The Miwa Project: Survey, coring and excavation at the Miwa site, Nara, Japan 9780860547402, 9781407348827

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The Miwa Project Survey, coring and excavation at the Miwa site, Nara, Japan

Edited by

Gina L. Barnes and Masaaki Okita

BAR International Series 5 82 1993

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 582 The Miwa Project © The editors and contributors severally and the Publisher 1993 The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860547402 paperback ISBN 9781407348827 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547402 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Tempvs Reparatvm in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 1993. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

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T he M iwa P ro jec t S u rvey , c o r ing a nd e xcava t ion a tt h e M iwa s i te , N a ra , J apan

S i t ep ano rama o ft h eM iwa P ro je c t .T he s a c red M t . M iwa o ve r look st h el owe r t e r race o ft h eS h ik i sh ima C hu r ch i nS aku ra iC i ty .

The Mi wa P ro jec t D r . G ina L . B arnes S t J ohn 's Co l lege Ca mbr idge Un ivers ity Ca mbr idge CB2 1 T! ' , Eng land

P rof . Masaak i OKITA D epart ment o f Archaeo logy f enr i Un ivers ity , T enr i C ity N ara P ref ecture , 6 32 J apan

TH E MI WA PROJECT R E PORT T ab l eo fC on t en t s L i s to fP la tes a nd F igu r e s A cknow ledgemen t s N o t e so ns t y le J apane se s umma ry o fe xcava t ion 1 .

v i x x x i

I n troduc t ion ,b yG .L .B a rne s

1

T he M iwa P ro jec t

1

T he G r ea te rM iwa s i te

1

R e sea r ch h i s tory

2

S i t es i gn if icance

3

T he 1 989 e xcava t ion

4

S ub s tan t ive c on t r ibu t ion s

5

P ART ONE 2 .

T he M iwa s i te : p hy s ica ls e t t ing ,b yG .L . B a rne s

1

S pec ia l i s tR epor t s : 3 .

L andscape r econs truc t ion a round t he S h ik ish ima C hurch ,b yH . S oma

2 7

4 .

G eophys ica ls urvey sa tM iwa ,b yY .N i sh imura & C .A . S he l l

2 9

S .

G eo log ica lc or ing a tM iwa ,b yG .L . B a rne s

3 9

6 .

M iwa s i te p hospha te a na ly s is ,b yD .A .L oel ige r &G .L . B a rne s

4 9

7 .

M iwa s i te p o l len a na lys is ,b yM . K aneha ra

5 5

8 .

M iwa s i te p hy to l i th a na ly s is ,b yS .S ug iyama

6 5

9 .

Charred p lan tr ema ins a tM iwa ,b yA .C . D 'And r ea

7 5

P ART TWO 1 0 .

Ma ter ia lc u l ture o ft he M iwa s i te ,b yG .L . B a rnes

8 5

S pec ia l i s tR epo r t s : 1 .

S ourc ings o fs t one a r tef ac ts a tM iwa ,b yH . O kuda

1 09

1 2 .

S ourc ing so fp ebb le si np o l len s amp le # 1709 ,b yM . K aneha ra & H . O kuda

11

1 3 .

S anuk i te t oo ls a tM iwa ,b yH . K i tamu ra

13

1 4 .

F laked l i th ic sa tM iwa ,b yT .E .G .R eyno ld s &T . Ma t suzawa

1 23

1 5 .

D iagnos t ic Y ayo is herds e xcava ted a tM iwa ,b y H . K uwaba ra

1 33

1 6 .

J ö rnon e l emen ts i nY ayo i p o t tery a tM iwa ,b yM . O k i ta

1 43

1 7 .

S herd t aphonomy a tM iwa ,b yM .H ud son

1 49

1 8 .

Med ieva l p o t tery a nd M iwa ,b yT . Om i

1 53

PART THREE 1 9 .

M iwa o ccupa t ion i nw ider p erspec t ive b yG .L . B a rne s

1 8 1

( c on t inued )

APPEND ICES

1 93

A .T rench s t ra t igraphy w i th p lans a nd s ec t ions

1 95

T rench 1 :D i scus s ion b yS . J .T ay lo r T rench 2 :D i scu s s ion b yS .K ane r T rench 3 :D i scu s s ion b yM . H ud son T rench 4 :D i scu s s ion b yS .K ane r T r ench 5 :D i scu s s ion b yS . J .T ay lo r T rench 6 :D i scu s s ion b yS . J .T ay lo r C r i t ique o fL i f tN umbe rs y s t em b yG .L .B a rne s

1 97 1 98 2 0 1 2 05 2 09 2 13 2 17

B . Con tex td escr ip t ions

2 19

C . Ar tefac tl i s t ings

2 23

1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0 . 1 . 1 2 . 1 3 . 1 4 .

S anuk i te m a t e r ia l s S t one m a t e r ia ls o t he rt h an s a nuk i te Y ayo ic e r am ic s H a j iw a re H an iwa S ue w a re R oo ft i l e s G aw a re G la zed s h e rd s M i sce l laneous c e ram ic s U n iden t if ied c e ram ic s Me ta lo b jec t s M i sce l laneous m a te r ia l s O rgan ic s

2 25 2 30 2 36 2 59 2 65 2 66 2 69 2 71 2 80 2 84 2 85 2 86 2 87 2 88

D .I ndex o fl i f t n umbers

2 89

i v

L IST OF P LATES AND F IGURES C o lou rP la te s

b e tween p p .2 8a nd 2 9

1L o ca t ion o ft h e 1 989 e xcava t ion a r ea o n t h e l owe rt e r rac eo ft h eS h ik i sh ima T en r i -kyo C hu r ch g r ound s . 2V e r t ica la e r ia lv i ew o ft h eS h ik ish ima C hu r ch g r ound s( c en t r er i gh t )a nd t h e i re nv i ronmen t . 3C on tou red p l o to ft h ef l uxga t eg r ad iome te rs u rvey f r om r e ad ing st a ken a t1 . 0mi n te rva l s . 4C o lou r c on tou rp lo to ft h e r e s is t iv i ty s u rvey d a ta r e co rded w i th 1 . 2 m mob i le p robe s epa ra t ion a t 1m i n terva l s . 5 ,6 R e su l t so ft h eg round s o und ing r a da rs u rvey , t r an sec t s RT2 a nd R T4 . F igu r es 1 . 1 1 . 2 1 . 3 1 . 4 1 . 5 1 . 6 2 . 1 2 . 2 2 . 3 2 . 4 2 . 5 2 . 6 2 . 7 2 . 8 2 . 9 3 . 1 4 . 1 4 . 2 4 . 3 4 . 4 4 . 5 4 . 6 4 . 7 4 . 8 5 . 1 5 . 2 5 . 3 5 . 4 5 . 5 6 . 1 6 . 2 6 . 3 7 . 1 7 . 2 7 . 3 7 . 4 8 . 1 8 . 2 8 . 3 9 . 1 9 . 2 9 . 3 9 . 4 9 . 5 9 . 6 9 . 7 9 . 8 9 . 9 9 . 10 1 0 .1 1 0 .2 1 0 .3 1 0 .4

C h rono logy o fJ apane s ep e r iod s . T he s ou the rn K ina ir e g ion : O saka P l a in sa nd N a ra B a s in . T he M iwa a r ea , s ou thea s t e rn N a ra B a s in . A r te f a c t sp r ev iou s ly u nea r thed f r om t h eg r ea te rM iwa s i te . B ou lde ro u tc rop sa tt h eY amanokam is i t e . P o s i t ion o ft h eM iwa s i t eg r id o nt h eS h ik i sh ima C hu r ch g r ound s . S ke tch m ap o fl a nd d i v i s ion sa r ound t h eS h ik iS h r ine c a . 1 900 . Map o fS h ik ish ima C hu r ch P ha se O ne l a you t( 1 901 -25 ) . 1 922 m ap o ft h eM iwa a r ea . Map o fS h ik ish ima C hu r ch P ha se Two l a you t( 1 930 -p r e sen t ) . A r te f a c tc on ten t so fm a jo rn amed l a ye r s . S ou the rn s t ra t ig raph ic s e c t ion o fM iwa d epo s i t sa l ong g r id l i ne Y 510 -512 . S ec t ion r e cons t ruc t ion o f Med ieva l ABS c u tt h rough t e r ra c ing . D i s t r ibu t ion o fa r t e f a c t si nY ayo i ABS l a ye rL -11 o fT r ench 2 . N ame so fp l an t sm en t ioned i nt h et e x t . L and fo rm sa tt h ew e s te rn f oo to fM t . M iwa . C on tou rp l an o fr e s i s t iv i ty s u rvey d a ta f o r0 . 9 i nm ob i le p r obe s e pa ra t ion . V e r t ica lr e s i s t iv i ty p r of i le sf r om d a ta f o r 1t o 5i np rob es e pa ra t ion s . T he N i sh imu r af i ve -p robe mob i le f r ame i nu s ew i th t h e RM4 r e s i s t iv i ty m e te r . OYO C o rpo ra t ion v eh ic le c on ta in ing G eo rada r Ic on t ro la nd r e co rd ing e qu ipmen t . R ada rs u rvey p l an . G round s ound ing r a da ra n tenna eb e ing t owed a l ong as u rvey l i ne . G eo rada r Iv an i n te r io r ,s how ing c on t ro la nd r e co rd ing e qu ipmen t . G r ey sca le r a da rp l o ts how ing c hange i n d eep e rs e d imen t so nt r an sec tR T6 . H i s tog r am o fd om inan tg r a in s i ze so fs t ra ta c o r ed i n1 988 . L oca t ion so f1 988 c o r ing sa nd t r a jec to r ie so ft r an se c td i ag r am s . T ran se c td i ag ram so f1 988 c o r ing s . E a s t -we s tt r an sec to f1 989 u nde r t r ench c o r ing s . N o r th sou th t r an se c td i ag ram o fb a sa ls a nd l a ye r si n1 988 c o r ing s . P ho spha te s amp le l i f tn umbe r s ,p roven ience sa nd v a lue s( %P 205 ) . P a t te rn ing o fp ho spha te v a lue si nT rench 2a nd c o r re la t ion w i th f e a tu r e s i nT renche s 2a nd 4 . T he c e s sp i ti nt h en o r the rn w a l lo fT r ench 4 . L o ca t ion so fs o i ls amp le sf o rp o l len a na ly s i s . P o l len s amp le n umbe r sa nd p r oven ience s . P l an ti d en t if ica t ion sf r om s po re a nd p o l len . P ho to so fp o l len g r a ins a nd amono la t e typ es po r ef o und a tM iwa . P hy to l i th s amp le l i f tn umb e r sa nd p roven ience s . P hy to l i th si d en t i f ied a tt h eM iwa s i t e P hy to l i th g r a in sa t4 00x m agn if i ca t ion . S t ra t ig r aph ic s e c t ions f o rt h es ou th w a l l so fT r enche s 2a nd 6 . F lo ta t ion s amp le l i f tn umbe r sa nd p r oven ience s . D imen s ion so fc e r ea l g r a in sf r om M iwa . M iwa a r chaeobo tan ica ld a ta b yl i f tn umbe r . M iwa a r chaeobo tan ica ld a ta b yc on tex t . O ryz as a t iv ac a r yop s is ,T r ench 2 ,L -11 . T r i t icum a e s t ivum c a ryop s i s ,T rench 3 ,L -27 . S e t a r ia i t a l ic ac a r yop s is ,T r ench 3 ,F -35 . O ryz as a t iva c a r yop s i s ,T r ench 6 ,L -56 . T r i t icum a e s t ivum c a ryop s is ,T rench 6 ,F -60 . Ma jo rw a re sa nd t h e i rp e r iod so fe x i s t ence i nJ apan . R im s he rd so fM idd le Y ayo ic ook ing p o t sf r om M iwa . B a sa ls he rd so fY ayo ic ook ing p o ts a nd j a r sf r om M iwa . M idd le Y ayo id eco ra t ed r im sf r om M iwa .

6 7 8 9 9 1 0 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 4 2 5 2 7 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 8 3 8 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 7 4 8 5 0 5 2 5 3 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 9 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 7 9 7 9 8 0 8 1 8 2 8 2 8 3 8 3 8 4 9 2 9 3 9 4 9 5

1 0 .5 Y ayo iS t y le V l o ng -necked j a rf r om M iwa . 1 0 .6 Y ayo ip ede s ta led b ow l sa nd b a s in sf r om M iwa . 1 0 .7 Y ayo id e co ra t ive t e chn ique sm an if e s ted o n Mi wa s h e rd s . 1 0 .8 I nk r u bb ing so fY ayo id eco ra ted s h e rd sa tM iwa . 1 0 .9 V a ry ing s hape so f Med ieva l H a j ik e t t le r im sa tM iwa . 1 0 .10 Med ieva lH a j i ' p la te s ' f r om M iwa . 1 0 .11 F ragmen t so fH an iwa c y l inde r sf r om M iwa . 1 0 .12 R ep re sen ta t ive S ue s h e rd sf r om M iwa . 1 0 .13 R e con s t ruc t ion o f ar o o f t i le w o rk shop a nd k i ln s . 1 0 .14 A G ak ib ow lf r om M iwa . 1 0 .15 A L ongquan type c e ladon s he rd f r om C h ina e xcava t ed a tM iwa . 1 0 .16 Map o fJ apane se k i ln sa nd k i ln s i te s . 1 0 .17 S anuk i t et o o ls f r om M iwa . 1 0 .18 S anuk i te t o o l sa nd f l ake sf r om M iwa . 1 0 .19 Y ayo i -p e r iod c h ipp ed s t one k n ive s . 1 0 .20 F ragmen ts o fY ayo ir e ap ing k n ive s f r om M iwa . 1 0 .2 1 P o l i shed s t one t o o ls f r om M iwa . 1 0 .22 A na xe /adze r e cove r ed a tM iwa . 1 0 .23 A c y l ind r ica lj a spe rb ead f r agmen t .f r om M iwa . 1 .1 C en t ra ls e c t ion o fH on shu I s land . 1 2 .1 T he F u j iwa ra f o rma t ion a l ong t h ee a s te rn b a s in f l ank b e tween N a ra a nd T end c i t ie s . 1 3 .1 S anuk i te w o rked f l ake se xcava ted a tM iwa . 1 3 .2 S anuk i te a r rowhead se xcava ted a tM iwa . 1 3 .3 S anuk i te s p ea rpo in t se xcava ted a tM iwa . 1 3 .4 S anuk i t ed r i l l se xcava ted a tM iwa . 1 3 .5 S anuk i te a w l se xcava ted a tM iwa . 1 3 .6 S anuk i t es ma l lk n ive se xcava ted a tM iwa . 1 3 .7 S anuk i te s c rape r se xcava ted a t Mi wa 1 3 .8 S anuk i te w edge shaped t o o le xcava ted a tM iwa 1 4 .1 F low c ha r to fs a nuk i te r e duc t ion p ro ce s s . 1 4 .2 D e sc r ip t ive a na ly s i so fs e lec ted s a nuk i te f l ake s f r om M iwa . 1 4 .3 KO type k n ive sm ade o n s a nuk i te f l ake sp roduced w i th s i de -b low t e chno logy . . 1 4 .4 B o th s i de so fs e lec ted s a nuk i te f l ake s f r om Mi wa. 1 5 .1 A nE a r ly Y ayo ip o t te ry a s semb lage f r om K obe . 1 5 .2 As e le c t ion o fE a r ly Y ayo is h e rd se xcava ted a tM iwa . 1 5 .3 M idd le Y ayo id ecor a ted s h e rd sf r om Mi wa. 1 5 .4 R econ s t ruc t ion so fY ayo iI I IV v e s s e l s h ape sa tM iwa . 1 5 .5 S he rd b ea r ing d ep ic t ion o f ad ee r? 1 5 .6 D e e r mo t if so nj a rb ody . 1 5 .7 L a te Y ayo i v e s se ls h ape s . 1 6 .1 C e ram ic se xcava ted a tt h eI t azuke s i te , F ukuoka P r ef ec tu re . 1 6 .2 A ja ro ft h eo l de s t t y p eo fY ayo i p o t te ry ,N aba take s i te , S aga P r ef e c tu r e . 1 6 .3 R econs t ruc t ion o fM idd le Y ayo i Y a ina to type c ook ing p o t f r om s h e rd # 1718 .15 . 1 6 .4 G enea logy o ft h el e a fp a t te rn . 1 6 .5 E a r ly Y ayo is h e rd sf r om M iwa . 1 6 .6 R im s h e rd s f r om F i na lJ ömon c ook ing -po t s , K obe . 1 8 .1 D i s t r ibu t ion o fG ak i b ow l t y pe si nt h eK ina i r e g ion . 1 8 .2 D i s t r ibu t ion t h roughou tw e s te rn J apan o fC i ak ib ow l sm anuf ac tu r ed i nt h eK ina ir e g ion . 1 8 .3 G ak id i sh c h rono logy i nN a ra a nd p ha se a tr ibu te s . 1 8 .4 T ype so fb u rn i shed a l umn ip a t te rn so nC i ak i b ow l i n te r io r s . 1 8 .5 C ompa r a t ive o rder ing o fa b so lu te ly d a ted f e a tu r e sy i e ld ing G ak id i she s a ga in s ts t y l i s t ica l ly s im i la rm a te r ia l sa td i f f e r en t l o ca t ions i nN a ra P r e f ec tu r e . 1 8 .6 A Med ieva lp i c tu r es c ro l ls how ing ac h i ld h o ld ing G ak i b ow l . 1 8 .7 A Med ieva lp i c tu re s c ro l ls how ing G ak i b ow l u s ei nt h ek i tchen . 1 8 .8 L acque r ed w ooden b ow l sw i th p a in ted d e s ign s . 1 8 .9 G ak id i sh s h e rd se xcava ted f r om M iwa . 1 8 .10 H a j ip l a te a nd G ak id i sh s e r ia t ion sf r om t h e 1 2 th t h rough 1 7 th c en tu r ie s . 1 8 .11 Med ieva l 1 1 4s a uce rr im s( t ömyozar a ) f r om M iwa . 1 8 .12 K e t t le ( h ag iuna )s eda t ion f r om t h e 1 th t h rough 1 7 th c en tu r ie s . 1 8 .13 1 2 th -cen t u ry k e t t le r im sf r om M iwa . 1 8 .14 L a rge s ize G a sh i t su v e s se l so f Med ieva l N a ra . 1 8 .15 D i s t r ibu t ion o fT oban g r ind ing b ow ls i nw e s te rn J apan . 1 8 .16 Med ieva lG a sh i t su g r ind ing b ow l s eda t ion . 1 9 .1

S chema t ic r ep re sen ta t ion o fe l emen t so fD enne l l 's a l te rna t ive mode ls f o rt h es p read o fa g r icu l tu re .

