and directly to affect myself, I might omit any notice of the concluding part of your remark derived from Mr. Crowninshield, lately Secretary of the Navy. In justice, however, to an absent individual, with whom my name has been associated, I shall not forbear the opinion, that Mr. Kremer never did use the language imputed to him. It is a mistake—any thing but fact; and without intending to ascribe the error to you, I claim the right of saying, that reason revolts at the idea, that he should have made Mr. Crowninshield his confessor, and to him uttered a language at war with his public and repeated private declarations made to his friends. The concluding paragraph of your letter expresses a belief that I "proposed or advised the publication of his (Mr. K.'s) card in the guarded terms in wThich it is expressed"; and you declare yourself ready to acknowledge the mistake, if I will offer any disavowal. If you had properly reflected as to what belonged to courtesy, you would have sought from me information about this, before my name was introduced before the public, and your belief formed. You knew me sufficiently well to believe that I would not decline, candidly, to answer any enquiries, necessary and proper to be made: This was not done; but, on the information you had received, you yielded it your confidence, and proceeded to a defence before the public. Without intending to be understood as either admitting or denying any thing respecting my imputed visit to Mr. Kremer, on the evening preceding the publication of his card, suppose the fact to be that I did visit him; and, suppose too, that it was, as you have termed it, a "nocturnal visit," was there any thing existing that should have denied me this privilege? or does it, therefore, necessarily result, that I should have been engaged in any plan against your rights, or conspiracy against you? There is no one more interested than yourself, in denying the force of conclusion as derived for [sic] circumstance; and, it is a little strange, that while in your own case, you should object to it, as a rule of proper application, you should, at the same time, claim it as rightfully entitled to operate in the cases of others. You will excuse me from making an attempt to remove any belief which you may entertain upon this subject: it is a matter which gives me no sort of concern. In the communication made to you, my object was to ascertain distinctly your meaning as to the

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letter published in the Columbian Observer, and to that you have frankly replied. Had you referred to me five days ago on this subject, I should with pleasure have answered you; but having exhibited your belief and opinions to the public, I am precluded from any explanation: you have no right to ask it, nor I in justice to yourself [sic] any right to give it. Respectfully, Your most ob't. servant, Hon.

H.

CLAY.

JNO. H.

EATON.

Washington Gazette, April 5, 1825. Published also in Washington Daily National Intelligencer, April 6, 1825; Niles' Weekly Register, XXVIII (April 9, 1825), 87-88; Lexington Kentucky Reporter, April 25, 1825. l Above, March 30,1825. 2 Above, March 26, 1825.

INSTR UCTIONS AND DISPA TCHES

March 31, 1825

From JOHN M. FORBES, Buenos Aires, "Private." Complains of British influence over the Government of Buenos Aires. Referring to the comment on "the humble Class of diplomatic representatives which this Government has it in Contemplation to establish near the different Governments with which they are in relation," as indicated in the "official dispatch which accompanies this [dated March 30]," questions the appointment of a Minister Plenipotentiary from the United States and recommends that the rank of the post be changed by adding "Consul General" to his title. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Argentina, vol. 2 (M69, R3) . Addressed to Secretary of State. Published in Espil (comp.), Once Anos en Buenos Aires, 355-56.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

March 31, 1825

T o WILLIAM P. DUVAL. Announces his reappointment as Governor of Florida

and sends his commission. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 2, p. 21 (M40, R19) . On April 25 Duval acknowledged, from Bardstown (Kentucky), receipt of the commission; cited the necessity for settling his "private concerns," after an absence from "this state" and from his family for more than two years; and requested Clay to assure the President that he would remain away from his post no longer than necessary. ALS. DNA, RG59, Acceptances and Orders for Comms. (M-T645, R2) . Published in Carter (ed.), Territorial Papers, XXIII, 242-43. T o CHARLES JOHN SHERMAN [i.e., STEEDMAN].

States that his application to

publish the laws of Congress will be considered at the beginning of the next Session, when such appointments are made. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 21 (M40, R19). See above, Steedman to Clay, March 24, 1825. To GEORGE WALTON, Pensacola, Acting Governor of Florida. Transmits to him the commission of the legislative council of the Territory and requests that he make it known to the members individually. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 24-25 (M40, R19) . On Governor Duval's absence from his post, see above, Clay to Duval, this date, note. Walton had been secretary for the Territory of Florida since April, 1822, and was reappointed for another four years, to run from April, 1826. On May 30, 1825, he acknowledged to Clay

APRIL

1, 1825

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receipt of the commission. LS. DNA, RG59, Acceptances and Orders for Comms. (M-T645, R2). From LANGDON CHEVES, Office of the Board of Commissioners under the Convention of St. Petersburg. Transmits copies of the answer of the British Commissioner (George Jackson), dated March 16, to Cheves' paper of February 25 (see above, Cheves to Clay, March 14, 1825) and of the full statement of Cheves' argument, an amplification of the journal extract filed earlier. Observes that the case made out in respect to the Couper claim was unusually conclusive, yet the British Commissioner deemed it defective; concludes "that if the same measure of proof shall be required in other Cases, the Convention will prove to be almost entirely nugatory." Notes the British Commissioner's reference "to the question of Slavery . . . and an attempt to draw into discussion the circumstances under which these Slaves were brought within their power"; explains that, in reply (dated March 23), Cheves relied on "a judgment of Sir William Scott showing how Such property is considered under the law of Nations" and "expressly declined entering into a discussion of the circumstances under which these Slaves joined the British forces." Expresses regret that the British Commissioner's most recent rejoinder, "read Yesterday at the Board," appeared "still more exceptionable" and promises that a copy of it will be forwarded soon. ALS. DNA, RG76, G.B.9-Folder 8. Received March 31. Copies of enclosures, with another copy of this letter, may be found in DNA, RG76, Indemnity for Slaves. APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

March 31, 1825

Dublin, refers to an earlier letter by which he announced the death of his brother, Thomas, United States consul at that port, and solicited appointment to this office. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Dublin, vol. 1 (M-T199, R-Tl). Addressed to Secretary of State; received on May 18. Cf. above, Maury to Clay, March 29, 1825, note. ISAAC ENGLISH,

To John H. Eaton WASHINGTON^ 1st APRIL, 1825. SIR, I received yesterday your note of the 31st. ult. With respect to mine in answer to yours' [sic] of the 28th, (in your reception of which you seem to think there was some delay) allow me to remark, that it was my intention to have transmited [sic] it through a friend, who when I sent for him happened to be out of the City, in consequence of which I despatched it through another channel; that amidst my official engagements I cannot mark the hours with the same precision as a gentleman can of your presumed leisure; that I received your own note the day after it bore date; and that by your own admission, you received my note at 4 o'clock, of the day, succeding [sic] that on which yours was delivered. Whilst you disclaim having any thing to do with the controversy into which I have been most reluctantly drawn by others, under Mr. Kremer's name, you have chosen to observe, entirely in justice to

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that gentleman, that he never used the language to which Mr. Crowninshield testifies; "that it is a mistake; any thing but fact," and to claim the right of saying "that reason revolts at the idea that he should have made Mr. Crowninshield his confessor." Why this solicitude to defend Mr. Kremer? Why question the credibility of Mr. Crowninshield? He has not claimed to be the confessor of Mr. K.—a term the religious associations with which might have suggested to you the propriety of abstaining from its use, whatever occasion he may have for the office. The American public is the best judge whether a gentleman of Mr. Crowninshield's well known character, for honor, probity, and veracity, has falsely testified, or Mr. Kremer has been prevailed upon to avow himself the author of a letter which he never wrote. In regard to your polite intimation that I had not properly reflected upon what belonged to courtesy, I have two observations to make, the first of which is that I am yet to be made sensible of any particular claim that you have upon me for an extraordinary observation of its rules; and the second is, that when I may think I shall have occasion to learn them, I shall not be tempted, even by a gratuitous offer, to renounce my indisputable right to choose my own preceptor. I made no demand upon you for an explanation of the object of your interview with Mr. Kremer the night preceding the publication of his Card. The privilege of any one to derive from his society whatever enjoyments it can afford, literary, scientific or political, was never contested, as it never will be envied, by me. My intention was to afford you an opportunity of making an explanation of the object of your visit to him, if you chose to do so. In declining it, I acquiesce entirely in your determination. I have the honor to be Your obedient servant The

Hon. JNO. H. EATON.

H. CLAY.

Washington Gazette, April 5, 1825. Published also in Washington Daily National Intelligencer, April 6, 1825; Niles' Weekly Register, XXVIII (April 9, 1825), 88; Lexington Kentucky Reporter, April 25, 1825.

To Wade Mosby Washington, 1. April 1825. Wade Moseby Esqr. Cartersville, Virginia. Dear Sir, I have just received your Letter of the 24th. Instant,1 and have a very grateful sense of the kind sentiments which it exposes towards me. A Mr. Claggett, of the State of Maryland, is appointed to the Place in Florida, which I understand was solicited in behalf of your

APRIL 1, 1825

203

Son— Mr. Claggett was nominated to the Senate for that office by the late President, but the nomination was not acted upon: and the actual President included the same name for the same Office, I am told in one of his first nominations, and it resulted in a confirmation of the appointment. 2 I am, Sir, truly and Respectfully, Your obedient Servant. H. CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 22-23 (M40, R19). 1 See above, Mosby to Clay, March 29, 1825. 2 Albert J. Clagett had been nominated as district attorney of West Florida by President Monroe on February 26, 1825; the nomination had been tabled in the Senate on March 3; but after a re-nomination by President Adams on March 8, the Senate had given its approval;, March 9.

From J[ames] B[rown] My dear Sir Paris April 1st. 1825 At the date of the last letter which I had the pleasure to receive from you1 your determination seemed to have settled down in favor of Mr. Adams as President and I have since heard he was elected. I congratulate you on the success of his election, for although you will be abused and censured by some of the friends of the other Candidates yet defeat would have rendered that censure and abuse more frequent whilst you now can receive the support of the majority of Congress if not of the nation. I am wholly at a loss to conjecture who will compose the cabinet of Mr Adams. It is believed here that Mr Webster2 will be Secretary of State in case the appointment should not be offered to you. I rather doubt whether Mr Webster's opposition to the last War is forgotten sufficiently to make him popular in that important office. I hope soon to receive letters from Washington, which will remove all doubt as to the manner of filling these important places. Indeed we have waited for some days in anxious expectation of the arrival of the Packet of the 1st. of March which has been delayed by the prevalence of eastwardly winds. The election of Mr Adams, after the fact was known that the choice would be between him and Genl Jackson appeared to give great satisfaction in Europe. The character of Genl Jackson was considerably mistaken and still more the power he would have as a President of our Republic. It was beleived [sic] this [sic] his education had been entirely military and that he would if elected declare war on the slightest pretext or provocation— His conduct at Pensacola and at St Augustine had made him obnoxious to the Spaniards and their Continental friends whilst the British have neither forgotten the battles at New Orleans, nor forgiven the executions of Arbuthnot and Ambrister.3 I have received an invitation in common with the other Members

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of the diplomatic corps to attend the coronation at Rheims which will take place about the middle of June. Although this journey will be fatiguing and expensive yet the invitation was given in such terms and accepted by the whole diplomatic body that I could not without offense refuse to attend. I have written to the Secretary to know whether this extraordinary expense would be paid by the Government of the United States as it will be by all the Governments of Europe. 4 The death of the late King subjected me to a very considerable expenditure being obliged to put my carriage and servants in mourning, but I have not placed it in my account with the Government. The coronation will cost me in all probably near two thousand Dollars, a sum too considerable to be borne by a minister enjoying the smallest salary of any Minister at this Court— Our claims against this Government appear to have taken a stand at the point at which Mr Gallatin left them and I do not know how or when we shall be able to drive the Ministry from their resort to the 8 Art of the Louisiana, [sic]5 I was surprized that the Committee of foreign relations, when informed that the real difficulty arose out of that Article, had not taken some pains to notice and explain their views of it in their report. 6 I hope if the subject is again brought before Congress instead of a loose report merely affirming the justice of our claims, the Treaty of Cession of Louisiana will be carefully examined and an argumentative report on the construction of it given to satisfy the Claimants that the interpretation contended for by France is not warranted by the Treaty. In the present state of the business I find France by no means to recede and indeed my two letters of the 23 of Octr. and the 18 Ulto. in which I have urged a separate discussion of the questions remain without any answer.7 The recognition of the Independence of the South American Governments8 has produced much feeling on the Continent, but will not be immediately followed by war. The want of revenue, fleets, and the conflicting interests arising out of the affairs of Greece and Turkey will for the present prevent a resort to force. It is obvious however that England is viewed in no very friendly light by the Members of the Holy Alliance. Prince de Metternich has been in Paris for some time and frequent conferences are held by the Representatives of the great powers over all of which the veil of great secrecy is thrown. It is believed however that they relate principally to the affairs of Greece and Turkey. Austria it is said entertains serious apprehensions that the war with Greece, if continued much longer may so sensibly enfeeble Turkey that Constantinople will fall into the hands of the Emperor of Russia and increase his already overgrown Empire.

APRIL 1, 1825

205

The Course pursued by the English Cabinet is well calculated to restore the influence of that nation on the Continent by exciting the admiration of all those who are in favor of liberal systems of Government. Although Europe is apparently tranquil yet symptoms of disatisfaction [sic] and discontent are to found [sic] in every part of it, and particularly in the small States over which the Holy Alliance is said to exercise a pretty rigid superintendance. The new King of Naples and Sicily9 is anxious to escape from the Austrian yoke and it is said is very urgent with the Emperor to withdraw the army of occupation.10 The King of Sardinia11 is said to be in favor of a more liberal system of Government and the temper and disposition of the small powers of Germany has been soured by the intermeddling of the Allies in their systems of Government and the aversion shewn to the liberty of the press. France is prosperous and tranquil, and if we might draw our inferences from the measures now depending in the two chambers, expects the state of peace to remain uninterrupted for some time. A law has passed the Chamber of Deputies which allows indemnity of one Milliard of francs to the Emigres, and adds thirty millions to the annual interest of the National debt12— The State of Spain is a miserable [sic] as you well imagine and that of Portugal but little better. How Spain can long exist without army fleet organization or revenue is beyond my comprehension. The price of every thing necessary for living such as house rent, servants, provisions rises rapidly and I believe London is now as cheap as Paris. I have paid for my house for the present year 22,500 francs and now find I shall be forced to leave it in August as Prince Esterhazy13 Ambassador of Austria has rented it for nine years. I do not believe I can procure one sufficient for my accommodation for less than 28,000 francs. You perceive no money is to be made by a foreign Mission— A house, servants, carriage, lights and fuel will exhaust my nine thousand Dollars leaving the other expences unprovided for. I shall however so long as I stay, endeavor to keep up an establishment nearly as respectable as that of the Ministers of my rank and I believe my country men who have reached Paris are generally satisfied with the reception I have given them— A Mr Rhineholt of Philadelphia had commenced a suit for some lands on Johnstons fork which interfered with Mosby s claim.14 I feel interested in the event and I hope you will be so kind as to have an eye to my interest in that quarter. I hope John Humphreys 15 will not fail to remit to Mrs. Price the amount which I requested should be paid for her and her mother.16 He has funds of mine for that purpose at his disposal. I fear your vote for Mr Adams will affect your popularity in Kentucky, but as you have been already elected for the two next Ses-

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sions you will have time to remove any unfavorable impressions before your Constituents are again called upon to make a choice. It gave me great pleasure to hear that you were again nearly independent in your pecuniary affairs, and I hope your lands and real property will soon assume a higher value and completely extricate you— We have now very few Americans at Paris but those who are here are generally of a very respectable order and conduct themselves with great propriety. Mr Lynch of new York17 Lady Hervey and her sisters Mrs. Patterson and Miss Caton18 are among the number. Washington Irving is also here and is much esteemed as is William West of Lexington by his fine and highly cultivated talent for painting— His picture of Lord Byron has attracted great notice and he has had full employment in making portraits since his arrival— He proposes to establish himself in London where I have no doubt he will meet with great encouragement.19 I shall enclose this letter to the Department of State to be sent to Lexington in case you should have left Washington. Remember me most affectionately to Mrs. C. and all our friends in Kentucky and receive assurances of the unabated friendship of Dear Sir Yours

J-BALL DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). l Above, January 23,1825. 2 Daniel Webster. 3 See above, II, 612n. 4 Above, March 21, 1825. s See above, III, 154n, 313n, 382, 383n. 8 The "Report of the Committee on Foreign Relations, on the Petition of Archibald Gracie and Others," presented on May 24, 1824, had noted "with surprise" that the French Government had "not yet thought proper to enter upon the discussion" of the spoliation claims. "No other answers have yet been given to various official communications of the minister of the United States, than those required by the mere obligations of international courtesy." The committee, with the "hope and expectation, that attention will be given to this interesting subject by France, prior to the next session of Congress," had asked that they not be discharged. House Reports, 18 Cong., 1 Sess., no. 127. I See above, Brown to Clay, March 23, 1825. 8 By Great Britain. See above, Nelson to Clay, March 8, 1825, note. 9 Francis I had ascended the throne on the death of his father, Ferdinand I, January 4, 1825. 10 See above, III, 80-81, 82n. Austrian dominance, nevertheless, continued until 1849. II Charles Felix. 12 In January, 1825, Jean Baptiste (Guillaume Marie Anne Seraphin), Comte de Villele, since 1821 Minister of Finance and, from 1822 to 1828, President of the Council of Ministers, had proposed, arid the Chamber had adopted, legislation providing this indemnification for property seizures from the emigres during the Revolution. The indemnity, which in actuality cost the French considerably less (around 630 million francs), was to be financed by refunding the public stock, currently outstanding on call at five percent interest, to provide for interest of three percent on stock purchased "at the price of 75" or 4i/£ percent "at par, with a guarantee in both cases against being paid off till the 22nd of September, 1835." 13 Prince Paul Anthony Esterhazy. 14 Suit not found. It probably related to the property of Wade Mosby, identified above, III, 119. 15 John B. Humphreys, Brown's nephew, managed Brown's sugar plantation in Louisiana and was a partner in that enterprise. 16 Susannah Price; Susannah Hart.

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1825

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17 Dominick Lynch, wine merchant, singer, and introducer of Italian opera in the United States. 18 Louisa Catherine, wife of Sir Felton Bathurst Hervey; Mary Ann (Marianne), widow of Robert Patterson of Baltimore (son of William Patterson); and Elizabeth, yet unmarried, were daughters of Richard Caton. 19 William Edward West, born in Lexington, Kentucky, a son of Edward West, had gone to Europe in 1822 and remained abroad, as a painter, most notably of portraits, until about 1840. He exhibited regularly at the Royal Academy in London from 1826 through 1833.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

April 1, 1825

To W[ILLIAM] STURGIS, of the firm of Bryant and Sturgis. Asks whether he would settle for $10,000 his claim against the Russian Government in the case of the Pearl. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 22 (M40, R19). See Clay to Tuyll, above, March 25, 1825; below, April 19, 1825.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

April 1, 1825

"Beech Park Gallatan [sic] Ct Kentucky," wishing "an appointment in the Military Academy at West Point" for his son, Philip O. Turpin, 16 years old, solicits Clay's "friendly Aid in obtaining it." ALS. DNA, RG94, Military Academy, Cadet Applications, 1825-207 (M688, R39). Horatio Turpin, born in Virginia and a veteran of the Revolution, had moved to Kentucky from Powhatan County shortly after the war and had been a resident of Lexington as early as 1787. He was an extensive property holder in Gallatin County at the time of his death in 1827. Cf. below, Crittenden to Clay, April 9, 1825. Philip O. Turpin, not further identified, was rejected for admission to the Military Academy. HORATIO TURPIN,

From John H. Eaton WASHINGTON, 2d, April, 1825. SIR, Your letter of yesterday is received: as there is nothing now of enquiry or argument between us, I might forbear—offering a reply; but from a desire to correct some perversions given both to the meaning and expression of my last communication to you, I shall notice but one of them. I do not assert that Mr. Kremer never used the language imputed to him, by you, as derived from Mr. Crowninshield: it is given as matter of belief only. "I cannot forbear the opinion" is the expression used, accompanied by a full and sufficient reason, why that opinion could not be incorrect; and that your informant must be mistaken. It was unnecessary for you to talk of Mr. Crowninshield's honor or veracity to me; I entertain as high an opinion of them as you can; but that he is mistaken, I have no more doubt, than I have, that Mr. Kremer is also a correct man. His differing with you, can assuredly not render him a better, or worse member of society. I admit most cheerfully, that I have no "claims" on your courtesy,

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and to "any extraordinary observance of its rules." I have claims in this respect on no one: Society, not me, creates the claim; and has long since established amongst her subjects, that her's [sic] are rules every where in fashion, and always to be regarded. I am a little surprised that you should claim to enter any protest against them, while you evince such warmth of regard for the Catholic principle of confession. Permit me to assure you, that with such avowals before me, I have not the least desire, to question "your indisputable right, to choose your own preceptor." For the privilege conceeded [sic] by you of visiting Mr. Kremer and of deriving "from his society, whatever enjoyments it can afford, literary, scientific or political" I ought to feel grateful, however I may omit to express my gratitude. Mr. Kremer is considered an honest man; he bears with him every where this reputation; and whilst he bears it, is fair company for any one, although he may not, like false coin, aim to assume any gloss, appearance, or to pass for any thing beyond a real value. Respectfully, Your most obedient, JNO- H. EATON. Hon. H. CLAY, Secretary of State. Washington Gazette, April 5, 1825. Published also in Washington Daily National Intelligencer, April 6, 1825; Niles' Weekly Register, XXVIII (April 9, 1825), 88-89; Lexington Kentucky Reporter, April 25, 1825.

From John Moody New Canton Buckingham County. Virginia April 2d 1825— Dear Sir I wrote you Some five weeks past1 and have not an answer I Supose [sic] the Cause you so Engaged with Public Busness [sic] has prevented,, The Purport of that Letter and this also was and is to State to you as a friend that I am Still Lying on my oars for want of Employment a Life I was not Brot up to and Time Lies heavuy [sic] on my hands I have therefore to Request the kind favour of you to use your Influence with the President of the United States John Quincy Adams Esqr to Procure for Me Some Handsome Appointment under the fedral [sic] Goverment [sic] There is Maney [sic] Places Vacant westward or was some time Past I Conceve [sic] my self Qualified to fill any of them with Reputitation [sic] and Resposubility [sic] to the goverment,, Therefore I Pray you to Do Something for me in that way If I had a Capital to goe [sic] into the Mercantile Busness I would Prefer that to any other,, But that not Being the Case I Cannot Run a Risque, I am in good Health and able to Travell [sic] to any Point I persue [sic] Steady Habits and Temprance [sic] as any Man in the union To which I

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1825

209

pledge my most Sacred Honour and I authorise you as a friend to averr [sic] this,, If my Character Should be Calld. in Quston [M'C]— I Sent on to Mr. Stvenson2 most ample Certificates placing my Character in a fair, point of Veiw [sic]. Beyond the Reach of Calumny and Cernsure [sic] Relying on you [sic] goodness of Heart and Mind I Bid you farwell [sic] for the present in hopes of Hearing Something favourable3 I Subscribe myself with great Considerations [sic] your Most obt St JOHN MOODY P S I Expect Mr Stvenson filed my Certificate in Some of thee [sic] offces [sic] of Goverment,, if So,, I Refer you to them for Satisfaction on all points in Queston [sic]

JOHN MOODY

I am Satisfied there is appointments wanting to the westward about the Indian Lands There was Some ago a Mision [sic] Vaccant [sic] to portugal4 I am willing to goe to any Port and am of Oppinion [sic] I am fully Qualified I am Yours J. M ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MRS). Addressed to Henry Clay, Secretary of State. Moody was a veteran of the Revolution. 1 Letter dated February 28, before Clay had assumed office, not found. 2 Andrew Stevenson. 3 No reply found; Moody received no appointment. 4 Upon the recall of Henry Dearborn, who had held the post from May, 1822, until June, 1824, Thomas L. L. Brent, of Virginia, the Secretary of Legation, had served as Charge ad interim. His commission as Charge d'Affaires and letter of credence, from Clay to the Portuguese Minister of Foreign Affairs, had been dated March 9, 1825 (each, copy. DNA, RG59, Ceremonial Communications, II, 8-9, 20).

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

April 2, 1825

From ROBERT MONTGOMERY, Alicante. Comments on the "dearth of morality even in the higher classes of society [in Spain]" and on the bitterness of party hatreds. Notes rumors, which he has attempted to contradict, that the King (Ferdinand VII) "had refused to ratify the cession of the Floridas." Reports that the projected expedition to South America "is totally exploded"; suggests that the "onerous impositions" placed on American and British trade may have been occasioned by the King's hostility to these nations as "the fomenters of the revolution in his late colonies." Mentions the fall of the King's favorite, Ugarte, and the belief that there will be a new ministry. Cites the effects of severe drought and compares the calamities of Europe with the prospect of "our own favored land." ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Alicante, vol. 1 (M-T357, R l ) . Addressed to John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State; received May 22. Montgomery, a resident of Alicante since 1788, had been appointed United States consul there in April, 1824. Antonio Ugarte y Larrizabal had been dismissed in March as secretary to the Council of State; on the duration of the Ministry of Francisco de Zea Bermudez, see above, Brown to Clay, March 22, 1825, note. From JOHN MULLOWNY, Tangier, no. 35. Reports that Captain (James) Allen (III) and his crew are in Tangier en route to Gibraltar and that their treatment furnishes proof of the Emperor's "friendly disposition toward Americans" and "the benevolence of the Musselmen of Morocco." ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Tangier, vol. 4 (M-T61, R4) . Addressed to John Quincy Adams, Secretary of

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State; received June 30. See above, Mullowny to Adams, Secretary of State, March 25, 1825. Abd-er-Rahman, II, was ruler of Morocco from 1822 to 1859. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

April 2, 1825

From WILLIAM THORNTON, Department of State. Answers charges brought against him in the letter from Peter A. Browne to Clay, of March 29, 1825. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R62) .

To George Ticknor My dear Sir Washn. 3d. April 1825 I pray you to excuse the delay which has arisen in my acknowledgment of the receipt of your obliging letter of the 23d. Feb.1 with the two pamphlets, on your Free schools,2 and the article on La Fayette,3 which you did me the favor to transmit. Public affairs and public turmoils have left me but little leisure, of late, for my private correspondence. The return of tranquillity has enabled me to resume it. The school pamphlets afford me the information which I desired, and I attach much value to the sketch of Lafayettes life. Accept my thanks for all of them. I took the liberty of sending you a Copy of my Address to my late Constituents4 which I trust you received, 'though I dare not hope, from its appalling but unavoidable length, that you could read it. My lot having cast me in this City I propose to bring My family here in June. It will give me great pleasure, if you and Mrs. Tichnor [sic] should again come this way,5 as-1 hope you may, to make you acquainted with Mrs. Clay and to receive you at my house. Should circumstances carry me to Boston I shall derive great satisfaction from accepting your kind invitation. I pray you to present me respectfully to Mrs Tichnor and believe me Faithfully & cordially Yrs

H. CLAY

Geo. Tichnor Esq. ALS. NhD. Ticknor, of Boston, was professor of French and Spanish and of belles lettres at Harvard from 1819 until his resignation in 1835. Most notable among his writings is the History of Spanish Literature (3 vols., New York, 1849). 1 Not found. 2 Probably James G[ordon] Carter, Letters to the Hon. William Prescott, LL.D., on the Free Schools of New England, with Remarks upon the Principles of Instruction (Boston, 1824) and an unsigned review article on this pamphlet in North American Review, XIX (New Series, X; October, 1824), 448-57. The review is attributed to Ticknor in Life, Letters, and Journals of George Ticknor (9th edn., 2 vols.; Boston, 1878), II, 507 (Appendix B). 3 Another unsigned review article, on two recently published memoirs of the life of Lafayette, had appeared in the North American Review, XX (New Series, XI; January, 1825), 147-80. Republished in Boston (1825) under the title, Outlines of the Principal Events in the Life of General Lafayette, from the North American Review, and, subsequently, in London and in Europe under slightly different titles, this review is also attributed to Ticknor by the Library of Congress. 4 See above, March 26, 1825.

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1825

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5 Ticknor and his wife, the former Anna Eliot, of Boston, had visited Washington for three or four weeks during December, 1824, and January, 1825.

To Charles Hammond My dear Sir Washn. 4 Apl 1825 I cannot withhold from you the expression of my thanks for the able and efficient support which you have kindly given to my late political course.1 I have been able to recognize you in the several articles of your composition. That in which you have so masterly [sic] treated Jackson's Swartwout letter will be republished here,2 as all of them deserved to have been. I have sent you a Copy of my address to My Constituents.3 You will perceive in it that I have taken the liberty to use your name in reference to a letter which I addressed to you prior to my departure from Lexn. of the receipt of which I have not been informed. If you have the letter (since I do not precisely recollect its contents) I submit it to your discretion whether it ought to be published or not. The effect of my address is greater, on this side of the Mountains, than I even anticipated. Does it meet your approbation? Tell me without reserve; you know I can hear any thing from a friend. I could not refuse the Dept. of State. The Conspirators would have abused me much more if I had declined it. Then how could I have refused the first office under a President whom I had contributed to elect? I know my forte is the H. of R. But I will endeavor to do my duty in this new office, and if God grant me life and health I will disappoint and triumph over my enemies. You must recollect that we are still Charles Hammond fe Henry Clay and write me accordingly. Yr. faithful friend H CLAY ALS. InU. 1 In the Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Gazette. 2 On the Swartwout letter, see above, Clay to Brooke, January 28, 1825, note. Hammond's reply, published over the initial "L.," was reprinted from the Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Gazette, March 22, 1825, in the Washington Daily National Journal, April 5, 1825, and in the Lexington Kentucky Reporter, April 4, 1825. On the identification of Hammond as the author, see City of Washington Gazette, April 7, 1825, reprinting an item from the Cincinnati National Republican, March 25, 1825. 3 See above, Address, March 26, 1825.

From John Marshall Dear Sir Richmond April 4th. 1825 I have received your address to your former constituents; 1 and, as it was franked by you, I presume I am indebted to you for it. I have read it with great pleasure as well as attention, and am gratified at the full and complete view you have given of some matters which

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the busy world has been employing itself upon. I required no evidence respecting the charge made by Mr. Kremer, nor should I have required any had I been unacquainted with you or with the transaction, because I have long since ceased to credit charges destitute of proof, & to consider them as mere aspersions. The minuteness of detail however will enable your friends to encounter any insinuations on that subject which may be thrown out in their hearing. More of this may be looked for than any hostility to you would produce. There is unquestionably a party determined to oppose Mr. Adams at the next election, and this party will attack him through you. It is an old and has been a successful Stratagem. No part of your letter was more necessary than that which respects your former relatio[n] with that gentleman. I am dear Sir with respect & esteem Your Obedt Servt J MARSHALL

ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). Addressed to Clay, i See above, March 26, 1825. DIPLOMATIC NOTES

April 4, 1825

From P[ETER] PEDERSEN, Philadelphia. Acknowledges receipt of Clay's note of March 25, 1825; urges that negotiation for a commercial convention be commenced "as early . . . as may be practicable," because of the "precarious nature of the communications with Copenhagen during the winter months"; states that he will communicate a "project" of the intended convention as soon as Clay intimates a wish to see him in Washington; encloses a copy of his full powers. ALS. DNA, RG59, Notes from Danish Legation, vol. 1 (M52, Rl) . INSTRUCTIONS

AND DISPATCHES

April 4, 1825

From RICHARD RUSH, London, no. 427. Reports his interview with George Canning on April 2, in which Rush was apprized of the reaction of the European powers to British recognition of the new American States; transmits copies of memoranda of statements made by Russian, Austrian, and Prussian diplomats on this topic; and summarizes Spain's formal remonstrance. "In the end he [Canning] did not hesitate to say unequivocally, that he considered all danger to the peace of Europe as wholly gone by; he meant all immediate danger arising out of the measure in question, and he intimated that France was perhaps less disposed than any of the powers to make it a cause of breach." No reference was made to American recognition of the independence of the former Spanish colonies or to past conferences between Canning and Rush on that subject. Britain's recent negotiations with Russia on their differences respecting the northwest coast of America were mentioned; the convention, not yet displayed, is understood to have set the boundary of Russia's claims at 56 degrees north latitude and within ten leagues of the coast. The Under Secretary of State for the Colonial Department has reported that a total of 568 emigrants were sent from Ireland to Canada at the expense of the British Government in 1823. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Great Britain, vol. 32 (M30, R28) . Extract published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin

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1825

213

American Nations, III, 1548-50. Addressed to Secretary of State; received May 21. On British recognition of the Latin American Republics, see above, Nelson to Clay, March 8, 1825, note. On the dispute relating to Russia's claims regarding the northwest coast of America, see above, Clay to Tuyll, March 25, 1825; Rush to Clay, March 26, 1825. The boundary provision of the convention between Great Britain and Russia, signed February 28, 1825, had fixed the line between territories of the contracting parties in North America at the parallel 54 degrees 40 minutes north latitude, thence northward up the "Portland Channel" to 56 degrees north latitude, along the summit of the mountains lying parallel to the coast as far as 141 degrees west longitude, and along this meridian to "the Frozen Ocean." Should the summit of the mountains as specified prove to be more than ten marine leagues from the ocean, the boundary was to follow "a line parallel to the windings of the coast," not more than ten marine leagues inland. Annual Register, 1825, "Public Documents," 65. The United States and Russia had already, on April 17, 1824, concluded a convention fixing the line of demarcation between their territorial claims at 54 degrees 40 minutes. Miller (ed.), Treaties . . . , III, 153-54.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

April 4, 1825

To ARCHIBALD GRACIE. States, in reply to his letter of March 25, that (Richard C.) Anderson (Jr.) will soon arrive in the United States, when his information will be made available. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 23 (M40, R19) . See below, Anderson to Clay, May 17, 1825. To JOSEPH W[ILSON] PATTERSON, Baltimore (Maryland). Encloses his commission as a director of the Bank of the United States and requests acknowledgment of its receipt. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 24 (M40, R19). Patterson had been appointed March 3, 1825, in the place of his father, William Patterson. The son was later head of a Baltimore firm of iron merchants and president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. On April 5, 1825, he acknowledged receipt of the commission. ALS, in DNA, RG59, Acceptances and Orders for Comms. (M-T645, R2) .

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

April 4, 1825

St. Louis, seeks appointment as a commissioner to Santa Fe, to obtain the cooperation of the Mexican Government in laying out a road between that city and St. Louis, and as an agent to bring the Indians under control along the route. Cites his qualifications as a former Governor of Missouri Territory (1821-1824) and now Indian Agent to the Osage. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R62). See above, Clay to Poinsett, March 26, 1825. McNair did not receive the appointments here requested.

ALEXANDER] MCNAIR,

From Francis T. Brooke My Dear Sir. St. Julien April 5. 1825 1 Your address to your former constituents ought to put.to Silence the most obstinate of your enemies, not so Mr Ritchie2 I am out of all patience with him, the public must See that he is enlisted

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body and Soul in the opposition—nothing can Satisfy him, he is evidently infinitely chagrined that the address is so lucid and unanswerable, it will have, I have no doubt a powerful effect, as I know it will be gratifying to you to See an example of its effect I enclose you a letter from P N Nicholas3 the first part of it, alludes to an obituary notice of the death of that charming woman Mrs Randolph* which you will See in the last Enquirer6— I received before I left Richmd. a letter from Mr. Forsyth6 of rather an extraordinary character and I have pondered the matter for Some time before I have come to the conclusion that you ought to know its contents, though you were on the Spot and he might have applied to you to correct what he thought was wrong in your letter to me in which you Spoke of his approbation of your acceptance of the office you hold,7 he thought proper to question me as to the purport of that Letter, my answer he has not replied to, nor do I presume he will your letter, as requested by you was Seen by Mr Ritchie, and I believe its contents were made known to Mr Forsyth by his partner 8 in a letter to Mr Stephenson,9 I Shewed Mr Forsyth's letter to Some of your friends who have Seen yours, and to Gouch [sic] himself, none of whom perceived the Smallest difference between your account of the matter and his own— if however you wish to See Mr Forsyths letter I feel myself at perfect liberty to inclose it to you, I have but a Slight acquaintance with that gentleman but have a very Sincere esteem for him, his father10 was high in my estimation and while on the one hand I think it due to you perfectly to understand him, I Should regret it if his letter was to operate unfavorably to him, like Mr Ritchie he Seems to be under an indescribable infatuation in regard to Mr Crawford,11 by the bye I have Seen no one, who Saw Mr C, at Fredg who does not admit that he labours under mental and bodily imbecility— Yours very truly FRANCIS BROOKE ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). Addressed to Clay at Washington. l Above, March 26, 1825. 2 Thomas Ritchie. s Enclosure not found. 4 Mrs. Peyton Randolph (nee Maria Ward), whose death had been reported in the Washington Daily National Intelligencer, April 1, 1825. Mrs. Randolph had died in Richmond on March 19. 5 Richmond Enquirer. 6 John Forsyth. 7 Above, February 18, 1825. 8 Ritchie's partner, Claiborne W. Gooch. 9 Probably Andrew Stevenson. 10 Robert Forsyth, Revolutionary War officer from Virginia, first Federal marshal of Georgia. 11 William H. Crawford.

From Noah Zane D Sir Wheeling 5th. April 1824 [i.e., 1825] The Barr [sic] of this County has recommended to the Government the appointment of Alexander caldwell as district Judge in the

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215 1

place of John G. Jackson deceased — I have been urged to sustain this recommendation by letters to you and Mr. Barbour2 the Secretary of War I have supported your Election as I did Mr. Barbours Election to the senate of the U.S. on national grounds and without the least notion that it could in any way personally be useful to either myself or others and I will now say to you that you will find by my future conduct that in no way will I ever claim any thing on this account— Personally I have no objection to Mr. Caldwells appointment but considerations of a higher Charecter [sic] induce me to state; that his appointment will not aid you or the administration in the Great Measures they have in View— Mr. Caldwell since your appointment has been Very Busy in producing the impression that your conduct in the late election has been corrupt, since the death of the Judge he has been silent but I submit to you whether under all circumstances he ought to receive the appointment; he is of Very moderate talents and of doubtful Politicks and an enemy of you Personally— I can with Truth say many things to the prejudice of Mr Caldwell but I forbear, he is your enemy and the enemy of Mr. Adams—as such I hope his apointment [sic] will not take place— you can in the Valley of Winchester select some one that may strengthen your [sic] in the administration rely upon it that this appointment cannot have that effect. I wish this letter to be shewn to Mr. Barbour and the president, you may rely on on [sic] its Verity3— your sincere friend Hon H. Clay—

NOAH ZANE

ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1). A merchant, one of the developers of the Wheeling townsite, and proprietor of a bridge company, Zane was also a horse-racing enthusiast and had been a leader in introducing the Lancasterian system of education in the community (cf. above, II, 663n). 1 Jackson, who had been appointed judge for the Western District of Virginia in 1819, had died March 28, 1825. Caldwell, a lawyer of Wheeling, was not Adams' first choice as a replacement (cf. below, Clay to Pendleton, May 9, 1825; Smith to Clay, October 21, 1825) but was later appointed (see below, Clay to Caldwell, October 28, 1825). He retained the judgeship until his death in 1839. 2 James Barbour. s In an undated and unaddressed letter, sent to the State Department by the next mail, Zane wrote: "upon reflection I may have used stronger language than the actual conduct of Mr. Caldwell warrented [sicj I am incapable of injuring any one and have to request the withdrawal of my letter to you & to add my suffrage to that of his and your friends here family considerations have upon mature reflection induced me to take this course, if you should have shewn my letter to any one I will take it as a favor if you will remove any unfavorable impressions that may have been made "I wish you to destroy my letter or inclose it to me— I will explain this matter satisfactorily to you when I see you no one knows here that I have written it." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (M531, R2).

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

April 5, 1825

From the BARON DE TUYLL, "Confidential." States his intention "of writing to Count Nesselrode on the affair relating to Tonnage"; reminds Clay "of a

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certain inofficial paper it was his intention to send to Baron Tuyll" for use "in preparing a Despatch concerning the same object, which he intends to communicate in a confidential way to the Secretary of State, before its transmission, wishing that it may also be submitted to the previous consideration of the President of the United States." AN. DNA, RG59, Notes from Russian Legation, vol. 1 (M39, R l ) . See below, Clay to Tuyll, this date. To the BARON DE TUYLL. Encloses "Informal memorandum" (see above, Tuyll to Clay, this date) . Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Ministers and Consuls, vol. 3, p. 214. The memorandum refers to Tuyll's note of February 16, 1825, in which the inequality in tonnage duties imposed on American and Russian vessels entering Russian ports was said "to be nominal"; states that, since no complaints have been received from Americans regarding this treatment, the President is disposed "not to disturb the continued operation of the Act of Congress of the 7 January 1824 until the pleasure of His Imperial Majesty is known"; but adds that the United States expects equality "both in form and in fact" without unnecessary delay. Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Ministers and Consuls, vol. 3, p. 214. Both documents, AN draft, also located in CSmH. On the act of January 7, 1824, see above, Lorich to Clay, March 16, 1825, note.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

April 5, 1825

To LEONARD CORNING, "Consul U. S. at the Island of Maranham [Brazil]." Encloses commission, printed circular of instructions, and a blank consular bond to be executed and returned. Copy. DNA, RG59, Cons. Instr., vol. 2, p. 349 (M78, R2) . On August 1, 1825, Corning acknowledged this communication and indicated his acceptance of the appointment. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Maranham, vol. 1 (M-T398, Rl) . He remained at the post until 1830.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

April 5, 1825

To GEORGE WARREN CROSS, Charleston, South Carolina. Acknowledges receipt of Cross's letter of March 28, which will receive consideration. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 25 (M40, R19). The copyist wrote Cross's name as "Crox."

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

April 5, 1825

United States consul for the Prussian Provinces of the Rhine, explains the importance of commercial relations between the United States and Germany; solicits appointment as consul general for Prussia and Saxony. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1). Boker, of New York, remained consul at Remscheid from 1821 until 1830, when he was appointed consul general to Switzerland.

J[OHN] GOTTFRIED BOKER,

Havana (Cuba), solicits appointment as commercial agent at Havana if John Warner, the incumbent, who has returned to the United States because of illness, does not return; states that he will forward by the next vessel letters from his and Clay's "mutual friend T. B. Robertson Esqr. late Governor of Louisiana," and from Clay's "Brother in Law Jas. Brown Esqr.," and that he has for years been on "terms of intimacy as a Correspondt." with Clay's "Brother John," though not personally acquainted with him. ALS. Ibid. See

VINCENT GRAY,

APRIL 6, 1825

217

below, Robertson to Clay, April 20, 1825. Recommendation from Brown not found. Warner died at Baltimore on May 13. Washington Daily National Intelligencer, May 17, 1825. Gray did not receive the appointment but regularly served as vice consular commercial agent for the port during the summer and fall months, while the appointee, Thomas McKean Rodney, returned to the United States. Rodney, son of Caesar A., later became collector for the port of Wilmington and a prominent Republican leader. Dublin (Ireland), seeks appointment as consul at Dublin; encloses letter from James Maury. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR4). See above, Maury to Clay, March 29, 1825. THOMAS WILSON,

To H[enry] U. Addington H. U. Addington Esquire, Charge d'Affaires from Great Britain. Department of State, Sir, Washington, 6th April, 1825. I have the honour to inform you that the delay, in the transmission of a definitive answer to your Note of the 6th. of November last, has proceeded from an anxious desire on the part of the late President of the United States, to ascertain the practicability of reconciling, if possible, the views of the Government of the United States with those which are entertained by that of His Britannic Majesty, in respect to the Convention for more effectually suppressing the Slave trade. With that object, the correspondence with your Government and the Convention in which it terminated, together with what has since passed between the two Governments, both here and at London, were submitted to Congress during its late Session.1 Of that reference you were apprized by the Note of my Predecessor of the 4th. December last.2 It has so happened that neither the Senate nor the House of Representatives has expressed directly any opinion on the subject. But on another Convention, having the same object, concluded with The Republic of Colombia, on the 10th. day of December 1824, which was formed after the model of that which is pending between the Governments of the United States and Great Britain, the Senate has expressed a very decided opinion. In the Colombian Convention, the coasts of America were excepted from its operation, and yet notwithstanding this conciliating feature, the Senate after full deliberation, in the exercise of its proper constitutional powers, has by a large majority, deemed it inexpedient to consent to and advise the ratification of this Convention.3 The Government of His Britannic Majesty is well acquainted with the provision of the Constitution of the United States by which the Senate is a component part of the Treaty-making power; and that the consent and advice of that branch of Congress are indispensable in the formation of all Treaties. According to the

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practice of this Government, the Senate is not ordinarily consulted in the initiatory state of a negotiation, but its consent and advice are only invoked after a Treaty is concluded, under the direction of the President, and submitted to its consideration. Each of the two branches of the Treaty-making authority is independent of the other, whilst both are responsible to the States and to the people, the common sources of their respective powers. It results, from this organization, that, in the progress of the Government, instances may sometimes occur of a difference of opinion between the Senate and the Executive, as to the expediency of a projected Treaty, of which the rejection of the Colombian Convention affords an example. The people of the United-States have justly considered that, if there be any inconveniences in this arrangement of their Executive power, those inconveniences are more than counterbalanced by the greater security of their interests, which is effected by the mutual checks which are thus interposed. But it is not believed that there are any inconveniences to Foreign Powers, of which they can with propriety complain. To give validity to any Treaty the consent of the contracting parties is necessary. As to the mode by which that consent shall be expressed, it must necessarily depend with each upon its own peculiar Constitutional arrangement. All that can rightly be demanded, in treating, is to know the contingencies on the happening of which that consent is to be regarded as sufficiently testified. This information the Government of the United States has always communicated to the Foreign Powers with which it treats, and to none more fully than to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Nor can it be admitted that any just cause of complaint can arise out of the rejection by one party of a Treaty which the other has previously ratified. When such a case occurs, it only proves that the consent of both, according to the Constitutional precautions which have been provided for manifesting that consent, is wanting to make the Treaty valid. One must necessarily precede the other in the act of ratification; and if after a Treaty is ratified by one party, a ratification of it be withheld by the other, it merely shews that one is, and the other is not willing, to come under the obligations of the proposed Treaty. I am instructed by the President to accompany these frank and friendly explanations by the expression of his sincere regret that, from the views which are entertained by the Senate of the United States, it would seem to be unnecessary and inexpedient any longer to continue the negotiation respecting the Slave convention, with any hope that it can be made to assume a form satisfactory to both parties. The Government of His Britannic Majesty insists, as an indispensable condition, that the regulated right of search, proposed

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in the Convention, should be extended to the American Coasts, as well as to those of Africa and the West Indies. The Senate, even with the omission of America, thinks it unadviseable [sic] to ratify the Colombian Convention. And it is therefore clearly to be inferred that a Convention with His Britannic Majesty, with a similar omission, would not receive the approbation of the Senate. The decision of the Senate shews that it has made up its deliberate judgment, without any regard to the relative state of the Military or Commercial Marine; for all the considerations belonging to a view of that subject would have urged the Senate to an acceptance of the Colombian Convention. It is hoped, therefore, that His Britannic Majesty cannot fail to perceive that the Senate has been guided by no unfriendly feeling towards Great Britain. Before closing this note, I must express my regret that I am unable to concur with you in the view which you have been pleased to present of the Act of the British Parliament, by which it has denounced, as piratical, the Slave trade; when exercised by British subjects. It is acknowledged that the Government of the United States considered such a denunciation as expedient preliminary to the conclusion of the projected Convention.4 But the British Parliament, doubtless, upon its own sense of the enormity of the offence, deemed it proper to affix to it the character and the penalties of piracy. However much it may be supposed to have been actuated by an accomodating [sic] spirit towards the UnitedStates, it can hardly be imagined that it would have given that denomination to the fact of trading in Slaves from motives of concession merely, contrary to its own estimate of the moral character of that act.5 The Executive of the United-States believed that it might conduce to the Success of the negotiation, if the British Parliament would previously declare, as the United-States have done, the Slave-trade to be piratical. But it did not follow from the passage of that act that any Treaty, in which the negotiation might terminate, was to be taken out of the ordinary rule by which all Treaties are finally submitted to the scrutiny and sanction of the respective Governments. No peculiar advantage has accrued to the United-States from the enactment of that British Law. It's [sic] continued existence, moreover, now depends upon the pleasure of the British Parliament. But there is no disposition to dwell longer on this subject. The true character of the whole negotiation cannot be misconceived. Great Britain and the United-States have had in view a common end of great humanity, entitled to their highest and best exertions. With respect to the desire of attaining that end, there is no difference of opinion between the Government of His Britannic Majesty and that of the United-States in any of its branches. But the

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Senate has thought that the proposed Convention was an instrument not adapted to the accomplishment of that end, or that it was otherwise objectionable. And, without the concurrence of the Senate, the Convention cannot receive the Constitutional sanctions of the United-States. Without indulging therefore unavailing regrets, it is the anxious hope of the President that the Government of His Britannic Majesty should see in all that has occurred nothing towards it unfriendly on the part of the UnitedStates, and nothing that ought to slacken their separate or united exertions in the employment of all other practical modes to effectuate the great object, so dear to both, of an entire extirpation of a traffic which is condemned by reason, religion and humanity. I pray you, Sir, to accept the assurance of my distinguished Consideration. H. CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Ministers and Consuls, vol. 3, pp. 207-11 (M38, R3). AL draft, in CSmH. 1 As an accompaniment to President Monroe's annual message to Congress, December 7, 1824. American State Papers, Foreign Relations, V, 359-68. The proposed convention for suppression of the slave trade, negotiated by Richard Rush and George Canning, had been submitted to the Senate by President Monroe on April 30, 1824. On May 22, this body had approved ratification, but only with amendments providing for termination of the agreement upon six months' notice and elimination of the words "of America" from line four of the first article, thus rejecting authorization of visit and search by British naval officers on vessels off the coasts of America. In his note of November 6 Addington had reported his Government's willingness, and his own accreditation, to renew negotiations accepting the proposed changes other than the omission of the right of search off the American coasts. 2 American State Papers, Foreign Relations, V, 367-68. • s See above, Clay to Salazar, March 21, 1825. 4 In a note to Stratford Canning on March 31, 1823, John Quincy Adams, as Secretary of State, had cited the enactment of a law, approved May 15, 1820 (3 U. S. Stat., 600601), under which if citizens of the United States, "being of the crew or ship's company of any foreign ship or vessel engaged in the slave trade, or any person whatever, being of the crew or ship's company of any ship or vessel, owned in the whole or part, or navigated for, or in behalf of, any citizen or citizens of the United States," should seize, detain, "offer or attempt to sell, as a slave, any negro or mulatto not held to service" by the laws of the states or territories of the United States, they were to be subject to the penalties of piracy. Adams, at the direction of President Monroe, had proposed to Great Britain the adoption of "a mutual stipulation to annex the penalties of piracy to the offence of participating in the slave trade by the citizens or subjects of the respective parties. This proposal," he had stated, "is made as a substitute for that of conceding a mutual right of search, and of a trial by mixed commissions which would be rendered useless by it." American State Papers, Foreign Relations, V, 328. The British Parliament having passed such an act on March 31, 1824 (5 Geo. IV, c.l 7), Addington, in his letter of November 6, had pointed to the measure as fulfillment of a "condition required of Great Britain prior to the signature of the treaty by the American plenipotentiary." He had then commented: "On the justice of accepting the value already paid for a stipulated act, and withholding the performance of that act, I leave it with confidence to your own sense of honor and equity to determine." American State Papers, Foreign Relations, V, 367. 5 Cf. below, Clay to Raguet, April 14, 1825.

To Francis T. Brooke My dear Sir Washn. 6 Apl. 1825. From your letter of the 5h. inst. which I this day received I

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perceive you are at home and not at Richmond, to which I had transmitted for you one of my addresses to my Constituents. The favorable opinion entertained of it by such early and valuable friends as yourself and Nicholas is highly gratifying. Among other similar testimonies from Richmond, I have received from the Chief Justice a very satisfactory letter.1 Prior to the publication of my address Mr. Tyler wrote me a letter, approving my course (since he believed Mr. Crawford to have been out of the question) and declaring, in strong terms, his unabated confidence in me.2 From all quarters, in short, information is constantly pouring in on me, in every form, evincing general & hearty approbation of my late public course. My triumph will, as it ought to be, complete [sic] and entire over the base confederacy against me. As to Forsythe [sic], he certainly advised me in unqualified terms to accept the Department of State. I attached myself no particular importance to his opinion, 'though I supposed others might. He was with me on the 30h. or the 29h. of last month, had a long conversation, in the course of which he praised my address, and (entre nous) gave in his adhesion. I have no curiosity to see his letter. I understand him thoroughly. He did not mention one word about my letter to you or his correspondence with you. What could he say to me? I share with you in your grief for the death of Mrs. Randolph. I have known her from my earliest youth. She deserved all that you have so well said in behalf of her memory. I find my office no bed of roses. With spirits never more buoyant, 12 hours work per day are almost too much for my physical powers. An entire harmony as to public measures exists between Mr. Adams and me. I return you Nicholas s letter. With great regard I am truly Your friend H. CLAY P.S. Was ever any thing so silly as for Eaton to publish his correspondence with me?3 I am greatly deceived if he has not come out worse than he stood before H C. ALS. KyU. Addressed to Brooke at "St. Julien, Fredericksburg, Va." l Above, Marshall to Clay, April 4, 1825. 2 Above, March 27, 1825. 3 Above, March 28, 30, 31, April 1, 2, 1825.

From R[obert] R. Henry-

Sir [6 Aprijl 1 1825 You probably may have heard that the Committee on Commerce, did not report on Collector Clarks case, it being the wish of the late President2 that they should not, owing no doubt to his

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sympathy for Secy. Crawfords health &ca, and the consequences that would result to him, the Collector & others, from a report on the documents referred to in my letter to the Committee dated 11th March 1825. By advices from St Mary's I find, that Mr Clark expects (and that justly) to be removed from office, by President Adams, and that he wishes either Robt L. Halcombe or Thomas H. Miller to be his successor3— Both those men are most deplorably and habitually intemperate, and have proved themselves in Private trusts unworthy of confidence It is most important to the government that a man of high standing and character should be appointed to that station, as the recent law, relative to Wrecked Property (from the Florida Coast)4 &ca. requires a Person of intigrity [sic] to be Collector, otherwise the Public will suffer, as they did with the Intentional ship Wrecked goods brought from Key Vacas to that Port5 I am happy to hear that Doctr Whipple Aldrich (formerly of Providence Rhode Island)6 a gentleman of Property & talent, and in point of Character inferior to none in the Union, has been prevailed on to offer for the Collectorship, and I understand that the President has been Written to on the subject.7— Will you Permit me to recommend the Doctr to your good offices— You cannot bestow your Patronage on a more Worthy character & who I personally wish to see in the place of a man of the very reverse character as the documents on file at Washington conclusively shew— Excuse the liberty I take on this occasion, and I am respectfully Sir Your most obed Servt R R HENRY The Honble Henry Clay Secy of State [Washington] Cit[y] ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1). Postmarked: "NEW YORK APR 8"; endorsed on cover: "6 April 1825." See above, III, 571n. i MS. torn. 2 James Monroe. 3 Halcombe, not identified; Miller, probably of St. Mary's, Georgia. 4 The law, regulating the handling and sale of goods salvaged from wrecked ships off the coast of Florida, had been enacted by "the governor and legislative council of the territory of Florida" in 1823. It was disapproved, and nullified, by act of Congress in 1826 (4 U. S. Stat., 138). 5 Reference not found. 6 At this time a resident of St. Mary's. 7 Aldrich to Adams, March 12, 1825. ALS. MHi-Adams Papers, Letters Received (MR468).

DIPLOMATIC

NOTES

From JOSE SILVESTRE REBELLO.

April 6, 1825 Requests an answer to his letter of January

28, which proposed a convention and an alliance between the United States and Brazil, directed against interference by any government in the conflict between Brazil and Portugal or the occupation by Portugal of any military position in Brazil. Observes that, if rumors of Portuguese recognition of Brazilian independence are correct, the proposed convention should "go no

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further than, to promote the Independence of the other new American Nations, this being one of the objects of the convention," because the reasons that induced Brazil to seek alliance with the United States will cease upon recognition by Portugal of the independence of the Empire of Brazil. But, since the United States and Brazil ought to be united in ties of friendship, peace, and commerce, a treaty between them may now have a denomination more in keeping with the philanthropic principles that regulate the general interests of nations. While Brazil opposes principles not generally accepted as international law, she "will embrace them with pleasure provided they may become theorems in Public right by universal concurrence." LS, orig. and trans. DNA, RG59, Notes from Brazilian Legation, vol. 1 (M49, R l ) . Published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, 11, 813-14. From the BARON DE TUYLL, "Confidential." Acknowledges receipt of the confidential communication transmitted to him yesterday; encloses the minute of his projected dispatch; and, "Should any expressions made use of in that paper give rise to some difficulties," states his willingness "to call upon Mr. Clay and adjust the same in a manner which may suit the Secretary of State." AN. DNA, RG59, Notes from Russian Legation, vol. 1 (M39, R l ) . See below, Clay to Tuyll, April 8, 1825.

INSTRUCTIONS

AND DISPATCHES

April 6, 1825

From NATHAN LEVY, Baltimore. Reiterates concern regarding the vice-consulate at St. Thomas; refers to ex-President (James) Monroe's promise to instruct (Christopher) Hughes on the subject, when his mission to Copenhagen was first contemplated; and cites a letter from Levy to the Department of State, dated June 4, 1821, together with the Danish vice-consulate instructions and the acts of Congress of March 27, 1804, and March 3, 1817, for fuller elucidation of the subject. LS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., St. Thomas, vol. 2 (M-T350, R2). Levy, son of a prominent Baltimore merchant and Indian trader, was officially recognized at this time only as commercial agent. The Danish instructions to which Levy referred had been issued September 12, 1802, and further recommended on July 13, 1809, by Peter Pedersen, consul general of Denmark in the United States, for the regulation of the vice consulates under his administration; they required, among other provisions, the deposit by Danish ship masters of their "passport and Ship Rolls, with all other public papers," with the consular offices within 24 hours after entering port. Quoted in Levy to Clay, February 11, 1829 (ibid.). Levy appears to have erred in citing the act of March 27, 1804 (2 U. S. Stat., 296), which he elsewhere (Levy to Clay, February 11, 1829) describes as the basis from which grew the act of March 3, 1817; his reference should have-been to the act of February 28, 1803 (ibid., 203), which provided, in section two, that masters of vessels belonging to United States citizens must, on arrival at a foreign port, deposit their "register, sea letter, and Mediterranean passport" with the American consular office, if there be one, at the port. The act of March 3, 1817, required that ships registers, together with clearance and other papers issued by customs officers to foreign vessels in United States ports, should be deposited with consular authorities of the nations to which the vessels belonged, within 48 hours after their entry into port, with the proviso that this measure should not extend to the vessels of nations who did not reciprocate this regulation, by providing for the deposit of such papers for American vessels

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with the United States consular offices, according to the provisions of the second section of the Congressional act of February 28, 1803. 3 U. S. Stat., 362. As "directed by the Secretary," Daniel Brent informed Levy, on April 8, that Christopher Hughes had been instructed (above, March 24, 1825, no. 2) in relation to the matter here discussed. Copy, in DNA, RG59, Cons. Instr., vol. 2, p. 350 (M78, R2). From HUGH NELSON, Madrid, no. 54. Encloses documents showing that Spain still exacts a duty of 20 reals per ton on American vessels coming into port (see below, Clay to Everett, April 27, 1825, n. 8) ; reports "some sensation among the Ministers of the foreign powers here" resulting from accounts in English newspapers of the authorization by Congress for the use of "our cruisers" against pirates in the West Indies; summarizes an interview with the Spanish Secretary of State (Francisco de Zea Bermudez), who complained of the conduct of Commodore (David) Porter; states that the Spanish Government has renewed complaints against (John) Mullowny, United States consul at Tangiers, for protecting Spanish refugees; and transmits a copy of a note from Nelson to Bermudez, protesting the treatment of the American schooner General Jackson, which, though refused a landing permit in a Spanish port, was compelled to pay the tonnage duty. LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Spain, vol. 24 (M31, R26). In answer to two Senate resolutions requesting information concerning piratical depredations upon United States citizens and the measures adopted for their suppression, President Monroe on January 13, 1825, had suggested three possible courses of action: pursuit of offenders into settled, as well as unsettled, areas of the islands whence they emanated, reprisal on the property of inhabitants of the islands, and blockade of the ports of the islands. Such action, he had stated, could only be taken, with amity toward Spain, under a belief that neither the Spanish Government nor the governments of her Caribbean islands could suppress piracy, "and that the United States interpose their aid for the accomplishment of an object which is of equal importance to them as well as to us." Acting on this assumption, the President had requested "power, commensurate with either resource [sic] . . . to be exercised according to his discretion, and as circumstances may imperiously require." "Message from the President of the United States, Transmitting Information Relative to Piratical Depredations . . . January 13, 1825," Sen. Docs., 18 Cong., 2 Sess., no. 15, p. 3. A Senate bill drafted to supply this authorization was so drastically amended by House action as to provide only for augmenting the United States naval forces with ten additional sloops of war. The House Committee on Foreign Relations had opposed further action by this government until Spain had been given additional opportunity to effect amelioration. 4 U. S. Stat., 131 (March 3, 1825); Register of Debates, 18 Cong., 2 Sess., 714-17 (March 1, 1825); Niles' Weekly Register, XXVII (February 19, 1825), 391-93. See also, above, III, 338n. Sensitivity on the issue of Spanish sovereignty over her West Indian islands was heightened at this time both by the independence movements emanating from Colombia and Mexico (see above, III, 596n; Clay to Poinsett, March 26, 1825; below, Robertson to Clay, April 20, 1825; Clay to Everett, April 27, 1825; Thomas to Clay, April 30, 1825; Clay to Middleton, May 10, 1825; Poinsett to Clay, June 15, 1825) and by the punitive action taken by Captain David Porter in the Fajardo (Faxjardo, Foxardo) incident. As reported by Porter to Samuel L. Southard, Secretary of the Navy, November 15, 1824, the commander of the West Indian Squadron had let a party of two hundred seamen and marines ashore at the port of Fajardo, a Puerto Rican town some two miles inland from the eastern coast of the island, had spiked the guns of the military installations,

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and had required the local alcalde and captain of the port to render public apology for imprisoning and insulting Lieutenant Commandant Charles T. Platt, of the United States schooner Beagle, who had visited the community in an effort to trace a quantity of dry goods supposed to have been stored there by pirates. The incident had been the subject of congressional inquiry under a House resolution of December 27, 1824; and Porter had been relieved of his command, with orders to return home for inquiry. For earlier reference to the Mullowny case, see above, Salmon to Clay, March 16, 1825. From JOHN SHILLABER, Batavia. Acknowledges receipt of his commission; reports that the Governor General refuses to acknowledge him "as Consul, having no instructions from His [sic] Sovereign so to do"; gives an optimistic view of the possibilities of American trade with "Java and the ports around"; refers to the trade rivalry in that area between the Dutch and the British; discusses the economy, people, and political situation of Java; and suggests "that it would probably be of benefit to American Commerce were some of her public armed vessels to visit these seas from time to time. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Batavia, vol. 1 (M-T95, R l ) . Addressed to Secretary of State. Cf. below, Clay to Clark, April 16, 1825, note.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

April 6, 1825

T o WILLIAM HENRY ALLEN, St. Augustine. Transmits his commission as "Com-

missioner for ascertaining claims and titles to Land in Florida." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 25 (M40, R19). In reply, on April 26, Allen commented: "Altho a, stranger permit me sir to say (in accordance with a long-formed and often expressed opinion) that in my estimation you deserve the eternal gratitude of your country as having warded off one of the greatest possible calamities by preventing the setting so terrible a precedent as the elevation of a man to her highest office merely in consideration of military services. I have no doubt the great body of the American people will shortly think so too. Permit me to say too that I am rejoiced to see the absurdity of the allegations lately made against you so triumphantly exposed." ALS. DNA, RG59, Acceptances and Orders for Commissions (M-T645, R2). Allen, a native of Maryland, had been nominated for the post as commissioner on December 28, 1824; the appointment had been confirmed on March 3. On May 22, 1826, he was named receiver of public moneys for the District of East Florida and held that position for the next decade. From ISAAC H. TIFFANY, Esperance, New York. Transmits a letter on Patent Office business from Horatio Gates Spafford to Clay. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R62). See below, April 7, 1825. Tiffany not further identified.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

April 6, 1825

H[ARVEY] GREGG, Shelbyville, Indiana, recommends Thomas Douglas for appointment to office in the Territory of Florida. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). Douglas, born in Wallingford, Connecticut, had attempted, unsuccessfully, to raise silk in St. Augustine, Florida, before removing to Madison, Indiana, where he was at this time a merchant, manufacturer, bank director, lawyer, and associate justice of the circuit court. He was appointed United States attorney for the District of East Florida in 1826 and reappointed for successive terms until

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1845, when he resigned to become judge of the Eastern Circuit of Florida. In 1853 he became the first chief justice of the newly organized State supreme court. MAGNUS M. MURRAY, Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania), requests appointment as a commissioner or surveyor on the road to be marked out from the western frontier of Missouri to New Mexico or on that from Little Rock to Cantonment Gibson, in Arkansas. ALS. Ibid. (MR3). On the proposed road to New Mexico, see above, McNair to Clay, April 4, 1825. Provision for commissioners to lay out a road from Little Rock to Cantonment Gibson had likewise been authorized in legislation approved March 3, 1825 (4 U. S. Stat., 135). Murray did not receive an appointment.

To Jesse Bledsoe and Others Gent Washington 7h. April 1825 I ought earlier to have transmitted to you the inclosed letter from Genl. La Fayette,1 but as it will reach you in time to be informed when he may be expected at Lexington, no injury will result from the delay. He left Augusta2 on the 23d of March, and so far had been able to perform his journey according to the plan which he had arranged prior to its commencement. He expects to be in N. Orleans on the 3d. of May and in Lexington on the 1 lh. of that month; 3 but circumstances may retard or accelerate his arrival. If he give up his trip to St. Louis, he will be with you earlier. It is my wish to meet him at Lexington, but I am not sure that my public duties will admit of the gratification of it. I am Your obt. Servant H. CLAY The Honble J. Bledsoe Mr. Holley. Dr. Caldwell4 &c &c &c Mr. Bradford Dr. Richardson5 ALS. KyLxT. Addressed on attached sheet: "John Bradford Esqr, or The Revd. H. Holley Lexington (K)." Published in Lexington Kentucky Reporter, April 25, 1825. l See above, Lafayette to Clay, February 4, 1825. 2 Georgia. 3 Lafayette arrived in New Orleans on April 10; in Lexington, on May 16. 4 Charles Caldwell. 5 William H. Richardson.

To John Sloane Dear Sir Washn. 7h. Apl. 1825 I have this moment received your obliging letter of the 28h. Ulto. 1 and thank you for the agreeable information which it contains. Intelligence from all quarters flows in on me in a channel broad and deep, of the most perfectly satisfactory kind. Our triumph, my friend, over the wickendness [sic] which has assailed us will be thorough and complete. We have put down the

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Military mania, and the Country will thank us for it. I have sent you my address to my constituents.2 I do not say it in any boasting spirit, but its effect has been wonderful. It has swept clean from Boston to Charleston. You will also see a little correspondence which I have had with Eaton.3 Was ever any thing so silly as for him to publish it? I have used in it a strain of irony and sarcasm which my friends need have no apprehension of my employing in my public correspondence. Things are going on well here. There is entire coincidence between Mr. Adams and me on public affairs. By the bye, he paid you a high compliment (which I think was deserved, 'tho' you know we did not agree in the vote4) for your LaFayette letter.5 Your faithful friend H. CLAY The Honble J. Sloane. ALS. IEN. l Not found. 2 See above, March 26, 1825. 3 See above, Eaton to Clay, March 28, 31, April 2, 1825; Clay to Eaton, March 30, April 1, 1825. 4 During House consideration of the bill honoring Lafayette (see above, III, 899n, 900), Sloane had first urged postponement of action and appointment of a committee to report the facts and accounts on which it was founded. Upon the defeat of this proposal, he had voted against the bill. Register of Debates, 18 Cong., 2 Sess., pp. 55-56. 5 Robert Walsh, Jr., editor of the Philadelphia National Gazette, had sharply criticized those who opposed the grant to Lafayette. James W. Gazlay, on December 31, in a letter addressed to the editors of the Washington National Intelligencer, had written a bitter reply, defending the minority opposition to a measure enacted without the customary procedure of report by legislative committee and denouncing the action of the majority as idolatrous and unrepublican. No letter identified with Sloane has been found; but an anonymous piece, signed "One of the Twenty-Six" and written from the House of Representatives on January 10, repudiated Gazlay's exposition as representative of the views of others who had opposed the bill. Washington Daily National Intelligencer, January 5, 11, 1825.

To [Josephus B. Stuart] Dear Sir Washington 7h. Apl. 1825 I am obliged by your letter of the 4h. instant1— I am glad to learn that my friend Worth 2 is so comfortable. I had some wishes about him which I will not entirely repress 'though I shall rejoice if he shall have no interest in their realization. You advised Mr. Leake3 (with whom I am not personally acquainted, but of whom I have had favorable & friendly accounts) well. This is not the time, if there ever be one, to establish, in this Country, a merely political paperIn regard to the local parties and politics of N. York— I mean to take no part, whatever interest it is impossible, on account of the important position of that great state, they should not create. The administration here will hope to merit the support of all of your parties, under every denomination. Yr's respectfy H CLAY

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ALS. NcD. l Not found. 2 Gorham A. Worth. 3 Isaac Q. Leake, who, in the summer of 1824, had been induced to surrender his connection with the Albany Argus because of political differences with the Albany Regency. Marcy to Van Buren, February 15, 1824, and Van Buren to Worth, February 22, 1824, in Elizabeth Howard West (comp.), Calendar of the Papers of Martin Van Buren, Prepared from the Original Manuscripts in the Library of Congress . . . (Washington, 1910), 65, 66; Alvin Kass, Politics in New York State, 1800-1830 (Syracuse, 1965), 35.

From Hugh Mercer Fredericksbg April 7th. 1825— I have received, my dear Sir, with very high & sincere gratification, your address to the people of your late district in Kentucky,1 which you have done me the kindness to inclose to me— I consider it as a fresh & lively token of your friendship & esteem, which I value very highly— I had read in my Intelligencer,2 this able paper, with deep interest & pleasure, & altho' it is immediately addressed to your late constituents, yet it is an appeal to the whole American people, & will excite as it ought, much feeling if negotiation on that subject ought, at this time, to be pressed? You will recollect that, at the last session of the Senate, the correspondence and other proceedings in a negotiation between Mr. Rush and the British Commissioners at London, embracing various matters, and that of our Colonial trade among them, were confidentially communicated to the Senate.1 That negotiation had paused, with an understanding that it was to be resumed. And it was in reference to its resumption, that I was desirous to enlighten myself by appeals to the better informed judgments of others.— Considering the superiority of the tonnage, at present employed by us over that of Great Britain, in the trade with her west India Colonies, a more propitious state of things for us in that respect, could hardly be expected to existStill if, without any teazing efforts of Negotiation, she would consent to the mutual abolition of the Alien duties of the two Countries,

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it appeared to me to be worthy of enquiry, whether we had better not agree to it. Such an abolition, simply, unaccompanied by any other measure would increase the trade, without augmenting the proportion of the British tonnage employed in it. With great regard &c &c H. CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Unofficial Letter-Book of Henry Clay, 1825-29, p. 4. i See above, Clay to King, May 10, 1825.

From Cfhristopher C] Graham Dear Sir, Harrodsburg, August [31,] 1825— Haveing [sic] a thirst for travelling and seeing distant parts, and not knowing but that I might do it with more facility in the Service of my country, I write for information on that subject. Should there be a mission of any kind that will pay expenses, it would, most probably, suit me, for higher offices of honor and gain will ever elicit much competition, anexiety [sic] and suspense from which I wish to be freed.— Honor or pecuniary gain is not, therefore, what I ask. I have travelled much, both within and out of the United States, and have, thereby, received a stock of knowledge which I would be much pleased to increase. My situation in the army of the U. S. for two years of the last war, together with much experience in life, have, I think, prepared me for the execution of any ordinary mission. I am independent, and do not solicit a birth [sic] gain. I am fond of the sciences of Natural History and mineralogy, which travelling so much extends. My cabinet is already respectable, and I wish to enlarge it. I am not seeking office, but prefer living at home in privacy and independence; yet I find an occasional peregrination agreeable. I lived in Lexington some years, part of the time in University, and part of it a Pupil with Doct. Dudley,1 where I formed an acquaintance with you, and have since renewed it, by occasional interviews. The last time I saw you was at Harrodsburg springs, at which time we had a conversation on my Mexican visit. My character is well known to Doct. Dudley, and the other Professors, as well as to most other persons in this section of country. I am, at present, Proprietor of the Harrodsburg springs, which I am improveing for much company. This is getting to be a place of great resort, and should you visit our country in the summer, it would be well to give us a call. Your political opponents are trying to make head against you, but I believe we shall be able to regulate them and bring all things right again. Capt. Moore,2 my particular Friend, who I have often heard assert

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that Genl. Jackson; [sic] had not a claim to the Presidency, and that his ignorance was such that "he could not write three lines of english to save his life, but had got others to write those publications to which he had affixed his own name," now thinks the Genl. a most accomplished and diplomatic character, and the author of all that has ever appeared in his name!— All this you understand. I should be pleased to know the probability of Mr. Rafinesque's success in his Banking schemes,3 as he has flooded me with letters, appointing me sole Agent in all his operations. I know him to be so visionary, that I have given the subject but little attention. Knowing your situation, Dear Sir, I shall not be a troublesome correspondent. Most respectfully Yrs. C. GRAHAM, M. D. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). Addressed to Clay at Washington; postmarked: "HARRG. K. SEP 9." Graham, born near Danville, Kentucky, had been a silversmith until the outbreak of the War of 1812, when he had raised a regiment of volunteers and fought in several engagements. Following the war, he had acquired a tract of land at Harrodsburg, where in 1820, he had opened a spa, known alternatively as Harrodsburg or Graham Springs. Enlarged in 1827 through his purchase of the nearby Greenville Springs, it was a popular vacation and health resort for over thirty years. In 1825, at the age of 38, Graham had just received a degree from the Medical Department of Transylvania University. During the Black Hawk War, he acquired a large lead interest at Galena, Illinois. Subsequently he served as a volunteer in the Texas war of independence and, in 1855, as surgeon to the military party surveying a southern route for a transcontinental railroad. i Benjamin W. Dudley. 2 Thomas P. Moore. s Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, born in Turkey, of French and German extraction, a resident of the United States since 1815, taught botany, natural history, and modern foreign languages at Transylvania University from 1818 to 1826 and then removed to Philadelphia. Widely travelled, his principal contributions lay in description, often vague and inaccurate but frequently original and perspicacious, covering the plants and fishes he observed. He provided statements of the modern theory of evolution and the modern system of botanical classification over a quarter century before their general acceptance. His voluminous writing covered a wide range of topics, including a project for "Divitial Institutions," which should issue divisible certificates for bank stocks and deposits to circulate like money, a concept which later found acceptance in the coupon as an instrument for payment of interest on bonds. He patented this scheme in August, 1825, and appointed Christopher Graham his agent in promoting banking institutions on his plan, the profits to the promoters to be realized from a commission of one to five per cent on the amount of "divitial operations." Rafinesque succeeded in having such an institution established at Frankfort later in the year and himself launched a savings bank on similar lines at Philadelphia in 1835. The latter appears to have been fairly successful, at least until 1838, but Rafinesque succumbed to stomach cancer two years later and died in great poverty. Harry B. Weiss, Rafinesque's Kentucky Friends (Highland Park, N. J., 1936), 14-15; Francis W. Pennell, "The Life and Work of Rafinesque," Transylvania College Bulletin, XV (September, 1942), 32-35, 53-54.

From Charles Hammond My dear Sir— Cincinnati. August. 31. 1825. Writers, upon the laws of nations, Seem to confine the right to navigate a Straight to cases, where the navigation of the connected seas is common to all, or to most nations.— This was the actual situation of the Mediterranean Euxine & Baltic seas, to which the

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doctrine principally applied—It was broad enough for all the purposes of those who maintained it, and it was but prudent in them to limit the doctrine within the bounds assigned to it.— But when the entire Shores of an immense Sea are owned by two nations only, and one of them commands its communication with the ocean the principle certainly applies with as much force, as if ten different nations were located upon the interior Sea— The common right of two to navigate is impeded if the one that commands the Straight deny a passage. And where a common right is admitted to exist its appurtenant priviledges [sic] must be the Same, whether the right be common to all to most or to but two. It Seems to be well settled that the power in possession of a Straight, in the proper case, cannot refuse passage to others, without injustice. And the passage duty which he may lawfully impose must be moderate, not more than enough to indemnify him for trouble and Expense,—all which is a proper Subject to be regulated by treaty— I find that so early as three hundred years before the Christian era, the Byzantines levied a toll upon all ships passing into the Pontic sea— The Rhodians, then the most commercial people in the world, resented the attempt to collect this toll, made it cause of War, and compelled the Byzantines to give it up— This is I presume the most antient precedent upon the subject— and is a case in point for us— The application of these doctrines to our Lakes and to their communication with the ocean by the channel of the St Lawrence may be well insisted upon1— Very possibly a suggestion of this nature will call forth no little discussion—and tho we may have no Such men as Selden and Grotius, Sarpi or Bynkershoek2 to conduct the controversy, I doubt not that much will be written and well written on both Sides— We shall have no latin quartos, Mare clausum, a De domino Mari,3 but we shall have Smart pamphlets and ponderous newspaper essays in abundance— I feel within me that I could contribute some thing myself—if a proper occasion offerred [sic]— The conviction of Commodore Porter 4 does not Set well with our folks— They are resolved to consider him a persecuted man, and to curse the administration. I have been much surprised at the conduct of such men in respect to this affair— They are determined to misunderstand it. We received the intelligence on Sunday night. On Monday young Mr. Worthington 5 insisted that Lieutenant Plat6 was Sent by Porter to look after a captured Vessel and was Seized by the Foxardians— The Same day Judge Burnet 7 asserted that Plat was Sent by Porter to inquire respectfully after Pirates, that he was detained and that Porter landed to rescue him— When respectable men, and men not devoted to faction, thus misconceive

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611

and mistate [sic] facts, there is reason to fear the consequence of such misconceptions and Error— I have seen Rowan8 since the Kentucky election9 The result he says is a mere ebullition of temporary Excitement. The people have been misled for a moment, But will return to their Senses—. Till then the Governor and Senate must perform their functions, and preserve the balance of Government— So I suppose the struggle is not at an End— H. Marshall is frantic in exultationHe is belabouring my Strictures10— Heaven save the mark! were I to review them myself the[y] would come much worse off— I have addressed a line by the mail that carries this to Gales & Seaton requesting them to return my manuscript to Dr. Watkins, 11 and asking an Explanation of the course they have pursued— I kept no copy of that article, I wish when they return it, you would enclose it to me— We shall be glad to hear that you are again located and surrounded by your family, in health, and recovered from the fatigues and distresses of their recent journey God bless you, Yours &C C. HAMMOND ALS. OHi. Addressed to Clay. 1 Cf. below, Clay to Gallatin, June 19, 1826. 2 John Selden, English jurist (1584-1654); Hugo Grotius (Hugo de Groot), Dutch jurist, historian, and theologian (1583-1645); Paolo Sarpi, Venetian scholar and patriot (1552-1623); and Cornelius Van Bynkershoek, Dutch jurist (1673-1743). All had published voluminously. s In rejoinder to Grotius, Mare Liberum . . . (1609), Selden had published a treatise entitled Mare Clausum seu de Dominio Maris . . . (London, 1635). 4 On August 17, the decision of the Navy court-martial had been announced, convicting Commodore David Porter on all charges and sentencing him to suspension from duty for six months. 5 Probably Vachel Worthington, born at Crab Orchard, Kentucky, in 1802, and graduated from Transylvania University in 1822, who had begun the practice of law in Cincinnati in 1824 and married Mary Ann Burnet, daughter of Jacob Burnet, in May, 1825. Worthington continued in practice until 1877, taking little part in politics, except for one term in the Ohio Senate, 1874-1875. 6 Charles T. Platt. 7 Jacob Burnet. 8 John Rowan. 9 See above, Clay to Crittenden, August 22, 1825. 10 In March, 1825, Humphrey Marshall had begun publishing the Harbinger at Frankfort, chiefly as an organ in support of the old court of appeals. In September, following the Kentucky election, he disposed of his interest in the journal. Cf. above, III, 460n. 11 Tobias Watkins. See above, Clay to Hammond, April 23, May 23, 1825. INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

August 31, 1825

To RUFUS KING, no. 4. Requests his assistance to Richard Caton and John McFaden, of Baltimore, in the prosecution of a claim against the British Government "on account of the capture by a British cruiser, and the consequent loss, to them, of the Brig Ariel and Cargo." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, pp. 376-77 (M77, R5) . McFaden (or McFaddon), who had long been associated with Caton in mercantile operations, was at this time also a partner

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in an insurance agency. Further reference to the case of the Ariel has not been found. From ABRAHAM B. NONES, Maracaibo. Reports that Americans trading at Maracaibo are still forced "to pay the old rates of Dutch Tonnage 8cc," owing to the absence of orders from Bogota to carry the treaty between the United States and Colombia into effect; expresses doubt that any change will occur "until Colombia may form a treaty with some other foreign power"; and adds that the treaty between Colombia and England, if ratified, cannot be put into effect for six months, during which American commerce will pay the old rates while Colombia enjoys most favored nation treatment in American ports. Nones has asked the American Charge d'Affaires at Bogota (Beaufort T. Watts, acting Charge^ for information that might enable him to reclaim the amount of overcharges on American commerce and now requests "any information or explanation" Clay may wish to communicate. LS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Maracaibo, vol. 1 (M-T62, Rl). On Colombia's treaty with the United States, see above, Clay to Salazar, March 21, 1825; on her treaty with Great Britain, see above, Watts to Clay, May 10, 1825. From JOHN RODGERS, "U. S. Ship N. Carolina, Smyrna," "Secret." Reports his having left Gibraltar on August 10 "on a cruise of observation among the Greek Islands" to protect American commerce and to interview "the Captain Pashaw of the Turkish fleet." Having found the Turkish fleet besieging Missolonghi, he has postponed the interview. States that the "Greek Cause really appears to be in a hopeless condition," that European intervention in behalf of the Greeks appears unlikely "unless the British Government should take them under its protection. . . ," that agents of France and Austria are secretly aiding the Turks and Egyptians, and that "Many persons" think a war between England and the continental powers "not unlikely." ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Turkey (M46, R2). The Captain Pasha of the Turkish fleet since 1823 had been Khosref Mehemet, called "Topal," or "the lame pasha." On Rodgers' reasons for seeking the interview, see below, Clay to Rodgers, September 6, 1825. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

August 31, 1825

To C[HARLES] H. BAKER and JOHN RIANHARD (Philadelphia). Acknowledges receipt of their letter of the preceding day, enclosing their authorization, which Clay accepts, to receive payment of a bill obtained by (Richard C.) Anderson (Jr.) by arrangement with Colombia, in compensation for "the cargo of the Brig America, seized at St. Martha in 1821." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 139-40 (M40, R19). To WILLIAM GASTON, "at Newbern, N. C." States, in reply to a letter of inquiry (below, this date), that the treaty of October 8, 1782, between the United States and the Netherlands is in full force. Copy. Ibid., 139. To THOMAS WILSON, "Cashr of the Bank of the U. S. Philadelphia." Directs payment, to C(harles) H. Baker and John Rianhard of a bill "on Colonel Palacio" (Leandro Palacios). LS. NN. From WILLIAM GASTON, "Brent-Wood." Inquires, in connection with a controversy over a tract of land in North Carolina, whether the treaty of October 8, 1782, between the United States and the Netherlands is still in force. ALS. DNA,

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RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). "Brentwood," near Washington, had been the home of Robert Brent, until his death in 1819, and remained the property of this family. The treaty to which reference is made concerned amity and commerce and included an article (6) which provided that "Heirs, subjects of one of the Parties, and residing in the Country of the other, or elsewhere, shall receive such successions. . . , even although they shall not have obtained Letters of Naturalization. . . ." Miller (ed.), Treaties. . . , II, 65. For Clay's reply to the inquiry, see above, this date. From JOHN H. PLEASANTS, London. Hopes that the explanation offered in his letter of "the 8th [i.e., 7th] July" will provide "a satisfactory justification of the apparent abandonment of a mission, which had been as kindly bestowed. . . , as it was zealously sought and gratefully accepted. . . ." Remarks that he "could not do less after getting here, than take time sufficient to look at what was most worthy of being seen in England." Notes that he "of course can have no claims upon the Treasury" but that he has drawn on Clay "for the means of returning" to the United States. Promises to "replace the amount" as soon as he reaches Richmond. Refers to (Rufus) King's ill health and to recent events in Europe. ALS. DNA, RG59, Letters from Bearers of Dispatches. APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

August 31, 1825

JOHN MOODY, New Canton, Buckingham County, Virginia, states that he wrote

in February in quest of public employment, that he is a veteran of the Revolutionary War, and that he intends petitioning Congress for support. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1). Addressed to Clay, or, in his absence, to James Barbour. Cf. above, Moody to Clay, April 2, May 15, 1825.

To David Daggett Dear Sir Washington 1 September 1825 I reed, your letter of the 27h. Ulto. 1 Anxious to obtain any information I could, on the subject of it, I addressed a note to the French Minister2 requesting any which he could communicate, and I now transmit his reply. We have not the particulars of the late arrangement between France and Hayti, in any official form, but I should presume that your French teacher was one of the very class of persons for whose benefit the one hundred & fifty millions of franks were intended. 3 I beg leave to reciprocate, most cordially, the friendly sentiments expressed in your letter and to assure you that I shall ever recollect our acquaintance, formed in the Nat. Councils, with high satisfaction. I am faithfully & respectfly Yr. ob servant H CLAY D. Daggett Esqr. ALS. CtY. l Not found. 2 Baron Durand de Mareuil. The note and the reply have not been found. 3 Cf. above, Holden to Clay, July 16, 1825, note; below, Clay to Brown, October 25, 1825; Brown to Clay, January 9, 1826.

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INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

SECRETARY OF STATE

September 1, 1825

From HEMAN ALLEN, Valparaiso, no. 17, "Duplicate." States that he learned, from an American newspaper only a few days earlier, "the name of the distinguished individual" whom he addresses "as the Head of our Foreign relations" and declares his "satisfaction on this occasion" as he "beheld at once in that station, the accomplished statesman, the able and constant defender of his country's rights, and the great champion of South American freedom." Cites his earlier dispatches as revealing his "rather gloomy apprehensions" concerning Chile but comments that he does not think "the friends of freedom should despair." Asserts that "A most wicked and abandoned clergy, still directs the destiny of the State, which nothing but the hand of time, and the progress of knowledge can ever remove," and that it is necessary to look to the next generation "for the downfal [sic] of that bigotry and superstition, that has so long blighted the prospects of this fair region and still holds her sons in bondage." Nevertheless, he rejoices that "the sun of colonial oppression has forever set, and . . . the dominion of Spain no longer exists." In regard to the relationship between the United States and Chile, Allen writes: "The fact is, the theory and practice of these people towards us, is very opposite; they profess much gratitude, but exercise very little; perhaps, they are so constituted at present, as to be incapable of that noble sentiment. At any rate, from the kindness and friendship we have shown them, they think to avail themselves of our forbearance, and regardless of the obligations, of either justice or gratitude, to sport with impunity with our rights. Deeply therefore, as I should lament the necessity, of any coercion on our part, yet I firmly believe, that a little chastisement would do much good, and perhaps a bare indication of it, might spare the disagreeable resort." Notes that he has "endeavoured, by original and duplicate despatches," to keep the Government informed but has received no instructions in return. Repeats that he has not been successful in pressing the claims of American citizens. Because of the unsettled state of the country, he has not proposed a commercial treaty. He thinks little more can be done "at this time"; and, if it be thought that his services there are no longer required, he will return home. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Chile, vol. 1 (M-T2, R l ) . Received January 13, 1826. Extract published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . LatinAmerican Nations, II, 1103-1104.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

September 1, 1825

T o JOHN LEAMY and CHARLES MCALESTER. Acknowledges receipt of McAlester's

letter of August 30 and encloses the joint order. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 1, p. 141 (M40, R19). See above, Clay to Redwood, August 26, 1825, note. T o M[ORDECAI] M. NOAH, New York. Daniel Brent, at the direction of the Secretary of State, requests that the Department be considered a subscriber for the New York National Advocate, "of which it is understood you are the Editor.. . . " Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 142 (M40, R19) . Cf. above, Stuart to Clay, March 15, 1825, note. T o THOMAS WILSON, Cashier of the Bank of the United States, Philadelphia.

SEPTEMBER 2,

1825

615

Authorizes payment of the bill for $21,750, with interest from January 27, 1819, drawn on (Jose Leandro) Palacio (s), transmitted by (Daniel) Brent to Wilson on May 30, to John Leamy, for the Marine Insurance Company of Philadelphia, and to Charles McAlester, for the Insurance Company of the State of Pennsylvania. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 141-42. From JOHN LEAMY, "Office of The Marine Ins: Co. Philadelphia." Requests that, on the payment of the bill for $21,750, with interest, from the Colombian Government in the case of the Josephine, his company be allotted $12,000. LS. DNA, RG76, Misc. Claims, Colombia.

To Francis T. Brooke My dear Sir Washington 2d. September 1825 I received your kind letter of the 29h. Ulto.1 and thank you for the friendly expression of sympathy which it contains. Our late affliction was rendered still more severe by the circumstances under which it occurred. I did not yield to the urgent calls of duty here, until I had the strongest assurances from the attending physician that there was no danger. And, after leaving Lebanon, the first information which I received of the sad event which occurred there reached me, when I was within about 20 miles of this place, through the Intellr.2 I received, perused and now return Judge Duval's3 letter. His wishes in behalf of his son will be considered; but the fact that he has one son a Governor4 under the General Government and another holding a Captains Commission (this latter now applying for another appointment)5 will operate somewhat against his success. You must feel gratified that our old friend Troup has finally concluded to abstain from surveying the Creek lands, and of course that all danger is dissipated of disturbing the public peace.6 I am faithfly Your friend H CLAY The Honble F. Brooke &c. &c. &c. ALS. KyU. 1 Not found. 2 See above, Clay to Mrs. Clay, August 24,1825. 3 William Duval. 4 William P. Duval. s Probably John P. Duval, who had been promoted to captain of infantry in 1814 but honorably discharged from the army in the following year. On his recent application, see above, Duval to Clay, August 10, 1825. « Cf. above, Clay to Southard, July 3, 1825, note.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

September 2, 1825

From C. D. E. J. BANGEMAN HUYGENS, Washington. Requests Clay to take action for the detention of the ship Celia, her cargo, and her master, Captain Lloyd, should they enter a port of the United States. Captain Lloyd, an American, engaged in February, 1823, to transport a cargo of salt and spice under the

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flag of the Netherlands to Borneo, has not reached his destination. He was last seen in December, 1823, in Rio de Janeiro. His conduct is considered piracy. NS, in French, translated in State Department file. DNA, RG59, Notes from Netherlands Legation, vol. 1 (M56, Rl). Lloyd has not been further identified.

To D[aniel] Parker Dear Sir Washn. 3 Septr. 1825. I am desirous to obtain and am now looking out for a house to accommodate my family. It has been mentd. to me that you might be possibly disposed to part with yours, I therefore take the liberty of enquiring, 1 Whether you would rent it, without the furniture, and on what terms? 2 If you wd. rent it with the furniture (making of course such exceptions as you might think proper) and on what terms? and. 3 If you wd. nether [sic] rent it with or without the furniture, on what terms you would sell? The house is not exactly adapted to my family, but if you would have the goodness to answer the above enquiries, it might possibly enlarge the field of selection. Yr's with great respect H CLAY ALS. PHi. Addressed: "Genl. D. Parker Care of Genl. Cfallender] Irvine Philadelphia." Parker, born in Massachusetts and educated as a lawyer, had been chief clerk in the United States War Department in 1810, adjutant and inspector general in 1814, and paymaster general from 1821 to 1822. He returned to the Department as chief clerk from 1841 until his death in 1846.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

September 3, 1825

From ROBERT MONTGOMERY, Alicante. States that the outbreak of leprosy, reported in his dispatch of August 1, has not developed further; discusses the duty on salt fish, which prevents the American product from competing with the English; reports that political tranquillity is not yet restored in Spain and that "Commerce continues in a most deplorable state. % . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Alicante, vol. 1 (M-T357, Rl) . Addressed to Secretary of State; received November 1. On the high Spanish duties, see also above, Burton to Clay, June 30, 1825. From JOHN RAINALS, Copenhagen. Reports that, at the suggestion of Christopher Hughes, who left for Holland about fourteen days ago, he has appointed "Mr. John Alexander Balfour of Elsenure [sic] . . . to be Vice-Consul of the United States at that port . . . ," and expresses hope that Clay will approve; offers his own services in the collection of claims against Denmark but notes that (John) Connell is still there; and comments upon the controversy concerning the Swedish men of war "purchased for South American account," which, "It is now said . . . may proceed, but no Sweedish [sic] Officers will be allowed to accompany them." ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Copenhagen, vol. 3 (M-T195, R3) . Received September 8. See above, Hughes to Clay, July 8, 1825, note.

SEPTEMBER 4, 1825

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

617

September 3, 1825

From JOHN LEAMY., "Office of the Marine Ins: Comp. Philadelphia." Acknowledges receipt of Clay's letter of September 1 (above, to Leamy and McAlester) and of "a joint order" for the sum paid by Colombia in the case of the Josephine; refers to his company's request (above, Leamy to Clay) of September 1; and returns the "joint order, as this Company did not authorise such an arrangement." LS. DNA, RG76, Misc. Claims, Colombia. From JOHN A. LEAMY, Philadelphia. Expresses thanks for Clay's letter of August 30; states that (Thomas) Wilson had earlier requested "the Barings" to hold the proceeds in the case of the Liberty "subject to the orders of the Dept of State"; requests a duplicate order "to those gentlemen" to pay the bill of exchange. ALS. Ibid. Endorsed on verso by Clay: ". . . Give the order in duplicate requested on the Mess Barings." Cf. above, Clay to Wilson, August 30, 1825. From THOMAS WILSON, "Bank United States." Transmits "a receipt from Messrs Ledlie & Leamy for $13834.10 and from Chs H Baker & John Rianhard for $26663.12 . . . agreeably to the instructions contained in" Clay's "letters of the 30th & 31st Ulto." States that the bill on (Manuel Jose) Hurtado "for £1848, 8.5 Stg" received earlier from (Daniel) Brent has been "transmitted to Messrs Baring Bro & Co. London, for the credit of the Secretary of State. . . ." Adds that "Saml Keith Esq Presdt Delaware Ins. Co. has called on" him "for payment of their claim in the case of the Minerva." ALS. DNA, RG76, Misc. Claims, Colombia.

To James Brown My dear Sir Washington 4h. September 1825 Upon my return to the City about a fortnight ago, I found here your letter of the 25h. June, from which I was sorry to learn that your health was not yet re-established. I must refer you to my letter accompanying this to Mrs. Brown1 for an account of a most heavy domestic affliction which we have recently experienced and for other private affairs. My reception in the Western States, on my recent trip, was marked by the greatest enthusiasm. From the Alleghany [sic] to Lexington going and returning through Ohio, I scarcely passed a village in which I was not pressed to accept of some public manifestation of regard. The demonstrations which were made of public esteem and consideration, in the case of Genl. La Fayette, hardly exceeded those of which I was the object. If the public effect of this species of testimony is favorable, its operation upon my health was not so propitious. I have returned without having laid in as good a stock of it, as I should have done if I had been more abstracted and less compelled to mingle in crowds. The extraordinary heat of the past summer has not been favorable to disorders such as mine, and I look

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forward with strong hope of a good effect from the more bracing weather of the autumn & winter. The Administration gets along very well. The number of unfriendly prints and persons is I think considerably diminished, and the tone of those which remain is somewhat softened. We have been threatened with a civil war with Georgia, about the Creek Indian lands, by the intemperance of Govr. Troop [sic];2 but the moderation dignity and decision of the Executive have commanded out of Georgia, the undivided voices of the American people, and the Govr. has, by conforming to the wishes of the general Government, saved us, for the present at least, from Civil commotion. Commodore Porters trial3 has also commanded much of the public attention; but altho' the factious have been endeavoring to make something out of his case,4 I have no doubt that the great body of the intelligent people of America will cordially approve what has been done. It was time to neutralize the effect of the bad precedent furnished in Genl. Jacksons case.8 If Porter had been acquitted, or had not been brought to trial, hereafter the peace of the Country would have been in the hands of every military and naval commander of an expedition. I must refer you to Genl. La Fayette for more particular accounts of public matters. He has seen all parts of our Country and seen and conversed with all persons in it. The popular feeling has been kept up to the last in regard to him. I feel much concern in relation to his future life. It ought to be passed in dignity and tranquillity, abstaining from public affairs, and most cautiously guarding against giving the least ground for the imputation of his being concerned in any Conspiracy. I think this is his determination, and I pray that he may adhere to it.6 You express a wish that instructions should be sent you in respect to our claims on France. The business of my office has increased so much, by the establishment of the new states to the South as well as from the natural growth of the Country, and I have been obliged to be so much absent from it since I entered it, that I am compelled to attend to the more pressing matters first. I have however not neglected to think of our French concerns, and I hope in the course of the fall to be able to take up that subject and to suggest some practicable plan for putting the business in motion again. In my letter to Mrs. Brown, I have requested her to have purchased for us some articles which I have enumerated. I do not know what they will amount to, or I would send a bill to pay for them. I presume however that there is very little difference between drawing from Paris upon the U.S. or drawing from here on France. I must request that you will get the person, whom Mrs. Brown may

SEPTEMBER 4,

1825

619

engage to make the purchases, to draw on me for the amount, or get a bill in some other way disposed of on me, and I shall not fail to discharge it on presentation. I am glad to be able to tell you that I have continued to feel the most sensible benefit from the system of oeconomy and exertion which I adopted to get out of my pecuniary difficulties; and that I have so far succeeded as to no longer entertain any fears for my family, if I were suddenly taken off. Still we mean to persevere in the practice of oeconomy, and I do not intend, in my disbursements here, to exceed my salary. To that limit, I think it my duty as well as my interest, to restrict myself. A most thorough and signal change has at last taken place in Kentucky. The dominant (that is the relief party) at the lat [sic] Session of the legislature put out the Judges of the Court of Appeals, by an act of ordinary legislation. The effect of that and other measures of the party has been such that, at the elections in the last month, the Anti relief party has succeeded by a majority of about two thirds.7 I am highly gratified with this result. The character of our State will I hope be recovered, and we shall again command respect. It was contemplated by some of the leaders of the fallen party to attack me, if (which I think they could not have done) they could have carried their party along. The change therefore is no less favorable to myself than to the State at large. I am truly & faithfy Yr's

H CLAY

James Brown Esq. ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). 1 Letter not found; see above, Clay to Crittenden, August 22, 1825. 2 See above, Clay to Southard, July 3, 1825. 3 See above, Nelson to Clay, April 6, 1825, note; Southard to Clay, July 8, 1825; Hammond to Clay, August 31, 1825, note. 4 Cf. above, Hammond to Clay, August 31, 1825. 5 See above, II, 612n, 636-62, 667. 6 On Lafayette's departure from the United States, see below, Clay to Somerville, September 6, 1825, note. Upon his return to France, he resumed his career in the Chamber of Deputies, serving from 1825 until his death in 1834, and also, as head of the national guard during the revolution of 1830, was active in establishing the constitutional monarchy under Louis Philippe. i See above, Cowan to Clay, January 1, 1825; Bodley to Clay, August 23, 1825.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

September 4, 1825

From RUFUS KING, London, no. 4. States that, when (George) Canning returns from "the North of England," King "will call his attention to the Commission at Washington concerning slaves" (cf. above, Clay to King, May 10, 1825); notes that he has asked (James) Brown to let him know "what has passed between him and the French Government on the subject of Mr. [Henry] Middleton's instructions" (Clay to Middleton, May 10, 1825) and that he has "in like manner written to Mr. Middleton"; reports that he has met the representatives of Chile (Mariano Egaiia), Colombia (Manuel Jose Hurtado), and Mexico (Jose Mariano Michelena), that the representative of Buenos Aires

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(Bernardino Rivadavia) and the Minister from Mexico have returned home, and that "None of these persons have . . . been received as Ministers. . . ." The treaty with Buenos Aires (see above, Raguet to Secretary of State, March 11, 1825, note) has been ratified, and it is said that a representative of that Government will be received upon offering a letter of credence. Chile has no treaty with England. A treaty with Colombia (see above, Watts to Clay, May 10, 1825, note) awaits ratification. The Mexican treaty (see above, Poinsett to Clay, May 5, 1825, note) has "gone back" for alteration of a provision "which as it stands, would sanction the rule that Free ships make Free goods." When the correction has been made it is expected that a Mexican Minister will be received. King points out that "England insists—First—upon the conclusion of a treaty, and Next, that the New Ministers severally comply with all the formalities of the old states in the form of their Credentials." LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Great Britain, vol. 32 (M30, R28). Received October 25. Extract published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, III, 1564. Mariano Egafia, educated as a lawyer and driven into exile under the royalist regime, had held a series of governmental positions, as public prosecutor and departmental secretary, from his return in 1817 until he became Minister of State and Foreign Relations in 1823. In 1824 he had been sent as Minister Plenipotentiary to various European courts, where he remained until 1829. Shortly after his return, he became a member of the Chilean Parliament and was elected president of that body. From 1836 until 1841 he served as Minister of Justice. From JOHN R. THOMSON, Philadelphia. Reports his arrival from Canton, which he left in March on account of ill health. The duties of his office as consul will be performed, during his absence, by Rodney Fisher, whom he has appointed consular agent. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Canton, vol. 1 (M101, Rl). Fisher was also a native of Philadelphia. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

September 4, 1825

From JOHN A. LEAMY, Philadelphia. Refers to his letter of the previous day; informs Clay that on that same day (Thomas) Wilson paid him "the amount of the Bill of Col [Jose Leandro] Palacios"; requests a negotiable draft rather than the order (for the payment of the claim in the case of the Liberty). ALS. DNA, RG76, Misc. Claims, Colombia. APPLICA TIONS, RECOMMENDA TIONS

September 4, 1825

D. GODMAN, Philadelphia, recommends George B. Adams for appointment as consul at Alicante. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1). See above, Cook to Clay, August 3, 1825, note.

JOHN

To John A. Leamy John A. Leamy Esqr. Department of State, 5th. September 1825. Sir, Your Letters of the 3d. and 4th. instant are received. Agreeably

SEPTEMBER 5,

1825

621 1

to the request contained in the former an order is enclosed on Mess. Baring Brothers & Co. of London to pay over the proceeds to you of the bill for £,1848.8.5. Sterling remitted to them, from this Office, through the Bank of the U. S. I cannot comply with the request communicated in your Letter of the 4th. to furnish you with negociable drafts instead of the order. If there has been some incidental official delays [sic] in the transmission of that bill, occasioning you the loss of a small amount of interest, you should reflect upon the multifarious duties belonging to the Office, which prevent an exclusive attention to any one matter, however important to the individual particularly interested that matter may be. Besides, the arrangement with the Colombian Government is marked by a high degree of liberality towards you. I should imagine that you can have no difficulty in drawing upon England, upon the Credit of the Bill, I am, Your Obt Servant H. CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 143 (M40, R19). i Below, this date.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

September 5, 1825

From JOHN MULLOWNY, Tangier, no. 38. Reports the sale of a "Sardinian Schooner . . . to the Officers of the Emperor" (Abd-er-Rahman II); describes it as no match for "the smallest vessels of the Navy of the U. S."; and states a belief that "no injury or offence will be offered to any Christian power." ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Tangier, vol. 4 (M-T61, R4). Received November 8. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

September 5, 1825

To BARING BROTHERS AND COMPANY, London. Requests payment, to John A. Leamy for Ledlie and Leamy, of a bill of exchange for £1848.8.5, drawn by authority of the Colombian Government on (Manuel Jose) Hurtado. Copy. DNA, RG59, Cons. Instr., vol. 2 (M78, R2). Cf. above, Clay to Leamy, August 30, 1825; Clay to Wilson, August 30, 1825; Wilson to Clay, September 3, 1825. To JOHN LEAMY, President of the Marine Insurance Company, Philadelphia.

Acknowledges receipt of Leamy's letter of September 3, refuses to settle the question of division of the sum recovered, returns the order "heretofore given," and leaves the two insurance companies to settle the matter between themselves. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 144-45 (M40, R19). From J[AMES] L. E[DWARDS], "War Dept. Pension Office." Replying to Clay's note of September 3 (not found), states that the claim of Littleton Jeter "was rejected several years ago, on account of his property, which, although inconsiderable, was considered sufficient, with his own exertions, and the labor of his family to keep him above the necessity of public or private charity." Concludes, from "the schedule last exhibited," that his property has not diminished and that, while it "would appear to be a hard case . . . the decision was in

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strict conformity with the rules observed in such cases." Copy. DNA, RG15, Letter Books, General, vol. 17, p. 25. Cf. above, Bodley to Clay, August 23, 1825, note. From W[ILLIAM] L. PRALL (Trenton, New Jersey). States that "James J. Wilson Esq. the original proprietor, of the Trenton True American, died on the 29 „ July 1824"; that his son, Allen N. Wilson, became publisher of the paper, while Prall served as editor; and that "the whole of the establishment" has passed into Prall's hands. AES. Endorsement on Wilson to Clay, this date. Prall and Allan N. Wilson have not been further identified. James J. Wilson, born in Essex County, New Jersey, had joined in publishing the True American a few months after its establishment in 1801 and continued the journal alone after 1808. A militia officer with the rank of brigadier general at his death, he had also served in the United States Senate from 1815 to 1821 and as postmaster of Trenton from 1821 to 1824. From JAMES PH. PUGLIA, "Mount-Airy's College, Germantown" (Pennsylvania). States that he has been informed that his letter of August 15 was held by (William) Thornton on account of Clay's absence but hopes that it has now been delivered; complains again of Thornton's issuance of a patent to Nathaniel Sylvester; argues that he should not be subjected to the expense of litigation to protect his own right; announces abandonment of his patent, for which he expects the Government to provide "equitable compensation"; threatens, if his plea is unheeded, to bring the matter before Congress, though dreading that the nature of his case "may afford matter of detraction to ill disposed Editors & Scribblers, who eagerly seize every opportunity for scandalously inveighing against the most liberal of earthly Governments." ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). From ALLAN N. WILSON, Trenton (New Jersey). Certifies that he has transferred the Trenton True American to William L, Prall. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L.

To Platt H. Crosby Sir, Department of State, 6th. September 1825. Your Letter of the 26th. May 1825, is received at this Department, just at the moment of the acquittal of Captain Stewart1 of the charges preferred against him, arising out of the cruize of the Franklin in the Pacific. Your Letter, therefore transmitted through Mr. Prevost must have had whatever effect belonged to such a letter, upon the supposition of its entire genuiness [sic], and its having been transmitted with the knowledge and assent of its author. Your protest against it will be regarded in future. With suitable acknowledgements for the information communicated in your Letter of the 26th. May respecting the politics, Military affairs and commerce of South America, I am, with great respect, Your Obedt. Servt. H. CLAY. Platt. H. Crosby Esqr. Lima.

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1825

623

Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 184 (M40, R19). Copy also in DNA, RG59, Cons. Instr., vol. 2 (M78, R2), p. 451. i Charles Stewart. See above III, 483n.

To John Rodgers (Secret) Department of State, Washington 6 Septr. 1825. John Rodgers Esqr. Commanding U. S. Squadron in the Mediterranean, U. S. Ship North Carolina. Sir, I have the honour to transmitt [sic] to you, enclosed a copy of a Treaty between Turkey and France, or rather, in the language of Turkish Diplomacy, of Capitulations, conceded by the Porte, to France. Being in French, it is accompanied by a Translation, which has been hastily made. From a perusal of this Document you will see what has been granted to France.1 The President wishes to obtain similar advantages for the Commerce of this Country, and you were instructed by a letter from this Office, under date the 7th. day of February 1825, to ascertain, through the Captain Pacha of the Turkish fleet,2 the probability that existed of this Government being able to procure them. It was expected that you were to sound him, not treat with him, for which neither he nor you would have Powers. But the interview may possibly lead to your both being hereafter invested with powers to accomplish the object, as being a mode preferable to sending a Minister to Constantinople. Our wish is 1st. to trade with all the ports of Turkey, in whatever quarter of the Globe situated, on the footing of the most favoured Nations: 21y. to obtain a free ingress and regress, through the Dardanelles, to and from the Black sea, and 31y. to be allowed to appoint Consuls to reside at such Ports as the interests of our Commerce may require. Possibly the Captain Pacha, who was believed to entertain friendly sentiments towards this Country, may not now be in command, and may be succeeded by another, not cherishing a similar disposition. In the event of such a change it will be left to your discretion to decide whether it will be expedient, or not, to open the business to such successor.3 I have the honour to be your obedt. Servt. H CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., Special Missions, vol. 1, pp. 30-31 (M77, R152). Copy also in MHi-Adams Papers, Letters Received (MR472). 1 Probably a copy of the French-Turkish agreement of 1816, which in itself was not favorable to the French but which had been put into effect in 1820 with applicaton to France, under most-favored-nation precedents, of "all newer and lower specific duties" found in schedules negotiated with Austria (1818) and Great Britain (1820). Vernon John Puryear, France and the Levant from the Bourbon Restoration to the Peace of Kutiah (University of California, Publications in History, XXVII; Berkeley, 1941), pp. 6-7.

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2 Khosref Mehemet. In the spring of 1824 it had been reported to Secretary of State Adams that the Captain Pasha of the Turkish squadron in the Mediterranean, who "had been for several years the avowed and acknowledged patron of the American nation at the Porte," had proposed a meeting with the commander of the American squadron, at which the latter should make "such proposals for a treaty as the American Government might desire." The Turkish officer "would then communicate them directly to the Sultan," thus circumventing interference by European powers to forestall such an arrangement. Adams, Memoirs, VI, 320. After prolonged delay Adams had instructed Rodgers on February 7, 1825, "to ascertain in what manner a Treaty of Commerce, founded upon principles of reciprocity, and by which, access to the navigation of the Black-Sea, should be secured to the commercial shipping of the United States," might be obtained. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., Special Missions, vol. 1, p. 28 (M77, R152). 3 Negotiations were not successfully entered into until 1830. See Miller (ed.), Treaties. . . . II, 541-98.

To William C. Somerville William C. Somerville &c. &c. &c. (Secret) Sir, Department of State, Washington, 6 Septr. 1825. The very deep interest which the People of the United States naturally feel in the existing contest between Greece and Turkey has induced the President to appoint you an Agent for the Government of the United States to proceed to Greece. You will accordingly embark on board the United States frigate, Brandywine, which is to carry General La Fayette to France,1 and, upon your arrival there, you will thence continue in that vessel or proceed, without delay, in such other manner as may appear to you most eligible, to the point of your destination. Upon reaching Greece, you will repair to the actual seat of Government and communicate to the existing authorities your arrival and your appointment. You will let them know that the people of the United States and their Government, throughout the whole of the present struggle of Greece, have constantly felt an anxious desire that it might terminate in the re establishment of the liberty and independence of that Country, and that they have consequently observed the events of the war, with the most lively interest, sympathizing with Greece when they have been unfortunately adverse, and rejoicing when they have been propitious to her cause— Nor ought any indifference, as to its issue, on the part of the United-States, to be inferred, from the neutrality which they have hitherto prescribed, and probably will continue to prescribe, to themselves. That neutrality is according to the policy which has characterized this Government from its origin, which was observed during all the Revolutionary wars of France, and which has been also extended to the contest between Spain and her American Colonies. It is better for both the United States and Greece that it should not be departed from in the present instance. It is a principal object of your Agency to collect, and transmit,

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1825

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from time to time, to this Department information of the present state and future progress of the war, by land and at sea; the capacity of Greece to maintain the Contest; the number and condition of her Armies; the state of her Marine; of the public Revenue; the amount, dispositions and degree of education of her population; the character and views of the Chiefs,—and, in short, whatever will tend to enable the Government of the United-States to form a correct judgment, in regard to the ability of Greece to prosecute the war, and to sustain an independent Government. Without any officious interference in their affairs, or obtruding your advice upon them, you will, whenever applied to, communicate all the information which may be desired, as to this Country and its institutions; and you will, on suitable occasions, lend your friendly office to heal any difficulties or soothe any angry passions, in the way to that harmonious concert between the Grecian functionaries and Commanders, without which their cause cannot prosper. You will also render any aid that you can to our commerce and seamen in the ports and harbours of Greece. Information, which, it is hoped, is not correct, has reached this Department, of one or two American Merchantmen having engaged in the Turkish service, to transport military men or means.2 If any such instances should fall within your observation, you will acquaint the parties concerned with the high displeasure of the President at conduct so unworthy of American Citizens, and so contrary to their duty, as well as their honour; and that if they should bring themselves, in consequence of such misconduct, into any difficulties, they will have no right to expect the interposition of their Government in their behalf. The compensation which the President has determined to allow you is at the rate of four thousand five hundred dollars per annum. Your Commission, as Charge d'Affaires to Sweden, will be considered as terminating on your arrival in Europe, and as the Salary which it carried along will then cease with it, the above compensation will begin on that day. I have the honour to be your obedt. Servt. H. CLAY— Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., Special Missions, vol. 1, pp. 31-33 (M77, R152). 1 Lafayette set sail from Washington on September 7. The Brandywine had been newly commissioned and assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron. 2 See above, Shaler to Clay, June 4, 1825.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES From HILARIO DE RIVAS Y SALMON,

September 6, 1825 "Legation de Espafia,"

Philadelphia.

Transmits copies of two letters, received from the Spanish consul at Baltimore

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STATE

(Juan Bautista Bernabeu), relative to claims "in the cause pending of the Porto Rico Privateer 'Palmyra' " (see above, Clay to Everett, April 27, 1825, note). LS, in Spanish, with translation appended in State Department file. DNA, RG59, Notes from Spanish Legation, vol. 8 (M59, R l l ) .

INSTRUCTIONS

AND DISPATCHES

September 6, 1825

From ALEXANDER HAMMETT, Naples. Reports information from Count Lucchesi that the Sicilian King (Francis I) and Minister of Foreign Affairs (Luigi di Medici) seem disposed to remove discriminating duties against the United States and "fix a reasonable quarantine" for American vessels and, though "afraid of England to do so," have taken steps toward these ends. Lucchesi has also told him that a Minister Extraordinary from the United States to the Court of Naples is on his way and that Lucchesi, himself, has been instructed to be prepared to embark in time to reach Washington when Congress meets. Hammett adds that a local merchant admitted to him the use of false weights in the sale of American cargoes by the customhouse (cf. above, II, 505n; Clay to Appleton, May 12, 1825, note) and that "it is well known there are many of these Neapolitans who owe their wealth to American plunder and we are so far the dupes as to leave them in the quiet possession of it." ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Naples, vol. 1 (M-T224, R-Tl). Addressed to "J. Clay Esqr. Secy, of State"; received November 23. From ROBERT MONROE HARRISON, Antigua. Encloses triplicate of his letter

(to

John Q. Adams) of June, 1824; states that he has had an attack of apoplexy; reports that "no one is satisfied with" (William) Huskisson's "famous colonial intercourse bill" (see above, Rush to Secretary of State, March 26, 1825, note), which goes into effect in January, 1826, because of the tax on "articles of the first necessity," heretofore free; expresses a hope "that our Government will insist on having Consuls formally acknowledged where we have occasion for them"; and notes that British colonial law requires "Masters of vessels to enter into bonds to take away all persons they bring with them. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Antigua, vol. 1 (M-T327, R l ) . Received October 8.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

September 6, 1825

LITTLETON DENNIS TEACKLE, Washington, encloses copies of correspondence

from (George E.) Mitchell (relating to an application by Teackle for a position in the Treasury Department) ; states that he has requested recommendation by Secretary (Richard) Rush for appointment to a consulate "in the absence of any services at home. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (M531, R8). T h e enclosures include Mitchell to Rush, August 1, 1825, and Mitchell to Teackle, August 12, 1825. Cf. above, Teackle to Clay, August 22, 23, 1825. In an undated note addressed to Clay, L(ittleton) D. T(eackle) again referred to his reluctance to defend his character but added: ". . . it must be obvious that a rejection, from that cause, may prove a source of incalculable injury to me." ANI. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (M531, R8). Teackle received no appointment. Mitchell, a graduate of the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, had served as a member of the Maryland Legislature (1808), as president of the Maryland Executive Council (1809-1812), and as an officer in the War of 1812. He was a representative in Congress from 1823 to 1827 and from 1829 until his death in 1832.

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627

To James Brown Dear Sir Washington 7h. Sept. 1825 I have only time on this day of bustle, being that of Genl. La Fayette's departure, that [sic]' since I wrote by Capt. Morris1 your letter of the 15h. July has come to hand. I regret very much to hear of the renewal of your rheumatism. The President does not disapprove of your visit to the waters of Savoy, but sees in your state of health ample justification for your resort to them and wishes that they may produce the desired effect. I was aware that in the work of pacification between Spain and the Colonies, Russia was the important power to put in motion. I hope that our efforts may have some favorable effect on her; and if the Emperor2 could be induced to interest himself on the side of Peace, Spain could not well resist the concerted movements in Europe and America to bring the War to a conclusion. We have no news. Yr's faithfully H. CLAY James Brown Esq. ALS. KyLxT-Haupt Collection. 1 Charles Morris, in whose care Clay apparently gave his letter, above, to Brown, of September 4, had commanded the Brandywine during its voyage to return Lafayette to France. For this duty he was on leave from the Board of Naval Commissioners, where he was assigned from 1823 to 1827 and from 1832 to 1841. He commanded the Boston Navy Yard from 1827 to 1832 and the United States naval squadrons off Brazil and in the Mediterranean from 1841 to 1844. 2 Alexander I.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

September 7, 1825

From ANTONIO JOSE CANAZ, New York. States that his own ill health and the absence of Clay from Washington have prevented him from proceeding to the negotiation of the treaties, which are the object of his mission; asks to be informed whether the "Supremo Gobierno" is willing to negotiate with "la Republica del centro." LS. DNA, RG59, Notes from Central American Legations, vol. 1 (M-T34, Rl). INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

September 7, 1825

From JOSHUA DODGE, Marseilles. Requests leave of absence from his consulate, which would be left in the charge of Thomas Oxnard, an American citizen. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Marseilles, vol. 2 (M-T220, Rl) . Received October 30. Oxnard was from Portland, Maine. On November 11, 1825, Daniel Brent, "by direction of the Secretary," acknowledged receipt of Dodge's letter and informed him that the President acceded to his request. Copy. DNA, RG59, Cons. Instr., vol. 2, p. 373 (M78, R2). From CHRISTOPHER HUGHES, Brussels. Reports his arrival, on September 5, and the delivery of his credentials to De Conincke, Minister of Foreign Affairs, to whom he explained the circumstances necessitating his impending leave of ab-

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OF

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sence. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Sweden and Norway, vol. 4 (M45, R5). Received October 22. From JOHN MULLOWNY, Tangier, no. 39. Gives eight reasons why the United States should own a house in Tangier for the residence of the American consul and offers to sell, for $6,000, the house in which he resides and which he built over a period of years from 1821 to 1824; states that he has had no letter from the Department of State since May, 1824; and reports that he has informed the King (Abd-er-Rahman II), who wishes to purchase American vessels of war, that he cannot "act in such affairs without the consent of the President of the United States," which he does not expect to obtain. LS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Tangiers, vol. 4 (M-T61, R4). Received February 26, 1826.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

September 7, 1825

From P[ETER] A. BROWNE, Philadelphia. Again calls Clay's attention to "the application of the Franklin Institute for the specifications of patents"; states that "The Commee of examination of the Franklin Institute . . . experience considerable inconvenience in being deprived of a perusal of these documents." ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63) . A printed circular notice, signed by Browne, of the appointment of a committee of the Institute to examine and report on all new inventions and the printed report of that committee on the invention of "Messrs. [Nathaniel] Sylvester and Evans, of this city, to prevent alterations in checks, Bills of Exchange, and other instruments of writing," had been sent to Clay on September 6. Evans has not been further identified; the patent had been issued to Sylvester alone. See above, Puglia to Clay, August 15, 1825, note. From ALEXANDER SCOTT, Georgetown. Refers (without date) to an earlier letter to Clay, requesting a revision of Scott's account as agent to Venezuela; submits additional documentary material in this connection; and cites instances of other accounts having been reopened, after being settled, and additional compensation having been made. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). Scott, a native of Maryland, who had been collector for the port of Pensacola from 1821 to 1824, had earlier, in 1812 and 1813, served as political agent of the United States in Venezuela, charged, in addition to his diplomatic duties, with distribution of provisions donated by the United States for inhabitants of Caracas suffering as the result of an earthquake. Scott had been paid a salary at the rate of $2,000 a year, without allowance for expenses incurred while abroad. In response, probably, to the earlier letter, Clay had informed Scott (communication not found) "that 'he did not think it proper to disturb an account so long settled.' " House Reports, 20 Cong., 1 Sess., no. 182, p. 4. Scott thereafter submitted successive memorials to Congress and additional letters (omitted by editors) to Clay urging favorable action on his claim. Finally, by act of May 29, 1830 (6 U. S. Stat., 436), Congress authorized payment to him of $1,471.97 as reimbursement for his expenses abroad.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

September 7, 1825

C[ORNELIUS] P. VAN NESS, Burlington (Vermont), recommends William L. Reaney, of Boston, for the consulship at Puerto Rico. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3). Reaney, not further identified, received no appointment.

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629

To John J. Crittenden Dear Sir Washington 8h. September 1825 Genl. La Fayette introduced to me in a very particular manner the bearer Mr. Frederick List,1 formerly a member of the Assembly of Wurtemberg [sic], and professor of public law and political ceconomy in the University of Tubingen. Being on a visit to the West, I could not refuse to myself the opportunity of making known [sic] to you in the hope that the interest with which he has inspired me may be also felt by you. Your's faithfully H CLAY J. J. Crittenden Esqr. ALS. KyU. l George Friedrich List, who had begun his teaching career in 1817, had resigned shortly thereafter because of governmental opposition to his activities in promoting German customs unity. He had been elected to the Diet of Wurttemberg in 1819, but again his liberal ideas and advocacy of economic reform, particularly in aid of industry, had brought him into governmental disfavor. Following an indictment and prison sentence for sedition, he had escaped into exile for four years. When he had thereafter returned to his homeland in 1824, he had been re-arrested and was released only upon condition that he leave the country. He had arrived in the United States in June, 1825, and traveled in the party with Lafayette much of the time until the latter's return to France (see above, Clay to Somerville, September 6, 1825). The following year List became editor of a Jacksonite German newspaper at Reading, Pennsylvania, and during the latter part of the decade he was actively engaged in the coal and railway development of that area. A naturalized American citizen, he returned to Europe as United States consul at Hamburg (1830-1831), at Mannheim (1832-1834), at Leipzig (1834-1838), and at Stuttgart (1843-1845). DIPLOMATIC NOTES

September 8, 1825

To C. D. E. J. BANGEMAN HUYGENS. States in reply to Huygens' note of September 2, that the United States will cooperate in the arrest of Captain Lloyd. Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 3, p. 229 (M38, R3). ALI draft, in CSmH. INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

September 8, 1825

From A[LEXANDER] H. EVERETT, Madrid, no. 4. Reports his arrival in Madrid, August 28; describes his journey from Paris, interview with Zea Bermudez, and reception by the King (Ferdinand VII); and notes that Zea, "observing that they were occupied in making a new arrangement of the Tariff," advises postponement of negotiation for a commercial treaty but is ready to discuss indemnities "and requested . . . a written statement of the claims of the United States, and of the principles upon which we desire that they may be adjusted." In regard to the subject of "acknowledgment of the South American States," Zea "did not think it safe (in his own interest) . . . even to allow it to be supposed that he had the most distant inclination to" suggest it to the King. Everett adds that, as (Obadiah) Rich has already reported (above, August 22, 1825), Spain "has restored the privilege of depositing naval stores at Port Mahon" and that "the affair of the Six thousand dollars [see above, Nelson to Clay, July 10, 1825] is still in suspense." Copies of various documents relating to formalities of Everett's arrival, including his "short address . . . to the

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King" (see below, Poinsett to Clay, January 14, 1826), are enclosed. LS, partly in cipher, decoded in State Department file. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Spain, vol. 25 (M31, R27). Received November 7. Extracts published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, III, 2058-59. From HENRY MIDDLETON, St. Petersburg, no. 49. Transmits a copy of Nesselrode's reply to Middleton's note communicating to the Russian Government his instructions from Clay (above, July 27, 1825); considers "this answer to be in substance, (when divested of its diplomatic garb,) in every respect as favorable to the views" expressed by Clay "as could possibly be expected to be given by this Government standing in the predicament it now does." Infers from the document "that the proposal that the Emperor [Alexander I] shall lend his aid towards the conclusion of the war between Spain 8c her Colonies by interposing his good offices in the form of pacific counsel to the Mother Country, has been communicated to the allied Cabinets. . . ." Adds: "For obvious reasons we must not expect to learn officially that such advice as that alluded to above has been given, unless it should be attended to." ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip., Disp., Russia, vol. 10 (M35, RIO). Dated: "27 Augst./8 Septr 1825"; addressed: "To the Secretary of State. . . ." Received December 8. Published in American State Papers, Foreign Relations, V, 849-50. In the enclosure, dated August 20, 1825, Nesselrode wrote: "His Imperial Majesty has ever thought, that Justice, the law of Nations, and the general interest in having the indisputable titles of Sovereignty respected, could not allow the determinations of the Mother Country in this important case, to be prejudged or anticipated. On the other side, whenever Spain has wished to discuss the future condition of South America, she has addressed overtures to all the Allied Powers of Europe. It will not tie possible therefore for His Imperial Majesty to change principles in this negociation, nor to institute it separately (insole'ment); and until positive information has been received of the ulterior views of Spain in regard to her American possessions, of her decision upon the proposition of the United States, and of the opinions of her Allies in relation to the same subject, Russia cannot give a definitive answer. "She is however, in the mean while, pleased to hope, that the United States becoming, every day more convinced of the evils & dangers that would result to Cuba and Puerto Rico from a change of government, being satisfied, as Mr Clay has said in his dispatch, with the present commercial legislation of these two islands, and deriving an additional motive of security from the honorable resolution of Spain not to grant to them, any longer, letters of marque, will use their influence, in defeating as far as may be in their power, every enterprise against these islands, in securing to the rights of His Catholic Majesty constant and proper respect, in maintaining the only state of things that can preserve a just balance of power in the sea of the Antilles, prevent shocking examples, and as the Cabinet of Washington has remarked, secure to the general peace, salutary guaranties." From HENRY MIDDLETON, St. Petersburg, "Private." Congratulates Clay on the prospect of "obtaining the Russian mediation between Spain &. the new American States." States that Clay's "paper [above, May 10, 1825] having been admirably translated into french, so as to preserve all its original force, was forwarded to the different Allied Courts, where it has been much admired." Declares that he knows "positively that Prince Metternich approves of" the proposal, and, "as France no doubt wishes something of the kind . . . and as Prussia assents to every thing which is agreeable to the majority of the allies," he (Middleton) considers "the question as settled." Asserts that "The advice

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will be given, provided Pozzo di Borgo does not get up some Hobgoblin Spectre to prevent it," and expresses a belief "that it will be accepted." Adds that "a good deal has been gained" by Russia's delay in answering, "as at first the proposal seemed to be not a little staggering." ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Russia, vol. 10 (M35, RIO). Dated "27 Augst./8 Septr 1825"; received December 8. Published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, III, 1877-78. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

September 8, 1825

To GEORGE MURRAY, St. Augustine. Encloses copy of a letter addressed to him "by the Agent of this Department in June last," relative to money overpaid to him, and requests that he "will not hesitate in correcting" the error. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 146 (M40, R19). In the letter to which reference is made {ibid., 100-101) W(illiam) Browne states that Murray received overpayment of $100 for services as prosecuting attorney (in St. John's County court) in 1822-1823 and district attorney for East Florida in May, 1823. Murray, born in Virginia, had been an officer in the War of 1812, had held appointment as a member of the Florida Legislative Council (1823-1824), and in May, 1824, had been named land commissioner for the East Florida District. From SAMUEL KEITH, Philadelphia. Notes that (Thomas) Wilson, of the Bank of the United States, has not received instructions from the State Department respecting payment of the insurance company's proportion of the sum obtained from Colombia, in the case of the Minerva, and requests Clay's attention to the matter. LS. DNA, RG76, Misc. Claims, Colombia. Cf. above, Keith to Clay, March 11, 1825; Wilson to Clay, September 3, 1825. APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

September 8, 1825

Claiborne, Alabama, recommends, for appointment as United States attorney for the Southern District of Alabama, Henry Hitchcock, grandson of Ethan Allen, the Revolutionary War hero. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). C[HARLES] TAIT,

To John M. Forbes J; M. Forbes Esqr. Bs Ayres. Dear Sir (private) Washington 9th. Septr. 1825 I duly received your very friendly letter of the 26th. May last, and thank you for your kind congratulations on my appointment to the Department of State. It is not one of the least agreeable incidents of that situation that I shall be brought [sic] into official contact with you, though, I fear, I cannot often indulge in the luxury of private correspondence.— Your letter of the 1st. July has also been received— Your accounts will be looked into with a liberal eye, and with an anxiety to find their passage reconcileable [sic] to law and to duty. The transmission of the laws of Congress, and of the Journal, which

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you desire, shall not be neglected, nor the Speech, if a copy of it can be procured.— Your despatches have been very regularly received, and display additional proofs of zeal and ability, in the service of our Country.— I have not yet heard of your reception of your Commission, as Charge des Affaires, which I took pleasure in transmitting by Mr. Pleasants, with your instructions.1— The Administration moves on very well— The Georgia business2 is well disposed of, until the Meeting of Congress; and the trial of Naval Officers3 is concluded— Genl. La Fayette left us the day before yesterday.4— I am, my Dr. Sir, faithfully Yr. obedt. Servant, HENRY CLAY.—

Copy. DNA, RG59, Unofficial Letter-Book of H. Clay, 1825-29, p. 5. 1 Above, April 14, 1825. Cf. below, Forbes to Clay, September 18, 1825. 2 See above, Clay to Southard, July 3, 1825. 3 David Porter; Charles Stewart. 4 See above, Clay to Somerville, September 6, 1825, note.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

September 9, 1825

From HEMAN ALLEN, Valparaiso, no. 18. Reports that the Province of Santiago has elected delegates to a general Congress, supposed to convene September 5 under a mandate issued by (Ramon de) Freire, that other provinces "disobeyed the summons," and that the members from Santiago, "by some wonderful magick, peculiar to these countries, have been transformed into a provincial Assembly, and as such, are now in session"; states a belief "that these proceedings will tend very greatly to the revival of the federative system," which, however, is opposed by the aristocracy in the Province of Santiago. Repeats his opinion that little can be done toward settlement of claims and negotiation of a commercial treaty; urges continued presence there of "a competent public agent" to aid American commerce and to take advantage of a favorable moment for negotiation; and recommends (Samuel) Lamed, Secretary of Legation, for the duty, although Allen, himself, is willing to continue his services. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Chile, vol. 1 (M-T2, Rl). Received January 13, 1826. Freire, born in Santiago, Chile, had pursued an active military career in the forces of both Chile and Argentina, in opposition to Spanish rule. In 1823 he had been named Supreme Executive of his native land and ruled until 1830, when he was overthrown and forced into exile. He returned to Chile in 1842 but spent the last decade of his life in retirement. From T[HOMAS] M. RODNEY, Havana. Presents specific inquiries concerning official policy toward American vessels sailing under Spanish coasting license, American vessels transferred to foreign ownership, and American vessels sold to other United States citizens. LS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Havana, vol. 3, (M-T20, R3). MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

September 9, 1825

From JAMES FERGUSON, Baltimore. Inquires when (William) Huskisson's bill (see above, Rush to Clay, March 26, 1825, note) goes into effect and whether;

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under it, imports of butter, lard, candles, and soap from the United States are admissible in the Barbados. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). Ferguson not further identified; cf. above, I, 545. On September 12, 1825, Daniel Brent, at Clay's direction, replied to Ferguson that the Department of State had no copy of the bill as it had passed Parliament. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 148-49 (M40, R19). From WILLIAM THORNTON, Patent Office. Acknowledges receipt of the letter from James Ph. Puglia to Clay, September 5; explains that, in regard to the patent granted to (Nathaniel) Sylvester, he did not think there was interference with that previously granted to Puglia, but that in any case he has no discretionary power to deny an application; and asserts that, while he warns applicants when he thinks interference exists, only the courts can decide between contending parties. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63).

