The Mute Immortals Speak : Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual 9781501720178, 9781501720185

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Copyright © 2010. Cornell University Press. All rights reserved. Stetkevych, Suzanne Pinckney. The Mute Immortals Speak : Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual, Cornell University

THE MUTE

Copyright © 2010. Cornell University Press. All rights reserved.

IMMORTALS SPEAK

Stetkevych, Suzanne Pinckney. The Mute Immortals Speak : Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual, Cornell University

A volume in the series

MYTH AND POETICS edited by

GREGORY NAGY

Copyright © 2010. Cornell University Press. All rights reserved.

A list of titles appears at the end of the book.

Stetkevych, Suzanne Pinckney. The Mute Immortals Speak : Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual, Cornell University

THE MUTE IMMORTALS SPEAK Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual

Copyright © 2010. Cornell University Press. All rights reserved.

SuzANNE PINCKNEY STETKEVYCH

CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS ITHACA AND LONDON

Stetkevych, Suzanne Pinckney. The Mute Immortals Speak : Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual, Cornell University

Copyright © 1993 by Cornell University All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York [4850. First published 1993 by Cornell University Press. First printing, Cornell Paperbacks, 20 I 0

International Standard Book Number 978-0-8014-8046-1 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 93-18173 Printed in the United States of America Librarians: Library of ConJ?ress cataloJ?inJ? infimnation appears on the last paJ?e of the book.

Copyright © 2010. Cornell University Press. All rights reserved.

@The paper in this book meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.

Stetkevych, Suzanne Pinckney. The Mute Immortals Speak : Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual, Cornell University

Copyright © 2010. Cornell University Press. All rights reserved.

To Julian, Qays, and Khalid

Stetkevych, Suzanne Pinckney. The Mute Immortals Speak : Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual, Cornell University

Copyright © 2010. Cornell University Press. All rights reserved. Stetkevych, Suzanne Pinckney. The Mute Immortals Speak : Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual, Cornell University

Contents

Foreword, by Gregory Nagy

lX

Preface

Xl

PART ONE: PRESENTING THE RITUAL PARADIGM Voicing the Mute Immortals: The Mu al-Qays, which reveals two fundamental components: first, the prodigality or "arrested development" of the poet's youth, and second, the domination in the later parts of the theme of exaggerated blood vengeance for the poet's slain royal father. I then proceed on the principle of the exegetical value of the akhbar to argue that lmru> al-Qays's masterpiece can be read as a "sublimated" poem of blood vengeance, that is, one in which the metaphorical expression has so displaced the literal that it is no longer even stated. In this interpretation of the master poem of the Arabic qa~idah tradition, I add a final ritual paradigm to the rite of passage and rite of sacrifice: Theodor Gaster's "seasonal pattern" of rite and myth. The effect of what I have termed the "sublimation of imagery" is to raise lmru> al-Qays's Mu'allaqah above the level of the individual poem ofblood vengeance, such as those of Muhalhil in Chapter 6, to a more mythic expression of pollution and purification and of the hero's accession to power, one that shares the same form-determining structure as ancient Near Eastern ritual, myth, and drama. Far from being a purely theoretical work, The Mute Immortals Speak presents close readings of a selected body of poems and the lore that surrounds them. These are presented in original translations in such a way as to form a subcorpus from which the reader of English can get a sense of the dense intertextuality, the thematic canon, and even the distinct poetic lexicon of the pre-Islamic Arabic qa~idah. Above all, the contemporary English idiom of the poetry translations is meant to convey with directness and immediacy the power and beauty of the originals. In attempting to accomplish this goal, however, the translations are often at a considerable remove from the "literal." So, for the reader of Arabic, the original poetic texts have been provided in an appendix keyed by bracketed numbers to the English text. In the transliteration of Arabic proper names, terms, and phrases I have used the Library of Congress system with some modifications

Stetkevych, Suzanne Pinckney. The Mute Immortals Speak : Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual, Cornell University

Preface

xv

Copyright © 2010. Cornell University Press. All rights reserved.