1 9 .2 A .1 A .2

A kazawa 's t wo s tage m ode l o ft h ed i f f us ion o fr i ce t e chno logy t h rough t h eJ apane se I s land s . C on tex tn umb e r sl b rc o r re spond ing l a ye r si nd i f f e r en tt r enche s . P l an o fT r ench 1C onc r e te P i p eD i tch . v i

9 6 9 7 9 6 9 8 9 9 9 1 00 1 0 1 1 02 1 02 1 0 3 1 0 3 1 04 1 05 1 0 5 1 06 1 0 7 1 08 1 08 10 11 14 15 16 17 17 17 18 18 1 25 1 26 1 3 1 1 32 1 34 1 35 1 36 1 38 1 39 1 39 1 40 1 44 1 44 1 44 1 44 1 45 1 45 1 59 1 61 1 6 1 1 60 1 62 1 62 1 63 1 63 1 64 1 65 1 66 1 67 1 68 1 69 1 69 1 70 1 82 1 8 3 1 95 1 97

A .3 A .4 A .5 A .6 A .7 A .8 A .9 A .10 A .11 A . 12 A .13 A .14 A .15 A . 16 A . 17 A .18 A . 19 A .20 A .2 1 A .22 A .23 A .24 A .25 A .26 B . 1

T he c onc r e te p i pe i nc on tex t . P l an o fT rench 2Y ayo is e d imen t sa nd b a sa ls a nd s . S ec t ion d r aw ing o f Med ieva la nd Y ayo i A BS i n te r f a ce i nT r ench 2 . S ec t ion d r aw ing o fw e s t e rn s l op ing s t ra ta T r ench 2 . S ec t ion d r aw ing o fs ou t hern h a lf o fw e s tw a l l i nT r ench 2 . P lan o fT rench 3 s t epp ed s u r f ace . P lan o fT r ench 3b a sa ld i tch a nd Y ayo is e d imen t s . P lan a nd s e c t ion so fT r ench 3p i tf e a tu r e s . S ec t ion d r aw ing o fT r ench 3s t ake l ined e a s tw a l l . S ec t ion d r aw ing o fs ou th w a l lo fT r ench 3 . P lan o fP l a s t ic P i pe D i t ch i nT r ench 4 . P l an o fF ounda t ion S t one i nT r ench 4 . S ec t ion d r aw ing o ff o unda t ion s t one i ne a s t w a l lo fT r ench 4 . S ec t ion d r aw ing o fs ou th w a l lo fT r ench 4 . P lan o f mode rn f e a tu r e si nT r ench 5 . P lan o fT rench 5r ubb i sh l a ye r s . S ec t ion d r aw ing o fw e s tw a l lo fT r ench 5 . P lan o fT rench 6f e a tu r es . P lan o fs t one l ined w e l l i nT r ench 6 . P l an o f' p low m a rk s , e t c . ' f e a tu r ei nT r ench 6 . S ec t ion d r aw ing o f' p low m a rk s ,e t c . ' i ns o u th w a l lo fT r ench 6 . S ec t ion d r aw ing o fw e s t w a l lo fT r ench 6s how ing w e l l i n cu t . Ac i r c le o fs t one sm a r k ing t h et o po f aMed ieva l w e l l( F -57 ) . L oca t ions o fl i f t s w i th in c on tex ts f o rT r enche s2 , 4a nd 6 . T he d a ted a r te f a c tua lc on ten t so fe a ch c on tex te xcava ted a tM iwa .

v i

1 97 1 99 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 02 2 02 2 03 2 03 2 04 2 06 2 07 2 08 2 08 2 10 2 11 2 12 2 14 2 15 2 15 2 16 2 16 2 17 2 18 2 20

H ACKNO WLEDGE MENTS T he M iwa P ro jec tc ou ld n eve rh ave t a ken p l ace w i thou t t h e u n s t in t ing g ene ros i ty a nd a s s is tance o f many i nd iv idua ls a nd i n s t i tu t ions i nJ apan a nd e l sewhe re . F o remo s t i nl i ne t ob e t hanked a r e t h e h eads a nd s t a f f o f t h e S h ik ish ima C hu rch a nd o f t h e T en r i S ankokan Museum , w ho f a c i l i t a ted t h ee xcava t ion o ft h e M iwa s i te i n1 989 . T he p ro jec t w ou ld h ave n eve re ven r ea ched t h e p l ann ing s t age w i thou t t h e c on s tan t s uppo r t a nd e ncou ragemen t o f Mr . Ma saak i OK ITA , ac u ra to r o ft h e S ankokan , a nd i tc ou ld n o t h ave b een r ea l ised w i thou t t he c onsen t o f t he C hurch 's l a ndowne r , Mr . T a c lakazu YAMADA . T he D i rec to r o ft h e S ankok an , Mr . R i ich i YAMAZOE , a nd t h eT en r iU n ive r s i ty P re s iden t , Mr . Ak inor i OKUBO , w e re mos t g ene rous i n s upp ly ing f a c i l i t ies , e qu ipmen t a nd p eop le f o r t h e e xcava t i on . Among t hose i n vo lved i n t h e l a t te r e ndeavo r s , I wou ld l i ke t o s i ng le o u t Mr . S adao AR AK I a nd Mr . No r i t sugu YAMAUCH If o rt h e i r mo s tk i nd c oope ra t ion . I n a pp ly ing f o r a nd o b ta in ing e xcava t ion p erm is s ion , P rof . H irosh i KAN ASEKI o f T en r i U n ive r s i ty , Mr . S h in ' ich i SH IM IZU o fS aku ra i C i ty C en te rf o r B u r ied C u l t u ra l P rope r t ies a nd Mr . K o I ZUMOR I o fN a ra P ref ec tu re B oa rd o fE duca t ion w e re mo s th e lp f u l a nd c oope ra t ive . T he r unn ing o ft h e p ro jec t h a s a l so b ene f i t ted f r om t h e a dv ice a nd c oope ra t ion o f Mr . Ma sanao M INAM Ia sH ead o fS aku r a i C i ty B oa rd o f E duca t ion , Mr . E izaburo I KEDA a s Mayo r o f S akura i C i ty , Mr . Y o sh ima sa HAG IHARA o f S aku ra iC i ty B oa rd o fE duca t ion , P ro f . T a l caya su H IGUCH I a sD i rec to ro ft h e K a sh iwa ra A rchaeo log ica l I n s t i tu te , Mr . H i ronobu I SH IDA a s H ead o f t h e K a sh iwa ra E xcava t ion T eam , Mr . S ho j i OM I o f T enr i S ankokan , Mr . S e igo WADA o fR i t sume ikan U n ive r s i ty , D r . S h i ro N ISH IDA o f N a ra E duca t iona lU n ive r s i ty a nd M r . M igaku TANAKA o f N a ra N a t iona l C u l tu ra l P rope r t ie s R e sea rch I n s t i tu te . Mr . T anaka , t oge the r w i th Mr . K ak ich i S UZUK I a s t h e t h en D i rec to rG ene ra l o ft h e N a ra I n s t i tu te , a l so d ese rve t h ank s f o rp e rm is s ion t ou se t h e I n s t i tu te ' s r e sea rche r s a nd e qu ip m en t d u r ing t h e c ou r se o f t h e p ro jec t . I n p a r t icu la r , Mr . Y a sush i N ISH I MURA , M r . T a isaku I TOH a nd M r . A k i ra M ATSU I w e re k ind e nough t oo f f e r t h e u se o ft h e m agne t ome t e r , r e s i s t iv i ty , t o ta l s t a t ion a nd c ompu te r e qu ipmen t u nde rt h e i rc a r e . T he g round r a da rs u rvey c a r r ied o u tb y t h e OYU C o rpo ra t ion w a s a l so a r ranged u nde r t h e a usp ices o f t h e I n s t i tu te . T he M iwa P ro jec t i se spec ia l ly g r a t ef u l t o Mr . K a j iwa ra a nd Mr . T anaka o ft h e S u i ta b ranch o f 0Y0 i nO saka P ref ec tu re , t o Mr . M iu ra a nd M r . S akayama o f t h e U rawa b ranch o f OYU i nS a i tama P ref ec tu re , a nd t o Mr . T a t sum i o ft h e N a ra b ranch o f OYU f o r t h e d ona t ion o ft h e i rt ime a nd e qu ipmen t . D u r ing t h ee xcava t ion i t se lf , t h e e f fo r t so ft h e N a ra a nd K yo to U n ive r s i ty s t uden ts , l e d b y Mr . R yü ich i S AKA I , a nd t h e T en r iky0 R e sea rch I n s t i tu te o fA rchaeo logy m em b e r sl e db y Mr .N o r i t sugu YAMAUCH I w e re g rea t ly a pp re c i a ted . T hese i nd iv idua ls c on t inue t h e i r c oope ra t ion i n p o s t -excava t ion p rocess ing a nd a na lys is . A lso t o b e t h anked a r e D r s . R oe l B rand t a nd D r . C o l in S he l l f o r f o r s ak ing t h e i r u sua l d u t ies t oc ome t oJ apan a nd t a ke o n t h e a r chaeo log ica l p rob lems o f af o r e ign a r ea . T he i rc on tr ibu t i on s w e re c ruc ia l t ot h e s ucce s so ft h e p ro jec t . A t t h e s i te a nd i nT en r i , t h e s t a f fo ft h e S h ik i sh ima C hu rch , u nde r t h e d i rec t i nvo lvemen t o f Mr s . A iko YAMADA h e r se lf , w e re mo s t g rac ious i n mak ing t h e c r ew w e lcome a nd c omfor t a b le . Good f i e ld a nd l odg ing c ond i t ions w e re e spec ia l ly w e lcome a nd i mpo r tan tt ot h et h r ee C amb r idge a r chaeo logy s t uden t s , Ms . S ue C on ten t , Ms . A l ison C o l l ins a nd Ms . i x

A nna T yacke , w ho w e re t h us a b le t oa cc l ima t ise p a in les s ly a nd d o t h e i r b e s t d e sp i te i tb e ing t h e i r f i r s t t ime i nJ apan . L a s t b u t n o t l e a s t , Iw ou ld l i ke t oa cknow ledge t h e d evo t i on a nd e nd le ss ly c hee r fu l c oope ra t ion o f t h e t h ree A r ea S upe rv i so r s , D r . S a rah T ay lo r , Mr . S imon K ane r a nd Mr . Ma rk H ud son , a l l s t uden t s o fC amb r idge U n ive r s i ty a tt h e t ime , w hom Ih ope b ene f i t ted f r om t h is f o re ign e xcu r s ion i n to J apanese a r chaeo logy . T he J apane se p a r t ic ipan t s i nt h e e xcava t ion , l abo ra to ry a nd p os t -excava t ion p rocess ing o f ma te r ia l n o t a l ready n amed a bove a r e Mr . M i tsuyosh i OTA , Mr . Ma saak i TAKANO , M r . T o sh io TAKETAN I , Mr . H i royo sh i K ITA MURA a nd Mr . H i ro sh i H INO o f t h e T enr iky0 R e sea rch I n s t i tu te o f A rchaeo logy ; Mr . Ak ino r i TAN IGUCH I , Mr . H i ro sh i DOH Ia nd Mr . JOHOR IGUCH Io fT en r iU n ive r s i ty ; Ms . I kuyo F U J IWARA a nd Mr . Y osh inobu TATSUM I o f T en r i S ankokan ; M r . H isao KUWABARA o fK yo to U n ive r s i ty ; Mr . T akah i ro I WAHASH I , Mr . M i t suh i ro S AEK I a nd Ms . C h izuko ENDO o fN a ra U n ive r s i ty ; a nd Mr . R ynsuke K ITANO o ft h eK a sh iwa ra A r chaeo log ica lI n s t i tu te .I na dd i t i on , Mr . Yo ich i N ISH IYAMA o fN a ra U n ive r s i ty w a sk ind e nough t ob r ing h i s s t uden t s o n to s i te t ot a ke al a tex s e c t i on f r om T rench 2 . F ina l ly , t h e a er ia l p ho tographs o f M iwa i nC o lou r P l a te s 1a nd 2 w e re s upp l ied c ou r te sy o f Mr . H i rosh i S H IGEMOR I o ft h e A s ia A e r ia l S urvey C om p any i nN ish inom iya , H yogo P ref ec tu re . T he p ho tog raphs o fM iwa a r tefa c t s i nt h e t e x t w e re t a ken b y P rof . Ma saak i OK ITA , w ho h a sb een i n s trumen ta l i nc oo rd ina t ing t h ea r te f a c ta na lyse sa nd r e po r tw r i t ing f r om J apan .T he p ro jec th a s f u r the rb enef i t ted f r om t h ee xper t ise o ft h o se many s pec ia l i s t s w ho se a na lyse s o f t h e M iwa ma te r ia l c omp r i se t h e p re sen tv o lume . My t h ank s t oa l l o ft h em f o rt h e i re n thus i a s t ic c oope r a t ion . F und ing f o r t h e M iwa P ro jec t h a s b een r e ce ived f r om T he J apan F ounda t ion , w h ich p rov ided f und s f o rt h e e xca v a t ion , t h e P re l im ina ry R epor t a nd t h e p ub l ica t ion o f t h is v o lume ; T he B r i t i sh A cademy ;T he G rea tB r i ta in -Sa sakawa F ounda t ion ; T he J apan F ounda t ion E ndowmen t C omm i t t e e ; S t . J ohn 's C o l lege ; a nd t h e D epa r tmen t o f A rchaeo l o gy , U n ive r s i ty o fC amb r idge . T he i rg ene rous s uppo r tw a s mos t g rac ious ly r ece ived . P rof esso r L o rd R enf rew o f K a im s tho rn k i nd ly p a r t ic ipa ted i nt h e f und r a is ing f o r t h e M iwa P ro jec t . A s t h en H ead o ft h eD epa r tmen to fA rchae o l ogy , L o rd R enf rew a nd n ow P rof . Ma r t in J one s , h i s s uc c esso r , h ave b een mos t g ene rous i n mak ing a va i lab le d epa r tmen ta l f a c i l i t ie s a va i lab le f o r t h i s r e sea rch . Io we t h em my d eepe s tt h ank s . F o r h e lp ing t ob r ing t h is v o lume t o f r u i t ion , Iw ou ld f i na l ly l i ke t o a cknow ledge t h e c on t r ibu t ion s o f C rane B egg f o r p repa r ing t h e p lan a nd s ec t ion d raw ings , t h e O xfo rd R esea rch L abo ra to ry f o r A rchaeo logy a nd t h e H is to ry o f A r t f o r r ad ioca rbon d a t ing t h e g ra in o f w hea t , a nd t ot h e w i l l ing a nd e ve r -chee r fu lD av id H ughe s f o ra c t i n g a sp roduc t ion e d i to ri np repa r ing t h ec ame ra ready c opy a nd c r ea t ing as p lend id l a you t f o r t h e v o lume . T he J apan F ounda t ion 's a s s is tance i ns ub s id is ing p r in t ing a nd b ind i n g i sg ra tef u l ly r e c e ived . A s t h e f i r s tn on re s iden tf o re igne r t oh ave b een g ran ted e xcava t ion p e rm is s ion i nJ apan , Ia m d eep ly g ra te fu l t oa l l t h o se n amed a bove a nd t h e mu l t i tude o fo the r s w ho r ema in u nnamed b u t h ave c on t r ibu ted t ot h e s ucce ss o ft h e M iwa P ro jec t . I th a s t r u ly b een aj o in t v en tu re a mong a l l t h ose i n vo lved , a nd Ih ope t h er e su l t s p rov ide as t epp ing s t one t o e ven mo re f r u i t fu l c r o s s -cu l tu ra lc oope ra t ive e ndeavou r s i n t h e f u tu re . G ina L .B a rne s M iwa P ro jec tD i rec to r 1 2F eb rua ry 1 993

MI WA P RO JECT REPORT

I NOTES ON S TYLE J apane se s urnames a r e p r in ted i ns ma l l c ap i ta ls w heneve r t h e re i st h ep o ss ib i l i ty o fc onfus ion . S urnames a re g iven f i r s t i na r t ic le h ead ings , l a s t w hen f o l low ing t h e i n i t ia l o ft h e g iven n ame , a nd l a s t w hen t h e f u l l n ame f o l lows E ng l ish d e s igna t ions s uch a sD r . o r Mr . E xcep t f o rt h e c ommon p lace n ames o fT okyo , Kyo to a nd O saka , mac rons ( ma rk ing e x tended v owe ld ura t ion ) h ave b een a dded t oJ apane se w o rds w i th in t h e l im i t s o f t h e f on td e s ign . Ac onsc iou s c ho ice w as made t op resen t a l l v i sua l ma te r ia l a tt h e e nd o fc hap te r s , s andw iched b e tween t h e E ng l ish a nd J apanese t e x t s w hen t h e l a t ter w e re a va i lab le , i n o rde r t oa l low e qua l ly c onven ien t r e f e rence f r om e i the r t e x t . I nt h eb ib l iograph ies t oe ach c hap te r , t h e t i t les o fJ apanese a r t ic les a r e g i ven o n ly i n E ng l ish a nd t h e j ou rna l t i le o n ly i nJ apanese ; J apane se b ook t i t les a r e g i ven f i r s t i n J apanese a nd t h en i nE ng l ish t r ans la t ion . Mo s t o ft h e a bb rev ia t ions a nd J apanese w ords u sed i nt h e t e x ta r ee xp la ined i nt h ei n t roduc t ion t oA ppend ix C .

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1 . I NTRODUCT ION G ina L .B a rne s TH EM IWA P RO JECT The Miwa P ro jec tc ons t i tu ted a n i n terna t iona l , mu l t i -d isc i p l ina ry r e sea rch e f fo r t f o cussed o nt h eM iwa s i te i ns ou th -

e a s te rn N a ra P ref ec tu re , J apan . A c t ive d u r ing t h ree f i e ld s ea son s b e tween A pr i l 1 988 a nd Novembe r 1 989 , i th ad t h ree m a jo ro b jec t ive s : 1 )T oi n ve s t iga te a nu p land t e r race a r ea i no rde rt ot e s ta 1 979 r e con s truc t ion o ft h e N a ra B a s in l a nd scape b a sed o n a e r ia l p ho tograph ic e v idence ( Ba rnes 1 983 ) . T h i s t e s t f o rms ac oun te rpa r tt ot h e 1 984 c o r ing p ro jec ti nve s t iga t ing t he N a ra B a s in l ow land s b y a r cha eo log i s t s a nd g eo log i s t s a tC amb r idge Un ive r s i ty , N a ra E duca t iona lU n ive r s i ty a nd T enn U n ive r s i ty ( J o in tR esea rch G roup 1 985 , 1 987 ) . 2 )T ot e s ts eve ra ln ew me thod so fn on -de s t ruc t ive s ub s u r face s u rvey u nde r J apane se s o i l c ond i t ions t h rough c ompa r i son w i th e xcava ted d a ta . S ince t h e se m e thod sw e re a l l i nt h ep roce ss o fr e f inemen to rn ew t oJ apan a l toge the r , t he t e s t s a tt h e M iwa s i te f o rm a n i mpo r tan t p a r t o f t h e i r d eve lopmen tf o ra r cha eo log ica lu se i nJ apan . 3 )T od e te rm ine t h en a tu re a nd e x ten to fs u rv iva lo ft h e Miwa s i te i t se lf i n t h e f a ce o f h eavy u rban isa t ion i n i t s e nv i ron s . F o rt h e f i r s t t wo p u rpo se s o ft h ep ro jec t , a ny o fs eve ra l s i te si nu p land p o s i t ion s i nt h eN a ra B a s in c ou ld h ave b een i nve s t iga ted . Howeve r , p erm is s ions t o e xcava te d o n o t c ome e a s i ly i n J apan : t h e re i sc on s ide rab le f e a r a mong l a ndowne r s t h a t i f av e ry i mpo r tan t s i te i sd i scove red , t h e l a nd w il b et a ken i n to s t a te c us tody a sp a r to ft h en a t ion 's h e r i tage . F o r t h is r ea son , e ven w e l l -acc red i ted J apane se a rchaeo log i s t s h ave d i f f icu l ty i no b ta in ing p e rm is s ion f o r a cadem ic e xcava t ion o fs i te s t h a ta r ee conom ica l ly s i gn if i c an tt ot h el a ndowne r . T he s i tua t ion i s ,o fc ou r se , d i f f e ren t i n t h e r e a lm o fr e scue a r chaeo logy , w he re d i s tu rbance o f t h e g round i su sua l ly i n i t ia ted b y t h e l a ndowne r a nd mus t b y l aw b e p receded b y a r chaeo log ica l i nves t iga t ion ( cf . B a rnes 1 986 -88 ;T subo i 1 986 , 1 987 ) . I nc hoo s ing as i te f o r i n ve s t iga t ion , t h e refo re , b o th t h e a cadem ic i mpo r tance o f t h e s i te a nd t h e e ase o fo b ta in ing t h e l a ndowne r ' s p e rm is s ion t oe xcava te w e re c r uc ia l c r i te r i a . I nt h ec a se o fM iwa , t h eT en r ikyo S h ik ish ima C hu rch l i sp o s tu la ted t o s i t a tt h e c en t re o f ar i ch s i te c on ta in ing ma te r ia l s r e la t ing t ob o th t h e t r ans i t ion t oa g r icu l tu re a nd t h et r an s i t ion t os t ra t if ied u rban c u l tu re i nt h eb a s in . D ue t o my l o ng a s soc ia t ion w i th t h eT en r ikyo R e sea rch I n s t i tu te o f A rchaeo logy , i tw a s t h ough t t h a t p e rm i s s ion t oe xcava te m igh tb ef o r thcom ing . A pp l ica t ion f o rf und st oe xcava te o n t h e C hu r ch g round s w a s f i r s t made t ot h e T oyo ta F ounda t i on i n 1 986 b u t w a s u n succe s sfu l b e cause o f ac hange i n t he i r g ran t ing p o l icy . S ub sequen t ly , t h e C hu rch d ec ided t ha t f o r t h e 1 00 th a nn ive r sa ry o f i t s f ound ing i n 1 990 , i t wou ld l i ke t or o ta te t h e C hu rch b u i ld ing , f r om i t s c ur ren t p os i t ion h ead ing e a s t t o ap o s i t ion h ead ing n o r th t owa rd s t h eT en r ikyo H eadqua r te r si nT end C i ty . A s w i th a l lm a jo r c ons t ruc t ion a c t iv i t ie s , a r chaeo log ica li n ve s t iga t ion w a sr e q u i red ; a nd i n Ap r i l 1 988 , a n e xp lo ra tory e xcava t ion w a s p lanned b y S aku ra i C i ty . S ince t h e a r ea t ob e e xcava ted o ve r lapped w i th t h e t a rge t a r ea s i ng led o u t b y t h e M iwa P ro jec t f o r a cadem ic i n ve s t iga t ion , T he B r i t ish A cademy w a s a pp roached t of und aP ro jec t m embe r t ob e i na t ten d ance a tt h eC i ty 's e xcava t ion . H oweve r , d ue t o ad ea th i n

t h ef am i ly o f Mr . Y amada , H ead o ft h eS h ik i sh ima C hu rch , t h a t e xcava t ion w a s s udden ly c ance l led , a nd Iw a s a b le t o o rgan ise a tt h e l a s t m inu te t h e f i r s t s u r face s u rvey o f t h e C hu rch g round s f o rt h eM iwa P ro jec tu nde rt h ea u sp ice so f T he B r i t i sh A cademy a nd t h e D epa r tmen to fA rcha eo logy , U n ive r s i ty o f C amb r idge . T hu s t h e r e s i s t iv i ty s u rvey b y Mr . N ish imu ra a tt h a tt ime f o rmed t h ef i r s ts ea son o fw o rk a tt h e s i te . T he f o l low ing A ugu s t , t h e s econd s ea son o f w o rk a tt h e s i te w a s o rgan ised u nde r t h e a usp ice s o f t h e J apan F ounda t ion E ndowmen t C omm i t tee ; a c t iv i t ie s c on s i s ted o f amagne tome te r s urvey b y Mr . N ish imu ra a nd g eo log ica l c o r ings b y membe r s o ft h e T en r ikyo R e sea r ch I n s t i tu te o f A rchaeo logy a nd C amb r idge Un ive r s i ty D e p a r tmen t o f A rchaeo logy . I tw a s a tt h a t t ime t h a t d i scu s s i on s w e re r e -opened f o rt h ep o s s ib le a cadem ic e xcava t ion o f t h e M iwa s i te o n t h e C hurch g round s . A pp l ica t ions t o t h e v a r ious f und ing b od ie s w e re made i n t h e a u tumn o f 1 988 ,a nd t h ee xcava t ion w a sr e a l i sed i nA ugu s t -Sep tembe r 1 989 a st h e t h i rd s ea son o fw o rk o n t h e s i te . T he p r e l im i n a ry r e su l t so ft h ese f i e ld s ea son s w e r ep r iva te ly p ub l i shed a s T he Miwa S i te :p r e l im ina ry e xcava t ion r epo r t ( Ba rne s 1 990 ) . I tc on ta ins i n fo rma t ion a bou t t h e e xcava t ion n o t r epea ted h e re , a nd c op ie s a r e a va i lab le f r om t h e p re sen t v o lume 's e d i to r s . T h i s 1 990 r epo r tw i l lb er e f e r red t oh e re i n a f te ra st h eP rel im ina ry R epo r t . T he p re sen tv o lume i n co rpo ra te s t h em a jo r i ty o ft h ee x c ava t ion r e su l t s a s w e l l a s t h e s pec ia l i s t r epor t s d er iv ing f r om t h es ub s id ia ry s urvey sa nd a na ly se s . T he s pec ia l i s tr e p o r t s a r e p re sen ted i nt wo p a r t s . P a r t O ne c onc en t ra te s o n t h e i mmed ia te e nv i ronmen t , s urv iva l , s t ruc tu re a nd f o rma t i on o ft h eM iwa s i te d epo s i t sa st h ey c u r ren t ly e x is to n t h e n o r the rn h a lf o f t h e l owe r a r t if ic ia l t e r race o f t h e S h ik i s h ima C hu rch g round s . P a r t Two f o cu s se s o n t h e d e sc r ip t i ons a nd c u l tu ra l a ff i l ia t ion s o ft h e ma te r ia ls e xcava ted i n 1 989 . T he se p a r t s a r e p refaced b y o verv iews ( Chap te r s 2 a nd 1 0 ) w h ich i n teg ra te t h e v a r ious a na ly t ica l r e su l t s i n to b roade r p e r spec t ives o n t h e M iwa s i te ; a s s uch , t h e o ve rv iews d raw o n a nd s yn the s ise t h e c on ten t s o f t h e r e p o r t s w h ich i mmed ia te ly f o l low t h em , a nd c onve r se ly t h e r e po r t s s e rve t op rov ide t h e d e ta i led d ocumen ta t ion o ft h e s t a temen t s made . T he f i na l c on t r ibu t ion i sC hap te r 1 9 ( = P a r t T h ree ) , w h ich s e rve s t or e la te t h eM iwa s i te d a ta b ack t ot h et h eo r e t ica lc once rn sw h ich p rov ided h a lf o ft h ei mpe tus f o ri n i t i a t ing t h er e sea rch i nt h e f i r s tp l ace .T he se w e re t h et r an s i t i on t oa g r icu l tu re i nt h e N a ra B a s in ( ca 2 00 BC ) a nd t h e d eve lopmen to fu rban i sm w i th in e a r ly s t ra t if ied s oc ie ty i n J apan ( ca AD 3 00 ) . T he f o rme r o ccur red b e tween t h e . l omon a nd Y ayo i p e r iod s a nd t h e l a t te rb e tween t h e Y ayo i a nd K o fun p e r iod s ( s ee F ig 1 . 1 f o r t h e J apanese c h rono l o gy ) . T he r ema inde ro ft h is I n t roduc t ion w i l lb ed evo ted t o d e sc r ib ing t h ed eve lopmen to ft h eM iwa P ro jec tf r om i n te r e s ti nt h e se p rob lem s .

