The Origin and Development of the Ibero-Romance -nc-/-ng- Suffixes 9783110930832, 3484522283, 9783484522282

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B E I H E F T E ZUR Z E I T S C H R I F T FÜR R O M A N I S C H E P H I L O L O G I E BEGRÜNDET VON GUSTAV GRÖBER FORTGEFÜHRT VON WALTHER VON WARTBURG UND KURT BALDINGER HERAUSGEGEBEN VON MAX PFISTER

Band 228

DAVID A. PHARIES

The Origin and Development of the Ibero-Romance -nc-l-ng- Suffixes

M A X NIEMEYER VERLAG T Ü B I N G E N 1990

Gedruckt mit Unterstützung der Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung.

To my beloved wife Jeannie

CIP-Tîtelaufnahme der Deutschen Bibliothek Pharies, David Α.: The origin and development of the Ibero-Romance -nc-/-ng- suffixes / David A. Pharies. - Tübingen : Niemeyer, 1990. (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie ; Bd. 228) NE: Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie / Beihefte ISBN 3-484-52228-3

ISSN 0084-5396

© Max Niemeyer Verlag G m b H & Co. KG Tübingen 1990 Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Printed in Germany. Satz: Lichtsatz Walter, Tübingen Druck: Guide-Druck,Tübingen. Einband: Heinrich Koch, Tübingen.

Table of Contents

Abbreviations

VII

Acknowledgments

XII

Introduction Chapter One: Data Spanish Galician Portuguese Catalan Chapter Two: The Ibero-Romance -enK- Suffixes Description Origin Comparative Data Further Discussion Ibero-Romance -enKOther Theories of Origin Development Summary Chapter Three: The Ibero-Romance -atiK- Suffixes Description Origin Comparative Data Origin of -ancSemantic Evolution of -ancThe Suffix -angOther Theories of Origin Development Summary Chapter Four: The Ibero-Romance -onK-, -inK-, and Suffixes Description Origin The Vocalic Proliferation Hypothesis Development

1 5 17 68 73 81 87 87 92 95 101 105 113 121 125 127 127 131 133 134 137 138 142 149 152 -unK155 155 160 164 169 V

The Suffix - o n K The Suffix -inKThe Suffix -unKSummary Excursus: Factors in the Vocalic Distribution of Recent -ng- Derivatives

169 171 173 175

References

185

Index of Topics and Names

200

Index of Words

203

VI

177

Abbreviations

A. Languages and Dialects Alav. Aient. Algarv. Alic. Amer. And. Ant. Ar. Arag. Arg. Ast. Beir. Béarn. Braz. Can. Carib. Cast. Cat. Cent. Chil. Col. Cors. CRica Cub. Ec. Eng. Engad.

Alavese Alentejano (Southern Portugal) Algarvian (Southern Portugal) Alicante American Andalusian Antillean Arabic Aragonese Argentine Asturian Beirâo (Central Portugal) Béarnais Brazil Canary Island Caribbean Castilian Catalan Central Chilean Colombian Corsican Costa Rican Cuban Ecuadorian English Engadinian (i.e., eastern branch of West. Rheto-Romance)

Extr. Fr. Frk. Gal. Gasc. Germ. Goth. Gran. Grk. Guad. Guat. Hisp. Hond. IE Ital. Lat. Leon. Lig. Lomb. Mall. Manch. Men. Mex. Mil. Minh.

Extremeño French Frankish Galician Gascon German(ic) Gothic Granadian (Spain) Greek Guadalajaran Guatemalan Hispanic Honduran Indo-European Italian Latin Leonese Ligurian Lombard Mallorcan Manchegan Menorcan Mexican Milanese Minhoto (Northern Portugal) Murcian Mure. Nav. Navarrese NGerm. New (Modern) German NHG New High German Nie. Nicaraguan VII

Oc. OFr OGal. OHG Ol OLG OScand. OSp. Pan. Peru. PIE Piedm. PRico Prov. Ptg. Quech. RDom. Rioj. RPlata

VIII

Occitanian Old French Old Galician Old High German Old Icelandic Old Low German Old Scandinavian Old Spanish Panamanian Peruvian Proto-Indo-European Piedmontese Puerto Rican Provençal Portuguese Quechuan Dominican Republic Riojan Rioplatense (Argentine)

South Salmantino (Salamancan) Salv. Salvadoran Sant. Santanderino ( = Montañés) Sardinian Sard. Sic. Sicilian Sor. Sorian Sp. Spanish Surselv. Surselvan Tic. Ticino Transm. Transmontano (Northeastern Portugal) Tuse. Tuscan Urug. Uruguayan Val. Valencian Venezuelan Ven. S. Salm.

Β. Journals and Reference Works AFA Archivo de filología aragonesa ALH Acta Linguistica Hafniensia Arch. Leon. Archivos leoneses ASNS Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen Aut. Autoridades (Academia Española [1726-35] 1963. BBMP Boletín de la Biblioteca de Menéndez y Pelayo BF Boletim de Filologia (Lisbon) BFil Boletín de filología (Chile) BICC Boletín del Instituto Caro y Cuervo BIEA Boletín del Instituto de Estudios Asturianos BLS Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistics Society BRAE Boletín de la Real Academia Española DCAT Diccionari etimologie i complimentari de la Ilengua catalana, by Joan Coromines (1980-) DCELC Diccionario crítico etimológico de la lengua castellana, by J. Corominas (1954-57) DCECH Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, by J. Corominas and José A. Pascual DCVB Diccionari català-valencià-balear, by A. Aleover and F. de Β. Moll (1926-62) DCVB2 1980 reprint of Diccionari català-valencià-balear DEEH Diccionario etimológico español e hispánico, by V. García de Diego (1955) DH Diccionario histórico de la lengua española (I960-) DRAE Diccionario de la Real Academia Española (1984) El Enciclopedia del idioma, by Martin Alonso (1958) FEW Französisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, by W. von Wartburg (1922-) FM Le français moderne HGIS Historische Grammatik der italienischen Sprache, by G. Rohlfs (1954) HR Hispanic Review IF Indogermanische Forschungen Lg. Language LSp Lebende Sprache NM Neuphilologische Mitteilungen PMLA Publications of the Modern Language Association of America RDTP Revista de dialectología y tradiciones populares REE Revista de estudios extremeños REW Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, by W. Meyer-Lübke (1930-35) RFE Revista de filología española IX

RG RIEV RIO RLiR Rom. RPh UCPL VA VR ZCPh ZDA ZFSL ZRPh ZvS

X

Romania Germanica, by E. Gamillscheg (1934-36) Revista internacional de estudios vascos Revue internationale d'onomastique Revue de linguistique romane Romania Romance Philology University of California Publications in Linguistics Vocabulario andaluz, by A. Alcalá Venceslada Vox Romanica Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung

C. Miscellaneous Acad. adj. adv. aeron. beg. bot. cent. deriv. diss. ed. esp. fam. fem. figgeol. insc. interj. intr. mar. masc. n. f.

Academy adjective adverb aeronautic beginning botany century derivative dissertation edition especially familiar feminine figurative geological inscription interjection intransitive maritime masculine noun, feminine

n. m. obsol. ornith. part. pej. perh. phr. pi. poet. prep. pres. prob. refi. rev. sing. taurom. tr. v. var(s). vol. vulg.

noun, masculine obsolete ornithology participle pejorative perhaps phrase plural poetic preposition(al) present probably reflexive review singular tauromachy transitive verb variant(s) volume vulgar

XI

Acknowledgements

I thankfully acknowledge the support and encouragement of the many people who helped make this work possible. Above all I would like to express my gratitude to the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Bonn, which supported both the research phase (through a Research Fellowship, Heidelberg, June 1987 - May 1988) and the actual publication of the book (through a publication grant). Special recognition also goes to Prof. Kurt Baldinger, who was kind enough to sponsor my work at the Romanisches Seminar of the Universität Heidelberg, generously placing all of its excellent research facilities at my disposal. Much appreciated assistance was also provided by other members of the Seminar, including especially Prof. Frankwalt Möhren, Prof. Johannes Hubschmid, Prof. Bodo Müller, Nicoline Hörsch, and Ann Duggan. Additionally, Prof. Jens Lüdtke of the Freie Universität Berlin was kind enough to invite me to present an earlier version of Chapter Two at his institution. On this side of the Atlantic, thanks are due to Prof. John Lipski, who kindly read an earlier version of the work, Prof. Philip Rasico, who checked over my Catalan data, and Prof. Charles Perrone, who proofread the Portuguese data. Significant support was also provided by the University of Florida in the form of a sabbatical year leave during the research period. Gainesville, Florida USA March, 1989

XII

Introduction

The object of study in this book is a series of Ibero-Romance stressed suffixes whose number and formal multiplicity require the rather awkward designation »-nc- / -ng-«, viz., Spanish1 -eneo, -engo, -enque, -engue, -anco, -ango, -angue, -onco, -ongo, -ingo, -ingue, -unco, -ungo·, Galician -engo, -anco, -ango, -ingo; Portuguese -engo, -engue, -anco, -ango, -inco, -ingo, -ungo", and Catalan -enc, -eneo, -engo, -anc, -ango, -ine, -ingo, and -ingue. To avoid this descriptive awkwardness, I will henceforth abbreviate the combination of -nc- and -ng- as -nK-, symbolizing a cluster comprising a velar nasal consonant homorganic to a following voiced or unvoiced velar stop consonant. The genetic relatedness of the clusters -nc- and -ng- is proven in the chapters to come beyond any reasonable doubt. The genetic relationships between the various vocalic nuclei are more complex, and constitute one of the main themes of the work. Suffice it to say that, while -anK- and -enK- originated independently, their subsequent history, as well as the origin and development of the -onK-, -inK-, and -unK- suffixes, are closely intertwined: Witness the many instances in which two and even three of the suffixes are attached to a single root: Sp. zangandungo, -ongo, -ango 'tall skinny youth', señoronga 'ridiculous woman', señoritango, - ingo 'Little Lord Fauntleroy'. The -nK- suffixes are not among the more productive of the plethora of affective nominal suffixes available to speakers of Ibero-Romance. This is particularly true in the standard languages. However, their representation in nonstandard speech is fairly heavy. I estimate that more than two-thirds of the derivatives exist outside of the standards. Thus, though for historical reasons the earliest attestations of the suffixes are in the well-documented standards, patterns of dialectal development have proven to be indispensable clues to the origin, history, and development of the suffixes taken both individually and together.

1

For brevity's sake I employ the term »Spanish« in a sense akin to that of »Hispano-Romance«, i.e., to include not only Castilian and its regional varieties but also the non-Castilian dialects of Hispano-Romance. The two types are kept strictly separate in the data analyses, however.

1

My approach to this material is genetic, in that my primary goal is to identify the origin of each suffix. In that I also undertake to follow their evolution, through the compilation and analysis of data, the approach can also be characterized as both historical and descriptive. It is not, however, in any sense synchronic: The study is based strictly on documented transparent derivatives in -tiK-. Thus, I have not polled informants for possible data, nor asked anyone to rate the plausibility of hypothetical examples. Nor have I tested whether native speakers synchronically regard as derivatives such genetically nonsuffixal occurrences of -nK- as Leon, gorringo 'pig' < gorrino 'id.'. The following chart provides an overall view of the historical productivity of the -nK- suffixes in four Ibero-Romance languages. Spanish -anco -anc -ango -angue -eneo -enc -enque -engo -engue -onco -ongo -inco -ingo -ingue -unco -ungo Total

52

Galician 9

Portuguese 10

-

-

-

76 2 49

10

11

-

4 22 9 1 44 -

43 3 1 20 326

Catalan

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

11 3 -

3 *32

-

-

10 -

15 1

-

-

-

-

-

-

1

1 1

-

-

-

-

-

1

-

30

40

-

-

3 1 -

*53

Total 71 11 100 2 52 32 4 47 10 1 44 1 48 4 1 21 449

On the basis of this chart, we observe that : (1) -nK- combines with five tonic vowels; (2) the suffixes are most characteristic of Hispano-Romance, in terms of both number and vocalic multiplicity. In particular, the suffixes -onK-, -inK-, and -unK- are almost exclusively Hispanic. (3) In Portuguese and Galician only -anco / -ango and -engo attain appreciable numbers, while (4) in Catalan representation is sparse, save for -enc. I have placed an asterisk by the number for -enc to indicate that it represents only part of the actual total of derivatives, since the suffix is synchronically productive in this language,2 making an exact count impracticable. My 2

According to Moll (1957: 363), Cat. -ene »tiene vitalidad total para formar adjetivos indicando participación o aproximación a la cualidad del primitivo«. 2

data includes representative examples from the total. (5) The tonic vowel - a - , with 40.9% of the derivatives, is the most common in Ibero-Romance in general, followed closely by -e- (32.5%), then more remotely by -/'(11.8%), -o- (10%), and -u- (4.6%). (6) Final vowels, when present, are almost always orthographic -o or -a, the vowel -e being represented in only 20/449 cases or 4.4% of the total. The final vowels - / and -u appear dialectally or sporadically. The most important work on the -nK- suffixes, in terms of both quantity and quality, was published before 1960. Toward the beginning of the century a heated debate broke out among Romance comparatists over the provenience of -enK- and -anK-, which were found to be represented in Gallo-, Rheto-, and Italo-, besides Ibero-Romance, as well as in Sardinian. Major participants in the decades-long discussion included Diez, MeyerLübke, Philipon, Thomas, Muret, Brüch, Gamillscheg, Rohlfs, J.U. Hubschmied, Dauzat, Aebischer, and J. Hubschmid. Unfortunately the debate seems to have died out after J. Hubschmid's final article on the subject, published in 1959. In part parallel to this tradition, and regrettably untouched by it, there arose a body of literature on the suffixes in Ibero-Romance, especially Spanish. After receiving only superficial treatment in the grammars of Menéndez Pidal and Hanssen, the suffixes were taken up in the mid-to-late forties by M. L. Wagner and J. B. Selva, both of whom concluded that the suffixes other than -enK- must have arisen in American Spanish. Uncorrected by participants in the broader discussion, this view was soon widely accepted among hispanists, rising to the status of conventional wisdom. The aims of the present monograph are thus to revive the broader debate, to interpret the Ibero-Romance data in light of comparative insights, and to correct the temporary aberration in the Ibero-Romance scholarship. I have followed a three-part methodology in the preparation of the work, the first being DATA COLLECTION. Inverse and rhyming dictionaries provided a logical starting point, but since the -nK- suffixes are mainly confined to regional varieties of Hispano-Romance, I was forced to search manually through scores of dialect studies, especially dictionaries. The higher representation of specifically Spanish -nK- derivatives in my data may be due in part to the incomparably greater number of such studies available for that language as opposed to the Portuguese and Catalan languages. On the other hand, coverage for Galician is also fairly complete due to the existence of González Fernández's 1978 study on noun suffixes in Galician, and Estravis's Dicionário da lingua galega (1986). As a result of my labors, and the progress in Ibero-Romance (especially Hispanic) dialectal lexicography, I estimate that my collection of derivatives is seven to ten times greater than has been available to any of my predecessors. Complementing this part of the work was a period of etymological research, during which I attempted to identify the various etymological ca3

tegories of words with -nK- endings (derivatives, borrowings, cases of suffix substitution, and the like). Not surprisingly, considering the numbers of words involved, etymological identification is in many cases superficial. Moreover, I have been unable to etymologize all the words I gathered. In order to promote further research in this direction words of unknown origin are listed at the end of the respective chapters. My database having been completed, I began the second stage, which was to ANALYZE the true derivatives I had isolated according to several criteria, namely (1) numerical / dialectal, to show productivity and areal distribution of each suffix and to allow comparison on this parameter between suffixes, (2) grammatical, to determine the mix of form-classes of bases and derivatives, and (3) semantic, a two-part operation, in which I first searched for preferred denotative areas (e.g., 'physical defects'), then attempted to gauge the functions of the suffixes themselves (e.g., 'pejorative')· Equally important was the arrangement of data according to ending and first attestation date. The third stage in the preparation of the study was consultation of the literature and INTERPRETATION of the data and data analyses. Here I might add that, though I have made every effort to take into account the findings of my predecessors, I have as a matter of principle placed particular importance on the utmost utilization of my vast data resources, in the sense that I did not use them to try to buttress any forgone conclusions, but instead let them »teach« me about the phenomenon, leaving me in a better position to judge the strengths and weaknesses of previous theories, or to suggest my own. The division of the material into chapters according to tonic vowel (Chapter Two -ertK-, Three -anK-, and Four -onK-, -inK-, -utiK-) responds to my genetic analysis of the suffixes. The final section is an excursus on the vocalic distribution of recent -ng- derivatives. This part had to come last, and be separate from the suffix-by-suffix analyses, because it assumes all of the information in each of them. Here the question being posed is what factors, if any, determine the choice of stressed vowel in any given new coinage in -ng-. The chapters follow a four-part pattern, comprising (1) description (as outlined above), (2) origin, in which I list and evaluate possible hypotheses in the light of the descriptive analyses, (3) development, in which I attempt to show the evolution of the suffixal group from its point of origin to its present state, and (4) a summary.

4

Chapter One

Data

The date are presented here together, rather than distributed out among the various chapters, for several reasons, the most important of which is that only in this way is it possible to demonstrate the common phenomenon whereby more than one -nK- suffix is attached to a single base. Sp. burro 'donkey', for example, has served as base for derivatives both in -anK- (Can., Extr., Leon, burranco 'young donkey', And. burrango 'brutish', Sp. argotic burrángano 'donkey') and -enK- (Ast. burrencu 'who likes to carry heavy loads'). This fact would be not be apparent under the separated format. I did not think it advisable to carry this procedure so far as to collapse all four languages into a single list, but in order to retain the comparative feature throughout I have cross-referenced heavily: 3 Thus, under Sp. burranco I mention Gal. burrundangas 'slow-wit', Ptg. burranco 'young donkey', Cat. burrenc 'donkey-like', and burrango 'insult'. Another reason for placing the various -nK- suffixes together according to base is economy, since this arrangement allows me to etymologize them all together, only once. Also, readers should find referring to a dictionary-like source at the beginning of the book easier than having to locate each chapter's individual lexicon. Not all of the hundreds of Ibero-Romance words with -nK- endings appear in the data lists. I outline below the criteria of selection I applied. Most of the words cited are actual derivatives ranging in transparency from obvious (e.g., Sp. azulenco 'bluish' azul 'blue') to difficult (e.g., Arag. escardelenca 'early maturing young girl', ultimately from cardo 'thistle', i.e., 'one who has »grown like a weed«'). These I have printed in boldface, for easy location. These words are the input for the descriptive data-analyses carried out at the beginning of each chapter. T h e number of words identified as bona fide derivatives is perforce somewhat overstated on the one hand, but understated on the other. The inflation arises from the fact that four closely related languages are involved. The earliest words, e.g., Sp., Gal., Ptg. abadengo, Cat. abadenc, all attested by the 13th century (except the Galician), undoubtedly represent a single derivation at the proto-stage. However, in order to show accurately 3

To avoid needless repetition, roots are cross-referenced only at their first occurrence, usually in Spanish.

5

the extent of derivation with -enK- in each language the item had to be counted four times. Another problem is borrowing between languages. That borrowing has occurred is sometimes made transparent by form (Sp. fotingo, with its initial / - < Cat. futinga), chronology (Ptg. mostrengo, attested centuries after its Castilian counterpart), or meaning (Cat. fandango 'Spanish dance'), but at other times such an easy determination cannot be made. In these cases I usually followed the criterion that if the primitive exists alongside the derivative in the language involved, I would treat the derivative as autonomous. Thus, bullanga 'commotion' is counted as a derivative in Spanish and Galician, both of which incorporate bulla 'id.', while Cat. bullanga is traced to Spanish, since bulla in this meaning is foreign to Catalan. Exceptions to this rule were made where it was counterindicated by other evidence, e.g., I trace Gal. mondongo 'tripe' and pindonga 'whore' to their identical Spanish counterparts, since they are the only two Galician words having this ending. I estimate that the inflationary effects are less serious than the opposing deflationary pressures. Chief among these is (1) the proliferation of variants. I count variants as new derivatives only where it seems clear that a separate act of derivation, i.e., of word-coinage, involving the -nK- suffix as a formant, has taken place. Thus, separate status is not justified for the variants of Sp. mondongo 'tripe' and morondanga 'hodgepodge', viz., bondongo 'tripe', mondonga 'id., mendongo 'id.', borondanga 'hodgepodge', murrundanga 'id.', or even birondango and furundanga 'mixed vegetable soup', since though the latter two are probably blends, the suffixal portion of the words was not created anew by this operation. Neither did I count twice two apparently independent but parallel creations, e. g., Bol. claringo vs. RDom. clariningo. I also think the numbers are artificially low due to (2) the large group of words which are in all likelihood legitimate derivatives, but whose etymologies I have been unable to establish to my own satisfaction. To cite some of the more tantalizing unknowns: Sp. ajango 'piece of junk', candanga 'party', chibanco 'short', Ptg. faianca 'poorly made object', presiganga 'prison ship'. Also problematic is (3) the large number of unidentified toponyms, whose lack of a »meaning« makes their etymological identification, without topographical and historical information, very risky. For the most part words of unknown origin are marked » < ?« in the data lists, except where I am unable to make any contribution whatever. In these cases, for reasons of space, this label is omitted. This accounts for most of the words listed in this chapter. As for the remainder, i.e., words which contain a nonsuffixal - n K - ending, I have included some but not others, on the criterion, naturally enough, of whether they seemed necessary or relevant to the explanation of the history and development of the suffixes. Words which I adjudged IRRELEVANT include (1) those whose -nK- endings are part of the root (e.g., Sp. ponga 'put', 6

oblonga 'oblong', Cub. bocamanga 'wheel hub', Argot domingos 'tits'), and (2) borrowings from exotic languages which could not have figured in the history of the suffixes (e.g., Mex. chilangos, shilangos 'coastal nickname for inhabitants of Mexican highlands' [ < Maya], Chil. poronga 'penis' [ < Quech.], Sp. parasanga 'unit of distance equal to 1250 meters' [< Persian], Sp. cananga 'odiferous plant' [< Malayan], Braz. Ptg. boicininga 'rattlesnake' [ < Tupi], camundongo 'small rat' [ < Kimbundu], Cat. galanga 'medicinal plant' [ < Arabic]). Nonderivative words that ARE relevant to the history of the -nK- suffixes can be divided into three groups. First are Latin words containing -nK- sequences, which are by definition prime suspects as sources of the Romance suffixes: e.g., Sp., Ptg. juvenco 'young bull' ( < JUVENCUS 'young'), Sp. jeringa 'syringe' ( < SYRINGA 'id.'), Arag. floronco 'boil' ( < FURUNCULUS 'id.'). Second are borrowings, including a few from Basque (gorringo 'egg yolk', zorongo 'scarf), and a large number from Germanic languages (Sp. flamenco 'Flemish', eslinga 'sling', Gal. merlinga 'type of seagull', Ptg. gardingo 'nobleman of the Visigothic court', Cat. camarlenc 'chamberlain'). A third group comprises words that have undergone formal changes resulting in suffix-like -nK- endings. These include (1) words ending in -n or -nV which have been expanded to -nKV (e.g., Mex. ajigolón(go) 'affliction', Gal. morlán(go) (ornith.) 'kite', Salm. gorrin(g)o 'pig'); (2) words in which -K- has expanded to -nK- (Rioj. butra(n)co 'hole', Ptg. velhafnjcäo 'scoundrel'); (3) items in which an -nK- suffix or suffixoid has been substituted for another ending, itself sometimes a suffix (Sp. caballerango 'stable boy' < caballerizo 'id.', Ptg. medranco 'cowardly' < medroso 'id.'), and sometimes not (Sp. choringa 'sausage' < chorizo 'id.'). Malkiel, who has contributed much to the theory of suffixal genesis and growth, has not failed to consider the role of the flotsam and jetsam that seems to surround true affixes, i.e., the words whose endings, though formally identical to the suffix, are actually part of the root, or perhaps suffixoidal. The latter occur wherever the ending appears not only formally but also functionally identical to the suffix. When subtracted, however, they leave a nonmorphological residue rather than a coherent stem, e.g., jer-inga vs. borrach-inga. While traditional analyses have tended to eliminate these from consideration, Malkiel has been willing to promote them to the status of secondary causes. For example, in his pioneering essay »Multiple vs. Simple Causation in Linguistic Change« (1983, orig. 1967),4 Malkiel isolated ten »ascertainable or highly probable« (p. 260) causes of the Spanish atonic adjectival suffix -io. Besides the major cause, confluence of reflexes of Lat. -IDUS on the one hand and -EUS / -ius on the other, a 4

See also Malkiel's studies on -iego (1951) and -azo (1959), as well as Dworkin's (1985) on the polygenesis of Sp. -ido.