From Walter Dun Dear Sir Chillicothe September 10. 1825 Agreeably to promise I now take the liberty of inclosing to you your two receipts, dated July 15. 1823;—one to myself as Exr. of John Graham, deceased,1 and the other to James Herons Executor,2 with the Clerks tickets which you sent from Kentucky to Mr Creighton,3 for comparison; and to enable you more readily to do so I have subjoined a statement of the amounts formerly paid, on the different accounts, with the sums charged by the Marshall and Clerk, agreeably to the inclosed tickets, which shews a balance against me of $10.21/100, and principally on account of Mr. Call.4 I beg of you to give this matter your earliest attention, and return your two receipts to me; and whatever be the amount of the balance against me be pleased to direct in what manner I shall pay it. With the greatest regard I am Dear Sir, Your Mo Ob Servant WALTER DUN July 15. 1823-Amount paid by W D to Clerk $6.36 to Marshal $2-50 $8.86 now charged by Clerk Pr. inclosed Tickets $3.19 & by Marshal $4.50 7.69 Balance in favour of W D $1.17 July 15. 1823-Amount paid by Herons Exr. to Clerk $26.918c to Marshal $18.90 $45.81 now charged by Clerk Pr. inclosed Tickets $29.27 & by Marshal $18.90 48.17 Bale, in favour Mr Clay $ 2.36 Off balance in favour W Dun 1.17 $1.19 Amount now charged by Clerk 8c Marshal to D Call 9.02 Final Balance in favour of Mr: Clay $10.21 P.S. I have had the plat and Certificate of survey No: 12521 of 300 acres in the General Land Office since March last; and although I

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wanted a Patent for it as soon as it could have issued, and removed two difficulties, the last in June, I have not yet got the Patent. I had got thus far when it occured [sic] to me that your interference in my behalf might make matters worse with Mr: Graham,5 and I concluded to write to himself again upon the subject. I will rather put up with neglect and delay than trouble you with that which is always, in its very nature, unpleasant and disagreeable. I know your willingness to oblige me, but your kind endeavours might make matters worse.— WD ALS. DLC-TJC (M212, R13). Addressed to Clay at Washington. See above, III, 199, 449-50. l Graham had died August 6, 1820. 2 James Taylor, Jr. 3 William Creighton. See below, Clay to Dun, September 22, 1825, note. * Daniel Call. 5 George Graham. INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

September 10, 1825

T o BEAUFORT T . WATTS, "Charge d'Affaires, U. S. at Bogota." Informs him "that a Bill of one thousand Dollars," drawn by him on the State Department, April 8, 1825, "was, this day, presented, unaccompanied by any Letter of advice or explanation," and that the state,of his accounts caused Clay "reluctantly . . . to decline it." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, pp. 379-80 (M77, R5) . From JAMES BROWN, Paris, no. 33. Encloses copies of a letter, dated July 26, from the Prince de Castelcicala, Sicilian Ambassador (to France), informing Brown of "the appointment of Count Ferdinand Lucchesi Palli de Campofranco as Consul General of His Sicilian Majesty in the United States of America to reside in Washington . . . ," and of Brown's reply. LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., France, vol. 22 (M34, R25) . Received October 31. Fabrici Ruffo, Prince de Castelcicala, born in Naples, had served as diplomatic agent of his Government at London, prior to the turn of the century, and at Paris, since 1815. From ALEXANDER] H. EVERETT, Madrid, no. 5, States that his predecessor (Hugh Nelson) has probably informed Clay "of the proceedings that have taken place in regard to the sum of six thousand dollars due to the United States" (see above, Clay to Nelson, April 14, 1825; Nelson to Clay, July 10, 1825) ; reports failure of the assignee (Wiseman, Gower, and Company) to pay more; discusses written invitations of a local judge for an American agent to attend a meeting of creditors of the assignee and their rejection, by the American consul, (Obadiah) Rich, on the advice of Everett; expresses an opinion that it would be inconsistent "either with the dignity or interest of the Country to expend a great deal more time and paper upon a claim . . . of trifling consequence"; and encloses copies of correspondence on this matter. LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Spain, vol. 25 (M31, R27). Received November 7. In one of the copied letters Everett has stated to Zea Bermudez that, despite the King's decree, the sum of |6,000 due the United States from the property of Wiseman, Gower, and Company has not been paid in full; that it is the duty of the King's officials to enforce his decree; that the Spanish Charge d'Affaires in the United States (Hilario de Rivas y Salmon) has applied to the American Government for a second loan of f 6,000; and that the President would "readily comply with this request" but that his "ability . . . to accommodate in this way his Majesty's

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servants must of course depend altogether upon the punctuality and promptitude with which the reimbursements are made at home." See above, Salmon to Clay, April 10, 1825; Clay to Salmon, April 16, 1825.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

September 10, 1825

To SAMUEL KEITH, President, Delaware Insurance Company, Philadelphia. Transmits, in response to Keith's letter of September 8, an order on the Bank of the United States for payment, from "proceeds of the Bill upon Col. Palacio [Jose Leandro Palacios] for $20,000. on account of the Minerva, f 13,500. with interest. . . ." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 146-47 (M40, R19). To THOMAS WILSON, Cashier of the Bank of the United States, Philadelphia. Requests payment, from proceeds of the bill on Palacios, "to the President of the Delaware Insurance Company or his agent the sum of $13,500. with interest. . . ." Copy. Ibid., 147. From SAT[ERLEE] CLARK, New York, "Confidential." States that, "With a view to expose the abuses which exist in the War Department . . . , introduced by the late Secretary [John C. Calhoun]," he has begun publishing a series of articles, two of which have appeared in the New York National Advocate, over the signature, "Hancock"; declares that he has found it necessary, in order to achieve publication, to pose as an opponent of (John Quincy) Adams, for whom he has "the highest respect," and that he will eventually show that the abuses of which he complains are attributable to the preceding administration; attacks Calhoun for having him dismissed from military service unfairly and without a trial; and requests Clay to communicate as much as he thinks proper of this letter to the President. ALS. MHi-Adams Papers, Letters Received (MR472). Clark, of Vermont, had attended the United States Military Academy, held a commission as first lieutenant during the War of 1812 and served as a district paymaster from 1810 to 1816 and as district and battalion paymaster with the rank of major from 1816 until his dismissal from the service on August 5, 1824. He was publicly identified as a "defaulter" and charged with failure to settle his accounts within the prescribed period; suit to recover over $13,000 had been instituted against him by the Treasury Department in the Federal court for the Southern District of New York. When an arbiter found Clark entitled to counterclaims leaving a balance in his favor of nearly $28,000, the Government withdrew the case and carried it to jury trial. Prodded by judicial instructions suggesting that the usual commission rates might be reduced in view of the size of the funds involved, a jury in 1827 reduced the balance owed Clark to $15,632, which sum the Government still refused to pay. A congressional committee some months after Clark's death, in March, 1848, finally recommended payment of the jury award, and a law making such provision was enacted on March 3, 1849 (9 U. S. Stat, 784) . The issue rested upon Clark's claim for a commission and travel expenses incurred in paying militia, as distinct from regular army personnel. House Reports, 19 Cong., 2 Sess., no. 79, p. 153; 24 Cong., 2 Sess., no. 164; 30 Cong., 1 Sess., no. 727.

APPLICA TIONS, RECOMMENDA TIONS JOHN

September 10, 1825

P. PHILIPS, Fredericksburg, Virginia, applies for a clerkship in the Depart-

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ment of State. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MRS). Endorsed by Clay on cover: "Inform him that his application will be duly considered when vacancies occur, of which there are none at present." On September 12, 1825, Daniel Brent answered the letter in accordance with Clay's instructions. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 148 (M40, R19). Philips not further identified.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

September 12, 1825

To JOEL R. POINSETT, no. 4. Encloses copy of a letter from Charles J. Ingersoll (not found), "soliciting the interposition of this Government to obtain the restitution of part of the Cargo of the Brig Express, of Philadelphia," seized at Mocambo, Mexico, "on the charge of its being the produce of Spain, when it is stated to have been, in fact, the produce of France." Requests Poinsett to take such action as he thinks proper and necessary. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, p. 378 (M77, R5). On the same day, Daniel Brent wrote to Ingersoll, enclosing Clay's letter to Poinsett, "under a flying seal," with the comment: "It is the wish of the Secretary that you should make use of the enclosure, and your own further representations, to engage the good offices of Mr. Poinsett in the case, in such manner as you may think advisable and proper." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 147-48 (M40, R19) . The case of the Express, not further identified; for further reference to the matter, cf. below, Poinsett to Clay, November 19, 1825. Ingersoll was now (1815-1829) United States district attorney for Pennsylvania. From JAMES BROWN, Paris, no. 34. Encloses copies of correspondence "relating to the appointment of Mr. [Christian] Mayer of Baltimore" as consul general in the United States for Wiirttemberg. LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., France, vol. 22 (M34, R25) . Received October 31.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

September 12, 1825

To P[ETER] A. BROWNE. States that, upon examination of "the Law in regard to the right claimed by you, in behalf of the Franklin Institute, to obtain copies from this Office of the specifications accompanying unexpired patents," Clay believes he is "authorized to direct the copies required to be furnished on application." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 149 (M40, R19) . See above, Browne to Clay, March 7, 15, 29, April 11, May 1, August 17, September 7, 1825; cf. above, Clay to Browne, April 20, May 13, 1825. From JOSIAH JONES and WILLIAM SIMONS, Providence (Rhode Island). Report that the Providence Patriot, "formerly published by Jones & Wheeler, is now printed by Jones & Simons," the new partner being William Simons, recently of the Newport Rhode-Island Republican. ALS by Simons, signed also by Jones. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Jones and Bennett H. Wheeler had become coproprietors of the journal, under its original title, Providence Phoenix, in 1807. The name of the organ had been changed somewhat over the years; and in January, 1819, it had been designated the Providence Patriot. Wheeler, who had previously worked on other journals in Providence, Boston, and Portland, had terminated his connection with the Patriot in 1823 and shortly thereafter had become postmaster of Providence. Simons had been publisher of the Rhode Island Republican since 1809.

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From SAMUEL KEITH, Philadelphia. Advises "that in conformity" to Clay's letter of September 10, the claim of the insurance company in the case of the Minerva has been paid; expresses thanks to the State Department and "to the able Negociator Richard C. Anderson junr. . . ." LS. DNA, RG76, Misc. Claims, Colombia.

APPLICA TIONS, RECOMMENDA TIONS

September 12, 1825

C. KEEN, Vevay, Indiana, noting that the Evansville Gazette has been discontinued, renews his application for appointment to publish the laws in the Vevay Indiana Register. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. The Evansville Gazette, established in 1821, had been discontinued after the issue of August 27, 1825. See also below, Harrison to Clay, September 16, 1825, note. WILLIAM

Providence, states that he has disposed of the Newport Rhode Island Republican to James Atkinson and William Read, whom he recommends to "the consideration of government." ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Neither Atkinson nor Read has been further identified. WILLIAM SIMONS,

Check to Eliza Clark 13. September 1825. Pay to Mrs. Eliza Clarke or order Fifty dollars. H. CLAY Cashr. of the Off. of Dt. & Dt. Washington City.1 ADS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). Cf. above, Clay to Mrs. Clay, August 24, 1825; Clay to Erwin, August 30, 1825. i Richard Smith.

From Adam Beatty Dear Sir Washington 13th. September 1825. I availed myself of the first opportunity, after the reception of the note you enclosed me on Genls. Bodley & Pogue,1 to see the latter, on the subject of its payment. He assured me it should be settled, without suit, but begged of me to give him time to consult with Genl. Bodley, respecting some credits, which he understood he was entitled to. Genl. Bodley has since met with me, at the Fleming circuit court and states, that he has fee bills against you individually and in cases in which you are bound as security, amounting to $213.46 cents, which he has held up, for two years back, to meet the payment of the note in question. At my request he made off the enclosed list, which I forward for the purpose of having your advice on the subject.2 He had the original fee bills with him, and has left them with Genl. Pogue, for my examination, not having had time to do so at the Fleming court. Will you be so good as to advise me as early as will suit your convenience, whether I shall allow a credit for these fee bills, or any part of them, and take them up.

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I understand you are desirous of disposing of your flock of merino sheep.3 I have been engaged in raising this species of sheep, for a number of years past, and have had some thought of extending my flock, now amounting to about 240. If you are inclined to sell yours, I would thank you to mention, in your answer to this letter, upon what terms you would dispose of the whole or a part of them? How many do you own? What are their grades? Where have you usually sold your wool, and at what price, washed and unwashed, taking the average of the whole flock? At what time you will require payment? &c. &c. From present appearances it is probable the party, now in power, in this State, will not yield to that construction of the constitution, in relation to the judiciary department, which has been so decisively maintained by the people, at the late Annual election. The Senate Stands 17 to 21 and relying upon the majority in their favor, in this body, they will, I have now no doubt, be disposed to try the result of another election.4 Mr. Denny, of Louisville, it is understood, will redeem his pledge, by resigning.5 His place will doubtless be filled by a constitutionalist; when the Senate will stand 18-20. Still, however the act of the last Session6 cannot be repealed, unless some one or two of the Senators shall feel themselves bound to conform to the sentiments of their constituents, as evidenced by [th]eir vote at the late election. I think this hardly probable, as much pains are taking to render the phalanx firm, and to preserve it unbroken. I have no fear of the result, in the event of another trial of strength. There will certainly be a change in two Senatorial districts, and very probably three, unless the people can be deceived, by some new system of misrepresentation. The Senate will then stand 20 or 21 (supposing Denys [sic] district changed in the mean time) for the constitution, and 17 or 18 for Legislative supremacy. Yours cordially & sincerely A. BEATTY P.S. Mr. Adams' decisive course, in relation to the pertinacious disposition of the Governor of Georgia, to survey the Creek lands,7 meets with general, I might say unusual, approbation. At least I have heard none yet speak on the subject, who does not speak of it in strong terms of approbation. A.B. ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). Addressed to Clay at Washington. Postmarked at Washington, Kentucky. 1 Cf. above, Clay to Beatty, June 30, 1825. 2 Addressed by Bodley to Beatty, September 8, 1825, the itemized statement covers fees due to Bodley as clerk of Fayette Circuit Court, including an entry of $103.98 for fees against Clay "in his own name &c," seven entries for "old fees in cases where Mr Clay is bound to pay," and a fee of $11.11 relating to a suit of "James Brown vs. Owings Sec." that brings the total to $203.46. From this sum an unexplained deduction of $30.78 is made, leaving a balance of $172.68 against Clay. The sums included under the second category stemmed from litigation involving "Maddon & Mounts

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heirs" (case not found), Mary and John P. Usher (see above, I, 410n), Farish Coleman and wife, Michael Leib (cf. above, II, 106, 112n), Davidson and Goddard, Susanna(h) Jackson (see above, I, 406n), and Edmund W. Rootes. Clay had conducted Kentucky suits for Farish Coleman and Catherine, his wife, of Caroline County, Virginia, against John Rogers, Mrs. Coleman's brother, regarding settlement of an estate. The High Court of Chancery in Virginia had found in 1802 that Rogers, who was not present to offer defense, was liable to the Colemans. When the latter had undertaken to institute action upon this decree in Fayette Circuit Court, Rogers had attempted to introduce evidence in his defense, which, in deference to the Virginia action, the Kentucky court had refused to consider. In 1808 the Kentucky Court of Appeals had reversed the latter ruling upon the ground that Rogers had not had adequate opportunity for defense; but upon retrial in Fayette Circuit Court in 1810, Rogers failing to appear, the Colemans had been awarded a default judgment, covering principle and interest on their claim since 1803. Fayette Circuit Court, File 184; Civil Orders, E, 251-58; G, 24; 3 Ky. Reports (1 Hardin) 422-29. Clay had represented the firm of Charles Davidson and John Goddard, merchants of Baltimore, in their suit to collect for goods furnished Elijah Craig and his son, Joel, in 1800. Suit had been instituted in Scott Circuit Court, which had awarded judgment to Davidson and Goddard in 1802. Clay, having been assigned the debt for collection, had become personally involved in the litigation when disagreement subsequently arose over the valuation of cordage exchanged as payment. In 1808 Clay had arranged transfer of the action to Fayette Circuit Court, where the case had been continued until 1810 before it was dropped from record. Fayette Circuit Court, File 206. Clay had represented Edmund W. Rootes in a successful action to collect a debt against Lewis Sanders and Robert C. Nicholas in 1809. Fayette Circuit Court, Civil Orders, E, p. 518. The Brown vs. Owings suit, here cited, was probably that filed in 1811, when Brown had sought to collect on a note for $1200 signed by Thomas Deye Owings. Brown had won a judgment in Fayette Circuit Court in 1814. Fayette Circuit Court, File 296. Cf. above, III, 119n. 3 Cf. above, Advertisement, June 13, 1825; Statement of Auction Sale, June 24, 1825. 4Cf. above, Bodley to Clay, August 23, 1825; Blair to Clay, August 30, 1825; Hammond to Clay, August 31, 1825; below, Kendall to Clay, December 25, 1825; Crittenden to Clay, December 26, 1825. 5 James W. Denny returned to the senate but voted in opposition to that body's proposed amendment which rejected the house bill repealing the new court legislation. He was reported to have declared that he so acted, not from his own belief that the law was unconstitutional, but from a desire to redeem a pledge to his constituents. His discomfort in the whole action was evidenced by his failure to vote upon final adoption of the senate amendment. Frankfort Argus of Western America, November 30, 1825; Ky. Sen., Journal, 1825, pp. 126, 129. 6 See above, III, 902; Cowan to Clay, January 1, 1825. i See above, Clay to Southard, July 3, 1825, note.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

September 13, 1825

To ANTONIO JOSE CANAZ. Acknowledges receipt of Cafiaz' note of September 7; expresses friendly concern relative to his health; states that Clay will be glad to see him at any time on the business of his mission. Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Ministers and Consuls, vol. 3, pp. 229-30 (M38, R3) . ALI draft, in CSmH.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

September 13, 1825

From JAMES BROWN, Paris, "Private." Discusses "The affairs of the Peninsula [Spain], which for the last twenty months have been daily going on from bad to worse, whilst they compel the European sovereigns to discuss questions of

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the most embarrassing nature," but which "operate favorably to the views and wishes of the President in relation to the New Republics of America." Reports, from conversations he has heard, that "All now admit that the contest on the part of Spain," against her former colonies, "is utterly hopeless," although "It is even at this time hoped by many that the New Republics might be persuaded like the Haitians to purchase an acknowledgment of their independence—" Notes that two alternatives are proposed for ending the "embarrassing if not alarming" situation of France, resulting from her intervention in Spain (see above, III, 313n; Nelson to Clay, April 26, 1825, note): either France should withdraw and leave the contending factions to determine their own form of government or she should send additional troops, sufficient to render Spain "tranquil at least if not prosperous." Cites evidence for expecting that, whatever choice may be made, "an attempt will shortly be made to persuade Spain to make a peace with the American Republics." States his fear that the situation of the Greeks is "very critical and alarming," but adds: "It is rumored that Lord [Thomas] Cochrane is preparing to sail, and that two or three armed vessels bought and manned in Sweden [cf. above, Hughes to Clay, July 8, 1825, note] are now in Ireland waiting to go under his orders." Comments that (Daniel) Sheldon's health is improving and that he may soon return to Paris. ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R l ) . Published in Padgett (ed.), "Letters from James Brown to Henry Clay," Louisiana Historical Quarterly, XXIV (October, 1941), 952-56. Cochrane did not arrive in Greece until March, 1827, and then brought only a small yacht. The steamers and frigates to have been built for the Greeks were not yet ready. From RUFUS KING, London, no. 5. Encloses copies of an exchange of letters with George Canning, notes Canning's "anxiety respecting the friendly and confidential nature of his letters" to King, and states that King will "with confidence assure him of the discretion" of the Government of the United States. LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Great Britain, vol. 32 (M30, R28). Published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, III, 1567-68. In the enclosures, Canning, by note dated September 8, expresses disappointment that King did not find himself "at Liberty to concur in so simple a measure, as the reciprocal disavowal by our two governments of designs which most assuredly neither of them entertains, without any previous reference to Washington," especially since France has declined to concur in such a declaration; he further argues the British point of view. King's reply, dated September 13, asserts that the British plan "can gratify nobody but Spain," while that of the United States "is Calculated to pacify the New States, by leading them to wait for the influence of the interference of their friends. . . ." Cf. above, King to Clay, August 9, 1825. From SAMUEL LARNED, Santiago de Chile. Encloses "sundry pamphlets . . . having relation to the affairs of these countries and which may serve to throw some light upon their recent military and political history." ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Chile, vol. 1 (M-T2, R l ) . Received January 13, 1826. From JOEL R. POINSETT, Mexico, no. 18. Reports that at "a second conference with the Plenipotentiaries of the Government," he presented a projet of a treaty containing "the principle of perfect reciprocity in the commerce and navigation of the two Countries," to which a counter proposal was made "to introduce the fourth article of their Treaty with Great Britain," permitting the

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granting by Mexico of special privileges to "the American nations which were formerly Spanish possessions." Poinsett "strenuously opposed" this exception. He warns, however, that Mexican officials are "obstinately bent on carrying this point" and asks instructions on this matter. States that a junta composed of army and navy officers, members of the Congress, and "a few Emigrants from Havanna [sic]," formed "to promote the Emancipation of Cuba," has memorialized Congress in favor of "an Expedition to assist the Patriots of that Island to shake off the yoke of Spain"; that the project will have executive support; and that some action will be decided on, although a Cuban invasion would "certainly be a very rash step in the present state of the finances of this Country." LS, partly in cipher, decoded in State Department file. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Mexico, vol. 1 (M97, R2) . Extract published in American State Papers, Foreign Relations, V, 852.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

September 13, 1825

From JOHN A. LEAMY, Philadelphia. Acknowledges receipt of Clay's letter of September 5 with its enclosures. Explains why he preferred negotiable drafts (cf. above, Leamy to Clay, September 4, 1825) but expresses "perfect satisfaction with the other arrangement." ALS. DNA, RG76, Misc. Claims, Colombia. From W[ILLIAM] WILLINK, JR., and NICHOLAS] and R. and J[OSEPH] VAN STAPHORST, Amsterdam. Advise sale of the American Hotel at the Hague, formerly the residence of the American Ministers, now uninhabited and in a bad state of repair. LS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). From THOMAS WILSON, "Bank United States." Transmits "a receipt from S. Keith Esq. President of the Delaware Insurance Company" for $17,322.75, in conformity with Clay's instructions of September 10. ALS. DNA, RG76, Misc. Claims, Colombia.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

September 13, 1825

C[OPELAND] P. L. ARION and THOMAS BERRYMAN, Madison, Indiana, solicit appointment to print the laws in the Madison Indiana Republican, of which they are publishers. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. The Indiana Republican had been established in January, 1817, and two years later Arion had become one of the publishers. Berryman has not been further identified. They did not receive the requested appointment during the Adams administration.

Madison (Indiana), recommends the editors of the Madison Indiana Republican for appointment as public printers. ALS. Ibid. WILLIAM HENDRICKS,

Huntsville (Alabama), recommends the appointment of Henry Hitchcock as district attorney for the Southern District of Alabama. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). See above, Hall to Clay, August 16, 1825, note.

J[OHN] MCKINLEY,

Philadelphia, solicits appointment as "Consul to the Port of Tampico de los Tamolipas [sic]," if one is to be appointed there, the location being separated by a lake from "the port of Pueblo Viejo de Tampico," where (George R.) Robertson is United States consul. States that he has lived in "that Country" (Mexico) eighteen months and contemplates "returning there,

JOHN WRIGHT,

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to reside." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR4). Wright, not further identified, received no appointment. On September 22, 1825, Daniel Brent, at Clay's direction, replied that there was no intention to separate the consular administration of the Port of Tampico de los Tamaulipas. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 153 (M40, R19).

Rental Agreement with Nelson Nicholas [September 14, 1825] [Clay leases to Nicholas "the front and adjoining rooms and two Cellars in the corner of his Brick House on short and market Streets, for one year commencing with this day—" Nicholas agrees to pay, in quarterly instalments, $125, "in gold or silver coin of the United States," and to surrender the premises in good condition. ". . . Clay reserves the right of distress for any of the rent which may remain in arrear—and each party reserves the right of discontinuing this lease upon giving one months notice. . . ."] ADS by Robert Scott, for Clay; signed also by Nicholas. Endorsements on verso by Scott: the first (AES) reveals that the first quarter's rent was paid January 10, 1826; a second (AE) comments: "Dead and insolvent." Nicholas died July 10, 1826.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

September 14, 1825

To WILLIAM H. D. C. WRIGHT. Encloses his commission as United States consul for Rio de Janeiro, printed circular instructions, and a blank consular bond; requests him to inform the Department of State of the time he intends to embark. Copy. DNA, RG59, Cons. Instr., vol. 2, p. 364 (M78, R2) . Wright remained at this post until 1831. From ALEXANDER] H. EVERETT, Madrid, no. 6. Encloses copies of an exchange of letters with (Francisco de) Zea Bermudez, who gives "notice that the King has consented to grant an exemption from the tonnage duty of 20 reals in favour of foreign vessels entering" Spanish ports to take on "salt and barilla, provided the value of the cargo exceeds the amount of the duty." LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Spain, vol. 25 (M31, R27) . The enclosures reveal that the concession resulted from a proposal made by Everett's predecessor, (Hugh) Nelson. See above, Clay to Everett, April 27, 1825, note. INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

September 15, 1825

From CONDY RAGUET, Rio de Janeiro. Asserts that the commission of Leonard Corning, as consul at Maranham, which Raguet has transmitted to the Minister of Foreign Affairs (Luiz Joze de Carvalho e Mello) is "no doubt" thefirstdocument to be presented from the head of a foreign state to "The Emperor of Brasil." Encloses copy of the treaty concluded between Brazil and Portugal (see above, Raguet to Secretary of State, March 11, 1825, note) ; comments on his own non-appearance at Court, on the occasion of the announcement of the treaty; and expresses his assumption that the failure of his credentials to arrive by that time was by design of his government (cf. above, Pleasants to Clay, July

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7, 1825). Notes dissatisfaction with the treaty, among the Portuguese, who wished reunion with the mother country, and the Brazilians, who expected complete separation. Reports that Felizberto Caldeira Brant Pontes has been appointed Ambassador to Portugal, but that "the time of his departure is uncertain." Informs Clay of reports that negotiations for a treaty with Great Britain have begun (see below, Raguet to Clay, October 26, 1825, note) . States that "Bolivar is said to be" too weak in troops to aid Buenos Aires and that war between that Government and Brazil is not likely. LS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Rio de Janeiro, vol. 2 (M-T172, R3) . Received November 3. Extract published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, II, 832-35. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

September 15, 1825

From SAMUEL L. SOUTHARD, Navy Department. Requests that "the circumstances" of the enclosed "Copy of a communication from Commodore Lewis Warrington, Commanding U. S. Naval force in the West Indies, with Copy of the Affidavit of Ferdinand S. [sic] Madden, . . . be represented to the Colombian Government." LS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). Copy in DNA, RG45, Executive Letter book, vol. 1821-1831, p. 131. The enclosures relate to the robbery of a small vessel carrying goods belonging to Ferdinand I. (or J.) Madden, by a Colombian privateer flying the American colors. Warrington, who states that Madden is a native of the United States but now a Spanish subject, not only refers to the illegal conduct of the privateer but adds that Cuban pirates "believe or affect to believe" that such acts "are really committed by American vessels; and are thus stimulated to exertion by the double motives of revenge and avarice." Madden has not been further identified.

To Richard C. Anderson, Jr. No. 1. Richard C. Anderson, Minister Plenipotentiary U. S. Bogota. Sir, Department of State Washington, 16. Sept. 1825 By the Treaty recently concluded between Great Britain and Columbia [sic],1 it is understood that the vessels of the two Countries, and their cargoes are admitted into their respective ports, upon the payment, without discrimination, of the same duties of Impost and Tonnage, whenever the cargo consists of the produce of the Country to which the vessel belongs. Colombia having adopted the system of protecting her own Tonnage, by subjecting native vessels and their cargoes to a less rate of duty than that which is demanded on foreign vessels and their cargoes, these discriminating duties are paid by all foreign nations with which she has not agreed to equalize them. But the Treaty between the United States and Colombia,2 has not stipulated for the equalization of those duties, and, consequently, the vessel and its cargo, of each country, now remains subject, in the ports of the other, to alien duties. The United States would have had just cause to complain of the advantage conceded to Great Britain, if, by the second Article of our Treaty with

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Colombia, we had not a right to demand the same concession, and if Mr Gual had not, in a friendly spirit, in the course of the Month of June, last, informed Mr. Watts "that the United States, whenever its Government desired, would be invested with all the privileges and powers which had been surrendered to England."3 The President wishes, and you are authorized to propose, a mutual abolition of those discriminating duties. No difficulty on the part of the Government of Colombia, in acceding to this proposal, is anticipated; and it is only necessary to inquire into the best way of accomplishing the object. This may be done in either of the two following modes. I—By the 4th. section of the Act of Congress of the 7th. January, 1824, it is enacted, "That upon satisfactory evidence being given to the President of the United States, by the Government of any foreign Nation, that no discriminating duties of Tonnage or Impost are imposed or levied within the ports of the said Nation, upon vessels wholly belonging to Citizens of the United States, or upon merchandise, the produce or manufacture thereof, imported in the same, the President is hereby authorized to issue his proclamation, declaring that the foreign discriminating duties of Tonnage and Impost, within the United States, are, and shall be, suspended and discontinued, so far as respects the vessels of the said Nation, and the merchandise, of its produce or manufacture, imported into the United States in the same; the said suspension to take effect from the time of such notification being given to the President of the United States, and to continue so long as the reciprocal exemption of vessels belonging to citizens of the United States, and merchandize [sic] as aforesaid, therein laden, shall be continued, and no longer."4 This Act, conceived in a genuine spirit of liberality, makes a general proposition to all Nations. The same offer had been made by a previous Act of Congress, and it has been embraced by the King of the Netherlands, Prussia, the Imperial Hanseatic Cities of Hamburg, Lubeck and Bremen, the Dukedom of Oldenburg, Norway, Sardinia, and Russia.5 A Convention between the United States and Great Britain, and a treaty with Sweden, adopt the same principle,6 and Mr. Poinsett has been instructed to propose it to Mexico.7 The President is desirous that all Nations would see, and appreciate, the fairness of the principle of reciprocity and competition upon which the Act of Congress is based. To enable the President to give effect as it respects any particular foreign Nation, to the act, by issuing the proclamation for which it provides, all that is requisite is, that satisfactory evidence should be given to him ["]that no discriminating duties of Tonnage or Impost, are imposed, or levied, within the Ports of the said Nation, upon vessels

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wholly belonging to citizens of the United States, or upon merchandise, the produce or manufacture thereof, imported in the same." In regard to Colombia, an Act of its Congress, abolishing all such discriminating duties, or a Diplomatic Note from its Minister of Foreign Affairs, declaring that no such discriminating duties exist against the United States, would be deemed by the President, evidence sufficiently satisfactory to authorise the issuing of his proclamation; and it would, accordingly, upon the production of such evidence, be by him issued. II. A Convention might be concluded between the two Powers, effecting the purposed mutual abolition of alien duties; and, in that case, the second Article of that which, on the 3rd. of July 1815, was formed between the United States and Great Britain, (6th. Volume of the Laws of the United States, page 603)8 will supply a model that may be safely followed. It is not very important which of these two modes be adopted; but the President rather prefers the latter, because the proposed equalization of duties would not, when depending upon compact, be so liable to a sudden termination as if it rested on separate Acts of the two parties, revocable at the pleasure of either. But if a strong inclination to the other mode should be manifested by the Government of Colombia, you are authorized to accede to it. A Commission empowering you to conclude and sign a Convention, if that should be the form selected, accompanies these Instructions.9 During the last spring the Ministers of Colombia and Mexico near this Government, made separate, but nearly simultaneous, communications to this Department, in relation to the contemplated Congress at Panama.10 Each of them stated that he was instructed by his Government to say, that it would be very agreeable to it that the United States should be represented at that Congress; that it was not expected that they would take any part in its deliberations, or measures of concert, in respect to the existing war with Spain, but that other great interests affecting the Continent of America, and the friendly intercourse between the Independent Nations which are established on it, might be considered and regulated at the Congress; and that, not knowing what might be the views of the United States, a previous enquiry was directed to be made, whether they would, if invited by Colombia or Mexico, be represented at Panama; and if an affirmative answer were given, each of those Ministers stated that the United States would be accordingly invited by his Government to be represented there. The President instructed me to say, and I accordingly replied, that the communication was received with great sensibility to the friendly consideration of the United States, by which it had been dictated;

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that, of course, they could not make themselves any party to the existing war with Spain, or to councils for deliberating on the means of its further prosecution; that he believed such a Congress as was proposed, might be highly useful in settling several important disputed questions of public Law, and in arranging other matters of deep interest to the American Continent, and to the friendly intercourse between the American Powers; that before such a Congress, however, assembled, it appeared to him to be necessary to arrange between the different Powers to be represented, several preliminary points, such as, the subjects to which the attention of the Congress was to be directed; the nature, and the form, of the Powers to be given to the Ministers, and the mode of organizing the Congress. If these preliminary points could be adjusted, in a manner satisfactory to the United States, the Ministers from Colombia and Mexico were informed that the United States would be represented at the Congress. Upon enquiry, if these preliminary points had yet engaged the attention of the Government either of Colombia or Mexico, they were unable to inform me that they had, whilst both appeared to admit the expediency of their being settled. Each of them undertook to communicate to his Government the answer which I had been instructed by the President to make; and nothing further has since passed. It has been deemed proper that you should be made acquainted with what has occurred here on this matter, in order that, if it should be touched upon by the Colombian Government, you may, if necessary, be able to communicate what happened. Should the President ultimately determine that the United States shall be represented at Panama you will be designated for that service, either alone, or associated with others, and you will hold yourself in readiness accordingly. We shall make no further movement until we hear from the Government of Colombia or Mexico. You have already been informed, both by a Letter from Mr. Brent,11 and verbally, of the mistake which occurred in this office, in June 1822, in the transcript of a paper relating to the case of the Brig Josephine, by which the amount of the claim of the Insurance Company of Pennsylvania, for the cargo of that vessel is reduced from $15000. to $1500. The mistake occurred by the accidental omission of a figure. As soon as the mistake was ascertained, a Letter, during my absence in the past summer, was, on the 18th. of June, addressed by Mr Brent to Mr. Watts12 (of which a copy is now furnished) instructing him to bring the error to the notice of the Colombian Government, with a request that it would direct the payment of the further sum of $13,500, with fifty per cent damages, and interest, as were allowed in the other cases arranged

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13

by you, so as to complete the measure of justice which it intended, to the claimants. As the justice of the claim was admitted without regard to its amount, it is not apprehended that any difficulty will arise in obtaining the desired correction, which is further recommended by the courtesy and consideration which are due to incidental official errors, from which no bureau is, at all times, wholly exempt. If Mr. Watts shall have failed in his endeavour to effect the object, you will renew the effort to accomplish it. On the 10th. day of May last, I addressed an official note, by the direction of the President, to the Minister of the United States at St. Petersburg,14 (of which a copy is herewith transmitted to you) having for its object to engage the friendly offices of Russia, to hasten a peace between Spain and the new American States. The same note, or the substance of it, has been communicated through the Ministers of the United States, to the Courts of Paris and London,15 with the same purpose of peace. The hope has been indulged that, by a common exertion, and especially by the interposition of the Emperor of Russia, Spain may be made sensible of her true interests, and consent to terminate a war which she has no longer the ability to prosecute. No information has been yet obtained from Russia, of the manner in which the Emperor16 has received this appeal to his humanity and his power. From the reception given to the application, by France,17 we are confirmed in the previous impression of the importance of the movement of Russia, and new efforts, if they shall be considered likely to be useful, will be employed to urge her to the great work of pacification. In the mean time, it is deemed proper to put you in possession of what has been done, and of the copy of the note itself, which you are authorised to communicate to the Government of Colombia, or such parts of it as may appear to you to be expedient. Complaints have been made to this Department through several channels, against Mr. Macniel, the American Vice Consul at Carthagena. Copies of the papers containing them, are now forwarded to you. If they are not fully and satisfactorily explained, they make out a case requiring his removal. Your early attention to the matter, is requested, and your exercise of the power of removal, if you shall find it necessary.18 I am your obedient Servant H. CLAY. Other copies of papers containing complaints against Macniel, the acting Consul at Carthagena, will be forwarded to you, tomorrow or the next dayCopy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, pp. 380-85 (M77, R5). ALS draft, in DLC-HC (DNA, M2I2, R7). 1 See above, Watts to Clay, May 10, 1825, note. 2 See above, Clay to Salazar, March 21, 1825. 3 See above, Watts to Clay, May 10, 1825.

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4 4 U. S. Stat., 3. 5 See above, Clay to Forbes, April 14, 1825. 6 See above, II, 57-58, 427n-28n; Lorich to Clay, March 16, 1825, note. 7 See above, Clay to Poinsett, March 26, 1825. 88 17. S. Stat., 228-29. See above, II, 57-58. 8 Copy, in DNA, RG59, Ceremonial Communications, II, 25. 10 See above, Tudor to Clay, April 12, 1825, note. 11 Daniel Brent. The letter is dated June 23, 1825. Copy, in DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, p. 371 (M77, R5). 12 Beaufort T. Watts. A copy of the letter is in ibid., 370-71. 13 Relative to the America, the Liberty, and the Minerva. See above, Anderson to Secretary of State, March 18, 1825. 14 Henry Middleton. 15 See above, Clay to Brown, May 13, 1825; Clay to King, May 11, 1825. 16 Alexander I. IT See above, Brown to Clay, July 15, 1825 (2): cf. above, Brown to Clay, September 13, 1825. 18 See above, Poinsett to Clay, July 14, 1825; Fudger to Secretary of State, August 4, 1825.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

September 16, 1825

From HEMAN ALLEN, Valparaiso, no. 19. Encloses correspondence relative to his protest concerning import and export duties levied on public stores imported into Chile for the use of the United States naval squadron. Comments bitterly on the character of Chilean officials, their ingratitude and injustice toward the United States, "from whom they think, they have already obtained all their desires," and their preferential treatment of Britain and France, from whom they "desire to obtain the recognition of their independence." ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Chile, vol. 1 (M-T2, Rl). Received January 13, 1826. Extract published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, II, 1104-1105. Among the enclosures is a copy of a letter, dated July 14, 1825, from Allen to Isaac Hull, commander of United States naval forces in the Pacific Ocean, concerning a Peruvian decree relating to neutral commerce (see above, Tudor to Secretary of State, April 22, 1825, note). To the first article, providing for confiscation of goods owned by Spanish subjects, "under whatever flag they may be found," Allen sees no objection if certain conditions are observed by the captors. The second article, providing that, after a stated period, vessels carrying Spanish property "shall be declared lawful prize," he considers contrary to international law. He advises Hull, therefore, to "put a stop to such unjust and arbitrary proceedings by refusing the execution even of the first article of the decree, and employ the armed force at your disposal to that object, should the occasion require."

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

September 16, 1825

From P[ETER] A. BROWNE, Philadelphia. Acknowledges receipt of Clay's letter of September 12, conveying an opinion "highly gratifying, but not unexpected." LS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). From E[LISHA] HARRISON, Evansville, Indiana. Requests withholding payment, for publishing the laws of the 18th Congress, 1st and 2d Sessions, from "William Monroe as Editor of the Evansville Gazette" and from "Thomas Evans, or any person for him," as editor of the same paper, "until an adjustment of matters can

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take place here." Explains that the appointment for printing the laws was given to Harrison and Monroe and that Harrison has not relinquished his interest in the publication of the laws and his ownership of the press, although a change in the editorship occurred for a brief time. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Harrison, a second cousin of William Henry Harrison, had been a pioneer resident of Indiana, representing first Warwick and later Vandenburgh county in the State legislature. He had founded the Evansville Gazette. William Monroe had been listed as editor during most of 1824 and Thomas Evans, formerly of Clark County, Indiana, during the early part of 1825. Cf. below, Harrison to Clay, April 6, 1826. APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

September 16, 1825

Huntsville (Alabama), recommends David Rust, of Mobile, for appointment as district attorney. Adds that (Henry) Hitchcock, who will probably be an applicant for the appointment, is well qualified but not acceptable politically "to the people of the State generally—" ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3). Rust, probably until 1822 a militia officer in Dutchess County, New York, did not receive the appointment.

WILLIAM KELLY,

Draft from Charles March $927,,76-

NEW YORK, 17 Septr-1825

Sixty days—after sight—Pay to the Order of Corns. Heyer Esqr.1 Cashier—Nine Hundred and twenty seven 76/100 Dollars, for value received, and charged to the account of as advised by CHARLES MARCH

To The Hon. Henry Clay Washington [Endorsement on verso (following successive endorsements from Heyer to John Hooff, Cashier, and from the latter to Richard Smith)]2 Accepted 20 September 1825 H CLAY DS, partially printed. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). March has not been identified, l Not identified. 2 AES. Hooff, not identified.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

September 17, 1825

From PLATT H. CROSBY, Lima. States that, "As a supplement to" his last letter (above, August 24, 1825), he now addresses "a few observations . . . upon the Commerce of Peru, and more particularly, as in reference to that of our own Country." Comments (in three pages) on the present government of the country as a "Military Despotism" and (in the next twenty-two pages) describes the "ancient commerce of Spanish America," the changes brought about by independence, the present state of commerce, tariff regulations, the competitive position of goods imported from the United States, and Peruvian production. Declares that, in order to enjoy commerce with "this coast," Americans "must come here, in some measure, as the rivals of the English" and must encourage manufacturing at home. Notes rumors of continued "hostile demonstrations"

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by Brazilians "on the frontiers of Alto Peru" where a boundary dispute has long existed, but asserts that, if war occurs, the true reason "no doubt, will be the secret concurrence of the Emperor Don Pedro, in the views of the Holy Alliance, of whom he seems to be a protege." Reports that "Alto Peru has recently been erected into an independent Republic, and as is reported, takes the name of Bolivar," and that "The Castles of Callao still hold out," although their surrender is expected imminently (cf. below, Tudor to Clay, February 23, 1826). ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). The republic of Bolivia had been proclaimed August 10, 1825. From A. W. JONES, "Richmond Whig Office" (Virginia). Inquires when John H. Pleasants, "special Messenger from the Government of the United States to one of the Southern Republics, is expected to return," and, "on behalf of the concern with which he is connected, declines being considered an applicant for the Public Printing. . . ." AN. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. See above, Clay to Pleasants, April 16, 1825. From HORATIO GATES SPAFFORD, Lansingburgh, New York. States that he has invented "an engine" for removing obstructions to navigation of the Mississippi River and its branches; that he wishes to construct a model to exhibit in Washington and to sell the invention to the Government; that he is too poor to raise the money necessary for this purpose, unless he has assurance his invention would be purchased at a fair price; that he applies for advice to Clay, whose "patriotism & public spirit" are known; and that "In no event," will he trust his "invention to the protection of our present law of Patents." ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63), From P. W. SPROAT, Philadelphia. Presents the case of Asa Pendleton, born in Maine, impressed in 1810 from an American vessel into service on a British warship, where he remained until, delivering himself up as a prisoner o£ war in 1812, he had been imprisoned from the latter date to 1815. Requests compensation to Pendleton, if any be allowed in such cases, or that the matter be brought before Congress. Notes that "as he was a seaman in the british [sic] navy and drew the same pay as british seamen his case is distinct from many others." ALS. Ibid. Pendleton has not been further identified. From THOMAS WILSON, "Bank United States." Transmits "the joint receipt of Chs McAlester for Insce Co. of the State of Pennsylvania & John Leamy Presdt. Marine Insurance Compy of Philadelphia" for $29764.87. ALS. DNA, RG76, Misc. Claims, Colombia. Cf. above, Clay to Leamy, September 5, 1825.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

September 17, 1825

HENRY HITCHCOCK, Cahaba, Alabama, solicits appointment as United States attorney for the Southern District of Alabama. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). See above, Hall to Clay, August 16, 1825, note.

From Wilson Allen Dr. Sir (Confidentl.) Bowl: Green Va. Sept: 18h. 1825. I have been expecting for sometime to visit Washington and intended when I did so to call and see you—but the peculiar state

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of my family will probably prevent my leaving home now for sometime— am therefore induced to suggest to you as a friend that I apprehend you are much annoyd by the person acting as temporary assistant P. M. Genl. & know that Mr. Adams is extremely blamed for giving countenance to a man laboring under the charges alledged against the Major.1 I however shou'd not now trouble you on this subject but that I rec'd a letter yesterday from a friend in Richmond in which he says "I met with Colo. Gooch one of the Editors of the Enqr. 2 yesterday (14h.) in an afternoons ride when the subject of Major Lee's appointmt. was accidentally mentd. The Colo, express'd astonishment that a man charged with the offences that the Major is 8c who is oblig'd to leave his native state to seek society shou'd be so far countenanc'd by a new administration & one brought about too under peculiar circumstances as to be placed in a high and responsible office under it's [sic] patronage—some thing he said must be wrong—there is some rotten in the core—or such characters wou'd not be call'd in to it's support however he said the public wou'd soon be satisfied about it for they have a number of communications on the subject which have been kept back for particular reasons—but which they wou'd now soon be oblig'd to publish." On reading the letter I at first determined to communicate it's contents to Mr. McLean,3 but I recollected that he had been told of the dissatisfaction given by the appointmt.—of all the charges against the Major & advised by one at least of his best friends to discharge him— therefore concluded that advice or information from me wou'd be unavailing & that the purity of my motive might be questiond—consequently declined writing him. The Editors of the Enquirer 4 both view the appointment, as men, in a very unfavorable light, but as Editors enlisted in the opposition I have no doubt feel a secret gratification and have declined giving publicity to the communications on the subject. The truth is there is very little matter now afloat in this state upon which to feed their bloated opposition & independent of the means afforded by the peculiar situation of the Major who is at the fountain of information & who gives occasional hints, I know of nothing saveing [sic] his appointment that is now charged against the administration—the Creek controversy5 excepted & that confined to Richmd.—. I but rarely interfere in political affairs & certainly shou'd not in this but that I feel anxious you & those acting with you shou'd at least have justice done you. Major Lee says he was placed in his present situation by Mr. Calhoun6—with what view I leave you to judge— at any rate he is in an office of as much patronge & influence as any under government and placed as near the head of it too as he can well be. The Washington City

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Gazette I have good reason to know is often furnish'd with your name from that source & have good grounds to beleive [sic] that all the members of the administration come occasionally under animadversion from same quarter. However be that as it may— you have my best wishes for a successful & easy administration & when any thing occurs within my limitted [sic] circle of acquaintance that can benefit you—it shall be promptly & with pleasure communicated by your old acquaintance & frd. WILSON ALLEN ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). Addressed to Clay at Washington. Endorsed on verso by Clay: "Answd." Answer not found. 1 Henry Lee, of Virginia, a son of "Light Horse Harry" Lee, had been given a minor position in the Post Office Department, through the influence of John C. Calhoun. In November, 1826, Adams presented Lee with a bundle of anonymous letters which charged that the latter had been writing and using his office in opposition to the administration. Lee then informed Adams that he had resigned from the position and regretted the trouble he had occasioned. Adams, Memoirs, VII, 180. He shortly thereafter joined openly in support of Andrew Jackson and lived at the "Hermitage" during the campaign of 1828. Lee, who had married Anne McCarty of Westmoreland County, Virginia, in 1817, had fallen under social opprobrium because of his seduction in 1821 of his wife's sister, Elizabeth, who was his ward. 2 Claiborne W. Gooch; Richmond, Virginia, Enquirer. 3 John McLean, who continued as Postmaster General in the Adams administration. 4 Gooch and Thomas Ritchie. 5 See above, Clay to Southard, July 3, 1825, note. 6 John C. Calhoun.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

September 18, 1825

From JOHN M. FORBES, Buenos Aires, no. 24. Acknowledges receipt of his commission as Charge d'Affaires and his instructions; states that he has "received no continuance of the laws of the United States" and is "without any volumes of Niles' Register subsequent to 23d."; presumes that Clay knows of (John H.) Pleasants' "abandonment of his voyage and return to the United States" (see above, Pleasants to Clay, July 7, 1825, note); expresses regret that his credentials arrived later than those of (Woodbine) Parish, causing Forbes to lose "that precedence" due to his "Country, from the priority of her efforts in the cause of the independence of these people," and to himself, from his "much longer residence than that of any foreign Agent here." Reports that he has addressed to (Manuel Jose) Garcia a remonstrance against the prohibition of importation of flour and a note on the "general Subject of our commercial relations, transmitting exact and certified Copies of the Acts of Congress of 1815 & 1824" (see above, Clay to Forbes, April 14, 1825, note; Lorich to Clay, March 16, 1825, note); characterizes Garcia as "far more ready to promise than to perform on all occasions." Adds: "This arises, partly from levity and duplicity of character, and, partly from . . . insatiable love of power which induces him to retain . . . four important offices—Secretary of Government—of Foreign Affairs (national)—of Foreign Affairs (Provincial) and of Treasury." Presents a lengthy and gloomy view of "the present State of these Provinces." Continues, under date of September 23, by reporting the receipt of Garcia's "project of repeal of the prohibitory law of flour," which "is a miserable, evasive measure, and by an enormous duty of Six dollars per barrel, continues, in effect, the odious measure it affects to supercede [«c]." Reports, also, receipt of a reply to his note "on general Commercial intercourse," which he has not had time to digest and

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translate. Encloses copies of official correspondence and minutes of interviews. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Argentina, vol. 2 (M69, R3). Received December 9. Published in Espil (comp.), Once Anos en Buenos Aires, 375-85; extracts, in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, I, 650-51. Woodbine Parish, having served in minor Foreign Office assignments since 1814, had been sent as British consul general to Buenos Aires in 1823. After concluding a treaty of amity and commerce between the two governments in February, 1825, he was appointed British Charge d'Affaires in the South American Republic and remained in that position much of the time for the next decade. He was active in effecting a settlement of the dispute between Brazil and the Provinces of Rio de la Plata, in 1828. Following his return to Britain, he published in 1839 a descriptive volume on Buenos Aires and the Provinces. He was knighted at the conclusion of his South American duty and later served as British negotiator of commercial agreements with Naples. From RUFUS KING, London, no. 6. Encloses copy of "a Confidential Despatch from Mr. Canning." LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Great Britain, vol. 32 (M30, R28). ALS copy, in NHi. Received October 29. Extract published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, III, 1569. In the enclosure, dated September 15, George Canning expresses surprise that his "letters have been actually transmitted to" King's government, for "They were not written with that intention," and deplores "The confounding of confidential with official letters." In regard to the proposals relative to Spain and her late colonies, he writes: "France has, as I presume you know, decided against your plan of joint interference; and the proposal of it has (if I am not misinformed) been received in Russia as cooly—as (to say the truth) it was natural to suppose it would be. . . ." He professes willingness to consider favorably any proposition conceived "in the Spirit of peace and good Will to Spain" and her late colonies and offering "a reasonable prospect of success." On Canning's earlier protest against King's reference to his government of the proposal for a tripartite statement regarding the independence of Cuba, see above, King to Clay, September 13, 1825, note. On the French and Russian reactions to the United States proposal requesting use of their good offices to promote Spanish recognition of the independence of her American colonies, see above, Brown to Clay, September 13, 1825; Middleton to Clay, September 8, 1825. From JOHN SHILLABER, "Batavia (Java)." Acknowledges receipt of (Clay's) letter of April 16; refers to his own letter of April 6 (not found) to the Secretary of State, citing the refusal of local officials to acknowledge consuls of foreign countries "unless directed so to do by" the King of the Netherlands (William I); suggests, "As the American trade to Java is extensive and valuable," the desirability of applying to the King in this connection; notes that an insurrection is under way against Dutch rule in the vicinity of Djokjakarta; expresses a hope that one or more large war ships will be sent by the United States "into these seas . . . to make commercial arrangements with Native Governments for trade to their ports" and points out, specifically, that "an arrangement with . . . Siam would be beneficial." Continues, under date of September 30, reporting the seizure by the British of an American vessel allegedly attempting to enter the port of Singapore, the expectation of a battle between Dutch forces and rebels, and the opinion among Europeans that the insurrection will soon end. Encloses documents. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Batavia, vol. 1 (M-Tl, Rl). Received April 9, 1826.

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To Alexander] W. Jones Sir, Washington 19th. September 1825. In reply to your Note of the seventeenth instant, I have to say that the state of Mr. Pleasants' health, during his voyage to the River Plata, was such as to render it necessary, in his opinion, to abandon the voyage, and to proceed to Europe. Confiding the despatches, therefore, with which he was charged to other hands, he passed on board a vessel bound to Europe, and the last account I have of him represented him to be near a British port. The subject of designating the printers of the Laws is not usually acted upon until the commencement of Congress. Your request to be considered as having declined the application to be one of them will be recollected. I am, Respectfully, Your Obedient Servant, H. CLAY. A. W. Jones Esqr. Richmond. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 152 (M40, R19).

From Richard C. Anderson, Jr. Hon: Henry Clay New York Sep: 19 1825. Sir There is no prospect of my getting a conveyance to Colombia, before the first of October, and very probably not before the tenth. On this day I shall go towards Boston, and return about the first of the month. Mr. Bayard1 hopes to send a Vessel to Carthagena in the first days of October. Any communication from you addressed to me at this place, within that time, will be received. The situation of our navigation as affected by the late treaty between Colombia and England, was a subject, which you thought required a communication to that Government2— It occurs to me that in making an application for the correction of the mistake in the Case of the Josephine, it would be best for me to have the Copy of the letter actually used at the settlement. I think that Doctor Gual would immediately recognize the paper; at any rate, it would enable me to state the cause of mistake with more explicitness. If you should find it prop[er] (now or hereafter) to give any farther instructions, in relation to the Captures made by Captain Chase3 during the last summer, you will see the points on which I should desire instructions, fully presented in the letter of the late Secretary to me, & in mine to the Colombian Minister of foreign Affairs—

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If you have time to write to me (apart from any official communication) you know that I would most gladly hear from you— I am with respect &C Your obt. Servant. R. C. ANDERSON JR. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Colombia, vol. 3 (M-T33, R3). Received September 21. 1 Probably William Bayard. 2 See above, Clay to Anderson, September 16, 1825. 3 John Chase. See above, Anderson to Clay, March 18, 1825, note.

From James Brown Dear Sir, Paris Septr. 19. 1825. Since my return from Aix my health continues to improve and if the incessant fall of cold rains which we usually experience during the winter months, and the sudden changes of air to which I may be exposed by late visits of duty at parties where no apology but that of bad health is admitted, do not produce a renewal of my complaint, I may perhaps pass the busy season here with some share of comfort. Should I unfortunately be once more confined by the same complaint, a sense of the duty I owe to my Country will compel me respectfully to request the President to name my Successor, and to permit me to seek a climate where I may find, if not a cure, at least some alleviation of my sufferingsIt afforded me great pleasure to learn by the perusal of a file of Lexington papers, that every step of your journey West was a triumph over your enemies. I was no less pleased at discovering that the election of Mr Adams which gave such universal satisfaction in Europe is now generally approved even by those who once strenuously opposed it. If his administration shall be fairly tried by its measures, I have every reason to believe that it will daily become more and more popular. At home our affairs are prosperous to a degree which excites the envy or admiration of all Europe, and when considered on a broad scale our foreign relations are in a more favorable condition than we could, two years ago, have anticipated. All dangers of a war, by the combined Monarchs against the new Republics seems [sic] to have vanished. America is permitted peaceably to pursue its own interests and promote its own prosperity. The Holy Alliance finds full employment in tranquilizing Spain and in settling the affairs of Greece without attempting to crush the Spirit of liberty in the American Hemisphere. [A request, by "a portion of the Greeks," for the protection of Great Britain has been transmitted to the British Government. "This measure is disapproved by the French who believe that it has been brought about by the intrigues of British agents.1 Remonstrances of a strong character will probably be made to the British Government against this measure by more than one

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power." There is much speculation on the course Britain will follow, "frequent conferences are held on this subject which . . . is one on which there is much difficulty in reconciling the views of the principal powers." Many believe "that if Greece can sustain herself until the end of the present Campaign," the number of belligerents will increase. ["The arrests at Madrid . . . prove that the Conspiracy of Bessieres2 has had more extensive support than was at first believed." Further arrests and a widening of "the breach between the Ministry and the Ultra royalist party" are expected. Some people believe that the defeat of the plot to overthrow the King (Ferdinand VII) "will tend to improve the condition of Spain . . . that the influence of the Clergy . . . will be diminished" and their estates taxed or sold for the benefit of the Treasury, that "the spirit of opposition will be crushed, and a party in favor of milder measures, and a more liberal administration of Government will be formed and predominate— that to bring about this state of things, all the influence of the Courts of Europe will be exerted," that Spain "will Consent to emancipate her Colonies—that for this recognition a large sum will be paid to her by the New Republics—That England and France will guarrantee [sic] to Spain Cuba and Porto Rico. . . . " [The opposing point of view is "that tranquility can be restored in Spain only by permitting the King to pursue freely that course of policy with which he commenced when liberated from the restraints of the Constitution . . . that any attempt to impose upon the nation a more liberal system of government" will always meet formidable resistance, and that advocates of a free system of government must be crushed. [Although it is difficult to predict the course that will be recommended to Spain by her allies, it appears that the support of Zea Bermudez will continue. One "universally expressed" wish in France is "that of opening commercial relations with the New Republics." The prevailing opinion is that the colonies are "irrevocably lost." It is "generally believed" that France and England will urge Ferdinand to acknowledge them and that, as "the exact state of affairs is known" in Spain, their recognition "will not be so strongly opposed." [Although requested, by a letter of last August, to separate the question of American claims "from that arising under the 8 th. Art [sic] of the Louisiana Treaty," the French Minister of Foreign Affairs (the Baron de Damas) has never replied.3 "I have asked an interview for to morrcw, the object of which is to press him to answer my letter. If he is opposed to our claims we will have little prospect of their being granted by the present Ministry." This "Ministry is said to be very unpopular" but to "possess the

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entire confidence of the King." It appears doubtful "that the cause of liberal principles would gain much by a change of Ministry," although probably no change would result in stronger opposition to our claims.] I have been very anxious for your return to Washington as it of [sic] great importance that I should as frequently as possible hear from the Government on every subject touching my duties. I should be glad to know whether in case I find a disposition to decide against our claims I had better press for a decision or wait for a more favorable moment which a change of Ministry or in the situation of affairs may one day present— I am convinced that a positive rejection of them although it cannot cancel them or impair the right to demand or the obligation to pay has a very injurious effect. It not only uselessly disturbs the relations between the two Countries, but in the answer already prepared, in the decision already given by one Ministry furnishes a mode of disposing of the question to which subsequent Ministers are always willing to resort— I have just been informed that Mr Sheldon5 whose health was much impaired, and who has been for some weeks on the sea shore with a view of recovering it, is greatly relieved and may soon be expected in Paris. You know him well and will readily conceive how much I should regret his loss. I did fear that he was rapidly declining with a pulmonary complaint, but it is now thought that his indisposition proceeded from debility produced by a sedentary life, and by residing too long in the same atmosphere. I have had only a few lines from Mr King8 since he landed in England. His health is said to have been very much impaired by the voyage. He however derived some benefit from the waters of Cheltenham and his friends think that he will soon enjoy perfect healthIt gave us great pain to find from the newspapers that your journey through Ohio had been arrested by the ill health of your daughter.7 I sincerely hope she has recovered and that Mrs. Clay after the examplary [sic] life of retirement at Ashland, may have nothing to damp her enjoyments in once more entering on the gay theatre at Washington. You have always had warm and kind friends and with your dispositions you are now placed in a situation where you may add daily to their number. Mrs. Adams will make the Great House more gay than it has ever been since the days of Mrs. Madison, and strangers will return to Europe not to ridicule but to boast of the reception they have met with at the Presidential residence. I often wish we were with you. There is much to admire in the gay Circles of Paris, but there is a cordiality a warmheartedness in our own dear Country which I find in no other place.

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The Ambassador of Austria having a larger salary than the American Minister has taken a lease for ten years of the fine Hotel where I resided last year—the Danish Minster9 having obtained a Conge for some months has permitted me to take his place. The Hotel is more splendid than that which I formerly occupied but the situation is more retired it being in the Faubourg St Germain. I obtain it however on more moderate rent it only being 16000 fr. whilst the former one cost 22,000 pr Ann. Be so good as to present us most affy to Mrs. Clay and receive renewed assurances of the friendly of [sic] Dear Sir Your very faithful sevt. JAMES BROWN Hon. Henry Clay Secretary of State ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). iCf. below, Somerville to Clay, October 11, 1825, note. 2 See above, Brown to Clay, August 26, 1825. 3 Cf. above, Brown to Clay, June 25, 1825. 4 Charles X, whose chief minister was still the Comte de Villele. 5 Daniel Sheldon. 6 Rufus King. 7 Eliza. See above, Clay to Crittenden, July 25, August 22, 1825. 8 Baron Karl Freiherr von Vincent. 9 Von Juel, first name not known, had served as Danish Minister Plenipotentiary in France in 1823, had been raised the following year to the rank of Envoy Extraordinary, and continued at Paris in the latter capacity for at least six more years.

From [Etienne] Mazureau Most Respected Sir, Nw. Orleans September 19th. 1825. I am requested by the friends of Duralde 1 to make to you a very painful Communication, and when I consider the cruel blow the all mighty has recently inflicted upon your paternal Heart, 2 and the effect which the one he has recently received himself from the Same hand must have upon you and mistress Clay, I must beg leave to express my regret that the task has devolved on me, feeling as I do that it is not in my power nor perhaps in the power of any man to offer any of those Consolations which both of you will Stand in need of, after you have read this letter. But a few days ago Duralde was yet looked upon by all those who knew him and his most accomplished lady3 as one of the happiest men in the world—he Continued to find and enjoy in her Compagny [sic] all the blessings and happiness which can render life dear or amiable.— The unheard of healthiness of this place, and its neighbourhood during this Season, made them indulge the hope that those blessings and happiness could neither be destroyed or altered by any of those dreadful afflictions which divine providence, too often perhaps, Sends to the most virtuous, alas! in one instant that hope vanished. She who was most dear to his heart was to be taken from him.

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On Tuesday last your beloved Daughter was attacked with a fever to which She paid So little attention as to refuse taking any of the remedies prescribed by her physician, on friday She thought herself So much better that She Sat at table and dined with her husband— In the evening, however, She felt a little more uneasy, but refused again every assistance, Saying it was unnecessary— on Saturday, early in the morning, her malady begun [sic] to assume a more Serious Character. Duralde Sent for a Second physician whom She herself named. This, in the absence of the first, came immediately to See her, appeared to find nothing alarming in her Situation, and Said that at five, in the afternoon, he would come again, in company with the other, and that they would Consult together as to the treatment most proper to adopt— at the hour appointed they both attended, but the disease had made Such rapid progress that both Seemed to be confounded— They resolved to call other Physicians. Three more were accordingly Sent for, and met Shortly after, after a most deliberate consultation they all declared that [the] disease was a malignant fever of the most dangerous kind, which left Scarcely any hope of recovery— They however agreed that Blisters Should instantly be resorted to, and, on their being informed that She had Constantly refused to take as yet any kind of physic, one of them, Doctor Gros,4 the Physician of my own family, a man of long experience and great acknowledged abilities, prevailed upon her to take Some beverage which they all agreed Should be administered to her— alas! my Dear Sir, it was already too late, no medical aid could restore her to life— and yesterday at nine o'Clock in the evening, She was no more. "I regret to die without Seeing my Father & mother" were the last words She uttered, after having recommended her beloved children 5 to her most unfortunate husband, in the presence of Several friends who during her malady constantly bestowed upon her their kindest attentions. This Morning at ten o'Clock, She has been Conveyed to her last abode— I need not tell you that her loss has been most Sensibly felt by all those who knew her, and by your numerous friends— a large Concourse of people amongst whom were Seen our most respectable Citizens attended her funerals— Duralde's Situation cannot be described— I have Seen him half an hour ago— he was Surrounded by his two Systers6 [sic] and Some intimate friends— If he Speaks, it is only to lament his irreparable loss & the cruel effect the first intelligence of it will produce upon you and your Lady: I do not believe that he will Soon be able to write to you; & to be Candid I will tell you that I am afraid he will himself be Sick. I Shall not endeavour to tender you any Consolation. I feel

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convinced that no tongue, no pen is adequate to the task. I am myself the father of most dear children,7 & I Can not believe that it would be in the power of any human being to persuade me to bear with any degree of fortitude the loss of any of them. But I beg of you to rest assured that no man Sympathises more heartily with you on this Sorrowful occasion than Sir Your humble Servant & True friend MAZUREAU The Honble. Henry Clay Secretary of State. ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). Mazureau had been awarded an honorary degree, LL.D., at Transylvania University on July 13 of this year. 1 Martin Duralde (Jr.). 2 By the death of Eliza Clay. See above, Clay to Crittenden, August 22, 1825. s Susan Clay Duralde. * Probably D. Gros, influential in local political affairs and a regent of the University of Orleans in 1812. 5 Martin and Henry Clay Duralde. 6 Julie Duralde Clay and Louise Duralde Soniat du Fossat. T One son, Adolphe, was at this time a student in the junior class at Transylvania University. He later became a prominent New Orleans lawyer. Other children not identified.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

September 19, 1825

From HILARIO DE RIVAS Y SALMON, "Legation de Espafia," Philadelphia. Encloses a complaint of an assault upon himself, by Juan Gualberto de Ortega, former acting consul of Spain at Charleston, and demands punishment of the attacker and protection for himself. ALS, in Spanish, with accompanying translation. DNA, RG59, Notes from Spanish Legation, vol. 8 (M59, Rll). In July, 1825, Ortega had become commercial agent for Colombia in Philadelphia. INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

September 19, 1825

To JOHN TUCKER MANSFIELD. Encloses commission as United States consul for Pernambuco, Brazil, printed circular instructions, and a blank consular bond. Copy. DNA, RG59, Cons. Instr., vol. 2, p. 365 (M78, R2). Cf. above, Clay to Mansfield, March 18, 1825, note. From HEMAN ALLEN, Valparaiso, no. 20. Transmits a copy of a letter sent this day to Commodore (Isaac) Hull. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Chile, vol. 1 (M-T2, Rl). Received January 13, 1826. The enclosure elaborates views on the Peruvian decree already discussed in Allen's letter to Hull, July 14, 1825 (see above, Allen to Clay, September 16, 1825, note). In the present note Allen discountenances execution of the first article of the decree "within the waters of Peru, and farther it cannot extend," thus calling for rejection of the decree in its entirety. From ALEXANDER BURTON, Cadiz. Encloses copy of an order, issued by the Spanish Government, exempting from tonnage duty all vessels entering ports of the Spanish Peninsula in ballast for the purpose of loading salt and barilla (see above, Everett to Clay, September 14, 1825). Points out that the amount of duty on American vessels "is nearly equal to one half of the cost of a Cargo of Salt." States that he enclosed in his letter of August 7 a decree (not found)

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authorizing the search of "dwellings of Foreigners for contraband goods, without the Consul of their nation being present," and that he now encloses a decree cancelling the earlier one. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Cadiz, vol. 4 (M-T186, R4). Received November 7. From J[OHN] ADAMS SMITH, London, no. 12. Encloses copies of correspondence with the Baron de Cetto, Bavarian Charge d'Affaires in London. Reports that (Rufus) King, whose "health and strength is [sic] very precarious," has arrived in London. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Great Britain, vol. 32 (M30, R28). Addressed to Secretary of State. The enclosures relate to efforts of the Bavarian Government to deliver "two judicial Summons" to Christian Augsburger, of Butler County, Ohio. A note, from Smith to De Cetto, dated September 17, concludes the exchange, stating that (Rufus) King believes "there is no probability whatever" of serving the papers, which are therefore returned. From WILLIAM TAYLOR, Veracruz. Reports the arrival, at Mocambo, from England, of a Mexican vessel of war and the anticipated arrival of two more. The Mexicans will then be able to isolate the Castle of San Juan de Ulloa, which, it is believed, should fall within two months. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Veracruz, vol. 1 (M183, Rl). Received November 8. Cf. above, Hughes to Clay, July 8, 1825, note. September 19, 1825

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

From C[HARLES] J. INGERSOLL, Philadelphia. Encloses copy of an affidavit of Hilario de Rivas y Salmon concerning the assault upon him by (Juan) Gualberto de Ortega, on the night of September 17; states that Ingersoll, in Salmon's behalf, caused a warrant to be issued for Ortega's arrest and now requests instructions relative to submitting the case to the United States Circuit Court; and adds that Ortega has been arrested and held to bail. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). From S[AMUEL] L. S[OUTHARD], Navy Department. Acknowledges receipt of Clay's "note of the 17th. instant" (not found) and states that no appointment can be given immediately to (George N.) Hawkins. Copy. DNA, RG45, Executive Letterbook, vol. 1, p. 131. Cf. above, Clay to Southard, May 7, 1825,

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

September 19, 1825

Boston, recommends William L. Reaney for appointment as consul in Puerto Rico. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3). See above, Van Ness to Clay, September 7, 1825, note. TIMOTHY FULLER,

Check to John Forsyth 20 Septr. 1825 Pay to the Honble John Forsyth four hundred and forty five dollars.

Cashr. of the Off. of Dt. & Dt. Washington City.1 ADS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16).

l Richard Smith.

H. CLAY

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To Severin Lorich Department of State, 20th. September, 1825. M. Severin Lorich, Charge d'Affaires from Sweden Sir, I have, according to the request contained in the note which you did me the honor to address to me, on the 22d. ultimo, submitted it to the President, who has given to the contents of it the most attentive consideration, and by whose direction I now have the pleasure of transmitting this answer. With respect to the case of the Swedish Ship Carl John, referring to my note of the 10th. of last May, and considering the unimportance of the only point in issue between us, that of the usual condition of the payment of costs on the remission of a forfeiture, incurred by a violation of the laws of the U. States, it is hardly necessary to protract the discussion. The U. States have ever been scrupulous in the observance of good faith, in the execution of treaties which they have contracted with foreign powers. They are not sensible of the violation of any obligations which they have come under to Sweden, in the Treaties of 1783 and 1816.1 The second article of the former, to which you refer, provides for a reciprocal grant by the two contracting parties of any particular favor, in relation to commerce and navigation, which may be extended to other nations, freely, if the concession were freely made, or on allowing the same compensation if the concession were conditional. If you will point out any particular favor granted, by the U. States, to the commerce and navigation of other nations, which Sweden does not enjoy, prompt measures will be taken to give to Sweden, in regard to such favor, all the effect which was intended by the second article of the treaty of 1783. In regard to the 7th. 8th. and 9th. articles of the treaty of 1816. The seventh provides "that the citizens or subjects of one of the contracting parties, arriving with their vessels, on any coast belonging to the other, but not willing to enter into port, or being entered into port and not willing to unload or break bulk, shall have liberty to depart and to pursue their voyage without molestation" &c. They are nevertheless, whilst within the jurisdiction of either party to conform to the laws and regulations of that party concerning navigation. The eighth article allows of a partial discharge of the Cargo, limits the payment of duties to that part, and allows the vessel to depart freely with the residue. The duties on the vessel itself are however to be paid where she first breaks bulk. Of the benefit of both these articles of the Treaty Swedish vessels .

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are believed to be in the full enjoyment. They do not confer a right so to introduce the produce of all countries indiscriminately. That depends upon the laws of the U. States and Sweden respectively; and whatever they allow to be imported may be brought in and either not discharged at all or partially discharged as stipulated in the seventh and eighth articles. The ninth article merely provides "that the citizens or subjects of one of the contracting parties shall enjoy, in the ports of the other, as well for their vessels as their merchandise, all the rights and privileges of entrepot which are enjoyed by the most favored nations in the same ports." Before any violation of this article can justly be alleged, it must be shewn that some particular nation enjoys rights and privileges of entrepot in the ports of one of the contracting parties which are withheld from the other. If you will be pleased to particularize any foreign nation that enjoys such rights and privileges in the ports of the U. States, to the exclusion of Sweden, you will make out a case requiring the interposition of the Government, and it would immediately afford its interposition. The act of the 7 January 18242 was intended, as to duties, to place the vessels of the powers enumerated in its first section, and their cargoes, being of the produce and manufactures, of those countries respectively, on the same footing, when entering the ports of the United States, as their own vessels and cargoes. It was not intended to allow the vessels of the enumerated powers to import the produce and manufactures of other foreign countries on the same terms with our own, with the exception only in the second section, which was designed to cover the peculiar condition of some German rivers which do not discharge themselves within the jurisdiction of the countries in which they take their rise.3 All the vessels and their cargoes of the enumerated powers are now, in respect to duties, subject to the same rule; or if there be any exception to the disadvantage of Norway, it is unknown and would be instantly corrected when known. The U. States are not prepared alone to adopt the policy of allowing the vessels of any foreign nation, indiscriminately to import the produce and manufactures of all foreign nations. Whenever the maritime powers shall be disposed so to enlarge the privileges of navigation, and to put down all restrictions founded on the place of origin of the articles composing the cargoes of vessels, the U. States, which have never been backward in enlightened and liberal systems of navigation and commerce, will be ready to second their expanded views. You ask that the vessels of Norway and of the Island of St. Bartholomew may be permitted to import into the U. States other

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foreign produce and manufactures than those of Sweden upon the condition of the payment of no higher duties than would be chargeable upon the importation of like articles in vessels of the U. States. If that demand be placed on treaty stipulations it is believed not to be sustainable. Neither party has ever so interpreted the Treaty. Sweden does not now admit the vessels of the U. States to carry the productions of other nations indiscriminately into her ports. If her exclusion of them is not absolute; if she allows the vessel of the U. States to carry the produce of any of the West Indian Islands into her ports, this partial relaxation does not proceed from the obligations of the Treaty but from other considerations, to the friendly character of some of which this Government has heretofore expressed its sensibility.4 If the demand rests upon the act of Congress of 7 January 1824, that act does not authorize it. It limits the principle of equalization, on which it is based, to the importation, in the vessels of the enumerated powers, of the produce of those powers respectively. So far as respects the Island of St. Bartholomews, if the President possessed the power of opening, by proclamation, the ports of the U. S. to foreign vessels when laden with the produce of other countries than their own, he could not in justice to the U. States accede to a proposition which should be limited to that Island. The fourth section of the act of 7. January 1824, supposes all the ports of a foreign nation to be opened to the vessels of the U. States to warrant the issuing of the proclamation for which it provides. There would be no reciprocity in opening all our ports to a foreign nation which should occlude the greater part of hers: And when it is recollected that St. Bartholomew is a small island of scanty population and of inconsiderable trade, the inequality is more manifest. The regret which is felt on account of the different views which are taken by the President and by you of the provisions of the treaty of 1816 is mitigated by the consideration that, as it expires in little more than a year from this time, the whole subject of our relations of commerce and navigation will be brought shortly under review. Whenever that is done, I trust that they will be so adjusted as to confirm and strengthen the amity and good understanding which have ever happily subsisted between the two countries. I pray you to accept renewed assurances of the very distinguished consideration of Your obedient humble servant. H. CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 3, pp. 230-32 (M38, R3). ALI draft, in CSmH. 1 For the treaty dated April 3, 1783, see Miller (ed.), Treaties . . . , II, 123-50; on the treaty of 1816, see above, Clay to Lorich, May 10, 1825. 2 See above, Lorich to Clay, March 16, 1825, note. 3 The clause suspended discriminating duties against "such produce and manufactures as can only be, or more usually are, first shipped from a port or place in

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the said territories in Europe [that is, the enumerated countries covered by the statute] of either of them, respectively, the same being imported in vessels truly and wholly belonging to the subjects or citizens o£ each of the said nations, respectively. . . . " 4 U. S. Stat., 2. 4 In a note dated April 3, 1824, Count Lars d'Engestrom had notified Christopher Hughes of Swedish concessions permitting American vessels to import colonial produce into Swedish dominions upon paying the same duties as Swedish ships bringing goods to Sweden from European ports, that is, indirectly. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Sweden and Norway, vol. 4 (M45, R5). The "satisfaction" of the United States at this pronouncement had been expressed on June 28, by Secretary of State Adams in a note addressed to Baron Berndt Robert Gustaf Stackelberg, who had transmitted a copy of the d'Engestrom note. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Ministers and Consuls, vol. 3, pp. 181-82 (M38, R3).

From George Eustis New Orleans, Septr. 20th, 1825 Sir I am charged to communicate to you intelligence of the most melancholy kind, and when I think of the wound about to be inflicted on affectionate parents to whom affliction has lately been so severely dealt, I shrink from the task I have undertaken. 1 Your daughter was taken sick on the 13th. ins. The news of the death of her sister2 weighed heavily on her; it depressed her spirits and perceptibly affected her health. The attack was not violent, but it was insidious; and her danger was not apprehended until the disease had so far advanced as to render all remedies unavailing. She expired on the 18th at nine o' clock in the evening. I abstain from communicating to you the details of her sickness and treatment. Let it suffice to say, that the best physicians in the city were with her constantly and she was attended by the relations of Duralde—Mrs. Clay & Soniat,3 and several of his friends— whose unremitting labours and watchings proved how much they loved your daughter. The sufferings of Duralde have been dreadful. His bodily health is not impaired, but grief has worn him down. The youngest child,4 who is not yet weaned, will be taken by Mrs. Soniat and nursed by her daughter Me Boisblanc:5 the other6 goes to his Aunt's Mrs. J. Clay. They are both well. The deceased died of a malignant fever, as it is called here. The organs of the stomach were vitally affected thirty six hours before dissolution: the brain was not affected and she preserved her senses until the last hour. She was perfectly aware of her situation and manifested throughout a most wonderful self-possession: she was more calm than the distressed friends who surrounded her death bed. She took an affectionate leave of her husband and her children and added these words "I hope you will always remember that these children are mine & yours." She dwelt with intense feeling on the sufferings her parents would experience: she appeared to feel more for you than for herself.

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She was buried yesterday from my house, in the city—Duralde's residence being two miles distant—and a numerous concourse of the most respectable inhabitants followed her to the tomb. Should any thing occur, which it may be necessary for you to know I shall take the liberty of advising you of it, as Duralde cannot write for the present. I take this opportunity—and a most melancholy one it is—to beg of you to be assured of my highest respect.

GEORGE EUSTIS.

Hon. H. Clay. ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). Eustis, a nephew of William Eustis, had been born in Boston, educated at Harvard, and admitted to the bar in New Orleans (1822). He later served in the Louisiana Legislature, was State attorney general (1830-1832), secretary of state for Louisiana (1832-1834), a justice of the State supreme court (1838-1839), and chief justice of the revised State judiciary (1846-1852). 1 Cf. above, Mazureau to Clay, September 19, 1825. 2 Eliza Clay. 3 Julie Duralde Clay; Louise Duralde Soniat du Fossat. 4 Henry Clay Duralde. 5 Not further identified. 6 Martin Duralde III.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

September 20, 1825

To JAMES H. BENNETT, Pernambuco. Refers to a letter from the State Department, February 17, 1825 (relative to accusations made against him by John Bayard Kirkpatrick), requiring him to offer explanation and justification for his conduct and suspending him from exercising consular functions until further notice; informs him that President Adams, having found in the evidence no ground for reinstating him, "has thought proper to appoint Mr. [John T.] Mansfield as Consul at Pernambuco" in his place. Copy. DNA, RG59, Cons. Instr., vol. 2, pp. 365-66 (M78, R 2 ) . From JOEL R. POINSETT, Mexico, no. 19. Reports an interview with the Mexican Secretary of State (Lucas Alaman) "on the subject of the boundary line between the two Republics," during which the Secretary expressed a desire "to specify the ancient boundary [defined by the Pinckney Treaty of 1795], until the new line was agreed upon." Poinsett replied that the treaty of 1795 antedated the cession of Louisiana, after which the United States had "claimed to the Rio bravo del Norte, and Spain to the Mississippi"; that the (Adams-Onis) treaty of 1819, which resolved disputed claims, was binding on Mexico, having "been acknowledged by their accredited agent in the United States of America"; and that the United States had refrained from carrying the latter treaty into effect only from "motives of delicacy towards Mexico." T h e same motives, Poinsett further stated, had induced him to propose a new treaty, but he "did not intend to yield one square inch of land which was included within the limits of the United States according to the boundary" agreed upon in the Treaty of 1819. He thought "a more advantageous boundary might be drawn," but "such a line was not to be sought for east of the Sabine, or north of the Red River or the Arkansa [sic]; and . . . no article such as . . . proposed [by Alaman] could be inserted in the Treaty, without . . . renewing in it the claim of the United States to the Country north and east of the Rio bravo del Norte." Notes the probability that Lucas Alaman will soon be succeeded by "one

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Camacho" as Secretary of State; that a commissioner from the Netherlands has arrived in Mexico; that (Jose Mariano) Michelena, Mexican commissioner to England, has returned home; that the Mexican fleet is being augmented by purchases abroad; and that the memorial alluded to in his last dispatch (of September 13) has been presented to Congress. LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Mexico, vol. 1 (M97, R2). Received November 4. On the proposed boundary negotiation, see above, Clay to Poinsett, March 26, 1825; Poinsett to Clay, July 18, 22, 1825; on the augmentation of the Mexican fleet, cf. above, Taylor to Clay, September 19, 1825. Sebastian Camacho, born in Veracruz, had been a member of the constitutional assembly and of the first legislative session following the recognition of Mexican independence. In the fall of 1825 he became Secretary of State and Foreign Relations and the following year was sent as Mexican Minister to England, France, and the Low Countries to complete commercial negotiations which marked the recognition of Mexican independence. He resumed the post as Minister of Foreign Relations later in the decade and, having withdrawn from public affairs after a change in political power during the early thirties, he returned to the same office in 1844. He was a member of the Mexican Senate in 1837 and Governor of the State of Veracruz in the late thirties and again in 1846. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

September 20, .1825

From HUGH NELSON, "Belvoir" (Albemarle County, Virginia) . Encloses a copy of his "address to the King of Spain on taking leave," as printed in a Spanish journal; states that he "thought it of so little consequence" that he did not send it until he saw "the bad translation of it" that appeared in the Washington Daily National Journal. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Spain, vol. 24 (M31, R26).

From James E. Davis Dear Sir. Lexington September 21st. 1825. I wish to rent your stone house on water street. In looking about, I find no house in the town of Lexington that will suit me better than it will— I applied to your Son, & to Mr. Scott; they directed me to Mr. Minter; 1 I saw Mr. Minter—He seems unwilling that I should make any attempt to get the house, says he is entitled to the rent of it, till Christmas, & intends to rent it afterwards to Carry on his business. I told him plainly that in his present embarressed [sic] condition (& there is in my opinion no possibility of his getting relieved from it) that it was folly to talk of commencing business there—he cant do it— I therefore wish you to write me,2 what you will take for it the next three years, & also what you will sell it for to be paid, any time during the three years— I want to rent it with leave to buy it at the price you hold it at— In your proposition to rent or sell, I wish you to take into Consideration; that of all the houses in world [sic], it has been the most abused, & is the most

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out of order; there is not a window sash or glass in it— It will take besides sash, & doors, 500 panes of glass to make it tenantable— The board fence is torn down & burnt; & every outhouse is in the same condition— It is true that there is a very very good shed & inclined wheel put there by Minter— He claims the wheel, but from the wording of your Compromise,3 I am of opinion you intended by "fixtures" to imbrace [sic] the wheel &c. It is my Candid opinion that it will be to your interest to rent me the house, upon the best of terms to me, Please instruct your agent here, to do it, upon such terms as will be fair & right[.] I trust I shall be able to buy in the course of the time mentioned, upon any liberal proposition you may make me, & which I wish you to make in reply to this— The house is only Calculated for manufacturing, & I don't honestly believe Mr. Minter will be able to Commence business in it; of Course it will make agt. your interest to have it unoccupied, 8c especially as it is going more & more to wreck I shall be much obliged to you, to get an answer as soon practicable. I shall want the house immediately, & shall have to make some very considerable sacrifice I am pretty certain to get out it out [sic] of the possession of Minter— I have no news of consequence— Boyle & Trimble this day (after being here several days) refused their appt. in the U— Burnett [sic] did the same some days ago4— I have honor to be, &c. JAMES E. DAVIS H. Clay Esq ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). Endorsed on verso by Clay: "Tammany Mills." 1 Probably Theodore W. Clay; Robert Scott; James Minter. 2 No answer found, but cf. below, Agreement, October 24, 1825. s4 See above, Agreement, July 4, 1825. John Boyle, Robert Trimble, Jacob Burnet, declining appointment to the faculty of Transylvania University.

From Benedict Joseph Flaget Dear & Hble. Sir Bardstown,1 7ber. 21th. [sic] 1825. In Sending my long report to the Hble. Lough Borough2 J wrote as to the Presidt. of a committy [sic] charged to See into the amelioration of litterary [sic] institutions, & J contented my Self to anSwer as exactly & candidly as J could, all the questions he had been pleased to put to me. But in writting [sic] to you it Seems to me that J correspond with a Genuine Kentuckn a deep Statesman, & give me leave to add, with a friend to the old biShop at Bardstown. By what J wrote to you once,3 & by what you Will See in my letter to the Secretary P. T. you will be Convinced that though a Frenchman by birth, J am a Sincere American by choice & adoption— That J have Spent the most precious time of my life in the

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United States, & that at all times & every where J endeavoured to make my Self useful to the people with whom J lived. The inhabitants of Vincennes in Indiana State, the Gentlemen of George town College near Fcederal City, thoSe of St. Mary's in Baltimore with whom Successively J have Spent the best part of my life, will never complain of me, & the Kind treatment J receive from them all, at this very time, is a proof of the Sincere affection they entertain for me— Though J a m now about Sixty years of age, yet J feel the Same desire, the Same eagerness for public Good which J felt when thirty years of age. Dear Sir, there are great [sic] many good works J would do in Ky. were J Supported properly by our Govt. or by rich & Generous friends. Last year J intended to Go to Europe for Several good purposes. Ily. To procure in Bordeaux two or three Sisters of Charity4 who direct in that City a Manufacture Carried on by little Orphan Children— 15 years ago J visited my Self the Said manufacture, & J Saw Several of these children Seven or eight years old making more than their living by applying to trades Suitable to their age. 21y. J intended also to procure, if possible, two or three Nuns of an order Called in French Dames de la Sagesse,5 who understand how to instruct Deaf, & dumb,. J Know that there is in Danville an institution of the Kind8— But the School is a promiscuous one: & J have always Considered Such Schools as extremely pernicious to Sound morals. Sly. J expected to procure in Paris, where J have numbers of excellent friends, a learned Chymist: & as J correspond regularly with people of the first rank in Rome, J expected to Collect there fine paintings & engage Some celebrated painters & Musicians to accompany me to Bardstown, && But want of means & Some domestik reasons prevented me— J have received Several invitations to visit Europe once more before J die, & J am almost determined to do it next Spring,7 or at least to Send in my place a Clergyman of my utmost Confidence, in order to enrich as much as possible, My Dear Kentans. with learning & fine arts. J freely & friendly unboSom my heart to your own, because J Know that your views for public good are entensive [sic], & that you are possessed with the noble ambition of making the United States independent of Europe. J feel animated with the Same Sentiments, & if you have it in your power to encourage them, do it, if you please, & you will never repent for it. As for me, J declare it with Confidence, J do not want foreign assistance. A man who lives with pleasure on Bacon & potatoes has no need of applying to our Generl. Govt. for Such provisions, he will find them in plenty

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in Ky. it is not So when J have a Mind of erecting public institutions. With unfeigned Sentiments of esteem & Sincere friendship J remain Dear & Hble. Sir, Your most obedt. & affecBENEDICT JOSEPH FLAGET BISHP. of Bardstown tionate Servt. ALS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, RIO). Addressed to Clay at Washington. Flaget, born in Contournat, France, had been educated for the priesthood at the Sulpician Seminary, Clermont, France, and ordained in 1786. After teaching at various seminaries in France, he had come to the United States as a refugee of the revolution, in 1792. He had been assigned first as a parish priest to Vincennes, Northwest Territory, from 1795 to 1798 as vice-rector and teacher at Georgetown College (founded at Washington, District of Columbia, in 1789), from 1798 to 1801 as an emissary to aid in founding a seminary in Havana, Cuba, from 1801 to 1809 as a teacher at St. Mary's College, Baltimore, Maryland (founded in 1799), and since 1810 as bishop of the see at Bardstown, Kentucky (removed to Louisville in 1841). Except for a brief period in 1832, he held this charge until his death in 1850. 1 Kentucky. 2 Preston S. Loughborough, assistant secretary of state of Kentucky, had been acting as secretary pro tempore during the interval before James C. Pickett assumed office. See above, Clay to Wharton, February 5, 1825, note. The report, a statistical record of the religious and educational institutions under Flaget's jurisdiction—their number, the size of the staff and student body, and the capital investment—is summarized in Mfartin] J[ohn] Spalding, Sketches of the Life, Times, and Character of the Rt. Rev. Benedict Joseph Flaget, First Bishop of Louisville (Louisville, 1852), 302-303. 3 Letter not found. 4 Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul, founded at Paris in 1633, as "Servants of the Poor," identified initially with the care of the sick but also, almost immediately, with the care of foundlings. 5 Not identified. 6 The Kentucky Asylum for the Tuition of the Deaf and Dumb, founded by legislative act of December 7, 1822, was administered by a committee of twelve women, appointed by the trustees of "Central [sic] College [Centre College, founded in 1819] at Danville." Ky. Gen. Assy., Acts . . . 1822, pp. 179-81. 7 Flaget had returned to Europe in 1809-1810, prior to accepting the assignment at Bardstown. He was again abroad from 1835 to 1839, under a papal commission to raise funds for missions in the American Mid-West. On the failure of his plans for such a visit in 1825, see J. Herman Schauinger, Cathedrals in the Wilderness (Milwaukee, 1952), 290-91. DIPLOMATIC NOTES

September 21, 1825.

From P[ETE]R PEDERSEN, Philadelphia, "Private." Inquires when he may come to Washington to negotiate a commercial convention. ALS. DNA, RG59, Notes from Foreign Legations, Denmark, vol. 1 (M52, R l ) .

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

September 21, 1825

From JOSEPH ANDERSON, Comptroller's Office, Treasury Department. In answer to Clay's inquiry at the Treasury Department "this morning," concerning duties exacted from vessels of St. Bartholomew and Norway in American ports, encloses copies of two letters addressed, in 1822, respectively to Severin Lorich and (Henry A. S.) Dearborn, collector at Boston; expresses an opinion that, under a broad interpretation of the act of Congress of January 7, 1824, Norwegian vessels carrying cargoes not the product of that country are entitled to enter American ports upon paying tonnage duties at the domestic rate. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). Dearborn, son of Henry Dearborn, was collector of customs at Boston from 1812 to 1829. He had served as

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a brigadier general of volunteers in the War of 1812 and was later a member of the State legislature (1829,1830) and of Congress (1831-1833). From FREDERICK C. BAKER, Havana. Reports the death of William Miller, of yellow fever, at Key West. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Central America, vol. 1 (M219, R2). Baker not identified.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

September 21, 1825

[JOHN B.] COLVIN solicits "some employment to enable him to subsist himself and his family for the present"; suggests that Clay might, "without subjecting any person to improper censure or remark," permit him to supervise the publication of "The Register of Public officers," which he would do for compensation of $100 or less, and which "might be done through the medium of the printer, Mr. [Peter] Force"; thanks "Clay for his good intentions in the case of Mrs. Colvin," although, "as there was no extra work in the Department, they were unavailing"; states that "He would call upon Mr. Clay in person but not having the advantage of a previous acquaintance, is induced to express himself through a friend." AN. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). Colvin's employment as a State Department clerk had been terminated by John Quincy Adams in 1822, his absences from office and neglect of duty "increasing with his habits of intemperance, till they could no longer be tolerated." Adams, Memoirs, VI, 94-95. Mrs. Colvin (A. S. Colvin) has not been further identified. In a letter dated September 24, 1825, Daniel Brent, at Clay's direction, informed Colvin that provision had already been made for compiling the Biennial Register but that if he was "disposed to undertake the recording such of the laws of Congress as may be designated by this Department . . . from the Copy in the printed Pamphlets, leaving Blanks for the Presidents name and those of the presiding Officers of the two Houses, to be supplied when the Record is ultimately compared with the Roll, Mr. Bt. is authorised to propose that employment . . . ; it being understood that it is to be executed at Mr. Colvin's own Lodgings, and at the rate not exceeding fifteen cents the hundred words." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 155-56. On September 26, Brent, again at Clay's direction, wrote to Colvin, in reply to a note addressed to Brent on September 25, and informed him that Clay "would with great pleasure cause an advance to be made . . . of the sum of Seventy dollars, upon account, for recording the Laws of the United States, were he not restrained from doing so by the Law prohibiting such advances," but that if arrangements can be made with Mrs. Arguelles, proprietress of a Washington boarding house, to whom Colvin in indebted, "by which payments can be contingently secured," Clay "will with pleasure give effect to it . . . from time to time, as the work advances, for not less than twenty dollars each." Ibid., p. 156. On January 12, 1826, Brent, at Clay's direction, informed Colvin "that he declines for the present employing any extra aid to Record the Laws of the United States." Ibid., p. 244.

Washington, solicit "the contracts for printing the 'Register of Officers' Etc. and the Laws, under the same terms on which they have heretofore been done." ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). From 1820 to 1828 Peter Force and William A. Davis, the latter a former newspaper publisher in New York, held the contract for printing the Biennial Register of Government office holders. DAVIS AND FORCE,

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WILLIAM HENDRICKS, Madison (Indiana), recommends the appointment of the Richmond (Indiana) Public Ledger, edited by (Edward S.) Buxton, as publisher of the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. The Public Ledger did not receive the patronage of public printing under the Adams administration. Buxton, not further identified, withdrew in the autumn of 1826 as publisher of the journal. J[ACK] T[ERRILL] ROSS, St. Stephens, Alabama, recommends Henry Hitchcock for appointment as district attorney for the Southern District of Alabama. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). Ross, born and educated in North Carolina, a lieutenant in the United States Army from 1813 to 1817, had entered business as a merchant at St. Stephens and engaged extensively in such operations after moving to Mobile in 1824. He also owned large plantations in Greene and Clarke Counties. He had served as Territorial, later State, treasurer and was now sheriff of Mobile County. He was elected to the State House of Representatives in 1826, 1827, and 1835 and to the State Senate in 1828.

To Walter Dun Dear Sir Washington 22d. Sept. 1825 I received your favor of the lOh. with its inclosures now returned. 1 You are substantially right in your statement. I have nothing to receive from you but the fees in Mr. Calls case, and those in Chancery in Mountjoy's2 Suit, which amount to about the sum stated by you of $10:21. which you will be pleased to pay to Mr. Creighton.3 It would have given me pleasure to have served you in your business with Mr. Graham, if you had thought it advisable to have desired my aid. As it is I hope he will do what is proper. With great regard I am faithfy Yrs H. CLAY [Endorsement]4 Otr. 1st 1825. Reed, of Walter Dun Esqr. Ten dollars and twenty one Cents. Clerks tickets in the case of Daniel Call Exr. of R Means vs Carneal in the Circuit Court U States Kenty for H Clay. W CREIGHTON JUN ALS. Ross County Historical Society, Chillicothe, Ohio. Addressed to Dun at Chillicothe, Ohio. 1 Enclosed with the letter are only two fee bills in the case of Daniel Call, executor of Means: the first, from the marshal, District of Kentucky, for $6.25, signed by Chapman Coleman; the second, from the clerk of the Circuit Court, Kentucky District, for $2.77, signed by John H. Hanna. 2 Thomas Mountjoy, Jr. 3 William Creighton, Jr. 4AES by Creighton.

From John J. Crittenden My Dear Sir, Frankfort Septr: 22nd 1825 Your valued letter of the 22d of August has been received, and

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I thank you for your friendly congratulations on my election— You are pleased to attach more consequence to it, than it deserves— The general result of our late elections I regard as a real triumph, & a just subject of congratulation among all the friends of constitutional government— It is my misfortune that so much is expected of me at the ensuing session of the Legislature— I speak it more in sorrow, than in vanity— The Anti-reliefs, & the Reliefs, (to use names familiar here) both have their eyes fixed upon me— The former expect me to do a great deal, the latter to forbear a great deal— My situation will be delicate & responsible, & I may well fear that I shall not be equal to it— As to the course which the party (the majority) ought to take, & the temper with which they ought to pursue it, I entirely concur with you— They ought to do nothing "from passion, nor in passion"— We ought in fact to do very little at the approaching session— Nothing but what is indispensable, & necessary to be done—leaving all other matters for future regulation & reform, where such reform is proper— We must retrench & economise as far as practicable— And finally we must have a very short sessionsay one month— If the majority will take such a course they may look to the future without fear; & certainly they can not be too careful to avoid every act of indiscretion or impolicy that might turn from them, or change, the public feeling & opinionIt is not certain what course the new judges1 will pursue— They have not yet resigned—And some of their party talk of their holding out to the last extremity. Supposing them to take such a course, & supposing the Govnr.2 & Senate to defeat the passage of a bill for the repeal of the Act under which these new judges were created3— Ought not the H: of Rep: to declare, by resolution, that act to be unconstitutional—and that Boyle Owsley & Mills are the only constitutional judges?4 and ought not those judges, under these circumstances, to resume their functions, & co-erce the redelivery of, or take by force, the records that were wrested from their clerk by the new court?8 Or would it be better, leaving this new court in possession of the records & in the exercise of its unconstitutional jurisdiction, to appeal again to the people at the next election? What would be the most correct & politic course for us to take under these circumstance [sic]? We could certainly appeal to the people again with great effect, we could point to these judges as sheltering themselves from the constitution & the people & taking protection from both, under a Govnr. & Senate &c &c We could succeed again before the people, & probably by an increased majority— But in the mean time we should be leaving the new court, & their party [currently in power— And this might [be] attended with its disadvantages—

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Upon the whole it is quite a perplexing subject to me, & I should like to hear your views of it, if you can venture to give them to me in confidence— The Madman of Georgia,6 I am glad to s[ee] has, agreed to defer his desperate resolution of surveying the Indian lands— It is well for him that he has some "method in his madness"— The conduct of the President in relation to this affair is, I beleive [51c], almost universally approved of with us— Your Son Thomas supped with me last night & left here this morning for Judge Boyle's7— He is well— Our old acquaintance, A. Sneed died on Sunday last Yr Friend J J CRITTENDEN Hon: H. Clay, Secty &c ALS. NcD. 1 William T. Barry; James Haggin; John Trimble; and Rezin H. Davidge. 2 Joseph Desha. 3 See above, III, 902n. 4 John Boyle; William Owsley; Benjamin Mills. 8 See above, Blair to Clay, March 7, 1825, note. e George M. Troup. See above, Clay to Southard, July 3, 1825, note. 7 Cf. above, Boyle to Clay, January 10, 1825.

From John T. Kirkland Dear Sir: Harvard University. Cambridge Sept. 22nd. 1825. I have the honor of informing you, that the Government of Harvard University did, at the last Commencement,1 in expression of their sense of your professional and general attainments, & your distinguished character and standing, confer on you, the honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws. The Diploma will be made out & sent to you. In the hope of your favourable consideration of this token of our respect, I have the honor to be with high esteem Your ob Servt. Hon. Henry Clay J. T. KIRKLAND President. ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl).

1 Held August 31.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES From JOSE MARIA SALAZAR, New York.

September 22, 1825 Extends condolences upon

Clay's

bereavement (the death of Eliza Clay). States that the health of Madame Salazar has caused him to remain in New York and to send to Washington the Secretary of Legation (Juan Maria) Gomez, who has recently returned from Europe, to confer upon public matters. Explains that he (Salazar), being uncertain of the duration of his commission to the United States, has decided not to renew his lease upon the house of (Richard) Forrest and to offer to Clay as much of the furniture as would prove useful. ALS, in Spanish. DNA, RG59, Notes from Colombian Legation, vol. 1, pt. 2 (M51, R2). G6mez was transferred in November, 1826, as Secretary of Legation to Brazil. In 1834 he conducted Colombian negotiations to resolve a dispute with France, and for six months

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in 1845 he served as Colombian Minister of Foreign Relations. On Clay's rental of the Forrest house, see below, Agreement, October 11, 1825. From HILARIO DE RIVAS Y SALMON, "Legation de Esparia, Philadelphia." Cites specific instances of ships of war being built in New York and Baltimore and of armaments and munitions being sent from Philadelphia to South American States; asks that this information be laid before the President. ALS, in Spanish, with translation. DNA, RG59, Notes from Spanish Legation, vol. 8 (M59, Rll). Received September 25.

INSTRUCTIONS

AND DISPATCHES

September 22, 1825

From JOEL R. POINSETT, Mexico (City), no. 20. Transmits information, just received, of a report by a Mexican secret agent concerning a French scheme "to prevail upon the King of Spain [Ferdinand VII] to renounce his right to Mexico in favor of Francisco de Paula the youngest of the Spanish Bourbons," to land the Prince with a large force on the Mexican coast, and to announce to England a French disposition to recognize the independence of the former Spansh colonies as limited monarchies but not as republics; explains why he gives some credence to this report; states that Great Britain will oppose placing a Bourbon on the throne of Mexico; and notes that nothing has been said to him on the subject, although the Mexican President (Guadalupe Victoria) has conferred with the British Charge d'Affaires (Henry G. Ward) . LS, in code. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Mexico, vol. 1 (M97, R2). A decoded copy, from which quotation is taken, is found in NHi. Decoded copy published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, III, 1632-33. Francisco de Paula Antonio de Borbon, born in 1794, was known primarily for his interest in the fine arts. From GEORGE W. SLACUM, Buenos Aires. Transmits a copy of a report (not found) prepared "by a Committee of British Merchants long residents in this Country" for submission to the British Government; attributes to British influence the decree excluding American flour from "this Province" (see above, Clay to Forbes, April 14, 1825); comments on the jealousy of English merchants toward United States traders, who are able to compete successfully on equal terms; and congratulates Clay upon his appointment as Secretary of State. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Buenos Aires, vol. 2 (M70, R3). Received December 9.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

September 22, 1825

T. KIRKLAND, "Harvard University Cambridge," recommends William L. Reaney "for the office he desires at Porto Rico." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3). Cf. above, Van Ness to Clay, September 7, 1825, note.

JOHN

L. REANEY, Boston, a 47-year-old widower, solicits appointment as consul in Puerto Rico or, if that vacancy be filled, "any other Office in your Gift either abroad or at home. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3).

WILLIAM

"Hagley," introduces the bearer, W. R. Mason, and recommends him for a clerkship. ALS. Ibid. Wiley Roy Mason, of Fredericksburg, Virginia, shortly thereafter took up the study of law and was admitted to the bar in 1828.

JOHN TALIAFERRO,

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To Charles Hammond My dear Sir Washington 23d. September 1825 I received your letter of the 31st. August, and thank you for the result of your researches on the Public Law of Straights, of which I shall be able to make a valuable use. Dr. Watkins will have informed you of the cause which prevented the publication in the Intellr. of the extract from my letter to you, with your introductory remarks.1 The President seems to have thought, upon the whole, that it was better not to make the publication, and I acquiesce in his opinion. The view taken of Porter's case in the Liberty Hall 2 is very judicious. Public opinion is rapidly settling down in the approbation of the judgment of the Court, and I have no doubt that will ultimately be the almost unanimous opinion of the community. Porters recent indiscretion in a wanton attack upon Col. Monroe will increase the number who condemn his conduct.3 The Georgia affair would have gone off very well but for some ill-judged letters recently written by Gaines.4 The Governor had abandoned the design of making the survey, and all was passing off well. These letters have provoked him to make a demand for the arrest and trial of Gaines, under the articles of War. The President has declined acceding to the demand, but he has caused, his strong disapprobation to be signified to Gaines both for writing and publishing his late letters.5 I should not be surprized if the effect of these letters should be the re-election of Troup. 6 So Mr. Rowan has found that majorities are not always right. The resistance of the Senate, which he seems to desire, to the late decisive expression of public opinion, will only serve to throw his party into a still smaller minority. Their best course would be to chearfully [sic] acquiesce in the popular decision and to contribute all in their power to obliviate the Relief system. I am faithfully & Cordially Yrs H CLAY C. Hammond Esqr. ALS. InU. The word "Confidential" was written by Clay in the margin beside the fourth paragraph of this letter. 1 See above, Clay to Hammond, April 23, May 23, 1825. 2 Cincinnati Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Gazette. 3 In a letter dated September 1, 1825, Commodore David Porter, declining attendance at a banquet proposed in his honor, had referred to his own apparent misunderstanding and erroneous interpretation of "orders and instructions, which the Court and the public, & I believe, also, the government, have only been able to comprehend, by the voluntary aid of him under whose superintendence they were framed, and who, in his own justification, undertook the difficult task, without having the orders under which I acted before him, or a distinct recollection of their contents, of giving a solution, corresponding with the intention, although at variance with the letter. . . , and having placed my entire confidence in one, who has proved both an accuser and a witness against me, and whose testimony alone has condemned me, it is no small solace to me that I have found favor and indulgence in the eyes of that public to

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whom I so confidently appealed for justice. . . ." Washington Gazette, September 3, 1825. 4 In a series of letters, notably those dated July 10 and 28 and August 16 and 29, 1825, General Edmund Pendleton Gaines had engaged in dispute with Governor George M. Troup regarding the validity of the treaty of cession of the Indian lands in Georgia and the State's determination to survey the tract (see above, Clay to Southard, July 3, 1825, note), controversy which developed into highly personalized criticism. The fact that some of the correspondence was released to the press before delivery to the addressees enlarged the matter into a contest for public favor. General Gaines, as a military agent of the Government, was widely condemned for participating in such a debate. See Washington Daily National Intelligencer, September 10, 1825. The correspondence was published in that journal during August and September, passim, and in House Reports, 19 Cong., 2 Sess., no. 98. 5 Troup had presented his demand in a letter addressed to Adams, on August 31, 1825. On September 19, Secretary of War Barbour had replied to Troup, reporting the President's rejection of the request for Gaines' arrest, but had also informed Gaines of Adams' "regret that in the letters published . . . you have permitted yourself to indulge a tone, whose efEect will be to destroy that harmony which the President is so much disposed to cherish; and the publication of which is calculated to inflame those differences which moderation and forebearance would not fail to allay." House Reports, 19 Cong., 2 Sess., no. 98, p. 559. 6 Troup was re-elected on October 3 for a second two-year term as Governor, defeating John Clark by only 688 votes out of over 40,000 cast. Gaines himself had noted that he was charged with meddling in State politics and, on September 12, had announced his decision to withhold further publication of his views until after the election. Washington Daily National Intelligencer, September 27, 1825.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

September 23, 1825

From JOSEPH E. CARO, Public Archives Office, Pensacola. States that, in conformity with the act of Congress of March 3, 1825 (4 U. S. Stat., 126), calling for translation of all Spanish records and documents having relation to land claims, he has translated all documents relating to land grants from the Spanish Government on record in his office; requests instructions regarding translation of private deeds and conveyances on file there. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). Published in Carter (ed.), Territorial Papers. . . , XXIII, 325. From JOSEPH DELAFIELD, New York. Reports that the surveyors employed by the American Commissioner (Peter B. Porter) have finished their survey and are preparing their maps, "under the 7th article of the Treaty [of Ghent]," for the next meeting of the Board, in December; notes that other surveyors, not yet returned, were sent out by the British Commissioner (Anthony Barclay) to find "a water communication" south of the established route between Lake Superior and the Lake of the Woods, which, with some uncertainty concerning the identification of Long Lake on Mitchell's map, would lay the basis for contention in support of the southern route. Believes that the British will find a southerly route, but states that he has obtained from the President's father (John Adams) testimony to identify the Long Lake of Mitchell's map with that of the Treaty of 1783, and asserts that he (Delafield) has explored a northerly route which he is prepared to claim in case of disagreement. Though doubting the sincerity of the British Commissioner, Delafield anticipates that a settlement of the boundary will be achieved at the next meeting of the Commission. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). Delafield, born in New York, educated at Yale University, and admitted to the bar, had been an officer with the rank of major at the close of the War of 1812. From 1821 to 1828 he was in command of field parties as a United States agent for delineating the northern boundary, under articles six and

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seven of the Treaty of Ghent (above, I, 1006; II, 162n). He was later prominent for his interest in natural history and for his operation of a very successful lime kiln at Yonkers. Anthony Barclay, of Nova Scotia, who had served in 1816 as secretary to the British boundary commissioner under the fourth article of the Treaty of Ghent, had been named as the British Commissioner for the negotiations dealing with articles six and seven. He later, from 1842 to 1856, served as British consul in New York. John Mitchell, probably born in the British Isles though later a resident of Virginia, had been educated as a botanist and physician at the University of Edinburgh. His Map of the British and French Dominions in North America with the Roads, Distances, Limits, and Extent of the Settlements, published at London in 1755, became the standard used in treaty negotiation relative to the boundary between the United States and the British North American dominions. From R[ICHARD] H[ENRY] TOLER, Lynchburg. Announces transfer, from Toler and Colin to Fletcher and Toler, of the Lynchburg Virginian and of all debts due that establishment. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Toler had become editor of the Virginian in January, 1824, and continued with that journal until 1846. He then edited the Richmond Whig (originally the Constitutional Whig) until his death two years later. John B. Colin had been Toler's associate on the Virginian until January 13, 1825, when he had been replaced by Elijah Fletcher, who remained with that journal until 1841. Born and educated in Vermont, Colin had begun teaching in Alexandria, Virginia, in 1810. Between 1817 and 1819, he had removed to Lynchburg, where he had become active in civic affairs. He served several terms on the town council and in 1831 as mayor.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

September 23, 1825

NICHOLAS DAVIS, Limestone, Alabama, recommends Henry Hitchcock for appointment as district attorney for the Southern District of Alabama. LS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). Born in Hanover County, Virginia, Davis had served there as a Federal marshal before moving to Kentucky in 1808. By 1817 he had resettled in Alabama, where two years later he had become a member of the first constitutional convention and of the first State legislature. He sat in the State Senate from 1820 to 1828, presiding over that body the last five sessions. As a Whig, he later ran for congressional and gubernatorial office, respectively, without success. On Hitchcock's appointment, see above, Hall to Clay, August 11, 1825, note.

To John Quincy Adams Sir Washington 24 September 1825 I comply with the request of Majr. Clark1 in laying this letter before you. It is the only letter I ever received from him, and my knowledge of him is not sufficient to enable me to affix an estimate upon his communication. The Secretary of War2 will have informed you of the fact that Genl. Gaines, if not now in the City, will be here in a day or

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two. This movement is unexpected and may render necessary a consideration of the contingencies of his return to Georgia.3 I shall transmit, for your inspection and direction, early in the next week, a letter of instructions for Mr. Poinsett which I have prepared and which are [sic] now copying.4 Hoping that this letter will find you at the safe termination of your journey,5 I am, with great respect, Your obedient servant The President. H CLAY ALS. MHi-Adams Papers, Letters Received (MR472). 1 Above, Clark to Clay, September 10, 1825. 2 James Barbour. 3Cf. above, Clay to Hammond, September 23, 1825. 4 See below, Clay to Poinsett, this date; Clay to Adams, September 26, 1825. 5 Adams had left Washington on September 20, for a visit with his father in Quincy, Massachusetts. He returned to the capital on October 26.

To Adam Beatty Dear Sir Washington 24 September 1825 I received your letter of the 13h. instant, with Genl. Bodleys list of fees. I have other demands against him which will meet any fees he has against me, or for which I am responsible. But you may allow $172:68 of the note of Poague and himself to be suspended if the residue of it is paid, until I go out to K. and have a settlement with him, or until I otherwise direct. Of the list forwarded that sum is as much, if not more than I am chargeable with. I have about 100 sheep. I cannot undertake to say what part of them are full blooded. All that I know is that I have been breeding from full blooded Merino rams ever since they were introduced into the State (about 12 or 13 years) and that I commenced with one or two full blooded ewes. I would take four dollars specie a piece for them including a ewe that I bought from Steubenville1 and her produce which I believe is two ewes. Or I would sell the choice of fifty of them at five dollars a piece. That was the price at which I sold twenty at my Sale, and stopt the Sale.2 I have directed a pair to be sent to my farm from Mr. Dickensons flock near Steubenville, but have not heard of their being sent.3 Should they arrive they must be excepted. If you wish them this letter may be presented as your authority for receiving them, and I would be satisfied to receive paymt. next Spring or Summer as may be most convenient We generally worked up our wool in the family. I never exported any. I think you will find that a sufficient number of the majority of the Senate will give way to insure a restoration of the old Con-

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stitutional order of things. They will hardly withstand the recent decisive expression of public opinion. We have no news here. Your's faithfully H. CLAY. Adam Beatty Esq ALS. Owned by Earl M. Ratzer, Highland Park, Illinois. Endorsed: "Answd. 22nd. febr. 1826." Answer not found. l Cf. above, III, 384. 2 See above, Statement, June 24, 1825. 3 Cf. below, Clay to Dickinson, November 1, 1825.

To Joel R. Poinsett No. 5. Joel R. Poinsett, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. U. S. Mexico Sir Department of State 24th. September 1825. I have the pleasure now to acknowledge the receipt of your several Despatches, from No. 1. to No. 16, inclusive (with the exception of No. 9 and No. 13)1 and I shall proceed, in this Despatch, to take such notice of them, as is deemed necessary. The Convention with Colombia, referred to in your general Instructions, of the 25th. March last,2 has, since their date, been ratified by the Government of Colombia, and the ratification [sic] of the two Governments have been exchanged at this place.3 Subsequent to the date of that Convention, a Treaty was concluded between Great Britain and Colombia,4 according to which, the Commerce between those two powers has been placed upon the footing of that of the most favoured Nation, and their navigation upon the principle of equality which is stipulated in the second Article of our Convention with Great Britain, under date the 3rd. July 1815,8 (see 6th. Volume of the Laws of the United States, page 603)6 and which is proposed in the Act of Congress of the 7th. January, 1824.7 That second Article is almost literally copied into the Treaty between Colombia and Great Britain, where it will be found in its fourth, fifth, and sixth Articles. As, by our Convention with Colombia, no such provision was made for the regulation of the navigation of the two Countries, and as, by the Laws of that Republic, foreign vessels and their cargoes are subject to alien duties, advantages have been conceded to Great Britain which were not granted to the United States. These advantages would have formed a subject of just complaint, on our part, if the Government of Colombia, sensible of what is due to us, had not promptly informed Mr. Watts, charged with the affairs of the United States at Bogota, in the absence of Mr. Anderson, that it was ready to extend them to us.8 Accordingly, instructions have been given to Mr. Anderson, who is just about returning to his post, to concur with that Government in the adoption of the necessary regulations

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for securing to our Commerce and Navigation, in all respects, the same advantages which have been yielded to Great Britain.9 The result, undoubtedly will be, to place our commerce and Navigation with Colombia,—1st.— On the footing of the most favoured Nation, and 2ndly.— That the vessels of each party, laden with its own produce and manufactures, shall pay in the ports of the other, the same duties and charges as its own vessels importing similar produce and manufactures. If you shall not have concluded the Treaty of Commerce, when this Letter arrives, you will be able to urge upon the Government of Mexico the example of Colombia and Great Britain, and what has been done, and is proposed to be completed, between the United States and Colombia, as motives for acceding to the principles which the President is desirous of introducing into the Treaty which you are authorized to negotiate. I observe that, by the 6th. Article of the Treaty which has been concluded between Great Britain and Mexico (a copy of which is transmitted in your despatch, No. 2)10 "the products or manufactures of each of the contracting parties, when imported in their own vessels, into the ports of each, respectively, shall not pay any higher duty than is now, or shall hereafter be, paid by the vessels of the most favoured nation; and the same on exportation of the products and manufactures of each, in the vessels of the other. When the Mexican mercantile marine shall have increased so as to be sufficient for its commerce, then there may be established by common consent, a perfect equality of duty &c. on the importation and exportation of the products and manufactures of the respective dominions and states, indifferently, in vessels of both Nations." This provision may possibly be urged by the Mexican Government as an objection against adopting, in the Treaty with the United States, that principle of perfect equality between the vessels of the two countries, which is desired. If the intrinsic merit of the principle itself, the example of Colombia and the irritating tendency of countervailing legislation, the inevitable effect of an attempt by one nation to secure advantages to its own navigation, denied to that of foreign Powers, shall not enable you to prevail on the mexican Government to agree to the perfect equality which is proposed, you will consider yourself authorised to accede to an article embracing the same principles as are contained in the Sixth Article of the British Treaty. The President approves of your consenting to treat on the two subjects of Commerce and Limits separately.11 Indeed it was never contemplated that one of them should be dependent on the other. As the ratification on the part of Great Britain, of the Treaty with Mexico, has been suspended with a view to effect some alterations

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in it, the present is an auspicious period for pressing your negociation for the Commercial Treaty. Should the negociation be still pending, you will bear in mind the expediency of inserting a provision in the Treaty similar to that which is found in the first part of the second Article of the Convention of London of 1815, exempting the produce and manufactures of the United States from paying in the Ports of Mexico, higher duties than similar produce and manufactures of other Countries. The provision may be made reciprocal. Its necessity is suggested by the representation made to this Department, heretofore communicated to you, that our cotton fabrics were subjected to higher duties than like British fabrics.13 If that representation were unfounded, such is the British jealousy of a competition with our rising manufactures, that an attempt may be made to depress them, by rendering them liable to more burthensome duties than are paid by the rival fabrics of Great Britain. The President sees with regret, the reluctance, on the part of the Mexican Government, to agree to the opening of the road from Missouri towards Santa Fe.14 The road was intended for purely commercial purposes, and doubtless the people of both countries would be benefitted by the exchanges which it would facilitate. No misconception could be greater than that of its having originated in views of Territorial acquisition. If either party could lose by it, it would probably be the United States, many of whose enterprising citizens might be tempted by the intercourse to which it would lead, in consequence of the greater cheapness, or other advantages, of the lands of the Internal Provinces to migrate thither. The connexion between the fixation of limits and the proposed road is not perceived. Wherever the limits may now, or hereafter shall, be established, the road will be useful. It proposes no disturbance in existing, or contemplated, limits. In fact, an imperfect trace or road, such as it is, is now used, and the sole question is, whether it shall be rendered more convenient to the persons whose interest or inclination shall induce them to travel it. To defer making the road more visible and comfortable, for an indefinite period; to deny to the parties mutually a certain benefit, in prospect of a future and contingent arrangement, to which it has no necessary relation, does not seem advisable. Nor does the President perceive the utility of a joint appointment by the two Governments, of Commissioners "who, by examining, together, the Country within a given latitude from one sea to the other, might present exact information upon which the limits might be established, as is desired."15 After agreeing upon the principles on which a line of demarcation between the Territories of two Nations should be run, it has been usual to appoint, con-

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jointly, Commissioners to proceed to mark and abut the line. Their duty is then prescribed, and if any variance arises between them, observations and experiments with proper instruments generally enable them to reconcile it. But it has not been customary to send forth Commissioners either to agree upon a suitable boundary, or to collect data upon which the parties are subsequently to establish one. Such a course would be to reverse the order of proceeding which is recommended by the practice and experience of Nations. It would probably leave the state of information which should guide the two Powers, pretty much as it now is. There is but little likelihood that the Commissioners would agree, and each set would be influenced by the separate views of policy which it might happen to take of the particular country which it represented. If it were needful for both parties to acquire the knowledge which the Mexican Government supposes to be wanted, it would be better for each to send out its own exploring Commissioners, under its separate instructions. For ourselves, although much, undoubtedly, remains to be known of the Countries through which the line may be fixed, we believe that the stock of our information is sufficient to enable us, to agree upon a boundary that would be satisfactory to us. In declining, however, to accede to the measure of creating a joint Commission, the President would not be understood as objecting to a resort by the Mexican Government, for its own satisfaction, to the appointment of Commissioners for the purpose of collecting any information which it may desire. Should it persist in attaching importance to such a measure, the hope is indulged that no unnecessary time will be lost in sending out the Commission, so that the negociation in regard to the limits may be resumed with as little delay as possible. The prevalence of British influence in Mexico, to which you refer,16 is to be regretted. If it be the mere effect of British power, and British capital and enterprize, fairly exerted; if it be not manifested in the form of regulations favourable to British Commerce and Navigation, to our prejudice, nor in that of cherishing British subjects, whilst the citizens of the United States are treated unfriendly in their commerce and intercourse with Mexico, we can hardly make it the subject of a formal complaint. Against any partiality or preference shewn to any foreign Nation or its subjects to the disadvantage of the United States and their citizens, you will, if necessary, firmly remonstrate. And you will urge the uniform friendly tenor of the whole conduct of the United States towards the United Mexican States, from the earliest establishment of their Independence. As a further, and strong, proof of the friendly interest which is taken by the Government of the United States in the prosperity of Mexico, I transmit you, herewith, a copy of a

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Note addressed on the 10th. day of May last, to Mr. Middleton, our Minister at St. Petersburg. The object of that note, you will observe is to bring about a peace, if possible, between Spain and the new States established in America. A copy of it has been transmitted to each of our Ministers at the Courts of London, Paris and Madrid17 to be used in the endeavour to accomplish that desirable object. Russia is the Power whose movement will be most likely to operate on the Councils of Spain, and we wait, with solicitude, to hear from her. You are at liberty to communicate such parts of the contents of the note, to the Mexican Government, as you may think proper. Whatever may be the result of the effort, that Government cannot fail to appreciate the friendly motives in which it originated. During the last Spring the Ministers of Mexico and Colombia, near this Government, made separate, but nearly simultaneous, communications to this Department, in relation to the contemplated Congress at Panama.18 Each of them stated that he was instructed by his Government to say, that it would be very agreeable to it, that the United States should be represented at that Congress; that it was not expected that they would take any part in its deliberations or measures of concert in respect to the existing war with Spain, but that other great interests affecting the Continent of America, and the friendly intercourse between the Independent Nations established on it, might be considered and regulated at the Congress; and that, not knowing what might be the views of the United States, a previous enquiry was directed to be made whether they would, if invited by Mexico or Colombia, be represented at Panama; and if an affirmative answer were given, each of those Ministers stated that the United States would be, accordingly, invited to be represented there. The President directed me to say and I accordingly replied, that the communication was received with great sensibility to the friendly consideration of the United States by which it had been dictated; that, of course, they could not make themselves any party to the existing war with Spain, or to Councils for deliberating on the means of its further prosecution; that he believed such a Congress as was proposed might be highly useful in settling several important controverted questions of public Law, and in arranging other matters of deep interest to the American Continent, and to the friendly intercourse between the American Powers; that before such a Congress, however, assembled, it appeared to him to be necessary to arrange between the different powers to be represented, several preliminary points, such as, the subjects to which the attention of the Congress should be directed, the nature, and the form, of the Powers to be given to the Ministers,

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and the mode of organizing the Congress. If these preliminary points could be adjusted in a manner satisfactory to the United States, the Ministers from Mexico and Colombia were informed that the United States would be represented at the Congress. Upon enquiry if those preliminary points had yet engaged the attention of either the Government of Mexico or Colombia they were unable to inform me that they had, whilst both appeared to admit the expediency of their being settled. Each of them undertook to communicate to his Government, the answer which I delivered to their invitations; and nothing further has since transpired. It is deemed proper that you should be made acquainted with what has occurred here on this matter, in order that, if it should be touched upon by the Mexican Government, you may, if necessary, be able to communicate what passed. We shall make no further movement in it, until we hear from the Government of Mexico or Colombia. You will, by this time, have learned that the operations of the French fleet during the past summer, in the West Indies, had no relation to the occupation of Cuba or Porto Rico, as was apprehended at Mexico. Your interposition to prevent hostile measures, founded upon that erroneous supposition, being adopted against France, was seasonable and proper.19 If the Spanish Government is to be credited, there not only has been no cession to any Foreign Power, of either of those Islands, but Spain is resolved never to make any such cession, Mr. Bermudez, on the 12th. day of July last, having, in an official Note to Mr. Nelson, stated, that "His Majesty has at no time, thought of ceding to any Power, the Islands of Cuba and Porto Rico, and, so far from such a purpose, is firmly determined to keep them under the dominion and authority of his legitimate sovereignty."20 The translations which you propose to send, in future, of such official papers as you may transmit, will be acceptable. I am, with great respect, Your obedient Servant H. CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, pp. 385-91 (M77, R5). ALI draft, in DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R7). 1 Dated July 27, 1825; August 13, 1825. 2 See above, Clay to Poinsett, March 26, 1825. 3 See above, Clay to Salazar, March 21, 1825, note. 4 See above, Watts to Clay, May 10, 1825, note. s See above, II, 57-58. 6 8 U. S. Stat., 228-29. Clay cites the compilation published by John Bioren and William John Duane. 7 See above, Lorich to Clay, March 16, 1825, note. 8 See above, Watts to Clay, May 10, 1825. 9 See above, Clay to Anderson, September 16, 1825. 10 Above, May 28, 1825. 11 See above, Poinsett to Clay (no. 7), July 18, 1825. 12 See above, Smith to Clay, August 13, 1825. 13 See above, Clay to Poinsett, March 26, 1825, note 20. 14 See above, Poinsett to Clay, June 18, August 17, 1825. IB See above, Poinsett to Clay, July 22, 1825.

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16 See above, Poinsett to Clay, June 4, August 5, 10, 1825. 17 See above, Clay to King, May 11, 1825; Clay to Brown, May 13, 1825; b u t cf. Everett to Clay, August 12, 1825. Clay had expressed similar arguments to Everett, April 27, 1825. 18 See above, Tudor to Clay, April 12, 1825, note. 19 See above, Poinsett to Clay, August 17 (nos. 15 and 16), 1825. 20 See above, Nelson to Clay, July 13, 1825.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

September 24, 1825

To PETER PEDERSEN, Philadelphia. Offers an apology for not having addressed him earlier on the subject of negotiations relative to commerce and navigation; requests further deferment of a meeting until the President's return, about October 20. Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Ministers and Consuls, vol. 3, pp. 232-33 (M38, R3). ALI draft, in CSmH. To HILARIO DE RIVAS Y SALMON. Acknowledges receipt of his note of September 19; states that the United States attorney for the District of Pennsylvania has already "instituted judicial proceedings" against Ortega. Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Ministers and Consuls, vol. 3, p. 233 (M38, R3). ALI draft, in CSmH. See above, Ingersoll to Clay, September 19, 1825. INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

September 24, 1825

From JAMES BROWN, Paris, no. 35. Reports an interview, on September 20, with the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Damas, during which Brown reminded him that discussion of American claims against France had been halted by French insistence that they be considered "only in connexion with the question arising out of the 8th. Article of the Louisiana Treaty of Cession" and expressed a hope that the matter of claims could be taken up "as a separate and distinct subject of negotiation." Damas argued that the United States had no "well founded Claim to indemnity," that the wrongs complained of "were the consequences of a war, during the progress of which, injuries and acts of injustice had been committed upon other nations by France, to an amount which rendered it utterly impossible for her to make adequate reparation," that France had limited her indemnities to the most flagrant cases, "that this principle had been observed in the Treaties made between her and the European powers," that other nations "had been excluded from indemnity," that the United States had no right to expect preferential treatment, and that the United States should have "urged payment . . . when France was entering into engagements to pay large sums to other powers. . . ." Brown summarizes his reply to these contentions, encloses a copy of a letter he sent Damas on September 21, and concludes that he gained from the interview no encouragement to hope that a settlement of claims could be obtained "from the present Ministry." LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., France, vol. 22 (M34, R25). Received November 10. Cf. above, III, 382, 383n; Brown to Clay, March 23, September 19, 1825. In the enclosure, Brown reminds Damas that the question that had been the occasion for their interview had not been settled, that he had not expected a discussion of the claims themselves, and that he hoped a decision on the question of indemnity would be suspended "until the obstacle which has arrested the negociation shall have been removed" or until a full discussion of the claims could be had.

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From JOEL R. POINSETT, Mexico, no. 21. Reports that the Secretary of State (Lucas Alaman) has communicated to him the information contained in his dispatch no. 20 (above, September 22) and has given the same information to the British Charge d'Affaires, "not being aware that the President had previously shown to that Gentleman the Letter of their Agent in Paris." LS, in cipher, decoded in State Department file. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Mexico, vol. 1 (M97, R2). Published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, III, 1633-34. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

September 24, 1825

From [JAMES MADISON]. States that, since mentioning to Clay "the name of young Mr Waugh who wishes to be a bearer of public despatches," he has learned that the applicant is younger than he thought "and probly [sic] without that sort of knowledge of the world which would be useful at any age, and could alone supply the want of age"; refers Clay, in case Waugh's name arises, to "members of Congress connected with this part of the Country." AL draft. DLC-James Madison Papers (DNA, M212, R22). Waugh, not identified, received no appointment. From STANHOPE PREVOST, Lima. Reports, in the temporary absence of (William) Tudor from the city, "the condemnation of the American Ship Genl. Brown and her Cargo" (see above, Tudor to Clay, June 8, 1825); states that he "protested against the Sentence immediately"; encloses his "letter and its answers"; comments on "the rebuff Com. [Isaac] Hull met with in attempting to interfere in the business"; and criticizes the conduct of American naval commanders who have served in that area, as well as the failure of the United States Government to heed the "official communications" of his father (John B. Prevost). Declares: "I shall not expose myself Sir, to have my Communications, because they may be disagreeable, treated with the neglect that has uniformly attended his, and believing moreover from the general result of the Court martials, which have been hitherto held on naval Chiefs in the U. S. [cf. above, Clay to Crosby, September 6, 1825], that Such would be the Case, I shall abstain from taking any Steps in the business"; but "again" observes "that the only effectual means of restoring and preserving the high Character, to which the liberal policy of our Government would Entitle us, is to put the incentive of private Emolument out of the way of duty, and abolish entirely the right of a Commander, to exact a deposit, or freight Commission, on bullion or moneys that may be placed on board his Ship." ALS. DNA, RG76, Misc. Claims #1-235, File 1887, Box 4. Addressed to the Secretary of State. Stanhope Prevost had been appointed by William Tudor, early in 1825, vice consul for Lima. He was nominated in 1843 to be consul and served in that office until 1850. On the transportation of bullion by Navy vessels, see above, III, 483n; Tudor to Clay, May 17, 1825.

From George W. Owen Dr Sir Claibome Sepr. 25h 1825A few days past I learned casually that our present District Judge would in all probability resign his place soon,1 if this should be the case will [you] pardon me for asking of you the favour to

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advise me of the vacancy, my reason for making this request is frankly this, Offices & some of them important, have been vacated & filled before it was known to the public that any vacancy existed, and this in my District, I have no name to submit for the place but I wish my friends to have a fair start— I am requested by two of my acquaintances & friends to submit their names to the executive Department, to fill the vacancy of District Atty for the South of Ala. caused by the election of Mr. Crawford2 to the Senate of our State Legislature, they are James Dellet3 & David Rust, for both I can say that they possess ample legal acquirements to discharge the duties of the office, I am obliged to bear this Testimony without participating in my own feelings for the success of either application, it is shere [sic] justice to the very highly respectible [sic] members of the bar whose names are mentioned, as others will write you upon this subject—you may decide in favour of which may seem to you proper— I can say for both (not to give weight however) that both these individuals were & are still the friends of our present President— The former one on the Adams electoral ticket [became] his w[ar]m [ajdvocate— These [writ]ings are to [sic] you upon the principle which was settled when I saw you last in candour & perfect regard— "Alabama has not revolted" the people look to the acts of the administration they are not as much devoted to men— Our cotton crops do not promise well even the Tariff4 I fear will not sustain the cotton grower, Mathew Carey & Agricola make a bad contest6 we had much better argument and much more zealous controversies in the House of Representatives— I hope that you have heard from my Brother,6 he is truly grateful to you for your hospitable kindness & friendship, he is your zealous advocate even in Tennessee— I am with sentiments of regard your obt. Svt. G. W. OWEN Hon Henry Clay ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MRS). MS. torn. 1 For Charles Tait's resignation, see below, Tait to Clay, February 1, 1826. 2 William Crawford, born in Virginia, had moved to St. Stephens, Alabama, upon his appointment as Federal district attorney in 1817. He had been elected to the State Senate in 1825 but resigned his seat the following year to accept appointment as Federal district judge, which position he held until his death in 1849. 3 A Claiborne, Alabama, lawyer, born in New Jersey, graduated from the University of South Carolina, for several terms a member of the State legislature, and later (1839-1841, 1843-1845) a member of Congress. On the appointment to fill this vacancy, cf. above, Hall to Clay, August 16, 1825, note. 4 See above, III, 756n. 5 Two more series of letters by Mathew Carey under the pseudonym "Hamilton" (ten numbers in the first and two in the second) were published in 1825. The Washington Daily National Intelligencer, which carried these letters, was also publishing, during the summer and fall of that year, a series of answering communications by a correspondent (not identified) who signed as "Agricola." Carey

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later commented that recognition o£ his efforts had been withheld in 1825 and 1826, "lest it might offend two gentlemen in high stations, who had violently opposed the Tariff, and whose doctrines I had refuted." Mathew Carey Autobiography (Research Classics, no. 1; [Brooklyn, New York], 1942), p. 132. 6 John Henry Owen, a younger brother of George W., had been graduated from Transylvania University in 1824.

INSTRUCTIONS

AND DISPATCHES

September 25, 1825

From AJLEXANDER] H. EVERETT, Madrid, no. 7. Transmits a long account of conversations with (Francisco de) Zea Bermudez, a reply from him to Everett's note regarding the six thousand dollars (see above, Everett to Clay, September 10, 1825), and copies of various documents. Everett asserted to Zea Bermudez the right of the United States under the (Pinckney) treaty with Spain to the admission of a consul at Havana; Zea agreed, "if matters could be restored precisely to the situation in which they stood in 1795." T o an inquiry whether "our recognition of the independence of the New States [is considered] as having annulled the treaty," Zea replied in the negative, "thereby yielding perhaps the only plausible ground he could have taken in support of his point"; and Zea "said that he must examine the subject." Notes the difficulties experienced by Spain in attempting to obtain a foreign loan and the report that a Spanish emissary "has gone on to Paris to negotiate with the Haytian deputies on the subject of the recognition of the independence of the Spanish part of the island." LS (except for a postscript, in Everett's hand). DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Spain, vol. 25 (M31, R27). Received November 28. Published in American State Papers, Foreign Relations, V, 867. Among the enclosures are a copy and a translation of a letter in which Zea Bermudez informs Everett that the King (Ferdinand VII) has ordered completion of payment of the $6,000 "due from the house of Wiseman Gower and Co. to the Government of the United States."

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

September 25, 1825

From DANIEL SMITH, Wheeling. Acknowledges receipt of Clay's letter of August 30; states that he will inform Clay in October of his decision on acceptance of the appointment. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). See below, Smith to Clay, October 21, 1825.

APPLICA TIONS, RECOMMENDA TIONS

September 25, 1825

WILLIAM CRAWFORD, St. Stephens (Alabama), submits his resignation as United States attorney for the Southern District of Alabama and recommends the appointment of Henry Hitchcock as his successor. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). On Hitchcock's appointment, see above, Hall to Clay, August 16, 1825, note.

To John Q. Adams Sir Washington 26h. September 1825 I transmit you herewith instructions which have been prepared for Mr Poinsett,1 founded upon the despatches which have been

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received from him. If you should approve them, it will perhaps be best to cause them to be forwarded to the Collector of New York2 that he may take advantage of the first opportunity to send them to their destination. It is desirable that he should get them with as little delay as possible. The report of Genl. Gaines' near approach to this place3 does not seem to have been well founded. I regret to hear of Mrs. Adams' indisposition; and hope that she has so far recovered as to admit of the continuance of your journey.4 I am, with high respect, Faithfy Yr. ob. Servant The President. H. CLAY ALS. Adams Papers, Letters Received (MR472). A copy in DNA, RG59, Unofficial Letter-Book of Henry Clay, 1825-29, p. 5, indicates that the document is addressed to Adams at Boston. i Above, September 24, 1825. 2 Jonathan Thompson. 3 See above, Clay to Adams, September 24, 1825. * Because of Mrs. Adams' "indisposition," the President and his party had been detained at Philadelphia. On Monday, September 26, after a stop of four days, Adams continued the journey alone, "Mrs. Adams being by no means dangerously ill. . . ." Washington Daily National Intelligencer, September 27, 29, 1825.

Check to Eliza Clark 26 Septr. 1825 Pay to Eliza Clark or order Fifty dollars. Cashr. of the Off. of Dt. & Dt. Washington City1 H CLAY ADS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). Endorsement on verso: "Eliza Clark." Cf. above, Clay to Lucretia Hart Clay, August 24, 1825. 1 Richard Smith.

To Joel R. Poinsett No 6. Joel R. Poinsett, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, U. S. to Mexico. Sir Department of State Washington 26. Sept. 1825 I have prepared Instructions 1 founded upon your various dispatches, received up to this time, which I this day forward to the President, now at Quincy, for his examination and approval; after which they will be transmitted to you, with as little delay as possible. If you should not have brought your Treaty on the subject of Commerce, to a close on the receipt of this letter, perhaps it will be well enough to protract the negociation until the receipt of those instructions. I avail myself of the occasion to remind you of the claim upon the Mexican Government, of Messrs J. [sic] P. Chouteau and Julius De Mun, 2 adverted to by Mr. Brent, in his Letter of the

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3

27th. May last, written in my absence from the office. It is a claim, of the justice of which, upon Spain, or upon the Government of Mexico, there can be no doubt; and it is one for the liquidation and payment of which, great interest is felt in Missouri, by others, as well as by the claimants themselves. I have the honour to be Your obedient Servant, H. CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, pp. 392-93 (M77, R5). ALS draft, in DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). l Above, September 24, 1825. 2 See above, Chouteau and De Mun to Clay, May 3, 1825. 3 Daniel Brent to Poinsett—copy in DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., All Countries, vol. 10, pp. 365-66 (M77, R5).