T HE G REATER M IWA S I TE T he g r ea te r M iwa s i te l i e s w i th in t h e mun ic ipa l a r ea o f

S akura i C i ty i nt h e s ou thea s te rn N a ra B a s in , j u s t e a s t o f O saka B ay i nw e s te rn J apan ( F ig . 1 . 2 ) .T he T en r ikyo S h ik i s h ima C hu rch a nd M iwa E lemen ta ry S choo la r e t h ough tt o o ccupy t h e c en t re o f t h e s i te a t t h e f oo t o f Mt . M iwa ( I sh ino 1 973 :38 ) ; h oweve r , c u l tu ra l ma te r ia l s a r e s c a t te red o ve r a pp rox ima te ly 1 / 4 km 2 t ot h e n o r th a nd w e s t o f t h e C hu rch ( Na ra 1 971 -75 : 1 4B -14 ) ( F ig . 1 . 3 ) . Mo s t o f t h i s s ca t te r o ccu r s o n a n a nc ien t a l luv ia l f an w ho se s ou th w e s tern e dge i sc u tb y t h e H a se R ive r . T he n a tu ra l t e r ra ce s ca rp i so n ly 0 . 5 mh i gh , b u ta sr e vea led i nt h e 1 979 a e r ia l

D r . G ina L .B a rne s , S t . J ohn 's C o l lege , U n ive r s i ty o fC amb r idge , C ambr idge CB2 1 TP , E ng land

M I WA P RO JECT REPORT L i th ic s f ound w h ich m igh tb e a t t r ibu tab le t ot h e Y ayo i p er iod a r e p o l i shed a xe /adze (s ) , c h ise l ( s ) , ma l le t (s ) , a nd r e ape r ( s ) ( H iguch i 1 959 : 5 70 ) . A p o l i shed s t one s wo rd ( S ty le Ii nt h e s hape o f a n i r on s wo rd ) h a s a l so b een r e p o r ted f r om h e r e( Sh imamo to 1 934b : 5 5 ) ,b u ti ti sn o tc l ea r w he the ri tc ame f r om t h es choo lc ons t ruc t ion o rn o t . I n 1 986 , t h e f i r s t f o rma l e xcava t ion w i th in t h e g r ea te r M iwa s i te b ounda r ie s t o ok p l ace ( Saku ra i 1 987a ) . As ma l l , p r iva te museum w a s t o b e b u i l t b eh ind t h e S h ik i sh ima C hu rch b u i ld ings t ot h e e a s t , f u r the r u p t h e s l opes o fM t . M iwa . As i ng le e xcava t ion t r ench r evea led as egmen to fa m idd le -M idd le Y ayo i d i tch , 0 . 5 x1 . 0 m w ide , r unn ing f r om n or thea s t t o s ou thwe s t a cross t h e f u tu re mu seum g round s . T he e xcava to ri n te rp re ted t h i sa s av i l lage b ound a r y d i tch f o r aY ayo i s e t t lemen th e t h ink sm igh tb ep r e sen t j u s t t ot h e s ou thea s t ; b u th e s epa ra te ly n o t e s t ha t i mmed i a t e ly b eyond t h e d i tch , t h e o r ig ina l l a nd scape m igh t h ave d ropped i n to as ma l l v a l ley w h ich w a s s ub sequen t ly f i l led a nd t e r raced w i th p addy f i e ld s . J us tt ot h ee a s to ft h ee xca v a t ion t r ench , amode rn i r r iga t ion d i tch r u n sa pp rox ima te ly n o r th -sou th a l ong t h e mode rn p a th o f t h e Y amanobe -no m ich i , a n a nc ien tp a thway u p t h e e a s te rn b a s in f l ank . I ti s p o s s ib le t h a tt h e Y ayo i d i tch d rew i t s w a te rf r om t h e s ame s ou rce a st h e modern i r r iga t ion d i tch o u to ft h e s t ream t h a t m igh th ave f l owed t h rough t h e i n f i l led v a l l ey . T hu s , i n te r p re t ing t h i s f e a tu re a s s imp ly awa te r s upp ly d i tch s e em s e qua l ly i fn o t mo re p robab le t h an av i l lage b ounda ry d i tch , g i ven t h ei mmed ia te t opog raphy . T he c e ram ic s d i scove red i n t he Y ayo i d i tch b e long ma in ly t oM idd le Y ayo i p e r iod S ty le I I . T hey i n c luded a c ook ing p o t , as ma l lj a ra nd t wo p ede s ta led b ow ls , a sw e l l a sw ha tm igh tb e ar im o f aP la in P o t te ry j a rf r om t h eK o r e a n P en in su la —o the r s o f w h ich h ave b een f ound i nI n land S ea s i te so ft h eE a r ly t om id -M idd le Y ayo ip e r iod s . Af r ag m en t o f ap o l i shed s t one i mp lemen t , r e semb l ing a n i r on s wo rd w i th at r iangu la r c ro s s -sec t ion , w a s c o l lec ted n ea r t h es u r f a ce . K ofun -per iod r ema ins a t t he g rea te r M iwa s i te a r e r ep resen ted c h ief ly b y H a j i a nd S ue w a re s . H oweve r , i r on s l ag , b e l lows n ozz le ( s ) , i m i ta t ion s t one o b jec t (s ) a nd b ead mak ing o b jec t (s ) w e re a l so r ecove red d ur ing t h e e a r ly c ons t ruc t ion a c t iv i t ies ( H iguch i 1 959 : 5 68 ) . I s h ino s t a te s t h a tt h es l ag w a s f ound mo s t ly i nt h em idd le t ou ppe rl a ye r s ( I sh ino 1 973 : 3 8 ) , b u t i ti sn o t c l ea r i ft h e se w e re K o fun p e r iod l a yer s . P o l i shed s t one s p ind le w hor l (s ) ( H iguch i 1 959 : 5 70 ) a nd w he t s tone ( s ) ( Sh imamo to 1 934a : 1 2 )f o und a tM iwa c ou ld a l so d a te t ot h e K ofun p e r iod . T he mo s t s i gn if ican t K o fun -pe r iod m a t er ia l s , h oweve r , w e re d i scove r ed n o r thea s to fM iwa a tt h eY amanokam is i te ( Na ra 1 971-75 : 1 4B -12 ) i n1 918 . T he s i t e w a s o r ig ina l ly a h i l l e x tens ion , n ow d e s t royed , s i tua ted a t1 42 m m . s . l . o n t h e s l ope o fM t . M iwa ( c f . F ig . 1 . 3 ) . A round b ou lde r o u t c ropp ings h ad b een p laced s eve ra l r ock s , a nd t h en r i ve r c obb le s h ad b een s p read a s ap avemen t ( F ig . 1 . 5 ) . E xca v a ted a r tefa c t si n c luded s eve ra lm in ia tu re b ronze m i r ro r s , 5 j a spe r a nd 1 c rys ta l c urved b ead ( maga tama ) , 1j a spe r c y l ind r ica lb ead , v a r iou sb ead s a nd d i sc sm ade o ft a lc , i r on f r agmen t s , 2 9 m in ia tu re p i nched v e s se l sa nd /o r c l ay i m i ta t i on s o fi mp lemen t s s uch a s l a d le s , mo r ta r s a nd p e s t le s , a t r ay l ike p l a t fo rm w i th k nobbed f e e t , a nd amode lo f aw in n ow ing b a ske t . T he t a lc o b jec t s w e re r ough ly made ; s ome s e emed u nf in ished , a nd o t he r s b o re i r on s c rap ing m a rks . T he e xcava t ion p roduced 5g a l lons o fs u ch o b jec t s , a nd t h e e xcava to ro wns af u r the r 1 0 ,000 r e cove red f r om t h es i te a t o the r t imes ( H iguch i 1 928 ) . I n a dd i t ion t o t he p i nched m in ia tu res , t h ep o t te ry c o l lec ted f r om t h es i te i n c lud ed S ue

p ho tograph ic r econs t ruc t ion ( Ba rne s 1 983 : A pp .1) , i t c ro s scu t s t h e a l luv ia ted l a nd scape i n ar e gu la r manne r a t a pp rox ima te ly 7 0mm .s . l .( cf .F ig . 1 . 2 ) .I ti sp hy s ica l ly a nd c oncep tua l ly d i s t inc t f r om t h e a r t if ic ia l t e r races i nco r p o ra ted i n to t h e p re sen t -day S h ik ish ima C hu rch g round s , w h ich a r es i tua ted a t ah ighe re l eva t ion t ot h ee a s t . R e sea rch h i s tor y T he f i r s t ma te r ia lr epo r ted f r om M iwa c on s i s ted o fs u r f a ce -co l lec ted s he rds d a t ing f r om t h e L a te J omon t o t h e M idd le Y ayo ip e r iod s ( H iguch i 1 933 ) . C ons t ruc t ion o n t h e M iwa E lemen ta ry S choo l g rounds i nt h e 1 920 s u nea r thed m any c u l tu ra l r ema in s f r om t h e J omon , Y ayo i a nd K ofun p e r iod s . T he c u l tura l l a ye r s w e re s t a ted t ob e t h icke s t o n t h e u ppe r t e r race a nd t h inne r o n t h e l owe r t e r ra ce ( I sh ino 1 973 : 3 8 ) ; a nd p rev iou s r e sea rche r s d esc r ibed t h e i ro ccur r e nce a s b eg inn ing a bou t 5 0 cm u nde r t h e p resen t s u r face a nd e x tend ing d ownwa rd s f o r 4 0 -50 c m ( H iguch i 1 925 : 6 79f f ) o r2 -3 f e e t( I sh ino 1 973 : 3 8 ) . I np lac es , t h e c u l tu ra l l a ye r s c ou ld b e 2 . 5 m t h ick ( H iguch i 1 959 : 5 68 , Ko j ima 1 965 : 3 1) .T he l owe s tl a ye r sc on ta ined am ix tu re o fJ omon p o t tery a nd c r ude Y ayo i p o t te ry , w h i le S ue w a re o ccu r red i nt h et o pl a ye r s( I sh ino 1 973 : 3 8 ) . ( See C hap te r 1 0 , s e c t ion ' The c e ram ic r eper to i re : o verv iew ' b e low f o rd esc r ip t ion s o fp o t te ry t y pe s . ) T he J omon -pe r iod r ema ins d a ted ma in ly f r om t h e M id d l e , L a te a nd F ina l p ha se s . D e s ign s o n t h e r e cove red p o t t e ry ( cf . F ig . 1 . 4 ) c on s is ted o f s ur ikesh i ( e ra sed c o rd ma rked ) , t s umega ta -mon ( f ingerna i l -ma rked ) , a nd s ash i t s uk i -mon ( p r icked ) ( Ko j ima 1 965 : 3 1) . T he t e rm ina l J omon F unaba sh i s t y le o fp o t tery w a s a l so p r esen t ( I sh ino 1 973 : 3 8 ) . S hape types u nea r thed i n c luded t wo v e sse l s pou t s ( Sh imamo to 1 938 : 1 43 ) , u ndeco ra ted b ow l (s ) , a nd f ou r -foo t ed a n ima lf i gu r ine ( s ) ( Ko j ima 1 965 : 3 1) .2 F ew J omon l i th ics w e re r e cove red d u r ing c ons t ruc t ion o ft h e s choo l , b u t t h ey i n c luded c h ipped a xe /adze ( s ) , p ro j e c t i le p o in t (s ) , a w l (s ) , a nd t a nged s c rape r ( s ) ( i sh isa j i ; H iguch i 1 925 : 6 79 ;K o j ima 1 965 : 3 1 ) . A l l t h e se w e re made o f s anuk i te —a l o ca l v a r ie ty o f a nde s i te —excep t f o r t wo f l in t /che r tp ro jec t i le p o in t s ( H iguch i 1 959 : 5 68 ) . Ap o l ished s t one r od a l so t u rned u p t o t h e e a s t o f t h e S h ik ish ima C hu rch d u r ing as epa ra te e a r th -mov ing i n c iden t ( H iguch i 1 926 : 6 11) ;i tmea su red 2 . 8c ma ti t s t h ickes tc ro ss -sec t ion , b u t b o th e nd s w e re b roken o f f . I tw a s o fh a rd , a sh -g reen c h lo r i te s ch is t ' d eco ra ted ' w i th a y e l low i sh red i r on p owde r( F e2O 3 ) . T he Y ayo i ma ter ia ls h e re to fo re r ecove red f r om t h e g r ea te r M iwa s i te d a te f r om t h e E a r ly , M idd le a nd L a te p ha se s ( Da t e 1 978 : 1 6 ) . E a r ly Y ayo i p o t te ry o fm id -pha se ( d eco ra t ion u n spec if ied ) ( I sh ino 1 973 : 3 8 ) a sw e l la s Y ayo i S ty le I I a nd L a te Y ayo i S ty le V ( Te ra sawa 1 979 ) h ave b een i d en t if ied .3 T he M idd le Y ayo i I I v es se ls b o re c ombed d eco ra t ion , a nd t h e L a te Y ayo i ( V ) v e sse ls w e re s c raped w i th wood , l e av ing h akeme m a rk so n t h e e x t e r io r s u r face ( H iguch i 1 959 : 5 70 ) . A lso p r esen t w e re f l a t v e ss e l b a se ( s ) w i th l e a fi mp r in t s a nd p e r fo ra ted b a se ( s ) o f b ow l s ; s ome o ft h ev e s se ls b o re m a rk ings r e semb l ing s ea l s ( k igo ) ( i b id . ) . Mo s to ft h ev e s se l s w e re t h in -wa l led , b u tt h e ' p inched ' p o t te ry s he rd s c om ing f r om t h e l owe s t l a ye r s w e re q u i te t h ick ( H iguch i 1 925 : 6 79 ) . S hape type sp resen t w e re h and led v es se l (s ) a nd p ede s ta led v e sse l (s ) —e i ther p edes ta led b ow ls o rj a r s t and s ( i b id . ) . S ome s he rd (s ) h ad b een r ewo rked i n to d i sc s w i th ac en t ra l p e r fo ra t ion ; t h e se c ou ld h ave s e rved a s w e igh t s , s p ind le w ho r l s o r t o ys ( H iguch i 1 927 : 5 76 ) .

2

1 . B a rne s , I n troduc t ion a nd H a j i , s ome a l leged ly w i th s t r ing -cu t b a se s . T h is s i te w a s o r ig ina l ly i n te rp re ted a s at omb , b u t i ti sn ow r e cog n i sed t ob e ar i tua ls i te — the mo s ts pec ta cu la re xamp le o fa w ho le s e r ie so fs uch K ofun -pe r iod s i te so n t h e l owe rw e s t e rn a nd s ou thwes te rn s l opes o f M t . M iwa . ( See f u r ther B ar nes 1 988 : 4 28 ; T akaha sh i e ta l . 1 920 ; Mo r imo to 1 925 ; T su j imo to 1 939 ; Oba 1 930 , 1 951 . ) T he 1 970 sp ref ec tu ra l s urvey ( Na ra 1 971 -75 )4 e x tended t h e r ange o f ma ter ia ls f ound a tg rea te rM iwa t ot h e H e ian p e r iod ,a nd ap re -con s t ruc t ion e xcava t ion i n1 987 ( Saku ra i 1 987b ) r evea led s eve ra l s uccess ive l a ye r s o f Med ieva l p addy f i e ld sj us tn o r th o ft h e o ld g ymna s ium o ft h e M iwa E lemen ta ry S choo l . T he c l ayey l a ye r s o ft h e p addy f i e ld s w e re f i l led w i th h uman , c ow a nd s ma l l a n ima l f oo tpr in t s , s ha l low d i tches i n te rp re tab le a s p lough m a rk s , s ome a zd f i e ld b und r ema ins ,a nd f r agmen t so fm id -13 th t ol a te 1 4 th c en tu ry H a j ia nd G ak ic e ram ic s . S i te s i gn if i cance T he ma te r ia ls k nown f r om t h ea bove i n ve s t iga t ions s ug g e s tt h a tg r ea te rM iwa h a sb een c on t inua l ly o ccup ied s i nce a pp rox ima te ly 1 000 BC . E a r ly i nt h i s t ime s pan , J apanese s oc ie ty u nde rwen t a tl e a s t t wo i mpo r tan t t r ansfo rma t ions : t h a t o f t h e . 1 0mon -Yayo i t r ans i t ion t oa gr icu l tu re f r om a h un t ing a nd g a the r ing e conomy c a . 3 00 BC , a nd t h a to ft h e Y ayo i -Kofun t r ans i t ion t os t ra t if ied , u rban i sed s t a te leve l s oc ie ty c a . AD 3 00 . T he f o rme r t r ans i t ion o ccu r red b e tween t h eJ omon a nd Y ayo i p er iods w hen t h e b a s in l ow land s c ame u nde r w e t r i ce c u l t iva t ion . T h is c hange i ns ub s i s t ence p a t te rn i sc om mon ly u nde r s tood a s an ew g roup o fp eop le mov ing i n to t h eb a s in f r om f u r the rw e s t , b r ing ing t h eY ayo ic u l tu re w i th t h em f r om t h e K ynshn r e g ion a nd e s tab l i sh ing t h emse lve s a mong t h ep rev ious J omon i n hab i tan t s . I ti st o ta l ly u nc lea r w ha t t h e n a tu re o fi n te rac t ion w a s b e tween t h e Y ayo i a nd J omon p eop les a tt h a tt ime a nd h ow t h eJ omon c u l tu re a nd p eop le d i sappea red f r om a r chaeo log ica l v i ew . J udg ing f r om t h e J omon ma te r ia l s p rev ious ly o b ta ined f r om t h e M iwa a r ea , t h e re s hou ld b e s e t t lemen t f e a ture s p re sen t , t h ough n one w e re r ecove red i np rev iou si n ves t iga t ions . T he s econd t r an s i t ion — to u rban i sm — i s s ugge s ted b y t h e e x is tence o fL a te Y ayo i a nd K o f un ma t er ia ls f ound a t g rea te r M iwa . I n a dd i t ion , j us t e a s t o f t h e S h ik ish ima C hu rch o n t h e l owe r s l ope o fM t . M iwa i s as ma l l S h in to s h r ine w i th as t e le ( p robab ly o f Me i j i d a te ) c ommemo ra t i n g t h ep ro toh i s to r ic M i t sukak i P a la ce a t t r ibu t ed t ot h e4 th c en tu ry Empe ro r S u j in . B o th t h e Ko j ik i a nd t h e N ihon S hok i c h ron ic le s o f t h e 8 th c en tury s t a te t h a t t h e M i t su k ak i5 P a lac ew a sl o ca ted i nt h e c oun ty o fS h ik i( now S aku r a i C i ty ) ; a nd t h e Y ama to sh i , t h e S hok i T süroku a nd t h e Kö to ry akk izu f u r the rs t a te t h a tt h ep a lace w a s l o ca ted w es t o ft h eS had M iaga ta S h r ine ( Sh indo sh iG akka i 1 960 ) . T he S h ik iM iaga ta S hr ine i so ne o ft h e S h ik ina i sha ( one o f t h e s h r ine s l i s ted i n t h e E ng i S h ik i , c omp i led i n AD 9 05 ) , a nd i t sl o ca t ion i sg i ven a ss ou th o ft h eM iwa O kam i S hr ine , i n w ha t i sn ow M iwa -cho , S aku ra i C i ty . A n o ld s ke tch map ( c f .F ig . 2 . 1) a s s ign s t h i sn ame , S h ik i M iaga ta J i n ja , t ot h es ma l l s hr ine o u t s ide t h en o r thea s te rn c o rne ro f t h e S h ik ish ima C hu rch g round s ; b u to n e a r ly 2 0 th -cen tury m ap st h is s h r ine i sn amed S h ik iJ i n ja o rS h ik in oM iya , a nd m ap so ft h eC hu rch g round sr e f e rt oi ta sS h ik i . F ina l ly , o n mode rn maps i ti si den t if ied a s t h e R ema in s o ft h e M i t su k ak i P a lace o f Empe ro r S u j in ( Su j in T enno M i t sukak i K yn sh i ) d ue t ot h e s t e le e r ec ted t h e re . T h i s s h r ine w i l l b e r e f e r r ed t ob e low a s t h e S h ik i S h r ine . G iven t h ec on t inu i ty i nn ames ,t h i si sv e ry l i ke ly t h es ame s h r ine u sed i nt h e AD 3