7

number of lesser causes, in some cases »adduced to justify the derivation of a single adjective«, came in to play, including learnèd formations, accent shift, restructuring of borrowings, and metathesis. In light of this analysis, Malkiel asks: » I n the event that we accept this model [-io] as a contributing force in the dynamics of the language under scrutiny, do the other explanations fall by the wayside, or can two (or more) causes be recognized as mutually complementary and coefficient?«

The answer to this question, it seems to me, depends on the degree to which one is willing to mix the synchronic and diachronic planes. Traditionally minded analysts are likely to insist on a structure »stem + suffix« in their data, preferring to view secondary structures as distinctly marginal. A more flexible, and in my view more defensible position, is to see such factors as legitimate components in the history, if not origin, of the suffix, on the grounds that from the moment that they are synchronically perceived as derivatives, they begin to exert an influence on the subsequent history of the total suffixal Gestalt. They may, for example, enhance the inherent productivity of the suffix, by increasing its numbers5, or they may open up new lines of semantic development within the paradigm. The term »suffixal paradigm« (note also Malkiel's » m o d e l « ) seems particularly felicitous in this context, since the formal and semantic characteristics of the suffix, rather than any set of historical circumstances, become the central focus of subsequent productivity. Readers who are acquainted with my book Structure and Analogy in the Playful Lexicon of Spanish (1986) will detect a strong resonance between the treatment called for here in suffixal studies, and that applied there to the study of analogical modifications motivated in playful words by the attractive power of consonant-vowel skeleta I call »templates«. I will explain templates at some length at this point, first, as a contribution to the theory of suffixal development, and second, a practical reason, because many etymologies in my data assume template changes of various sorts. The central thesis of Structure and Analogy is that certain nonmorphological combinations of form and meaning (abstractly conceived of as templates) occasionally develop sufficient attractive power to motivate a variety of formal (and occasionally semantic) changes that have the effect of bringing input words into compliance with the template's own properties. A simple example is the Spanish template 2X 'playful', whose members incorporate a repeated sequence X consisting of any number of segments, with meanings classifiable as playful, i.e., pertaining to a lexical field including infantile words, insults, names of games and comic gestures and movements, words designating physical, mental, or moral defects, or 5

See the excursus for an extended discussion of the relationship between productivity and numerical strength in suffixes.

8

shoddy workmanship and its fruits, as well as onomatopoeias, words for fights or loud gatherings, and in general, words with whimsical or facetious connotations. Among the formal changes in Spanish that have apparently been motivated by this pattern are (1) χ — xx (bulle '(it) boils' > bullebulle 'busybody'), (2) XY — xx (zumbar 'to buzz' > Cub. zunzún 'hummingbird)', (3) wxx — xx (muchacha 'girl' > chacha 'baby-sitter'), (4) vowel change — xx (lelo 'silly' > Arg. lele 'id.'), (5) consonantal change — xx (VLat. NONNU 'old man' > "ñoño > ñoño 'doddering'). The parallel between this example and the third group of examples cited above (e.g., ajigolón(go), butra(n)co) is manifest, the difference being that the 2X configuration, in that it specifies no particular segments, is more abstract than - VnKV. On the other hand the latter is not entirely concrete itself, since it specifies the values neither of the contiguous vowels nor of - K - . The etymologies in the data-lists that make reference to templates can be broken down into two sometimes overlapping groups, according to the type of template they incorporate. The first of these comprises words containing an atonic sequence - VjLV; - (where subscripts denote identity within a particular word and L = liquid consonant), which may appear in several syllable-accentual positions, particularly (1) in the first two atonic syllables, and (2) in longer words, in the two syllables immediately preceding the tonic syllable. The two possibilities are presented below:6 (1) first two syllables Col. guirindanga 'trifle' < guinda 'id.' morondanga 'hodge-podge' < mondar 'to clean out' perendengues 'trinkets' < pender 'to hang' (2) interior, pre-tonic Mex. chiporrondingo 'small, wee' < chipi 'id.' dingolondango 'expression of endearment', Arag. rocking motion', dinguilindango Argot 'penis' < din dan 'sound of bells' And. ropilindango 'filthy' < ropa 'clothes' And. singuilindango 'trifle', Argot chinguilindango 'penis' < singar 'to fuck' Many of the above have also been modified through the operation of the second relevant template, in which the -nK- suffix is preceded by an atonic sequence - Vnd-. These data are much more numerous, and I will ' T h e sequence -VLV- has other sources in Alav. pipimpingo 'poppy' < Nav. pipirripi 'id.', Nav. cincilindango 'hanging object' < Basque zintzilik 'hanging', jeringa 'syringe' and vars. (serengue, perendengue, sirindango, etc.) < Lat. SYRINGA 'id.', Cat. marallenga 'black bird' < Frk. *meisinga 'titmouse' Χ merla 'blackbird'.

9

list them below, divided into formal classes, before beginning my discussion of the origin and nature of this template. 7

-ANGO -andango Col. carrandanga 'pile of stuff, a carload' < carro 'car Arag. chafandanga 'trickster, swindler' < chafando 'crushing, tearing' Ast. filandango 'la que camina y va filando' (sic) < filando 'filing, walking' Can. fulandango 'so-and-so' < fulano 'id.' Nav. echarse a la galandanga 'to wander about' < galán 'suitor' And. marrandanga 'filthy, unkempt' < marrano 'pig' Ven. mochandango 'shorn' < mochando 'shearing off tracamandanga Extr. 'mix-up', 'trap', Col. 'flea market' < tracamundana 'flea-market' Manch, zangandongo 'tall, clumsy, lazy youth' < zangón 'id.', or zángano 'drone bee' -endango querendango 'lover' < queriendo 'loving' -indango Arg. carrindanga 'jalopy' < carro 'car' Nav. cincilindango 'hanging object' < Basque zintzilik 'hanging' Mure. cochindango 'filthy' < cochino 'id.' And. chorrindango 'earring' < chorro 'id.' Argot dinguilindango 'penis' < din, dan 'sound of bells (i.e., pendulating object)' And. βojindango 'slob' < flojo 'lazy' And. mamindangos 'Christmas sweets' < mamando 'sucking on' Extr. pelindangos 'tatters' < pelo 'hair' And. procindanga 'scolding' < proceso 'trial' Sp., Gal. querindango 'lover' < queriendo 'loving' 7

Among the words of this form that I was unable to analyze are And. palandango 'foreman', Extr. tarandango 'poorly made thing', Leon, 'jerk', Extr. talandango 'bad mood', Ast. perlindango 'girating dance for women', Sant. telenguendengue 'complications', Extr. cajandongo, cojondongo 'gazpacho', Extr. tolondongo 'calmness', Arag. zamandungo 'idiot', Chil. furundungo 'flour pancake', Aient. xaramandunga 'slipshod piece of work'.

10

And. And. Hond. And.

ropilindango 'filthy' < ropa 'clothes' singuilindango 'trifle' < singar 'to fuck' sirindanga 'drunken spree' < jeringa 'syringe' tontilindango 'fool' < to η tin 'fool'

-ondango Alav. atalondangos 'knick-knacks' < atalajar 'to prepare a bag of clothes' dingolondangos 'expressions of endearment', Arag. 'rocking motion', 'partying' < * dingo dango < din dan 'sound of bells' -undango Leon. ringundango 'tassel', 'trinket' < ringo(rrango) 'id.' Gal. burrundangas 'slow-wit' < burro 'donkey'

-ENGO -endengue Cub. chequendengue 'bank or government check' < cheque 'check' serendengue Extr. 'sickly', Ven. 'liar' < jeringa 'syringe' -INGO -andingo Arag. alcorzandingo 'bad shortcut' < alcorzando 'taking a shortcut' Nie. cachandinga 'theft' < cachando 'stealing' Germania mandilandinga 'underworld' < mandilandin 'rogue's or whore's servant' Arag. respandingarse 'sprawl out' < respantingarse 'id.' And. singuilandingo 'trifle' < singar 'to fuck' -ondingo Mex. chiporrondingo 'small' < chipi 'id.'

-ONGO

11

-andongo Cub. cañandonga 'inferior rum' < caña 'rum' Cent. Am. chapandongo 'imbroglio' < chapando 'splashing about' And. zangandongo 'clumsy, lazy youth' < zangón 'id.', or zángano 'drone bee' -indongo Leon. Extr. Can. Argot Mex.

alindongarse 'to pretty oneself up' < lindo 'pretty' clarindongo 'a little clear' < claro 'clear' filindonga 'skinny, emaciated' < filo, hilo 'thread' querindongo 'lover' < queriendo 'loving' serindongo 'drunken spree', 'so-and-so' < jeringa syringe'

-ondongo Nav. pichorrondongo 'endearment' < pichorrondón 'id.' ( < pichorro 'spout')

-UNGO -andungo And. mamandungo 'fritter' < mamando 'sucking on' zangandungo 'clumsy, lazy youth' < zangón 'id.', or zángano 'drone bee' RDom. zarandunga 'binge', 'hubbub' < zarando 'tipsy' -undungo Mex. curundungo, corrundungo, corundungo 'fat person', Ven. currundungo 'chubby' < curro 'good-looking' In all there are 49 examples of this pattern + -ng-, all in Hispanic dialects except for Gal. burrundangas and querindango, which are shared with Spanish. Of these, 28 involve -ango, 9 -ongo, 6 -ingo, 4 -ungo, and 2 -engue. The vowel preceding -nd- is most often -a- (20), followed by -i(19), —o— (4), -e- (3), and -u- (3). The most numerous combinations are -indango (14) and -andango (9). Dialectal distribution shows that the phenomenon is primarily Peninsular and Insular, where there are 37 examples to only 12 in America. Areas of heaviest concentration are Andalusia / Canary Islands, with 13, followed by Castile (including argot and germania) (9), eastern dialects (8), western dialects (6). Almost all (39) are nouns, with 8 adjectives and 2 which are integrated into verbal stems. The phenomenon does not seem to be associated with any particular semantic area within the »playful« field. 12

The pattern that can be derived from the forgoing examples is -VndVngV. As the following examples show, however, this is only a subcategory of a more general pattern, i.e., -Vnd- + suffix: 8 Group 3 Nav. pirindola 'teetotum' < perinola 'id.' Extr. haragandina 'laziness' < haragán 'idler' Arag. florondón 'boil' < florón 'large flower' Arag. chiquirrindin 'very small' < chiquirrin 'id.' Group 4 Ast. marindón 'husband' < marido 'id.' Arag. trapalandaina 'trickster' < trápala 'trick' Ven. guaparrandón 'dandy' < guapo 'id.' + -arra, pej. suffix I have classified the atonic sequence - Vnd- as a template because a number of »conspiring« processes have contributed to building up the set or paradigm of examples. In some cases, for example, -nd- seems to pertain to a legitimate gerundial suffix, as in Ast. filandango < filando, Sp., Gal. querendango, Argot querindongo < queriendo, Arag. alcorzandingo < alcorzando, And. mamandungo < mamando, Ven. mochandango < mochando, Arag. chafandanga < chafando, Nie. cachandinga < cachando, Cent. Amer, chapandongo < chapando. In other instances an expansion of the form - Vn- < - Vnd- seems to have taken place, as in Group 3 above as well as in Can. fulandango < fulano, Nav. galandango < galán, And. marrandanga < marrano, Arg. carrindanga < carrín, Mure, cochindango < cochino, And. tontilindango < tontín, Nav. cincilindango < Basque zintzilik, Nav. pichorrondongo < pichorro, perhaps zangandungo < zangón, with vocalic change. Much less common is the corresponding operation, where - Vd- < - Vnd- : see Group 4 above as well as Sp. dingolondango, Argot dinguilindango < * dingo dango < din dan, Cub. cañandonga < cañadonga. In this last case it appears that the insertion of a simple -d- between caña and -onga preceded the nasal epenthesis. This may also be the case in Cub. chequendengue < cheque + -engue, ropilindango < ropa + -ango, guaparrandón < guapo + -arra + -ón. Others, such as respandingarse < respantingarse, exhibit qualitatively different types of changes. The next step is to ask how the - Vnd- pattern might have originated. There are several possible contributing factors. Specialists in phonetics will notice that the phenomenon is reminiscent of prenasalization, whereby the sequence »nasal consonant plus homorganic stop« occurs in the same syl8

The examples are taken from Pharies (1986: 224-38), with the exceptions of haragandina (from Viudas 1980), and querendón (from VA 1951). 13

lable, and is in fact regarded as forming a single unit phoneme. 9 According to Anderson (1976:331), »In a variety of languages of Africa, South America, South Asia, New Guinea, and various parts of the Pacific, elements transcribed [mb çd r)g] etc. clearly behave as single u n i t s . . . In some cases, as in Fijian and some other Pacific languages, these may be the only form in which voiced stops occur; elsewhere, as in a great many African languages, they may be in contrast with both simple voiced stops and simple nasals.«

The extent of the phenomenon can be appreciated in Maddieson (1984), a catalog of phoneme inventories world-wide. He lists a total of 18 languages which incorporate one or more prenasalized phonemes, from the following families: Niger-Kordofanian (e.g., Luvale), Nilo-Saharan (Yulu), AfroAsiatic (Ngizim), Australian (Alawa), Sino-Tibetan (Hakka), Indo-Pacific (Washkuk), and Southern Amerindian (Paez). In Spanish the sequence [yd] is not a unitary phoneme and the two consonants may not occur within the same syllable. This cannot therefore be considered an authentic case of prenasalization. On the other hand, as I showed in Pharies (1986: 224-9), insertion of homorganic nasal consonants occurs before [b] and [g] as well: trabucar 'to disrupt', 'to drive 'mad' > Ven. trambucar 'to shipwreck', 'to go mad' zabullir 'to plunge' > zambullir 'id.' zarabutear 'to muddle' > Cub. zarambutear 'id.' Sor. titirivaina 'jerk, idiot' > Mure, titirimbaina 'id.' caramelo 'caramel' > Ast. carambelo 'id.' mendigar 'to beg' > Ven. mendingar 'id.' moñiga 'cowchip' > Cub. moñinga 'id.' millón 'million' > millongón 'zillion' The parallel with prenasalization is thus too complete to ignore, and we conclude provisionally that the Spanish phenomenon may respond to the same universal tendency observed in these many languages. Turning now to other possible explanations of - Vnd-, a natural supposition is that the sequence might itself be a legitimate suffix. After all, a few words contain a recognizable gerundive -and- or -end- (e.g., filandango, querendango), and with a little imagination we could extend this explanation to -ind- attached to verbal roots, as in mamindangos < mamar, perhaps flojindango < flojear (rather than < flojo). This explanation does not take us very far, however, since most of the roots are nouns and adjectives. At least one writer, Buesa Oliver (1963:23) proposes ' T h e definition is paraphrased from Catford (1977: 212). 14

without much conviction that some forms of - Vnd- are noun suffixes in Aragonese: »Cualquiera que sea el origen de - o n d o , -onda, -y -enda en las voces siguientes, tienen estas terminaciones matiz menospreciativa en alirondo y iizondo 'festivamente, dinero', porrondo 'porrón', trapisonda 'entremetido, enredador', ¡upando y milopanda 'borachera', porruchanda y purruchanda 'chismosa, entremetida', tracamanda 'excesivo quehacer', 'suceso desagradable'.«

I do not see much promise here, either. Buesa Oliver's inability to etymologize most of the words leaves the morphological status of their endings very much in doubt, and the one word that is assigned an etymon (porrondo) is a clear case of template formation (where η > ndV). If tracamanda, as it appears, is a clipped form of tracamandanga, attested in Murcia in the meaning 'mix-up, muddle', then it must also be eliminated. Meanwhile, my further investigations of this possibility, using both wordformational studies and reverse dictionaries, produced no corroborative evidence of the existence of a nominal - Vnd- suffix. The final contributory hypothesis, perhaps most consistent with the conspiratorial nature of the development of the -nd- paradigm, is that the pattern responds to esthetic factors. Malkiel hinted in this direction when he described, under the rubric »Six Categories of Nasal Epenthesis« (1984: 38, emphasis mine), the factor of »given speech communities apparently finding certain medial dyadic consonant clusters so ATTRACTIVE as to expand, for no good reason, an »etymological« -binto a n - m b - . . . a l s o . . . to widen an etymological-m- into the very s a m e - m b - . «

Malkiel cites Sardinian data in illustration, and while the examples he cites are not from the »playful« lexicon (ube / umbe 'where'; silibba / silimba 'sorrel'; simula / simbula 'fine wheat flour'), they are not so different in meaning from the Spanish words containing the so-called »sufijos átonos« (e.g., gállara 'oak-gall'), whose spread Malkiel likewise explains as the result of esthetic preferences (1966: 354). The supposition of an esthetic factor is most justified in cases such as Cub. cañandonga 'inferior rum', where the original elements caña 'rum' and -onga could not be combined without producing a hiatus, universally avoided (see Pharies 1986: 230-2, Malkiel 1958: 162-5). As is most common in these cases, a dental stop was inserted to prevent hiatus (cañadonga). This was evidently considered insufficient, and the homorganic nasal was added, perhaps to »reinforce« the stop. Note that the musical effect of the insertion of a nasal consonant is to prolong and emphasize the syllable boundary, altering the rhythm of the word in a way that Spanish speakers presumably find pleasing. The same effect is apparent where -n- is enlarged to -nd-, cf. *fulanango vs. fulandango, *cochinango vs. cochindan10

Compare Selva's (1949:196) comment on carrindanga·, »la d es letra epéntica que suaviza el vocablo«.

15

In my opinion, these factors are at least a good start toward explaining the - Vnd- sequence. The important thing at this point is to note that the sequence in almost all cases stands between a root and a suffix, and that among these suffixes, those incorporating the -ng- nucleus are most common. This justifies positing the combined template - VndVngV, as proposed above. It might be assumed that the addition of the interfixai - Vnd- occurred subsequently to derivation with -ηΚ-. This interpretation is suggested by the numerous examples of doublets and near doublets (i.e., where the vowel preceding -ng- differs) showing a plausible intermediate stage with no -nd- sequence: filandango and filindonga / hilangos; mochandango / mochongo ; mamindangos and mamandungo / mamengue ; pelindangos / pelongo; chiporrondingo / chipilingo; cañandonga / cañengue', clarindongo / claringo·, corrundungo / corrongo. On the other hand, even though in some cases we have no intermediate stage (e.g., corresponding to ropilindango there is no *ropindango), only in the pair filandango / hilangos may the shorter form be considered truly intermediate; the others are likely to be independent creations. This leads to the supposition that the intermediate stage is no longer necessary, and that the concatenated pattern contributes directly to the stock of -ng- words. In certain local varieties, such as Andalusian — which may well be the birthplace of the template — the pattern is established enough to produce under its own momentum. One wonders, however, how the pattern was transmitted to other areas. Here one suspects the agency of leader-words. The best candidates in this respect are querindango 'lover', which is widespread and belongs to the popular -indango pattern, and two other older words from standard Spanish, dingolondangos 'expression of affection', and zangandungo 'tall, lazy youth', whose vocalic patterns are less common. Favoring these words' candidacy is the fact that in none of them is the - Vnd- sequence a simple insert: in querindango both -n- and -d- are independently justifiable, as is -d- in dingolondangos and - « - in zangandungo. There is even some chance that words containing the sequence - Vnd- as a part of the root morpheme might have contributed to productivity, particularly in words likely to be etymologically opaque to speakers, i.e., perendengues 'trinkets' < pender 'to hang', fandango 'licentious dance' < ?, mandinga 'African tribe', 'tribal member', 'devil' < an African language, candonga 'blarney, joking' < càndido 'ingenuous', and mondongo 'tripe' < mondar 'to clean out'.