for long vowels and with the addition of case endings for phrases of poetry. In the various stages of its evolution this book has benefited from the kindness and expertise of many friends and colleagues. Deserving of particular thanks are Basima Berzirgan, Olga Davidson, Hassan elBanna Ezz el-Din, Allen Douglas and Fedwa Malti-Douglas, AJ:lmad 'Abd al-Majid Haridi,James Monroe, Consuela Lopez-Morillas, Gregory Nagy, Michael A. Sells, Nazif Shahrani, and Elizabeth Sherman. A special category of thanks is reserved for Jaroslav Stetkevych, the first to make the mute immortals speak. I am grateful as well for the generous financial and institutional support I have received: an American Schools of Oriental Researchsponsored National Endowment for the Humanities Research Fellowship allowed me to spend 1983-1984 in Jordan, and the Department of Arabic Literature of Yarmuk University served as my host that year; a Fulbright Foundation Islamic Civilization Fellowship supported my research in Egypt in 1988; and at Indiana University, Bloomington, the Office of Research and Graduate Development awarded me a Summer Faculty Fellowship in 1988 and an Outstanding Young Faculty Award in 1990 in support of my research, and the Middle Eastern Studies Program awarded me a Faculty Research Grant for technical support. I would like too to express my appreciation to the editors and publishers who have granted permission to reprint some of the materials in this book. These include my articles "Ritual and Sacrificial Elements in the Poetry of Blood-Vengeance: Two Poems by Durayd ibn al~immah and Muhalhil ibn Rabi'ah" and "Structuralist Analyses of PreIslamic Poetry: Critique and New Directions," which appeared in the Journal of Near Eastern Studies 45, no. 1 (I986): 3I-43, and 42, no. 2 (1983): 85-107 © 1983 and I986 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. "Ritual and Sacrificial Elements" appears in revised form as parts of Chapters 2 and 5· The theoretical conclusions and some sections of "Structuralist Analyses" appear, largely rewritten, in parts of Chapters I and 7- My article "Archetype and Attribution in Early Arabic Poetry: Al-Shanfara and the Limiyyat al-'Arab," which appeared in the International journal of Middle East Studies 18 (1986): 361-90, appears in revised form as Chapter 4- My article The Rithii, ofTa,abbafa Sharran: A Study of Blood-Vengeance in Early Arabic Poetry," which appeared in the journal of Semitic Studies 3 I, no. 1 (1986): 27-45, appears in revised form as part of Chapter 2. My article "The ~u'luk and His

Stetkevych, Suzanne Pinckney. The Mute Immortals Speak : Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual, Cornell University

xvt

Preface

Poem: A Paradigm of Passage Manque," which appeared in the Journal of the American Oriental Society 104, no. 4 (1984): 661-78, appears in revised form as Chapter 3. Finally, some brief passages from my book Abu Tammam and the Poetics of the 'Abbasid Age, published by E. J. Brill, Leiden, in 1991, appear with some revision in Chapters 2, 3 and 5. SuzANNE PINCKNEY STETKEVYCH

Copyright © 2010. Cornell University Press. All rights reserved.

Bloomington, Indiana

Stetkevych, Suzanne Pinckney. The Mute Immortals Speak : Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual, Cornell University

PART ONE

Copyright © 2010. Cornell University Press. All rights reserved.

PRESENTING THE RITUAL PARADIGM

Stetkevych, Suzanne Pinckney. The Mute Immortals Speak : Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual, Cornell University

Copyright © 2010. Cornell University Press. All rights reserved. Stetkevych, Suzanne Pinckney. The Mute Immortals Speak : Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual, Cornell University

CHAPTER I

Voicing the Mute Immortals:

The Mu'allaqah of Lab"id and the Rite of Passage

Copyright © 2010. Cornell University Press. All rights reserved.

The outstanding characteristic of classical Arabic poetry is the perpetuation of a single dominant poetic form, the qa~idah, or ode, throughout its fifteen-hundred-year history-that is, from its pre-Islamic beginnings around 500 B.C. until our own century, which witnessed its final neoclassical flowering in the poetry of AJ:lmad Shawq1 1 (d. 1932) and, in mid century, the advent of a new poetic form, the first in a millennium and a half potent enough to compete for domination with the traditional form, Arabic "free verse" (al-shi J>

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