9 05 d ocumen tt od e scr ibe t h e l o ca t ion o fS u j in 's p a lace . I f t h i s d ocumen t w a s c o r rec t a nd t h e l o ca t ion g i ven w a s n o t e n t i re ly l e genda ry w i th n o g ra in o fh i s to r ica l t r u th b eh ind i t ,t h en t h e S h ik ish ima C hu rch s t and so n o rn ea rt h es i te o f t h ep a lace a sd e sc r ibed . J us t 2 00 m w e s t o f t h e S h ik i S h r ine i st h e M iwa E le m en ta ry S choo l . Ko fun -per iod ma te r ia ls w e re i ndeed d i s c ove r ed d u r ing t h e s choo l ' sc ons t ruc t ion , a sd e ta i led a bove ; b u t i tw i l l b en o ted t h a t t h e se ma te r ia l s mo s tl i ke ly d a te t o t h e5 t ha nd 6 th c en tu r ie s , n o tt h e4 th c en tu ry a st h ey s hou ld i ft h e a t t r ibu t ion o ft h eM i t sukak i P a lace t o Empe ro rS u j in i sc o r rec t . S ince n o d e ta i led r e co rd s o f t h e a r tef ac t s a r e a va i lab le , i ti si mpo ss ib le t o k now w he the r 4 th -cen tu ry o b je c t s w e re a l so r e cove r ed . T he t wo empero r s f o l low ing S u j in —Su in in a nd K e iko —bo th a r e r e co rded a s h av ing h ad t h e i r p a lace s i n Mak imuku , a tt h eT amak i P a lace a nd t h eH i sh i ro P a lace r e s pec t ive ly . Mak imuku s u rv ive sa st h en ame o f av i l lage l o c a ted a bou t 2 . 5 km n or th o fM iwa , s t i l l a tt h e f oo t o ft h e e a s ter nb a s in r a nge . E xcava t ion s a t Mak imuku h ave r e cov e r ed v a s t a moun t s o f 4 th -cen tu ry ma te r ia ls ( I sh ino a nd S ek igawa 1 976 ) , i n c lud ing f i ne c e ram ic s a nd c e r emon ia l r ubb ish d ump s w h ich may r e la te t op a lace a c t iv i t ie s . I ft h e mo re s ou ther n M i t sukak i P a lace w a s o ccup ied i nt h e 4 th c en tury , t h en i tmu s th ave b een f o r ar e la t ive ly s ho r tt ime . T he n ame o ft h ep a lace ( m i t su = ' b eau t i fu l ' [ o r ' t h ree ] , k ak i =' f ence ') i nd ica te s t h a t i tm igh th ave b een e nc losed b yo ne o rt h re eh edge so rr ough ly w oven f e nc e so fb amboo o r b ru sh . T h i s f o rm o f s e t t lemen t , c on s is t ing o f e nc lo sed c ompound ( s ) , h a s b e en p o s tu la ted a st h ed om inan t f o rm o f e l i te a r ch i tec tu re d ur ing t h e p ro toh i s tor ic p e r iod ( Ba rne s 1 988 ) , a nd e xcava ted e xamp le s a r e b ecom ing mo re w ide ly k nown ( Oga sawa ra 1 979 ;T sude 1 987 ) . T he re h a s b een o ne p rev ious e xcava t ion w h ich o s tens i b l y o ccu r red w i th in t h ea r ea o ft h eM i t sukak i P a lace : ar e s c ue e xcava t ion b y t h e K a sh iwa ra A rchaeo log ica l I n s t i tu te i n 1 975 a t t h e s o -ca l led K anaya s i te ( Kameda 1 975 ) . K ameda s t a tes t h a t t h is s i te w a s t hough t t oh ave b een t h e l o ca t ion o f t h e S h ik i M i t sukak i P a lace a s w e l l a s t h e T subak i Ma rke t ,a no the rn ame k nown f r om t h ee a r ly c h ron i c les . B u t i fo ne e xam ine s t h e e xa c t p l acemen t o ft h e f i ve e xcava t ion t r enche s a tt h e K anaya s i te ( F ig . 1 . 3 ) , i ti sa p p a ren tt h a tt h ee xcava ted a r ea i sa tl e a s t3 00 m s ou th o ft h e M i t sukak i S h r ine a nd , mo reove r , t h a t i ti so f f t h e u p land t e r ra ce e n t i re ly , l y ing i n s tead o n t h e f l oodp la in o ft h eH a se R iver . G iven t h is t opog raph ica l i n fo rma t ion , n o c u l tu ra l f e a tures s hou ld h ave b een e xpec ted i n t ha t a r ea ; a nd i n deed , K ameda r epo r t s t h a t o n ly a b raded s he rd s a nd s and s t ra ta w e re d i scove red . U pon t h e M iwa t e r race i t se lf , t h e re i s amuch g r ea te r c hance o fd i scove r ing ma te r ia lr e la ted t oe a r ly e l i te o c cupa t i on . T he l a te 5 th - t o 6 th -cen tu ry ma te r ia l a l ready r e c ove red f r om g rea te rM iwa c an b e a t t r ibu ted t ot h e r i s ing i mpo r tance o ft h e a r ea a round M t . M iwa a f te r t h e d em i se o f t h e 4 th -cen tury p a lace a t Mak imuku . S ix 5 t h - a nd 6 t h c en tu ry e mpero r s a r e s t a ted i n t h e c h ron ic les t o h ave e s tab l ished t h e i rp a lace sa l ong t h eb ank s o ft h e H a se R ive r w he re i t eme rges f r om t h e e a s tern moun ta ins ( c f . A s ton 1 896 ) : Emp e ro r ( 15 ) ( 17 ) ( 2 1) ( 22 ) ( 2 5 ) ( 29 )

N ame O ji n R ich ' ) Y e rya l cu S e ine i Bu re t su K inune i

P a lace Wa l cazaku ra Wakazaku ra A saku ra M ikaku r i N am ik i K ana sa sh i

P l ace I wa re I wa re H a t suse I wa re H a t suse S h ik i sh ima

M I WA P RO JECT REPORT a nd 6 i n s i ze . I n a l l , 5 1 m2 w e re e xcava ted . T he d a i ly p rogress o f t h e t r ench e xcava t ions i s g iven i n t h e E xcava t ion D ia ry p ub l i shed i n t he P re l im ina ry R epo r t . D e scr ip t ions o ft h es t ra t ig raphy a nd f e a tu re so fe ach t r ench , a nd d raw ings o f t h e t r ench p lans a nd s ec t ions , a r e p r e sen ted i nA pp end ix A b e low , wh i le d e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion s o ft h e i nd iv idua l c on tex t s a nd t h e i r d a te s a r e p re sen ted i n A pp end ix B . T he t e am t h a t d i rec ted t h e e xcava t ion o f t h e t r enche s c on s i s ted o f OK ITA Ma saak i a sC o -D i rec to r , w i th R oe l W . B rand ta c t ing a sF i e ld D i rec to r , o ve r see ing S a rah J .T ay lo r , S imon C . K aner a nd Ma rk H udson a s t he t h ree A rea S upe rv iso r s . T he e xcava to r s c ons is ted o f membe r s o ft h e T en r ikyo R e sea rch I n s t i tu te o fA rchaeo logy h eaded b y N . Y amauch i , s t uden t s f r om N a ra Un ive r s i ty l e db y R . S aka i , a nd s t uden t s f r om C amb r idge , T o ron to , K yo to a nd T en r i U n ive r s i t ie s . E a ch o ft h eA rea S uperv iso r s w a sr e spon s ib le f o ro ne o r mo re t r enches ; t h ey r e co rded t h ef i nd s , w ro t et h e c on tex td e sc r ip t ion s , d rew t h ep lan s a nd s e c t ions a nd c om p i led t h e t r ench r epo r t s . T he e xcava ted f i nd s w e re p ro c e s sed b y t h e P ro jec tD i re c to r , G ina L . B a rne s a c t ing a l so a sF ind sO f f ice r , a nd t h eC ompu te rO f f ice r , C o l in A . S he l l . I n a dd i t ion t ot h e b a s ic e xcava t ion t e am , s pec ia l i s t d a ta c o l lec t ion s w e re c a rr ied o u t b y D av id A . L oe l ige r ( s o i l c hem i s t ry ) , A . C a the r ine D 'And rea ( f lo ta t ion ) , a nd KANEHARA Ma saak i ( po l len ) . G iven t h e i n te rna t iona l makeup o ft h e e xcava t ion t e am i t se lf a nd t h e s uppo r t ing s p ec ia l is t s , e xcava t ion p roc edu re s h ad t ob ew o rked o u ti nd e ta i li na dvance s ot h a tt h ey c ou ld b e u nde r s tood a nd p rec ise ly f o l lowed b y a l l f r om v a r ious e xcava t ion b a ckg round s . S eve ra l i n nova t ive m e thod s w e re a dop ted , i n c lud ing a s ou thwes tern g r id d a tum , au n ique g r id n umbe r ing s ys tem , s pec ia l t e chn iques o f s ec t ion ing f e a tu re s , a nd c omp rehen s ive f ea tu re a nd f i nd s r e co rd ing p rocedu re s . T hese w e re t hough t t ob e o f g ene ra l i n te re s t a nd w e re t h e r efo r ep re sen ted i nt h eP re l im ina ry R epo r t . T he 1 989 e xcava t ion s ea son o f t h ree w eek s ' d u ra t ion p roduced a pp rox ima te ly 8 600 o b jec t s , 8 8% o fw h ich w e re c e ram ic s he rd s . F o rt h er e la t ive ly s ma l la r ea e xcava ted , t h i s w a s r ema rked u pon b y t h e J apane se t e am m embe r s a s a v e ry h igh d en s i ty o f ma te r ia ls . A l l a r tef ac t s a nd s amp le s f r om t h e e xcava t ion w e re g iven L if t N umbe r s w hen r e moved f r om t h e g round . I fa n a r tef ac t w a s l i f ted i n d iv idu a ly , i t sL i f tN umbe rs e rves a si t s i d en t i f ie r ; b u tf o ra r te f a c t s l i f ted a s ag roup , e ach a r tefac t w a s g i ven a n i nd iv idua l i d en t if ie r a s ad ec ima l e x tens ion t o i t s L if t N umbe r . A n i n dex o fa r te f ac tL if t Numbe r s i sp rov ided i nA ppend ix D , a nd w hen r e f er red t o i n t h e t e x t , t h ese n umbe r s a r e p r efa ced b y an umbe r ma rk ( # ) . D e scr ip t ions o f t h e o b jec t s a nd o t he r s amp le r e su l t s h ave b een g radua l ly e n te red i n to c ompu te r d a taba se s , w h ich a r e c u r ren t ly o rgan ised b y ma t e r ia l a nd p r in ted o u t f o rr e f e rence i nA ppend ix C . Howeve r , w i th o ngo ing a na l y se s , t h ec on ten t so ft h ese r e co rd s c on t inue t oc hange .E ach s e c t ion o f A ppend ix C i so rgan ised i n terna l ly b y a r tef ac t n umbe rf o re a sy r e f e rence w hen d ea l ing w i th h and -he ld o b j e c t s , o nw h ich t h en umbe ri sw r i t ten , o rt e x tua lc i ta t ion so f a r tefac t n umbe r s . I n a dd i t ion , c omp le te l i s t s o f a r tefac t s e xcava ted f r om e ach c on tex t a re k ep t i nt h e s i te 's t r ench r e co rd s . T he s i te a r ch ive c u r ren t ly r e s ide s w i th t h e P ro jec t D i rec to r i nC ambr idge , w h i le t h e a r tefac t s e xcava ted i n 1 989 f o rm p a r t o f t h e c o l lec t ions o f t h e T en r i S ankokan Museum ,T en r iU n ive r s i ty , N a ra . S e lec ted g roups o f d i agnos t ic a r tef ac t s f r om a lmo s t e ve ry c l a s s o fm a ter ia ls w e re g iven t os pec ia l is t s t oe xam i n e a nd e va lua te . I ns ome c a se s t h ese s pec ia l is t s s ubm i t ted

I tw i l lb en o ted , h oweve r , t h a tt h e re i sd i sag reemen tb e t ween t h e h i s to r ica l d ocumen ta t ion f o r t h e e a r l ie r M i t su k ak i P a lace a nd t h ea c tua l d a te o ft h ea r chaeo log ica l f i nd s f r om g rea te r M iwa . T he M i t sukak i P a lace a nd Empe ro r S u j in a r es uppo sed t ob ee a r ly 4 th -cen tu ry p henomena , b u t v e ry l i t t le 4 th -cen tu ry ma ter ia l h ad h e re tofo re b een r e cov e r ed o ri d en t if ied i nt h eM iwa a r ea . I no rde rt oi n ve s t iga te mo re f u l ly t h en a tu re o fe l i te s e t t l emen t i nt h e M iwa a r ea a nd a l so t h e n a tu re o f o ccupa t i ona l r ema in s d u r ing t h e t r an s i t ion t o a g r icu l ture i n t h e b a s in , a ne xcava t ion w a sp l anned w i th in t h ec on s t ra in t sa nd o b jec t ive s o ft h e M iwa P ro jec t . T he o b je c t ive s o ft h e P ro j e c to u t l ined i nt h ep rev ious s e c t ion m igh tb e t h ough to fa s t h e s ho r t te rm , me thodo log ica l g oa l s o f t h e e xcava t ion , w h i le t h ea im s g iven a bove — to g a the rd a ta o n t h e a gr icu l t u ra l a nd u rban t r ans i t ions —m igh t b e t hough t o f a s t h e l o ng te rm , t h eo re t ica lg oa l so ft h ee xcava t ion . THE 1 989 E XCAVAT ION T he a r ea o ft h eS h ik ish ima C hu rch g rounds c ho sen f o re x c ava t ion w a s o n t h e l owe r t e r race , j u s t n o r th o f t h e ma in p a th l e ad ing u p t ot h eC hu rch ( F ig . 1 . 6 ) . T h is a r ea w a s i n d i ca ted b yt h er e s i s t iv i ty a nd g round r ada rs u rvey st ob e t h e mo s ts t ab le a nd a nc ien tl a nd s u r f ace ( s ee C hap te r 4b e low ) , w i th t h e s ub -su r f ace t opog raphy d ropp ing o f fr a d ica l ly t o t h en o r th i n to af i l led s t ream v a l ley a nd t ot h e w es to f ft h e f o rme re dge o ft h e t e r ra ce . I ndeed , o fa l l t h e n o r the rn h a lf o ft h e l owe rt e r race , i tw a s o n ly t h is c o rne r t h a t s uppo r ted e a r ly 2 0 th -cen tury h ous ing ( s ee C hap te r 2b e low ) . I tw a s t h us p o s tu la t ed t h a tp re - a nd p ro to -h is to r ic h ous ing m igh t a l so h ave e x is ted i n t h is a r ea , t hough t h e r ema in s c ou ld w e l lh ave b e en d i s tu rbed b yt h el a t e ro ccupa t ion . T he n o r the rn h a lf o ft h e l owe rt e r race mea su re s a pp rox i ma te ly 6 3 x8 0mi ne x ten t . W i th in i t se a s te rn h a l f , a2 5 x 5 0 m g r id w a s l a id o u t f r om a d a tum p o in t i nt h e s ou th w e s te rn c or ne r , a nd s i x t r enche sw e re s ub sequen t ly o pened i nt h e s ou thea s te rn p o r t ion o ft h e g r id ( F ig . 1 . 6 ) . T he f i r s t t h ree t r enche sw e re p o s i t ioned i no rde rt ot e s tt h e r e su l t so f t h e g round r ada ra nd r e s i s t iv i ty s u rvey s , w h i le a tt h e s ame t ime s ea rch t h es t ab le g round f o rr ema in ing a r chaeo log ica l f e a tu re s .T rench 1w a so pened t oc onf i rm t h ee x i s tence o fa w a te rp ipe d e tec ted i nt h eg round r ada rs urvey ,w h ich i td id t os a t is fac t ion ( c f . C o lou r P la tes 5 ,6 ;F ig . A .3 ) . T rench 2 w a s p o s i t ioned t oi n ves t iga te as ub su r fa ce i r regu la r i ty a l so i d en t if i ed i nt h eg round r ada rs u rvey a nd t hough tt or e sem b l e ap i t -bu i ld ing b y t h e 0Y0 r e sea rche r s o n t h e b a s is o f t h e i r p rev iou s a r chaeo log ica l e xpe r ience . I n f a c t , n o p i t b u i ld ing w a sr e cove red , b u t t h is t r ench h ad t h e mo s ts t ab le a nd i n fo rma t ive s t ra t ig raphy ( F igs . A .5 -7 ) . T r ench 3 w a s p o s i t ioned a tw ha ta ppea red f r om t h er e s is t iv i ty a nd g round r ada rr e su l t s t ob e t h ee dge o ft h e f o rme r t e r ra ce . T he s ub s u r face s t ra t ig raphy a tt h a ts po t i ndeed d ropped o f fd ra s t i c a l ly t ot h ew e s t( F ig . A .12 ) , c onf i rm ing t h es u rvey r e su l t s ; a nd al i ne o f wooden s t ake s w a s u ncove red a l ong w ha t i s i n te rp re ted a s t h e f o rme r t e r race e dge ( F ig . A .11) . A dd i t i ona l ly , t h ree s ma l l p i t s y i e ld ing Y ayo i c e ram ics ( F ig . A .10 )w e re d i scove red i nt h eb o t tom o fT rench 3 ,t h ed eep e s t e xcava ted . T rench 5w a s o pened t ol ook f o r t h e o the r p ipe i nd ica ted i nt h eg round r ada rs u rvey , b u to n ly modern r ubb i sh d epos i t s w e re f ound . T renche s 4a nd 6 w e re o pened t o s ea rch a dd i t iona l ly f o r t h e o u t l ine o f t h e s u spec ted p i t -bu i ld ing ; t h is w a s n o t i n e v idence , b u t a f ounda t ion s t one ( F ig . A .14 -15 ) , as t one l ined w e l l ( F ig . A .21) , a nd w ha t m igh t b e p lough ma rk s ( F ig . A .22 ) w e re d i scove red . T rench 2 w a s e n la rged t o ma tch T renches 4

4

1 .B a rne s ,I n t roduc t ion f u l lr e po r t so nt h em a te r ia l s , w h ich a r ep r e sen ted i nt h ef o l l ow ing c hap te r s . I n ot he rc a se s , t h e i ro p in ion s w e re i n co r p o ra t ed i n to t h ed a taba se d e sc r ip t ion so ft h e ma te r ia l sp ro v i ded i nA ppend ix C .

a nd p hy to l i th ic r ema in s a nd w ha ta ppea r t ob e t r ace s o fa p l ough o rh oe h i n t t a n ta l iz ing ly a t Med ieva l f i e ld s o n t h e t e r race , b u t t h ey mu s t h ave s ha r ed t h e s pace w i th aw e l l a nd as t ruc tu r e b u i l t o n f o unda t ion s t one s . T hu s f r om t h e J Omon -Yayo it r an s i t ion t ot h e mode rn e s tabl i shmen to ft h e S h ik i sh ima C hu rch , a g r icu l tu re i s a ma jo r a nd d eba ted t o p ic a tM iwa . O u r s yn the s i s e nd s b y d ocumen t ing t h e mode rn r ema in s o n t h e l owe rt e r ra ce a sp a r to ft h ec hang i n gp a t t e rn so fu se i nt h i su p land a r ea o fs ou thea s te rn a p ron o ft h eN a ra B a s in .