16

Spanish

adj. 'perteneciente o relativo a la dignidad o jurisdicción del abad' [1099]" (DRAE 1), n. m. 'señorío del que era titular una iglesia, monasterio o cualquier otro instituto religioso' (DH 1:28) «- abad 'abbot'; cf. Ptg. [1099 adj., 1288 η.], Gal. abadengo, Cat. ab(b)adenc(h), -erica [1068], badenc [14th cent.] n., adj. 'id.' ABATUNGO Can. adj. 'se dice de la persona que padece un quebranto físico producido por alguna dolencia' (Guerra 20)12 *- abatir tr. 'hacer perder el ánimo, las fuerzas' (DRAE 3) ABIANCOS toponym (Oviedo) [865], also ABEANCA, ABEANCOS (Coruña), AVIANCOS (Lugo) (Philipon 1906b: 284) *- abia: »Es término indoeuropeo muy extendido en Celtiberia, significando 'corriente fluvial', de un tipo apa equivalente al acqua latino« (Tejero Robledo 173). ABLECANCA personal name [inscr.] (Hubschmid 1955: 20) *zangadongo por disimilación, y zangandongo con propagación de nasal.« Wagner (1944: 329) < zangón. Selva (211) < zángano + -ongo, with the comment, »hay una d epéntica (sic) que suaviza la voz«. Regarding zanguango etc., DCELC (4: 827) remarks: »tomados del gall, zanguango 'perezoso, maula, que busca pretextos para no trabajar', deriv. de zangonango con pérdida de la -n- intervocálica, según es regular en gallego.« Wagner (1944: 324): »wohl zu zángano in seiner übertragenen Bedeutung 'hombre holgazán'«; Selva (196) zanguango < zanco (from which zangón)·, Alemany (111) < zangón or zángano. The form singuango may be attributable to folk etymology with sin 'without'. ZA RAMINGO And. adj. 'adulto hasta que cumple la mayor edad', 'zangón [muchacho en la pubertad]' ( VA 660) ZARANGA Arag. n. f. 'fritada parecida al pisto' (Andolz 289), ZARANGALLO Arag. n. m. 'pene' (Buesa Oliver 1963: 26), CHARANGA 2 Extr. n. f. 'morcilla [blood sausage] hecha con verduras' (Viudas 54), Arag. 'fritada de verduras' (Andolz 430), And. (mar.) 'pequeño almacén en que se prepara el pescado' (EI 1335) < ? DCECH (2:947 s.v. frangollar)·, 'quebrantar el grano del tripo': »Parece ser variante fonética el and. zarangollo 'juego de cartas parecido al truque'; de ahí derivado regresivo arag. zaranga 'fritada'.« ZARANDUNGA RDom. n. f. 'jarana, diversión bulliciosa de gente ordinaria' (Neves 588) zo) + penco or so + penco X zote. The statement about -eneo can no longer be accepted in light of the evidence presented in Chapter Two. ZORENCO CRica adj. 'zopenco, zozo, zopo' (Cuervo 1938: 257), AZORENCO Cent. Amer, 'id.' (Malaret 1943:132) ZORONGO η. m. 'pañuelo doblado en forma de venda, que los aragoneses y algunos navarros del pueblo llevan alrededor de la cabeza' [1849], 'moño ancho y aplastado que usan algunas mujeres del pueblo', 'baile popular andaluz', 'música y canto de este baile' (DRAE 1414), Rioj. n. m. 'vestido mal hecho o mal puesto' (Goicoechea 179), (MOÑO) CHORANGO Nav. adj. 'llaman al moño alto que antes llevaban las mujeres' (Iribarren 191) < Basque zorongo 'tocado de mujer', tzorongo 'pañuelo' (DCELC 4: 865); DEEH (426) < Lat. SYRINGA ; cf. Ptg. sorongo 'Brazilian dance', adj. 'lazy', 'stupid'. Possibly related is zorongollo Béjar η. m. 'plato típico de tomate, cebolla, lechuga, pescado, sazonado con aceite de oliva, sal y vinagre' (Marcos Casquero 157). ZOTINGA Méx. n. f. 'zurra de azotes, azotaina' (Santamaría 1156) «- azote 'whip', 'whiplash'; Santamaría remarks: »Tabasqueñismo de muy donosa formación, como derivado de azote, con la desinencia peyorativa nga.« ZULLENCO adj. 'que ventosea mucho' [ca. 1640] (EI 4253), CELLENCO adj. 'dícese de la persona que por vejez no se maneja sino con trabajo y dificultad' [1617] (id., 1021) ng, of which Meyer-Lübke (1906: 750) remarked that »auch nicht der Schatten 115

eines Anhaltpunktes da ist, daß die Ligurer der Poebene nc in ng gewandelt, die in Südfrankreich es beibehalten haben«, as would have had to happen to explain the Ital. -ng- / Prov. -nc- difference. 49 Philipon rejected the Germanic hypothesis, by the way, because he could not see how -ing- could have been borrowed directly, i.e., through bilingualism. He remarked incredulously (p. 12): »Si l'hypothèse de Diez était fondée, les vaincus auraient distingué dans ce nom de Berting le radical Bert- du suffixe -ing, puis contrairement à ¡'usage germanique, ils auraient ajouté ce suffixe si merveilleusement découvert, a des radicaux latins ou latinisés . . . «

These are significant objections which are however neutralized by the place-name transfer hypothesis. The positive reaction to Philipon's article was the general acceptance of the proposition that there was an -incu- suffix, of whatever origin, contributing to the stock of -enc- words to which -ing- was also a contributor. Much of this acceptance was motivated by perceived deficiencies in the -ing- hypothesis, e.g., its inability to account for the Prov., Cat. feminine -enea. Below I catalogue some of these reactions. In his rejoinder to Philipon's article, THOMAS (1906: 19) enthusiastically affirmed that »il faut donc admettre l'existence d'un suffixe -inco -inca en Gaule et dans le nord de l'Italie, indépendamment de toute influence germanique«, and proceeded to argue, without much enthusiasm, that Celtic should not be ruled out as the source, BERTONI (1914: 25) listed 13 place-names in -engo / -ingo from the Leventine Valley of extreme northern Italy which he held to show a confluence of -incu- and -ing-. GAMILLSCHEG also accepted the existence of -incu- in southern France (RG 1:331): »Als die Goten begannen, ihre Neusiedelungen mit dem einheimischen -ingôsSuffix zu bezeichnen, fanden sie in der Sprache der romanischen Bevölkerung, unter der sie wohnten, ein lautlich nahestehendes Suffix in der gleichen Verwendung vor, -INCUS, das sich zum Teil über die Gotenzeit hinaus lebenskräftig erhalten hat.«

Curiously, Gamillscheg made no attempt to identify the source of this competing element. Even more curiously, though he distinguished the two suffix-types in both Visigothic and Burgundian areas, he did not explicitly set down the criteria he used to differentiate them. The criterion cannot be phonetic, since as Gamillscheg himself says (ibid.): »nach dem Schwund der Auslautvokale sind die alte -INCUS-Endung und das neue -ingôs49

Both Thomas (1906:21) and Meyer-Lübke (ibid.) accused Philipon of saying that Germ, -ing- had the sole function of forming patronymics. What he actually said was (p. 11— emphasis mine): »C'est un fait bien connu que DANS L'ONOMASTIQUE germanique le suffix -ing a eu pour unique fonction de former des patronymiques . . . «

116

Suffix nicht mehr zu unterscheiden«, i.e., they both produced -ene. Even the presence of -s on the Gothic forms is insufficient evidence, since it coincides with the plural -incos (p. 335). One would expect that the etymological provenience of the STEM would be decisive in this matter, but Gamillscheg regularly identifies -eric suffixes attached to Germanic names as reflexes of -incu-. Of the Basque provinces he remarks (p. 334): »Hier, wo die Gotennamen in besonders großer Menge weiterleben, ist eine -INCUS-Ableitung von Namen gotischer Herkunft natürlich auch in späterer romanischer Zeit möglich.« For example, Bosc Senairenc < Goth. Sihiharjis; bosc Laujardenc < Goth. Laubihardus; Font Orb Alzaramenc < Goth. Alisihrabns; and even Igounenc < Ugonenc < Frk. Hugo. Gamillscheg may be using a grammatical criterion, i.e., considering -ingôs an exclusively nominal ending and -incu- adjectival. This is at least a possible interpretation of his statement (p. 334) that »innerhalb des gotischen -/«gôî-Gebietes fehlt adjektivisches -ene vollständig.« This confirms my suspicion, voiced earlier, that Gamillscheg did not yet comprehend the mechanism whereby Romance adjectival -enK- was derived from place-names when he wrote the first volume of his Romania Germanica. The first coherent discussion of -enK- in this work occurs in the second volume (1935), in the description of the Italian situation. In the HGis (314-5), ROHLFS drew a distinction between-ing- and -incuin Italo-Romance, without, at the same time, trying to gloss over the considerable similarities betwen the two. After listing the Corsican -incuwords, annincu 'of one year', statinincu 'pertaining to summer', he noted that »Funktion und Verwendungsbereich stimmt ganz überein mit . . . -ingo, -engo, oberital. -enc«, as well as with Prov. estibene 'pertaining to summer'. By 1968 (cited from 1985b: 100) Rohlfs had overcome these doubts, particularly with regard to gentilics. In this function -incu- is »außerordentlich häufig« in Corsica (prupianincu 'inhabitant of Propiano'), and appears as well in Elba (pogginchi 'from Poggio'), Luguria and Piedmont (preignaudenk 'from Perinaldo'), southern France (datenco 'woman from Agdé'), and Catalonia (cadaquesenes 'from Cadaqués'). He concludes: »Die geographische Verbreitung läßt an eine vorrömische Quelle im Ligurischen denken, doch können in der romanischen Form andere Quellen zusammengeflossen sein, z.B. germ, -ing- und lat. -inquus«. Several considerations support the supposition that a separate -incumight have existed alongside -ing-, becoming partially fused with it: First, there is no record of Germanic -ing- having been attached to hydronyms and other features of microtoponymy: -ing- place-names, deriving as they do from patronymics, naturally designate townships and other units of property rather than rivers, mountains, and the like. Second, as MeyerLübke says: »Die weit überwiegende Mehrzahl der engo-Namen ist in ihrem ersten Bestandteile durchaus klar, lateinisch oder germanisch, daneben stehen wieder einige inco-, inca -Ableitungen mit dunkelm Stamme.« 117

Third, there is the matter of the ending -eneo, which is rare in OProv. (Butlairenco), fairly regular in OCat. (Rodebaldencos), and completely regular in Aragonese. The one effort I have seen to explain the proposed phonetic development from -ingôs is Alvar's (1953: 273) suggestion: »parece una reformación tardía: -ing > -eng > -enk > -eneo« (where the starting point is inaccurately identified). Alvar did not argue this point further, however, and his own discussion of final vowels in Aragonese (id., 154) would seem to disprove it: He noted that while final consonantal clusters are occasionally supported, it is invariably by a nonetymological -e ( vocable, cuarte) rather than -o. As for the Catalan situation, according to Badia Margarit (1951: 170), »vocales de apoyo« are also normally -e (lladre < LATRO, nostre < NOSTRI/) except in central dialects, where -o is sometimes found, but probably as a replacement for -e (Bare, onclu for oncle < AVUNCULU). In short, the »reformation« theory finds little empirical support. In spite of these difficulties, I still favor the Germanic hypothesis for all but the most intractable cases. Microtoponyms may indeed contain some pre-Roman formative, but scholars who attempt to push -ing- completely out of the picture pay a high — in my opinion too high — price for their doubts. It is true that no readily available explanation for OCat. / Arag. -eneo is available, but the fact that in most early cases the suffix is attached to a clearly Germanic stem (e.g. Pro v. Butlairenco, Aicfredenco, OCat. Villare Rodebaldencos) is hard to reconcile with other explanations. This latter example supports the -ing- hypothesis syntactically as well: an adjectival suffix -incu- would have produced * Villare Rodebaldenco here. As for the OCat. variation in -engo / -eneo, there is a parallel in Lomb. marenca, -enga 'cold sea wind' (HGIS 313) More generally, it is difficult to reject the -ing- hypothesis in view of the form of the uncontested Germanic borrowings in -ing-, which is quite uniformly -enc in Provençal: adelenc (< adaling), flamenc (< Vlaeming), Loairenc (< Lodaring), camarlenc (< kamarling) (Diez 1871: 379). There is also the matter of the precise correspondence in semantic fields (toponyms, inhabitant names, seasons, and colors) between -enc and Ital. -engo / -ingo, whose descendence from -ing- is uncontested. There are even shared derivatives, e.g., Mil. invernengh / Prov. invernenc, Mil. maggengh / Prov. magenc, Ital. ramingo / Prov. ramène (though these could have been borrowed). The one major figure to have categorically rejected the existence of -incu-, J. u. HUBSCHMIED, did so because he could not believe that two practically homophonous suffixes could also have, by chance, the same functions (1939: 229-30). Indeed, the same could be said of -INQUUS, whose meaning, according to Stolz (515) is 'Zugehörigkeit zum Primitivum«, or »so etwas wie das Primitivum«, descriptions which could and have been applied to -ing- and -incu- as well. There may be an expla118

nation for this, namely, that all three derive from a common Indo-European source, usually formulated as -nko-, a formant amply described in Brugmann's Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen (1906: 2 [1]: 473-509), and cited by Stolz in connection with -INQUUS, by Wilmanns (2:366) and Munske (1964:4) regarding-ing-, and by Philipon (1906a: 12-13), who describes the linguistic outcomes of the IE root in detail but who uses the information only to support the existence of the Ligurian counterpart. Brugmann portrays -nko- as the product of the combination of the - « and -ko- suffixes, which arose in the Proto-ΙΕ stage, as exemplified by the hypothetical iormsa* yew-nk(o)~ 'young', whose reflexes include Old Germanic *jungaz (OE geong, OHG jung), Old Irish oac, Cymric ievanc, Latin juvencus. The formant may also be observed in Latin avunc-ulus 'maternal uncle' < avus 'grandfather', Lithuanian laukiniñk-as 'field-dweller' < laukinis 'pertaining to the field', Armenian unkan 'ear' < *uson-qo-m, and Avestan spaka- 'dog-like' < span- 'dog', where -n- fell in the derivative. Brugmann's lists for Germanic include as well the many Germanic -ingderivatives now familiar to us. I have not seen any more global studies on this suffix in Indo-European,51 but it may provide a reasonable explanation for the similarity among the various -enk- suffixes studied in this chapter. Latin -¡GNUS. Diez (2: 377) pondered the possibility that Prov. / Cat. / N. Ital. -enc, -enea might derive from Latin - IGNUS: »Von -ignus scheidet sich das gegenwärtige Suffix durch das im Feminin haftende c, an dessen Stelle nh stehen müßte, sehr bestimmt, da es indessen praktisch mit j e n e m zusammentrifft (albenc = it. albigno, ferrerie - ferrigno), so wäre eine durch das regelrechte nc des Maskulins (vgl. rene von regnum) gewirkte Verhärtung des dem Feminin gebührenden nh oder ng nicht gerade unmöglich, aber nicht durch entsprechende Beispiele erweislich.«

Meyer-Lübke (1895: 2: 602) also mentioned -IGNUS in connection with Prov. / Cat. -enc, saying that the latter may be regarded as »remplaçant donc en partie dans les deux langues le roman -ignus«, but he did not examine -IGNUS as a possible etymon. Other than Philipon (1906a: In), who said the theory was »insoutenable«, the only other scholar to argue for -IGNUS has been Pisani (1959:604- 6), who, while admitting the agency of -ing- for place-names and gentilics, attributed to -IGNUS Pied, solenc 'exposed to the sun', Lomb. marenca, marengo 'cold seawind' (»il g [di marengo] sarà in conseguenza di un raccostamento letterario alle forme in -engo, soprattutto dei toponimi«), and all other adjectives, fulfilling functions not attributable to Germ, -ing- (seasons, colors, materials): 50 51

Example f r o m American Heritage (1969: 1550). A study that I have been unable to acquire is cited by Munske (1964:4): V. Pisani. 1940-41. Latino provincia, el suffisso indeuropeo *-engu- e le formazioni germaniche in - inga—unga—ingo—ungo-. Ris III. 74, 148ff.

119

»Comunque la cosa possa essere andata, il passaggio di -IONUS ad -ene è analogo a quello che abbiamo in prov. tene, vene, cat. tine, vine et it. tengo, vengo da lat. teneo, venio onde anche tegno, vegno.« (p. 608)

I cannot accept a phonetic development -IGNUS < -enc. Pisani's examples, as the final outcomes of -EO in verbal paradigms, fail to provide an adequate parallel. Combing the - IGNUS words listed in the REW, we find none that led eventually to Prov. -enc: MAGNUS > prov. manh; PUGNUS > ponh

; LIGNUM

> lenh ; SIGNUM

> senh ; TIGNUM

>

tenh ; DIGNUS

>

denh ; PIGNUS > penh. Diez's example REGNUM > rene is thus shown to be hardly »regelrecht«. Latin -INEUS. Butler's position (1971: 80-86) is that »from a functional point of view, Lat. -INEUS is almost certainly the precursor of the Romance [-enK-] suffix«. More precisely, Butler argued that Prov. -enc owes some of its meanings to merger with - INEUS. This hypothesis is closely related to, and actually supercedes the -IGNUS theory since, according to Butler, almost all Italian words in -igno come from -INEUS rather than -IGNUS, including all of Pisani's alleged examples of the latter (gialligno 'yellowish', verdigno 'greenish', rossigno 'reddish', ferrigno 'ferruginous', and possibly alpigno 'alpine)'. It is - INEUS and not -IGNUS that had the function of producing adjectives denoting 52 colors (ALBINEUS 'whitish' < ALBUS ·, LACTINEUS ' m i l k - c o l o r e d ' < LAC, -TIS; CERINEUS ' w a x - c o l o r e d ' < m a t e r i a l ( F A G U I N E U S ' b e e c h e n ' < FAGUS ' b e e c h ' ; SANGUINEUS

CERA),

' b l o o d y , of

blood' < SANGUIS -iNis 'blood' ; STRAMINEUS 'made of straw' < STRAMEN -INIS ' s t r a w ' ; SOCINEUS

'of a m b e r ' < SDCINUM

t i v e s of p e r t i n e n c e ( A N G U I N E U S ' s e r p e n t - l i k e ' VLTINEUS ' p r o d u c e d b y t h e v i n e '
-onk- o r - o k - > -onk- as may be enumerated for -anK- and -inK-, there are several other change categories, including (1) metathesis (possibly And. capirrongo 'lazy bum' < capigorrón 'id.'), (2) blending (Extr. melondrongo 'cured ham' < melón + mondongo), (3) suffix substitution (besides abolongo, Extr. pingorongo 'erect, tall' < pingorote 'top, point'; sirindongo Mex. 'what's his name', Hond. 'drinking spree' < jeringa 'syringe', (4) borrowing, on the reasoning that the attractiveness of the foreign word was enhanced by its formal similarity to -onK- words (birlonga '[incautious] way of playing a certain card game' < Fr. beslonc 'oblong, twisted'; Nav. zorongo 'head-band' < Basque zoronga 'handkerchief). Among the -onK- words I am at present unable to etymologize are Extr. co-, cajondongo 'gazpacho', Hond. cajonga 'large corn tortilla', Ast. chalonga 'frog', Arg. cholongo '(fruit) eaten by birds and worms', Méx. destorlongo 'disorder, squandering', Méx. fodongo 'dirty', 'fart', Dom. mañongo 'foolish', Arag. a la pichironga 'carelessly, in a slipshod manner', Extr. pirongo 'good, healthy', and Extr. tolondongo 'calmness'. The suffix -inKThe story of -inK- begins much later, with the appearance of Cat. pot inga (1840) and Cast., Cat. potingue (1843 in Cast.), the only dated words in my entire corpus. It is true that words with this ENDING appear earlier, but in none of them is it a suffix: restinga 'shallows' Sp. [1492], Ptg. [1540], perhaps < Eng. rock string, Sp. relinga 'plumb line used with fishing nets' [15th cent.] < Fr. ralingue 'id.', Sp. vocinglero 'loud-mouthed' [15th cent.] (see DATA), Sp. estringa 'large needle' [1565] < Ital. stringa 'id.', Sp. carlinga 'hole into which the mast is fitted' [1575] < Fr. carlingue 'id.', Sp. eslinga 'rope with hooks for lifting heavy weights' [1587] < Engl, sling, Sp. pechelingue 'pirate' [16th cent.] < Vlissingen, city in Holland, Sp., Gal., Ptg. mandinga 'negro tribe in West Sudan' [16th cent.] < African language, Sp. mandilandinga 'criminal element' [1609] < mandil 'apron'. Lacking any meaningful chronological evidence, we turn to the distributional figures, recorded earlier in the chapter. The picture they give is one of a weak but completely legitimate presence on the Peninsula, and a strong presence in all areas of America, except perhaps for Brazil, where only one new derivative (vigilinga) appears. Since (1) -inK- is weak in Andalusian (fondinga only), (2) none of the Peninsular Hispanic forms is 171

particularly well-suited for a leader-word role, and (3) Catalan is unlikely to have exerted much influence upon American Spanish, I conclude that -inK- arose independently on both sides of the Atlantic. This assumption creates no difficulties for the theory of origin that I have proposed, in that by the time-ingo appeared, the relatively strong presence o f - a n g o , -engo, and, by that time, -ongo, would have been sufficient to bring any further vocalic possibilities into play anywhere in the Ibero-Romance world. As it turned out, pockets of productivity broke out probably almost simultaneously in Catalonia (3) and all over Spanish America: in the Mexico/Central American area (8), the Caribbean (10, including 6 of the characteristic -iningo (< -in + -ingo) forms in the Dominican Republic), Venezuela and the Andean states (10), and the southern cone (6). Along the way -ingo was joined by a variant, namely Cat., Sp. -ingue, of which there are three examples. The form probably took its cue from the rather vigorous -engue var. (cf. the American pair cañingue / cañengue 'sickly, run-down', as well as Cast, pendingue / Nav. pendengue 'woman's cloak or shawl'). The semantic development of -inK- seems to have undergone the influence of the various diminutive suffixes in - / - , as evidenced by the overt diminutive overtones displayed by many of the data: Arg. blandingo 'blandito', Arg. buchingo 'borrico recién nacido', Chil. capingo 'capa demasiado corta', and all of the Dom. -iningo words, including cerquininga 'cerquita', chininingo 'chininin' [ = 'muy pequeño'], plus Arg. chiquitingo 'chiquitico', to cite only a few. In view of the almost total productivity of the diminutive suffixes, it comes as no surprise that -inK- would fall under their influence. What is hard to fathom is how -onK- has managed to remain relatively free of the augmentative meaning conveyed by the equally powerful -ón. Though this connotation is perhaps present in Nav. frailongas 'sanctimonious (person)', at least three - ongo words are defined as diminutive (Ven. bichoronga 'insignificant thing', RPlata changonga 'small, cheap guitar', Col. pelongo 'fledgling'), while no -ingo words are augmentative. Again, not all of the etymologically analyzable words in -inK- acquired this ending through a simple process of derivation. The various templatelike changes that can be cited are (1) the change -in- > -ing-: Sp. gorrino 'pig' > Salm. gorringo 'id.', (2) -ig- >- -ing-'Ρ Sp. mendigo 'beggar' > Extr. mendingo 'person with a lot of nerve'; Sp. boñiga, moñiga 'cowchip' > Cub. moñinga 'id.'; Sp. repantigarse 'to settle down', 'to sprawl out' [1517] > Arag. repantingarse 'id.'; Arag. cerigallo 'tatter, rag' > Arag. zaringallo 'id.'; (3) the change -in > -ingo: Sp. borrachín 'drunkard' > 89