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

September 26, 1825

From RUFUS KING, London, no. 7, "Duplicate." Encloses his reply to (George) Canning's letter, transmitted in dispatch no. 6 (above, September 18). Adds: "Mr. Canning has invited me to meet him at half past two oclock, which will constitute our first meeting in London." LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Great Britain, vol. 32 (M30, R28). Received November 9. Extract published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence , . . Latin-American Nations, III, 1571. In the enclosure King generally concurs with Canning's views, except in regard to Russia, of which he writes: ". . . my deference for the elaborate Instruction of my Government to my Colleague Mr. Middleton [above, May 10, 1825], and the uncertainty as I apprehend of any fixed policy in Russia, have created in my mind more hesitation. . . ." He explains why he forwarded Canning's "private friendly and confidential letters to Washington" and asserts that "you may rely upon our discretion." The United States, he notes, has informed Mexico and Colombia of its "interference with Russia and elsewhere" (see above, Clay to Anderson, September 16, 1825; Clay to Poinsett, September 24, 1825) and has told Spain "that we renounce all desire to occupy Cuba, preferring the status quo of the country" (see above, Clay to Everett, April 27, 1825). Of the policy of his government concerning Spain and her former colonies, beyond that of which Canning is informed, King has no knowledge but believes "that in any measures which may be suggested respecting this matter, we shall act in full and unreserved confidence with England." From JAMES MAURY, Liverpool. Acknowledges receipt of Clay's letter of May 12 (not found), introducing (George S.) Watkins; states his inability to meet Clay's views owing to the small sum received by the consulate in fees; gives a statement of income and expense of the office during the preceding year. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Liverpool, vol. 3 (M141, R-T3). MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

September 26, 1825

From PHILIP KEARNY, New York. Requests perusal of a memorial to Congress, forwarded earlier, concerning French spoliations on American commerce; notes that Clay "will perceive our claims on the Dutch are equally founded"; asks that either Holland or France be called on to pay them. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml 19, R63). Kearny, who had served as a New York militia

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officer during the War of 1812, had been prominent in founding the New York Stock Exchange in 1817. The claim related to spoliations, antedating 1800, perpetrated against the business of James Kearney, probably Philip's brother. The family long remained active as New York importers.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDA TIONS

September 26, 1825

ADDIN LEWIS, New Haven, Connecticut, recommends the appointment of Henry

Hitchcock as United States attorney "for the Alabama District." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). Lewis, collector of the port of Mobile, Alabama, had been appointed to that office in 1811, while a resident of Fort Stoddert, Mississippi Territory.

To James Ph. Puglia Sir, Department of State, 27th. September 1825. I regret extremely to learn, from your communications to this Department, 1 that you labor under the belief that injustice has been done you in the Patent Office, by the issuing of a patent to Mr. Nathaniel Sylvester on the 12th. July 1824, for preventing the forgery of Bank Notes. That patent you suppose interferes with yours, granted for the same object, on the 13th. August 1822; and you think the interference ought to have been avoided by a refusal to issue the patent to him. T o have refused it, would have required an assumption of the power to judge of and determine upon your respective rights, if they really do conflict. And if that had been done in your case, it must also be done in all other instances of alleged interference. This, you will readily perceive, would be a very important and extensive power, thus exercised. If the Law required it of this Office, it ought to be done, however important extensive and responsible the performance of the duty might be. But it has been the constant practice of the Office, adopted I believe after full consideration, to grant patents to all who apply for them, and who in other respects comply with th^ Law, without regard to the question of interference with prior inventions or patents. The patentees are then left to the action of the Judiciary, much more competent and endowed with ampler means, to investigate and decide upon nice and difficult questions of controversy than this Office. If a patent is obtained for what is not new, or what had been before patented, it is declared void by the Judiciary. Even if the Department were to assume and exercise a jurisdiction over the question of an alleged interference, the decision which it might happen to make would not be definitive. The losing party would still resort to the Judiciary, if he supposed injustice to be done him. So that between

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the existing practice, and that which you wish should prevail, the difference is only that of a litigation prior or subsequent to the emanation of the patent. Perhaps it would be well that Congress should establish some tribunal to decide, in the first instance, upon all cases of interference, and that it should make the decision of such tribunal final and conclusive. But until that is done, and the consideration of its expediency belongs to Congress, we could not undertake to change a long established usage. If the rule for which you contend had been pursued, perhaps in its practical application you might yourself have experienced inconvenience. For if your patent be prior to Mr. Sylvesters, other patents still prior to yours were obtained for the same object of preventing the forgery of Bank Notes. Whether any of those preceding patents present an interference with your's I have not enquired, but it may exist, and if in fact it do not the Office may have erroneously supposed it to exist and refused you a patent. I am, Sir with great Respect, Your obedt. Servant. H. CLAY. Mr. James Ph. Puglia. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 156-58 (M40, R19). Cf. above, Thornton to Clay, September 9, 1825. l Above, August 15, September 5, 1825.

From James Brown Dear Sir, Paris Septr. 27. 1825 In my conference with the Baron de Damas, on the 20. Inst.,1 he alluded to the Convention between France and the United States2 which he seemed to consider as very advantageous to us and very unfavorable to the navigating interests of this country. I told him that I could not [perceive]3 what bearing that subject could have on the one to which our conversation related, that I thought it extraordinary that France should not be satisfied with being placed on the same footing in relation to her navigation with that of England Holland and other powers with whom we had commercial relations, and that as the basis of the conventton [sic] was one of reciprocity it promised to be as durable as it was just. He said that France was, a sufferer by it and that her situation as it respected the Marine was in the a [sic] worse situation than when the intercourse between the two Countries was entirely suspended. I expressed my surprize at his remark, and he immediately gave to the conversation a different direction— Although I had not heard any thing said for some time on the subject of the Convention yet from the manner in which it was

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introduced by the Baron, and from the strong terms in which he expressed his disapprob ion [sic] of it, I cannot doubt that it is under consideration, and that we have some ground to expect that they will terminate it— I have reason to think that several circumstances which have taken place within the last few years have a little Changed the good feeling of this Government for the United States The recognition of South American Independence, the visit and reception of General Lafayette, and an impression generally felt that we are on terms of growing friendship with great Britain may be mentioned as among the causes of this change of feeling— In this opinion I may be mistaken having formed it rather from loose conversations of persons not connected with the Court, than from any thing intimated to me by those concerned in the administration— You will find in my dispatch which goes with this letter4 that the present Ministry is prepared to reject our claims, as they say they will those of Denmark— It is possible that I may receive that rejection notwithstanding the letter I wrote to Baron de Damas on the 21— Should he delay giving me an answer I wish you to advise me whether I ought to press for one or endeavor to postpone a decision in the hope of a change in the Ministry— A rejection of our claims, with the proceedings in our house of Representatives to which it will lead, may have an unpleasant effect on the relations of the two countries whilst it can be of no benefit to the Claimants— In taking such a step I should wish to have the advice of the Government as the state of things as well at home as abroad ought to be considered— I send by the Vessel a dispatch from Mr Everett5 which I have this moment received— I am Dear Sir with great regard Your faithful servant

JAMES BROWN

Honb. Henry Clay Secretary of State— ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). 1 See above, Brown to Clay, September 24, 1825. 2 See above, III, 53n. 3 Word illegible. 4 Above, September 24. s Probably the letter from Alexander H. Everett to Clay, September 14, 1825.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

September 27, 1825

From HEMAN ALLEN, Valparaiso, no. 21. Transmits a handbill, just received from Arica, relative to the conversion of Upper Peru into a republic bearing Bolivar's name (see above, Crosby to Clay, September 17, 1825, note); reports a "general impression" that this step "will not be acceptable, either to Lower Peru, or to Buenos Ayres." States his understanding that the provincial assembly, mentioned in his dispatch no. 18 (above, September 9, 1825), "has declared

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itself a section of the general Congress intended to have been elected," has invited other provinces to send representatives to join it, and "is proceeding to the deliberation of the affairs of the nation." Notes reports from Lima that Callao has not yet surrendered. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Chile, vol. 1 (M-T2, Rl). Received January 13, 1826. Extracts published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, II, 1106.

From Daniel Webster My Dear Sir, September 28. 1825. Boston. I have deferred to the present moment, any reply to yours of the 9th of May,1 partly on account of my absence from home for Several weeks, and partly because I thought the measures in progress in the British Parliament, of the consummation of which we have not been, till recently, advised, were likely to have a bearing on Some of the questions in regard to which you are kind enough to ask my opinion. As to the first topic, mentioned in your letter, I confess I do not See any firm ground on which to support our claim. It Seems to me England has a perfect right to receive the products of one of her Colonies, into another, with low duties, or without duties, as she may chuse, from considerations of her own interest; and that the mode in which She may see fit to exercise this right, raises no obligation, on her part, to regulate or modify, in the Same manner, the duties imposed by her laws on the importation of articles, the produce of a foreign State. The recent acts of Parliament,2 although they do not, and cannot, change the rights of England, in this respect, have a tendency nevertheless, to Shew the existence of such rights Somewhat more clearly; inasmuch, as, these acts have been passed for the purpose of making the Colonies more truly and properly an integral part of the Empire. The new system seems to contemplate them in this light. This, certainly, does not alter the nature of our claim; but, I fear, it shews more clearly its want of a solid foundation. Why might we not as well contend that our corn should should [sic] be admitted into England on the Same terms as the corn of Canada, as that our produce Should be received in Jamaica subject to no higher duties than are levied on the produce of the North American Colonies? I should be glad to See Some ground to stand on; but, at present, I am afraid the principle is against us. The Subject of the discriminating duties is more complex and embarrassed. It would seem, on first view that, as, in the intercourse between us and the British west India Islands, more United States Tonnage is employed than British, our interest would be promoted by a mutual abolution [sic] of all Such duties. But the

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question has various bearings; & many consequences, rather indirect than immediate, may follow which may well deserve consideration. I know not whether any thing but experience can decide, how far our interest may be benefitted by abolition of duties; and, therefore, if an arrangment [sic] Should be made, perhaps it may be well to consider it as an experiment, and to limit its duration to a fixed period. I think I can perceive Some advantages which, in the present state of British Law, the abolition of the discriminating duties might give to the navigation of England, to our loss. A British vessel, for instance, under this System, may bring a cargo from any part of Europe to Jamaica; there load with Sugar, coffee, rum, pimento, &c. or, going to the Bahamas, with Salt; proceed to the United States; in the United States load with cotton, Tobacco, rice, flour lumber, or other articles of foreign or domestic produce, and proceed, either back again to the West Indies, to Great Britain, or to any other part of the world. In other words, a great part of the World is free to Such a vessel; and she may go from port to port, earning successive freights, without feeling the influence of foreign prohibitions, and without loss of time. But Suppose an American vessel to load in the United States for Jamaica, and there to Sell her cargo; if she there load with the produce of that Island, or any other produce, she must return to the United States. Or if an American vessel carry a cargo to Europe, she cannot bring an European cargo to the west Indies. Therefore the British west Indies are made a most useful intermediate trading place to the British vessel, but are not Such to the vessel of the United States.. Connected with this, in the policy of England, is the extension of the ware-house System to Kingston Halifax &c. These various regulations appear to have been made with great skill, and in the execution of a well considered and Systematic policy, the object of which is to extend the commerce of England, and especially her carrying trade, we have no right, perhaps, to complain of it, but then it is our duty to endeavor to counter act, as far as we can, any part of it that threatens to operate injuriously to ourselves. The abolition of discriminating duties, on both Sides, will complete this British System; and, although, we Shall derive Some advantages from such abolition, it may Still be a question, whether these advantages will not be more than counterbalanced by the new facilities which may, by this means, be given to the British competition against us. I consider the whole system as a master stroke of commercial policy on the part of England, and as one that should awaken all our vigilance, and exercise all our wisdom. In one other point of view, perhaps, the probable future state

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of things may deserve consideration. The making of Halifax, St John, &c. great Commercial Depots may not a little endanger our revenue from the facility of Smuggling. On many articles, important to us in a financial respect, the duties imposed in the British Colonies are much lower than ours. Coffee, for example, pays, I beleive [sic] little more than a cent a pound while with us it pays five. This difference will be Sufficient encouragement, perhaps, to run the hazards of illicit trade. But to return to the carrying trade: I very much fear that Should the discriminating duties be repealed, though there may be a nominal, there will hardly be a real equality; in as much as our commerce with the British West Indies must still be confined to the direct trade, whereas they may come to us from any place, and go to any place from us. It is obvious, that the British Government have not intended to benefit us much in the way of a market. Their exclusion of provisions, fish, oil, &c. must doubtless have been aimed principally at the trade of the United States. Lumber, live stock, and vegetable productions, Such as their necessities require, and as they cannot obtain from their own Colonies, are admitted now, and probably will continue to be so, on duties not very high. I do not See that the change of system, on the part of England, is likely to enable us to find a greatly increased market for our productions in her Colonies. As far as the direct trade between the United States and the British west Indies is concerned, I think it probable we may by the proposed change rather gain than lose, we should then be able to bring an assorted cargo from her ports home; and it is probable enough, if she should succeed in making her ports of deposit large Entrepots, that a variety of articles for the composition of cargoes may be found in them. But then we lose freights; and, as far England [sic] Shall Succeed in bringing to our doors, whatsoever we want cheaper than we can bring it ourselves, so far we lose the business and the profit of carrying. Our object, therefore, Should be to continue ways and means of carrying as cheaply as she can. Now the advantage likely to accrue to England, from her present System, in my apprehension, is, that her ships will be able to make continuous voyages, and double voyages; whereas we shall be confined to the Single voyage out & home. And this advantage might be very decisive, in Some branches of trade, so close is the present actual competition. Our whole trade to the British west Indies is not so important as might be at first imagined. Whether in present enjoyment; or in future prospect, it is trifling, compared with that to Cuba and Hispaniola. The mass of our productions is likely to be

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permanently excluded from the British Islands in all events. For the sake, therefore, of gaining a little greater facility to this branch of trade I Should not incline to adopt any measures of an injurious, or of a doubtful tendency, as to our general commerce, or our means of sustaining a general competition with England in the carrying trade. You are aware that her Colonial Tonnage is increasing astonishingly, and that our ship owners find a new and vigorous competition Springing up in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. The recent measures of Parliament, doubtless, encourage and favor this interest in the Colonies. Shipwrights have recently gone, thither, from the New England States in considerable numbers. These considerations would induce me, I think, to pause, before I assented to an unconditional abolition of the discriminating duties. If England will allow us to proceed from her west Indies ports where we chuse, & to come to them from any place whatever, then there will be something like a real equality. Perhaps you may think it worth a little consideration whether this might not be suggested. I am, Dr Sir, with constant regard, Your Obt. Servt DANL. WEBSTER LS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). Cf. above, Holmes to Clay, June 8, 1825; Smith to Clay, June 25, 1825; Lloyd to Clay, June 27, 1825. 1 C£. above, Clay to Smith, May 9, 1825. 2 See above, Rush to Clay, March 26, 1825, note.

From Daniel Webster Dear Sir Boston Sep. 28. 1825 Under another cover I send you what has occurred to me on the subject of our trade with England.1 The object of this is, to express my sympathy for your domestic calamity2 & to offer my congratulations on the welcome, so ardent & so universal, which seems to have greeted you among your fellow citizens of the West. The same kindness of feeling which has been expressed in that quarter, exists, I believe, in other places. I have been thro New York, in the course of the Summer, and I found, almost every where, a hearty approbation, and every where else, at least, an entire & not uneasy acquiescence, in regard to the events of last winter, & to your own agency in producing those events. In New England, with here & there a little expression of spleen from the disappointed, the great majority of the People have the best disposition towards the Government, in all its parts. Our ability, in Congress, is not so great as it might have been, & as it ought to have been. But that evil admits of no immediate cure. You must allow me to admonish you to take care of your health.

SEPTEMBER 28,

1825

699

Knowing the ardor, and the intensity, with which you may probably apply yourself to the duties of your place, I fear very much you may over-work yourself. Somebody, (was it not an Austrian Minister?) on being asked how he could get thro so much business, replied that he did it by repudiating two false maxims, which had obtained currency among men; that, for his part, he never did any thing today, which he could put off till tomorrow;—nor anything himself^ which he could get another to do for him. Without following his example strictly & literally, I still think you ought to be a good deal governed by the same rules, especially the last.— I am, Dr. Sir, most truly Your Obt. Sert DANL. WEBSTER ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). i Above, this date. 2 See above, Clay to Crittenden, August 22, 1825. INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

September 28, 1825

From ALEXANDER BURTON, Cadiz. Encloses a list of (12) "natives of the United States" formerly serving on Colombian privateers and now imprisoned at Cadiz; states that he has forwarded to (Alexander H.) Everett "such evidence as these persons could furnish of their American Character. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Cadiz, vol. 4 (M-T86, R4) . From JOEL R. POINSETT, Mexico (City), no. 22. Notes that Lucas Alaman has resigned, that (Sebastian) Camacho has been appointed his successor, and that the Secretary of War, Gomez Pedraza, has been made Minister of Foreign Relations ad interim, empowered to continue the negotiations with Poinsett. Reports, in detail, these negotiations of recent date, which have not reached a conclusion because of Mexican insistence on the exception, contained in the treaty concluded between Great Britain and Mexico, alluded to in Poinsett's dispatch no. 18 (above, September 18). T h e Mexican position is based on fraternal ties binding the American nations formerly Spanish possessions and on British acceptance of the point at issue. Poinsett has argued that no distinctions should be made among "members of the great American family"; that "the Republics of America were united by one and the same interest"; that it was to the interest of Europe to divide these Republics "into small confederations"; that the British may have considered it "important to lay the foundation" for such division; that the policy which the United States had followed "entitled us to be considered, at least, on equal footing with any of the American Republics"; that the exception was not included in the treaty between the United States and Colombia (see above, Clay to Salazar, March 21, 1825) nor in treaties possibly, by this time, concluded with Buenos Aires (the Provinces of Rio de la Plata) and Chile; that this exception was not sanctioned by the American Republics other than Mexico; and that the treaty signed by the British plenipotentiaries would probably be rejected by England. In reply to an allusion, by the Mexicans, to the identity of interest of the infant Republics relative to Spain, Poinsett has asserted "that against the power of Spain they had given sufficient proof that they required no assistance, and the United States had pledged themselves not to permit any other power to interfere either with their Independence or form of Government; and that, as in the event of such an attempt being made by the powers of Europe, we would be

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compelled to take the most active and efficient part and to bear the brunt of contest, it was not just that we should be placed on a less favorable footing than the other Republics of America. . . ." States that it would be more to the interest of the United States to have no treaty with Mexico than to conclude one "with this condition"; that he will continue to oppose it; and that, "If the President take a different view," he wishes "to be informed as early as possible. . . ." LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Mexico, vol. 1 (M97, R2). Received December 9. Extracts published in American State Papers, Foreign Relations, V, 852-54. Manuel Gomez Pedraza, who had formerly served in the Royalist army and, after its defeat, as a partisan of Iturbide, had been named Secretary of War in 1824. He was later President, in 1833 and again in 1850, but was overthrown in both instances after a few months in office. During the intervening years he remained active in the government, as Minister, deputy, and Senator at various periods.

To John E. Hall Sir Washington 29h. Septr 1825 I have received your obliging letter of the 27h. instant,1 stating your purpose to continue the life of Lafayette, began [sic] by Mr. Wain and left unfinished by his premature death; and enquiring whether I would wish to make any alterations in the Address, as it appears in the Intellr., which I delivered from the Chair of the H. of R. to the Genl., and which you propose to insert in the contemplated work.2 I am greatly indebted for your delicate and kind consideration of me. I believe, I have no wish to make any changes in the address, as it was published—material ones I should not feel authorized to make. I am with great respect Your ob. Servant Mr. J. E. Hall. H CLAY ALS. ViU. 1 Not found. 2 Robert Wain, Jr., of Philadelphia, active in the family importing business and in literary pursuits, had issued proposals in 1824 for subscriptions to such a publication. The manuscript had been nearly completed before his death on July 4, 1825. The first edition of Wain's Life of the Marquis de La Fayette; Major General in the Service of the United States of America, in the War of the Revolution, published by J. P. Ayres at Philadelphia, in 1825, lacks an account of Lafayette's American tour. Later editions, including one in 1825, differing in pagination but without indication of revision, and second and third editions in 1826, were also published by J. P. Ayres. The last of these, at least, and probably all after the first, included a lengthy additional chapter, reporting the honors accorded Lafayette on his American visit and quoting Clay's address of December 10, 1824 (above, III, 893-94).

Check to Elijah H. Reed 29 Septr. 1825 Pay to Elijah H. Reed or order Fifty dollars. Cashr. of the Off. of Dt. & Dt. Washington City1 H CLAY ADS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). Endorsement on verso: "E. H. Reed." Reed, not identified. l Richard Smith.

SEPTEMBER 29,

1825

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

701

September 29, 1825

From E[DWIN] LEWIS, Mobile (Alabama). Requests that papers, sent earlier to Clay but which he has not laid before the House of Representatives, be submitted to the President; expresses a hope that the conduct of the court and the marshal involved in the matter will be taken up by the House at the next Session, in conformity with the resolution of (Charles Fenton) Mercer; and asserts that Judge (Charles) Tait is implicated in a "sham sale" of Africans under order of condemnation. Complains of "the manner of adjusting land sales in this quarter." Charges, in a postscript, that brick for a courthouse built under orders of Judge Tait was made by the Negroes, mentioned above, while in custody, that appointments to office in Alabama are based upon recommendations from Tennessee, and that bankrupts often are appointed to office. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). Lewis, who formerly had engaged in business in Savannah, Georgia, and in 1819 had served as deputy marshal in Alabama, had become involved in acrimonious controversy with Judge Tait, when the latter objected to the procedure by which Lewis had attempted to qualify for legal practice before the Federal district court. After investigation in 1823, the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives had declined to entertain charges against Judge Tait. House Repts., 17 Cong., 1 Sess., no. 69. The subject of current dispute concerned the action taken regarding seizure of three slave ships, the Constitution, Louisa, and Marino, captured off Pensacola while that port was held by Andrew Jackson in 1818 (above, II, 612n). The ships had been American owned; their cargo, purportedly the property of Spaniards, who had been transporting the slaves from Havana to Pensacola. Under a decision of the United States Supreme Court in February, 1824 (6 U. S. [9 Wheaton] 391-407), the General Court of Alabama had issued decrees of restitution, covering the claims of owners of the cargo, in accordance with terms of Article 9 of the Adams-Onis treaty of 1819, which pledged the United States to give satisfaction for injuries suffered by Spanish inhabitants from the late operations of the American Army in Florida. Miller (ed.), Treaties. . . , III, 12; House Docs., 19 Cong., 1 Sess., no. 163, passim. On February 15, 1825, Mercer had introduced a resolution, adopted by the United States House of Representatives the following day, calling upon the President "at the commencement of the next session of Congress," to report the proceedings of the Federal court and marshal for the District of Alabama with respect to the cargoes of the slave vessels "and to communicate especially the fact whether any of the African natives, comprising part of those cargoes, have been sold within the United States. . . ." U. S. H. of Reps., Journal, 18 Cong., 2 Sess., 236-37. Cf. below, Armstrong to Clay, March 6, 1826, note; Clay to Adams, March 7, 1826; Mercer to Clay, March 18, 1826; Clay to House of Representatives, March 8, 1826; April 6, 1826, note. From SAMUEL R. SMITH, "Littles Town Adams Cty Penna." Offers his recently discovered cure for rheumatism, to Clay or any other member of the Cabinet if afflicted with this ailment, without charge except for a testimonial "should it effect a Cure." ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). Smith not further identified.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

September 29, 1825

"Representative of Fayette County in the Legislature of Indiana," recommends "the [Richmond, Indiana] Public Ledger to the favorable notice of the Hon. Henry Clay, Secretary of State of the United States." ANS.

NEWTON CLAYPOOL,

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SECRETARY OF STATE

DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Claypool, born in Virginia and an early settler of Ohio, had removed to Indiana as a pioneer. Proprietor of a hotel in Connersville, he represented Fayette County in both branches of the general assembly for many years.

Check to Moses Poor 30 Septr. 1825. Pay to M. Poor or bearer four hundred and thirty five dollars and twenty Cents. Cashier of the Off. of Dt. & Dt Washn. City.1 H. CLAY

ADS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). Poor was a Washington auctioneer and commission merchant. On the date of this check he had conducted an auction of drawing room and other furniture, "all nearly new, and of the best quality," at the residence of Jose Maria Salazar, in Washington. Washington Gazette, September 29, 1825. l Richard Smith.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

September 30, 1825

From ROBERT MONROE HARRISON, Antigua. Encloses an act of Parliament for "regulating the Trade of His Majesty's possessions in America and the West Indies" (see above, Rush to Clay, March 26, 1825), in which, he points out, there is "nothing in the least favorable to the U States, or their own Colonies as articles which were before free are now taxed most uncommonly." Concludes that "the present British Ministry" has instituted a policy designed to make the colonies less dependent on the United States. LS. DNA, DG59, Cons. Disp., Antigua, vol. 1 (M-T327, Rl). Received October 29. From HENRY MIDDLETON, St. Petersburg, no. 50, "CONFIDENTIAL." Forwards copies of correspondence between the Spanish Charge d'Affaires at Stockholm (Felix Ramond Alvarado) and the Swedish Government, which, though incomplete, indicates that the vessels "it had been agreed to deliver to the supposed agents of Mexico, will not be permitted to sail." Reports nothing to add to his last dispatch (above, September 8, 1825), concerning the proposition made to Russia under Clay's instructions of May 10, and that, until an answer is received from Spain, "the question cannot be again taken up in the Cabinet of the Emperor [Alexander I]." Describes the delays in transmission, through the postal system, of intelligence from Greece, where the Porte has failed in its "Campaign of this year" but where, in view of "the determined policy of the Allied Courts," the struggle for independence appears to be doomed. Austria perseveres in an adverse policy; Russia will do nothing; and the "fall of Greece must then hinge upon the determination of England and France, neither of whom seem [sic] disposed to take any decided step." ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Russia, vol. 10 (M35, R40). Dated 18/30 September. Received June 12, 1826. Extract published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, III, 1878-79. On the issue involving the transfer of Swedish ships to Mexico, see above, Hughes to Clay, July 8, 1825, note. On the progress of the war in Greece, see above, Moore to Clay, May 31, 1825, note. APPLICA TIONS, RECOMMENDA TIONS STEPHEN

September 30, 1825

B. HOWE, Boston, encloses "a recommendation signed by the Agents of

OCTOBER 1, 1825

703

the Republick of Columbia [sic] for the New England States, and some of the first Merchants in this City for the appointment of a Consular Agent of this Government to reside in the Capital of the Province of Cumana in Colombia"; states that he is "about to establish" himself at that place; and solicits the appointment. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). Endorsed on cover by Clay: ". . . To be submitted to the President." Dated October 30, but cf. below, Howe to Clay, October 13, 1825. The enclosure, dated September 15, 1825, was signed by J. and L. H. Pickins and Sons and nine other firms. Howe, not further identified, received no appointment.

To [John Thornton] Kirkland Dear Sir Washington 1st. October 1825 I received this day your obliging letter of the 22d. Ulto., informing me that the Government of Harvard University, at the last Commencement, had confered [sic] on me the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. I am extremely thankful for this kind and distinguished consideration of me; and I must pray you, My dear Sir, to make my respectful acknowledgments to the Government of Harvard for its unexpected, and I fear unmerited, notice of me. I shall preserve the Diploma,1 which you promise to send me, as one of the most honorable & gratifying testimonies which I could receive. I have the honor to be, with great regard, Your obedient Servant H. CLAY President Kirkland. &c. &c. &c. MH-University Archives.

1 Not found.

Check to Jose Miguel Arroyo 1st. October 1825. Pay to Mr. Arroyo or order Two hundred and thirty dollars and 25 Cents. Cashr. of the Office of Dt. & Dt. Washington 1 H. CLAY ADS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). Endorsement on verso: "J. Migl. Arroyo." Arroyo was at this time on the staff of the Mexican Legation in Washington. At various periods from 1852 to 1855 he was charged with the conduct of Mexican foreign relations. l Richard Smith.

Rental Agreement with Mrs. Henrietta Warren and Mrs. K. H. Blanton October 1, 1825 It is agreed between Henry Clay of the one part and Mrs Henrietta Warren and Mrs. K H. Blanton of the other as follows— The said Clay leases to the said Warren and Blanton all the upper rooms, except that occupied by Mr. Wheeler 1 in his Brick House, corner of Short and Market Streets in Lexington, and the

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Kitchen thereto appertaining, with the joint use of the yard with the tenants who occupy, or may occupy the Lower rooms of that part of the House highest up Market Street, for the term of one year commencing with this day—and ending on the 30th. day of September 1826— In consideration whereof the said Warren & Blanton hereby oblige themselves to pay to said Clay the sum of One hundred dollars in gold or silver coin of the United States payable quarter yearly from this day—and to surrender to said Clay, on the said 30h. day of September 1826, the said premises, in as good repair as they now are, or in which they may be rendered at the expense of said Clay—natural decay and inevitable accidents only excepted The right of distress for any of the rent in arrear is reserved to the said Clay—and also the right of the tenants, who occupy or may occupy the two lower rooms highest up Market Street in said house to the joint use of the yard SecWitness the hands and seals of the parties this first day of October 1825H. CLAY j

[Endorsement]2

by ROBT. SCOTTJ K H BLANTON {Seal} HENRIETTA WARREN {Seal}

Memm. There are but three Keys to the doors in the above—say two for the passage doors, and one for the room up stairs opposite the KitchenKitchen—6 Panes & One Sash and Glass out below 7 Lights broke [sic] on 2nd. StoryNo Key to the Smoke HouseAll the Glass in the passage and the up stairs of the main house are complete and are to be left so at the expiration of the lease— Teste ROBT. SCOTT ADS by Scott; signed also by Mrs. Blanton and Mrs. Warren. Cf. above, Rental Agreement, April 16, 1825. l Leonard Wheeler, who had come to Lexington from Boston in 1816, after an earlier business failure in Richmond, Virginia, was a clerk in a dry-goods store. By 1838 he had established his own business as a dealer in hatters' furs and trimmings. Cf. above, II, 684, 685n, 708, 709. 2 AES by Scott.

From John Boyle Dear Sir October 1st 1825. Your letter of the 5th of July togather [sic] with a check for $100 on the U states Branch Bank at Lexington was handed to me on the day after its date 1 I ought long since to have answered it—

OCTOBER 1, 1825

705 2

Your delay in the state of Ohio prevented me for a while from doing so; but for not writing to you at an earlier date since your departure from that state I have no apology to offer but that which my natural indolence & invincible repugnance to writing furnish Your son Thomas I find is very impatient to commence the practice of the law. He thinks he is qualified & I am of opinion myself his qualifications are sufficient to justify his entering upon the practice if when he does so he would devote his leisure hours to improving his knowledge of the law He says he will & he thinks he will do what he says but I have some apprehension he may not He will no doubt read, but it will not be law, unless he is urged to it by motives which I fear he may not have when he shall first commence the practice For light reading, Novels, poetry, plays, magazines & revieus [sic] he has an undissembled fondness & he reads every thing of that sort with an insatiable appetite; but for law he has not yet acquired much taste & he reads it as a task imposed upon him by a sense of duty If he should therefore turn out to practice as it is probable he will this winter I would suggest the propriety of your frequently writing to him & advising him as to the course of his reading. I would not deprive him of the enjoyment to be derived from occasionally reading those lighter works but with the stock of legal knowledge he has he will find it necessary in order to be successful in the practice to devote a portion of his time to increase that stock. Three hours of each day or even less may be sufficent [sic] for that purpose. He ought also to give a part of his leisure to history, of which I apprehend he has but an imperfect knowledge Shortly after he came to live with me he commenced Humes History of England3 with great ardour & spirit, but quit it after he had read a volume or two & he has not I believe attempted any other important historical work since. Thomas has capacity & talents enough for any business of life if they can only be directed to their proper object, but to enable him to do this he will stand in need of the counsel & encouragement of his friends. What ever may be his fortunes or his misfortunes he will always have my most sincere wishes for his happiness & welfare Honest, sincere, ardent, high minded liberal & affectionate it is impossible to know him without esteeming him & although he has some defects in his character, he is sensible of them himself & only requires the aid of a little encouragement from his friends to cure them. When I sat down to write I thought before I concluded I would say something to you upon our state & national politics but I have really such bad pen ink & paper that I fear you will hardly be able to decypher what I have already written, I will therefore

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only remark that on Monday next the old court will meet at Frankfort. Sneed is no more 4 & the first thing the court must do will be the appointment of a clerk;5 what course the court will then take I am unable to say. Public sentiment seems to require we should do some thing: Some are of opinion we should immediately take steps to regain the papers of which the office has been robbed 6 some think we should delay this measure till the legislature meets & others that no step for that purpose ought to be taken at any time. The new court it is understood will meet on the same day & we shall thus again have the farce of two courts of Appeals in session at the same time acted over again. What the new court will do when it meets is as uncertain—as what will be the course of the old court— I think however it is probable from what I can learn that the new court judges will resign on the meeting of the legislature.7 The majority of the senate however you know are new court-men, & it is believed that they will not give way to the expression of public sentiment at the late election. If they remain obstinate the new judges may not resign or if they do others will be appointed by the governor to fill their places. In this situation of things you may readily conjecture my situation is an unpleasant one, I am indeed truly weary of the part I am compelled to act in these scenes so well calculated to render ourselves ridiculous & our state contemptable [sic], I am not without some hope that events will turn out more favourable than present appearances would prognosticate Things however will shortly come to a crisis, & you will then learn better than I can now predict the result Your fried [sic] JOHN BOYLE ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). 1 Neither the letter nor the check (probably in part payment of charges for instructing Thomas Hart Clay) has been found. 2 See above, Clay to Adams, July 21, 1825; Clay to Crittenden, August 22, 1825. s David Hume, Scotch philosopher and historian, had begun publication of his History of England at Edinburgh in 1754. As completed, in 1762, his account, comprising six volumes, published by A. Millar of London, and covering the period from Julius Caesar to the revolution of 1688, became the standard work in the field. Subsequent editions, with additions by other writers, carried the history down to current times. 4 See above, Crittenden to Clay, September 22, 1825. 5 See below, Kendall to Clay, October 4, 1825. 6Cf. above, Blair to Clay, March 7, 1825, note. 7 Cf. below, Kendall to Clay, December 25, 1825.

From William Cox Sir, 1st. October 1825 I have a large payment to make on Tuesday next, which I hope

OCTOBER 1, 1825

will apoligise [sic] for presenting my account Sir Yr. Most Obt. Sevt. To The Honble, Henry Clay

707 1

Very Respectfully WILLIAM COX

ALS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). Endorsed on verso by Clay: "Wm. Cox's a/c. {Washn. City—paid 4 Oct 1825}." Cox's wine and tobacco shop was located across from Williamson's Hotel, on Pennsylvania Avenue. i See below, this date.

Account with William Cox [October 1, 1825] The Hon, Henry Clay To William Cox D 1824 Deer. 17th To 3 Galls Cognac Brandy „ „ 414 Galls Old Whiskey 125 11 „ t, i/2 Dozen Champaigne ,, ,, ,1 One quarter Box Segars „ „ „ 2 Demijohns 1825 One Quarter Box Segars Jany 3 One Do. Do. Do. II 10 One Bundle Do. It M One Bundle Do. March 21 3 Galls Old Spirits 11 It 2 Bundles Segars It 26 2 Bundles Do. Apl 2 2 Bundles Do. 9 II ,, 2 Bundles Do. 14 2 Bundles Do. II 20 2 Bottles J.C.1 Champaigne 22 " 1 Bottle Old Port 28 2 Bundles Segars May 5 2 Bundles Do. May 11 1 Bundle Do. n I/2 Dozen Champaigne February 19th 1824 Pr Mr Thos. H Clay

$ 6.00 „ 5.62i/2 M 12.00 n 5.00 „ 3.00 M 5.00 „ 5.00 „ ,,.8714 „ ,,.87^4 „ 6.00 „ 1.75 „ 1.75 „ 1.75 „ 1.75 „ 1.75 „ 4.50 „ 1.50 „ 1.75 „ 1.75 „ 0.871/4 12.00 $80.50

[Endorsements on verso]2 Reed, of H. Clay Seventy five dollars and 50 Cents on a/c of the within, said Clay objecting to the paymt. of one box of Segars. 4 Oct. 1825. W M COX By Wm Dawson3 Reed, five dollars the balance of the within 8h. Oct. 1825 Reed payt Octr. 8th. pr. T Mc.Keedin4 D. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). On the dating of this account, see above, Cox

to Clay, this date. 1 Possibly a contraction for the brand name of J. C. Denet (Dinet), advertised by Cox in Washington Daily National Intelligencer, February 17, 1826; January 3, 1827. 2 The first, ES, in Clay's hand; the second, AE, by Clay; the third, AES. 3 Not identified. 4 Not identified; name not clear.

708

SECRETARY OF STATE

From Amos Lane Dear sir. Brookville Id. 1 October 1825I am in great haste, having left home this morning to attend to some important business in this place, and being under the necissery [sic] of returning this evening, I have but a moment to Drop you a few hints, in relation to a subject to the citizens of this place as distressing, as to you & Mr Adams, it may be important —The sudden and unexpected, death of Mr Lazarus Noble the receiver of Public moneys at this place,2 He died on his way to the Seat of Govt. to which place the office had been directed to be moved, by the President— This is one of the most important offices in the State, and if Judiciously bestowed, will have a greater Tendency to add strength to the Present Administration than any other that may perhaps happen in the first four years of Mr Adams Admtn., which I can assure you is and will be my only solicitude. I have no other interest in the appointment, no particular friend, no connection who will be an applicant—: I have no time for explination [sic]. But will barely remark—That a Capt. Thomas Porter 3 of our place will be an applicant. Of him I will only say that of you and Mr Adams he has gone greater leangth [sic] to abuse than perhaps any other man in the Govt. I have heard him State in public that you was the damnest corrupt Scoundrell in the nation, that you sold yourself to Mr Adams, yes he even threatned [sic] to insult you had you excepted our invitation to dine4— T o transfer Capt. Vance5 from fort Wayne to this office would be extremely unpopular To Mr McCarty6 who will apply the same or nearly the same objections as to Porter exist both violent Jackson men. Of All I have heard named as applicants there is no question but Genl. Noah Noble the Brother of the deceased and of the U. S. Senator. Genl. J. Noble, he will be the most popular and politic appointment. 7 He is well qualified, a man of more or equal weight of popularity with any man in this State—In the last Election was your friend and voted the Clay Ticket, and has expressed on all occations [sic] his approbation of the result of that contest— Excuse this scrall. I will at Leisure explain at Large— and [. . .] 8 in haste your sincere and devoted friend. AMOS LANE Hon H ClayALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3). 1 Written from Brookville, Indiana; originally dated "2d." 2 See below, Noble to Clay, October 2, 1825. Lazarus Noble had been appointed to this position in 1820 and reappointed four years later. 3 An early resident of Indiana and a veteran of the War of 1812, at this time employed as a bank cashier, Porter did not receive a Federal appointment. 4 Cf. above, Susan Watkins and others to Clay, July 12, 1825.

OCTOBER 1, 1825

709

5 Samuel C. Vance, father-in-law of Lazarus Noble, had been appointed register of the land office at Fort Wayne in 1823. He was reappointed to that office in 1827 but removed in 1829. 6 Abner McCarty was proprietor of a general store at Brookville and, during the 1830's, operated the stage line between that place and Cincinnati. He received no appointment under the Adams administration but under President Jackson, in 1834, was named receiver of public moneys at the Indianapolis land office and during the next four or five years received generous contracts for transporting mail. 7 Cf. above, Noble to Clay, June 27, 1825, note. 8 Word illegible.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

October 1, 1825

From SEVERIN LORICH, Philadelphia. Acknowledges receipt of Clay's note of September 20; asserts that, since the differences between Sweden and the United States in regard to interpretation of the treaty of 1816 grow from "a posterior act of Congress" (of January 7, 1824), he sees "no benefit to be derived from" pointing out that vessels of other nations mentioned in the act receive more favorable treatment; states that, although he objects to the American construction of the treaty, he will not protract the discussion; declares that "The demand regarding equalisation of tonnage duty for St. Bartholomew vessels" was made under the act of January 7, 1824, and the treaty of 1783 and under the belief that, if conceded, it would confer only that which "is allowed to vessels belonging to the small Islands of the Netherlands." ALS. DNA, RG59, Notes from Swedish Legation, vol. 3 (M60, R2).

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

October 1, 1825

Charleston, Indiana, recommends Abner McCarty for appointment as "Receiver of Public Monies at Brookville." LS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3) . Endorsed (AES) : "I concur in the above and request a compliance therewith John Test." Postmarked at Hamilton, Ohio, October 3. Jennings and Test, both natives of New Jersey, were congressmen from Indiana. Jennings had been Clerk of the Indiana Territorial Legislature, Delegate to Congress (1809-1816), and first Governor of the State of Indiana (1816-1822) . He had been elected to Congress to fill the unexpired term of William Hendricks and served from 1822 to 1831. Test, a Brookville lawyer, had been a circuit judge in Indiana (1816-1819) and was a member of Congress (1823-1827, 1829-1831). He later removed to Mobile, Alabama, where he practiced law, but returned to Indiana sometime before his death, in 1849. On the recommended appointment, cf. above, Lane to Clay, this date, note.

JONATHAN JENNINGS,

"Rose Mount," recommends, for appointment as consul at some post in Europe, Edward Taylor, a native of Virginia, now a Maryland merchant. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR4). Enclosed in Taylor to Clay, February 27, 1826.

JOSEPH KENT,

"Montgomery Cty Md.," recommends Charles Bunting, "of this County," for appointment to "a Clerkship under the General Government." LS, DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1) . Peter, a Montgomery County planter, cousin of John Peter, had been an army officer (1799-1809 and during the War of 1812), a congressman (1816-1819), and a member of the State legislature (1819-1823) . He was again a member of Congress, from 1825 to 1827. Bunting, not further identified, received no appointment. GEORGE PETER,

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From James Noble Sir, Brookville1 Oct. 2d. 1825 I write you in haste, and under afflicting circumstances. You can tell the loss of a relative, from experience,2 which is all powerful. My brother Lazarus Noble the Receiver of public monies at this place died on the morning of the 29th. Ultimo, about nine miles from this place, on his way to Indianopolis [sic], the place where his office was to be removed within the last month by the order of the President of the U. S. His personal property, the books, papers, and furniture of his office was sent on in waggons [sic], and the next day he set out with his wife and child in bad health, though we advised him to stay, he refused because he was anxious to obey the order of the President, and upon reaching Judge Mounts,3 nine miles from this place, his sickness encreased, and on the 8th day after confinement he died. I refer you to a letter that I have written this day to Mr Rush4 the Secretary of the Treasury, and among other things I have refered [sic] to certain recommendations on file in your office in favour of Noah Noble for the office of Marshal in this state made last winter. 5 Among others the almost Unanimous recommendation of the members of the Legislature, including our present Governor J. B. Ray.6 Will you do a distressed friend the favour to call on Mr Rush, and present to him this letter, if you chuse, and particularly the recommendations for Noah Noble for the office of Marshal, and likewise Mr Adams. The circumstance of the Marshal you recollect, and so does Mr Adams. My brother Noah Noble is recommended to be the Successor7 of my deed, brother, and the letter of mine to Mr. Rush, gives minutely the standing of the office refered to. The most distressing occurrence that has happened me [sic] for years is the death of my brother, but added to it, that, unfeeling men was watching round to ascertain the last breath for pecuniary interest, and self aggrandizement, and in four hours after, (and while his relatives was preparing the corpse for the grave, and endeavouring to prepare for the last tribute of regard,) one Abner McCarty, and others mounted horses in every direction, and proceeded some to Hendricks 8 and Jennings9 who reside 90. and 120 miles from this place, others to Cincinnati Ohio to Genl. Harrison,10 to procure recommendations to succeed to the office. If one shake of my pen could have procured a successor, under the circumstances, I would have considered if I attempted it, myself degraded everlastingly. I will venture to say that Govr Hendricks and Genl. Harrison will both write to the

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President recommending Noah Noble and so will the securities of my deed, brother, and even say to the President that they will consider themselves bound till the Successor is appd. I must ask you to consult with the President, and if you can render him any aid, it will be appreciated. Mr Rush will shew you my letter, and I have asked him to lay it before Mr Adams. I have the honour to be Respectfully Yr obd Svt JAMES NOBLE P.S. I send the letter of Mr Lane,11 it was offered voluntary, it is ardent, but it is truth I have no doubt. The excitement produced here, at the few and thank God but a few who watched for death to do its office upon my brother, gave rise to Lanes letter, and I am sorry any excitement occurred and more particularly the cause J NOBLE ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3). Addressed to Clay. 1 Indiana. 2 See above, Clay to Crittenden, August 22, 1825, note. 3 David Mount, of Metamora, had been a member of the Indiana General Assembly (1816-1817) and, since 1822, an associate judge of the State Circuit Court. He remained on the bench for over a decade and from 1837 to 1843 served in the State Senate. * Richard Rush. 8 Cf. above, Noble to Clay, June 27, 1825. 6 James Brown Ray, born in Jefferson County, Kentucky, and educated for the law in Cincinnati, Ohio, had begun practice at Brookville, Indiana. He had served as a State prosecuting attorney from 1819 to 1822, had been elected to the State Senate from Franklin County in 1822, and, elected president pro tempore of that body in 1824, had become Governor following the resignation of William Hendricks in February, 1825. Ray was elected and re-elected to the last position and served until 1831. He subsequently practiced law in Indianapolis. 7 See above, Noble to Clay, June 27, 1825, note. 8 William Hendricks. No letter of recommendation by him, relative to this position, has been found. 8 Cf. above, Jennings to Clay, October 1, 1825. lo William Henry Harrison. See above, Jennings to Clay, October 1, 1825, note concerning postmark. No letter of recommendation from Harrison, relating to this position, has been found. n Above, October 1, 1825.

To John Quincy Adams Dear Sir Washington 3d. October 1825 A Mr: Clarke1 our Consul at Lubec, who has some mercantile connexions in Cuba, has lately returned from that place and was with me to day conversing on the affairs of the Island. He appears to be an intelligent man possessed of a good deal of information respecting Cuba. He thinks that matters are fast hastening to a crisis there, and that there must be shortly an explosion. The islanders dread the black troops of Colombia, and prefer a connexion with Mexico, but look anxiously and ultimately to the U. States. He thinks that, if the Mexicans can appear in force off the island, a movement within would be made which, by the cooperation, would speedily and certainly end in throwing off the

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Spanish yoke. A considerable jealousy exists according to him (and in that his information is confirmed by Mr. Poinsett) between the Governments of Colombia and Mexico.2 It appears to me that the public interest would be promoted by establishing some channel through which we may obtain authentic information. Mr. Rodney's3 official station, his youth and his want of experience are obstacles to the acquirement of it through him. Judge Robinson was there during the last winter, in pursuit of health, which he still wants, and I received from him then some valuable information, a part of which was an account of a deputation from the Local Government to the King of Spain to prevail upon him to conclude a peace with the new Republics.4 I have not yet learnt the result of that effort at peace. Judge Robinson's long residence in Louisiana has made him acquainted with the Spanish character; and his liberal opinions and feelings would secure for him the confidence of the party in favor of Revolution. The condition of his health would cover the object of his visit. I take the liberty therefore of suggesting, for your consideration, the propriety of sending him to Cuba, as a secret agent; to put us in possession of useful knowledge. I would propose that his commission should be one of enquiry simply, without holding out any encouragement or offering any stimulus to Insurrectionary Movements. I think it worthy to be thought of whether he had not better be instructed rather to repress any disposition to revolt. I have had no direct communication with Mr. Robinson, but I have reason to believe that the service will be acceptable to him. I have the honor to be Faithfully Yr. ob. Servt. H. CLAY The President. ALS. Adams Papers, Letters Received (MR472). .1 Joseph Hill Clark. 2 See above, Poinsett to Clay, June 15, August 21, 1825. 3 Thomas M. Rodney. 4 Above, Thomas B. Robertson to Clay, April 20, 1825.

To David A. Sayre Sir Washington City 3d. October 1825. I received your letter of the 20h. Ulto. with a bill for $150 drawn by Theodore on me, 1 inclosed in it. According to the request contained in your letter, I have this day transmitted a check2 for that sum drawn on the B. U S. by its office here to Alexandrine Benson of Philada 3 {I could not make out very clearly the Christian name, but I took it to be Alexandrine.} I am respectfully Your ob. servant H. CLAY

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ALS. ICU. Addressed to Sayre at Lexington. Sayre, born in New Jersey, had moved to Kentucky in 1811 and engaged in silver plating. He had expanded his activities to include, in 1823, brokerage and, in 1829, banking. He amassed a large fortune, much of which he devoted to philanthropic projects in Lexington, notably the founding of Sayre Female Institute in 1854. 1 Theodore W. Clay. The letter and bill have not been found. 2 Not found. 3 Probably of Alexander Benson and Company, a banking firm.

From Porter Clay Dr Sir Frankfort 3rd. October 1825 Yours of the 6h ult 1 came to hand in due time and I thank you for the kind advice which it contains and which I have followed, we now have the curious specticle of two supream courts seting [sic] in our town at the same time,2 and both performing buisness [sic] that the constitution has confided to one you may easily imagin [sic] the state of perplexity we are in as well as the thousands of enquiries as to the ultimate result, there are some fears whispered (but not openly) that Mr Pope3 is about to act the Trator to the anties and take a seat upon the bench of the new court in place of Mr Barry4, but off [sic] the trouth of this I know nothing only that Mr B and him have been much togeather here of late first Mr B went to Lebanon 5 and sent for Mr P from whence B went with him to his house and remained some time Mr P in return has been to Lexington and spent some time with Mr B. and it is possible that this is the grounds of the fears mentioned above, you know the gentlemen better than I do and also you can trace the effects of such a combination of circumstances as well as any one can for you. this much I can say I have mighty little confidence in the virtue or integrity of either of men [sic] I have called on Mr Haggan with your note 6 and have received for answer that it is entirely out of his power to pay you untill the first of Jany next at which time he seemes [sic] to be confident he will pay, I shall wait your further orders in relation to that, as well as the claim upon Mr Broadhead7 who says he positively assured you he could not pay this faul, he talks some thing about including the whole payment when a suit shall have been determined which is now depending in the U S Spuream [sic] court,8 he also stated that you had not succeeded to the extent of your engagement. I have nothing of interest save that we are all well and our country generally healthy give my respects to Lucretia and family yours &c PORTER CLAY ALS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, RIO). Addressed to Clay. l Not found. 2 See above, Boyle to Clay, October 1, 1825. 3 John Pope* William T. Barry, who remained on the court until it was dissolved. 5 Kentucky, a few miles from Springfield, where Pope resided.

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6 Probably James Haggin, now a member of the new court of appeals. The note has not been found. 7 Lucas Brodhead, born in Ulster County, New York, and graduated from Union College, Schenectady, whence he had come to Kentucky in 1820 to look after land interests of his uncle, Lucas C. Elmendorf, practiced law and resided in Frankfort for the remainder of his life. 8 Clay had argued for the plaintiff on appeal from the Federal Circuit Court, for the District of Kentucky, in the United States Supreme Court, in March, 1822. The decision, which had been announced in March, 1825, had reversed that of the lower court, upheld the claim of Elmendorf, and remanded the case for appropriate action. 23 U. S. (10 Wheaton) 152-81.

From George Gibson Sir, October 3, 1825 Messrs. Thomas McGiffin & Wm Hawkins1 of Washn Pa. are the lowest bidders for three important Contracts. They have by letter of 23d Sept. referred to you for information as to character and responsibility. Any information which you may be pleased to communicate relative to those persons will be thankfully received. Yr. mo. ob St.

GEO. GIBSON C. G. S.

The Hon. H. Clay, Secy of State. Copy. DNA, RG192, Office of Commissary General of Subsistence, Letters Sent, vol. 4, p. 446. On September 29, 1825, Clay reportedly had written (presumably to Gibson; letter not found) that he had received many requests from Kentucky and Ohio for recommendations of applicants for contracts and that he would, on reference to him, supply all the information he possessed on persons who obtained them. Ibid., Register of Letters Received. 1 A prosperous farmer.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

October 3, 1825

From CONDY RAGUET, Rio de Janeiro. States that "general acquiescence" in the arrangement between Brazil and Portugal "is to be anticipated" but "that the Liberal party of the Brasileans" are resentful toward Great Britain and Sir Charles Stuart "for having . . . betrayed their country into the hands [of] The Holy Alliance" (see above, Raguet to Clay, March 11, 1825, note); expresses fear that the Brazilian settlement will now serve as a precedent for intervention by "The Holy Alliance in conjunction with Spain" in the former Spanish colonies. Notes propagation in the Government paper of the doctrine of legitimacy as the basis for the monarchical form of government; reports that an early meeting of the General Assembly is not expected. Negotiations for a treaty with Great Britain "are progressing." "It is said" that Luiz Joze de Carvalho e Mello has resigned as Minister for Foreign Affairs and will be succeeded by Felizberto Caldeira Brant Pontes. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Brazil, vol. 4 (M121, R6). Extract published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, II, 835. APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

October 3, 1825

WILLIAM SEBREE, Lawrenceburg, Indiana, recommends Thomas Porter, of Lawrenceburg, for appointment as receiver (of public moneys) at Indianapolis. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MRS). Porter did not receive the appointment.

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JAMES TAYLOR, Bellevue, Kentucky, recommends Dr. David Oliver for appoint-

ment as "Receiver of Public Monies at Brookville, Indiana"; states that he is informed that Oliver is "a Senator of Indiana." ALS. Ibid. Oliver, of Brookville, had been a member of the Indiana General Assembly from 1823 to 1825 and, in August of the latter year, had been elected to the State Senate. He did not receive the appointment here recommended.

Check to William Cox Office of Discount & Deposit, Washington,

PA Y to William Cox or orderSeventy five dollars 75 DOLLS. 50/100

4 Octr.— 1825 dollars, 50/100 H. CLAY

ADS, partially printed. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). Endorsed on verso: "William Cox." Cf. above, Account, October 1, 1825.

To Horatio Gates Spafford Sir, Washington 4th. Octr. 1825. I received your Letter of the 17th. ultimo in regard to the navigation of the Mississippi and its great branches, and to an engine which you think you have invented adapted to the removal of the obstructions, commonly called "planters, Sawyers snags" &c. You do not appear to be aware of the fact that two or three years ago, Congress appropriated seventy five thousand dollars for the removal of those very obstructions from Pittsburgh to the Balize;1 that for less than that sum Mr. Bruce2 of Kentucky contracted for their removal, in all that extent; and that work is now in progress. I have not very precise information (that will be acquired probably this winter) as to the degree of success which attends his labors, tho'. I have heard a rumor that the work is not well done, and that its difficulties are greater than he anticipated.3 Mr. Bruce was the inventor of the Machine by which he intended principally to operate. I have not yet learnt how it has answered. I believe of many that were exhibited, at the period of making the Contract, his was deemed best by the Engineer Department. 4 If Mr. Bruce is successful in his undertaking of course Government would not, I apprehend, be disposed to purchase your invention. If he should not succeed, I doubt whether you could obtain any thing to assist you in making the experiment. Congress has lent itself on one or two occasions to assist inventors with money to make experiments with their inventions. Thier [sic] experience in those instances has not been such as to induce them to engage often in that species of patronage. They have thought that, in the general, it is best to leave those matters to the care of individuals,

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especially as it is extremely difficult to discriminate. I state to you frankly what are my impressions as to the reception which Congress might give to your application for aid. If you had a model of your invention, I have no doubt that the Corps of Engineers would carefully examine it and ascertain its practical utility. How would it do for you to address Mr. Bruce? If your's is a better invention than his I presume he would gladly compensate you for it. The clearing out the navigation of the Mississippi and some of its principal branches is a National object for the accomplishment of which I am very anxious. With respect to the Mississippi, all that can be done, in the present state of the population and resources of this Country, is in my opinion to remove the planters, Sawyers and snags; and I entertain no doubt that it is practicable to effect that object, at a rate of expense far beneath its importance. I am, Sir, Your Obedt. Servant. H. CLAY. Mr. H Gates Spafford. Troy, New York. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21 (M40, R19), pp. 162-63. 1 New Orleans. See above, III, 749n-50n. 2 John Bruce. Cf. above, III, 810. 3The Cincinnati Gazette, reporting the progress of the work from Pittsburgh to Maysville, commented that the operation consisted merely of cutting off the largest trees at the low water mark, leaving the logs to float down the river where they "prove more injurious to navigation than when they first presented themselves." Reprinted in Washington Gazette, October 18, 1825. 4 His machine had been awarded a premium of $1,000. Lexington Kentucky Reporter, March 14, 1825.

From William Carroll My dear Sir; Murfreesboro. October 4 1825. I have to acknowledge the receipt of your kind letter from Lexington,1 to which it has not heretofore been entirely convenient to reply, particularly as I was desirous to communicate to you the result of our congressional elections. Six of the old members are returned and three new ones. Colo Mitchell, who represents Standifers district, is a grade superior in talents to Houston2—he is excessively vain and easily moulded to any honest purpose. Colo. Polk, by whom Colo. Erwin and others were defeated is a young man of sprightly talents, and will probably remain several years in congress; and may hereafter have a share of influence in the political concerns of the State.3 Doctr. Marable, who succeeds Reynolds,4 is alike destitute of capacity and moral character— I have heretofore stated to you, that notwithstanding the great excitement among the friends of General Jackson, I did not believe that he would be run for the presidency at the end of Mr. Adams'

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first term. This opinion is greatly strengthened by circumstances that are daily developing themselves, the most prominent of which is, that many of the Generals warmest friends have become loud in their praises of De Wit [sic] Clinton and some have gone so far as to say that an opposition by him would be successful against Mr. Adams. I never was the advocate of Mr. Adams, but I cannot consent that his administration shall be disturbed while it accords with the principles of our government by a man, against whom, as I conceive, objections exist which ought to have great weight in the western States. He was, if my memory serves me correctly, a violent apposer [sic] of the war, and on that account was brought out for the presidency in opposition to Mr. Madison by the Federal party.6 This circumstance will distroy [sic] every effort in his behalf even in Tennessee. Rumour says that General Jackson will leave the Senate after the present Session,7 if it be discovered that his chance for the presidency is declining. I am unable to speak personally on the subject, though I think it intirely [sic] probable. Should that be the fact we shall have to elect two Senators within the next two years, and I have no doubt that your correspondent Major Eaton will be permitted to remain at home. I look upon it as almost certain that two gentlemen will be elected who are not unfriendly to you.8 At the next election, I expect that a great change will take place in our representation in congress— A number of young men of talents will be candidates, some of whom will doubtless succeed— I have lately heard some conversation on the subject of printer of the laws of the United States in West Tennessee. Norvell & Erwin9 were the publishers untill [sic] a year ago, when an appointment was forwarded by Mr. Adams to Mr. Murry10 who is a good young man, completely under a certain influence, and has been bitter in his denunciations against Mr. Adams and yourself ever since the presidential election. I would not presume to offer advise [sic] in the case, but I may be permitted to say that do as you will, you cannot expect the forgiveness of your enemies. Mr. James Erwin and lady passed through here a few days ago, on their way to his fathers:11 They were both in good health, and intended proceeding immediately to the lower country.12 I have for several years been desirous to [visit] Washington, but have heretofore been unable to accomplish it. I think however that I shall certainly be able to do so this winter if health permits, particularly as I am under obligations to see, perhaps the last time, an aged mother13 in the neighbourhood of Pittsburgh. I shall be very happy to hear from you as often as your leisure permits you to write.

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With a tender of my respectful compliments to Mrs Clay. I am, dear Sir, Most sincerely Yr. friend W M . CARROLL Hon: Henry Clay Secy, of State, Washington city. ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). MS. faded. Endorsed on verso by Clay: "Answd. 21st." Answer not found. 1 Not found. 2 James C. Mitchell, a native of Virginia and a lawyer, served two terms in Congress (1825-1829), became a circuit judge in Tennessee from 1830 to 1836, after which he moved to Mississippi. James Standifer had been a member of Congress from 1823 to 1825, was again elected to that body in 1828, and served until his death, in 1837. Samuel Houston, among those re-elected, had been born in Virginia, had moved to Tennessee about 1806, and, after serving in the War of 1812, had begun the practice of law at Lebanon, Tennessee, in 1818. He had been State district attorney in 1819, State adjutant general in 1820, and member of Congress since 1823. He served as Governor of Tennessee from 1827 until 1829. After leading the Texas forces in revolt against Mexico, he became the first President of the Republic (serving from 1836 to 1838 and again from 1841 to 1844), Senator from the State of Texas upon its admission into the Union (1846-1859), and Governor of Texas (1859-1861). 3 James K. Polk, who had been a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives (1823-1825), was beginning the first of seven terms in Congress (1825-1839), during the last two of which he was Speaker of the House. Born in North Carolina, he had moved with his parents to Tennessee in 1806, had been graduated from the University of North Carolina, and practiced law in Columbia, Tennessee. He became Governor of Tennessee (1839-1841) and President of the United States (1845-1849). One of his opponents in 1824 had been Andrew Erwin. 4 John H. Marable; James B. Reynolds. Marable, born in Virginia, had studied medicine in Philadelphia and settled near Nashville, Tennessee, in 1806. He had been a member of the State Senate in 1817 and 1818, served two terms in Congress (1825-1829), and then returned to the practice of his profession. 5 The statement has not been found. 8 See above, III, 364-65, 366n. 7 He resigned October 14, 1825. s Hugh L. White was elected to the vacancy caused by Jackson's resignation and retained the seat until 1840, but John H. Eaton was re-elected in 1826. 9 Joseph Norvell and John P. Erwin, of the Nashville Whig. Norvell had been one of the founders of this journal, which then had changed hands several times. He had returned to the paper in 1819 and was conducting it alone when joined by Erwin, as editor, in 1824. 10 Abram P. Maury, a native of Tennessee, had edited newspapers as a very young man in St. Louis and Nashville and, now at the age of 24, was one of the publishers of the Nashville Republican and Tennessee Gazette, established the previous year. The appointment to publish the laws was returned to Norvell and Erwin for the Congress beginning in December, 1825; the Nashville Republican was sold to other owners in 1826; and Maury began the study of law. He served in the State House of Representatives in 1831, 1832, 1843, and 1844, as a Whig member of Congress from 1835 to 1839, and as a State Senator in 1845 and 1846. 11 Andrew Erwin. 12 See below, Erwin to Clay, November 7, 1825. is Mary Montgomery (Mrs. Thomas) Carroll, not further identified.

From Amos Kendall Dear Sir, Frankfort, Oct. 4th 1825. Yesterday both sets of Judges met here, 1 and the new Judges will proceed to business. The old Judges appointed Jacob Swigert, Clerk, in the place of Sneed; but I am not apprized to their ultimate intention. Yesterday in a playful conversation, Squire Turner of Richmond said to me 'we heard, up our way, that you was to have a place in the Department of State at Washington for the purpose of writing for Adams and Clay.' I enquired who told him so; but he gave

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it as a report. Before the election, I heard that George Robertson said in Mercer county, in so significant a manner as to cause it to be noticed, that they would not have me to contend with much longer. A suspicion thence arose among some of my political friends, that I was to be with drawn from the contest,2 and almost of course, you was suspected of being the agent to accomplish this purpose. It is impossible that these men could have heard any thing on this subject from me or my political friends. After I saw you I mentioned it to nobody, and to bar against accident, burnt your letters.3 Some person to whom you had mentioned the subject, must have told it, and it has been circulated in a manner injurious to you and myself. I therefore feel free to make such explanations to my friends as will vindicate your motives and mine. The prospect now is, that our contest here will be renewed and continued with more bitterness than ever. I confess, the lies published on me and those with whom I act, have so stimulated my feelings that I shall meet it with alacrity, if it can be confined to our local question. But I apprehend a different course. The impression is general among the friends of the New Court, that you have interfered in this question and thrown your influence against us.4 I believe no such thing; but in the irritable, suspicious state of men's minds, it is impossible to vindicate you satisfactorily. Hence I apprehend, the new Court Party here will, almost universally, take up Jackson for the next President to be run against Adams at the end of his first four years. For myself, I feel indifferent towards those two men, and, circumstances aside, would about as soon support the one as the other. But on account of the ultimate object, I cannot join my political friends in the support of Jackson. My situation will, therefore, be a difficult one. Your friends here will be my enemies, and mine will be yours. I see no course left me but perfect neutrality. Not having heard from you, I presume you have made no arrangements to offer me such a place in your Department as would afford me a pecuniary inducement to abandon my present business. Perhaps it would injure both you and myself, were you to offer and I accept such a place under present circumstances. Sure I am, that I could not accept it without retaining the Argus5 and writing for it long enough to shew friends and foes, that I was not purchased off from this controversy and that you were not a purchaser. I want nothing to induce me to quit political discussions but an opportunity to do so on honorable terms. Rather than quit it on any other, I will die an Editor. You see I do now, as I have done heretofore unbosom myself to you most frankly. I have not requested you to consider what I write as confidential, because from its nature you must know it to

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be so. Not that I would care if the world saw every word of it, were the world honest; but malice perverts the best feelings and designs. Give my respects to Mrs. Clay. I shall ever wish her the best of Heaven's blessings. Very respectfully Your friend AMOS KENDALL

ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). 1 Cf. above, Boyle to Clay, October 1, 1825. 2 That is, from the old court-new court struggle. 3 None have been found for the period since Clay was in Kentucky. * Cf. above, Blair to Clay, March 7, 1825; Clay to Crittenden, August 22, 1825; Clay to Beatty, September 24, 1825. 5 Frankfort Argus of Western America.

DIPLOMA TIC NO TES

October 4, 1825

From the BARON DE MAREUIL, Washington. Points out that his letter of October 3, last year, concerning difficulties encountered relative to execution of article 6 of the convention of 1822 and the return of "marine deserteurs," remains unanswered; cites the case of a deserter from a French warship, at Norfolk, and the refusal of local officials to aid in his apprehension on the pretext that the article in question applies only to sailors from merchant vessels; requests issuance of orders to prevent a similar refusal by local authorities to carry out the stipulation of the treaty. LS, in French, with translation. DNA, RG59, Notes from French Legation, vol. 9 (M53, R7). Translation published in American State Papers, Foreign Relations, V, 787. Cf. above, III, 53n. Article 6 of the convention had provided that consular officials might "cause to be arrested the sailors being part of the crews of their respective Nations, who shall have deserted from the said vessels, in order to send them back and transport them out of the Country." Those not returned within three months were to be liberated and "no more arrested for the same cause." Miller (ed.), Treaties. . . , III, 80-81. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

October 4, 1825

From DANIEL WYNNE, New York. Requests his commission. ALS. DNA, RG-59, A. and R. (MR4). Endorsed by Clay on wrapper: "Send it to him"; endorsed in strange hand: "Sent 7h. Oct. 1825." The original commission (see above, Clay to Wynne, April 16, 1825) had not reached Wynne. APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

October 4, 1825

DOUGLASS MAGUIRE, Indianapolis, recommends, for appointment as "Receiver of Public monies in the Land Office at this place," John Hawkins, of Indianapolis, a native of Kentucky, who "was educated at Transylvania University" and who "was a warm supporter of yours for the Presidency, and is now a supporter of the administration. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). Hawkins, not further identified, received no appointment. JAMES NOBLE,

Brookville, encloses papers relative to recommendation of his

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brother (Noah—see above, Noble to Clay, October 2, 1825) ; states that "the whole force of this Abner McCarty" will be exerted against the appointment; notes that the papers are being sent because he understands that "politics will be hinted at, God forbid such a course, . . . and . . . that Govr. [James B.] Ray is hostile . . . on that acct."; adds that he has given recommendations to all who asked, "even to Majr Gay, Govr. Rays father in law." ALS. Ibid. (MRS). John Gay, born in Rockbridge County, Virginia, and commissioned an ensign of Virginia militia in 1779, attaining the rank of major before his resignation in 1803, had also served for many years as a magistrate of Rockbridge County. An early settler of Wayne County, Indiana, he there acted as deputy county clerk; he did not receive a Federal appointment. His daughter was probably Mrs. Esther Booker, widow of Samuel P. Booker, a native of Virginia and, at his death in July, 1823, wealthy proprietor of a general store in Centerville, Indiana. Mrs. Booker and Ray had been married in September, 1825.

Memorandum of Commissioner's Sales [ca. October 5, 1825] 1 Commrs Report of October 1823 Nett [sic] amount f 1190 Deduct for purchases made by Majr. Dallam .... David the Abinoe [sic]1 $ 90 Mahogany Setee [sic] 8c 2 Demijohns 73 163 .... | 1027 First sale was on 28h July 1823 2 at which H Clay purchased Jenny at $ 250 .... Second Sale 15h. Sept. at which John Smith3 purchased David at .... 345. James Vance Littlejohn4 460 2 Commrs. Report of sales on the 5h. Octr. 1825. Gross amt. of Sales $1305:80. Expences of Sale to be deducted 35: 1270:80 AD, by Clay. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R15). Endorsed on verso by Clay: "Memo of Commrs. Sales." Cf. above, III, 492n. 1 The property disposed of at the commissioner's sale included several slaves, among whom were two albinos, David and Jenny. Lexington Kentucky Reporter, June 2, 1823. 2 Originally advertised for June 24, the sale had been rescheduled for July 28. Ibid., June 30, 1823. 3 Lexington bagging manufacturer. 4 Littlejohn, another slave.

From James B. Ray Hon. Henry Clay Dr. Sir. Executive Department Indianapolis, Indiana Oct 5. 1825— In behalf of One of Our most worthy citizens, and an acquaintance of yours, permit me to address you.

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SECRETARY OF STATE

Lazarus Noble the late receiver of public monies for a land Office in this State is no more. It is expected that the President will make an appointment immediately, until the meeting of Congress, to fill the vacancy. Should he do so, let me humbly request that you would submit the name of Major John Gay of this State to the favourable consideration of the President. Major Gay says he is acquainted with you. I am acquainted with him, 1 and can safely say that he combines every qualification for a receiver of public monies. He is a surviving Officer of the Revolutionary war, and an honest man. He is the choice of the people; and his success would not fail to strengthen the present administration. I anxiously wish he may succeed.— I am well aware that I am a stranger to you; and it is altogether probable that you have never heard of me, as I am a Young man just emerging into notice, in the political world. You will, however, allow me to assure you, that I have made myself familiar with your character, and identified myself with your destiny. The people of Indiana will tell you that I was the first to come forth the warm and public advocate of Henry Clay for the Presidency. I hope that I may be the last to abandon him. Nothing will give me more real satisfaction, Sir, than to see you President of these United States at such a time, as you may think fit to present yourself. You may enroll me amongst your most devoted friends; and consider me a supporter of the present administration. Your vote in favour of Mr. Adams is approved of by a majority of the people. One of the judges of the Supreme court of this state, and One of the Electors for Mr. Adams, was my Opponent for Governor in Augt. last, but I was elected by a large majority.2 Pardon me, Sir, for giving you this intimation. I am anxious that Major Gay may succeed in getting the place above alluded to. I know that you feel a delicacy in interfering with these matters, yet should you feel inclined, I know it would have weight, and the favour would be gratefully acknowledged— Should you ever wish to communicate any fact to me, which I can make use of to your advantage, you can do so with safety; and it will afford me pleasure to further your views, and advance the public good. I have the Honor to be Sir Very respectfully Your most Obt. Servt. JAMES B. RAY ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3). Postmarked: "Brookville (Indiana) October the 4th [sic] 1825." 1 See above, Noble to Clay, October 4, 1825. 2 Ray's opponent had been Isaac Blackford, born and educated at law in New Jersey, where he had been graduated from Princeton College; a resident of Indiana since 1812; clerk of the Territorial legislature in 1814; judge of the first judicial circuit from 1814 to 1815; a representative of Knox County and Speaker in the State's first legislature; a judge of the Indiana Supreme Court from 1817 to 1853; and a judge of the United States Court of Claims from 1855 to 1859.

OCTOBER 6,

1825

723

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

October 5, 1825

To RUFUS KING, London, no. 6. Encloses copy of the letter of Samuel Hodges relative to an outrage inflicted on the American vessel Ruby (above, August 12, 1825); requests King to inquire into the matter and, if necessary, to call upon the British Government for explanation or redress. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, p. 393 (M77, R5) . L draft, in DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R7). From ANDREW ARMSTRONG, Port au Prince. Encloses copy of the French "ordonnance" recognizing the independence of Haiti; points out that the only American export affected seriously is flour, on which the low duties for French vessels give them an advantage of two dollars a barrel, and that the real benefit to France is that all return cargoes will be in French bottoms; surmises that the local government probably regrets the gains by France; asserts that it would be well for the United States to enter into diplomatic negotiations as an offset. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Cap Haitien, vol. 5 (M9, R-T5). See above, Holden to Clay, July 16, 1825. The "ordonnance" was published in Niks' Weekly Register, XXIX (September 24, 1825), 63. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

October 5, 1825

To DEWITT CLINTON. Introduces (Jose Silvestre) Rebello, who is concerned with the case of a Brazilian subject imprisoned in New York; states that Clay, without "any very particular knowledge" of the matter, would be happy if Clinton should find it possible to exercise his pardoning power. ALS. NNC. To DAVID B. MACOMB, Tallahassee. Acknowledges receipt of Macomb's letter of August 29, which will be submitted to the President upon his return to Washington; states that Macomb's controversy with Crane appears to be a private matter; adds that "The absence of the public functionaries from their Territorial posts, if it is without sufficient cause, is undoubtedly improper" and that the President "would not hesitate, on that supposition, to apply" the proper remedy. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 163-64 (M40, R19). Published in Carter (ed.), Territorial Papers, XXIII, 333. APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

October 5, 1825

Dearborn County, Indiana, recommends Thomas Porter, of Lawrenceburg, for appointment as receiver of public moneys in Indiana. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MRS). Postmarked at Versailles, Indiana. See above, Sebree to Clay, October 3, 1825, note. Watts, born in Culpeper County, Virginia, had resided near Lexington, Kentucky, from 1789 to 1796 and in Boone County, Kentucky, from the latter date until 1816, when he had removed to Dearborn County, Indiana. He had been a judge of circuit court in both Kentucky and Indiana, had been a member of both houses of the Indiana Legislature, and, since 1800, had engaged in the Baptist ministry.

JOHN WATTS,

From Robert Scott Dr, Sir, Lexington 6th. Octr. 1825 [On th]e 2nd. inst. I enclosed your private A/C with me and

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SECRETARY OF STATE

3 Patent Certificates for Land in Missouri1— Herewith you will receive the A/C of Colo. Morrison's estate with you from 1st. August to 30th. Septr. Ulto.2— Since my last have reed, your favor of 23rd. Ulto3— Mr. Waring4 is in town and will see him on the subject of your letter and if he does not pay the amt of his bond will issue execution as you directOn the 3rd. inst. I paid 600$. the \/2 years interest due on the Legacy to T. University5— Several [local] citizens were at Frankfort in the beginning of the week attending th]e meeting of the Court of Appeals— As you will have observed the former clerk A Sneed is no more, and the old Court have elected J Swigart [sic] their Clerk—and it is said the old court and the new are both doing [business]6— Is not this an extraordinary state of things? We are all well— very respectfully yr. obt. Servt. ROBT. SCOTT The Honble H. Clay. P. S. J. C. Rodes has made [you an] official copy of your A/C with Co[lo Morrisons Es]tate7— Shall I send it to you—or [retain it unti]l your return R S. ALS. DLC-TJC. (DNA, M212, R13). MS. defaced. 1 The letter and enclosures have not been found. 2 Not found; cf. below, Private Accounts, August 12, 1826. 3 Not found. 4 John Upshaw Waring, a lawyer and property owner in both Woodford and Franklin Counties. 6 See above, III, 496n. 6 See above, Porter to Clay, October 3, 1825. T Cf. below, Accounts, July 8, 1826.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

October 6, 1825

To WILLIAM SHALER, Algiers. Acknowledges receipt of his dispatches numbered 75 to 83, except number 82, over a period of two years; expresses approval of his conduct; requests any information he may be able to communicate concerning American interests at Tripoli, including his opinion on the necessity of an agent of the government at that port, from which the United States consul has been absent more than two years. Copy. DNA, RG59, Cons. Instr., vol. 2, p. 368 (M78, R2). Thomas D. Anderson, of Pennsylvania, consul to Algiers from 1816 to 1819, had held the consular post in Tripoli from 1819 to 1825. For two years before his replacement he had left the affairs of his office in the hands of Joseph Nicholas Morillo (not further identified), while Anderson sought treatment in Europe for an eye disorder. From JOEL R. POINSETT, Legation of the United States, Mexico, no. 23. Encloses copies of the treaty of alliance between Mexico and Colombia, of "The representation to Congress, made by the society for promoting the liberty of Cuba," and of certain pamphlets; notes that the proposed commercial treaty between Mexico and Colombia has not been ratified, for reasons given in his last dispatch (above, September 28, 1825); reports that the duties paid by Taylor, Sicard and Company, "on the exorbitant valuation" of goods referred to in his dispatch no. 6 (above, July 18, 1825), have been refunded; and states that he is "not

OCTOBER 7, 1825

725

disposed to prefer without instructions" a claim sent to him by John Sergeant, for "an Insurance office in Philadelphia," involving a cargo delayed by shipwreck, transferred at Havana to a second vessel, and seized at Alvarado for violating a law which had become effective after the original voyage had begun. LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Mexico, vol. 1 (M97, R2). Received December 16. On September 20, 1825, announcement had been made in Mexico City of the ratification of a treaty of defensive alliance between Mexico and Colombia, including provision for formation of a congress, which "the other cidevant Spanish states of America" should be urged to enter, "to confirm and establish intimate relations between the whole and each one of the states; . . . serve as a council on great occasions; a point of union in common danger; a faithful interpreter of public treaties, in cases of misunderstanding; and as an arbitrator and conciliator of disputes and differences." Colombia agreed to provide facilities for meeting of the Congress at Panama; Mexico, to afford similar arrangements should occasion arise for a change of site. Niles' Weekly Register, XXIX (January 28, 1826), 356-57, translation reprinted from Washington National Journal. For earlier references to the seizure of the vessel at Alvarado, see above, Taylor to Clay, May 24, 1825.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

October 6, 1825

Baltimore, recommends the appointment of William Flemming Taylor as consul at the ports of Quilca and Arica. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR4). Taylor, born in New York but now a resident of Maryland, was appointed early in January, 1826, and remained at these Peruvian ports for over a decade.

JOHN BARNEY,

Connersville, Indiana, solicits appointment as receiver of public moneys at Indianapolis. ALS. Ibid. (MR2). Daily, not further identified, received no appointment.

WILLIAM DAILY,

having "found that there will be considerable strife" attending the appointment of a "Receiver of Public monies for the Brookville Landed District," wishes "to recall" his request in this connection (above, October 1, 1825); gives as his reason: "it might affect you more than advantage me." ALS. Ibid. (MR3). Postmarked at Corydon, Indiana.

JONATHAN JENNINGS,

PHILIP C. PENDLETON, Martinsburg, Virginia, recommends appointment of the Martinsburg Gazette, edited by Washington Evans, to publish the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. The Martinsburg Gazette received the appointment covering the next Session of Congress but not subsequently. Evans, not further identified, had become the editor in 1822.

Check to James Dee 7 Oct. 1825. Pay to James Dee or order for Wood thirty five dollars and seventy five cents. $35:75 H. CLAY Cashr. of the Off. of Dt. & Dt. Washington City1 ADS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). Endorsed on verso: "James Dee." Dee, not further identified. l Richard Smith.

726

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

SECRETARY OF STATE

October 7, 1825

From JAMES MAURY, Liverpool. Reports that three American vessels have been held for want of manifests for tobacco brought into this port; states that American vessels are occasionally denied entry for violating the British requirement that the master and three-fourths of the crew must be United States citizens; suggests that these requirements be circulated at home. LS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Liverpool, vol. 3 (M141, R-T3).

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

October 7, 1825

From JOHN DORR, Boston, "Agent for Owners ship Esther %c Cargo." Replies to statements, relating to seizure of the ship Esther and cargo at Lima, addressed to the Secretary of State in 1823, as yet unanswered; requests information on the present state of the claim; requests, also, copies of all papers in the Department of State relative to the case, for use in preparing a "memorial, under the supervision of the Hon'ble Mr Webster, to Government. . . ." ALS. DNA, Dip. Disp., Special Agents, vol. 6 (M37, R6). Dorr, a resident of Dorchester, Massachusetts, and a prominent Boston merchant, was himself one of the principal owners of the Esther. The vessel had sailed from Boston in December, 1821, bound for Valparaiso, Chile, but had then continued, under separate charter arrangements, to several other ports, including entry and return to Callao. Upon the latter occasion the ship had been seized under the charge that she had been engaged in trade with Spanish supporters at Chiloe and had transported a spy from Chiloe as a passenger. Since Chiloe had not been included within the posted limits of blockade, the Peruvian contention was rejected under an arbitration award and settlement finally negotiated in 1841 and paid in 1847. Moore, History and Digest of . . . International Arbitrations. . . , V, 4595-98, 4603.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

October 8, 1825

To ROBERT M. HARRISON, Antigua. Acknowledges receipt of his letter of September 6; encloses a copy of a letter, on the same subject, from the Department to William B. Quarrier, May 12; states that it is impossible to answer every letter from consular agents. Copy. DNA, RG59, Cons. Instr., vol. 2, p. 369 (M78, R2). From F. M. DIAMOND, Havana. Notes that four of seven American seamen imprisoned in Havana two years earlier, on suspicion of participation in the death of a Spanish soldier, have never been brought to trial and, unless the United States intervenes in their behalf, will die in this "most lothsome of prisons"; reports that he has protested the boarding of the Philadelphia ship Thalia by Spanish troops who took off the mate in response to the steward's complaint of chastisement on the high seas, ten days before entering port. LS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Havana, vol. 3 (M-T20, R3). Endorsement on cover, by John Quincy Adams, recommends that Clay write Francisco Dionisio Vives relative to these matters (see below, Clay to Vives, November 14, 1825). Diamond, vice consul at Havana, not further identified. On the plight of the seven seamen, see also below, Clay to Rodney, October 29, 1825; Rodney to Clay, December 19, 1825; January 7, 1826; February 4, 1826.

OCTOBER 9, 1825

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

727

October 8, 1825

From C[HARLES] J. INGERSOLL, Philadelphia. States that he has directed that Daniel Brent be summoned, in the trial of Juan Gualberto de Ortega for striking (Hilario Rivas y) Salmon (see above, Salmon to Clay, September 19, 1825), to prove Salmon's accreditation as Charge1 d'Affaires; adds that, if any other person in the State Department can be spared more conveniently, he may come instead of Brent and be served with a subpoena after his arrival. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63).

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

October 8, 1825

Georgetown (District of Columbia), states that he was born in Georgetown; that he was a classmate and friend of Clay's sons, Theodore and Thomas, in the school of "Dr. James Carnahan, now President of Princeton College"; and that he is now in his twenty-first year of age and studying law in his "native town," with the intention of ultimately setting up practice in Michigan Territory. Solicits appointment as bearer of dispatches to Europe, so that he may acquire knowledge of the French language and people. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). Crawford, who appears not to have received the appointment, resided near Pontiac, Michigan, in the mid-1830's. Carnahan, born in Pennsylvania and graduated from the College of New Jersey (Princeton), conducted a classical academy at Georgetown from 1812 to 1823. He was president of the College of New Jersey from the latter date until his retirement in 1854. WILLIAM CRAWFORD,

Boston, recommends retention of Robert Campbell as consul at Genoa despite the failure of his firm. LS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1). Cf. above, Ambrose to Clay, June 30, 1825. The partners in Ropes, Reed, and Company, a mercantile firm, not further identified. " ROPES, REED AND COMPANY,

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

October 9, 1825

L[AWRENCE] DE CRUISE, New Orleans, mentions that he wrote (to Clay) "some months ago" and that Henry S. Thibodaux promised to deliver the letter (not found; cf. below, Thibodaux to Clay, February 27, 1827) . Refers to "the friendly promises . . . made . . . several years ago, that . . . he [Clay] would be of service . . . when ever an opportunity should offer." Solicits appointment as Charge d'Affaires "to some part of Europe," preferably Italy or Greece. States that he was born in Ireland and reared in Germany, that he was named by Commodore (John) Rodgers and Colonel (Tobias) Lear to serve as interpreter in the negotiations leading to the treaty with Tunis in 1805, that he came to the United States in 1806, was sent to New Orleans as an officer of the Marine Corps (1807-1809), and has resided in that city since then, holding several offices "of honour, and responsibility. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (M531, R2) . Unaddressed. De Cruise did not receive the desired appointment. Thibodaux, born at Albany, New York, of French-Canadian parentage, had settled in Louisiana in 1794, had become a member of the Territorial legislature in 1805, a justice of the peace of Lafourche Parish in 1808, three times a member of the State Senate, and Governor, to complete an unexpired term, in 1824.

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SECRETARY OF STATE

Indianapolis, recommends appointment of John Hawkins as "Receiver to the land-Office in this place." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). See above, Maguire to Clay, October 4, 1825, note. H[ARVEY] GREGG,

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

October 10, 1825

To CHARLES J. INGERSOLL. Acknowledges receipt of his letters of September 19 and October 8; approves his submission of the case in question to the circuit court; instructs him "to take the necessary steps" to lay it before the Supreme Court, if necessary; states that the subpoena for (Daniel) Brent has not arrived, that official certificates to establish the desired fact are herewith enclosed, and that Brent or another clerk "will be deputed to obey the summons." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 164-65 (M40, R19). APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

October 10, 1825

and WILLIAM READ, Newport, Rhode Island, state that they have purchased, from William Simons, the (Newport) Rhode Island Republican; solicit continuation of that journal's appointment for publishing the laws. ALS by Atkinson, signed also by Read. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. The patronage of the journal was continued throughout the Adams administration.

JAMES ATKINSON

Lawrenceburg (Indiana), requests Clay to recommend to (Richard) Rush, for appointment as "receiver of publick monies" at Indianapolis, Dill's son, Alexander Hamilton Dill. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). The young man did not receive a Federal appointment.

JAMES DILL,

Winchester, Indiana, recommends appointment of the Richmond (Indiana) Public Ledger, edited by Edmund S. Buxton, to publish the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Worth signs as a member of the Indiana House of Representatives from Randolph and Allen Counties. He later became prominent as an antislavery leader in Indiana. On the patronage of the journal, see above, Hendricks to Clay, September 21, 1825, note. DANIEL WORTH,

Check to Eliza Clark 11 Oct. 1825 Pay to Mrs. Eliza Clark or order sixty five dollars and 621/2 Cents. Cashr. of the Off. of Dist. &: Dt. Washington City.1 H. CLAY

ADS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). Endorsed on verso: "Eliza Clark." Cf. above, Clay to Erwin, August 30, 1825; below, Agreement with Forrest, this date, l Richard Smith.

Rental Agreement With Richard Forrest [October 11, 1825] Articles of agreement made and entered into this Eleventh day

OCTOBER 11,

1825

729

of October 1825, between Richard Forrest of the City of Washington, in the District of Columbia of the one part, and Henry Clay of the aforesaid City and District of the other part: The said Richard Forrest on his part, agrees to rent, and hereby does rent for the term of three years from the date hereof unto the said Henry Clay, a three Story brick dwelling, situated on F Street in the City of Washington, between 14th and 15th Streets, the property of the said Richard Forrest, for the Annual rent of Five hundred dollars, payable quarter yearly to commence on the Eleventh day of October instant. The said Henry Clay covenants and agrees, and hereby binds himself to pay to the said Richard Forrest, the said annual rent of Five hundred dollars, as aforesaid, during the term aforesaid. The said Richard Forrest and Henry Clay, do hereby mutually agree, that either of the said contracting parties shall have the power of rescinding and annulling the whole of this agreement, by giving to the other party six months previous notice of his intention so to do. In witness whereof, the parties aforesaid have hereunto Set their hands and Seals the day and year first herein before written. Witness RICHD. FORREST {Seal} H. CLAY {Seal} ADS by Forrest, signed also by Clay.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

October 11, 1825

From WILLIAM C. SOMERVILLE, Paris, no. 1. Reports his arrival in France after a rough voyage; encloses two newspapers, one giving an account of Lafayette's reception in France and the other containing comments on a letter, relative to Greece, written by a person named Washington, thought by some to be a nephew of (George) Washington. Comments that the letter was "calculated rather to increase than allay the discord which unhappily prevails in some parts of Greece," that Washington "may have been induced to take this imprudent step by Gen: Roche whom he accompanied, it appears, from Napoli di Romania," and that the latter, ostensibly the agent of the Greek Committee in France, "is believed by a part of the Committee" to be acting "in the interest of the family of Orleans . . . labouring to create a party in favour of the elevation of a member of that House to the throne of Greece." States that Greece was in a perilous situation last summer but her prospects appear somewhat brighter; Ibrahim Pasha's forces were reported by mid-September "straightened for provisions," while "Egyptian reinforcement will not be prepared to sail before the middle of October. . . ." Notes that he has discussed his mission "in confidence" with (James) Brown. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Sweden and Norway, vol. 4 (M45, R5). Received November 28. William Thornton Washington, probably a great-great nephew of George Washington, had attended the United States Military Academy from 1819 to 1823 but had not been graduated; had served as a second lieutenant of

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SECRETARY OF STATE

artillery in the United States Army from August, 1823, until May 1, 1825, when he had been dropped from service; and had thereupon set sail for Greece, where he had arrived in mid-June. Claiming to act as an accredited representative of the United States, he had joined General Roche at the end of July in a published protest, opposing the petition of the Greeks which had placed their political existence under the protection of Great Britain. See above, Brown to Clay, September 19, 1825; below, Brown to Clay, October 13, 1825; Niks' Weekly Register, XXIX (November 5, 1825), 153; Douglas Dakin, British and American Philhellenes (Thessaloniki, 1955), 107-109. Washington was killed during an outbreak of civil strife among the Greeks, in July, 1827. Antoine-Charles-Etienne-Paul La Roche-Aymon, attached to the French royal guards as a youth, named a peer and placed in command of various military departments under Louis XVIII, and promoted to lieutenant general during the French expedition into Spain in 1823 (above, III, 313n), had become the agent of an intrigue to place the Due de Nemours on the throne of Greece. For discussion of the proposal, see Dakin, op. cit., 98-99. Louis-Charles-PhilippeRaphael d'Orleans, Due de Nemours, was the second son of Louis-PhilippeJoseph, Due d'Orleans, who from 1830 to 1848 occupied the throne of France. Nemours, at the age of twelve, in 1826, entered the French array, where he had a distinguished career and rose to the rank of lieutenant general in 1837. He refused the crown of Belgium in 1831 and, though heir apparent to the throne of France in 1848, found it unwise to press that claim. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

October 11, 1825

To SAMUEL L. SOUTHARD. Inquires whether "the circumstances which led to the resignation of Edwin Welsh, as a Midshipman, were such as to render the restoration of his warrant to him liable to insuperable objections"; states that Welsh's uncle (John McKinley—cf. below, McKinley to Clay, January 9, 1826), who has written Clay (letter not found), wishes the young man reinstated. AN. DNA, RG45, Misc. Letters Received, vol. 6, 1825, p. 92. Young Welsh, born in Alabama, had received his warrant as midshipman in May, 1822. He had been assigned to the West India Squadron when his service was terminated in 1825. He was not reinstated. APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

October 11, 1825

Uniontown (Pennsylvania), recommends T(homas) Porter for appointment as receiver of public moneys in Indiana. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3). See above, Lane to Clay, October 1, 1825, note. ANDREW STEWART,

To Samuel Smith Dear Sir Washington 12h. Oct. 1825 I received your letter of yesterday,1 with the paragraph inclosed. I have not seen the publication to which it refers, and which certainly was not authorized by this Department. I think it hardly worth while to say any thing in the prints about it, but if you

OCTOBER 12,

1825

731

persist in desiring something to be said your paragraph is not exactly correct. The truth is that the particular arrangement with the Swedish Government, for the Stralsund claims, was made by Mr. Connel.2 From the tenor of Mr. Hughes's communications, he does not appear to desire that it should be regarded as his because the claimants get by it only about one half of what they were justly entitled to.3 Mr. H. I presume would not have made such an arrangement without instructions from his Government; and in fact he did nothing more, in respect to it, than to certify to the competency of Mr. Connels powers. He had previously pressed, and, during Mr. Connel's negotiation, he continued vigorously to press, for the payment of the entire claims; and the surprize is that the Swedish Government did not yield to his earnest and strong representations and pay the full amt. of the claims. If any thing is inserted in the papers, your paragraph ought to have the addition which I have interlined. Yr's faithfully Genl. Smith. H CLAY ALS. DLC-Samuel Smith Papers (DNA, M212, R22). Addressed, on attached sheet, to Smith at Baltimore. l Not found. 2 John Connell. 3 See above, Hughes to Clay, June 21, July 8, 15, 1825.

From John Quincy Adams H. Clay Secretary of StateBoston 12. October 1825 Dear Sir. I have received two Letters from you1 and several packets from the Department of State, concerning the contents of which, I have thought it advisable to wait until I could have the pleasure of conferring personally with you— There is in my mind but one objection to the appointment which you suggest; and that is perhaps removed at least by the authority of respectable Precedent— Although detained here longer than I had intended, I still purpose to be with you at the latest by the 25th. inst. I enclose addressed to you 30 and 10 Blank Patents signed by me; received yesterday from Dr Thornton, 2 for my signature. I pray you to present my kind respects to Govr Barbour, Mr Rush and Mr Southard,3 from each of whom I have received Letters, which perpetual motion has prevented me from answering— and to believe me ever faithfully yours J. Q. ADAMS. ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). i Above, September 24, October 3, 1825. 2 William Thornton. 3 James Barbour; Richard Rush; Samuel L. Southard.

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SECRETARY OF STATE

Memorandum from James E. Davis and Robert Scott [October 12, 1825] Memorandum of articles in the Tamany [sic] Mill building and premises, and of delapidations [sic] &c. existing on the 12th. day of Octr. 1825, made by James E. Davis & Robert Scott—viz Two Small wooden Cog Wheels in the Garret—the large iron bands missing One Band Wheel in do Part of the plank of the Bolting Chest and reel for bolting Cloth— in do Two cast iron Cog Wheels in the 2nd. StoryTwo ditto—in Wheel House All the Window sash in main building are missing, except three and they without Glass & good for nothing The lower Door complete, but old and the lock without a KeyHalf the door to the Cellar of Wheel House missing One large inclined Wheel in Wheel House—which I intend is1 [sic] The lower part of the two Conductors missing as far up as the 2nd. StoryOne Cast iron Wheel in the yard Two large ps. Cast iron in the far Brick House Twelve window sash only in the far brick House and no Glass— and the Door without a Lock The Stable is out of repairBack necessary—nothing but frame left Part of the Stone fence next the former Engine House taken away The backboard fence and that part nearest the town all taken away except sixteen posts—that next the rope walk seems to be complete but old— The Smoke House a good deal damaged by the brick being taken out The upper necessary seems to be in repair There are tenants under Minter 2 in the Office House and the Brick buildings on the Cross Street— The above is true list of articles at the Tammany Mills noted down by self & Mr. Scott J E DAVIS3 ROBT. SCOTT J E DAVIS

Erasures made before J E. Davis's last signature R Scott

24h. Octo 18254

ADS by Scott, signed also by Davis. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). Endorsed on wrapper: ". . . Lease enclosed for 3 Yrs.—first due 25 Deer. 26 Warrant of Distress issued on this. . . . " •i Last four words added in Davis' hand. 2 James Minter. 3 This sentence AES by Davis. 4 This entry AES by Scott. Reference is made to three lines, which have been crossed out, above Davis' second signature.

OCTOBER 12, 1825

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPA TCHES

733

October 12, 1825

To LEWIS SHOEMAKER, Matanzas. Transmits "a letter to your address from . . . the widow of Craven T. Peyton, formerly Commercial Agent of the United States at Matanzas," asking help concerning property left by her late husband; adds that compliance with the request "will be very agreeable to this Department." Copy. DNA, RG59, Cons. Instr., vol. 2, p. 369 (M78, R2) . Peyton, of New York, had been commissioned in March, 1821, and a successor appointed the following August. From ANDREW ARMSTRONG, Port au Prince. Reports assurance by the Haitian Government that the favorable duties toward France extend only to French manufactures imported in French bottoms and that the issue of export duties is still pending. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Cap Haitien, vol. 5 (M9, R-T5) . See above, Holden to Clay, July 16, 1825; Armstrong to Clay, October 5, 1825. From RUFUS KING, London, no. 8. Reports a conference with (George) Canning at which King referred to the dissatisfaction in Washington with the British member of "the Slave Commission" (George Jackson—see above, Clay to King, May 10, 1825) and from which he concluded that the British have decided on "the Recognition and Reception of Ministers from the New States" of Latin America; notes that he has not been presented at Court, there having been none since his arrival. LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Great Britain, vol. 32 (M30, R28). Received November 28. Extract published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, III, 1571-72. In an enclosed copy of a note to Canning, King refers to the suspension of work of the Commission at Washington and suggests that Great Britain and the United States settle the matter without "another appeal to the Emperor of Russia or otherwise. . . ." From SAMUEL LARNED, Santiago. Expresses a desire to remain as Charge after (Heman) Allen is recalled; reports that the failure of Chile to acknowledge claims of United States citizens results from the financial straits and instability of the Government; states that these claims can be obtained by "personal application" alone, not by the exchange of notes; points out that it is unnecessary for negotiation of a commercial treaty to be conducted by a minister plenipotentiary but that the negotiator must have full powers; asserts that he possesses advantages of importance for such negotiation and that a treaty is much needed by the United States. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Chile, vol. 1 (M-T2, Rl). Received February 9, 1826. From JOEL R. POINSETT, Mexico (City), no. 24. Encloses copy of a letter to (Rufus) King relative to "circumstances" between the Charge d'Affaires of Great Britain (Henry G. Ward) and himself; discusses the great influence exerted by the British over Mexican officials and the intrigues among members of the Mexican Government; states that "The fall of [Lucas] Alaman struck the European party with terror," that (Jose Ignacio) Esteva, Secretary of the Treasury and (Guadalupe) Victoria have made friendly approaches to Poinsett, but that falsehoods told by Esteva to Ward have caused "in a great measure the difference" between the latter and Poinsett. Refers to the absence of scruple among men of high office and rank. Reports that he has "found it necessary to form a party out of such elements as the country afforded or to leave the English masters of the field," that the English are alarmed, and that Ward has sent to (George) Canning "the most exaggerated accounts" of Poinsett's influence. Notes that "The country is tranquil . . . [but] in a republic without

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virtue and with a large standing army there is always danger." Declares his opinion that Victoria "never will be a friend of the United States"—the Mexican official attributes to Poinsett the defeat of his favorite project "to create a confederacy of the Spanish American States at the head of which the superior population and resources must have placed Mexico . . . ; to conquer Cuba and annex that island to Mexico and if possible to induce Guatemala to unite herself with Mexico." LS, in cypher, decoded in State Department file. Ibid., Mexico, vol. 1 (M97, R2). Published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, III, 1636-40. Received January 3, 1826. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

October 12, 1825

To CHARLES J. INGERSOLL, Philadelphia. Encloses copy of a letter (above, Salmon to Clay, September 22, 1825) in which (Hilario Rivas y) Salmon prefers complaints against the United States Government for permitting citizens to fit out at the Port of Philadelphia "hostile armaments against" Spain in the war between that country and "certain States of South America"; suggests, if facts support the charges, the adoption of measures to preserve neutrality and enforce the laws. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 166-67 (M40, R19). To ROBERT TILLOTSON, "Atty. of the U. States, for the Southern District of New York." Virtually the same letter, though related to the port of New York, as that above to Ingersoll, this date. Copy. Ibid., 167. Tillotson had been appointed to his office in 1819 and reappointed in 1824. A native of New York, he had served as judge advocate of that State. From AMOS CLARK, Evansville (Indiana). Requests payment to himself, under a power of attorney, of the account of Thomas Evans, "late editor of the Evansville Gazette," who "has left this place." ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Cf. above, Harrison to Clay, September 16, 1825. Born in the State of New York, Clark had been a pioneer resident of Evansville and, since around 1820, prosecuting attorney for Vandenburgh County.

From James Brown Sir Paris Oct. 13. 1825 I had the pleasure of receiving your letter sent by the Brandywine,1 and most sincerely sympathize with you and Mrs. Clay in the sad calamity you have suffered in the loss of your dear little daughter. She had attained that age at which children are particularly interesting, and in the absence of her sisters2 would have been for many years an agreeable companion to her mother. There however are misfortunes which it pleases Providence to inflict, and for which time and resignation are the only remedies. It has perhaps been fortunate that this melancholly [sic] event has been succeeded immediately by the variety of travelling and the occupation attendant on forming a new establishment. These serve in some degree, to divert the mind from its afflictions, and to blunt the edge of misfortune.

OCTOBER 13,

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735

Mrs. Brown feels much pleasure in executing your order and has written to her sister3 on that subject. The funds can be arranged without difficulty. With respect to Mirrors ours were left in the Keeping of our excellent friend Colo Bomford4 who was so kind as to promise to permit them to remain in his house so long as they were safe, but to remove them to his own dwelling in case of their being exposed to injury where we left them. Mrs. Brown says we left no orders for selling them and if you think they will suit you, Colo. Bomford will oblige me by giving them to you until my return, when I can either bring you others or supply myself here as we may understand each other on that point. [Discusses in some detail the situation of Greece, whose cause was believed, in France a few weeks earlier, to have been hopeless. Faced with destruction, the Greeks have appealed, without success, for aid from France and Britain. The repulse of assaults on Missolonghi and an outbreak of rebellion in Candia (on Crete), however, have led to the belief that Greece "will hold out until the end of this Campaign" unless reinforcements reach Ibrahim Pasha. The Greek cause has been injured by Austrian and French aid to Turkey, if rumor be true (cf. above, Rodgers to Clay, August 31, 1825; Clay to Rodgers, September 6, 1825), by disunion among the Greeks, by jealousies "amongst the great powers," and, probably, by suspicion and dislike of the republican form of government adopted by the Greeks. [The Greek appeal to England has offended "The Agent5 of the Greek Committee," who, "in conjunction with Mr Washington, has entered a protest against it,"6 which has offended both friends and enemies of the Greek cause. English newspapers criticize Washington for indiscretion and using "the name of the U States without any authority derived from them to speak or act for them." Some English newspapers sneer at their government's proclamation of neutrality by saying that "Greece offered but four Millions of consumers of British Manufactures, whilst Turkey offered fifty millions and therefore Great Britain determined to leave the former to be massacred by the latter—" [He has just seen an American who has received letters from Alexandria and Greece indicating "that the cause of the Greeks is less unpromising than it has been represented. . . ." Reinforcements for Ibrahim Pasha would not be ready to leave Alexandria for two months, and the Greek navy is trying to block the channel to prevent their departure. Meanwhile, "The army of Ibraham [sic] Pasha . . . could not hold out, unless relieved, for more than one month—"] Genl. Lafayette has arrived in good health at La Grange, and I

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sincerely hope he will wisely avoid any interference in public affairs, and content with the honors he has received in the United States, will pass the remainder of his days in tranquillity [sic]. Mrs. Brown enjoys excellent health—my own is better than it has been for three years. We beg you to present us affectionately to Mrs. Clay and to receive assurances of the affectionate regard with which I am Dear Sir Your friend JAMES BROWN Honb Henry Clay Secretary of State ALS.DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). 1 Above, September 4, 1825. 2 Mrs. Martin Duralde (cf. above, Mazureau to Clay, September 19, 1825); Mrs. James Erwin. 3 That is, Mrs. Clay. 4 George Bomford, born in New York, commissioned a second lieutenant of engineers in 1805, elevated to the rank of lieutenant colonel by 1815, and renowned as an expert on ordnance, was the owner of "Kalorama," famous Washington mansion, noted for its botanical garden and for its hospitality. 5 Antoine-Charles-Etienne-Paul La Roche-Aymon. 6 See above, Somerville to Clay, October 11, 1825, note.

DIPLOMATIC

October 13, 1825

NOTES

From PETER PEDERSEN, Philadelphia, "Private." Acknowledges receipt of Clay's note of September 24; announces that he will call upon Clay by the time suggested "or very soon after." ALS. DNA, RG59, Notes from Danish Legation, vol. 1 (M52, Rl).

MISCELLANEOUS

October 13, 1825

LETTERS

To JOSEPH E. CARO, Pensacola. States, in reply to Caro's letter of September 23, that no exception should be made in the execution of the act. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 168 (M40, R19).

APPLICA TIONS, RECOMMENDA

TIONS

October 13,1825

STEPHEN B. HOWE, Boston, states that he addressed Clay "on the 3d. [sic] Ulto. encloseing [sic] a recommendation" that Howe be appointed consul or commercial agent to Cumana; notes that he is leaving "this day for that Place," and that he has "appointed Edward Sharp Esqr. of Boston to attend to any Communication" Clay may make in this connection. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2) . Postmarked: Boston OCT 14." Cf. above, Howe to Clay, September 30, 1825. Sharp not further identified.

INSTRUCTIONS

AND DISPATCHES

October 14, 1825

From JOHN RODGERS, "U. S. Ship N Carolina Gibraltar Bay." Reports that he was unable to carry out his intention, announced in his letter of August 31 last, of having "an interview with the Captain Pashaw of the Ottoman Fleet" (Khosref Mehemet) and has written him instead; states that, although the Captain Pasha has been a favorite of the Sultan, "it is supposed" that he will be disgraced if he fails to capture Missolonghi, against which he is expected to make another effort; suggests that, in view of "the existing perturbed state" of relations

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between Turkey and the European powers, the United States should authorize some person to negotiate a commercial treaty with the Porte; declares that, judging from the American newspapers he has seen, the "real situation" of the Greeks is not known in the United States and that, in reality, their struggle for independence appears hopeless. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Turkey, vol. 1 (M46, R2). Received November 28. The Sultan of Turkey, from 1808 to 1839, was Mahmud II.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

October 14, 1825

From JAMES NEALE, Baltimore. Inquires whether a Mexican blockade of the Castle of San Juan de Ulloa has been declared. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). See above, Clay to Poinsett, March 26, 1825, note 18. Neale not further identified.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

October 15, 1825

From JOHN M. FORBES, Buenos Aires, no. 25. Reports that "In our affairs here nothing decisive has taken place" and that "The affair of the new law about flour has . . . given way to a . . . discussion on the question of religious tolerance. . . ." States that "Upper Peru is most idolatrously prostrated before Bolivar," who is expected now "to assist in expelling the Brazilians from the Banda Oriental," and that the General Congress is holding secret sessions in attempting to decide whether or not to "receive the Deputies named by the Provincial Junta of the Banda Oriental." Encloses "a bulletin of a late very decisive victory obtained by the patriots over the Brazilians"; states that he was visited by a group of patriots celebrating this victory and that, "although unable to resist British influence with a venal Government," they have given him assurance of the very best feelings . . . of the patriot party" toward himself. Notes the return of "Bernardino Rivadavia, late Minister in England." Adds that he has just learned of an outrage, committed by Brazilian vessels in the outer roads, "on the American brig 'Henry,' Capt. Whittredge." Repeats a request that the United States send a small naval force to those waters. LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Argentina, vol. 2 (M69, R3). Continued on October 20 and completed on October 21. Received February 9, 1826. Published in Espil (comp.), Once Anos en Buenos Aires, 387-91. On the case involving the Henry, of Salem, see below, Slacum to Clay, November 5, 1825. Captain H. T. Whittredge, master of the Henry, not further identified.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

October 15, 1825

To JOHN DORR, Boston. Acknowledges receipt of his letter of October 7; states that the communications mentioned by him are, with one exception, on file in the Department, "but no documents explanatory of the causes of seizure and condemnation of the ship Esther, and on which only, representations could have been made by the Secretary of State to our Agent in Peru, for the purpose of reparation," have ever been received; adds that "Measures for such redress as may be deemed proper, will . . . be adopted" when the necessary documents shall be furnished and after appointment, soon to be made, "of a Public Agent to the Government of Peru." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 169-70 (M40, R19).

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From CHARLES HAY, Navy Department. Transmits copy of a letter from L (ewis) Warrington reporting the death of William Miller. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

October 15, 1825

Poughkeepsie, recommends L. H. Redfield, of Onondaga, for appointment to publish the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Lewis Hamilton Redfield, born in Connecticut, had founded the Onondaga Register in 1814. He did not receive the patronage here requested. In 1828 he moved the journal to Syracuse, where, as the Onondaga Register and Syracuse Gazette, it was published under his editorship until 1830. Redfield in 1834 became mayor of Syracuse and subsequently was long active in banking there.

JAMES TALLMADGE,

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

October 16, 1825

From R[ICHARD] C. ANDERSON, JR., New York, no. 30. Acknowledges receipt of Clay's "Communication No. 1" (above, September 16, 1825), with its enclosures; states that he sails "this day" and expects to reach Bogota in a few weeks. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Colombia, vol. 3 (M-T33, R3). From ALEXANDER] H. EVERETT, Madrid, no. 9. Transmits a copy of his note to "the Minister" (Zea Bermudez) urging "the admission of our Consul at the Havana"; reports that "The purchase of Ships in our ports by the Agents of the South American States is the real point of difficulty"; transmits also a copy of a note informing "the Minister" of the outcome of the case of Commodore (David) Porter (see above, Hammond to Clay, August 31, 1825, note); states that "the result of the trial has made a favorable impression on" the Spanish Government and that "the Minister" will suggest payment by the United States for "damages to individuals occasioned by the Commodores inroad." LS. Ibid., Spain, vol. 25 (M31, R27). Received December 12. Extract published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, III, 2065. APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

October 16, 1825

HARRISON, Evansville, Indiana, requests payment for publishing the laws in the Evansville Gazette but notes that the dispute with (Thomas) Evans is pending in the courts. States that the Gazette will resume publication, and solicits continuation of appointment as public printer. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Cf. above, Harrison to Clay, September 16, 1825; Clark to Clay, October 12, 1825. E[LISHA]

"Frederick Town" (Maryland), recommends his brother, William G. D. Worthington, for appointment as Charge d'Affaires in Guatemala. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2) . Thomas C. Worthington, a native of Maryland, veteran of the War of 1812 and brigadier general of militia, had begun the practice of law in Annapolis in 1817 but removed to Frederick the following year. He had served in the State House of Representatives in 1818 and had been elected to the Nineteenth Congress (1825-1827), after which service he returned to the practice of law. William G. D. Worthington, of Baltimore, had held the position of secretary of East Florida from

THOMAS CONTEE WORTHINGTON,

OCTOBER 17,

1825

739

1812 to 1822, acting as Governor after Andrew Jackson's departure from Pensacola in October, 1821. In April, 1822, Worthington had been appointed marshal for East Florida; but, following rejection of his nomination as a land commissioner the following month, he had declined the previous appointment. In May, 1824, he had been approved as a land commissioner, but he did not receive a diplomatic post, as here and later requested. In 1846 he was named a judge of the Baltimore city court.

To Rufus King No. 7 Rufus King, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, U. S. London Sir, Department of State Washington 17. Oct. 1825. Your dispatch under date the 11th. August, at Cheltenham, with Mr. Canning's communication of the 7th. of the same month, has been duly received; as also that of the 21st.1 of August, at London, transmitting his note, with the Tripartite instrument which he proposes to be signed by the Governments of the United States, Great Britain and France. These several papers have been laid before the President, and been deliberately considered. He sees, with much satisfaction, the entire coincidence which exists between the Governments of the United States and Great Britain, as to the expediency of terminating the war between Spain and her former Colonies, and their concurrence also, in the fitness of the Island of Cuba continuing to abide in the possession of Spain. Agreeing, as the two Powers do, in those two important objects, the hope is indulged that they may ultimately be induced to think alike as to the means best adapted to their accomplishment. The great object—that which is recommended alike by the interests of all parties, and of humanity—is the termination of the war. Whatever dangers threaten Cuba, within, or from without, are to be traced to the war. That ceasing, they will quickly disappear. And they will equally vanish, whether peace is concluded by recognizing the new States, or a simple suspension of hostilities takes place, without such recognition. With this view of the matter, the President, shortly after the commencement of the present administration, thought it advisable to direct the efforts of this Government towards bringing about a peace. Aware of the hopelessness of a direct appeal to Spain herself, it was thought best to invoke the interposition of the great Powers of Europe and especially of Russia, believed to have a preponderating influence in the councils of Spain. Accordingly a Note was transmitted to the American Minister at St. Petersburg, to be communicated to the Government of Russia, and a copy of it was also forwarded to you, and to Mr. Brown at Paris, to be used in communications with the respective Govern-

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SECRETARY OF STATE 2

ments of Great Britain and France. In that note, it was attempted to be shewn that, if it were the true interest of both belligerents, it was evidently still more that of Spain, to put an end to the war; that, so far as respected the object of the recovery of her dominion over the Colonies, the war was concluded; and that its further prosecution could only be attended with an useless waste of human blood, and the probable loss of Cuba and Porto Rico, with the danger of involving in its calamities, other Powers, not now parties to it. It was also distinctly stated in that Note, that the United States, for themselves, desired no change in the political condition of Cuba; that they were satisfied it should remain, open as it now is, to their commerce, in the hands of Spain; and that they could not, with indifference, see it passing from Spain to any European Power. Absolute confidence in the success of these pacific exertions, however it might have been warranted by the actual state of the war, has never been cherished. They were justified by the purity of the motives which dictated them, and whatever may be their result, no regret can ever be felt on account of their having been made. Mr. Canning is greatly mistaken in supposing us to have counted upon the impression, to be made, by the employment of the blandishments of flattery with Russia; nor can it, for a moment, be admitted that the Emperor3 would be susceptible to their influence. They are instruments foreign to our habits, to our principles, and to our institutions, which we have practiced neither on that, or on any previous occasion. If it were possible for us to employ such auxiliaries, we should have to resort to other climes and to other schools to qualify ourselves for their rise4 [sic]. Our relations with Russia have been generally satisfactory, and characterized by mutual amity; but we have every reason to believe that this happy result has proceeded from a sense of the justice of the two Powers to what was due to the interests of each, and not to attainments, of the possession of which we are altogether unconscious. If, in the note to Mr. Middleton, the power and preponderating influence of Russia are dwelt upon, they are notorious facts, and we have the authority of Mr. Canning himself for considering her as the "moving soul of the Continental alliance."5 We have heard from France, and although the answer given by Count de Damas to Mr. Brown is not so encouraging as could have been wished, it has not yet divested us altogether of hope.6 He thinks the present period not favourable to peace; but he, at the same time, admits the correctness of the views presented by this Government as to the state of the war, and in regard to the real interests of Spain. The difficulties, he believes, which lie in the way of peace, grow out of the personal character of the monarch, and the morti-

OCTOBER 17,

1825

741

fied pride of Spain. Mr. Brown infered [sic], from what occurred at his interview with the French Secretary, that which we, before, well knew, that the first movement on Spain, must come from Russia, and that France would follow, rather than lead. From Russia we have not yet heard. Mr. Canning may be right in predicting a failure of the attempt; but we would not willingly believe in such a discouraging issue, for the reasons which he assigns. It is possible that the principles and prejudices of the Emperor of Russia may be opposed to the establishment, in Spanish America, of free Governments springing out of a revolution. But, if they be, in fact, established; if the power of Spain is altogether incompetent to their overthrow, and the recovery of her former dominion, it is difficult to conceive that he should dissuade her from yielding to a necessity absolutely incontrollable. We know that the Emperor of Russia does maintain the most perfectly friendly relations with a State7 whose social forms are directly opposite to those of Russia. If the Emperor of Russia advised Spain to refuse an acknowledgement of the independence of the former Colonies, and to persevere in the war, that advice must have been given when a gleam of hope remained. Now that it is forever obscured, to suppose that he would persist in that advice after subsequent events, and especially after the decisive battle of Ayachuco8 [sic], would be to attribute a degree of perverse obstinacy to the Emperor, utterly incompatible with the fidelity of the friendship which he entertains for Spain, and which should be very reluctantly credited. If he has lost the opportunity of taking the lead in that line of policy which the United States and Great Britain have wisely adopted, that remains to him, of being the great pacificator between the Continent of America and Spain. And, bearing in mind that principle of our nature which impels us anxiously to hope for the possession of a desired object, not yet within our grasp, and even to exaggerate its importance beyond that which we attach to acquisitions already made, there is reason to believe that, by now becoming the successful agent of peace, the Emperor may regain, in the view and affections of the new States, and in the consideration of the world, even more than he has yet lost by any tardiness in his acknowledgement of their Independence. Mr Canning supposes Spain to be ruined, and that the Emperor has pushed her on in her blind folly. Her condition is indeed bad enough, whether viewed at home or abroad. But the nation remains, and yet presents elements which, if wisely combined, and directed, would make it a powerful and respectable State. With a population not much short of 10 millions, at home, a fine country, genial climate, and the ample Colonial possessions of Cuba and Porto Rico, to say nothing of other insular domains, Spain

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wants only wise Government, and peace. If, as is alleged, by pursuing the advice of the Emperor, she has lost, or has been unable to reconquer, her American Continental possessions; and if, by continuing in a state of hostilities, she puts in eminent 9 peril what remains to her in this hemisphere, we must be disposed to believe that he will inculcate upon her, other councils [sic], unless, (which cannot be believed) he has not the intelligence to comprehend, or the sincerity to recommend, that, which, in the present state of things, is the obvious interest of Spain. These are some of the views which lead us yet to cling to the hope that Russia may interpose her good offices to produce peace, notwithstanding the contrary predictions so confidently put forth by Mr. Secretary Canning. That object is, however, in itself so desirable, that all fair and practicable means of bringing it about should be considered with the utmost candour and deliberation. It is in this state of feeling that Mr Canning's proposal has been taken up, and attentively and respectfully examined. That proposal is, the signature by the United States, Great Britain and France, either of three Ministerial notes—one between Great Britain and the United States,—one between the United States and France, and one between France and Great Britain;—or one Tripartite note, signed by all, disclaiming, each for himself, any intention to occupy Cuba, and protesting against such an occupation by either of the others. And the draft of such a paper as is contemplated by the latter alternative, accompanies Mr. Canning's note of the 7th. of August. He thinks that Spain apprehends danger to Cuba from the suspected ambition of the old Powers (Great Britain, France and the United States) whilst she thinks comparatively but little of that which impends over it from the new; and he cherishes the belief that, when we jointly go to Spain with this disclaimer of all designs upon Cuba, in our hands, she will be soothed, and disposed to listen to our united Councils, which, otherwise, would be heard with suspicion, and repelled with resentment. Considered as a measure of peace, I am not satisfied that Mr. Canning's estimate of the value of his proposal, is not too high. Whatever follies the King of Spain10 may have committed, we must still treat of him [sic] as a rational being, operated upon by similar motives to those which generally influence the conduct of Rulers. His fears now are, that, taking advantage of his weakness, and of vicissitudes in the existing war, one of the great maritime Powers of Europe or America may wrest Cuba from him; and his interests require security for that important Island. Whilst the danger continues, both his fears and his interests would seem to unite on peace, by which it may be effectually removed. But if he is quieted

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1825

743

as to the greatest source of his apprehensions, and thus made secure in his possessions, a powerful motive of peace would be withdrawn. And he might then, with perfect composure, calculate the cost, and the comparatively little danger to Cuba from the new States, arising out of the protraction of the war. If, as is quite likely, Spain entertains the alleged suspicions of the old Powers, she ought to suppress them, the moment they advise the conclusion of peace, a state unpropitious to their realization, being founded altogether on the contingency of the continuance of the war. And I confess, I am not sure that Spain, tranquilized in all her apprehensions about further Colonial losses, would not find herself strengthened in her resolution to prolong the war, in the hope of re-establishing her antient power on some part of this Continent. After all that has happened, it would be too sanguine to believe that the United States and Great Britain can place themselves in any attitude that would induce Spain to take counsel from them, as from sincere, disinterested, and acceptable advocates of peace. And it may be doubted whether it would not be better, in aid of the cause of peace, to leave her to the operation of the full force of all her apprehensions about the possible contingencies which may assail her West India possessions in the further progress of the war, rather than give her the proposed security against those which she now most dreads. We cannot, then, in the proposal of the British Government, discern the tendency towards peace which they believe it to possess. On the contrary, it is to be feared that, instead of its hastening the termination of the war, the sanction of the three Powers being known by Spain to be given to it, may retard the arrival of peace. If, instead of approaching Spain, with a diplomatic instrument, lulling her most serious apprehensions about Cuba, she were left to speculate upon all the possible dangers, from every quarter, which may assail her most important Colonial possession; and if, moreover, she were told by the three Powers, or by Great Britain and the United States, that, in the event of the people of Cuba declaring their independence, those Powers would guarantee it, she would be much more effectually awakened to a true sense of the perils to which perseverence in her present misguided policy might expose her. But if we are mistaken,-—if the proposal of Mr. Canning would conduce to peace, by a suspension of hostilities, at least, as he supposes, there is no incompatibility between it and the previous attempt, on the part of this Government, to bring it about through the instrumentality of Russia, and the great maritime Powers of Europe, acting in concert with the United States. That attempt was founded on the belief that the existing inducements of Spain to

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terminate the war, are of themselves abundantly sufficient, if the naked truth should be exposed to her under such united, and distinguished auspices. Mr. Cannings proposal proceeds upon the idea of the utility of qualifying some of the parties in this common exertion, more effectually to espouse the cause of peace, by so manifesting their forbearance and disinterestedness as to lead Spain to listen, without suspicion, to their councils. If it were deemed expedient to accede to his proposal, and he is right in believing it to possess any peace virtue, it may well stand along side of the measure of this Government, to which, in that view of it, it would prove auxiliary. There is another aspect of the British proposal in which it is viewed more favourably. The British Minister truly says that the United States cannot allow the occupation of Cuba by either Great Britain or France, and neither of those Powers would acquiesce in the occupation of it by the United States. If the acceptance of it would not (and so we are inclined to think) operate as a new inducement to Spain to put an end to the war, it might have a quieting effect among the great maritime powers themselves, by removing all causes of suspicion on the only subject which, in the existing state of the world, is likely to engage, materially, their solicitude, in regard to their own security. This is what is here understood to be the real object of the proposal. A declaration on the part of the Government of the United States that it will abstain from taking advantage of any of the incidents which may grow out of the present war, to wrest Cuba from Spain, is unnecessary, because their pacific policy, their known moderation, and the very measure which they have, already, voluntarily adopted, to bring about peace, are sufficient guarantees of their forbearance. From the amicable relations which, happily, exist between Great Britain and the United States, and the perfect union in their policy, in respect to the war between Spain and the new States, no apprehension can be felt that Great Britain will entertain views of aggrandizement in regard to Cuba, which could not fail to lead to a rupture with the United States. With respect to France, aware as her ministers must be that neither Great Britain nor the United States could allow her to take possession of Cuba, under any pretext, the hope is indulged that she will equally abstain from a measure, frought with such serious consequences. Considering, however, the distracted condition of Spain, every day becoming worse and worse, and the 'ntimate relations which subsist between the two branches of the House of Bourbon, it must be admitted that there is some cause of apprehension on the side of France. The fact of having given instructions to the Captain General of the French forces in the West Indies,11 to aid the Governor of Havanna [sic] to quell internal

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disturbance, proves that the French Government has deliberated on a contingent occupation of Cuba; and possession once gained, under one pretext, would probably be retained under the same pretext or some other. With the view, therefore, of binding France, by some solemn and authentic act, to the same course of forbearance which the United States and Great Britain have mutually prescribed to themselves, the President sees no great objection, at present, to acceding to one or other of the two alternatives contained in Mr. Cannings proposal. As information, however, is shortly expected from Russia, as to the manner in which the Emperor has received the invitation to employ his friendly offices to bring about a peace, no instruction will now be given you, as to the definitive answer to be communicated to the British Government. In the mean time, you are authorized to disclose to it the sentiments and views contained in this dispatch. I am, with great respect, Sir, Your obedient Servant

H. CLAY.

Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, pp. 394-401 (M77, R5). AL draft, in DLCHC (DNA, M212, R7). 1 That is, 24th. 2 See above, Clay to Middleton, May 10, 1825; Clay to King, May 11, 1825; Clay to Brown, May 13, 1825. 3 Alexander I. 4 The word is "use" in draft version. 5 See above, King to Clay, August 11, 1825, note. 6 See above, Brown to Clay, July 15, 1825, no. 31. 7 The United States. 8 See above, Raguet to Clay, March 11, 1825. 9 The word is "imminent" in draft version. 10 Ferdinand VII. 11 Count Dongelot. See above, King to Clay, August 11, 1825, note.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

October 17, 1825

From JOHN HOIXINS, Baltimore. Sends documents relative to a claim on the French Government, dating from 1803; states that the debt, acknowledged twenty years ago, still is "so very unjustly with held." ALS. DNA, RG76, Misc. Claims, France. Hollins signs as President of the Maryland Insurance Company. From C[HARLES] J. INGERSOLL, Philadelphia. Acknowledges receipt of Clay's letter of October 12, with enclosure; asserts that "what he [Salmon] complains of . . . , admitting all he states to be fact," has "nothing in it that amounts to breach of law"; and states that Ingersoll, unless "further instructed on the subject," will not attempt to ascertain whether the circumstances complained of actually exist. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). From JAMES PH. PUGLIA, Germantown, Pennsylvania. Acknowledges receipt of Clay's letter of September 27; declares his determination to lay his case, in the form of a memorial, before Congress; and states that he will soon resume his "former residence" in Philadelphia. ALS. Ibid. Puglia's petition for relief of patent infringement was presented to the House of Representatives on December 22, 1825, but withdrawn on January 10, 1826. U. S. H. of Reps., Journal, 19 Cong., 1 Sess., pp. 82, 138.

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From GABRIEL RICHARD, Detroit. Acknowledges receipt of a letter (not found) from D (aniel) Brent relative to the case of John McDonell; asks Clay to put in motion a request that the Governor of Upper Canada inform McDonell "officially of the instructions sent by the british Govt. at home relative to his case" (see above, Rush to Clay, May 12, 1825, note; Smith to Secretary of State, June 15, 1825) ; adds, in a postscript, that, after two months of investigation, the canvassers of votes in the election of a delegate (to Congress from Michigan Territory) have not yet reached a decision. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters Ml79, R63) . The election, in which Richard was one of the contestants, was won by Austin E. Wing, of Detroit, a native of Massachusetts, who had lived for a time in Ohio before moving to Michigan. He served in Congress from 1825 to 1829 and from 1831 to 1833, was a member of the State legislature in 1842, and held appointment as United States marshal for the District of Michigan from 1846 to 1849.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

October 17, 1825

JOHN G. CAMP, Buffalo, recommends Hezekiah A. Salisbury, editor of the Buffalo Patriot, as printer of the laws; states "that his appointment would give Genl Satisfaction to the republicans of this part of the State. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Camp, born in Culpeper Couny, Virginia, had been distinguished for his service in the battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, during the War of 1812, and, after leaving the Army with the rank of major in 1815, had settled at Buffalo. Salisbury had established the Niagara Patriot at Buffalo in 1818, as a continuation of the Buffalo Gazette, of which he had been one of the founders and proprietors since 1811. He did not receive a contract for public printing under the Adams administration. J[AMES] G. DANA, Frankfort (Kentucky) , solicits, as "a co-proprietor and editor" of the Frankfort Commentator, appointment to publish the laws. ALS. Ibid. Dana, a lawyer and, from 1834 to 1840, reporter for the Kentucky Court of Appeals, had purchased a half-interest in the Commentator in April, 1824. He continued as editor, with but one brief intermission, until the termination of the journal in 1832. He did not at this time receive the contract for publishing the laws, but he was so appointed the following year. Cf. below, Worsley to Clay, December 11, 1826, note. PETER B. PORTER, Black Rock, recommends the appointment of Hezekiah A. Salisbury, "owner & publisher of the 'Buffalo Patriot,' " as printer of the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. WILLIAM PRESTON, Philadelphia, solicits commission as midshipman or any

equivalent appointment in the Army or Navy; states that he is an orphan, sixteen years old. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3). Preston, not further identified, received no appointment.

To Amos Kendall WASHINGTON, 18th Oct. 1825. Dear Sir: I received your obliging letter of the 4th inst. With respect to what has been or may be said about the desire which I

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had to engage your services in the Department of State, I should be sorry if it gave you any concern. To me it is utterly indifferent. It is enough for me to know that I was influenced by no improper motive, and that I was guided solely by the consideration that your industry, capacity and integrity might be beneficially employed for the public in that department. To guard against improper suspicions, you will remember that I told you, if you came into it, I did not wish you to enter it until after the close of the late political campaign in Kentucky. I had known you for a long time—from Mrs. Clay, as a member of my family1—and personally, as the Editor of the Argus. Although I believed you to be wrong in your State politics, no difference in opinion between us, on that subject, could prevent my making a fair estimate of your endowments. No change has occurred in the office since my return; and unless a clerkship should be created or become vacant, I do not know that I could offer you any other than that which you thought it your interest to decline. As it was originally made without reference to your agency in K. politics, or to the then state of them, the recent change would have no effect on my wishes to engage you in the public service. I regret extremely the prospect which you describe, of a renewal, with increased bitterness, of our unhappy local controversy. I think your party is wrong; that they should hasten to forget the past, and unite, for the future, in advancing the true interests of the State, without indulging in unavailing regrets. As to the calumnies of which you and they believe themselves to have been the object, you should despise and outlive them. Besides, no doubt many calumnies have been levelled at individuals of the opposite party, and upon the whole they probably neutralize each other. The causes which led to the ascendancy of your party were, in their nature, temporary, and they have gone by. If you persevere, I have no doubt that the result of the next election will be, to place you in a still smaller minority than you now are. And the very effort which is making to thwart the recent decisive expression of the public will, cannot fail to augment the present majority. I know how a defeated party deludes itself by assigning to sinister causes, rather than to the true one, their loss of, or failure to acquire the ascendancy. It is the same thing every where and in all times with the losing party. A strong illustration of this remark is furnished by the Argus of the 6th instant. You there labor to show that, by a small change of votes, in a few counties, where the majorities of your adversaries happened to be small, you might have prevailed. But, my dear sir, take the opposite side, suppose a small change in some of the counties where your majorities happened to be small;

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do you not see how the present number in the H. of R. against you might have been augmented? As to the intention of some of the relief gentlemen to attack the administration, and especially me, I can only say that it is their clear right to do it, if they please. If, by the allegation that I have interfered and contributed to their defeat, they only mean that my opinion was against them, on the act of the last session, and that I did not conceal my opinion, they are perfectly correct. If they mean any thing else, they err. I certainly wished success to the party which has prevailed on that question. But during my late visit to K. I neither had time nor inclination to do more than express my opinion, which was not very often done. It was very well known before. I count in the relief party, many of my best personal and political friends, and I can never believe that the wish to assail me extends beyond a few, whom I well know. If it is imagined that Gen. Jackson can be elected against Mr. Adams, no calculation, in my humble opinion, will be found to be more erroneous. I believe that, in a contest between those two, (always carrying along that the course of administration shall be what I believe it will be, during the next three years,) Mr. Adams will prevail by a majority of two thirds of the Union. He will succeed, in my judgment, against any competitor; but there is another much more formidable than Gen. Jackson.2 In frankly expressing these sentiments, it is not my intention to discourage you from the pursuit of what you may deem to be your duty. I thought they were due to the friendly relations which have subsisted between us. I certainly am anxious to see harmony and concord once more restored to our distracted State; but if a sense of duty impels the combatants to continue the strife, I can only deplore a state of things so inauspicious. At a distance, and full of other cares, I shall look on as a spectator, reserving always the right, upon that and every other human occasion, freely to express my thoughts. I am truly your friend, &c. H. CLAY. AMOS KENDALL, ESQ.

Frankfort Argus of Western America, July 9, 1828. 1 See above, II, 54n. 2 Possibly DeWitt Clinton. Cf. above, Clay to Crittenden, July 25, 1825; Carroll to Clay, October 4, 1825.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

October 18, 1825

From EDGAR MACON, "St. Augustine East Florida." Requests a copy of charges which, he has heard, have been made against him (as United States attorney for East Florida) "by Judge [Joseph L.] Smith of the Superior court for East Florida." ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). Published in Carter (ed.), Territorial Papers, XXIII, 344. Macon, of Virginia, had been appointed to this office in December, 1823. Smith, born and trained as a lawyer in Con-

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necticut, had entered the United States Army during the War of 1812 and held the rank of colonel at his discharge in 1821. He had been named to the judgeship in 1823 and served until 1832. From 1838 to 1845 he was Territorial Delegate to Congress. Cf. below, White to Clay, March 18, 1826, note; Clay to Macon, April 6, 1826; Macon to Clay, July 7, 1826, note.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

October 18, 1825

BEN[JAMIN] BARTON, DONALD FRASER, JACOB A. BARKER, E[BENEZER] WALDEN, WILLIAM A. MAPLEY, ROSWELL CHAPIN, "Citizens of the State of New York,"

recommend appointment of Hezekiah A. Salisbury, of the Buffalo Patriot, to publish the laws. DS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Barton and Fraser had served in the United States Army, both entering as residents of New York City and resigning with the rank of major at the close of the War of 1812. Barker and Walden were residents of Genesee County, commissioned as quartermaster and paymaster, respectively, of a militia cavalry brigade organized there in 1822. Chapin had been a major of militia in Madison County, New York, prior to his resignation in 1818. Mapley (the name not clear), not identified.

INSTR UC TIONS AND DISPA TCHES

October 19, 1825

To R[ICHARD] C. ANDERSON, JR., Bogota, no. 2. Transmits "a copy of a letter [not found] from John Lewis Nicklye, of New York," to the State Department, seeking reconsideration by Colombia of a claim, "heretofore rejected" by that Government, in the case of the Paloma. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, pp. 401-402 (M77, R5). L draft, with Clay interlineations and endorsement: "Mr. [Linnaeus] Smith will please prepare a letter according to the inclosed, which I believe conforms to the case. I wish the letter to Mr. A. transmitted under cover to Mr. Nicklye H. C." AEI. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R7). From SAMUEL HODGES, JR., "Consulate U. States, Cape de Verd Islands Villa da Praya St. Iago." Reports the case of a distressed seaman, who had "shipped on Shares," with only the clothes which he was wearing at the time, and the refusal of Captain Nye, of the Commodore Rodgers, New Bedford, to accede to Hodges' request for payment to the man of a sum equal to three months wages for an ordinary seaman; declares that "the Captain deserves to be made an example"; and requests instructions concerning the discharge of seamen employed in the whale fishery on shares. LS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Santiago, vol. 1 (M-T434, Rl). Received December 16. The skipper was probably Captain Ezra Nye, born at Sandwich, on Cape Cod, later renowned as the commander of trans-Atlantic packets. He subsequently settled in Newark as owner and manager of shipping operations. Robert Greenhalgh Albion, Square Riggers on Schedule, the New York Sailing Packets to England, France, and the Cotton Ports (Princeton, 1938), pp. 170, 339. From JOHN C. JONES, JR., Boston. States that, after prolonged absence, caused by ill health, he will soon return to "the Sandwhich [sic] Islands," where he "had resided as Commercial Agent for the United States"; asks if he may again "enter on the duties of that appointment"; and refers to the importance, to American trade and whaling, of a public agent at that location, where the British established a consulate last year. LS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Honolulu, vol. 1 (M144, Rl). Jones, son of John Coffin Jones, had been the United States com-

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SECRETARY OF STATE

mercial agent in Hawaii from 1820 until January, 1824, when he had returned to Boston for a visit. On his reappointment to the position, see below, Clay to Jones, October 24, 1825. Despite strong criticism of him by 1827, among missionary and Navy personnel, he retained the office until 1838, when he was recalled at the request of the Hawaiian Government. Harold Whitman Bradley, The American Frontier in Hawaii; the Pioneers, 1789-1843 . . . (Stanford University, Calif., [1942]), pp. 89-92, 301-304.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

October 19, 1825

To JOHN HOLLINS, "President of the Maryland Insurance Company, Baltimore." Promises attention to his letter of October 17, "at the earliest period of convenience." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 171 (M40, R19). From JOSEPH SEAWARD, Portsmouth, Virginia. Gives details of the capture, by a Colombian privateer, in August, 1825, of the schooner Ranger, of which he was master and part owner; notes that he wrote Beaufort T. Watts at Bogota, "requesting him to pursue such measures for the recovery" of vessel and cargo "as he might think proper"; expresses a hope that "on A Claim being made on the Colombian government . . . it will not turn a deaf Ear"; describes himself as a native of New Hampshire, a resident of Virginia for twenty-five years, and a seaman for twenty-nine years. ALS. DNA, RG76, Misc. Claims, Colombia. Replying to this letter, on January 19, 1826, Daniel Brent informed Seaward that the case of the Ranger would "be duly attended to. . . ." Copy, in DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 254 (M40, R19). Cf. below, Watts to Clay, January 6, 1826.