SUBSTANT IVE CONTRIBUT IONS

I na dd i t ion t ot h e s u cce s s fu lt e s t ing a sm en t ioned a bove o f t h e g eophys ica l s u rvey i n s t rumen t s ( r e s i s t iv i ty a nd g eo r a da r )b yN i sh imu ra a nd S he l l( Chap t e r4 ) ,m e thodo log ica l c on t r ibu t ion s o ft h eM iwa P ro jec tf o rm al o ng l i s t . I nc on t r a s t t op r ev iou s s t ud ie s o fp ho spha te b ehav iou r i nJ apa n e se s o i l s , L oe l ige r 's a na ly s i s o f p ho spha te f r om M iwa ( Chap t e r6 )p rov ide st h ep o ten t ia lm ean st ot r a ce h o r izon ta l movemen t o f p ho spha te t h rough a r chaeo log ica l s t ra ta ( Chap t e r 2 ) . T he s t ud ie s b y K aneha ra ( Chap te r 7 ) a nd S ug iyama ( Chap t e r8 )a r ep i onee r ing e f fo r t si nu nde r s tand i n g d r y f i e ld c u l t iva t ion i nJ apan t h rough p o l len a nd p hy t ol i th ic r ema in s . F lo ta t ion i sn o t ar ou t ine a sp ec to fJ apa n e se e xcava t ions , b u t D 'A nd rea p rov ide s h e re au n ique p e r sp ec t ive o n K ina ic r opp ing p a t t e rn s t h rough h e rb o tan i c a la na lys e s ( Chap t e r9 ) . T he a cce le ra to rd a te o b ta ined f o r ag r a in o fw hea tr e cove red b yD 'And r ea f r om M iwa i so ne o f t h e f i r s t u se fu l a pp l ica t ion s o f a b so lu te d a t ing t ot h e J apane se p r o toh i s to r ic p e r iod . I nt e rm s o f t h e a r tef ac tua l r e pe r to i re , R eyno ld s p o in t s o u t d i f f e r ences i nl i t h ic d raw ing p r ac t ice s w h ich l e ad t o d i ff icu l t ie si nc ommun ica t ing r e sea r ch r e su l t sb e tween E a s t a nd We s t( Chap te r 1 4 ) . H i s a na ly s i s o ff l ak e d amage p a t t e rn s a tM iwa , l e ad ing t o i n te rp r e ta t ion o f s t ra t ig raph ic f o rma t ion , i sa n i n nova t ive s t udy . K i tamu ra ( Chap te r 1 3 ) h a s i d en t i f ied a n a w l t y pe a mong t h e M iwa m a t e r ia l s t h a t w a s t h ough t t o b e l im i ted o n ly t oI n c ip ien t a nd I n i t ia l J omon p e r iod sb u tw h ich h ed a t e s t ot h eY ayo ip e r iod . H i s s t udy i l um ina te s Y ayo is t one too l t y pe sm ade o fs a nuk i t e , a nd h ep o s tu la te s ac r a f ts p ec ia l i sa t ion a tM iwa t h a tr e vo lu t i on i se st h ink ing a bou tt h es i t e 's e a r ly f u nc t ion . K uwaba ra ( Chap t e r 1 5 ) a nd O k i ta ( Chap t e r 1 6 ) h ave i d en t if ied t h e E a r ly Y ayo i p o t te ry a tM iwa t h a t a lows u s t oa s se s s t h e J omon -Yayo i t r an s i t ion , a nd K uwaba ra h a s a l so f o und a n u nu sua lt y p eo fY ayo i ' p ic tu re s h e rd ' a mong t h eM iwa m a t e r ia l s t h a ta dd s t ot h e c o rpu s o fJ apane se p r eh i s to r ic a r t . F ina l ly , Om i d i scu s se s t h e l i t t le -known Med ieva l w a re s , i n teg ra t ing t h eM iwa c e ram ic s w he r e a pp rop r ia te a nd c on t r ibu t ing s i gn if ican t ly t o t h e g row ing f i e ld o f Med ieva l a r chaeo logy i nJ apan . Ar e t ro spec t ive o n M iwa o ccupa t ion ( Chap te r 1 9 ) f i r s t l a ys o u tt h et h eo re t ica lb a ckg round f o rv i ew ing t h eJ omon Y ayo i t r an s i t ion a tM iwa . T he s e cond h a l fo ft h a tc hap t e r t h en i n t eg ra te s t h e m o s t s i gn if ican t f i nd ing s o f t h e M iwa P ro jec t . S oma h a s d ocumen ted e xcep t iona l e v idence f o r t r an s fo rma t ion o f t h e n a tu ra l l a nd scape t oa ccommoda te h uman r e s idence a nd s ub s i s t ence p a t te rns ( Chap te r 3 ) . I n c omb ina t ion , t h e c o r ing d a ta ( Chap t e r 5 ) a nd e xcava t ion s t ra t ig raphy a l low u st op o s tu la te t wo e p i sode so ft e r ra c ing , t h e f i r s to fw h ich m igh th ave r e su l t ed i nt h e r a z ing o ft h e e a r ly h i s to r ic l a ye r s . T he s u rv iv ing a r tef ac t -bea r ing s t ra ta ( ABS )6 o nt h el owe rC hu rch t e r ra ce a r ed a ted m a in ly t ot h e M idd le Y ayo ia nd Med ieva lp e r iod s ,a nd t h eo ve rwhe lm ing m a jo r i ty o fa r tefa c tua lr ema in sd a t e a l so t ot h e se t wo p e r i o d s . A t t h e f o o to fM t . M iwa , w i th in e a sy r e a ch o f f o re s t p roduc t so fw ood a nd g ame , t h eY ayo ip eop le sc an b es e en t oh ave p u r sued c r a f t a s w e l l a s a g r icu l tu ra l p roduc t ion . T h i s h e r e to f o re u ndocumen ted o r ien ta t ion t owa rd s m anu f a c tu r ea nd e xchange a tM iwa m ay b et h eb eg inn ing o ft h e p ro toh is to r ic c omme r c ia l i mpo r tance o f t h i s a r ea . P o l len

REFERENCES A s ton , W .G . , t r an s . ( 1 896 ) N ihong i , C hron ic le s o fJ apan f r om t h e E ar l ie s t T ime s t oA .D . 6 97 . T okyo : T u t t le , 1 972 . B a rne s , G ina L . ( 1983 ) " Na ra B a s in g eomo rpho logy ." A ppend ix 1 i n G . B a rne s , Y ayo i -Kof un S e t t lemen t A r chaeo logy i nt h eN ar aB a s in . A nn A rbo r : U n ive r s i ty M ic rof i lm s . B a rne s , G ina L . ( 1986 -88 ) " The o r ig in s o f b u reauc ra t ic a r chaeo logy i n J apan ." J ourna l o f t h e Hong Kong A r chaeo log ic a lS oc ie ty 1 2 : 1 83 -95 . B a rne s , G ina L .( 1 988 )P ro toh i s to r ic Y ama to :a r chaeo logy o f t h e f i r s t J apane se s t a te . A nn A rbo r : C en te r f o r J apane se S tud ie s /Mu seum o f A n th ropo logy , U n iv . o f M ich igan . B a rne s , G ina L . , e d . ( 1 990 ) T he M iwa S i te :p r e l im ina ry e xcav a t ion r epo r t . N a ra : T he M iwa P ro jec t , c / o T en r i S ankokan Mu seum . D a t e , Muneya su ( 1 978 ) " The d eve lopmen t o f e a r ly r i ce p addy a g r icu l tu re : t h e c a se o f t h e N a ra B a s in ." I n R ek i sh i C h i niK enkyo t o T o sh i K enkyo , p p . 1 2 -23 . T okyo : T a im indo .( i nJ apane se ) H iguch i , K iyo ta r i ( 1 925 ) " A s t one a ge s i te a tt h e f oo t o f M t .M iwa ." Kokogaku Z a s sh i1 5 .10 :6 79 . ( i nJ apane se ) H iguch i , K iyo ta r i( 1 926 ) "M i sce l laneou sr e po r t so nY ama t o , 1 ,2 . "K o l cog a l cu Z a s sh i1 6 .9 : 1 6 .12 .( i nJ apane se ) H iguch i , K iyo ta r i ( 1927 ) "M i sce l laneous r epo r t s o n Y ama to ,4 . " Kokogaku Z a s sh i1 7 .8 .( i nJ apane se ) H iguch i , K iyo ta r i ( 1 928 ) " Yamanokam i S i t e , N a ra P re f ec t u re , M iwa T ownsh ip , 1 ,2 . " Kokogaku Za ssh i 1 8 .10 , 1 8 .12 .( i nJ apane s e ) H iguch i , K iyo ta r i ( 1 933 ) " Re sea rch o n M iwa s i te a nd i t s a r tef a c t s ,2 . " Y ama to K okog aku 3 . 5 : 1 8 .( i nJ apane s e ) H iguch i , K iyo ta r i ( 1959 ) " Anc ien t h i s to ry s e c t ion ." I n Om iw aC ho sh i .N a ra : Om iwa T own sh ip . ( i nJ apanes e ) I s h ino , H i ronobu ( 1 973 ) " Yayo i -pe r iod Y ama to ." K oko g aku R onko 2 .( i nJ apane se ) I s h ino , H i ronobu a nd S ek igawa , H i sayo sh i ( 1976 ) Mak i muku [ Mak imuku S i te ] . S aku ra i : S aku ra i -sh i K yo iku I i nka i . J o in t R e sea r ch G roup o n t h e G eomo rpho log ica l R ecogn i t i on a nd L and U t i l iza t ion o f P re - a nd P ro toh i s to r ic J apane se P eop le s ( 1985 ) " Na tu ra l e nv i ronmen t s i nt h e N a ra B a s in t h rough t h e p r e - a nd p ro toh is to r ic a ge s I : g eo logy a nd g eomo rpho logy ." Kokogaku t o S h izen K aga l cu 1 5 : 1 30 .( i nJ apane se ) J o in t R e sea r ch G roup o n t h e G eomo rpho log ica l R ecogn i t i on a nd L and U t i l iza t ion o f P re - a nd P ro toh is to r ic J apane se P eop le s ( 1987 ) " Na tu ra l e nv i ronmen t s i nt h e N a ra B a s in t h rough t h e p r e - a nd p ro toh i s to r ic a ge s I : b io log ica l r ema ins a nd e nv i ronmen ta l s yn the ses ." K okog aku t oS h iz en K ag aku 1 6 : 2 3 -74 . ( i nJ apanes e ) K ameda , H i ro sh i ( 1975 ) " Re co rd o ft h et e s te xcava t ion a t t h eh ypo the s ized l o ca t ion o ft h eT subak im a rke t ." S e i ryo 2 7 : 7 -9 .( i nJ apane se ) K o j ima , S hun j i ( 1965 ) N a r a -ken n o Kokogaku [ The A rcha eo logy o f N a ra P r ef ec tu re ] . T okyo : Y o sh ikawa K obunkan .

5

M I WA P RO JECT REPORT Mo r imo to , R oku j i ( 1925 ) "M isce l laneous r epo r t s : af ew n ew e xamp le so fm i r ro r s ." Kokogaku Z a s sh i 1 6 .5 . N a ra P ref ec tu ra l B oa rd o f E duca t ion ( 1971 -75 ) N ar a -ken I s ek i C h izu , C h ime ihyo 1 4 [ Na ra P re f ec tu re S i te L oca t i ons Map s a nd L is t ings 1 4 ] . K a sh iwa ra : K a sh iwa ra A rchaeo log ica lI n s t i tu t e . O ba , I wao ( 1930 ) " Anc ien t c e remon ia l s i te s a nd t h e ir a r t efac t s ." Kokogaku Z a s sh i2 0 .8 . Oba , I wao ( 1951) " Ob se rva t ion o nt h ea nc ien tr i tua l i mp le men t sd i scove r ed a tt h ef oo to fM t .M iwa ." Kod a i3 . O ga sawa ra , Y o sh ih iko ( 1979 ) " The d eve lopmen t o f p i l l a red b u i ld ing s e t t lemen t s i n a nd a round t h e K ina i ." Kokogaku K enkyo 2 5 .4 : 8 1-104 . ( i nJ apane se ) S akura i C i ty B oa rd o f E duca t ion ( 1987a ) S akur a i sh i Kanay a Miw a I s ek i K i ta -no -ho -ch iku H akku t su C ho sa Hokoku sho [ Excava t ion R epo r tf o rt h eK i tano -ho L oca t i on a t M iwa S i te , K anaya , S aku ra i C i ty ] . S akura i : S aku ra i sh i Ma izo B unkaza iS en ta . S aku ra i C i ty B oa rd o fE duca t ion ( 1987b ) Miw a S hogakko T a i ikukan K a ich iku n i t omonau H akku t su C hosa Hokoku sho :M iw ai s ek i T ono t subo c h iku [ Repo r to n t h e A rcha eo log ica lE xcava t ion a ccompany ing t h eC ons t ruc t i on o ft h eM iwa E lemen ta ry S choo lG ymna s ium : M iwa s i te , T ono t subo l o ca t ion ] . S aku ra i : S aku ra i -sh i Ma izo B unkaza iS en ta . S h imamo to , H a j ime ( 1934a ) Y ama to S ekk if id a i K enkyo [ Re sea rch o n t h e S tone A ge o f Y ama to ] . N a ra : Y ama to J oda iB unka K enkyf ika i . S h imamo to , H a j ime ( 1934b ) " A r tef ac t s f r om N aka so j i , Y ama to ." Kokogaku Z a ssh i2 1 .1 . ( i nJ apane se ) S h imamo to , H a j ime ( 1938 ) " S tone t o o ls a nd p o t te ry d i scove red a tT a l cenouch i ." S h izengaku Z a ssh i 1 0 .3 . ( i n J apanese ) S h indo sh iG akka i( 1960 ) S h ik ina i sh in oK enkyo [ Re sea rch o nt h eS h ik ina isha ] . K yo to : S h indo sh iG akka i . T akaha sh i , K en j i a nd N i sh iza l c i , C hono suke ( 1920 ) " The t omb a tY amanokam i , B aba s e c to r , M iwa T ownsh ip ." N ar a -ken Hokoku 7 .( i nJ apane se ) T e ra sawa , K ao ru ( 1979 ) " The d eve lopmen t a nd c ha rac t e r is t ics o fY ayo i s oc ie ty i nY ama to : ar e cons ide ra t ion o f t h e h i s to ry o f t h e e s tab l i shmen t o f t h e f i r s t Y ama to p o l i ty ." I n K ash iwar a Kokogaku K enkyo jo R onshü . T okyo : Y o sh ikawa K obunkan . ( i nJ apane se )

T e ra sawa , K ao ru a nd C h iga , H isa sh i ( 1983 ) N ihon n o K oda i I s ek i 5 :N ar a C hübu [ J apan 's A nc ien t S i te s 5 : C en t ra lN a ra ] .O saka : H o ikusha . ( i n J apane se ) T subo i , K iyo ta r i ( 1986 ) " P rob lems c once rn ing t h e p re se r v a t ion o fa r chaeo log ica l s i te s i nJ apan ." I n W indow so n t h eJ apane se P a s t :s t ud ie si na rchaeo logy a nd p r eh i s to ry , e d . R . P ea r son e ta l . , p p . 4 81 -90 . Ann A rbo r : C en t e rf o r J apane se S tud ie s , U n ive r s i ty o fM ich igan . T subo i , K iyo ta r i ( 1987 ) " The p ro tec t ion o fa r chaeo log ica l s i te s i nJ apan ." I nR ecen tA rchaeo log ica lD i scove r ie si n J apan , e d . K . T subo i , p p . 9 2 -100 . P a r is /Tokyo : UNESCO /Cen t re f o rE a s tA s ian C u l tu ra lS tud ie s . T sude , H i rosh i ( 1987 ) " The Kofun p er iod ." I n R ecen t A r chaeo log ica lD i scove r ie si nJ apan , e d . K . T subo i ,C h . 4 .P a r i s /Tokyo : UNESCO /Cen t re f o rE a s tA s ian S tud ie s . T su j imo to , Y o sh i taka ( 1939 ) " A r tefac t s u nea r thed a t C h iha ra , O r i ta V i l lage ." S h ik i2 . 1 . ( i nJ apane se ) Y om iu r iN ar aR a if u . A ugus t , 1 989 ,p .9 .( i nJ apanese )

NOTES 1T en r ikyö i so ne o fJ apan 's " new r e l ig ions" . F ounded i n 1 838 b y NA KAYAMA M ik i , i ti sc en t red o n t h e t own o f T enr i ( a n ame m ean ing " Heaven ly P r inc ip le" ) . I ti su sua l ly c l a s s if ied a s as e c to f S h in to b u th a s i t so wn d i s t inc t ive b e l ief s , r i tua ls , s a c red s i tes a nd b r anch c hu rches , i n c lud ing t h e S h ik ish ima C hu rch . 2 A bso lu te c oun t s a r e u nc lea r b ecause o ft h e l a ck o fs i ngu la r a nd p l u ra l ma rke r s f o rn ouns i nJ apane se . 3 S ee C hap te r 1 5 b e low f o rd esc r ip t ion o fY ayo is t y les . 4 I n t h is d ocumen t , t h e G rea te r M iwa s i te i sl i s ted a s s i te n o . 1 4B -14 . 5 T he n ame i s v a r iou s ly r o man ised M i t sukak i , M izukak i a nd M izugak i ; Iw i l l u se t h e f i r s to n ly . 6 " A r tefac t -bea r ing s t ra tum" t r ans la tes t h e c o mmon J apane se a r chaeo log ica l t e rm h ögansa , w h ich i nc lude s b o th p r ima ry a nd s e conda ry d epo s i t s ( s ee B a rne s 1 988 : 5 7 ) . I tw i l l b e a bb rev ia ted ABS t h roughou tt h ep r e sen tw o rk .

CH RONOLOGY O F JA PANE SE PE R IOD S J omon Y ayo i K o fun ( Tumu lus ) N a ra H e ian

1 0 ,000 -300 BC 3 00 BC —AD 3 00 3 00 -710 7 10 -794 7 94 1185

E do Me i j i T a i sho S howa H e ise i

1 603 1868 1 868 19 12 1 912 1926 1 926 1989 1 989 -

MED IEVAL :

K ama l cu ra Mu roma ch i Momoyama

185 1336 1 336 1568 1 568 1603

1 . 1 C hrono logy o fJ apane se p er iod s . U sage v a r ie sc oncern ing n omenc la tu re a nd d a t es , b u tt ho se s hown h e re a r ew ide ly a ccep ted .

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1 . 5

B ou lder o u tcrops a tt he Y amanokam is i te .

T hou sand so fK ofun -pe r iod a r tefac t sw e re r e cove red f r om t h ep aved a r ea s u r round ing t h e se b ou lde r s . ( Af ter T e ra sawa a nd C h iga 1 983 : 1 08 . ) 9

M IWA P RO JECT R EPORT

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1 . 6 P o s i t ion o ft h eM iwa s i te g r id o nt h en or thern h a lf o ft h el ower t e rrace o ft h eS h ik i sh ima C hurch g round s . S ca le 1 : 2 ,500 .T he p o s i t ion so fT renche s 1 6a r ei n d ica ted b yb oxe s ,a nd t h es i te d a tum o fX 100 /Y500 i sg i ven i nt h e s ou thwe s te rn c o rne ro ft h eg r id .T he h eavy b l a ck l i ne r e p re s en t st h en a tu r a l t e r race s c a rp o ft h eH a se R ive r ,a sv i s ib le i n a e r ia lp ho tog r aph s . ( Ba sed o nP a suco 1 979 . )

1 0

T he M iw aP ro jec tR epo r t ,e d .G ina L .B a r ne s & Ma saak i OK ITA .B r i t i sh A r cha eo log ica lR epo r t sS 582 . O xfo rd , 1 993

2 . THE MI WA S ITE : PHYSICAL S ETT ING G ina L . Barnes

S ITE MOD IF ICAT ION

A s r e co rded i n t h e p r e f ec tu ia l s i te s u rvey o f t h e e a r ly 1 970 s ,a r t e f ac tua lm a t e r ia li ss c a t t e r ed o ve ra bou t aq ua r t e r o f as qua r ek i lome t re a tt h es ou thwe s te rn f oo to fM t .M iwa ( cf F ig . 1 . 6 ) . T h i sa r ea i sr e f e r red t oi nt h i s v o lume a st h e ' g rea t e rM iwa s i te ' , w i th t h et e rm ` M iwa s i te ' r e se r ved f o r t h e n o r the rn h a lf o f t h e p re sen t -day l owe r t e r ra ce o f t h e S h ik ish ima C hu rch g round s , w h ich f o rmed t h et a rge ta r ea o ft h eM iwa P ro je c t( c f .F ig . 1 . 4 ) .A sm en t ioned a bove ,t h i s t e r race w a st h eo n ly o p en a r ea i n ah eav i ly u rban i sed r e g ion ( s ee C o lou rP la te s 1 ,2 ) , a nd i tw a sh op ed t h a ts ome o ft h e o r ig ina ls i t es t ra t ig raphy h a ss u r v ived .I no rde rt oa s se s st h e e x ten to fs i t e s u rv iva lp r io rt oe xcava t ion , ar e s i s t iv i ty s u r v ey o ft h e t e r ra ce s u r f ace a nd ag eomo rpho log ica l e va lua t i on o ft h et e r race 's p o s i t ion ing w e r eu nde r taken . L and s cape r e cons t ruc t ion B o th S oma 's g eomo rpho log ica l s u rvey ( Chap t e r 3b e l ow ) a nd N i sh imu ra 's r e s i s t iv i ty s u rvey r e su l t s ( Chap t e r4 b e low )c l ea r ly s how t h a tt h el owe rC hu rch t e r ra ce s t radd le s t wo p r ev iou sl a ndfo rm s : ah i l lp romon to ry i nt h es ou th a nd as t r eam d ra inage t ot h e n o r th . I n F igu r e 3 . 1 t h e s t r eam d ra inage i sd ep ic ted a sa n u nd i f f e ren t ia ted f a n f o rma t ion , b u tt h er e s i s t iv i ty s u rvey r e vea led o ne o ft h ea c tua lc hanne l v a l leys c u t t ing u nde rnea th t h e n o r thwe s te rn c o rne r o f t h e t e r ra ce ( Co lou rP la t e4 ) . S oma m en t ion se v idence o fi n f i l l i n g t ot h en o r th o ft h eh i l lp romon to ry o n w h ich t h e S h ik i s h ima C hu r ch s i t s ; t h i sr e f e r s t ot h e i n f i l l ing o ft h e s t r eam v a l ley t of o rm t h e p r e sen t -day n o r the rn h a l fo ft h e t e r race . T he s ou th s i de o ft h ep romon to ry w a sa l so f i l led t oe x tend t h e t e r ra ce t ot h e s ou th . T he se d a ta p romp ted u s t oa vo id t h o se a r ea s a nd e xcava te o n ly w i th in t h e a r ea o f t h e h i l l p romon to ry i t se lf , f o r i tw ou ld b e t h e re i fa nywhe re t h a t e a r ly o ccupa t iona ll a ye r ss u rv ived . S oma a l so i n ve s t iga t ed t h ed a t ea nd n a tu re o ft h et e r ra c i ng . O u r c ommon p r econcep t ion , s i nce t h e S h ik i sh ima C hu r ch s i t s s o n i ce ly o n t h e u ppe r t e r race w i th t h e l owe r t e r race c r o s sed b y t h e e n t rance p a th , w a s t h a t t h e n a tu ra l h i l ls lop e w a s t e r raced d u r ing c hu r ch b u i ld ing . We w e re q u ick ly d i sabu sed o ft h i sn o t ion a sS oma t r aced t h e t e r race s ca rp m uch f u r the r n o r th t h an t h e C hu r ch g round s ; mo re o ve r , h e f o und p a ra l le l t e r rac ing h i ghe r u p o n t h e h i l l s l ope s , i n d ica t ing c on s ide rab le mod if ica t ion o f t h e l o ca l l a nd scap e( s ee F ig . 3 . 1 ) . S ince o t he rf e a tu r e si nt h i sl a nd scape s u ch a so r ien ta t ion o ff i e ld sa nd r oad s , s e em t ob ep o s i t ioned w i th r e f e r ence t o t h e se t e r ra ce s c a rp s , t h el a t te ra r ep o s tu la ted t ob eq u i te o l d . S oma n o t ed t h a tt h er o ad c u t t ing b e tween s c a rp s Ca nd D , a nd p e rpend icu la r ly t ot h em , p robab ly f u nc t ioned a s t h e e n t rance p a th t oB yodo j i t emp le —no t t h e c uren t B yodo j i w h ich s i t s o n t h e s ou th s i de o ft h e r o ad , ' b u ta n o l de r e x t i nc tt emp le o ft h es ame n ame s i tua ted o n t h en o r the rn s i de o f t h e r o ad . T he o r ig ina l B yodo j i t ot h e n o r th c ove red a r e la t ive ly l a rge a r ea o fa bou t 2 . 15 h a ( 3 30 i nN S x9 0 m EW ) . A cco rd ing t oa n o l dm ap o fi t sp r ec inc t s , t h i s e a r l ie r t emp le c on s i s ted o fa tl e a s t2 1 s t ruc tu re s , o fw h ich s e ve ra l s t one -f ron ted e a r then f o unda t ion s a r e s t i l l v i s ib le a nd a r e c u r ren t ly u s ed t os uppo r t d r y f i e ld s a nd o r cha rd s ( Saku ra i 1 979 : 1 218 -9 ) . T h is F o rme r B yodo j i w a s a ppa ren t ly a t tached t oM iwa Myo j in S hr ine a nd w a s s uppo r ted b y