Ast. Uoramingu 'whimpering', Ptg. choramingas 'cry-baby', the latter from the 17th cent., predate by a considerable time the inception of the suffix. The same can be said for mandilandinga in Cat. 3 below. 172

Extr. borranchinga 'happy drunkard'; Sp. chininin (attested in Ecuador) 'small piece' > Dom. chininingo 'very small'; And. chipilin 'small' > Col., Méx. chipilingo, Mex. chipilingue 'small child'; Sp. chiquitín 'very small' > Arg. chiquitingo 'id.'; Sp. chiquitín 'very small' > Pan. chiquilingo 'small person or child'; Sp. *chiquinin 'small' > Dom. chiquiningo 'id.'; And. pichilín 'small child' > Mex. pichilingo 'id.'; Sp. tilín 'ding-a-ling' > Méx., Peru, RPlata tilingo 'silly'; Basque tipulin 'onion sprout' > Nav. tipulingo 'id.'; Sp. zarramplín 'lousy worker' > Sant. zarramplinga 'id.'; Sp. hollín 'soft' ( < FULIGINE) > Chil. fullingue 'poor-quality tobacco'; (4) suffix substitution: Arag. frajenco 'young pig' > Arag. frajingos 'id.'; Sp. pellejo 'skin, hide' > Chil. pellingajo 'tatter'; chorizo 'sausage' > Nav. choringa 'long skinny sausage'; prob. Cat. gandalla 'life of laziness' > Cub. gandinga 'id.'; Sp. matacía 'slaughter' > Salv. matacinga 'id.'; perhaps Sp. mojiganga 'costume ball' > Cub. mojinga 'ridicule'; And. singuilindango 'trifle' > And. singuilandingo 'id.'; Sp. tarea 'task' > Sant. taringa 'beating', 'task'. Words in -inK- which I am unable to etymologize include Can. belingo 'happening, party', And. berlinga 'clothesline, pole', Gal. berlingas 'poles used on small boats', Cat. berlinga 'deck railing', Col. biringo and vars. 'nude', Chil. candinga 'nuisance', Salm. canguingos 'imaginary type of food', Alav. colingarse 'to swing', And. condinga 'bravery, guts', Arg. (estar) chilingo, -inco '(to be) shirtless', Chil. chufinga 'head engineer', Arg., Urug. fillingo, fiyingo 'small knife', Cub. futinga 'flatterer', Leon. mesingo 'weak, delicate', Ladino perlingo 'agitated, fidgety', Alav. piripingo 'squatting', Sant. talingar 'to hang like a swing', Ast. taraminga 'swing', And. tejeringo 'fritter', Col. tifingo 'intense black', And. zaramingo 'boy in puberty', Ptg. titinga 'white spots on the face and body'. The suffix -unKThe developmental lines of -unK- follow those of -inK- very closely. There are no early attestations. The ending appears in Port, malungo 'companion (esp. among black slaves)', from the 18th century, but since the word apparently originated among the blacks themselves it is almost certainly not a Portuguese derivative. Contrast PRican malungo 'big (perhaps 'bad', 'mean') chicken or rooster', 'poorly done', whose connection with malo is practically assured. It goes without saying that Sp. carbunco 'anthrax' ( < CARBUNCULU), dated 1529, is also irrelevant to the history of -unK-. I am uncertain of the origin of bayunco 'bulrush', dated 1871, or of Amer, bayunco, vallunco 'surly', 'rustic', if indeed the two meanings are related. The latter certainly appears to fit well with the semantic propensities of -unK-. The only other two dated words in -unK- are Sp. sandunga 'grace, poise' [1849], regrettably also of unknown origin, and zangandungo 'clum173

sy, lazy person' [1852], which exists also in the guises zangandongo [1735] and Manch, zangandongo. With a total of 22 derivatives, -unK- is the least productive of the -nKsuffixes. Other than the one Ptg. example, Madeiran fanhungo 'nasal (of speech)', whose isolated existence is a puzzle, all examples are Hispanic, in which a single Castilian and four Andalusian/Canary Island examples are overbalanced by a total of 16 Spanish American derivatives. Even the American numbers are somewhat misleading, however, in that fully 7 of these 16 pertain to a pocket of productivity in Argentine / Chilean hypocoristics. No other Spanish American country has more than two indigenous derivatives ; the 9 remaining examples are spread out among Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Peru, and Colombia. In light of these patterns I am convinced that -unK-, like -inK-, must have been created independently in various parts of the Spanish-speaking world, where the existence of the stronger -nK- suffixes made its potential appearance uniformly likely. The principal argument in favor of this supposition is the lack of a strong leader-word, on either side of the Atlantic, that could have acted as carrier and catalyst. The two remotely possible candidates are Cast, zangandungo, of which it is my impression that it is comparatively rare and little-known, and Can. matungo 'broken-down person', which appears in Arg., Urug., Cub. and PRico in the meaning 'broken-down animal'. I did not detect the rise of an expected variant *-ungue, and Guat. corunco 'red-haired' (beside its variants corrongo, curungo, etc.) must be considered anomalous, especially considering the general failure of t h e - n c variants to transfer to the New World. Grammatically and semantically -unK- is unremarkable. Although in the case of -inK- it seems possible to detect the influence of the various diminutive suffixes in -/'-, no such demonstration can be made here, since Sp. suffixes in -u- are almost all affective, 90 tending to pejorative, e.g., -uco (casuca 'hut', frailuco 'insignificant little monk or priest'), -ucho (casucha 'hut', malucho 'sickly'), -udo (barbudo 'bearded', cabezudo 'large-headed'), -uno {perruno 'dog-like', frailuno 'monkish'), -ujo {blandujo 'flabby', OSp. magrujo 'gaunt'), -uzo {gentuza 'rabble', pajuzo 'rotten straw'). For this reason, no direct lines of influence are traceable. As expected in a sporadically-occurring suffix such as -unK-, the aggregate of whose derivatives are capable of exerting little attractive force, template activity has been minimal. Cent. Amer, bayunca 'tavern' < bayuca 'id.' exhibits the change -une- < -uc-, but its isolation (particularly in having the unvoiced consonant) awakes the suspicion that its prenasalization is unrelated to the -««A'-paradigm. Rioj. gandunga 'lazy 90

One exception is -ura, which forms adjectival abstracts {altura). 174

(bum)' appears to be based on the root that also occurs in the synonymous gandul, gandumbas, gandayas, gandurro, but given the haziness of the root might best be labeled a product of suffix substitution. This is also the apparent category for Ptg. varunca 'henpecked husband' < varäo 'male', and Braz. pilungo 'nag', 'skinny, weak person' (cf. Sabugal pilonga 'dried up'), in spite of the rarity of the suffix in Portuguese and its dialects. Perhaps the importation of Sp. matungo 'broken-down horse' into Brazil explains the impetus for the appearance of the synonymous pilungo. Among the etymologically opaque words in -unK-, again all Hispanic, are PRico chalungo 'sloppy', Hond. chulunco 'bobtail', Chil. furungungo 'pyramid-shaped pastry', Cub. jurungo, jorungo 'bothersome person', 'foreigner', Arg. mu/unco, -ungo, molunco 'de-horned (cow)', PRico puchungo 'endearment', 'effeminate man', Sp. sandunga 'grace, poise', and Arag. zamandungo 'stupid', the latter possibly a blend.

IV. Summary The suffixes -onK-, -inK-, and -unK- are very much alike. In each case, (1) the -ng- variant is heavily predominant, (2) the suffixes are primarily Hispanic, (3) there has been considerable productivity in Spanish America, (4) they are ca. 65% nominal, (5) they prosper in designations of persons and their traits, (6) almost always adding an element of evaluation, usually negative. The two most important facts shaping the search for the origins of -onK-, -inK-, and -unK- are their recent vintage and the lack of extraPeninsular correspondences. Thus, the suffixes were either borrowed recently or created through the internal resources of the Ibero-Romance (especially Hispanic) dialects themselves. As in the case of -ango, there is no evidence for the hypothesis that the suffixes were borrowed from the indigenous and imported (i.e., African) languages of America. It is true that a considerable number of borrowed words in American Spanish contain these endings, but they are not suffixal. Moreover, no one has managed to identify any indigenous suffixes that might have been borrowed. Finally, none of the special conditions that usually characterize Americanisms (especially the semantic condition that they designate some peculiar aspect of indigenous life) are met by these derivatives, and the transfer theory also fails to account for the presence of -onK- and -inK- in areas of the Peninsula far removed from the Andalusian centers for American contact. It is likely that all three suffixes arose through the operation of analogical forces. The factors supporting this process are (1) the formal similarity o f - e n K - and -anK-, (2) the converging semantic similarity o f - e n K and -anK- in recent times in the direction of pejoration, (3) the long-term 175

tendency, in both Latin and Romance, for suffixes with identical consonantal nuclei to cluster, resulting in series of suffixes with the same nucleus and meaning, but with different stressed vowels. Supporting this hypothesis are (1) the striking semantic and grammatical similarity of the three suffixes, (2) the existence of etymological doublets (e.g., Sp. abolengo / abolengo) which suggest that the new suffixes are practically interchangeable both among themselves and with -engo and -ango, and (3) the aforementioned recent vintage of the suffixes, coupled with (4) the lack of non-Ibero-Romance parallels. In their subsequent development, the suffixes differ only in details. The variant -onK- arose earliest and is the most heavily Peninsular (especially Castilian) in its distribution. Both -inK- and -unK- are primarily American in their distribution, and the relative lack of leader-words leads to the supposition that they must have arise independently, through precisely the same mechanism, on both side of the Atlantic. In America, -inK- seems to have fallen under the influence of the various diminutive suffixes in - / - , especially in Argentina and the Dominican Republic, in the latter taking the compound form -iningo. The one area of concentration of -ung-, meanwhile, is Argentina, where the suffix has acquired considerable productivity as an attachment to hypocoristics. Finally, the two more numerous paradigms, those of -onK- and -inK-, have acquired sufficient attractive force as to have motivated a large number of template-like changes.

176

Excursus

Factors in the Vocalic Distribution of Recent Derivatives

-ng-

Having treated -enK- and -atiK- separately from the others, I have not yet had an opportunity to address an important issue in the overall development of the -nK- pillar, namely, the interrelationships among the various vocalic nuclei. In order to complete the story of the rise and development of the -nK- suffixes, it is now necessary to depict the dynamics of their interaction, discovering which factors help one suffix triumph over the others in any given derivation, or alternatively showing to what degree variation is random. I am limiting examination here to »recent« derivatives in -ng-, which is to say that I am excluding both early -ng- derivatives (all of which are in -engo), and all -nc- derivatives, the overwhelming majority of which are either -eneo or -anco. The reason for this limitation is that both of these categories involve archaic layers which arose and to some extent continue to flourish outside of the mainstream of contemporary -nKproduction, which is mostly restricted to the -ng- form and the pejorative or affective meanings. When the early -engo derivatives arose there were no vocalic alternatives within the context of the -ng- pillar, so the question of distribution was moot for them. The productivity of -eneo has declined in all areas except for the NE part of the Peninsula. As for -anco, though it has shown signs on the Peninsula of having undergone a semantic shift toward pejoration, it retains a highly archaic flavor in most instances, e.g., in the undated Galician terms for aspects of the terrain: cabanco 'ravine', covanca 'cave', fochanca 'cave', forxanco 'ravine, hole', leiranco 'field', pozanco 'deep spot in a river'. The suffixes -onco, -inco, and -unco, all represented by a single derivative, are too few in number to yield worthwhile distributional data. The first and perhaps most important statement that can be made regarding the relative distribution of recent -ango, -engo, -ingo, -ongo, and -ungo derivatives is that, to a certain extent, it is free or random. This conclusion is strongly indicated by the large numbers of stems to which two or more of the suffixes have been attached, with insignificant91 dif91

By »insignificant« I mean susceptible of explanation through normal channels of

177

ferences in meaning. If there WERE decisive factors at work determining which sort of stems would be assigned to which suffix, we would not expect the two- and even three-way {caña, mamar) variation shown in many cases. Divided up according to the vowels alternating, examples are as follows: 1. -artgo / -engo: Extr. perranga 'crying fit' / Extr. perrenga 'naughty, capricious person' and Sp. perrengue 'person quick to become angry'; Ptg. bichanga 'relating to insects and pests' / Ptg. bicharengo 'badger'; Extr. parlanga 'chat' / Ptg. parlenga 'id.'; Ptg. pelanga 'soft, hanging piece of skin' / Ptg. pelharengo 'emaciated'; Braz. vigilianga 'fishing boat' / Braz. vigilenga 'id.'; Ptg. maturrango 'bad horseman' / Braz. maturrengo 'id.' 2. -ango / -ingo: Can. chuchanga 'snail' / Col. chuchingo 'coward'; Pan. fundango 'buttocks' / And. fondinga 'jinx'; Cent. Amer, mirranga 'scrap, bit' / Col. mirringo 'small boy'; Arag. señoritango 'little rich boy' / Sp. señoritingo 'id.'; Braz. vigilianga 'fishing boat' / Braz. vigilinga 'id.' 3. -ango / -ongo: Can. bicharango 'bug', 'jerk' / Ven. bichoronga 'trifle', 'whore'; Cub. cañangazo 'drink of cane liquor' / Cub. cañadonga 'rum of poor quality'; Pan. fundango 'buttocks' / Méx. fondongo 'id.'; Ven. mochandango 'shorn (person)' / Mex. mochongo 'laughing-stock'; Extr. pelindangos 'tatters' / Méx. pelongo 'with short hair'; Gal., Extr. pendanga 'lazy woman' / Gal., Sp. pindonga 'streetwalker'; Gal., Sp. querindango 'lover' / Argot querindongo 'id.'; Arag. señoritango 'little rich boy' / Argot señoronga 'ridiculous woman' ; Argot tianga 'woman' / Arag. tionga 'prostitute'; Manch, zangandongo 'tall, lazy boy' / Sp. zangandongo 'id.'; Mex. sirindango 'insignificant person' / Mex. sirindongo 'id.' 4. -ango / -ungo: Cub. malanga 'coward' / PRico malungo 'poorly done'; And. mamindangos 'Christmas sweets' / And. mamandungo 'fritter'; Mex. matanga 'fight', S. Amer, maturrango 'clumsy rider', 'broken-down person or animal' / Can. matungo 'broken-down person'; Manch, zangandongo 'tall, lazy boy' / Sp. zangandungo 'id.' 5. -eng- / -ing-: Sp. blandengue 'weak, soft' / Arg. blandingo 'a little soft'; Cub. cañengue 'weakling', Nie. cañengo 'weak, puny' / Amer, cañingue 'sickly'; Cub. jalengue 'scuffle, commotion' / Ast. jalingón 'swing'; Nav. (tomar el) pendengue 'to leave' / Sp. (tomar el) pendingue 'id.'; Braz. vigilenga 'fishing boat' / Braz. vigilinga 'id.' 6. -engo / -ongo: Sp. abolengo 'lineage' / Sp. abolengo 'id.'; Pan. changuenga 'scuffle' / Col. changonga 'derision'; Sp. frailengo 'having to do with friars' / Nav. frailengas 'sanctimonious person'; Braz. pendenga 'argument' / Sp. pindonga 'prostitute' 7. -ingo / -ongo: Bol. claringo 'clearly', Extr. clarindongo 'somewhat semantic change, e.g., chuchar 'to suck' > Can. chuchanga 'snail', since snails cling through the use of suction, and > Col. chuchingo 'coward', probably implying a comparison with babies, who suck and are cowards. 178

clear'; And. fondinga 'jinx' / Méx. fondongo 'thick', 'buttocks'; Argot pilingui 'prostitute' / Extr. pilongo 'orphan'; señoritingo 'little rich boy' / Argot señoronga 'ridiculous woman' 8. -ongo / -ungo: Sp. candonga 'trick' / Peru candungo 'ingenuous'; CRica corrongo 'nice' / Méx. curungo, Ven. currundungo 'chubby'; Arg. fHongo 'temporary boyfriend or girlfriend' / Arg. Filunga, a hypocoristic; Sp. zangandongo 'tall, lazy boy' / Sp. zangandungo 'id.'; Extr. pilonga 'fool' / Braz. pilungo 'emaciated person or horse' On the basis of this compilation, I think it is fair to conclude that no rigid factors determine the distribution of the -ng- suffixes. On the other hand, I do not believe that assignment is entirely random. Below I analyze possible factors in four categories: areal, phonological, grammatical, and semantic. The areal factor. The process of derivation, typically described as a rule-governed operation, is in its least intensive state — where operation of the conjoining mechanism is sporadic at best — extremely similar to analogical change.92 Malkiel (1966: 333) argues for calling an isolated suffixlike entity a »lexical feature«, the same entity appearing in only two words a »lexical analogy«, and only with the advent of the third example a »suffix«. Now the -ng- suffixes are (1) at best only moderately productive, and the concomitant factors of (2) the lack of widely occurring examples and (3) the thin spread of examples throughout the various dialect areas, add up to the situation that any given dialect is likely to have very few examples of any given -ng- suffix. One would therefore expect that the creation of new -ng- derivatives might take place in these dialects through processes essentially analogical in nature. What this all has to do with the distribution question is this: Since (1) the creation of new -ng- derivatives is governed by analogy, and (2) the larger the number of examples supporting any particular analogical change, the more likely it is to occur, it follows that it is precisely in individual dialects where one or the other of the - ng- suffixes has gained a solid foothold (say, with 5-6 examples) that further derivations are most to be expected. In other words, success breeds success, and distributional patterns can be expected to be affected by the areal factor. On the other hand, the question of how the original, patterning examples are distributed cannot be determined by this factor. An example of this principle is that of -ungo in Argentine Spanish. Fully 8 of the 20 Spanish examples of -ungo are Argentine, while no other dialect or even dialect area has more than two. With the exception of farrunga 'unexciting party', these are all hypocoristics, indicating that in this dialect the suffix has become semantically specialized and passed 92

See Hock (1986: 173) for further discussion.

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beyond analogical extension to actual productivity. A close parallel is the case of Arg. -ongo, of whose six examples three (Chichonga, Pichongah Pochonga2) are hypocoristics. The suffix - ingo also exhibits semantic and formal specializations that indicate localized centers of development. Most notable among these is the Dom. variant -iningo, where -ingo is concatenated with -in and retains the latter's diminutive (sometimes attenuative) meaning, cf. blanquininga 'whitish', cerquininga 'very near', jovensiningo 'quite young', momentiningo 'brief moment', poquiningo 'very little', and tempraniningo 'quite early'. Another dialect where the diminutive overtones of the Sp. -i- suffixes have overcome the normally pejorative tone of the -ng- suffixes is Argentine Spanish, as evidence by blandingo 'a little soft' ( = blandito), buchingo 'newly born donkey', solingo 'all alone ( = solito), sucinga, which I surmise must mean 'a little dirty', and capingo 'short cape' (cf. Chil. capingo 'short cape of poor quality', where the negative evaluation is manifest). To mention one more case of local productivity, there is And. -ango, whose 11 derivatives are typically combined with the -nd- template, discussed in Chapter One: cf. chorrindango 'earring', βojindango 'slob', mamindangos 'Christmas sweets', marrandanga 'dirty', ropilindango 'slobby', singuilindango 'trifle', and tontilindango 'fool'. The phonological factor. I found no correlation between the consonant immediately preceding the suffix and the vowel of the suffix. In all five variants of -ng-, the consonants - / - , -r- and -nd- are very common, -chand -rr- are common, and the unvoiced stops (except for the combinations -tungo and -tango) are rare. Likewise, I found no evidence that the tonic vowel of the stem played a part in this selection. As for the final vowel of the stem, I discovered that most -ango and -ongo stems end in -a or -o respectively (examples: acanta < acá, bichoronga < bicho), especially if we admit possible allomorphs as stems, e.g., señorita for the mase, señoritango, and tío for the fem. tionga. But most Spanish (as well as Galician and Portuguese) words end in -a or -o anyway. Since the vowel -e is less usual in word-final position, a strong preponderance in its case would be more suggestive, but no such preponderance exists. For Sp. I found only frailengo 'friar' ( < fraile 'id.') in this category, and while in Galician (cf. moenga < moer) and Ptg. (molengo < mole, pendenga < pender) the situation is slightly more common, in all three languages - o is the most usual stem-final vowel in -engo derivatives (Sp. monengo < mono, Gal. tourengo < touro). Spanish is practically the sole habitat of -ingo and -ungo, and since neither -i nor -u is a typical word-final vowel in this language, the possibilities for influence do not really exist. On the other hand there is the example of Alav. pipirringo 'poppy' < Nav. pipirripi 'id.'. Also, Dominican speakers' preference for -ingo (rather than say, -ongo) for attachment to -in to form -iningo may have been due to an esthetic preference for vowel harmony. In summary, the influence of phonological 180

factors in the distribution of the various -ng- suffixes is as yet undemonstrated. The grammatical factor. The grammar tables presented at the beginning of Chapter Four show that form-class cannot be a factor in the relative distribution of -ongo, -ingo, and -ungo, in that the three suffixes are close to identical in this respect, with an approximate 65% / 35% split between nouns and adjectives respectively. The suffix -ango is more purely nominal (ca. 80%) in nature, but even so the amount of difference is too small to warrant the conclusion that when a noun derivative is wanted IberoRomance speakers take -ango as their suffix of choice. The one case in which the grammatical feature may play a role is that of -engo, since its relative distribution of form-classes is approximately the opposite of the others, i.e., 30% nominal / 70% adjectival. Though more -engo derivatives are dated than for any other suffix, I still do not feel comfortable with assuming that all undated items are necessarily of recent vintage: -engo is after all very ancient, and the dating mechanism necessarily tentative and approximate. On the other hand, I feel that it is defensible to utilize the specifically Sp. Amer, -engo derivatives as a test database, since both their provenience and the fact that they are pretty uniformly pejorative suggest that they belong to later stages of the development of -enK-. There are ten Spanish American words in -engo, and another four in -engue. Among the first group fully six (Nie. cañengo 'weak, puny', Arg. chovengo 'deformed', Arg. mayorengo 'commanding, supervising', Peru. mudengo 'inane', Cent. Amer, mujerengo 'effeminate', Arg. muquengo 'effeminate') are adjectives, and one of the remaining four (the others are the Ven. hypocoristics Chapalengo and Manenga, as well as Pan. changuenga 'argument, fight'), Nie. monengo 'hick person', looks suspiciously like it might be a nominalized adjective. This grammatical distribution is quite strikingly different from that we find for the other -ng- suffixes, and may indicate that form-class plays a part in channeling derivatives to -engo. On the other hand, of the -engue examples, only one, Arg. mamengue 'listless' is adjectival, as against the three Cuban nouns cañengue 'weak person' (another nominalization?), chequendengue 'government check', and jalengue 'fight'. The resulting 7/14 or 50% adjectival rate for -eng- overall is suggestive, but certainly provides insufficient basis for predicting suffixal distribution. Derivatives of -engo may tend to be adjectives, but it would be inaccurate to say that adjectives tend to be in -engo, since fully 48 (17 in -ango, 12 -ongo, 14 -ingo, 5 -ungo) are not. The semantic factor. I have already touched upon this factor, when I remarked that -ungo had become semantically specialized for hypocoristics in Argentina. The question to be investigated here is whether one derivative may influence the choice of suffix for another derivative by being semantically related to it. Theoretically this is possible, since, as I 181