To John J. Crittenden Dear Critten [sic] Washington 20h. Oct. 1825. The bearer here of Mr. Daniel Dougherty1 claims to be one of the heirs of Winser Brown,2 and as such to be entitled to the Lands which Brown was entitled to as an officer in the Revolutionary War. He will carry with him, he tells me, to Kentucky, evidence of his connexion with the deed, and, if necessary, will petition the Legislature to release the forfeiture which may have been incurred by the alienage of the Heirs.3 A part of the lands remain to be surveyed. He may stand in need of advice, and I therefore take the liberty of recommending him to you for it and for your friendly offices. On seeing him you will perceive that he is one of that description of persons to whom I am sure you will always take pleasure in affording aid. For your professional services he will probably have the means of compensating you. John J. Crittenden Esqr. I remain Yr's faithfy AL (signature removed). DLC-John J. Crittenden Papers (DNA, M212, R20). 1 A native of Ireland, naturalized a United States citizen. 2 A native of Ireland, member (1777) of the Williamsburg Lodge of Masons, and a captain of Virginia marines, Brown had served throughout the Revolution. He had entered 4,666% acres of land in Kentucky under military warrant in 1784 and 1785

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but, before receiving the patents, had died, childless. Dougherty was his nephew. 3 By act of the Kentucky Legislature on December 20, 1825, Dougherty was granted the lands, except as they might be held, in whole or part, under adverse title and with the further proviso that they must be divided if any other heir "equally or more nearly connected" should appear within ten years. Ky. Gen. Assy., Acts, 1825-1826, pp. 93-94.

Check to Daniel Dougherty 20 Oct. 18[25] Pay to Daniel Dougherty or order Sixty dollars. Cashr. of the Off. of Dt. & Dt. Washington 1 H CLAY ADS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). Margin torn. Endorsed on verso: "Dan Dougherty." 1 Richard Smith.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

October 20, 1825

From JAMES E. BRICE, Cap Haitien. Reports smallpox raging there. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Cap Haitien, vol. 5 (M9, R-T5). From ALEXANDER] H. EVERETT, Madrid, no. 10. Reports that he has asked "the Minister" (Francisco de Zea Bermudez) about a rumored change of Spanish policy toward the South American States and received a reply "most decidedly in the negative"; that Zea "spoke with so much decision and apparent openness of the probability of reconquering the colonies" that Everett "felt . . . bound to give him credit for sincerity at the expense of his sagacity and good sense"; that Zea, professing to have just heard of the communication by the United States to the Emperor of Russia (above, Clay to Middleton, May 10, 1825), requested such information in this connection as Everett could give him; that, in turn, Everett stated the wish of the United States that the long struggle be ended; and that the Minister then requested Everett to put his views in writing but at the same time declared "the King's mind . . . completely made up beyond the possibility of change." Notes conversations with Frederick (James) Lamb and (Pierre) d'Oubril, the ministers of Great Britain and Russia, relative to the "South American question," and states that he has pointed out to Zea and d'Oubril that England will not interfere in the war, for the longer it continues, "the longer she enjoys a monopoly of the Spanish American market for her fabrics, and the more difficult will Spain find it to recover her natural advantages upon the return of peace." Describes d'Oubril as "somewhat guarded in his language" and willing "to declare merely his own personal opinions and feelings. . . ." Adds: "It is understood however that the influence of the Emperor has been employed in support of the present system, and the general impression which I received from his [d'Oubril's] remarks coincided with this opinion." Comments that "The position of the Minister [Zea] is still extremely critical and the party opposed to him are indefatigable in their labors to effect his removal." LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Spain, vol. 25 (M31, R27). Received January 3, 1826. Extract published in American State Papers, Foreign Relations, V, 795-97, 867-69. Lamb, a brother of the essayist William Lamb, was a career diplomat, having served as Secretary of Legation at the Court of the Two Sicilies (1811—Minister Plenipotentiary ad interim, 1812) and Vienna (1813) and Minister at Munich (1815-1820) . He had become Minister Plenipotentiary at Madrid in February,

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SECRETARY OF STATE

1825, and remained there until December, 1827, when he was transferred to Lisbon. He was subsequently Ambassador at Vienna from 1831 until his retirement in 1841. He had been named a member of the Privy Council in 1822; he was created a peer, with the title Baron Beauvale, in 1839; and in 1848 he succeeded to the family estate as third Viscount Melbourne. D'Oubril, not further identified. On the political position of Zea Bermudez, cf. above, Brown to Clay, March 22, 1825, note; September 19, 1825; below, Everett to Clay, October 26, 1825; Brown to Clay, October 29, 1825; October 30, 1825; Brent to Clay, October 31, 1825.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

October 20, 1825

From EDWARD L. PETTIT, New York. Files a complaint against Lewis Shoemaker, United States commercial agent at Matanzas, but expresses gratitude for aid given to Pettit, when ill, by F. M. Diamond, vice commercial agent at Havana, and A. O. Newton, a United States citizen and merchant at Matanzas. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1) . Endorsed on wrapper by Clay: "Qu. Was he a Seaman? To be laid before the President." Pettit, not further identified. From NATHANIEL WHEELER, Philadelphia. States that he has "this day presented to the Cashier of the United States Bank the Papers to Proov [sic] the oner [sic] Ship & . . . [his] authority to Receve [sic] the Money awarded them" in the case of the Minerva and was informed of a "Small Defishency" in documentation, which he will "be abel [sic] to make up"; requests, in case further proof should be needed, that Clay writ;e him "at Taunton County of Bristol Massachusetts. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG76, Misc. Claims, Colombia. Wheeler not further identified. In reply, Daniel Brent wrote that he was directed by "the Secretary" to inform Wheeler that "the proceeds of the Bill in the case of the . . . Minerva" would be paid to him upon his "sending to this Department sufficient evidence of . . . [his] authority to receive the money." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 183 (M40, R19).

APPLICA TIONS, RECOMMENDA TIONS

October 20, 1825

JOHN MOODY, "New Canton, Buckingham County" (Virginia), solicits employment. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3). Cf. above, Moody to Clay, April 2, 1825. JAMES NOBLE, Washington, recommends "The Editors of the Indiana Republican printed at Madison" for appointment to publish the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Cf. above, Arion and Berryman to Clay, September 13, 1825, note.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

October 21, 1825

From JOHN MULLOWNY, Tangier, no. 40. Reports a decision by Morocco, following a remonstrance by the Spanish consul general and consultation with himself, to receive vessels from Colombia on the same basis as those from any other nation; urges that "some person here" be authorized to negotiate a commercial treaty, the expenses of which "would not exceed thirty thousand dollars journey

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to Fez included." ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Tangier, vol. 4 (M-T61, R4). Received December 29. From JOHN RAINALS, Copenhagen. Reports that (John) Connell left yesterday for France and that "The Sweedish men of warr, purchased] for South America, have not yet left" port. ALS. Ibid., Copenhagen, vol. 3 (M-T195, R3) . Received April 18, 1826. On the ship transfer, see above, Hughes to Clay, July 8, 1825, note.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

October 21, 1825

From DANIEL SMITH, Harrisonburg. Declines accepting appointment "as Judge of the United States for the Western District of Virginia." ALS. DNA, RG59, Letters of Resig. and Declin.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

October 21, 1825

Bedford (Pennsylvania), recommends William Crawford, of Georgetown, for appointment as bearer of dispatches. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1). Thomson, a lawyer, had held several local offices and was a member of Congress (1825-1826), judge (1827-1841), and professor of law at Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

ALEXANDER] THOMSON,

To Lewis Sanders Dear Sir Washn. 22d. Oct. 1825 I reed, your letter on the 8h. instant 1 on the subject of my sheep. If Judge Beatty declines taking them (and I have not heard whether he will accept of an offer that I made of them to him) 2 I will take four dollars specie per head for them, including the Steubenville ewe and her produce at the same price, but including also a pair that I have just purchased from the same place at $100. I will be satisfied to take Mr. Robert Scotts, and Mr. R. Hawes note for the amount payable on the first of July next. Should Mr. Beatty decline the bargain, this letter may be deemed a sufficient authority to Mr. Scott to complete that which I offer above. As to leaving it to men to fix their value, it is useless trouble. I thank you for the hint about folding the sheep—I had previously directed my overseer to do it. Yr. ob. Servant H. CLAY Mr. Lewis Sanders. ALS. Owned by Miss Anna V. Parker, Ghent, Kentucky. 2 See above, Clay to Beatty, September 24, 1825. i Not found.

From John H. Pleasants Dr Sir, New York Octo. 22d. 1825. [Reports his arrival "today"; refers to his letters of July 8 (i.e., 7) and August 20 (i.e., 31, 1825).]

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SECRETARY OF STATE

Convinced as I am, that my life would have fallen a sacrifice, had I persevered in the voyage, and although too ill at the moment, to exert any agency in the step, I cannot help feeling uneasiness at the impressions the apparent abandonment of my trust, may have made on your mind. This uneasiness is proportioned to the frank confidence with which that trust was conferred. I shall be uneasy until I have the honour of hearing from you, and I entreat Sir, if your engagements will permit, to address a line to me at this place, where I am forced to remain a few days— I know not on what footing to place my A/c with the Government—whether it will expect me to refund, or feel itself under an obligation to comply with the terms at first understood. This I submit to liberality & justice only observing, that the act of God (for it was scarcely less) ought scarcely to defeat the understanding.1 Whilst in London, I was under the necessity of drawing on this place, (Mr King having the goodness to supply my wants) for £,50— You have no doubt reed the Draft— If it has been paid, and the Government should not be indebted to me so much, I will refund it to you on my return to Richmond. I know not how to excuse the liberty, but by the old plea of necessity. Should any thing still be considered as due, may I ask that it should be forwarded to this place. It may be proper to state that I was absent from home, since the 19h. April—and that I have already reed. $1946— Hoping that all things have worked prosperously, since the spring, and of having the happiness of seeing you in a few days, I remain Most Resply, JNO H PLEASANTS. P. S. I brought out Despatches for the Department of State from Mr King, which I will have the honour to deliver in person—JHP. ALS. DNA, RG59, Letters from Bearers of Dispatches. An extract, published in House Reports, 20 Cong., 1 Sess., no. 259, p. 80. l Pleasants' account, totaling }1940, was approved by Clay, December 7, 1826. It allowed |900 "for voyages out and home"; $247 as traveling expenses between April 19 and May 28, 1825, when he "was seeking from Baltimore to Boston, the means of getting to Buenos Ayres"; $37, for expenses on returning from New York to Richmond; and $756, as a per diem allowance from April 19 to August 22 (1825). Copy, in DNA, RG59, Letters from Bearers of Dispatches.

INSTR UCTIONS AND DISPA TCHES

October 22, 1825

To JOHN MULLOWNY, Tangier. States that his expenditures for presents, "at a rate of upwards of f 2400" per annum over a period of three years, exceed those of (James) Simpson ($750) and (William) Shaler ($600); requests an explanation; and establishes for future expenditures of this nature a limit of $1000, which is not to be exceeded without prior approval of the Department. Copy. DNA, RG59, Cons. Instr., vol. 2, pp. 369-70 (M78, R2). Simpson, Mullowny's predecessor in Morocco, had been appointed consul for the United States at the port of Gibraltar in 1794 and transferred to Morocco two years later, where he had remained until his death.

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From THOMAS L. L. BRENT, Lisbon, no. 10. Transmits copies of correspondence in the case of "Jonathan Chase Master of the american brig Hope's Delight," recently released from imprisonment at Oporto; acknowledges receipt of dispatch of September 13, from the Department of State, concerning the case of the Osprey; refers to his own dispatch of July 11; and encloses a copy of his offer of aid to Israel P(emberton) Hutchinson, the agent of the owners. LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Portugal, vol. 6 (M43, R5). Received December 28. The accompanying documents indicate that the difficulties of Captain Chase (not further identified) arose from a dispute with a Portuguese passenger, whose smuggling efforts had been thwarted by the Captain. When the false charges leveled at the Captain had been disproved, he had been released, but not before he had been roughly handled by the customs guards. The dispatch of September 13, written by Daniel Brent, transmitted a copy of a letter "written a long time ago, to General [Henry] Dearborn," to which no reply was ever received from the Legation at Lisbon, and urged attention to the case. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, p. 378 (M77, R5). Hutchinson, of Pennsylvania, had been appointed consul for the United States at Lisbon in 1813 and remained there for thirty years. APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

October 22, 1825

G. BURTON, Raleigh, recommends Robert Potter for appointment as successor to (William) Miller in Guatemala. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3). Potter, a young North Carolina lawyer, formerly a midshipman in the United States Navy, did not receive the appointment here recommended. He was later a member of the State legislature (1826, 1828, 1834) and of Congress (1829-1831). In 1835 he moved to Texas, where he became active in the independence movement. H[UTCHINS]

F. WILLIAMS, Baltimore, recommends Thomas Finley, also of Baltimore, for appointment as Charge d'Affaires to Guatemala. ALS. Ibid. (MR2). Finley (Findley) received no diplomatic appointment but from 1826 until 1835 held the position of Federal marshal in Maryland.

NATHANIEL

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPA TCHES

October 23, 1825

From CHARLES W. DABNEY, Fayal (Azores). Reports restrictions against employment of Portuguese as seamen on American vessels and against American whalers refreshing along the coast, imposed in retaliation for their introducing tobacco, a contraband article. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Fayal, vol. 1 (M-T203, R-Tl). Received November 30. Date supplied by editors. Dabney, born in Alexandria, then in the District of Columbia, and educated in France and in a Boston counting house, was a merchant, dealing in naval supplies at the Azores. For the past eight years he had been acting as vice consul at Fayal. In 1827 he was appointed consul and held this position for the next twenty years.

To Charlotte Mentelle Dear Madam. Washn. 24h. Oct. 1825 Mrs. Clay has received several kind letters from you for which we are both greatly obliged. Our last affliction has almost over-

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whelmed us. We were beginning to be composed, by reflection, by occupations, and by time, as to that which preceded it.2 But this new, unexpected, and severe blow has opened again all the sources of our grief. The calm self possession with which our poor Susan met her untimely fate, if, in one aspect, it has afforded us consolation, has served, in another, to make us feel more acutely the great value of her whom we have lost. Her last care seemed to be for us and for her children. 3 She knew, by her own feelings, as a mother, what must be ours. Ah! Madam is it not cruel out of six daughters to be deprived of all but one!4 Age, grief and misfortune make us feel a great want, and God alone can supply that. We are keeping house. Mrs. Clay wishes, as I do, very much for Sally Hall; and we are in some uncertainty about her coming. She would do well I think not to wait for the rise of the river, which is very uncertain. The roads are now good; the Stage makes its day's journey with ease; and if she gets fatigued she could always stop & rest a day or two. There is no danger, and almost always some body travelling in it; the fewer however the better. Make my respects to your husband.6 Yr's respectfully H CLAY Mrs. C. Mentelle ALS. Elsie Jackson Kelly Collection, Henry Clay Memorial Foundation, Lexington, Kentucky. l The death of Susan Clay Duralde. 2 The death of Eliza Clay. s Martin Duralde III and Henry Clay Duralde. * In addition to those mentioned above, Henrietta, Lucretia, and Laura had died, only Anne Brown Erwin remained. 5 Augustus W. Mentelle.

From Jesse L. Holman Honored Sir, Veraestau1 Indiana Oct. 24th. 1825. Messrs. Gregg & Cully [sic], Editors of the Indiana Palladium at Laurenceburgh, 2 are anxious to obtain the printing of the Laws of the Union. They are young men who are just entering public life, & make fair promise to become useful & respectable: And it would gratify a considerable circle of their friends, as well as be of important Service to them if they could obtain their request. Although I have heretofore refused to interfere in many similar applications, I have readily entered into this, as a suitable opportunity (which I have long desired) of addressing a line to you on a very different Subject; and that is simply to tell you that I am not so ungrateful for past favors as I may have seemed to have been. Although my movements in general, have been too unimportant to attract your attention, yet in the late Presidential Election, when enquiry was all alive, & intensely bent to every minute transaction throughout the Union; I do not suppose that I have escaped your observation.

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1825

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You have no doubt heard that my name was on the Electoral Ticket for Mr. Adams. Shall I tell you it was placed there, by the friends of Mr. Adams, in the Indiana Legislature, without my knowledge or consent; That I was not apprized of it until after the adjournment of the Legislature, & that I then urged some of its more prominent promoters, to substitute some other name in the place of mine. I gave two principal reasons for this: One was that I had long withdrawn myself from every political contest; & had no wish that my name should be used in any public controversy whatever; the Other reason, & the One on which I principally dwelt, was, that I had received many personal favors from Mr. Clay. That there were but few persons in existence to whom I felt so deeply indebted, & whose kindness at an important period of my life was recollected with the liveliest sensations of gratitude; and therefore I did not wish to be conspicious [sic] in the Election or have my name to appear as one who was opposed to his success. It is unnecessary to detail the reasons that were urged why the ticket should remain as it was— It did so remainBut had no other effect than to make you think of me (If you thought of me at all) that I could soon forget past favors, & ungratefully injure the friend who had confered [sic] them. But you are mistaken— I have a clear recollection of what I was when I entered under your tuition, & of the vast benefit I derived from your instruction, besides a knowledge of the Law. I never review my course of life, & compare my uniform, yet quiet success, with that of my youthful companions, whose prospects were even better than mine, without feeling the weight of my obligations to Henry Clay.— It would be unnecessary to enunciate the reasons why I was in favor of the Election of Mr. Adams. Not one of them was person respect [sic]. One, and a Strong one, was, that I was anxious to see the northern Jealousies quietted [sic], I also thought that Mr. Adams & Mr. Clay might both succeed to the presidency; but that Mr. Adams was too old to be the successor of Mr. Clay; but that Mr. Clay was not too Old to succeed Mr. Adams. As to the clamor a few noisy politicians have raised against the course you have pursued, it reaches us only as the distant thunder, & dies away among us without an echo. You was [sic] the choice of almost every friend of Friend [sic] of Mr. Adams, & at a future period you would be the first. And notwithstanding the success of Genl. Jackson, in our state;3 I am well assured that if it had not been for the division between your friends, & those of Mr. Adams, that he would not have succeeded. He had but few influential friends in his favor, & many of them did not wish him elected. Honored friend of my youth. I do sincerely desire your political prosperity, and I feel that the expression of this desire has nothing

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sinister in it. nor has it any thing selfish, unless the desire not to be thought ungrateful is selfish. I feel that my own political race is run. I have been for nine years in an office with which I am contented.4 I have no thought that runs forward to any other. I have none, nor do I expect shortly to have any, who depend on me for public promotion. I not unfrequently second the application of my friends and [acquaintance [sic], for office & appointment, but I do no[t] [perjmit the desire for their success to take deep [hold] of my anxieties. But I am unnecessarily detaining you. If you should think of it, will you remember to Mrs. Clay the uncouth Lad, who from the smile of kindness which played over her features, twenty two years ago first learned the vast difference between refined society, & the rustic scenes to which he had be [sic] accustomed. With the highest sentiments of Grateful respect. I remain &c. &c. JESSE L. HOLMAN ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Addressed to Clay. 1 The Holman homestead near Aurora. 2 Milton Gregg and David V. Culley had founded the Indiana Palladium in January, 1825. Though the journal did receive State Department patronage toward the close of the Adams administration, it was non-partisan until September, 1829, when Gregg sold out and Culley continued it as a Jackson organ. Born and educated as a printer in Pennsylvania, Culley had settled at Elizabethtown, Kentucky, in 1821 and, after several intermediate moves, at Lawrenceburg, Indiana, in 1824. He served in both branches of the Indiana Legislature during the early 1830's and, after disposing of the Palladium and removing to Indianapolis in 1835, held the position of register of the land office there from 1836 to 1846. Gregg, meanwhile, had founded the pro-Clay Lawrenceburg Western Statesman in 1830, which he relinquished the following year to accept office as sheriff. In 1837 he established the Lawrenceburg Political Beacon, which he published as a Whig organ until 1844, when he moved to Madison. He returned to newspaper publication at New Albany in 1852, with acquisition of a journal renamed as the Tribune, and continued this venture until at least the end of the decade. 3 See above, III, 889n. * See above, II, 347n.

Rental Agreement with Louis Marshall and Others [October 24, 1825] It is agreed between Henry Clay of the one part, and Lewis Marshall, James E. Davis and John George Baxter of the other as follows— The said Clay leases to the said Marshall, Davis and Baxter for the term of three years, begining [sic] with the 26th. day of December next and ending with the 25th. day of Deer. 1828, his large Stone building in the lower part of the Town of Lexington called the Tammany Mill, with all the buildings on the lot on which it is situate, including the dwelling houses on the street or Alley leading from Water Street to Watts factory1— In consideration whereof the said Marshall, Davis and Baxter, hereby bind and oblige themselves, their heirs and assigns to pay to the said Clay, his Executors, Administrators, heirs or assigns,

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the sum of seven hundred and fifty dollars in gold or silver coin of the United States, payable in three equal annual instalments, that is to say, 250$ on the 25th. day of Deer. 1826-250$ on the 25th. day of Deer. 1827 and two hundred and fifty dollars on the 25th. day of December 1828—and to surrender to said Clay, his Exrs. &c. on the said 25th. day of Deer. 1828, the said premises in as good condition as they may be rendered by any repairs or improvements on them during said three years—Natural decay and inevitable accidents only excepted— It is agreed however, that the said Marshall, Davis and Baxter are to have the priviledge [sic] of expending the sum of One hundred and fifty dollars in repairs and improvements on said house and premises, which is to be deducted from the first years rent— But is expressly understood that said repairs and improvements are to be such as will be for the benefit of said premises or said Clay, and not machinery &c. Should said repairs not amount to the sum of One hundred & fifty dollars the said Marshall, Davis & Baxter shall not be allowed more than what they actually amount to— And if they should expend more than the 150$. then the overplus expended shall be on their own account not that of said Clay— In either case they shall satisfy said Clay, that the amount claimed as a deduction from the first years rent, has been expended in repairs and improvements aforesaid [5zc]— The right of distress for any of the rent in arrear is reserved to the said ClayIn witness whereof the parties have hereunto set their hand and seals this 24h. day of October 1825 and signed Duplicates hereof H. CLAY by ROBT SCOTT JAMES E. DAVIS JOHN GEO BAXTER LOUIS MARSHALL

{LS} {S} {S}

[Endorsement]2 Robt. Scott on the part of H. Clay agrees to take back the property in this Lease, on the first of March 1828, the rent for which is to expire at that time without prejudice to the claim of H. Clay for arrearages, to which We hereby give our consent. 23 Feby. 1828 Louis MARSHALL JAMES E DAVIS

ADS by Robert Scott, signed also by Davis, Baxter and Marshall. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). Baxter, born in Dundee, Scotland, had attained prominence there as a manufacturer of linen and jute bagging before coming to the United States. After first settling at Philadelphia, he had moved to Lexington to engage in manufacturing of hemp. He died before the new factory was well established. 1 Henry Watt's rope walk, on High Street at Locust. 2 ES in Scott's hand.

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INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

October 24, 1825

To JOHN C. JONES, JR., Boston, Acknowledges receipt of his letter of October 19; states that Jones should consider himself "continued in the Commercial Agency of the United States at the Sandwich Islands, until otherwise advised from this Department." Copy. DNA, RG59, Cons. Instr., vol. 2, p. 370 (M78, R2). From ALEXANDER BURTON, Cadiz. Reports the departure of troops for Cuba and preparations for another expedition to that island; states that, unless funds can be obtained from "some other power, the expedition in question" will be long delayed. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Cadiz, vol. 4 (M-T186, R4). Received November 28. From JAMES MAURY, Liverpool. Cites the inconveniences to American vessels in consequence of "no legal means in this Country for proceeding against a foreign seaman for desertion"; adds that this evil is increasing and requires consideration. ALS. Ibid., Liverpool, vol. 3 (M141, R-T3). MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

October 24, 1825

To JOHN STEELE, "Collector of the Customs, Philadelphia." Inquires as to the practice at that port concerning "the collection of the discriminating duties, under the Act of 7 January 1824" (see above, Lorich to Clay, March 16, 1825, note), when vessels of enumerated nations are laden "with other produce than that of the particular Country to which the Vessel belongs." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 173 (M40, RI9). Steele, born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, was a veteran of the Revolution, had served in the Pennsylvania Senate (1804 and 1805) and, since 1806, had held appointment as collector of the port of Philadelphia. Letters of the same content were sent on this date also to H(enry) A. S. Dearborn and to Jonathan Thompson, collectors of the customs at Philadelphia and New York, respectively. Both copies. Ibid., p. 174. From JAMES PH. PUGLIA, Germantown. Encloses a paragraph accidentally omitted from his letter of October 17. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). APPLICA TIONS; RECOMMENDA TIONS

October 24, 1825

Princeton, New Jersey, recommends William Crawford for appointment as bearer of dispatches. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1).

JAMES CARNAHAN,

Onondaga, solicits appointment to publish the laws in the Onondaga Register. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L.

L[EWIS] H[AMILTON] REDFIELD,

To James Brown No. 2 James Brown Esquire Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, U. S., to France Sir, Department of State Washington 25 Octr. 1825 The insurrection of the Blacks in St. Domingo,1 as you well

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know, threw a large portion of the white inhabitants of that Island, who escaped the massacre, into the United States, where many of them have become incorporated in the mass of our Citizens. Their misfortunes and their respectability entitle them to kind consideration. By the late arrangement between Hayti and France, it is understood that 150.000.000 of Franks have been agreed to be paid for the indemnity of the sufferers;2 and the papers inform us that a respectable Commission has been constituted in France to adjust the claims, and to distribute the indemnity. Applications have been already made,3 and others will, no doubt, be presented, to this Department, by some of the Emigrants or their descendants for information of what it is incumbent upon them to do to obtain their distributive share of the indemnity which has been so stipulated. It is the purpose of this note to request that you will procure the necessary information, as soon as may be, and communicate it to this Department. It will occur to you to ascertain, 1. What is the requisite proof of the nature and ownership of the property, of which the sufferers were stripped, and its value. 2. What proof is required of the identity of the sufferers. 3. In the event of death, to whom is payment to be made—to the heirs or personal representatives. 4. What proof will be required of succession 5. Where, and how, will payment be made 6. What is the limitation of time, within which claims must be exhibited and established. . What forms are required of authenticating testimony. Other points may suggest themselves to you, upon your own reflection, or by what may be passing in France, in regard to this matter. The object is to obtain full and explicit information on all questions that may arise, so as to enable the claimants to establish their rights, and secure their just proportions of the indemnity. Many of the Emigrants or their descendants, in the United States, are believed to be yet languishing in a state of extreme indigence, occasioned by their misfortunes. From the very nature of the calamity, to which they became victims, it can hardly be supposed that they brought off with them, very regular and complete proofs of title to the estates and property of which they were deprived. Of those which they were then able to preserve, time and accident have, subsequently, no doubt, destroyed or impaired many. The deficiency must be supplied, frequently, by oral proof. Under such circumstances, you will suggest to the French Government whether it might not conduce to the fulfilment of the benevolent and just objects which they are supposed to have in view, to establish a commission, in the United States, more convenient to many of the parties interested, before which they might exhibit,

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and substantiate, their claims; and whether it would not, also, correspond to the same objects that the amount which may be ultimately awarded to claimants, resident in the United States, should be paid here. You are authorized to assure that Government, that the Government of the United States will afford to such a Commission any aid that may be proper to enable it to execute its functions. I am, Sir, Your obedient Servant H. CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, pp. 402-403 (M77, R5). ALI draft, in DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R7). i See above, II, 504n. 2 See above, Holden to Clay, July 16, 1825. 3 Cf. above, Clay to Daggett, September 1, 1825.

To James Brown No. 3 James Brown Esquire, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary U. S. to France Sir Department of State Washington 25. Oct. 1825. During the last summer, a large French fleet visited the American seas, and the coast of the United States.1 Its object naturally gave rise to much speculation. Neither here, nor through you at Paris was the Government of the United States made acquainted with the views of that of France in sending out so considerable an armament. The President conceives it due to the friendly relations which happily subsist between the two Nations, and to the frankness by which he wishes all their intercourse to be characterised, that the purpose of any similar movement, hereafter, made in a season of peace, should be communicated to this Government. You will, therefore, inform the French Government of his expectation that such a communication will, in future, be accordingly made. The reasonableness of it, in a time of peace of which France shall enjoy the blessings, must be quite apparent. The United States having, at the present period, constantly to maintain in the Gulf of Mexico, and on the coasts of Cuba and Porto Rico, a naval force, on a service beneficial to all commercial nations,2 it would appear to be quite reasonable that, if the Commanders of any American Squadron, charged with the duty of suppressing Piracy, should meet with those of a French squadron, the respective objects of both should be known to each. Another consideration to which you will advert, in a friendly manner, is the present condition of the Islands of Cuba and Porto Rico. The views of the Executive of the United States, in regard to them, have been already disclosed to France by you, on the occasion of inviting its cooperation to bring about peace between Spain and her former Colonies, in a spirit of great frankness. It was stated to the French Government that the United States could not see, with indifference, these Islands passing from

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Spain to any other European Power; and that, for ourselves, no change was desired in the present political and commercial condition, nor in the possession which Spain has,of them.3 In the same spirit, and with the hope of guarding, beforehand, against any possible difficulties on that subject, that might arise, you will now add, that we could not consent to the occupation of those Islands by any other European Power than Spain, under any contingency whatever. Cherishing no designs on them ourselves, we have a fair claim to an unreserved knowledge of the views of other great maritime Powers in respect to them. If any sensibility should be manifested to what the French Minister may choose to regard as suspicions entertained here of a disposition on the part of France, to indulge a passion of aggrandisement, you may disavow any such suspicions, and say that the President cannot suppose a state of things in which either of the great maritime Powers of Europe, with, or without, the consent of Spain, would feel itself justified to occupy, or attempt the occupation of, Cuba or Porto Rico, without the concurrence, or at least the knowledge of the United States. You may add, if the turn of your communications with the French Minister should seem to make it necessary, that, in the course of the summer rumours reached this Country, not merely of its being the design of the French fleet to take possession of Cuba, but that it had, in fact, taken possession of that Island.4 If the confidence in the Government of France entertained by that of the United States, could not allow it to credit these rumours, it must be admitted that they derived some countenance from the weakness of Spain, the intimate connexion between that Monarchy and France, and the general ignorance which prevailed as to the ultimate destination and object of a fleet greatly disproportionate, in the extent of its armament, to any of the ordinary purposes of a peaceful commerce You are at liberty to communicate the subject of this note to the French Government, in conference, or in writing, as you may think most proper; but, in either case, it is the President's wish that it should be done in the most conciliatory and friendly manner. I am, with great respect, Sir, Your obedient Servant H. CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, pp. 404-407 (M77, R5). AL draft, in DLCHC (DNA, M212, R7). l See above, Armstrong to Clay, July 4, 10, 1825; Poinsett to Clay, August 17, 1825 (nos. 15 and 16). 2 See above, III, 337, 338n. 3 See above, Clay to Brown, May 13, 1825. 4 The Washington Daily National Intelligencer, August 8, 1825, had carried a report, reprinted from the New York Evening Post, which, in turn, had attributed the "intelligence" to New Orleans papers, that a treaty had been completed between Spain and France, by which the latter was to occupy Cuba and Puerto Rico. Niles' Weekly Register, on August 13, 1825 (XXVIII, 370), had noted that "An impression had recently prevailed in Havana that the island . . . was ceded to France. . . ."

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To James Harper Dear Sir Washington 25h. Oct. 1825 I received to day your obliging favor of the 12h instant.1 In relation to Minters debt, for which the office holds a mortgage on the land which I procured from, him in exchange,2 I suppose that I must pay the debt. I will thank you therefore to include the amount of the mortgage debt in my note3 at you[r] office on its next renewal, or if you prefer it to apply the first funds which you may collect on my account to the paym[t.] of the debt. In either case I should wish to have the mortgage itself assigned to me (without recourse to the Bank) to enable me to protect and defend my title to the Estate[.] I am with great regard Yr ob. Servant H CLAY Mr. J. Harper. ALS. Owned by Mrs. W. George Thomas, Charlotte, North Carolina. Margin obscured, l Not found. 2 See above, Agreement, July 4,1825. 3 See above, III, 886.

To James Neale Mr. James Neale, Baltimore. Sir, Department of State, Washington, 25th. Octr. 1825. In reply to your Letter of the 14th. instant, I have the honour to inform you that about the 10th. April last, Mr. Obregon1 the Mexican Minister, called at this Department, to request that a notification might be made, through this Government, of the fact of the Blockade, by the Arms of Mexico, of the Castle of San Juan d'Ulloa. He was informed that such a notification from a neutral was not according to the usage of Nations. It is not necessary to the legality of a Blockade, maintained by a competent force, and otherwise conforming to the Law of Nations, that its existence should be promulgated by a neutral. If there be present such a force, rendering entry into the blockaded port dangerous, and a neutral should, notwithstanding, attempt to enter after notice of the blockade, or after being warned off, he will subject himself to all the penal consequences of such indiscretion. I am, Sir, Your Obedt. Servt. H. CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 174-75 (M40, R19). i Pablo Obregon.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

October 25, 1825

From the BARON DE MAREUIL, Washington. Protests, on two grounds, an award by a Florida court of indemnity of salvage to the American schooner William

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Henry, which had brought to St. Augustine a part of the cargo of the French ship La Revanche, after that vessel had run aground: first, he questions the application of Florida law when the Federal Constitution places admiralty and maritime jurisdiction under Federal courts; and, second, he refers to the operation, along the coast, of "Wreckers," who connive "to prevent those interested from being able, themselves, to discuss the expenses of Salvage." Adds that he has yet received only an acknowledgment (above, May 13) of his letter of May 6, 1825, with a promise of later response. LS, in French, with translation. DNA, RG59, Notes from French Legation, vol. 9 (M53, R7). Received October 27.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

October 25, 1825

To JAMES H. CAUSTEN, Baltimore. Encloses "a copy of the table" requested in Causten's letter of August 29. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom, Letters, vol. 21, p. 174 (M40, R19).

APPLICA TIONS, RECOMMENDA TIONS

October 25, 1825

and CALEB LEWIS, Centerville, "Representatives of Wayne county in the Legislature of Indiana," recommend the Richmond (Indiana) Public Ledger as a medium for publication of the laws. ALS by Hannah, signed also by Lomax and Lewis. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Hannah, a Quaker, born in Delaware, had been a pioneer settler of Wayne County and had served in several local political offices before his election to the legislature in 1825. A hotel keeper and merchant, he was appointed postmaster of Centerville in 1825 and removed from that office under the Jackson administration. Lomax served as a member of the Indiana House of Representatives from 1823 to 1828 and as a State Senator from 1829 to 1832. Lewis was a member of the State legislature from 1825 to 1826 and in 1832 and 1838; in 1829 he was commissioned an associate judge for Wayne County. SAMUEL HANNAH, ABEL LOMAX,

JAMES MORRISON, Maysville,

states that his "son Shederick M. Morrison expresses a desire to become a Pupil of the West Point Milleraty [sic] Accadamy [M'C]"; requests information in this connection; and adds in a postscript: "I know you are generally Immersed in Buisness [sic] and at first I. disliked to Call on your agency for such Trifels [sic], But Reflecting on your Great Willingness to aid or Premote [sic] the Views of Your Friends. I. Concluded to Call On. You." ALS. DNA, RG94, Military Academy, Cadet Applications, 1825-168 (M688, R38). Endorsed by clerk on cover: "Referred to the Secy of War [James Barbour]." James Morrison was a wealthy Maysville merchant. The son Shederick (or Shadrach) has not been further identified; he received no appointment. L. REANEY, Boston, having been informed that Clay "would shortly leave the seat of Government for Kentucky," takes the liberty of addressing him again in connection with his application for an appointment. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3). WILLIAM

D. WRIGHT, Pensacola, states that "The death of A[lbert] J. Claggetft] Esq District Atty. for the Western District of" Florida has induced him to solicit appointment to that office and, if his application meets favorable response, asks that this letter be considered his resignation as district attorney for the Middle District of Florida. ALS. Ibid. (MR4) . Published in Carter B[ENJAMIN]

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(ed.), Territorial Papers, XXIII, 349-50. Wright, born and educated at WilkesBarre, Pennsylvania, had settled at Pensacola as a young man and in 1824 had been appointed district attorney for the Middle District of Florida. Following the death of Claggett from yellow fever at Mobile, Alabama, earlier this month (October, 1825), Wright was transferred to the position in West Florida and reappointed to it in 1830. In 1834 he acquired the Pensacola Gazette, which he owned until 1839 and for which he provided editorials as late as 1845. He became a member of the Territorial legislative council in 1830, later a judge of the Superior Court for the Western District, and, in 1857, chief justice of the State.

To Francis Jones Dear Frank. Washn. 26 Oct. 25. Allow me to introduce to your acquaintance and request your kind attentions to Mr. Thomas P. Taul, who will present you this letter. A native of K. where he has qualified himself for the practice of the Law, he goes to Alabama1 to establish himself in his profession. The indications of usefulness which he has given in his native state have created a strong interest, in which I cordially participate, for his future welfare. I remain always. Truly Your friend H. CLAY F. Jones Esq ALS. Adams Papers, Letters Received (MR477). l Clay had first written "Tennessee." Thomas Paine Taul, a son of Micah Taul, had received the Master of Arts degree in 1821 and the Bachelor of Laws degree in 1824, both at Transylvania University, and was now moving to Huntsville, Alabama. His parents, however, settled at Winchester, Tennessee, where Thomas was killed a few years later. "Memoirs of Micah Taul," Kentucky State Historical Society, Register, XXVII (1929), 507, 517.

To Rufus King No. 8 Rufus King, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary U. S. London. Sir, Department of State, Washington 26 Octr. 1825. Since the date of my note to you of the 17th. of the current month, your despatch No. 5, under date at London on the 13th. of September, has been received with the accompanying note of Mr. Canning, under date at Storrs, on the 8th. of the same month. It appears from his statement, that the French Minister,1 after having encouraged the overture of the British Ambassador2 in a manner which led him to believe that France would willingly concur in the proposed declaration respecting the Spanish islands, has suddenly changed his language, and formally declined to accede to the proposal. Under these circumstances, and without waiting for the desired information from Russia,3 which is not yet received, it seems to the President to be altogether useless and improper for

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the Government of the United States to unite with that of Great Britain in repeating the proposal to France. With respect to the signature of such a declaration, by the United States and Great Britain alone, for the reasons which are stated in my note of the 17th. instt., it cannot be necessary. After the friendly and unreserved communications which have passed between the two Governments, on this subject, each must now be considered as much bound to a course of forbearance and abstinence, in regard to Cuba and Porto Rico, as if they had pledged themselves to it by a solemn act. But supposing the British Ambassador at Paris to have laboured under no misconception as to the encouragement which he supposes Count de Damas to have given, prior to his having formally declined to accede to the British proposal, the motives for obtaining from France some security for the observance of the same course of moderation which the United States and Great Britain have respectively prescribed to themselves, instead of losing any of their original force, have acquired additional strength. I have, therefore, by the direction of the President, prepared an instruction for Mr. Brown,4 of which a copy is herewith transmitted, to inform the French Government that, under no contingency, with or without the consent of Spain, can the United States agree to the occupation of the islands of Cuba and Porto Rico by France. You are authorized to communicate its contents by reading it to Mr. Canning. If the British Government should direct its Ambassador, at Paris, in like manner, to protest against France, under any circumstances, taking possession of those islands, it can hardly be doubted that, if she really has entertained any designs upon them, they will be abandoned. And the substantial object of the British Government will have been attained, and by means but little varied from those which it had devised. In coming to the determination to cause the above communication to be made to France, through the American Minister, the President has been influenced, in a considerable degree, by a desire to correspond to the wishes of the British Government, which cannot fail to recognize, in that measure, a signal proof of the confidence and friendship of the Government of the United States. I have the honour to be Your obedient Servant.

H. CLAY

LS. NHi-King Papers. Copy, in DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, pp. 405-407 (M77, R5); ALI draft, in DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R7). i Baron de Damas. 2 Lord Granville. 3 C£. above, Clay to Middleton, May 10, 1825. 4 Above, October 25, 1825.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

October 26, 1825

From ALEXANDER] H. EVERETT, Madrid, no. 11. Reports "that Mr. Zea Bermudez has been finally compelled to quit his post, and that the Duke del

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Infantado has been named his successor"; explains reasons for this alteration in the cabinet and notes the possibility of other changes. LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Spain, vol. 25, (M31, R27). Received January 3, 1826. Pedro Alcantara de Toledo, Duke del Infantado, long a favorite of Ferdinand VII, had been one of the Council of Regents in 1823. From JOHN M. FORBES, Buenos Aires, no. 26. Reports passage by the National Congress of a resolution proclaiming that "the Oriental Province is reincorporated"; notes that this is "equivalent to a declaration of War" against Brazil (cf. above, Forbes to Clay, May 2, 1825); states that the Congress has authorized a "national loan of nine to ten millions of dollars"; and encloses, among other documents, a proposed "new law on our flour trade," more favorable to the United States than any earlier regulation. LS. Ibid., Argentina, vol. 2 (M69, R3). Continued on October 26, 28, 30, 31, and November 5. Received December 23. Published in Espil (comp.), Once Anos en Buenos Aires, 391-94. From CONDY RAGUET, Rio de Janeiro. Reports that Luiz Joze de Carvalho e Mello has resigned as Minister of Foreign Affairs, that the title of the Emperor is settled, that the first titles of nobility in Brazil have been conferred, and that the governing regime is stable. Comments that publication of proceedings of the Georgia Legislature has led to "reports of a contemplated dissolution of our Union" (see above, Clay to Southard, July 3, 1825, note). Notes that Thomas B. Tilden, formerly of the United States Navy, has been given a commission in the Brazilian Navy; that a treaty, of which the terms are secret, has been concluded between Great Britain and Brazil; that the case of the Spermo has not been decided; and that no damages have yet been awarded in the case of the Exchange. Acknowledges receipt of his credentials and letters from the Department dated April 13, 14, 16 (no. 3), and 16 (no. 4). ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Brazil, vol. 4 (M121, R6) . Received December 29. Extract published in Manning (arr.) , Diplomatic Correspondence . . . LatinAmerican Nations, II, 835-36. On the cases of the Spermo and the Exchange, see above, Raguet to Secretary of State, March 11, 1825, note. Thomas B. Tilden, of Maryland, had entered the United States Navy as a midshipman in 1815 and, after service for a year and a half as a lieutenant of artillery in the Army during 1820 to 1821, had returned to the Navy as a midshipman from 1822 to 1824. He later (before 1835) became captain of a Baltimore merchant vessel. Two treaties had been signed between Great Britain and Brazil at Rio de Janeiro on October 18, 1825, one prohibiting Brazilians from engaging in the African slave trade, effective four years after the date of ratification, and the other, a convention of friendship, commerce, and navigation. For the treaties, see Annual Register, 1825, pp. 72-80; for comment on the principles incorporated, see below, Raguet to Clay, November 23, 1825; for notice of the British refusal to ratify, see below, Vaughan to Clay, April 12, 1826.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

October 26, 1825

From S[AMUEL] L. S[OUTHARD], Navy Department. Encloses copies of correspondence "relative to the detention of the American brig, Morgiana," in the Canary Islands. Copy. DNA, RG45, Executive Letter-book, vol. 1821-1831, p. 133. The Morgiana, not further identified. From S[AMUEL] L. S[OUTHARD], Navy Department. Acknowledges receipt of

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Clay's note of October 11; explains charges against Edwin Welsh; states that it would be impossible to restore him without a trial, which "would be difficult now, if not impracticable." Copy. Ibid. From S[AMUEL] L. S[OUTHARD], Navy Department. Acknowledges receipt of "the letter [not found] of Mr. Cannon referred . . . to this Department" by Clay; states that there is no vacancy in the Marine Corps and that, "when one does arise, . . . there will be difficulty in placing him in it. He wished to be first Lieutenant. This cannot be: appointments are only made to Second Lieutenancies: and for this the age of Col. Cannon is probably an objection. It is besides, the intention of the Executive to make the Officers of this Corps from the graduates at West Point, as far as circumstances will permit." Copy. Ibid., 134. Probably refers to Newton Cannon who had served as a colonel of Tennessee mounted rifles during the War of 1812.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

October 27, 1825

From JOHN STEELE, Collector's Office, Philadelphia. Replies to Clay's letter of October 24 by stating his interpretation of the act of January 7, 1824, to the effect that discriminating duties should be charged on that part of a ship's cargo coming from a country to which such duties should apply. LS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63).

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

October 27, 1825

THOMAS FINLEY, Baltimore, solicits appointment as Charge to Guatamala. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). Cf. above, Williams to Clay, October 22, 1825, note. EBENEZER HERRICK, Bowdoinham, Maine, recommends, as publisher of the laws, the Portland (Maine) American Patriot instead of the Portland Eastern Argus, "which was virulent in abusing Mr Adams, and although it now professes no hostility to the administration keeps up an incessant warefare [sic] against all its firm and undisguised supporters." ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. The Eastern Argus retained the patronage for the next Session of Congress, but the American Patriot received the contract during the remainder of the administration. DOUGLASS MAGUIRE, Indianapolis, solicits renewal of contract to publish the laws. Comments: "I am still, as I always have been, your warm and devoted friend, and I hope again to have an opportunity to exert my little influence, through the press and otherwise, towards elevating you to a station to which your talents, patriotism, and public services entitle you." ALS. Ibid. On the requested contract, see above, Brent to Douglass and Maguire, April 14, 1825, note. JAMES NOBLE, Brookville (Indiana), recommends (Edmund S.) Buxton, editor of the Richmond (Indiana) Public Ledger, for appointment to publish the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. E. STEDMAN and others oppose publication of the laws at both New Bern and Washington, North Carolina; request, instead, an appointment at Fayetteville. LS, with 92 signatures. Ibid. Not dated and not addressed; filed between items

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dated October 27 and 29, 1825. Stedman, not identified. The public printing was continued in the New Bern Carolina Sentinel, a Jackson organ, during the next Session of Congress but was shifted in 1826 to the Fayetteville North Carolina Journal, also sympathetic to Jackson. No newspaper at Washington, North Carolina, was listed as holding such a contract, though the American Recorder, of that city, supported Adams. House Docs., 19 Cong., 1 Sess., no. 41 pp. 10, 14; Daniel Miles McFarland, "North Carolina Newspapers, Editors and Journalistic Politics, 1815-1835," North Carolina Historical Review, XXX (1953), 386, 396-97, 410.

Bank Check to Joseph Somers 28h. Oct. 1825. Pay to Joseph Somers or order forty-seven dollars. H CLAY Cashr. of the Off of Dt. & Dt. Washington 1 ADS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). Endorsed: "Joseph Somers." Somers, not identified. l Richard Smith.

From Christopher Hughes Private. New York. 28th. October. 1825. My dear Sir: Friday noon. We arrived here today, having sailed from Havre on 27th. September. We shall repose ourselves a day or two here, and then proceed for Baltimore, and after I shall have passed a few days there with my friends, I shall go on to Washington hoping to find you in good health; and in improved spirits, after the melancholy event in your family,1 which came to my knowledge through the public prints. It is the second affliction of the kind,2 that you have suffered since I saw you, and I assure you that I have partaken sincerely in your and Mrs. Clay's sorrow. I may speak earnestly on the subject, for we have also had our share of grief. We lost; in 1823, a son and a daughter; 3 and I was met at Brussels by the mournful news of the sudden death of my good and pious mother.4 Thus, one of the chief joys I promised myself on my return to my native land, the joy of seeing my children in my mother's arms, is snatched from me. I have no very interesting political news to give you. I have written (on board ship) a very hasty and imperfect sketch of my general observations during the few last months of my residence there, in the form of a private letter to the president.5 I enclose it herein; and I beg to refer you to it; if I were to touch the topics in this, it would be a mere recapitulation of what I have written to Mr. Adams. In perusing my letter you will exercise your usual indulgence, and remember it is the first rough draught and written on board ship.

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1825

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6

Mr. Brown's health had experienced the most extraordinary benefit by his visit to the waters of Savoy; if he could have staid there some 3 weeks longer, his health would have become quite renovated. I received a most friendly letter from him the day before I sailed from Havre. 1 write you in the hurry of our arrival, and merely to announce it. You will, therefore, pardon this dull letter. Sir Charles Bagot charged me with kindest messages for you. He intended to write; but the arrival of two of the English Princes at Brussels took up his time so completely that he had scarcely a moment free. I found several packages on board the Lewis, to your address, which I took possession of. and forwarded by post. I shall be very happy to receive a few lines from you at Baltimore; and if you wish me to come to Washington, I shall always be ready to render myself to your summons in a few hours after receipt of your letter. I enclose a despatch for the Baron de Huygens from the Minister of Foreign Affairs,7 given to me at Brussels. I also send you a letter from Mr. de Conincke in reply to yours,8 which I had the honor to hand to him on taking possession of my post. I am, my dear sir, truly & devotedly, Your friend CHRISTOPHER HUGHES. To. Mr. Clay, Washington. Copy. OHi. l The death of Susan Clay Duralde. 2 See above, Clay to Crittenden, August 22, 1825, note. 3 Not identified. * Margaret Sanderson Hughes. 5 Hughes to Adams, October 28, 1825 (MHi-Adams Papers [MR472]). e James Brown. 7 De Conincke. 8 See above, Clay to Hughes, March 24, 1825, note.

From Lafayette LAGRANGE, October 28, 1825. am the more anxiously waiting for the packet of the 1st instant, as an account of your having been sick, since my departure, has appeared in the French papers. Yet there are evident inaccuracies in the report. Now I must hasten these lines to the Cadmus, which sails on the 1st November. I have written to the President,1 sending him an article of the Journal des Debats, which may interest him and you. I also tell him a few words of what I have heard respecting the affairs of Greece, upon which I have seen nothing to alter my opinion, I came directly from Havre to Lagrange, and have been very friendly received by the people on the road, and here, on my arrival. Ministerial and court people have either kept aloof, or acted foolishly to their own damage. I have been only four days in MY DEAR SIR,—I

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Paris, to see several friends, and do not intend returning to town before the first days of January. The mass of the nation is quiet and industrious, though dissatisfied with the measures of the Government, and the incroachments of nobles and priests. I found Mr. Brown2 much better than I expected, indeed, almost quite well. Mr. Sheldon3 is better, also, and has wisely, I think, determined to nurse his health in Paris, rather than go to ennuyer himself in the South, while his time here is usefully employed. Mr. Somerville4 has been very sick; I hope he will be soon on his travels. Present my affectionate respects to Mrs. Clay and family. Receive those of my children5 and Le Vasseur.6 Colton (ed.), Private Correspondence of Henry Clay, 130. 1 Dated October 27, 1825 (MHi-Adams Papers [MR472]). 2 James Brown. s Daniel Sheldon. i William C. Somerville. 5 George Washington Lafayette; Anastasie-Louise-Pauline de Lafayette, the Countess de La Tour-Maubourg; and Virginie de Lafayette, Mme. Louis de Lasteyrie. 6 Auguste Levasseur, formerly a colonel in the French army, had been Lafayette's secretary during the American tour and remained in his employ for two or three more years. In 1829 Levasseur published at Paris a two-volume account of Lafayette en Amerique. Long identified with French revolutionary activity, Levasseur was wounded during the uprising of 1830 but recovered and later became French consul at Trieste. > INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

October 28, 1825

From THOMAS L. L. BRENT, Lisbon, no. 11. Reports concern by the King of Portugal (John VI) whether the appointment of (Frederico) Torlade de Azambuja as Charge to the United States will be agreeable to that Government; expresses Brent's favorable impression of Torlade; summarizes discussion between Brent and Torlade relative to a possible commercial treaty between their two countries based upon the provisions of the treaty between the United States and Britain (above, II, 57-59); and notes that Torlade has drafted a memoir to his government endorsing such terms. Observes that, since receipt of dispatches from Brazil following Sir Charles Stuart's arrival there (see above, Raguet to Clay, July 30, 1825), "great efforts are making to fill up the incomplete regiments" of the army. LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Portugal, vol. 6 (M43, R5) . Received December 28. From JOSHUA DODGE, Marseilles. Encloses copy of a notification from the local board of health that the plague, referred to in his letters of July 22 and August 4, "has entirely disappeared." ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Marseilles, vol. 2 (M-T220, R-T2). Received January 4, 1826. From ALEXANDER] H. EVERETT, Madrid, no. 12. Encloses copy of a memoir, "presented to the King [of Spain, Ferdinand VII] by the Danish Minister Count Dernath (or Vander Naath)," critical of Zea Bermudez; asserts that "If such a document proceeding from such a source really had any effect in producing the Minister's removal, the tenure by which he held his office must have been on all accounts sufficiently feeble." LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Spain, vol. 25 (M31, R27). Received January 3, 1826.

OCTOBER 29,

1825

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

773

October 28, 1825

To ALEXANDER CALDWELL, "Judge of the United States for the Western District of Virga., Wheeling." Forwards commission for this office. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 178 (M40, R19). Cf. above, Zane to Clay, April 5, 1825, note. In his acceptance, dated November 2, Caldwell wrote, to Clay: "I shall ever feel towards yourself, also, grateful recollections of your friendly office in this affair." ALS. DNA, RG59, Acceptances and Orders for Commissions (M-T645, R2). From JONATHAN THOMPSON, Custom House, New York. Acknowledges receipt of Clay's letter of October 24; states that on that part of cargoes not the produce of enumerated countries an addition of ten per cent is made to the duties collected. LS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

October 28, 1825

B. JACKSON, Clarksburg, Virginia, recommends James Pindall for appointment to "the U States Judgeship for Western Virginia." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1). See above, Jackson to Clay, April 12, 1825, note. E[DWARD]

Freedom (Maryland), recommends Thomas Finley for appointment as Charge at Guatemala. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). See above, Williams to Clay, October 22, 1825, note. PETER LITTLE,

From James Brown Dear Sir, Paris Octr. 29. 1825 The state of Mr. Sommerville's1 health has for some days been such as to give us great uneasiness, and his recovery is at this moment exceedingly uncertain. Some few days after his arrival he was so unfortunate as to rupture a blood vessel in his lungs, he was bled very copiously and confined to his bed, and it was hoped that all danger of any immediate unfavorable consequences was over. The complaint however appears to have passed into his stomach of which the irritability became so great that the least and lightest nourishment occasioned and still occasions violent vomiting with loss of blood, and it is seriously apprehended that unless he can be speedily relieved he must sink under his complaint. We all feel a deep interest in his situation, visit him frequently, and endeavor to sustain his spirits which are of course very much depressed at his alarming situation. He is attended by able Physicians but all their remedies have hitherto been ineffectual. The accounts from Greece continue to be more favorable and we may now consider the fifth Campaign as terminated. The country however has suffered more severely from the invasion of this, than from those of former years, and if friendly powers

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do not come to the assistance of the Greeks, it is greatly to be feared that the next summer may bring with it a termination of all their hopes of liberty and Independance [sic]. It is generally believed that Great Britain will ultimately interfere rather than that the struggle should have this unfortunate issue, but is [sic] also thought that to avoid any collision with other powers which might lead to war, she will delay her interference until it shall have become apparent that it is the only means left to save Greece from utter ruin. The friends of the Greeks seem generally to believe that the Squadron under the command of Commodore Rodgers has been sent to assist them, and the French papers are filled with speculations on the terms on which our assistance is to given[5ic].2 It is said by some that we wish to make a commercial treaty with Greece, whilst others assign our desire to acquire an Island in the Mediterranean for the accommodation of our vessels of war as the motive of our interference. The better informed and particularly those connected with public affairs treat these as idle rumors, and either beleive [sic], or affect to beleive, that the Government of the United States are too prudent to engage in a cause so remote from the usual sphere of their political influence, or to endanger their peace by mingling their interests with those of the Continent of Europe. It is beleived that the Governments of England & France have, through their ministers at Madrid, very strenuously urged the King to acknowledge the independance of the new Republics, and that the subject has been repeatedly discussed by the Ministry without being brought to any decision— So much care has been taken to prevent the publication of any intelligence in the Spanish papers which could enable the people to see the utter impossibility of conquering those Republics, that the impression is still general that by a vigorous effort the authority of the mother country might be re established and consequently the public mind is not prepared for any recognition of their independance— The party composed of the Ultras, priests, and lower classes, is very powerful, and already much disatisfied [sic] with the measures adopted by Mr Zea, and they would avail themselves of the acknowledgement of these Governments as a fresh and powerful means of opposition. I have no reason to doubt that France is in favor of that measure but I have heard it asserted that it meets with considerable opposition from the Ministers of Russia and Prussia. I have had no letters from Mr Everette3 on that subject, but presume you will be fully informed respecting it by the despatch from him which will go by the Packet which carries this letter. If the standing of Ministers here is to estimated [sic] by what we find in a majority of the public journals or hear in political

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circles, we should arrive at the conclusion that they could not long continue in place. But when the complaints against them are carefully examined they appear to form no adequate cause for removing them. In making this this [sic] remark I do not look back to the time at which the present chamber of Deputies was elected when it was said that much undue ministerial influence and perhaps even corruption was practised. The administration of the laws for the last twelve months has been such as to furnish fewer causes of disatisfaction than during the same period under any former Ministry. The two principal charges against them are the encouragement given to the Jesuits, and the attempt to convert the public debt from a stock bearing five, to one bearing four per cent interest. The first of these charges in [sic] confined to the liberal papers, the second is common to all the journals of the opposition. It is beleived by many that Mr de Villele has no very strong leaning towards the Jesuits, but that he encourages them, from deference to higher authority, and because, pressed by the combined opposition of liberals and Ultras, he stands in need of the support of the Clergy. With respect to the public debt as the stock was redeemable at the pleasure of the Government, it was the right, as well as duty, of the Government to reduce the interest if possible; Mr de Villele beleived he could borrow money at four per cent, and he offered stock irredeemable for a long period at that rate of interest, to those who should chuse to exchange their five per cents for it rather than incur the risk of re imbursement.4 Very few of the public creditors converted their stocks, the great portion of them retained their five per cents. The four per cents have declined considerably, the fives remain nearly at par. The recognition of the Independance of St Domingo,5 and the steps taken by Ministers to obtain an acknowledgment of the New Republics, will be popular measures upon which they may sustain themselves at the meeting of the Chambers. The present Ministry are opposed to our claims,6 and I should be gratified if I could anticipate the appointment of a new Ministry more favorable to them. I do not beleive the Ultra opposition would furnish Ministers of the sentiment we wish, and it is by no means probable that the liberal opposition can gain the ascendancy. If we ever obtain Indemnity for our loss we shall owe our success rather to a change of circumstances in the affairs of the two countries than to a change of Ministry. The Indemnities we formerly obtained were procured by the desire on the one hand to acquire territory, and on the other to exchange territory for money. Our claims rest alone on arguments proving them to be just, and these unfortunately have not always their due weight. Mrs Brown has been very much occupied with Mrs. Clays

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commission which is not so easily executed in Paris as our friends at Washington might imagine. You may be grossly imposed on in the articles as well as in the price and therefore much care and attention are necessary. She hopes they will b[e] put on board the vessel which will sail on the 15. Mrs. Patterson and her sister Miss Caton8 have been in Ireland for some time— Mrs. B recieved [sic] a letter from the former stating that she would be married on the 29 Inst to the Marquis of Wellesley Lord Lieutant [sic] of Ireland.9 Mrs. Brown joins me in respects to Mrs. Clay. I am Dear Sir very truly Your Obedt Servt. JAMES BROWN Honb Henry Clay. ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). 1 William C. Somerville. 2 Rumors had reached western Europe late in September, stating that the American Mediterranean Squadron, under Commodore John Rodgers, had taken possession of the island of Porros and that an American ship of the line was to accompany the Greek fleet "preparing to sail for Alexandria, to watch the motions of the new expedition fitting out there." Washington Daily National Intelligencer, October 31, 1825. The latter report probably stemmed from Rodgers' decision to detach an American vessel at Smyrna for the protection of American commercial shipping. American State Papers, Naval Affairs, II, 112. See also, above, Clay to Rodgers, September 6, 1825. 3 Alexander H. Everett. 4 Cf. above, Brown to Clay, April 1, 1825, note. 5 See above, Holden to Clay, July 16, 1825; Armstrong to Clay, July 21, 1825. 6 Cf. above, Brown to Clay, June 25, 1825. 7 Cf. above, Brown to Clay, October 13, 1825. 8 Mrs. Robert Patterson; Elizabeth Caton. 9 Richard Colley Wellesley, the Marquis Wellesley, had become Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1821.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

October 29, 1825

From PETER PEDERSEN, Washington. States that, after several conferences with Clay, he "understands it to be the wish of The President, that the negociation be suspended for a few weeks, in order to afford time fully to examine the subject in general, and in particular the principle proposed in the third article of the project [sic] submitted by" Pedersen; wishes to know "the conditions on which the United States can, and are disposed to form a Convention with Denmark taking for basis. . . , the project above alluded to. . . . " AN. DNA, RG11, Records Having General Legal Effect, Unperfected Treaty P. A copy of the "Project," undated and unsigned, containing nine articles, is located in ibid. The article referred to provided that vessels of the two signatory powers could, with perfect reciprocity, introduce goods not of their domestic manufacture into each other's ports, free of discriminatory "duties or other charges." INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

October 29, 1825

To THOMAS M. RODNEY, "Commercial Agent U. S.-Havana." Encloses papers relative to William Perry; requests information on the steps taken and progress made in connection with this case. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 179-80 (M40, R19). See above, Perry to Clay, March 25/1825; below, Rodney to Clay, February 4, 1826.

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1825

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From RUFUS KING, London, no. 9. Expresses doubt that an early consideration of the disagreement between (George) Jackson and (Langdon) Cheves can be expected (see above, Clay to King, May 10, 1825) — (George) Canning believes that the United States and Great Britain should adjust their differences without referring them to a third power. Reports that Canning is ready to exchange ratifications of the treaty between Great Britain and Colombia (see above, Watts to Clay, May 10, 1825, note), that a Minister from Buenos Aires is expected, that the treaty with Mexico has been returned to that country for correction "in respect to Free Ships" (see above, Poinsett to Clay, May 5, 1825, note), and that England will urge Brazil to accept an invitation "to send a Minister to Panama." Refers to British trade in South America, to the possibility of their negotiating commercial treaties with other Latin American Republics, and to the effect on France of this British policy. LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Great Britain, vol. 32 (M30, R28). Received December 8. Extract published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, III, 1572-73. From JOEL R. POINSETT, Mexico, no. 25. Refers to preparations for an expedition against Cuba; states his opinion "that the attempt will fail and produce only the most disastrous consequences"; expresses fear that "the blacks may be armed . . . by one or both parties" and that the attempt against Cuba may cause Spain to cede the island to France. Discusses difficulties experienced in Mexican waters by certain vessels from the United States and adds "that our vessels are frequently engaged in smuggling along the coast." LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Mexico, vol. 1 (M97, R2). Received January 3, 1826. Published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, III, 1640.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

October 29, 1825

From JOHN H. PLEASANTS, New York. States that he is "much obliged . . . for the exCulpation . . . extended," in Clay's letter of October 25 (not found), and adds: "—an exculpation, which however, I had a right to claim from hard necessity." Declares that, in regard to settlement of his accounts, he discards "liberality, and only request[s] that common justice may prevail. . . ." Notes that he has found it "necessary" to return to Richmond "in one of the Packets," rather than by way of Washington, and that he is forwarding (Rufus) King's dispatches through the mail. Offers sympathy in regard to the "heavy calamities," of which he has just heard, that Clay's family has suffered (cf. above, Clay to Crittenden, August 22, 1825, note; Mazureau to Clay, September 19, 1825). Subjoins the following postscript: "Notwithstanding the indulgence which your words import, I cannot but perceive, that a feeling of dissatisfaction at my adventures, is at bottom entertained. If you feel this, others must still more disapprove—and for my own justification and still more yours, I beg your consent to publish such a vindication in Richmond, as the occasion seems to demand—" ALS. DNA, RG59, Letters from Bearers of Dispatches.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

October 29, 1825

C. BIDDLE and others, Philadelphia, recommend George Latimer, of Philadelphia, for appointment as consul "at the City of Santo Domingo." DS, with 26 signatures, including those of N. Biddle, Henry Toland, and John CLEMENT

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Sergeant. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MRS). Not dated; enclosed in Latimer to Clay, below, this date. Clement C. Biddle, of Philadelphia, a remote kinsman of Nicholas Biddle, had published in 1824 an annotated edition of Jean Baptiste Say's Treatise on Political Economy and was himself influential as a financial expert. In 1834 he became president of the Philadelphia Saving Fund Society, of which he was the principal founder. Latimer, born in Ireland and engaged in mercantile pursuits, did not receive an appointment at this time; but he was subsequently consul for the United States at Mayagues, Puerto Rico, from 1835 to 1839 and at St. John's, Puerto Rico, from 1845 to 1859. St. Francisville, Louisiana, solicits appointment to publish the laws in a new paper, La Fourche Gazette, which he is establishing at Donaldsonville, Louisiana; states that The Asylum, a paper which he formerly conducted at St. Francisville, had published the laws until last year; notes that The Asylum has been discontinued and "the establishment" moved to Donaldsonville. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Bissett, not further identified. GEORGE BISSETT,

Philadelphia, solicits appointment as consul or commercial agent at the city of Santo Domingo. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3). GEORGE LATIMER,

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

October 30, 1825

From JAMES BROWN, Paris, "Private." Reports receipt of information that "Mr Zea has been dismissed from his place as [Spanish] Minister of Foreign Affairs, and the Duke del Infantado appointed as his successor." Recalls that Zea owed his appointment to the "wishes of the great Continental Powers" and notes that his removal "has given a shock to the hopes of the friends of Spain on this Continent." Adds: "In the triumph of the Ultras England and France perceive a postponement of the recognition of the American Republics—France, danger to their troops in Spain and delay in obtaining payment of the money due from her; whilst the Holy Alliance find their plans for tranquilizing the peninsula defeated, and an argument against their intervention furnished by the utter failure of success." ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). Published in Padgett (ed.), "Letters from James Brown to Henry Clay," Louisiana Historical Quarterly, XXIV (October, 1941), 973-74. From ALEXANDER] H. EVERETT, Madrid, no. 13. Reports issuance by the Department of Justice of an order that the balance of "the six thousand dollars due from the house of Wiseman Gower 8c Co." be paid but states that further delay may be expected. LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Spain, vol. 25 (M31, R27) . See above, Clay to Nelson, April 14, 1825, note; Everett to Clay, September 25, 1825. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

October 30, 1825

To TENCH RINGGOLD, marshal, District of Columbia. States that "The Baron Maltitz, the first Secretary of the Russian Legation," has complained of a violation of his "official privileges" in an attempt, by a Georgetown constable, to enter his residence to execute a warrant against a servant; requests Ringgold to prevent "further proceedings to enforce the warrant" until an investigation can determine whether "diplomatic privileges appertain." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 180 (M40, R19). Jean-Francois-George-Frederic, Baron de Maltitz, Knight of the Order of Vladimir and of St. Stanislaus of Poland,

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became Charge d'Affaires ad interim for Russia in the United States from March, 1826, to December, 1827. He was later transferred to the legations at Berlin and London and, finally, served for many years as Minister Plenipotentiary to Holland. From ROBERT BRECKINRIDGE, Louisville (Kentucky) . States that the managers of the Louisville Hospital, erected by legislative act of February 5, 1817, "have progressed so far with the building to accomodate [sic] from Sixty to eighty patients" and that "those persons engaged in the navigation on the western waters" have already benefited from its existence; cites limitation of funds for support of the institution; and, in the name of the board of managers, makes application, through Clay to the President, for a portion "of the hospital fund destined for the relief of sick seamen. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). The act establishing the institution (Ky. Gen. Assy., Acts, 1817, pp. 255-58) had called for provision of a hospital to treat "those engaged in navigating the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, [who] . . . owing to the fatigue and exposure incident to long voyages, become sick, and languish at the town of Louisville, where the commerce in which they are engaged, sustains a pause occasioned by the falls of Ohio river. . . ." Popularly known as the Louisville Marine Hospital, it was completed to the designed capacity of 150 by August, 1829. In 1798 Congress had provided for establishment of hospitals for distressed seamen, to be supported by a tax on American vessels returning from foreign ports. An amendment in 1802 had levied a tax on Mississippi River craft for the care of "sick or disabled seamen of the United States" at New Orleans. 1 U.S. Stat., 606 (July 16, 1798); 2 U.S. Stat., 192-93 (May 3, 1802). Congressman Charles A. Wickliffe introduced a resolution in January, 1826, urging a grant of such funds to the hospital, but the measure was tabled. Register of Debates, 19 Cong., 1 Sess., 926-27. From TENCH RINGGOLD, Washington. Acknowledges receipt of Clay's letter (above, this date) ; states that he will proceed immediately "to George Town to take the measures directed. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63).

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

October 31, 1825

From M[ARTIN] BICKHAM, "Port Louis Isle of France." Reports that, owing to ill health, he will leave the island "in a few months," whereupon his position will become vacant. Notes that the scarcity of American trade renders "it of little Importance for our Government to have an Agent at this Place." ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Port Louis, vol. 1 (M-T118, R-Tl). Addressed to Secretary of State; received February 25 (1826). Bickham, born in New Jersey, had been appointed to the post on Mauritius in 1816. From THOMAS L. L. BRENT, Lisbon. Reports news from Madrid of the removal of Zea Bermudez, with which "It is supposed that France will not be pleased . . . and that England will." LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Portugal, vol. 6 (M43, R5) . Received December 28.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

October 31, 1825

From JOHN COX, "Mayors Office George Town." Refers to Clay's "note to Tench Ringgold" (above, October 30) ; states that he has acted to prevent

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further proceedings relative to the warrant until notice from Clay; gives "an account of the affair," involving an attack by the Baron de Maltitz's coachman on a young man, which led to issuance of the warrant. LS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). Cox, reared in Baltimore, was a large property owner and merchant in Georgetown. He had been appointed a justice of the peace of Washington County in 1822, which position he retained for over a decade, while, from 1823 to 1845, he also served as mayor. From JAMES RAY, Newark, Delaware. Requests that the documents in the case of the James Lawrence (see above, Ray and others to Clay, May 15, 1825) "be forwarded to our ambassador at Madrid [Alexander H. Everett], with instructions for him to Employ a Law agent, to prosecute the appeal under his orders. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG76, Misc. Claims, Spain. On November 14 (copyist erroneously dated it as "Feby."), Daniel Brent, "by direction of the Secretary," informed Ray that Obadiah Rich, "now at Madrid," would "be instructed by our Minister there . . . to superintend the prosecution" in Ray's behalf, "of the appeal from Havanna [sic] to Madrid, in the case of the James Lawrence"; that Everett would also be instructed to advance the necessary funds; but that before the latter could be done Ray must arrange "re-imbursement." Copy, in DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 189-90 (M40, R19). APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

November, 1825

J. SEMMES, Prince Georges County (Maryland), recommends the bearer, Edward Taylor, for "a Clerkship in some of the Departments of the National Government." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (M531, R8) . Unaddressed. Cf. above, Kent to Clay, October 1, 1825, note. Semmes, a graduate of Baltimore Medical School, practiced medicine and farmed at Piscataway, Maryland. He was a member of the State legislature (1825-1828, 1842, and 1843), at this time speaker of that assembly, and, from 1829 to 1833, a member of Congress. BENEDICT

GEORGE WARNER and others, Baltimore, recommend the Baltimore Patriot and Mercantile Advertiser to publish the laws. LS, signed by 80 persons. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Dated: "November 1825." Warner, who had settled in Baltimore around 1775, was prominent in commercial and civic affairs of that city. The journal, published by Isaac Munroe, did not receive the recommended appointment. Munroe, who had earlier edited several Boston newspapers, had become part owner of the Maryland organ in 1814 and after 1817 had continued it alone.

To Charles Hammond My Dear Sir (Confidential) Washn. 31st.[i.e., 1st.] Nov. 1825 I am glad to be able to tell you that at last circumstances admitted of the appointment of Mr. Caldwell as Judge of the Western District of Virginia1 and he has been accordingly appointed. The Midshipmans appointment has been also sent to Mr. Ruffin.2 Have you ever seen any thing more supremely ridiculous than the scene at Murfreesboro'— Such an exhibition on the occasion of the resignation of a seat in the Senate!3 It is a miserable compound imitation of the august event at Annapolis, when Washn. resigned the

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sword of Liberty, and the late Legislative receptions of La Fayette.5 I should like to see the same pen, that so justly criticised the Swartwout letter,8 employed, on the more fit and fruitful subject, of the General's address to the assembled wisdom of Tennessee.7 The briny tears that stole down the furrowed cheeks of the veteran hero! The presence of the ladies; the solemnity and imposing character of the scene; the hero surrounded by his "most intimate acquaintances, his bosom friends and companions in arms." And wherefore all this solemn mockery? The resignation of a seat in the Senate of the U.S.! obtained to promote an election to another office,8 and given up as soon as the occasion has passed by! Well, the General having tried to be elected President by going into the Senate, now means to make the experiment by going out of it. He resigns a place, to which he had been called by the unsoli ited [sic] suffrage of the Legislature, yet he never departs from his maxim neither to seek or decline public stations! His friends however professed (by what authority?) when he was elected, that a longer term of service than one Congress would not be expected or required—would not be expected or required by whom? If, during the service in the Senate, which is thus pompously terminated, any illustrious deeds had been performed—any brilliant schemes of policy, foreign or domestic, had been brought forward and carried by the persevering eloquence of the Tennessee Senator, the farce at Murfreesborough might be tolerated. But what giant footstep has he left in the chamber of that body—what page in the annals of his Country has he filled by his Legislative exertions? The moving cause of his resignation is stated to be that he has been advised of a resolution of the Legislature (a resolution, by the bye, that he was no doubt well advised of, before it was introduced into the Legislature) presenting his name to the American people for their Chief Magistrate. Well; was he not advised of a similar resolution formerly passed before he accepted the office of Senator?9 If its passage now furnishes sufficient cause for giving up the Commission—ought not its adoption formerly to have prevented his acceptance of it—an acceptance which was attended with the exclusion of one of the most useful & experienced members of the Senate?10 Being about again to retire, he seizes that last occasion to address some remarks to the Legislature of Tennessee on the subject of an amendment which it had proposed to the Constitution.11 And what is that amendmt.? One that the Legislature was divided about, and on which therefore the weight of his character & the weight of his arguments were necessary to ensure its passage? Not at all; on the contrary, that body was perfectly agreed about it. Why then argue the matter with them? Undoubtedly not for their benefit, who

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did not want the argument, but for that of the good people of the U. States. But he would go further than the Legislature has gone. He would impose a provision rendering any member of Congress (who of course as such is an officer under the general Government) ineligible to office under the General Government, during the term for which he is elected and two years thereafter, except in case of judicial office.12 He would, to take the terms of his proposition as he lays it down, disqualify the member from being a member. But let us suppose that he means, what he certainly has not expressed with any precision, that the member is to be excluded from any other office, issuing from an Executive source. Well why except Judicial offices? Because, he says, no barrier should be interposed in selecting to the bench men of the first talents and integrity. If in the pursuit of the highest attainments, it is desirable, in regard to Judicial offices, to leave the field open, and the sphere of selection as wide as possible, why should not that be done in case of the appointment of Foreign ministers, Secretaries &c &c? The objection is that an influence is exerted on the Legislature by the President. That will equally happen in respect to judicial appointments. And, as to this alleged influence, why there is no doubt that it is mutual, acting and reacting; and both parties again acted upon by the great popular influence, through the medium of periodical elections. But corruption will become the order of the day; and under the garb of conscientious sacrafices [sic] to establish precedents for the public good, evils of serious importance to the Republic may arise. Ah! there is the rub. If the general had been elected, all would have been pure. We shd. have heard nothing of corruption. But that any man shd. have thought that it was a dangerous precedent to elect a mere military chieftain sticks in the General's stomach. The Generals desire for the Presidency seems to be increased, as the prospect of obtaining it grows dim— He did not think, at the moment, last winter, when the question was decided, of imputing corruption to Mr. Adams. Then he was among the foremost to congratulate him. Then he wd. not accept a public dinner offered him by his friend Swartwout, lest the public shd. doubt his cordial acquiescence in the result.13 Now he does not hesitate to insinuate that Mr. Adams descended from independent ground, and degraded himself by intriguing for the Presidency. Now he accepts every where of all the public dinners which may be offered him, even by the most obscure places, whose names are not, and never will be, indicated on the maps of the Country. And before the American public is tranquillized, after the agitations of a violent and warmly contested election, he sanctions a nomination which his friends at least expect will again set this Continent in motion, near four years before the period of decision. So eager is he for the office that, old

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and infirm as he is, and frail and liable to death as all men are, he bounds forward, over all the contingencies embosomed in three eventful years, and stands, dead or alive, before the American public as a Candidate for the next presidency commencing the 4h. day of March in the year of our Lord 1829! And, at the moment, when he thus lends himself to the premature disturbance of public repose, he is playing the affected part of a Cincinnatus by a retirement to the vocation of the plough! This early taking of the field recalls to recollection an anectdote [sic]. A french gentleman, a member of a State Legislature, entered in a hurried manner the body, at a moment when another member, at the close of some remarks, was resuming his Seat. The Frenchman immediately rose and said, I second de gentleman's motion. The Speaker told him the gentleman had made no motion— Den, said he, I second de gentleman's motion when he makes one. The legislature of Tennessee second the veteran's motion to be a Candidate, when three years hence, it may be necessary for the American people to recognize the utility of considering who are Candidates & their pretensions. I send you these hasty observations, provoked by a procedure marked by as manifest a demagogical spirit as was ever displayed. Is it possible that any portion of the people can be deceived—that any should be so blind as not to see though the veil of hypocrecy [sic]} I am as ever faithfully Your friend H CLAY C. Hammond Esqr. ALS. InU. Addressed to Hammond at Cincinnati; "Forwarded by R McClure Wheeling." Richard McClure, a native of Ireland, was postmaster at Wheeling. I Alexander Caldwell. 2 Charles K. Ruffin. 3 See above, Carroll to Clay, October 4, 1825, note. On October 14 Jackson had addressed the Tennessee legislators at Murfreesboro, acknowledging their renomination of him (on October 6) for the Presidency, expressing appreciation for their approval of his course "on a late occasion," when he had left the issue of the presidential election "where by the constitution it was placed, free from any attempted controul, or interference," and submitting his letter of resignation as Senator. In the latter document he had explained that when previously his name had been before the nation as a candidate for the Presidency while he yet served in the Senate, he had found the "situation truly delicate," that his enemies could not charge him with "descending from the independent ground then occupied, or with degrading the trust reposed . . . by intriguing for the Presidential chair," but that, having again been presented as a candidate, he wished to be "excused from any further service in the Senate and . . . to retire from a situation where temptation may exist and suspicions arise in relation to the exercise of an influence tending to . . . [his] own aggrandisement." Tenn. Senate, Journal, 1825, pp. 118-20, 136. 4 Probably an allusion to the ceremony before the Continental Congress at Annapolis, on December 23, 1783, when Washington resigned his commission as general and commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. 5 See above, III, 815, 853, 868, 893-94n. « See above, Clay to Hammond, April 4, 23, 1825. 7 Early in December, 1825, Hammond published such an article over the signature, "Warren." Francis Phelps Weisenburger, "A Life of Charles Hammond, the First Great Journalist of the Old Northwest," Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, XLIII (1934), 379. 8 cf. above, III, 501. » See above, III, 265. 10 John Williams. II On the second day of the session, Robert C. Foster, of Davidson County, near Nashville, formerly of Bardstown, Kentucky, Speaker of the Tennessee Senate in 1825,

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had introduced a measure requesting that the State's congressional delegation "use their best exertions" to procure adoption of an amendment to the Constitution, "altering the mode of electing a President and Vice President." On October 8 the senate and on October 10 the house of representatives had agreed to appoint a joint committee to draft such a memorial. Tenn. Senate, Journal, 1825, pp. 19, 62, 94, 99. The object of the proposal was "to introduce an uniform mode throughout the United States of electing" these officers and, in the words of Foster, "to refer the election of these high and responsible officers immediately to the people, and thereby preclude all idea of fraud and combination in these elections." Quoted in Washington Gazette, October 29, 1825. 12 In suggesting, as Clay accurately recounts, this addition to the Tennessee proposal, Jackson argued that such a provision would, "in a considerable degree," free Congress "from that connection with the Executive Department, which at present gives strong ground of apprehension and jealousy on the part of the people." Tenn. Senate, Journal, 1825, p. 135. The amendment which the Tennessee Legislature subsequently recommended to Congress included a section providing that "no member of Congress shall be eligible to any office within the gift or nomination of the President, during the period for which he shall have been elected, and for six months thereafter, except appointments in the regular army or navy of the United States." U. S. H. of Reps., Journal, 19 Cong., 1 Sess., p. 109 (January 3, 1826). 13 Jackson to Samuel Swartwout and others, February 10, 1825, published in Washington Daily National Intelligencer, February 12, 1825.

To Christopher Hughes My dear Hughes, Washn. 1st. Nov. 1825. I reed, your letter of the 28h. Ulto. announcing your arrival at New York. I congratulate you, most cordially, on your return to our Country. I have received several communications from you lately, private and public, under date at different points of EuropeFurther notice of them now is not necessary as I shall so soon, I hope, have the gratification of seeing you. I shall not withdraw you, for some time at least, by a summons to this City, from those scenes of grief and of pleasure which await you, at your native place. Nor do I think there is necessity for your hastening hither. Under all circumstances indeed, (perhaps my own peculiar domestic afflictions, of which you appear to be informed, may have too much weight in this opinion) I do not think it advisable for you to come to us until towards the last of the month. The President's recent absence from the seat of Government, and other causes operating at this moment, leave us but little leisure. I most heartily sympathise with you on the occasion of your losses. But those, of recent occurrence, have been of aged parents, 1 who have only paid, in due season, the common debt. Mine have been of dear children, just risen or rising into majority, concentrating a large share of our hopes and affections, prematurely (if we may be allowed so to think) called from among us—our chief consolation is, that they have been summoned to an eternal bliss, which we believe they merited. Yrs truly & affectly H. CLAY C. Hughes Esqr ALS. MiU-C. Addressed to Hughes at Baltimore but forwarded to Philadelphia, i Christopher Hughes, Sr.; Margaret Sanderson Hughes.

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From William R. Dickinson Dear Sir,— Steubenville Nov. 1st. 1825 Immediately upon receiving your order 1 to do so, I went and selected a pair of my finest merinos for you.— I then made arrangements with a Mr. Norris, of this place, (a careful good man2) to take them to Maysville.— This was done early in September, and he was prepared to start on the very first rise of the river.— About the first week in October, I calld [sic] upon him (by the bye I saw him very often) when he assured me that he would start on a particular day.—the day was set.— Confiding fully in this arrangement, I directed the clerk of the Bank, to forward the bills to you about the 12 or 15th. of October, and went myself, to Canton, where I remained for nearly three weeks.— On my return, to my great mortification, I found that the sheep were still at my fold, and Mr. Norris at home, alledging that the low state of the river prevented his starting.— The bill too, was beyond my reach, and it only remained for me, to make a candid statement to you, and immediately to return you the money;—and as I intended visiting the city in all this month, I thought that I would wait a few weeks and offer you, personally the proper explanations.— The receipt of your letter of the 25th. Uto.4 has rendered it necessary for me to write to you immediately.— Indeed I saw an intimation in the papers that you contemplated an immediate visit to the west,5 in which event, I flattered myself that I should have the satisfaction of seeing you either at this place or at Wheeling.— The sheep and the boat and Mr. Norris are still ready to start at a moments warning, and Mr. N— says that he expects to be off in a day or two.— The ram however, as you intimate, will certainly not reach your farm in time—at least, the lambs will come at a very late season of the year.— But if the ewes do not have lambs this year, they will bring much finer lambs next season— I hope to see you very soon, and even if the sheep should start, I will, with great cheerfulness, return you the money, inasmuch as that they did not go agreeably to your instructions.— In a word, I shall be governed altogether by your own views— I stand reproved for not having advised you of the fact of drawing; —but my dear Sir, it was an intentional omission—; relying upon the confidence which I beleived [sic] you would place in me, I thought that the dft. would speak for itself, and that I should, by writing, commit a trespass upon feelings, which I knew to be deeply wounded from recent mournful intelligence.6 I hope, in a week or two to see you, when I will assuredly set the matter right— Mean time, I am with sentiments of the highest respect Your friend & obt. Servt. W, R, DICKINSON

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ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). Addressed to Clay. 1 Not found. Cf. above, Clay to Beatty, September 24, 1825. 2 Not further identified. 3 Not found. 4 Not found. 5 Cf. above, Reaney to Clay, October 25, 1825. Newspaper report not found. 6 See above, Clay to Crittenden,' August 22, 1825, note; Mazureau to Clay, September 19, 1825.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

November 1, 1825

To HENRY HITCHCOCK, Cahaba. Transmits commission as Federal attorney for the Southern District of Alabama. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 181 (M40, R19). Cf. above, Hall to Clay, August 16, 1825, note. From JAMES BARBOUR, Department of War. States, in response to a letter, dated October 13 (not found), from (Philander) Chase to Clay, concerning the possibility of obtaining remuneration for the educational expenses "of Six or Eight Indian Youths," that an annual appropriation of $10,000 was provided by act of Congress, March 3, 1819 (3 U. S. Stat., 516-17) "for the Civilization of the Indians"; encloses copies of regulations established under the act; cites two exceptions to the general rule that disbursements are confined to schools in "the Indian Country"; and expresses willingness "to contribute from the Civilization fund, to the Revd. Bishop" an allowance of $100 per annum for each of "Six Indian Youths to be educated at his Seminary." Copy. DNA, RG75, Letters Sent, vol. 2, pp. 219-20. In August, Bishop Chase had promised the Mohawks "to take several of their young men and boys, board and educate them." Chase, Reminiscences . . . , II, 491. The War Department allowed him $100 a year, each, for the expenses of educating six Indians; and in November, 1825, the Bishop brought the boys to his farm at Worthington. Cf. above, Chase to Clay, January 27, 1825, note. From H[ENRY] A. S. DEARBORN, Custom House, Boston. States, in reply to Clay's letter of October 24, that no occasion has arisen for the collection of discriminating duties under the first section of the act of July 7, 1824, and that "the opinion on . . . the second section" is that an "additional discriminating impost" should be collected. LS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63).

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

November 1, 1825

JAMES DILL, Lawrenceburg, Indiana, recommends appointment of (Milton)

Gregg and (David V.) Culley, editors of the Indiana Palladium, to publish the laws. States that these young men "most zealously and warmly advocated Some of the most prominent members of our present administration." ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. See above, Holman to Clay, October 24, 1825, note. M[ILTON] GREGG and D[AVID] V. CULLEY, Lawrenceburg, Indiana, solicit appointment to publish the laws in the Indiana Palladium. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L.

Paris (Kentucky), solicits an appointment. "There is no news here butt what the Papers will inform you of— Jacksons freinds [«'c]—with a number of your old ones is makeing much hub ub about next Election a matter that is 3 years and 6 months off—what a Shame— I combat them with tongue and Pen; why Covet or envy the Gentelmen [sic] of his place when he is

ALEXANDER MILLER,

NOVEMBER 2,

1825

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doeing all, and every thing for the Good an Honour of his Country— the Fact is, that they love War and Blood—he Loves Peace." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3) . Miller, not further identified, received no appointment. JOHN D. PATTON, Hopkinsville, Kentucky, states that application was made "last

Winter" for admission of one of his sons (Alexander W. Patton) "in the Academy at West Point"; adds: "My brother Benjamin . . . intended, when he last saw you to have solicited your aid in procuring his admission; but his extreme indisposition, as he informed me, caused him to forget it— Nature was then slumbering to a final repose"; and cites "Major [Robert P.] Henry as a reference for the son. ALS. DNA, RG94, Military Academy, Cadet Applications, 1825-164 (M688, R38) . Endorsed by Clay on cover: "Respectfully refered [sic] to the Secretary of War [James Barbour], by H. C." Neither John D. nor Alexander W. Patton has been further identified. The young man was rejected in 1825 and again in 1826 in his application for admission to West Point. Benjamin W. Patton had died February 11, 1825. JAMES RARIDEN, Centerville, Indiana, recommends E (dmund) S. Buxton, editor

of the Richmond (Indiana) Public Ledger, for appointment to publish the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Rariden, born at Cynthiana, Kentucky, had studied law in Indiana and had begun practice there in 1820. He had been State prosecuting attorney from 1822 to 1825, a State senator since 1823, and a Clay elector in the presidential campaign of 1824. He was a State senator again in 1829, a member of the State House of Representatives in 1827, 1830, 1832, and 1833, and a member of Congress from 1837 to 1841. On the proposed appointment, see above, Hendricks to Clay, September 21, 1825, note. J. WINGATE, JR., Portland, Maine, recommends the Portland American Patriot, formerly the Independent Statesman and Maine Republican, to publish the laws. ALS. P. and D. of L. See above, Herrick to Clay, October 27, 1825, note.

Check to Josiah S. Johnston 2d. Nov. 1825. Pay to the Honble J. S. Johnston or order the sum of five hundred and eighty eight dollars and 75 Cents. The Cashr of the Off. of Dt. & Dt. Washn. City1 H. CLAY 588.75/100 ADS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). Endorsed on verso: "J. S. Johnston." 1 Richard Smith.

Check to John McLeod 2d. Nov. 1825. Pay to John McLeod or order (on loan) Two hundred dollars. Cashr. of the Off. of Dt. & Dt. Washington City1 H. CLAY ADS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). Endorsed on verso by McLeod, principal of Central Academy, in Washington, where James Brown Clay was probably now enrolled as a student. 1 Richard Smith.

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Property Deed from Mary O. Russell [November 2, 1825] [For the sum of $1,000 in current money of the United States, paid and acknowledged, Mary O. Russell conveys to Henry Clay a tract on the waters of Hickman Creek, containing 50 acres, bounded "Beginning at (A) N 45 E one and two tenth poles from a broken top Elm on the S.W. Side of the Winchester road corner to Richard Downton running N 45 E with the line of a tract of land formerly owned by Thos Wallace purchased by Said Clay of James Minter1 and now occupied by Nathl. Pettit 186 poles to a hickory Stump corner to John Price thence S 32 1/2 E 53 poles to a Stake near an old Locust Stump thence S 47" 36" W 146 8/10 poles to a Stake in the Winchester road thence N 76 3/4 W with Said road 53 poles to the Beginning," with appurtenances. General warranty of title. Signature witnessed by Robert Scott and Francis Downing, and the indenture recorded on testimony by the witnesses, November 7, 1825.] Copy. Fayette County Court, Deed Book 1, pp. 76-77. A survey of this property, dated October 31, 1825, ADS by James Darnaby, surveyor of Fayette County, is located in DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). Cf. above, Memorandum to Scott, July 6, 1825. i See above, Property Deed, July 4, 1825.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

November 2, 1825

From JOSE MARIA SALAZAR, Washington. States that "the great assembly of the plenipotentiaries of America" is to convene soon in Panama and that Clay has indicated the conditions on which the United States would send representatives (see above, Tudor to Clay, April 12, 1825, note; Clay to Anderson, September 16, 1825) ; extends an invitation, by authority of his government and with the knowledge that similar invitations will be made by the ministers from Mexico and Guatemala (see below, Obregon to Clay, November 3, 1825; Canaz to Clay, November 14, 1825) ; asserts that the subjects to be discussed there will not tend to violate the neutrality of the United States, that certain matters will concern the belligerents alone, and that others will involve both belligerents and neutrals; cites, as examples, four problems that may be considered: "some principles of international law, the confusion of which have occasioned great evils to humanity," "the best way of resistance to any future colonisation of the European powers on the American continent, and to prevent their interference in the present wars between Spain and her ancient colonies," means for abolition of the African slave trade, and relations with Haiti and "other countries of our hemisphere that in future may find themselves in the same circumstances." LS (accompanied by translation, also LS) . DNA, RG59, Notes from Colombian Legation (M51, R2). Translation published in American State Papers, Foreign Relations, V, 836-37. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS To

TENCH RINGGOLD.

November 2, 1825

States that the Baron de Maltitz has given assurance that

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1825

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his servant, accused of breach of peace, will surrender himself to Ringgold at four o'clock this afternoon; requests that Ringgold deliver him to the Mayor of Georgetown "to be dealt with according to law." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 181-82 (M40, R19). Cf. above, Clay to Ringgold, October 30, 1825; Cox to Clay, October 31, 1825. From J. BARTLETT, Eastport (Maine) . States that, after obtaining through (James) Maury and (Richard) Rush from (William) Huskisson an interpretation of British law exempting from tonnage duties at Canadian ports vessels of the United States carrying only passengers and their baggage, he established steamboat service between Eastport and St. John, New Brunswick; that no orders to this effect were received, however, by the customhouse at St. John; that charges against him for tonnage duties amount to $4,000; and that subsequent inquiry through Maury has brought a reply that Huskisson's explanation, or "indulgence," had been predicated on "some understanding," about which Bartlett knew nothing. Encloses copies of correspondence relative to the case and asks the protection and interposition of the Government. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). Endorsed by Clay on wrapper: "Write to Mr. Bartlett and ask if the $4000 mentd. in his letter have been actually paid by him; and if not whether he is bound 8c how for its paymt." Answer not found; Bartlett not further identified. Cf. below, Bartlett to Clay, June 5, 1826. From S[AMUEL] L. S[OUTHARD], Navy Department. Transmits a copy of a letter from Isaac Hull, "relating to the seizure and condemnation of the American Ship China" by Spanish forces at Callao; requests instructions so "Commodore Hull may be advised what course to pursue." Copy. DNA, RG45, Executive Letterbook, vol. 1821-1831, p. 137. See above, Southard to Clay, May 5, 1825. APPLICATIONS,

RECOMMENDATIONS

November 2, 1825

New Canton, Buckingham County, Virginia, again solicits an appointment. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3). See above, April 2, 1825, note.

JOHN MOODY,

C[HARLES] TAIT, Claiborne, Alabama, recommends David R. W. McRae of Alabama, a native of South Carolina, as United States attorney for West Florida. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR5). McRae, not further identified, did not receive appointment.

From James Wolcott, Jr. Hon. Henry Clay Southbridge Novr 3d 1825 Dear Sir [Submits his views on "a further protection on fine cotton goods"; believes that a recommendation to that end by the President would meet favorable response by both houses of Congress; declares: "That stuborn [sic] opposition from the South, and part of the North will never again be witnessed as heretofore"; and argues that "the most sure dependence on a revenue, must be based on the prosperity of the citizens" rather than on the income from import duties.] Pardon me Sir for taking this liberty in intruding my Opinions

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on you. Had I not known your perseveran[ce] in the cause of the "American Policy," I would not have troubled you thus. If in the midst of your troubles in your official capacity, you can spare time to write me your views on this subject, you may depend on my Keeping it sacred from the public. I believe you have converted Mr Webster to your opinions on the nation [sic] policy. Mr Webster I find by conversing with him, is a great friend to the "American Policy." I am with great respect Yours truly JAMES WOLCOTT JR ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). The correspondent was probably the son of J. Wolcott, cited above, III, 640n.

DIPLOMA TIC NO TES

November 3,1825

From CHARLES R. VAUGHAN, Washington. Solicits "the interference of the Government of the United States with that of the State of New York in order to procure the arrest of Michael Neilson, a native of Scotland, who has taken refuge in that State after having committed in his own Country, the crime of Forgery." States that he is "well aware" that he is not authorized by any treaty "to call upon the Government of the United States to cause the arrest of a British subject, who may have sought an Asylum in this Country from punishment due to his crimes"; that a New York law, enacted April 5, 1822, authorizes the Governor of that State "to deliver up to Justice" a person charged with certain crimes committed outside the jurisdiction of the United States; that an earlier application, made by the British consul at New York, for Neilson's arrest has not been successful; and that defects in that application are now remedied by the submission of additional documentary proof of the crime and by this formal application of the British Minister through the Department of State. LS. DNA, RG59, Notes from British Legation, vol. 14 (M50, R15). Neilson not further identified. From PABLO OBREGON, Washington. Invites the United States to send "representatives to the Congress of Panama." Notes that a similar invitation is being extended by the Colombian Minister (see above, Salazar to Clay, November 2, 1825). ALS. DNA, RG59, Notes from Mexican Legation, vol. 1 (M54, Rl). Translation published in American State Papers, Foreign Relations, V, 836. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

November 3, 1825

From W[ILLIAM] J. COFFEE, "City of New York." Requests Clay to present an enclosed note to the President; solicits Clay's support for Coffee's claim to the premium, offered during the administration of (James) Monroe, for the best design submitted for the pediment of the Capitol. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). Coffee, an English sculptor and painter, had come to the United States in 1816 and for the next decade resided in New York City. From 1827 to 1845 he lived at Albany, where he did several of the bas-reliefs for the city hall. He has not been identified as a designer for the National Capitol. APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS JAMES WILSON,

November 3, 1825

Steubenville (Ohio), solicits reappointment to publish the laws

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1825

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in The Western Herald and Steubenville Gazette. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. The contract was continued throughout the Adams administration.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

November 4, 1825

HEMAN ALLEN, Valparaiso, states that, about a year ago, he informed the Department that his "salary was inadequate to the necessary expenses of living" there and that he should like an appointment as Minister to Peru, but only if given another outfit. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Chile, vol. 1 (M-T2, Rl). Received March 20, 1826. Allen, remaining in Chile until 1827, did not receive an alternative appointment.

C. PINKHAM, who states that he has "a slight acquaintance" with Clay and has "a short time since removed from Kentucky to this place with an intention of practicing law," seeks appointment as district attorney in the place of Albert J. Claggett, deceased. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR5). Undated; postmarked: "Pensacola Nov 4." Pinkham did not receive the appointment requested. In 1833 he was named judge of Monroe County court, Florida Territory. D[AVID]

Canton, Ohio, editor of the Ohio Repository, seeks appointment to publish the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Saxton, born in Pennsylvania, had moved in 1815 to Canton, where he had founded and for the next 56 years edited the Ohio Repository. A Federalist, later a Whig, and still later a Republican, he did not receive the appointment here requested.

JOHN SAXTON,

C[ORNELIUS] P. VAN NESS and others, Montpelier, Vermont, recommend appointment of the Montpelier Vermont Watchman, edited by E(zekiel) P. Walton, to publish the laws. LS by 18 members of the Vermont State Government. Ibid. Born in New Hampshire, Walton had been educated in Vermont and had begun work as an apprentice on the Vermont Watchman at its founding in 1807. He became one of the owners of the journal in 1810, sole proprietor in 1816, and remained its editor until shortly before his death in 1855. The journal was designated to publish the laws of the Congress beginning in December, 1825, one of but ten changes in such patronage made at this time.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

November 5, 1825

From HEMAN ALLEN, Valparaiso, no. 22. Reports an unsuccessful insurrection against the authority of the Director, (Ramon de) Freire, the subsequent dissolution of the "self-constituted" Congress at Santiago (cf. above, Allen to Clay, September 9, 1825), the appointment of "Mr. Campino, a very worthy, good man, as Minister of Foreign Relations," and the banishment of eleven of the leaders of the revolution, whose "concealed object" had been to restore (Bernardo) O'Higgins "to his lost authority." Expresses belief that the changes have resulted in "a better feeling in the government" toward the United States, although "The English interest in Chile, created by mining companies, commercial relations, & intermarrying with the natives, constituting in all a pretty numerous body, and supported by the influence of a strong naval force, is already very great, and seems destined to direct her future course." Encloses a copy of "a reclamation" he has made "in the case of the American Brig, Warrior," and states that "a very early or satisfactory" decision on any claim cannot be expected. Notes the latest information from Peru. Cites seizures by

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SECRETARY OF STATE

Chile of foreign vessels and mistreatment of their crews as necessitating an increase of the United States naval force, "should the war continue between Spain and these countries." ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Chile, vol. 1 (M-T2, Rl). Extract published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, II, 1106-1107. Joaquin Campino, who had been serving as a member of the Chilean Congress, acted as Foreign Minister only until February, 1826. On March 6, 1828, he became Chile's first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States, where he remained until June, 1829. The enclosed "reclamation," undated and endorsed with the notation that it had not yet been sent because of the "present peculiar state of the government," complains of the treatment accorded the American brig Warrior and its officers and crew while docked at Cpquimbo, Chile, in 1820 to 1821. Several sailors had been impressed into the Chilean Navy; the mate had been tortured; and the vessel had been searched, her rudder, ballast, long boat, and some of the cargo seized—all on the unproved suspicion that the brig was carrying munitions to the Spanish. Damages demanded for the owner were set at f 15,868. The Chilean Government in 1841 awarded $15,000 in settlement of this claim. Miller (ed.), Treaties. . . , IV, 325-28. From HEMAN ALLEN, Valparaiso, no. 23. Reports receipt of letters from Commodore (Isaac) Hull relative to the Peruvian seizure of the General Brown; notes that "every thing is very quiet, both here and at Santiago." ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Chile, vol. 1 (M-T2, Rl). On the case of the General Brown, see above, Tudor to Clay, June 8, 1825, note. From SAMUEL LARNED, Santiago de Chile. Transmits "certain publications which have lately made their appearance here," including articles by (Juan) Egafta on the religious and political institutions of the United States; states that he was induced by (Joaquin) Campino and others "to undertake a reply"; and encloses copies of the "two numbers" that he has published. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Chile, vol. 1 (M-T2, Rl) . Egafia, born at Lima, Peru, had taught law and theology and practiced law there for five years before moving to Chile in 1810, when that country first established its independence from Spain. He had been elected a representative to the first Congress, had been imprisoned during the period of Spanish reassertion of authority (1814 to 1817), and, after the subsequent Patriot victory, had been active in formulating the new government, presiding at the constitutional convention of 1823 and serving for years as a senator. From JOHN RODGERS, "U. S. Ship N Carolina Gibraltar Bay." Acknowledges receipt, by the Brandywine, of Clay's communication of September 6; reports that, "At the time of quitting the [Greek] Archipelago with the Squadron," he "left the Sloop of War Ontario there for the protection of our commerce"; states his expectation that the vessel will rejoin him about January 1 and that he will receive by her an answer to his letter of September 20 to the Captain Pashaw (Khosref Mehemet—see above, Rodgers to Clay, October 14, 1825). ALS. Ibid., Turkey, vol. 1 (M46, R2). Received December 29. From GEORGE W. SLACUM, Buenos Aires. Transmits copies of documents relative to the case of the Henry; suggests the desirability of a United States naval force in the area, especially as he thinks war will break out soon between the Provinces of Rio de la Plata and Brazil. LS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Buenos Aires, vol. 2 (M70, R3) . Received February 13, 1826. The enclosed

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1825

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documents, based upon reports by Buenos Aires boatmen, state that on October 19, while Captain (H. T.) Whittredge was ashore, the Henry, "then lying below the outer roads," was boarded by marines from the Brazilian Squadron, the mate was struck "with the flat part of their Swords," the cook was beaten, the water casks and stanchions in the holds were destroyed—"all which was done under the pretence that the Vessel had Arms on board for the Patriots." Upon his return, Captain Whittredge had been ordered to present his papers aboard the Brazilian flagship but had been detained there only briefly. The vessel had subsequently proceeded on her voyage without the filing of an official report by the captain. Enclosures endorsed (AE) by Clay: "To be submitted to the President."

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

November 5, 1825

From JOHN C. JONES, [JR.], Boston. Acknowledges receipt of Clay's letter of October 24; states that he will continue as "Agent for the United States at the Sandwich Islands until otherwise advised"; cites the "always heavy" expenditures for "the support of destitute seamen" in those islands; and requests advice concerning the extent to which he is authorized to make advances and how claims are to be adjusted. LS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Honolulu, vol. 1 (M144, Rl). On November 10, Daniel Brent replied, "by direction of the Secretary," that Jones' "own discretion, under the" printed consular instructions is his "best guide" in making disbursements "for the relief of destitute seamen. . . ." Copy, in DNA, RG59, Cons. Instr., vol. 2, p. 372 (M78, R2).

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

November 5, 1825

Indianapolis, Indiana, recommends Morris Morris as receiver of public moneys, since John Hawkins, previously recommended (above, October 4, 1825), declines applying. Adds: "I write to you . . . because you are the only member of the Cabinet of whom we have much knowledge, or in whose prospects we are very deeply interested. Mr. Morris is an emigrant from that state whose councils you have enlightened, and whose bar you have adorned. He always has been, is now, and in all probability always will be a warm political friend of yours." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3). Endorsed: "Referred to Secy of Treasury." Morris, who had been a merchant at Carlisle, Kentucky, following the War of 1812, had moved to Indianapolis in October, 1821, and had there become active in politics. He was a representative in the Indiana Legislature in 1826-1827 and for many years State auditor, but he did not receive the appointment here recommended. DOUGLASS MAGUIRE,

M. WHITE, Charlottesville, Virginia, recommends Robert Mitchell of Pensacola as collector of the port and district of Pensacola; requests that no one be named district attorney for West Florida until White can reach Washington and lay recommendations before the President. ALS. Ibid. (MR5). See above, Brackenridge to Clay, May 1, 1825, note.

JOSEPH

To Charles Hammond My Dear Sir Washn. 6h. Nov. 1825 I received your obliging letter of the 26h. Ulto. 1 I had previously

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SECRETARY OF STATE 2

addressed a letter to you to the care of the Post Master at Wheeling to be forwarded to you at Cincinnati, if you had left that neighbourhood. In that letter I informed you of the appointments of Mr. Caldwell and Mr. Ruffin. And I also suggested the propriety of your writing on the ridiculous farce at Murfreesborough. I am confirmed in the propriety of your doing so by subsequent reflection. It is a fine subject. Such pretensions to virtue and patriotism! The reception of the resignation and nomination, on this side of the mountains, is such as I had expected. All condemn the latter as premature—even Noah and Simpson,3 the latter having relinquished his paper. The whole scene in Tennessee was got up, no doubt, by the prompting of the General to furnish an occasion for his resignation. I observe what you say about Jennings. 4 I could wish, for the credit of the Country, that he would not take his seat, but if he does I hope the affair will not be disturbed. I will comply with your request as far as is possible. I presented your pamphlet 6 to the President As to the Georgia business6 (entre nous) we are attempting what you suggest, to re-model the treaty. But suppose the Indians reject all overtures to treat, and refuse to confirm the former treaty, what then is to be done? I confess I see, in that contingency, no way to avoid the agitation of the subject before Congress. I believe Troup's re-election (which from his lean majority is not to be boasted of) in some measure owing to Gaines's want of prudence. 7 The event is of very little importance. Indeed I doubt if his party is not destined to be more favorable to the administration than that of Clarke. Will you be at Columbus this winter? Do you think that the General Assembly would pass a resolution expressive of its disposition to support the present Administration?8 Is such a resolution expedient? Would it not have an anti-Jackson tendency? 1 thank you for your kind condolence on my late affliction.9 It has been a most heart-rending event, and has put in requisition all my fortitude. However unavailing reason tells us regrets are, our feelings nevertheless are beyond our absolute control. With great regard I am truly Your friend H. CLAY C. Hammond Esqr. ALS. InU. 1 Not found. 2 Above, November 1, 1825. 3 Mordecai M. Noah; Stephen Simpson, whose paper, the Philadelphia Columbian Observer, had ceased publication in July, 1825. 4 David Jennings, who resigned his seat at the close of the next Session of Congress. 5 Not found. 6 See above, Clay to Southard, July 3, 1825, note. 7 See above, Clay to Hammond, September 23, 1825. 8 No such resolution was passed. Hammond declined pressing for one. Cf. Weisen-

NOVEMBER 7,

1825

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burger, "A Life of Charles Hammond. . . ," Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, XLIII (1934), 381. 9 The death of Susan Clay Duralde.

To Jesse L. Holman Dear Sir ' Washington 6h. Nov. 1825 I received, in due course of the mail, your obliging letter of the 24h. Oct. Your recommendation of Mess. Gregg and Cully Editors of the Indiana Palladium to be designated as printers of the Laws shall have full consideration, when I come to act on that subject. For the friendly sentiments expressed in your letter I am very thankful. I have not been an indifferent spectator of your progress in life, which I have, on the contrary, witnessed with much gratification. As to the part taken by you, in the late presidential election, with which I was acquainted, you would have been unworthy of the esteem which I entertain for you, if you had not have independ ly formed and acted on your own judgment. The reasons which you assign for your preference of an other have great force, and being satisfactory to you, are entirely so to me. With my best wishes for your continued prosperity, in which Mrs. Clay cordially joins me, I remain Faithfully your friend and obedient Servant H. CLAY The Honble Jesse L. Holman. ALS. Owned by Holman Hamilton, Lexington, Kentucky.

APPLICATIONS,

RECOMMENDATIONS

November 6, 1825

"Needwood," recommends William Crawford as bearer of dispatches to Europe. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1). Lee, born at "Needwood," the family estate near Frederick, Maryland, and. educated as a lawyer, had been a member of Congress (1823-1825) and subsequently served in both houses of the Maryland Legislature. On the recommended appointment, see above, Crawford to Clay, October 8, 1825, note.

J[OHN] LEE,

To [John Quincy Adams] 7h. Nov. [1825] Mr. Clay presents his respectful Compliments to the President, and he regrets extremely that late events1 will not allow him the honor of accepting his invitation to dinner on Wednesday next. The President AN. MHi-Adams Papers. l The death of his daughters, Eliza Clay and Susan Clay Duralde.

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SECRETARY OF STATE

Check to Pairo and Prout 7 Nov. 1825 Pay to the order of Pairo and Prout Two hundred and ninety eight dollars and 55 Cents. H CLAY Cashr. of the Off. of Dt. & Dt. Washington 1 298 55/100 ADS. DLC-TJC (M212, R16). Endorsed on verso: "Pairo & Prout." Thomas W. Pairo and Prout, probably William, were partners as stationers and carpet dealers in Washington. l Richard Smith.

To Peter Pedersen The Chevalier Pederson [sic], Minister Resident from Denmark. Sir, Department of State, 7th. Novr. 1825. I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your Note of the 29th. October last, refering [sic] to the project submitted by you of a Commercial Convention between the United States and Denmark and to the conferences, in relation to it, which we have had together.1 You request, for the information of the Government of Denmark, the views of that of the United States on the subject, and particularly the conditions on which the United States are disposed to form a Convention with Denmark, taking as far as may be practicable the project presented by you as a basis. I proceed to comply with that request. The United States would have no difficulty in agreeing to the articles proposed by you, with some modifications, and with the addition of some other articles not contained in your project. But your project embraces a principle more extensive than has yet entered into the Commercial policy of the United States, that of allowing the Vessels of the two Countries reciprocally to import any manufactures and productions of the Countries; [sic] the importation of which is allowed by law, at the same rate of tonnage duties, and paying paying [sic] on the Cargo no higher duties of import in the vessels of the one than in those of the other party. To this principle, if it were adopted by all maritime Nations, the United States would be willing to accede; but the principle is one requiring much consideration, when it is proposed to be applied to the Navigation and Commerce of a particular Nation only. It was to give more opportunity for that consideration that I expressed to you a wish to suspend our negotiation for a short time. If we should happily be able to effect any accomodation [sic] of that point, there would yet remain other arrangements which it is thought should enter into the contemplated Convention, and these I will now particularize. They are.

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1825

797

1. That no higher duties shall be imposed on the productions of one of the two Countries, in the ports of the other, than are imposed on similar productions of any other country. 2. That no prohibition of the produce of one of the two Countries shall be imposed which does not equally extend to all other Countries. 3. Whatever favor may be hereafter granted by either of the two Powers to the Commerce or Navigation of any other Nation, shall be equally extended to the other party, freely, if it was granted without compensation, and upon paying the same equivalent, if an equivalent were given. 4. Consuls to be reciprocally admitted into the ports of the two Countries and their Exequaturs to be granted gratis. 5. When Citizens or Subjects of the one party Die in the Country of the other, their Estate shall not be subject to any droit de detraction, but shall pass to their Successors, free from all duty. We are desirous also that the Convention should embrace the liberal and humane principles, 1st. to abolish privateering on the Ocean, if War unhappily should break out between the two Countries, and 2dly. that free Ships shall make free Goods, but these would not form an unsuperable [sic] obstacle to the conclusion of a Convention. Having thus complied with your request I take pleasure in adding that the personal esteem which is felt for you would render it highly agreeable that we should be able to bring our negotiation to such a conclusion as would promote the interests of both Countries. I pray you to accept assurances of the distinguished Consideration entertained for you by Your obedient Servant. H. CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 3, pp. 451-52 (M38, R3). ALS draft, in CSmH. 1 An unsigned, undated list, of eleven proposals, possibly in the hand of a State Department clerk, constituting what appears to be an informal American counterprojet of a treaty with Denmark, is located in DNA, RG11, Records Having General Legal Effect, Unperfected Treaty P. Included in it are items 1 and 2 of the "arrangements" here presented by Clay, suggestions conforming to Clay's items 3 and 4, and matters found in both Pedersen's projet and the treaty. It does not include item 5 or Clay's "liberal and humane principles" in regard to privateering and mutual rights. A point-by-point commentary on these proposals, bearing no salutation or address, but signed by Pedersen, October 27, 1825, accompanies the eleven proposals.

From James Erwin Dr Sir, Cahauba [sic] Nov. 7th. 1825. I wrote you by last weeks mail informing you of our arrival at this place & the determination of Anne 1 to remain here until Jany. I shall leave here in the morning for N Orleans.

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SECRETARY OF STATE

In my last I mentioned to you that the appointment of U States Atto, for this Section of the State was vacant, and that Mr Hitchcock2 & others were applicants, I have just learned that a compromise has taken place between Dillet 8c Rust 8 for the purpose of Securing to the latter the appointment over Mr H, and much to my surprize that Some men of Standing have recommended Rust thirsty to effect Some local interest?—& that Mr Owen & Mr, King4 who have Set out for Washington intended waiting on the President with those recommendations in behalf of Mr Rust— I before Stated to you that at home "Rust had no character" that is none in his favor, he is what might be properly called a Flippant Lawyer, but his Character has for the last Eight years been so bad as nearly if not entirely until very lately to exclude him from the Society of Gentlemen who regarded their own standing Nor is he now taken by the hand, But for the purpose of effecting Some party purposes—and that too by the avowed enemies of the Administration, I will venture to Say that altho the appointment of Distt Atto is so responsible a one in a pecuniary point of view & no bonds to be given, that no one of those gentlemen who recommend Mr Rust would trust him for $500— If they would I would not— as to his political importance he has none but the object of Owen & King both of whom are unfriendly to Mr Hitchcock, is to thwart him and to do so will make use of any one, In my last I detailed to you Some of the late remarks of the Hone, Mr King I find the conversation then related was not the only one of the Kind, Owen is more prudent—but not less willing to pull down both you & Mr Adams—& either of them would be glad to see Mr Adams make such an appointment as Mr Rust—for a more unpopular one could not be made, the approaching Session of the Legislature of this State is to the people here, one of the most interesting that they'l have for many years—they have all the judges & State officers to reelect & the Seat of Govermt to locate permanently, their College to establish,5 8c all the little factions are on the alert to obtain an advantage, I have no doubt that Mr Kelly6 (late U S Senator) now a member of the Legislature of this State will introduce Resolutions in favor of Genl, Jackson, Similar to those lately passed by the Legislature of Tennessee, which will pass with great ease, as no one however much opposed to them, will risk his popularity with the people,7 On the subject of the appointment of Dist Atto, I have only to add, that if there is no impropriety or rather if you feel no delicacy in presenting the claims of Mr Hitchcock before the President, I should be greatly obliged by your interest in his behalf— independant [sic] of all feeling arising out of the existing connection

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1825

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existing [sic] between him & Me, I can safely say to you, that no man in the State is better qualified to do justice to the appointment and as to character as a lawyer & Gentleman not even his worst enemy could make an objection— But Should there be a single reason, why you should not interfere in this matter, I beg then that you will not do so— But whether Mr H, gets the appointment or not I do sincerely hope that the enemies of Mr Adams, will not so far impose on him as to induce him to appoint Such a man as Rust— I again Say with great Confidence that a more unpopular appointment Could not be made in the State, Anne joins me in her love to Mrs. Clay & for yourself Believe me Very Truly J ERWIN ALS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R13). 1 Mrs. Erwin. The letter has not been found. 2 Henry Hitchcock. 3 James Dellet; David Rust. * George W. Owen (cf. above, Owen to Clay, September 25, 1825); William Rufus de Vane King. o The capital of Alabama was shifted in 1826 from Cahaba to Tuscaloosa. The University of Alabama, for which provision had been made by a grant of public lands under the State enabling act of 1819, had been evolving slowly: the school had been chartered in 1820, and sale of lands had been provided for by the legislature of 1822; but the location of the institution was not designated until a site within fifteen miles of Tuscaloosa was called for by act of 1827, and the specific tract was not chosen until the spring of 1828. Memorial Record of Alabama . . . (2 vols.; Madison, Wise, 1893), I, 154-56. 6 William Kelly. 7 Cf. above, Clay to Hammond, November 6, 1825, note. A resolution stating that it was the intention of the members of the Alabama House of Representatives "to support him [Jackson] at the next Presidential election for that important office, by every honorable means in their power," was introduced in the Alabama Legislature on June 8, 1827, by Matthew F. Raney, of Greene County, and passed by a vote of 48 to 10. Ala. H. of Reps., Journal, 1826-1827, p. 233. A similar resolution, expressing belief "that it would be to the interest of the United States for him [Jackson] to be elected President for the next presidential term," was adopted in the following session (December 31, 1827), by a vote of 58 to 5. Ibid., 1827-1828, p. 183. 8 Hitchcock had married Erwin's sister, Anne, in 1821.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

November 7, 1825

To the BARON DE MAREUIL. Acknowledges receipt of his note of October 4, "which has been submitted to the President"; states that his note of October 3, 1824, was not answered "in consequence of some conversation" between Clay's predecessor (Adams) and Mareuil, which seemed to make an answer unnecessary, and that, if a written reply is desired, it will be made; notes that the refusal of local officials at Norfolk to aid in the recovery of a deserter was based on their misinterpretation of the Convention of 1822, that their error could have been corrected by resort to the United States courts, and that they have been informed of the incorrectness of their views. Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 3, pp. 234-35 (M38, R3). ALS draft, in CSmH. INSTRUCTIONS

AND DISPATCHES

November 7, 1825

From ANDREW ARMSTRONG, Port au Prince. Reports arrival of a French frigate with consuls aboard; states that the French treaty has not been concluded and that the ordonnance was apparently accepted only with modifications. ALS.

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DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Cap Haitien, vol. 5 (M9, R-T5). Cf. above, Armstrong to Clay, October 5, 1825.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

November 7, 1825

To [JOHN E. HOLT,] "The Mayor of Norfolk." Informs him of the complaint of the Baron de Mareuil (above, to Clay, October 4, 1825); states that the President "conceives that the sixth Article of the Convention with France of . . . 1822 comprehends as well deserters from public ships as from Merchant Vessels"; and adds that, "Assuming this to be the meaning of the Treaty," it is "unnecessary to shew that it is the Law of the Land." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 185 (M40, R19) . Holt, mayor of Norfolk since 1812, continued in that office until his death in 1832. To [STEPHEN WRIGHT,] "the Presiding Officer, of Norfolk County Court." "Same Letter, same date, as written to The Mayor of Norfolk. See p. 185." Ibid. Wright, a colonel of Virginia militia, in the 1790's, had also been a member of the Virginia House of Delegates. From THOMAS L. WINTHROP and JAMES LLOYD, Boston. Transmit a letter in corroboration of the existence of "depredations made by the British on the north Eastern frontier of the United States. . . ." LS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). The enclosure, written by Samuel Cook (see below, Clay to Lloyd and Winthrop, December 10, 1825), has not been found; but an extract of a letter from Cook, dated March 25, 1824, relating to the same topic, was enclosed in Clay to Addington, March 27, 1825. Winthrop, born at New London, Connecticut, and graduated from Harvard, was a prominent Boston merchant. Active in politics, he was a member of the Massachusetts Senate and from 1826 to 1832, Lieutenant Governor of that State. Cook was assistant land agent of Maine.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

November 7, 1825

M. GOODWIN, Savannah, referring to his service as an officer in "the last war" and to his friendship for Clay, seeks appointment as United States marshal for the District of Georgia. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). Goodwin, born in Virginia, had served as a lieutenant of infantry in the War of 1812. See below, Goodwin to Clay, February 8, 1826. ROBERT

Greenville, Tennessee, solicits appointment to publish the laws in his newspaper, the American Economist and East Tennessee Statesman. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Hoge not further identified; the journal, founded in 1823, was discontinued in 1825. THOMAS HOGE, JR.,

Port Gibson (Mississippi), seeks appointment as a consul. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). In March, 1825, Hoit had been appointed collector and inspector for the district of Pearl River, Mississippi, but he did not hold that office in September. He received no other appointment. SAMUEL HOIT,

F. MORRIS, Indianapolis, recommends John Vawter as marshal of Indiana. ALS. Ibid. (MR4). Cf. above, Clay to Parke, March 16, 1825. Morris a banker, was at this time agent of the Indianapolis Capitol Fund and active in civic organizations.

B[ETHUEL]

NOVEMBER 8,

1825

801

To Albert Gallatin Albert Gallatin Esqr. (Confidential) Department of State, Sir, Washington, 8 November 1825. The President has determined to accept the invitation, which has been received from several of the American Republics, to cause the United States of America to be represented at the contemplated Congress at Panama,1 whose deliberations will be occupied with interests of high importance to this hemisphere. He wishes to give to the Mission, which he purposes sending, a distinguished character, and is therefore desirous of availing the public of your services. I am directed by him to ascertain if you are disposed to render them. In the event of your acceptance, Mr. Richard C. Anderson Jr. the Minister of the United States at Colombia will be associated with you, and the rank of both of you will be that of Minister Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary. As to the time of your departure, should you think proper to accept the appointment, I suppose it can hardly take place earlier than some time about the middle or twentieth of next month. I am happy to be the organ of this distinguished proof of the confidence of the President in your patriotism, zeal and abilities. I am your obedient Servant. H CLAY LS. NHi-Gallatin Papers (MR13). Copy, in DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, p. 427 (M77, R5). ALS draft, in DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). l See above, Salazar to Clay, November 2, 1825; Obreg6n to Clay, November 3, 1825.

To Joel R. Poinsett Mr. Poinsett, Minister at Mexico Washington 8 Novr. 1825. My Dr. Sir, The bearer hereof Mr. Stephen McLellan Staples1 has been introduced to me this day in a manner that interests me in his prosperity. A Graduate at Bowdoin College,2 he has since been employed in the instruction of youth, to whose Parents, among the most respectable Citizens of Philadelphia, he has rendered entire satisfaction. He has also published an English and Spanish Grammar,3 which is well spoken of. Being about to visit Mexico, I take pleasure in recommending him to your kind offices.— I am yours faithfully HENRY CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Unofficial Letter-Book of H. Clay, 1825-1829, p. 6. 1 Not further identified. 2 Founded in 1794 but not opened to students until 1802. 3 The volume, Gramdtica Completa de la Lengua Inglesa, para Vso de los Espanoles; con un Suplemento, que Contiene las Frases Mas Precisas para Romper en una Conversation, Formas de Documentos Comerciales, y Descripciones de las Ciudades de Filadelfia y de Washington, had been published at Philadelphia earlier in 1825.

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INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

November 8, 1825

From JOHN RAINALS, Copenhagen. Refers to his dispatch of October 21; reports that "the contract for the purchase of the 3 ships" has been cancelled; encloses a publication on the subject; and states that American trade to the Baltic Sea has "exceeded that of any former year." ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Copenhagen, vol. 3 (M-T195, R3). On the sale of the vessels, see above, Hughes to Clay, July 8, 1825, note. APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

November 8, 1825

Q. LEAKE, Newhope, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, recommends H. A. Salisbury, editor of the Buffalo Patriot, to publish the laws. Salisbury enjoys, "personally and politically, the confidence and esteem, of all" Clay's friends "in that quarter." ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. See above, Camp to Clay, October 17, 1825, note. I[SAAC]

JAMES NOBLE and JOHN TEST, Brookville (Indiana), recommend (Milton)

Gregg and (David V.) Culley, editors of the Lawrenceburg Indiana Palladium, to publish the laws. ALS by Noble, signed also by Test. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Cf. above, Holman to Clay, October 24, 1825, note.

To Joel R. Poinsett No. 7 Joel R. Poinsett. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. U. S. to Mexico Sir. Department of State Washington 9 Nov. 1825. Since the date of my Letter of the 26th. September last, your despatches to No. 21. have been received. That of the 13th. September. 1825, was received yesterday. They have all been laid before the President, and I shall now make the remarks which appear to be called for by the last, being the only one which seems to require particular notice. In that you state that, in the course of your conferences with the Plenipotentaries of the United Mexican States on the subject of the proposed Commercial Convention, a point of difficulty has arisen which has been agreed to be reserved. The point is, an exception in favour of the American Nations, which were formerly Spanish possessions, to which, on account of the fraternal relations that unite them to the United Mexican States, the latter may grant special privileges which shall not be ejetended to the dominions and citizens of the United States. The President approves of your refusal to accede to that exception. The United States have neither desired, nor sought, to obtain for themselves, in their commercial relations with the new States, any privileges which were not common to other nations. They have proposed, and only wished to establish, as the basis of all their Commercial Treaties, those of equality and reciprocity. They

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1825

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can consent to no other. Ready, themselves, to extend to the United Mexican States any favours which they have granted to other nations, the United States feel themselves authorized to demand in this respect, a perfect reciprocity. They could not agree to treat on the principle of a concession to any European Power of Commercial privileges which were denied to them. They would feel even more repugnance to the adoption of such a principle in respect to any American Nations; because, by placing the United States, in some degree, out of the pale of that American System, of which they form no unessential part, it would naturally wound the sensibility of the people of the United States. As you had not time, at the date of your despatch, to communicate the reasons which were urged in support of this extraordinary exception, they can only be collected from the tenour of the clause inserted in the British Treaty which you have cited. That clause asserts, as the motives for the exception, 1st.—That the new States, in whose favour it is to be applied, were formerly Spanish possessions;— and 2ndly.—That certain fraternal relations unite them to the Mexican States. The validity of neither of these reasons, can be perceived. What is there in the nature of the fact that those Nations were once bound by a common allegiance to Spain, to justify the exception? Can any rule be fairly deduced from a Colonial condition which should govern independent nations, no longer bound by any common tie? Is there not something derogatory from the character of free States, and free men, in seeking to find a rule for their commercial intercourse, in their emancipated condition, from a retrospect of their Colonial State, which was one of dependence and vassalage? What is to be the limit of this principle? If the accident of a Colonial connexion under a common Sovereign is to justify a peculiar rule for the emancipated Colonies, may not that common Sovereign, also, insist, on the ground of ancient relations, upon special privileges? And then it would be incumbent upon the United States to consider if they had not been premature in their recognition of the Independence of the United Mexican States. But if the fact of the Spanish dominion having once stretched over the new States is to create an exception of commercial privileges, in their behalf, the United States, upon a similar ground, have a right to demand the benefit of it. For the same Spanish dominion once, and at no very distant day, extended over the larger part of their territories, and all that part which is conterminous with those of the United Mexican States. With respect to the second reason deducible from the clause in the British Treaty, there is no statement of the nature of those

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SECRETARY OF STATE

fraternal relations which we supposed to warrant the exception. Certainly, as between the United Mexican States and the other new Nations carved out of the former Spanish Colonies, none are known to the world which can sanction the exception. The United Mexican States have, it is true, been waging war with Spain, cotemporaneously with the other States, but, hitherto, there has been no co-operation of arms between them. The United Mexican States have, alone, sustained their contest. If the idea of those fraternal relations is to be sought for in the sympathy between .the American Belligerents, this sympathy has been equally felt, and constantly expressed, throughout the whole struggle, by the United States. They have not, indeed, taken up arms in support of the independence of the new States; but the neutrality which they have maintained has enabled them more efficaciously to serve the cause of independence, than they could have done by taking part in the war. Had they become a Belligerent, they would probably have drawn into the war, on the other side, parties whose force would have neutralized, if it had not overbalanced, their exertions. By maintaining neutral ground, they have entitled themselves to speak out with effect, and they have, constantly, so spoken, to the Powers of Europe. They [disjconcerted the designs of the European Alliance upon the new States by the uncalculating declarations which they made in the face of the world.1 They were the first to hasten to acknowledge the Independence of the United Mexican States, and, by their example, drew after them Great Britain. It has, no doubt, not escaped your observation that, in the case of the Treaty which has been concluded between the United States and the Republic of Colombia,2 (And of which a printed authentic copy, as it has been ratified by the two Governments, is herewith transmitted) no such exception was set up by that Republic. On the contrary, it is expressly stipulated in the second Article, that the parties "engage mutually, not to grant any particular favour to other Nations in respect of Commerce and Navigation, which shall not, immediately, become common to the other party, who shall enjoy the same, freely, if the concession was freely made, or on allowing the same compensation, if the concession was conditional." There is a striking inconsistency in the line of policy which the United Mexican States would seem disposed to pursue towards the United States. They would regard these States as an American Nation or not, accordingly as it shall suit their own purposes. In respect to Commerce, they would look upon us as an European Nation, to be excluded from the enjoyment of privileges conceded to other American Nations. But when an attack is imagined to be

NOVEMBER 9,

1825

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menaced by Europe upon the Independence of the United Mexican States, then an appeal is made to those fraternal sympathies which are justly supposed to belong to our condition as a member of the American family. No longer than about three months ago, when an invasion by France of the Island of Cuba, was believed at Mexico, the United Mexican Government promptly called upon the Government of the United States, through you, to fulfil [sic] the memorable pledge of the President of the United States in his Message to Congress of December 1823.3 What they would have done, had the contingency happened, may be inferred from a despatch to the American Minister at Paris,4 a copy of which is herewith sent, which you are authorized to read to the Plenipotentiaries of the United Mexican States. Again, the United Mexican Government has invited that of the United States to be represented at the Congress of Panama, and the President has determined to accept the invitation.6 Such an invitation has been given to no European Power, and it ought not to have been given to this, if it is not to be considered as one of the American Nations. The President indulges the confident expectation that, upon reconsideration, the Mexican Government will withdraw the exception. But if it should continue to insist upon it, you will, upon that ground, abstain from concluding any Treaty, and put an end to the negociation. It is deemed better to have no Treaty, and abide by the respective Commercial Laws of the two Countries, than to subscribe to a principle wholly inadmissible, and which, being assented to, in the case of Mexico, might form a precedent to be extended to others of the new States. I am your obedient Servant H. CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, pp. 407-10 (M77, R5). ALS draft, in DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R7). 1 Cf. above, Clay to Poinsett, March 26, 1825. 2 See above, Clay to Salazar, March 21, 1825. 3 See above, Poinsett to Clay, August 17, 1825. * Above, Clay to Brown, October 25, 1825, no. 3. 5 Above, Obregon to Clay, November 3, 1825; Clay to Gallatin, November 8, 1825.

From Charles Caldwell Dear Sir, Lexington (Ky) November 9th. 1825. [Encloses letters1 testifying to "the sterling character and high competencies" of "Major Broom,"2 whom Caldwell, also, recommends highly for an appointment.] Confident that although far removed from among us, your good feelings are still with us in the West, allow me to claim your congratulations on the brilliant prospects and nourishing condition

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of our medical school. The present, although not yet filled, promises to be the largest and finest class we have ever had. Place its minimum at 250 and its maximum between that and 270.8 Accept, I pray you, an assurance of the high and sincere estimation with which I have the honour to be, Dear Sir, Your very faithful and Obedient Servant C H : CALDWELL ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1). Addressed to Clay at Washington. 1 Not found. 2 Thomas Randolph Broom, appointed to the United States Military Academy as a resident of New York and graduated from that institution in 1814, had served as a lieutenant of artillery until November, 1816, when he had resigned. In 1818 he had re-enlisted as a paymaster and served with infantry units until they were disbanded in 1821. He died in Mississippi in 1829. 3 The enrollment of the Transylvania University Medical Department reached 282 in January, 1826, an increase of 58 over the previous year. "Trustees' Report," January 2, 1828, in Ky. Senate, Journal, 1827-1828, p. 371.

From William Creighton, Jr. Dear Sir. Chillicothe 9th. Nov. 1825. Yours of the 8th Ultimo 1 was duly received. It reached me during the Term of our Court when I was deprived of the assistance of my friend Colo. Bond2 who had not nor has not yet entirely recovered from a severe spell of sickness. At the close of our Term I was hurried off on the Circuit &: have just returned— We did not obtain an order at the last Term autherising [sic] the present Marshal to make a Deed for the House and lot in New Ark— As this property was devised by Colo. Morrison to a young Lady in Baltimore, we could not obtain the order for the Marshal to make the Deed to her without a Copy, or an extract of Colo. Morrison's will.3 If you will have the goodness to furnish us with an extract of the Will in relation to the devise in question, the deed can be made directly by the Marshal to the devisee, unless otherwise controuled by the Will.— this matter shall be attended to at the ensuing Term in January.— Mr. Dun paid me Ten dollars and twenty one cents for you4— I have written to Judge Barriere [sic] the security of McDonald for whom you appeared and have urged the payment of your fee5— I consider the Judge a correct man and expect he will shortly make arrangements to p a y In consequence of the death of Harvey D Evans the late Clerk of the Circuit & District Courts, who died shortly after the last Term, 6 we are without a Clerk— The office being closed it will not be in my power to examine the bills of costs in the two cases of McDougal and Stansberry but will do so and advise you7— On the demise of H.D Evans the District Judge 8 appointed Colo. Bond Clerk pro tern: he gave Bond and commenced on the duties

NOVEMBER 9,

1825

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of his office, when he was requested to desist, by some doubts expressed by Judge Todd 9 in a letter to Judge Byrd as to the powers of the Court to appoint a Clerk in the recess—thus things stand at present— The District Judge will make the appointment at the next Term10— Judge Todd, if then alive, will certainly never be in Court again— I regretted extremely that I was absent when you was here— I sympathise most sincerely with you and Mrs. Clay for the double loss you have sustained during the last Season.11 1 am dear Sir. Your friend W CREIGHTON JUN Hon Henry Clay Esqr ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). l Not found. 2 William Key Bond. 3 William Doherty (Dougherty) was the marshal. For the bequest of the Newark property to Esther Morrison Harris, see above, III, 528n. 4 Cf. above, Clay to Dun, September 22, 1825. 5 Case not found. The judge was probably George W. Barrere, a member since 1816 of the Highland County court of common pleas, formerly (1808-1809, 18101814) of the Ohio Senate. McDonald (name not clear), not identified. e Evans had died in July, 1825. 7 Probably the case of Stephen McDougal and others vs. Alexander Holmes and others and one, or all, of three cases—John Roads, David Beaver, and Ziba Lindley, respectively, vs. J. C. Symmes and W. Stanberry. All these cases had been carried from Licking County to the Ohio Supreme Court at the December term, 1824. Clay did not appear to argue them there. None of the appeals was successful. 1 Ohio Repts. 281-317, 376-80. 8 Charles Willing Byrd. 9 Thomas Todd. 10 Bond received the appointment. ll The deaths of Eliza Clay and Susan Clay Duralde.