e s ta te h o ld ing s wo r th 8 0 k oku ( 396 .8 b ushe l s o r 1 4 ,400 l i t r e s ) o fr i ce p e r y ea r ( i b id . ) . C e r ta in b u i ld ings w i th in i t w e re a l so a s soc ia ted w i th o t he rt emp le s , s u ch a st h eD a i jo in o ft h e K o f uku j i i nt h eN a ra c ap i ta la nd t h eD a igo S anpo in . T hu s , t h eF o rme rB yodo j i w a s af a i r ly l a rge i n s t i tu t ion a nd w e l l -connec t ed , w i th a cces s t o c on s ide rab le r e sou rce s . S oma i so ft h e o p in ion t h a t t h e a r t i f ic ia l t e r rac ing o f t h e w e s t e rn f oo t o fM t . M iwa w a s c a r r ied o u t u nde r t h e a u s p i ce s o ft h eF o rme rB yodo j i . T h i s o p in ion , h oweve r , d oe s n o te xc lude f u r the r mod if ica t ion o ft h es i te c onnec t ed w i th t h eb u i ld ing o ft h eS h ik i sh ima C hu rch . E f f ec to fC hurch c on s t ruc t ion T he S h ik i sh ima C hu r ch w a s f ounded i n 1 890 , f u r the r s ou th i nN a ra P re f ec tu re , i nt h e v i l lage o fS h ik i sh ima n ea r M t . T ob i . T en y ea r s l a te r , i n 1 900 , i tw a s moved t oi t s p r e s en t s i t e i nK anaya V i l lage , M iwa T own sh ip . As ke t ch m ap f r om a bou t t h a t t ime ( F ig . 2 . 1 ) s hows t h e f i e ld d i v i s i on sa c ro s st h es i te .T he s ma l lp a rce lo fl a nd d i rec t ly w e s t o f t h e S h ik i S hr ine i ss hown a s ' moun ta in f o re s t ' . D ry f i e ld s a r e i n d ica ted e a s t o ft h e C hu rch , b e tween i ta nd t h e p a th l e ad ing u p t o t h e S h ik i S h r ine . O n t h e s ou th s i de , n ea rby d ry f i e ld s a nd t h en f u r the rp addy f i e ld s a r e s hown b e tween t h e C hu r ch a nd t h e ma in r o ad l e ad ing e a s ta l ong t h e H a se R ive r , t h e H a se H ighway ( Sh indo sh i 1 960 ) . N o i n d ica t ion i sg i ven o n t h is map o f t h e n o r th sou th s c a rp p r e sen t ly d i v id ing t h eC hu rch 's u ppe ra nd l owe rt e r ra ce s . S i nce t h e C hu r ch 's n ame i sw r i t ten i nh o r izon ta l ly o n t h i s m ap w h i le a l l o t he r w o rd s ( e xcep t t h e n ame o f t h e r o ad ) a ppea rv e r t ica l ly , i ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h e C hu r ch h o ld i n g s w e r e i n sc r ibed o n am ap o f t h e p r ev ious ly e x i s t ing f i e ld l a you t . B y c o r re la t ing t h e m ap 's s k e tchy t o pog raphy w i th l a t e r v e r s ions , i ti sc l ea r t h a t t h e a r ea o f t h e h i l l p romon to ry —a s d ef ined b y t h e c u rved s ke t ch l i ne s —d id n o t s uppo r t w e t r i ce a g r icu l tu re a tt h i s t ime ; p addy f i e ld s a r eo n ly s hown f u r the rt ot h es ou th n ea rt h er oad a nd i nt h e v a l ley s ou thea s to ft h e S h r ine . Mo r eove r , t h e p l ace n ame s f o r t h e l a nd p a rce l s t h a t a ppea r o n t h i s map s ugge s t t h e p r e sence o f al a rge s t ruc ture o t he r t h an t h e S h ik i sh ima C hu r ch o n t h e p romon to ry s ome t ime i n t h e p a s t : t h e C hu r ch b u i ld ing i t se lf s i t s o n ap a r ce l n amed ' W i th in t h e We s tC ompound ' , w h i le t h ep addy f i e ld sa r ep o s i t ioned i n o ne n amed ' I nF ron to ft h eH a l l ' . I na dd i t ion , S he e tN o . 7 o ft h e Y ama to J on F ukugenzu map s , p ub l ished i n 1 972 , l i s t s t h ep addy f i e ld si mmed ia te ly s ou th o ft h e H a se H igh w ay a s b e long ing t ot h e p a rce l n amed ' Buddh is t P raye r P add ie s ' . Many o ft h el a nd p a rce ln ame si nN a ra d a t et ot h e e a r ly h i s to r ic p e r iod , a nd i ti sh i gh ly u n l ike ly t h a t t h e se w e re r e named w hen t h e S h ik i sh ima C hu rch moved o n to s i t e . A l so , t h en ame s i n co rpo ra t ing ' Ha l l ' a nd ' P ray e r ' s ug g e s t B uddh i s t r a the r t h an T en r ikyo a f f i l ia t ion s . B a sed o n S oma 's a s c r ip t ion o f t e r race -bu i ld ing a nd t h e B uddh i s t c ha rac te ro ft h e l a nd p a r ce l n ame s , i ts hou ld b ec on s ide r ed w he the ra ny p ha se o fo ccupa t ion a tt h eM iwa s i te w a sc on n ec ted w i th t h eF o rme rB yodo j it ot h en o r thea s t . D u r ing t h ec en tu ry t h eS h ik i sh ima C hu r ch h a so ccup ied t h es i t ea tM iwa , t h eC hu r ch b u i ld ing sh ave b een l a id o u ti n t wo d i f f e ren tp a t te rn s . T he C hu rch r e f e r s t ot h e se a sP ha se O ne a nd P ha se Two o ccupa t ion , w i th t h e b r eak c om ing i n 1 925 -30 w hen ama s s ive c on s t ruc t ion p ro jec t w a s u nde r t a ken t or e o r i en te x i s t ing b u i ld ing s a nd b u i ld n ew o ne s . A m ap i nt h e C hu r ch a r ch ive s s how s t h e b u i ld ing l a you t i n P ha se O ne a tK anaya b e tween 1 90 1 a nd 1 925 ( F ig . 2 . 2 ) . S i gn i f ican ta sp ec t st on o te a r e : A ) Ar o ad i sn ow s hown f o l l ow ing t h e w e s te rn a nd s ou the rn p e r ime te r s o f t h e h i l l p romon to ry ; o n t h e w e s tern s i de , t h e r oad a ng le s t ot h e

D r . G ina L .B a rne s , S t . J ohn 's C o l lege , U n ive r s i ty o fC amb r idge , C ambr idge CB2 1 TP , E ng land

M I WA P RO JECT R EPORT t i on n o t ed .L o ca lr e s iden t sr e po r ted t h a tt h eh il w a sf o re s t e dp a r t icu la r ly w i th c ampho r( ku suno la )p r io rt oc onve r s ion t ot e a f i e ld s ( i b id . : 5 ) . F ina l ly , H iguch i d i scu sse s t h e w e l l ( c i r c led i nF ig . 2 . 3 ) l o ca ted b e s ide t h e p a th l e ad ing n o r th i n to t h eS h ik iS h r ine . K nown a s Waka se We l l ,i tb ecame a n i mpo r tan tl a ndma rk d u r ing t h er e ign o f Empe ro rS aga ( 809 2 3 )a nd i sm en t ioned i na ne a r ly s ong t e x tn amed "M iwa " . T he n ew ma in w o r sh ip h a l l w a s c omp le ted i n 1 930 ( Sh ik i sh ima 1 980 : 1 3 -15 ) . A l lt h eb u i ld ing s o n t h eC hu r ch g round s w e re r eo r ien ted d u r ing c ons t r uc t ion , a s s hown b y a no the rm ap i nt h eC hu r ch 's c o l lec t ion ,d r awn i n1 935 ( F ig . 2 . 4 ) . P ha se Two c on t inued f r om 1 930 t o 1 967 . C hange s f r om P ha se O ne i n c lude : A ) T he n ew ma in wo r sh ip h a l l w as b u i l t a tt h e h ead o f t h e e n t rance p a th , f a c ing w e s t , w h i le t h e o l d w o r sh ip h a l l w a s r e -s i ted n o r th o ft h ep ond . H iguch i ( 1932 : 5 )s t a te s t h a t t h e ABS u nde r t h e n ew h a l l w a s r a zed t ot h e l e ve l o fn a tu ra l moun ta in s o i l , t h e e a r th b e ing u sed a sf i la r ound t h ee dge so ft h ep romon to ry ,e sp e c i a l ly o nt h es ou th . B ) Ac l ea rs c a rp i sn ow s hown n o to n ly d i v id ing t h e u ppe r a nd l owe r t e r race s b u ta l so c on t inu ing n o r thwa rd sa c ro s st h eb a ck o ft h eM iwa E l emen ta ry S choo l g r ound s ; d u r ing P ha se Two , t h eT an ikawa S t ream d r a inage w a s f u r the rh o l lowed o u tt oe x tend t h es c hoo l g round sa nd a dd as w imm ing p oo l .C )A l lb u i ld ing so nt h el owe rt e r rac e w e r er emoved , a nd t h en o r ther nh a lf w a su sed a s ap a rk ing a r ea f o r b u se s . D ) T he C hu rch g round s w e re e xpanded t o t h e n o r th o f t h e T an ikawa S t ream . E ) T he s econd s ma l l p ond w a s r emoved . F ) T he T an ikawa i t se l fw a s c hanne led u nde rg round a c ro s st h e u ppe rt e r race a nd t h en i n to ac ana l r u nn ing s t ra igh t w e s t . G ) T he n or ther n e n t rance r o ad a nd t h e T an ikawa c ana l w e r e s t ra igh ted , a s w a s t h e w es t e rn f r on tage r o ad ( H ) ,w h ich w a sa l so e x t ended o u tt ot h eH a se H ighway . J )T he f o rme ra ng led r oad w a s l e f ta s as pu r . K ) T he r oad p rev iou s ly b o rde r ing t h e h i l l p romon to ry o n t h e s ou th w a s i n co rpo ra t ed a s ap a th a c ro s s t h e e xpanded C hu r ch g round s . L )T he d r y f i e ld s t ot h es ou th o ft h i sp a th w e r e u t i l ised f o re mp loyee h ou s ing . M ) O ne o ft h ep addy f i e ld s b o rde r ing t h e H a se H ighway w a s c onve r ted t o ad r y f i e ld . N )T he r i ce p add ie s s hown e a s to ft h eM iwa E l emen t a ry S choo lo nt h e 1 922 -29 o rd inance m ap sa r eh e re s hown a sd r yf i e ld s . T he C hu r ch 's P ha s e Two map ( F ig . 2 . 4 ) w a s a nno ta ted a t al a te rd a te t os how a r ea s o fc u t t ing a nd f i l l ing , t h ough t h e d raw ing c onven t ion s f o r t h e se t wo o pe ra t ion s a r e n o t c l ea r ly d i s t ingu i shed . A nno ta ted i nw r i t ing a sh av ing b een f i l led a r e t h e w ho le o f t h e l owe r t e r race ( no r th a nd s ou th h a lve s ) a nd t h e e n t rance p a th c u t t ing a c ro s s i t( C ) , t h e w e s te rn f r on tage r oad ( H ) , a nd t h e s ou the rn a r ea o fe m p l oye e h ou s ing a nd d ry f i e ld ( L ,M ) . Mo s t w e re f i l led w i th a tl e a s to ne m e t re o fs o i l ,b u tt h es ou the rn h a lf o ft h el owe r t e r race i ss a id t oh ave r e c e ived t wo m e t r e sw h i le n od e ta i l s w e r ea va i lab le f o rt h en o r the rn h a lf . We m ay a s sume ,h ow e ve r , t h a t i ft h e v a l ley o f t h e T an ikawa h ad n o t y e t b een f i l led , i tw a sc e r ta in ly c ove r ed o ve ra tt h i st ime .T he s ou th e r n e dge o ft h e u ppe r t e r ra ce ( P ) r e ce ived t h ree m e t r e s o f f i l l , r e su l t ing i n ac l ea rs c a rp a l ong t h es o u the rn e dge o ft h e w o r sh ip h a l l g round s . H oweve r , t h e s ame h a tch ing a st h i s f i l li su s ed f o rb o th t h ec o rne rb eh ind t h e ma in w o r sh ip h a l l ( Q ) a nd t h e n o r the rn h a lf o f t h e n ew ly a cqu i red l a nd b eyond t h e T an ikawa S t ream ( D ,N ) , t h ough t h i s l a t t e r i s a nno ta ted i nw r i t ing a s b e ing r a zed . I n spec t ion o f t h e se a r ea s i n1 989 , a tt h e t ime o ft h eM iwa e xcava t ion , s ugge s t e d t h a t t h e e a s te rnmo s t a r ea b eh ind t h e C hu r ch w a s c u t r a the rt h an f i led ; a nd i n deed ,p re sen tC hu rch o ff i c ia l sc on f i rmed t h a ts o i l f r om t h e n o r thea s te rn -mo s t f i e ld h ad b een r emoved i n t h e r e cen t p a s t . Howeve r , t h e p addy f i e ld s

n o r thwes t . B ) T he t wo p a ths l e ad ing i n to t h e C hu rch g round s f r om t h i s r oad a r e d e sc r ibed a s g o ing u p s ma l l s l ope s ; t h ew e s te rn o ne s e rved a st h e ma in e n t rance p a th t o t h e C hu r ch g round s . T he se d o n o th ave s t ep s l i ke t h e e n t r ance p a th t oS h ik i S h r ine ( C ) . T hu sn o s ha rp d i f f e r ence s i ne l eva t ion c ha rac te r i sed t h ew e s te rn a nd s ou the rn b ound a r ie s . D ) N oh e igh td i f f e ren t ia l s hown w i th in t h e g round s , b u t t h e m a in c ompound s h ave s t ra igh tn o r th sou th b ound a r ies t h a t c an b e a s sumed t o c o r re spond t o t h e s c arp s epa ra t ing t h ep re sen t -day l owe r a nd u ppe r t e r race s . E ) A s ma l lp a th i ss hown l e ad ing i n to t h es i t ea tt h es ou the rn e nd o ft h i sn o t iona l s c a rp l i ne .F ) We s to ft h et h es c a rp l i ne a r e t wo b u i ld ing c ompound s ; t h en o r the rn o ne i n c luded aw e l l , t wo b a th s a nd t o i le t f a c i l i t ie s o u t s ide o f t h e ma in t wo s t o r ied b u i ld ing .G )T he ma in w o r sh ip h a l lo ft h eC hu r ch a t t h i st ime w a sp o s i t ioned i nt h en o r the rn h a l fo ft h es i t ef a c i n g s ou th . Ap ho tog raph o ft h e C hu r ch 's 3 0 th a nn ive r sa ry c e leb ra t ion si n1 920 s hows t h eh a l lf r om t h es ou thwe s tw i th M t . M iwa i n t h e b ackg round ( Sh ik i sh ima 1 980 : 1 2 ) . H ) N o r th o ft h eC hu rch 's o u tbu i ld ing s w e re t wo s ma l l p ond s . T hey w e re f e db y t h e T an ikawa S t r eam ( J ) , w h ich f l owed i nf r om t h e n o r th a nd w a s t h en d ive r t ed w e s t . K ) An ew v eh ic le a c ce s sr oad w a s a dded a l ong T an ikawa S t ream . L ) T he a r ea b e tween t h i s r oad a nd t h e h ou se c ompound s o n t h e l owe r t e r race i s n o t iceab ly e mp ty . A l though t h e T an ikawa S t ream h ad b een c hanne led i n to i t s z i a -zag c ou r se b o rde r ing t h en o r the rn e dge o ft h eC hu r ch g r ound s , t h e v a l ley c u t t ing a c ro s s t h e l owe r t e r race m igh tn o th ave b een c omp le te ly f i l led i na nd s t ab i l i sed y e t . T he o rd inanc es u rvey m ap ( 1 :25 ,000 ) c omp i led i n1 922 a nd r ev i sed i n1 929 d oe sn o tn ame t h e S h ik i sh ima C hu r ch , a l though a tl e a s t f ou r b u i ld ing s a r e d ep ic ted o n t h e h i l l p romon to ry . T he se a re s hown w i th t h e 8 0 -me t r e c on tou r l i ne r unn ing b e tween t h em , t h e e a s te rn s e t o f b u i ld ing s l o ca ted a bove t h e l i ne a nd t h e w e s te rn s e t b e low i t .T h i s d i s t r ibu t ion m a tche st h el a you ts hown o n t h e 1 90 1 m ap a nd c onf i rm s t h a t t h e se b u i ld ing s w e r e a td i f f e r en t e l eva t ion s , b u t i td oe s n o t c onf i rm t h e p re sence o f as c a rp b e tween t h em . T he w e s te rn a nd s ou the rn b o rde r so ft h ep romon to ry a r e f o l lowed b y t h e r oad , a ss hown o n t h e 1 901 m ap ; a nd p addy f i e ld sa r ed ep ic ted w e s to ft h er o ad a nd , s u rp r i s ing ly , e a s to ft h eM iwa E lemen ta ry S choo l . I nt h e 1 932 v e r s ion o ft h eo rd inance s u rvey m ap , al a rge b u i ld ing a nd t h e n ame " Sh ik ish ima C hur ch" h a s b een a dded . T h i sr ef lec t s P ha se Two o ft h e C hu r ch 's h i s to ry o n t h i s s i t e . B e tween 1 924 a nd 1 931 , t h e C hu rch b ough t u p s eve ra l p a r ce l s o f l a nd i n p repa ra t ion f o r e xpan s ion a t K anaya , i n c lud ing t h e f i e ld s b e tween t h e C hu r ch a nd t h e H a se H ighway . A 1 922 m ap l a ys o u t t h e c on s t r uc t ion c hange s t ob e u nde r taken d u r ing t h e n ex t f ew y ea r s ( F ig . 2 . 3 ) . I ts how st h ea r ea a s ag en t le h i l l s lop ea b rup t ly m ee t ing t h e a l luv ia l f l a t land sp l an ted i nr i ce . F ou rb u i ld ing s o ft h e P ha se O ne C hu rch s i to n t h eh i l l , a ta r ound 8 0mm .s . 1 . , a t t h e c r o s s road s o fp a ths c u t t ing n o r th sou th a nd e a s t -we s t o ve rt h eh i l l . Ad a rk l i ne ma rk st h ee x ten to fC hu r ch -owned l a nd , a nd t h ea d ja cen th a tched a r ea t ot h en o r thwe s ts how s w he re t h eM iwa E lemen ta r yS choo lw a st ob eb u i l t . H iguch i ( 1 932 : 4 )s t a te s t h a tt h e l owe rh i l l s lope w i th in t h i s h a tched a r ea w a s c omp le t e ly r a zed a nd t h e e a r th w a s d umped i n to t h ep addy f i e ld s i nt h e w e s t e rn p o r t ion o ft h e a r ea t ol e ve lo u tt h ec on s t ruc t ion s i t e .H ea l so m en t ion st h a t p r io r t oc ons t ruc t ion —even d u r ing P ha se O ne o fC hu r ch o ccupa t ion — the s l ope s uppo r ted d r y f i e ld sa nd t e ab u she s . I ti si mpo r tan t t on o t e t h a t t h i s map d oe s n o t i n d ica te a ny f i e ld b ounda r ie s i ne i the ro ft h ea r ea si n d ica ted a sw e tr i ce p add ie so rd r yf i e ld s ;n o ra r ea ny a r t i f ic ia lc hange si ne l eva 1 2

2 . B a rne s , T he M iwa S i te :P hys ica lS e t t ing i n te rp r e ta sl i v ing s u r f ace s . A sce r ta in ing t h e l o ca t ions a nd n a tu re s o f a ny s u rv iv ing c u l tura l l a ye r s t hus b ecame t h e f o remo s tp rob lem t ob es o lved t h rough e xcava t ion .