insisted a moment ago, at low levels of productivity derivation is akin to analogy, and analogical creation is based on proportions of form and meaning. In its most general form, this hypothesis boils down to whether a suffixal paradigm is strengthened by leader words, a topic I have already dealt with in the individual chapters, e.g., when I claimed that Sp., Gal., Ptg. barranca, Cat. barrane 'ravine' must have spurred the production of -anco derivatives denoting aspects of rough terrain. At a more specific level of application, the hypothesis may explain cases in which a single word, though not meeting the grandiose criteria for leader-words for entire paradigms (i.e., early attestation, wide dialectal range, high frequency of use, abundance of derivatives and near synonyms — Malkiel 1950: 41), may help spawn a semantically similar derivative, as for example, Ital. maggioringo 'man of consequence' motivated the production of burlesque minoringo 'man of no consequence'. I found a few cases of this type among my data, but far fewer than expected: Peru, acanga 'here' / allanga 'there', Leon, charlanga 'chat' / Extr. parlanga 'id.'. Leite de Vasconcellos (1924: 66) claims that Ptg. judengo 'Jewish' follows cristengo 'Christian' in this way. However, in none of these can the direction of spread be determined, unlike in the pair Sp. abadengo 'pertaining to the abbot' / Sp. frailengo 'pertaining to friars', where the relative antiquity of the former identifies it as the model. Actually a larger number of pairs indicate that these sorts of semantic offshoots more often than not actually CROSS vocalic lines within the -ngpillar. For example, is it not likely that the abolengo / frailengo series is continued in Nav. frailengas 'sanctimonious person', and perhaps even in Argot curángano 'wretched priest'? Other possible examples of this include Sp. pindonga [1843] 'streetwalker' / Argot putanga 'id.'; Sp., Gal. querindango 'lover' / Arg. fHongo 'temporary boy- or girlfriend'; Extr. burranco 'young donkey' / Arg. buchingo 'id.'; Sp. perendengues 'earrings and other pendants' / And. chorrindangos 'id.' The failure of semantically motivated extensions to remain withing a given vocalic paradigm is not the only evidence that suggests that within the -ng- pillar vocalic differences are pretty much neutralized, at least in Spanish. The list of alternations presented near the beginning of this excursus, where semantic differences among suffixes were usually minimal, is a second indicator, and a third is the vocalic heterogeneity shown by most denotative categories. The category 'noisy event, loud gathering', for example, incorporates examples from all five vocalic groups (bullanga, jalengue, arrebatinga, bailongo, zarandunga), as does the category 'physically defective (person)' (mochandango, chovengo, fuñingue, pilongo, chatungo). Four of the five are represented in the classes 'insignificant or inferior thing' (chajarrange, chequendengue, miquingo, bichoronga), 'food and drink' (cañangazo, cafuinga, mondongo, mamandungo), and 'morally 182

defective' (putango, mujerengo, chuchingo, pindonga). The one possible exception to this tendency is -ingo, which shows a definite inclination toward diminution. The semantic criterion is thus no more convincing as a factor in the vocalic distribution of the -ng- suffixes than is the phonological, and the areal and grammatical evidence is not much more impressive. True, by combining factors it is sometimes possible to come up with fairly accurate predictions, e.g., that Arg. hypocoristics will incorporate -ungo, that Dominincan diminutives will feature -iningo, that S. Amer, derivatives in -engo will be adjectives, etc. This is not a large yield from so much analysis, and as such does not constitute a hindrance to our concluding, on the basis of all that has been said in this excursus, that the distribution of vowels among recent -ng- derivatives is pretty much a random affair.

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Wolfram, Herwig. 1988. History of the Goths. New and completely revised from the second German edition, translation by T. J. Dunlap. Berkeley: uc Press. Wilmanns, W. 1909. Deutsche Grammatik. Strasbourg: Trübner. Yndurain, Francisco. 1962. Sobre un sufijo -anda. In: Strenae. Estudios de filología e historia dedicados al Prof. Manuel García Blanco. Acta Salmanticensia, Filosofía y Letras, 16. Salamanca: Univ., 469-71. Zamora, Juan C. 1972. Lexicología indianorrománica: chingar y singar. RomN 14:409-13. Zamora Vicente, Alonso. 1970. Dialectología española. 2d ed. Madrid: Gredos.

199

Index of Topics and Names

Aebischer, P. 3, 93, 94, 96, 97, 102, 108, 122, 123 Alemany y Bolufer, J. 166 Alessio, G. 98, 100, 133, 134, 136 Allen, J. 89, 93 Alonso, D. 151 alternation of / n k / and / n g / 141 f. Americanisms 145 analogy 141, 165, 179 analysis, chronological 4 analysis, grammatical 4, 88 analysis, numerical 4 analysis, semantic 4 Anderson, S. 14 Anglo-Saxon 94 -ango, dialectal distribution 144 - layers of 148f. - a n K - , American origin hypothesis 142-9 - chronological data 13Iff. - development 149-52 - dialectal distribution 127f. - grammatical analysis 128 - numerical distribution 127 - origin 134 - productivity 150 - semantic analysis 129-31 - semantic evolution 137f. - summary 152ff. appellatives 100 Arag. -eneo 118, 122 Aragonese / n g / ) / n k / 140f. author-date system 17 Azkue, R. 134 Basque 141, 151, 168 Basque -nK- 134, 135, 160f. Benvenutto Murrieta, P. 148 Bertoni, G. 116 bilingualism 94, 97, 100, 104, 106, 110, 145 blend 6, 113 borrowing 6f., 106, 145, 161 Brugmann, K. 119 Briich, J. 3, 98, 101, 104, 111, 113ff. Buesa Oliver, T. 15 200

Bungundian 96, 98, 99, 103, 108, 116, 136 Butler, J. 99, 120 Canelladas, M. 166 Cat. -ango 139 Cat. -erte, -enea 101-4, 122 - pronunciation 87 Cat. -eneo 118 Cat. -engo 102 Catford, J. 13 coin-names 104 comparatists 3 consonantal pillar 166f. conspiracy 13 Corominas, J. 134 Cárdenas, D. 148 Cunha, A. da 93, 165 Dapena, J. 151 data collection 3 data, Catalan 81-86 - criteria for selection 5ff., 19, 93 - Galician 68-72 - Portuguese 73-80 - Spanish 17-67 - structure 5 dating 17 Dauzat, A. 3, 104 descriptive approach 2 dialect studies 3 dialectal distribution 1 Diez, F. 3, 93, 101, 104, 113f„ 119, 135, 147 diminutive suffixes 172 distribution, mirror image 88 dormancy 140 doublets 16, 178f. drift 140 Dutch 93 Dworkin, S. 4 Díaz González, O. 151 Egert, G. 87 Elcock, W. 93 endings, nonsuffixal 7f. -enK-, IE -incu- hypothesis 114-9 - chronological data 92f., 121

-

comparative data 95-101 development 121-5 dialectal distribution 87f. gardingus hypothesis 111 Germanic hypothesis 93-6 grammatical analysis 88f. Lat. -ignus hypothesis 119f. Lat. -ineus hypothesis 120 Latin -inquus hypothesis 113 numerical distribution 87 origin 92-120 Provençal borrowing hypothesis 111-2

- semantic analysis 89-92 - Spanish -anco hypothesis 121 - stress change 101 - summary 125f. esthetic factors 15 Estravis, I. 3 etymological analysis 3, 4 etymologies, anecdotal 20 Ewert, A. 106 excursus 4, 8, 177-83 false separation hypothesis 146 folk etymology 20, 38 Frankish 96, 98, 103, 108, 112 Frk. -ing 99 French 99ff. Fr. -anK- 134 Fr. -ard 100 Gamillscheg, E. 3, 93f„ 96-99, 102, 105, 108f„ 11, 116, 147 Garcia de Diego, V. 93 Gascon / n g / > / n k / 140 genetic approach 2 Germ, -ang- 136 Germ, -ing-, declension 95f. - meaning 104 Germ, -ung 161 Germ, hart 100 Germanic / n g / ) / n k / 103 gerund 13, 14 given-names 95, 97, 100, 106, 138 González Fernández, I. 3 Gooch, A. 150 Goth, -ingôs 93, 94, 101, 102 - on Iberian Peninsula 106ff. - existence in Gothic 107f. - transcription 96 Gothic 96, 98, 103, 162 Grimm, J. 106, 136, 161 Hanssen, F. 3, 93, 121, 142, 166 Harris, M. 99

Henríquez Ureña, P. 148 hiatus prevention 15 Hildebrant, M. 148 historical approach 2 Hock, H. 179 homorganic nasal 15 Hubschmid, H. 3, 114, 132-7, 161 Hubschmied, J. 3, 99, 103, 118f„ 136, 142, 147, 160ff. hypocoristic 149, 179 Iberian language 135 Icelandic 104 IE -nko 119, 135i -inK-, borrowing hypothesis 162ff. - chronological data 160 - development 17Iff. - dialectal distribution 155f. - grammatical analysis 156f. - numerical distribution 155 - origin 160-9 - semantic analysis 157ff. - summary 175f. inscriptions 132 interfix 16, 23 interpretation 4 Italian 95-98, 110, 114 Italian -anK- 133 Italian -ingo 97 Jud, J. 96 Judeo-Spanish 132 Kluge, F. 96, 106 Kretschmer, P. 115 Kuhn, A. 105, 122 Kvavik, K. 150 labial consonant alternation 141 Ladino 132 Langobardic 94f., 96f., 99, 136 Lapesa, R. 147, 162, 164 Lat. -anculu 132, 149 Latin 7 leader-word 16, 114, 124 Leite de Vasconcellos, J. 182 Lenz, R. 113, 115-8, 135f„ 149 Lima, R. 93 Lipski, J. 151 Lloyd, P. 147 loan-translation 104 Lope Blanch, J. 147 Machado, J. 93 Maddieson, I. 14 Malaret, A. 148 Malkiel, Y. 7, 8,15,123, 147,165ff„ 179, 182 201

M as caro, J. 87, 127 Mason, P. 93 Menéndez Pidal, R. 3, 93, 106, 112 methodology 3 Meyer-Lübke W. 3, 93, 98, 101f„ I l l , 114f„ 119, 135, 147 Michaelis de Vasconcellos, C. 164f., 167 microtoponymy 115, 117f. Moll, F. 87, 93 Moorish invasion 109f. Munske, H. 96, 104, 106f., 119, 136, 161 Muret, E. 3 Müller, Β. 93 Múgica Berrondo, P. 134 - n K - abbreviation 1 - productivity chart 2 nominalization of adjectives 89, 97 Nunes, J. 93 Nyrop, K. 99 Old High German 94 -onK-, borrowing hypothesis 162ff. - chronological data 160 - development 169ff. - dialectal distribution 155f. - grammatical analysis 156f. - numerical distribution 155 - origin 160-9 - summary 175f. onomatopoeia 9 origin vs. history 8 Oroz, R. 148, 150 Ostrogoths 95 parallel creation 6 patronymic 94, 100 Pattison, D. 93, 124 Pellegrini, G. 93 Pharies, D. 8, 13ff„ 149 Philipon, E. 3, 89, 113, 115-9, 133, 135, 136, 147 Piel, J. 108f. Pisani, V. 97, 119f. place-names 94, 95, 98, 106, 132 playful connotation 8, 149 Pokorny, J. 115 prenasalization 13ff. productivity Iff., 16, 138 - of Catalan -ene 2 property designations 97, 110 Provençal 98f., 11 Of. Prov. -anK- 133f. Prov. -enea 101-4 Prov. -eneo 102 pun 22

202

Pérez González, M. 169 relatedness of -ne- / -ng- 1 Rheto-Romance -anK- 134 Robe, S. 142, 148, 166 Rohlfs, G. 3, 97, 106, 117, 133, 136, 140 Ronjat, J. 99, 135, 136, 165 Sachs, G. 108f. Sardinian 15, 114 Sard. -anK- 134 Saroïhandy, J. 140 Scavnicky, G. 146ff. Selva, J. 3, 15, 147ff., 163 Septimanischer Typus 97, 110 Sp. -ángano 149 Sp. -(i)ego 125 Sp. -eco 146f. Sp. -engue 123 Sp. -enque 123 Sp. -ingue 156 Sp. -iningo 180 Sp. -uca 151 Stein, G. 167 Stolz, F. 118f. structure of chapters 4 suffix substitution 18, 151, 171, 173 suffix vs. ending 145f., 148 sufijo átono 149f. synchronic approach 2 synchrony and diachrony 8 Tagliavini, C. 107, 135 template formation 7-16, 124, 149, 151, 170, 172ff. Thomas, A. 3, 102, 115f. toponym 6, 95, 94, 95, 102 variants 6 -unK-, borrowing hypothesis 162ff. - chronological data 160 - development 173ff. - dialectal distribution 155f. - grammatical analysis 156f. - numerical distribution 155 - origin 160-9 - semantic analysis 157ff. - summary 175f. Visigothic 95, 99, 105 vocalic distribution of -ng- derivatives 4, 177-83 vocalic gamut 167 vocalic proliferation hypothesis 164-9 vocalic variation 1 Wagner, M. 3, 123f„ 138, 143-9, 163f. Wilmanns, W. 119 Wolfram, H. 105 Zamora Vicente, A. 147

Index of Words

Romance Languages Hispanic abad 17 abadengo 5, 17, 88, 89, 91, 92, 94, 110, 111, 112, 122, 124, 182 abatir 17 abatungo 17, 157, 159 Abeanca 17 Abeancos 17 Abiancos 17, 129, 131 -able 168 Ableca 17 Ablecanca 17, 129, 132 abolenco 92 abolengo 17, 68, 73, 89, 91, 92, 110, 122, 124, 168, 169, 176, 178, 182 abolengue 17, 89, 124 abolongo 17, 18, 159, 160, 168, 169, 171, 176, 178 abolorio 17 abuelo 17, 124 acá 18, 180 acanga 18, 130, 150, 180, 182 -aco 150, 168 -acu 166 -acho 150, 168 -ado 168 agrienco 18, 90 agrio 18 ajango 6, 18, 152 ajigolear 18 ajigolongo 7, 9, 18, 170 ajigolón 7, 9, 18, 171 ajo 18 -ajo 150, 168 -al- 23 Alasanco 18 alavanco 42 Alaxanco 18

albenco 18, 89, 90, 91 albo 18 albóndiga 49 albor 18 alcorzandingo 11, 13, 18, 158, 159 alcorzando 11, 13, 18 alcorzar 18 aida 140 -ales 150 Alesanco 18 Alienco 18, 93, 125 alindongarse 12, 18, 157, 159 alirondo 15 alisa 137 Alisanco 18, 129, 131, 137 aliso 18 altura 174 alunadenco 18, 90, 92, 122, 124 alunado 18 allá 18 -alla 150 allanga 18, 130, 150, 182 allarnenco 18, 90, 91, 122 aliarse 18 amatongarse 19, 142, 158, 159 -ambre 168 amora 141 ampanga 149 -anc- 134 -anca 29 -anclo 149

-anco passim

-and- 14 -andango 10, 11, 12 -andungo 12 -ang- 128

-anga passim

-ángano 127, 149, 154

203

-ango passim

-angue 127, 154 aniar 52 añenco 18, 89, 90, 91, 105, 122 año 18 apango 146, 148 apaularse 53 apobanga 149 Apolinar 57 Apolinaria 57 Apucango 149 -ar 34 -ar- 21, 23 -arra 13 aro 60 arrebatar 19 arrebatinga 19, 158, 159, 182 arrebatiña 19 -arro 40, 168 Artanga 140 -ase- 167 -asco 168 -astre 150 -astro 150 atalajar 11, 19 atalondangos 11, 19, 130 atar 19 Auva 19 Auvancum 19, 129, 132 Aviancos 17 avolenco 17, 67, 89, 91 azote 67 azul 5, 19 azulenco 5, 19, 90, 91, 121 baba 19 babanca 19, 129, 130, 131, 137, 138, 150, 153, 168 bailar 19 baile 19 bailongo 19, 145, 158, 159, 163, 182 bálago 19 balanco 19, 141, 153 balango 19, 53, 141, 153 bandullo 50 bango 140 Barbaringo 19, 47, 93 barbudo 174 barranca 19, 68, 73, 81, 132, 137, 141, 182 barranga 141 barrango 19 Barrinco 19, 115 bayón 20 204

bayuca 19, 174 bayunca 19, 174 bayunco 20, 173 Belén 42 belillo 20 belingo 20, 173 berdanco 20, 130 berengo 20 berlanco 20 Berlanga 20, 108 berlanga 21, 23, 68, 152 Berlenga 108 berlinga 20, 68, 81, 160, 173 bermejenco 19, 21, 90, 91, 121, 123, 124 bermejo 21 berracu 166 berrengue 21, 141 berrenque 21, 141 Berta 21 Bertunga 21, 157, 159 beta 36 bibirritingo 57 Bichanca 129, 132, 138 bicharanga 21, 145 bicharango 21, 23, 129, 141, 145, 168, 178 bicharraco 21 bicho 21, 132, 180 bichoronga 21, 158, 159, 168, 172, 178, 180, 182

Bichunga 21, 157, 159 bichurango 21 bieyancu 65 bilingo 145 billón 21, 171 billonga 21, 171 biringo 21, 173 birlanga 21 birlango 21, 151 birlonga 21, 151, 160, 171 birlongo 21 birondango 6, 49 bironga 21, 62, 158, 159 birringa 21 Bisancos 152 bitango 36 bitonga 36 bitongo 36 blanco 22, 112 blandengue 22, 90, 92, 121, 168, 178 blandingo 22, 158, 159, 168, 172, 180 blandir 22 blandito 180

blando 22 blandujo 174 blanga 140 blanquininga 22, 158, 159, 180 boango 22, 77, 152 boba 22 bocamanga 7 bochando 22, 129, 132, 138 boche 22 bogiganga 48, 73, 131, 141, 142, 144 bolengo 17 bollo 23 bondejo 50 bondonga 48 bondongo 6, 48 boñiga 172 borchanco 22 borde 22 bordenco 22, 91, 92, 121 borondanga 6, 48, 49, 74, 141 borrachín 22, 172 borrachinga 7 borracho 22 borranchinga 22, 158, 159, 173 bosque 137 brelanga 20 bringar 141 brochanco 22 brutaina 120 brutanco 23, 129, 130, 140 bruto 23 bubango 22, 141 bubianco 22, 141 buche 22 buchingo 22, 158, 159, 172, 180, 182 bujeranco 29, 130 bujero 23 bulla 6, 23 bullanga 6, 23, 81, 129, 131, 148, 182 bullaranga 23 bullarengue 91, 23, 121, 145 bulle 9 bullebulle 9 bullir 23 buralenco 23 burenco 23, 90, 91, 121, 123 burengue 23 buriel 23 burlanga 23, 129 burlar 23 burlingo 23, 157, 159 buró 23 burranclo 24, 132, 138

burranco 5, 24, 129, 130, 137, 141, 182 burrángano 5, 24 burrango 5, 24, 129, 140, 141, 142 burrenco 142 burrencu 5, 24, 90, 92, 124 Burriancas 24, 132, 137 burro 5, 23, 24, 132, 137 burundanga 49, 131, 145 butraco 7, 9, 24, 151 butranco 7, 9, 24, 151 butrón 24, 171 butrongo 24, 171 buyarengue 23 búzano 150 buzo 150 caballerango 7, 24, 149, 151 caballerizo 7, 24 cabezudo 174 Cabianca 24, 132, 152 cacique 145 cachandinga 11, 13, 24, 157, 159 cachando 11, 13, 24 cachar 24 cachear 24 cachi 26 cachicandonga 26 café 24 cafongo 24 cafuinga 24, 150, 158, 182 caja 24 cajandona 24 cajandongo 10 cajondongo 24, 171 cajonga 24, 171 calandanga 25 calandranga 25 Calengas 24, 93, 125 calinga 145 callo 24, 25 callonca 24, 158, 159, 160, 170 callonco 24, 142 callongo 24, 142, 158, 159, 170 camango 25, 152 camarlengo 25, 68, 74, 121 cambana 140 caminar 25 caminencu 25, 90, 92 campaño 29 cananga 7 canángana 27 cáncano 27 candaina 26 candanga 6, 25, 26, 74, 146, 152 205

Cándida 26 càndido 16, 25, 26 candil 55 candinga 25, 39, 173 candonga 16, 25, 68, 74, 82, 158, 159, 160, 168, 179 candongo 26 candungo 26, 157, 158, 159, 168, 179 canguingos 26, 173 canoa 145 canyengue 26 caña 12, 13, 15, 26, 178 cafladonga 13, 15, 26, 158, 159, 168, 178 cañandonga 12, 13, 16, 26 cañangazo 26, 130, 168, 178, 182 cañengo 26, 90, 92, 168, 178, 181 cañengue 16, 90, 92, 172, 178, 181 cañifla 26 cañingue 26, 157, 159, 168, 172, 178 capa 26 capellán 106 capigorrón 26, 171 capingo 26, 158, 159, 172, 180 capirote 26 capirrongo 26, 157, 159, 171 capuchaca 27 capuchanga 27, 130 capucho 27 carajamandanga 44 carambelo 14 caramelo 14 caranga 27 Caranga 27 Caravanca 27, 132 carboncla 27 carbunclo 27 carbunco 27, 160, 173 cardo 5, 34 carlanca 27, 74, 141, 148 carlanga 27 carlinga 27, 69, 160, 171 carrada 27 carranca 27, 69 carrancla 27, 132 carranclo 27, 132 carrandanga 10, 27 carrandilla 27 carranganada 27 carranque 27 carrendera 28 carrera 28 carrín 13, 28 carrindanga 10, 13, 15, 27, 28, 130