From Joseph Vance Dear Sir Urbana 1 Nov. 9th. 1825 In the Presidents Message to congress would it not be well to notice some of the important intrests [sic] of the western & southwestern parts of our country; as you know that their [sic] has been much complaint hertofore [sic] of wilful [sic] neglect from that quarter, The subjects that the people feel the most intrest in at present in the western & southwestern States are the location and extension of the two national roads2 and a further relief to the Purchassers [sic] of the Publick Lands by the extension of the provisions of the act of May 20,3 you have no Idea what intrest the People feel on the subject of a further relief relative to the payment of their land debt. Sir from the sincerity of my heart I condole with you and Mrs. Clay in your late domestic afflictions:*— be so good as to give my respects to Mrs. Clay & [. . . ] 5 and accept for yourself the best wishes of your friend JOSEPH VANCE H. Clay ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). Endorsed (AE) by Clay: ". . . To be put in the Presidents box—" l Ohio. 2 The Cumberland Road; the road from Washington to New Orleans (see above, Speech, January 17, 1825, note 3; Thornetine to Clay, May 6, 1825).

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SECRETARY OF STATE

3 Cf. above, Ewing to Clay, August 6, 1825, note. * The death o£ Eliza Clay and Susan Clay Duralde. 5 Word obscured in binding of MS.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

November 9, 1825

To the BARON DE MAREUIL. States that, although "no information has yet reached this Department in regard to the French Ship Calypso and the schooner William Henry other than that contained in" Mareuil's notes of May 6 and October 25, Clay has determined without further delay "to make such observations as appear to be called for by the cases of those unfortunate vessels." Without further information, "all that can now be safely said is that the salvage which was actually allowed appears to have been enormous"; but, he points out, the courts of justice are "competent to afford the proper redress," and the owners of the vessels have no claims upon the Government of the United States. With reference "more particularly to the case of the Schooner, the law of Florida, under which the assessment of salvage was made," has been declared unconstitutional by a district court in South Carolina. "If that decision be correct," the owners may recover their property through the courts. Complaints made by United States citizens against that law will probably cause Congress to take it under consideration. Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 3, pp. 235-36 (M38, R3). ALS draft in CSmH. On Clay's confusion in referring to the William Henry, cf. above, Mareuil to Clay, October 25, 1825. Daniel Brent, at the Secretary of State's direction, addressed a letter on November 10, 1825, to Edgar Mason, United States attorney for East Florida, requesting an inquiry and report upon the libel of La Revanche. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 187-88 (M40, R19). To C[HARLES] R. VAUGHAN. Transmits copies of a letter from (George) Canning to (Richard) Rush (cf. above, Rush to Clay, August 15, 1825) and of one received from (Gabriel) Richard (above, October 17, 1825), relative to "Mr. Macdonald" (John McDonell) ; requests that appropriate measures for McDonell's relief be adopted. Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 3, p. 236 (M38, R3) . ALI draft, in CSmH. Published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Canadian Relations, II, 69-70. From [PETER] PEDERSEN, Philadelphia, "private." Requests a reply, which he "expected already in the course of last week," to his note of October 29, "as far at least as a decision at this time can be taken"; states that "he is anxious to communicate it as early as possible, to his Govt." in order that an answer may be returned "before the approaching Session of Congress terminates." AN. DNA, RG59, Notes from Danish Legation, vol. 1 (M52, Rl) . Cf. above, Clay to Pedersen, November 7, 1825. From PETER PEDERSEN, Philadelphia. States that he has learned from his latest dispatches from Copenhagen that (Christopher) Hughes' request for the admission of an American consul at St. Thomas has been granted and that (Nathan) Levy or another appointee will be "received and recognized" there. ALS. DNA, RG59, Notes from Danish Legation, vol. 1 (M52, Rl). Cf. above, Hughes to Clay, August 19, 1825, note. INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES To

CHARLES

November 9, 1825

D. COXE, "Consul U. S. Tripoli." Encloses commission, printed

NOVEMBER 10,

1825

809

circular instructions, and blank consular bond. Copy. DNA, RG59, Cons. Instr., vol. 2, p. 371 (M78, R2). Cf. above, Southard to Clay, April 21, 1825, note. To SAMUEL D. HEAP, "Consul U. S. Tunis." Encloses documents similar to those immediately above. Copy. DNA, RG59, Cons. Instr., vol. 2, p. 371 (M78, R2). Cf. above, Coxe to Secretary of State, April 28, 1825, note. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

November 9, 1825

From THOMAS CROCKER, Boston. States that, upon his departure from the Sandwich Islands he left no agent "as there was no resident who would accept of it that was respectable & responsible, owing to the very frequent & troublesome calls upon him, and being a place destitute of all law as regards the Whites. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Honolulu, vol. 1 (M144, Rl). Received November 14. John C. Jones, Jr., on January 1, 1824, had appointed Crocker, of Massachusetts, a trader on Oahu, as "Vice Agent for the Commerce and Seamen of the United States at the Sandwich Islands." Cf. above, Jones to Clay, October 19, 1825; Clay to Jones, October 24, 1825. From CHANDLER PRICE, United States Insurance Office, Philadelphia. Transmits "a Transcript of Spoliations Committed by European & other powers upon property Insured and paid for by this Institution. . . ." LS. DNA, RG76, Misc. Claims, France. Price signs as president of the company. The enclosure, consisting of 8 sheets listing spoliations, from 1807 to 1813, by the British, French, "French at Antwerp," Danish, Haitians, and Spanish, asserts that payment of the claims by the company "has wrested from the Stockholders in Said Institution almost all its earnings for years, and nearly exhausted its original Capital 0,000) depriving them of any dividend therefrom since the year 1811." APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

November 9, 1825

SAMUEL HOIT, Port Gibson (Mississippi), repeats solicitation for an appointment, preferably for "one of those at the Barbary States to which is attached a salary." Concludes: "I do think the active part I have always taken in politicks and the public services rendered entitle me to a place. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). See above, Hoit to Clay, November 7, 1825, note. CHARLES TURELL, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, seeks appointment of his newspaper, the Commercial Advertiser, to publish the laws. Refers Clay to "Capt. [Samuel E.] Watson, of the marine corps," with whom he believes Clay to be acquainted. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Turell, born at Salem, Massachusetts, had published another Portsmouth newspaper from 1813 until the early twenties. He established the Commercial Advertiser in 1825 and edited it until 1829, when the journal was discontinued. It did not receive the support here requested. Turell later removed to New York City. Watson, born in Virginia and commissioned a captain of Marines in 1820, was stationed at Portsmouth.

To Samuel Smith My Dear Sir Washington lOh. Nov. 1825 I received your favor of the 1st. instant with the letter of Mr.

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SECRETARY OF STATE 1

Dawson inclosed. I have seen the acts of parliament and the Speeches of Mr. Huskisson to which you refer.2 The moment I brought myself clearly to understand the operation of the discriminating duties on our British West India trade, I confess that I thought it was our clear interest to abolish them, as you might have inferred from the tenor of the enquiries which I took the liberty to address to you last Spring.3 On that subject I concur entirely with Mr. Dawson, as I do on several other of his opinions expressed in his sensible practical letter. I doubt however whether we can accomplish the object of a mutual abolition of the alien duties but by treaty, so as to guard against the double voyages, which would operate against us. As I shall shortly see you here I will defer, until I have that pleasure, saying more to you at present. I remain faithfully Your ob. Servant H. CLAY The Honble Sam. Smith . ALS. DLC-Samuel Smith Papers (DNA, M212, R22). 1 Neither letter has been found; the latter was probably from William Dawson, British consul at Baltimore. 2 See above, Rush to Clay, March 26,1825. 3 Above, May 9, 1825.

From William Duane Henry Clay, Esq , (Private) Phila. 10 Novr. 1825 Sir I was so unfortunate as not to meet as I wished Mr Anderson 1 on his way thro' this city—and he had sailed the very day I reached N. York with the hope of seeing him. My wish was to send by him, a triplicate of my memorial to the Colombian Government, in which I applied the 10th of March last, for the privilege of opening a canal or Strait between the two Oceans in the Isthmus of Panama;2 and to solicit his good offices there in my behalf. I take the liberty to make you acquainted with the fact, because every citizen should I think make known to the government any concerns he may have with other countries; and because being not personally acquainted with Mr Anderson, I wish, if you should deem me worthy, to request your good offices in the prosecution of the design as your Nature may authorise It is of some moment that this undertaking should be prosecuted by some person from the U. S. for many reasons: there is a British Competitor in the House of Heslop & Co3 of Jamaica, who I learn lately sent Surveyors to the Isthmus, but who were compelled to desist and reembark, which has occured [sic] since the arrival of My Memorial at Bogota If any Agent should be required for Guatemala or the Isthmus,

NOVEMBER

10,

1825

811 4

where the amphyctions are soon to assemble I persuade myself that fitness would not be denied me—and I am sure no man would act with more zeal in any trust Pardon this freedom of your Obed Ser W M DUANE

ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). l Richard C. Anderson, Jr. 2 After surrendering publication of the Philadelphia Aurora (above, III, 310n), Duane had toured South America. He now had two volumes in preparation, describing Guatemala and Colombia (see below, Duane to Clay, this date), in the preface to the latter of which he noted that he had "made propositions to affect [sic] that long talked of Strait of Panama" and that he had arranged for financial support by the house of Goldsmith and other bankers in Rotterdam and London. Duane to Thomas Jefferson, June 20, 1826, in Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, Series 2, XX, 386. No further action on the proposal has been found. 3 Firm headed by Maxwell Hyslop, a merchant of Jamaica friendly with Simon Bolivar since 1814. 4 See above, Salazar to Clay, November 2, 1825.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

November 10, 1825

T o C[HARLES] R. VAUGHAN. Acknowledges receipt of his note of November 3, a

copy of which Clay "will, without delay, transmit . . . to the Governor of New York, who is most competent to decide whether, consistently with the laws of that state, he can cause to be rendered the requisite assistance to arrest the accused and deliver him over, as is desired." Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 3, p. 236 (M38, R3). Cf. below, Clay to Clinton, November 11, 1825.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

November 10, 1825

From RICHARD C. ANDERSON, JR., Cartagena, no. 31. Reports his arrival, on November 5, and his intention to "take the earliest conveyance for the seat of Government," probably by steamboat; notes that the country is tranquil and that the vote for Bolivar, in the election now in progress, will probably be unanimous; states that a naval expedition is being fitted out and that no one seems to know its destination, which, however, must be one of Spain's remaining two islands "in the American Seas"; summarizes a conversation with (Pedro) Gual, concerning representation of various countries at the Panama Congress; expresses relief upon finding that the authority given him in Clay's letter of September 16 was rendered unnecessary by (Charles) MacNeal's surrender of his position as vice consul to William Berrien (cf. above, MacNeal to Clay, July 1, 1825), who is serving until the arrival of (John M.) MacPherson. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Colombia, vol. 3 (M-T33, R3). Received December 12. From F. M. DIAMOND. Reports the existence of a thirteen-volume digest of all sales and grants of land and town lots, by the King and by local authorities in his name, in the Floridas, compiled by Capt. (Vincente Sebastian) Pintado, who, since he was never paid by the Spanish Government, offers his work for sale to the United States for $6,000. The compilation also includes a digest of old British grants in the Floridas. LS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Havana, vol. 3 (M-T20, R3). Pintado, who for many years had been surveyor general of West Florida under the Spanish administration, had considered his plans of the province as "his private property" and had taken them with him to Havana

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SECRETARY OF STATE

upon the departure of the Spanish authorities from the mainland. James H. Forbes to John Quincy Adams, June 25, 1821; Andrew Jackson to Secretary of State, July 30, 1821-in Carter (ed.), Territorial Papers . . . , XXII, 94, 152. Both Forbes and Jackson had thought Pintado's work not worth purchasing. From ALEXANDER] H. EVERETT, Madrid, no. 14. Transmits a copy of his note to the Duke del Infaniado, proposing "a Convention for the arrangement of the respective claims of the two Governments," modeled after that of March 23, 1823, between Spain and England, a copy of which is also enclosed; expresses a fear that the business will move slowly because of the recent change of ministry (see above, Everett to Clay, October 26, 1825) and because "this Government will endeavour to escape from the necessity of paying our demands by resorting to their usual system of delay"; suggests, in that case, "a display of energy" and, if necessary, "an actual resort to reprisals"; advocates, in connection with this and similar cases, that the United States "shew the world that we do not mean to be made in future, as we have been heretofore, victims to the cupidity of every petty state that has a pretext for fitting out a Privateer"; declares "that if we cannot obtain indemnity for past injuries from the Great powers, we may at least secure ourselves from any further prosecution of this system of plunder by those of the second order; and we ought to do it, unless the United States are to become in perpetuity, a sort of general vache au lait to the belligerent nations for the time being"; notes that in his communication to the Duke he has agreed, in case Spain admits "our first demands, to allow a compensation for the damages done by Commodore [David] Porter at Fajardo." LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Spain, vol. 25 (M31, R27). Received January 13, 1826. On the Fajardo incident, see above, Nelson to Clay, April 6, 1825, note. From ROBERT M. HARRISON, Antigua. Reports the reception (by local officials) of orders "from the Commissioners of the Customs in England to have all American vessels coming into the Colonial Ports measured to ascertain their Tonnage"; gives a schedule of the tonnage charges imposed "by an act of the assembly of this Island"; and notes that an American vessel that has "paid $200 port charges, will now pay $232." ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Antigua, vol. 1 (M-T327, Rl). Received December 20.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

November 10, 1825

To JOHN WILLIAMS. Informs him of the President's wish to appoint him Charge d'Affaires to Guatemala. Refers to our friendly relations with that Republic, one province of which "offered to unite itself to this Confederacy." Adds: "We wish to give extension and strength to these relations; and great reliance would be placed on your zeal, discretion and patriotism, in accomplishing that object, if you should see fit to accept the appointment." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, p. 415 (M77, R5). ALS draft, in DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R7). Williams, whose letter of acceptance is dated November 25 (ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Central America, vol. 1 [M219, R2]), served as Charge from December 29, 1825, until December 1, 1826. On the proposal of San Salvador for annexation by the United States, see above, Clay to Miller, April 22, 1825, note. From WILLIAM DUANE, Philadelphia. Requests the return of "books and maps &c," given to him by Manuel Torres, who, before his death, had borrowed them

NOVEMBER 10, 1825

813

from Duane for loan to the Department of State. Cites need for these documents to complete preparation of a volume on Colombia; mentions that he has a history of Guatemala ready for publication and comments on the importance to the United States of disseminating fuller knowledge on those countries where "the markets of commerce must continue to augment in an annual duplication of amount for a thousand years." ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). Daniel Brent, in an undated note, assured Duane that his letter had not been overlooked but that a search, made at Clay's direction, "for the Books and Maps" had proved unsuccessful. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 192 (M40, R19). Duane later published A Visit to Colombia, in the Years 1822 if 1823, by Laguayra and Caracas, over the Cordillera to Bogota, and Thence by the Magdalena to Cartagena . . . (Philadelphia, 1826) ; the work on Guatemala has not been found. From ALBERT GALLATIN, Baltimore. Acknowledges receipt of Clay's letter of November 8; declines "with reluctance" accepting "An appointment so honourable"; cites the danger of encountering a tropical climate and his ignorance of the Spanish language. AL draft. NHi-Gallatin Papers (MR13).

APPLICA TIONS, RECOMMENDA TIONS

November 10, 1825

J. HOBBY, Augusta, Georgia, seeks reappointment for publication of the laws in the Augusta Chronicle and Advertiser, with A. H. Pemberton as new owner. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Hobby had been an editor in Augusta since 1804. The appointment was continued throughout the Adams administration. WILLIAM

Philadelphia, recommends Peter DeHaven, a lawyer, for public employment. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). Rawle, born in Philadelphia and educated in New York City and London, where he had emigrated as a Loyalist during the Revolution, had returned to attain prominence as Federal attorney for Pennsylvania (1791-1799), author of a text, View of the Constitution of the United States (1825) , and of other legal, historical, and literary publications, an active member of various learned societies, and an abolitionist. DeHaven, who had also been a merchant, was not appointed to office.

W[ILLIAM] RAWLE,

JAMES BROWN RAY, Indianapolis, recommends (Nathaniel) Bolton and (George) Smith (owners of the Indianapolis Gazette) to publish the laws. LS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Smith, born at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, had moved to Chillicothe, Ohio, and thence in 1820 to Jeffersonville, Indiana, and the following year to Indianapolis, where he had been one of the founders of the Indianapolis Gazette. He was a judge of the Marion Circuit Court. Bolton, son-in-law and stepson of Smith, had been born in Chillicothe and moved with the Smiths to Indiana. The partnership was dissolved in 1829 but Bolton continued in journalism until 1841, after which he served as a member of the Indiana Legislature (1843), State librarian, and consul at Geneva, Switzerland (1855-1858). The Gazette was not given the requested appointment during the Adams administration. Georgetown, transmits recommendations (by residents of Baltimore) for William Flemming Taylor as consul at Quilca and Arica. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR4). See above, Barney to Clay, October 6, 1825. W[ALTER] SMITH,

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SECRETARY OF STATE

To Albert Gallatin My dear Sir (Private and Confidential) Washington 1 lh. Nov. 1825 I regret very much that you decide against going to the proposed Congress at Panama.1 For the public I am sure you have not decided wisely; for yourself it does not belong to me to judge. I think the mission the most important ever sent from this Country, those only excepted which related to its independence, and the termination of the late War. It will have objects which cannot fail to redound to the lasting fame of our negotiators, if they should be accomplished, as I think there is much reason to believe they may be. It's duration will not, I should think, exceed about six months. Every thing that can would be done for your personal accommodation. Thus, a public vessel would be ordered to New Orleans, if you prefered a departure from that port; and the descent to that place in Steam boats is easy, and in the winter would not be disagreeable; and your convenience would be consulted in other respects as far as it was possible consistently with the public interests. In your proposed associate,2 knowing you both well, I take upon myself to answer for harmony and cordial cooperation. I will prevail upon the President to suspend, for a day or two, looking out for another, under the hope that, upon reconsideration, you may find the service compatible with your interest and inclination. If you continue to be averse from it, we must reluctantly acquiesce in your final determination. I am faithfully Your's A. Gallatin Esqr. H. CLAY ALS. NHi-Gallatin Papers (MR13). i See above, Gallatin to Clay, November 10,1825.

2 Richard C. Anderson, Jr.

To Joseph Nourse Joseph Nourse Esquire, Register of the Treasury. Sir, Department of State, Washington 11th. Novr. 1825. I have the honour to transmit, herewith, an Estimate of the expenses at this Department for the year 1826. I am with great Respect, Sir, Your Obedt. & very humble Servt. [Enclosure]

H CLAY.

Department of State Estimate of Appropriations for 1826. Compensation to the Secretary of State $ 6000. „ Clerks in that Department by Act of April 20th. 18181 15,900. „ Mechanist at the Patent Office by Act of 26th. May 18242 700. „ Messengers. Two in the Department 1,050. ,, One in the Patent Office by Act of 26 May 1824s .... 400. „ 1,450. „

NOVEMBER 11,

1825

Incidental and Contingent expenses, including the expenses of printing the Laws and for extra copying of papers, viz. Books 2000. „ Binding of Books 500. „ Stationery and Parchment 1500. ,i Mediterranean Passports4 1500. ,, Blank personal Passports, Circulars, 8cc 1000. ,, Fuel and Candles 900. „ Newspapers for the Office and Agents abroad 500. M Translations of Foreign Languages 350. ,, Forage for the Messengers horse 200.— Expenses in distributing Congressional Documents 300.— Wages of a Laborer 300.— Miscellanies 1000.— Extra Copying of papers 1000.— Carried over .... $11,050.Amount brought over $11,050.— Printing in Newspapers and in Pamphlets "] from the Laws of the First Session of the J> 13,500.Nineteenth Congress J distribution of the Acts of Congress through- | „ -_„ _ out the States fc Territories ( 1 !_ T. B. Wait, Balance reported by the Fifth Auditor, as due him for printing the Journals of the Federal Convention, and Secret Journals of the Revolutionary Congress5 Salaries of the Ministers of the United-States at London, Paris, St. Petersburg, and Madrid, 6 and of Charge d'Affaires, at Stockholm,7 in the Netherlands, 8 and at Lisbon 9 Salaries of Ministers or Charge d'Affaires, who have been or may be appointed to the Governments on the Continent of America, viz Colombia 10 9,000.Buenos Ayres11 4,500.— Chile 12 9,000.Mexico13 9,000.Guatemala 14 4,500.Brazil15 4,500.Peru 16 4,500.Outfits of a Charge d'Affaires at \ Q ann Peru & Guatemala J ' ~ Salaries of the Secretaries of Legation Contingent Expenses of all the Missions abroad Salaries of Agents of Claims at London and Paris 17 Carried forward

815

$24,050, $24,050,

28,050.-

45.-

49,500.-

54000... 14,000.. 30,000... 4,000...$203,645.-

816

SECRETARY OF STATE

Amount brought over Salaries of the Commissioner and Arbitrator18 under the 1st. Article of the Treaty of Ghent; one half the salaries of the Secretary, Clerk and Messengers and half the Contingent expenses of the Commission Expenses of carrying into effect the 6th. 8c 7th. Articles of the Treaty of Ghent, including the compensation of the Commissioners,19 Agents20 and Surveyors & their contingent expenses Expenses of Intercourse with the Barbary Powers Contingent Expenses of Foreign Intercourse .... Relief and Protection of distressed American Seamen in Foreign Countries Dollars

$203,645.-

12,000.-

16,000.30,000.40,000.35,000.336,645.-

Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 203-205 (M40, R19). i The statute includes payment to the Superintendent of the Patent Office. 3 U. S.

Stat., 445. 2 4 [/. S. Stat., 42. 3 T h e statute covers all the messengers. 4 U. S. Stat., 42. i For protection of vessels owned by United States citizens against depredation by the Barbary powers. 5 The Journal, Acts and Proceedings of the Convention, Assembled at Philadelphia, Monday, May 14, and Dissolved Monday, September 17, 1787, which Formed the Constitution of the United States . . . (Boston, 1819) and the Secret Journals of the Acts and Proceedings of Congress, from the First Meeting Thereof to the Dissolution of the Confederation, by the Adoption of the Constitution of the United States . . . (Boston, 1820-1821) had been published by Thomas B. Wait, from a compilation of papers in the State Department by John Quincy Adams, at the behest of President James Monroe, in accordance with joint resolutions of Congress, approved March 27, 1818 (3 U. S. Stat., 475), and May 8, 1820 (3 U. S. Stat., 609). 6 Rufus King; James Brown; Henry Middleton; Alexander H. Everett. 7 Cf. above, Clay to Somerville, September 6, 1825; below, Clay to Appleton, June 8, 1826. 8 Christopher Hughes. 9 Thomas L. L. Brent. 10 Richard C. Anderson, Jr. 11 John M. Forbes. 12 Heman Allen. !3Joel R. Poinsett. 14 John Williams. 15 Condy Raguet. ie Cf. below, Tudor to Clay, May 11, 1826. 17 Isaac Cox Barnet and Thomas Aspinwall had been designated as agents for claims and for seamen with salary additional to their fees as consuls at Paris and London. 18 Langdon Cheves; Henry Seawell, of North Carolina, formerly a member of the State legislature (1790's) and judge of the Superior Court (1818-1819), now (1821-1826, 1831-1832) State Senator and (1823-1827) arbitrator under the St. Petersburg Convention, and, by appointment in 1827, joint commissioner for the final settlement under that convention. 19 Peter B. Porter; Anthony Barclay. 20 Joseph Delafield; John Hale (not further identified).

From Theodore W. Clay My dear Father Lexington Nov. 11th. 1825 I received your's1 with great concern for the deep distress, in

NOVEMBER 11,

1825

817

2

which our great loss must have thrown both yourself & my Mother. I have not the power of deriving any consolation to myself and have not therefore the means of offering you any, whom I would gladly render happy by any sacrifice.in my power. As I advance in years I feel the value of a relation more and more, because they must and should be the best friends. I hope however that you may not suffer your spirits to be too much depressed, for it is an inevitable effect that the health is thereby impaired; and that of yourself & my dear Mother by these repeated shocks is more and more necessary to our happiness. There is a degree of interest in the Legislative proceedings quite novel: All is however rapt in doubt. Every effort will be made to induce the Senate to acquiesce with the wishes of the public: but it is said not without foundation that they will resist the appeals.3 The Message of the Gov. has produced very general inquietude & discontent. He has capped the Climax by his bullying, indecent disregard to truth, in the message. By threatening to call out the militia, for what, to suppress the expression of opinion, or the Court of Appeals from holding sessions directed by law.4 You will percieve [sic] by the prints that one of the most atrocious and unheard of acts of murder was committed a few nights ago on Sol. P Sharpe.5 Language could not find terms strong enough to condemn it in, nor could the law be too severe in avenging the rights of humanity. He was called to his door by a man passing himself for an old acquaintance and seeking hospitality for the night at 1 o clock, and in the act of confering [sic] the favor, & in the dark the savage stabbed him to the heart— Deplorable is the condition of that country, where it is a mercy to persecute the offenders to the last [recourse] of the law without any exercise of clemency. But the villain has not been discovered, there seems to be no hope for it.6 I enclonse [51c] W'ffe's separate answer.7 He seems to throw the case upon the original defect of title. Gen Lytle8 is in [. . .] 9 at this time; We have not yet heard of the Sheep from Steubenville;10 it is probable they are waiting for water11 to send them. Mr. Scott however wrote to Jany12 of Maysville to forward them on their arrival by some safe hands— AL. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, RIO). Addressed to Henry Clay; endorsed by him on attached sheet. "Theo. W. Clay. {With Mr. Wickliffe's Answer}" 1 Not found. 2 The deaths of Eliza Clay and Susan Clay Duralde. 3 See above, Bodley to Clay, August 23, 1825; Beatty to Clay, September 13, 1825; below, Kendall to Clay, December 25, 1825. 4 Delivered on November 7, the message had treated first "the existing differences in our judiciary, and the encroachments of the Federal tribunals"; the operations of the United States Bank and its branches, which, "exempt from the burthens imposed on the wealth of our own citizens, have proceeded to buy up the real property of the

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SECRETARY O F STATE

country, and fill it with tenantry; thus, and by many other means, extending their influence and establishing their power"; the desirability of curtailing "salaries, and other public expenditures," particularly "the salaries now paid to the President and other officers of the Bank of Kentucky, and the Bank of the Commonwealth"; the "extravagant" compensation to the president and some of the professors at Transylvania University, it seeming "that the State has lavished her money for the benefit of the rich, to the exclusion of the poor; and that the only result is to add to the aristocracy of wealth, the advantage of superior knowledge." Desha had argued that "the whole of the Federal Judiciary may be made to bend to the power of the people, and renounce its errors" by the State's prohibiting "the use of her jails for the purpose of imprisoning debtors under an authority unknown to her laws and constitution." He had proposed that the legislature resolve the dissatisfaction expressed by the people against both the former judges and "the present incumbents" by providing for appointment "of an entirely new set of appellate Judges" and pledged himself "to select them equally from the two contending parties." He had urged that the State "go earnestly to work to put into operation a system of Common Schools," a system "projected several years ago" (see above, III, 351n) but "published more as a feint to content the people with large appropriations that were then made to Transylvania, than with any view to carry it into actual operation." The Governor had also recommended "the speedy commencement of a General system of Internal Improvements," particularly the commencement of "two great Turnpike Roads" from Louisville east through Frankfort to Maysville and from Louisville south through the Green River country to Nashville. At the same time he had called for lower taxes and especially for abolition of the head tax. Ky. Senate, Journal, 1825, pp. 4-19. The message had not contained a specific threat to call out the militia; but, in referring to the resumption of the sessions of the old Court of Appeals, the Governor had assured the legislature "that painful as it may be, the Executive will not shrink from the performance of that which he conceives himself bound to do by his oath of office and the constitution of his country." Ibid., p. 11. The inference was drawn in conjunction with newspaper controversy relating to the possible use of force. Cf. Frankfort Argus of Western America, October 19, 26, November 2, 1825; Lexington Kentucky Reporter, October 17, November 14, 1825. 5 See above, I, 777n. 6 On the day this was written Jereboam O. Beauchamp was arrested for the murder. 7 Robert Wickliffe's answer to Clay's bill of complaint, above, ca. July 5, 1825, had been filed in Fayette Circuit Court, September 30, 1825. Fayette Circuit Court, File 823. 9 One word illegible. 8 William Lytle. 10 See above, Dickinson to Clay, November 1, 1825. 11 I.e., for the river to rise. 12 Robert Scott; Andrew M. January, who had recently announced a new partnership, with William Huston, Jr., as receivers and forwarders of goods and property. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

November 11, 1825

To DEWITT CLINTON, "Governor of New York." Transmits copies of a note and accompanying documents from Charles R. Vaughan (above, November 3, 1825), who seeks "to obtain the arrest of Michael Neilson, a British subject, now a resident or sojourner in the State of New York. . . ." Adds: "Whether the laws of New York admit of the arrest and delivery of the accused as requested by Mr. Vaughan, or not, Your Excellency is most competent to determine. If they do, you will judge how far it may lead to promote the amicable relations which exist between Great Britain and the United States, and the cause of justice, to comply with the request." LS. NcU-William Asbury Whitaker Papers.

From James Brown Dear Sir, Paris Novr. 12. 1825 Mrs. Brown has been forced to delay the sending of the articles

NOVEMBER 12, 1

1825

819

you ordered longer than she wished as some of them required to be made to order and all selected with much care and attention as to price and quality— The whole are this day sent to the Agent of the Packet Ship Montano consigned to one of the Owners, my friend Mr Isaac Bell Merchant2 No 72 Greenwich Street New York—and you will find a list of the articles and prices inclosed3 in order that you may effect Insurance if you think proper and for which you will have time as this letter will be received by the Packet which will sail from Havre on the 15 and the Montano will be delayed until the 25. From Mrs. Brown's reputation for good taste, a reputation which she enjoys even at Paris, and from the attention she has bestowed in the selection, you will I hope have reason to be convinced that the articles are as handsome as could be procured without trangressing [sic] on those limits which a strict attention to oeconomy has imposed— The only expences to be added will be the custom house here (very small) the envellope [sic] of trimed [sic] cloth, and the transportation to Havre. These will not in any essential degree vary the sum to be insured. I have made some enquiries here respecting the sale of a Bill on America, and find the Exchange so high that I cannot prevail on myself to subject you to the expence of it. Indeed if I was sure that the funds which I have ordered to eke out my very inadequate Salary would arrive in safety, I would feel satisfied that the amount paid for these articles should remain in your hands until my return to the United States. At all events I have enough now in my hands to get along until I hear the fate of a Bill which I hope soon to receive from New Orleans, and which in consequence of the numerous failures and wide spread embarrassments has given me some concern— I am very anxious to hear whether my Merchants Wm Kenner & Co4 have escaped the mania of cotton speculation— I have in their hands independantly [sic] of my last crop fourteen thousand dollars, and should feel very sensibly any accident which might happen to them. I have not heard any thing that can induce a belief that they are in danger but as I know some of the Merchants in New Orleans will suffer severely, I apprehend others may be in some degree involved in their embarrassments. In my last5 I mentioned the removal of Mr Zea Bermudez and the appointment of the Duke of Infantado, and promised by this Packet to write you more particularly as to the influence which this change might have on the affairs of Spain— I had prepared a dispatch on that subject when I received the Dispatches of Mr Everett which will go by this packet,6 and which he was so obliging as leave [sic] open for my perusal. They more than supply the place of a letter from me a great portion of which would necessarily

820

SECRETARY OF STATE

have been composed from reports and conversations upon which implicit reliance cannot be placed. Poor Mr Sommerville7 is still confined to his room and is reduced to a very weak state from which it must be some time before he can recover. I think however that his health is in a very small degree improved as he now for the first time in four weeks can bear a little food on his stomach— He begs me to tell you how uneasy he is lest the views of the Government should be in some measure thwarted by his confinementMr. Sheldon8 who has since April been in a state of health very alarming to himself and his friends, appears to be out of danger, and is now able to attend as usual to the duties of his office— His constitution is however very delicate and nothing but his extreme abstinence and a temporary suspension of his attention to business could have prevented him from sinking into a pulmonary complaint. My own health continues much better, and will I hope be such as to enable me to pass a tolerable winter here— Mr Connell9 who has been at Copenhagen and Stockholm—attending to the claims of some of our Merchants will sail in the Montano on the 25 and afford me an opportunity of writing more particularly on the State of our affairs than I can do by this Conveyance— The Ministry10 are assailed with great violence, and it is thought by many will not be able to retain their places beyond the next session of the Chambers. These will not be convoked before the 15 of February. I am Dear Sir with great regard Your Most obt Servt. JAMES BROWN Honb Henry Clay ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). 1 Cf. above, Clay to Brown, September 4, 1825; Brown to Clay, October 13, 29, 1825. 2 Active in the East India trade. 3 Not found. 4 Kenner, who had moved to Louisiana from Caroline County, Virginia, around the turn of the century, had acquired property in New Orleans and, during the early years of American occupation, had become a prosperous merchant. He had been appointed a member of the first legislative council. On the failure of the firm, see below, Brown to Clay, January 30, 1826. 5 Above, October 30, 1825. « See above, Everett to Clay, October 26, 28, 1825. 7 William C, Somerville. 8 Daniel Sheldon. 9 John Connell. 10 Headed by the Comte de Villele.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

November 12, 1825

From THOMAS L. L. BRENT, Lisbon. Reports the arrival of "A British Ship of war . . . bringing despatches from Sir Charles Stuart"; notes that, although nothing has been published, "it is . . . circulated by the English Ambassador that Sir Charles Stuart has concluded an arrangement that is satisfactory to this government." LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Portugal, vol. 6 (M43, R5). Received January 5, 1826. See above, Raguet to Secretary of State, March 11, 1825, note.

NOVEMBER 12,

1825

821

From RUFUS KING, London, no. 10. Reports an audience with the King (George IV) and the presentation of his credentials; states that "It was no small satisfaction, that the Envoy of Columbia [sic—Manuel Jose^ Hurtado] was presented, and delivered his Letter of Credence at the same time"; asserts that "this is a Great Point; and puts an End to difficulties which hitherto for some unknown cause, seem to have stood in the way of the Reception of Ministers from these States." LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Great Britain, vol. 32 (M30, R28). Published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, III, 1573. From CONDY RAGUET, Rio de Janeiro, no. 1. Reports that he received, on October 26, a trunk, forwarded by (John M.) Forbes, "containing the several despatches from Your Department No. 1, 2, 3 8c 4, of 14', 13 [i.e., 15],,, 16,, & 16,, April last"; that the delay in arrival of his credentials aroused suspicion in Brazil, whose Government, he thinks, "is much hurt at this appearance of indifference towards it"; that he has presented his credentials and has been received by the Emperor (Peter I); that his note to the Brazilian Government relative to a treaty of amity and commerce, proposing "a reciprocal abandonment of discriminating duties," has been declined; and that recent reports have been received of the defeat of Imperial forces in the Banda Oriental and the probability of war with Buenos Aires. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Brazil, vol. 4 (M121, R6). Received December 28. Extracts published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, II, 838-39. Among the enclosures is a journalistic abstract of the commercial treaty between England and Brazil (see above, Raguet to Clay, October 26, 1825). For explanation of the Brazilian annoyance at the delay in presentation of Raguet's credentials, see below, Rebello to Clay, November 26, 1825, note.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

November 12, 1825

To [SAMUEL L.] SOUTHARD. States that "Mrs. [Thomas] Hart [Jr.] of Lexington (K) is very desirous that her son John [S.] to whom the Secy of Navy has been pleased to grant a Mid shipman's warrant [see above, III, 842n] should be ordered into immediate service." AN. DNA, RG45, Misc. Letters Received, vol. 7, p. 31. Endorsed on cover, two lines by different hands: "Give orders & inform Mr Clay—orders to Cyane." From H[ARVEY] GREGG, Indianapolis. Announces his readiness to depart; asks further instructions. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Acapulco, vol. 1 (M143, Rl). On November 29, Daniel Brent replied that he had been instructed to inform Gregg that he must arrange transportation to his destination at his own expense, that he must request (Joel R.) Poinsett to obtain an exequatur for him, that "no further instructions . . . than those . . . in the printed Pamphlet" are to be given him, and that a "personal passport" would be obtained for him from the Mexican Minister (Pablo Obregon). Copy, in DNA, RG59, Cons. Instr., vol. 2, pp. 373-74 (M78, R2).

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

November 12, 1825

H. BAYLEY, Georgetown (District of Columbia), notes that he has learned from his mother of Clay's "having expressed a wish to serve" him; solicits, in the name of his widowed mother and two younger brothers, help

WILLIAM

822

SECRETARY OF STATE

in procuring a clerkship; states that he understands that Clay will influence some appointments in the Post Office Department. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MRi). None of the Bayleys has been identified; no appointment was made. D. W. AND C[HARLES] W. HUTCHEN, Brookville, Indiana, apply to publish laws in the Franklin Repository (late Brookville Inquirer). LS. RG59, P. and D. of L. Appointment (re-appointment as to the Hutchens) granted. [GEORGE] SMITH and [NATHANIEL] BOLTON, Indianapolis, apply to publish laws in the Indianapolis Gazette. ALS. Ibid. See above, Ray to Clay, November 10, 1825.

Baltimore, recommends appointment of a consul at Arica and Quilca; alludes to recent memorial of recommendation (cf. above, Smith to Clay, November 10, 1825). ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3). The firm was probably headed by Seth Sweetser, Jr., not further identified. SWEETSER AND COMPANY,

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

November 13, 1825

H[UTCHINS] G. BURTON, Raleigh, transmits recommendations of (Robert) Potter by Leonard Henderson, Cadwallader Jones, Robert A. Jones, and John S. Shepard. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3). See above, Burton to Clay, October 22, 1825. Henderson, of Williamsboro, North Carolina, had been a judge of the North Carolina Superior Court (1808-1816) and of the State Supreme Court (since 1818, chief justice from 1829 to 1833) and was influential as a teacher of law in his private legal practice. The Jones' were both prominent residents of Halifax. Shepard not identified.

"Indiana Executive Department," recommends Abner McCarty as receiver of public moneys. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3). See above, Lane to Clay, October 1, 1825, note.

J[AMES] BROWN RAY,

To [James Brown] My dear Sir Washington 14h. Nov. 1825 We have recently been the subjects of so much affliction that I have been obliged to suffer my private correspondence to get much in arrear. You will have heard that whilst we were yet suffering under the event at Lebanon, 1 the death of Mrs. Duralde opened anew all our griefs. That melancholy and unexpected event happened on the 18h. of September, with the yellow fever. Her attack was insidious. So little was she or Duralde alarmed by it, that she took no medicine until within about 36 hours of her dissolution, when she was beyond the reach of any. I have never before found all the resources of my fortitude so entirely unavailing. Great as have been the sufferings of Lucretia, on the occasion, the character of her sex or her mind has enabled her to sustain the shock better than I have done. I will pass from this melancholy subject.

NOVEMBER 14,

1825

823

I have reed, your several letters of the 26h. August. 13h. and 19h. and 27h. Sept. As to your public affairs, I think you had better not press for a decision, if, as from your last would seem to be probable, the decision will be against the claimants. Our public journals have been a good deal lately attracted to our claims abroad, and the spirit of the Country appears to be awakening to the injustice of which we have been so long the object. The President will take some strong notice of them in his message, at the ensuing Congress; and I should not be surprized if the Nation should think soon of resorting to reprisals. In that case France will probably be selected, as well on account of the justice and magnitude of our claims against her, as because, as an example, she will have most effect— I will send you as soon after the message as my other duties will allow me, a paper which shall speak a corresponding language.2 We shall be represented in the Congress at Panama. Without affecting our neutral & pacific relations, other objects of great importance are contemplated. The Nation appears to be well pleased with the administration. Porter's3 affair produced some little excitement, but the approbation of the sober and the considerate is general. As to the course of Government with respect to Troup, 4 out of Georgia, there is scarcely a dissentient. Jackson has been nominated in Tennessee for the next presidency;5 but out of Tennessee every body thinks it premature, and I am deceived if the time and manner of it do not give him the coup de grace— Our friends in K. generally are well; with the exception of a loss sustained by Mrs Hart 8 in the death of her daughter Louisa, who was married about eighteen months ago to Mr. Taylor7— I will endeavor soon again to write you & more fully. My respects to Mrs' Brown. Your's faithfully H. CLAY P. W. [sic] We have been keeping house about six weeks. We reside in the largest of Forrests two houses which were occupied by De Neuville.8 The rooms are very good, and sufficient in number for my reduced family. H C ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). 1 The death of Eliza Clay. 2 Adams referred to the claims as "indemnity for property taken or destroyed under circumstances of most aggravated and outrageous character" and reported that, despite "continued and earnest appeals," there had been not even an answer from the new French sovereign (Charles X); but he proposed no course of action in reprisal. Richardson (comp.), A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, II, 301. For a report of the Cabinet disagreement on Clay's urging of a recommendation that Congress authorize issuance of letters of marque and reprisal, see Adams, Memoirs, VII, 60-61. 3 David Porter. See above, Nelson to Clay, April 6, 1825, note; Hammond to Clay, August 31, 1825. * George M. Troup. See above, Clay to Southard, July 3, 1825, note. 5 See above, Clay to Hammond, November 6, 1825. 6 Mrs. Thomas Hart, Jr. (n£e Eleanor Grosh).

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SECRETARY OF STATE

1 Edmund H. Taylor. See above, Hart's Executors to Trustees of Louisa Hart Taylor, June 7, 1825, note. Louisa had died on October 6, 1825. 8 Hyde de Neuville. See above, Rental Agreement, October 11, 1825.

To Francisco Dionisio Vives To His Excellency Don Francisco Dionisio Vives, Governor and Captain General of Cuba &c. &c. &c. Sir, Department of State. 14. Novr. 1825. A complaint has been made to this Department of the arrest and detention of J. Baker,1 mate of the ship Thalia of Philadelphia, by the authorities at the Havanna for an alleged chastisement inflicted by him on John Robinson,2 Steward of that ship, whilst she was at Sea, some distance from Cuba and of course before she entered the port of the Havanna. Assuming those facts to be true, I cannot doubt that your Excellency, from whom we have had so many proofs of a disposition to cultivate friendly relations with the U. States, will immediately direct the discharge of Mr. Baker. For if they be correctly stated, the alleged offence having been committed out of the jurisdiction of Spain, the tribunal of the Havanna could not rightfully take cognizance of it. I beg leave to recall to the recollection of your Excellency the cases of the seven American Seamen3 who, upwards of two years ago, were arrested and imprisoned at the Havanna on the suspicion of their having taken part in the murder of a Spanish soldier. Four of them are understood to be still kept in confinement. Humanity, to say nothing of justice, would seem to require that they should be immediately brought to trial. Your Excellency can appreciate and, I am sure, will sympathise in the feelings of their parents and relations, on account of their protracted imprisonment and the uncertainty of their fate. I avail myself of the occasion to assure you of the friendly recollection which I cherish of the acquaintance which I had the honor of making with you at Washington, and of my distinguished consideration. H. CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 3, p. 237 (M38, R3). See Diamond to Clay, October 8, 1825. l Not further identified. 2 Not further identified. 3 See above, Perry to Clay, March 25, 1825; Warner to Clay, March 26, 1825; Bruce to Clay, August 26, 1825; Diamond to Clay, October 8, 1825; Clay to Rodney, October 29, 1825; and below, Bruce to Clay, January 21, 1826; Rodney to Clay, December 19, 1825; January 7, 1826; February 4, 1826.

From William Creighton, Jr. Dear Sir. Chillicothe Nov. 14 1825. We have lately been visited by Genl. Cadwallader & Mr. Thomas D

NOVEMBER 14,

1825

825

1

[sic] Cope directors of the Bank of the United States on their way to, and on their return from Cincinnati2— They informed me that it was the intention of the Parent Bank to remove this office, and I believe it is in contemplation to remove the Branch from Lexington & probably from Norfolk3— How the removal of the Branch from Lexington may affect the Town and that section of the State I cannot say. The removal of the Branch from this place will have a most injurious effect at this time on the Town and a very large district of Country, on that account I have been using all my exertions to get them to stay their hand, at least for a timeThere is not the slightest fault found with the management of the office—independant [sic] of the expences and bad debts the office has made a handsome profit to the Bank— Those Gentleman [sic] placed the removal on general policy. The three states named have each two Branches, and are less commercial than many of the States where only Branch [sic] is located. This may be true, But for the interest of the Western Country they have selected a most unfortunate time to carry their their [sic] policy into effect. We have every thing but money, and that is indespensable [sic] to take the produce of the Country to Market. If you should feel yourself at liberty to interpose your good offices: to stay the removal for at least two years, when th[is] Country will be releived [sic] by the expenditures on the Canal,4 you would gratify your friends in this part of the State5— You will have seen Governor Desha's communication and the assassination of Sharp6— Genl. Jackson's Grooms have brought on [sic] the turf too soon7 he will be broke down in training— I am dear Sir your friend Hon. H Clay. W CREIGHTON JUN ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). Margin of MS. obscured. 1 Thomas Cadwalader, of Philadelphia, admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in 1801, a lieutenant colonel of cavalry, promoted to brigadier general during the War of 1812 and in 1824 raised to the rank of major general, had been active in projects for civic development. He had been a leader in organizing the Schuylkill Navigation Company in 1815 and had been elected a director of the Bank of the United States in 1823. Thomas Pym Cope, long a successful importer and merchant, had established in 1821 the first regular packet line between Philadelphia and Liverpool. He shared Cadwalader's civic interests, was the founder and first president of the Mercantile Library Company, the first president of the Philadelphia Board of Trade (1832-1854), and an active promoter of the Schuylkill Navigation Company. He had also served in the Pennsylvania Legislature of 1807 and in 1837 became a member of the State constitutional convention. 2 The Cincinnati Branch of the Bank of the United States had been reorganized in May, 1825. 3 The Chillicothe Branch of the Bank of the United States was closed in 1825 but the Lexington and Norfolk offices continued until the winter of 1835-1836. i The Ohio to Lake Erie Canal. See above, Stuart to Clay, March 15, 1825, note. 5 No action found. « See above, Theodore W. Clay to Henry Clay, November 10, 1825. i See above, Clay to Hammond, November 6, 1825, n6te.

826

SECRETARY OF STATE

From Albert Gallatin Dear Sir Private Baltimore 14th. Nover. 1825 No one can be more sensible than I am, both of the importance of laying the foundation of a permanent friendship between the United States and our new sister Republics, and of the distinguished honour conferred on the persons selected to be the Representatives of our glorious and happy country at the first Congress of the Independant [sic] powers of this Hemisphere. But without affecting any false modesty, I cannot perceive that I am peculiarly fitted for that mission, either by knowledge of the language things or men of South America, or by being known to them. My personal objection has already been stated: I had none whatever to a sea-voyage or to embarking from an atlantic port. On the receipt of yr. friendly letter of the 11th, I had further private enquiries made from men thoroughly acquainted with the country, as if the object had been a commercial establishment & without my name being mentioned. The result of these and the decided opposition I would have to encounter in my family compel me, though with great reluctance, to persist in declining the appointment. I will preserve a grateful sense of your's and the President's favorable disposition in my favour; and I beg to accept my thanks for your friendly conduct towards me on this occasion. I remain truly Your's Honble. H. Clay Washington ALBERT GALLATIN The intervening Sunday has delayed my answer one day. ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). ALI draft, NHi-Gallatin Papers. Cf. above, Clay to Gallatin, November 8 and 11, 1825; Gallatin to Clay, November 10, 1825.

From John H. Pleasants My dear Sir, Richmond Nov. 14h. 1825. I did not arrive at this place until last evening, or receive your favor of the 31st. October 1 until this. This will explain my not having replied to it sooner. I passed through Washington contrary to my expectation when I last wrote you2— Several reasons prevented me from calling on you— I was with a gentleman who had left Richmond 6 years ago, a refugee from justice, who was returning by my persuasion, and was unwilling to lose a day; and to say truth, altho' I did not in the least doubt such a reception as my feelings desired, yet I should have felt a restraint in your presence, which I thought it as well to avoid— I hope and believe that your apprehensions as to the safety of the Despatches committed to my care, are groundless. There is but one possible cause which can have occasioned their loss, and

NOVEMBER

14,

1825

827

that my presence could not have averted—namely, the loss of the Ship— If she arrived safely in the La Plata, Mr Forbes3 undoubtedly got the despatches, for he was the intimate acquaintance and Consignee of the Captain. Under the most favorable circumstances, the Captain did not expect to return to the U. S. sooner than the 20h. November, and as the despatches had to be sent from Buenos Ayres to Rio, it is scarcely time to expect the acknowledgment of their receipt4— I mention these facts to relieve your fears for the safety of the papers, and not as aiding in my exculpation— I cannot rest that upon a stronger ground than the great jeopardy in which my life was placed—nor have I the least doubt, that had I proceeded in the unfortunate ship in which I took passage, that my life would have fallen a sacrifice to the horrible privations of air, exercise and the most common necessaries to which I was exposed— I will as soon as may be, forward my vouchers— I submit with cheerfulness to your opinions about an expose of the reasons which altered my destination. Indeed a desire to vindicate you, from any censure, and to offer myself as a victim, should the newspapers require one, alone prompted the proposition made in my former letter— This I am still, and always shall be, ready to do, should it be necessary— To be the cause of uneasiness or reproach to you, would be a return for all your kindness, which I should regret for the rest of my life. My father5 is well and presents his sincere respects to you, and his condolence in those afflictions, which he has himself been called upon to feel— I saw Judge Brooke on yesterday, who was just mad [sic] happy by the return of his son in good health.6 The question of a senator is agitating the Metropolis here and the State It is considered important, as indicating the feeling of the State towards the Administration. The violent party are like [sic] to settle down on Giles, who has evinced all the ambition of a youth of 20 to get the situation. It is impossible to say what the result will be— I think myself that he cannot be elected7— I remain Dear Sir, Yr most Grateful, and Respectful Friend & Sert. JNO H PLEASANTS. ALS. DNA, RG59, Letters from Bearers of Dispatches. i3 Not found. 2 Above, October 29, 1825. John M. Forbes. 4 On December 1, 1825, Daniel Brent wrote Pleasants to inform him that the dispatches entrusted to his care had been delivered to Forbes on August 10. Copy, in DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 209 (M40, R19). 5 James Pleasants 6 See below, Brooke to Clay, November 27, 1825. 1 Ibid., note.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES From

ANTONIO JOSE CANAZ,

November 14, 1825 Washington. Invites the United States to send

828

SECRETARY OF STATE

representatives to the Panama Congress. AL§, in Spanish, translated in State Department file. DNA, RG59, Notes from Central American Legations, vol. 1 (M-T34, Rl) . Published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, II, 883. INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

November 14, 1825

From THOMAS L. L. BRENT, Lisbon. Reports "a decided disappointment among all classes of persons" relative to the treaty between Portugal and Brazil, which, "it is generally supposed," will be ratified tomorrow. LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Portugal, vol. 6 (M43, R5). Received January 13, 1826. See above, Raguet to Secretary of State, March 11, 1825, note; Brent to Clay, November 12, 1825. From RUFUS KING, London, no. 11. Reports an interview, November 8, with the Russian Ambassador, Count Lieven, who read to him Count Nesselrode's reply to Middleton's note founded on Clay's instructions (see above, Clay to Middleton, May 10, 1825; Middleton to Clay, September 8, 1825 (1), note); refers to the ratification of the treaty between Great Britain and Colombia (above, Watts to Clay, May 10, 1825) and to the "decisive importance" of the reception of the Colombian envoy, (Manuel Jose) Hurtado; states that it "is understood" that envoys from other new states will be recognized; notes that nothing of these matters has appeared in the French or Spanish press. LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Great Britain, vol. 32 (M30, R28). Received January 13, 1826. Published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, III, 1574-75. APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

November 14, 1825

U. P. CHARLTON, Savannah, recommends Robert M. Goodwin as Federal marshal in that district. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). See below, Goodwin to Clay, February 8, 1826.

THOMAS

A. WARING, Charleston, South Carolina, seeks reappointment as Federal marshal. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR4). Waring held the position from 1813 to 1832. MORTON

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

November 15, 1825

From CHARLES R. VAUGHAN, Washington. Transmits a copy of a letter, with enclosures, from Sir Howard Douglas, Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick; comments: "It appears that two . . . [agents of Massachusetts and Maine] have circulated a notice amongst the Settlers upon the Rivers St John 8c Madawaska, that they were authorized to execute deeds of conveyance of Lands in those Districts; 8c the same persons on their Passage through the Settlement of Madawaska, endeavoured to induce the Men belonging to the Militia, not to attend the General Training, asserting, that . . . the Territory which they occupied belonged to the United States"; and states that he is sure Clay "will concur . . . in opinion, that so long as the Question of the Boundary remains in the present undecided State, it will be the duty of our Governments to controul, mutually, any Conduct on the part of their respective Subjects, which is calculated to produce disunion and disagreement—" LS. DNA, RG59,

NOVEMBER 15, 1825

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Notes from British Legation, vol. 14 (M50, R15). Published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Canadian Relations, II, 492-93. In the enclosed letter, Douglas requests Vaughan to demand "that an immediate stop be put to practices which have such a marked tendency to sow dissension, & insubordination, in Settlements long since established by Grant from His Majesty, and considered as subject to the British Crown; & which if persisted in, may lead to serious consequences which it will not be in . . . [his] power to prevent." Cf. above, Clay to Addington, March 27, 1825, note. The land agent of Maine was James Irish and that of Massachusetts, George W. Coffin, the latter in 1829 prominent as a shipowner and merchant of Nantucket.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

November 15, 1825

To RUFUS KING, no. 9. Refers to an earlier proposal, by King's predecessor, that England cede part of the Island of Abaco to the United States for the site of a lighthouse (cf. above, Rush to Clay, May 12, 1825); to a counter proposal that the British establish in that area the "necessary aids to navigation," provided that United States vessels pay the necessary fees for their upkeep; and to the British promise, never fulfilled, to reduce their proposal to writing. Instructs King to bring this matter again to the attention of the British Government, to explain what the United States has done in establishing lighthouses and other aids to navigation, to state that other lighthouses are contemplated near Cape Florida and Cape Canaveral, and, if the British Government continue to refuse the cession and to insist on participation by the United States in the expenses of building and maintaining lighthouses, "to assure it that the United States will defray such reasonable proportion of the expense, as shall be hereafter mutually agreed upon between the two Governments." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, pp. 412-14 (M77, R5). AL draft, in Clay's hand, in DLC-HC (DNA, M212, Rl). Published in American State Papers, Foreign Relations, VI, 753-54. From ALEXANDER BURTON, Cadiz. Notes that the quarantine at Cadiz is suspended from this date until June, "when the usual summer regulations will be again enforced by the French"; that the persons mentioned in his letter of September 28, "together with others," have been sent to Gibraltar to be exchanged; that three people "of this description, natives of the United States," will be sent to France to be turned over to the United States consul "at the Port of their arrival." ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Cadiz, vol. 4 (M-T186, R4). Received December 28. From JOHN W. PARKER, Amsterdam. Refers to his letter of July 7; states that (George) Lee was released from imprisonment "for a certain Sum, to avoid the payment of which the Ship's agent has again requested . . . [Parker's] interference"; and, in view of the precedent that will be established by the decision of the Government of the Netherlands and of the delicate nature of the case, requests instructions. ALS. Ibid., Amsterdam, vol. 2 (M-T182, R-T2). Received February 14, 1826.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

November 15, 1825

From JOHN DORR, Boston. Acknowledges receipt of Clay's letter of October 15, 1825, sends copies of documents relating to the case of the Esther, and expresses gratification for the action being taken. ALS. DNA, RG76, Misc. Claims, Peru.

830

SECRETARY OF STATE

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

November 15, 1825

G. MCRAE, Clarksburg (Virginia), seeks reappointment to publish the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. McRae had been a journalist in Clarksburg since 1815 and had founded the Clarksburg Intelligencer in 1823; he was reappointed as here requested.

ALEXANDER

L. WHITE, Knoxville (Tennessee), recommends reappointment of (Frederick S.) Heiskell and (Hugh) Brown to publish the laws. LS. Ibid. Heiskell and Brown, who had founded the Knoxville Register in 1816, held the requested appointment throughout the Adams administration. HUGH

From Peter B. Porter Sir, Troy November 16th. 1825 I presume that you must have made yourself acquainted with the progress of the Commission instituted by the Seventh Article of the Treaty of Ghent for establishing our North Western Boundary; and with the present state of its operations, so far as the same is exhibited by the documents already on file in your Department. This Commission has, I presume, been already protracted to a period beyond what was originally contemplated by either of the two Goverments [sic], and, indeed, beyond what seemed to be required by the importance of the subjects of adjudication. I trust however that the Journal of our proceedings, and other official documents, copies of which will have been transmitted to you before the receipt of this by Mr Delafield the American Agent, will satisfy the President that the delay is not imputable to me, nor to any of the Agents constituting the American part of the Commission; and that it has not been in my power to bring the business to an earlier close, but by a total rupture of the Commission, which would have defeated, at once, all the objects for which it was instituted. The Journal of our meeting on the 1st. & 2d. of this month will shew that we have adjourned untill may next, /the earliest day at which, in the opinion of Mr Barclay, he could be prepared for a final adjudication/ His refusal to close the Commission a year ago, arose, as I then knew, from an expectation entertained by him that he should be able to establish, as the boundary beyond Lake Superior, a line far to the south of the one which was obviously in contemplation of the Signers of the Treaty of —83. And, with this object in view, he has made a tour himself, during the past Summer, to the North West, accompanied not only by his former Surveyor & Astronomer, but by another British Astronomer of some distinction/Doct. Tiark/ 1

NOVEMBER 16,

1825

831

who was sent out by that government for this express purpose. From the informal conversation, however, which I have had with Mr Barclay & Doct Tiark, since their return, I apprehend no serious difficulties in our amicable adjustment of the Boundary at our next meeting. I am, Sir, with great respect, Your Obt. Servt. Hon. Henry Clay Secretary of State PETER B. PORTER ALS. DNA, RG76, Northern Boundary: Treaty of Ghent, Arts. VI and VII, env. 1, 1folder 1. Cf. above, Delafield to Clay, September 23, 1825. John Lewis Tiarks, born at Jever, near Wilhelmshaven, and graduated from the University of Gottingen with a degree in mathematics, had emigrated to England to escape conscription under Napoleon and, from 1817 to 1821, had served as British astronomer to the Northeast Boundary Commission. From 1825 to 1826 he was again in America, assigned to locate the most northwesterly point of the Lake of the Woods. He was at the Hague in 1828 to 1829 as an adviser to the arbitration commission studying the boundary and from 1834 to 1835 again in England as an expert on this matter. The remainder of his life was passed in Germany, where he died in 1837.

From Thomas I. Wharton Dear Sir Philada. 16 Novr. 1825 Since your appointment to your present elevated station I have not had an opportunity to assure you of the unaltered respect and Continued Confidence with which you are regarded by your friends here. Until very lately I entertained the hope that we should have the pleasure to see you here on your return from Lexington. The duties of your office will I presume detain you all winter in Washington—where I hope in the Course of the Season to pay my respects to you personally And the only regret I shall feel will be your absence from the floor of Congress where you have so often signalized yourself but where I have never had An opportunity of hearing you. Among the interesting Subjects which will probably be discussed there at the next Session is that of the claims upon France & Holland, with regard to which a warm And very natural feeling prevails And the hope seems to be entertained that something more to the purpose will be done by the government.1 It has struck me that perhaps the Administration might feel itself strengthened if the Attention of Congress were Again called to the subject by memorials from this City and other places And I have thought of obtaining from the merchants here the Agency for their claims both in presenting And urging the memorials upon Congress And in the subsequent Arrangements. If there was reason to beleive [sic] that the government thought it consistent with a due regard to the other interests of the Country to press the matter further, the mercantile interest here would take early measures to forward memorials upon the subject to Congress, And if you can with propriety inform me whether you think Another Application

832

SECRETARY OF STATE

to Congress proper And likely to be attended with beneficial consequences you will particularly oblige me. I am not quite clear whether Another subject which I am about to mention falls within your province—if it does not you will excuse the application as I am not otherwise interested in it than by a regard to [sic] a very worthy & honorable family nearly related to mine. A grandson of Mr Rawle2 of this city of whose eminent character as a Lawyer & Citizen you have probably heard is An applicant for the post of Cadet at West Point. He is a remarkably fine and manly boy, of the best disposition And promise And if the Appointment Can be obtained for him it will not only be a gratification And releif [sic] to an excellent family recently unfortunate, but a valuable Addition will be made to the stock of future officers. His name is already on the list, And he is now at the proper age for admission. We have lately had the pleasure to see & entertain the President3 And I hope it will not be long before the Secretary of State gives us a similar opportunity. I Am Dr Sir With great respect And regard Your Friend & Servt. T. I. WHARTON Hon: H. Clay Secretary of State &c ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). 1 Cf. above, Clay to Brown, November 14, 1825. 2 William Rawle (Sr.); grandson not identified. 3 See above, Clay to Adams, September 26, 1825, note.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

November 16, 1825

From the BARON DE MAREUIL, Washington. Presents two observations relative to Clay's letter to him of November 7: first, in regard to the conversation between Adams and himself last year, he remembers only certain difficulties resulting from division of territories and of jurisdiction for the execution of Article 6 of the convention, on which the Attorney General was to be consulted, and he still inquires concerning the result of that consultation in order to establish complete reciprocity between the two countries; and, second, concerning Clay's reference to the possibility of appeal to the courts, he points out that between governments the execution of treaties is not subject to judicial action and that each government must procure in its own territory full execution of treaty stipulations. LS, in French, translated in State Department file. DNA, RG59, Notes from French Legation, vol. 9 (M53, R7). Published in American

State Papers, Foreign Relations, V, 788-89.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

November 16, 1825

To JOHN SERGEANT. Same as the letter to Albert Gallatin, November 8, 1825, "with the following addition at the end of the 1st. paragraph, viz— 'to the 20th of January, nor your absence from the United States be of longer duration than six months.' " Note appended to the letter to Gallatin in DNA, RG59,

NOVEMBER 16,

1825

833

Dip. Instr., vol. 10, p. 427 (M77, R5). N, in Brent's hand, in DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R7). Sergeant replied, November 19, accepting the appointment. ALS. DNA, RG43, First Panama Congress (M662, Rl). From CHARLES L. BARTLETT, Trinidad. Refers to his letter of April 25; encloses a copy of a letter addressed to him by the Governor of the island (Sir Ralph Woodford), declining to recognize Bartlett as consular agent; requests further instructions; and describes his aid to American seamen at that port. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Trinidad, vol. 1 (M-T148, Rl) . From THOMAS L. L. BRENT, Lisbon. Describes an interview with the King (John VI), who "appeared dejected," expressed "discontent at the Treaty" with Brazil (above, Raguet to Secretary of State, March 11, 1825, note), characterized "the Brazils" as ungrateful, and added "that the british had attended too much to their own interests"; reports that, in answer to an inquiry by the King whether the United States "would be content with what been [sic] done," he stated that acknowledgment of Brazilian independence could be considered only as a wise measure and that in the rest he saw "nothing that might be contrary to the interests of the United States"; states that he has received from the Count of Porto Santo a communication on the subject, which is not being enclosed because of lack of time for copying but will be forwarded within a few days. Encloses a copy of the treaty between Portugal and Brazil. LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Portugal, vol. 6 (M43, R5). Received January 14, 1826. Antonio de Saldanha da Gama, Count of Porto Santo, had been governor and captain-general of Maranham (1802) and Angola (1805), a naval officer and member of the Conselho Ultramarino, a representative of Portugal at the Congress of Vienna (1814), envoy to the Court of Madrid in 1820, promoted to ambassador there in 1823, and from February 5, 1825, to July 13, 1826, held the dual position of Minister of State and Foreign Affairs. From JOHN M. FORBES, Buenos Aires, no. 27. Reports that the prohibition of importation of flour has been abolished, "but the opposition prevailed in raising the duty to three dollars per quintal"; encloses copies of his note to the Minister of State, (Manuel Jose) Garcia, stating that the law "can in no manner Satisfy the expectations" of the United States, and of the reply; explains his conviction that British influence caused adoption of the high rate of duty; and describes his efforts to obtain official interpretations of two obscure points in the law. Notes receipt by the Government (of Buenos Aires) of communications "from their Ministers or Commissioners near the Deliverer, Bolivar," who promises "efficient Co-operation in Case of need" against Brazil. Discusses "the political Struggle for power" between (Bernardino) Rivadavia and Garcia and the preparations for forming "a permanent Executive and perhaps a written Constitution." States that he has determined to republish there the pamphlet sent to him by (Samuel) Lamed (see above, Larned to Clay, November 5, 1825). Notes that the Congress has authorized a loan of $15,000,000, "which, it is expected, will be chiefly negotiated in London. . . ." LS. Ibid., Argentina, vol. 2 (M69, R3). Continued on November 17 and 21, 1825. Received February 16, 1826. Published in Espil (comp.), Once Anos en Buenos Aires, 394-98. From MICHAEL HOGAN. Reports receipt of mail, apparently through mistake, including a commission as consul at St. Iago de Chile (cf. above, Clay to Wynne, April 16, 1825; Wynne to Clay, June 25, 1825, October 4, 1825); recommends that a vice consul be appointed for Coquimbo. ALS. DNA, RG59,

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SECRETARY OF STATE

Cons. Disp., Valparaiso, vol. 1 (M146, Rl). Hogan, of New York, had been the United States consul at Cork, Ireland, from 1819 to 1823 and from the latter year until his death in 1834 held the post at Valparaiso, Chile.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

November 16, 1825

G. BURTON, Raleigh, transmits additional recommendations (for Robert Potter as Charge^ d'Affaires at Guatemala). ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MRS). See above, October 22, 1825. H[UTCHINS]

LIPPINCOTT AND ABBOTT, Edwardsville (Illinois), new editors of the Spectator, seek reappointment to publish the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Lippincott and Abbott not further identified; the appointment was continued in the name of Hooper Warren, who had established the journal in 1819. Warren, born in New Hampshire, and trained as a printer in Rutland, Vermont, had resided from 1814 to 1817 in Delaware and a few months at Frankfort, Kentucky, and St. Louis, Missouri, before settling in Illinois. In 1827 he established the Springfield Sangamo Spectator, which he edited until 1829. Both it and the Edwardsville Spectator served as organs to further the political career of Ninian Edwards. From 1829 to 1832 Warren edited a journal in Galena, and subsequently he worked, for short periods, on newspapers in Chicago and Lowell. His later life was spent as a farmer at Henry, in Marshall County.

B. ROSE, a member of the Indiana Legislature from Union County, recommends the Richmond Public Ledger (edited by Edmund S. Buxton and Samuel B. Walling) to publish the laws. ALS. Ibid. See above, Hendricks to Clay, September 21, 1825, note.

JOHN

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

November 17, 1825

From P[ETER] PEDERSEN, Philadelphia. States that he has communicated to his government Clay's letter of November 7, 1825. ALS. DNA, RG59, Notes from Danish Legation, vol. 1 (M52, Rl).

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

November 17, 1825

From ROBERT M. HARRISON, Antigua. Refers to his letter of November 10 and encloses a statement of the method by which American vessels are to be measured. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Antigua, vol. 1 (M-T327, Rl). Received December 28.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

November 17, 1825

W. ARMSTRONG, St. Stephens (Alabama), recommends Henry Hitchcock as district attorney (in Alabama) and strongly opposes David Rust. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). Armstrong, born in Virginia and later removed to Tennessee and Alabama, had been appointed marshal for Alabama District in December, 1823. In 1832 he was named agent for the Choctaws west of the Mississippi River and remained in that office for the next decade. On Hitchcock's appointment, see above, Hall to Clay, August 16, 1825, note. F[RANCIS]

NOVEMBER 18,

1825

835

J[OHN] HOLMES and JOHN CHANDLER,

Senate Chamber, recommend the Portland, Maine, Eastern Argus and the Hallowell, Maine, American Advocate to publish the laws. ALS by Holmes, signed also by Chandler. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Chandler, Senator from Maine (1820-1829), was a veteran of the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 and had served in the legislatures of Massachusetts and Maine. He was later (1829-1837) collector of customs at Portland, Maine. Both the recommended journals were reappointed. NOAH ZANE and others recommend Robert I. Curtis, editor of the Wheeling Gazette, to publish the laws. LS, signed by 12 persons, including A[lexander] Caldwell and John McLure. Ibid. Dated by postmark. Curtis had been editor of the journal since 1820; he did not receive the appointment recommended.

INSTRUCTIONS

AND DISPATCHES

November 18, 1825

From WILLIAM TAYLOR, Alvarado. Reports the capitulation of the Castle of San Juan de Ulloa (see above, Clay to Poinsett, March 26, 1825, note; below, Poinsett to Clay, November 23, 1825). States that last spring Nathaniel Cox, "U. S. N. Agent," and Samuel Elkins, merchant, both of New Orleans, revoked a power of attorney they had given to (James) Wilkinson, in connection with claims against Mexico, and substituted Taylor and that in September he received from Wilkinson a letter, a copy of which is enclosed, wherein the General's "well known malice prompted him to state that which he knew to be false. . . ." Notes an expectation that "this Port will be closed by order of the Mexican Government, so soon as the merchants can conveniently remove to Vera Cruz." ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Vera Cruz, vol. 1 (M183, Rl). Received December 20. Extract published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, III, 1643. In the enclosure Wilkinson declares his intention of informing the President that Taylor is "Charged by Several Gentlemen of Alvarado to be a Contrabandist, & Smuggle [sic]." COX had been appointed naval agent for the port of New Orleans in January, 1825. Elkins not further identified.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

November 18, 1825

Mobile, transmits a petition of the merchants of Mobile recommending appointment of Henry Hitchock as district attorney for the Southern District of Alabama. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (M531, R4). Unaddressed. The enclosure, dated November 13, carries 45 signatures. Austill, born in South Carolina and a pioneer settler in Alabama, was clerk of the United States District Court for the Southern District of his adopted State. On the recommended appointment, see above, Hall to Clay, August 16, 1825, note.

JEREMIAH AUSTILL,

O [LIVER] H. SMITH, prosecuting attorney, Third Circuit, Connersville, Fayette County, Indiana, recommends Richmond Public Ledger to publish the laws. LS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Smith had been a member of the Indiana Legislature (1822-1824) and later served in the United States House of Representatives (1827-1829) and Senate (1837-1843). On the result of the recommendation, see above, Hendricks to Clay, September 21, 1825, note. Boston, recommends Benjamin Gardner, acting consul at Palermo, for appointment as consul. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). See below, Blake to Clay, November 19, 1825. DANIEL WEBSTER,

836

SECRETARY OF STATE

From David Chambers Hon. H. Clay Wood Grove,1 November 19, 1825. Sir—I had the honor duly to receive yours of the 25th August last acknowledging mine of the 6th July.2 I regretted its delay in reaching you as my chief object was, merely to inform you promptly, of the manner of our canal celebration, the fact of the presence of Governor Clinton, 3 as well as your own good standing among us in contrast with the other eminent men passing in review. I attended the canal celebration partly with the anticipated expectation of your being a guest, and should have experienced great pleasure in seeing you at Zanesville, which would have been the case had you been permitted to accept of the friendly hospitality entertained towards you by the citizens of that place and vicinity.4 I however early anticipated the disappointment of our wishes from causes, which it was still hoped when you passed here would not have terminated so fatally.5 In the heavy losses which your family have recently sustained6 I have most sincerely sympathised, and offer you my most feeling condolence; but for me to attempt bringing you consolation would be idle— May the Almighty dispenser of good and evil to the sons of men, strengthen and support you in every trial, and enable you to dis harge [sic] every duty incumbent, either of a private or public character in a manner satisfactory to yourself and for the promotion of the best interests of all concerned.— In whatever situation you may be placed politically, I shall be proud to rank myself as one of your friends and defenders, so long as you continue to pursue a course not inconsistent with your past public conduct; And your friends generally in this quarter I am persuaded will at all times be prompt to act upon such intimations of public movements as may be calculated to sustain your public character and public views.— It is evident that Genl. Jackson will again enter the lists to compete for the presidential chair at the next election. It is somewhat singular to observe, that Gen. Jackson was elected to the Senate of the United States, ostensibly with a view to place him on a footing with his competitors at the last election. The General now makes it convenient to resign his seat,7 because he has again been brought forward as a candidate! Few men have be[en] so fortunate as to have had it in their power to resign at pleasure so many offices as have been conferred upon this man, and that too without any injury to the public, or any apparent loss of popularity.— In conclusion I beg to leave to observe, that if in the course of public duties you may be called upon to select or mention any

NOVEMBER 19,

1825

837

person as suitable or fit for any decent public employment which might be adapted to my limited capacity, you will do me a great kindness to mention me favorably to the President.8 In making this request I pray you sir not to consider me as approaching you with the importunity of a friend,— But as one who may have some little claim to public employment, from a long and ardent attention to public affairs, and a strenuous support of the successive republican Administrations of our Government from the prosperous days of the revered Jefferson up to the present time; and that too perhaps with an earnestness not well adapted to the advancement of my private advantage. I am therefore not above the convenience which an appointment suited to my capacity might afford. I presume if required, I can receive ample recommendation from the represention [sic] from this state in Congress.— Although I possess a respectable share of popularity among my fellow citizens, I have nevertheless been unsuccessful in two attempts to be returned a representative from this district, owing to local causes, and the unceasing exertions of a small faction in Zanesville headed by our late Marshal,9 because I had the temerity to do justice to his character, while a representative, at his last application for office. His weight thrown into the scale with that of a few others have been sufficient heretofore to prevent the success of my friends, whose support has been, and would still be strenuously exerted, were I to allow it. With much respect and sincere regard, I remain sir Yours &c DAVID CHAMBERS.

ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). Endorsed by Chambers on verso: "Private." 1 Probably Chambers' farm, near Zanesville, Ohio. 2 Neither letter has been found. 3 See above, Toasts and Speech, July 13, 1825, notes. 4 No invitation has been found. 8 The illness of Eliza Clay. 6 The death, also, of Susan Clay Duralde. 1 See above, Carroll to Clay, October 4, 1825, and note. 8 Chambers received no Federal appointment. 9 John Hamm.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

November 19, 1825

From JOEL R. POINSETT, Mexico, no. 26. Acknowledges receipt o£ dispatches nos. 4 and 6 (above, September 12, 26, 1825); states that (Daniel) Brent's letter, to which Clay alludes in his no. 6, was not received, and Poinsett knows nothing of the claim of Chouteau and De Mun; reports that the surrender of the Castle (of San Juan de Ulloa) is imminent and that "The Junta for the affairs of Cuba [see above, Poinsett to Clay, September 13, 1825] is dissolved after appointing a permanent commission"; encloses a letter to (Charles J.) Ingersoll, which "will explain the state of the claim of the Assignees of Mr John Coulter." LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Mexico, vol. 1 (M97, R2). Received January 3, 1826. On the claim here cited, cf. above, Clay to Poinsett, September 12, 1825.

838

SECRETARY OF STATE

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

November 19, 1825

From THOMAS MILLER, Washington. Requests that steps be taken to procure the attendance of Thomas M. Bailey, of Accomac County, Virginia, before the board of commissioners (under the St. Petersburg Convention). ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). In an endorsement, on verso, Clay directs (Daniel) Brent to reply that Bailey has already given a deposition but that he will be sent for if his presence is needed. On April 29, 1825, Daniel Brent had written to Bailey requesting the latter to call on Clay "before he sets out for Kentucky," to discuss Bailey's "observation and recollection of circumstances as to the situation of Slaves, Citizens of the United States, captured by the Enemy during the late war with Great Britain, and which actually were or were supposed to be within the jurisdictional Limits of the United States, when . . . [he was] sent to Tangier Island, at the termination of that war, by direction of President Madison, upon the ratification of the Treaty of Ghent to demand the surrender of such Slaves. . . ." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 46-47 (M40, R19). Brent also wrote to Miller on November 19, in accordance with the directions of Clay's endorsement. Copy. Ibid., pp. 192-93. Miller, a former resident of Virginia who had moved to Washington in 1820, was a claimant of indemnity for slaves carried off by the British after the War of 1812. Bailey, not further identified. APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

November 19, 1825

Boston, recommends Benjamin Gardner, a merchant of Palermo, as consul at that port. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). Blake was also a merchant. Gardner, born in Massachusetts, was granted an interim appointment to the post later this month, was confirmed in the office on December 19, and retained it until 1837. JOSHUA BLAKE,

From Thomas J. Jennings Dear Sir, Paris Tenn. Novr. 20th. 1825. When you were last at Lexington I was a student of Transylvania University, and visited you at Ashland. I mention these circumstances lest, from the great number of persons who eagerly sought to be presented to you, on that occasion, you may have forgotten one who can, indeed, claim but a very brief and passing acquaintance with you Knowing that you have now but little time to give to letters of this sort, I shall proceed forthwith to what I will candidly confess is my principal object in addressing you at present. The office of Post-Master at Jackson, in this District, became vacant a few days ago by the death of the late incumbent.1 I wish to obtain it, and desire you to make application for it to the PostMaster General.2 I at first hesitated about the propriety of troubling you in a matter So unimportant as this, but that hesitation was at an end when I reflected, from a knowledge of your character and

NOVEMBER 20,

1825

839

feelings, that nothing with you is unimportant by which you can confer a favour on a Kentuckian and a friend. I left Lexington in July, and after remaining a week or two at my father's3 in Todd County Ky I came on to the Section of Tennessee which I have chosen for my home. While in Todd c'ty, I asked my father what R. P. Henry's constituents thought of his voting, in the House of Representatives, for Genl. Jackson?4 He replied "We have entire confidence in Majr. Henry's honesty," and as he Says "he thought he was representing our wishes in the vote he gave, although he was mistaken, we forgive him." I was astonished to find your friends here So numerous. I would Scarcely be speaking extravagantly if I were to say they compose one half of the citizens of this county. And I am told they are respectable in numbers, and powerful, when their influence over the people is considered, throughout the Western District. I have two brothers here, the one a lawyer and the other a Physician,5 who have resided in this country three or four years, and although they are well known to be warm and decided friends of yours, they are as popular as any men of their ages in the District. You may perhaps have seen Some account of a dinner that was given to Genl. Jackson in this place, a few weeks ago. I'll tell you what it meant. Before the project was announced to the Public, the General's most prominent friends, in this place, called privately on Some of yours and Solicited our concurrence and assistance, agreeing that it should be considered that we were honouring him exclusively as a distinguished military man, and one of the agents of Government in purchasing from the Indians the territory we occupy,6 and that no unfriendly allusions should be made to the present administration, but particularly, to yourself. Accordingly my brother, D. S. Jennings, who acted by appointment as one of the presiding officers, the General who ordered out the Militia of the County, on the occasion, myself (his aid de camp) and the Colonel7 who more immediately commanded them, were all known to be opposed to the General's advancement to the Presidency, and friendly to yours. Through men of these political Sentiments and with these views has Genl. Jackson lately been honoured by the citizens of Paris and Henry County, in the Western District of Tennesseel This new country is rapidly advancing to wealth and influence in the councils of the State. Our Soil is about as well adapted to the culture of Cotton as that of Alabama, and it is populating with Such unexampled rapidity that it is confidently expected that, according to the present rate of apportionment, we will be entitled to five representatives in Congress by the year 1830. It is necessary

840

SECRETARY OF STATE

that the application I have desired you to make for me, should be made immediately, or it can avail me nothing, in as much as the office will certainly be given to Some person or other without delay.8 Any communication that you or the Post-Master General may address to me on this Subject I would thank you to direct, or have directed, to this place. Present my compliments to Mrs. Clay and Mrs. Erwin.9 With high respect Your friend Hon: H. Clay THOMAS J. JENNINGS ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). MS. stained. Jennings, a graduate in law from Transylvania University in July, 1825, opened an academy at Paris in December of that year. He has not been further identified. i Samuel Taylor, born in North Carolina, had been appointed a member of the court of pleas and quarter sessions at the organization of Madison County, Tennessee, in 1821 and served as postmaster of Madison Courthouse (renamed Jackson in 1824) from 1822 to 1825. 2 John McLean. 3 Probably William Jennings, a veteran of the Revolution and colonel of militia, who had held Federal appointment as an assessor in 1817 and had served in the Kentucky Legislature in 1818. 4 See above, Kendall to Clay, February 19, 1825, note. 5 Dudley S. Jennings, the lawyer, not further identified; possibly William R. Jennings, a graduate of the Transylvania Medical Department in 1824. 67 See above, II, 770n. The general and colonel of the local militia, not identified. 8 Robert Johnson (I.) Chester held the office from 1825 to 1833. Chester, who in later life accepted the middle initial "I.," because of common popular error in reading the handwritten signature, had been quartermaster of a Tennessee regiment in the War of 1812 and was a staunch political adherent of Andrew Jackson. 8 Mrs. James Erwin (Anne Brown Clay). MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

November 20, 1825

From JOSEPH HILL CLARK, Havana. States that an expedition sent from Havana to relieve the Castle of San Juan de Ulloa has failed and returned; notes fear of a Mexican attack on Cuba; and reports on the population and economy of the island. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

November 20, 1825

EDMUND S. BUXTON and SAMUEL B. WALLING, Richmond, Indiana, apply to

publish the laws (in Richmond Public Ledger). LS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. See above, Hendricks to Clay, September 21, 1825, note. EDWARD R. GIBSON, Tallahassee, Florida, recommends (David B.) Macomb for appointment as "U. States Attorney for this district." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR5). The appointment was not granted. J[OHN] SPEED SMITH, Richmond

(Kentucky), seeks appointment as "Charge

de Affaires to some subordinate Court" or "Secretary of Legation to a distinguished minister either to France England or Russia." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (M531, R7). Addressee not named. Smith received no appointment at this time. He was named secretary to the mission to Tacubaya (cf. below, Poinsett to Clay, August 20, 1826, note) in March, 1827, but declined the commission.

NOVEMBER 22,

INSTRUCTIONS

1825

AND DISPATCHES

841

November 21, 1825

From ALEXANDER] H. EVERETT, Madrid, no. 15. Transmits a copy of a note which he has sent to the Duke del Infantado, concerning the admission of a consul of the United States at Havana; reports a conversation with the Duke, on this and other matters, which has led Everett to believe that he could obtain an exequatur for a consul if an appointment were made and the commission were sent to him, that the Duke is willing to undertake the settlement of claims by means of "a convention providing for the appointment of Commissioners," that the Duke will receive proposals relative to commercial relations between Spain and the United States, and that, in regard to the war between Spain and her former colonies, "there is at present no direct intention in the [Spanish] Cabinet to change their policy, but . . . there is at least, as much probability of a recognition now as before the late Ministerial revolution." States that he will prepare a communication, which the Duke has agreed to receive, stating the opinion of the United States Government relative to the conflict between Spain and the former colonies. LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Spain, vol. 25 (M31, R27). Received March 6, 1826. Published in American State Papers, Foreign Relations, V, 879-80. On the recent change of Spanish ministry, see above, Everett to Clay, October 26, 1825.

APPLICATIONS,

RECOMMENDATIONS

November 21, 1825

PETER LITTLE, Baltimore, introduces William Bose and recommends continuation of the appointment of the Baltimore American, edited by Dobbin, Murphy, and Bose, to publish the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Bose, in 1815, had entered into publication of the American, of which his brother-in-law, George Dobbin, and Thomas Murphy had assumed partial ownership in 1810. Dobbin had died in 1811 but his son, Bose's nephew, Robert A. Dobbin, had joined the firm in 1820. Murphy, who had emigrated from Dublin to Baltimore around 1795, had been apprenticed as a printer. The firm of Dobbin, Murphy, and Bose continued until 1853, with the younger Dobbin remaining one of the owners until 1862.

Full Powers to Negotiate a Treaty of Amity and Commerce [November 22, 1825] [Henry Clay is granted "full power and authority" to negotiate with "the Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of The Central Republic of America" (Antonio Jose Canaz) a treaty or convention "relating to the Peace, Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the . . . United States and the government of the said Central Republic. . . ."] Copy. DNA, RG59, Ceremonial Communications, vol. 2, p. 29.

INSTRUCTIONS

AND DISPATCHES

November 22, 1825

T o ALEXANDER H. EVERETT, Madrid, no. 3. States that the owners of the

842

SECRETARY OF STATE

American brig James Lawrence, condemned at Havana in September, 1824, have appealed to the Council of the Indies and have requested the President to instruct Everett "to pay some attention to" the matter (see above, Ray and others to Clay, October 31, 1825); notes that "The decision appealed from is most extraordinary, and one altogether inexplicable, but upon the supposition of a want of integrity in the Tribunal which pronounced it" and that "Under the peculiar circumstances of the case, the President is disposed to comply with the request"; instructs Everett to "direct the filing of the Record, and the docketing of the appeal; and, the parties furnishing . . . the means of engaging Counsel," to "employ such as may appear . . . proper, to conduct it to a speedy and successful conclusion." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr. vol. 10, pp. 414-15 (M77, R5). ALI draft, in DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R7). On December 1, Brent acknowledged receipt of a letter from Ray, dated November 29 (not found), and pointed out that the dispatch to Everett, a copy of which had been transmitted to Ray, had been prepared after careful determination "that an opposite course would form a very inconvenient precedent." Everett had accordingly been "instructed to employ Counsel to conduct the appeal to a speedy and successful conclusion upon the parties furnishing him with the means to do so." Copy, in DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 201-202 (M40, R19).

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

November 22, 1825

From A[BRAHAM] L. SANDS, New York. Calls attention to documents on file in the State Department "relating to a Danish law subjecting foreign inheritors of property in their colonies to a sacrifice of 25 pr Cent, upon its removal"; states that "by a late negociation, British subjects are exempt from the operation of this law"; and suggests that a similar exemption be included in the negotiations between the United States and Denmark. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). Sands signs as "late Capt. U. S. Arty." Endorsed by Clay: "Write to the gentleman within mentd. and let him know that the subject of it will be duly considered in the pending negotiation with Denmark." Sands, a graduate of the United States Military Academy, had resigned from the service in November, 1823. Brent wrote the reply, as directed, on November 29, 1825. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 198-99 (M40, R19).

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

November 22, 1825

JAMES DILL, Lawrenceburg, Indiana, seeks an appointment for his son (Alexander H. Dill). ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). See above, Dill to Clay, October 10, 1825. Providence, Rhode Island, applies for appointment to print the laws in his publications, the Manufacturers and Farmers Journal and the Independent Inquirer, both issued at Providence. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Miller, a justice of the peace of Providence and formerly the publisher of another journal in that city, had been one of the founders in 1820 of the Manufacturers and Farmers Journal, a semi-weekly publication. The Independent Inquirer, a weekly, had been established in 1823. The Manufacturers and Farmers Journal was given a contract to publish the laws of the Congress beginning in 1825.

JOHN MILLER,

NOVEMBER 23,

1825

843

From Charles King DSir New York 23 Novr 1825 You may have heard, or if not, this letter will apprize you that with a view of affecting the nomination of my father when made to the Senate,1 a scoundrel named Noah, who published a paper in this City, has among other things charged him with having in the year 1786 assented to a proposal to Prince Henry of Prussia to come over 8c become the Sovereign of this land2— the absurdity of the story & the source whence it emanates, could render any contradiction unnecessary, but that some names are vouched that carry weight with them, & particularly that of Mr Barbour— It is said that this gentleman once intimated on the floor of the Senate in my father's presence, that such a proposition had been made, & with his Mr King's Concurrence—and that he was not Contradicted3— What color there may be for any report of this kind I dont know— I never heard of it before— but as it is quite improbable that Mr. Barbour Could have made any such statement, and at any rate quite untrue, that my father was, or Could have been, concerned in any such plan, if peradventure any such was Ever entertaine[d,] I am anxious that, the authority which the use of Mr. Secretary Barbour's name may give to this "weak invention of the Enemy" should be withdrawn— Having however no acquaintance with Mr. B. I have ventured so far to tax your friendship, as to request you to ascertain in my name from Mr Barbour whether there is any & what truth in the part ascribed to him, in the Senate, and if there is none, to ask his permission formally to Contradict it— I hope Mr Barbour will duly appreciate my motives for thus applying thro' you to him, and tho' aware of the reluctance he would very naturally feel to be brought before the public in a matter where he has no Concern, & in which he is introduced without any Consent or privity on his part, I cannot but flatter myself he will so far Consider what is due from a son to the reputation of an absent father, as to Comply with my requestTo you whose friendship I have heretofore so often Experienced, I make no apology for this new tax upon it— Very truly & Sincerely Yours CHAS. KING Hon: H. Clay ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). 1 See above, Clay to Strong, March 29, 1825, note. 2 The account, signed "Civis" and published by Mordecai Noah, had been widely circulated by subsequent journalistic discussion. The Washington Gazette o£ November 24, 1825, presented a summary of the publications in a piece signed "Seventy Six," which reiterated the attack upon Rufus King, as being one of "certain members of the congress of 1786," who had conferred with the Baron von Steuben prior to the

844

SECRETARY OF STATE

latter's transmittal of such a proposal to Prince Henry of Prussia, a brother of Frederick the Great and a nephew of George I of England. "Seventy Six" quoted from a letter by Prince Henry, declining the proposition. Cf. Richard Krauel, "Prince Henry of Prussia and the Regency of the United States, 1786," American Historical Review, XVII (October, 1911), 44-51. 3 James Barbour. See below, Barbour to Clay, November 26, 1825.

Receipt from Thomas Smith [November 23, 1825] [Lists weights of ten hogs, totaling 1550 pounds, "received from Mr. Clay's Overseer,1 Nov. 23, 1825." Addendum notes that two hogs, weighing 148 and 150 pounds, were delivered to "Mrs. S. Hart by Mr. Clay's Overseer Nov 23 1825."] ADS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16).

i John H. Kerr.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

November 23, 1825

To BENJAMIN GARDNER, "Consul U. S. Palermo." Encloses commission, printed circular, instructions, and a blank consular bond. Copy. DNA, RG59, Cons. Instr., vol. 2, p. 373 (M78, R2). See above, Blake to Clay, November 19, 1825. From JOEL R. POINSETT, Mexico, no. 27. Reports that he has just received notice that the Mexican "flag floats over the Castle of Ulua"; acknowledges receipt of Clay's "various despatches u p to No 6 inclusive" (September 26, 1825), as well as a letter from (Daniel) Brent "respecting the claim of Messrs. A. P. Chouteau and Julius De Mun" (see above, Clay to Poinsett, September 26, 1825, note); states that, since Brent's letter was dated May 27, "there must have been some neglect in forwarding" it; notes that he has also received from Brent a memorial concerning Mexican duties on cotton goods. LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Mexico, vol. 1 (M97, R2). Received January 3, 1826. In a proclamation dated November 23, President Guadalupe Victoria confirmed the news of the fall of the Castle of San Juan de Ulloa and the victory of the Mexicans at Veracruz. Niks' Weekly Register, XXIX (January 28, 1826), 356. From CONDY RAGUET, Rio de Janeiro, no. 2. Refers to the enclosure in his dispatch of November 12; now transmits a later issue of the same journal, containing "a copy of an additional treaty between the same two Governments . . . by which it is stipulated, that the slave trade shall cease on the part of Brasil after the expiration of four years from the exchange of ratifications"; and praises the Emperor for "this act of Illuminated and philanthropic policy." Points out that the commercial treaty, however, contains "doctrines and principles" to which the United States cannot subscribe; that Great Britain rejected the treaty with Mexico because it contained "the admission, that the flag should cover the property"; that Sir Charles Stuart has enlisted the Brazilian Government "on the European side of the question"; and that the acceptance by England of "the footing of the most favoured nation Portugal excepted" may have been "influenced in some degree by the design of throwing obstructions in our way." Sketches his views of the power Great Britain has achieved over Brazil through the commercial treaty and its probable effects on United States trade. Expresses a hope that, if he is authorized to negotiate

NOVEMBER 25,

1825

845

a treaty of commerce, his instructions will be drafted so as not to recognize Dom Pedro and his dynasty but, rather, to emphasize the sovereignty of the people. States that he sees no gain for the United States in a treaty unless by equalization of duties, for which he sees little chance, and that he hopes his orders will call for his leaving Brazil "in case our reasonable request be not complied with." Reports word of defeat of the Imperial troops in the Banda Oriental, notes a consequent uneasiness in the Government, but asserts that he sees no likelihood of the overthrow of the Emperor. Refers again to the unfavorable publicity given to the action of Georgia against the Federal Government (cf. above, Raguet to Clay, October 26, 1825). ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Brazil, vol. 4 (M121, R6). APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

November 23, 1825

Baltimore, recommends Robert M. Goodwin as United States marshal for the District of Georgia. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). See above, Goodwin to Clay, November 7, 1825, note.

JOHN BARNEY,

Washington, also recommends Robert Goodwin, whom Hughes has known since boyhood, as marshal for Georgia. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). CHRISTOPHER HUGHES,

H[ENRY] POTTER, Raleigh, recommends his kinsman, Robert Potter, for diplomatic appointment to Guatemala. ALS. Ibid. (MR3). Henry Potter, appointed to the Federal judiciary in 1801, was judge for the District of North Carolina for over fifty years. On Robert Potter, see above, Burton to Clay, October 22/1825.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

November 24, 1825

From DANIEL WYNNE, New York. States that he has been unable to complete arrangements to leave for his consulate and requests an extension of time until spring; expresses hope that the favor may be granted since (Heman) Allen is on the spot. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Santiago de Cuba (M-T155, Rl). APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

November 24, 1825

A. MENDENHALL, Wilmington, Delaware, applies to publish the laws in his newspaper, the Wilmingtonian and Delaware Advertiser. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Mendenhall, long prominent in Wilmington, received one of the few new contracts for public printing granted by the Adams administration in 1825.

WILLIAM

From William Carroll My dear Sir: Murfreesboro. November 25th. 1825. Two days ago on a visit to Nashville I found your esteemed letter of the 21st. of October1 and thank you Sincerely for the information it contains.

846

SECRETARY OF STATE

The resignation of General Jackson as a member of the Senate2 was very unexpected here, though I have no doubt it was resolved upon by him and two or three confidential friends a considerable time ago. A few days before the introduction of the resolutions proposing amendments to the constitution of the United States3 we had a visit from Major Eaton; 4 and if rumor is to be credited he is their author. This was necessary as a basis upon which the General could found his resignation. But it was further necessary that he should be invited here; and that resolutions should be adopted recommending him as a suitable person for the presidency. All this parade was intended to produce effect throughout the United States, and I know that it was expected by many that his course would be approbated in every quarter. In this however they have been disappointed, for little or no notice is taken of it any where. The resignation, altho written with some degree of caution, is, as I think very injudicious, being at war with all his former declarations, that he would neither seek nor decline Office, and evincing throughout a most unconquerable desire for the presidency. He moreover avows indirectly that he went into the Senate with the view of aiding his election.6 Many of the Generals friends were opposed to Judge White 6 as his Successor, prefering [sic] some one who would boldly denounce the acts of the administration, and cling to the General through good and through bad report. Such a person however could not be Selected who had strength enough to defeat Colo. Williams,7 who would have been a candidate in opposition to any one but Judge White. It was therefore a choice of evils and White was thought to be safer than Williams. Judge White is certainly one of the first men of our State. All esteem him as an honest and valuable citizen—an able lawyer—an independent and unprejudiced politician. I think he may be calculded [sic] upon, as disposed to do every Justice to the administration. The conduct of Governor Troup was certainly very highly exceptionable in relation to the Creek treaty.8 His letters wanted that kind of good temper which should ever characterize Official correspondance [sic]. But, it is said that it was the best method he could adopt to insure his re-election. If that be true it furnishes something like an excuse. How General Gaines could think of entering into a controversy with him,9 is to me unaccounable [MC]— It was not the purpose for which he was sent to Georgia and the Creek nation—and his letters present very little to recommend them either in matter or manner. When our legislature acted upon the resolution recommending

NOVEMBER 25,

1825

847

General Jackson to the consideration of the American people for the Presidency, Thomas H Fletcher Esquire, author of the political horse race,10 in a neat little speach [sic] inlisted [sic] under the banners of the General. As he had always been the stedfast [sic] friend of Mr. Crawford,11 his conversion was looked upon as no ordinary triumph. The truth is, that there was no Sincerity in his conduct. He has ever considered the General as lacking those varied talents which are necessary in the chief Majistrate [sic] of the Union; and his speach was designed for the people, as he intends becoming a candidate for congress in opposition to Mr. Isaacks [sic]. Fletcher is a man of fine genius—of extensive political information, and in every respect qualified to hold a respectable rank in Congress, where it is entirely probable he will be in 1827.12 Your old friend Mr. Grundy has consented again to become a candidate for Congress, and I know of no one who can oppose him successfully.18 It is understood that there is much solicitude to re-elect Major Eaton to the Senate, his services being of the utmost consequence to the success of General Jackson as is said by his friends. He will be defeated. Opposition can, and will be brought against him. which will most probably beat him two to one.14 I think your determination in relation to the public printing in West Tennessee intirely [sic] correct.15 Were you to bestow all the offices within your gift upon your enemies, they would not forgive you. It is therefore proper that they should feel the weight of your power. I will Just remark, that the Whig has a circulation nearly double that of any other paper in the State. I cannot close this letter without expressing to you, how valuable I have always esteemed your corrispondence [sic], and to assure you, that I shall be happy to hear from you as often as your official duties will permit you to write with convenience. Most Sincerely. Yr, friend. W M , CARROLL Hon: Henry Clay Washington City. [Marginal note] P. S. The General Assembly will adjourn ten days hence, after which time I shall be at Nashville. ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). l Not found. 2 See above, Carroll to Clay, October 4, 1825, note. 3 See above, Clay to Hammond, November 1, 1825. * John H. Eaton. 5 Jackson stated, in his address to the legislature on October 14, that he had entered the Senate two years before, "not, however, without its being previously professed by . . . friends that a longer term of service than one Congress would neither be required or expected." Washington Daily National Intelligencer, November 1, 1825. This arrangement would have permitted his movement from the Senate to the Presidency on March 4, 1825. 6 Hugh L. White. 7 John Williams.

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SECRETARY OF STATE

8 See above, Clay to Southard, July 3, 1825, note. 9 See above, Clay to Hammond, September 23, 1825, note. 10 Thomas H. Fletcher, born in Virginia, had settled in Nashville in 1808 and, after failure in the mercantile business during the depression of 1819, had studied law and opened practice in Fayetteville in 1821. He served two terms in the Tennessee Legislature as representative of Franklin County (1825-1826). He had been appointed by Governor Carroll as State attorney general and in February, 1827, was commissioned Federal attorney by President Adams. In the early summer of 1823, he had published in the Nashville Gazette, widely copied in other newspapers, including the Lexington Kentucky Gazette, July 10, 1823, a sketch, entitled "The Political Horse Race," humorously portraying the characteristics of the various candidates. 11 William H. Crawford. 12 Jacob C. Isacks was re-elected and continued in Congress until 1833; Fletcher was never elected to that body. 13 Grundy ran for Congress in 1827, with the support of Andrew Jackson, in opposition to John Bell, and was defeated. Bell, born near Nashville, had begun the practice of law at Franklin, Tennessee, in 1816, served in the State Senate in 1817, and, returning to Nashville, became a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1827 to 1841, Secretary of War in 1841, United States Senator from 1847 to 1859, and candidate for the Presidency in 1860. i* Eaton was re-elected, in 1826. 15 On the shifting of the contracts for printing of the laws to the Jackson Gazette and the Nashville Whig, see above, McLean to Clay, August 30, 1825, note; Carroll to Clay, October 4, 1825, note.

From Lafayette My dear friend La Grange November 25h 1825 This letter will find You in the full Occupation of Congressional Business and altho' Your duties as a Speaker are over there will Be enough for the Secretary of State to do. I am ever Anxiously Waiting for News from the U. S. and particulary [sic] from Washington. My American Habits Have Been So Happily Renewed in the Blessed thirteen Month [sic] I Have passed on Your Side of the Atlantic that I Cannot easily Submit to an interruption in those Communications. Let me Hear from You as often as You Can. You Have But too melancholy Motives to Sympathise with the Cruel Anxiety I Have Had Lately to Experience; one of my Grand daughters, the third daughter of George1 Has Been on the Eve of death. She is now out of danger. How often and How feelingly I Have thought of You and Mrs Clay You will easily Conceive. I was Gone to town, and expected to See Mr Brown2 the Next Morning when a Courier, Announcing the dear Girl'[s situation, Recalled me Suddenly to la Grange. I Suppose He Has more than me to write about European politics, indeed the politics of the Republican Hemisphere, untill this is greatly Mended, Appear to me the principal Business of Mankind. I much wish to know what Answer You Have Had to Your South American and Mexican Communications Respecting the Congress of panama,3 and who Has Been Sent as minister from the U. S. to that momentous Meeting4 where His Good and Honest Advice

NOVEMBER 25,

1825

849

will no doubt prove Highly Useful, they Say the Empire of Brazils Has Been invited also to Send a Minister to panama. I wish it might Be to give don pedro a passport for Europe: for I aprehend [sic] this Brazilian Spot will Be a focus of European intrigues untill it Has adopted the Republican form of Government. While British publications Speak of their Half Recognition of American independence as if no Such feat of liberalism Had Ever Existed Elsewhere, the french Government are wavering Betwen [sic] a Sense of public discontent at their Bakwardness [sic] and their Ridiculous Notions of Legitimacy, and when Lately they thought of Grasping at Something Like a mezzo termine on the part of Spain they Have Been momentarily discomfited By a Change in the Spanish Ministry.5 Such is the diplomacy of Europe, and the fittness [sic] to Have An American Era of foreign as well as interior policy. However, an irrestible [sic] Current must Soon wash a way those difficulties. Notwistanding [sic] the quarelling [sic] Spirit of the Grecian Chiefs, and abuses attending a long interruption of National Government, there is an admirable Heroism in the Resistance of that people and a moral obligation to every liberal man, or body of men to Give them Encouragement and the Assistance which Special Situations Can allow, the British Government is, as Usual, Under a Conflict of interests Opposed to Each other, and wants to obtain, as cheap as possible, the first place in the poor Carrier [sic] of European liberalism, while french Committees are Sincere and Eager in their Concern for the Cause of Greece, the Government of the tuileries Holds a Connexion, Most Unpopular in france, with the Egyptian despot.6 The Rumour of Very peculiar Acts of Benevolence from the American Squadron and Commodore Rogers in Behalf of the Greeks,7 which Has produced No party Complaint that I know of, Has in the Enlightned [sic] and liberal part of the World added to the popularity and dignity of the American Name. What Has Really past I do not know, But very much lament the illness of Mr Somerville8 which forcibly keeps Him in paris. I Have pressed Him to Come to la Grange to Refitt [sic] Himself and from there pursue His journey; But when He will Be able to Support this short Ride to our Country Residence I Cannot Yet Say. He is However a little Better as He Himself writes to me, and you will no doubt get from Him a later and more positive Account. Present my Affectionate Respects to Mrs Clay, to the president, to Your Colleagues, and all other friends in Washington as well as to their families. George and le Vasseur9 Beg to Be Respectfully Remembered. Be So kind as to forward the inclosed letters;

850

SECRETARY OF STATE

Remember me to Your own family present and absent, and Believe me forever Your Sincere friend LAFAYETTE I Have Received Before I left the United States Communications from my old Comrades of the Connecticut and Massachuset [sic] Lines intimating the purpose to present Congress, during this Session, with a petition Relative to the Manner in which old Accounts Have Been Settled in their very interesting Claims on their Country's Bounty, and also Respecting to the interpretation Given in 1820 to the pension Law of 1798.10 At all times I would Have taken the most lively interest in their Behalf, But now loaded as I am with the Munificent Bounty of Congress,11 I am More than Ever Anxious to Hear they Have Had Cause to Be Satisfied, there are few Survivors; any thing done for them would, I Hope, Be Gratifying to the people, and You know it would Have an excellent effect abroad. Mr Connel12 Returns to England By way of liverpool. He will talk with You of Several claims upon Europe, namely that of Antwerpt [sic] which He Had Been Commissioned to pursue. 13 I Have Seen Mr and Mme delaRue. they know You are of Opinion that Congress might with all propriety, and without Hurting any [petitioner] instead of taking it for Granted that the president is Entitled to introduce this french claim in the Negotiation, express a positive Vote upon it, and indeed I don't See Any objection to] express what Every one Considers as Being already understood.14 Here is a Bundle of letters which with perfect Confidence in Your Godness [sic] I Beg You to forward. [Endorsed at bottom of first page] Hbl Henry Clay Secretary of State ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). MS. faded. 1 Clementine Lafayette; George Washington Lafayette. 2 James Brown. 3 See above, Clay to Anderson, September 16, 1825; Salazar to Clay, November 2, 1825; Obreg6n to Clay, November 3, 1825. 4 See above, Clay to Anderson, September 16, 1825; below, Clay to Anderson, November 25, 1825. 5 See above, Everett to Clay, October 26, 1825. 8 French army officers had been training Egyptian forces since 1819. This program had been re-enforced under arrangements for a French military mission, which arrived at Alexandria in November, 1824, to direct "formation, organization, and instruction of the [Egyptian] troops . . . [and to provide] assistance in naval construction, and assistance in the organization of factories for military purposes." Puryear, France and the Levant, 43. The exact relationship of the French Government with this activity is not known, but the provision of supplies for Egyptian naval construction from French naval stores indicates a close connection. Opposition journals of the French press were criticizing the role of the Government in this matter during the winter of 1825-1826. Ibid., 45-48. 7 See above, Brown to Clay, October 29, 1825. 8 William C. Somerville. 9 Auguste Levasseur. io See above, II, 876n. Lafayette's third digit is blurred, a correction of a date, probably 1798, which was inapplicable. (The pension act of 1798 related to dependents of service men deceased of wounds received after March 4, 1789. 1 V. S. Stat., 540.)

NOVEMBER 25, 1825

851

President Adams, in his message of December 6, 1825, proposed payment of pensions for service in the Revolution, without proof of poverty, but the recommendation was not enacted. Richardson (comp.), A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents. . . , II, 308. n See above, III, 900. 12 John Connell. 13 Cf. above, Kearney to Clay, September 26, 1825. Antwerp was incorporated in the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1815 to 1830. 14 See above, III, 312, 313n, 498.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

November 25, 1825

To C[HARLES] R. VAUGHAN. Acknowledges receipt of his note of November 15; states that Clay has "caused the necessary enquiries to be made" and hopes, upon receipt of further information, to be able to give "satisfactory explanations of the transactions to which the Lt. Governor refers." Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 3, pp. 237-38 (M38, R3). ALS draft, in CSmH. Published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Canadian Relations, II, 70.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

November 25, 1825

To RICHARD C. ANDERSON, JR., no. 3. Informs him that the President has decided to accept the invitation to be represented at Panama (see above, Clay to Gallatin, November 8, 1825) and that John Sergeant will be his associate; adds: "Of course the whole movement depends upon the concurrence of the Senate in the measure, which is however confidently anticipated." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, pp. 416-17 (M77, R5). ALI draft, in DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R7); LS copy, in OCHP-Whelpley Autographs. From JOHN MULLOWNY, Tangier, no. 42. States that a treaty between "the United Nations of S. America, and this Power" (Morocco), if considered desirable, could be negotiated by one representative of the six Republics upon payment of about $80,000; adds that, with the consent of the President of the United States, he is willing to "become the Mediator, for this Important purpose." ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Tangier, vol. 4 (M-T61, R4). Received March 4, 1825. From JOEL R. POINSETT, Mexico, no. 28. States that he has "received and attentively examined" Clay's "instructions, No. 5" (September 24, 1825); expresses regret that the treaty between Mexico and Great Britain preceded his own negotiations; promises "to urge the example of Colombia"; notes that the provision, to which Clay calls attention, concerning duties on imports of manufactures from the United States, has been agreed to by the Mexican plenipotentiaries; states that he will renew negotiations concerning the road and the boundaries. LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Mexico, vol. 1 (M97, R2). Received January 3, 1826.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

November 25, 1825

To LEVI LINCOLN, Governor of Massachusetts, Boston. "The same Letter, as written to Govr. Parris, Portland" (below, this date). DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 197 (M40, R19). Lincoln, brother of Enoch Lincoln, was a

852

SECRETARY OF STATE

Harvard graduate and a lawyer. He had been a member of the Massachusetts Legislature (1812-1822), Lieutenant Governor of the State, and an associate justice of the State Supreme Court and was Governor from 1825 to 1834. He was a member of Congress (1834-1841), collector of the port of Boston (18411843), State Senator (1844-1845), mayor of Worcester (1848), and president of the Worcester County Agricultural Society (1824 to 1852). To ALBION K. PARRIS, Governor of Maine, Portland. Transmits a copy of the note and enclosures received from the British Minister (above, Vaughan to Clay, November 15, 1825); requests information relative to the matter discussed. Copy. Ibid., pp. 196-97. Parris, whose service in Congress had extended from 1815 to 1818, had been graduated from Dartmouth College and had held several political and judicial offices. He was Governor of Maine from 1822 to 1827, United States Senator (1827-1828), a judge of the State Supreme Court (1828-1836), second comptroller of the United States Treasury (1836-1850), and mayor of Portland (1852). From AMOS CLARK, Evansville (Indiana). Expresses surprise "at the rect. of a letter from" an agent of the State Department "returning the account of Thomas Evans for public printing and assigning as a reason that a letter had been received from E. Harrison requesting that the account should not be paid to Evans or any one for him." Explains the legal aspects of the case. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Cf. above, Harrison to Clay, September 16, 1825; October 16, 1825; Clark to Clay, October 12, 1825. From SAMUEL CURSON, Boston. Mentions that he is "personally known to" Clay and that he made "some communications" (not found) to Clay "on the State of Spanish America in 1822; particularly Peru, where . . . [he] had been long resident. . . ." States that, since he intends sailing to Tampico about December 8, he would be happy to forward letters for the consulate or for (Joel R.) Poinsett. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). Curson not further identified.

From James Barbour Dear Sir Washington Novr 26th. 1825 I have read attentively the letter, you presented to me, addressed to you by Mr Charles King.1 I certainly feel great reluctance to appearing in a news-paper controversy; the more especially as it is the first instance in my life of such an occurrence: Yet, on this occasion I yield to the request of Mr King to state what remains within my recollection of the subject to which he refers.2 The intervening time since the occurrence & the multiplicity as well as variety of my pursuits have rendered the traces of the transaction somewhat slight. As there was no note taken of the debate at the time I have endeavored to regain its character by reference to the President Mr Gaillard3—who says he has not the smallest recollection of any circumstance connected with this subject. Thrown on my own resources I will endeavor to give the most faithful narrative I can—

NOVEMBER 26,

1825

853

In the debate which occurred on the revolutionary pension bill Session 17-18- the utmost latitude was indulged—the effects of that revolution on ourselves as well as in the world at large, the progress of political science, the dangers to which our institutions had been Exposed from the termination of the revolution to the adoption of the Constitution &c were largely and freely discussed— Taking an active part in that debate and pursuing the range of discussion I made an allusion to a rumor namely that a wish was beleived [sic] to exist with some politicians to impart a monarchical character to our institutions, and which was said to have been manifested by a proposal of inviting some German prince to the intended American throne— But it was stated as a mere rumor, nor did I point to any particular individual, for none by name had been mentioned to me, that I now recollect— Mr. King4 who took part in the debate spoke of this rumor as most idle and unfounded—and with asperity at its having been mentioned by me— The remainder of the debate on my part it is not necessary to state, as it went merely to repel the personal remarks of Mr King in a manner which the feelings of the moment as I thought justified. From that day to the recent publications I heard nothing more of the subject— You may use this letter as you please by transmitting it to Mr King, or give it any other direction you may think best5— Hon H. Clay Yours JAS. BARBOUR Copy. NHi. Published in King (ed.), Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, VI, 645-46. l Above, November 23, 1825. 2 As early as November 19, Barbour had consulted President Adams on the propriety of publishing a contradiction of the Noah account. Adams, Memoirs, VII, 55-56. 3 John Gaillard. 4 Rufus King. 5 This sentence was omitted in the published version.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

November 26, 1825

From JOSE SILVESTRE REBEIXO, Washington. States that he has been instructed by his government to urge that a higher rank be given to the United States diplomatic agent in Brazil so that the Emperor may confer equal rank on his representative at Washington. Cites, as reasons for the proposed change, the flow of communications across Brazil, rather than around the Horn or through the unhealthful Central American states; the probability that commercial relations of the United States with Brazil will continue to flourish, because their products are complementary while the trade of Argentina and Chile will be competitive with that of the United States; and the priority of United States recognition of the independence of Brazil (see above, Clay to Raguet, April 14, 1825, note) . LS. DNA, RG59, Notes from Foreign Legations, Brazil, vol. 1 (M49, Rl).

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES From

THOMAS

L. L.

BRENT,

November 26, 1825

Lisbon, no. 12. Reports that the efforts to fill the

854

SECRETARY OF STATE

regiments, referred to in his dispatch no. 11 (October 28), have ceased; that the treaty between Brazil and Portugal (see above, Raguet to Secretary of State, March 11, 1825, note) has been published; and that he is enclosing a note received from the Count of Porto Santo, relative to the grant of independence to Brazil and the change in the King's title. Describes an audience with the King (John VI) ; comments on a royal decree (enclosed) concerning the title and position of Dom Pedro; notes some opposition to the treaty; and expresses concern for the King's health. LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Portugal, vol. 6 (M43, R5). MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

November 26, 1825

From S[AMUEL] L. S[OUTHARD]. Acknowledges receipt of "the letter of Mr. Warfield [not found], submitted by you to this Department, in behalf of Mr. Murphy, an applicant for admission into the Navy"; and states that his name is being placed on file. Copy. DNA, RG45, Executive Letterbook, vol. 1821-1831, p. 147. Warfield and Murphy not identified. See below, Southard to Clay, December 10, 1825. From WILLIAM WILLIAMS, Saybrook. Inquires whether a person who sells a vessel in a foreign port to an American is required by law to pay into the hands of the consul three months' pay for the crew if "the crew are not discharged but continue on board voluntarily and proceed back to a port in the United States" or "if the seller prefers furnishing his crew with a passage back to the United States, bearing all their expences. . . ." LS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). Williams not further identified. On December 7, 1825, Daniel Brent, at Clay's direction, replied to Williams at "Saybrook, Ms. [sic]," that the Department "uniformly declined giving an opinion upon the true construction of a Law of Congress" and, instead, referred him to the relevant statutes. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 208-209 (M40, R19). APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

November 26, 1825

H. CAMPBELL, A. WOODWARD, and D[ANDRIDGE] FARISS, Huntsville, Alabama, acting as D. Fariss and Company, apply for appointment to publish the laws in the Huntsville Southern Advocate and Huntsville Advertiser. Campbell has replaced H. Orlando Alden in the firm. ALS by Woodward, signed also by Campbell and Fariss. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Campbell, Woodward's law partner, had been born in Tennessee and by 1835 had removed to Talladega, Alabama. The request for a renewal of appointment was granted.

WILLIAM

A. MORTON, JR., New York, urges appointment of Benjamin Gardner as United States consul at Palermo and encloses a memorial (signed by fourteen New York merchants) supporting this recommendation. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). See above, Blake to Clay, November 19, 1825, note. Morton not further identified.

JOHN

Montpelier, Vermont, recommends that the contract for publication of the laws be given to a journal to be established by George Washington Hill and Company, at Montpelier, under the patronage of Hill's brother (Isaac), of Concord, New Hampshire, "well known as a supporter of Govt." Comments that a petition circulated by (Ezekiel P.) Walton, publisher of the Montpelier Watchman, who also seeks the appointment, contains an HORACE STEELE,

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inaccurate statement of the circulation of that paper, which "during the late war . . . was devoted to the cause of those opposed to the administration. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. or L. Steele and George Washington Hill not further identified. Isaac Hill, a native of Massachusetts, was editor of the Concord New Hampshire Patriot (1809-1829) and at various times a member of the State legislature (1820-1822, 1826, 1827), second comptroller of the United States Treasury (1829-1830), United States Senator (1831-1836), Governor of New Hampshire (1836-1839), and United States subtreasurer at Boston (1840-1841), On the recommended appointment, cf. above, Van Ness and others to Clay, November 4, 1825, note. Versailles (Kentucky), states that his "friend Mr. William Mayo is anxious to obtain for his son Addison the appointment of Cadet at West point [«c]"; and adds: "Mr. Mayo is one of your particular 8c warm friends. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG94, Military Academy, Cadet Applications, 1825-13 (M688, R36). Postmarked: "Shelbyville K Dec 14." Endorsed on cover (AEI): "Respectfully refered [sic] to the Honble Secy, of War. H C." William Mayo was proprietor of a tavern in Versailles. He moved to Shelbyville, Kentucky, about 1846 and, a few years later, to Cooper County, Missouri. His eldest son, Addison, did not enter the Military Academy but, instead, became a doctor and practiced at Versailles until shortly before the Civil War, when he joined the great rush to Colorado.

JOHN MCKINNEY, JR.,

To Charles King Dr Sir Washington 27 Nov. 1825 On the day I received your letter of the 23 inst: I met with Mr. Secretary Barbour, and having conversed with him on the subject of it, I put it into his hands that he might furnish me with such a statement as he deemed proper— The enclosed letter from him to me 1 furnishes that statement— The Notice of that subject by Noah is so far countenanced by this statement, as that it establishes that there was an allusion to it in a debate in the Senate by Mr Barbour and that this allusion occasioned some warm words between him and your father— Indeed the Honble. Secretary told me, that the words which passed were very sharp and personal— But Mr. Noah has no support from this statement of his allegations that the Secretary intended to implicate your father, or that he silently acquiesced in the truth of the Secretary's suggestion— If his letter is published the malignant will seize hold of the fact of the sensibility displayed by your father (as described by Mr B.) as evidence of his conscious participation in the Prussian scheme2— I transmit the letter however to you to be disposed of as you may think right— Perhaps it would be better for you in the first instance, simply to aver in some newspaper, 1st. that you have the highest authority for contradicting the allegation that Mr. B. implicated your father—2d that altho' there was an allusion in the Senate to the matter, it was vaguely referred to as a mere rumor—and further

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that your father promptly and explicitly denied as [sic] most idle and unfounded— This may draw from your antagonist further disclosures &c. and in the end you may publish the whole letter if necessary— I never heard of this Prussian affair before— Upon enquiry I learn that there was during the Revolutionary war, when our affairs were very gloomy, and there was some dissatisfaction with Genl Washington a project on foot to invite the Duke of Brunswick3 or Prince Henry over to take the Command of our armies, not to make a King of him— And I suspect that matter has been drawn down from '77 to 78 when it occurred to 1786 and confounded with incidents of the latter epoch4— I cannot think there is the smallest danger of [sic] your father's nomination passing the Senate5— Still it is well to keep a look out & not to indulge in too much confidence. Who could have communicated to Noah the account of the debate in the Senate? You see that Mr. Gaillard retains no recollection of it— I suspect therefore that the communication must have been made by some bitter 8e secret enemy— I have taken pleasure in the agency you have requested of me in this matter & shall be pleased if the letter of Mr Barbour shall prove of any benefit6— Yrs faithfully H. CLAY C King Esq. Copy. NHi. Published, in part, in King (ed.), Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, VI, 644-45. 1 Above, November 26, 1827. 2 The remainder of this paragraph was omitted from the published version. 3 Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, a Prussian field marshal during the Seven Years War, who had retired in 1766, after estrangement from Frederick the Great. 4 The misdating argument had already been presented by King's defenders and had been demolished by "Seventy Six" in the Washington Gazette, November 24, 1825. Charles King, however, again raised it in accordance with the suggestion offered by Clay. See King's public letter on "The Hamilton Papers," in Washington Daily National Intelligencer, December 8, 1825. The followiftg paragraph in Clay's letter to King was omitted from the published version. s King's nomination was confirmed on December 20, without a recorded division of vote. 6 This paragraph omitted from the printed version.

From Francis T. Brooke My Dear Sir Richmd Nov 27h 1825, I should have written you more frequently if there had been anything in our political world worth communicating, and now I am prompted in some degree by what may Seem a personal rather than of a general Character— what I mean to say to you on the former I beg you to consider as extracted from me by considerations which no one can better appreciate than yourself— my son Robert 1

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who I presented to you last winter by Letter, has returned to the U, S, in fine health and contemplates settling in one of the new States or in one of the Territories with the intention to persue [sic] his profession, under circumstances [sic] if he can be made useful to the government by any appointment it would be very useful to him to have its countenance, I am not apprised of any Situation that would accord with his views at present, and my only object in mentioning the Subject to you, is to avail myself of your friendship if anything Should occur by which at the Same time that you fulfill your public duty you may promote his intentions— you saw too little of him last winter to form any opinion of his qualifications, and anything I should Say of them might be attributed to my paternity, I refer you therefore to my friends Southard & Barbour3 who know more of him— when I came here I thought that there was very little doubt that Genl Tucker would be our Senator, Mr Giles efforts to the contrary notwithstanding, I am Still of opinion that no man in the Eastern portion of the State will be, unless it be Govr Pleasants, I learn very lately however that there is Strong probability that Mr Randolph has prevailed on Genl Tucker not to permit himself to be named with a view to his own election or that of Genl Floyed, Should this be the case, Pleasants will be the Senator,4 I have been much confined by an inflamation [sic] in in [sic] one of my knees though my genl health was never better, or I should have been able to know a little more of the movements of gentlemen here in this matter, in Some Short time I shall be able to give you more distinct information of the probable event of that contest, you will have Seen by the papers that there is an effort in Virginia to get up an antiadministration party under the pretext of defending State rights and that Mr Giles was to wield the moral force of the State for the attainment of these objects, but it will fail unless I am much in the dark— Your Sincere Friend F BROOKE ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). Addressed to Clay. 1 Robert Spottswood Brooke, born in 1800, had been graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1820 and, resigning his commission shortly thereafter, had been trained as a lawyer. He was a captain in the Virginia militia from 1824 to 1832 and a member of the Virginia House of Delegates, representing Augusta County, from 1832 to 1843. He did not receive a Federal appointment to civil office. 2 Not found. 3 Samuel L. Southard; James Barbour. 4 James Pleasants was not among the nominees in the election by the Virginia Assembly, on December 8, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Barbour when he accepted Cabinet appointment. On the first ballot, the vote was 65 for Henry St. George Tucker, 63 for John Randolph, who was Tucker's half brother, 58 for William B. Giles, and 40 for John Floyd. With the last name dropped, the next ballot stood at 87 votes for Tucker, 79 for Randolph, and 60 for Giles. Giles' name was then excluded and the ballots were cast, when Tucker's friends announced that he would not oppose Randolph. After some discussion, it was decided that the count of votes already deposited in the election boxes should be taken. Randolph received 104; Tucker, 80. Garland, Life of John Randolph, II, 239-40.

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INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

November 27, 1825

From RUFUS KING, London, no. 12. Encloses a copy of his "last Note to the office for Foreign affairs" relative to "the delays of the Mixed Commission at Washington"; encloses also a copy of his note to (George) Canning, transmitting a copy of Clay's instructions of May 10, which King thought proper to communicate "in Extenso" at this time, and Canning's reply; reports that "the Envoy of Buenos Ayres [Manuel de Sarratea] has arrived in London, and waits only for the recurrence of a Levee, to be presented to, and recognized by the King." LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Great Britain, vol. 32 (M30, R28). Received January 18, 1826. APPLICATIONS,

RECOMMENDATIONS

November 27, 1825

I. BROWN, Nicholasville (Kentucky), solicits aid in obtaining "a situation in the Military Acadamy [sic]" for Charles Sturdevant, an orphan, of Nicholasville. ALS. DNA, RG94, Military Academy, Cadet Applications, 1825-161 (M688, R38). Endorsed by Clay on cover: "Respectfully refered [sic] to the Secy of War [James Barbour] H. Clay." Court records on November 21 had noted that young Sturdevant had received no inheritance. Jessamine County Court, Order Book F, 78-79. He did not win consideration for the Military Academy. GEORGE

To Peter B. Porter My dear Sir (Confidential) Washn. 28h. Nov. 1825 I thank you for your obliging letter from Utica of the 22d. current.1 The information which it communicates is valuable and the friendly hints will not be gotten [sic]. Mr. Clinton2 is, & has always been, well understood by me, and now is by Mr. Adams also. You are mistaken however in supposing that any systematic exertion has been made by Mr. Adams to conciliate him. Mr. Adams thought that some expression was due to the State of N. York, and Mr. Clinton was offered the appointment to England.3 In afterwards appointing Mr. King,4 Mr. C. I have reason to believe was much dissatisfied. With respect to the appointment of a Western Judge,5 it was a selection made by Mr. Adams not upon the strength of Mr. Clinton's recommendation alone, but upon that of others also. The maxim of the present Administration is to abstain from identifying itself particularly with any of the local parties that happen to divide a State. Its appointments must, however, necessarily be made from some of them; but it is a great error to infer from a particular or even several appointments being made from a certain party that the general administration has lent itself to its views. However, I should be glad if you would tell me frankly on what the belief is founded of a subserviency here to Mr. Clinton.

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We may at least undeceive the public, in that respect, in future. The Admon continues to act in perfect harmony. It is also daily acquiring additional strength, and conciliating the public confidence The exposition, in the message,6 of our public affairs will be very satisfactory. The President, with my hearty concurrence, has decided that we shall be represented at Panama.7 Of course however our peace or neutrality is not to be affected by it. I reed your report.8 The President expressed himself entirely satisfied with the reasons which induced you to acquiesce in the postponement until May. We both think that the harmony among the Commrs, and the prospect of a successful termination of their labors fully compensate for any incidental delay which has arisen. I remain faithfully Your friend H. CLAY Genl. P. B. Porter. ALS. NBuHi. 1 Not found. T h e letter related to politics, "expressing his surprise at . . . [Adams'] complacency towards the New York Clintonians against whom the recent elections to the Legislature have turned," and his belief that Judge (Ambrose) Spencer would not be the Senator. Adams, Memoirs, VII, 66. 2 DeWitt Clinton. 3 See above, Stuart to Clay, March 15, 1825. 4 Rufus King. s Alfred Conkling. For reference to his appointment as "Judge of the Western district of New York," see Adams, Memoirs, VII, 83. 6 T h e President's annual message to Congress, December 6, 1825. i See above, Tudor to Clay, April 12, 1825, note; Clay to Gallatin, November 8, 1825. 8 Above, Porter to Clay, November 16, 1825.

From Francis P. Blair My dear Sir Frankfort Nov. 28 1825 I reed, your letter on the subject of Kentucky politics written in Sept. last.1 I immediately answered it, but as I had then recently sent you a letter on White's account2 I feared I should be considered troublesome, & did not send my reply— To tell you the truth I was not very well prepared to decide upon what I should do & did not know well what to say— I could not think of abandoning my party,3 if they were disposed to acquiesce in public sentiment as I understood it; & as I conscientiously beleived [sic] that the country was anxious to get rid of both sets of Judges & to compose a mixed tribunal I urged it upon those who had influence & the proposal was formally made in the Governors Message.4 As the senate stands unshaken with regard to the repeal of the late law, a reconciliation, & compromise has at length become a subject of serious consideration on both sides, & the leaders in the Legislature Crittenden & Hardin on one side, & McAfee Haskin & Ewing5 on the other are at the moment engaged in drawing up preliminaries

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which I trust will terminate in a peace— I am a little afraid that the preponderance of the old court party in the Legislature will be urged as a strong circumstance to sacrifice my pretensions to the clerkship,6 if the compromise should be effected (as it will be, if at all,) on terms of equality in other respects— My side have I know resolved not to give me up but if I find that there is no, other practicable means of giving peace to the country, I have taken a secret resolution to yield my prospects of better fortune, rather than keep up the state of distraction which now exists— I take it however to be a hard alternative— Swigert7 is my Junior every way—is young—hearty—independant [sic] in his means, & without a family— My condition is (you know) the reverse of this, but reverses seem to belong to my fortunes & I must learn to bear them— From your letter I fear Gratz8 has been a solicitor with you for me— If he has been, I assure you that his solicitation was wholly unbidden 8c unexpected— I have always known that there was no appointment at Washington to which I was equal that was equal to my necessities— Nothing therefore was more distant from my hopes than a place there— I have turned my eyes towards Florida as a position where I might probably better my condition & where the climate promises advantages to a pulmonary constitution— My first thought is for the welfare of my family & I feel that I could undergo any labor to raise them to a moderate independance— You have I know from your elevation a much wider horizon than I have, & a mind that sees things however far off with distinctness— You know me, & my condition— Let me therefore ask your advice— It is somewhat late in life to be transplanted to a new Country, but I think that such places present facilities to persons situated as I am & I think it probable that I might succeed in the profession I studied early in life,9 & to which my employments have constantly drawn my attention— But I am conscious that I am not the best Judge of this matter— I ask your advice therefore from no idle motive— I would not trouble you with impertinence— I ask your advice because I know you will give it frankly without respect to any consideration but my real interests— •I will send you a reply I wrote hastily a day or two before the session in answer to the demand of the old Court on me for the papers10— It was at first as badly printed, as written, & I have been at the pains to have it reprinted so as to take off some of the defects, with a view to send some abroad to let our neighbors see that our pretensions are not so wholly unfounded as is generally imagined— You must pardon me that I have availed my self of your arguments on a particular point on this controversy11— Your

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Opinion on the main question has done us much harm, & what I have taken from you is but in the way of reprisal— What you said as advice to me & my party in Opposition to the compromise in your letter, I sedulously concealed, because I thought it would do me harm if known to one side, & would not be advantageous to you if known to the other— So with Mrs B.'s advice & my own Opinion in support it [sic], I resolved to make a secret of your views but your Opinion on this subject has escaped through other Channels, & if the treaty fails I fear it will be somewhat attributable to the Judgment you have given on the matter12— [. . .] 13 Novr. I interrupted my letter in the hope of convey[ing] ce[rta]in intelligence with regard to the end of our controversies— A committee of the senate addressed both sets of Judges desiring them to resign, that a new court might be formed out of both, & the contest about constitionality [sic] quieted in that way— The new court complied—the old court refused— The breach seems to widen; the friends of both courts being confirmed in their different purposes by the acts of the other— The compromise is gone for the present.14 The Committee of courts of Justice called me before them this morning to answer on oath for the felonies & misdemeanors I am charged withal, in taking the papers from the proper office & refusing to yeild [sic] them to the Old Court according to order— I answered all interrogatories without reserve & told them they should not have the papers— The Old court next will lay its commands on me in the way of compulsion— I shall also give them the Spartan's answer when his arms were demanded— "Come & take them" I shall stand a siege, & hope before all is is [sic] over to capitulate on honorable terms, & get a fair compromise15— Notwithstanding things have gone so far I beleive I stand well with my old friends, & trust that I shall lose nothing of your esteem & affection because I do not desert Yr Friend F. P. BLAIR ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). Addressed to Clay. MS. torn. 1 Not found. 2 Above, August 30, 1825. 3 The friends of the new Court. 4 See above, Theodore W. Clay to Clay, November 11, 1825, note. 5 John J. Crittenden; Benjamin Hardin; Robert B. McAfee; Joseph Haskin; Young Ewing. McAfee and Haskin were both of Mercer County, Haskin representing that county in the State House of Representatives in 1825, 1826, 1831, 1833, 1843, and 1844. McAfee, a lawyer and a veteran of the War of 1812, had been elected to the lower house of the State Assembly in 1819, had held office as lieutenant governor from 1820 to 1824, and now presided over the State Senate. He returned to the legislature in 1831-1832 and 1841 and served as United States Charge d'Affaires at Colombia from 1833 to 1837. 6 On his appointment, see above, Blair to Clay, February 11, 1825. 7 Jacob Swigert. 8 Benjamin Gratz. No recommendation found. 9 See above, III, lOn.

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10 Addressed to "Messrs. Mills, Boyle and Owsley" and published in the Frankfort Argus of Western America, November 16, 23, 1825. Blair rejected the demand of the old court for restoration of the court records (see above, Blair to Clay, March 7, 1825, note), on the ground that, until legislative action reversed the law establishing the new court, the latter remained the duly constituted judicial authority of the State. 11 Noting that the old court judges had conceded the power of the legislature to appoint additional jurists, Blair argued that the designation of one of the latter as "Chief Justice" and the others as "1st, 2d and 3d associate Justices," when others already bore these titles, did not affect their power. "Here," he continued, "you must not understand me as urging my own arguments. I do but urge those of some of the ablest individuals who advocate your pretensions. I myself heard them advanced by the most illustrious citizen of our state, who at the same time declared that they had been suggested by the head of the Judiciary—by chief Justice Marshall himself." Frankfort Argus of Western America, November 23, 1825. 12 See above, Clay to Kendall, October 18, 1825; below, Clay to Hammond, December 10, 1825. 13 MS. torn, date missing. 14 See below, Kendall to Clay, December 25, 1825, note. 15 Blair continued his refusal to surrender the records until requested by law to do so; and since the requisite legislation was not passed, the old court suspended further action against him.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

November 28, 1825

From JAMES BROWN, Paris, no. 37. Encloses copies of an exchange of letters with the Baron de Damas; notes that "the French Government still insists that all the questions of controversy between the two nations shall be embraced in the same negociation"; concludes "that no disposition is felt at this time, to do justice to the claimants." LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., France, vol. 22 (M34, R25). Received January 13, 1826. Cf. above, Brown to Clay, September 24, 27, 1825. From DAVID OFFLEY, Smyrna. Reports that "His Excellency Hassan Pacha commanding here" has informed him that "the Ottoman Porte" is disappointed that "an ambassador has not been sent by our Government to Constantinople," that he informed the Pacha that the United States could accept only most favored nation treatment, and that the Pacha replied that the United States would have no difficulty in obtaining from the Porte such treatment, although nations already enjoying trade privileges "would naturally use all their endeavours to prevent the Americans participating therein. . . ." States that "the well known high standing of this Pacha with his Goverment [sic]" and the favorable impression made by the American squadron (under John Rodgers) "in this quarter" induces him to make this report. Comments on the treatment accorded several American merchant vessels which have entered Turkish ports in this vicinity, notes that Commodore Rodgers "found the American Trade and Citizens in the enjoyment of especial favor and protection from the authorities of this place. . . ," and requests that his (Offley's) "Compensation . . . be made equal to that of other Consuls in Turkish Ports." LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Turkey, vol. 1, part 1 (M46, R2). Endorsed by Clay: ". . . T o be submitted to the President." The same letter, dated November 25, 1825, was published in House Docs., 22 Cong., 1 Sess., no. 250, pp. 51-52. Cf. above, Clay to Rodgers, September 6, 1825, note. Offley, born in Pennsylvania, held official rank as only a commercial agent until 1832, when he was formally accredited as consul. He continued in that post until his death in 1838. From WILLIAM C. SOMERVILLE, St. Cloud, "Private No. 1." Discusses the state of his health and his intention to leave Paris about December 10 to continue

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1825

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his journey to Greece. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Sweden and Norway, vol. 4 (M45, R5). Received January 13, 1826. From BEAUFORT T. WATTS, Quinta de Bolivar, no. 4. Encloses copies of his correspondence with (Pedro) Gual and his successor as Secretary of Foreign Affairs, (Joseph R.) Revenga, relative "to the mistake that was committed in the Department of State, in transcribing the documents relating to the Schooner Josephine, & of the condemnation of the Cargo of the Schooner Mechanic"; states that the balance in the case of the Josephine will be recovered but that Colombian officials are convinced that the cargo of the Mechanic was Spanish. Reports that Colombia is tranquil, that Bolivar will return from Peru, by way of Panama, in the spring, that the Provinces of Upper Peru have become the Republic of Bolivar, and that elections now in progress in Colombia will result in the choice of Bolivar for President. ALS. Ibid., Colombia, vol. 3 (M-T33, R3). On the case of the Josephine, see above, Clay to Anderson, September 16, 1825; on the Mechanic, see above, Anderson to Secretary of State, March 18, 1825, note. On Revenga's temporary appointment as Secretary of Foreign Affairs, see below, Salazar to Clay, January 6, 1826.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

November 28, 1825

From MATTHEW SWAN, Baltimore. Conveys his speculations concerning European politics; warns of the possibility of a British army in Mexico. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). Swan, not further identified.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

November 28, 1825

NICHOLAS DAVIS, Cahaba (Alabama), encloses a recommendation, signed by 51 of the 64 members of the State House of Representatives and by 18 of the 21 State senators, for appointment of William Crawford as Federal district judge in Alabama. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1) . A copy of this recommendation was transmitted to Clay by Davis on December 2. ALS. Ibid. On the appointment, see above, Owen to Clay, September 25, 1825, note.