s hown a tt h e e as to fM iwa E lemen ta ry S choo l i nt h e 1 929 o rd inance map m igh th ave b een f i l led t os uppo r th ous ing a t t h is t ime . T he a ccu racy o f t h e a nno ta t ions a r e q ues t ioned b ecause o ft h ec on fus ion i nh a tch ing s ymbo l s , t h e i rb l anke t c ove rage o f f ea tu res t ha t h ave c l ea r h e igh t d i f f e ren t ia ls t o day , a nd t h ea dm is s ion o fl a ck o fd e ta i ls f o rt h en o r the rn l owe rt e r ra ce . Du r ing t h e 1 925 -30 c ons t ruc t ion , H iguch i n o ted ( 1932 : 7 )t ha t t h e s i te s t ra t igraphy c on s i s ted o f as i ng le l a ye r . I t s b o t tom 3 0c mo rs op roduced o n ly Y ayo ip o t te ry a nd s anu k i te t oo ls ; a bove t ho se a r tefac t s , J ö tnon , Y ayo i , S ue , H a j i a nd G aw a r e sa sw e l la ss anuk i te a l lo ccur red i nm ixed c on t e x t . T h is ABS c on ta ined s and a nd c op ious o rgan ic ma te r ia lb u tw a sc l ayey e nough t ob ecome h a rd w hen d ry . I n1 968 ,c ons t ruc t ion f o r an ew b u i ld ing w a si n i t ia ted i n t h e s ou the rn s ec to r , b e tween t h e u ppe r t e r race a nd t h e h ighway .T he o rd inance s urvey map ( 1 :1 ,000 )o fa bou tt h i s t ime d ep ic t st h is wo rk i np rog res s , w i th an ew s t ree tl a you t a nd b u i ld ing b ounda r ies s upe r impo sed o n t h e p re -ex i s t ing e mp loyee h ouse s .2 C ons truc t ion r e su l ted i n ac omp le te r e o rgan iza t ion o ft he s ou the rn s ec to r , a ss hown o n a1 970 r e d raw ing o ft h e 1 935 map , t h e s ma l l -sca le ( 1 :2 ,500 ) 1 979 o rd inance s u rvey map , a nd t h el a rge -sca le o rd inance s u rvey map o f 1 984 ( 1 :25 ,000 ) .3 T he e mp loyee h ou se s w e re r e s i ted i nt h e w e s te rn p o r t ion o ft h es ou the rn s e c to r ; t h e n ew b u i ld ing a nd p a rk ing a r ea o ccup ied t h ec en t ra l a r ea , a nd a l l f i e ld s d i sappea red f r om t h is s ec to r . I n 1 971 , t h e g a rden o n t h e s ou th s i de o ft h e ma in wo r sh ip h a l l w a s r e land scaped ; a nd b y 1 984 ,t he p addy f i e ld sa c ro s s t h er oad t ot h ew e s to f t h e C hu rch g round s w e re f i l led u p t ot h e l e ve l o ft h e r oad a nd c onve r ted i n to af e nced p a rk ing l o t . A l though t h e re i sn oc l ea r -cu te v idence i nt h is r e c i ta t ion o fC hu rch h i s tory f o r a c tua l t e r race c ons t ruc t ion , i ti sh y p o the s ised t h a t t h e c l ea r ing o f t h e b u i ld ing s o f t h e F i r s t P ha se a nd p repa ra t ion o f t h e s i te f o r t h e S econd P ha se i n c l uded l o ca l ised c u t a nd f i l l o pe ra t ion s a l ong a n e x is t ing n o r th -sou th s ca rp i no rde r t oi n c rea se t h e h e igh t d i f f e ren t i a ls b e tween p re -ex i s t ing u ppe r a nd l owe r t e r race s ( s ee b e low ) . T h i s wou ld h ave r equ i red t h e i n s ta l la t ion o f t h e s t one s t a i rca se n ow s i tua ted a tt h i s s ca rp o n t h e ma in p a th l e ad ing u p t o t he ma in w o r sh ip h a l l ( cf . F ig . 1 . 6 ) . S ince s t a i r s a r en o ts hown a tt h is p o in to n t h e 1 901 m ap , t h ough t wo o t he rs e ts a re c l ea r ly d ep ic ted o nt h ep a th l e ad ing u pt o t h eS h ik iS h r ine b eh ind t h eC hu rch ,i tmu s tb ea s sumed t h a t t h es l ope o ft h ef r on tp a th w a sn o ts t eep e nough a tt h a t t ime t or equ i re t h em t h e re .

G enera ls i t es t ra t igraphy D e sc r ip t ions o f t h e t r ench s t ra t ig raph ies a r e g iven i n A ppend ix A t o ge the rw i th t h e i rs ec t ion a nd p lan d raw ing s . D u r ing e xcava t ion , e ach d i f fe ren t c on tex t i ne ach t r ench w a s g i ven au n ique 5 -d ig i t n umbe r i n as e r ie s b eg inn ing w i th t h e t h ree d ig i t s 2 60 ( e .g . 2 6005 ) . T he se h ave b een a bb rev ia ted h e re t ot h e l a s tt wo d ig i t s p refaced w i th L f o r l a ye ro r Ff o rf e a tu re . S ome o ft h el a ye r sh ave b een s ub se q uen t ly c omb ined u nde r f o rma l n ames t o i nd ica te t h e ir c on t inu i ty a c ro s st r enche s ; t h ese c omb ina t ion s a r e l i s ted i n F igu re A .1 . S eve ra l o f t h e l a ye r n ames r e f e r t o s pec if ic p e r iod s , e . g . t h e Y ayo io r Med ieva l ABS ( a r te f ac t -bea r ing s t ra ta ) . E ven t h en , h oweve r , i tw a sr e cogn i sed t h a t mo s to f t h ese d epo s i t ss panned mo r et h an o ne p e r iod a nd c on ta ined a r tef ac t s o fw ide ly v a ry ing d a te . T he m ixed n a tu re o ft h e s t ra t ig raphy w a s n o tab le f r om t h e v ery b eg inn ing o f t h e e xcava t ion . A pa r t f r om q ue s t ion so fc u l tu ra l i n teg r i ty o ft h e l a ye r s , d i scussed b e low , t h e q ue s t ion a ro se w he the r t h e se n ame s w e re a ccu ra te a nd m ean ingfu l e nough t oc on t inue u s ing . P o s t -excava t ion a na lys is o ft h e a r tef ac tua l c on ten t s o ft h e Y ayo i a nd Med ieva l ABS , a s w e l l a s t h e M ixed L aye r s , c onf i rmed t h e i rd i s t inc t ivene s s . At a bu la t ion o ft h en umbe r o f a r te fac t s f r om e ach p e r iod i n t h e c on tex t s c omp r is ing t h e se t h ree n amed l a ye r s s hows t h e Y ayo i ABS t ob e d i f f e ren t f r om t h e o the r s i nt wo ma in w ay s ( F ig . 2 . 5 ) . F i r s t , o n ly t h ree p e r iod s a r e r ep resen ted i n t he Y ayo i ABS : Y ayo i ( i nd ica ted b y s anuk i te a r te fa c t s a nd Y ayo i s he rd s ) , K ofun , a nd Med ieva l . N a ra a nd H e ian a r tefac t s a re s t range ly a b sen t , a nd n oE do o rR ecen t ma te r ia l sa r ei n co r p o ra t ed . P e rcen tage c a lcu la t ions s how t h a ta mong t h et h r ee p e r iod s r ep re sen ted i n t h e l a ye r s c omp r is ing t h e Y ayo i ABS , Y ayo i i sc l ea r ly d om inan t —ave rag ing 9 6 .5% o ft h e a r tefac t r epe r to ire v s . 2 .7% Med ieva l . E ven i n t h e Med ieva l ABS , t he Y ayo i a r tefac t s o u tnumbe r t h e Med ieva l o ne s , 4 3 .6% Y ayo i v s . 3 7 .6% Med ieva l . N eve r t h e les s , t h e l a ye r s c omp r is ing t h e Med ieva l ABS a l so i n c lude a r te f ac t s f r om t h e o t he rf i ve p e r iod s n o tp re sen ti n t h e Y ayo i ABS . T he M ixed L aye r s a l so h ave much E do a nd R ecen t ma te r ia l , a nd t h e n umbe r o f Y ayo i a r tef ac t s d rop s t o 3 3 .5% o n a ve rage , v s . 1 9 .7% Med ieva l . T he se a ve rages ma sk c on s ide rab le d ive r s i ty a mong t h en umbe red s t ra ta , b u tt h ey c onf i rm o u ro r ig ina l f i e ld a s se ssmen t sc on c e rn ing t h e d i s t inc t ivene ss o f t h e n amed l a ye r s a nd a l so c l a r ify t h e c ompos i te n a ture s o f t h e i r a r tefac tua l r epe r t o i res . A s l o ng a si ti sf u l ly u nde r s tood t h a t t h e Y ayo i a nd Med ieva l ABS a r e n o t e xc lus ive ly l im i ted t ot h e p e r iod s m en t ioned i nt h e i rn ame s , b u tt h a tt h e se n ame so n ly r ef lec t t h e c hang ing p ropo r t ion s o f ma te r ia ls , t h en t h e i r u sage i s d eemed h a rm le ss . F ew f e a tu re s w e re d i scove red i nt h e e xcava t ion , p e r h ap s b ecause o f s t ra t ig raph ic d i f f icu l t ie s i n r ecogn is ing f e a tu re b ounda r ie s , a s d i scus sed b y t h e A rea S upe rv i so r s f o rT renche s 2a nd 6( Append ix A ) . I na l l , t e n R ecen t , f i ve Med ieva l , a nd s i x Y ayo i -pe r iod f e a tu res w e re r e cove red . T he se a r ec on s ide r ed i nC hap te r 1 9i nt h eg ene ra lo verv iew o f M iwa o ccupa t ion b y p e r iod . T he r e s t o f t h is s ec t ion s t r ive s t op re sen t a nd i n te rp re t o n ly t h e l a ye r s i nt e rms o f t h e i r c ompos i t ion a nd g enes is . T he s ou the rn s e c t ion s o f T renche s 2 ,3 ,4 ,a nd 6a r ep re sen ted i nF igu re 2 . 6 t op ro v i de a c on t inuous s t ra t ig raph ic s ec t ion o f t h e s i te a l ong g r id t r ansec tY 510 -512 .

S ITE S URV IVAL T he ma jo rq ues t ion f a c ing t h eM iwa P ro jec tp r io rt oe xca v a t ion w a s ,h ow much h ad t h eM iwa s i te s t ra t ig raphy b een a f f ec ted b y t h e r e shap ing o f t h e p romon to ry i n to t e r race s a nd t h e c ons truc t ion o f t he S h ik i sh ima C hurch? Two h ypo the se sh ad b een a dvanced : e i the r many o ft h ec u l tu ra l l a ye r s h ad b een r azed d u r ing t h e l e ve l l ing o ft h e t e r race s , o r t h e l a ye r s w e re b u r ied d eep ly u nde r s eve ra l me t res o f f i l l . T he re w a s a l so am idd le -g round h ypo the s i s t h a t t h e c u l tu ra l l a ye r s o ft h e l owe r t e r ra ce l a y f a i r ly c l o se t ot h e s u rface a nd w ere s ha l low ly b ur ied b y f i l l t owa rds t h e w es t e rn e dge b u tw e re c u t i n to a nd s haved a way t owa rd s t h e e a s t e rn s ca rp . T he s u re p re sence o fc u l tura l ma te r ia ls h ad b een a s ce r ta ined t h rough s u r face p i ck -up a nd c o r ing . Y ayo ia nd K ofun p e r iod s he rd sw e re p a r t icu la r ly n ume rous a l ong t h e s ca rp b e tween t h e l owe r a nd u ppe r t e r race s , a nd t h e c o r ing so f Augus t 1 988 y i e lded a r tefac t s e mbedded i n t h ick b l ack l aye r s w h ich w e re , h oweve r , t oo t h ick t o

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M I WA P RO JECT R EPORT S urf ace f i l l T h roughou t t h e e xcava ted a r ea , t h e t u r fw a s u nde r la in b y ab rown s andy t o p so i l a nd t h en t wo l a ye r s o fc ompac t o r ange red s a nd , c a . 2 . 5 -15 c mt h ick , w i th ag r ey i sh -b rown s i l ty s and l a ye r s andw iched b e twe en . S h ik i sh ima C hu rch o f f ic ia l s i n fo rmed u s t h a t a t l e a s t o nce p r io r t o m id c en tu ry , s and wa s b rough t i nf r om M t . T ob i i ns ou ther n S aku ra iC i ty w i th w h ich t os u r f ace t h e t e r ra ce .T he o r ange s a nd i nt h e s i te s t ra t ig raphy w a s i d en t if i ed b y aC hu r ch o f f ic ia la st h i sT ob is a nd ,b u th ec ou ld n o ts a yw h ich o ft h e t wo s and l a ye r s w a s d ef in i te ly f r om M t . T ob i . I ti sn o t k nown w he the r t h e re w a s as e cond i n c idence o f s and s u r f ac ing f r om M t .T ob i ,w he the rs im i la rs a nd w a sb r ough t i n f r om a no the r l o ca t ion , o r w he the r b o th l a ye r s m igh t h ave b een l a id a to ne t i me . I na ny c a se , f o rt h ep u rpo se so f t h i sr epo r t , t h e se s e em ing ly i d en t ica l s a nd l a ye r sw i l l b o th b er e f e r red t oa sT ob i s a nd a nd b e g i ven t h e d e s igna t ion s U ppe r a nd L owe r . I nT r enche s 1a nd 5 ,t h e U ppe r T ob i s a nd w a s n o t d ug a s as epa ra te c on tex t , a nd t h e c on t ex t n umb e rL -44 i n c lude sb o th t h eT op so i la nd t h eU pp e rT ob i s a nd t h ough tt h e se a ppea rs epa ra t e ly i ns e c t ion ( F ig . A .3 ) . I nT rench 3 ,t h eU ppe rT ob is t ra tum w a st h ick i nt h en o r th b u t t h inned o u t t owa rd s t h e s ou th ; t h us i tm ake s o n ly a s po t ty a pp ea rance i nt h es ou the rn p o r t ion o fT r ench 3( F ig . A .11) . I na l l t r enche s , t h e T ob i s and l a ye r s s a ndw iched a s i l ty s and l a ye r , r e f e r red t oh e re a s t h e T ob i S andw ich , w h ich i s c a . 8 -20 c m t h ick a nd c on ta ins c on s ide rab le m oder nr ubb i sh . I ti st h ough t t h a t t h i s i sa l so af i l l l a ye r b ecause n o f e a tu r es w e re f ound i n i ta nd b ecause i t b ecome st h icke ra tt h ew e s te rn e dge o ft h et e r ra ce i no rde r t ol e ve lo u tt h et e r ra ce s u r f ace t oh o r izon ta l . B e low t h e L owe r T ob i s and , t h e s t ra t ig raph ie s o ft h e t r enche s d i ve rge a nd c an b eg rouped i n to t h ree s e quence s : t h e s equence f o rT r enche s 1a nd 5 ,t h a tf o rT r enche s 2 ,4 , a nd 6a nd t h a tf o rT rench 3 .T he se d i f f e ren ts e quence s i n d i ca te t h a tt h ea r ea so ft h e se t r ench g roup ing sh ad d i f f e r en t h i s to r ie s i nt e rm s o ft e r ra ce f o rma t ion a nd u sage p r io r t o m id -cen tu ry . T h i s i sd e sp i te t h e c l o se j ux tapo s i t ion ing o f t h e se a r ea s a nd t h e i r h omogeneous u s e a nd a ppea rance t o day . T he u ppe r a nd l owe r s t ra ta o f T rench 3 ma tch s omewha tt h o se l a ye r si nT r enche s2 , 4a nd 6 ;b u tT r ench 3 c on ta ins au n ique m idd le a nd w e s t e rn s equence w h ich i s n o tr e p re sen ted i nt h e l a t te rg roup . T hus , T rench 3w i l l b e d i scu s sed b e low b o th i nr e la t ion t ot h e T 2 , 4 , 6g roup a s w e l la si n d iv idua l ly . S t ab l el and s t ra t igraphy U nde rnea th t h e L owe r T ob i s a nd i nT renche s 2 ,3 ,4 a nd 6o ccu r r ed at h in l a ye r ( s )o fg r ey s i l ty s a nd w i th c l ay ; a st h i s a ppea red t ob ea n o l d s u r f ace p e rhap s d a t ing t ot h e l a t e 1 8 th o re a r ly 1 9 th c en t u ry , i ti sr e f e r red t oa st h eE a r ly Moder nS u r f a ce . I nt h ew e s te rn h a lf o fT r ench 2 ,t h i sl a ye r i ss e en i ns e c t ion ( F ig . A .6 ) t os p l i t i n to u ppe r a nd l owe r f a c ie s . T he se p e rhap s c on t inue i n to T r ench 3a st wo s epa r a te l a ye r s( L -28 ,L -29 ) ,b o th o fw h ich a r em ade u po fs e d i men t s c l o se ly r e semb l ing L -07 i n T 2 , 4 , 6 . T he A rea S upe rv i so r sa r eo ft h eo p in ion t h a tt h i ss u r f a ce w a sa s soc i a t ed w i th t h eh ouse sw h ich a r ek nown f r om t h eS h ik i sh ima C hu rch P ha se O ne Map t oh ave s t ood o n t h et e r ra ce i nt h i s a r ea d u r ing t h e f i r s t q ua r te r o f t h is c en tu ry ( F ig . 2 . 2 , F ) . I C ane r , a sT r ench 2s up e rv i so r , s ugge s t st h a tt h et o po ft h i s l a ye rm igh th ave b een s haved s l igh t ly i no rde rt ol e ve l t h e s i t e b efo re s u r f ac ing w i th t h e L owe r T ob i s and . H e a l so s ugge s t s , w i th s uppo r t f r om t h e F i e ld D i rec to r , t h a t t h e l a ye r u nder nea th t h i s E a r ly Mode rn S u r f ace w a s a l so s haved , p e rhap s i n o rde r t op rov ide a l e ve l s u r f ace o n

w h ich t ob u i ld t h e h ou se t h a t a ppea r s o n t h e m ap . T he se a r e t h e o n ly t wo i n c idence s o fs u r f a ce s hav ing t h a tc ou ld b e c onf i rmed i nt h e s i te s t ra t ig raphy , e v idenced b y v e ry e ven a nd l e ve lj unc tu re sb e tween t h es t ra ta a nd t h er a d ica l c hange si ns e d imen tc ompo s i t ion . I nT renche s 2 , 4a nd 6 ,t h e l a ye re x t end ing b e low t h e E a r ly Mode rn S u r face i s amo t t led b rown s andy l a ye r , t e rmed t h e Med ieva l ABS , c on ta in ing a w ide r a nge o f m a t e r ia l s f r om s eve ra ld i f f e ren tp e r iod s .T h i s i so ne o ft h e mo s ti mpo r tan tc u l tu ra ll a ye r sa tt h es i t ea nd w a si d en t if i ed i nt h e p r e -excava t ion c o r ing a s ab u r ied t o pso i l , p o s s ib ly c u l t iva ted . T he Med ieva l ABS r ange s i nt h ickne s s e a s tt o w e s t f r om 6c m i nT rench 6 ,t o2 5 c m i nT rench 4 ,t o4 0 c mi nT r ench 2 .T he d i f f e r ence s i nt h icknes sa r ed i s cu s sed b e low i n ar e v iew o f t e r rac ing o pe ra t ion s . I n i t s u ppe r r e a che s , t h i s l a ye r i si t se l fc u ti n to b y s e ve ra l moder nf e a t u re s( F -12 ,F 16 ,F -17 )a nd a l so c on ta in ss e ve ra l Med i eva l f e a tu r e s ( F -14 , F -15 , F -57 , F -60 ) . T he m o s t i mpo r tan to f t h e se f o r d e te rm in ing t h e p o s s ib le g ene s i s o ft h i s l a ye ri s t h e g roup o ff e a tu re s F -60 , w h ich i n c lude s w ha t w e h ave i n t e rp r e ted a sp l ough m a rk s ( F ig . A .22 ) . T ay lo r , T rench 6 s up e rv i so r , c on s ide r s t h e se m a rk s t ob e c ompa t ib le w i th p l ough ing a s t h e c aus e o f t h e c hur n ed -up n a tu re o f t h e d i v i s ion b e tween t h is l a ye r a nd t h e u nde r ly ing b l ack e r l a ye r( t he Y ayo i ABS , L -56 ) . I ti sv e ry p l au s ib le t h a ts ome s o r t o f c u l t iva t ion w a s c a r r ied o u t h e r e a ts ome t i me , a p o s s ib i l i ty f u r the rd i scu s sed i nC hap t e r 1 9 . Howeve r , t h e p r e sence o f af o unda t ion s t one ( F ig . A .14 -15 ) s ugge s t st h a t t h e r e m igh t a l so a to ne t ime h ave b een al a rge b u i ld ing s t and ing o nt h es i te ,w h ich may h ave b e en a c compan ied b y t h e w e l l ( F ig . A .2 1 ) . T he t empo ra l r e la t ion sh ip s o ft h e se f e a tu re s w i th in t h e Med ieva l ABS a r e n o t c l ea r f r om t h e s ma l l e x ten to fh o r izon ta l e xpo su re a ta ined i nt h e t r ench e xcava t ion s . B e low t h e Med ieva l ABS i nT renche s2 , 4a nd 6w a sa b l ack m ica ceou s s i l ty s a nd h av ing b rown mo t t l ing o rc l ay p ocke t si ns ome p l ac e s . Mo s to ft h ea r t e f ac t sc om ing f r om t h i s l a ye r w e r e Y ayo i , i np a r t icu la rM idd le Y ayo i , g i v ing r i se t oi t sn ame : t h e Y ayo i ABS ( F ig s . A .5 -6 , 1 5 , 2 3 -24 ) . Many o ft h e a r t e f ac t s f r om t h eo r ig ina l e x ten to ft h el a ye r h ave c l ea r ly b e en t a ken u pi n to t h e Med i eva l ABS t h rough p l ough ing a c t iv i t ie s , a nd s ome Med ieva l s he rd s h ave i n t r uded b ack i n to t h eY ayo il a ye r ,p re sumab ly t h rough t h e se s ame a c t iv i t ie s . C on tex t sL -11 i nT r en ch 2 ,L -18 a nd L -19 i nT rench 4 ,a nd L -56 i nT rench 6 a r e f a i r ly c e r ta in t ob e m an if e s ta t ion s o ft h is Y ayo i ABS . H oweve r , i nT r ench 4 t h e r eo ccu r red t wo o t he rc on tex t s( L -6 1 ,L -62 ) w ho se r e la t i on sh ip st oe a ch o t he ra nd t ot h eY ayo i ABS a r en o tc om p l e t e ly c l ea rd ue t ot h em u l t ip l ic i ty o ff e a tu re s a nd d i s tu r b ance s i nt h a tt r ench ( F ig . A .14 ) . G iven t h e i ra ppea ran ce s , t e x tu re s a nd c on ten t s , i ti sn o t u n r ea sonab le t oi d en t i fy t h em w i th t h e Y ayo i ABS ; b u t i nt e rm s o ft h e i rp hy s ica l p o s i t ion s , s u ch i d en t i f ica t ion sa r en o tc omp le te ly s e cu r e . T er race e dg es t ra t igraphy I nT rench 3 ,r a the r t h an t wo d i sc r e t e l a ye r s g ene ra l ly d a tab le t ot h e Y ayo i a nd Med ieva l p e r iod s r e spec t ive ly , t h e re w a s am u l t ip l ic i ty o fi n t e r lock ing l a ye r s w h ich m ay r e f lec t d epo s i t s o f f t h e c on tempo raneou s e dge o f t h e p romon to ry . T h i s i n te rp r e ta t ion i ss uppo r t ed b y t h e f a c t t h a tt h e re o ccu r s al i ne o fw ooden s t ake s ,w h ich m ay h ave a to ne t ime m a rked t h e h i l l e dge , r u nn ing n o r th t os o u th j u s ti nf r on to ft h ee a s t e rn s e c t ion o ft h et r ench ( F ig .A .11 ) . C o r r e spondence sb e tween t h el a ye r si nT r ench 3a nd t h o se i nT 2 ,4 , 6c anno ty e tb es t a ted f o rc e r ta in . Du r ing e xcava t i on , n o s e d imen ta ry s im i la r i t ie s w e re n o t ed d ue t ot h e