206

carringa 27 carro 10, 27 casal 28 casalenco 28, 89, 90, 91 Casandulfe 110 casanga 28, 129, 149 casar 28 Castellolí 110 castro 86 casuca 174 casucha 174 Catalina 28 Catunga 28, 157, 159 cavanga 148 cayonca 24 caza 28 cazanga 28, 130 cazar 28 cecengo 28, 125 cellenco 66, 67, 121 cerca 28 cerengue 28, 125 cerigallo 66, 172 Cerler 61 cerquina 28 cerquininga 28, 158, 159, 172, 180 cerquito 128 cilanco 58 cincilindango 9, 10, 28, 130 tingar 61 clarín 30 clarindongo 12, 16, 28, 158, 159, 168, 178 claringo 6, 16, 28, 158, 159, 168, 178 clariningo 6, 28 claro 12, 28 cochindango 10, 13, 15, 28, 129 cochino 10, 13, 28 Coianca 28, 152 cojanco 28, 129, 130, 150 cojo 28 cojondongo 10, 24, 171 colingarse 28, 173 colla 29 collinga 29, 157, 159 companga 29 compango 29, 69 condinga 25, 173 Contuci 29 Contuciancus 29, 129, 132 Convianca 29, 132, 152 copa 29 copanca 29, 130

Coristanco 132 correr 28 corrongo 16, 29, 157, 159, 168, 174, 179 corrundungo 12, 16, 29 corunco 29, 157, 159 corundungo 12, 29 corungo 29 Couneancus 29, 132, 152 Couneidoqum 29 Coyanca 28, 132 cuarte 118 cura 29 curángano 29, 129, 131, 182 curinga 29 curro 12, 29 Curro 29 currundungo 12, 29, 157, 159, 179 curunco 29 curundungo 12, 29 curungo 29, 169, 174, 179 chabancos 29, 152 Chabelonga 29, 157, 159 chacha 9 Chacho 29 Chachungo 29, 157, 159 chafandanga 10, 13, 29, 129 chafando 10, 13, 29 chafar 29 chafarranga 29 chafarrango 29, 130 chafarrear 30 chafarrinada 30 chafarrinar 29 chalá 30 chalanguero 30 chalanquero 30 chalarse 30 Chalinga 30, 157, 159 chalonga 30, 171 chalungo 30, 175 changa 30, 149 changango 30, 130 chango 30, 43 changonga 30, 158, 159, 169, 172, 178 changuear 30 changuenga 30, 32, 91, 92, 169, 178, 181 Chapalengo 30, 91, 92, 181 chapando 12, 13, 30 chapandonga 30 chapandongo 12, 13, 30, 158, 159 chapar 30 Chapelo 30 charanga 30, 66, 69, 75, 86

charango 30 chararrango 182 charla 31 charlanga 31, 129, 182 charlar 30 charranga 30 charranguear 30 charrar 30 chato 31 chatungo 31, 88, 157, 159, 182 cheque 11, 13, 31 chequendengue 11, 13, 31, 91, 92, 181, 182

chibanco 6, 31, 152 chico 32 chicolongo 32 Chicha 31 Chichonga 31, 157, 159, 180 chilanca 58 chilangos 7 chilinco 31, 142, 173 chilingo 31, 142, 173 china 31, 170 chinango 146, 148 chinga 31 chingar 61 chingo 31, 148 chingolingo 31 chingongo 31, 171 chinguilindango 9, 61 chininín 31, 173 chininingo 158, 159, 173 chino 31 chinonga 31, 160 chinón 31 chipi 9, 11, 32 chipilín 32, 173 chipilingo 16, 31, 32, 173 chipilingue 31, 173 chiporrondingo 9, 11, 16, 31, 32, 157, 159 chiquichanca 142 chiquichanga 142 chiquilín 32, 173 chiquilingo 32, 173 chiquiningo 32, 173 chiquirrindín 13 chiquirrín 13 chiquirritico 32 chiquitín 32, 173 chiquitingo 32, 172, 173 chiringo 41, 145 chiringuito 41 207

chirringa 41 chirringo 41 chirringue 41 chirringuis 41 chirriningo 41 chiva 32 chivunga 32, 158, 159 chócola 32 chocolate 145 chócolo 32 chocolongo 32, 158, 159 cholenco 32, 125 cholongo 32, 171 chongo 148 chonguear 32 chonguenga 32 chopa 33 choramingas 160 chorango 67 choringa 7, 32, 173 chorizo 7, 32, 173 chorrindango 10, 32, 130, 180, 182 chorro 10 chorros 32 chova 32 chovengo 32, 90, 92, 181, 182 chuchanga 32, 129, 169, 178 chuchar 32, 178 chuchinga 32 chuchingo 32, 157, 159, 169, 178, 183 chufinga 33, 173 chulángano 33, 149,150 chulango 33, 129, 150 chulo 33, 149 chulunco 33, 175 chungo 32, 148 chupado 33 chupalandero 33 chupalanganeo 33, 130, 169 chupar 33 chupenco 33, 91, 92, 142, 169 chupeta 33 chupingo 33, 142, 158, 159, 169 chupino 33 chupón 33 demonche 33 demongo 163 demongu 33, 171 demonio 33, 171 demontre 33 demónganu 33 demóngaru 171 descuajaringarse 33, 156, 158, 159 208

descuajarse 33 desfondar 37 despistado 33 despistadongo 33, 158, 159 destorgar 33 destorlongado 33 destorlongo 33, 171 diablo 33 diango 33, 145 dificilongo 34 din dan 9, 10, 11, 13, 34 dingolondango 9, 11, 13, 16, 28, 33, 60, 61 dinguilindango 9, 10, 13, 33 distraído 34 dolama 46 domingas 7 dormir 150 Durango 65, 132, 152 dúrmili-dúrmili 150 Eburanco 34, 129, 132, 137, 138 -eco 147, 150, 168 -edo 168 -ego 101 -ejo 168 embarco 123 embarque 123 empingorotado 57 enclenque 43, 123

-eneo passim

-enda 15 -endango 10 -endengue 11

-engo passim -engue 12, 13, 87, 123, 126, 172, 181 -enque 87, 123, 126 entenquerenque 63 -ento 150 -eque 150 escardalenca 34 escardar 34 escardelenca 5, 34, 90 escuajaringado 33 esfondar 37 esfondingarse 37 eslinga 7, 34, 160, 171 esparrancarse 34 espelunca 34, 141 espernancarse 34, 128, 130 esperrancarse 131 espindongado 54

estraer 34 estraidenco 34, 90, 92 estraído 34 estringa 34, 160, 171 fabucu 166 fácil 34 facilongo 34, 158, 159 faianca 6 fallanca 35 fallancón 35 fallar 35 fandanga 34 fandango 16, 34, 35, 69, 75, 82, 132, 152 faranga 35, 151 farra 35 farranca 35, 141 farranga 35, 141 farrunga 35, 158, 179 faxa 35 faxanga 35, 129, 130, 138 fayanca 35, 82, 132, 152 fayanco 35, 75 feder 37 Felicia 42 ferrenco 36, 90, 91, 122 ferro 36 fierringo 36 fierro 36 filandango 10, 13, 14, 16, 36 filando 10, 13, 36 filandón 36 filángano 36, 130, 149, 150, 169, 178 filar 36 fileño 36 filindonga 12, 16, 36, 157, 159, 169 fillingo 36, 173 filo 12, 36, 149 Filomeno 36 filongo 36, 157, 159, 169, 179, 182 Filunga 36, 157, 159, 169, 179 fitango 36, 152 Fiyango 149 fiyingo 36, 173 fizanco 37, 129, 130, 133 fizo 37 flaco 37 flajenco 38 flamenco 7, 37, 69, 76, 82, 93, 121, 141 flamengo 37, 93, 141 flaquenco 37, 90, 92 fodongo 37 fleisengo 38 flojear 14

flojindango 10, 14, 36, 130, 180 flojo 10, 14, 37 flor 37 florango 37 florón 13 floronco 7, 37, 83, 132 florondón 13 florong 37 fluritangu 37, 130 fodongo 171 folàngo 37 follicu 166 fondangona 37 fondinga 37, 157, 159, 169, 171, 178, 179 fondo 37 fondonga 37 fondongo 37, 158, 159, 169, 178, 179 forango 151 foraño 37, 151 forón 38, 171 forongo 38, 171 fosa 69 fotingo 6, 38, 148, 163 fotre 38 foxa 39 fragenco 38 fraile 38, 180 frailego 38 frailengo 38, 90, 91, 94, 121, 124, 178, 180, 182 fraileño 38 frailongas 38, 157, 159, 172, 178, 182 frailuco 174 frailuno 38, 174 frajenco 38, 121, 173 frajengos 38 frajingos 38, 173 fraudulenco 38, 124 fraudulento 38, 124 fraxenco 38, 105, 122, 141 fraxengo 38, 141 frechenco 38 freixengo 38 fresco 112 frialenco 38 frijenco 38 Friolán 42 friolego 38 friolenco 38, 90, 92, 121, 122, 123, 141, 168 friolengo 38, 90, 92, 121, 123, 124, 141 friolento 38 frior 38

209

friquitín 38 friquitinga 38 fritanga 38, 130, 149 fritango 38 frito 38 frucanga 149 fuande 140 fuera 37 fulandango 10, 13, 15, 38, 129 fulángano 38, 149 fulano 10, 13, 38, 149 fulenco 39, 90, 91 fulo 39 fullingue 39, 173 fumar 39 fundango 37, 130, 169, 178 fuñingue 39, 157, 159, 182 fuñir 39 furrundanga 49 furrundungo 49, 50 furundanga 6, 49 furundungo 10, 49 furungungo 49, 175 futinga 38, 173 fuxancu 39, 129, 131, 138 galán 10, 13, 39 galandanga 10, 39, 129 galandango 13 gállara 15 gandalla 173 gandayas 39, 175 gandido 39 gandinga 25, 39, 173 gandir 39 gandul 39, 175 gándulo 39 gandumbas 39, 175 gandunga 39, 174 gandurro 39, 175 gardingo 39, 111 garra 27 garranga 27, 141 gavilán 106 Gayangos 39, 132, 152 gentuza 174 Godón 105 Godos 105 gorringo 2, 7, 39, 172 gorrino 2, 7, 39, 172 gringo 148 guachinango 149 guañanga 39, 152 guaño 39

210

guaparrandón 13 guapo 13 guarandinga 40, 62 guasa 40, 149 guasanga 40, 129, 149 guasango 40 guazábara 40 güesarranca 40 güesarranco 130 guinda 9, 40 guirindanga 9, 40, 62, 130 gullanga 40 Gundiuadi 110 hambre 40 hambrenque 40 haragán 13, 35 haragandina 13 heder 37 Herminia 47 hilangos 16, 36, 130 hilo 12, 36, 149 holgazán 106 holingre 39 hollín 173 hoyanco 40, 130, 132, 137 hoyo 40, 132, 137 hoyuelo 32 huesarranco 40, 129, 130 hueso 40 Humberto 40 Humbertungo 40, 157, 159 huracán 145 ibicenco 40, 69, 90, 91, 121, 123 Ibiza 40 -ible 167 -ico 168 -icu 166 -ido 168 -iego 101, 125 -ijo 168 -imbre 168 -ín 32, 168, 172, 180 -inche 150 -ind- 14 -indango 10, 12, 16 -indongo 12 infernáculo 86 -ingo passim -ingue 172 -iningo 157, 172, 180, 183 -io 7 Isabel 29

-isco 168 jalar 40 jalengue 40, 91, 178, 181, 182 jalingón 40, 158, 159, 178 jelengue 40 jeribeque 25 jeringa 7, 9, 11, 12, 40, 151, 160, 171 jeringar 63 Jijona 41 jijonenco 41, 90, 91 jinglar 65 jinglero 65 jorungo 41, 175 joven 42 jovensiningo 42, 157, 159, 180 juáncano 52 judiego 42 judienco 42, 141 jurungo 41, 175 juvenco 7, 42, 76, 121 kopanka 133 Lango 42 Laranga 132 Lavajos 42 lavanco 42 Lebinco 42, 93, 125 lebranca 42, 129, 130 Ledanca 42, 132, 152 lele 9 lelo 9 Lengo 42 Lesanco 18 Lichonga 42, 157, 159 liebre 42 lindango 18, 28 lindo 12, 18 lizondo 15 Loranca 42, 132, 152 Loranquillo 42, 132 Luanco 42, 132. 152 luciérnaga 150 lunanco 18, 43, 129. 130, 131 Lupanco 43, 129, 131, 137, 138 lupanda 15 Lupus 43 Uabancu 42, 152 llama 43 llamingo 43, 158, 159 llar 18 lloramica 43 lloramiga 43 Uoramingar 43 lloramingo 75

lloramingu 43, 172 llun 43 macón 43 macuenco 43 macuico 43 macuquino 43 machanga 43 machango 43, 129 macharanga 23, 43, 132, 152 machimondinga 44 macho 43, 44 Magdalena 44 magrujo 174 malanga 44, 129, 149, 178 malango 44 malenco 44, 92 malucho 174 malungo 44, 158, 159, 173, 178 mamando 10, 12, 13 mamandungo 12, 13, 16, 44, 158, 178, 182 mamar 14, 44, 178 mamengue 16, 44, 90, 123, 181 mamindangos 10, 14, 16, 44, 130, 178, 180 manclenco 43 mandanga 44, 152 mandil 171 mandilandín 11, 44 mandilandinga 11, 44, 160, 171, 172 mandinga 16, 44, 49, 145, 160, 171 mandorro 44 mandorrotear 44 Manenga 44, 91, 92, 181 Manuel 45 manzana 35 mañongo 45, 157, 159, 171 Mañungo 45, 157, 159 mapiango 149 mar 45 marengo 45, 89, 90, 91 mariagorringo 45 marido 13 marindón 13 marrandanga 10, 13, 45, 129, 180 marrano 10, 13, 45 marrullar 51 Martín 45 martinenco 45, 91, 122 masa 45 masango 45, 130 mata 19, 132, 142 matacía 45, 173 211

matacinga 45, 158, 159, 173 matalón 46 matancinga 45 Matanco 19, 129, 132, 142 matanga 45, 129, 149, 178 matanza 45 matar 46 matul 46 matulanga 46, 130 matunga 160 matungo 45, 46, 70, 76, 157, 159, 175, 178 maturranga 46, 59, 131, 148 maturrango 45, 46, 70, 76, 129, 178 maullar 51 mayenco 46, 90, 91, 122 mayo 46 mayor 46 mayorenca 46, 89, 90, 91, 122 mayorenco 46, 105, 123, 141 mayorengo 46, 90, 91, 123, 141, 181 -mb- 15 meitadenco 48 mejenga 46 mejengue 46, 125 mejunje 46 melón 171 melondrongo 49, 171 memengue 92 mendigar 14 mendigo 46, 172 mendingar 14 mendingo 46, 172 mendongo 6, 48 mengajo 47 menor 47 merengue 46, 77, 121 merequetén 46 merequetengue 46 merla 9 mesingo 47, 173 mesta 50 mestenco 50, 141 mestengo 50, 89, 91, 121, 123, 124, 141 mesteño 50 meñique 47 mica 43, 47 Michango 149 Miguel Angel 47 Mijancas 47, 129, 132, 137 Mijangos 47, 129, 130, 132 mijo 47, 132, 137 millón 14 212

millongón 14 milopanda 15 mindango 47, 152 mindanguear 47 mindongo 47 mínimo 47 Miña 47 miñangas 47, 152 miñango 47 Miñangue 47, 129, 149, 150 Miñonga 47, 157, 159 miñunga 47 miquingo 47, 158, 159, 182 mirar 47 mirra 47 mirranga 47, 130, 178 mirringo 47, 157, 159, 178 miruéngano 47 mis 47 misingo 47, 158, 159 misto 47 mistongo 47, 158, 159 mitad 48 mitadenco 47, 91, 122 miz 47 mizo 47 mochandanga 48 mochandango 10, 13, 16, 129, 178, 182 mochando 10, 13 mochitanga 48, 51, 129 mocho 48 mochongo 16, 48, 157, 159, 178 mogango 22 mogiganga 48, 84, 129, 131, 141, 144, 148, 178, 179 mojinga 48, 173 molondanga 49 molongo 163 molunco 51, 175 momentiningo 48, 158, 159, 180 momento 48 mondar 9, 16, 49, 50 mondejo 50 mondengo 50, 125 mondingo 50 mondo 49 mondonga 6, 48 mondongo 6, 16, 48, 49, 71, 77, 158, 159, 160, 171, 182 monengo 50, 89, 90, 92, 180, 181 monicanca 48, 141 monicongo 49, 145 mono 50, 180

monstruo 50 moñiga 14, 50, 172 moñinga 14, 50, 172 mora 50, 137, 141 Morancas 50, 129, 131, 137, 141 morángano 50, 129, 149 morianga 50, 130, 141 moro 49, 50, 149 morondanga 6, 9, 48, 49, 71, 74, 130, 131, 141, 145, 149, 150 morondango 142 morro 51 morrón 51, 171 morroncho 51 morrongo 51, 158, 159, 160, 171 morronguear 51 morroño 51 mortangón 51, 129 mostrar 50 mostrenco 50, 77, 89, 90, 91, 92, 121, 122, 123, 141 mostrengo 50, 71, 141 mozancón 51, 129, 130, 142, 153 mozo 51 mozongo 162 mozonguito 51, 142, 153, 157, 159 muca 52 muchacha 9 muchacho 44, 71 muchango 43, 44 mucharanga 71 mucharango 23, 43, 44 muchitanga 51, 129 mucho 51 mudenco 51, 90, 124 mudengo 51, 90, 92, 181 mudo 51 muerto 51 mugiganga 48 mujer 51 mujerengo 51, 90, 92, 124, 125, 181, 183 mujeriego 125 mulato 51, 125 mulengo 51, 125 mulo 51, 125 mulunco 33, 51, 142, 175 mulungo 51, 142, 175 muñeco 101 muquear 52 muquengo 52, 90, 92, 181 murro 51 murrundanga 6, 49 música 52

musicanga 52, 129, 149 mustrenco 50 nadador 52 nadadorenque 52, 88 Naranco 52, 152 Narancus 52, 132 narices 71 nava 42 navanco 42 -nd- 12, 13, 15, 15, 16 -ng- 16 niada 52 nial 52 nialar 52 niango 52, 129, 150 nido 52 no 52, 170 Noanca 52, 132, 152 nóngano 52, 158, 159, 170 Ñato 52 Ñatungo 52, 157, 159 ñoño 9 oblonga 7 obra 132 Obranca 52, 132, 152 -oco 150, 168 ojáncano 52 ojanclo 52, 132 Ojanco 129 ojanco 52, 130, 131, 137, 138 ojancos 52, 130 ojo 52 oliancu 52 -ón 13, 21, 168, 170, 171, 172 -onda 15 -ondango 11 -ondangos 19 -ondingo 11 -ondo 15 -ondongo 12 -onga 13, 15 -óngano 52 -ongo 11, 12, 18, 21, 31,47, 50, 52, 66, 71, 124 -oño 51 Ordial 84 -orio 150 orondo 50 -orrio 150 -orro 150, 168 Osango 52, 132, 140, 152 Oyancas 40, 132 Oyanco 40 213