Vincennes (Indiana), recommends John W. Osborn, editor of the Terre Haute Western Register and Terre Haute Advertiser, to publish the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Ewing, born in Ireland and educated at Baltimore, Maryland, had settled in 1813 at Vincennes, where he engaged in commerce, established a newspaper, served as associate judge of Knox County Circuit Court (1816 to 1820), and at this time (1825 to 1833) was a member of the State Senate. He later, as a Whig supporter, became a member of Congress (1833-1835, 1837-1839) and returned to the State Senate (1842-1844). Osborn had been born and educated in New Brunswick but, imbued with republican ideals, had joined the American forces in the War of 1812 and subsequently settled in western New York. He had edited several newspapers in the latter area before moving in 1817 to Vincennes, Indiana, and establishing another journal. In 1823 he removed to Terre Haute and founded the Western Register and Terre Haute Advertiser, a reformist paper, opposing slavery and supporting public education and prohibition. In later life he returned repeatedly to newspaper publication, notably as a farm journalist and temperance advocate. He became State printer for Indiana in 1841 but did not receive the Federal appointment here recommended.

JOHN EWING,

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SECRETARY OF STATE

Providence, Rhode Island, requests that his name be submitted to the President as an applicant for the position of district attorney; explains that he has not solicited the usual recommendations because he is "perhaps too well known at Washington and to no individual more than to" Clay; and, "anticipating . . . naught but good" from the administration, pledges his support. Extends congratulations to Clay that he holds "so deservedly and with such prevalent approbation . . . [his] present elevated Station. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1) . Hunter, of Newport, Rhode Island, who had been graduated from Rhode Island College (Brown University) and trained in law at the Inner Temple, London, had been a member of the State legislature (1797-1811) and of the United States Senate (1811-1821). He was now again a member of the Rhode Island Legislature (18221826) and later became United States Charge (1834-1841) and Minister (18411843) to Brazil. He did not receive the appointment here solicited.

WILLIAM HUNTER,

Markles Mills, Indiana, recommends John W. Osborn, editor of the Terre Haute Western Register, to publish the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Markle, of Fort Harrison, on the east edge of North Terre Haute, had been one of the founders of Terre Haute. On the proposed appointment, see above, Ewing to Clay, this date.

ABRAHAM MARKLE,

PHILIP S. MARKLEY, Norristown (Pennsylvania), recommends the Philadelphia Democratic Press to publish the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. The journal was given the contract, one of the few new appointments of this sort made by the Adams administration. H[ERMAN] J. REDFIELD, LeRoy, Genesee County, New York, recalls that he formerly recommended (Oran) Follett as publisher of the laws and asks that his contract be renewed, despite the application made by Redfield's brother, Lewis H. ALS. Ibid. Herman J. Redfield was a State senator. On the subject of the printing contract, cf. above, Oran Follett to Clay, June 24, 1825; Frederick Follett to Clay, July 9, 1825; Hayden to Clay, August 27, 1825, note.

H. TRACY, Buffalo, recommends the Buffalo Journal, published by D(avid) M. Day, in place of the (Batavia Spirit of the) Times, as printer of the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Day had been one of the founders of the journal, in 1815. He did not receive the appointment now requested.

ALBERT

Check to Joseph King and Company 29h. Nov. 1825 Pay to Joseph King & Co. or order sixty one dollars and 25 Cents. Cashr. of the Off. o£ Dt. & Dt. Washn. City.1 H. CLAY ADS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). Endorsed by payee on verso. King sold firewood (perhaps also other fuel or lumber products) in Washington, i Richard Smith.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

November 29, 1825

From HILARIO DE RIVAS Y SALMON, Philadelphia. Refers to his note of September 22; claims to have confirmation of rumors that an expedition is in preparation against Cuba and Puerto Rico; notes the construction of warships in the United

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States for Mexico and South American governments; and argues that the exportation of such vessels is illegal. ALS. DNA, RG59, Notes from Spanish Legation, vol. 8 (M59, Rll).

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

November 29, 1825

From JOHN M. FORBES, Buenos Aires, no. 28. Reports an interview with (Manuel Jose) Garcia, who disclaimed authorization of a privateer engaged in piratical activities; encloses copies of correspondence formally stating this position; and advises publication of this disclaimer in the United States, as a warning to "our Countrymen of the imminent danger they incur in entering into any belligerent enterprise" under commissions of former authorities of the Banda Oriental. In reply to an inquiry by Forbes, Garcia explained that the tax, levied in lieu of military service, on "foreign artificers and mechanics," was general in application, with no "exemption in favour of the English" under the recent treaty (see above, Raguet to Clay, March 11, 1825, note); whereupon Forbes asserted the American preference for "a general and frank declaration of reciprocal rights and privileges" rather than "the detailed stipulations of a treaty." Notes that Garcia favors "Dr. Dn. Manuel Moreno" for appointment as Charge d'Affaires to the United States, that "elections for doubling the present number of representatives in Congress are now taking place," and that the issue of federal as opposed to centralized government is being discussed. Observes that while "Bolivar is disposed to aid these Provinces against Brazil," the leaders of Buenos Aires are fearful "of the influence which such a Co-operation would give to the Liberator. . . ." War preparations by the Emperor (Peter I) are known, but "It is confidently believed . . . that these efforts will prove the dying agony of the Brazilian Power in this quarter"; reports on December 14 "give the opinion that Sir Charles Stuart will effectually mediate, and that peace will result." Explains that he has had reprinted and distributed "here, in its original language, and . . . through the provinces and to Chile and Peru" the newspaper accounts of Lafayette's departure (from the United States, above, Clay to Somerville, September 6, 1825), "As this was the closing scene of a grand, national representation . . . exhibiting the most exalted feelings, honourable to both the parties, and calculated to excite an extensive and lively political and moral influence. . . ." States that he has been notified that the "late law respecting flour" (above, Forbes to Clay, November 16, 1825) will be placed in full operation on January 1. Discusses outrages committed at Tucuman by La Madrid, who on November 26 declared himself Governor of the Province and arrested all members of the governing junta and Secretary Paz. LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Argentina, vol. 2 (M69, R3). Parts of letter dated December 7, 10, 11, 14. Published in Espil (comp.), Once Anos en Buenos Aires, 398-402. Extracts published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, I, 651-53. Manuel Moreno, born in Buenos Aires, had been named first secretary of a mission to Great Britain in 1811 but, following his return in 1815, had edited a journal critical of the government and had been forced into exile in the United States from around 1817 to 1821. Subsequently he had been elected a deputy to the representative assembly of Buenos Aires, 1821 to 1826, and, in the latter year, a member of the Constitutional Congress. In April, 1826, he was named Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States; he was transferred to the embassy at London in 1828 and from 1835 to 1837 again assigned to the United States. Gregoria Araoz de La Madrid, a colonel of the army, had been sent to

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OF STATE

Cumuna to raise forces with which to oppose Brazil but, instead, had fomented revolution against the local leaders, notably Dr. Juan Bautista Paz, who were supporting the central government. La Madrid assumed the office of provisional governor of the province in 1825 and again in 1826. An opponent of a unitarian government, he headed in 1840 a coalition of the interior provinces in revolt against the federalized State, was defeated, and fled to Chile. Paz had been lieutenant governor of the province in 1813 and returned to office as provisional governor in 1829, 1834, and 1835.

November 29, 1825

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

From WILLIAM P. DUVAL, "Middle Florida Tallahassee." Calls "attention, to the Wreckers on the Florida Keys, and the evils that have, for a long time, and yet continue, to distress the Commerce of the United States on this coast." Cites judicial decisions declaring unconstitutional the "Wrecking law" enacted by "The Legislative Council of Florida" (see above, Henry to Clay, April 6, 1825, note); estimates "that there is annually wrecked on the Florida Coast, property to the value of $500:000"; refers to activities of vessels "little better than Pirates and Smugglers . . . engaged in smuggling and Wrecking"; and suggests the appointment of "a Judge to reside on some of the Keys, or at Tampa Bay, who should have jurisdiction of all such cases," the licensing of wreckers, the designation of a port to which "all Wrecked property on the coast should be carried for adjudication," the careful selection of revenue officers for that area, and the exercise of "The utmost attention and vigilence [sic] . . . over this coast. . . ." Carter (ed.), Territorial Papers, XXIII, 363-65. Endorsed: ". . . . This letter is respectfully referred to the Judiciary Committee of the H of R. by direction of the Sec: of State, with a request that it may be returned." From ROBERT TILLOTSON, New York. Acknowledges receipt of Clay's letter (above, October 12, 1825) enclosing a copy of one from (Hilario de Rivas y) Salmon; admits "that ships intended from their structure, for warlike pourposes [sic], are now building in this City" but sees no authority, under the act of Congress of April 20, 1818 (see above, II, 492-507n), to seize them; and states that "the utmost that can be done, under this act, will be done by the Collector who under the 10 Sec, will require Bonds from the present owners." ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63) .

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS THOMAS H. BLAKE, WILLIAM C. LINTON, and

November 29, 1825

MOSES TABBS, Terre

Haute

(Indiana), recommend that the Western Register and Terre Haute Advertiser, edited by John W. Osborn, be authorized to publish the laws. ALS by Blake, signed also by Linton and Tabbs. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Linton not further identified. Tabbs, a lawyer of Vincennes, had been associated with Osborn and others in a test case against slavery, won before the Indiana Supreme Court in 1820 (1 Blackford 60). On the recommended appointment, see above, Ewing to Clay, November 28, 1825. CHARLES ELDRIDGE, East Greenwich (Rhode Island) recommends Richard W(ood) Greene for appointment as United States attorney in Rhode Island. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). Eldridge not further identified. Greene, born in Rhode Island, educated at Brown University, and in 1816 admitted to practice

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1825

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of law in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, was appointed to the office here recommended and held it from 1824 to 1845. He then served two years in the State legislature and from 1848 to 1854 as chief justice of the State. ORAN FOLLETT, Batavia (New York), encloses a letter from Redfield (to Clay, November 28, 1825) and requests appointment of Frederick Follett to publish the laws. Asserts: "As a member of the Legislature of the state, in 1824, I feel as tho' I had some small claim to consideration from the present administration." ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. See above, Evans and others to Clay, June 25, 1825, note.

To Francis T. Brooke My dear Sir (Confidential) Washington 30h. Nov. 1825 I reed, this morning your favor of the 27h. instant. Altho'. my personal knowledge of your son is limited, I have very favorable impressions of him, derived through several channels and particularly from Mr Southard.1 I shall, therefore, as well on that account, as from other considerations, take particular pleasure in endeavoring to promote your and his wishes. At present there is nothing that I know of worthy of acceptance in the Territories. The office of Atto. in one of the districts of Florida is vacant, but a person has been fixed upon to fill it.2 As it regards appointments in any State it is extremely difficult, if not altogether wrong and impracticable to Send a person from one into another State. If therefore he means to Settle in one of the new States, his settlement must precede his appointmt. to any office, if there be any to which he can be appointed. As to Territorial appointments it is otherwise. Previous settlement is not indispensible, though even there it is advisable. I pray you to keep me informed of his movements and wishes. And it will be well also to correspond with Barbour 3 and Southard. If Virginia is to designate a Senator upon the principle of opposition to the administration, let that Senator be Wm. B. Giles. He would be a real friend 'though a nominal enemy— I mean that his indiscretions, always great, and now greater than ever, would benefit more than his hostility would injure. But I should hope that no such principle would govern the choice. I should be delighted to see Govr. Pleasants here, or Genl. Tucker, or Mr. C. Johnson.4 Of the latter I know personally but little, but the accounts I have always had of him are highly favorable. It is of no great consequence, in respect to the success or movement of the Admon, who may be sent. The judgment which the public will form of it depends upon its measures. And one Senator out of 48 cannot, in that view of the matter, be very essential. You will hear with pleasure that our harmony, in the cabinet, continues without the

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slightest interruption, and that we have daily testimonies of increased strength and confidence. The President has acceded to the wishes of several of the new American Republics that the U. States shd. be represented at Panama.5 Our friends need have no fears of our contracting there unnecessary or onerous engagements, or menacing the peace or neutrality of the Country. There is a treaty now going on in this City with the Creeks with prospects of a successful issue.8 Yours faithfully & respectfy The Honble F Brooke H CLAY ALS. NcD. l Samuel L. Southard. 2 See above, Wright to Clay, October 25, 1825, note. 3 James Barbour. 4 James Pleasants; Henry St. George Tucker; Chapman Johnson. On the result of the election, see above, Brooke to Clay, November 27, 1825, note. 5 See above, Clay to Gallatin, November 8, 1825; below, Clay to Obregon and Clay to Cafiaz, both this date. e See above, Clay to Southard, July 3, 1825, note; Clay to Hammond, November 6, 1825.

To Pablo Obregon Don Pablo Obregon, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary from Mexico. Sir, Department of State, Washington, 30 Novr. 1825. I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your official note of the third instant, communicating a formal invitation from the Government of the United States of Mexico to that of the United States to send deputies to the contemplated Congress at Panama, and particularizing several subjects which your Government conceives may be proper for the consideration of that Congress; and I have laid your note before the President of the United States. When, at your instance, during the last spring, I had the honour of receiving you at the Department of State, and conferring with you verbally in regard to the proposed Congress, and to the friendly wish entertained by your Government, that ours should be represented at it,1 I stated to you, by the direction of the President, that it appeared to him to be necessary, before the assembling of such a Congress, to settle between the different powers to be represented several preliminary points, such as the subjects to which the attention of the Congress should be directed; the substance and the form of the powers to be given to the respective representatives; and the mode of organizing the Congress; and that if these points should be satisfactorily arranged, the President would be disposed to accept, in behalf of the United States, the invitation with which you were provisionally charged.

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1825

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In your note there is not recognized so exact a compliance with the conditions on which the President expressed his willingness that the United States should be represented at Panama, as could have been desired. It would have been perhaps better if there had been a full understanding between all the American Powers, who may assemble by their representatives, of the precise questions on which they are to deliberate, and that some other matters respecting the powers of the deputies and the organization of the Congress should have been distinctly arranged prior to the opening of its deliberations. But as the want of the adjustment of these preliminaries, if it should occasion any inconvenience, could be only productive of some delay, the President has determined, at once, to manifest the sensibility of the United States to whatever concerns the prosperity of the American hemisphere and to the friendly motives which have actuated your Government in transmitting the invitation which you have communicated. He has therefore resolved, should the Senate of the United States, now expected to assemble in a few days, give their advice and consent, to send Commissioners to the Congress at Panama. Whilst they will not be authorized to enter upon any deliberations or to concur in any acts inconsistent with the present neutral position of the United States, and its obligations, they will be fully empowered and instructed upon all questions, likely to arise in the Congress, on subjects in which the nations of America have a common interest. All unnecessary delay will be avoided in the departure of these Commissioners from the United States for the point of their destination. I avail myself of the occasion to offer you assurances of my distinguished consideration. H. CLAY Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 3, pp. 238-39 (M38, R3). A duplicate of this letter was sent to Jose Maria Salazar. Both letters were published in American State Papers, Foreign Relations, V, 837-38. l See above, Tudor to Clay, April 12, 1825, note.

From Samuel Eddy Dear Sir, Providence Novr. 30. 1825. As the time will soon arrive when printers of the laws in the several States will be appointed, will you excuse me for saying a word on that subject, in relation to the printing in this State. From conversation which I had with you, a short time before I left Washington, I have encouraged the Editors of the Patriot,1 in this town, to expect a continuance of the public patronage. The laws have been published in this paper, ever since the republican party came into power in 1801. Indeed it is the only paper, in this part of the State, which has supported that party. This it did, boldly and

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manfully, in the worst of times, when it required no little strength of nerve to face the opposition. In this town the wealth and influence has always been federal, and its power was exercised with an unsparing hand in those trying times— Efforts I presume will be made by my successor2 to procure the printing for the Manufacturers Journal,3 which affects to consider itself republican, but has always opposed the republican party, and whose object has been to break us in pieces. This however it cannot effect. This paper supported my Successor, than whom there was never, in this State, a more bitter enemy to the republican party, both State and United States. Could I persuade myself that a Republican administration, would prefer its enemies to its friends, other circumstances being equal, I might add that the Providence Patriot has a more extensive circulation than any other paper in the State. And I will further add that I shall be much gratified, should your opinion coincide with mine, that this paper ought still to be preferred.4 If I can at any time, communicate any information, in relation to matters and things here, I will with pleasure do it, in candour and sincerity, if it will be acceptable. As three of our delegation are new members,5 I could say a word on that subject, but perhaps it might be considered invidious and I therefore forbear. I am with the most Sincere Respect Your friend and Servant Hon. Henry Clay Secry. of State. SAMUEL EDDY ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). 1 Cf. above, Jones and Simons to Clay, September 12, 1825. 2 Tristam Burges, Providence lawyer, was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1825 to 1835. 3 That is, Manufacturers and Farmers Journal. * Both journals received contracts for publishing the laws of the new Congress. 5 In addition to Burges, the new members included Dutee J. Pearce, in the House, and Asher Robbins, who was chosen to fill the vacancy in the Senate caused by the resignation, October 31, 1825, of James De Wolf.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

November 30, 1825

To ANTONIO JOSE CANAZ, Washington. Acknowledges receipt of his "official note of the 14th. instant" and states that the United States "will be represented at the Congress if the Senate of the U. States should so advise and consent." Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 3, p. 239 (M38, R3). ALI draft, in CSmH. Published in American State Papers, Foreign Relations, V, 839. INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

November 30, 1825

To PAYTON GAY, "Consul U. S. Island of Teneriffe." Encloses commission, printed circular instructions, and a blank consular bond. Copy. DNA, RG59, Cons. Instr., vol. 2, p. 375 (M78, R2). Gay, of Massachusetts, had been replaced at Teneriffe by 1835 but received appointment early in 1837 as consul at Campeche, Mexico, and, from 1837 to 1840, held the same office at Martinique.

DECEMBER

1,

1825

871

November 30, 1825

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS T o WILLIAM B. ROCHESTER, "Confidential."

Tenders to him by authorization

of the President, "the appointment of Secretary of the Legation" which will represent the United States at the Panama Congress; states that "The duration of the service abroad will not be shorter than six months, and may be much longer." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, p. 417 (M77, R5). ALI draft, in DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R7). Rochester replied, December 8, accepting the appointment. ALS. DNA, RG43, First Panama Congress (M662, R l ) . APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

November 30, 1825

JOHN C. ANDREWS, Pittsburgh, asks reappointment of his journal, the Statesman, to publish the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Andrews had been, from August, 1819, to October, 1820, one of the publishers of the Chillicothe, Ohio, Weekly Recorder; in 1824 he and P. C. M. Andrews had taken over proprietorship of the Pittsburgh Statesman, which retained the contract to publish the laws throughout the Adams administration. RICHARD W. GREENE, Providence (Rhode Island), asks appointment as "U. S. Attorney for this District." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). See above, Eldridge to Clay, November 29, 1825, note. W. S. THOMAS, Louisville, Kentucky, seeks an appointment, possibly as consul to one of the new republics. Mentions "the Small acquantance [sic]" he has with Clay, "Which Occured [sic] at . . . [his] last visit to this place. . . ," and his own "decided" advocacy of Clay "On the Ocasion [sic] of the Presidential Ellection [s«e]." Comments: "My tallents [sic] are of Moderate grade— Yet I have not past [sic] the verge of acquirement—" Postscript states that (John) Rowan and (Thomas Hart) Benton have been "written to." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR4). Thomas, an exchange broker in the 1830's, received no appointment. CHARLES PEN[DLETO]N TUTT, Washington, seeks appointment to a civil office of

rank equivalent to navy agent. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR4). Tutt, of "Locust Hill," Loudoun County, Virginia, a veteran of the War of 1812 and a large plantation owner, received no appointment under the Adams administration but was named navy agent at Pensacola, Florida, in 1830 and remained there for several years.

To Josephus B. Stuart Dear Sir Washington 1st. Deer. 1825 I reed, your letter of the 26h. instant [sic]1 requesting my opinion whether the Govt. of Mexico would probably sell the province of Texas with or without the jurisdiction. I am not able to give you any satisfactory opinion. I should hardly think however that they would alienate the jurisdiction. Further; there is a negotiation pending on the subject of the boundary between the U. States and Mexico which,2 whilst it continues, ought to prevent any American Citizen from interfering.

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SECRETARY OF STATE

I presume the President will notice the subject of Internal [Improvemejnts in his Message;3 but, from the character of that paper, he can hardly enter into any detailed notice of particular projects, except it be those which are in a progress of execution. I ha[ve lajtely reed, a letter from our friend Genl. Porter,4 dated since the message from him which you kindly communicate, and for which I thank you. Yr's faithfully & respectfully H. CLAY Dr. J. B. Stuart. ALS. NcD. l Not found. 2 See above, Poinsett to Clay, November 25, 1825. 3 In the annual message of December 6, 1825, Adams confined his discussion of internal improvements, in the traditional sense of the phrase, to a report of the surveys conducted under the act of April 30, 1824 (above, III, 633n) and the progress made under previous legislation for extending the Cumberland Road (above, Speech, January 17, 1825, note), building new roads through the territories (above, Clay to Poinsett, March 26, 1825, note), confirming State laws incorporating the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company (4 U. S. Stat., 101-102, March 3, 1825), and constructing lighthouses and harbor improvements. But Adams expressed a major enlargement of the conception of internal improvements when he recommended public support for programs of geographic exploration and of research on astronomic phenomena. In the latter connection he referred to (George Washington's) earlier proposal for establishment of a national university and deplored the lack of any astronomical observatories, "lighthouses of the skies," in the American hemisphere. Richardson (comp.), Messages and Papers of the Presidents, II, 306-308, 311-14. * Cf. above, Clay to Porter, November 28, 1825.

From Christopher Hughes My dear Sir, Private. Baltimore, December 1st. 1825. I dare say, with your usual mercy, you gave me a dab of Lynch Law, for my rapid retreat from Washington. The fact is I was seized with a most ardent inclination to kiss my wife; (I mean, my children!1) & as Mr. Johnson was already involved in a sort of arrangement to go to Coll. Monroe's, with Mr. Graham,2 on the Saturday, (& not on the Friday,) I came home, urged by my marital, (I mean my paternal,) anxieties; intending to go back to Washington, in the Saturday's morning stage, in time to join him & Mr. Graham! Proof—I routed up all General Smith's3 horse, & went up to the Stage office, on Saturday morning!—I reached there, at 6; but unfortunately, on getting there, I found that the 5 oClock Stage, dont go at Six; & so I lost my passage & my morning's nap! Now, there was no object in going on a later stage; for I should have arrived at Washington, too late; yet by way of palliating my error between 5. & 6, oClock Stage, the fact is, the 8 oClock Stage, does go at 9! Thus the advertisement lieth; but why should I trouble you, with this horary nonsense?— I hope, as you did with Edward, the Confessor, (Wier)4 you have pronounced the short word "forgive," & there is an end of it.— I enclose a letter5 giving the last news of Mr. Connell.6 I have understood that Mr. Walsh7 gave all the credit of the Swedish

DECEMBER 1, 1825

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873 8

liquidation to Mr. Connell, in his paper! I am quite sure, that poor Mr. Connell would feel himself quite grieved, if he knew, that this had been done; for I verily believe his sense of obligation to me, to be of the most conscientious & friendly nature; but we will let that pass.— I have just received a letter dated Stockholm 30 Septr. 1825.— It says "It is now asserted, that no sales of our remaining men of war at Carlscrona, will take place! The Russian Minister, Count Suchtelen,9 who went in great haste from hence to Christiania, (where the king10 is) & who is back again, is said to have effected this final decision!— The Argus (a very able paper, & in opposition) which took up this matter, has been prosecuted; but will probably be acquitted by the jury, which is to decide on the case." This extract, applies to the last sale made by the king of Sweden of 2 frigates & a 74, to the Goldsmidts of London, for the Mexican Government!11 The Emperor of Russia12 interposed, & asked it as a mark of personal friendship from the King of Sweden, as well as a proof of H. M.s continuance in "good principles/' that the King would cancel this bargain. The King consented—provided, the Emperor would engage to make King Ferdinand 13 pay the penalty of 20,000 £, Stg., forfeited in case of either party violating the bond of sale!— The first Sale of men of War, (applying to 1. 74, & 1. frigate;) had been carried into effect, & the Ships delivered over to the purchasers; I saw them riding at anchor, at Elsinore, in July; & I hope they will soon be heard of, blockading St. Juan d'Ulloa!14— Make my homage to Mrs. Clay; the ottoman is making & I hope it will succeed; the columns are also in work; but you must not expect them to be ornamental; they are meant merely as firm stands for Lamps, & to economize space; I have ordered them to be painted a lead colour, so as to be as little en evidence, as possible! if you do not like the colour, you can let me know, what Mrs. Clay does like, & it can be changed! As to the glasses, I have had a person scouring (not glasses, but shops;) for them, & I do not think a match can be found! if found, the 2 dozen shall be sent to Washington, if not, I sha'ant [sic] break either the glass you gave me, or my own heart, for I think the glass pattern detestable! I beg your pardon for so thinking, or rather, for so saying. My sincere apologies to Mr. Johnson, if you please; & my prostrations to Mrs. Johnson, if she please! I should like to be co-terminous to you all; but I suppose Yr excellency thinks Baltimore the best perch for Yr. devoted Servant C HUGHES N.B. Will you do me the favour to send the bundle of letters I left with you, in an envelope, addressed to Doctor Watkins.15 You will vy much oblige yrs. respectfuly [sic] C H Henry Clay Esqr Washington.

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ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). 1 Charles J. and Margaret S. Hughes. 2 Probably Josiah S. Johnston; James Monroe; George Graham. 3 Samuel Smith. 4 Edward Wyer. 5 Not found. 6 John Connell. 7 Robert Walsh, Jr. 8 Philadelphia National Gazette and Literary Register. Cf. above, Clay to Smith, October 12, 1825. 9 Count Jan Pieter Suchtelen. 10 Charles XIV. 11 See above, Hughes to Clay, July 8, 1825, note. 12 Alexander I. 13 Ferdinand VII of Spain. 14 See above, Clay to Poinsett, March 26, 1825, note. 15 Tobias Watkins.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

December 1, 1825

From M[ARTIN] BICKHAM, "Isle of France." Reports that he has appointed Prosper Froberville "to act as Consular Agent for the United States until further orders"; adds that "Mr. Froberville is a native of this Island, a Gentleman of Handsome Property, of a Highly Respectable Character"; and recommends him for appointment if the government wishes to have a consul or agent there. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Port Louis, vol. 1 (M-T118, R-Tl). Addressed to Secretary of State; received April 12, 1826. Froberville continued in the post for nearly a decade. From JOEL R. POINSETT, Mexico, no. 29. Reports that acting in conformity with Clay's instructions relative to excessively high duties on cotton goods manufactured in the United States (above, March 26, 1825), he learned that in November, 1824, customs officials at Alvarado had "suddenly increased the valuation of that description of goods nearly one hundred per cent: But, that on the injustice of this measure being represented to the government here, the valuation was reduced to its former standard in January 1825." States that his representation to the Mexican Government in the case of Taylor, Sicard and Company (see above, Poinsett to Clay, July 18, 1825) "was promptly attended to"; that at the time he had been unaware of the existence of other claims, which have since come to his attention; and that he has addressed a note in this connection to "the Secretary of State and foreign Relations" (Sebastian Camacho). Encloses a copy of a letter written by (Jose Ignacio) Esteva, Secretary of the Treasury, to his government concerning "Consular regulations which were onerous to our trade," which Poinsett thinks will be acted upon. LS. DNA, Dip. Disp., Mexico, vol. 1 (M94, R2). Received January 14, 1826. APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

December 1, 1825

Baltimore, seeks continuance of appointment as publisher of the laws, in the Baltimore American and Commercial Daily Advertiser. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Endorsed (ES) by members of the Maryland congressional delegation (Samuel Smith, Peter Little, John Barney, George E. Mitchell, Joseph Kent, and Thomas Contee Worthington), who recommend renewal of the appointment. DOBBINS, MURPHY, AND BOSE,

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

December 2, 1825

From the BARON DE MAREUIL, Washington. Reports delay and irregularity in the arrival of mail sent him from France by way of New York. Noting that all the packets in service between the two countries belong to the United States,

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875

he offers to enter into any kind of agreement with Clay to expedite the passage of mail between the two countries. LS in French, with translation in State Department file. DNA, RG59, Notes from French Legation, vol. 9 (M53, R7). From CHARLES R. VAUGHAN, Washington. Refers to his note of November 15; now lays before Clay copies of two grants of land, "in the British Settlement of Madawaska," made by agents of Maine and Masachusetts, "in virtue of certain Resolutions of the Legislatures of" those two states; and repeats his "request, that this conduct may be disavowed, & discountenanced by the Government of the United States." LS. DNA, RG59, Notes from British Legation, vol. 14 (M50, R15). Published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Canadian Relations, II, 493-95.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

December 2, 1825

From HEMAN ALLEN, Valparaiso, no. 24. Transmits a copy of part of his letter to Commodore (Isaac) Hull, in answer to an inquiry concerning the case of the General Brown. Also encloses copies of his correspondence with the Chilean Government relative to the claim of the representatives of John Campbell; states that his efforts in regard to all claims have proved unavailing. Reports that an expedition against Chiloe "went to sea" on November 27, "commanded by the Director [Ramon de Freire] in person." ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Chile, vol. 1 (M-T2, Rl) . Received April 20, 1826. Enclosures reveal that the claim here mentioned was for the liquidation of the account of Campbell, a citizen of the United States, who had died in the service of the Chilean Navy. The Chiloe Archipelago, a large island together with some sixty smaller ones, off the coast of Chile, remained in Royalist hands. The expedition here mentioned was successful in the battles of Pudeto and Bella Vista, and the defenders capitulated January 15, 1826. From ALEXANDER] H. EVERETT, Madrid, no. 16. Reports that, during a personal interview, he handed to the Duke del Infantado a copy of the article of the treaty under which the United States claims the right to have a consul at Havana (cf. above, Clay to Everett, April 27, 1825, note 15) and, although the Duke "could not deny that it was explicit and obligatory," he refused to give a decisive answer, on the ground that he needed time to inform himself further. Comments that, in regard to claims, the Duke's "system of defence" consists "in pleading an entire and complete ignorance of the whole business" and his questions "shewed but too plainly that his ignorance was far from being pretended." Encloses, among other documents, "a project of a Convention," which Everett has drawn up and presented to the Duke "In order to convey to him some general notions of the nature of the question in dispute." States that (Frederick James) Lamb (the British Minister to Spain) has communicated to the Spanish Government a copy of the treaty between Portugal and Brazil (above, Raguet to Secretary of State, March 11, 1825, note), with a request that Spain "recognise the new Empire," and that Lamb has promised to support a note which Everett has "thought of addressing . . . to the Minister [the Duke] upon the subject of recognition of the new States. . . ." LS. Ibid., Spain, vol. 25 (M31, R27) . Received March 6, 1825. Among the enclosures are copies of a letter from John Mullowny to Everett, November 10, relative to the presence of a Colombian sloop of war in the Bay of Tangier (cf. above, Mullowny to Clay, October 21, 1825), and of Everett's note to the Duke del Infantado, November 24, concerning the actions of the Spanish consul at Boston

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SECRETARY OF STATE

(Ramunda Chacon—see above, Jones to Clay, March 28, 1825). On Everett's contemplated note to Spain, see below, January 27, 1826. From JOEL R. POINSETT, Mexico, no. 30. Reports that, "after the surrender of the Castle of Ulloa" (see above, Poinsett to Clay, November 23, 1825), the Cabinet of Mexico proposed to the Congress of that Republic an expedition against Cuba and that "yesterday" the proposal was defeated in the House of Representatives. Notes that during the debate on this matter, in secret session of the House, "the secretary of war [Manuel Gomez Pedraza] urged the necessity of getting rid of at least six thousand men and a number of officers whose presence he considered dangerous to the liberties and peace of the republic." LS, in code, deciphered in State Department file. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Mexico, vol. 1 (M97, R 2 ) .

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

December 2, 1825

NICHOLAS BROWN, EDWARD CARRINGTON, THOMAS P. IVES, and NATHANIEL SEARLE,

Providence, recommend Richard W. Greene as district attorney for Rhode Island. LS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). The first three correspondents were prominent merchants; the last, a well-known lawyer. Brown and Ives, brothersin-law, were partners in the firm Brown and Ives, active in manufacturing, banking, and insurance as well as maritime enterprise. On Greene's appointment, see above, Eldridge to Clay, November 29, 1825, note. WILLIAM MAYO expresses a wish to obtain for his son, Addison, an appointment to the United States Military Academy; observes that "it is said that he is a boy of Capacity and understands Geography, Arithmatick, &. Grammer and a tolerable spattering of Lattin"; and requests Clay to write him at Shelbyville (Kentucky). ALS. DNA, RG94, Military Academy, Cadet Applications, 1823-13 (M688, R36). Cf. above, McKinney to Clay, November 26, 1825.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

December 3, 1825

From THOMAS L. L. BRENT, Lisbon. Reports the King (John VI) "out of danger and recovering rapidly" and notes the expectation that he will "be able to return to Lisbon in three weeks." ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Portugal, vol. 6 (M43, R5). Received February 7, 1826. Cf. above, Brent to Clay, November 26, 1825.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

December 3, 1825

From ROSEWELL SALTONSTALL, New York. Requests "aid in the Amount of Four Hundred or Five Hundred Dollars" to enable him to perfect an invention based on his discovery of the principle of perpetual motion. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). Enclosed in a letter to Samuel L. Southard, also of this date, in which Saltonstall complains that he has already forwarded "Letters and a Petition for aid" (not found), without, however, being able to "extort a Single answer from the Honbl H Clay." He adds that he has also "addressed the President on this subject. . . ." The letter to Southard is endorsed: "Respectfully referred to the Secty. of State. S. L. S. 5 Deer 1825." Saltonstall not further identified. See below, Clay to Southard, December 6, 1825.

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877

From CHARLES SAVAGE, New York; Announces his intention to depart for Guatemala in ten days. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Guatemala, vol. 1 (M-T337, Rl). Received December 6. On December 10, Daniel Brent replied, "by direction of the Secretary," that Clay "has no commands at present for that part of the world." Copy, in DNA, RG59, Cons. Instr., vol. 2, p. 376 (M78, R2). From THOMAS SKIDMORE, New York. Asserts that "there are . . . but two great objects" that "might come before" the Panama Congress: "1st., a general confederacy of all the American governments for the purpose of self defence, against any aggressions which may be made on them or any of them, by the Monarchs of Europe:—and second— the cutting a magnificent canal thro' Darien, at the joint expence of the Confederation." Advocates construction, through territory purchased by "the Confederacy" for that purpose, of a canal large enough to accommodate "the heaviest ship that floats, or that the wants of mankind may require to float"; protection of that canal by forts, armies, and squadrons; and division of toll revenues, above the expenses for "defense and preservation," among the members of the confederation. ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). Skidmore, born in Connecticut and experienced as a teacher in New Jersey, Virginia, and North Carolina, had settled in New York in 1821 and worked as a machinist and inventor. At this time a Clay supporter, he became one of the founders of the New York Working Men's Party in 1829. He published The Rights of Man to Property! Being a Proposition to Make It Equal among the Adults of the Present Generation; and to Provide for Its Equal Transmission to Every Individual of Each Succeeding Generation, on Arriving at the Age of Maturity . . . (New York, 1829). When the Working Men's Party failed to support these radical views, he organized his followers as a separate Poor Man's Party, which was badly defeated in the New York election of 1830. Skidmore then turned to journalism but died in 1832.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

December 3, 1825

N[ATHANIEL] HUNTINGTON, Markles Mills (Indiana), recommends appointment of John W. Osborn to publish the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Date illegible; postmarked December 3. Huntington, born in Connecticut, was postmaster at Markles Mills. On the appointment of Osborn, see above, Ewing to Clay, November 28, 1825, note.

Washington, Pennsylvania, recommends Peter DeHaven for an appointment. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). See above, Rawle to Clay, November 10, 1825, note.

THOMAS MCGIFFIN,

NATHANIEL F. WILLIAMS, Baltimore, forwards a memorial (possibly above, Warner and others to Clay, November, 1825) recommending the Baltimore Patriot to publish the laws. Speaks of the journal's support for "that Administration it has so essentially contributed to build up." ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L.

A. AND H. WILSON, Wilmington, Delaware, note transfer to them of the Wilmington American Watchman and request continuation of that journal's appointment to publish the laws. ALS. Ibid. The Wilsons have not been further identified. The contract was renewed.

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SECRETARY OF STATE

Convention with Central American Federation December 5, 1825 [This "general Convention of Peace, Friendship, Commerce and Navigation" provides a mutual agreement "not to grant any particular favour to other nations in respect of commerce and navigation, which shall not immediately become common to the other party, who shall enjoy the same freely, if the concession was freely made, or on allowing the same compensation, if the concession was conditional" (Article 2); undertakes to place the commerce of the two nations on a basis of "equality and reciprocity," permitting citizens of each to frequent all the coasts of the other, to reside and trade there, and to "enjoy all the rights, privileges and exemptions in navigation and commerce, which native Citizens do or shall enjoy," but not to participate in the coasting trade (Article 3); states that "whatever kind of produce, manufacture or merchandize of any foreign county can be . . . lawfully imported . . . in their own vessels" may be also imported in vessels of the other, without "higher or other duties, upon the tonnage of the vessel, or her cargo. . . , whether the importation be made in vessels of the one country or of the other," and "whatever may be lawfully exported or re-exported from the one country, in its own vessels, to any foreign country, may, in like manner, be exported or re-exported in the vessels of the other country," with "the same bounties, duties and drawbacks" to "be allowed and collected" (Article 4). No higher duties or charges and no restrictions shall be imposed upon the importations into or exportations from either country "than are or shall be payable on the like articles being the produce or manufactures of any other foreign country" (Article 5). [Additional articles forbid embargo or detention of vessels or cargoes "for any military expedition, . . . [or] for any public or private purpose whatever, without allowing to those interested a sufficient indemnification" (Article 7) and provide for restoration of property seized by pirates (Article 9), relief of shipwrecked seamen (Article 10), release of the effects of deceased citizens of the signatories (Article 11), "judicial recourse, on the same terms which are usual and customary with the natives or Citizens of the Country in which they may be" (Article 12), and freedom of religious belief so long as respect is shown to "the laws and established usages of the country" (Article 13). [Articles 14, 15, and 17 assert the principle "that free ships shall also give freedom to goods. . . , contraband goods being always excepted," and provided also that the rule shall apply only with

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respect to the goods and persons of parties accepting this principle and to shipments not directed to "places which are at that time besieged or blockaded." Article 16 defines contraband as "materials manufactured, prepared, and formed, expressly to make war. . . ." A blockade is stated to be limited to those places "which are actually attacked by a belligerent force capable of preventing the entry of the neutral." It is further stipulated that no citizen of the contracting parties shall "accept a Commission, or letter of marque, for the purpose of assisting or co-operating hostilely" with the enemy of either against the other (Article 24). Succeeding clauses provide for the mutual protection of citizens and their property "If, by any fatality which cannot be expected, and which God forbid, the two contracting parties should be engaged in a war with each other. . . . " [Diplomatic and consular officials are to be exchanged with' "all the rights, prerogatives, and immunities" extended to those of the most favored nation (Articles 27 and 28); deserters from public or private vessels are to be surrendered upon the submission of public documents in substantiation of such charge before competent authorities (Article 31); and the contracting powers further "agree, as soon hereafter as circumstances will permit them, to form a Consular Convention" which shall more fully elaborate the powers and immunities of consular personnel (Article 32). The present treaty is to remain in force for twelve years from the date of exchange of ratifications in so far as it relates to commercial clauses and in perpetuity so far as it relates to "peace and friendship" (Article 33). The "ratifications shall be exchanged in the City of Guatemala within eight months from the date of signature hereof. . . ."] Miller (ed.), Treaties. . . , III, 209-33. The Convention was approved unanimously by the United States Senate, on December 29, 1825. U. S. Sen., Executive Journal, III, 468. On the exchange of ratifications, see below, Williams to Clay, August 3, 1826.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

December 5, 1825

From F. M. DIAMOND, Havana. Reports that the Mexican brig of war Victoria has entered the harbor of Havana, under a flag of truce, bringing the remnant of the garrison of the Castle of San Juan de Ulloa. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Havana, vol. 3 (M-T20, R3). See above, Poinsett to Clay, November 23, 1825. From RUFUS KING, London, no. 13. Notes receipt from (Henry) Middleton of "a Copy of Count Nesselrodes reply to the letter of Mr Middleton" (see above, Middleton to Clay, September 8, 1825 [1], note) comments that "There can be no doubt that the cause of South America makes a favorable progress, and that it cannot be much longer Baffled"; encloses a copy of his note to the

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SECRETARY O F STATE

Foreign Office in the case of Jordine. LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Great

Britain, vol. 32 (M30, R28). Received January 15, 1826. Extract published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, III, 1575-76. King's note to George Canning, dated December 5, 1825, requested restoration to Jordine of some papers seized by a British naval officer. A report of the case has not been found. From BEAUFORT T . WATTS, "Quinta de Bolivar." Transmits copies of his correspondence with (Joseph R.) Revenga "in relation to the Capture; and condemnation, of the American Brig Cygnet and her Cargo" by Colombian authorities at Rio La Hacha; reports that "A restitution in the Case of the Josephine, will doubtless be made," but in the case of the Mechanic the Colombian Government maintains "that the Condemnation of the Cargo was correct." Notes receipt of a letter from (Richard C.) Anderson (Jr.), who will probably "reach Bogota by the 25th. Inst." ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Colombia, vol. 3 (M-T33, R3). Received February 13, 1826. T h e enclosures reveal that the Cygnet, of Bath, Maine, had been charged with carrying contraband. No action on the claim has been found. On the case of the Josephine, see above, Clay to Anderson, September 16, 1825; on that involving the Mechanic, see above, Gracie to Clay, March 25, 1825, note.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

December 5, 1825

From JOHN BINNS, Philadelphia. Acknowledges receipt of "authority and instruction relative to printing the laws of the United States. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

December 5, 1825

JOHN BLAIR, SAM HOUSTON, ROBERT ALLEN, JAMES K. POLK, J[AMES] C. MITCHELL, JOHN H. MARABLE, J[ACOB] C. ISACKS, Washington City, recommend that A(bram)

P. Maury, Nashville, be continued as publisher of the laws. LS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Cf. above, Carroll to Clay, October 4, 1825, note. Allen, of Carthage, Tennessee, Congressman from 1819 to 1827, had been born in Virginia, studied law, and moved, in 1804, to Tennessee, where he engaged in business and served as clerk of Smith County. He had been an officer under Andrew Jackson during the War of 1812. C[HARLES] TAIT, Claiborne, Alabama, recommends appointment of William Crawford as district judge in Alabama. LS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1). See above, Owen to Clay, September 25, 1825, note.

To Samuel L. Southard 6h. Deer. 1825 Mr. Clay presents his respects to the Honble Secy of the Navy, and he sends him a letter from young Murphy, 1 the applicant for a Midshipman's place, to enable the Honble Secy to judge of his capacity. The letter from N. York sent to the Department of State by

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2

Mr. Southard is from a deranged person, who has been writing all the past summer & autumn letters which would make a volume— AN. CtHi. 1 See above, Southard to Clay, November 26, 1825; below, Southard to Clay, December 10, 1825. 2 Above, Saltonstall to Clay, December 3, 1825.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

December 6, 1825

To [JOSE SILVESTRE] REBELLO. Acknowledges receipt of his note of November 28 (j. e., 26); states that Clay has submitted it to the President, who directs a reply "that a consideration shall be given to the wishes" of Rebello's government. Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 3, pp. 239-40 (M38, R3). ALS draft, in CSmH.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

December 6, 1825

From LEVI LINCOLN, Worcester, Massachusetts. Replies to Clay's note of November 25 by referring to the official report to himself from George W. Coffin, land agent of Massachusetts, a copy of which was recently transmitted to the President of the United States. Under resolutions of February 16 and June 11 of this year the Massachusetts Legislature has directed the land agent, in conjunction with his counterpart for the State of Maine (James Irish), "forthwith to take effectual measures to ascertain the extent of the depredations committed on the lands belonging to this Commonwealth and the State of Maine, by whom the same have been committed, and under what authority, if any, such depredations have been made, and all other facts necessary to bring the Offenders to justice— Also to make and execute good and sufficient deeds conveying to the Settlers on the Undivided public lands on the St Johns [sic] and Madawaska Rivers in actual possession. . . , their Heirs or Assigns One Hundred Acres each, of the land by them possessed, to include their improvements, on their paying to said Agents for the use of the Commonwealth five Dollars each, and the expence [sic] of surveying the same. And also, to sell the timber on such of the undivided public lands as lie contiguous to and near to the waters of the River St Johns, in all cases where such sale, will in the opinion of the land Agent promote the interests of this Commonwealth." Asserts that, unless Coffin "has transcended his authority, in which he would not be justified, but which from his known character for intelligence and discretion" is unlikely, "the British Government can have no just cause of complaint against his proceedings." Cites "the occurrence of the present misunderstanding, as an additional motive for pressing to obtain a speedy Establishment of the true line of division between the British Provinces and the United States" and stresses the "serious prejudice to the interests of the States of Massachusetts and Maine" inherent in the discouragement to settlement of the lands by the persistence of the British claim to the territory in "an undefined extent." LS. DNA, RG76, Northeast Boundary: Misc. Papers. Published in House Docs., 20 Cong., 2 Sess., no. 90, pp. 15-16. From JOHN R. THOMSON, Philadelphia. Submits resignation of his commission as United States consul at Canton. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Canton, vol. 1 (M101, Rl).

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SECRETARY OF STATE

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

December 6, 1825

Washington City, recommends Richard W. Greene as district attorney for Rhode Island and John Miller, proprietor of the Providence (Rhode Island) Manufacturers Journal, as publisher of the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). On the Greene appointment, see above, Eldridge to Clay, November 29, 1825, note; on that of Miller, see above, Miller to Clay, November 22, 1825.

TRISTAM BURGES,

M. SNOWDEN, Pittsburgh, seeks appointment to publish the laws in the Pittsburgh Mercury, which, he states, "has from the commencement been the steady and unwearied advocate of the American System." ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Snowden, born in Philadelphia and apprenticed to Mathew Carey, had published journals at Chambersburg and Greensburg, Pennsylvania, before purchasing the Pittsburgh Mercury in 1812. He was mayor of Pittsburgh from 1825 to 1827 and an associate judge of Allegheny County from 1840 until his death in 1845. The Pittsburgh Mercury, which was not during the Adams administration named an organ for publication of the laws, had been strongly pro-Jackson as early as 1824. JOHN

B. THOMAS, Frederick (Maryland), applies for "a situation" in Clay's office; expresses belief that Clay knew his father, Samuel; gives Thomas C. Worthington as a reference. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR4). Neither Thomas has been identified; the younger received no appointment.

JAMES

"H. R." (Washington), "Private," recommends appointment of Richard W. Greene. ALS. Ibid. (MR2). See above, Eldridge to Clay, November 29, 1825, note. DANIEL WEBSTER,

To Thomas B. Robertson Thomas B. Robertson Esq N. Orleans (Confidential) Sir. Department of State Washington, 7 December 1825 The very great interest which the United States have in the future fortunes of Cuba, and the present dangers to which that Island is exposed, from foreign attack, as well as from internal commotion, render it expedient that this Government should have some confidential Agent on the spot, who can communicate, from time to time, whatever may be likely to affect its condition. The President entertaining an high opinion of your prudence, patriotism and ability, is desirous of availing the public of your services on this occasion; and I have been directed by him to propose the Commission to you. If you should determine to to [sic] accept it, you will be pleased to proceed, without unnecessary delay, from New Orleans to the Havanna. It is deemed best that your Agency should not be publicly known, as by keeping it secret, you will be more able to penetrate the views and designs of parties and persons, and collect that information which we desire to possess. But a Commission is, nevertheless, herewith transmitted, to be used, if

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1825

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necessary, for the protection or safety of your person, or in any emergency in which it may appear to you to be proper to exhibit it. And a Cypher is likewise sent, with directions for its use, to be employed in your despatches whenever you may deem it advisable. The objects to which you will particularly direct your attention, and on which it is desirable to obtain all the information that may be practicable, are, 1st. The state of the population of the Island, exhibiting the relative numbers of the various Castes, their dispositions towards each other, education intelligence, &c. 2nd. The condition of its agriculture, extent of its foreign Commerce, and proportion of good land yet waste, and in cultivation. 3rd. The state of political parties in the Island, their views with regard to a continuation of the existing connexion with Spain, or in favour of Independence, or towards the new American Republics; and especially, whether a preference exists, and on what account, for one of those Republics, and an aversion towards another of them. We have understood here, that a party in the Island is anxious that it should be connected with Mexico, and that a great repugnance exists among the inhabitants, to any connexion with Colombia. 4th. What are the Spanish means of resisting an attack should one be made by the combined or separate forces of Colombia and the United Mexican States? Would they find any succour or co-operation in the Island, and to what probable extent? In particularizing these objects, it is not intended to exclude others which may present themselves to you. On the contrary, the President desires any sort of information which may tend to the formation of a correct estimate of the value of the Island, its resources, natural and artificial, its capacity to maintain its independence, or to resist any foreign attack with which it may be menaced, and the dispositions and wishes of its inhabitants in respect to the continuance of its Colonial condition, to independence, or to a connexion with any, and which, of the new Republics. The design of your Agency being exclusively that of collecting and transmitting information to this Government, you will keep yourself aloof from and entirely unconnected with, any of the parties within the Island. It does not enter into the policy or views of the Government of the United States to give any Stimulus or countenance to insurrectionary movements, if such be contemplated, by any portion of the inhabitants. Our position, being that of peace with Spain, and neutrality in the existing war between her and the new American Republics, fixes our duties in reference

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SECRETARY OF STATE

to any commotions which may be either meditated, or, in fact, may arise in the Island. And if they should happen to be of a character, or to take a turn, which would require of the United States, from the relations in which they stand to the Island, to interpose their power, it will be time enough for the Government here, to consider, and decide, the nature of their intervention, when the exigency arises. Your allowance will be at the rate of four thousand five hundred dollars per annum, to commence from the time of your departure from New Orleans, for Cuba. As to the duration of the service, no time can be prescribed for it, at present. It will last until the occasion which has suggested it shall cease. If you should determine to accept the appointment, as its duties will be incompatible with the performance of those of Judge of the United States for the Louisiana District, the President expects you will resign the latter office, some time prior to your leaving the United States. I am your obedient Servant H. CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, pp. 418-20 (M77, R5). ALS draft, in DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R7). Cf. above, Clay to Adams, October 3, 1825.

From Christopher Hughes Sir Private! Baltimore 7, December 1825. [Encloses two letters addressed to himself, one relating to the heavy expenses of sending dispatches through the mails, on which Hughes elaborates, and the other recommending sale of the American Hotel at the Hague.1] A power might be sent to Messrs. Willinks to sell the Hotel; though, perhaps it may be as well, to defer it until I return; (in April, or May:) so that I may take some order, in the matter, & see the best & most made of it! I have never been at the Hague; (for neither you, or Mr. Adams, would let me go there from Ghent; I suppose, you always contemplated sending me there at some later period:) but of course, I shall be there; & you shall see, that I can do a piece of common business, with tolerable discretion, if you decide on leaving the sale of the hotel to be controlled & managed by Sir, your very obdt. Servt. C. HUGHES To Mr. Clay, Washington. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Sweden and Norway, vol. 4 (M45, R5). i Cf. above, Willink and Van Staphorst to Clay, September 13, 1825.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

December 7, 1825

From ROBERT MONROE HARRISON, Antigua. Expostulates against the employment

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of foreign seamen by masters of American vessels and "the indiscriminate manner of granting protections to the seamen of all nations who may apply for them"; notes the impossibility in Antigua of forcing deserters from American vessels to return to service; and cites the case of an American brig, recently condemned there, the crew of which included only two citizens of the United States although all members were so listed in the "Role de Equipage." ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Antigua, vol. 1 (M-T327, Rl). Received January 8, 1826. From WILLIAM TAYLOR, Alvarado. Reports disposition of the garrison after surrender of (the Castle of San Juan de) Ulloa. ALS. Ibid., Veracruz, vol. 1 (Ml83, Rl). Published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, III, 1644-45. See above, Poinsett to Clay, November 23, 1825.

MISCELLANEO US LETTERS

December 7, 1825

From JOSEPH HILL CLARK, Havana. Reports the arrival of a Mexican warship, bringing Spanish officials from the Castle of San Juan de Ulloa (see above, Poinsett to Clay, November 23, 1825), and a decision reached "Last evening" by officers of the Cuban Government "to send by a fast sailing vessel to Cadiz" news of the surrender and a recommendation, as the only alternative to losing Cuba, that Spain recognize the independence of South America. Notes a belief that "the crisis is not far off" and that "the fate of the Castle will hasten it." ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). Received December 24. From W[ILLIAM] J. COFFEE, New York City. Refers to his former letter (above, November 3, 1825), to which he has had no response, and again asks Clay's intercession. ALS. Ibid. On December 10, 1825, Daniel Brent, at the direction of the Secretary (of State), acknowledged receipt of both of Coffee's letters and assured him "that no time was lost" in submitting the first appeal to the President. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 210 (M40, R19).

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

December 7, 1825

Washington, solicits a clerkship in the State Department; states that he served nearly nine years "in a similar situation in the Pay Dept." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1) . Ford, a native of Maryland, had been employed in the office of the Paymaster General of the War Department until 1821. He was hired by the State Department on a temporary basis in 1826 and 1827.

ATHANASIUS FORD,

SAM HOUSTON, Washington City, encloses "a recommendation of several members of Congress from Tennessee" (above, Blair and others to Clay, December 5, 1825) supporting A(bram) P. Maury to publish the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L.

Baltimore, recommends James Williams as "Register, or Receiver, of Land office of East Florida. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1). See above, Williams to Clay, March 10, 1825, note.

CHRISTOPHER HUGHES,

Providence, Rhode Island, recommends Richard W. Greene as district attorney for Rhode Island. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). See

JOHN PITMAN,

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SECRETARY OF STATE

above, Eldridge to Clay, November 29, 1825, note. Pitman, born in Providence, graduated from Brown University, and in 1806 admitted to the bar in New York City, had shortly thereafter resided briefly in Kentucky. From 1812 to 1816 he had practiced at Salem, Massachusetts, and from 1816 to 1820, at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. He had returned to Providence in 1820 as United States attorney for the District of Rhode Island and four years later had been named Federal judge.

INSTRUCTIONS

AND DISPATCHES

December 8, 1825

From ROBERT MONROE HARRISON, Antigua. States that he has, "more than once," addressed the Department of State "relative to the custom of exacting full tonnage mony [sic] upon American vessels putting into this Port in distress, and condemned as unseaworthy &c," and that he has "remonstrated to the principal officer of His Majestys Customs"; but the practice continues. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Antigua, vol. 1 (M-T327, R l ) . Received January 8, 1826.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

December 8, 1825

From WILLIAM WILSON AND SONS, Baltimore. Inquires whether "the case of the Ship Harriot of Baltimore" is included in the claims recently presented to the Danish Government; presents a statement of the case, growing out of the seizure, by a Danish privateer in 1809, of the Harriot, bound for the port of Stavanger, in Norway. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). On December 10, 1825, Daniel Brent replied, at the direction of the Secretary of State, that the demands of American citizens recently urged upon Denmark (see above, Clay to Hughes, March 24, 1825) had "embraced the claims generally . . . without allusion to any particular one. . . ." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 210 (M40, R19). The damages in the case of the Harriot, amounting to nearly |52,000, were filed in Clay's report, below, January 31, 1827, and encompassed in the settlement under a convention between the United States and Denmark, signed March 28, 1830. Miller (ed.), Treaties. . . , III, 531-40. The firm, William Wilson and Sons, Baltimore shipping merchants, antedated the Revolutionary War.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

December 8, 1825

CHAPMAN COLEMAN, Frankfort (Kentucky), cites an application made by Newton Loughery "through the Honble James Clarke for a situation for a brother of his, Ardevan Loughery, in the National School at West Point"; notes that the applicant "was raised in Woodford [County] where the procurement of the situation for him would meet with the warmest approbation"; and solicits Clay's "aid in effecting this object. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG94, Military Academy, Cadet Applications, 1825-67 (M688, R37). Newton Loughery had held local offices, as deputy sheriff and tax commissioner, since 1818. Ardevan Loughery was admitted to the Military Academy in 1827 but failed to complete the course. PETER LITTLE, Washington, transmits the application of the editors of the Baltimore American, with a recommendation signed by "all the Democratic Republican [sic] from Md. except Mr. [Edward] Lloyd (he is not in Town)," for

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continuation of the appointment of that journal to publish the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. See above, Dobbin, Murphy, and Bose to Clay, December 1, 1825. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, urges reappointment, as marshal of the Western District of Pennsylvania, of Hugh Davis, "a gentleman who stands high in the estimation of the Democratic party." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). Shaler, born in Connecticut and educated at Yale, had been admitted to the bar of Ohio in 1809 and to that of Pennsylvania in 1813. From 1818 to 1821 he had been recorder of the Pittsburgh mayor's court, and from 1824 to 1835 he was a judge of common pleas. He thereafter served as associate judge of the county district court (1841-1844) and United States district attorney for Western Pennsylvania (1853-1858). Davis, born in Pennsylvania, had been appointed marshal in 1822 and was re-appointed later in December, 1825. From 1838 to 1840 he was an associate justice of Allegheny County court. CHARLES SHALER,

M. WHITE, Washington, endorses appointment of Benjamin D. Wright as district attorney of West Florida and recommends either Adam Gordon, of Tallahassee, or John W. Overton, of Tennessee, for appointment to "the other office." ALS. Ibid. Later in the month Gordon, prosecuting attorney of Escambia County court, was appointed district attorney for Middle Florida, the position from which Wright was transferred. Gordon resigned the office at the end of 1826, because of the inconvenience of the duty so far from his home in Pensacola, and in 1828 was appointed marshal of West Florida. Removed from office in 1829 because of his anti-Jackson views, he again received Federal appointment in 1834 as United States attorney for the Southern District of Florida, and in 1842, as collector and inspector of customs for Key West.

JOSEPH

To Joel R. Poinsett No. 8 Joel R. Poinsett, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, U. S. to Mexico. Sir Department of State Washington 9th. December 1825 Your despatch No. 22, under date the 28th. September 1825, is this day received. By mine of the 9th. Ultimo, you will have learnt that the President approves of your rejection of the exception in the proposed commercial Treaty, which the Mexican Government insists upon making, of favours in behalf of the new Governments established within what was formerly Spanish territory; and that you are instructed to break off the negociation, rather than accede to that exception. It is, therefore, seen with regret, that the Mexican Government perseveres in an exception which is so inadmissible. On the 5 th. Instant, a Treaty of Peace, Amity, Commerce and Navigation was concluded and signed here with the Central Republic, which will be submitted to the Senate for its advice and consent in a day or two.1 This treaty embraces the same Articles as that which we have made with Colombia,2 and three others (one, a modification of a similar Article in that Treaty, and two new ones) of which copies are herewith sent. It contains no exception

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of favours to any of the American Republics, carved out of former Spanish Territory. On the contrary, no such pretension was ever advanced, in the progress of the negociation. It has been brought forward by no American Power but Mexico. The Treaty with the Republic of the Centre is characterised by the greatest liberality, and by a true American spirit. And it expressly provides that whatever favours shall be granted to any foreign Power (of course, American, as well as European) by either of the high contracting parties, shall extend to, and be enjoyed by, the other. Our information here, in regard to the Treaty negociated by Great Britain with Mexico,3 is, that the objection taken to it in England was that it embraced the principle that Free Ships should make Free Goods, to which Great Britain is not prepared to subscribe. I am your obedient Servant H. CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, pp. 420-21 (M77, R5). ALI draft, in DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R7). Endorsement by Clay on draft copy: "Memo, made 31 Mar. 1826. This despatch was overlooked when my report to the President, in pursuance of a call of the H[ouse]. Representatives] of the 29h. inst. [cf. below, Clay to Adams, April 3, 1826] was made, and was not recollected or seen by me until this day. H. C." 1 See above, Treaty, December 5, 1825. 2 See above, Clay to Salazar, March 21, 1825. 3 See above, Poinsett to Clay, May 5, 1825, note; King to Clay, October 29, 1825.

From W[illiam] B. Blackburn Dear Clay Frankfort December 9th 1825 A youth of the Name of Ardevan Laughrey1 is verry [sic] anxious to get a Situation in the scholl [sic] at west point The application will be made by our representative James Clarke if you can be of any service to him it will be a favour well bestowed as he is every way worthy; The Legislature will I fear do nothing with the Judge Question2 we This day Elected James Davidson of Lincoln Treasurer 3 J H Holman. Public printer 4 John J Marshall president of the Commonwealths Bank & a Majority of the directors old Court Men5— Your Mother6 & all Friends are Well we have had no rain since May last worth naming But as yet we have had no Cold weather Present my best love to Mrsts Clay & the children & Except [sic] for yourself assurances of my highest esteem W B BLACKBURN ALS. DNA, RG94, Military Academy, Cadet Applications, 1825-67 (M688, R37). Endorsed by Clay on cover: ". . . Respectfully refered [sic] to the Secy of War. H. C." l Loughery. 2 cf. below, Kendall to Clay, December 25, 1825. 3 Davidson, a pioneer resident of Lincoln County, veteran of the War of 1812, and member of the Kentucky Senate (1818-1826), remained in the position of State Treasurer until 1848. •4 Jacob H. Holeman had held the contract as State printer from 1822 to 1824, now

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regained it for the next three legislative sessions, and again won the appointment in 1830-1831 and 1835-1836. 5 Cf. above, Blair to Clay, August 30, 1825, note. 6 Elizabeth Clay Watkins.

From Daniel J. Caswell Honble. Henry Clay Cincinnati Deer 9th. 1825 Dear Sir [Recommends Thomas Douglas for appointment as district attorney in Florida.] I hope you will pardon this interference— Although our acquaintance was Short, to me it was Interesting, and the few Days Spent with us in Cincinnati 1 will long be Remembered as Days of "Good feeling"— I will not however presume upon that acquaintance as an apology for asking your interference in favor of a friend, but must Refer to a principle fundamental in a Government like ours "That each and every Citizen of this Republic has a Right to make known his wishes and wants to those who preside over the Destiny of our common country"— We are anxious to hear the progress of things at WashingtonIt is Rumored that an organized opposition will be got up to the Administration, but who is to Lead is not Distinctly understood— Genln Jacksons Modest pretensions I suppose must not be overlooked I hope the Survivors of your interesting family are in health, please present my compliments to them, and accept for yourself assurances of the Highest Respect of your Obt. Servt. DANIEL J. CASWELL ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). Caswell was a Lawrenceburg, Indiana, lawyer, i See above, Toasts and Speech, July 13, 1825.

From Charles King My Dear Sir (private) New York 9 Deer. 1825 You will have seen the use made by me of Mr Secretary Barbour's letter1— It has had the effect of putting an End Completely to the vile calumny— I beg you will offer my thanks to him for having thus enabled me to vindicate my father's name— I see by the Message2 that the U.S. are to be represented at Panama— A very clever young man of this City Mr Wm. Beach Lawrence3 of good Education, and property, & Conversant with the French and Spanish languages, would like very much to be Employed as a Secretary of the legation or Commission— His Studies and qualifications fit him for the place, his connections in this City are numerous & highly respectable, and they would be gratified as well as himself by Such an appointment— My interest in him arises

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from his having married a Sister of my deCeased wife4—and from the acquaintance & respect which I have with & for his good qualities— Can any thing be done for him? Write me Confidentially about it. If you Can find time occasionally to let me hear from you during the Sitting of Congress, especially relative to matters, which do not always appear on the surface, but which nevertheless you may with propriety inform me of, I shall feel much obliged, 8c will always receive any such information, as you may direct, Either in strict Confidence, or to be used at pleasure— In great haste, but with great regard Believe me Always Your CHAS. KING Hon: H. Clay ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). 1 Above, Barbour to Clay, November 26, 1825. In a public letter under the heading "The Hamilton Papers," in the Washington Daily National Intelligencer, December 8, 1825, King had asserted that he held "the authority of Mr. Secretary Barbour himself" for revealing the details as disclosed in the latter's letter. The Barbour statement does not appear to have been published at that time. 2 The annual message of December 6, 1825, had publicly announced the decision expressed in Clay to Gallatin, November 8, 1825; Clay to Obregon, November 30, 1825; Clay to Cafiaz, November 30, 1825, and in intervening diplomatic and personal correspondence. 8 Born in New York in 1800, young Lawrence had been educated in law at Litchfield, Connecticut, had travelled in Europe from 1821 to 1823, and had entered the practice of his profession in New York. He was appointed Secretary of Legation in London in 1826 and raised to the rank of Charge there in 1827. Returning to New York shortly thereafter, he resumed his profession and attained note in the field of commercial and international law. In 1851 he was elected Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island and the following year served as acting Governor. 4 King had married, in 1810, Eliza, daughter of Archibald Gracie. Mrs. King, whose sister, Esther, had married Lawrence in 1821, had died in 1823.

INSTRUCTIONS

AND DISPATCHES

December 9, 1825

From JOSHUA BOND, Montevideo. Reports receipt of his commission as consul and provisional authorization to perform the duties of his office "until the Exequatur of the Imperial government shall be received from Rio de Janeiro." Adds that he intends visiting Buenos Aires and that his brother, Dr. James Bond, will act as vice consul in his absence. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Montevideo, vol. 1 (M71, Rl). Received April 22, 1826. APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

December 9, 1825

Washington, recommends reappointment of Heiskell and Brown, Knoxville, Tennessee, to publish the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. See above, White to Clay, November 15, 1825, note.

SAM HOUSTON,

L. LAWRENCE, New York, recommends William Beach Lawrence for appointment as "Secretary of the Legation, or Commission to be Sent to Panama." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3) . Cf. above, King to Clay, this date, note. The Lawrences were collaterally related.

JOHN

BENJAMIN HAMMETT NORTON,

editor of the Hartford, Connecticut, Times and

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1825

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Weekly Advertiser, seeks appointment to publish the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. The contract, instead, was given to another Hartford journal. New York, urges appointment of William Beach Lawrence as "Secretary to the proposed mission to the Congress of Panama." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3). See above, King to Clay, this date, note. HJENRY] WHEATON,

To Charles Hammond My dear Sir Washington lOh. Deer. 1825 I duly reed, your obliging letter of the 20h. Ulto. 1 Public opinion appears to be more than usually united in the condemnation of late events at Murfreesborough.2 Some of the Generals friends here have been obliged to reprehend them. Matters look favorably here, especially in the H. of R. The demonstrations so far are very good. I believe the great mass of the American public is satisfied with the past, and sanguine as to the future. Some individuals, however have great bitterness, and there is a full proportion of them in Congress. We shall see how they will conduct themselves in the progress of the Session. The U. States are now treating here with the C. Indians. The object of the Executive is to put aside the objectionable treaty by a new one, which shall be free from the defects of the old, and which shall at the same time secure whatever was supposed to be obtained by the former one for Georgia. But we are by no means assured of success.3 To set aside the old treaty simply, without doing any thing else, in the new one, I apprehend could hardly be justified. The Indians would of course eagerly agree to such an annulment. I will not trouble you with K. affairs. They render me sick almost when I think of them. I cannot agree with you in thinking that the Judicial question presents a case for compromise. When both the Constitution and the people, to whom each party appealed, are on one side, I think the minority ought to yield; and it will yield, or be beaten further at the next election than it was at the last.4 C. Hammond Esqr. Yr's faithfully H. CLAY ALS. InU. i Not found. 2 See above, Clay to Hammond, November 1, 1825, note. 3 See above, Clay to Southard, July 3, 1825, note; Clay to Hammond, November 6, 1825. On December 22 President Adams devoted a Cabinet meeting to the matter. Reporting the discussion, he noted that Secretary James Barbour proposed "incorporating the Indians within the States of the Union—ceasing to make treaties with them at all, but considering them as altogether subject to our laws." Adams cited constitutional objections to this approach. Clay, Adams noted, believed the Barbour approach "impracticable; that it was impossible to civilize Indians; that there never was a full-blooded Indian who took to civilization. It was not in their nature. He [Clay] believed they were destined to extinction, and, although he would never use or countenance inhumanity towards them, he did not think them, as a race, worth preserving. He considered them as essentially inferior to the Anglo-Saxon race, which were now taking their place on this continent. They were not an improvable breed, and their disappearance from the human family will be no great loss to the world.

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In point of fact they were rapidly disappearing, and he did not believe that in fifty years from this time there would be any of them left." Adams, Memoirs, VII, 89-90. 4 See above, III, 902n; Bodley to Clay, August 23, 1825; Beatty to Clay, September 13, 1825; Clay to Kendall, October 18, 1825; Theodore W. Clay to Henry Clay, November 11, 1825; Blair to Clay, November 28, 1825; below, Kendall to Clay, December 25, 1825.

From William Creighton, Jr. Dear Sir. Chillicothe 10 Deer. 1825 Yours of the 23d November 1 was received on my return from the Circuit. An extract from the Will of Colo. Morrison will be necessary to enable me to obtain an order of the Court to authorise the present Marshal to make a Deed for the House and lot in New Ark2— Please enclose it to me before the ensuing January Term. It has been intimated to me that an attempt will be made this winter by the Post-Master Genl. and his Brother in the House of Representatives3 to have a Brother4 of theirs, at present keeper of the Penitentiary in this State appointed Marshal in the room of Colo. Doherty whose Term of office will expire I believe in February. Which your friends here most ardently hope will not be done. Colo. Doherty is the best officer we have ever had, faithfull in the discharge of his duties, a high minded honorable man, and justly a great favourite with the Court and Bar.— I rejoice to hear that the President has determined to accept the invitation of the Southren [sic] Republics and have this Government represented at Panama.5 As our old acquaintance Doctor Gaul [sic]® Secretary of State of Columbia has been appointed to represent that Republic It has occurred to me with great force. That our Government ought to follow the example, If the office of Secretary of State could remain vacant until your return— There are many high considerations for this Measure, provided it would not deprive you of your present situation which the Western people would not consent to— I shall visit Columbus the last of this Month. In the mean time the Presidents Message will be in the hands of the Members.7 I can then feel the representatives on the subject of the resolutions spoken of8 and if the measure can be carried, with a good degree of unanimity it will be done. I am dear Sir. Your friend H. Clay Esqr. W CREIGHTON JUN ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). 1 Not found. 2 Cf. above, Creighton to Clay, November 9, 1825. 3 John McLean; William McLean. * Nathaniel McLean, two years younger than John, had been born in New Jersey and during childhood had resided in Jessamine and Mason Counties of Kentucky. He had been one of the proprietors of the Lebanon Western Star from 1810 to 1814, had represented Warren County in the Ohio House of Representatives (1817-1818) and the Ohio Senate (1819-1823), and had been an Adams elector, from Franklin

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County, Ohio, in 1824. He did not receive the position as marshal, the incumbent, William Doherty, being reappointed. Nathaniel McLean much later was named an Indian agent. 5 See above, Clay to Canaz, November 30, 1825; Clay to Obregon, November 30, 1825. 6 Pedro Gual, whose appointment as Colombia's "Minister to the Assembly of the American States, about to meet at Panama," had been reported in the Washington Daily National Intelligencer, November 28, 1825. 7 Of the Ohio Legislature. 8 Cf. above, Clay to Hammond, November 6, 1825.

From Lafayette Paris december lOh 1825 Altho' No direct information from You, My dear friend, Has Confirmed the fatal report Communicated to me, for the first time by Mr Brown and Your Sister,1 I But too well know I Have Again to Sympathise With you in a Most Heavy Calamity. I Have also to Mourn for Myself, it Was impossible to Have formed an acquaintance With the Most Valuable daughter you Have lately lost,2 to Have Been favoured With Her friendly Welcome and affectionate attentions Without feeling a deep and lively personal Regret. I Condole Most tenderly and Mournfully With You, My dear friend, With Mrs Clay, and the Whole family So Cruelly Visited of late, and Want Words to Express what I feel on the Lamentable occasion. A Similar kind of Misfortune Has Been Very Near attending me. My grand daughter Clementine, the Youngest daughter of George3 Has passed Several days in an Hopeless State; she is Now Recovering. I Was then thinking of a former altho' a late loss, far Was I from Suspecting What New Blow Had fallen upon You. 1 Have No Heart to talk with You of other Matters, the president Will Receive a letter from Me. My Son and le Vasseur4 share in My Sad feelings and Beg to Be Remembered. Most affectionately Your Sympathising friend LAFAYETTE I Have writen [sic] to the president that Mr Somerville5 Expected to proceed Slowly towards its [sic] destination; Mr Brown Whom I Have just Now Seen Gives me a Much More Sad Account than what I Had Received from poor Somerville Himself. Hble Henry Clay &c. ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). 1 Mr. and Mrs. James Brown. 2 Susan Clay Duralde. Cf. above, Lafayette to Clay, November 25, 1825. 3 George Washington Lafayette. 4 Auguste Levasseur. 5 William C. Somerville.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

December 10, 1825

To [C. D. E. J. BANGEMAN] HUYGENS. Notes that the United States and the Kingdom of the Netherlands profess to act toward one another, "in regard to navigation, upon the basis of perfect reciprocity and equality"; cites corre-

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SECRETARY OF STATE

spondence between (Alexander H.) Everett and officials of the latter government concerning discrimination in Dutch ports in favor of Dutch vessels; inquires whether the discrimination has been ended; and states that "It will afford the President much satisfaction to find" that it will not be his duty, under terms of the act of January 7, 1824 (see above, Lorich to Clay, March 16, 1825, note) "to withdraw from Dutch vessels the privileges which they enjoy in the ports of the United States equal with their own vessels." Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 3, pp. 240-41 (M38, R3) . ALS draft, in CSmH. Published in American State Papers, Foreign Relations, VI, 374-75.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

December 10, 1825

From HARRIS E. FUDGER, Santa Marta (Colombia) . Reports "the present sickly state of Rio Hacha," which is located in his consular district, and information "that the fever had attacked the crews in the vessels in port." States that he will go there, if necessary, to protect American property. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Santa Marta, vol. 1 (M-T427, R l ) . Received January 21, 1826.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

December 10, 1825

To [SAM] HOUSTON. States that, prior to receipt of Houston's note of December 7, "the Nashville Whig, the Knoxville Register and the Jackson Gazette had been designated as the three papers to publish the Laws in Tennessee, and an authority for that purpose had been transmitted to their respective Editors." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 211-12 (M40, R19) . T o [JAMES] LLOYD and [THOMAS L.] WINTHROP. Acknowledges receipt of their

note of November 7, "with the Letter enclosed from Saml. Cook," which will "be put on file in the Department of State, according to their request." Copy. Ibid., 212. From TENCH RINGGOLD, "Marshals Off D Ca." States that he has in hand a writ in the case of "the United States against William McGunty alias John McNulty" for assault on Enoch Brian, constable of the County of Washington, committed before McNulty entered his present employment as coachman of the Dutch Minister (C. D. E. J. Bangeman Huygens) . Requests Clay's advice relative to serving the writ. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63) . Endorsed by Clay: "Write to the Marshall [sic] that there is no legal obstacle to the service of the writ but that [«'c]." On the same day Daniel Brent informed Ringgold "that the writ may be served elsewhere than on the Premises of the Minister, . . . or at any time and place other than that in which the Coachman may be employed in the service of the Minister." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 210-11 (M40, R19). From S[AMUEL] L. S[OUTHARD], "Navy Department." Acknowledges receipt of Clay's note of December 6 and expresses "regret that the State of the Service will not, at this time, permit the Appointment of young murphy [sic]." Copy. DNA, RG45, Executive Letterbook, vol. 1821-1831, p. 151. From JOSEPH M. WHITE, Washington. States that he has received complaints that the marshal at St. Augustine (Waters Smith) will not allow the sheriff to confine

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1825

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prisoners in a public building there; requests that orders be issued from the State Department "requiring the Marshal to do so. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63) . Published in Carter (ed.), Territorial Papers, XXIII, 378.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

December 10, 1825

"Navy Yard Gosport," recommends Thomas Gatewood for appointment to "the Collectorship of this port." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). In May, 1824, Gatewood, born in Virginia, had been appointed naval officer for Norfolk, in which post he remained for over twenty years.

JAMES BARRON,

Petersburg (Virginia), applies for transfer from the position of collector at Petersburg, Virginia, to the same office at Norfolk; suggests that he may be remembered as a member of the (Virginia) Senate when Clay was "in Richmond a few years ago" (see above, III, 158-71). ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3). Endorsed (AEI and AES) : "Refered [sic] respectfully to the Secy of the Treasury. HC Respectfully submitted to the President R. Rush Dec. 13. 1825." Robertson had been appointed to the Petersburg collectorship in 1824 and held it until 1830. JAMES ROBERTSON,

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

December 11, 1825

Richmond (Virginia), recommends Dr. Samuel Colton for appointment as collector at Norfolk. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1) . Pegram, former member of the Virginia Legislature (1797-1801, 1804-1808, 1813-1815) and of Congress (1818-1819), a militia officer during the War of 1812, was now (since 1821) United States marshal for the Eastern District of Virginia. On Colton, see below, Pleasants to Clay, December 12, 1825. He did not receive appointment. JOHN PEGRAM,

To James Brown My dear Sir Washn. 12h. Deer. 1825 You will receive the President's Message1 through the public prints. Every where North of this place it has been received with acquiescence, or with applause. What has been its reception, South and West of us, we have not yet heard, with the exception of Richmond. There it is said to have produced great and unfavorable sensation and to have contributed to the event, which has just occurred, in the election of Mr. John Randolph. Its doctrines on Internal improvements2 &c have given the offence in the antient dominion; but that very cause must have an opposite and friendly effect almost every where else. My belief is that upon the whole it will be very popular. There are elements which, if they possessed any principle of cohesion, might create a strong opposition. I think they cannot combine, and that the administration, which has undoubtedly

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gained much strength, in the recess of Congress, will possess all the power and influence which the Executive ought to enjoy. The labors of my office are very great; and one of the effects is that I write few and short letters to friends. I mentioned in my last that some notice would probably be taken in the message of our claims on France.3 That has been done and I shall follow it up by an official letter into which I shall endeavor to infuse some force. It may be the Spring before I shall send it. In the mean time, I think you had better not press the affair unless something decidedly favorable occurs. 1 have heard from Russia, in respect to the invocation made to her in behalf of peace between Spain and the Colonies.4 The appeal has had all the effect I expected, and I have no doubt that the good offices of the Emperor 5 will be (if they have not been already) employed on the side of peace. Whether they will be successful or not, I am inexpressibly delighted with the good effect of our effort with the Emperor. It was emphatically my own measure (sanctioned by the President) and Mr. G. Canning confidently predicted its failure.6 It is true that affairs in Spain, for the moment, do not look favorable to peace. But the change of ministry itself7 is not unlikely the consequence of the change in the views of the Allies—I mean that the King of Spain,8 finding no longer countenance from the Allies, in the further prosecution of the War, has resorted to the desperate expedient of throwing himself upon the mad councils of the ultras. And the change which has just happened, you know, may be immediately followed by another. Things have now become there as bad as they can be, and then (according to old Genl. Scott9) reform may be anticipated. I reed, your letters of the 29h. & 30h. Oct. Mrs. Clay is thankful for her sister's attention to her Commission. The articles will arrive in due time; for, as you may well suppose, we are in no state of feeling for seeing or entertaining much company.10 All are well in K. according to my last accounts. Public matters there are are [sic] as bad as they can be short of civil war.11 My respects to Mrs. Brown. Yr's faithfully H. CLAY James Brown Esq. P.S. The Senate to day elected Lowrie12 from Pennsa. their Secretary. H C. ALS. KyLxT-Haupt Collection. l Of December 6, 1825. 2 See above, Clay to Stuart, December 1, 1825, note. 3 Above, November 14, 1825. 4 See above, Middleton to Clay, September 8, 1825. 5 Alexander I. 6 Cf. above, King to Clay, September 18, 1825. 1 See above, Brown to Clay, October 30, 1825. 8 Ferdinand VII. 9 Charles Scott.

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1825

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10 Cf. above, Clay to Crittenden, August 22, 1825; Mazureau to Clay, September 19, 1825. 11 Cf. above, Clay to Hammond, December 10, 1825. 12 Walter Lowrie.

From James Brown Dear Sir, Paris Deer. 12. 1825 I have had nothing from you of a later date than the 9th. of October,1 and as your health was then extremely delicate, I have been apprehensive that the painful event of which you soon afterwards received intelligence2 has increased your indisposition and prevented you from writing to me. We have for some days waited for the arrival of the Packet of the 15 Ulto. by which we expected to hear from you but from the prevalence of eastwardly winds we have been disappointed. In my last Dispatch3 which went by the Packet sailing from Havre on the 1st. you will find the Answer of the Minister of Foreign Affairs to my letter of the 22 Octr. 1824. The intimation which it gives that the Royal Government is under no obligation to repair injuries done by the government of Napoleon, seemed to require some notice in order that my silence might not be considered as an acquiescence in the doctrine, and therefore I considered it my duty to remark upon it in a very summary way. On the same day on which I received this answer, a letter from Mr Appleton 4 was placed in my hands, informing me, that the Neapolitain [sic] Government had insisted that France had rejected our claims upon the ground of the irresponsibility of the present, for the Acts of the former Government, and had suspended their conferences with him, until the fact could be ascertained by writing to their Ambassador at Paris. I was induced by this circumstance to suspect that the Minister of foreign affairs had modified his answer with some view to the wishes of the Neapolitain Government— As our Government had in strong terms expressed its determination not to admit the construction placed by France on the 8 Art of the Treaty, it would have been sufficient to defeat our claims to have merely insisted upon that construction without alluding to the other objection— The introduction of it in answer to my letter would therefore seem to have been in compliance with the wishes of Naples and in order to fortify that Government in its ground for rejecting our Claims against it— I fear Mr Appleton will be as unsuccessful there as Mr Gallatin6 and myself have been here. I have many reasons for apprehending that my residence here will be rendered unpleasant in consequence of the state in which this and other matters may place the relations of the two Governments.

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You need not be told that the visit of Gen Lafayette and the use made of it by the opposition papers here have excited some feeling. Nor need I say that our institutions are not greatly admired by the Courts of Europe which attribute to them all the revolutions which have appeared within the last fifty years. My situation has required, and I have observed, the" greatest possible circumspection, not in my conversation only, but also in my intercourse with society. Genl Lafayette is the only liberal with whom I have associated since my arrival in France, and I have carefully abstained from taking any part in the politics of the Nation. In the funeral of Genl Foye a distinguished orator of the opposition the liberals have had an opportunity of expressing their feelings and they have made all they could out of it— The body was followed to the grave by more than one hundred thousand persons and nearly half a Million of francs have been subscribed for the support of his family and for the erection of his monument. A triumph has been obtained by that party in the acquittal of the Constitutionel and Courier7 two of the most prominent of the opposition Journals which were prosecuted for publications tending to bring disgrace on the Religion of the State. The decision of the Court dismissed the prosecution on the ground that the attacks were directed, not against the religion of the State, but against the Jesuits, who had entered France and established themselves contrary to law and whose doctrines were hostile to the rights of the Crown and to the established religion— The conduct of the Judges on this occasion has been very much applauded, as the Jesuits although very unpopular had been encouraged by some persons of great influence and were rapidly increasing in wealth and n u m b e r Mr Somerville8 is yet in Paris and I fear will never leave it— His Physician considers his case as one admitting but little room for hope and indeed his appearance but too fully confirms the opinion— His stomach and lungs are diseased and he is subject to constant fevers and a distressing cough— I called on him yesterday and found him so unconscious of his danger that he was actually contracting for a Carriage to convey him to Nice and from thence to Italy. I see him every day and shall do all I can to smooth the few days which remain to him. As it is possible and barely possible that he may recover, perhaps it might be useless to afflict his relations by giving them this account of his situation— I fear they will soon receive accounts that he exists no longer. Should he persist in his intention of leaving Paris, I will as delicately as possible suggest to him the propriety of placing his papers with some person who in case of accidents on the road would prevent them from falling into

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1825

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improper hands. In case he should recover and be disposed to travel further® they can be sent to him— The last accounts from Greece leave very little room for hope that it will hold out many weeks longer. Capt Rodgers writes to Capt Morris10 that their affairs appear desperate. The reinforcements, so long expected have arrived at Navarino— Accounts vary as to the number, some making it amount to above 9,000 whilst others represent it as not exceeding 4,500 troops part of which is composed of Cavalry. It does not appear probable that the Greeks will receive aid from any other power and they want money, credit, and men to enable them to repel this formidable force.11 Commodore Rodgers will pass the winter at Mahon,12 and has ordered Captain Read13 to take the command of the Constitution, Capt McDonough14 having expressed his wish to return to the United States. 1 shall write you on the 25— Mrs Brown is in good health and writes to her sister.15 Yours truly J. BROWN Mr Sheldon's18 recovery has been so complete that it leaves some room to hope that Mr Somerville may survive his attack. He has made an effort and written to some of his friends— His fever is more moderate since the last two or three days. Honble Henry Clay Secy of State ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). 1 Not found. 2 The death of Susan Clay Duralde. 3 Above, November 28, 1825. 4 John J. Appleton. 5 See above, III, 155n. 0 Maximilien-Sebastien Foy, educated at the artillery school at La Fere, had become famous not only for his valor and skill as a military leader at Flanders (1791-1792), in the Swiss campaign of 1798, in the Peninsular War (1808-1814), and at Waterloo (1815), but also for his courage in expressing political principles opposed to the Radicals during the French Revolution, against Napoleon's imperial ambitions, and, as a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1819 to 1825, against the conservatives under the Bourbon Restoration. 7 Paris Constitutionnel; Paris Courrier-Francais. 8 William C. Somerville. 9 Cf. above, Clay to Somerville, September 6, 1825. 10 John Rodgers; Charles Morris. 11 Cf. above, Moore to Clay, May 31, 1825, note. Additional Egyptian forces had sailed in mid-October as reinforcements for this position, which remained under Turkish-Egyptian control and a base for their Greek operations until 1827. 12 Cf. above, Rich to Clay, August 22, 1825. 13 George Campbell Read, a native of Ireland, who had entered the United States Navy in 1804 and had served throughout the War of 1812, had received his captaincy in 1825. He commanded the Constitution from 1826 to 1832 and the Constellation from 1832 to 1843 in the Mediterranean Squadron and, at the head of a small squadron in the Far East from 1838 to 1840, attained distinction for landing men at Sumatra in protest against plundering of a Yankee schooner. From 1846 to 1849 he commanded the African Squadron, and from 1853 to 1855, the Philadelphia Navy Yard. 1* Thomas Macdonough, who died at sea en route. is Mrs. Clay. 16 Daniel Sheldon.

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SECRETARY OF STATE

From John P. Erwin Dear Sir Nashville 12 Deer. 1825. I wrote a few lines on the 8th. designing to Say more another time— I consider myself flattered by an intimation that my communications afford some information worthy of notice1—and so long as I am enabled to furnish any thing which can be deemed equivalent to the time required to read it, I shall with much pleasure continue to keep you advised of the State of the war in this quarter of these U. S.— The "demonstration" made at Murfreesboro,2 altho gotten up with deliberation, viz—(as much of it as belongs to the men who contrived it) & designed no doubt for effect, has fallen lifeless on the public attention, exciting only here, & there, a feint at adulation from his friends—the criticism of neutrals, & derision of opponents— Even here there seems to be somewhat of chagrin & disappointment— It begins to be whispered among his friends, that the game is up; the time gone by—& an effort to produce division & excitement three years hence, is considered almost hopelessIt was expected, that Mr C— & New York could be enlisted under his banners But it seems that Mr C— is at present in a minority at home—& has enough to do, to take care of himself3— From present appearances I am of the opinion that the next three years will present no serious struggle, & that Mr. A— will sit quietly in the Presidential chair, the usual term.— You will have seen in the Whig,4 the proceedings of our Legislature up to its close— A violent effort was made to put down Mr Yeatman's Bank5— We think the Old Genl.8 wished it done, Mr Y— being the son in law of a man7 he very much disliked— He had spoken in that way to his friends previous to the meeting of the Legislature— Mr. Grundy 8 also had some agency in the attempt— they were however all defeated by the ability of Fletcher Gibbs,9 $c the zealous cooperation of Govr. Carroll10—who is very powerful with the Legislature— The friends of Colo. Williams are gratified at the notice taken of him by the Government11—it has also excited some of the illiberality of his opponents— They call him the head of the radicals—•& term it buying up— It will evidently create some degree of interest in favor of the Presidt. with a very respectable portion of this State—for Colo. Ws. is considered generally as having been badly treated by Jackson— He is spoken of for Govr.— 2c should he on his return from Guatemala, be disposed to offer, will be elected12— I said something in a former letter relative to my friend Judge White— His letter to the Legislature accepting the appointment

DECEMBER 12,

1825

901

of Senator, was rather a draw back, upon the estimation in which he is universally held in this State— Altho it was perhaps designed for, & perhaps was very well adapted to the temperature of Tennessee13— He is an able man, & an honest man—has a good deal of temper—no great dislike to fame—& a great partiality for his friends— Govr. Carroll, will at the next election afford to Mr Eaton an opportunity of retiring to private life—& if Judge White should occupy any other Station, Colo Ws.14 can again be elected SenatorMuch is said here about the contemplated National Road15— There is Some dissatisfaction at the hasty manner in which one mile has been surveyed—& it is said that Va. No. C. &c are to have the Road—"for and in consideration of." &c— I hope our people will make the discovery ere long, that they have almost no Representation in Congress—& also, (as I said to them in my Whig last Spring)—that we will get along better by pursuing a mild, & rational, course towards, "the powers that be" whether of our choice, or not.— I hope my Radical brother in Law from No. C.18 will carry himself straight, during this Session— I think he is at heart very decidedly with you— He was opposed partly on that ground in his recent election— He an & [sic] old Mr Macon17 are the high priests in No. C James18 writes me from N Orls. 26 Novr. that he would remain there until 1 of Jany. —then go to Cahawba & take his wife with him back again to N Orls.— She is now at Cahawba, in good health, when last I heard from there— I believe he designs making his permanent summer residence in Tennessee—on Duck River, where my father19 resides—50 miles So. of this towards Huntsville— He is to become the purchaser of the Whig Establishment, in order to place it under my Control—my own poverty and embarrassment not allowing me to do so— Norvell the Proprietor was about to sell to Hunt, formerly of Lexington20—thro the machinations of Grundy & others, who dislike the space occupied by me before the public—& in order to defeat their plans, & retain the power of aiding my friends, & watching the progress of Error, &c I had to procure a purchaser— I do not design to have it generally understood who is the purchaser— It will be conducted by me in behalf of the proprietor— I design to pursue a very mild, & conciliatory course—& not furnish the enemy with the materials with which to annoy me— As to Genl. J— I shall not know much of him as a Candidate for Pres dt. Should any thing occur to you as coming within my range, so as to promote your interests—7 yrs. hence—You have only to suggest in what manner I can make it available—

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OF STATE

I wish it were the fashion of the day for the Pres dt. & Secry. to make a Southern Tour21— There would be made many Converts to the true faith, by such a mission— My best wishes to Mrs. Clay. &• family Very respectfully J. P.

ERWIN

ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). 1 Neither Erwin's letter nor Clay's reply has been found. 2 See above, Clay to Hammond, November 1, 1825. 3 DeWitt Clinton had been re-elected Governor by a small majority in the fall of 1825; but his supporters had been badly defeated, principally by the "Bucktails," or Van Buren faction, in the struggle for control of the legislature.

4 The Nashville Whig.

8 Early in the 1820's, Thomas Yeatman had initiated a private banking business, issuing notes without a State charter. Jackson's supporters during the legislative session of 1825 had proposed a bill to outlaw private banking. Charles G. Sellers, Jr., "Banking and Politics in Jackson's Tennessee, 1817-1827," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XLI (June, 1954), 77-78. « Andrew Jackson. 7 Andrew Erwin. 8 Felix Grundy. 9 Thomas H. Fletcher and George W. Gibbs. The latter, a general of militia, was for many years a lawyer of Davidson County; he later retired to a farm near the site of Union City, Tennessee. 10 William Carroll. II See above, Clay to Williams, November 10, 1825; Williams to Clay, November 25, 1825. 12 Williams, instead, ran for the State Senate, was elected, and served in the sessions of 1827 and 1828. 13 Hugh L. White had spoken of the flattery in being "thought of as the successor of such a man [Jackson]. . . ." Tenn. H. of Reps., Journal, 1825, 278-79. i* Williams. On these political eventualities, see above, Carroll to Clay, October 4, 1825, note. 15 See above, Speech, January 17, 1825; Thornetine to Clay, May 6, 1825, note. 16 Lewis Williams, whose sister, Frances Lanier Williams, had married Erwin. 17 Nathaniel Macon. 18 James Erwin. 19 Andrew Erwin. 20 Joseph Norvell; William Gibbes Hunt. 21 Cf. above, II, 701n.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES To the BARON [DURAND] DE MAREUIL.

December 12, 1825 Acknowledges receipt of his note of

December 2; encloses a copy of a letter from the Postmaster General (John McLean—letter not found) which exonerates "the post office department . . . from any charge of neglect or infidelity in the transmission of letters and papers confided to its care"; notes that "The Post master General thinks that in some instances there may have been carelessness or neglect in the transfer of letters and papers from the vessel bringing them from foreign ports to the post office"; and states that instructions will be given for increased vigilance. Clay believes that "the number of miscarriages of letters and papers cannot be very great," since those addressed to his department arrive punctually and no complaint has been received from "any other foreign minister. . . ." Inquires: "May not those to which you refer have proceeded from a want of attention on the road in the carriage of your letters from Paris to Havre?" Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 3, p. 242 (M38, R3). From [C. D. E. J. BANGEMAN] HUYGENS, Washington. Acknowledges receipt of

Clay's note of December 10 and states that he has asked his government for instructions on the matter discussed. ANS, in French with translation in State

DECEMBER 12, 1825

903

Department file. DNA, RG59, Notes from Netherlands Legation, vol. 1 (M56, Rl). Published in American State Papers, Foreign Relations, VI, 375. From L[EWIS CHARLES] LEDERER, Newburgh (New York). Explains the basis for the imposition from January 1, 1824, of discriminatory tonnage duties on all foreign vessels entering Austrian ports; states that all governments were apprized of Austrian willingness to modify and abolish these duties "whenever Similar restrictions on Austrian vessels Should be modified and abolished in Such Countries"; and notes that the difficulty with application of the reciprocity offered by the act of Congress of March 3, 1815 (see above, Clay to Forbes, April 14, 1825, note) is that the United States still levies a 10 percent duty on the importation of goods not the produce of the country whose vessels bring them. ALS. DNA, RG59, Notes from Austrian Legation, vol. 1 (M48, Rl). Lederer was consul general at New York for Austria and Tuscany from 1820 to 1838.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

December 12, 1825

From ALEXANDER H. EVERETT, Madrid, no. 17. Reports an interview with the Duke del Infantado, who had not yet "given any particular attention to our affairs," but who said, however, that the demand for a consul at Havana "appeared to be well founded, and that he thought that the King would accede to it; but that the measure when adopted would probably be general." Notes that the Duke has not yet mentioned the subject to the King (Ferdinand VII). States that the Russian Emperor (Alexander I), in reply to a Spanish request for a loan, has answered affirmatively, on condition that other parties to the (Holy) Alliance join him "and that Spain herself . . . offer some appearance of proceeding upon a settled and consistent plan of Government." Acknowledges receipt a few days ago from (Rufus) King, of a copy of the instructions to Middleton on Spanish America (above, May 10, 1825), which, Everett declares, "came very opportunely while I was engaged in preparing the note which I intend to address to this Govt upon the same subject." LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Spain, vol. 25 (M31, R27). Extract published in American State Papers, Foreign Relations, V, 880. From GEORGE W. SLACUM, Buenos Aires. Reports, as "a direct and wilful violation of the laws of the United States for the protection of American Seamen," the case of two men from the ship Clara, of Baltimore, whom the master, John Jones, has put ashore and refuses to allow on board again; cites this as an example of an evil attending the traffic in old ships, sold to be broken up, while their crews are left stranded; and suggests that "The prosecution of captain Jones, and the publication of the decision in the case, will . . . have a good effect." ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Buenos Aires, vol. 2 (M70, R3). Received February 17, 1825.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

December 12, 1825

To AUGUSTUS B. WOODWARD, Tallahassee, "Private." Transmits letters "left at or sent here" for Woodward and notes receipt of "several others, addressed to General La Fayette and others, to be forwarded." Daniel Brent, "directed by the Secretary," now intimates "that as the forwarding of private Letters thro'

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SECRETARY OF STATE

this Department to persons abroad, as well as in this Country, has become a very troublesome office to it, in repugnance, too, to Law, and to the disadvantage of the Revenue," Clay has "determined that the practice should no longer be tolerated, unless the Letters . . . are known to be of a scrictly [sic] official character, and appertain to concerns under the direction of the Department of State. . . ." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 213-14 (M40, R19). From [GEORGE W. SLACUM], Buenos Aires. Refutes charges which, he understands, have been made against him in "a remonstrance or some such thing [not found] . . . got up in this place by a few captains of Vessels. . . ." AL (part of document, including signature, missing). DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). Endorsed in strange hand on last page: "Anon. 1825—S." Received February 18, 1826. From S[AMUEL] L. S[OUTHARD], Navy Department. Transmits a copy of a letter from Isaac Hull, "together with the protest, and other papers, relating to the Seizure & condemnation of the American Ship General Carrington." Copy. DNA, RG45, Executive Letterbook, vol. 1821-1831, p. 151. The General Carrington, owned by Edward Carrington and Company, of Providence, who also owned four-fifths of her cargo—in all, valued at $100,000—had been seized and condemned in the summer of 1824, by Royalist forces in the port of Quilca, Peru, on charges that it had delivered firearms and powder to the Patriots at Coquimbo.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

December 12, 1825

H. PLEASANTS, Richmond (Virginia), recommends Dr. Samuel Colton, "a member of the Executive Council of Virginia," for appointment as collector at Norfolk; states that "Dr Colton in capacity of Surgeon, rendered services for three years during the last War— He is a decided friend to the present Administration, having been in favor of Mr Adams from the beginning. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1). See above, Pegram to Clay, December 11, 1825, note.

JOHN

C. VERPLANCK, Washington, recommends William Beach Lawrence for appointment "to fill the secretaryship of the Legation or Commission to Panama." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3). Dated "Monday evening." Verplanck, a member of Congress from 1825 to 1833, had been born in New York City in 1786, had been graduated from Columbia College, had studied law, and in 1807 had been admitted to the bar. He had joined his cousin, Johnston Verplanck and others in founding the New York American, had sat in the New York Assembly (1820, 1821, 1822), and had been, from 1821 to 1824, a professor in the Episcopal General Theological Seminary in New York. As editor and author he published essays and other works on politics, religion, history, and literature. He was a member of the New York Senate, 1838-1841, and was active in civic affairs until his death, in 1870. G[ULIAN]

"H. R.," transmits documents "in connection with the application of Richard W. Greene for appointment as district attorney for Rhode Island." Comments: "You will understand, that I take no undue interest in the matter, but am only willing to speak well of a deserving & respectable man." ALS. Ibid. See above, Eldridge to Clay, November 29, 1825, note.

DANIEL WEBSTER,

DECEMBER 13,

1825

905

To Lafayette My dear General Washington 13 Deer. 1825 I learnt with much pleasure, from under your proper hand, in your obliging letter of the 28h. October, by the Cadmus, that you were reposing at Lagrange, in the bosom of your affectionate family and friends. There, you know, I wish you to be, as your friend Washington was at Mount Vernon, when he left the Presidency, retired from the bustling world, a calm spectator, rather than an active participator, of its numerous vexations and cares. We traced you across the Ocean, somewhat alarmed for your safety by reports unfavorable to the Brandywine which returned to us.1 We witnessed and shared in the emotions of your joyous meeting with your children and friends at Havre, and pursued you thence by Rouen to your own residence, the incidents which occurred on the journey not escaping our notice.2 You have not been troubled, as I imagined you would not be, by the Government of France, although it is evident from your treatment by some of its functionaries that they have no friendly feelings towards you. Since you left us but little has occurred here to interest you. The Session of Congress has commenced, under auspices as favorable to the administration as could be expected. Among the elements, disposed to opposition, there is a great want of cohesion. I do not apprehend that we shall have more than a salutary opposition. The President's message will have reached you, through the public prints, before this letter arrives. You will observe that the mission to Panama is announced.3 I regret that Mr. Gallatin declined accepting it.4 His place is supplied by Mr. John Sergeant of Philadelphia, who will be associated with our minister at Bogota,5 and those two will represent the U. States at the first Congress of the American Nations. With what satisfaction, my dear General, must you contemplate that event, in which you have had so great an agency! Several of the new Republics have suggested that the affairs of Hayti should be considered at Panama with a view to the establishment of an uniform rule to be observed towards it by the American powers.8 The perpetual grant of exclusive commercial privileges which that island has made to France7 will affect the question of the recognition of its Independence. You have inspired us with fresh hopes about Greece. We began to despair, and I own that my fears are still great. We cannot see the events of the late campaign clearly. Without foreign succour, with her intestine divisions, and the infidelity of her chiefs, do you think it possible that she can continue to maintain

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SECRETARY OF STATE

a contest in which the inequality of numbers is so much against her? I am glad to be able to quiet your friendly solicitude about my health. It was never better than it is now and has been for some weeks past. Another and a severe affliction in my family,8 after you left us, added much to my griefs and contributed to impair my health. Mrs. Clay joins me in affectionate remembrance to you, and I pray you to communicate my friendly regards to your son and to Col. LaVasseur9— With never ceasing wishes for your happiness I remain Cordially & faithfully Your friend H CLAY Genl. La Fayette ALS. NNPM. 1 The Washington Daily National Intelligencer, on October 28, 1825, had reprinted from the Philadelphia Democratic Press a report that the Brandy-wine, when only a few days at sea, had been found to have eight feet of water in her hold, where caulking had washed out. The same account had reported the death of "several hands." Niles' Weekly Register, XXIX (November 5, 12, 1825), 146-48, 161, attributed the rumors to partisan criticism of Secretary of the Navy Samuel L. Southard and minimized the extent of the damage found in the vessel's "upper-works." 2 Enthusiastic crowds had welcomed Lafayette at Havre and Rouen; but at the latter place the populace, gathered beneath a balcony on which Lafayette had appeared, was attacked by gendarmerie and a detachment of the Royal Guard with drawn sabres. Several persons were wounded and many arrested on charges of rioting. Niles' Weekly Register, XXIX (December 3, 1825), 213, reporting a Paris dispatch dated October 10. 3 See above, King to Clay, December 9, 1825. 4 See above, Gallatin to Clay, November 10, 14, 1825. 5 Richard C. Anderson, Jr. 6 Cf. above, Salazar to Clay, November 2, 1825. 7 See above, Armstrong to Clay, October 12, 1825. 8 The death of Susan Clay Duralde. 9 George Washington Lafayette; Auguste Levasseur.

From Francis T. Brooke My Dear Sir Richmd Decmr 13 1825 There is nothing passing here of more interest than what you see in the newspapers. The Sensation produced by the message1 is Subsiding, its effect conduced very much to elect Mr. Randolph 2 as Govr Pleasants3 would not permit himself to be named much of the interest in the choice was lost.— the immediate object of this letter is to recommend to you Doctor Colton4 a member of the executive Council here—he is a gentleman of unblemished integrity of good abilities comes from the neighbourhood of Norfolk and wishes to be appointed a collector at that place— although that appointment belongs to the Treasury, yet you may render him a Service for which you will have his gratefull acknowledgements and the thanks of your friend FRANCIS BROOKE

DECEMBER 13, 1825

907

ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1). Addressed to Clay. 1 President Adams' message to Congress, December 6, 1825. 2 John Randolph. Cf. above, Brooke to Clay, November 27, 1825. 3 James Pleasants. 4 Samuel Colton.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

December 13, 1825

From ALEXANDER] MCRAE, London. States that he has not "for many months" thought he could add to information received by Clay through regular channels "concerning the wishes and the views of European Governments in regard to the independence of South America . . ."; congratulates him now "on the certain success" of the "valiant struggles of our patriotic neighbours"; and reports that his own belief that England did not "favor the independence of South America" has been confirmed by a "note of March 25, to the Spanish Minister, the Chevalier de los Rios," in which (George) Canning said: "The separation of the Spanish Colonies from Spain, has been neither our work nor our wish. Events in which the British Government had no participation, decided that separation, which we are still of opinion might have been averted, if our Counsels had been listened to in time." Referring to the "graceless act of recognition," by Great Britain, of some of the new Republics, McRae warns that many Englishmen and "the public Prints, are boasting that this Government took the lead in establishing the independence of South America" and that these "pretensions" will "be impudently asserted hereafter before the Governments of South America, in support of claims to peculiar advantages, which the ambition or cupidity of this Government may prompt it to seek. . . ." Deplores the extravagant praise bestowed by (Simon) Bolivar on Britain for her recognition of Colombia, the "seeming propensity on the part of our neighbours to prefer the friendship of Britain to that of all other nations"; and the "obsequiousness" of certain representatives of Latin America at the British Court. Postscript adds that (Rufus) King's health has improved, that a memorandum on Greece is enclosed with this letter, and that he hopes for an announcement soon that Lord (Thomas) Cochrane, now in France, "is at Sea actually embarked in the service of the Greeks." ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Special Agents, vol. 9 (M37, R9). Received February 19, 1826. McRae, a Richmond lawyer, former member of the Virginia House of Delegates (18031804) and Council (1805), and in 1808 Lieutenant Governor of that State, had been appointed in December, 1823, as a secret agent to report upon the proceedings of a congress of European states expected to discuss Spain's relationship to her American colonies. His assignment had been terminated under a letter from the State Department dated August 6, 1824, and received by McRae on October 31, 1824. For the letter cited from Canning to Los Rios, March 25, 1825, see [Great Britain] Foreign Office, British and Foreign State Papers, 1824-1825 (London, 1826), pp. 909-15.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

December 13, 1825

To [RICHARD RUSH]. Encloses an extract of a letter (not found) relating to a complaint by the French Minister (above, Mareuil to Clay, December 2, 1825), in which the Postmaster General attributes "some want of attention . . . in the transfer of Letters from Vessels arriving from Foreign Countries to the PostOffice." Clay suggests the propriety of investigating the possibility of neglect in

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SECRETARY O F S T A T E

the office of the collector of New York (Jonathan Thompson). Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 246 (M40, R19). From BORIE AND LAGUERENNE, Philadelphia. Complains of a regulation, imposed by the vice consul of Mexico at Philadelphia (Henry B. Chew), requiring "that a certifficate [sic] from his office should be attached to each 'invoice of every shipper for all goods shipped in any vessel proceeding from this port to any port in Mexico,' " and requests Clay to ascertain from the Mexican Minister (Pablo Obregon) whether the regulation results from a decree of the Mexican Government or merely from the policy of the vice consul. LS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). On December 20, Daniel Brent, by Clay's direction, informed Borie and Laguerenne that the Secretary had "lost no time in taking the steps which seemed . . . required in regard to the Mexican Vice-Consul at Philadelphia. . . ." DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 222 (M40, R19). Chew, not further identified.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

December 13, 1825

Washington, solicits appointment "to print the pamphlet edition of the Laws for the Dept. of State that may be passed at the present session of Congress, of 11,000 copies. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Cf. above, Colvin to Clay, September 21, 1825, note.

JONATHAN ELLIOTT,

(Washington) transmits a letter, from A (ugustus) B. Woodward to McLean, dated November 18, 1825, recommending (David B.) Macomb for appointment as United States attorney for East Florida. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR5) . See above, Gibson to Clay, November 20, 1825, note.

JOHN MCLEAN

London, seeks temporary appointment to some agency in Europe. Notes that he will remain there some months longer, on private business. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Special Agents, vol. 9 (M37, R9) . Received February 19, 1826. Endorsed: "Private." McRae received no further appointment.

AL[EXANDER] MCRAE,

L. SOUTHARD, Navy Department, transmits letter of recommendation from Edward Carrington in favor of Richard W. Greene as Federal district attorney, for the District of Rhode Island. LS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). See above, Eldridge to Clay, November 29, 1825, note.

SAMUEL

To Samuel L. Southard Dear Sir 14 Deer. 1825 I thank you for the opportunity afforded me of perusing Capt. Morris s1 letter, which is returned. I have one, under the same date, from La Fayette at Lagrange2 which I would send for your perusal, if it contained any thing interesting. Yr's faithfully H CLAY Honble Mr. Southard. ALS. NjP-Samuel L. Southard Papers. 2 Above, October 28, 1825.

l Charles Morris.

DECEMBER 14,

1825

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

909

December 14, 1825

From S[AMUEL] L. S[OUTHARD], Navy Department. Transmits copies of a letter from Commodore (Isaac) Hull and a decree of the Government of Peru; requests that instructions to Hull, if considered desirable in this connection, be provided soon. LS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63) . See above, Tudor to Secretary of State, April 22, 1825, note; Allen to Clay, September 16, 19, 1825, notes; below, Clay to Hull, December 20, 1825. From S[AMUEL] L. S[OUTHARD], Navy Department. Encloses a copy of a letter (not found) from Commodore Isaac Hull, regarding the General Brown. Copy. LS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63) . See above, Allen to Clay, November 5, 1825, note. From STEPHEN TWYCROSS "of Brig Belvidere," Wilmington, North Carolina. Complains of extortion by the American vice consul at the Island of St. Thomas. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63) . Dated December, 1825; postmarked December 14. Endorsed by Clay: ". . . Who is he." Twycross not further identified. Stephen Cabot, formerly of Boston, at this time a merchant at St. Thomas, had held the office of vice consul since July, 1824.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

December 14, 1825

SILAS BROWN, Jackson, Mississippi, reports sale of the Jackson Southern Luminary to Peter Isler and requests that the appointment to publish the laws be "made this year in his name." ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Brown, who had been assessor and collector of Monroe County, Mississippi, in 1821, had acquired the Jackson Pearl River Gazette in 1824 and renamed it the Southern Luminary. Postmaster of Jackson from 1825 to 1827 and prominent as a physician of that community, he served as a member of the State House of Representatives in 1828 and later as State treasurer. Isler, a printer, formerly of Winchester, Virginia (1804), Bardstown, Kentucky (1806-1811), and Natchez, Mississippi (1812-1819), had held the contract for Mississippi State printing from 1823 to 1825, when he lost it to Brown. Following Isler's purchase of the Southern Luminary, the latter organ was merged with his State Gazette as the State Journal, which again acquired the State contract and also received appointment for publishing the Federal laws. A[NDREW] R. GOVAN, House of Representatives, encloses a letter from a person unknown to Govan but recommended by "a particular friend." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2) . Endorsed by a clerk: "Encloses Samuel Hoit's letter Soliciting Office." Further endorsed by Clay: "Mr. [Daniel] Brent will return the enclosed, and inform Mr. Govan that Mr. Hoit's name is on file." Govan, from South Carolina, was a member of the House from 1822 to 1827. In 1828 he moved to Mississippi, where he spent the remainder of his life as a planter. On December 19, Brent executed Clay's direction. Copy, in DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 218 (M40, R19). WILLIAM R. KING and G[EORGE] W. OWEN, "Washington City," recommend the

appointment of James Dellet as "District Judge for the State of Alabama." ALS by King, signed also by Owen. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2) .

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SECRETARY OF STATE

To [John Quincy Adams] 15th Deer Mr. Clay has the honor to accept the invitation of Mr. and Adams to dinner on tuesday next. Mrs. Clay regrets that she herself obliged to decline the honor of dining with them at the time, which was intended her—

1825 Mrs. feels same

AN. MHi-Adams Papers.

To Levi Lincoln His Excellency, Levi Lincoln, Governor of Massachusetts. Sir, Department of State, 15th. Deer. 1825. I have the honour by the direction of the President, to acknowledge the receipt of your Letter, addressed to him on the 26th. ultimo, 1 transmitting a Copy of the report of the Land Agent of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts; and to assure you of the anxious desire of the Government of the United-States to make a satisfactory arrangement with that of Great Britain of our North Eastern Boundary. No time will be unnecessarily lost in bringing the negotiation to a final conclusion. In the mean time, it is desirable that each party, governed by a spirit of moderation, should refrain from the adoption of any measures which may tend to give just, inquietude to the other. It would perhaps be best for neither to do any act which would change the state of the question as it existed when the Commission under the Treaty of Ghent was constituted.2 If one attempt to strengthen his pretensions by the exercise of acts of Sovereignty or ownership over parts of the disputed Territory, which were then waste and uninhabited, the other will resort to the same expedient; and the collisions, which would inevitably follow, would place both parties in a state less propitious to an amicable settlement of the difference. It was under this view of the propriety of mutual forbearance that, when, in the course of the last Spring statements were received, at this Department, of depredations committed, under color of British authority, within the limits of the State of Maine, as claimed by us, I addressed a note to the British Charge d'Affaire [sic] near this Government remonstrating against those depredations.3 It appears from the above report of your Commissioner, and from other sources of information, that our remonstrance has had the desired effect; that the Governor of the adjoining British Province4 has been directed, by proper authority to discontinue granting licences [sic] to cut Timber; and that he has accordingly discontinued. The President wishes that this conciliatory

DECEMBER 15,

1825

911

course on the part of Great Britain should be reciprocated by us, and I am therefore directed by him respectfully to suggest to Your Excellency the propriety of its being observed by the Government of Massachusetts. I seize the occasion to renew to Your Excellency assurances of my respectful consideration. H. CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 215-16 (M40, R19). A similar letter was addressed this same date to Albion K. Parris. See below, Clay to Vaughan, January 18, 1826. i Cf. above, Lincoln to Clay, December 6, 1825. 2 See above, I, 1006. 3 Above, Clay to Addington, March 27, 1825. 4 Sir Howard Douglas.

To Samuel L. Southard 15 Deer. 1825 H. CLAY requests the favor of the Company of Mr. Southard at Dinner on Wednesday next at five o'clock An answer is respectfully solicited. AN, partially printed. NjP-Samuel L. Southard Papers. Addressed to Southard.

From Ninian Edwards Dear Sir, (Confidential) Belleville Illinois December 15th 1825 A long absence from home prevented my receiving your very kind letter1 for several weeks after its arrival at this place, and has delayed, until this time, my acknowledgements for the friendly disposition it evinces— I discover in it however, an additional reason for making my controversy with Mr Crawford2 better understood than it has been— You think I was injudicious "in the time & manner of exhibiting my charges against him," which proves to me that you are wholly unapprized of the necessity under which I acted— Whatever may be thought of the manner of my repelling his attack, I had no choice as to the time, and therefore am not blameable [sic] for not selecting a period more propitious to the object— I was apprized by the most undoubted authority from Virginia, in the summer of 1823, of an intention to attack me at the succeeding session of Congress, though, at that time, I had no suspicion of the grounds on which I was to be attacked. But it was Mr Crawford's object to fix a charge of perjury on me, in regard to the famous letter of the Receiver at Edwardsville3— You would be astonished to find that, that very letter had been seen in the Treasury Department— And it is known to two of the Senators and one member of the House of Representatives (one of whom is an efficient & devoted friend of yours) that I could have

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established this fact, if I could have reconciled it to myself to betray a confidential communication— This I presume you will yet ascertain before very long— Who then could blame me for repelling such an unprincipled & malignant attack upon my reputation? No m a n no not all the men in the world, could have dissuaded me from it— I should dispise [sic] myself, if any hopes of office or emolument could have induced me to hesitate— I freely confess however, that I think I could have managed the thing much better, if I had not been taken so much by surprise— And had not my health put it out of my power to return to the Senate, all the clamours that were, or could have been raised, should not have prevented my reviving the controversy at the succeeding session in a new shape— I however should not, at this time, have adverted to this subject, were I not under an impression, that your memory retains a remark I once made to you, and that you have mistakenly applied it to the charges I exhibited against Mr Crawford— I said, or intimated to you, that I could exhibit a case against him which in my opinion merited impeachment— Had I been a member of the House of representatives I should have exhibited it— But this case was not even adverted to in my memorial— I however offered to lay it before the committee—and if I shall here after have occasion to do so, you will see that I shall make out a case that it will be difficult to meet & that cannot be fairly met with success— The publication of my book has been so long, and to me so unexpectedly delayed, for the want of about two or three documents from Washington, which I have not yet been able to obtain that I do not know whether I shall publish it at all; unless it shall be called forth by new persecutions on the part of Mr Crawfords [sic] or his friends— His sit[ua]tion greatly abates my disposition to defend myself by reviving any controversy with him—and as I have not made up my mind to enter again on the Arena of politics, or to take any part whatever in the political struggles there are to ensue, I am inclined to content my self with leaving in the hands of my children the means of defending my reputation against any charges that may grow out of that controversy (Mr Nobles testimony however always excepted)4— With respect to my claim to compensation for my services as superintendent of the U.S. Saline,5 your remarks are so unexpected to me that though, not in the least dissatisfied with you on that account, I feel excessively mortified at the suspicion they create that you have considered me as exhibiting this claim in consequence of my having to refund money to the Govt— You are certainly one of the last men in the world from whom I should have feared that by postponing my claim (which I did in consequence of the relation in which I stood to Mr Crawford & the late President6) I should either

DECEMBER 15,

1825

913

weaken it; or subject it to the quieting influence of a kind of statute of limitations. And I must be permitted to say that instead of establishing a new & dangerous precedent (which you seem to suppose) by paying me what my services justly merit, it would be in direct violation of a multitude of precedents that are within my own knowledge to refuse to pay me on account of the lapse of time that has intervened since those services were performed. If I mistake not you yourself once appealed to me, at Mr Wirts in a case of your own, not at all dissimilar in principle7—and I doubt very much whether the President himself has not had accounts settled by one administration for services performed under a previous one.8 I have been repaid by one administration money that I had advanced for the govt several years before under a previous administration—and in the latter part of Mr Monroes administration was paid for extra services performed in the early part of Mr Madisons, which had not been previously demanded because I did not stand in need of the money. This is not at all extraordinary in my case, for it may be seen that I often advanced considerable sums of money out of my own pocket to the Govt, and that even my salary as Govr9 remained undrawn for a very unusual length of time— The services for which I claim compensation were not terminated till after Mr Monroes administration had commenced—and without precedent, how does the case stand on principle— If there had been a regular sala[ry] attached to the office of superintendant [sic] of the Saline, no lapse of time wou[ld] have barred my demand for it, so neither should it bar my right to whatever the services I performed ex equo & bono entitle me to— I can see no difficulty in the case, the records show that I performed the services and have never been paid for them— The precedents that show me entitled to pay for those extra services are innumerable, allowances then made, or now made for extra services, are suffi[ci]ent to show that the sum I charge is extremely reasonable reasonable [jic]— I however, am willing to take whatever the President may choose to allow me— But I shall think it extremely hard, and it is impossible that I should be satisfied, to get nothing— I never had a thought of abandoning the claim, and were I now upon my oath I would swear that I firmly beleive [sic] I was out of pocket at least $200 a year by that business in the actual expences it produced. I have however said more than I intended, my object in referring to this subject was merely to assure you, that if you have, for a moment, entertained the injurious thought of me, which gives me my present uneasiness, it is in my power to show by my correspondence with Mr Tiffin10 as Commissioner of the Genl Land Office (who considered me entitled to compensation) that it is not just— I know too well the importance of

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SECRETARY OF STATE

your time to wish to draw you into any correspondence on this subject. As I do not write to you officially I have written with all the freedom which the nature of our present correspondence, I hope will be considered as justifying— As I never will give up this claim I will thank you to deliver the statement I inclosed to you to Mr Cook11 that he may present it for official decision as soon as possible. I will be Amy Dar[din]12 with it—if necessary— Very respectfully Yrs Hon: H. Clay. NINIAN EDWARDS ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). Right side of two MS. pages obscured, l Not found. 2See above, III, 187n, 744n-45n. 3 During his appearances before committees o£ the House of Representatives on February 13, 1823, and in the spring of 1824, Edwards had claimed that Benjamin Stephenson, receiver of public moneys at the Edwardsville Land Office and also president of the Bank of Edwardsville, had written a letter in his presence on October 12, 1819, addressed to the Secretary of the Treasury (Crawford), speaking of past difficulties of the bank and of apprehension regarding its prospects, expressing unwillingness to make further deposits of public funds without instruction from the Secretary, and enclosing a copy of a communication published by Edwards, announcing his resignation from the directorship of the bank. Edwards contended that he had advised the receiver to withhold deposits of Government money from the bank until he received further orders from the Secretary of the Treasury and that Stephenson later asserted that he had been directed to continue the deposits. Crawford, in his letter of March 22, 1824, had stated that no such letter from the receiver and no record of an answer directing continuation of the deposits could be found in the files of the Treasury Department. House Docs., 18 Cong., 1 Sess., no. 140, p. 3; House Repts., 18 Cong, 1 Sess., no. 133, p. 113 et passim. The Bank of Edwardsville had subsequently failed; and when the existence of Edwards' warning communications was denied, his earlier efforts to obtain deposit of the public moneys for the bank engendered criticism. 4 See above, Edwards to Clay, July 18, 1825, note. No book appears to have been published, but an "address" (not found) in reply to Noble's testimony is supposed to have been issued later in this month. For extensive quotations from the latter, see Ninian Wfirt] Edwards, History of Illinois from 1778 to 1833; and Life and Times of Ninian Edwards (Springfield, 1870), 137-46. 5 See above, Edwards to Clay, July 18, 1825. 6 James Monroe. 7 Cf. above, III, 54-55 and note, 59-60, 188-89, 258. 8 See above, III, 190n. 9 Of Illinois Territory. 10 Edward Tiffin. 11 Daniel P. Cook. 12 Mecklenburg County, Virginia, widow, whose claim for a blooded stallion impressed by officers during the Revolutionary War was presented to Congress annually from 1796 to 1815 before she was finally awarded payment.

From David Fullerton Hone. Henry Clay Green Castle Pa. Deer. 15th. 1825 Dear Sir [Refers to the letter in his behalf addressed to Clay by Joseph Bard1 and states that, although he has become a candidate for sheriff, he would prefer an appointment at Washington.] I See General Jackson is Looking forward to the presidential Chair and I think as Anxious to obtain it, as Ever a hungry fish was to Catch a fly— I think the general desserves [sic] well of his Country—but I do hope he never will be president of the United States, for reasons which long Er'e this have forceably Operated on your

DECEMBER 15,

1825

915

mind he has been a Successfull [sic] Commander—but it requires quite different talents from those the Genl. possesses to make a good president. Jefferson, Madison, & Monroe, made good presidents, but from the Knowledge I have of Any of those Gentlemen I think they would have made poor GeneralsWishing you health and happiness, I am Dear Sir Your friend & Humbe Servt DAVID FULLERTON ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2).

l Above, Bard to Clay, March 15, 1825.

From James Harper H. Clay Esqr Office B.U States Lexington Deer. 15th. 1825 Dear Sir I have received your favour of 2d Inst. enclosing Mr. Bryans letter1— A few days after he had wrote to you he called at the Bank and Showed me a copy of his letter & on a reexamination of the papers2 I found that I was wrong in computing the interest from llh. October 1824 and that it should be as stated by him from 8h. Deer. 1824— I was led into this error by the agreement for extending the time of payment which bears the former date & contains a provision that the interest shall be paid annually on the l l h . October— I then informed Mr. Bryan that there was no difference in our views except as to the small allowance of interest on the $11503 for the time that payment was anticipated— Mr B. is expected in daily to pay the interest— We have received $65 6/100 exclusive of $27 19/100 costs, (through the Office at Louisville) for ballance of R Breckenridges debt assigned by you4— this added to former payment of $565 50/100 is according to our estimate about $10. too much, but we have put the whole to your credit, leaving it for future correction, if, as we suppose, Mr B. has overpaid that Sum. I should have acknowledged the receipt of your letter of 23 [i.e., 25] Octr. before this, but was waiting to inform you of the payment of Bryans interest of which I was in daily expectation— On consideration I think it best to let Minters Note remain in its suspended state and apply the first monies reed, on your account (after paying discounts on your own Note) to its extinguishment— the applications shall be made as the monies are deposited to your credit so that no interest shall be improperly charged against you— please let me know whether this course is approved by you.— Since the late extraordinary message of Govr. Desha to our Legislature 5 I have several times been on the point of addressing a letter to Mr. Biddle8 soliciting an inquiry into my conduct, but have still

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SECRETARY O F STATE

postponed it as I thought the result of the investigation of the matter by the Legislature might be a sufficient contradiction7— Such charges coming from so high authority are certainly calculated to produce a belief abroad, that the Officers here & particularly myself (who it is Said in a late publication of some leading relief Gentlemen8 rules the Board) have been guilty of some very indiscreet interferences in electioneering matters whereby the Bank & its interests have been unnecessarily brought into conflict with the State authority— I think that a Sufficient portion of my conduct has passed under your observation & that you are well enough acquainted with my habits & disposition to exculpate me from this charge and I will thank you to avail yourself of any opportunity you may have of speaking to Mr. Biddle, (who will no doubt be at Washington this Winter) on the Subject— We have no local news of any interest— I am with much respect Yr Obt. Servt. J HARPER Cashr ALS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R13). 1 Daniel Bryan. Neither letter has been found. 2 Cf. above, III, 72, 296-98, 872, 892n. 3 See above, III, 872. * Cf. above, II, 888; III, 346. 5 See above, T. W. Clay to H. Clay, November 10, 1825, note. e Nicholas Biddle. 1 Replying to a series of resolutions adopted by the Kentucky House of Representatives, which requested that he communicate, with other information, "any evidence he may possess, to establish the charge contained in his message, that the Bank of the United States had controlled many of our citizens, as their tenants in the exercise of their right of suffrage. . . ," Governor Desha on December 14 had delivered a lengthy indictment of the activities of the branches of the bank in Kentucky, of Clay for his relationship to the legal actions brought by the bank, and of members of the legislature whom the Governor considered tools of the bank. The following day the house referred the statement to the Committee for Courts of Justice, which on December 19 submitted a report pointing to the limited number of debtors who had been foreclosed by the bank and noting the bank's expressed desire to avoid acquisition of landed holdings and its efforts to effect alternative adjustments. The committee found that there were, among the tenants on bank property, only "about 75 or 80 apparently free white males, qualified as voters of this Commonwealth," that no more than about 25 lived in any one county, and that, "So far as the committee can ascertain, a majority of the tenants of the Bank are believed to have voted against what his Excellency seems to consider the interest of that corporation. . . ." Observing, however, that there was considerable dissatisfaction because branches of the bank had been established in the State, the committee recommended that Kentucky's Senators be instructed and her Representatives be requested "to use their best exertions to procure" a constitutional amendment "to preclude the Congress from locating or giving authority to locate any bank, or branches thereof, in any State in this Union, without the express consent of the Legislature thereof, previously had." The report was tabled and was not again taken up before adjournment of the Session. Ky. H. of Reps., Journal, 1825, 56-58, 299-338, 379-95. 8 Not found. DIPLOMATIC NOTES

December 15, 1825

To HILARIO DE RIVAS Y SALMON. States that investigation by law officers at Philadelphia and New York, ordered after receipt of Salmon's letter of Sep-

DECEMBER 15, 1825

917

tember 22, shows no violation of law but that the President, anxious to afford proof of the "earnest desire" of the United States "scrupulously to fulfil all of its neutral duties," had sent, before receipt of the note of November 29, instructions to require bond of owners of vessels "said to be fitting out . . . for belligerent purposes." Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 3, p. 243 (M38, R3). Published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence .. . Latin-American Nations, I, 263. See above, Ingersoll to Clay, October 17, 1825; Tillotson to Clay, November 29, 1825.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

December 15, 1825

From C[HURCHILL] C. CAMBRELENG, Washington. Encloses documents "relating to the case of the Spermo seized at Pernambuco" (see above, Raguet to Clay, March 11, 1825) ; requests that American "agents there will be instructed to furnish such aid as may be compatible with the duties of the Govt. of the U. States and the rights of its Citizens." ALS. DNA, RG76, Misc. Claims, Brazil. From AARON HOBART, "House Reps." Requests a copy of papers relative to the claim of the Weymouth Importing Company, of Massachusetts, in the case of the ship Commerce, taken into Corfu by a Russian brig in 1807 and there condemned as lawful prize. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). Endorsed by Clay: "Mr. Brent will have the papers desired prepared." Hobart, a Representative from Massachusetts (1820-1827), had been graduated from Brown University, had studied law, and had served in the State legislature (house, 1814; senate, 1819) . He was later a member of the Executive Council of Massachusetts (1827-1831) and probate judge (1843-1858). Eliphalet Loud and Samuel Bailey were partners in the Weymouth, Massachusetts, concern. In 1807 the Commerce, en route to Lisbon with a cargo of wheat under contract held by a Leghorn merchant, had been forced to attempt a landing at Corfu for repairs. Seized offshore by a Russian gunboat, the vessel had been condemned by a prize court at Corfu. Under an agreement dated March 17, 1828, with the Russian Government, the Weymouth Importing Company was awarded 50,000 rubles (about $10,000) in compensation. Miller (ed.), Treaties . . . , III, 421-25. On December 17, 1825, Daniel Brent, "by direction of the Secretary," acknowledged receipt of Hobart's letter but reported that the statement wanted could not be found in the files of the State Department. Brent surmised that it had been "communicated by Mr. [Levett] Harris directly to our Legation at St. Petersburg, and not to this Department." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 218 (M40, R19) . From J[OSEPH] LAWRENCE, "Congress Hall." Encloses a paper, given him by John Brady, a lawyer of Washington, Pennsylvania, relative to a claim of the nature of those "assumed by the Government of the U. S. when it purchased Louisiana. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). Lawrence, a Pennsylvania Congressman (1825-1829, 1841-1842), served in the State legislature (1818-1824, 1834-1836) and was State treasurer (1837) . Under the terms of a convention accompanying the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, the United States had agreed to assume the "debts due by France to citizens of the United States contracted before" September 30, 1800, with six per cent interest, these obligations being "for Supplies [sic] for embargoes and prizes made at Sea in which the appeal has been properly lodged within the time mentioned in the . . .

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SECRETARY OF STATE

Convention 8th Vendemaire ninth year (30th Septr 1800) ." Miller (ed.), Treaties . . . , II, 517-18. (The French version inserts a comma, as, "fournitures, embargoes et prises. . . .") On December 19, Daniel Brent, at Clay's direction, returned the memorandum, "purporting to be a claim of John Moore against this Government, for the amount, with a small deduction, of two Bills on the Government of New Orleans, which are presumed to have been drawn as long ago as April 1803. . . ." Since the account was "unaccompanied by any explanatory document," it was inadmissible. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 219 (M40, R19) . Moore may have been the native of Virginia, born in 1788, who by 1813 had developed a sugar plantation on the Bayou Teche of Louisiana, was now a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives (1825 to 1834), and later became a Whig member of Congress (1840-1843, 1851-1853). From GABRIEL MOORE, "House of Representatives." Informs Clay, at the request of the editors of the Huntsville Alabama Republican, of changes in title and ownership of that paper. Now the (Huntsville) Southern Advocate and Huntsville Advertiser, it is owned by (Dandridge) Fariss, Alsop, (A.) Woodward, and (William H.) Campbell, under the firm name D. Fariss and Company. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Alsop, not identified. Cf. above, Campbell and others to Clay, November 26, 1825. From GEORGE PETER, "Congress Hall." Encloses a letter and requests Clay to furnish him "with the information asked." ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63) . Cf. below, Clay to Peter, December 16, 1825. From ROBERT TILLOTSON, New York. Reports that one of the vessels mentioned by (Hilario de Rivas y) Salmon, "a ship pierced for 64 guns, owned by Mr. Henry Eckford . . . , called the South America," is preparing to sail with complete armament on board; states that he does not know her destination; and asks whether she is subject to forfeiture or whether the neutrality act of April 20, 1818, will be executed by requiring bond. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). Answer not found. The vessel ultimately sailed for Cartagena. Cf. Mies' Weekly Register, XXX (May 13, 1826), 200. From JOHN WURTS (Washington). Encloses papers forwarded to him by Borie and Laguerenne to be transmitted to Clay (above, December 13, 1825) . ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters. Undated; the covering letter, from Borie and Laguerenne to Wurts, is dated December 13. Wurts, a Philadelphia lawyer, native of New Jersey, graduate of Princeton, and former Pennsylvania legislator, was a member of Congress from 1825 to 1827. He became a United States district attorney (1827-1831), member of the Philadelphia City Council, and president of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company (1831-1858) . On December 19, Daniel Brent, at Clay's direction, replied that a strong remonstrance had been addressed to the Mexican Minister in the United States, "upon the practice in the Mexican Vice-Consular Office at Philadelphia, complained of by Messrs. Borie & Languerenne [szc]," and that, if necessary, this action would probably be followed "by a direct remonstrance to the Government of Mexico, thro' our Minister in that Country." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 219 (M40, R19),

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

December 15, 1825

MYRON HOLLEY, Lyons, Wayne County, New York, refers

to the letter

DECEMBER

16,

1825

919

from (Peter B.) Porter to Clay "Last winter" (cf. above, III, 904-905) ; notes that "That application was not successful, but" has been renewed; solicits Clay's aid; and states that he believes several congressmen from New York will favor the "petition." ALS. DNA, RG94, U. S. Military Academy, Cadet Applications, 1824/324. House of Representatives, transmits letters just received "under cover of one addressed to" him. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1). Endorsed: "Encloses Letters recommendatory of persons, as Collector of Customs Norfolk." The enclosures include Pegram to Clay, December 11, and Pleasants to Clay, December 12, 1825. THOMAS NEWTON,

B[ARTLETT] YANCY and H[UTCHINS] G. BURTON, Raleigh, North Carolina, recommend, for a consular appointment, John G. A. Williamson, of Person County, a young man between twenty and thirty years of age. ALS by Yancy, signed also by Burton. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1) . Williamson was appointed consul to La Guaira, Colombia, in 1826 and in 1835 was raised to the position of Charge d'Affaires in Venezuela.