Paco 29 Pacurro 29 pachanga 52 pachango 52, 129 pacho 52 pajar 52 Pajarancos 52, 129 Pajares 52 pájaro 52 pajuzo 174 palanca 53, 141 palandango 10, 52, 152 palanga 53, 141 palo 53 pairar 53 pancitingo 53, 158, 159 pancito 53 pandingo 53, 158, 159 pando 53 panza 53 papa 53 papenco 53, 92, 121, 121 parasanga 7 parlanga 53, 129, 178, 182 parlar 53 pastenco 53, 90, 91, 105, 122, 122 pasto 53 pata 53 patangas 53, 129, 142 patata 145 pato 52 patulenco 53, 90, 92, 142 patulenque 53, 90, 92 Paulenco 53, 57, 93, 125 payengo 53, 90, 91 Payo 53 pechelingue 53, 53, 71, 160, 171 pedango 53, 130, 133, 141 pedankyón 53, 129, 130, 133, 141 pedar 53, 141 pedranca 53, 130 peladinga 53, 157, 159, 159 pelángano 53, 142 pelenco 53, 90, 92, 142 pelendengues 54 pelindangos 10, 16, 54, 130, 178 pelo 10, 54 pelongo 16, 53, 158, 159, 172, 178 pellaranca 54, 140, 141 pellejo 54, 173 pellingajo 54, 173 penco 67 pendanga 47, 54, 55, 129, 131, 142, 144, 150, 178 214

pendango 54, 148 pendangue 150 pendangues 54, 130, 149 pendengue 55, 172, 178 pender 9, 16, 55, 57, 123 penderengue 57 pendín 55 pendingue 55, 158, 159, 172, 178 peraza 55, 132, 137 Perazancas 55, 129, 132, 137 perendeca 55 perendenga 55, 91 perendengue 55, 57, 123 perendengues 9, 16, 54, 91, 92, 121, 182 perinola 13 perla 55 perlanga 55, 152 perlengue 55, 90 perlindango 10, 55 perlingo 55, 173 perra 55 perranco 55, 129, 130, 141 perranga 55, 129, 142, 178 perrángano 55, 149, 150 perrenga 55, 90, 92, 178 perrengue 55, 78, 90, 92, 112, 121, 124, 178 perringallo 55, 158, 159 perro 55, 124, 149 perruno 174 pico 57 picorota 57 picuruta 57 pichana 151 pichanga 56, 151 pichango 56, 129 pichelingue 78 pichilingo 56, 173 pichilingue 53 pichilingui 56 pichilonga 56 pichilín 56, 173 pichironga 56, 171 picho 56 Picho 56 Pichonga 56, 157, 159, 180 pichorro 12, 13, 56 pichorrondongo 12, 13, 56, 171 pichorrondón 12, 56, 171 pidón 55 piedra 53 piel 54 pierna 34

pila 56 pilanco 56, 142 pilancu 56, 129, 131, 137, 142, 168 pilancón 56 pilingui 56, 157, 159, 179 pillastre 123 pillastrón 123 pilonga 56, 179 pilongo 56, 78, 142, 157, 159, 159, 160, 163, 179, 182 pindanga 47, 54 pindangas 54 pindingue 55 pindonga 47, 54, 55, 160, 178, 178, 182, 183 pindongo 54, 157, 159 pingano 57 pingar 57 píngaro 57 pingo 55 pingorongo 57, 171 pingorota 57 pingorote 57, 171 pingorotudo 57 pingre 39 pipirringo 180 pipirripi 9, 57, 180 pipirripingo 9, 57, 158, 159 pipirritingo 57 pirindola 13 pirinenco 57, 90, 91, 122 Pirineo 57 piripi 57 piripingo 57, 173 pirlonga 56 pirongo 57, 171 pirringa 47 pirringo 47 pitango 36 pito 36 pitongo 36 pizca 47 pocilanco 58 poco 57 pochanco 58 pochonga 57, 158, 159, 180 Pochonga 57, 157, 159 podenco 57, 84, 121, 141 podengo 57, 79, 123, 125, 141 Polanco 57, 132 Poli 57 Polingo 57, 157, 159 pollancón 57, 129, 130

pollastre 123 pollastro 123 pollo 57 poltranca 140 poltranco 58, 131 poltranga 58, 131, 133, 138, 141 poltro 58 ponga 6 popá 57 popenco 57, 91, 91, 122, 123 poquiningo 57, 158, 159, 180 poquito 128 poronga 7 porongo 163, 170 porrondo 15 porruchanda 15 potenco 57 potengo 57, 93, 123 potingue 58, 85, 159, 160, 171 potranca 58, 79, 129, 130, 131, 138 potranco 58, 85 potro 58 Pozancal 132, 137 pozancal 58 pozando 58, 132 pozanco 58, 129, 131, 135, 137 pozancu 58 pozancón 58 pozo 58, 137 pradenco 91 pradencu 58, 89 prado 58 procedimiento 58 proceso 10, 58 procindanga 10, 58 puchungo 175 pudinga 58 pujar 58 purruchanda 15 puta 58, 149 putanga 58, 129, 182 putángana 52, 58, 149, 150 putango 183 Puxancones 58, 129, 132 puxar 58, 132 querendango 10, 14, 59 querendón 13, 59 querer 59 queridango 59 querido 35 queriendo 10, 10, 12, 13, 59 querindango 10, 16, 35, 59, 72, 129, 131, 148, 178, 182 215

querindonga 59 querindongo 12, 13, 59, 157, 158, 159, 178 quillango 149 racamandanga 64 Rafael 30 ralinga 59 real 59 realenco 59, 89, 91, 93, 121, 141 realenga 59 realengo 17, 59, 72, 79, 89, 91, 92, 110, 122, 124, 124, 125, 141 reanga 60 rebatinga 19 rebenque 21 rebordenco 22, 122 rebordo 22 recatanga 152 recatango 59 recato 59 regaliegos 125 regordenco 59, 90, 92 regordo 59 relango 59, 152 relengo 59, 79, 125 relinga 59, 160, 171 relonga 59 remandingo 44 repantigarse 59, 172 repantingarse 59, 172 repindonco 54, 142 repindoneo 54 repindongo 54, 142 resalte 123 resalto 123 respandingarse 11, 13, 59 respantingarse 11, 13 restinga 60, 79, 160, 160, 171 Revenga 108 Revillagodos 105 rico 112 riconcas 60 rincón 35 ringlera 60 ringlero 60 ringo 11 ringorrango 11, 60, 72, 167 ringundango 60, 130 roanga 60, 152 Romaneos 60, 129 Romanillos 105 Romanones 105 roncín 35 216

rongar 140 ropa 9, 11, 13, 60 ropilindango 9, 11, 13, 16, 60, 130, 180 Rosalía 30 rubianca 60 rubianco 60, 129, 130 rubio 60 ruciango 60, 129 rucio 60 rulenco 60, 90, 91, 141 rulengo 60, 141 rulo 60 rungue 148 rungundango 11 sacamandanga 64 sacristán 106 salacenco 60, 90, 91, 122 Salazar 60 salobre 60 salobrenco 60, 90, 91 sandunga 61, 160, 163, 173, 175 sanguango 65 sapenco 61, 92 sapo 61 sarampión 61 sarango 61 Sarller 61 sarllerenco 61, 90, 91, 122 sebingo 61, 158, 159 sebo 61 sellenca 61, 67, 91, 92, 121, 124 sellenco 61, 91, 91, 121 sello 61 señora 61 señorita 180 señoritango 1, 61, 129, 178, 178, 180 señoritinga 61 señoritingo 1, 61, 157, 159, 178, 179 señorito 61 señoronga 61, 157, 159, 178, 179 Septimanca 61, 129, 132 serendengue 9, 11, 41 serengue 9, 41 serenolengue 61 serindongo 12 seringa 160 shilangos 7 siella 61 Simancas 61, 132 Simplicia 56 sin 66 singa 44 singar 9, 11, 11, 61

singuango 66 singuilandingo 11, 40, 61, 62, 158, 173 singuilindango 9, 11, 40, 61, 130, 159, 173, 180 siñuritangu 61 sirindanga 11, 41, 151 sirindango 9, 41, 151, 178 sirindongo 41, 171, 178 siringa 41, 151, 160 sodonga 21, 62, 158, 159 solar 62 solariego 125 solariengi 62, 89, 91, 92 solariengo 125 Solduengo 62, 108 solingo 62, 158, 159, 180 soliningo 62 solito 180 solo 62 sopenco 67 sopitaño 36 sopitipando 36 sosango 130 sosangu 62 soso 62 sparanga 62, 151 sucinga 62, 158, 159, 180 sucio 62 suripanta 20, 36 tabaco 145 tabanco 62 taberna 62 tabla 62 tablanco 62, 130 talandango 10, 62 talingar 62, 173 talolinga 164 talángana 63 tanganillas 63, 125 tapa 62 tapanca 62, 129 taraminga 62, 173 taranca 63 Taranco 62, 132, 152 Tarancón 62, 132 tarandango 10, 62, 152 tarandolo 62 taranga 62, 63, 152 tarangana 63 tarea 63, 173 taringa 63, 173 te 63 tejeringo 63, 173

tela 63 telanga 63, 130 telengue 63 telenguendengue 10, 63 telenque 63 tempraningo 158, 159, 180 tempraniningo 63 temprano 63 tenguedengue 63 tenguerengue 63, 125 tercenco 63, 125 tercero 63, 125 tía 63 tiaca 63 tianga 63, 129, 178 tiempenque 63 tiempo 63 tierra 63 tierranca 129, 130, 138 tierruca 63 tifingo 63, 80, 173 tifo 63 tifus 63 tilín 63, 173 tilingo 63, 173 tina 64 tinaco 64 tinanco 64, 130, 130 tío 180 tionga 63, 157, 159, 178, 180 típula 64, 64 tipulingo 64, 173 títere 149 titirimbaina 14 titiri vaina 14 tolondongo 10, 64, 171 tomate 145 tontilindango 11, 13, 64, 129, 180 tontín 11, 13, 64 tonto 64 Toranco 65, 132, 152 tos 64, 149 tosáncano 64, 130, 130, 130, 149 traba 62, 64 trabanca 62 trabanco 62, 64, 129, 131, 131, 131 Trabancos 64 trabenco 62, 90, 92 trabencu 64, 91, 92 trabil 64 trabillanco 64, 130, 130 trabucar 14 tracamanda 15 217

tracamandanga 10, 15, 64 tracamondanga 64, 151 tracamundana 10, 64, 151 trambucar 14 tranga 141 trápala 13 trapalandaína 13 trapisonda 14 travanca 62, 64, 64, 131 Tresancos 152 Trevenca 93 Trevinca 64, 115, 125 triquitraque 167 tuco 64 tucungo 64, 158, 159 Tudanca 64, 132, 152 Turanci 132, 152 turanci 65 -ucho 150, 168, 174 -uco 150, 168, 174 -ucu 151, 166 -udo 167, 174 -ujo 150, 174 -ul- 53 -umbre 168 -uncho 150 -undango 11 -undungo 12 -ungo 12, 12, 124 -uno 174 -urro 29, 168 -usco 168 -ute 150 -uza 150 -uzo 174 valle 20 vallunco 20, 173 varenga 65, 121 veijarranco 65 vejanco 65, 129 vejancón 65, 131, 137, 138, 150 vejiga 48 verde 20 verija 21 veringo 21 viajanco 65 vicuña 145 viejanco 65, 130 viejarranco 129 viejo 65 Vilabalde 110 Villardompardo 65 villarengo 65, 90, 91 218

viringo 21 virringo 21 visaje 25 Viscunos 29 vitango 36 Vivanco 129, 132 Vivancos 65 vivanco 65, 129 vivo 65, 132 vocable 118 vocimbrero 65 vocinglero 65, 160, 171 volenga 17 voxiga 48 xaramandunga 10 Ysmiango 149 yunco 20 yunga 148 zabullir 14 zalamanco 65 zalamengo 65, 125 zalanco 132 zalenco 65, 125 zamacuco 65 zamandungo 10, 65, 174 zambullir 14 zanco 66 zandango 65 zandunga 61 zangamandanga 64 zangandango 1,10, 65, 129, 174, 178 zangandongo 1, 12, 65, 157, 159, 160, 163, 174, 178, 179 zangandungo 1, 12, 13, 16, 65, 66, 157, 159, 160, 173, 174, 178, 179 zángano 10, 12, 66, 72 zangón 10, 12, 13, 66 zanguanga 65, 131, 142, 144 zanguango 65, 66, 72, 129, 148 zarabutear 14 zaramandanga 64 zarambutear 14 zaramingo 66, 173 zarandear 66 zarando 12, 66 zarandona 66 zarandunga 12, 66, 158, 159, 182 zaranga 66, 66, 152 zarangallo 66 zarangollo 66 zaringallo 66, 172 zarra 66 zarramplinga 66, 173

zarramplín 66, 173 zarranco 66, 130 zático 65 zerengue 28, 121 zinzilindango 28 zollenco 66, 125 zopenco 67, 72, 90, 92, 121, 121 zopo 67 zorenco 67, 125 zoronga 160 zorongo 7, 67, 171 zorongollo 67 zote 67 zotinga 67, 158, 159 zulla 67, 124 zullarse 67 zullenco 67, 90, 121, 121, 124 zumbar 9 zunzún 9 zurdanco 67, 129 zurdo 67 zurrangar 67 zurrar 67 zurrángame 67, 128, 130

Galician abade 68 abadengo 5, 17, 68, 89, 91 Abeanca 132, 132 ala 151 amora 71 -anco 127 -ango 127 angoites 151 avó 68 avoengo 17, 68, 89, 91 Balerinicas 68 baranca 68 Bardancos 68, 132, 152 barranca 19, 68, 182 barranco 68 berlanga 20, 68, 152 berlingas 20, 68, 173 bilango 70 Bisancos 68, 132 borda 68 borde 22 bordingas 22, 68, 158, 159 Breancas 68, 132, 152 bulla 68 bullanga 68, 130

burradán 68 burrán 68 burro 11, 68 burrundangas 5, 11, 12, 24, 68, 129 cabanco 24, 68, 129, 131, 177 camarlengo 25, 68 camerlengo 68 candonga 26, 68 carlinga 27, 69 carranca 27, 69 cava 68 cavanco 138 charanga 30, 69 chòpete 33 choupa 33 coengo 69 compango 29, 69 Coristanco 69 cova 69 covanca 69, 129, 130, 137, 138, 177 Duancos 69, 132, 152 -eneo 87 engadir 151 engalar 151 -engo 87 fandango 35, 69, 152 flamengo 37, 69 focha 69 fochanca 69, 129, 131, 138, 177 fochanco 39 forxa 69 forxanco 69, 129, 130, 137, 177 forxo 69 fritanga 38, 69, 130 frito 69 fuchanca 69 fungueiro 151 fustanco 69, 130 fuste 69 ibicenco 40, 69, 91 lar 70 Laranga 70 larego 70 larenga 70 larengo 70, 91, 91 leira 70 leiranco 70, 129, 130, 142, 177 leirango 70, 129, 142 Listanco 70, 132, 152 losango 70 macho 71 mandanga 44, 70, 152 mandinga 171 219

mandongo 70 manguán 70, 151 manguanga 70, 151 marandaina 70 marandanga 70 matungo 46, 70 maturrangas 70 maturrango 46, 70 Mayanca 129, 132 mayanca 70 mayo 70, 132 merlinga 7, 70, 83 mianco 152 miango 70, 151, 152 miáu 70 milango 70, 151 milano 70, 151 moenga 70, 89, 91, 123, 180 moer 70, 89, 180 mondonga 70, 71 mondongo 6, 49, 70, 71, 170 mora 71 morango 71, 130 morendanga 49, 71 morlaco 71 morlán 7, 71, 151 morlango 7, 71, 151 morondanga 48, 49, 71 morronga 71 mostrengo 50, 71 muller 71 mullerego 71 mullereiro 71 mullerengo 51, 71, 90, 92 muxaranga 43, 71, 152 nariganga 71, 78, 129 narigón 71 narigota 71 narigudo 71 noitarenga 71, 91 noite 71 -ongo 71 paia 35 pechelingue 53, 71 pendanga 54, 71, 129, 178 pender 71 perendengue 55 perindengue 55, 71 pindonga 6, 71, 71, 170, 178 pochanca 72 poldranco 58, 72, 129, 131 poldro 72 pozanca 72 220

pozanco 58, 72, 129, 130, 177 pozo 72 puta 72 putanga 72, 129 querendango 13 querendoso 59 querido 72 queriendo 10 querindango 10,12, 59, 72, 129, 178, 182 real 72 realengo 59, 72, 89, 91 reengo 59, 72 reguengo 59, 72 riarego 72 riarenga 72 riarengo 72, 90, 91 ringolón 72 ringorrango 72 rio 72 solar 72 solarego 72 solarengo 72, 89, 91 Tamallancos 72, 132, 152 Taramancos 72, 132, 152 tourengo 72, 91, 180 touro 72, 180 Tresancos 132 xovenco 42 xudenga 42, 72 xudengo 72, 124 xudeu 72 zanguanga 72 zanguango 72, 129 zopenco 67, 69, 72, 124 zángano 72

Portuguese abadengo 5, 17, 73, 89, 91, 92, 112 Abanca 132, 152 abelharuco 165 Albarenga 73, 93, 95, 108, 110 Albarengo 93 Alvar 73 Alvarenga 73, 94, 122 amora 77 amorico 165 -anco 74, 127 andarengo 73, 90, 91, 121, 123, 124, 124, 168 -ango 127

Artanga 73, 132, 152 -ato 165 auolinga 17, 92 avó 73 avoenga 73 avoengo 17, 73, 89, 91, 92, 110 bandôga 49 barranca 73, 182 barranco 19, 73, 132 begango 22, 77 Bellengo 73, 93, 109 Berlanga 20 bicanca 73, 127, 129, 131 bichanga 73, 129, 178 bichango 141 bicharengo 73, 92, 178 bicharoco 73 bicho 73 bichoco 165 bico 73 bocaina 120 bogango 22, 77 boicininga 7 boneco 165 borda 73 bordalengo 22, 73, 90, 90, 92, 121, 168 bugiganga 48, 73, 74 bugio 73 burendangas 74 burindangas 74 burranca 74 burranco 5, 24, 74, 127, 129, 130, 141 burro 74 burrondanga 49 burundanga 68, 74 burundangas 74 burundunga 74 Bustamante 74, 108 Bustarenga 74, 108 Bustili 74, 108 camarlengo 25, 74 camerlengo 121 camundongo 7 candango 25, 74 candidura 26 candidissimo 26 candissimo 26 candonga 26, 74, 170 candongo 26, 74 candura 26 cara 74 cardinalato 165 carlinga 27, 74

carocha 165 carranca 27, 74 casmurro 165 cava 74, 132, 137 Cavanca 74, 129, 132, 137 Cavenca 115 charanga 30, 75 charingas 41, 79 chiangar 75, 128, 129 chiar 75 choco 32 choramigar 75 choramingas 43, 75, 172 chorar 75 chorincas 75, 157, 159 choringa 43 choupa 33 coreto 165 Coria 69 Corius 69 coxanca 28 coxanga 75, 127, 129 coxo 75 cristengo 75, 76, 124, 182 cucuruto 165 -engo 87, 112 eslinga 34, 75 -eto 165 fado 35 faia 35 faianca 35, 75, 82, 152 fandango 35, 75, 152 fandinga 35, 75 fanha 75 fanhoso 75 fanhungo 75, 157, 159, 174 faramengo 37, 75, 121 farofeiro 75 farofento 75 farol 75 faroleiro 75 farra 75 farronca 75 fartanga 75, 127, 130 farto 75 ferrugem 165 festa 75 festanga 75, 130 filhinho 36 flamenga 75 flamengo 37, 75, 121 flamingo 37, 75 Floarengus 76 221

fogacho 165 Foralengos 109 Fralengo 76 framengo 75, 121 friolengo 124 fritada 76 fritangada 38, 76, 130 Froalengos 76 Froarengus 93, 109 fuligem 165 gardengo 76, 93 gardingo 7, 39, 76 Gaudengo 109 geringonça 35 gorducho 165 grandorro 165 imagem 165 -ito 165 judenga 76 judengo 42, 76, 121, 124, 141, 182 judeu 76 juvenco 7, 42, 76, 93 lebrato 165 lebre 76 leiranco 131 levranco 76, 127, 129 losango 70, 76 malungo 44, 173 mamulengos 76, 121, 125 mandinga 44, 171 mandongo 44, 76 mandronga 44, 76 maô 76 Marrancos 76, 132, 152 Martolengo 77 matungo 46, 76 maturrangas 76 maturrango 46, 76, 125, 178 maturrengo 46, 76, 125, 178 medranco 7, 76, 152 medroso 7, 76, 152 Mendonça 35 merengue 46, 77, 121 Mértola 77 Mertolengo 77, 90, 91, 92 moganga 77, 152 mogango 22, 77, 77, 132 mogiganga 48, 73 mojiganga 73 mole 77, 180 molenga 77 molengo 76, 77, 90, 92, 180 molhanga 77, 130 222

molho 77 mondonga 77 mondongo 49, 77, 160 mondrongo 49, 77 monstro 77 mora 77 moranga 50, 77 morangar 77 morango 50, 77, 130, 131 morondanga 49 morondongo 74 mostrengo 6, 50, 77, 121 mugiganga 73 mulato 165 mulher 77 mulherengo 51, 71, 77, 90, 92, 121, 124 nariganga 71 nariganga 78 nitrato 165 -ongo 78 -ote 165 -oto 165 palanca 53 pandanga 78, 152 pândega 78, 152 papelote 165 pardoca 165 parla 78 parlenga 53, 78, 91, 92, 178 pechelingue 53, 78 pelanca 54 pelanco 78, 129, 130, 131 pelanga 54, 78, 130, 131, 178 pele 78 pelhanca 78, 141 pelhancas 54 pelharanca 78, 130 pelharengo 78, 90, 90, 92, 178 pelo 78 pendanga 54 pendência 78 pendenga 78, 91, 92, 121, 123, 178, 180 pendengues 78, 91, 92 pender 78, 180 perdigoto 165 perrengo 55, 78 perrengue 55, 78, 121 petranca 78 petrificado 78 petroso 78 pichelingue 78 pilonga 56, 78, 175 pilongo 78

pilungo 56, 78, 175, 179 pindonga 78, 170 piranga 78, 152 pirangas 79 pirar 79 poçanco 58, 79, 127, 129, 130 poço 79 podenco 57, 79 podengo 57, 79, 125 potemgo 79 potenco 79 potengo 93 potranca 79 potranco 58, 79, 129, 130 potro 79 presiganga 6, 79, 152 provinco 113 puranga 79, 152 puro 79 rabiche 165 rapazito 165 rastinga 79 real 79 realengo 59, 79, 89, 91 regaengo 79, 92 regalengo 59, 79 regengo 79 regueengo 79, 92 reguengo 59, 79, 93 relengo 59, 79, 125 restinga 60, 79, 171 samessuga 79 samexuga 79, 151 samexunga 79, 151 sanguessuga 79, 151 seringa 41, 79 siringa 79 Soenga 109 Soengas 79 solar 80 solarengo 62, 72, 80, 89, 91, 92, 123 sorongo 67 Spadengo 80, 93 sul 80 sulanca 80, 130 titinga 63, 80, 173 Travanca 131, 137 travanca 138 travanca 80, 137 travanco 64, 80 trave 80, 137 travinca 80 varâo 80, 175

varunca 80 velhacâo 7, 80, 151 velhaco 80, 80, 165 velhancäo 7, 80, 151 velhancaria 65, 80 velho 80 ventrecho 165 verde 80 verdelengo 20, 80 verdoengo 20, 80, 90, 91, 121, 124 verdolengo 20, 80 verdor 80 verdura 80 verdurengo 20, 80 vigía 80 vigilenga 80, 91, 92, 178, 178 vigilianga 80, 130, 178, 178 vigilinga 80, 158, 171, 178, 178 xaramandunga 80 xendengue 80 xeringa 79

Catalan abadenc 5, 17, 81, 89, 91, 92, 122 abat 81 abbadenc 112 águila 81 aguilenc 81, 91 albenc 122 -anc 127 -ango 127, 140 avi 81 aviene 17, 81, 89, 91 badalengo 81 badenc 17, 81 barrane 19, 81, 132, 182 berlinga 20, 81, 173 Bladinga 160 Bladingo 81, 93 blanc 81 blanenc 81, 90, 91 Blanes 81 blanquenc 81, 90, 91 blanquinenc 81 blavenc 122 bord 22 borrango 81, 82, 139, 152 borratxo 81 brut 81 brutango 23, 81, 129, 139, 150 brutarrango 81, 139 223

bullanga 6, 81 burranga 81, 82, 129, 139, 142 burrango 5, 24, 141 burrenc 5, 24, 82, 90, 92, 142 burro 82 burxa 22 burxanc 22, 82, 130 burxar 82 cadaquesencs 117 cala 82 calanca 82, 129, 130 camarlenc 7, 25, 82, 92, 93 candonga 82 carlinga 27, 82, 160 cobert 82 cobertenc 82, 91, 91 cobrir 82 cotó 82 cotonenca 82, 91, 92 Eivissa 82 eivissenc 40, 82, 90, 91, 123 -ene 81, 87, 102, 119, 122, 126, 127 -enea 101, 113, 114, 116, 119, 122, 125 -eneo 102, 118, 118 -engo 102, 118 escorranc 82, 129 escórrer 82 esquellerinc 87 estiu 82 estiuenc 82 estivenc 91 falla 82 fallanca 82, 130, 130 fam 82 famene 121 famolenc 40, 82, 90, 90, 91 fandango 6, 35, 82, 152 fava 82 favanco 82, 130 ferrenc 36 flamenc 82 Flix 83 flixanca 83, 130, 150 fiorone 83 forá 83 fora 83 forane 83, 129, 131, 138 foranea 83 forenc 114 fotre 83 fred 83 fredolec 83 fredolenc 38, 83, 90, 90, 91, 121, 122 224

futinga 6, 83, 158, 159 galanga 7 gandalla 39 gandul 39 gazenga 83 groe 83 groguenc 83, 90, 91 groguinenc 83 groguissenc 83 groguissó 83 guadengo 83, 93, 102, 109 home 83 homenenc 83, 90, 91 illa 83 illenc 83, 90, 91 ivernenc 122 lladre 118 Uosa 83 llosanca 83, 131 magenc 83, 122 magenco 83, 91, 91, 92 maig 83 mallenga 83 mallerenga 70, 83 mandoeà 49 marallenga 9, 83, 121 marenc 122 merenga 83, 121 merla 83 merllenga 83 mestali 83 mestallenc 83, 90, 91 moixiganga 48, 84 morir 84 mort 84 mortenca 84, 90, 92 mostrenc 122 muntanyenc 122 Nadal 84 nadalenc 84, 91, 91 negre 84 negrenc 84, 90, 91, 121, 122, 122 negrosenc 84 Nicaragua 84 nicaragüenc 84, 90, 91 nostre 118 oncle 118 onclu 118 ordialenc 91, 91, 91 ordialencas 84, 92 palanca 53 pallanga 84 pallaranga 84

pedra 84 pedrenca 84 Pedrenchs 84, 108 Pedrencos 84, 91, 92, 92, 108 pell 84 pellanc 84, 141 pellanga 54, 84, 129, 139, 141 pellaranga 129, 139 pellenc 84 pelleranga 54 pelleringa 84 pelleringo 54, 84, 158, 159 penyalenc 84, 90, 91 penyol 84 pirinenc 84, 90, 91 Pirineu 84 podenc 84 poll 84 •pollane 57, 84, 87, 130, 131 pollancre 84, 132 poltre 85 pot 85 potatge 85 potinga 58, 85, 158, 159, 160, 171 potingue 58, 85, 158, 159, 171 potranca 85 potranco 85 potranga 85 pudinga 58, 85 quadincos 83, 93, 102 ralinga 59, 85 realenc 85, 122 realench 85, 93 realenchum 92 reial 85 reialenc 59, 85, 89, 91 reyalench 85, 93 ribera 85 riberenc 85, 90, 91 ringo-rango 60 Rodbertencos 85 Rodbertengos 85, 93, 102, 108 Rodebaldencos 85, 93, 95, 108, 118, 118, 122 rogenc 122 Sant Antoni 85 santantonienc 85, 90, 91 siringa 41, 85 sorra 85 sorrenc 85, 90, 91 tine 120 vadelincos 81 verd 85

verdanc 85, 130 verdenc 20, 85, 90, 91 verdolenc 20, 85 verdosenc 20, 85 vermeil 86 vermellenc 86, 90, 91 vermellosenc 86 Vila 86 vilenc 86, 90, 91 vine 120 vit 86 vitenc 86, 90 xaranca 86 xaranga 30, 86 xeringa 41, 85

French (Old and Modern) Adelange 99 -ain 99 amelanche 134 -an 99 -and 99 -anges 99 -ant 99 -ard 100, 126 avalanche 134 Avexencus 115 Avrenc 99 Avrent 99 Bermerain 99 bes- 21 beslonc 21, 171 beslongue 21 bord 22 brelan 20, 100 brelenc 20, 100 burel 23 buriau 23 calangue 134 calanque 134 carlingue 27, 69, 74, 82, 171 chambrelenc 100 Colard 100 communard 100 cormoran 100 Denis 100 Denisard 100 -ent 99 fressange 100 gravanche 134 grave 134 225

grève 134 hareng 94, 100 Hodant 99 Jacquard 100 Jacques 100 lavanche 134 Lomincus 115 lone 21 losanga 100 losange 70, 76 mareng 100 mayó 161 meringue 46, 77, 83 merlan 100 merlenc 100 mésange 83, 100 montagnard 100 Nicolas 100 On 99 paillard 100 pai'senc 100 paysan 100 pétard 100 Philippard 100 Philippe 100 Pierrard 100 Pierre 100 placard 100 pleurard 100 pleurer 100 poudingue 58 puddingue 85 ralingue 59, 85, 171 Sauxillanges 99 teisserenc 100 tissier 100 tisserand 100 Torencus 115 Urerenchi 115 varangue 65 ventresche 165

Provençal abadenc 112 adelenc 118 Adelins 99 aerenc 99 Agamancus 133 Aicfredenco 102, 118 alanenca 115 Alarencs 98 226

Alazencs 115 albenc 113, 119 Alzaramenc 117 apouticaire 85 Arborencs 98 arnaudenc 104 Audressein 98 Aulancus 133 aurienc 113 avignonnenc 99 Badencus 112 badens 112 Badens 98 Badenx 98, 112, 122 Barbarencs 19 Barbarens 98 barrane 134, 138 Barsenens 99 belanco 134 blàngo 140 blanquige 165 blavenc 99 Blennenca 115 Bragaranca 133 breissenc 99 Busancas 133 Butlairenco 102, 118 cabosso 165 calane 134 camarlenc 118 candà 140 caorcenc 114 Caors 114 caorsenc 99 cautèro 140 chalossen 99 Charens 115 charmens 99 Clarencs 98 crampi 140 datenco 117 Daudens 99 denh 120 diablenc 99 drudige 165 -eke 101 -enh 120 -ans 98 -ein 98 -eins 98 -ene 101, 102, 103, 104, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 126 -enea 101, 103, 114, 116, 119

-eneo 101, 118 -enes 98, 102, 107, 108 -ens 98, 108 -enx 98, 102 Espelungo 141 estibenc 117 estivenc 99, 105, 162 falbenc 99 Famalencs 98 fava 134 favanco 134 ferrenc 99, 113, 119 Flamarens 98 flamenc 37, 118 fiorone 37 flouroun 37 fora 114 forenc 114 fougasso 165 Francheleins 99 gangòt 140 gazenc 83 Glairans 99 guilhalmenc 104 hàudo 140 Igounenc 117 invernenc 105, 118 ivernenc 99 ivernon 161 invernotge 165 joanenc 99, 162 lachenc 99 Laujardenc 117 Laurencs 98 lavanca 133, 134 lenco 140 lenh 120 Lidomargueng 102 Lissanca 133 Loairenc 118 lone 102 longa 102 magenc 118 maianen 99 Malarencs 98 manh 120 melanco 134 Mellanca 133 merlenguino 83 merlus 165 mesengo 83 miroulengo 83 mitadenc 105

Moitareng 102 montanhenc 99, 113, 114 Musanca 133 Narixens 98 Navarrencs 115 penh 120 Pernancus 133 petite 150 pitangue 134 plumbenc 99 podenc 57 ponh 120 Posancas 133 Pousanques 133 poutingaire 85 poutingo 85 probenc 113, 114 prop 114 raimondene 104 ramene 99, 118 rene 102, 119, 120 renga 102 rogenc 99 salane 134 Salanco 134 Senairenc 117 senh 120 Serincus 115 tene 120 tenh 120 Thoulourenc 115 Toerencs 115 valanco 134 Vallenca 115 vene 120 vermellenc 19, 21 vinenc 99

Italian aiaccincu 114 Albarengo 96 Alberto 97 albigno 113, 119 Alfredo 97 alpigno 120 Altanca 133 annincu 117 anninka 114 Anselmo 97 Aranco 133 Arbengo 96 227

Arfingo 96 Arnaldo 97 Baranca 133 batenghi 98 batinghi 98 benenca 115 Bernalda 97 Bernardi 97 Bernardo 97 Berto 97 Bevinco 115 Bodincus 115 Bognanco 133 Bogua 133 Boniface 97 Bonifacinga 97 Boranga 133, 140 borango 138 Botincus 115 botincus 115 bruneng 104 brunengh 98 bruno 104 bugianco 133 Biiranco 133 busanc 133 Buttanengo 96 buttanghera 133 Calanca 133 calanca 133, 138 camarlingo 82 carrancu 133 casalenghi 98 casalingo 97, 98, 105 casarenc 98 casarengh 105 Castellingo 97 castello 97 ceccagine 120 dimenticaggine 120 -enc 117 -enea 119 -engo 96, 97, 97, 116, 117, 119 -etto 165 evarnô 161 ferrigno 113, 119, 120 fornenchi 115 gardinku 114 Gargarengo 97 gargaria 97 Garibaldi 97 gialligno 120 Gossolengo 96 228

Gotingo 96 Gualteringo 97 guardingo 98 -igno 120 -inco 115 -inga 102 -ingo 97, 116, 117 invernengh 98, 118 Justinga 97 Justingo 95, 96 justus 96 lavanca 42, 133 lingua 97 lujengh 98 maggengh 98, 118 maggioringo 98, 104, 182 mano 96 Marcellengo 96 marenc 97, 98 marenca 98, 118, 119 marenga 98, 118, 119 Martinenga 97 Martinengo 96 marzengh 98 masanco 133 masnengo 98, 105 minoringo 98, 104, 182 Molinengo 96, 97 molino 96, 97 montale 96 Montalenghe 96 Mucengo 96 narice 71 Noranco 133 nuncincu 114 Obeningus 96 Ossalengo 96 ostenc 98 pagliuolo 133 pajolanca 133 Pazzoranco 133 Petringa 97 Petringo 96 Pizzanco 133 pocianga 133 pogginchi 117 pogginco 114 polla 133 pollanco 133 pomontinco 114 pozza 133 pozzanghera 133 pozzangolo 133, 140

preignaudenk 117 primarenc 98 prupianincu 114, 117 Ramberti 97 ramengo 98 ramingo 97, 98, 118 Remorfengo 96 Rolandinga 97, 102 Rolando 97 rossigno 120 Rumianca 133 Saninco 115 scala 97 Scalenghe 97 Schieranco 133 scialengo 98 solenc 98, 119 solingo 97, 98, 104 Spatinga 97 spedalingo 97, 98 staengh 98 statinincu 117 stringa 34, 171 tegno 120 tengo 120 valanga 42, 133 Valinco 115 vegno 120 vengo 120 verdigno 120 vernengo 97 Vilenca 115 Visenengo 96 Waldeningo 96 Wìteningo 96

Sardianian bosinku 114, 115 Busanca 134 kalanka 134, 138 lurisinku 114 mandùgu 49 Marranea 134 puthancaru 134 silibba 15 silimba 15 simbula 15 simula 15 sorsinku 114, 115 ube 15 umbe 15

Latin ABBAS 9 8 -ABILE 1 6 8 -ACEU 1 6 4 , 1 6 8

-Aciu 165 -ACULU 1 6 4 , 1 6 8 -AECU 7 5 -AGINE 1 6 4 -AGO

120, 167

ALBINEUS 1 2 0 ALBUS 1 2 0 -ALE

84

ALTA 1 4 0 -AMEN 1 6 7 -AMINE 1 6 8 AMITA 1 0 6 -ANCULU 84, 132, 149 ANGUINEUS 120

Rheto-Romance Boscnanca 134, 137 Calzeranc 134 forangola 134, 140 giraunk 134 Mulananc 134 Muttancs 134 pillilaunka 134 Schalanc 134 vaiane 134, 138 Vischnanca 134 visnaunka 134

ANGUIS 120 -ANICU 9 9 ARBOR 9 8 - A s c u 165 -ASCULU 165 ASPARAGUS 6 2 , 151 -ASTER 1 3 5 - A T i c u 165 -Ατυ 168 -ÄTUS 1 6 5 AUREUS 1 1 3 AVIOLUS 17 AVOLUS 1 7 AVUNCULU 1 1 8 AVUNCULUS 1 1 9 A v u s 119 BANCU 1 4 0

229

BARBA 106 BARBARUS 19, 98 BRINCARE 140 BURDUS 22 CAESAR 104 CALARE 82 CALDARIA 140 CAMERA 25, 140 CAMPANA 140 CANCER 27 CANIS 26 CANONICU 69 CANTARE 140 CAPUT 165 CARBUNCULU 173 CARBUNCULUS 27 CARCANNUM 27 CARDINEUS 120 CARDO 120

HORDEUM 84 -IBILE 168 -ICIU 164 -ICULU 165, 168 -IDUS 7 -IGINE 164 -IGNUS 113, 119, 120

*CARRANCULU 27, 132 CAUIUS 24 CERA 120 CËRINEUS 120 CHRISTANU 75 CLARENTIUS 98 CLAU DIGO 120 CLUNIS 43 CON 29 CUMPANEU 29 CUMPANICUM 29 DIGNUS 120 -ECULU 168 -EO 120 -ETU 168

JÜDAEU 125 JUSTUS 95, 97 JUVENCUS 7, 42, 93, 119 LAC 120 LACTINEUS 120 LAPIS 42 LATRO 118 LAURENTIUS 98 LEO 100 LEONARDUS 100 LETUS 42 LIGNUM 120 LINGUA 140 LINTIGO 120 LONGA 102 LONGINQUUS 113 LONGUS 21, 102 LUCERNA 150 LUPUS 137 MAGNARDUS100 MAGNUS 100 MAGNUS 120 MANDUCARE 49 MARCELLUS 96 MARTIN US 96, 97 MERULA 100, 165 MIXCERE 83 MixTus 83 MONSTRUM 50 *MORÄNICU 77 MÖRUM 77 *NARIGA 71, 78 NONNU9 NOSTRU 118

-EUS 7, 113 FAGUINEUS 120 FAGUS 120 FAMULUS 98 FATUM 35 FERRÙGINE 165 FLAMMA 37 FLAVARDUS 100 FLAVUS 100 FOCÄCIA 165 FONTE 140 FORANEUS 37, 151 FORARE 83 FOSSA 69 FRAUDULENTUS 124 FULIGINE 39, 165, 173 FUNARIU 151 FOR 37 FURUNCULUS 7, 37, 132

230

- i c o 120, 167 IMAGINE 165 -IMEN 167 -IMINE 168 -INEUS 120, 126 -INQUUS 113, 114, 117, 118, 119 -INU 168 -ISCULU 165 -ITICU 165 -ITTU 165 -ITU 168

-ius 7

-ONE 161, 168

V A L E R I A N I C A 2 0 , 108

- Ö T I C U 165

VALERIUS 20

P Ä B U L Ä R I 53

VALERIUS 68

PABULUM 53

VENIO 120

PAGENSE 100

VIA 2 9

PANTICE 59

V I R I L I A 21

PENDERE 4 7

V l T I N E U S 120

PETRUS 9 6 , 9 7 , 108

v i T i s 120

P I G N U S 120

viTTA 3 6

•piLONICUS 57

VOCIFERÄRIUS 6 5

*PLORAMICARE 43 PLORARE 43 POPULUS 57, 8 4 •POTINCUS 58

Germanic Languages

PROBARDUS 100 PROBUS 100 P R O P I N Q U U S 113 P U G N U S 120 REGÄLENGU 59 R E G N U M 119, 1 2 0 REVENDICA 108 ROMA 6 0 ROMANOS 60 R O N C A R E 141 S A LTUS L O N G U S 6 2 , 108 S A N G U I N E U S 120 S A N G U I S 120 SANGUISUGA 79 SEPTIMU 61, 132 S I G N U M 120 S P E L U N C A 141 STRAM EN 120 STRAM I N EUS 1 2 0 SUB 6 7 SUBITANEUS 3 6 S Ü C I N U M 120 SOCINEUS 120 S Y R I N G A 7, 9, 4 1 , 6 7 , 7 9 , 85 TENEO 120 TEXERE 100 T I G N U M 120 T R A B I C A 63 T R A N C A 141 -OCEA 164, 165 - U C U L U 165 - Ü G I N E 164

Old and New English -burger 111, 146 -ing 9 6 -ish 149 baby 167 baconburger 146 beer 21 brandish 149 cartload 27 cheeseburger 146 chewing gum 31, 171 chief engineer 33 ding-a-ling 63 falling 96 fart 53 fetish 149 Ford 38 garnish 149 geong 119 girlish 149 hamburger 111 hillbilly 20 Jacky 167 Johnson 94 milquetoast 52 press-gang 79 pudding-stone 58, 85 rock string 60, 171 sling 34, 75, 171 soda 62 soyburger 146 womanish 149

- O G O 167 - U L U 132, 165 - O M E N 167 - O M I N E 168 UR S US 9 6 - U S C U L U 165 - Ü T U 168

Old and New High German Adalhart 100 adaling 118 Adalung 161

231

Alling 94 -ang- 136 arm 96 armine 104 arming 96, 162 Arning 94 Arnold 94 Bamba 106 Beinhart 100 Berting 116 •biliz- 73, 109 blank 140 Böchingen 94 bret 20 bretling 20 Brett 20 brûn 104 brûninc 104 Büsch 94 Büsching 94 bûweling 96 bûwen 96 cheisuring 104 Cintila 106 Cintillán 106 Eberhart 100 edilinc 104 Egicán 106 eininc 104 Ergolding 94 frauja 76, 109 *frawa- 76, 109 Freising 94 frisk 38 frisking 38, 105 Froila 106 Froilán 106 Fruela 106 Frühling 105 gatuling 106 *gaut 109 Gerhart 100 Greotungi 94 Greuthungi 161 Hamburger 111, 146 -hart 100 hart 100 hoffen 161 Hoffnung 161 Hornunc 161 -ine- 103 -ing- 93, 96, 101, 103-4, 106-16, 118-9, 122, 125, 142, 160, 162 232

-inga 101 -ingen 94 jung 119 •jungaz 119 Juthungi 161 kamarling 118 kot 103 Lodaring 118 müeding 162 muster 51 perg 103 Râdbaldo 108 râlîk 59 Reginhart 100 Reutlingen 94 sammeln 161 Sammlung 161 sarling 96 sarò 96 Sigmaringen 94 Snellunc 161 Steding 104 Straubing 94 *striggs 34 Tervingi 94 Trutungi 161 Tübingen 101 Turo 65 -ung- 161 Vautiçanos 106 Vemerling 104 Vlaeming 118 Vogt 94 Vögting 94 Vutiza 106 Wamba 106 Wittiza 106 Wonreding 94 zeichnen 161 Zeichnung 161

Dutch flaming 37 Vlissingen 53, 171 Frankish -ing 100 -ing- 99, 107 -inga 96 -ingas 96, 99, 107

aber 99 Adalingas 99 *Berhtmâring 99 brettling 100 •friskinga 100 haring 94, 100 hring 60, 102 hringa 102 Hrôthberht 85 Hugo 117 Hôding 99 kamarling 25, 82, 93, 100 lausinga 100 maring 100 meisa 83 •meisinga 9, 83, 100 merewioingas 94 Wading 99

"Hrôths 85, 108 -iggs 94, 96, 106 -ings 96, 102 -ingôs 76, 93, 94, 96, 98-9, 101-2, 106, 108-11, 116-8, 126 "Lagharjis 70 Laubihardus 117 Malaharjis 98 •Rodebaldingôs 85, 108 Rodebaldo 85, 108 Rêdiberhts 108 Rîkisindis 98 Sihiharjis 117 skilliggs 106-7 Sun- 109 *suningas 79 Tervingi 107 triu 107 Wat 83, 102 •Watingôs 83, 102

Gothic Adalingôs 99 Aikhardus 102 Aldirîks 98 Alfa 96 Alharjis 98 Alisihrabns 117 Alvar 73, 108 *Alvaringôs 73, 93 athals 99 Berhts 85 *Bilingôs 73 *Bustaringôs 74 Buta 102 Butarîks 102 bërs 99 Bôtil 96 Duda 99 Eikharjis 102 eiks 102 Framaharjis 98 Frankila 99 •Frithus 102 gadiliggs 106, 107 *gardingôs 39, 76 gardingus 39, 93, 106, 107, 111 •gards 39, 76, 111 Gladaharjis 99 Greotungi 107 grioz 107 *Hrodebertingôs 108 •Hrothberhtingôs 85, 102

Langobardic Albhari 96 Amalongus 161 Angulf 103 Arbo 96 Bernhard 97 Bifancoli 103 Bifang 103 Billongus 161 Curtanculfi 103 Elbungus 161 Gauzelingos 96 Harding 115 Hrômwulf 96 hûsinga 105 -ingos 96 Mòzzo 96 Rambert 97 Roland 97 Spatto 97 Waldhari 97 Wîso 96

Old Norse hilfningr 105 kerling 27 sumrungr 105 vetrungr 105

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Icelandic birtingr 104 bjartr 104 einhleypingr 104 einhleypr 104 *kuningaz 107 penningr 107 sexaeringr 104 sexaerr 104 ynglingr 107 Other Indo-European PIE *ancati 135 *keruos 27 *korios 69 *-nko- 119, 135 *uson-qo-m 119 *yew-nko 119 Armenian unkan 119 Celtic eburos 34, 137 ievanc 119 oac 119 treb 64 Lithuanian laukiniñk-as 119 laukinis 119 Ligurian cal- 134 *laba 133-4 -incos 117 -incu- 113-8, 126, 135 mei- 134 Avestan spaka- 119 span 119 234

Non-Indoeuropean Languages Basque -ango 134 -anK- 161 besanga 134 beso 134 gorri 45, 134, 161 gorringo 39, 134, 161 hilanko 134 luzanga 134 luze 134 marriagorringo 45 -ng- 45, 49, 64, 134 -nko 134 potxingo 134, 161 potxongo 134, 161 potzo 161 putzo 134 putzu 134, 161 salita 134 salitanko 134 sarda 134 sardanga 134 sarde 134 sare 134 típula 64 tipulin 64, 173 txardango 134 txilo 58 txipi 32 tzorongo 67 xalinko 161 xarenko 134 xerrinko 161 xurrupa 134 xurrupanko 134 zali 161 zerri 161 zilanga 58, 134 zilo 134 zintzilik 10, 13, 28 zoro 161 zoronga 67, 171 zorongo 161 zubi 161 zuranga 134 zuri 134, 161 zuringo 134, 161

Arabie bondoka 49 gandur 39

American Indian Languages

Mapuche mapicùlla 149 Quechua china 31, 170 pichana 56

Araucanian puruncu 163, 170 Nahuatl molonqui 163 ollin 164 piciligiie 56 -(t)ic 147 Halli 164 tzipitl 32

African Languages Congolese ndunga 163 sá 163 sanga 163 Kimbundu ka-74 ndengue 74, 80

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