From George McClure Dear Sir Bath 16th. Deer, 1825 Mr, Woods1 informs me that my son George W.— name was placed on the books of the late Secretary of War 2 with an assurance that this Year he should receive a Warrant as a Cadet to West point— The present Secretary3 may not be acquainted with this fact, will therefore esteem it a favour if You will be pleased to mention the subject to the Secretary at War, as my Son is verry [sic] anxious to receive a Military education,4 You will pardon me for troubling You on this occasion, as I am sensible that the ardous [sic] duties of Your Office leaves You but little spare time to attend to such matters, I have written to Mr, Porter5 our member in Congress on the subject, but as he is an entire stranger at Washington, I cannot expect that he can have much influence with the chief of the War department— I perceive that Genl. Jackson is determined to put in his claim for the Presidency in due season, He has truly overshot the mark this time, in his address of resignation of his Seat in the Senate6 he has exposed himself to much obliquay [sic], so much so, that his bosom friend George Kramer7 cannot redeem him from merited censure, there is but one opinion about his views, motives, & conduct amongst the People in this region— I cannot well describe the politics of New York, the parties are composed of a hetoragenous [sic] mass, and both sides claims [sic] the ascendancy, Our great Champion of internal improvements8 is labouring hard to reach Washington City at the end of three Years,

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SECRETARY OF STATE

which he is to effect through the medium of the N. York & Ohio Canal^ His political career so far, has been a serious [sic] of ups & downs, of prosperity and adversity, The foolish and indiscreet conduct of the Republican[s] of this State in opposing the Electoral bill10 and other popular measures raised Mr. Clinton, but those things are almost forgotten, and a Union of the great republican family of this State will be effected and Mr. C^ Federal friends will be left in the minority, The friends of Mr. Clinton at the late Election used the utmost exertion to carry the Genl. Ticket systom [sic] for the Election of Electors of P. & V P, but the District Systom prevailed by a handsome majority without any exertion— It would be verry desireable [sic] if Congress would take up this subject and adopt the District systom throughout the Union— 1 have Just received the Presidents message11 and I have read it with pleasure to the end, but at the same time was extremely mortified in not finding a single line on the subject of our Manufactures, If his object in recommending the construction of Canals though [sic] every section of the Union is to facilitate the transportation of foreign fabricks to the Exclusion of our own, then I should be no advocate for Canals, but perhaps I do not do the President justice, Yet I think if he had the subject at heart his mouth an [sic] pen would declare it— I am Dr. Sir Your friend & Servt.— GEO, MC,CLURE— Honl. H. ClayALS. DNA, RG94, U. S. Military Academy, Cadet Applications, 1826/130. Endorsed by Clay: " . . . Refered [sic] to the Honble Secy, of War, with the particular recommendation of H. C." l William Woods. 2 John C. Calhoun. 3 James Barbour. * The young man was appointed to the Military Academy in 1826, was brevetted a second lieutenant in 1830, and remained in the Army until his death four years later. 5 Timothy H. Porter, of Olean, a lawyer, born in Connecticut, had served in local legal and judicial offices and in the State legislature (1816, 1817, and 1823). After one term in Congress (1825-1827), he returned to the practice of law and was again a member of the New York Senate (1828-1831) and Assembly (1838 and 1840). 6 See above, Carroll to Clay, October 4, 1825, note. 7 I.e., Kremer. 8 DeWitt Clinton. 9 Cf. above, Toasts, July 13,1825. io See above, III, 476, 477n. II Cf. above, Clay to Stuart, December 1, 1825.

Check to William Worthington 16 Deer. 1825 Pay to William Worthington or order ninety five dollars. $95-

Cashr. of the Off. of Dt. & Dt. Washn.1

H. CLAY

ADS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). Endorsed on verso: "W. Worthington." Worthington not identified. 1 Richard Smith.

DECEMBER 16,

1825

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

921

December 16, 1825

From JOEL R. POINSETT, Mexico, no. 31. Transmits "the official notice of the blockade of San Juan de Uliia being raised" and notes that "the port of Vera Cruz is now open to our commerce and is in every respect more advantageous than that of Alvarado." States that he does "not know all the objections made by Mr. [George] Canning" to the proposed British treaty with Mexico but is "credibly informed, that the exception, made in favor of the States formerly Spanish Colonies, is among the principal." That being true, Poinsett expects less difficulty on that point when his own negotiations are resumed. Adds: "I have communicated to this Government such parts of your instructions to our Envoy at the court of St. Petersburg [above, Clay to Middleton, May 10, 1825] as I thought likely to produce a favorable effect." LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Mexico, vol. 1 (M97, R2). Received January 21, 1826.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

December 16, 1825

To [GEORGE] PETER. Returns "the letter of Mr. Morse, on the subject of which no information is possessed at the Department of State, other than that" obtained from the newspapers, which state that a commission is to be formed in France to decide upon indemnities "to the sufferers at St. Domingo." Adds that (James) Brown has been requested to supply information for the use of claimants. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 216 (M40, R19) . See above, Peter to Clay, December 15, 1825; Clay to Brown, October 25, 1825 (Instructions no. 2). Morse not identified. From A. MEWHALL, PHILIP GREELY, HEZ[EKIAH] WINSLOW, JACOB KNIGHT, and CHARLES FOX, Portland (Maine). The signers, "a Committee of the Merchants and Ship Owners of the port of Portland State of Maine," complain of excessive fees, charged by agents of the Spanish consul at Boston (Ramundo Chacon), on vessels departing for Cuba. ALS by Fox, signed also by the others. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). Winslow was a lumber merchant; the others not identified.

APPLICA TIONS, RECOMMENDA TIONS

December 16, 1825

P. DUVAL, Tallahassee, recommends Col. Abraham Bellamy for appointment as United States attorney for the Western District of Florida. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR5) . Bellamy, a native of South Carolina, had come to Jacksonville, Florida, in 1822, the first lawyer to settle in that community. He had been a member of the Territorial Legislative Council since 1824 and later became clerk (1827) and president (1831) of that body. He did not receive the requested appointment. By 1829 he had established residence as a planter in Jefferson County.

WILLIAM

"House of Representatives," recommends continuation of the appointment of the Hallowell (Maine) American Advocate and Kennebec Advertiser to publish the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Born in Massachusetts, educated at Harvard and the Litchfield Law School, Sprague had moved to Maine in 1815. He had been a member of the State legislature in 1821 and 1822 and was a member of the United States House of Representatives from P[ELEG] SPRAGUE,

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1825 to 1829 and of the United States Senate from 1829 to 1835. He removed to Boston and from 1841 to 1865 served as United States district judge of Massachusetts. The requested contract for public printing was granted and retained throughout the Adams administration.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

December 17, 1825

From WILLIAM P. DUVAL, Tallahassee. Encloses a copy of a letter to the President and solicits Clay's "interference" in his behalf. States that the health of his son, who has acted as his clerk for over a year, has been injured by the work and the young man "has not been able to render much assistance for two weeks past." ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). Published in Carter (ed.), Territorial Papers, XXIII, 388-89. In the enclosure, dated December 16, Duval requests authorization to employ a clerk in the executive office of the Territory. Which of Duval's four sons acted as his clerk has not been identified.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

December 17, 1825

JOHN HAY, "Bruce Town," Frederick County, Virginia, asks for appointment to a clerkship in the (State) Department. Writes: "Although thirty Years have elapsed, since I had the pleasure of seeing you, yet a Hope is indulged, that when you recognize in my Signature, the Name of an Associate, & Companion of your Youth, you will not deem any Apology necessary, for the freedom of this Communication." Extends congratulations upon Clay's "accession to the Cabinet"; expresses "unfeigned pleasure" at seeing him "entered upon the Threshold of that Reward, which in our beloved Country, is reserved for the virtuous Patriot, 8c enlightened Statesman"; and wishes that Clay "may live, to be invested with its highest Gift, & enjoy, amidst the Cares of State, the inestimable Consolation, of an approving Conscience. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2) . Hay did not receive a Federal appointment but in 1836 was named a justice of Clarke County, Virginia, was thereupon elected clerk of the court, and served in that capacity until 1852. ROBERT Y. HAYNE, J[AMES] HAMILTON, JR., GEORGE MCDUFFIE, A[NDREW]

R.

GOVAN, and WILLIAM DRAYTON, Washington City, express opposition to any

change which would remove the contract for printing of the laws from John N. Cardozo, owner and editor of the Charleston, South Carolina, Southern Patriot. LS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63) . Cardozo (not further identified) had acquired the journal around 1822. On the change of appointment, cf. below, Haig to Clay, December 19, 1825. MARSHALL, SPALDING, AND HUNT, Rochester, solicit appointment of their journal, the new Rochester Album, to publish the laws; state that their application will be supported by "Mr Sibley, late editor of the [Rochester] Monroe Republican." ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Endorsed by Clay: ". . . . Query has the Monroe Republican been discontd?" The correspondents have not been individually identified. Accompanying this letter in the State Department files is a communication dated December 22, 1825, from Derick Sibley to "Hon. Francis Johnson Member of Congress Washington," transmitting the application. The printing contract for the Nineteenth Congress, Second Session, was given to Edwin Scrantom, a native of Connecticut, reared in Rochester, who had

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become editor o£ the Monroe Republican in the summer of 1824. Cf. above, Sibley to Clay, February 25, 1825; below, Scrantom to Clay, November 9, 1826, note. [SIMRI] ROSE and [MATTHEW] ROBERTSON, "Publishers of the Georgia Messenger," Macon, Georgia, solicit appointment to publish the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Robertson, founder of the journal in March, 1823, had taken Rose into partnership the following August. Born in Connecticut and trained as a printer in New York, the latter remained as editor of the Messenger into the 1850's.

To Christopher Hughes My dear Hughes Washington 18h. Deer. 1825 I was prevented, by causes which it would be needless to state, from answering your obliging letter of the instant1 (the date is not very legible) until today. My answer will arrive too late to assist you, in the consideration of the new honors which are tendered to you, which I regret the less because, from certain signs in your letter, I think you were already prepared to make the decision which became you. The place of Governor of Maryland is highly respectable, and several gentlemen (Dr. Kent2 Sec) have been solicited to occupy it. It does not suit you yet. It belongs to a later period of your life. You should shed a few more of your follies, in foreign parts, (can you bear such democratic frankness?) and retire on the Governorship of Md. at Annapolis, some twenty years hence, cum otiam [sic] &c &c. I am curious to see the Ottomans8 and anxious to see the Governor, that was to have been, of Md. The inclosed4 speaks for itself. I beg you not to measure the extent of my friendship by the length of my letters. Yr's Cordially C. Hughes Esq.

H. CLAY

ALS. MiU-C. l Not found. 2 Joseph Kent was elected to the office on January 2, 1826, by joint ballot of the two houses of the general assembly. 3 Cf. above, Hughes to Clay, December 1, 1825. 4 Not found.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

December 18, 1825

From HENRY MIDDLETON, St. Petersburg, no. 51. Encloses a note from Count Nesselrode giving details of the illness and death of Alexander I; discusses the question of succession; notes that Grand Duke Nicholas has sworn allegiance to his brother, Grand Duke Constantine, who is absent at Warsaw. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Russia (M35, RIO). Dated December 6/18, 1825. Received March 18, 1826. The Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich had been designated by Emperor Paul I to supplant the eldest son, Alexander, as his successor; but when Alexander was placed upon the throne after his father's murder, the

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czarevich had accepted the situation, had ultimately settled in Poland, and in 1822 had renounced claim to the throne. When Alexander's death on December 1 was announced, the Grand Duke Nicholas declared his loyalty to Constantine; but the latter refused to return to St. Petersburg and, instead, took an oath to support Nicholas. For accounts of the "Decembrist" uprising in connection with these events, see below, Middleton to Clay, January 2, 7, 1826.

From Rfichard] Douglas Hon Henry Clay Chillicothe Decer 19-1825. Dear Sir [Recommends his brother, Charles Douglas, for a diplomatic or consular appointment "near one of the Southern Republics."]1 Our Nashville journey, terminated at Cincinnati. After a delay of two weeks by sickness, Mrs. Ds2 Physicians advised her decidedly to return— Although we were thus casually denied the pleasure of an acquaintance with your Lexington friends through the medium of your letters,3 yet I can assure you—My Dear Sir—that the favor will not on that account be the less appreciated.— A retrospect of your detention at Lebanon,4 leads us to remember you in tears.— The Poets tell us, that although the Grecian Parents ceased, perpetually to bewail the departure of the lovely Sisters, yet they could not desist from uttering their tender complaints. The Administration appear (to my mind) "venturing upon wisdom"5 with great boldness— This is as it should be— The stand is worthy of this mighty age: Its spirit has gone forth "conquering, and to conquer",—and thou also "wilt not suffer its feet to be moved."— Of the character of "The Message"—it appears to me the first among that class of papers which have been, and still are, identifying the literature with the Glory of this—Great Nation.—Were a hasty description of it called for, nothing could more fitly occur than the well known verse of Sir John Denham— Though deep—yet clear—Though gentle, yet not dull. Strong, without rage; without oerflowing—full.8 Very Respectfully—Your sincere Friend. R. DOUGLAS.— ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). 1 See above, King to Clay, June 22, 1825, note. 2 Not further identified. 3 Not found. 4 See above, Clay to Crittenden, July 25, August 22, 1825. 5 See above, Clay to Stuart, December 1, 1825, note. 6 From "Cooper's Hill," first published at London in 1642; but the apostrophe to the Thames River, here quoted, was not included until the printing of 1655.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

December 19, 1825

To the BARON DE MAREUIL. States, in reply to Mareuil's note of November 16,

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925

that the instances of desertion of sailors from vessels of either the United States or France in the ports of the other country "cannot be so numerous as to require the establishment of any new tribunals or the creation of any new officials to enforce the provisions of the sixth article of the Convention"; denies that the American form of government presents any enforcement difficulties; asserts that "both nations contemplated, at the time of contracting, the actual forms of their respective Governments"; and points out that the sixth article of the Convention "expressly refers itself to judicial means for its execution." Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 3, pp. 243-44 (M38, R3). ALI draft, in CSmH.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

December 19, 1825

From T[HOMAS] M. RODNEY, Havana. States that he has secured the release of two of the seven American seamen imprisoned in Havana (see above, Perry to Clay, March 25, 1825; Warner to Clay, March 26, 1825; Bruce to Clay, August 26, 1825; Diamond to Clay, October 8, 1825; Clay to Rodney, October 29, 1825; Clay to Vives, November 14, 1825) and that the remainder are still in prison; reports the arrival of a long-expected Spanish expedition; and notes that the United States sloop Hornet and schooner Shark are also in port. LS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Havana (M-T20, R3).

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

December 19, 1825

To R[OBERT] Y. HAYNE and others. States that, prior to receipt of their letter of December 17, the Charleston City Gazette (and Commercial Daily Advertiser) had been selected to publish the laws. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 221 (M40, R19). Cf. below, Haig to Clay, this date. From DEWITT CLINTON, Albany. Acknowledges receipt of Clay's letter of November 11; declares that, if the laws of New York permitted, he would be glad to comply with (Charles R.) Vaughan's request; encloses copies of two opinions of the New York attorney general (Samuel A. Talcott) which have led Clinton to decline to act in a prior, similar case; and notes that the extradition law of his State, enacted after the Governor of Canada some years past acceded to a request to deliver up a fugitive charged with forgery in New York, is operative only with regard to fugitives from the neighboring British provinces. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). From JAMES HAIG, Charleston, South Carolina. Acknowledges, with thanks, Clay's letter (not found) informing him "of the selection of the City Gazette for the publication of the Laws 8cc of Congress." LS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Haig, not further identified. This contract represented one of the ten changes made in the first year of the Adams administration. From JOHN H. HOUSTON, Washington. Requests that the American Minister at Paris (James Brown) be asked to obtain documents from the archives of the commissioners appointed by France under the Louisiana Purchase treaty, in relation to the claim of "The late Com. [Thomas] Truxton." States that this claim had been rejected by the commissioners, but the claimants may "petition our own Government for relief." ALS. DNA, RG76, Misc. Claims, France. Houston has not been identified.

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From ISRAEL THORNDIKE, Boston. Transmits a copy of his letter of March 13, 1825; notes that he has received no information from (Henry) Middleton; asks what more should be "done to bring the business to a close." Adds that he has asked (Daniel) Webster "to cooperate in any measures which may be deemed advisable." LS. DNA, RG76, Misc. Claims, Russia.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

December 19, 1825

W[ILLIAM] H. HARRISON, WILLIAM HENDRICKS, JOHN TEST, R[ATLIFF] BOON, J[ONATHAN] JENNINGS, JAMES FINDLAY, and JAMES NOBLE, Washington, recom-

mend Thomas Douglas for appointment as district attorney in Florida. ALS by Hendricks, signed also by the others. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). Published in Carter (ed.), Territorial Papers, XXIII, 390. See above, Gregg to Clay, April 6, 1825. "House of Reps.," transmits letters (above, Rawle to Clay, November 10, 1825; McGiffen to Clay, December 3, 1825) forwarded to him "for presentation," recommending an appointment of Peter De Haven, whom Jennings endorses as "an estimable and highly deserving gentleman. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2) .

JONATHAN JENNINGS,

JAMES NOBLE, Washington,

recommends appointment of Thomas Douglas. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). See above, Harrison and others to Clay, this date; Gregg to Clay, April 6, 1825. ROMULUS M. SAUNDERS, "Repres. Hall," encloses a letter received "from the young gentleman [John G. A. Williamson] . . . mentioned" to Clay "some days since"; states that Saunders thinks, after enquiry of (Benjamin W.) Crowninshield, that the consulship at Canton "would not suit Mr. Williamson"; encloses the recommendation from Yancey and Burton (above, December 15, 1825). ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1).

Richmond (Virginia), a candidate for the collectorship at Norfolk, seeks Clay's support. While not personally acquainted with him, Yancy recalls an observation of his brother, Joel, of Kentucky: "If You ever Want any thing That Henry Clay Can do, write, or see him—8c If he is Satisfied, he will be up to the Hob. for You." Concludes with the statement: "I am Your friend Among Your Enemies." ALS. Ibid. (MR4) . Charles Yancy, born in Albemarle County, Virginia, had been a State senator in 1805 and a member of the House of Delegates in 1820, in the latter role serving as a prominent supporter of James Monroe. He did not receive the desired appointment as collector. C[HARLES] YANCY,

To John Quincy Adams Department of State. 20 Decemr. 1825. To the President of the United States. Sir, Agreeably to your direction, that a statement should be presented to you of what passed in the Department of State with the Ministers of the Republics of Colombia, Mexico and central

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America, in respect to the invitation to the U. States to be represented in the Congress at Panama, I have the honour now to report, That during the last spring, I held separate conferences, on the same day, with the respective Ministers of Mexico and Colombia,1 at their request, in the course of which each of them verbally stated that his Government was desirous that the U. States should be represented at the proposed Congress; and that he was instructed to communicate an invitation to their Government to send representatives to it. But that as his Government did not know whether it would or would not be agreeable to the U. States to receive such an invitation, and as it did not wish to occasion any embarrassment, he was charged informally to enquire, previous to the delivery of the invitation whether it would be accepted if given by both of the Republics of Mexico and Colombia. It was also stated by each of those ministers that his Government did not expect that the U. States would change their present neutral policy, nor was it desired that they should take part in such of the deliberations of the proposed Congress as might relate to the prosecution of the present War. Having laid before you what transpired at these conferences, I received about a week after they had been held, your direction to inform the Ministers of Mexico and Colombia and I accordingly did inform them,2 that their communication was received with due sensibility to the friendly consideration of the U. States by which it had been dictated, that, of course, they could not make themselves a party to the existing War with Spain, nor to councils for deliberating on the means of its further prosecution; that the President believed such a congress as was proposed might be highly useful in settling several important disputed questions of public Law and in arranging other matters of deep interest to the American Continent, and stregnthening [sic] the friendship and amicable intercourse between the American powers; that before such a Congress however assembled, it appeared to him to be expedient to adjust between the different powers to be represented, several preliminary points, such as the subjects, to which the Attention of the Congress was to be directed; the nature and the form of the powers to be given to the diplomatic Agents who were to compose it and the mode of its organization and action. If these preliminary points could be arranged in a manner satisfactory to the United States, the Ministers from Colombia and Mexico were informed that the President thought the U. States ought to be represented at Panama. Each of those Ministers undertook to transmit to his Government the answer which was thus given.— In this posture the affair remained until the letters were received which accompany this report, from the Ministers of the Republics of Mexico and

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Colombia, under date of the 3rd and the 2d of November. T o both of those letters that same answer was returned, in official notes3 a copy of one (of) [sic] which is with this report. The first and only communication from the Minister of the Republic of Central America to this Department in regard to the Congress at Panama is contained in his official note, a copy of which together with a copy of the answer4 which was returned, by your directions, will be found along with this report. All which is respectfully submitted.— I have the honor to be with great Respect your obedient servant— H. CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Report Books, vol. 4, pp. 112-13. President Adams communicated this letter and the accompanying documents to the United States Senate December 26, 1825. American State Papers, Foreign Relations, V, 834-39. 1 Pablo Obregon; Jose Maria Salazar. See above, Tudor to Clay, April 12, 1825, note. 2 Perhaps orally; no documents found. 3 See above, Clay to Obreg6n, November 30, 1825, and note. 4 See above, Caflaz to Clay, November 14, 1825; Clay to Cafiaz, November 30, 1825.

To Isaac Hull To Captain Isaac Hull. Sir. Department of State Washington, 20. December, 1825 Your Letter under date the 22nd. August last, addressed to the Secretary of the Navy, and transmitting a Decree, purporting to have been issued on the 17 th. of April last, by the Republic of Peru, 1 having been submitted to the President, I have now the honour of addressing you, by his direction. That Decree is levelled against property belonging to Spanish subjects or of Spanish origin, which it subjects to seizure and condemnation within the territory of the Republic. The second article of the Decree declares that "all vessels which may be found with Spanish property of any kind, shall be declared lawful prize by the competent Tribunals." And by the third Article, the ownership of the property is infered [sic], and determined, to be Spanish, from the fact of its Spanish origin, no matter what sales or transfers of it may have been made subsequently to its production or fabrication. Considered as a mere municipal regulation, to be enforced only within the jurisdictional limits of the Republic of Peru, this Decree must be regarded as one of great rigour. Its operation in accomplishing its proposed object, that of punishing, or subduing, the obstinacy of Spain, in uselessly prolonging the war, must be inconsiderable; whilst the amount of the vexation and injustice which it inflicts upon innocent neutrals, is very great. Viewing it in this light, the President indulges the expectation that, upon reconsideration, the Peruvian Republic will annul the

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Decree. But if they adhere to it, as a municipal regulation, the opposition which Foreign Nations are authorized to make to it, is limited to remonstrance, or to the adoption of countervailing regulations. If, as the words above quoted of the second Article, may be interpreted, it was intended to carry the Decree into effect beyond the jurisdictional limits of the Republic, and to seize at sea, and condemn, as lawful prize, vessels which may have on board Spanish property of any kind, other rights and duties will accrue to Foreign Nations. Although the clause referred to, is ambiguous, the President cannot allow himself to believe that it was intended to give it this extended scope. Such an ex-territorial application of the Decree would be without countenance in the principles of the public Law, or in the practice of Nations, except in the instances of the memorable British Orders in Council and French Decrees, promulgated during the reign of Bonaparte,2 and which were condemned by the cotemporaneous judgment of the impartial world, and were not attempted to be justified by either of those Powers, but upon notions of retaliation. To guard, however, against any misconception of the true import of the Decree, you are directed to ascertain whether it is intended to enforce it beyond the jurisdiction of the Republic. In that case, you will notify the Government of Peru that you are instructed to resist its execution on vessels of the United States; and you will, accordingly, resist its execution against any vessels of the United States beyond the Peruvian jurisdiction, and afford to those vessels all the protection of which the force at your disposal will admit. In performing this duty, you will consider yourself authorized not only to defend any American vessel whose capture, in virtue of that decree, shall be attempted in your presence, or within the reach of your power, beyond the Peruvian jurisdiction, but you will re-capture any vessel of the United States, seized under that decree, at any time before it is actually carried within that jurisdiction. I am, with great respect, Your obedient Servant H. CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, pp. 421-22 (M77, R5). l See above, Tudor to Clay, April 22, 1825, note; Southard to Clay, December 14, 1825. 2 See above, I, 276n, 526n.

To Jose Maria Salazar Don Jose" Maria Salazar, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary from Colombia. Sir, Department of State, Washington, 20 Deer. 1825. During the last Spring I had the honor to state to you that the

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Government of the United States had addressed that of Russia with the view of engaging the employment of its friendly offices to bring about a peace, if possible, between Spain and the new American Republics, founded upon the basis of their independence; and the despatch from this Department to the American Minister at St. Petersburg,1 having that object, was read to you. I have now the satisfaction to state that it appears, by late advices just received from St Petersburg that this appeal to the Emperor of Russia has not been without good effect; and that there is reason to believe that he is now exerting his friendly endeavours to put an end to the war.2 The first would be naturally directed to his Allies, between whom and His Imperial Majesty it was desirable that there should be, on that interesting subject, concurrence of opinion and concert in action. Our information from Europe authorizes the belief that all the great powers are now favourably inclined towards peace, and that separately or conjointly, they will give pacific counsels to Spain.3 When all the difficulties exterior to Spain, in the way of peace, are overcome, the hope is confidently indulged that those within the Peninsula cannot long withstand the general wish. But some time is necessary for the operation of these exertions to terminate the war, and to ascertain their effect upon the Spanish Government. Under these circumstances the President believes that a suspension, for a limited time, of the sailing of the Expedition against Cuba or Porto Rico, which is understood to be fitting out at Carthagena, or of any other expedition which may be contemplated against either of those Islands by Colombia or Mexico, would have a salutary influence on the great work of peace.4 Such a suspension would afford time to ascertain if Spain, resisting the powerful motives which unite themselves on the side of peace, obstinately resolves upon a protraction of the war. The suspension is due to the enlightened intentions of the Emperor of Russia, upon which it could not fail to have the happiest effect. It would also postpone, if not forever render unnecessary, all consideration which other powers may, by an irresistable sense of their essential interests, be called upon to entertain of their duties, in the event of the contemplated invasion of those islands, and of other contingencies which may accompany or follow it. I am directed, therefore, by the President to request that you will forthwith communicate the views here disclosed to the Government of the Republic of Colombia, which he hopes will see the expediency, in the actual posture of affairs, of forbearing to attack those islands until a sufficient time has elapsed to ascertain the result of the pacific efforts which the great powers are believed to be now making on Spain.

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I seize with pleasure, the occasion, to renew to you assurances of my distinguished consideration.

H. CLAY

Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 3, pp. 245-46 (M38, R3). A letter of the same wording was addressed to Pablo Obregon, this date. For Clay's role in initiating this correspondence, see Adams, Memoirs, V, 88. 1 Above, Clay to Middleton, May 10, 1825. 2 See above, Middleton to Clay, September 8, 1825; but cf. above, Middleton to Clay, December 18, 1825. 3 See above, Brown to Clay, September 13, 19, October 29, 1825. 4 See above, Poinsett to Clay, June 15, August 5, 21, September 13, 1825; Watts to Clay, June 30, 1825; Anderson to Clay, November 10, 1825; Salmon to Clay, November 29, 1825.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

December 20, 1825

To the Baron [LEWIS CHARLES] LEDERER. Acknowledges receipt of his letter of

December 12; states that if the Congress, which now has the subject of navigation under consideration, approves removal of remaining restrictions, as the President recommended in his recent message, a convention between the two governments would become necessary and its conclusion would be facilitated if the Emperor of Austria would empower some person to negotiate in this country. Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 3, p. 245 (M38, R3). ALI draft, in CSmH. In his annual message of December 6, President Adams had urged legislation to extend the provisions of the act of January 7, 1824 (see above, Lorich to Clay, March 16, 1825, note), so as to lift discriminating duties upon importation from the designated countries "of all articles of merchandise not prohibited, of what country soever they may be the produce or manufacture." Richardson, A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents. . . , II, 301. Such a proposal was submitted by Clay to James Lloyd, Chairman of the Senate Committee on Commerce (below, December 21, 1825), and by that committee reported to the Senate on January 25, 1826. The measure passed the Senate but was not acted upon by the House of Representatives. A bill with the same wording was finally enacted on May 24, 1828 (4 U. S. Stat., 308-309), and Austria was brought under its application by Presidential proclamation of June 3, 1829 (ibid., 814). To PABLO OBREGON. Inquires whether the regulations promulgated by Henry B. Chew, Mexican vice consul at Philadelphia, rest on competent authority and are to be enforced in Mexican ports; points to the objectionable features; and expresses a hope that Chew will be directed to modify them. Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 3, pp. 244-45 (M38, R3) . AL draft, in CSmH. See above, Borie and Laguerenne to Clay, December 13, 1825.

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

December 20, 1825

From THOMAS APPLETON, Leghorn. States that he has been requested by Francisco Grilli, an Italian chemist residing in Leghorn, to communicate to the United States information of a process by which iron is made rust-proof. Grilli has patented his discovery, useful in the protection of firearms and in shipbuilding, and expects the Government of the United States to make an offer for the use of it. ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Leghorn, vol. 2 (M-T214, R2). Received April 8. Appleton, of Massachusetts, had been named American consul at Leghorn in 1798 and held the position until 1840.

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SECRETARY OF STATE

December 20, 1825

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

To C[HURCHILL] C. CAMBRELENG. States that (Condy) Raguet "was instructed, as far back as the 16th. of April last, to afford any Official aid in his power to the Owners of the Spermo, in the recovery of their property" and that no information has been received "as to the effect of his interposition." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 222 (M40, R19). See above, Raguet to Secretary of State, March 11, 1825, note. To ALFRED CONKLING, "Judge of the United States for the Northern District of New York, Canajoharie." Encloses commission for this office. LS. NUtHi. Copy, in DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 222 (M40, R19). Conkling's appointment had received Senate approval on December 14. Receipt of the commission was acknowledged by Conkling to Clay, December 26, 1825. ALS. DNA, RG59, Acceptances and Orders for Commissions (M-T645, R2). To [SAMUEL L.] SOUTHARD. Inquires, "at the instance of a Committee of the Senate," whether Dr. (Samuel D.) Heap has resigned "his commission of Navy Surgeon." AN. DNA, RG45, Misc. Letters, p. 141. Cf. below, Southard to Clay, this date. From BORIE AND LAGUERENNE, Philadelphia. Encloses a newspaper clipping containing a public protest of the Philadelphia merchants against the regulations enforced by the Mexican vice consul (Henry B. Chew), who has told "Mr. Borie" that (Pablo) Obregon by letter recommended that Chew take no notice of the complaints. LS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). From SAMUEL L. SOUTHARD, Navy Department. In answer to Clay's note of this date, transmits a copy of a letter to Dr. (Samuel D.) Heap, who has not replied. LS. Ibid. The enclosure requests Heap's resignation as a Navy surgeon if he accepts an appointment from the State Department. Cf. above, Clay to Heap, November 9, 1825. APPLICA TIONS, RECOMMENDA TIONS

December 20, 1825

PETER ISLER, Jackson, Mississippi, reports the purchase of the Jackson [Southern Luminary from Silas Brown and solicits continuation of the appointment of that paper to publish the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. See above, Brown to Clay, December 14, 1825, note.

Washington, recommends William Crawford for appointment to "the office he solicits." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1). See above, Owen to Clay, September 25, 1825, note.

C[HRISTOPHER] RANKIN,

To Dr Sir I return the papers the perusal of enough to allow me. They contain received of any intention, on the part

Washington 21st. Deer. 1825 which you have been good the first intimation I have of the British Government,

DECEMBER 21, 1825

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to suspend the intercourse between the British American Colonies and this Country, and I can not but think that there is some misconception about the matter. Yr's respectfully H. CLAY ALS. MH. Cf. below, Clay to Cambreleng, December 25, 1825; Clay to Gallatin, June 19, 1826; Gallatin to Clay, August 19, 1826, note.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

December 21, 1825

From CHARLES R. VAUGHAN, Washington. Transmits copies of an act of Parliament of June (27), 1825, "entitled, 'an Act to repeal the several laws relating to the performance of Quarantine, and to make other provisions in lieu thereof,' " (6 Geo. IV, c. 78) and of an order in council "in furtherance of the Act of Parliament." LS. DNA, RG59, Notes from Foreign Legations, Great Britain, vol. 14 (M50, R15). Dated: "Deer. 1825." Received December 21. From CHARLES R. VAUGHAN, Washington. States that, following representations by (Richard) Rush, shortly before his departure from England, "the Tonnage duty levied under the Order in Council of the 21st. of July 1823, upon American Ships entering the Ports of . . . [British] Colonies in the West Indies and British North America," worked hardship on "American Steam Vessels carrying Passengers and Baggage only, and Vessels in Ballast" (see above, Rush to Clay, March 5, 1825, note), orders were given "not to demand those duties from American Vessels so circumstanced; but certainly in the full persuasion that the same rule would be observed towards British Vessels of the like description, in the Ports of the United States"; declares that "representations recently received by the Board of Trade" indicate "that such reciprocity does not prevail"; and reports that he has been instructed to inform the American Government that Great Britain will "be compelled" to withdraw its indulgence unless the expectation of reciprocal treatment "shall be realized." Requests an answer "with as little delay as possible. . . ." LS. Ibid, Dated: "Deer. 1825." Received December 21. Published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Canadian Relations, II, 496. Cf. above, Bartlett to Clay, November 2, 1825. INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

December 21, 1825

To THOMAS L. L. BRENT, Lisbon, no. 3. Transmit a memorial submitted to the

President by the owners of the cargo of the brig Osprey; refers to Brent's dispatch no. 9 (above, July 11, 1825), relative to this case, and suggests "an earnest and fresh appeal to" the "justice and good faith" of the Portuguese Government to bring about a settlement. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, p. 423 (M77, R5). L draft, in Daniel Brent's hand, in DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R7). From JAMES BROWN, Paris, no. 38. Reports information received in Paris of the death of Alexander I, speculation concerning the succession to the throne, and fluctuation of the stock market. LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., France, vol. 22 (M34, R25). Received February 16, 1826. See above, Middleton to Clay, December 18, 1825, note. From RUFUS KING, London, no. 14. Reports a meeting of British financiers

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to discuss a possible stoppage of specie payment by the Bank of England and a resort to issuing of paper money; notes that "The Money Confidence of the Country . . . has given way"; states that the death of the Emperor of Russia, "and perhaps a disputed succession" (see above, Middleton to Clay, December 18, 1825, note), has "left all in confusion in the North, and upon the Continent." Comments on "a manifest feverishness and impatience in South America." Predicts that, "If the Black Sea comes into the White, England Must Make War to oppose it—this will be the beginning of New troubles in Europe." Acknowledges receipt of Clay's dispatches numbered 7, 8, and 9 (October 17, 26, 29, 1825) and Clay's dispatch no. 3 to James Brown (October 25, 1825). LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., vol. 32 (M30, R28). Received February 7, 1826. Extract published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . •-. LatinAmerican Nations, III, 1576. The expression, "White Sea," was applied to both the Sea of Marmora and the Mediterranean. Allusion was here made to the possibility of active intervention by Russia to support the Greek revolt against Turkey. From HENRY MIDDLETON, St. Petersburg, no. 52. Reports that, in conformity with Clay's instructions of April 25, he has twice urged Count Nesselrode to lay before the Emperor the correspondence between Clay and Tuyll of April (1)9 and 22; encloses a copy of a letter from Nesselrode in reply to an inquiry directed to him after the death of the Emperor (Alexander I). ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Russia, vol. 10 (M35, RIO). Received March 18, 1826. In the enclosure Nesselrode states that he did not lay the matter before the Emperor and must now await "the orders of the new Sovereign." MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

December 21, 1825

To [JAMES] LLOYD. Encloses "the project of An Act in addition to An Act

entitled 'An Act concerning Discriminating Duties of Tonnage and Impost'." Copy. DNA, RG59, Report Books, vol. 4, pp. 113-14. The wording of the enclosed proposal is the same as that later reported by the Senate Committee on Commerce (see above, Clay to Lederer, December 20, 1825, note). To [RICHARD RUSH]. Transmits "a Note just received from the British Minister" (Vaughan to Clay, this date) and inquires whether "the American tonnage duty is levied on British Steam Vessels, arriving in the ports of the United States, with passengers and baggage only and in ballast." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 225 (M40, R19). From J[OHN] ADAMS, JR. States that "The President requests that all resolutions from either House of Congress, as soon as acted upon by the Departments may be returned to him." Requests the return of "that . . . sent to the Department confirming the appointment of Mr. (Alfred) Conkling of N— Y—" ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). Young Adams (1803-1834), second son of John Quincy Adams, served as his father's secretary. On the Conkling appointment, see above, Clay to Conkling, December 20, 1825, note. From RICHARD RUSH, Treasury Department. Transmits, in reply to Clay's letter of December 13, a copy of a letter from the collector of New York (Jonathan Thompson), written in answer to a request for explanations relative to the complaint of the French Minister. LS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63).

DECEMBER 23,

1825

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

935

December 22, 1825

From LEVI LINCOLN, "Executive Department of Massachusetts, Worcester, Mass." Acknowledges receipt of Clay's letter of December 15; states that he will bring the subject again to the attention of the legislature, soon to reassemble; and requests that assurance be given the President "that no steps are in contemplation, which can in any degree tend to produce further excitement on the part of the British, in the neighborhood of the lands, or to embarrass the Government of the United States, in their endeavors to obtain a satisfactory arrangement with that of Great Britain, in the establishment of the true line of our North eastern boundary—" ALS. DNA, RG76, Northeast Boundary, Misc. Papers, env. 4, item 4. Published in House Docs., 20 Cong., 2 Sess., no. 90, pp. 17-18. From JOHN WURTS, Washington. Transmits a communication (probably above, December 20) from Borie and Laguerenne. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63).

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

December 22, 1825

"House of Reps.," recommends the appointment of J(oseph) F. Caldwell, editor of the Lewisburg Palladium of Virginia, to publish the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Smith, a native of Virginia, had served in the State House of Delegates in 1782 and was a member of Congress from 1821 to 1827. Caldwell, a printer by trade, after working on other journals at Winchester and Fincastle, Virginia, had founded the Palladium in November, 1823, and published it until 1830, or later. In 1826 he acquired the contract to carry the mail from Lewisburg to Big Sandy and, about the same time, joined with a partner to operate a stagecoach line from Lewisburg to Charleston; but he did not receive the desired appointment to publish the laws.

WILLIAM SMITH,

Washington, recommends Edward T. Tayloe, of Virginia, who "is now along with Mr. [Joel R.] Poinset [sic]," as "Secretary of Legation, to be attached to the contemplated mission to Panama." ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR4). Edward Thornton Tayloe, son of Colonel John Tayloe, had been graduated from Harvard University in 1823. The young man, who had accompanied Poinsett to Mexico in the spring as private secretary without remuneration, was named Secretary of Legation to Colombia in 1828. Replaced by the Jackson administration the following year, Tayloe spent the remainder of his life as a plantation owner in Virginia.

JOHN TALIAFERRO,

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

December 23, 1825

From JAMES BROWN, Paris, no. 39. Acknowledges receipt, on December 16, of Clay's dispatches no. 2 and no. 3 (October 25) ; states that the vessels composing the French fleet in the West Indies during the past summer were assembled to make a demonstration to induce the Haitian Government to accept the terms offered by France (see above, Holden to Clay, July 16, 1825, note) ; explains that the secrecy of orders to the fleet accounts for his "inability to give . . . due notice of the expedition and of its objects." Notes that he will make to the Minister of Foreign Affairs (the Baron de Damas) the communication Clay directs, that he has already stated the American position concerning Cuba and

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Puerto Rico, "that the policy of England on that point corresponds with that of the United States," and that it is hardly possible that France will attempt to acquire either island. LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., France, vol. 22 (M34, R25). Received February 16, 1826. Extract published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, II, 1416-17. From CONDY RAGUET., Rio de Janeiro, no. 3. Reports that a defeat of the Brazilian Army in the Banda Oriental has eventuated in the incorporation of that province with "The Republick of the United Provinces of the River Plate," in a Brazilian blockade of the ports of the United Provinces, and in a formal declaration of war. Expresses a fear of violations of neutral rights as well as of great loss to the commerce of the United States, cites the case of the Spermo (above, Raguet to Secretary of State, March 11, 1825, note) as an example of the disregard for neutral rights to be expected in this contest, and declares that a United States naval force in the area "is absolutely essential for the protection of our citizens and commerce. . . ." Notes changes in the Ministry of Brazil, that a treaty between France and Brazil, under negotiation, has not been concluded, and that the Empress has given birth to a son. Encloses copies of various documents, including the Brazilian proclamation of blockade and a statement by Raguet to the Brazilian Government "upon the doctrine of blockades, as maintained by the United States." ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Brazil, vol. 4 (M212, R6) . Published in American State Papers, Foreign Relations, VI, 1022-23. The Empress of Brazil was Maria Leopoldina Josepha Carolina, daughter of Francis I, Emperor of Austria. Her son ascended the throne as Peter II, Emperor of Brazil, in 1831 and ruled until 1889, when he was overthrown. On the Brazilian treaty with France, see below, Raguet to Clay, January 17, 1826, note. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

December 23, 1825

From JOHN FORSYTH, "Committee of Foreign Relations H. of R." Requests, on behalf of the committee, copies "of the Statement presented in October 1809 to the Russian Govt. by Levett Harris Consul Genl. of the United States of the claims of the owners of the ship Commerce . . . , also the answer of the Russian Govt. to the reclamations of our ministers in favor of the owners of said Vessels [sic]." ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63) . Published in American State Papers, Foreign Relations, V, 785. Cf. above, Hobart to Clay, December 15, 1825, note. APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

December 23, 1825

Lebanon (Ohio), states that, in accordance with a suggestion made by Clay when in Lebanon last summer, (William) Miner is about to forward papers in application for a clerkship in the State Department. Refers to the recommendation signed by Corwin and others, (above) July 16, 1825. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR3) .

THOMAS CORWIN,

L. REANEY, Boston, solicits appointment to the Boston customs service, "should the Agency in Porto Rico have been disposed of"; adds that he would be willing "to go to any part of the world in the Country's service. . . ." ALS. Ibid. Cf. above, Van Ness to Clay, September 1, 1825, note.

WILLIAM

DECEMBER 24,

1825

937

From J[ames] B[rown] My dear Sir Paris Deer. 24. 1825. I was highly gratified by having received from you a letter of the 15 ulto 1 in which as you have not complained of ill health, you have left me to infer that you are well. I was afraid that the weak state in which you found yourself on your return from the West, followed by heart rending calamities, and irritated by the incessant calls of business might have overpowered you and deprived your own immediate family of a head, but also your dependant [sic] relations of a friend and kind protector. I am happy to learn that Mrs. Clay had met the shafts of misfortunes [sic] with her accustomed fortitude, and hope that in the sympathy of kind friends and neighbors, and in domestic cares, her mind will gradually resume its accustomed elasticity and cheerfulness. I regret as much as any one the obstacles which have been thrown in the way of our claims as well here as in other places. As the French Government yet offers to treat on them in connexion with the treaty we are saved from the mortification which would have followed a direct refusal to settle them You seem to think that strong measures will probably be adopted by Congress and intimate the possibility that reprisals may be made upon France. I think it may well be doubted whether the present moment would be the one which we ought to select even were things in other respects such as would recommend that measure. Although England has believed it to be her interest to separate herself on some points of policy from the Holy Alliance yet I am very far from feeling any great confidence in her friendship for the United States— It is obvious too that she dreads a war, and is using all the means in her power to maintain friendly relations with the Continental powers. At no period have the sovereigns of Europe appeared more anxious to cement their friendship and to bind more closely their engagements to give material support than at the present time— The shock occasioned by the death of the Emperor Alexander and the sollicitude [sic] evinced as to the policy which Constantine 2 may pursue manifest an anxiety that the bonds of the Holy Alliance should remain unbroken— In one sentiment they all appear to unite a dislike for free institutions and as they consider the United States as at the head of them they would do all in their power to mar our prosperity and retard our growth— If we take any step to make any reprisals on France we may expect from all the other powers of the Continent if not open hostilities, at least enmity and any indirect assistance which they can give to France. The French navy is already

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SECRETARY OF STATE

strong in its number of vessels of war; and sailors will be furnished from every quarter— From the sixty millions already appropriated to the navy, this Country is enabled to send out a very formidable armament without adding a single sous [sic] to the public burthens. Privateering too would be commenced on an extensive scale, and the Capitans [sic] and seamen of every Country would be found embarked in it— England, our commercial rival, would see this state of things with indifference if not with pleasure and the consequences of it would be such as we ought seriously to reflect on before we take any measure which may lead to hostilities. By waiting some time we take the chances of a rupture among the Allied powers. In that event we may be felt has [sic] throwing our weight in favor of one of the Contending parties— In maritime operations of a hostile character, the French have less to fear as to their commerce than ourselves, and they have no exposed positions which we Could take or even seriously menace— If we do not mean to strike we ought to avoid threats which can only excite bad feelings without producing any favorable effect on our negociations— I confess my own opinion is that however provoking this conduct may be considered we ought to bear it a little longer in order as well to gain strength ourselves and to wait for more favorable circumstances, an event which I think by no means improbable or very distantMr. Somerville3 continues to decline and although he yet speaks of going to the South of France yet I greatly fear he will never leave Paris. The last accounts from Greece still leave some room for hope that they may hold out this winter. The death of Alexander and the hope it may inspire of aid from Russia may encouarge them to persevere in defending themselves themselves [sic] to the last extremity— The Chambers will meet on the 30 of January and the strength of the present Ministry will be tried. It is said that upon Mr de Villeles offering his resignation to the King he expressed his determination not to change his Ministers so long as they were supported by Majorities in the two Chambers. The majority in favor of Ministers in the Chamber of Deputies is certain in the House of Peers it is doubtful. It has been the practice to confer the Peerage on Ministers who have lost their places, and as the changes in the Ministry have been very frequent since the restoration, the number of Ex-Ministers in that house is considerable— These are generally in the opposition and many of them have great weight from their virtues and Talents— The belief gains ground that the Emperor Constantine will pursue a different course in relation to Turkey from that followed by his predecessor. I am not sure that his doing so would be considered

DECEMBER 24,

1825

939

as a cause of war by all the other powers. England would I beleive [sic] strengthen herself in the Mediterranean and remain at peace. A few weeks will throw some light on this subject, and you will hear from me. As Mr King4 transacted business last week at the foreign Affairs [sic] I hope his health has improvedMrs. B joins in afte. salutations to Mrs. C. Yours truly. J. B. ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). l I.e., November 14, 1825. 2Cf. above, Middleton to Clay, December 18, 1825, note. 3 William C. Somerville. 4 Rufus King.

DIPLOMA TIC NO TES

December 24, 1825

T o [C. D. E. J. BANGEMAN] HUYGENS. Acknowledges receipt of his note of De-

cember 12; expresses surprise that he has "no instructions on the subject of the inequality of duties"; and states that the President will defer action under the legislation referred to in Clay's last note (above, December 10) until Bangeman Huygens receives an answer to his inquiry. Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 3, pp. 246-47 (M38, R3) . ALI draft, in CSmH. Published in American State Papers, Foreign Relations, VI, 375-76. From the BARON DE MAREUIL., Washington. Expresses regret that the Federal Government has found no means of ensuring reciprocity in the application of Article 6 of the Convention of 1822, relative to deserters; notes disagreement on the meaning of the convention and the failure of Clay's assurances of November 7 (above) to prevent a new refusal by the Mayor of Norfolk (of whose letter, of December 16, to Mareuil a copy is enclosed); states that in this case, as well as in those referred to in his letter of November 17, he finds it impossible to admit that the consul must address himself to the United States court; argues that the consul can only make his representation to the minister of his country, who in turn should approach the Federal Government, and that, if the cabinet cannot regulate the conduct of magistrates, it is the duty of the Federal Government to seek judgment from the courts; and appeals again, through Clay, to the justice of the President for the full execution of the engagements between France and the United States. LS. DNA, RG59, Notes from French Legation, vol. 9 (M53, R 7 ) . See above, Clay to Mareuil, December 19, 1825. From FR[ANCIS]CO DION[ISI]O VIVES, Havana.

Replies, to Clay's "agreeable

letter of the 14th. of November last, . . . that J. Baker, Mate of the American vessel Thalia who was put in prison in this city, has been set at liberty by the competent tribunal which has heard his cause; and that the seven sailors . . . have been acquitted. . . ." Congratulates Clay upon his "new office" and expresses "friendship and high consideration" for him. LS, with translation. DNA, RG76, Records re French Spoliations.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

December 24, 1825

To SAMUEL L. SOUTHARD. States, in reply to Southard's letter (below) of this

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SECRETARY OF STATE

date, that Dr. S (amuel) D. Heap's resignation should be accepted. ALS. DNA, RG45, Misc. Letters Received, 1825, vol. 7, p. 156. To SAMUEL L. SOUTHARD, Secretary of the Navy. States "observations and orders to be communicated to Captain Hull," concerning his actions in response to the Peruvian decree "issued on the 17th. of April last." LS. Ibid., p. 158. After the introductory paragraph, the text of the document differs from that published above, Clay to Hull, December 20, 1825, only in accordance with the role of Southard as intermediary in transmitting the orders. From H[UTCHINS] G. BURTON, Raleigh (North Carolina) . Requests transmittal of a letter of thanks to Lord Teignmouth, president of the British Bible Society, for Bibles, in various languages, presented to the University of North Carolina. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63) . John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth, had served nearly thirty years as an administrator of the East India Company in India (as governor general, 1793-1798) . In 1807 he had been appointed a member of the Privy Council and of the colonial Board of Control, but his interests during his later life centered upon religious and philanthropic activities. He had been elected in 1804 as the first president of the British and Foreign Bible Society and retained that office until his death in 1834. From EDGAR MACON, "Gadsby's Hotel Washington." States that he has learned, since arriving in Washington, that Judge (Joseph L.) Smith has dismissed him from the office of United States attorney for East Florida and has appointed a replacement; inquires whether he is still regarded, by the State Department, as the incumbent and asks immediate notification if it be thought proper to suspend him; requests an investigation into his official conduct; and reveals that the object of his presence in Washington is to prefer charges against Smith. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). Published in Carter (ed.), Territorial Papers, XXIII, 392-93. Around 1819 John Gadsby had moved from Baltimore to Washington, where he now operated a hotel at Pennsylvania Avenue and Nineteenth Street. On the issue of Macon's dismissal, see below, Clay to Macon, April 6, 1826; Macon to Clay, April 8, 25, 1826. From SAMUEL L. SOUTHARD, Navy Department. Encloses a copy of a letter from Dr. S (amuel) D. Heap and inquires whether Heap's resignation should be accepted. LS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63) . In the enclosure Heap states his intention of accepting the appointment offered him by the State Department and, in case the Senate refuses to confirm that appointment so long as he holds a commission in the Navy, requests that this letter be considered his resignation of that commission. Cf. above, Coxe to Secretary of State, April 28, 1825, note; Southard to Clay, December 20, 1825, note.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

December 24, 1825

S. YOUNG, Washington, recommends appointment of William R. Abbott, editor of the Henderson (Kentucky) Columbian, to publish the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Young, a native of Nelson County, Kentucky, a graduate of Jefferson Seminary (one of the institutions later merged to form the University of Louisville), and a physician, had settled at Elizabethtown, Kentucky, in 1814. He was elected to two successive terms in Congress and served from 1825 until his death in 1827. Abbott had begun publication of the W[ILLIAM]

DECEMBER 25,

1825

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Columbian at Henderson in 1822 and remained identified with its management until some time after 1830, when it was merged under new identification. He did not receive the appointment here requested.

To Churchill C. Cambreleng The Hon. C. C. Cambreling [sic], H. R. Sir, Department of State, December 25th. 1825. I have perused the Letter which you left with me, and which is herewith returned, respecting the construction put at Halifax upon the late British Act of Parliament opening the trade and intercourse between the British American Colonies and foreign Countries. And I have also examined the Acts of Parliament of the 4th. and 5 th. Geo: the 4-th, referred to in the fifth Section of the above mentioned Act.1 The result is a belief that the Halifax construction is not that which was intended by the British Government, or, if it be, that it was designed by an order in Council to except the trade and intercourse with the United States from the operation of the Act when so interpreted. I should strongly incline to think, but for the opposite view entertained at Halifax, that the Act to regulate the trade of the British possessions abroad, passed in July last, did not intend to disturb or affect the trade between the British American Colonies and the United States, but meant to leave that trade on the footing which it was put by the aforesaid Act of the 4th. Geo: the 4th. and the subsequent Act of indemnity of the 5th. Geo: the 4th.. That the British Government did not look forward to such an operation of the Act of Parliament, as is about to be enforced at Halifax, I think clear from the following considerations. 1st. It would be inconsistent with professions made by that Government to this, and with negociations between the two Governments contemplated if not yet resumed. 2d. No notification has been given at Washington, or at London, of such a purpose as that which, for the first time, is indicated at Halifax. 3d. The British Minister here2 is unadvised by his Government of any intention to close the Colonial Ports against our Vessels, and 4th. No information has been received here from any British Colonial port, except Halifax, of such intention. If the Halifax construction be correct, I am persuaded that the British Government must have intended to have created an exception to our trade, by an order in Council, which had not arrived at the date of the last advices from Halifax. If I am right in that conjecture, the order may yet reach that

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place before, or a few days after, the day fixed (the 5th. of January next) for the commencement of the Act. I am Your Obedient Servant, H. CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 342-43. On the outcome of the Halifax action, here discussed, see below, Vaughan to Clay, February 18, 1826. On the broader question, the effect of the British legislation of July, 1825, see below, Gallatin to Clay, August 19, 1826; Clay to Gallatin, October 12, 1826; Gallatin to Clay, November 8, 1826. 1 See above, Rush to Secretary of State, March 26, 1825, note. The fifth section of the act of July 5, 1825, provided that nothing in that legislation should "extend to repeal or in any way alter or affect" the act of 4 Geo. IV, "intituled, An Act to authorize His Majesty, under certain Circumstances, to regulate the Duties and Drawbacks on Goods imported or exported in Foreign Vessels, and to exempt certain Foreign Vessels from Pilotage," or the act of 5 Geo. IV, "among other Things, to amend the last mentioned Act, and that all Trade and Intercourse between the British Possessions and all Foreign Countries shall be subject to the Powers granted to His Majesty by those Acts." The relevant act of 4 Geo. IV was c. 77, enacted July 18, 1823, which authorized either the removal of duties and drawbacks or the imposition of discriminating charges in relation to foreign shipping, dependent upon the reciprocal policies of the respective nations concerning shipments in British vessels. The relevant act of 5 Geo. IV was c. 1, enacted March 5, 1824, which had given statutory authority to the British Order in Council levying a tonnage duty upon vessels of the United States entering British American or West Indies colonies "equal (as nearly as may be) to the Difference between the Tonnage Duty payable by Vessels of the United States, and the higher Tonnage Duty payable by British Vessels entering any of the Ports of the said United States from any Ports of His Majesty's Dominions in America or the West Indies. . . ." It had also authorized imposition o£ additional tonnage duties to countervail such differences and the removal of duties when proof was provided that British vessels were accorded "no other or higher Tonnage Duties on their Entrance into the Ports of such Foreign Country. . . ." 2 Charles R. Vaughan.

From Amos Kendall Dear Sir, Franklin Cty Ky Dec. 25th 1825 Some months ago the account of the Editors of the Argus against your department for publishing the Acts of Congress passed at their last session, was forwarded, and no return has ever been received. Will you have the goodness to enquire of your clerks whether it was ever received and whether an answer was returned. 1 Our Legislature has had a short and boisterous session. As you will see, they have done nothing to allay our judicial troubles, and we have the prospect of another severe contest.2 It is fortunate that they have postponed the Congressional election one year.3 It will measurably prevent the presidential question being thrown into this controversy. You will have seen, that Mr. Crittenden offered resolutions approving of your course; but he never called them up. I have no doubt they would have passed, but not without powerful opposition.4 I thought it imprudent to offer them. The defeat of David White by Marshall5 has produced a strong sensation here. It was thought that your friends would support him.

DECEMBER 25,

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I think you will see him beat Crittenden for the Legislature next year.6 I am about to marry and settle down here at my mills.7 You have my most hearty thanks for the place you have offered me,8 and I should have accepted it with much pleasure, had the salary been adequate. At this moment, no consideration would induce me to leave Kentucky. I feel that I have a duty to perform to myself and my principles, which it would be criminal to abandon. I am preparing to perform it with entire self devotion. But it is the last effort of the kind I will ever make, unless I change my determination. I long for a quiet and peaceful life, and after August next I intend to seek it. It is with concern I was lately informed that your health is bad. I hope it is not such as to endanger you. Give my best remembrances to Mrs. Clay. I sympathize with her most sincerely for the loss of her children.9 If you have leisure, it would give me pleasure to hear from you occasionally. Your friend AMOS KENDALL ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). Addressed to Clay. 1 A letter with a draft in payment for running a special advertisement had been sent to Kendall by W(illiam) Browne on August 31, 1825. This settlement may have occasioned confusion relative to payment for the larger account, which was finally transmitted by Browne on January 7, 1826. Copies of both letters in DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 2, pp. 140, 238-39 (M40, R19). 2 The legislature had adjourned on December 21, two days after the house of representatives by a vote of 52 to 36 had rejected a motion to give second reading to a proposal, approved in the senate by a vote of 22 to 14, designed as a compromise of the court controversy (cf. above, Blair to Clay, November 28, 1825). The measure had provided for repeal of the act of 1824 reorganizing the court of appeals (see above, III, 902n) and for establishment of still another new court, to consist initially of six members but ultimately of four as vacancies should reduce the number. It had been intended that the bench would thus be composed of both the old and the new court judges. Ky. H. of Reps., Journal, 1825, pp. 401-402; Lexington Kentucky Reporter, January 2, 1826, reprinting item from Frankfort Commentator. See also below, Blair to Clay, January 4, 1826, note. 3 By act approved December 21. Ky. Gen. Assy., Acts, 1825, pp. 139-40. 4 See below, Crittenden to Clay, December 26, 1825. 5 See above, Blair to Clay, August 30, 1825, note. «Both White (who received more votes than Crittenden) and Crittenden were defeated in that election. ? Kendall and Jane Kyle, of Georgetown, Kentucky, were married January 5, 1826. 8Cf. above, Kendall to Clay, October 4, 1825; Clay to Kendall, October 18, 1825. 9 Eliza Clay; Susan Clay Duralde.

INSTR UC TIONS AND DISPA TCHES

December 25, 1825

From JOHN M. FORBES, Buenos Aires, no. 29. Reports the Brazilian declaration of war "against this Province" (cf. above, Raguet to Clay, December 23, 1825) ; requests instructions relating to the effect of the Brazilian blockade on American vessels; states that he has warned citizens of the United States against military service under foreign flags; notes the struggle among local political rivals and the financial crisis faced by the national bank; predicts, on the basis of the failure of mining ventures in which Englishmen have invested, "that mutual

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distrust will Soon Succeed the honey moon which has so long existed between England and this Country"; and refers to a proclamation and letters indicating that Bolivar will "resign the Supreme Executive Government of Lower Peru" and devote himself to completing "the organization of that of Bolivia." LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Argentina, vol. 2 (M69, R3). Continued on December 26, 29, 31, 1825, and January 3, 9, 24, 27, 1826. Received April 11, 1826. Published in Espil (comp.), Once Anos en Buenos Aires, 403-11. From RUFUS KING, London, no. 15. Refers to a communication from (Joel R.) Poinsett concerning French intrigue in Mexico (see above, Poinsett to Clay, September 22, 1825), which (George) Canning characterized, in an interview with King, as "without foundation, and without credit." Reports that Canning observed that Nesselrode's reply to (Henry) Middleton (see above, Middleton to Clay, September 8, 1825) "was of the Draft of the Emperor" (Alexander I) and gave less credit to it than Middleton had ascribed. Notes that Canning believes the death of the Emperor (see above, Middleton to Clay, December 18, 1825, note) has produced "a Mighty change" on which it is useless to speculate until Constantine's views become known. States that Canning considers Clay's "Dispatches, concerning our past correspondence . . . [see above, Clay to King, October 17, 26, 1825] and the Instructions to Mr. [James] Brown of 25 October" satisfactory and promised to send a courier to the British Ambassador (Lord Granville) at Paris with "Instructions to act in Conformity with the opinion contained in the Note, to be delivered by Mr. Brown to the French Government." Informed that (Henry U.) Addington has been named to replace Stratford Canning as (William) Huskisson's colleague in discussions "respecting the Colonial Trade, and other Matters, left unfinished," King reminds Clay that he has "neither Powers nor Instructions" in this regard. Acknowledges receipt of Clay's "Despatches up to No 9 [November 15, 1825], with the exception of No. 4 [August 31, 1825], which has not come to hand." Encloses a copy of a note to Canning relative to "the Mixed Commission at Washington." LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Great Britain, vol. 32 (M30, R28). Extract published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, III, 1576-77. Received February 14, 1826. From JOHN RODGERS, "U. S. SHIP N CAROLINA PORT MAHON." Encloses a copy of a letter received from (David) Offley, United States consul at Smyrna, which corroborates the information given in Rodgers' letter to Clay of October 14; states that he will be at Gibraltar with his squadron about April 1 "in readiness to execute any further commands"; and, for recent information concerning "the political relations of Greece," refers Clay to the report of Captain (John B.) Nicholson, which has been sent to (Samuel L.) Southard. ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Turkey, vol. 1, part 1 (M46, R2). Nicholson, a native of Virginia, had been commissioned in 1817 as "Master Commandant" of the sloop Ontario, assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron. He was not formally raised to the rank of captain until 1828 and subsequently attained that of commodore.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

December 25, 1825

From JARED SPARKS, Boston. Transmits a letter from William Shaler to Clay (above, May 25, 1825) and inquires whether Clay has any objection to publication of extracts from Shaler's consular journal. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). Sparks, born in Connecticut and graduated from Harvard University, had been a Unitarian minister from 1819 to 1823, serving as chap-

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lain in the United States House of Representatives the last year, and then had acquired the North American Review, which he edited until 1829. Continuing active in journalistic and literary affairs and as a public lecturer, he became professor of ancient and modern languages at Harvard in 1838 and the following year organized there the first department of history in an American university. From 1849 to 1853 he was president of Harvard. He published extensively as a biographer and as a compiler of manuscripts. Sparks appears to have acted as Shaler's agent in arranging for publication of the latter's book. On December 31, 1825, Daniel Brent, at Clay's direction, answered Sparks' letter by granting Shaler the desired permission to use "the letters in question" and to publish "any part of his Official Journal," but noting that the Department has no record of "any Letter from the President to the Dey" in 1816 and stating that "a transcript of it [if available] would be very acceptable to this Department." Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 234-35 (M40, R19).

To John A. King Dear Sir (Private and inofficial) Washington 26h. Deer. 1825 I transmit you herewith two letters written by Mr. Geo. H. Norton 1 to Robert S. Rose esquire respecting a peerage and estate to which Mr. Norton believes or hopes himself entitled. My object in sending them to you is to request that you will obtain such information as you can and transmit it to me. This I presume you may do, without much trouble. I also send herewith a letter from a friend of mine at Chillicothe (Mr. Creighton)2 inclosing a note on a British officer. The letter explains its object. If you can, without subjecting yourself or me to any expence, have it collected or put it in a train of collection, you will oblige me. Others will have informed you that, after making various demonstrations of a disposition to defeat the nomination both of your father and yourself, it has been approved by the Senate with scarcely any shew of opposition.3 I am with great respect Your ob. servant John A. King Esqr. AL (signature removed). NHi. 1 Probably George Hatley Norton, of Virginia, the nephew of George, Wilson Cary, Philip Norborne, and John Nicholas. The Norton family had been prominent merchants of London, England, and Yorktown, Virginia, in the eighteenth century. 2 William Creighton, Jr. The letter has not been found. 3 The nominations of both had been confirmed, on December 20, without recorded vote.

To Henry Middleton No. 2. Henry Middleton, Envoy Extraordinary, and Minister Plenipotentiary, U. S. St. Petersburg. Sir. Department of State Washington 26 Deer. 1825. Your despatches, Nos. 48 and 49,1 have been duly received and

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submitted to the President. He sees, with much satisfaction, that the appeal which has been made, through you, to the Emperor of Russia, to employ his friendly offices in the endeavor to bring about a peace between Spain and the new American Republics, has not been without favourable effect. Considering the intimate and friendly relations which exist between the Emperor and his Allies, it was, perhaps, not to be expected that, previous to consultations with them, language more explicit should be held than that which is contained in Count Nesselrode's Note. Although very guarded, it authorizes the belief that the preponderating influence of Russia has been thrown into the scale of peace. Notwithstanding predictions of a contrary result, confidently made by Mr. Secretary Canning, 2 this decision of the Emperor corresponds with the anticipations which have been constantly entertained here ever since the President resolved to invoke his intervention. It affords strong evidence, both of his humanity and his enlightened judgement. All events out of Spain, seem now to unite in this tendency towards peace; and the fall of the Castle of San Juan d' Ulloa, which capitulated on the 18th. day of last month, 3 cannot fail to have a powerful effect within that Kingdom. We are informed that when information of it reached the Havanna [sic], it produced great and general sensation; and that the local Government immediately despatched a fast sailing vessel to Cadiz to communicate the event, and in its name, to implore the King immediately to terminate the war, and acknowledge the new Republics, as the only means left of preserving Cuba to the Monarchy.4 In considering what further measures could be adopted by this Government to second the pacific exertions which, it is not doubted, the Emperor is now employing, it has appeared to the President that a suspension of any military expedition which both, or either, of the Republics of Colombia and Mexico may be preparing against Cuba and Porto Rico, might have a good auxiliary influence. Such a suspension indeed, seemed, [sic] to be due to the friendly purposes of the Emperor. I have, accordingly, addressed official Notes to the Ministers of those Republics, accredited here, recommending it to their Governments;6 an extract from one of which (the other being, substantially, the same) is herewith transmitted. You will observe it intimated in those notes, that other Governments may feel themselves urged by a sense of their interests and duties, to interpose, in the event of an invasion of the Islands, or of contingencies which may accompany or follow it. On this subject, it is proper that we should be perfectly understood by Russia. For ourselves, we desire no change in the possession of Cuba, as has been heretofore stated.8 We cannot allow a transfer of the Island to any European Power.

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But if Spain should refuse to conclude a peace, and obstinately resolve on continuing the war, although we do not desire that either Colombia or Mexico should acquire the Island of Cuba, the President cannot see any justifiable ground on which we can forcibly interfere. Upon the hypothesis of an unnecessary protraction of the war, imputable to Spain, it is evident that Cuba will be her only point d'appui in this hemisphere. How can we interpose, on that supposition, against the party clearly having right on his side, in order to restrain or defeat a lawful operation of war? If the war against the Islands should be conducted by those Republics in a desolating manner; if, contrary to all expectation, they should put arms in the hands of one race of the inhabitants, to destroy the lives of another; if, in short, they should countenance and encourage excesses and examples, the contagion of which, from our neighbourhood, would be dangerous to our quiet and safety, the Government of the United States might feel itself called upon to interpose its power. But, it is not apprehended that any of those contingencies will arise, and consequently, it is most probable that the United States, should the war continue, will remain, hereafter, as they have been, heretofore, neutral observers of the progress of its events. You will be pleased to communicate the contents of this despatch to the Russian Government. And as, from the very nature of the object which has induced the President to recommend to the Governments of Colombia and Mexico a suspension of their expeditions against the Spanish Islands, no definite time could be suggested for the duration of that suspension, if it should be acceded to, it must be allowed, on all hands, that it ought not to be unnecessarily protracted. Therefore, you will represent to the Government of Russia, the expediency of obtaining a decision from Spain as early as possible, in respect to its disposition to conclude a peace. I am your obedient Servant H. CLAY. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, pp. 424-26. (M77, R5). ALI draft, in DLCHC (DNA, M212, R7). 1 Above, July 27, September 8, 1825. 2 Cf. above, King to Clay, August 9, September 18, 1825. s See above, Clay to Poinsett, March 26, 1825, note. * See above, Clark to Clay, December 7, 1825. 5 See above, Clay to Salazar, December 20, 1825. « See above, Clay to Middleton, May 10, 1825.

Check to William J. Stone 26 Deer. 1825 Pay to William J. Stone or order fifteen dollars and eighteen Cents. Cashr. of the Off. of Dt. & Dt. Washington 1 H. CLAY ADS. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R16). Endorsed on verso by Stone, a Washington engraver and stationer. l Richard Smith.

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From John J. Crittenden Dr Sir, Frankfort Deer. 26th 1825 In sitting down to write to you I really feel all the consciousness of an offender against the rules of good correspondence, if not of good manners— It is an offence, however, which in our instance, so evidently carries its own punishment with it, & I am myself so much the looser [sic] by it, that I do not feel that I deserve to undergo a much greater penance. Our Legislature has adjourned, & we have failed in all our great objects, & in those measures that were necessary to tranquilise the country1— All our proceedings have been made known to you through the public prints— The end of all is that we are in a state approaching more nearly than ever to Anarchy— We have made "confusion worse confounded"— The obstinacy & perverseness of the Governor2 & a few Senators have defeated the public Will, & prevented the restoration of order & constitutional government. We look with confidence to the people, & trust the next election will place it beyond the power of a factious administration to do much more mischief, or much longer to continue the distractions of the country. We, (the majority of the House of representatives) have not perhaps in all things, acted most forbearingly or prudently, but upon the whole we think ourselves well prepared for the ensuing political campaign— I shall engage in it with infinite reluctance, but there seems to be no alternative— If Desha & his party should succeed, I do not really think I could endure to live under their domination. I do not permit myself to beleive [sic] such an event probable. I introduced into the House of representatives some resolutions expressive of our undiminished confidence in you &c and of our acquiescence in the election of Mr. Adams & our sanguine hopes of a wise administration &c3 About the time I intended to call them up, the House occupied by our representatives took fire & was burned down, and the remainder of the session was such a scene of hurry & confusion, that there was no suitable opportunity of acting upon them4— I did not wish moreover to make these resolutions a criterion for the division of our State parties, 8c I found that every means had been used upon the members of the relief party, to make them beleive that the interest of their party required them to vote against the resolutions— And many good men would have done so, under these excitements and artifices, & to have promoted other factious & factitious purposes — I have no doubt but that the resolutions would have been carried, and in our house certainly by a considerable majority, but the division that would have existed,

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would have done you & Mr. Adams injustice, as it would have proceeded principally from the factitious considerations growing out of our State politicks, & not from any opposition to the resolutions taken abstractedly. Your best friends here under these circumstances, thought it best to defer the resolutions untill the next session, when we hope for a representation less entangled by sinister artifices, 8c more truely [sic] speaking the sentiments of the countryThere is no doubt a disposition here, & that patronised by our Govnr. as I beleive, to raise the standard of Genl Jackson, against you & the administration.— The object of it is not so much, as I think, to help Jackson, as it is to recruit the ranks of the relief party & to sustain if possible the governor & his faction. They feel their situation to be hazardous in the extreme, if not desperate, & they are willing to draw aid from any quarter— And they can think of no other resource— It will fail them, & in my judgment they will prejudice Jackson. The Presidents message5 has been read here with very general approbation and applause— There are some cavillers of the school alluded to above— But I have only heard their criticisms mentioned, to be derided, & the message praised. Accept my best wishes for your health &: fame Yr Friend Hon: H Clay Secty: State J J CRITTENDEN ALS. NcD. iSee above, Kendall to Clay, December 25, 1825. 2 Joseph Desha. 3 Presented on December 3, the proposed resolutions had also stated that the General Assembly of Kentucky regarded "with indignation, the aspersions against the character and conduct of their distinguished fellow-citizen, HENRY CLAY. . . ." Ky. H. of Reps., Journal, 1825, p. 225. 4 Following the destruction of the Kentucky State House, in November, 1824 (see above, III, 878, 879n, 881n), the house of representatives had met in a Frankfort church until that building, too, had burned, on December 12, 1825. 5 The annual message of December 5, 1825.

From John and James Williams The Honble. Henry Clay Balto. 26 Deer. 1825. Sir Above we hand you a a [sic] receipt for One Sofa and four Columns 1 shipped per Sloop Brothers Captn. Moffitt by order of Christopher Hughs [sic] Esqr, which we hope you will receive safe— We are very respectfully Sir Your most obdt Servts. JNO & JAS WILLIAMS ES. DLC-TJC (DNA, M212, R13). Endorsement on receipt, from John Moffitt to John and James Williams, Baltimore, December 24, 1825. The Williamses were a

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mercantile firm of Baltimore. Moffitt was master of vessels sailing from Havre-deGrace or Baltimore for over a quarter of a century. i Cf. above, Hughes to Clay, December 1, 1825; Clay to Hughes, December 18, 1825.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

December 26, 1825

T o the BARON DE TUYIX. Transmits, according to promise of "Saturday last," an extract from Clay's note of December 20 to the Colombian Minister (Jose Maria Salazar) . Adds that "A similar note was, at the same time addressed to the Mexican Minister" (Pablo Obregon) . DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 3, p. 247 (M38, R 3 ) . ALI draft, in CSmH. Published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, I, 264-65. From the BARON DE TUYLL, Washington, "Confidential." Acknowledges "receipt of the important paper" promised him on Saturday. LS. DNA, RG59, Notes from Russian Legation, vol. 1 (M39, Rl) .

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

December 26, 1825

From HENRY MIDDLETON, St. Petersburg, no. 53. Encloses two "papers" from Count Nesselrode; notes some discontent among "the Guards at the proposed change in the Succession." Middleton thinks the matter "will be settled without much disturbance." ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Russia (M35, RIO) . Dated December 14/26, 1825. Received March 18, 1826. The enclosures include a copy of a note from Nesselrode to Middleton and a copy, transmitted therewith, of a "SUPPLEMENT EXTRAORDINAIRE" of the "JOURNAL DE ST. PETERSBOURG,"

announcing Constantine's renunciation of the right of succession to the imperial throne and the accession of Nicholas as Emperor. See above, Middleton to Clay, December 18, 1825, note.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

December 26, 1825

From BORIE AND LAGUERENNE, Philadelphia. Refer to their letter of December 13 to Clay; express disappointment in not having, because of the absence of the Mexican Minister from Washington, "something certain & official" to report to their friends in Alvarado; state that the threat of interruption of navigation of the Delaware River by ice has caused them to send their vessel to Alvarado and to submit, under protest enclosed herewith, "to the Mexican Consul's Certificates"; and list in a postscript other vessels which have sailed from Philadelphia for Alvarado or Veracruz, on which the vice consul has collected $50 to | 6 0 and obtained information advantageous to his own shipments of goods. LS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Veracruz, vol. 1 (M183, R l ) . From JOSEPH C. MORGAN, Philadelphia. Requests aid in collecting from the Government of the Netherlands on bills of exchange drawn by S. H. Van Kempen, deceased, former consul of the Netherlands at Tripoli, the bills having been protested for non-acceptance by the Government of the Netherlands and, after successive endorsements, now being held by Morgan. States that the Government of the Netherlands has already been informed, by John Quincy Adams, when Secretary of State, of this demand. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). Morgan, not identified. On December 31, Daniel Brent, at Clay's direction,

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informed Morgan that (Christopher) Hughes would be given instructions to prosecute the claim. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 233 (M40, R19). From ALBION K. PARRIS, "State of Maine. Executive Department, Portland." Replies to Clay's letter of November 25 by transmitting copies of a resolution of the Maine Legislature "respecting the settlers on St. John and Madaweska Rivers, under which the Agent of this State acted," of a resolution of the Massachusetts Legislature "respecting the same," and of "the Report of the Land Agent of Maine, detailing particularly the transactions of the two Agents [James Irish and George W. Coffin] under" these resolutions. LS. DNA, RG76, Northeast Boundary, Misc. Papers, env. 4. From BUSHROD WASHINGTON, "Mount Vernon." Requests Clay to forward, "by the first safe conveyance to Paris," a book containing copies of (George) Washington's letters to Lafayette. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63).

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

December 26, 1825

L[EMUEL] SAWYER, Washington, recommends appointment of James Wills, editor of the Edenton, North Carolina, Gazette, to publish the laws. ALS. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. Wills had been a journalist at Edenton since before the turn of the century; he did not receive the appointment requested.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

December 27, 1825

From C. D. E. J. BANGEMAN HUYGENS, Washington. Acknowledges receipt of Clay's note of December 24, which he will hasten to transmit to his government. ANS, in French, with translation in State Department file. DNA, RG59, Notes from Netherlands Legation, vol. 1 (M56, R l ) . From C. D. E. J. BANGEMAN HUYGENS, Washington. Protests against the detention of a Dutch ship by the marine court of New York, which required the ship's master to defend himself against the complaints of one of his crew, and against the refusal of local officials there to accede to the captain's request for the arrest and return of deserters; cites the failure of authorities in American ports, visited during the summer by two vessels of the Dutch Royal Marine, to arrest deserters; and demands "the adoption of a system," in regard to deserters and to differences among crews, "analagous to that . . . followed in the Netherlands." ANS, in French, with translation in State Department file. Ibid. Published in American State Papers, Foreign Relations, V, 799-800. Cf. below, Clay to Forsyth, January 17, 1826, note.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

December 27, 1825

To JOHN FORSYTH, "Chairman of the Committee of foreign Relations of the H. of R. of the U. S." States, in reply to Forsyth's letter of December 23, that the statement referred to has not been found in the letters of Levett Harris to the State Department, that Harris probably sent a transcript to the United States Legation at St. Petersburg and not to the Department, that both (George W.) Campbell and his predecessor (as Minister to Russia), (John Quincy) Adams,

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had presented notes to the Russian Government relative to the claim of the Weymouth Importing Company, and that no answer was received. Copy. DNA, RG59, Report Book, vol. 4, pp. 114-15. Published in American State Papers, Foreign Relations, V, 785. From S[AMUEL] L. S[OUTHARD], Navy Department. Encloses a copy of a letter addressed this day to S(amuel) D. Heap. LS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). The enclosure is an acceptance of Heap's resignation. DIPLOMATIC NOTES

December 28, 1825

From JOSE SILVESTRE REBEIXO, Washington. Announces the signing, on August 29, of a treaty of peace and alliance between Brazil and Portugal and encloses a copy of the treaty. LS, in Portuguese, with translation in State Department file. DNA, RG59, Notes from Brazilian Legation, vol. 1 (M49, Rl). Translation published in Manning (arr.), Diplomatic Correspondence . . . Latin-American Nations, II, 840. See above, Raguet to Secretary of State, March 11, 1825, note. INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

December 28, 1825

From JAMES BROWN, Paris, no. 40. Acknowledges receipt, on December 16, of Clay's "No. 2" (October 25, 1825); states that a commission has been created to propose the manner in which claims should be made and "the principles and mode" of paying them and that Clay's questions cannot be answered precisely until the commission reports and a law shall have been enacted; encloses a letter from S. Wante, "Director of the Bureau of the St. Domingo indemnities," replying to certain questions Brown has submitted to him; and transmits also "copies of the rules laid down by the commission. . . ." LS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., France, vol. 22 (M34, R25). Received February 16, 1826. Published in Washington Daily National Intelligencer, February 25, 1826. Charles Peter Stephen Wante, the merchant formerly of Baltimore, had moved to Santo Domingo around 1802. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

December 28, 1825

To VICTOR DUPONT. Announces his appointment and the forwarding of his commission as a director of the Bank of the United States. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 230 (M40, R19). A circular of this text was addressed on this date also to Manuel Eyre, Joseph W. Patterson, and Campbell P. White. DuPont and White were new appointees at this time; the others were being reappointed. White, a native of Ireland, who had emigrated to the United States in 1816 and engaged in mercantile activities, was a prominent New York political leader. He served in Congress as a Jacksonian Democrat from 1829 to 1835. By letter to Clay, on January 3, 1826, Patterson declined the reappointment, ALS, in DNA, RG59, Letters of Resig. and Declin. From JOHN WURTS, Washington. Transmits a letter from Borie and Laguerenne (above, December 26, 1825). ALS. DNA, RG59, Cons. Disp., Veracruz, vol. 1 (M183, Rl).

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APPLICA TIONSj RECOMMENDA TIONS

December 28, 1825

ADDIN LEWIS, "Collector's Office, Mobile," recommends the appointment of

William Crawford as judge for the District of Alabama. LS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1). See above, Owen to Clay, September 25, 1825, note.

To Henry B. Bascom My dear Sir Washington 29h. Deer. 1825 I have received your very kind letter of the 24h. inst.1 from Wheeling, as I always receive your favors, with unaffected satisfaction. The pleasure of our existence and of our pursuits depends much upon the interest which other beings around us, constituted like ourselves, take in us. That which you have constantly, and in a way so obliging and friendly, expressed in whatever concerns me, has been a source of peculiar gratification. I am rejoiced to hear that your health is good. Long may you enjoy that great blessing! My own is not bad. During some weeks past it has been better than at any time since the last adjournment of Congress. Of the manner in which I shall acquit myself, in my present station, the public must decide. My zeal for its service is unabated, and it will occasionally have some evidences to enable it to decide upon the amount of capacity which I exert in my new career. If I am to believe those who have opportunities of judging me, my friends will not hereafter be, as I trust heretofore they have not been, ashamed of me. I learn from several competent quarters that you are doing well at Pittsburg. So you will continue to do if the prayers can prevail of Your faithful friend H. CLAY The Revd. H. B. Bascom. ALS. NHi.

1 Not found.

To James Taylor My dear Sir Washn. 29 Deer. 1825 I reed, your friendly letter of the 17h. inst.1 and thank you for your kind condolence on the occasion of our late severe losses.2 Mr. Bibbs3 conduct in again dismissing the suit of the U.S. agt. you4 is most strange. You have certainly been much harrassed, even if the claim agt. you were perfectly just. I observe what you say in recommendation of Mr. W. D. Adison.5 I shall be happy if those considerations, which must always be weighed, shall admit of the gratification of your wishes. I need

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not say that with me your recommendation will have much influence. Poor Todd! 6 I am prepared to hear the saddest news of him. He will leave few so good, none better, behind him. My best respects and those of Mrs. Clay to Mrs. T. 7 and our congratulations to you both on the increase of your grand children. I am Cordially & faithfly Yr friend H CLAY Genl. J. Taylor. ALS. KyHi. l Not found. 2 The deaths of Eliza Clay and Susan Clay Duralde. 3 George M. Bibb. 4Cf. above, III, 69-70. In October, 1823, and November, 1825, the suit had been again continued. On March 2, 1833, after five non-suits had been suffered by the Government, Taylor obtained passage of legislation to compel a settlement of accounts (6 U. S. Stat., 540-41), under which adjustment Taylor's debt was reduced to $5,309.34. The following year he sought another bill to allow him one and a half per cent commission on the sums he had disbursed, that is, on $1,122,340. A Senate committee reported favorably at that Session, but no action was taken upon it; committees of the House in 1840 and the Senate in 1843 subsequently rejected the renewal of Taylor's petition. Senate Docs., 23 Cong., 1 Sess., no. 107; 27 Cong., 3 Sess., no. 110; House Repts., 26 Cong., 1 Sess., no. 422. 5 Not identified. 6 Thomas Todd. 7 In 1795 Taylor had married a widow, Keturah Moss Leitch.

From William Bullitt The Honl Henry Clay New Orleans 29h. December 1825 Dear Sir I did hope that my letter enclosing the strong and honorable recommendation for the appointment of Naval Officer would have been worthy of an answer1— The very act of asking your support implied that you had my good wishes and little Support—you will be pleased to deliver the recommendation to my friend the Honl J S. Johnston when convenient— I need not say to you that the very hasty appointment of Mr Cruzat2 thro the improper influence of Mr W L. Brent has given a great deal of surprise and dissatisfaction, you have no doubt been informed of it by Others— I hope never to be under the disagreeable necessity to trouble you or Our worthy president again for an appointment— Respectfully your Huml St. W M . BULLITT ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). 1 Cf. above, Bullitt to Clay, May 26, 29, 1825. The recommendation, not found. 2 Cf. above, Derbigny to Clay, May 28, 1825, note.

From Richard Rush My dear Sir. Washington Dec 29. 1825 The petition of the sugar refiners has been referred to me, as you will see by the enclosed papers.1 Certainly, this forms no good

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reason why / should refer it to you, except that your past kindness is leading me to fresh encroachments. I well know how multiplied, and constant, and harrassing, are your labours, and I do not want you even to open the papers, but as you may find it possible to snatch a quarter of an hour within a fortnight to come, or as much longer as you chuse; and on no account whatever to trouble yourself by putting pen to paper upon the subject. But your mind, I know, will act upon it at once, and I shall greatly value your conclusions as you may be able to impart them to me at intervals when we may be together. The Treasury Report2 seems, as far as I learn, to have been tolerably well received, so far; confirming what you were good enough to say of it at the Russian Ministers.3 Whatever little merit it may be thought to have, I shall certainly always continue to declare belongs to you more than to me. It was you who strengthened me in the sentiments I had, enlarging some and correcting others; it was you who encouraged me to throw them upon congress and the country in the manner I pursued; and, more than all it was you who suggested to me the propositions with which it concludes. Left to myself I should have struck into a path much less judicious. Permit me, my dear Sir, to subscribe myself Your attached, Mr Clay.

R. RUSH.

ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). 1 Not found. The petition was probably from the sugar refiners of Baltimore. The Committee of Ways and Means of the House of Representatives, acting upon such a memorial, reported a bill on January 31, 1826, to allow an additional drawback on sugar refined in the United States and exported. U. S. H. of Reps., Journal, 19 Cong., 1 Sess., p. 209. No action was taken upon the proposal by the Nineteenth Congress. 2 The Letter from the Secretary of the Treasury, Enclosing Mis Annual Report on the State of the Finances of the United States (Senate Docs., 19 Cong, 1 Sess., no. 6) had been submitted to Congress on December 22. In it Rush had cited the very large proportion of exports and imports carried in American vessels, despite the "footing of equality, as to duties, and charges of whatever kind, in our ports," which was applicable to "the vessels of those foreign nations with which the United States have the most extensive commercial intercourse. . . ." This situation, he contended, served "to show how the efficient protection extended to it [American shipping] by the early laws of Congress, succeeded in establishing it in a manner to meet and overcome all competition." He had then called attention to the increasing value of exports of American domestic manufactures, which he attributed to the "new tariff" (see above, III, 756n); and noted that the effect of that legislation, while yet not fully known, had "not been to diminish the general aggregate of the Foreign trade of the Country." The concluding half-dozen pages constituted a declaration of the nature of the development of manufacturing and a recommendation for higher tariff rates on "fine quality" cotton. 3 The Baron de Tuyll.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

December 29, 1825

To CHARLES R. VAUGHAN. Transmits a letter, "just received from the Governor of New York," with its enclosures (above, Clinton to Clay, December 19, 1825), "respecting the case of Michael Neilson." Copy. DNA, RG59, Notes to Foreign Legations, vol. 3, p. 247 (M38, R3). ALI draft, in CSmH.

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SECRETARY OF STATE

INSTRUCTIONS AND DISPATCHES

December 29, 1825

To WILLIAM SHALER, "Consul General of U. S. Algiers." Notes that, in consequence of increasing contacts of the United States with the Levant and the need for trustworthy persons, acquainted with the Turkish and Arabic languages, in the public service, the President has decided to place "a midshipman or some other youth with each of our Consuls near the four Barbary powers, to be instructed, under the superintendance [sic] of the Consul in those languages"; states that William B. Hodgson, employed as translator by the State Department "for some time past," has been selected for Shaler's consulate for a term of three years; suggests that Hodgson also be taught the French language; notes that the young man will be sent out by a public vessel and will be paid at the rate of $600 per year; authorizes Shaler, in case Hodgson "conducts himself unworthily," to return him to the United States; and, in a postscript dated February 3, 1826, adds that in the absence of public transportation Hodgson will engage passage in a private vessel. Copy. DNA, RG59, Cons. Instr., vol. 2 (M78, R2). Hodgson, born in Virginia, had received the M. A. degree from the College oi New Jersey (Princeton) in April, 1824. He was appointed in 1832 as dragoman to the United States Legation at Turkey. From WILLIAM C. SOMERVILLE, Paris, "Private." States that, though still weak after an illness of over two months, he believes he will "be able in a day or two" to begin his "journey to the South." ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Sweden and Norway, vol. 4 (M45, R5). Received February 16, 1826. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

December 29, 1825

To DEWITT CLINTON. Expresses an intention to "lose no time in communicating to the British Minister Clinton's letter of December 19, with its enclosures. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, p. 231 (M40, R17). Cf. above, Clay to Vaughan, this date. From H[UTCHINS] G. BURTON, Raleigh. Calls attention to a representation, recently made to him, "that the United States has no Consul or commercial representative at Kingston in Jamaica— And that for want of one our Citizens frequently sustain loss & Inconvenience." Adds that "our commercial intercourse with that place will probably increase." ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). See below, Clay to Burton, January 3, 1826. APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

December 29, 1825

W. COBB, "Senate Chamber," encloses a letter (not identified) for Clay's consideration; states that the paper mentioned in it "circulates principally in the Western Counties of the state." AN. DNA, RG59, P. and D. of L. See below, Clay to Cobb, December 30, 1825. THOMAS

From Christopher Hughes Private! Washington; December 30th. 1825. My dear Mr. Clay! As you were charged with functions distinct from those of the

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Foreign Department, during almost all of the time of my absence from home, I feel a strong, & I hope an excusable wish, to present to you a condensed view of my official acts, which will prove zeal, at least, if they do not claim to be called services! [Beginning with his arrival in Sweden in 1817, Hughes sketches in eight manuscript pages, his successes as a diplomat. He claims to have prevailed on the Swedish Government to relax, in favor of Americans, the rule that no foreigner could enter the country "without a Passport from the Capitol"; to have "restored order to the Consular affairs" of the United States in Sweden; to have obtained for American merchants, without concessions in return, special privileges in bringing into the country "West Indian & South American produce" and "in getting the toleration continued" despite opposition from Swedish ship owners; to have procured from the King special advantages in the ports of Norway; to have obtained admission of the right of the United States "to have a consul at St. Bartholomews"; to have made possible (John) Connell's "liquidation of the Stralsund claims";1 to have saved "In many particular cases" large sums of money to Americans ignorant of Swedish "Custom-house-usages"; and to have procured "a considerable mitigation in" the application of Danish quarantine regulations upon American Baltic trade.] In political communications & information, I believe I have not been behind others, in zeal or Success! Mr. Monroe & Mr. Adams have had the kindness to say so! And I trust that in a general sense, the renown of the Country has suffered nothing, wherever I am known in Europe, by its representation having been confided to Your true & devoted Friend C. HUGHES Excuse the blunders & the liberty! I have two other topics; but I'll talk of them! I have written enough! ALS. DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R2). l See above, Hughes to Secretary of State, March 19, 1825, note; Hughes to Clay, June 21, July 15, 1825.

DIPLOMATIC NOTES

December 30, 1825

From JOSE MARIA SALAZAR, New York. Acknowledges receipt of Clay's note of December 20; conveys the gratitude of the Colombian Government, which has been informed of the instructions to the American Minister at St. Petersburg (above, Clay to Middleton, May 10, 1825); states that he will transmit to his government the wishes of the President of the United States for a suspension of the invasion of Cuba and Puerto Rico pending the outcome of the mediation of the great powers with Spain; professes to have no knowledge, from any source, of an expedition being prepared at Cartagena; points out that, in view of the augmentation of Spanish forces in Cuba and Puerto Rico, Colombia has cause for alarm and that Colombian preparations for defense are a necessary

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consequence of Spain's prolongation of the war and the refusal of European powers to recognize the independence of the new Republics. Suggests that to many it would appear unreasonable to renounce a chance to end the war and dictate a peace advantageous "del sistema Americano" in the expulsion of a European nation from Cuba and Puerto Rico, which, considering the condition of Spain, could fall into the hands of a European great power; remarks that it is unreasonable to expect Colombia to continue inaction in the face of the heavy expenses of maintaining defenses against possible attack by Spain; states that Colombia has long postponed action against these islands, awaiting a favorable moment for concerted action with her allies; and concludes by declaring that, if the matter is not settled by the forces of Colombia and Mexico, the future of the islands must be decided by the Panama Congress, which gives time for the result of mediation by the Russian Emperor to be known. LS, in Spanish, with translation in State Department file. DNA, RG59, Notes from Colombian Legation, vol. 1, pt. 2 (M51, R2). Published in American State Papers, Foreign Relations, V, 856-57. INSTR UC TIONS AND DISPA TCHES

December 30, 1825

To RICHARD C. ANDERSON (JR). Instructs him to inform the Colombian Government immediately of the purpose of the letter to Salazar (above, December 20, 1825), "of which a copy is enclosed," and to "further the object of it . . . by direct and friendly explanations . . . upon the subject." Transmits also copies of Nesselrode's answer to Middleton's dispatch "inviting the Emperor to cooperate in the work of peace" and two letters from Middleton (above, July 27, September 8, 1825, and note). States that "The Baron de Tuyll, the Russian minister accredited here in an interview . . . had with him agreeably to instructions received by him from St. Petersburg corroborates and supports the views which Mr. Middleton presents of the effect of the appeal to the Emperor of Russia." Further instructs him to use "the papers and facts now communicated" to bring a suspension of any expedition being prepared against Cuba and Puerto Rico. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dip. Instr., vol. 10, pp. 426-27 (M77, R5). LI draft, partially written by Clay, in DLC-HC (DNA, M212, R7). A similar letter, adapted for reference to the Mexican Government and enclosing a copy of the letter to Obregon (above, December 20, 1825), was addressed on the same day to Joel R. Poinsett. MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

December 30, 1825

To THOMAS W. COBB, "in Senate." Replies to Cobb's "Note of yesterday" by stating that no change has been made "in the printers designated in Georgia to publish the Laws"; adds that an application from Macon, "in behalf of the Georgia Messenger," was received after the selection had been made and is on file; returns the enclosure sent by Cobb. Copy. DNA, RG59, Dom. Letters, vol. 21, pp. 232-33 (M40, R19). From BRITTON EVANS, Philadelphia. States that the Lafayette Institute, an organization of which he is president, has been formed in Philadelphia; that the body has no desire to violate the Constitution and laws of the United States, but that its intention is "to proceed to Greece to aid the Greeks by . . . advice or otherwise if necessary"; inquires whether the United States would be willing "to aid the emigration of a number of individuals to Greece." ALS. DNA,

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1825

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RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). Evans, born in Pennsylvania, had served as a lieutenant in the War of 1812, had re-enlisted in the Army after the war, and had been honorably discharged with the rank of first lieutenant in 1821. He later served in both the Seminole War in Florida and the Mexican War and retained a life-long interest in the issue of Greek independence. Lafayette Institute not further identified. From EDWARD EVERETT, Washington. Lists the documents wanted in "the Call for papers relative to French spoliations between 1793 & 1800." ALS. Ibid. On April 20, 1824, the House of Representatives had adopted a motion calling upon the President to communicate the correspondence between the United States and France relating to those spoliations and to the claims of France upon the United States "for not complying with the treaties of alliance and commerce of February 6, 1778." Annals of Cong., 13 Cong., 1 Sess., pp. 2431, 2457. Cf. below, Clay to Adams, May 20, 1826. From EDWARD EVERETT, Washington. Inquires, as Chairman of the Library Committee, House of Representatives, how many copies of documents are distributed by the Department of State under "the Joint Resolution Approved December 27, 1813 (See Laws U. S. Vol. IV, p. 712 [3 U. S. Stat., 140-41])." ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (M179, R63). From LEWIS WILLIAMS, "Committee Room." On behalf of the Committee on Claims (of the House of Representatives), refers to CJay the case of Moritz Furst and requests a search in the files of Clay's Department "for the authority given to Mr. [Thomas] Appleton to employ an artist for the mint of the United States, and for any papers that may refer to the employment of . . . Furst." If no information is available, asks that Clay write Appleton at Leghorn for a deposition relative to the employment of Furst and "authority for so doing—" ALS. Ibid. Furst, a Hungarian engraver of dies for coins and medals, had purportedly been induced by the United States consul at Leghorn in 1807 to come to Philadelphia as die-sinker at the mint. He had prepared dies for numerous Congressional medals awarded during the War of 1812 and had conducted a private business in Philadelphia from 1808 to 1820. Fielding, Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors and Engravers, p. 131.

APPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

December 30, 1825

HUGH NELSON recommends for appointment as porter, George Colston, "a coloured man, in Washington," who had accompanied Nelson to Spain. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1). Colston, a free Negro, not further identified.

INSTR UCTIONS AND DISPA TCHES

December 31, 1825

From CONDY RAGUET, Rio de Janeiro. Encloses copies of his correspondence with the Government of Brazil, not already forwarded with his letter of December 13, from the date of his reception as Charge; remarks that he has had no reply to his note relative to the case of the Spermo (see above, Raguet to Secretary of State, March 11, 1825, note) and that personal inquiries have yielded no information concerning "Tobias Madden, of whose impressment in August 1824, there can be no doubt. . . ." ALS. DNA, RG59, Dip. Disp., Brazil, vol.

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SECRETARY OF STATE

4 (M121, R6). Received March 30, 1826. In one of the enclosures, to the Minister of Foreign Affairs (the Viscount of St. Amaro), December 10, Raguet refers to his note of August 12, 1824, on the impressment of Madden. St. Amaro, formerly Counsellor of State, had been named Minister of Foreign Affairs on November 22, 1825, but resigned on January 18, 1826, and shortly thereafter became president of the Senate.

MISCELLANEOUS LETTERS

December 31, 1825

From SAMUEL L. SOUTHARD, Navy Department. Requests, "for /he House of Representatives," translations of papers transmitted with Clay's note to the Navy Department (to Southard), May 6, 1825, and subsequently returned to the State Department. ALS. DNA, RG59, Misc. Letters (Ml79, R63). Endorsed by Clay on wrapper: "Mr. [Daniel] Brent will be pleased to have them prepared."

APPLICA TIONS, RECOMMENDA TIONS

December 31, 1825

Washington, solicits employment in cppying, "out of Office," for the State Department. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR2). Graeff, not further identified, received payment during October and November, 1826, from State Department contingency funds for arranging and labelling "old papers." House Repts., 20 Cong., 1 Sess., no. 226, pp. 47, 52-54. Cf. below, Hemphill and others to Clay, May 4, 1826.

JOHN GRAEFF, JR.,

New York, recommends John (H.) Grosvenor, of Pomfret, Connecticut, for appointment as consul at Canton, where he now resides. ALS. DNA, RG59, A. and R. (MR1) . Hall, born in Connecticut and graduated from Yale, was now practicing law in New York and from 1831 to 1833 published the two-volume Reports of Cases in the Superior Court of the City of New York, 1828-'29. Later active as a Whig politician, he became Federal district attorney for the Southern District of New York in 1850. Grosvenor, also a native of Connecticut, was appointed to the Canton consulate and served until his removal in 1835.

JONATHAN PRESCOTT HALL,

INDEX A. and H. Wilson: from, 877 "A.B." (pseud.), 544n Abbott, : from, 834 Abbott, William R., 940 Abd-er-Rahman II of Morocco, 209, 377, 621, 628 Aborn, Thomas: from, 132 Abram Bell and Company, 137 A'Court, William, Baron, 820 Adams, Francis, 326, 384, 385n. See also Latting, Adams, and Stewarts Adams, George Bright, 566, 596, 620 Adams, Henry: from, 331; named, 331n Adams, John: to, 596-7; named, 677, 679n Adams, John, Jr.: from, 934 Adams, John Quincy: from, 90, 731, 841; to, 11, 44, 52, 63, 72, 85, 88, 102, 193, 48890, 546-7, 550, 589, 678-9, 689-90, 711-2, 795, 910, 9268; named, 2n, 9-12, 17-9, 34-41 passim, 45, 47-8n, 5469 passim, 73-86 passim, 95, 97, 101, 107-15 passim, 120-1, 127-61 passim, 166-8, 170, 174-7, 182, 188n, 195205 passim, 208, 212-22 passim, 227-32 passim, 236-56 passim, 260-8 passim, 27482n passim, 286-97 passim, 302, 304-5n, 309-25 passim, 331-42 passim, 354n-5, 36072 passim, 379-85 passim, 391-403 passim, 408, 412-3, 421, 425-6n, 430, 440-53 passim, 465, 470-1, 486-7, 493n4, 501n, 518-21, 523, 52930, 535-6, 538, 542-49 passim, 553, 556, 561, 568-9n, 572, 577, 579n, 588-97n passim, 623-8, 635, 638, 640, 644-7, 651-2n, 655, 662, 6646, 671n-7 passim, 681-90 passim, 700-ln, 7O3n, 70811, 716-9, 722-3, 726, 728n, 739, 745, 748, 752n, 757-8n, 762-71 passim, 776-84 passim, 791n, 793n-4, 798-807 passim, 812, 814, 816n, 823, 826, 830-7 passim, 842, 8501, 853n, 858-64 passim, 868-

Adams, John Quincy (cont.): 72 passim, 876n, 881-2n, 887-96 passim, 900, 904-13 passim, 917-22 passim, 92831, 933-5, 939, 946-59n passim Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson (Mrs. John Quincy), 465, 489, 690, 910 Adams, Thomas. See Latting, Adams, and Stewarts Addington, Henry Unwin: from, 197, 236, 322, 390; to, 181-2, 194, 217-20; named, 341, 485, 910, 944 Adison, W. D., 953 Af Chapman (Swedish frigate), 257, 519n-20n, 525, 548, 702 "Agricola" (pseud.), 688 Aigen, (Miss), 561 Alabama Republican. See Huntsville Alabama Republican Alabarnian. See Huntsville Alabamian Alaman, Lucas, 393, 448, 532, 545, 549, 556, 565, 573, 5789n, 584, 666, 687, 699, 733 Albany Argus, 228n Albany Evening Journal, 598n Album. See Rochester Album Alden, H. Orlando: from, 331; named, 331, 854. See also Dandridge Fariss and Company Aldrich, Whipple, 222 Alexander I of Russia, 141n, 204, 216n, 269-70, 277n, 342-5, 351-62 passim, 519, 556, 593, 595n, 627, 630, 647-8n, 702, 740-2, 745, 751, 873-4n, 896, 903, 923-4n, 930-8 passim, 944, 946, 958 Alexander Benson and Company, 713n Algiers, dispatches from, instructions to. See Shaler, William Allan, Archibald: from, 607 Allan, Chilton: from, 412-4; to, 418-9; named, 607 Allegro, Ambrose: from, 315; named, 315 Allen, Charles H., 41

Allen, Ethan, 631 Allen, Heman: from, 125-6, 324-5, 394, 463-4, 614, 632, 648, 660, 694-5, 791-2, 875; named, 733, 815-6n, 845 Allen, Henry: from, 553; named, 560 Allen, Tames, III, 142, 209, 377 Allen, John, 515 Allen, Michael. See Allen and Grant Allen, Moses. See S. and M. Aliens and Company Allen, Robert: from, 880 Allen, Solomon. See S. and M. Aliens and Company Allen, William Henry: to, 225 Allen, Wilson: from, 650-2; named, 308 Allen and Grant, 567n Alliance Insurance Company of London, 267, 369 Alsop, , 918. See also Dandridge Fariss and Company Alsop, Richard, 132 Alvarado, Felix Ramond, 518-9, 525, 537, 702 Alvarado, J. A., 444 Ambrister, Robert C, 203 Ambuscade (brig), 548 America (brig), 122-3n, 591, 596, 599, 606, 612, 648n American. See New York American American Advocate. See Hallowell (Me.) American Advocate and Kennebec Advertiser American and Commercial Daily Advertiser. See Baltimore American and Commerical Daily Advertiser American Colonization Society, 312n American Economist and East Tennessee Statesman. See Greenville American Economist and East Tennessee Statesman American Hotel (the Hague), 641, 884 American Patriot. See Portland (Me.) American Patriot

962 American Recorder. See Washington (N.C.) American Recorder American Watchman. See Wilmington (Del.) American Watchman Ami des Lois. See New Orleans L'Ami des Lois Anderson, Annita Nancy, 378 Anderson, Arthur, 378 Anderson, Elizabeth. See Casey, Elizabeth Anderson Hammond (Mrs. Robert) Anderson, Elizabeth C, 378 Anderson, Elizabeth Clark (Mrs. Richard C, Sr.), 378n Anderson, Elizabeth Gwathmey (Mrs. Richard C, Jr.), 378n Anderson, George W., 419 Anderson, James: from, 412-4; to, 418-9 Anderson, Joseph: from, 114, 670; named, 340n Anderson, Richard C, Jr.: from, 122, 142, 378, 654-5, 738, 811; to, 643-7, 749, 851, 958; named, 105, 124, 167-9, 213, 235, 246n, 412, 612, 637, 680, 801, 810-ln, 814-6n, 905-6n Anderson, Richard C, Sr., 378n Anderson, Thomas D., 724n Andrews, John, 276 Andrews, John C: from, 871 Andrews, P. C. M., 871n Andrews, Robert: from, 107 Andrews, Timothy Patrick, 501n Angel, William G., Ill Angeluce, Sant lago Maria, 119,274 Anthology Club (Boston), 132n Antigua, dispatches from, instructions to. See Harrison, Robert Monroe Antirelief Party, 603, 673, 713, 747-8, 860. See also Kentucky Court of Appeals; Relief Party Appleton, John J.: from, 536; to, 243, 367-9; named, 934n, 275, 373, 525, 815-6n, 897, 899n Appleton, Thomas: from, 931; named, 959 Arbuthnot, Alexander, 203 Arce, Manuel Jose, 124, 278-9, 577 Archer, Stevenson: from, 383 Argentina, dispatches from, instructions to. See Provinces of the River Plate Arguelles, (Mrs.), 671

SECRETARY OF STATE Argus of Western America. See Frankfort Argus of Western America Ariel (brig), 611-2n Arion, Copeland P. L.: from, 641 Armstrong, Alexander: from, 95-7 Armstrong, Andrew: from, 234-5, 441, 506, 524, 547-8, 723, 733, 799-800 Armstrong, Francis W.: from, 834; named, 701n Arnold, Richard J., 177-8n Arnold, Samuel G., 177-8n Arroyo, Jose Miguel: to, 703 Ashburton, Alexander Baring, Baron. See Baring Brothers and Company Ashford, Henry, 110 "Ashland," 7-8, 51n, 413, 435-6, 457-62, 512 Asia (Spanish warship), 443, 447 Aspinwall, Thomas: from, 370; named, 815-6n Astor, John Jacob, 38, 354n "Astoria," 354n Asylum, The. See St. Francisville (La.) Asylum Atchison, Alexander, 457, 461n Atchison, Hamilton, 98 Atkinson, James: from, 728; named, 637 Atlantic Insurance Company, 142-3n, 421 Atwater, Caleb: from, 114-5; named, 16 Augsburger, Christian, 661 Augusta (Ga.) Chronicle and Advertiser, 813 Augusta College, 312n Auld, Isaac: from, 563 Aurora. See Philadelphia Aurora Austill, Jeremiah: from, 835 Austin, Mary. See Holley, Mary Austin (Mrs. Horace) Austria, dispatches from, instructions to. See Lederer, Lewis Charles; Moore, George Avery, Henry, 394, 565 Azambuja, Frederico Torlade de, 524, 772 Azores, dispatches from, instructions to. See Dabney, Charles W.

Bailey, Samuel, 917n. See also Weymouth Importing Company Bailey, Theodorus, 198 Bailey, Thomas M., 838 Bailhache, John M.: to, 119-20 Baily, , 237 Bainbridge, William: from, 269, 271 Baird, Thomas H., 383n-4n Baker, Charles H.: from, 591, 606; to, 596, 612; named, 123n-4n, 599, 617 Baker, Francis, 66n Baker, Frederick C: from, 671

Baker, J., 726, 824, 939 Baker, James, 552, 553n Baker, John Martin: from, 112 Baldwin, Henry, 383n Baldwin, Jonah, 99, 268, 269n Balfour, John Alexander, 616 Baltimore American and Commercial Daily Advertiser, 841, 874, 886 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 97n, 213n Baltimore Medical School. See University of Maryland, College of Medicine Baltimore Patriot and Mercantile Advertiser, 590, 780, 877 Baltimore Republican and Commercial Advertiser, 95n Bangeman Huygens, C. D. E. J., Chevalier: from, 558, 902-3, 951; to, 893-4, 939; named, 615-6, 629, 771, 894 Bank of Brazil, 409 Bank of Edwardsville (111.), 914n Bank of England, 934 Bank of Kentucky (1st), 455, 506, 818n , Russellville Branch, 463n Bank of Maryland, 58n Bank of Somerset (Md.), 41n Bank of the Commonwealth (Ky.), 41n, 51-2n, 260n, 436n, 464, 502-3, 605-6n, 818n Bank of the United States (2d), 37, 42, 49, 62, 72-3, 92-3, 103, 114, 189, 213, 260n, 394n, 454-5, 499, 5023, 513, 531n, 592, 606, 6127 passim, 631, 635, 641, 650, 752, 817n, 824, 916n, 952 B. A. Goldsmidt and Com, Chillicothe (O.) Office, pany, 518-9n, 525, 575, 825n 81 In, 873 , Cincinnati Office, 825 Bagot, Charles, 451, 771

963

INDEX Bank of the U. S. (cont): , Lexington (Ky.) Office, 45, 70, 366, 499-500, 506, 510, 513, 704, 764, 825, 915-6 , Louisville (Ky.) Office, 407n, 915-6n , New Orleans Office, 513 , New York Office, 426n, 513 , Norfolk (Va.) Office, 825 , Washington (D. C.) Ofhce, 8, 14, 33, 69, 111, 251, 374, 476, 511, 553n, 567, 621, 637, 649, 661, 690, 700, 702-3, 712, 715, 725, 728, 751, 770, 787, 796, 864, 920, 947 Bank of Washington (D.C.), 384n, 567n Barbour, James: from, 786, 852-3; to, 88-9; named, 90n, 11 In, 215, 237n-8, 2689n, 301n, 491, 501n-2n, 552, 677n-9n, 731, 765n, 787n, 843-4n, 855, 857-8, 867-8n, 889-91n, 919-20n Barbour, Philip Pendleton, 24, 54n, 148, 165n Barclay, Anthony, 677-8n, 816, 830 Bard, Archibald: from, 113 Bard, Joseph, 914 Bard, Richard: from, 381-2; to, 382 Baring Brothers and Company: to, 621; named, 183, 257n, 617, 621 Barker, Jacob A.: from, 749 Barker, James Nelson, 333-4n Barkley, John: from, 427-8; to, 434-5 Barkley, Samuel: from, 427-8 Barnes, James, 300, 304-5n Barnes, Samuel: to, 334 Barnet, Isaac Cox, 536, 815-6n Barnet, William A. G., 536 Barney, John: from, 95, 375, 725, 845; named, 874n Barney, Joshua, 95n Barrell, George G.: from, 558 Barrere, George W., 806-7n Barron, James: from, 895 Barry, William T.: from, 113; named, 59, 65, 67n, 77, 79n, 266, 507-9, 564-5n, 6734n, 713. See also Kentucky Court of Appeals Bartlett, Charles L.: from, 288, 833 Bartlett, J.: from, 789 Bartlett and Cox, 263 Barton, Benjamin: from, 749

Barziza, Philip J.: from, 105-6 Barziza, Philip J., Count, 106n Bascom, Henry B.: from, 312; to, 600, 953 Batavia, dispatches from, instructions to. See Shillaber, John Batavia (N.Y.) Spirit of the Times, 82, 464, 476, 523-4, 864 Bates, Edward: from, 365 Battaile, Hay, 431n Bausman (Bowsman), Nicholas, 394, 565 Baxter, John George: with, 758-9 Bayard, William, 383n, 654-5n Bayley, William, 265-6n, 305 Bayley, William H.: from, 821-2 Beach, James, 490n Beach and Hedenberg: with, 490 Beagle (schooner), 225n Beall, Norborne B.: from, 406-7; to, 410-1 Beardsley, Samuel, 587 Beasley, Robert, 537 Beatty, Adam: from, 391-2, 637-9; to, 392-3, 491, 67980; named, 753 Beatty, James, 269 Beauchamp, Jereboam O., 818n Beaumarchais, Amelie Eugenie. See Rue, Amelie Eugenie Beaumarchais (Mme. de la) Beauvale, Baron. See Melbourne, Frederick James Lamb, Viscount Beaver, David, 807n Beecher, Philemon: from, 276; named, 32n Bell, Abram, 137 Bell, Isaac, 819 Bell, John, 848n Bell, William, 61 Bellamy, Abraham, 921 Belvidere (brig), 909 "Belvoir," 667 Benham, Joseph S.: from, 539-40; named, 49-50, 384 Benjamin DeForest and Company, 495 Bennett, James H.: from, 394-5; to, 666; named, 407, 410, 534, 548 Benson, Alexander, 712-3n Bentley, Rensselaer: to, 235 Benton, Thomas Hart: from, 285, 325; named, 240n, 576, 871

Bermudez, Francisco de Zea. See Zea Bermudez, Francisco de Bernabeu, Juan Bautista, 625-6 Bernadotte, Jean. See Charles XIV of Sweden and Norway Bernard, Simon, 330n Bernstorff, Christian Gunther, Count von, 242 Berrien, William, 497, 811 Berry, Benjamin, 458, 461n Berry, Elijah C: from, 491 Berry, Reuben B.: from, 405-6; to, 411 Berryman, Thomas: from, 641 Berthoud, Nicholas: from, 406-7; to, 410-1 Bessieres, Jorge, 594-5n, 656 Best, Robert, 79-80n Bevan, Joseph Vallence, 117n Bibb, George M., 41, 266, 463n, 953 Bibb, Richard: to, 462-3 Bibb, Richard, Jr.: to, 462-3 Bickham, Martin: from, 779, 874 Biddle, Clement C: from, 777-8 Biddle, Nicholas: from, 41-2, 62, 100-1, 103, 118, 384, 777-8; to, 44-5, 49-50, 72-3, 93, 106, 126, 366, 454-5; named, 915-6 Binney, Horace, 367, 373 Binns, John: from, 84-5, 3845, 880; named, 333-4n, 377 Bissett, George: from, 778 Black, Alexander: to, 419-20 Black, John, 554-5n Blackburn, William B.: from, 888-9 Blackford, Isaac, 722 Blackwell, David: from, 534 Blackwell, Robert, 534n Blair, Eliza Violet Gist (Mrs. Francis Preston), 41, 48, 656, 861 Blair, Francis Preston: from, 41, 64-7, 90-2, 398-9, 603-6, 859-62; to, 9-11, 46-8, 4034; named, 59, 134, 136n, 289, 326n Blair, John: from, 880; named, 237 Blair, Samuel, Jr.: from, 572; to, 586-7; named, 564 Blair, Samuel, Sr., 564n Blair, William W., 564n Blake, George: from, 565-6; named, 440-In Blake, Joshua: from, 838 Blake, Thomas H.: from, 560-2, 866; named, 553

964

SECRETARY OF STATE

Boston Patriot, 559 "Blakeford," 365, 556 Boston Traveller, 441n Bland, Theodorick, 70, 83, Bosworth, Benijah, 512 312-3n Blanton, K. H. (Mrs.): with, Boudinot, Anice. See Stockton, Anice Boudinot (Mrs. 259-60, 703-4; named, 51-2n Richard) Bledsoe, Jesse: to, 226; named, 266, 337n, 505-6 Bowdoin College, 801 Bledsoe, Judith Ann. See Bowman, William, 459, 462n Brown, Judith Ann Bled- Bowsman, Nicholas. See soe (Mrs. Mason) Bausman Bledsoe, Moses O.: from, Boyer, Jean Pierre, 524 Boyer, John: from, 99 431-3; to, 445-6 Boyle, John: from, 13-4, 704Blendley, William, 14 6; named, 6n, 92, 433n, Bloomfield, Benjamin, Baron, 668, 673-4, 862n. See also 552-3n, 517, 519n Kentucky Court of Appeals Boden, Andrew: from, 120 Brackenridge, Henry Marie: Bodisco, Alexandre de, from, 315-6 518-20n Bodley, Thomas: from, 401, Bradburn, John D., 494 588; to, 404-5; named, 491, Bradford, Benjamin J., 420n Bradford, Fielding, 420n 509n, 637-8n, 679 Bohlen, John: to, 340; named, Bradford, John: to, 226; named, 266,409n 263, 332, 334n Bradford, Thomas G., 420, Boisblanc, (Mrs.), 665 430-1, 434 Boker, John Gottfried: from, Bradley, William A, 567n 216; named, 232 Bolivar, Simon, 1, 174, 195, Bradshaw, Benjamin: from, 233, 240, 242, 272, 284, 313, 427-8 396, 416, 426n, 443-4n, 487- Brady, John, 917 8, 493, 519, 559, 585, 643, Brand, Harriette Williman (Mrs. William 694, 737, 811, 833, 863, 865, Holley Moses), 58 907, 944 Brand, John, 58n, 457, 460-1 Bolton, Nathaniel: from, Brandywine (U.S. frigate), 822; named, 813 624-5n, 627n, 734, 792, 905Bomford, George, 735-6n 6n Bonaparte, Joseph. See Survilliers, Joseph Bonaparte, Brant Pontes, Felizberto Caldeira, 523, 643, 714 Count de Brasfield, James: from, 412-4; Bonaparte, Napoleon. See to, 418-9 Napoleon I of France Brazil, dispatches from, inBond, James, 890 structions to, notes to and Bond, Joshua: from, 890; to, from. See Bennett, James 266 H.; Bond, Joshua; CornBond, William Key, 806-7n ing, Leonard; Mansfield, Booker, Esther (Mrs. Samuel John Tucker; Raguet, P.). See Ray, Esther BookCondy; Rebello, Jose Siler (Mrs. James B.) vestre; Robinson, Jeremy; Booker, Samuel P., 721n Wright, William DeCourBoon, Ratliff: from, 926 sey Henry Borbon, Carlos Maria Breck, Daniel: from, 436-8; Isidro de, 594-5n to, 438-9 Borbon, Francisco de Paula Breck, Samuel, 33n, 438n Antonio de, 675 Breckinridge, James: from, Borden, Samuel, 53In Borgo, Charles Andre, Count 236 Pozzo di. See Pozzo di Breckinridge, Letitia. See Porter, Letitia BreckinBorgo ridge Grayson (Mrs. Peter Borie, John Joseph, 599n, Buell) 932 Borie and Laguerenne: from, Breckinridge, Mary Hopkins Cabell (Mrs. John), 18, 40 599, 908, 932, 950; named, Breckinridge, Robert: from, 918, 935, 952 406-7, 779; to, 410-1; named, Bosanquet, George, 133 Bose, William, 841. See also 915 Dobbin, Murphy, and Bose Breckinridge, Robert J., Boston Atheneum, 132n 51-2n

Brengle, Mary Catherine. See Scholl, Mary Catherine Brengle (Mrs. John) Brent, Daniel, 102n, 106n, 11 In, 113n, 119, 123n-4n, 128n, 132n, 140n, 143n, 178n, 192n, 224n, 239, 245n, 257n-9n, 271, 275n, 307, 311n, 315n, 323n, 327n, 334-5n, 370n, 373n, 377n80n, 403, 415n, 426n, 428n, 44 In, 448n, 467n, 476n, 528n, 546n, 560n, 580n, 591n-2, 596n, 614-5, 617. 627n, 633n, 636n, 642n, 646, 648n, 671n, 690, 727-8, 746, 750n-5n passim, 780n, 793n, 808n, 813n, 821n, 827n, 833n, 837-8n, 842n, 844, 854n, 877n, 885-6n, 894n, 903, 908n-9n, 917-8n, 945n, 950n-ln, 960n Brent, Robert, 613n Brent, Thomas, L. L.: from, 385-6, 406, 524, 526, 755, 772, 779, 820, 828, 833, 853-4, 876; to, 364, 933; named, 209n, 558-9, 815-6n Brent, William Brent, William L., 147, 165n, 954 "Brentwood," 612-3n Brian, Enoch, 894 Briant, William, 4, 6n Brice, James E.: from, 575, 751 Bridge, Nathan: from, 321 Briscoe, William H.: from, 110; named, 114 British and Foreign Bible Society, 940 Brodhead, Lucas, 713-4n Brodmax, Henry P., 283 Bronson, Alvin, 321 Bronson, Greene C, 587 Brooke, Francis T.: from, 213-4, 856-7, 906-7; to, 456, 55-6, 62-3, 67, 73-5, 87-8, 220-1, 308, 615, 867-8; named, 91-2n, 162, 164, 572, 827 Brooke, Robert Spottswood, 827, 856-7, 867 Brooking, Edward B.: from, 110 Brooking, James Henry, 111 Brookville (Ind.) Franklin Repository, 822 Brookville Inquirer (Ind.), 822 Broom, Thomas Randolph, 805-6n Brothers (sloop), 949 Brown, Ann Hart (Mrs. James), 39, 336-7, 453, 467, 536, 590, 601, 617-8, 735-6,

965

INDEX Brown, Ann Hart (cont.): 775-6, 818, 823, 893 passim, 939 Brown, Elizabeth. See Craighead, Elizabeth Brown (Mrs. Thomas B.) Brown, George I.: from, 4056, 455-6, 858; to, 411 Brown, George Washington: from, 427-8 Brown, Henry: from, 476 Brown, Henry O., 79n Brown, Hugh, 830, 890 Brown, Jacob J., 309-10n Brown, James: from, 132-6, 203-7, 240-1, 302-3, 362, 396, 398, 465-7, 487-8, 524-7, 593-6, 634-40 passim, 647, 655-8, 686, 693-4, 734-6, 773-6, 778, 818-20, 862, 8979, 933, 935-9, 952; to, 38-9, 193, 195, 259, 335-7, 372-3, 617-9, 627, 760-3, 822-4, 895-7; named, 216, 334, 366-7n, 448n, 453-4n, 5745, 619, 638n-9n, 647, 684, 729, 739-41, 767, 771-2, 8156n, 848, 850n, 893, 921, 925, 944 Brown, John, 448n Brown, Joshua, 98n Brown, Judith Ann Bledsoe (Mrs. Mason), 336-7n Brown, Margaret (Mrs. Joshua), 98n Brown, Mason: from, 388-9; to, 389-90; named, 336-7n Brown, Nicholas: from, 876 Brown, Preston, 448 Brown, Samuel, 79-80, 336, 407n, 448 Brown, Samuel M., 98 Brown, Silas: from, 909, 932 Brown, William H., 534n Brown, Winser, 750 Brown and Ives, 876n Browne, Peter A.: from, 92-3, 113, 195, 239, 367, 579, 628, 648; to, 181, 275, 373, 636; named, 110, 210, 258 Browne, William: from, 109; named, 631, 943n Brownell, Thomas Church: from, 546 Brown University, 864n, 866, 886n, 917n Bruce, Benjamin Franklin, 596 Bruce, George: from, 596 Bruce, John, 715-6. See also Gratz and Bruce; Morrison and Bruce Brunswick, Ferdinand, Duke of, 856 Bryan, Daniel, 459-62n, 499, 915-6n

Bryan, John: with, 509-10 Bryan, Richard T.: from, 600 Bryan, Thomas, 41 Bryan, William, 600 Bryant, John, 141n. See also Bryant and Sturgis Bryant and Sturgis, 141, 207, 288, 292. See also Sturgis, William Bubona, , 519 Buchanan, James, 63n Buchanan, John, 137-8 Buchanan, Maria Sophia Williams (Mrs. John), 138n Buchard, , 284-5 Buckley, Thomas. See Thomas Buckley and Son Buckner, Benjamin H.: from, 412-4; to, 418-9 Buckner, Richard A., 79n "Buck Spring," 398 Bucktail Party, 902n Buell, Almeria: from, 526-7 Buffalo Journal, 864 Buffalo Niagara Patriot, 746, 749, 802

Bufford, L. P. C, 458, 461n Buisson, Benjamin: from, 290-1

Bullitt, Cuthbert, 397n Bullitt, Thomas, 397n Bullitt, William: from, 397, 403, 954 Bullock, David, 414n Bullock, James P.: from, 412-4; to, 418-9 Bunting, Charles, 709 Burges, Tristam: from, 882; named, 870 Burnam, Thompson: from, 436-8; to, 438-9 Burnet, Jacob, 610-ln, 668 Burnet, Mary Ann. See Worthington, Mary Ann Burnet (Mrs. Vachel) Burton, Alexander: from, 117, 242, 493, 570, 596, 6601, 699, 760, 829 Burton, Francis, 118, 142 Burton, Hutchins G.: from, 755, 822, 834, 919, 940, 956; named, 926 Busby, Richard, 451, 453n Bustamente, Anastasio, 282n Bustos, Juan Bautista, 284 Butler, Anthony, 6, 8, 98 Butler, Edward George Washington, 309-10 Butler, Percival: from, 36-7 Buxton, Edmund S.: from, 840; named, 672, 728, 769, 787, 834 "Buzzard" (horse), 458 Bynkershoek, Cornelius van, 610-ln Byrd, Charles Willing, 806-7

Byron, George Gordon, 6th Baron, 9, lOn, 41, 206 Cabell, Mary Hopkins. See Breckinridge, Mary Hopkins Cabell (Mrs. John) Cabot, Stephen, 909 Cadmus (packet), 771, 905 Cadwalader, Thomas, 824-5n Caldwell, Alexander: from, 835; to, 773; named, 214-5, 235, 240, 780, 783n, 794 Caldwell, Charles: from, 8056; to, 226; named, 462n Caldwell, James: from, 304-5; named, 301 Caldwell, Joseph F., 935 Caldwell, Learning, 460, 462n Caldwell, Timothy, 309 Caldwell, William: from, 405-6; to, 411 Calhoun, John C: to, 7; named, 29, 32n, 55, 74-6n, 316, 318n, 336-7n, 635, 6512n, 919-20n Call, Daniel, 74-5, 633-4n, 672 Call, Jacob, 561-2n Call, Richard K., 22, 32n, 316 Calliope (vessel), 239, 371 Calypso (brig), 292, 330, 808 Camacho, Sebastian, 667, 699, 874 Cambreleng, Churchill C: from, 917; to, 932, 941-2 Cameron, Simon: from, 563 Camp, John G.: from, 746 Campbell, George W., 140, 951 Campbell, John, 875 Campbell, Levers, and Company, 494, 550 Campbell, Robert: from, 4334, 550; named, 494, 727 Campbell, Robert Blair: to, 33 Campbell, William H.: from, 854; named, 918. See also Dandridge Fariss and Company Campino, Joaquin, 791-2 Campofranco, Ferdinando, Count Lucchesi-Palli di. See Lucchesi-Palli Camron, William A., 259 Cafiaz, Antonio Jose: from, 103-4, 627, 827-8; to, 263-4, 639, 870; named, 99n, 279, 476, 788, 841, 926, 928 Canning, George, 94, 142, 180n, 212, 220n, 231, 2412n, 255n, 270, 277n, 301, 323-4, 342, 348-50, 354n, 444, 448, 517, 519n, 525, 528n, 538, 550, 571-7 passim, 590-ln, 595-6n, 619,

966 Canning, George (conf.): 640, 653, 691, 733, 739-45, 766-7, 777, 808, 858, 880n, 896, 907, 921, 944, 946 Canning, Stratford, 179-80n, 220n, 242, 309n, 341, 577, 607, 944 Cannon, Newton, 769 Canton (vessel), 527 Canton Ohio Repository, 791 Caperton, W. H.: from, 436-8; to, 438-9 Cape Verde Islands, dispatches from, instructions to. See Hodges, Samuel, Jr. Capitol (Frankfort, Ky.), 948-9n Capitol (Indianapolis), 800n Capitol (Washington, D. C), 790 Cardozo, John N., 922 Carey, James: from, 57-8 Carey, Mathew: from, 102, 596; to, 117, 416-7; named, 688, 882n "Carlisle Farm," 51n, 98n Carl John (Johan) (vessel), 322, 340n, 364, 574, 586, 662 Carlota Joaquina of Portugal, 371 Carnahan, James: from, 760; named, 727 Carneal, Thomas D., 672 Caro, Joseph E.: from, 677; to, 197, 736 Carolina Sentinel. See New Bern Carolina Sentinel Carpenter, C: 476 Carr, Dabney Smith, 95 Carrington, Edward: from, 876; named, 904, 908 Carroll, Mary Montgomery (Mrs. Thomas), 717-8n Carroll, William: from, 434, 716-8, 845-8; named, 900-2n Carter, . See Tucker and Carter Carter, Thomas, 548 Cartmell, Elijah, 458, 461n Carvalho e Mello, Luiz Joze de, 231, 371, 642, 714/768 Casa-Irujo, Carlos Maria Martinez, Marquis de, 545 Casey, Elizabeth Anderson Hammond (Mrs. Robert), 57-8n Casey, Robert: from, 57-8 Cass, Lewis: from, 237-8, 257, 428; to, 136-7; named, 137 Castelcicala, Fabrici Ruffo, Prince de, 634 Castleman, David, 459-60, 462n Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount, 323 Castro, (Brazil), 410 Caswell, Daniel J.: from, 889

SECRETARY OF STATE Catalan Nymph (schooner). See Ninfa Catalana Caton, Elizabeth, 206, 776 Caton, Louisa Catherine. See Hervey, Louisa Catherine Caton (Mrs. Felton Bathurst) Caton, Mary Ann. See Patterson, Mary Ann Caton (Mrs. Robert) Caton, Richard, 2O7n, 611 Causten, James H.: from, 287-8, 374, 599; to, 765 Celia (vessel), 615 Central Academy, 787n Central America, Federation of, dispatches from, instructions to, notes to and from. See Federation of Central America Centre College, 670n Cetto, Baron de, 661 Chacon, Ramundo, 192, 299, 382, 876n, 921 Chadwick, Ebenezer, 192, 195 Chamberlain, Nathaniel, 310-ln, 391, 412, 445 Chamberlain, Rebecca. See Fletcher, Rebecca Chamberlain (Mrs. Elijah) Chambers, David: from, 836-7 Chambers, George W., 407n Chambers, Henry, 494 Chambers, John: from, 391-2; to, 392-3 Champion (vessel), 526, 559 Chandler, John: from, 835 Chapin, Roswell: from, 749 Charles II of England, 362n Charles X of France, 132, 274-5n, 303, 525, 548, 6578n, 823n, 938 Charles II of Parma, 434 Charles IV of Spain, 174 Charles XIII of Sweden, 519n Charles XIV of Sweden and Norway, 231, 237n, 450, 517-9, 525, 537, 570, 575, 873-4n, 957 Charles Felix of Sardinia, 205-6n, 434 Charleston (S.C.) City Gazette and Commercial Daily Advertiser, 141, 925 Charleston (S.C.) Southern Patriot, 922 Charlton, Thomas U. P.: from, 137, 828 Chase, John, 123n, 654-5n Chase, Jonathan, 755 Chase, Philander: from, 44, 385; named, 786 Chase, Sophia May Ingraham (Mrs. Philander), 385

Chateaubriand, Francois Auguste Rene, Vicomte de, 556 Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Company, 29-32n Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 138n, 314, 872n Chester, Robert Johnson (I.), 840 Chester and Delaware Federalist. See West Chester (Penna.) Village Record Cheves, Langdon: from, 109, 201,291-2; to, 308-9; named, 76, 141, 343-54 passim, 777, 816 Chew, Henry B., 908, 931-2, 950 Chile, dispatches from, instructions to. See Allen, Heman; Hogan, Michael; Larned, Samuel; Wynn, Daniel Chillicothe Ohio Herald, 420n Chillicothe Supporter and Scioto Gazette, 119-20 Chillicothe Weekly Recorder, 871n China (vessel), 327n China, dispatches from, instructions to. See Thomson, John R. Chinn, Richard H., 461-2n Chouteau, Auguste, 325 Chouteau, Auguste Pierre: from, 322-3; named, 325, 335, 690, 837, 844 Chrisman, Hugh: from, 427-8 Chrisman, Joseph H.: from, 405-6; to, 411 Christian VIII of Denmark, 580-ln Christian Society of the New Jerusalem, 133n Christophe, Henri, 235, 441 Chronicle and Advertiser. See Augusta (Ga.) Chronicle and Advertiser Cincinnati Advertiser, 495 Cincinnati College. See University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Gazette. See Cincinnati Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Gazette Cincinnati Hotel, 531n Cincinnati Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Gazette, 2Hn, 676. See also Hammond, Charles City Gazette and Commercial Daily Advertiser. See Charleston (S. C.) City Gazette and Commercial Daily Advertiser "Civis" (pseud.), 843n

967

INDEX Claggett, Albert J., 202-3, 765-6n, 791 Claiborne, William Charles Cole, 398n Claiborne, William Charles Cole (younger), 56n, 504 Clapp, Joshua B., 232 Clara (vessel), 903 Clarion. See Nashville Clarion Clark, (captain), 532 Clark, Alexander, 98 Clark, Amos: from, 734, 852 Clark, Archibald, 221-2, 591 Clark, Eliza: to, 637, 690, 728; named, 590n, 601 Clark, Elizabeth. See Anderson, Elizabeth Clark (Mrs. Richard C, Sr.) Clark, James: from, 412-4; to, 418-9; named, 886, 888 Clark, John, 98 Clark, John (Lexington, Ky.), 98n, 458, 461n Clark, John (Ga.), 677n, 794 Clark, Joseph Hill: from, 840, 885; to, 261; named, 711-2 Clark, Maskline, 441, 444 Clark, Saterlee: to, 635; named, 678 Clark, William, 365n Clarke, , 514 Clarke, Matthew St. Clair, 113 Clarke, Thomas A.: from, 436-8; to, 438-9 Clarke, William: from, 427-8 Clarksburg (W.Va.) Intelligencer, 830 Clarkson and Kendricks, 71 Clary, Desiree. See Desiree of Sweden Clary, Julie. See Survilliers, Julie Clary, (Mrs. Joseph Bonaparte), Countess de Clavering, D. C, 575, 586 Clay, Anne Brown. See Erwin, Anne Brown Clay (Mrs. James) Clay, Eliza, 546-7n, 550-1, 559, 571, 586n, 589, 598, 600, 657-8n, 660n, 665-6n, 674, 734, 770, 784, 795n, 807n-8n, 817n, 837n, 943, 953-4n Clay, Elizabeth Hudson (Mrs. John). See Watkins, Elizabeth Hudson Clay (Mrs. Henry) Clay, Henrietta, 756 Clay, Henry, Jr., 503 Clay, James Brown, 571, 590, 787n Clay, John: from, 391; named, 216, 400, 583-4n Clay, John Minor, 571, 590

Clay, Julie Duralde (Mrs. John), 659-60n, 665-6n Clay, Laura, 756 Clay, Lucretia Hart (Mrs. Henry): to, 589-90; named, 7, 38-9, 77, 206, 210, 336-7n, 453, 467, 498-9, 527, 536, 570, 598, 601, 605, 657-9, 713, 718, 720, 734-6, 747, 755-6, 758, 772, 775-6, 795, 799, 807, 817, 822, 840, 848-9, 873, 888, 893-902 passim, 906, 910, 937, 939, 943, 954 Clay, Porter: from, 713-4 Clay, Susan Hart. See Duralde, Susan Hart (Mrs. Martin, Jr.) Clay, Theodore Wythe: from, 816-8; named, 449, 458, 460, 499, 503-4, 667-8n, 712-3n, 727 Clay, Thomas Hart, 13, 492, 510, 589, 674, 705-7, 727 Claypool, Abraham, 62n Claypool, Newton: from, 701-2 Clayton, Thomas: from, 444 Clinton, DeWitt: from, 925; to, 723, 818, 956; named, 16-8, 55, 81, 112, 129-31, 193, 286-7n, 318-9n, 529, 531n, 547, 551, 559, 597n, 717, 748, 811, 836, 858-9n, 900, 902n, 919-20, 955 Clopper, F. C: from, 191 Cobb, Thomas W.: from, 956; to, 958 Cobossee Contee (brig), 401 Coburn, Wilson: from, 388-9; to, 389-90 Cochrane, Thomas, 10th Earl of Dundonald, 104, 231, 370-1, 395, 409, 500, 523, 525, 562, 597, 640, 907 Coffee, William J.: from, 790, 885 Coffin, George W., 828-9n, 875, 881, 910, 951 Coger, Thomas T.: from, 427-8; named, 435 Colbyville Tavern, 414n Coleman, Catherine Rogers (Mrs. Farish), 639n Coleman, Chapman: from, 886; named, 672n Coleman, Farish, 639n Coles, Edward, 534n Colin, John B., 678 College of New Jersey. See Princeton University Collett, Benjamin: from, 539-40 Colombia, dispatches from, instructions to, notes to and from. See Anderson, Richard C, Jr.; Fudger,

Colombia (cont.): Harris E.; MacNeal, Charles; MacPherson, John M.; Nones, Abraham B.; Salazar, Jose Maria; Watts, Beaufort T.; Wheelwright, William Colston, Edward: from, 288 Colston, George, 959 Colton, Samuel, 895, 904, 906-7n Columbian. See Henderson (Ky.) Columbian Columbian Observer. See Philadelphia Columbian Observer Columbia University, 904n Colvin, A. S. (Mrs. John B.), 671 Colvin, John B.: from, 671 Commerce (vessel), 917, 936 Commercial Advertiser. See New York Commercial Advertiser; Portsmouth Commercial Advertiser Commercial and Farmers Bank (Baltimore, Md.), 69n Commodore Rodgers (vessel), 749 Concord New Hampshire Patriot, 955n Congress of Panama, 242, 397, 443, 493, 501, 559, 565, 567, 585, 645, 684-5, 725n, 788, 801, 805, 811, 813-4, 823, 826, 828, 848, 851, 859, 868-71, 877, 889-93n, 905, 927, 958 Conincke, Patrice-CharlesGislain, Chevalier de, 517, 627, 771 Conkling, Alfred: to, 597, 932; named, 858-9n, 934 Connell, John, 139, 231, 256, 450, 517, 537-8n, 571, 616, 731, 753, 820, 850-ln, 8724n, 957 Connelly, William, 312 Connett, W. C, 502n Constant (brig), 443, 447 Constantine Pavlovich, Grand Duke of Russia, 923-4n, 937-8, 944, 950n Constellation (U. S. frigate), 899n Constitution (U. S. frigate), 278n, 899 Constitution (slave vessel), 701n Constitutional Whig. See Richmond (Va.) Constitutional Whig Constitutionnel. See Paris Constitutionnel Cook, Daniel Pope, 147-8, 165n, 541-2, 544n, 914 Cook, Francis, 198n

968

SECRETARY OF STATE

Crittenden, John J.: from, Cook, Samuel, 800n, 894 Cook, Zebedee, Jr.: from, 566; 67-9, 236-7, 398-9, 426, 672named, 565 4, 948-9; to, 288-9, 403-4, Cookendorfer, Thomas: from, 550-1, 585-6, 629, 750-1; 376 named, 10-ln, 41, 48, 65, Coons, George, 457-8, 461n 67n, 88, 91-2, 134, 136n, Cooper, Spencer, 458-61 144, 189, 283, 419, 576, Cope, Thomas Pym, 824-5 606n, 859, 861n, 942-3 Coquette (schooner), 300n Crittenden, Judith Harris Cornell, James: from, 327 (Mrs. John), 237n Corning, Leonard: to, 216; Crocker, Thomas: from, 809 Crockett, Joseph: from, named, 642 427-8; named, 442n Corry, William, 531n Corwin, Matthias: from, Crombrugghe de Looringhe, P., Baron von, 453 539-40 Corwin, Thomas: from, 259, Crosby, Platt H.: from, 397, 591, 649-50; to, 622-3 539-40, 936 Cory, William. See Corry Cross, Frances Maria Halsey Cotheal, David: from, 307 (Mrs. George Warren), 192n Cotheal, Henry: from, 307 Cross, George Warren: from, Coulter, John, 394, 837 192; to, 216 Couper, John, 109, 201, 291, Crowell, John: from, 386; named, 50In 343, 354n Courrier-Francais. See Paris Crowell, Prentiss, 140 Courrier-Francais Crowninshield, Benjamin W., Cowan, James: from, 4-6 146, 165n, 191, 196, 199, Cowan, William C, 500 202, 207, 926 Cowper, John. See Couper Crutcher, George B., 327 Cox, John: from, 779-80; Cruzat, Manuel, 402, 954 named, 789 Cuba, dispatches from, inCox, Nathaniel, 14-5n, 310structions to, notes to and ln, 835. See also Bartlett from. See Diamond, F. M.; Gray, Vincent; Robertson, and Cox Thomas B.; Rodney, ThomCox, William: from, 706-7; as McKean; Shoemaker, to, 715; with, 707 Lewis; Vives, Francisco DiCox, Zachariah, 270 onisio; Warner, John; Coxe, Charles D.: from, 306Wright, James J. 7, 315; to, 808-9; named, Culley, David V.: from, 786; 278 named, 756, 758n, 786, 795, Coyle, John A., 265 802 Craig, Elijah, 639n Cumberland Presbyterian Craig, Elijah W., 460 Church, 569n Craig, Joel, 639n Craighead, Elizabeth Brown Cumberland Road. See National Road (Mrs. Thomas B.), 449n Cunningham, Isaac: from, Craighead, James B., 412-4; to, 418-9 448-9n Crane, Ambrose, 599, 600n, Cunningham, John: from, 427-8 723 Crawford, William (Ala.): Curacao, dispatches from, infrom, 689; named, 688, 863, structions to. See Parker, Cortland L. 880, 932, 953 Crawford, William (George- Curry, Thomas: to, 238; named, 51-2n town, D. C): from, 727; Curson, Samuel: from, 852 named, 753, 760, 795 Crawford, William H., 9-1 In, Curtis, Robert I., 835 15, 17, 27, 34, 38, 45, 50, Cuthbert, John: from, 446, 562 55-6, 63n, 67-9, 73-6n, 81, 89, 97, 129, 144, 149-52, Cyane (U. S. corvette), 443 158, 166n, 189, 214, 221-2, Cygnet (brig), 880 232, 285-6, 308, 317, 363, 422, 426n, 540-4n passim, Dabney, Charles W.: from, 755 847-8n, 911-2, 914n Creighton, William, Jr.: from, Dade, William A. G., 573 76, 806, 824-5, 892-3; named, Daggett, David: from, 267; to, 613 88, 633-4n, 672, 945

Daily, William: from, 725 Daily Advertiser. See New York Daily Advertiser Daingerfield, Henry: from, 580 Dallam, William S., 721 Dallas, George, 333 Damas, Ange-Hyacinthe-Maxence, Baron de, 136, 240-1, 302, 466-7, 535-7, 593, 656, 686, 693-4, 740-1, 763, 7667, 862, 897, 935 Dames de la Sagesse (religious order), 669 Dana, James G.: from, 746 Dandridge Fariss and Company, 331, 854, 918 Darby, Patrick H.: from, 398-9; to, 403-4 Dardin, Amy, 914 Darnaby, James, 788n Dartmouth (British frigate), 274n David (slave), 721 Davidge, Rezin H., 67n, 6734n, 718. See also Kentucky Court of Appeals Davidson, Charles, 639n Davidson, James, 888 Davidson and Goddard, 639n Davies, John: from, 288 Davis, David: from, 391-2; to, 392-3 Davis, Hugh, 887 Davis, James E.: from, 667-8, 732; with, 758-9 Davis, John: to, 14, 374; named, 232-3n Davis, Nicholas: from, 678, 863 Davis, William, 492 Davis, William A., 671n Davis and Force: from, 671 Dawson, Moses: from, 494-5 Dawson, William, 810 Day, David M., 864 Dearborn, Henry, 209n, 670n, 755n Dearborn, Henry A. S.: from, 786; to, 760n; named, 670 Dearing, William L. S.: from, 416, 403 Deblieux, H. F., 290-1 DeCruise, Lawrence: from, 727 Dee, James: to, 725 DeForest, Benjamin, 495 D'Hane family, 453 DeHaven, Peter, 813, 877, 926 Delafield, Joseph: from, 6778; named, 816, 830 Delaporte, Lewis, 514 Delaunay, David: from, 365; named, 285, 301

969

INDEX Delaware and Chesapeake Canal. See Chesapeake and Delaware Canal Company Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, 918n Delaware Insurance Company, 105n, 617, 631, 635, 637, 641 Delgado, Jose Mateas, 282n Dellet, James, 688, 798-9n, 909 Demming, J., 116 Democratic Party, 887. See also Republican Party Democratic Press. See Philadelphia Democratic Press DeMun, Jules: from, 322-3; named, 325, 335, 690, 837, 844 DeMun, Louis, Count, 325 Denham, John, 924 Denmark, dispatches to, instructions from, notes to and from. See Hughes, Christopher; Pedersen, Peter; Rainals, John Dennis, Lucy B. See Gregg, Lucy B. Dennis (Mrs. Milton) Denny, James W., 638-9n Derbigny, Pierre Auguste Charles: from, 402 DeRham, Henry C: from, DeRham, Iselin, and Moore, 383n Dernath, Count de, 772 Desha, Isaac B., 66n, 77-9n, 603, 605n Desha, John, 706 Desha, Joseph, 12, 33n, 59n, 64, 66n, 78, 603, 605n, 611, 673-4n, 817-8n, 825, 859 915-6n, 948-9 Desiree of Sweden, 519n Detroit Gazette, 51 In Devereux, John (Don Juan), 407, 487-8n, 519-20n DeWolf, James, 93, 870 Diamond, F. M.: from, 726, 811-2, 879; named, 752 Dick (brig), 93, 290n, 493, 570 Dickinson, William R.: from, 785-6; named, 679 Digges, William Dudley, 147, 165n Dill, Alexander Hamilton, 728, 842 Dill, James: from, 728, 786, 842 Dillahunty, Lewis, 270 Dillard, Ryland T.: from, 412-4; to, 418-9 Dillon, John D.: with, 449 J • Diomed" (horse), 458, 461n

Dishman, John, 460, 462n Dobbin, George, 841n Dobbin, Murphy, and Bose: from, 874; named, 841 n Dobbin, Robert A., 841n. See also Dobbin, Murphy, and Bose Dodge, Joshua: from, 549, 566, 627, 772 Doherty, William, 806-7n, 892-3n Donaldson, Samuel J.: from, 72, 83-4, 312-3; to,' 69, 4989; with, 69-71; named, 57-8, 513n Donaldsonville (La.) La Fourche Gazette, 778 Donelson, Rachel. See Jackson, Rachel Donelson Robards (Mrs. Andrew) Dongelot, Count, 575n, 744-5n Donner, Appleton: to, 268 Don Quixote (packet ship), 532, 536 Dorr, John: from, 726, 829; to, 737 Dorsey, Frederick, 598-9n D'Oubril. See Oubril, Pierre d' Dougherty, Daniel: to, 751 Dougherty, William. See Doherty Douglas, Charles: from, 494; named, 456, 924 Douglas, Howard, 3d Baronet of Carr, 197, 390, 828-9n, 851, 910-ln Douglas, Richard: from, 924; named, 494 Douglas, Thomas, 225, 889, 926 Douglass, Charles, 540 Douglass, John: to, 258 Douglass, R. H., 120-ln Downing, Francis, 513, 788 Downton, Richard, 502, 788 Doylestown Farmer (Penna.), 308n Drake, Daniel: from, 79-81; named, 144, 165n, 317-9n, 407n Drayton, William: from, 106, 197-8, 922; to, 134 Duane, William: from, 810-3 Dudley, Ambrose: from, 401; to, 404-5; named, 462n Dudley, Benjamin Winslow, 401n, 462n, 608-9n Dudley, Jephthah: from, 3989; to, 403-4; named, 41, 401n, 462n Dudley, Peter, 41, 401n, 462n Dudley, William, 401n, 462n Dudley, William Eylett, 458, 462n

Duer, William A., 600 Duhy, Charles William: from, 402-3 Duke, Basil: from, 391-2; to, 392-3 Duke, Thomas M., 66n Dun, Walter: from, 633-4; to, 35-6, 672; named, 806 Dunbar, George T., 69n Duncan, Joseph: from, 198; named, 89 Duncan, William: from, 301; named, 527-8n Dundonald. See Cochrane, Thomas, 10th Earl of Dunlap, William, 459, 462n Dunlavy, Francis: from, 539-40 Dunlevy, Anthony Howard: from, 539-40; to, 592 Dunn, Nathaniel: from, 427-8; to, 434-5 DuPont, Victor: from, 376; to, 952 Dupre (or Dupres), (Mrs. Augustin), 14 Dupre (or Dupres), Augustin, 15 Dupuy, Charles, 598-9n Duralde, Henry Clay, 15-6n, 336-7n, 571, 659-60n, 6656n, 756 Duralde, Julie. See Clay, Julie Duralde (Mrs. John) Duralde, Louise. See Soniat du Fossat, Louise Duralde (Mrs. Joseph) Duralde, Martin, Jr.: from, 14-5; named, 82, 397-8n, 570-1, 658-60, 665-6, 822 Duralde, Martin, III, 336-7n, 571, 659-60n, 665-6n, 756 Duralde, Susan Hart Clay (Mrs. Martin, Jr.): from, 570-1; named, 15-6n, 82, 336-7n, 658-60, 665-6, 734, 736n, 756, 770-ln, 784, 795n, 807n-8n, 817n, 822, 837n, 893, 899n, 906, 943, 953-4n Dutton, George, 330n DuVal, Ann Foucher Tebbs (Mrs. John Pope), 573 DuVal, John Pope, 572-3 DuVal, Samuel Pope, 573n DuVal, William: from, 572-3; named, 615 DuVal, William P.: from, 94-5, 866, 921-2; to, 200; named, 573n, 615 Duvall, Gabriel: from, 375; named, 110 E. and R. Henry: with, 514 Eagle. See Maysville Eagle Eagle Insurance Company, 566n

970 Eastern Argus. See Portland Eastern Argus East India Company, 940n Eaton, John: from, 300-1 Eaton, John H.: from, 191-2, 198-200, 207-8; to, 196-7, 201-2; named, 146, 165n, 221, 227, 265, 282, 318-9n, 333-4n, 364, 717-8n, 846-8n, 901 Eaton, Lewis, 34 Eckford, Henry, 426n, 918 Eddy, Samuel: from, 869-70 Edenton (N.C.) Gazette, 951 Edmiston, Joseph William, 98-9n, 265-6n, 499 Edward Carrington and Company, 904 Edward Quesnel (vessel), 440 Edwards, ,8 Edwards, James L.: from, 621-2 Edwards, John, 36-7 Edwards, Lucretia Maria. See Green, Lucretia Maria Edwards (Mrs. Duff) Edwards, Martha Hughes (Mrs. John), 36 Edwards, Ninian: from, 5405, 911-4; named, 284n, 379n, 834n Edwards, Ogden: from, 380 Edwards, Presley, 283-4n Edwardsville Spectator (111.), 834 Egafia, Juan, 792 Egafia, Mariano, 619-20 Ehrenheim, Frederick Wilhelm von, 517-9n Eldridge, Charles: from, 866-7 Eliot, Anna. See Ticknor, Anna Eliot (Mrs. George) Elizabeth Ann (brig), 416, 425-6n Elkins, Samuel, 835 Ellery, John S., 463-4n Elliott, Jonathan: from, 908 Ellis, Edward D., 428 Ellis, James: from, 391-2; to, 392-3 Ellis, John S., 291-2, 350 Ellis, Moses P., 449 Elmendorf, Lucas C, 714n Engestrom, Lars, Count d', 231n, 665n Englehart, Gustaf, 290 English, Isaac: from, 201; named, 137 English, Thomas, 134, 137, 196, 201 Enquirer. See Richmond (Va.) Enquirer Erie Canal, 20, 32n, 532n, 920 Erskine, David: from, 290; named, 255-6

SECRETARY OF STATE Ewing, Robert A.: from, Erving, George W., 139, 283-4; named, 577n 453-4n Erwin, Andrew; from, 420; Ewing, Urbin, 284n, 569n, named, 434n, 601, 716-8n, 576-7n 900-2n Ewing, William Y. C, 576-7n Erwin, Anne. See Hitchcock, Ewing, Young (brother of Robert), 284n, 569n, 576, Anne Erwin (Mrs. Henry) 859, 861n Erwin, Anne Brown Clay (Mrs. James), 15-6n, 82, Ewing, Young (son of 336-7n, 571, 589-90, 598-9n, Robert): from, 576-7 601, 717, 734, 736n, 756, Exchange (brig), 104-5n, 231, 797, 799, 840, 901 523, 562, 636, 768 Erwin, James: from, 797-9; Eyre, Manuel, 952n to, 81-2, 598-601; named, 15-6n, 510, 550, 571, 589- Falmouth (vessel), 299n 90, 717, 901-2n Fariss, Dandridge: from, 331, Erwin, John P.: from, 430-1, 854; named, 918 900-2; named, 258n, 601, Farmers Bank of Jessamine (Ky.), 455-6 717-8n Faulkner, John, 433n Erwin, Julia D., 571n Faures, Francis Benjamin: Espartero, Baldomero, 396 Espy, Josiah M., 198 from, 566 Esselstyne (Essylstyne), John Fayette Hospital (Ky.), 552n Fayette Paper Manufacturing B., 125 Esterhazy, Prince Paul Company (Ky.), 506 Anthony, 142, 205-6n Fayetteville North Carolina Esteva, Jose Ignacio, 236, 583, Journal, 77On 733, 874 Featherstonhaugh, George Esther (vessel), 726, 737, William: to, 34, 83 Federation of Central Amer829 ica, dispatches from, inEustis, George: from, 665-6 structions to, notes to and Eustis, William, 666n from. See Cafiaz, Antonio Evans, , 628n Jose; Savage, Charles; WilEvans, Bennett H., 498n liams, John Evans, Britton: from, 958-9 Evans, David E.: from, 476 Ferdinand VII of Spain, l-2n, Evans, Harvey D., 806-7n 93-4, 133, 172, 209, 241n, Evans, Thomas, 648-9n, 734, 290, 292, 307, 367, 371-6 passim, 397n, 402, 519-20n, 738, 852 525, 532n, 566, 575, 594-5n, Evans, Washington, 725 629-30, 634n, 642, 656, 667, Evansville (Ind.) Gazette, 675, 685, 689n, 712, 742-3, 637, 648-9n, 734, 738 751, 768, 772-3, 873-4n, Everett, Alexander H.: from, 119, 275, 287, 307, 323, 375, 896, 903, 946 386, 403, 440-1, 539, 556, Ferdinand I of the Two 575, 629-30, 634-5, 642, 689, Sicilies, 206n, 369n 738, 751, 767-8, 772, 778, Ferguson, James: from, 632-3 812, 841, 875-6, 903; to, Ferguson, Richard, 407n 289-90, 292-0, 841-2; named, Ferguson, William: to, 567 192n, 239, 257, 267, 307, Fernandez, Manuel Felix. See 322n, 366, 372, 467, 525, Victoria, Guadalupe 570, 684, 694, 699, 774, 780, Ficklin, Joseph, 510 Fielding, Robert, 564 815-6n, 819, 894 Everett, Edward: from, 959; Findlay, James: from, 926; named, 440 named, 107n Everett, John: from, 267; Findlay, John, 107n named, 232-3n, 275, 289, Findlay, N. C: from, 106-7 Findlay, William, 107n 440 Ewing, Ephraim McLean: to, Finley, Thomas: from, 769; 462-3; named, 576-7n named, 755, 773 Ewing, Finis: from, 567-9; Fisher, Maddox, 506n Fisher, Rodney, 620 named, 576 Fiske, Ebenezer, 408, 456 Ewing, John: from, 863; Fitzgerald, John: from, 365 named, 577n Ewing, Robert (Ky.): to, 462- Fitzpatrick, Richard, 89-90 3; named, 283-4n, 569n, Flaget, Benedict Joseph: from, 668-70 576

INDEX

971

Francisca of Portugal, 385 Gales, Joseph, Jr. See Gales Fletcher, Elijah, 678 and Seaton / Fletcher, Rebecca Chamber- Frankfort (Ky.) Argus of lain (Mrs. Elijah), 391 n Western America, 77, 79n, Gales and Seaton: to, 48; 719-20n, 747, 942. See also named, 611 Fletcher, Thomas H., 847-8n, Kendall, Amos Gallagher, John, 276n 900, 902n Gallatin, Albert: from, 813, Flint, Zacheus, Jr.: from, Frankfort Bridge Company 826; to, 801, 814; named, 111 (Ky.), 45 161, 188n, 204, 467, 832, Flood, William, 15-6n Frankfort (Ky.) Commentator, 897, 905 Florida Intelligencer. See 746 Gait, Patrick Henry, 502n Tallahassee Florida Intel- Frankfort (Ky.) Harbinger, Gait, William C, 407n ligencer 611n Garcia, Manuel Jose, 179, Flournoy, Francis, 426 Franklin (U. S. ship), 397, 250-ln, 537, 652, 833, 865 Flournoy, Matthews: from, 501, 622 401; to, 404-5 Gardner, Benjamin: to, 844; Franklin and Marshall named, 835, 838, 854 Floyd, Davis: from, 564 College, 753n Franklin Bank of Washing- Garr, Andrew S.: from, 383; Floyd, John, 857 named, 380 ton (Penna.), 382n Follett, Frederick: from, 5234; named, 464, 476, 867 Franklin Gazette. See Phil- Gaston, William: from, 612adelphia A urora and Frank- 3; to, 612 Follett, Oran: from, 464, 867; lin Gazette Gatewood, Thomas: from, named, 82, 864 895 Foote, Mary. See Lane, Mary Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania for Gay, John, 721-2 Foote Hawes (Mrs. Amos) the Promotion of the Me- Gay, Payton: to, 870 Forbes, James G.: from, 380-1 chanic Arts, 92, 195, 239, Gazette. See Edenton (N.C.) Forbes, John M.: from, 179, 258, 275, 579, 628, 636 Gazette; Indianapolis Ga197, 200, 284, 320-1, 390-1, zette; Wheeling Gazette 395-6, 488, 495-6, 506, 514, Franklin Repository. See 537, 652-3, 737, 768, 833, Brookville (Ind.) Franklin Gazlay, James W., 227n 865-6, 943-4; to, 246-50, Repository Gederkin, Lathrop: from, 132 631-2; named, 139, 261, Fraser, Donald: from, 749 Gelston, Samuel, 560 380n, 516, 815-6n, 821, 827 Frazier, Jeremiah: from, General Brown (vessel), 416, 427-8; to, 434-5 425-6n, 687, 792, 875, 909 Force, Peter: to, 232-3; , named, 671 Frederick VI of Denmark, General Carrington (vessel), 140n, 452, 569-70, 580 327n, 904 Ford, Athanasius: from, 885 Frederick II of Prussia, General Jackson (schooner), Ford, Ben B., 465 844n 224 Ford, William D.: from, 125 Frederick (Md.) Political General Santander (vessel), Examiner, 334 123n Foreman, Stephen W.: from, 378-80 Free and Accepted Masons, General Theological Semi110, 115, 457n, 563n nary (Protestant Episcopal Forrest, Richard: from, 110; Church), 904n with, 728-9; named, 674, , Grand Lodge of 823 George I of Great Britain, Kentucky, 455 844n Forsyth, John: from, 936; to, , Williamsburg Lodge George IV of Great Britain, 661, 951-2; named, 54n, (Va.), 750n 74-5n, 148, 165n-6n, 214, Freire, Ramon de, 632, 791, 307, 340, 342, 453n, 472, 821 George, William S., 98 221 875 Forsyth, Robert, 214 Georgetown College (D.C.), Froberville, Prosper, 874 Foster, Hugh: from, 492; 669-70n Fromentin, Eligius, 14, 16n named, 51-2n Fudger, Harris E.: from, 566, Georgetown (D.C.) ColumFoster, Robert C, 783n-4n bian Repository, 420n 894 Foster, Thomas: to, 462-3 George Washington Hill and Fuller, Timothy: from, 661 Fowler, John, 401n Company, 854 Fullerton, David: from, 914"Fowler's Garden," 401 5; named, 113 Georgia Messenger. See Macon Georgia Messenger Fox, Charles: from, 921 Furst, Moritz, 959 Foy, Maximilien-Sebastien, German states, dispatches from, instructions to. See 898-9n G. G. and S. Howland: from, Boker, Gottfried; Clark, JoFrance, dispatches from, in395 seph Hill; Cuthbert, John; structions to, notes to and Gabriac, Paul Joseph AlWickelhausen, Frederick from. See Brown, James; phonse Marie Ernest de Jacob Dodge, Joshua; Mareuil, Cadoine, Marquis de, 126 Durand, Baron de; Menou, Gadsby, John, 940n Gibbs, George W., 900-2n Charles Julius, Count de. Gadsby's Hotel (Washington), Gibson, Edward R.: from, See also Guadeloupe; Isle 840; named, 339 940 of France Gaillard, John, 141, 852-3n, Gibson, George: from, 714 Francis I of Austria, 133, 205, 856 Gibson, James, 51n 242n, 434, 488n, 931, 936 Gaines, Edmund Pendleton: Gibson, Spencer E.: from, 237 Francis I of the Two Sicilies, to, 309-10; named, 501n, Gibson, William, 50-1 205-6n, 434, 497, 626, 634 607, 676-9, 690, 794, 846 Gideon, Jacob, 587n

972 Giles, William Branch, 827, 857, 867 Gist, Eliza Violet. See Blair, Eliza Violet Gist (Mrs. Francis Preston) Gist, Joshua: from, 238 Gist, Mordecai, 238 Glenn, John, 126n Goddard, John, 639n Godman, John D.: from, 620; named, 79-80n Goldsmidt, B. A. See B. A. Goldsmidt and Company Goldwaith, John, 275 G6mez, Juan Maria, 674 Gomez, William, 311, 315n Gomez Pedraza, Manuel, 699, 700n, 876 Gooch, Claiborne W., 214, 651-2n Goodenow, John M.: from, 235 Goodwin, Hugh, Jr.: to, 137; named, 238 Goodwin, Lyde: from, 126 Goodwin, Robert M.: from, 800; named, 828, 845 Gordon, Adam, 887 Goulburn, Jane Montagu (Mrs. Henry), 450, 453n Gould, John F., 554-5, 581 Govan, Andrew R.: from, 909, 922 Gower, -—. See Wiseman, Gower, and Company Gracie, Archibald: from, 1423, 311, 421; to, 213; named, 206n, 890n Gracie, Eliza. See King, Eliza Gracie (Mrs. Charles) Gracie, Esther. See Lawrence, Esther Gracie (Mrs. William Beach) Graeff, John, Jr.: from, 960 Graham, Christopher C.: from, 608-9 Graham, George, 577n, 634, 672, 872, 874n Graham, John, 633-4n Graham Springs, 608, 609n Grampus (U.S. schooner), 300n, 447, 534n Grand Masonic Lottery (Ky.), 455 Grant, George. See Allen and Grant Grant, John, Jr., 321-2n Granville, Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl of, 241, 303, 574, 7667, 944 Gratz, Benjamin, 37, 551, 860-In. See also Gratz and Bruce Gratz, Simon: from, 109 Gratz and Bruce, 419, 449. See also Bruce, John; Morrison and Bruce

SECRETARY OF STATE Graves, Benjamin, 137 Graves, James, Jr.: from, 468; named, 499 Graves, James, Sr.: from, 468; named, 499 Gray, J. F., 263 Gray, Richard, 459, 462n Gray, Susannah. See Hart, Susannah Gray (Mrs. Thomas, Sr.) Gray, Vincent: from, 216-7, 592; named, 271, 274n, 376 Grayson, Letitia Breckinridge. See Porter, Letitia Breckinridge Grayson (Mrs. Peter Buell) Great Britain, dispatches from, instructions to, notes to and from. See Addington, Henry Unwin; Aspinwall, Thomas; King, Rufus; Maury, James; Rush, Richard; Smith, John Adams; Vaughan, Charles R. See also Antigua, Malta Greely, Philip: from, 921 Green, Duff, 379n, 567, 576 Green, John: from, 391-2; to, 392-3 Green, Lucretia Maria Edwards (Mrs. Duff), 379n Green, Samuel: from, 232 Greene, Gardiner, 426n Greene, Richard W.: from, 871; named, 866, 876, 882, 885, 904, 908 Greenup, Samuel, 464-5n Greenville American Economist and East Tennessee Statesman, 800 Greenville Springs. See Graham Springs Gregg, Harvey: from, 225-6, 728, 821; named, 186, 188n, 261n Gregg, Lucy B. Dennis (Mrs. Milton): from, 526-7 Gregg, Milton: from, 786; named, 527n, 756, 758n, 786, 795, 802 Gregory, Francis H., 300n Griffin, Thomas: from, 245 Griffith, Arabella. See Wharton, Arabella Griffith (Mrs. Thomas I.) Grilli, Francisco, 931 Griswold, George, 327n Griswold, Nathaniel L., 327n Gros, D., 659-60n Grosh, Eleanor. See Hart, Eleanor Grosh (Mrs. Thomas, Jr.) Grosvenor, John H., 960 Grotius, Hugo, 610-ln Grotjan, Peter A., 372n

Grotjan's Philadelphia Public Sale Report, 372 Grundy, Felix: from, 540; to, 417; named, 494, 847-8n, 900-2n Guadeloupe, dispatches from, instructions to. See Faures, Francis Benjamin Gual, Pedro, 122-3, 235, 3645, 493, 644-5, 654, 811, 868, 892-3n Guatemala, dispatches from, instructions to, notes to and from. See Federation of Central America Guerro, Joseph Morena de, 117n Gurley, Henry H., 128, 314, 400 Gustavus Adolphus IV of Sweden, 517 Gwathmey, Elizabeth. See Anderson, Elizabeth Gwathmey (Mrs. Richard C, Jr.) Gwathmey, John, 378n Habersham, Richard W.: from, 426 Haggin, James, 67n, 673-4n, 713-4n. See also Kentucky Court of Appeals "Hagley," 527, 675 Hagner, Peter: to, 476 Haig, James: from, 925. See also Charleston City Gazette and Commercial Daily A dvertiser Haiti, dispatches from, instructions to. See Armstrong, Andrew Halcombe, Robert L., 222 Hale, John, 816 Hall, Edward: from, 578 Hall, John E.: to, 700 Hall, Jonathan Prescott: from, 960 Hall, Richard, 407n, 587n Hall, Sarah, 756 Hall, Willard: from, 331 Hallett, Abraham S.: from, 307 Hallock, J. H.: from, 235 Hallowell (Me.) American Advocate and, Kennebec Advertiser, 835, 921 Halsey, Frances Maria. See Cross, Frances Maria Halsey (Mrs. George Warren) Halsey, Thomas Lloyd, 192, 250 "Hamilton" (pseud.). See Carey, Mathew Hamilton, James, Jr.: from, 922; named, 2n Hamm, John: to, 268; named, 837

973

INDEX Hammett, Alexander: from, 409, 497, 563, 626; to, 373; named, 367-9n Hammond, Charles: from, 240, 609-11; to, 211, 285-6, 316-9, 387-8, 676-7, 780-4, 793-5, 891-2; named, 144 Hammond, Elizabeth Anderson. See Casey, Elizabeth Anderson Hammond (Mrs. Robert) Hammond, John, 57-8n Hampson, James: to, 268 "Hancock" (pseud.), 635 Handy, , 84 Handy, S., Jr., 587n Hanna, John H., 672n Hannah, Samuel: from, 765 Hansborough, James, 61 Hanson, Samuel: from, 412-4; to, 418-9 Hantania (vessel), 370 Harbin, John, 458, 461n Harbinger. See Frankfort (Ky.) Harbinger Hardin, Benjamin, 859, 861n Hardin, Mark, 515n Hardin, Martin D., 45 Harmony, Peter, 426n Harney, Benjamin Franklin, 490-ln Harney, Eliza Cooper Rowan (Mrs. John Milton), 491n Harney, John Milton, 490-ln Harper, James: from, 499500, 510-1, 915-6; to, 764; named, 510, 513n Harriot (vessel), 886 Harris, Esther Morrison, 806-7n Harris, George, 276n Harris, Judith. See Crittenden, Judith Harris (Mrs. John) Harris, Levett, 917n, 936, 951 Harris, Mark: from, 538-9 Harrisburg Pennsylvania Intelligencer, 563n Harrison, Charles P. C, 447 Harrison, Daniel, 457, 461n Harrison, Elisha: from, 648-9, 738; named, 852 Harrison, John Scott, 495 Harrison, Margaret (Mrs. Robert Monroe): from, 446-7 Harrison, Robert Monroe: from, 101-2, 230-2, 237, 626, 702, 812, 834, 884-6; to, 726; named, 446-7, 475, 552 Harrison, Robert Monroe, II, 447 Harrison, William H.: from, 926; named, 107, 494-5n, 649, 710-ln Harrodsburg Springs. See Graham Springs

Hart, Ann. See Brown, Ann Hart (Mrs. James) Hart, Eleanor Grosh (Mrs. Thomas, Jr.), 419-20, 821, 823 Hart, John, Sr., 98, 457, 459, 461 n Hart, John S., 821 Hart, Louisa A. B. See Taylor, Louisa A. B. Hart (Mrs. Edmund H.) Hart, Lucretia. See Clay, Lucretia Hart (Mrs. Henry) Hart, Susannah. See Price, Susannah Hart (Mrs. Samuel) Hart, Susannah Gray (Mrs. Thomas, Sr.), 205-6n, 58990n, 844 Hart, Thomas (Clark Co., Ky.): from, 412-4; to, 418-9 Hart, Thomas, Jr., 419-20 Hart, Thomas, Sr., 511 Hart, Thomas P., 419n Hartford Times and Weekly Advertiser, 890 Harvard University, I08n, 674-5, 703, 800n, 921, 935, 944-5n Harvie, John: from, 398-9; to, 403-4; named, 289, 586 Haskin, Joseph, 859, 861n Hassan Pacha of Smyrna, 862 Hassein of Tunis, 278n, 307 Hatton, Robert, 339, 372 Hawaii, dispatches from, instructions to. See Crocker, Thomas; Jones, John C, Hawes, Lowman L.: from, 388-9; to, 389-90 Hawes, Mary Foote. See Lane, Mary Foote Hawes (Mrs. Amos) Hawes, Richard, Jr.: from, 412-4; to, 418-9,492; named, 753 Hawkins, Elijah, 465 Hawkins, Francis, 47, 8n Hawkins, Francis G., 98, 458 Hawkins, George Anne Nicholas (Mrs. Joseph H.), 332n Hawkins, George Nicholas, 332, 661 Hawkins, John (Ind.), 720, 728, 793

Hawkins, John R., 98 Hawkins, Joseph H., 332 Hawkins, William, 714 Hay, Charles: from, 738 Hay, John: from, 922 Hayden, Moses: from, 597-8 Hayne, Robert Y.: from, 922; to, 925; named, 2n Heap, Samuel D.: to, 809; named, 306-7, 932, 940, 952

Hector (vessel), 108 Hedenberg, Peter, 490n Heiskell, Frederick S., 830, 890

Hempfield Railroad Company, 382n Hemphill, Joseph: from, 102; named, 117n Henderson, David, Jr., 528n Henderson, John, 7 Henderson, Leonard, 822 Henderson, Richard, 312-3 Henderson (Ky.) Columbian, 940-In Hendricks, William: from, 641, 672, 926; named, 709nlln Henry (brig), 737, 792-3 Henry, Elijah, 514n Henry, Prince of Prussia, 843-4n Henry, Richard, 514n Henry, Robert Pryor, 79n, 283, 787, 839 Henry, Robert R.: from, 221-2 Henry Clay (steamboat), 287n Heredia, Jose" de, 94, 290, 294, 374, 443, 525, 532n Heres, Tomas de, 425-6n "Hermes" (pseud.), 165n "Hermitage," 652n Hernandez, Joseph M.: from, 572 Heron, James, 633 Herrick, Ebenezer: from, 549, 769 Herrick, Samuel: to, 268 Hertell, Thomas, 130-In Hervey, Felton Bathurst, 2O7n Hervey, Louisa Catherine Caton (Mrs. Felton Bathurst), 206-7n Heyer, C, 649 Hickman, Ann. See Holliday, Ann Hickman (Mrs. Stephen) Hickman, James, 550-In Hickman, Paschal, 551n Hickman, Richard, 431n, 550-1 Hicks, Ratcliffe, 177 Higgins, Richard: from, 496; to, 497; named, 458, 460, 462n Higgins, Sally (Mrs. Richard): from, 496 Higgins, T. L. F.: from, 86 "Highlands," 114 Higinbotham, William R.: from, 548; named, 271 Hildebrand, Charles, 566 Hill, George Washington, 854-5n Hill, Horace B., 407n

974 Hill, Isaac, 854-5n Hill, Mark L., 538-9n, 549 Hinman, , 516 Hitchcock, Anne Erwin (Mrs. Henry), 799n Hitchcock, Henry: from, 650; to, 786; named, 578, 631, 641, 649, 672, 678, 689, 692, 798-9, 834-5 Hobart, Aaron; from, 917 Hobby, William J.: from, 813 Hodge, William L., 599 Hodges, Samuel, Jr.: from, 558-9, 573, 575, 586, 749; named, 364, 524, 526, 723 Hodgson, William B., 956 Hodgson Penny and Brother, 514n Hogan, Michael: from, 833-4 Hoge, Thomas, Jr.: from, 800 Hoit, Samuel: from, 800, 809; named, 909 Holden, James A.: from, 539 Holeman, Jacob H., 888-9n Holley, Harriette Williman. See Brand, Harriette Williman Holley (Mrs. William Moses) Holley, Horace: from, 264-6; to, 58, 226; named, 16, 45962n Holley, Mary Austin (Mrs. Horace), 58 Holley, Myron: from, 918-9 Holley, Robert, 7 Holliday, Ann Hickman (Mrs. Stephen), 551n Holliday, Stephen, 55 In Hollingsworth, Samuel: from, 334-5 Hollingsworth, Thomas, 334 Hollins, John: from, 376, 745; to, 750; named, 23940 Holman, Jesse L.: from, 756-8; to, 795 Holmes, Alexander, 807n Holmes, James, 565 Holmes, John: from, 421-5, 835; to, 607-8; named, 338n Holt, John E.: to, 800; named, 939 Hooff, John, 649 Hope Insurance Company, 421 Hope's Delight (brig), 755 Hopkins, Edmund H.: from, 316 Hopkins, Martha. See Lyne, Martha Hopkins (Mrs. George) Hopkins, Samuel, 71, 262-3, 334n Hopkinson, Joseph: to, 117; named, 160, 166n

SECRETARY OF STATE Hopper, J.: to, 445-6; Hughes, Margaret S., 451, 453n, 872, 874n named, 431-3 Horde, Francis P., 433n Hughes, Margaret Sanderson (Mrs. Christopher, Sr.), 770Hornet (U. S. sloop), 925 ln, 784 Horsley, Nicholas C: from, 262-3 Hughes, Martha. See Edwards, Martha Hughes Houston, Felix, 44-5n (Mrs. John) Houston, John H.: from, 925 Hull, Isaac: to, 928-9; named, 137, 325, 327, 536, 648n, Houston, Samuel: from, 880, 660, 687, 789, 792, 875, 904, 885, 890; to, 894; named, 909, 940 716, 718n Humboldt, Alexander de, Howard, Benjamin, 500n 582, 584n Howard, David, 499, 500n Hume, David, 705-6n Howard, Elizabeth. See (Mrs.), 451, Payne, Elizabeth Howard Humphreys, 453n (Mrs. Edward) Humphreys, Charles: from, Howard, Julius C: from, 500 427-8 Howard, Margaret. See Wick- Humphreys, Daniel, 37On liffe, Margaret Howard Humphreys, John B., 205-6n Hunt, . See Marshall, (Mrs. Robert) Spalding, and Hunt; RochHoward, Mary. See Parker, ester Album Mary Howard (Mrs. AlexHunt, Jesse, 42, 49, 50, 384 ander) Hunt, John W., 419-20 Howard, Thomas C: from, Hunt, William Gibbes, 436-8; to, 438-9 901-2n Howard, Thompson: from, Hunter, William: from, 864 427-8 Huntington, Nathaniel: Howe, Stephen B.: from, from, 877 702-3, 736 Howland, Gardiner Greene, Huntsville Alabama Republican, 331, 918 395 Huntsville Alabamian, 331 Howland, Joseph, 395 Howland, Samuel Shaw, 395, Huntsville (Ala.) Madison Gazette, 420n 426n Hubbard, Thomas H.: from, Huntsville (Ala.) Southern Advocate and Huntsville 587 Advertiser, 331, 854, 918 Hudson, Elizabeth. See Watkins, Elizabeth Hudson Hurtado, Manuel Jose, 1234n, 500, 606, 617, 619, 621, Clay (Mrs. Henry) 821, 828 Hughes, (daughter of Christopher Hughes, Jr.), Huskisson, William, 89, 17980n, 320, 341-2, 354n, 417, 770 532n, 607, 626, 632, 789, Hughes, (son of Chris810, 944 topher Hughes, Jr.), 770 Hughes, Charles John, 451, Hussar (British frigate), 276n Huston, Felix, 71-2 453n, 872, 874n Hughes, Christopher, Jr.: Huston, William, Jr., 818n from, 126, 142, 231, 257, Hutchen, Charles W.: from, 822 277, 450-4, 476, 517-20, 524-5, 537-8, 563, 569-71, Hutchen, D. W.: from, 822 575-6, 580-1, 627-8, 770-1, Hutchinson, Israel Pemberton, 755 845, 872-3, 884-5, 956-7; to, 138-40, 784, 923; named, Huygens, C. D. E. J., Chevalier Bangeman. See Ban85-6, 95, 107, 118-21n, 223geman Huygens 4, 255-6, 287, 290, 323-4, 331-2n, 467, 616, 665n, 731, Hyslop, Maxwell, 811n Hyslop and Company, 810 808, 815-6n, 949, 951n Hughes, Christopher, Sr., Ibrahim Pashaw of Egypt, 86n, 784 407n-8n, 415, 575, 729, 735 Hughes, James: from, 406-7; Illinois and Michigan Canal, to, 410-1; named, 36 543-4n Hughes, Laura Sophia Smith (Mrs. Christopher, Jr.), 451, Illinois Intelligencer. SeeKaskaskia Illinois Intelligen872

975

INDEX Illinois Intelligencer (cont.): cer; Vandalia Illinois Intelligencer Illinois State Medical Society, 545n Independent Inquirer. See Providence Independent Inquirer Independent Statesman and Maine Republican. See Portland Independent Statesman and Maine Republican Indiana Journal. See Indianapolis Indiana Journal Indiana Palladium. See Lawrenceburg Indiana Palladium Indianapolis Gazette, 813, 822 Indianapolis Indiana Journal, 258, 769

Indiana Recorder and Public Advertiser. See New Albany Indiana Recorder and Public Advertiser Indiana Register. See Vevay Indiana Register Indiana Republican. See Madison Indiana Republican Industry (schooner), 548 Infantado, Pedro Alcantara de Toledo, Duke del, 768, 778, 812, 819, 841, 875, 903 Ingersoll, Charles Jared: from, 661, 727, 745; to, 728, 734; named, 636, 686, 837 Ingersoll, Edward: from, 332-4 Ingham, Samuel D., 63n, 845, 147, 282-3, 308, 318, 3334n, 429-30 Ingraham, Duncan, 385n Ingraham, Sophia May. See Chase, Sophia May Ingraham (Mrs. Philander) Ingraham, Susanna (Mrs. Duncan), 385 Insurance Company of the State of Pennsylvania, 124n, 592, 596, 606, 615, 646, 650 Intelligencer. See Clarksburg (W. Va.) Intelligencer; Petersburg (Va.) Intelligencer Irish, James, 828-9n, 875, 881, 951 Ironside, George E.: from, 110 Ironsides (brig), 526, 558 Irvine, Callender, 616n Irvine, David C, 436, 438n Irving, Washington, 206 Isabella II of Spain, 396n Isabel Maria of Portugal, 385 Isacks, Jacob C: from, 880; named, 847-8n

Iselin, Isaac, 383 Isle of France, dispatches from, instructions to. See Bickham, Martin Isler, Peter: from, 932; named, 909 Italian states, dispatches from, instructions to. See Appleton, John James; Campbell, Robert; Gardner, Benjamin; Hammett, Alexander; Ombrosi, James. See also Moore, George Iturbide, Agustin de, 278, 415n, 700n Ives, Thomas P.: from, 876 Izard, George: to, 126 J. and L. H. Pickins and Sons, 703 Jackson Andrew, 9-1 In, 159, 22, 32n, 34-5, 45-7, 55, 63n, 66-8, 73-84 passim, 90n-7 passim, 109-15 passim, 121-2, 129, 133-4, 14466n passim, 189, 191, 203, 211, 228, 230, 265, 305-13 passim, 317-9n, 326n, 333, 336-7n, 364, 379n, 403, 426, 440-In, 489, 495n, 520-2, 527n, 530-2n, 545n, 553, 555n, 561, 568, 576, 609, 618, 652n, 701n, 708-9n, 716-9, 739n, 748, 757-8n, 77On, 780-4n, 786, 794, 7989n, 823, 825, 836, 839-40n, 846-8n, 882n, 889, 891, 9002n, 914-5, 919, 949 Jackson, Edward Brake: from, 243, 773; named, 285 Jackson, George, 94, 109n, 201, 291, 343-54 passim, 448, 733, 777 Jackson, John G., 215, 235-6, 240, 243, 285, 288 Jackson, Rachel Donelson Robards (Mrs. Andrew), 553, 555n Jackson, Susannah, 639n Jackson Gazette (Tenn.), 607, 848n, 894 Jackson (Miss.) Pearl River Gazette, 909n. See also Jackson Southern Luminary Jackson (Miss.) Southern Luminary, 909, 932 Jackson (Miss.) State Gazette, 909n Jackson (Miss.) State Journal, 909n. See also Jackson Southern Luminary James Lawrence (brig), 376, 780, 842 January, Andrew M., 512-3n, 817-8n

January, James B., 455 January and Sutherland, 512-3n Jefferson, Thomas, 95, 105, 154, 393n, 437, 527n, 580n, 837, 915 Jefferson College. See Washington and Jefferson College Jefferson Seminary. See University of Louisville Jennings, David, 794 Jennings, Dudley S., 839-40n Jennings, Jonathan: from, 709, 725, 926; named, 710 Jennings, Thomas J.: from, 838-40 Jennings, William (Lancaster, Ky.): from, 431-3; to, 445-6 Jennings, William (Todd County, Ky.), 839-40n Jennings, William R., 83940n Jenny (slave), 721 Jeter, Littleton, 588, 621 John VI of Portugal, 104n, 385, 409, 772, 833, 854, 876 John Adams (corvette), 4, 6n John and James Williams: from, 949-50 John Bryan and Son: with, 509-10 John Henderson and Sons, 7 Johnson, Chapman, 867-8n Johnson, Francis, 79n, 134, 136n, 283, 491, 576, 590, 922n Johnson, Henry: from, 408, 412; named, 490 Johnson, James, 498n, 573 Johnson, John Telemachus, 52, 79n, 460, 490n, 498n Johnson, Louisa Catherine. See Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson (Mrs. John Quincy) Johnson, Richard Mentor, 2n, 67n, 498n, 573 Johnson, Robert, 573 Johnson, William, 189, 237n Johnston, Eliza Sibley (Mrs. Josiah Stoddard), 873 Johnston, Josiah Stoddard: to, 16, 787; named, 15, 144, 165n, 872-4n, 954 Jones, Alexander W.: from, 403, 650; to, 654 Jones, Cadwallader, 822 Jones, Edward: to, 462-3 Jones, Francis: to, 766 Jones, George W., 41-2, 49-50, 384 Jones, John (ship captain), 903 Jones, John Coffin: from,192; named, 195, 261, 382, 749n

976 Jones, John Coffin, Jr.: from, 749-50, 793; to, 760; named, 809 Jones, Josiah: from, 636 Jones, Robert A., 822 Jordine, , 880 Josephine (brig), 122-3n, 412, 592, 596, 606, 615, 617, 646, 654, 863, 880 Joseph King and Company: to, 864 Jouett, Matthew Harris, 12-3n Journal de St. Petersbourg. See St. Petersburg Journal de Saint-Petersbourg Polique et Litteraire Juel, , 657 Junius (vessel), 123n

SECRETARY OF STATE

Kentucky Colonization L. and F. Shoemaker, 377 Lacock, Abner, 300, 305 Society, 457n Kentucky Court of Appeals, Lafayette, Anastasie-Louise6, 41n, 59n, 65-7n, 78-9, Pauline de. See Tour-Mau91-2, 135-6n, 266, 306, 433n, bourg, Anastasie-Louise463n, 585, 588, 603-6n, Pauline de Lafayette, Coun61 In, 619, 639n, 673, 679tess de la 80, 706, 713-4n, 718-20n, Lafayette, Clementine, 848, 724, 746n, 817-8n, 859-62n, 850n, 893 888, 891, 942-3n Lafayette, George WashingKentucky Gazette. See Lexton, 193, 772, 848-50n, 893, ington Kentucky Gazette 906 Kentucky Hotel (Lexington, Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Ky.), 8n, 498 Yves Roch Gilbert du Kentucky Reporter. See LexMotier, Marquis de: from, ington Kentucky Reporter 771-2, 848-51, 893; to, 56-7, 905-6; named, l-2n, 12-3n, Kentucky State Penitentiary: 19, 39, 82, 91, 193, 210, to, 448 226-7, 325, 362, 437, 447, Kenyon College, 44, 786n 485n, 489, 617-9n, 624-9 Kerr, John H., 7-8n, 458-9, passim, 632, 694, 700, 729, 461-2n, 512-3n, 754, 844 "Kalorama," 736n 735-6, 781, 865, 898, 903, Key, Edmund, 110 Kane, Elias, 198 908, 951 Kane, Elias Kent: from, 198; Khosref Mehemet, 612, 623-4n, 736, 792 named, 318-9n Lafayette, Virginie de. See King, Charles: from, 843-4, Lasteyrie, Virginie de LaKane, Thomas: with, 510 889; to, 855-6; named, 496n, fayette (Mme. Louis de) Kaskaskia Illinois Intelligen852 cer, 534n Lafayette Institute, 958-9n Kaskaskia Western Intelli- King, Eliza Gracie (Mrs. La Fourche Gazette. See Charles), 890 gencer, 534 Donaldsonville (La.) La Fourche Gazette Kaunitz, Princess Eleonore King, John A.: to, 945; named, 328, 337 von. See Metternich, Prin"Lagrange," 848-9, 905, 908 cess Eleonore von Kaunitz King, Joseph: to, 864 Laguerenne, . See Borie Kearney, James, 692n King, Josias W., 110 and Laguerenne Kearny, Philip: from, 691-2 King, Rufus: from, 328, 571- La Jaronne (vessel), 116 2, 574, 590-1, 619-20, 640, Lake Erie Steamboat ComKeemle, Charles, 379 653, 691, 733, 777, 821, 828, pany, 287n Keen, William C.: from, 879-80, 933-4, 944; to, 319- La Madrid, Gregoria Araoz 132-3, 637 20, 337, 340-54, 366-7, 611Keith, Samuel: from, 105, de, 865n 2, 723, 739-45, 766-7, 829; Lamb, Frederick Janies. See 631, 637; to, 635; named, named, 193-4n, 238-9, 301, 123n, 617, 635, 641 Melbourne, Frederick James 324, 332, 372, 430, 444, Kelly, William: from, 270-1, Lamb, Viscount 528n, 538, 547, 550, 552, Lamb, 649; named, 798-9n William, 75In 576, 613, 647, 657, 661, 684, Kendall, Amos: from, 35, 77733, 754, 777, 815-6n, 843, Lane, Amos: from, 708-9; 9, 81, 134-6, 305-6, 718-20, named, 527n, 711 853-9n passim, 903, 907, 939 942-3; to, 746-8; named, 41, 90, 92n King, William Rufus de Lane, Mary Foote Hawes (Mrs. Amos): from, 526-7 Kendall, Jane Kyle (Mrs. Vane: from, 456, 909; Langhorne, Maurice: from, Amos), 943n named, 494, 798-9n 388-9; to, 389-90 Kendall, Mary B. Woolfolk Kirby, Timothy, 564-5n Lanman, James: from, 578 (Mrs. Amos), 78-9n, 135 Kirk, Caleb: from, 315 Lanusse, Paul, 408 Kennebec Advertiser. See Hal- Kirkland, John Thornton: lowell (Me.) American Adfrom, 674-5; to, 703 Larned, Samuel: from, 409, vocate and Kennebec Ad- Kirkpatrick, John Bayard, 559, 640, 733, 792; named, vertiser 394, 632, 833 407, 410, 666 Kennedy, Hector: from, La Roche. See Roche-Aymon, Knight, Jacob: from, 921 Antoine-Charles-fitienneKnoxville Register, 830n, 894 592 Paul, La Kremer, George: from, 52-3; Kennedy, John, 95n named, 48, 53-4n, 63n, 73, Larrizabal, Antonio. See Kennedy, John Pendleton, 75, 80-2, 84-5, 91-2n, 113Ugarte y Larrizabal, An95, 288n 4n, 145-9, 157-8, 162, 164tonio Kenner, William, 819-20 5n, 191-2, 196-202 passim, Lasteyrie, Virginie de LaKent, Joseph: from, 709; 207-8, 212, 228, 230, 265, fayette (Mme. Louis de), named, 110, 137-8, 874n, 318-9n, 333, 408, 429-30n, 772 923 442, 919-20n Kentucky Asylum for the Latimer, George: from, 778; Tuition of the Deaf and Kyle, Jane. See Kendall, Jane named, 777-8 Dumb, 669-70n Kyle (Mrs. Amos) Latrobe, Benjamin H., 102n

977

INDEX Lading, Adams, and Stewarts, 326n, 553n Latting, John I. See Latting, Adams, and Stewarts Lawrence, William Beach, 889-91, 904 Lawrenceburg Indiana Palladium, 756, 758n, 786, 795, 802 Lawrenceburg (Ind.) Political Beacon, 758n

Lawrenceburg (Ind.) Western Statesman, 758n Leake, Isaac Q.: from, 802; named, 227-8n Leamy, John: from, 411-2, 615, 617; to, 614; named, 123-4n, 599, 615, 650 Leamy, John A.: from, 124, 245-6, 394, 599, 617, 620, 641; to, 585, 606, 620-1; named, 123n-4n, 394, 621. See also Ledlie and Leamy Lear, Tobias, 727 Leavy, William, 265-6n Lebanon (O.) Spirit of Freedom, 592 Lebanon (O.) Western Star, 892n Lederer, Lewis Charles: from, 903; to 931 Ledlie, James F., 394 Ledlie and Leamy, 394, 585, 599, 606, 617, 621 Lee, Anne McCarty (Mrs. Henry), 652n Lee, George, 517n, 829 Lee, Henry, 651-2n Lee, Henry (Light Horse Harry), 652n Lee, John: from, 795 Lee, Peter: from, 391-2; to, 392-3 LeGrand, Claudius F., 285 Leib, Michael, 639n Leigh, Benjamin W.: to, 251; named, 74-5n Leitch, Keturah Moss (Mrs. David). See Taylor, Keturah Moss Leitch (Mrs. James) Lemaitre, John B., Jr., 534 Lemoine, , 259 Lemon, Joseph I., 461-2n LeRoy, Bayard, and Company, 383. See also Bayard, William LeRoy, Herman, 383n Letcher, Benjamin: from, 431-3; to, 445-6 Letcher, James Hughes, 443n Letcher, Robert P.: from, 89; named, 41, 43, 79n, 88, 433n, 446 Levasseur, Auguste, 772, 849-50n, 893, 906

Levers, . See Campbell, Levers, and Company Levy, Nathan: from, 223-4; named, 808 Lewis (packet ship), 771 Lewis, Addin: from, 692, 953 Lewis, Caleb: from, 765 Lewis, Charles, 506 Lewis, Courtney R.: from, 405-6; to, 411 Lewis, David, 178n Lewis, Edwin: from, 701 Lewis, Hudson, 458, 460, 462n Lewis, Joshua: from, 445 Lewis, Robert, 527 Lewisburg Palladium of Virginia, 935 Lexington Kentucky Gazette, 848n Lexington Kentucky Reporter, 120n, 305 Lexington (Ky.) Monitor, 265-6n, 305 Lexington Post Office: with, 510 Lexington (Ky.) True American, 265-6n Liberty (brig), 101, 617, 620, 648n Liberty (schooner), 122-3n, 246n, 394, 585, 606 Lieven, Christoph Andreievich, Count von, 142, 241, 828 Lincoln, Enoch, 851n Lincoln, Levi: from, 881, 935; to, 851-2, 910-1 Lincoln Intelligencer (Me.), 198 Lindley, Ziba, 8O7n Linton, William C: from, 866 Lion (vessel), 330 Lippincott and Abbott: from, 834 List, George Friedrich, 629 Litchfield Law School, 890n, 921 Little, Peter: from, 285, 841, 886-7; named, 147, 165n, 773, 874n Littlejohn (slave), 721 Livingston, Cora, 334n Livingston, Edward: from, 600; named, 15-6n, 109, 334n, 344, 354n, 555n Livingston, Louise Moreau (Mrs. Edward), 553, 555n Lloyd, , 615-6, 629 Lloyd, Edward, 377, 886 Lloyd, James: from, 477-86, 800; to, 601-3, 894, 934; named, 338n, 931n Lobo, Rodrigo Jose Ferreira, 514, 537

Lockwood, Ralph Ingersoll, 83, 486 "Locust Hill," 871 Logan, Archibald: from, 4056; to, 411; named, 442n Logan, Benjamin (the younger), 41n Logan, John, 41 Logan, William, 41n Logue, James, 455 Lomax, Abel: from, 765 Lombard, Samuel, 284-5, 396 Long, Daniel, 461-2n Long, William, 459, 462n Lorich, Severin: from, 116, 306, 574, 586, 709; to, 322, 364, 662-4; named, 670 Loud, Eliphalet, 917n. See also Weymouth Importing Company Loughborough, Preston S., 668, 670n Loughery, Ardevan, 886, 888 Loughery, Newton, 886 Louis XVIII of France, 132n, 204, 730n Louisa (vessel), 177 Louisa (slave vessel), 701n Louisiana Gazette. See New Orleans Louisiana Gazette Louis Phillippe of France, 191n, 619n Louisville and Portland Canal, 29, 33n, 523 Louisville Library Company, 407n Louisville Marine Hospital, 779 Louisville Medical Institute. See University of Louisville, Medical Institute Louisville Microscope and General Advertiser, 133 Louisville Morning Post and Commercial Advertiser, 258n Lower Mail Road. See National Road (Lower Mail Road) Lowndes, William, 141 Lowrie, Walter, 166n, 896-7n Lucca, Charles Louis de Bourbon, Duke of. See Charles II of Parma Lucchesi-Palli di Campofranco, Ferdinando, Count, 409, 497, 563, 626, 634 Ludwell family (Virginia), 106n Lunatic Asylum (Lexington, Ky.), 552 Lynch, Dominick, 206-7n Lynch, James, 112, 287-8n Lynchburg Virginian, 678 Lyne, George, 263

978

SECRETARY OF STATE

Lyne, Martha Hopkins (Mrs. Mackau, Ange-Rene-Armand, Madison, Dolly Payne Todd (Mrs. James), 465, 657 George), 263n Baron de, 539 Madison, James: from, 687; Lytle, William: from, 394, McKeanj Samuel M., 340n named, 32n, 154, 188n, 564-5; named, 507-9, 817-8n McKean, Thomas, 340n McKee, Samuel: to, 445-6; 393n, 395, 717, 838n, 913, 915, 945n named, 431-3 McAdams, John Loudon, 268 Madison College, 312n McAfee, Robert B., 859, 861n McKeedin, T., 707 Madison Indiana Republican, McAlester, Charles: from, 411- McKeever, Isaac, 273-4n 641, 752 2, 606; to, 614; named, 615, McKennan, Thomas McKean 650 Thompson: from, 381-2; Magdalena (schooner), 311 Magoffin, Beriah, 188n McArthur, Duncan, 2n, 163, to, 382 McKim, Isaac: from, 375, Magoffin, James Wiley, 186, 166n 188n 377; named, 261, 471, 475n McCalla, Andrew: from, Maguire, Douglass: from, 720, McKinley, George, 93 455-6 McKinley, John: from, 641; 769, 793; to, 258 McCalla, John M., 37 Mahmud II of Turkey, named, 730 McCarty, Abner, 708-10, 721, McKinney, John, Jr.: from, 736-7n 822 Maitland, Peregrine, 746 855 McCarty, Anne. See Lee, Anne McCarty (Mrs. Henry) McLane, Louis: from, 377; . Malta, dispatches from, instructions to. See Pulis, McCarty, Elizabeth, 652n named, 74-5n, 148, 166n McClanahan, Thomas: from, McLean, Joseph (N.C.), 329 McLean, Charles D.: from, Maltitzjean-Frangois-George406-7; to, 410-1 Frederic, Baron de, 778-80, 607 McClintock, Robert: from, 788-9 267, 339; to, 369; named, McLean, John: from, 325-6, 908; named, 32n, 651-2n, Maltzahn, Baron de, 142 267 Mangum, Willie Person, 838, 840, 892, 902, 907 McClure, (son of George), 74-5n McLean, Nathaniel, 892-3n 363-4n McClure, George: from, 125, McLean, William, 32n, 892 Mansfield, John Tucker: McLear, Charles, 461-2n from, 534; to, 124, 660; 362-4, 919-20 named, 666 McClure, George W., 919-20n McLeod, John: to, 787 McLure, John: from, 835; "Mansion House." See WilMcClure, Richard, 783n liamson's Hotel named, 95-7n McConathy, Jacob, 500 Manufacturers and Farmers McNair, Alexander: from, McCormick, Andrew T.: Journal. See Providence 213; named, 365n from, 110 MacNeal, Charles: from, 275, (R.I.) Manufacturers and Maccoun, David, 52n 497; named, 534n, 566, 647, Farmers Journal Maccoun, James, 52n 811 Mapley, William A.: from, McCracken, John, 419 McNulty, John (alias). See 749 McCready, Bernard, 333-4n Marable, John H.: from, 880; McGunty, William McCulloch, James H.: from, named, 716, 718n Macomb, Alexander, 599n 395 McDermid, Francis, 508, 564 Macomb, David B.: from, Maranham, Marquis of. See Cochrane, Thomas, 10th 599-600; to, 723; named, McDermid, Milly. See PhilEarl of Dundonald 840, 908 lips, Milly McDermid (Mrs. March, Charles: from, 649 Macon, Edgar: from, 748-9, Edmond) Mareuil, Durand, Baron de: 940 McDonald, , 806-7n from, 330-1, 373, 720, 764Macon, Nathaniel: from, 398; McDonell, John, 371, 444, 5, 832, 939; to, 799, 902, named, 179, 901-2n 577, 746, 808 924-5; named, 99n, 311, Macdonough, Thomas, 277-8, Macon Georgia Messenger, 336-7n, 467, 613, 799, 800, 899 923, 958 808, 874-5, 907, 934 McPherson, John, 51-2n McDougal, Stephen, 806-7n MacPherson, John M., 497, Maria Leopoldina Josepha McDowell, Ephraim, 407n McDuffie, George: from, 922; Carolina of Brazil, 936 811 Marie Louise of France, 434 named, 30-3n, 63n, 80-ln, McQueen, Robert, 554-5n Marine Insurance Company McRae, Alexander: from, 85, 308, 318-9n, 329-30n of Philadelphia, 592, 596, Macedonian (brig), 463 907-8 Macey, A. R.: to, 462-3 606, 615, 617, 621, 650 McRae, Alexander G.: from, McFaden, John, 611 Marino (slave vessel), 701n 830 McGiffin, Thomas: from, 381- McRae, David R. W., 789 Markle, Abraham: from, 864 2, 877; to, 382; named, 714 McRay, William D., 576-7n Markley, Philip Swenk: from, McRee, William, 300, 304-5n 428-30, 864; named, 84-5n McGregor, John L., 121n Madden, Ferdinand I., 643n Marshall, Humphrey, 611 McGunty, William, 894 Marshall, John: from, 211-2; Mcllvaine, Joseph, 125 Maddon, , 638n named, 189, 221, 862n Mclntyre, Archibald: from, Maddon, (Mrs. Tobias), Marshall, John J., 606n, 942 125 395 Maddon, Tobias, 395, 959- Marshall, Louis: to, 455; Mack, Andrew, 531n with, 758-9 McKaraher, James, 399, 400n 60n

979

INDEX Marshall, Spalding, and Hunt: from, 922 Marshall College. See Franklin and Marshall College Martinsburg Gazette, 725 Maryland Insurance Company, 745n, 750 Masi, Vincent, 99 Mason, Edgar, 808 Mason, Elizabeth Champlin. See Perry, Elizabeth Champlin Mason (Mrs. Oliver Hazard) Mason, George C, 414 Mason, John T., 51-2n, 508-9, 512-3n Mason, Wiley Roy, 675n Masons. See Free and Accepted Masons Massachusetts Horticultural Society, 566n Mathews, George, 508 Matthews, Thomas J., 80-ln Mauritius, dispatches from, instructions to. See Isle of France Maury, Abram P., 717-8n, 880, 885 Maury, James: from, 196,267, 562, 691, 726, 760; named, 89, 217, 789 Maverick, Peter, 496n May, John L., 505 Mayer, Charles F.: from, 239-40

Mayer, Christian, 636 Mayo, Addison, 855, 876 Mayo, William: from, 876; named, 855 Mayorga, Juan de Dios, 565, 585 Maysville (Ky.) Eagle, 59n Mazureau, Adolphe, 660 Mazureau, £tienne: from, 658-60 Meani, , 233 Means, Robert, 672 Mechanic (schooner), 123n, 142-3n, 421, 863, 880 Medici, Luigi di, Duke di Sarto. See Sarto Melbourne, Frederick James Lamb, Viscount, 751-2n, 774, 875 Melish, John, 172 Mello, Luiz Joze de. See Carvalho e Mello, Luiz Joze de Mendenhall, William A.: from, 845 Menou, Charles Julius, Count de, 335, 337n, 465 Mentelle, Augustus Waldemarde, 366, 756 Mentelle, Charlotte: to, 755-6

Mercantile Daily Advertiser. See New Orleans Mercantile Daily Advertiser Mercantile Library Company (Philadelphia), 825n Mercer, Charles Fenton: from, 410; named, 110, 701 Mercer, Hugh: from, 228-9; named, 308 Meridian (vessel), 395 Merrell, Benjamin, 409n, 506 Merrill, William G., 526, 558 Mertens, , 119 Metcalfe, Thomas, 79n, 163, 166n Methodist Episcopal Church, South, 312n Methuen, John, 254n Metternich, Prince Clement Wenceslas Lothair Nepomucene, 133, 204, 240-2, 277, 303, 434, 630 Metternich, Princess Eleanore von Kaunitz, 133n Mewhall, A.: from, 921 Mexican Company of Baltimore, 126 Mexico, dispatches from, instructions to, notes to and from. See Gregg, Harvey; Obregon, Pablo; Pilcher, Joshua; Poinsett, Joel R.; Smith, Daniel W.; Storrs, Augustus; Taylor, William; Torrens, Jose A.; Wilcocks, James Smith Miami and Erie Canal, 112n, 531n-2n, 543 Michelena, Jose Mariano, 500ln, 619-20, 667 Michigan Sentinel. See Monroe Michigan Sentinel Microscope and General Advertiser. See Louisville Microscope and General Advertiser; New Albany Microscope and General Advertiser Midas (vessel), 123n Middleton, Henry: from, 245 277, 288, 456, 556, 630-1, 702, 923-4, 934, 950; to, 355-62, 945-7; named, 108, 275n, 292, 366-7n, 372, 575, 593, 619, 647-8n, 684, 691n, 739, 815-6n, 877, 903, 921, 926, 930, 944, 957-8 Milbanke, Anna Isabella, 9, lOn Miller, Alexander: from, 786-7 Miller, Jacob, 407n Miller, Jacob Dixon: from, 539-40 Miller, John: from, 842; named, 882

Miller, Thomas: from, 838 Miller, Thomas H., 222 Miller, William: from, 444, 476; to, 140, 278-82; named, 264, 671, 738, 755 Mills, Benjamin, 6n, 92, 6734n, 862n. See also Kentucky Court of Appeals Mills, Elijah Hunt, 2n Mills, John: from, 412-4; to, 418-9 Milton Slocum and Company, 290-1 Mina, Francisco Xavier, 126 Miner, Charles, 258n Miner, William, 539-40, 936 Minerva (schooner), 105, 1223n, 284, 454, 617, 631, 635, 637, 648n, 752 "Mingo Tavern," 442n Minor, William, 141 Minter, James: from, 502-3; with, 503-4; named, 504, 667-8, 732, 764, 788, 915 Miralla, Jose Antonio, 493-4n Missouri Advocate. See St. Charles Missouri Advocate; St. Louis Missouri Advocate and St. Louis Enquirer Missouri Fur Company, 322n Mitchell, George E., 626, 874n Mitchell, James C: from, 880; named, 716, 718n Mitchell, Jethro, 560 Mitchell, John, 677-8n Mitchell, Peter, 572 Mitchell, Robert: from, 316; named, 315-6n, 512, 793 Moale, Ellen North (Mrs. John), 57-8n Moale, John, 57-8n Moale, Samuel: from, 57-8; named, 71, 83-4 Mobile Commercial Register, 365 Mobile Mercantile Advertiser, 365 Moffitt, John, 949-50n Monitor. See Lexington (Ky.) Monitor Monroe, James, 32n, 52, 85n, 126, 137, 139, 153-4, 166n, 170-1, 188n, 191n, 203, 217, 220n-4n, 239n, 244, 252, 255n, 261, 273-4n, 293, 340n, 354n, 371n, 380n, 393n, 5403, 545-6, 553, 579n, 676, 790, 805, 816n, 872, 874n, 912-5, 926, 957 Monroe, William, 648-9n Monroe Michigan Sentinel, 428

980 Monroe Republican. See Rochester Monroe Republican Montagu, Jane. See Goulburn, Jane Montagu (Mrs. Henry) Montano (packet ship), 819-20 Monteagudo, Bernardo, 559 Montgomery, Esther. See Morrison, Esther Montgomery (Mrs. James) Montgomery, Mary. See Carroll, Mary Montgomery (Mrs. Thomas) Montgomery, Robert: from, 209, 563, 616; named, 566 Montpelier Vermont Watchman, 791, 854 Moody, John: from, 208-9, 376, 613, 752, 789 Moore, . See DeRham, Iselin, and Moore Moore, Gabriel: from, 403, 918; named, 416 Moore, George: from, 407-8, 527 Moore, John, 918n Moore, Samuel, 476 Moore, Thomas P., 66-7n, 79n, 490n, 608-9 Moore, Thomas R.: from, 412-4; to, 418-9 Morales, Francisco Tomas, 293-4, 299n Moreau, , 555n Moreau, Louise (Mrs.). See Livingston, Louise Moreau (Mrs. Edward) Morehead, Charles Slaughter: to, 462-3 Morel, John H., 386 Moreno, Manuel, 865 Morgan, Joseph C: from, 950-1 Morgiana (brig), 768 Morillo, Joseph Nicholas, 724n Morillo, Pablo, 299n, 396n Morning Post and Commercial Advertiser. See Louisville Morning Post and Commercial Advertiser Morning Star (sloop), 113, 262 Morocco, dispatches from, instructions to. See Mullowny, John Morrie, J.: to, 268 Morris, Bethuel F.: from, 800 Morris, Charles, 627, 899, 908 Morris, David, 381 Morris, Gouverneur, 553, 555n Morris, Isaiah: to, 592 Morris, Morris, 793 Morris, Robert, 107n

SECRETARY OF STATE Morris, Thomas: from, 107 Morris, William Walton, 88-9n Morrison, Esther Montgomery (Mrs. James): to, 506-7; named, 8, 98-9n Morrison, Hans, 57-8n Morrison, James (Lexington, Ky.), 8, 15-6n, 35-6n, 50, 97-8, 109, 111, 394, 417, 436n, 492, 496-7, 499, 507n, 549, 564-5, 724, 806, 892. See also Morrison and Bruce Morrison, James (Maysville, Ky.): from, 765 Morrison, Shederick (Shadrach) M., 765 Morrison and Bruce, 7. See also Bruce, John; Gratz and Bruce Morrison College. See Transylvania University Morris's Tavern, 381 Morrow, Jeremiah, 529, 531n, 547 Morse, , 921 Morton, George W., 512-3n Morton, John A., Jr.: from, 854 Morton, William, 409n Morton, William Jordan, Jr.: to, 462-3 Mosby, John, 492 Mosby, Littleberry, 492 Mosby, Richard H.: from, 486-7; named, 52, 194 Mosby, Wade: from, 194; to, 202-3; named, 52n, 205-6n Mosely, John: from, 427-8; to, 434-5 Mosquito (schooner), 307 Moss, Keturah. See Taylor, Keturah Moss Leitch (Mrs. James) Mount, , 638n Mount, David, 710-ln Mountain, John, 376-8 Mount Airy College (Germantown, Pa.), 577, 622 Mountjoy, Thomas, Jr., 672 "Mount Pleasant," 134 "Mount Vernon," 905, 951 Moustier, Clement-Edouard, Marquis de, 774 Mud Licks. See Olympian Springs Mullowny, John: from, 142, 209-10, 377, 511, 621, 628, 752-3, 851; to, 754; named, 117n, 224-5n, 338-9, 875n Munroe, Isaac, 78On Murat, Achille: to, 258; named, 257 Murat, Charles Louis Napoleon Achille: from, 190-1 Murat, Joachim, 190n, 367

Murat, Napoleon Lucien Charles Joseph Francois, 190-ln, 257-8, 443 Murphy, , 854, 880, 894 Murphy, Thomas (Fla.), 94-5 Murphy, Thomas (Md.), 841. See also Dobbin, Murphy, and Bose Murphy, William: from, 388-9; to, 389-90 Murray, George: to, 631 Murray, Magnus M.: from, 226 Muscle Shoals Canal, 29. 33n-4n Mustin, Thomas, 271 Myers, John, 395 Nancy (brig), 327n Naples, dispatches from, instructions to. See Italian states Napoleon I of France, 190n, 356, 83In, 897, 899n "Nashoba," 557n Nashville Clarion, 420 Nashville Gazette, 848n Nashville Republican and Tennessee Gazette, 718n Nashville Whig, 258n, 718n, 847-8n, 894, 900-2n

Natchitoches Courier (La.), 290-In National Advocate. See New York National Advocate National Gazette. See Philadelphia National Gazette National Intelligencer. See Washington National Intelligencer National Road, 19-33, 39, 957, 108n, 138n, 300-ln, 3045n, 529, 561, 807, 872n National Road (Lower Mail Road), 329-3On, 807, 901 Neale, August: from, 448 Neale, Christopher: from, 141 Neale, James: from, 737; to, 764 Neale, Raphael: from, 114; named, 110 Ned (vessel), 123n "Needwood," 795 Neilson, Michael, 790, 818, 955 Nelson, Horatio, Viscount, 518-9n Nelson, Hugh: from, 93-4, 224-5, 290, 374, 401-2, 4423, 525, 532, 667, 959; to, 257; named, 117, 242, 258, 292-6, 299n-300n, 338, 467, 493, 545, 575-6, 586, 634, 642n, 685 Nelson, Thomas, 458-9, 462n

981

INDEX Nemours, Louis-Gharles-Phillippe-Raphael d'Orleans, Duke de, 730n Nesselrode, Karl Robert, Count, 215, 242, 556, 630, 828, 877, 923, 934, 944, 946, 950, 958 Netherland, Benjamin: from, 505; named, 442n Netherlands, dispatches from, instructions to, notes to and from. See Bangeman Huygens, C. D. E. J., Chevalier; Hughes, Christopher. See also Batavia; Curacao Neuville, Jean-Guillaume, Hyde de, 325, 823-4n New Albany Indiana Recorder and Public Advertiser, 133n New Albany (Ind.) Microscope and General Advertiser, 133 New Albany (Ind.) Tribune, 758n New Bern Carolina Sentinel, 77On

Nicholas, George Anne. See Hawkins, George Anne Nicholas (Mrs. Joseph H.) Nicholas, John, 945n Nicholas, Mary Smith (Mrs. George), 332n Nicholas, Nelson: with, 642 Nicholas, Philip Norborne, 214, 221, 945n Nicholas, Robert C, 639n Nicholas, Wilson Cary, 419, 945n Nichols, George, 66n, 276, 332n, 492, 945n Nicholson, John; from, 57-8 Nicholson, John B., 944 Nicklye, John Lewis, 749 Niles' Weekly Register, 652 Ninfa Catalana (schooner), 300n Noah, Mordecai M.: to, 614; named, 112n, 307, 794, 843, 853n, 855-6 Noble (brig), 181 Noble, James: from, 99, 7101, 720-1, 752, 769, 802, 926; named, 488n, 542, 544n, 708, 912, 914n Noble, Lazarus, 708-11, 722 Noble, Noah: from, 488; named, 708, 710-1, 721 Nones, Abraham B.: froin, 464, 612; named, 261n, 370n Nones, Joseph B.: to, 370 Norris, , 785 North, Ellen. See Moale, Ellen North (Mrs. John) North American Review, 132n, 945 North Carolina (U. S. ship), 612, 623, 736, 792, 944 North Carolina Journal. See Fayetteville North Carolina Journal Northern Bank of Kentucky, 457n Northwestern Bank of Virginia, 387n Norton, Benjamin Hammett: from, 890-1 Norton, George Hatley, 945 Norway, dispatches from, instructions to. See Sweden and Norway Norvell, James, 901-2n Norvell, Joseph, 717-8n Nourse, Joseph: to, 814-6; named, 36-7n, 469, 475n Nye, Ezra, 749

New Hampshire Patriot. See Concord New Hampshire Patriot New London Gazette (Conn.), 232 New London (Conn.) Republican Advocate, 232 New Orleans Argus, 291n, 402n New Orleans L'Ami des Lois, 400n, 402n. See also New Orleans Argus New Orleans Louisiana Gazette, 399, 402-3n New Orleans Mercantile Daily Advertiser, 402 Newport Rhode Island Republican, 636-7, 728 Newton, Albert O.: from, 326; named, 387, 414, 752 Newton, Thomas: from, 919 New York American, 111-2, 904n New York Commercial Advertiser, 112 New York Daily Advertiser, 122 New York National Advocate, 111-2, 635 New York National Advocate, 111-2, 614 New York Stock Exchange, Obreg6n, Pablo: from, 790; to, 868-9, 931; named, lOOn692n 1, 243n, 262, 532, 645-6, Niagara Patriot. See Buffalo 684-5, 764, 788, 821n, 908, Niagara Patriot 918n, 926-8n, 932, 946, 950, Nicaragua Canal, 263-4, 279 958n Nicholas I of Russia, 923-4n, 934, 950n O'Brien, Donat Henchy, 555

Offley, David: from, 862; named, 944 Offutt, William C, 458, 461n Ogden, David B.: from, 267 Ogden, George M., 13n, 98 O'Hara, James, 394, 565 O'Higgins, Bernardo, 791 Ohio and Erie Canal, 112n, 531n-2n, 543, 547, 825, 920 Ohio Medical College. See University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine Ohio Repository. See Canton Ohio Repository Olive (brig), 516 Oliver, Charles, 487-8n Oliver, David, 715 Oliver, John, 58n Oliver, Robert: from, 57-8, 107; named, 138-9n, 488n, 536 Olympian Springs, 588, 605-6n Ombrosi, James: from, 195, 494 Onis, Luis de, 556 Onondaga Register (N.Y.), 738, 760 Ontario (U. S. sloop), 792, 944 Ordronaux, John, 124 Oris (vessel),' 123n Orleans, Louis-Philippe-Joseph, Duke de, 730n Ortega, Juan Gualberto de, 660-1, 727-8 Osborn, John W., 863-4, 866, 877 Osborn, Ralph, 62n Oscar (vessel), 142 Osprey (brig), 526, 755, 933 Oubril, Pierre d', 751-2n, 774 Overton, James, 512n Overton, John W., 512n, 887 Overton, Samuel R., 511-2n Overton, Thomas J., 512n Overton, Waller, 512n Owen, George W.: from, 6878, 909; named, 798-9n Owen, John Henry, 688-9n Owings, Thomas Deye, 419, 638n-9n Owsley, William, 6n, 92, 433n, 673-4n, 862n. See also Kentucky Court of Appeals Oxnard, Thomas, 627 Pacific Fur Company, 354n Page, Elizabeth Burwell, 4, 6n Page, Hugh Nelson, 4, 6n Page, John, 4, 6n Page, Peyton Randolph, 6n Paine, David: from, 114 Paine, Seth: from, 114 Pairo, Thomas W., 796n Pairo and Prout: to, 796

982

SECRETARY OF STATE

Palacios, Leandro, 81-2n, 122- Pearl (brig), 141n, 207, 240, Petray, Lewis A., 190-ln 4n, 606, 612, 615, 620, 635 261, 269-70, 275, 288, 320 Petray and Viel, 190 Palladium of Virginia. See Pearl River Gazette. See Jack- Pettit, Edward L.: from, 752 Lewisburg Palladium of son (Miss.) Pearl River Ga- Peyton, — (Mrs. Craven Virginia zette T.), 733 Palmyra (vessel), 296, 300n, Pearson, Edmund B., 513 Peyton, Craven T., 733 626 Peay, John, 407n Philadelphia Aurora, 334n, 81 In Paloma (vessel), 122-3n, 749 Peck, Everard, 464n Panama Congress. See Con- Pedersen, Peter: from, 109, Philadelphia Aurora and gress of Panama Franklin Gazette, 334n, 212, 670, 736, 776, 808, 834; Panchita (vessel). See 429 to, 141, 686, 796-7; named, lOOn, 223n, 580 Palmyra Philadelphia Board of Pando, Jose Maria de, 242, Pedraza, Manuel G6mez. See Trade, 825n Gomez Pedraza 284 Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce, 375 Paris Constitutionnel, 898-9n Pedro I of Brazil. See Peter Paris Courrier-Francais, I of Brazil Philadelphia Columbian Ob898-9n server, 48, 52, 121, 145-6, Peele, Willard, 258n, 276 158, 191-2, 196, 198, 200, Pegram, John: from, 895; Parish, Woodbine, 652-3n 379, 429, 794n named, 919n Parke, Benjamin, 118 Parker, Alexander, 7, 50-ln, Peirce, Benjamin, 276 Philadelphia Democratic Press, 333-4n, 864 499 Peirce, Jerathmiel, 276 Parker, Cortland L.: from, Pemberton, A. H., 813 Philadelphia Franklin Gazette, 333-4n Pendleton, Asa, 650 311 Pendleton, Philip C: from, Philadelphia Medical SoParker, Daniel: to, 616 560, 725; to, 339; named, Parker, John W.: from, 517, ciety, 599n 288 829 Philadelphia National GaParker, Mary Howard (Mrs. Pennsylvania (steamboat), zette, 227n 388n Alexander), 500n Philadelphia Public Sale ReParkinson, Joseph, 88 port. See Grotjan's PhilaPennsylvania Fire Insurance Parris, Albion K.: from, 951; delphia Public Sale Report Company, 109 to, 852; named, 851, 91 In Pennsylvania Intelligencer. Philadelphia Saving Fund See Harrisburg PennsylSociety, 778 Paterson, , 430 vania Intelligencer Philips, John P., from, 635-6 Patriot. See Boston Patriot; Buffalo Niagara Patriot; Pennsylvania Society for the Philips, William B.: from, Promotion of Internal Im388-9; to, 389-90 Providence (R.I.) Patriot provements, 102, 143 Phillips, Edmond, 508-9n Patterson, John, 95, 97n, 301 , 514n Phillips, Milly McDermid Patterson, Joseph Wilson: to, Penny, Penny, Hodgson, 514n (Mrs. Edmond), 508-9n 213; named, 952n Pickett, James C, 59n, 670n Patterson, Mary Ann Caton Pensacola Gazette, 766n (Mrs. Robert), 206-7n, 776 Perine, David M., 126n Pickett, John, 59n Patterson, Robert, 207n, Perry, Elizabeth Champlin Pickins, J., 703 Mason (Mrs. Oliver Haz- Pickins, L. H., 703 496-7 ard), 414 Pickman, Benjamin, Jr., Patterson, William, 2O7n, Perry, Mary: from, 143 232-3n 213n, 471, 475n Patton, Alexander W., 787 Perry, William, 143, 776 Pickman, Dudley L.: from, Patton, Benjamin W., 67n, Peru, dispatches from, in311; named, 314 structions to. See Prevost, Pike, James M., 238 787. See also Kentucky Stanhope; Tudor, William Pilcher, Joshua: to, 240 Court of Appeals Patton, John D.: from, 787 Peter I of Brazil (Peter IV of Pindall, Tames, 243, 276, 285, Paul I of Russia, 923n Portugal), 104n-5n, 244-5, 773 Payne, Daniel McCarty, 499, 394, 397, 409, 585, 597, 642, Pindell, Thomas Hart, 458 650, 821, 844-5, 849, 853-4, Pinkham, David C: from, 500n 865 791 Payne, Edward C, 499, 500n Payne, Elizabeth Howard Peter II of Brazil, 936 Pinkney, William, 137, 367-9n Peter, George: from, 709, (Mrs. Edward), 500n 918; to, 921 Payne, Lucy. See Todd, Lucy Pintado, Diego, 314 Peter, John, 709n Payne (Mrs. Thomas) Pintado, Vincente Sebastian, Paz, Juan Bautista, 865-6n Peters, John, 140n 811 Peabody, . See Peabody Peters, Pond, and Company: Pitman, John: from, 885-6 from, 140 and Chamberlain Pitot, S. G., 81-2n Peabody, Joseph: from, 416; Peters, Richard, Jr.: from, Pittsburgh Mercury, 882 102, 143, 372; to, 117 named, 123n-4n Pittsburgh Statesman, 871 Peabody and Chamberlain, Peters, Richard, Sr., 102n Platt, Charles T., 225n, Petersburg (Va.) Intelli610-ln 310 gencer, 120n Peake, Humphrey: from, 387 Pleasants, James, 250-In, Pearce, Dutee }.: from, 89; Petit, Nathaniel: with, 504; 254-5n, 386-7, 572-3n, 827, named, 870 857, 867-8n, 906-7n named, 502-4, 513, 788

983

INDEX Pleasants, John Hampden: from, 403, 515-6, 613, 7534, 777, 826-7, 904; to, 2612; named, 88, 250-ln, 254, 308, 632, 650, 652, 654, 919n Pleasonton, Stephen: from, 271 Poague, Robert, 491, 637, 679 Poinsett, Joel R.: from, 3267, 402, 415, 443-4, 447-8, 514, 534, 545, 549, 556, 55960, 565, 567, 573, 578-9, 584-5, 640-1, 666-7, 675, 687, 699-700, 724-5, 733-4, 777, 837, 844, 851, 874, 876, 921; to, 166-77, 182-8, 262, 636, 680-6, 690-1, 801-5, 887-8; named, 101, 106-7n, 126, 178n, 247, 322-3n, 339, 366, 372, 444, 532, 563, 583, 644, 679, 689, 712, 815-6n, 821n, 852, 918n, 935, 944, 958n Poletica, Pierre de, 141n Political Beacon. See Lawrenceburg Political Beacon Polk, James K.: from, 880; named, 716, 718n Pollock, John, 506 Pollock, William: from, 505-6 Polly Hampton (vessel), 406 Pond, Sabin, 140n Pontes, Felizberto Caldeira Brant. See Brant Pontes Poor, Moses: to, 702 Poor Man's Party, 877n Pope, John, 411n, 713 Porter, David, 224-5n, 237, 298, 311, 320, 327, 331, 501, 520, 555, 610-ln, 618, 632, 676, 738, 812, 823 Porter, Letitia Breckinridge Grayson (Mrs. Peter Buell), 18, 40, 287, 321 Porter, Peter Buell: from, 16-8, 746, 830-1; to, 39-40, 286-7, 321-2, 858-9; named, 677, 816, 872, 919 Porter, Thomas, 708, 714, 723, 730 Porter, Timothy H., 919-20n Port Gibson Correspondent (Miss.), 327 Portland Advertiser and Gazette of Maine, 114 Portland American Patriot, 769, 787. See also Portland Independent Statesman and Maine Republican Portland Canal. See Louisville and Portland Canal Company Portland (Me.) Eastern Argus, 121-2n, 769, 835

Portland Gazette. See Portland Advertiser and Gazette of Maine Portland Independent Statesman and Maine Republican, 121-2, 787. See also Portland American Patriot Porto Santo, Antonio de Saldanha da Gama, Count of, 364, 833, 854 Portsmouth (N.H.) Commercial Advertiser, 809 Portugal, dispatches from, instructions to. See Brent, Thomas L. L. See also Azores; Cape Verde Islands Postlethwait, John, 500 Potter, Henry: from, 845 Potter, Robert, 755, 822, 834, 845 Potts, Samuel: from, 95-7 Poussin, William Tell, 330n Pozzo di Borgo, Charles Andre, Count, 241, 303, 631 Prall, William L.: from, 622; named, 622 Preble, Charles, 526 Prentiss, William H., 71, 313 Preston, William: from, 746 Prevost, John B., 195, 397, 622, 687 Prevost, Solomon, 14-5n Prevost, Stanhope: from, 687 Price, Chandler: from, 809 Price, Daniel B.: from, 427-8 Price, John R., 502-3n, 788 Price, Susannah Hart (Mrs. Samuel), 205-6n Princeton University, 722n, 727, 918n, 956n Protestant Episcopal Church (O.), 44n Prout, William, 796n Providence (R.I.) Independent Inquirer, 842 Providence (R.I.) Manufacturers and Farmers Journal, 842, 870, 882 Providence Patriot (R.I.), 636, 869-70 Providence Phoenix (R.I.), 636. See also Providence Patriot Provinces of the River Plate, dispatches from, instructions to. See Forbes, John M.; Slacum, George W. Public Ledger. See Richmond (Ind.) Public Ledger Pueyrredon, Juan Martin de, 192n Puglia, James Ph.: from, 577, 745, 760; to, 692-3; named, 622, 633 Pulis, Joseph: from, 454

Purdy, Robert, 417 Purviance, James: from, 57-8 Purviance, John: from, 57-8; named, 83, 377 Purviance, Robert, 57, 69-71, 83-4, 312-3n, 377, 498 Purviance, Samuel (brother of Robert), 57, 69-71, 83-4, 312-3n, 377, 498 Purviance, Samuel (son of Robert), 377 Quarrier, William B.: from, 339; to, 371-2; named, 726 Quesnel, , Sr.: from, 532-3 Quesnel and Company, 533n R. B. Rhodes and Company, 532 Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel, 609 Raguet, Condy: from, 104-5, 231, 262, 370-1, 386, 409-10, 523, 562, 597, 642-3, 714, 768, 821, 844-5, 936, 95960; to, 251-5, 262; named, 261, 394, 487, 516, 815-6n, 932 Rainals, John: from, 548, 616, 753, 802 Rainy, William H.: from, 405-6; to, 411 Ralston, Gerard, 102 Ralston, Robert: from, 375 Randall, Thomas: from, 377 Randolph, John, 857, 895, 906-7n Randolph, Maria Ward (Mrs. Peyton), 214, 221 Randolph, Mary Skipwith (Mrs. Thomas): from, 5267 Randolph, Thomas, 527n Raney, Matthew F., 799n Ranger (schooner), 750 Rankin, Christopher: from, 932; named, 23, 32n, 148, 166n Rannells, David V.: from, 391-2; to, 392-3 Rapp, George, 557 Rariden, James: from, 787 Rawle, William, Sr.: from, 813; named, 832 Ray, Esther Booker (Mrs. James B.), 721n Ray, James: from, 376, 780; named, 842n Ray, James Brown: from, 721-2, 813; named, 710-ln, 721, 822

Ray, Joseph, 562, 597 Read, George Campbell, 899 Read, Joseph E.: from, 454; named, 123n Read, William: from, 728; named, 637

984 Reaney, William L.: from, 675, 765, 936; named, 628, 661, 675 Rebausen, Baroness, 451, 453n Rebello, Jose Silvestre: from 222-3, 261, 487, 853, 952; to, 243-5, 881; named, 99n, 252, 255n, 596-7n, 723 Redd, Samuel: with, 2-4 Redfield, Herman (Heman) J.: from, 864; named, 867 Redfield, Lewis Hamilton: from, 760; named, 738, 864 Redwing (British warship), 575, 586 Redwood, William: from, 592; to, 596; named, 606 Reed, . See Ropes, Reed, and Company Reed, Alexander: from, 3812; to, 382 Reed, Ebenezer, 511 Reed, Elijah H.: to, 700 Reed, Thomas B., 6, 8, 98 Reede, Count de, 119 Reeves, Benjamin H., 568-9n Reid, John, 165n Reid, Samuel C, 125, 133 Reid, Walker: from, 391-2; to, 392-3 Reilly, Thomas, 185-6, 188n Reily, John H., 567-n Reindeer (fishing vessel), 485n Reinhard. See Rianhard, John Relief Party (Ky.), 265-6n, 586n, 673, 719, 747-8, 9489. See also Antirelief Party; Kentucky Court of Appeals Republican Advocate. See New London (Conn.) Republican Advocate Republican and Commercial Advertiser. See Baltimore Republican and Commercial Advertiser Republican Party, 9, 17, 141n. See also Democratic Party "Retreat," 128 Revanche, La (vessel), 765, 808

Revenga, Joseph R., 863, 880 Reynolds, James B., 716, 718n Reynolds, William: from, 339 Rhineholt, , 205 Rhode Island College. See Brown University Rhode Island Republican. See Newport Rhode Island Republican

SECRETARY OF STATE Rhodes, Ralph Brown, 5323n Rianhard, John: from, 590, 606; to, 596, 612; named, 123n-4n, 599, 617 Rich, Obadiah: from, 545-6, 586; named, 525, 629, 634, 78On Richard, Gabriel: from, 746; named, 808 Richardson, John Crawley, 37 Richardson, Marquis D., 513 Richardson, Robert D.: from, 128, 399-400, 408 Richardson, William: from, 456-7 Richardson, William H.: from, 401; to, 226, 404-5 Richmond (Va.) Constitutional Whig, 403n, 650, 678 Richmond Enquirer (Va.), 62, 214, 651-2n Richmond (Ind.) Public Ledger, 672, 701, 728, 765, 769, 787, 834-5, 840 Ridgely, Frederick, 80n Ridgely, Henry M.: from, 444 Ridgely, Nicholas: from, 441 Ridgely, Nicholas Greenberry, 441n Ringgold, Tench: from, 779, 894; to, 778-9, 788-9 Rios, Chevalier de los, 907 Ritchie, Thomas, 55-6, 745n, 213-4, 308, 651-2n Rivadavia, Bernardino, 5001, 620, 737, 833 Rivas y Salmon, Hilario de: from, 117, 237, 320, 382, 406, 625, 660, 675, 864-5; to, 260-1, 311, 338-9, 916-7; named, 94n, lOOn, 257, 327, 331, 374, 525, 545, 634n, 661, 686, 727-8, 734, 745, 866, 918 Rives, John C, 325-6n Roads, John, 807n Robards, Lewis, 555n Robards, Rachel Donelson (Mrs. Lewis). See Jackson, Rachel Donelson Robards (Mrs. Andrew) Robb, Joseph, 460, 462n Robbins, Asher: from, 414; named, 870 Robert Blackwell and Company, 534 Roberts, Thomas Henry: from, 133; named, 132 Robertson, George, 719 Robertson, George R., 185, 188n, 261n, 641 Robertson, James: from, 895

Robertson, Matthew: from, 923 Robertson, Thomas B.: from, 271-5, 445; to, 882-4; named, 216, 310-ln, 712 Robeson, Thomas W., 331 Robinson, Frederick John, 354n-5n Robinson, Jeremy: from, 95; named, 85, 229, 258, 276 Robinson, John, 726, 824 Robinson, N.: from, 448-9 Robinson, Nathan, 229-30n Rocafuerte, Vincente, 278-9, 282n Roche-Aymon, AntoineCharles-Iitienne-Paul, La, 729-30n, 735-6n Rochester, Nathaniel, 88 Rochester, William B.: to, 871; named, 88 Rochester Album, 922 Rochester Monroe Republican, 82, 922-3n

Rochester Telegraph, 464, 597 Rodes, James C, 465, 503, 724 Rodgers, James Hude, 1045n, 231, 371 Rodgers, John: from, 612, 736-7, 792, 944; to, 623-4; named, 374, 443, 586, 727, 774, 776n, 849, 862, 899 Rodney, Caesar Augustus, 217n, 249-5In Rodney, Thomas McKean: from, 575, 632, 925; to, 776; named, 217n, 592, 712 Rodriguez, Juan M., 278-9 Rogers, Catherine. See Coleman, Catherine Rogers (Mrs. Farish) Rogers, Coleman: from, 4067; to, 410-1; named, 407n Rogers, James Hude. See Rodgers, James Hude Rogers, John, 639n Rollins, Anthony W.: from, 436-8; to, 438-9 Romans, William, 499 Rootes, Edmund W., 639n Roper, William P., 64, 66n Ropes, Reed and Company: from, 727 Rose, John B.: from, 834 Rose, Robert S., 945 Rose, Simri: from, 923 "Rose Mount," 137, 709 Rosenkrantz, Niels, 139-40, 453-4n Ross, Eliza (Mrs. George G.), 589-90n Ross, Ellen, 589-90n Ross, George G., 590n Ross, Jack Terrill: from, 672

985

INDEX Ross, John T.: from, 476 Ross, Margaretta, 589-90n Ross, Phineas: from, 539-40; named, 598-9n Ross, Thomas R.: from, 53940 Rothesay, Baron Stuart de. See Stuart, Charles Rothschild, Meyer Amschel, 520n Rothschild, Nathan Meyer, 518, 520n Rout, John, 433 Rowan, Atkinson Hill: from, 490-1 Rowan, Eliza Cooper. See Harney, Eliza Cooper Rowan (Mrs. John Milton) Rowan, John, 266, 491n, 5645n, 611, 676, 871 Royal Academy of Arts (London), 2O7n Ruby (brig, Bucksport, Me.), 575, 723 Ruby (fishing vessel, Lubec, Me.), 485n Rue, de la, 850 Rue, Amelie Eugenie Beaumarchais de la, 850 Ruffin, Charles K., 316, 318n, 780, 783n, 794 Ruffo, Fabrici. See Castlecicala, Fabrici Ruffo, Prince de Ruggles, Benjamin, 95, 97n, 301 Rush, Richard: from, 89, 94, 117, 179-81, 212-3, 239, 242, 257-8, 270, 307, 321, 371, 382-3, 402, 526, 570, 577, 934, 954-5; to, 101, 238, 907-8, 934; named, 90n, 92, 102, 131, 220n, 275, 340-1, 348, 354n, 420, 431n, 434n, 438, 444, 464, 471, 475n-6, 487, 533, 552, 577n, 607, 626, 710-1, 728, 731, 789, 808, 895n, 933 Russell, (Mrs. Isaac), 580, 591-2 Russell, Isaac: from, 579-80; to, 591-2 Russell, Jonathan, 159-60, 451, 453n Russell, Mary Owen Todd (Mrs. James): from, 788; named, 36-7, 504, 513 Russellville (Ky.) Weekly Messenger, 327n Russia, dispatches from, instructions to, notes to and from. See Middleton, Henry; Tuyll von Serooskerken, Baron de Rust, David, 649, 688, 798-9,

S. and M. Aliens and Company, 111 S. and R. Purviance, 312 St. Amaro, , Viscount of, 960 St. Charles Missouri Advocate, 379 St. Francisville (La.) Asylum, 778 St. George, Charles M., 5189n St. Johns Agricultural Society (Colleton Co., S.C.), 563 St. John's Episcopal Church (Washington), 494 St. Louis Enquirer, 379n-80n, 567, 569n St. Louis Missouri Advocate and St. Louis Enquirer, 379 St. Mary's College (Baltimore), 670n St. Petersburg (Russia) Journal de Saint-Petersbourg Politique et Litteraire, 950 St. Vincent de Paul, Sisters of Charity of, 669-70n Salazar, (Sa. Jose Maria), Salazar, Jose Maria: from, 136, 326, 674-5, 788, 790, 957; to, 127-8, 929-31; named, lOOn, 120-ln, 168, 243n, 645-6, 684-5, 702n, 927-8n, 946, 950, 958 Salisbury, Hezekiah A., 746, 749, 802 Salmon, Hilario de Rivas y. See Rivas y Salmon, Hilario de Saltonstall, Rosewell: from, 876 Sam (brig), 140n Sample, William: from, 3812; to, 382 Samuel G. Arnold and Company, 177 Sanders, Alexander. See Saunders, Alexander Sanders, Lewis: to, 753; named, 496-7, 506, 539, 552, 639n Sanderson, Margaret. See Hughes, Margaret Sanderson (Mrs. Christopher, Sr.) Sands, Abraham L.: from, 842 Sandwich Islands, dispatches from, instructions to. See Hawaii Sangamo Spectator. See Springfield (111.) Sangamo Spectator Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de, 326-7n, 584

Santa Fe Road, 549, 578 Santa Maria, Miguel, 443-4n Santissima Trinidad (schooner). See Ninfa Catalana Santos, Viscountess of, 40910 Sarpi, Paolo, 610-ln Sarratea, Manuel de: from, 233; named, 537, 858 Sarto, Luigi di Medici, Duke di, 368-9n, 497, 626 Saunders, Alexander, 13n, 98 Saunders, Romulus Mitchell: from, 926; named, 148,166n Savage, Charles: from, 90, 124, 181, 190, 577, 877 Savage, John: from, 133 Sawyer, Lemuel: from, 951 Saxton, John: from, 791 Say, Jean Baptiste, 265-6n Sayre, David A.: to, 712-3 Sayre Female Institute, 713n Scheffer, Ary, 13n, 193, 362 Schimmelmann, Ernst Heinrich, Count, 452-3, 563, 580-1 Scholl, Mary Catherine Brengle (Mrs. John), 58990n Schona, Elizabeth, 6n Schuylkill Navigation Company, 825n Scioto Gazette. See Chillicothe Supporter and Scioto Gazette Scott (schooner), 176, 178n Scott, Alexander: from, 628 Scott, Charles, 896 Scott, John: from, 301, 335; named, 567-9n Scott, Robert: from, 6-8, 502, 97-9, 723-4, 732; to, 5123; named, 8n, 35-6n, 260, 417, 448n-9, 461n, 551, 5645, 642n, 667-8n, 704, 753, 759, 788, 817-8n Scott, Rossiter: from, 57-8 Scott, William, 201 Scott, Winfield, 502n Scrantom, Edwin, 922n-3n Sea Gull (U. S. sea galliot), 274n Searle, Nathaniel: from, 876 Seaton, William W. See Gales and Seaton Seaward, Joseph: from, 750 Seawell, Henry, 816 Sebree, William: from, 714 Selden, John, 610-ln Semmes, Benedict J.: from, 780 Sergeant, John: from, 777-8; to, 832-3; named, 367, 373, 725, 851, 905

986 Serna, Jose de la, 231 "Seventy Six" (pseud.), 843n4n, 856n Sewall, Robert, 580 Shaler, Charles: from, 887 Shaler, William: from, 242, 395, 415-6; to, 724, 956; named, 754, 944-5n Shannon, George, 64, 66n7n, 78 Shark (U. S. schooner), 119, 276n, 925 Sharp, Edward, 736 Sharp, Richard: from, 455-6 Sharp, Solomon P., 817, 825 Shaumburgh, Bartholomew: from, 397-8 Shaw, Moses: from, 198 Shelby, Isaac, 153-4, 166n Shelby, James: from, 401; to, 404-5; named, 457-61n Sheldon, Daniel, 453-4n, 466-7n, 535-6n, 575, 5956n, 640, 657-8n, 772, 820, 899 Sheldon, John P.: from, 511 Sheley, John: to, 464-5; with, 464 Shepard, John S., 822 Shillaber, John: from, 225, 653; named, 261n Shoemaker, Francis: from, 377 Shoemaker, H., 384 Shoemaker, Lewis: to, 733; named, 377-8, 384-5, 752 Short, Charles Wilkins, 80n Short, Peyton, 80n Shriver, David, Jr., 300, 305n, 330n Shulze, John A., 84-5n, 3834n, 429-30n Shute, Benjamin, 575 Sibley, Derick, 82, 922 Sibley, Eliza. See Johnston, Eliza Sibley (Mrs. Josiah Stoddard) Sibley, Levi W.: from, 82 Sicard, . See Taylor, Sicard, and Company "Sign of the Indian Queen" (tavern), 38In Silliman, W.: to, 268 Silsbee, (Mrs. Nathaniel), 230 Silsbee, Nathaniel: from, 22930, 258, 314-5; to, 276 Simmons, William H., 339 Simon Gratz and Brothers: from, 109 Simons, William: from, 6367; named, 728 Simpson, James: from, 412-4; to, 418-9; named, 754 Simpson, Stephen, 48, 52, 379-80n, 794

SECRETARY OF STATE Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul, 669-70n Skidmore, Thomas: from, 877 Skipwith, Mary. See Randolph, Mary Skipwith (Mrs. Thomas) Slacum, George W.: from, 675, 792, 903-4; named, 537 Slade, William, Jr.: from, 113 Sloane, John: to, 226-7, 282-3 Slocum, Milton, 290-1 Smedes, Abraham K., 60-ln, 457-61 Smith, , 122n Smith, Arthur, 52 Smith, Daniel (Penna.), 123n Smith, Daniel (Va.): from, 689, 753; to, 606 Smith, Daniel W.: to, 267 Smith, Dennis A., 126 Smith, Edward Tyrrel, 301, 528n Smith, Eliphalet, 463n Smith, George: from, 822; named, 813 Smith, George J.: from, 53940 Smith, Hall, 314 Smith, James, Jr.: with, 108; named, 111 Smith, John (Ky.), 721 Smith, John (Mo.), 270 Smith, John Adams: from, 416, 438, 444, 500-1, 525-6, 538, 550, 552, 576, 661; to, 238-9; named, 238, 275, 289, 341, 382, 402 Smith, John Speed, 840 Smith, John W.: from, 292 Smith, Joseph L., 748-9n, 940 Smith, Laura Sophia. See Hughes, Laura Sophia Smith (Mrs. Christopher, Jr-) Smith, Linnaeus: from, 110; named, 749 Smith, Mary. See Nicholas, Mary Smith (Mrs. George) Smith, Oliver H.: from, 835 Smith, Richard: to, 494, 513; named, 8, 14, 33, 69n, 11 In, 251, 374, 476, 511, 567n, 637, 649, 661, 690, 700, 702-3, 725, 728, 751, 770, 787, 796, 864, 920, 947 Smith, Samuel: from, 95, 120-1, 375-7, 426-8, 468-75, 533-4; to, 85-6, 118-9, 323-4, 331-2, 337-8, 588, 730-1, 809-10; named, 107, 419, 450-1, 872-3n, 874n Smith, Samuel R.: from, 701 Smith, T. (Md.): from, 57-8

Smith, Thomas: from, 844; to, 61; named, 120n, 4602n Smith, Thomas S.: from, 4278; to, 434-5 Smith, Waters: from, 591, 813; named, 894-5 Smith, William: from, 935 Smith, William Steuben, 238 Smyth, William: from, 546, 566; named, 398 Sneed, Achilles, 65, 67n, 92n, 455, 604, 606n, 674, 706, 718, 724 Snowden, John M.: from, 882 Snowden, Thomas, 112n Somers, Joseph: to, 770 Somerville, William C: from, 113, 301, 577-8, 72930, 862-3, 956; to, 255-6, 624-5; named, 138, 334, 452, 772-3, 815-6n, 820, 849-50n, 893, 898-9, 938-9n Soniat du Fossat, Louise Duralde (Mrs. Joseph), 659-60n, 665-6n South America (vessel), 918 Southard, Samuel L.: from, 125, 137, 275-8, 285, 292, 311, 327, 339-40, 380, 520, 643, 661, 768-9, 789, 854, 894, 904, 908-9, 932, 940, 952, 960; to, 322, 327, 3312, 447, 501, 730, 821, 880-1, 908, 911, 932, 939-40; named, 67, 90n, 224n, 315n-22n passim, 373n, 536, 731, 857, 867-8n, 876n, 906n, 928, 944 Southern Advocate and Huntsville Advertiser. See Huntsville (Ala.) Southern Advocate and Huntsville Advertiser Southern Luminary. See Jackson (Miss.) Southern Luminary Southern Methodist Quarterly Review, 312n Southern Patriot. See Charleston Southern Patriot Spafford, Horatio Gates: from, 232, 650; to, 715-6; named, 225 Spain, dispatches from, instructions to, notes to and from. See Barrell, George G.; Burton, Alexander; Everett, Alexander H.; Gay, Payton; Montgomery, Robert; Nelson, Hugh; Rich, Obadiah; Rivas y Salmon, Hilario de. See also Cuba

987

INDEX Spalding, . See Marshall, Spalding, and Hunt Spark (U. S. brig), 300n, 447 Sparks, Jared: from, 944-5 Sparta Review (Tenn.), 607 Spencer, Ambrose, 131, 859n Spencer, John C, 131n Spermo (vessel), 104-5n, 231, 262, 446, 523, 562, 768, 917, 932, 936, 959 Spiers, Greenberry, 457-61n Spirit of the Times. See Batavia (N.Y.) Spirit of the Times Sprague, Peleg: from, 921-2 Springfield (111.) Sangamo Spectator, 834n Sproat, Peter W.: from, 113, 650; named, 262 Stackelberg, Berndt Robert Gustaf, Baron, 116n, 665n Stainton, Andrew: from, 5512; named, 539 Standifer, James, 716, 718n Stansberry, W., 806-7n Staples, Stephen McLellan, 801 State Gazette. See Jackson (Miss.) State Gazette State Journal. See Jackson (Miss.) State Journal Statesman. See Pittsburgh Statesman Stedman, E.: from, 769-70 Steedman, Charles John: from, 141; to, 200 Steele, David: from, 427-8 Steele, Horace: from, 854-5 Steele, John: from, 769; to, 760 Stelle, P. D., 587n Stephens, Fisher, and Company, 506 Stephens, Luther, 506n Stephenson, Benjamin, 911, 914n Sterret, James, 397-8n, 400, 402 Sterrett, Robert: from, 491 Steuben, Baron von, 843n Steubenville (O.) Western Herald and Steubenville Gazette, 791 Steve (slave), 549-50 Stevenson, Andrew, 52, 209, 214, 487 Stevenson, Thomas J., 265-6n Stewart, Andrew: from, 730 Stewart, Charles, 622-3n, 632 Stewart, Robert R.: from, 552-3 Stockholm Argus, 873 Stockton, Anice Boudinot (Mrs. Richard), 555n

Stockton, Benjamin F., 327 Stockton, Lucius Horatio, 553, 555n Stone, Ethan, 531n Stone, William J.: to, 947 Storrs, Augustus: to, 240 Storrs, Henry R.: from, 128-31; named, 7 Story, Joseph: from, 234; named, 124n, 189, 300n, 440-In Stranger (brig), 230-1 Strickland, WilHam, 102, 112, 117, 143 Strong, James: to, 193-4 Stuart, Charles, 104, 241, 284, 371, 385-6, 406, 523-4, 562, 597, 714, 772, 820, 844, 865 Stuart, Josephus B.: from, 111-2; to, 18-9, 227-8, 871-2 Sturdevant, Charles, 858 Sturgis, William: from, 240, 292; to, 207, 275; named, 141n. See also Bryant and Sturgis Suchtelen, (daughter of Count Suchtelen), 518-9n Suchtelen, Jan Pieter, Count, 231, 277, 518-9n, 873-4 Sucre y de Alcala, Antonio Jose de, 488 Suez Canal, 584n Superb (vessel), 517n Survilliers, Joseph Bonaparte, Count de, 356, 519n Survilliers, Julie Clary (Mrs. Joseph Bonaparte), Countess de, 519n Sutherland, William, 512-3n Swan, Matthew: from, 863 Swanton, John B., 538-9n, 549 Swartwout, Samuel, 122, 161, 164, 166n, 211, 286, 403n, 781-2 Sweden and Norway, dispatches from, instructions to, notes to and from. See Hughes, Christopher; Lorich, Severin; Somerville, William C. Sweetser, Seth, Jr., 822n Sweetser and Company: from, 822 Swift, Joseph G.: from, 232 Swigert, Jacob: from, 398-9; to, 403-4; named, 718, 724, 860-In Sylvester, Nathaniel, 577, 622, 628, 633, 692-3 Symington, J. W., 375-7 Symmes, J. C, 807n Syracuse (N.Y.) Onondaga Register and Syracuse Gazette, 738n

Tabbs, Moses: from, 866 Tacon, Francisco, 94, 532n, 545 Tait, Charles: from, 631, 789, 880; named, 687-8n, 701 Talbott, Isham, 464-5 Talcott, Samuel A., 925 Taliaferro, John: from, 5278, 935; named, 675 Tallahassee Florida Intelligencer, 599, 600n Tallmadge, James: from, 738 Tallmadge, James, Jr., 131 Tammany Mill, 503-4, 6678n, 732, 758 Tandy, Gabriel, 36 Tanner, William, 258n Tapperheten (Swedish frigate), 257, 519-20n, 525, 548, 702 Tapshire, George M., 231 Tattnall, Edward F., 194-5n Taul, Micah: from, 412-4; to, 418-9; named, 431n, 766n Taul, Thomas Paine, 766 Tayloe, Edward Thornton, 935 Tayloe, John, 935 Taylor, Allen, 236 Taylor, Colby H.: to, 418-9; named, 412-4, 431n Taylor, Edmund, 414n Taylor, Edmund H., 419-20, 823-4n Taylor, Edward, 709, 780 Taylor, Francis: from, 388-9; to, 389-90 Taylor, George G., 414n, 419n Taylor, Hubbard: from, 4124; to, 82, 418-9; named, 431n Taylor, James: from, 715; to, 61, 953-4; named, 50-ln Taylor, James, Jr., 633-4n Taylor, John (Lexington, Ky.), 499 Taylor, John Louis, 467n Taylor, John W., 54n, 148, 166n Taylor, Jonathan, 263, 414n Taylor, Keturah Moss Leitch (Mrs. James), 954 Taylor, Louisa A. B. Hart (Mrs. Edmund H.), 419-20, 823 Taylor, Samuel M.: from, 412-4; to, 418-9; named, 838, 840n Taylor, Sicard, and Company, 375, 545n, 724, 874 Taylor, William: from, 235, 339, 393, 444, 532, 661, 835, 885; named, 178n, 185, 188n, 262, 375n. See also

988 Taylor, William (cont.): Taylor, Sicard, and Company Taylor, William Flemming, 725, 813, 822 Tazewell, Littleton W., 2734n, 344, 354n Teackle, Littleton Dennis: from, 587-8, 626; to, 40-1 Tebbs, Ann Foucher. See DuVal, Ann Foucher Tebbs (Mrs. John Pope) Teignmouth, John Shore, 1st Baron, 940 Tennessee Company, 270 Terre Haute Western Register and Terre Haute Advertiser, 863-4, 866, 877 Terrier (U. S. schooner), 330, 373n Test, John: from, 802, 926; named, 709 Thalia (vessel), 726, 824, 939 Thibodaux, Henry S., 727 Thom, Isaac, 4O7n Thomas, James B.: from, 882 Thomas, Philemon: from, 313-4 Thomas, Samuel, 882 Thomas, W. S.: from, 871 Thomas and Samuel Hollingsworth, 334 Thomas B. Wait and Sons, 139 . Thomas Buckley and Sons: from, 446; named, 262 Thompson, George: to, 19 Thompson, George C, 19, 458, 461, 499 Thompson, Jonathan: from, 548, 773; to, 760n; named, 690, 908, 934 Thompson, Philip, 79n Thompson, Pishey: to, 8 Thomson, Alexander: from, 753 Thomson, John R.: from, 620, 881; named, 261n Thorndike, Israel: from, 108, 926 Thornetine, D. A.: from, 328-30 Thornton, William: from, 110, 210, 633; named, 239, 258, 262, 275, 370, 587n, 622, 731 Thruston, Thomas L.: from, 110 Tiarks, John Lewis, 830-1 Tibbatts, Thomas, 449, 500 Ticknor, Anna Eliot (Mrs. George), 210-ln Ticknor, George: to, 210-1 Tiffany, Isaac H.: from, 225 Tiffin, Edward, 913-4n Tiger (schooner), 122-4n, 416

SECRETARY OF STATE Trimble, John: from, 549Tilden, Thomas B., 768 50; named, 64, 66n, 79n, Tilford, John: from, 401; to, 673-4n. See also Kentucky 404-5; named, 37 Court of Appeals Tillotson, Robert: from, 866, Trimble, Robert, 66n, 668 918; to, 734 Times and Weekly Adver- Trinidad, dispatches from, instructions to. See Barttiser. See Hartford Times lett, Charles L. and Weekly Advertiser Tingey, Thomas, 271 Trinity College (Conn.), 546n Tisdale, David: from, 476 Triplett, William M., 386 Tisdale, William, 370 Tripoli, dispatches from, inTisdale, William U.: from, structions to. See Coxe, Charles D. 476 Tod, John: from, 198 Trotter, James, 409n, 499 Todd, Charles S., 188-9n, Trotter, Samuel, 499 454-5 Troup, George Michael, 5012n, 585, 615, 618, 638, 674, Todd, David, 576 676-7n, 794, 823, 846 Todd, John (Dr., Danville, Trudeau, Charles L., 310-ln Ky.), 512 Todd, John (Dr., 111.), 543- True American. See Lexington (Ky.) True Ameri5n can; Trenton (N.J.) True Todd, Lucy Payne (Mrs. American Thomas), 189 Todd, Mary Owen. See Truxton, Thomas, 925 Russell, Mary Owen Todd Tucker, Gideon: from, 416; named, 123n-4n (Mrs. James) Todd, Robert S., 455, Tucker, Henry St. George, 857, 867-8n 512-3n Todd, Thomas: to, 188-9; Tucker and Carter: from, 60-1 named, 43, 65, 67n, 122n, 289, 454, 588, 605-6n, 807, Tudor, William: from, 132, 195, 242-3, 284-5, 380, 396954 7, 416, 425-6, 435; named, Toland, Henry: from, 777-8 325, 687 Toler, Richard Henry: from, 678 Tunis, dispatches from, instructions to. See Coxe, Tompkins, Daniel D., 63n Charles D.; Heap, Samuel Torlade. See Azambuja, D. Frederico Torlade de Torrens, Jose A., 172, 178n Turell, Charles: from, 809 Torrepando, Miguel de la Turkey, dispatches from, instructions to. See Offley, Torre, Count de, 320, 533 David; Rodgers, John Torres, Manuel, 812 Tour-Maubourg, Anastasie- Turner, Fielding L.: to, 301-2 Louise-Pauline de Lafay- Turner, Squire: from, 436-8; to, 438-9; named, 718 ette, Countess de la, 772 Towler, Joseph: from, 237 Turpin, Horatio: from, 207; Townsend, John W.: from, named, 236-7n, 289 Turpin, Philip O., 207, 289 365 Tracy, Albert H.: from, 864; Tutt, Charles Pendleton: from, 871 named, 40 Transylvania University, 58, Tuyll van Serookskerken, Baron de: from, 215-6, 223, 99n, 264-6n, 312n, 316n, 269, 276, 284, 320, 950; to, 336-7n, 409, 463n, 608-9n, 141, 216, 234, 261, 269, 660n, 689n, 720n, 724, 276-7, 950; named, lOOn, 766n, 818n, 840n 216, 269-70, 275, 934, 955, , Medical College, 144n, 958 407n, 438n, 609n, 806, 840n Two Brothers (schooner), 334 Traveller. See Boston Two Sicilies, dispatches Traveller from, instructions to. See Trenton True- American, Italian states 622 Tribune. See New Albany Twycross, Stephen: from, 909 Tribune Trimble, David, 79n, 134, Tyler, John: from, 189-90; named, 221 136n Trimble, Isaac R., 33On Tyler, William, 548

989

INDEX Ugarte y Larrizabal, Antonio, 209n Undaunted (brig), 339 United States (U. S. frigate), 536n United States Insurance Office, Philadelphia, 809 United States Military Academy, 7, 111, 322n, 729n, 765, 787, 806, 832, 842, 855, 857n-8, 876, 886, 888 United States Saline, 540, 544n, 912 University of Alabama 7989n University of Cincinnati, 495n , College of Medicine, 4O7n University of Edinburgh, 678 University of Louisville, 940 , Medical Institute, 407n University of Maryland, 599n , College of Medicine, 133, 78On University of North Carolina, 940 University of Pennsylvania, 407n Usher, John P., 639n Usher, Mary (Mrs. John P.), 639n

Vaughan, Charles R.: from, 577, 790, 828-9, 875, 933; to, 808, 811, 851, 955; named, 179, 309n, 416, 818, 852, 925, 934, 941 -2n, 956 Vawter, John: to, 117-8; named, 488, 800 Venable, Samuel, 515n Venezuela, dispatches from, instructions to, notes to and from. See Colombia "Veraestau," 756 Vermont Watchman. See Montpelier Vermont Watchman Verplanck, Gulian C: from, 904 Verplanck, Johnston, 904n Vetch, James, 582, 584n Vevay Indiana Register, 1323n, 637 Vial del Rio, Juan de Dios, 463 Victoria (brig), 879 Victoria, Guadalupe, 175, 178n, 415, 444 583-4, 675, 733-4, 844n Vicuna, Francisco R. de, 324, 463 Viel, Just, 190-In Villele, Jean Baptiste Guillaume Marie Anne Seraphin, Count de, 206n, 302, 467, 535, 658n, 775, 820n, 938 Villiers, Jumonville de, 291, 346, 348 Vincent, Karl Freiherr, Baron von, 487-8n, 658 Virginia Gazette, and Petersburg Intelligencer. See Petersburg Intelligencer Virginian. See Lynchburg Virginian Vives, Francisco Dionisio: from, 939; to, 824; named, 181, 293, 299n, 574n, 726n, 744 Vowell, Thomas, 141

Van Buren, Martin, 17-8n, 308, 318-9n, 902 Vance, James, 721 Vance, Joseph: from, 99, 8078; to, 268-9; named, 18 Vance, Samuel C, 708-9n Van Coneghem family, 453 Vandalia Illinois Intelligencer, 534 Vander Naath. See Dernath, Count de Van de Venter, Christopher, 88n Van Dyke, Nicholas: from, 378 Van Home, (Miss), 561 Wabash and Erie Canal, Van Kempen, S. H., 950 543-4n Van Ness, Cornelius P.: from, 118, 791; to, 142, 628 Wabash Saline. See United Van Ness, William P., 107 States Saline Van Rensselaer, Stephen, 2n, Wagnon, John P., 507-9 Wait, Thomas B., 139, 368, Van Staphorst, Joseph, 375n. 815-6n See also Willink and Van Wake, Alexander: from, 455-6 Staphorst Van Staphorst, Nicholas, Walden, Ebenezer: from, 749 375n. See also Willink and Walker, Francis, 509n Walker, George, 505 Van Staphorst Van Staphorst, R., 375n. Wall, William K., 64, 67n See also Willink and Van Wallace, Edwin R.: to, 462-3 Wallace, Thomas, 460-2n, Staphorst 502, 504, 513, 788 Vattel, Emmerich de, 265

Wallach, Richard, 14, 16n Walling, Samuel B.: from, 840; named, 834 Wain, Robert, Jr., 700 Walsh, Robert, Jr.: to, 75-6; named, 9-10n, 227n, 872, 874n Walton, EzekieJ P., 791, 854 Walton, George: to, 200-1 Wante, Charles Peter Stephen, 952n Ward, Henry George, 235, 326-7n, 415, 448, 579, 584, 675, 733 Ward, Maria. See Randolph, Maria Ward (Mrs. Peyton) Wardell, Sarah (Mrs. Thomas): from, 526-7 Wardell, Thomas, 527n Wardlaw, James: to, 420 Wardlaw, John: to, 420 Warfield, , 854 Warfield, Walter, 7, 50-ln, 98-9n, 499 Waring, John Upshaw, 724 Waring, Morton A.: from, 828 Warner, (Mrs. John), 375 Warner, Elijah, 460-2n Warner, George: from, 780 Warner, John: from, 119, 181; named, 143n, 216-7n, 271, 274n, 375-6, 384-5n, 596n Warren, Henrietta (Mrs.): with, 259-60, 703-4; named, 52n Warren, Hooper, 834n Warrington, Lewis, 275, 643, 738 Warrior (brig), 791-2n Washington, Bushrod: from, 951 Washington, George, 153, 313, 393n, 437, 729, 780-1, 783n, 856, 872n, 905, 951 Washington, William Thornton, 729-30n, 735 Washington (N.C.) American Recorder, 770n Washington and Jefferson College, 438n Washington College. See Trinity College Washington Congressional Globe, 326n Washington Daily Globe, 326n Washington Gazette, 91, 113n, 121, 151, 651-2, 843n, 856n Washington National Intelligencer, 68, 146-7, 15960, 191, 227n-9n, 286, 308n,

990 Washington National Intelligencer (cont.): 387, 615, 676, 688n, 700, 890n Washington National Journal, 164, 191, 196, 286, 667 Washington Republican, 587n Watchman. See Montpelier Watchman Waters, John, 464-5n Watkins, Elizabeth Hudson Clay (Mrs. Henry), 888-9n Watkins, George S.: from, 464; named, 101-2, 691 Watkins, Susan: from, 526-7; named, 7O8n Watkins, Tobias, 102, 286, 387, 611, 676, 873-4n Watson, Samuel E., 809 Watt, Henry, 758-9n Watts, Beaufort T.: from, 235, 364-5, 493-4, 863, 880; to, 634; named, 464, 612, 644, 646-8n, 680, 750 Watts, John: from, 723 Waugh, — , 687 Way, Andrew, Jr., 587n Way and Gideon, 587 Webster, Daniel: from, 195, 230, 695-9, 835, 882, 904; named, 13, 42-3, 108, 148, 165n, 203, 206n, 232-3n, 338n, 391, 440-1n, 726, 790, 926 Webster, Henry, 476 Webster, Jacob, 476 Webster, John: from, 311-2 Weed, Thurlow, 464n, 5978n Weekly Messenger. See Russellville (Ky.) Weekly Messenger Weekly Recorder. See Chillicothe (O.) Weekly Recorder Weir, James: from, 539; named, 551 Weisiger, Daniel, 399, 605-6n Wellesley (British warship), 385 Wellesley, Henry, 242 Wellesley, Mary Ann Caton Patterson, Marchioness. See Patterson, Mary Ann Caton (Mrs. Robert) Wellesley, Richard Colley, Marquis, 776 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, 242 Welsh, Edwin, 730, 769 West, Edward, 207n West, Thomas E.: from, 455-6 West, William, 266 West, William Edward, 206-7n

SECRETARY OF STATE West Chester (Penna.) Village Record, 258n Western Censor and Emigrants' Guide. See Indianapolis Indiana Journal Western Herald and Steubenville Gazette. See Steubenville Western Herald and Steubenville Gazette Western Intelligencer. See Kaskaskia Western Intelligencer Western Register and Terre Haute Advertiser. See Terre Haute Western Register and Terre Haute Advertiser Western Star. See Lebanon (O.) Western Star Western Statesman. See Lawrenceburg (Ind.) Western Statesman Westminster School (London, England), 453n West Point Military Academy. See United States Military Academy Westroppe, , 592 Wetterstedt, Gustave, Count de, 231, 277, 450, 518, 525, 537 Wever, Caspar W., 97n Weymouth Importing Company, 917, 952 Wharton, Arabella Griffith (Mrs. Thomas I.), 59 Wharton, Charles H. W., 191 Wharton, Thomas I.: from, 831-2; to, 59 Wheaton, Henry: from, 124, 891; named, 102n Wheeler, Bennett H., 636 Wheeler, Leonard, 703-4n Wheeler, Nathaniel: from, 752 Wheeling (W.Va.) Gazette, 835 Wheelwright, William, 261n Whig. See Nashville Whig Whig Party, 598n Whips, John: from, 427-8 Whitaker, Charles, 464 Whitaker, William, 371 White, Campbell P., 952n White, David, Jr., 10, lln, 41, 79, 91-2n, 134, 136n, 515n, 605-6n, 859, 942-3n White, Hugh L.: from, 830; named, 718n, 846-7n, 9002n White, Joseph M.: from, 511-2, 538, 793, 887, 894-5 "White House" (President's House), 494n Whiting, Ruggles, 407n

Whitney, Andrew G.: from, 588-9 Whittelsey, Chauncey: from, 310; named, 15-6n Whittlesey, Elisha: from, 314; to, 178-9 Whittredge, H. T., 737, 793 Wickelhausen, Frederick Jacob: from, 538 Wickliffe, Charles A., 79n, 490n, 779n Wickliffe, Margaret Howard (Mrs. Robert), 500n Wickliffe, Robert, 36-7n, 64, 66n, 77, 419, 454-5n, 45960, 462n, 502-9 passim, 564-5n, 817-8n Wilcocks, James Smith (Santiago): from, 236; named, 185, 188n, 554-5, 581 Wilkins, Charles, 409n, 499500n Wilkinson, James: from, 5535, 581-4; named, 835 Wilkinson, Jesse, 296, 300n William I of the Netherlands, 138, 453, 644, 653 William and John Willink, 375. See also Willink and Van Staphorst William and Mary College, 467n William Henry (schooner), 764-5, 808 William Kenner and Company, 819 Williams, Caleb, 459-60, 462n, 513 Williams, Elie, 137-8n Williams, Frances Lanier. See Erwin, Frances Lanier Williams (Mrs. John P.) Williams, Henry H., 275 Williams, James (Jessamine County, Ky.): from, 427-8; to, 434-5 Williams, James (Stafford, Md.): from, 102; named, 885, 949-50n Williams, John (Md.), 94950n Williams, John (seaman), 487 Williams, John (Tenn.): to, 812; named, 282n, 781, 783n, 815-6n, 846-7n, 9002n Williams, John S.: from, 114; named, 108, 137 Williams, Lewis: from, 959; named, 99, 901-2n Williams, Maria Sophia. See Buchanan, Maria Sophia Williams (Mrs. John) Williams, Nathan, 587 Williams, Nathaniel F.: from, 755, 877; to, 590

991

INDEX Williams, Otho Holland, 138n Williams, Otho Holland (the younger): from, 108; named, 137-8 Williams, William: from, 854 Williamson, , 2n Williamson, John G. A., 919, 926 Williamson's Hotel (Washington), 2n, 166n, 7O7n William Tell (brig), 515-6 William Wilson and Sons, 886 Willink, John, 375. See also Willink and Van Staphorst Willink, William, 375. See also Willink and Van Staphorst Willink, William, Jr., 375. See also Willink and Van Staphorst Willink and Van Staphorst: from, 641; named, 375n, 884n Wills, James, 951 Wilmington (Del.) American Watchman, 877 Wilmingtonian and Delaware Advertiser, 845 Wilson, A.: from, 877 Wilson, Allan N.: from, 622; named, 622 Wilson, H.: from, 877 Wilson, James (Ky.), 36-7n Wilson, James (Steubenville, O.): from, 790-1 Wilson, James J., 622 Wilson, Joseph, 196 Wilson, Robert, 36-7n Wilson, Thomas (Dublin): from, 217; named, 196, 321 Wilson, Thomas (Philadelphia): from, 617, 641, 650; to, 606, 612, 614-5, 635; named, 62n, 123n-4n, 592, 617, 620, 631, 752 Wilson, William (Baltimore, Md.), 886 Wilson, William (Freeport, O.): from, 431 Winans and January, 513n Wing, Austin E., 746n Wingate, J., Jr.: from, 121-2, 787 Wingate, Joseph Ferdinand, 539n

Winslow, Hallet M., 506n Winslow, Hezekiah: from, 921 Winthrop, Thomas L.: from, 800; to, 894 Wirt, John: from, 511 Wirt, William: from, 262; to, 258-9; named, 275, 367, 913 Wiseman, Gower, and Company, 257n, 634, 689n, 778 Wolcott, J., 790n Wolcott, James, Jr.: from, 789-90 Wood, Joseph: to, 374 Woodford, John Thornton, 431n Woodford, Mark Catesby, 431n Woodford, Ralph, 288, 833 "Wood Grove," 836-7n Woods, Archibald (Wheeling), 387n, 438n Woods, Archibald, Jr. (Madison Co., Ky.): from, 436-8; to, 438-9 Woods, John: from, 539-40 Woods, William, 919-20n Woodson, Samuel H.: from, 405-6; to, 411 Woodward, A.: from, 331, 854; named, 918 Woodward, Augustus B.: to, 903-4; named, 908 Woolfolk, Mary B. See Kendall, Mary B. Woolfolk (Mrs. Amos) Worcester County Agricultural Society, 852 Working Men's Party, 877n Workman, Hugh, 383-4n Wornall, Thomas: from, 4124; to, 418-9 Worsley, William W., 499 Worth, Daniel: from, 728 Worth, Gorham A., 112, 227-8n Worthington, Mary Ann Burnet (Mrs. Vachel), 61 In Worthington, Thomas, 599n Worthington, Thomas Contee: from, 738-9; named, 874n, 882 Worthington, Vachel, 610-ln Worthington, William: to, 920 Worthington, William G. D., 738-9n

Wren, Woodson, 108 Wright, Benjamin D.: from. 765-6; named, 867, 887 Wright, Frances: from, 557 Wright, James J.: from, 563; named, 315n Wright, John: from, 641-2 Wright, John C: from, 235 Wright, Robert: from, 365, 556-7; named, 366n, 375, 377, 383, 427-8 Wright, Stephen: to, 800 Wright, William Henry De Coursey: to, 642; named, 365-6, 375, 377, 383, 426-8, 556-7 Wurts, John: from, 918, 935, 952 " Wyer, Edward 101n-2, 446n, 872, 874n Wynne, Daniel: from, 132, 195, 476, 720, 845; named, 261n Yale University, 99n, 960n Yancey, Francis G., 120n Yancy, Bartlett: from, 919; named, 926 Yancy, Charles: from, 926 Yancy, Joel, 926 Yantis, John: from, 431-3; to, 445-6 Yard, James, 178n Yeatman, Jane Erwin (Mrs. Thomas), 15-6n Yeatman, Thomas, 16n, 900, 902n Yeiser, Englehart: from, 401; to, 404-5 York (packet ship), 438, 526 Young, Archibald: from, 427-8 Young, John, 592-3n Young, Leonard, 455-6 Young, Richard M., 543-4n Young, Samuel, 17-8n Young, William S.: from, 940-1 Zane, Noah: from, 214-5, 835; named, 387n Zea Bermudez, Francisco de, 94n, 133, 209n, 224, 290, 294-5, 374, 401-2, 442-3, 448, 525, 532n, 556, 586, 629, 634n, 642, 656, 685, 689, 738, 751-2n, 767, 772, 774, 778-9, 819