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2 . B a rne s , T he M iwa S i te : P hys ica lS e t t ing t ween t h e p a th e a s t o f t h e C hu rch l e ad ing u p t ot h e S h ik i S h r ine ( a t8 3 .2 m m .s . l . )a nd t h er oad b o rde r ing t h ef r on to f t h e C hu rch g round s ( a t 7 3 .8 m m .s . l . ) , s ugges t ing a4 .2% s l ope f o r t h e o r ig ina l h i l l ( 9 .2 m d rop o ve r 2 22 .5 m d i s t a nce ) . I th a s a l so b een s ugges ted a bove t h a t t h e t e r rac es e x is ted b e fo re t h ee a r ly mode rn p er iod .T he d ea r th o fe a r ly h i s to r ica l ( Na ra - a nd H e ian -pe r iod ) ma te r ia l so n s i te , c om p a red t o t h e o ve rwhe lm ing a bundance o f Y ayo i a nd Med ieva l a r tef ac t s , s t imu la ted t h e t hough t t h a t t h e f i r s t i n s tance o ft e r rac ing a tM iwa m igh th ave b een c a r r ied o u t i nt h e Med ieva l p e r iod . T he r a z ing o ft h e h i s to r ica l l a ye r s d own t o t h e Y ayo i ABS a nd t h en t h e b u i ld ing u p o f Med ieva ll a ye r st h rough c u l t iva t ion w ou ld e xp la in b o th t h e n a tu re o f t h e s t ra t ig raphy a nd t h e s ca t te red b u t s ca rce o ccu r rence o f e a r ly h i s to r ic a r tefac t s , l e f t o ve r f r om t h e r a z ing o pe ra t ion . T he s t ra t ig raphy a tt h e s i te p rov ide s p a r t ia l s uppo r tf o r t h is h ypo thes is , s i nce a t i s o la ted s po t s i n t he Y ayo i Med ieva l ABS i n te r face , t h e s t ra ta j o in i na lmo s t p e r f ec t h o r izon ta l i ty ( F igs . A .5 , 6 ,1 5 , 2 3 , 2 4 ) . O n t h e o the rh and , t h e Y ayo i - Med ieva l ABS i n te rface i sc l ea r ly mo re d eep ly b u r ied i nt h e w e s tt h an i nt h ee a s t . I ti sp o s i t ioned a t7 7 .34 mm .s . l . a tt h ee a s ter ne dge o fT r ench 6b u td rop s t o7 6 .82 mm .s . l . a tt h ew e s te rn e dge o fT rench 2 , ad i f f e renc eo f5 2 c m i n 9m d i s tance ( a5 . 8% s l ope ) . Whe the rt h is r ep resen t s an a tu ra l s l ope o ri sd ue t od eepe rc hur n ing a tt h e i n te r face c anno t b e d e te rm ined . T he h o r izon ta l p o r t ions o f t h e Y ayo i -Med ieva l ABS i n te r face s ugges t at r ue t e r rac ing e p i sode ,b u tt h ec hu rned p o r t ions c an b ei n t e rp re ted a sc on t i nuous s ed imen ta t ion l a ter m ixed d ur ing c u l t iva t ion . N eve r the le s s , i fs uch c on t inuous d epo s i t s f o l lowed t h en a t u ra l s l ope o f t h e h i l l , t h en t h e h o r izon ta l p o r t ion s o f t h e i n te r fac e r e qu i re a n a l te rna t ive e xp lana t ion . T hus , t h e e v i d ence o f t h e h o r izon ta l i n te r face s w i l l b e g iven g rea te r w e igh t i n i n te rp re ta t ion , a nd i ti sh e reby p o s tu la ted t h a t t h e r e w a s aMed ieva lt e rrac ing o p e ra t ion a tM iwa . A mo re r e cen t r a z ing o pe ra t ion a tt h e s i te w a s c l ea r ly t h e l e ve l l ing o f t h e Med ieva l ABS f o r t h e b u i ld ing o ft h e Me i j i -pe r iod h ouse . T h i s i se v idenced b y t h e c omp le te ly h o r izon ta l , t h in g r ey l a ye r i n te rp re ted a st h eE a r ly Moder n S u r f ace ( L -07 ) . We h ave s ome d a ta o n h ow much s o i l t h i s o pe ra t ion m igh t h ave r emoved ( F ig . 2 . 7 ) . C o re 8 8 -16 w a s t a ken o n t h e t e r ra ce s ca rp b e tween t h e c u r ren t u ppe r a nd l owe r t e r race s o ft h e S h ik i sh ima C hu rch g round s a ta bou t 9 0 c m a bove t h e l owe r t e r race l e ve l ( c f . F ig . 5 . 3d ) . T he f i r s t a r tef ac t -bea r ing s t ra tum i nt h is c o re , p re sumab ly t h e Med ieva l ABS , b eg ins a bou t 7 0 c m b e low t h e t o p o f t h e c o re . T he c u r ren t t o p o ft h e Med ieva l ABS o n t h e l owe rt e r r a ce l i e s a t40 c m i nt h e s ou thea s ter nc or ne r o fT rench 6 , u nde rnea th t h e E a r ly Moder n S u r face . T he Med ieva l ABS i st h inne s t h e re ( ca . 6 cm ) , w i th t h e e l eva t ion o f t h e Med ieva l -Yayo i ABS i n te r face a t46 c mo r 7 7 .32 m m .s . l . T hus am ax imum t h ickne s so f5 6c mf o rt h e Med ieva l ABS c an b e c a lcu la ted b e tween t h e t op o ft h e ABS i nC o re 8 8 1 6 t ot h e Med ieva l -Yayo i i n te r f ace . T h i s f i gu re , h oweve r , m igh t i n c lude t h e s ca rp d iv is ion o ft h e Med ieva l t e r ra c ing e p i sode , w i th t h e 8 8 -16 c o re p os i t ioned o n t h e u ppe r Med ieva lt e r ra ce . I fs o , t h en t h e Me i j i t e r rac ing e p i sode d id n o t c u t a way t h e max imum d ep th o f d epo s i t c a lcu la ted a bove b u t e nough t o r educe t h e c ur ren t Med ieva l ABS t h ickne ss i n T rench 6 t o 6 cm . I ft h e b eg inn ing o f t h e Med ieva l ABS i nc o re 8 8 -16 ( a t 70 cm ) c o inc ide s w i th i t s t r ue s u r f ace , t h en t h e u ppe r t e r race i nt h e Med ieva l p er iod w a s n o t a sh i gh a si ti sc ur ren t ly . I tc an b e p o s tu la ted t h a t t h e h e igh t d i f f e ren t ia l w a s i n c rea sed d ur ing P ha se Two

u n ique w ay i n wh ich t h e s ed imen t s w e re c ompac ted t o f o rm as t epped s u r f ace t h a t d escended e a s t t ow e s t ( F ig . A .8 ) . H oweve rr ea l t h i ss t epped s u r f ace s e emed a tt h et ime o f e xcava t ion , i ts eem s t oh ave o b scu red t h e t r ue s t ra t i g raph ic s u cce s s ion o fl a ye r si nt h et r ench , w h ich a r es hown i n t h e s ou thern s ec t ion ( F ig . A .11) . H e re , L -24 a nd L -63 l ook a st h ough t h ey a r el e ve l f i l ll a ye r sw i thou tc oun te rpa r t i nT 2 , 4 ,6 .A r tefac tua l a na lys is r e vea l s t h a tt h eo b jec t s i n c o rpo ra t ed i n to L -26 a r e s im i la r t ot h e Med ieva l ABS i n T 2 a nd T 4 . L -27 m igh t r ep resen t t h e t a i lend o f L -11 e x tend ing i n to T rench 3 f r om T 2 , s i nce i th a s t h e s ame a r tefac tua l makeup a nd a c ompa t ib le t opog raph ic p lacemen t . F ur the r p rob lem s a t tend t h e u nde r s tand ing o f l a ye r sL -30 a nd L -37 , b o th o fw h ich c on ta ined o n ly Y ayo i ma te r ia ls b u t wh ich l ook f r om t h e s ec t ion a s i ft h ey o ve r lapped ( and w e re t h e refo re l a te r t h an ) t h e i r a d jacen t n e ighbou r s ( e .g . L -26 w i th R ecen t -pe r iod a r tef ac t s ) . I ti s p o ss ib le t h a tL -30 i s af i l l l a ye rd e r ived f r om e l sewhe re o n s i te a nd d epo s i ted o ve r lapp ing t h e Med ieva l ABS . I n c on t ra s t , L -37 i st h e o n ly l a ye r i nt h e e xcava t ion t oh ave y i e lded Y ayo i -pe r iod f e a tu re s . T h ree s ma l l p i t s w e re c u t i n to t h i s l a ye r a nd c on ta ined o n ly Y ayo i -pe r iod a r tefac t s . T hus , o f a l l t h e l a ye r s i nT rench 3 ,a tl e a s t L -37 c an b e u nde r s t ood a sb e ing i ns i tu . F u r the rmo re , i t s u ppe r s u r face o n t h e e a s ter n e dge w a s c u t b y as ha l low , n a r row d i tch p a ra l le l ing t h e l i ne o fs t ake s . T he d i tch f i l l y i e lded Y ayo i a r tefac t s , b u t o n t h e l e ve l t op o f t h e d i tch l a y aM ing p e r iod c e ladon s he rd w h ich o s tens ib ly b e longs t o L -26 , e spec ia l ly i ft h is l a ye r i s ac on t inua t ion o f t h e Med ieva l ABS f r om T 2 . I n T rench 3 b e tween L -37 a nd t h e s t ake s l a y s eve ra l s t e r i le l a ye r s( L -39 ,6 4 , 6 6 ) . A tl e a s tL -66 may p o s s ib ly b e c o r re la t ed w i th L -69 i nT rench 2 ,w h ich p roved t ob e a g rey s a nd l a ye rw i th s of ew a r te f ac t si ts e em s t oh ave b een n a tu ra l ly l a id . T he se b a sa l s and l a ye r s h ave b een s hown i n C hap te r 5b e low t of o rm t h eu nde r ly ing c oa r se s t ra t ig raphy a tt h e s i te , w h ich w e a s sume i ss t e r i le a nd n a tura l . H ow e ve r , i fJ omon a r tefac t s w e re t ob e f o und o n s i te , i ti sn o t c l ea ri ft h ey m igh tr e s ide i no ro n t h e se b a sa l s a nd s . D i s turbed a rea s t ra t igraphy I n T renches 1 a nd 5 , t h e d i sc re te l a ye r s o f E a r ly Modern S ur face , Med ieva l ABS a nd Y ayo i ABS w e re c omp le t e ly a b sen t . I n s t ead , t h eL owe rT ob i s and g ave w ay t o t h ick s ed imen t ( L -42 , L -47 ) c on ta in ing a m ix tu re o f Y ayo i t h rough t on ume rous R ecen ta r te fac t s . I nt wo a r ea s , ad i f fe r en t s ed imen t b u t o f s im i la r a r tefac t c on ten t w a s i d en t if ied ( L -54 ) . T he se l a ye r sa r e c l ea r ly m ixed , b u t t h e i r d epo s i t iona lo r ig in i sn o tc l ea r . T hey m igh th ave d eve loped i n s i tu t h rough t h e mode rn c hu rn ing u p o f t h e o r ig ina l Y ayo i a nd Med ieva l l a ye r s , o r t h e s ed imen t m igh t b e f i l l d umped i nf r om o the rp a r t so ft h es i t e . T he se d i s tu rbed a r ea s a ppea r t ob e t h e l a te s t man i f es ta t i ons o f e a r th -mov ing a nd d igg ing o n s i te . B y f a r , t h e ma jo r e p i sodes o f s uch a c t iv i t ie s i n t h e p a s t w e re t h e t e r ra c ing a c t iv i t ie s w h ich g ave t h el owe rC hu rch t e r race i t s p re sen tf o rm . T he s t ra t ig raph ic r e co rd y i e ld s c ons ide rab le i n fo rma t ion w h ich c an b e u sed t o r e cons t ruc t t h e se e p i sode sa nd p o s s ib ly d a te t h em . T errac ing o pera t ions T he a bove d i scus s ion s h ave e s tab l ished t h a tt h e c u r ren t l owe rt e r ra ce o ft h eS h ik ish ima C hu r ch s pans t wo s epa ra t e l a nd fo rm s , as t ream v a l ley a tt h e n o r thern e dge a nd ag en t l e h i l l s lope a tt h e w e s tern b a se o fM t . M iwa i nt h e s ou th . T he mode rn o rd inance map s hows a 1 0 -me t re d rop b e 1 5

M I WA P RO JECT REPORT C hu rch c ons truc t ion , ma rked b y t h e a dd i t ion o f t h e s t one s t a irca se b e tween t h e t e r race s ( F ig . 2 .4 ) . D if f e rences b e tween t h et wo t e r race st o day m ea su re a pp rox ima te ly 2m i nt h en o r th a nd 3m i nt h es ou th . I n t h e g eo log ica l c or ings ( s ee C hap te r 5b e low ) a nd a c tua l e xcava t ion o f t h e l owe r t e r race , t h ree s u r face f i l l l a ye r s ( Uppe r a nd L owe r T ob i s and a nd T ob i S andw ich ) w e re i d en t if ied o ve r ly ing a t h in g rey s i l ty s and a nd c l ay l a ye r ( t he E a r ly Moder nS u r fa ce ) . T he r e la t ive t h ickne s se s o ft h ese l a ye r s s uppo r t t h e h ypo the s i s o fl o ca l i sed c u t a nd f i l l , s i nce t h e E a r ly Moder n S u r f ace s e emed t ob e s l igh t ly r a zed o n t op , a nd t h e T ob i S andw ich b ecame t h icker t owa rd st h ew e s te rn e dge o ft h et e r ra ce a si ft ok eep t h et e r r ace a t a n e ven h e igh t w here i t n a tura l ly s l oped d ownwa rd s . T he Uppe r a nd L owe r T ob i s and , b rough t i n s ome t ime b efo re 1 950 f r om M t . T ob i , w a s mo re l i ke ly t o h ave b een l a id f o r o r d u r ing P ha se Two t h an P ha se O ne , g iven t h e o bv ious a dvan tage o f t r uck ing i n t h e s and — t r ucks b e ing mo re r ead i ly a va i lab le i n 1 925 t han i n 1 890 ! —and t h en eed t op rov ide af i rm s u r f ace t os e r ve a sa p a rk ing l o t . S ince t h e r ubb ish i nt h e T ob i S andw ich w a s moder n a nd t h e T ob i s and l a ye r s a round i ts eem t oh ave b een d epo s i ted a f te r 1 925 , t h e E a r ly Modern S ur face i s i n te rp re ted a s t h e P ha se O ne l i v ing s urface w h ich s uppo r ted t h et wo h ouse c ompounds o n t h el owe rt e r race . I ti si n te re s t ing t on o te t h a t t h e f r equenc ie s o fE do a nd R ecen t ma te r ia ls o ccur r ing i nt h e Med ieva l ABS a r e v e ry s im i la rt ot h e f r equenc ie s o fK of un , N a ra a nd H e ian ma te r i a ls i n t h e Y ayo i ABS ( F ig . 2 . 6 ) . T he o r ig ina l d epo s i t s w e re l i ke ly t oh ave b e en s haved a way d u r ing t h e t e r ra c ing o pe ra t ion s— the Med ieva l e p isode r emov ing t h ee a r ly h i s t o r ica l l a ye r s d own t ot h e Y ayo i , a nd t h e Moder n e p isode r emov ing t h el a te h i s to r ica ll a ye r sd own t ot h e Med ieva l . ABS g ene s i sa nd i n tegr i ty T he t h ick Y ayo i a r tef ac t -bea r ing s t ra ta ( ABS ) o n t h e o r ig ina l h i l l s lope a t tes t t ol o ng a nd c on t inuous u se o f t h e a r ea , y i e ld ing c e ram ics f r om e ve ry Y ayo i p ha se . U nfo r tu n a te ly , n o d i sc er n ib le f e a tu re s w e re d i scove red i ne xcava t i on , e xcep t f o r av i r tua l ly i n tac t S ty le V l o ng -necked j a r p o s i t ioned b e low ap i t f e a ture ( F -59 ) i nT rench 6 .I ft h e r e la t ion sh ip so ft h e t r enche s a r e v i ewed a ga in s tt h e o r ig ina l t opog raphy ( c ompa re F igs . 1 . 6a nd 3 . 1 ) , i tc an b e s e en t h a t t h ee xcava t ion f o cus sed o n t h e m a rg in o ft h e h i l ls lope ,j u s t w he re Y ayo ip eop le m igh th ave t o s sed t h e i rr ubb i sh i ft h e i r s e t t lemen t h ad b een f u r the r u ph i l l w he re t h e S h ik ish ima C hu rch b u i ld ing n ow s i t s . Many b roken a r tefa c t s w e re r e c ove red f r om t h e se s t ra ta , y e t R eyno ld s ( Chap te r 1 4 ) h a s p ronounced t h e s anuk i te d eb r is f r ee o f t r amp l ing d amage . T he se t wo t r a i t s —b roken too ld epo s i t ion b u tn op o s t -depo s i t iona l d amage —a re b e s t e xp la ined b y i n te rp re t ing t h e l a ye r s a s r ubb ish d epo s i t s . T he Y ayo i ABS , b e ing t h ick , b l ack i sh , s t icky a nd w i thou t f e a tu re s , c an e a s i ly b e e nv i s i oned a sr ubb i sh d epo s i t s . Wi th in t h e se d epo s i t s , h oweve r , t h e re s e em t o h ave b een o cca s iona ld i s tu rbance s , s i nce s ma l lq uan t i t ie so fn on Y ayo i ma te r ia l a r e f ound t h roughou t . I nL -11 , t h e Y ayo i ABS f o rT rench 2 , Med ieva lH a j i w a re w a sr e cove red f r om t h e l owes tp o in ti nt h e s t ra t ig raphy ( L if t# 1718 a t7 6 .71 m m .s . 1 . ) ( F ig . 2 . 8 ) , w h i le o ne E a r ly Y ayo i s h e rd o ccur red i n a n u ppe r l i f t a t7 7 .02 i n m .s . l . K ane r h a s t a ken p a ins t o e xp la in t h ei n t ru s ion o fl a t e rm a te r ia ls i n to t h e l owe r l e ve l s o ft h e t r ench a sr e su l t ing f r om t r ench f l ood ing b y t y phoon r a ins d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion . H oweve r , i ft h e se d epos i t s w e re i ndeed r ubb ish t i ps , al im i ted a moun t o f d igg ing a r ound i nl a te rp e r iod s m igh th ave o ccur red . N eve r the le s s ,

o ft h e 1 763 o b jec t sr e cove red f r om L -11 , 9% a re Y ayo ii n d a te . I n c on t ra s t t o t h e Y ayo i ABS , t h e Med ieva l ABS i s t h ough tt ob e ac u l t iva ted l a ye r . T h is j udgemen ti sb a sed o n t h e f i r s t a s se s smen t o f i ti nc o r ing , t h ep l ough l ike m a rk s r e cove red d u r ing e xcava t ion , a nd i t s s coop ed i n ter f ac e w i th t h e Y ayo i ABS . T ay lo r i n t e rp re ted t h e s hape o ft h i s i n te r f a ce a s r e su l t ing f r om p lough ing , w h ich w ou ld s uff ice t o e xp la in t h e c ons ide rab le a moun t o fY ayo i ma ter ia l s i nt h e Med ieva l ABS ( 4 3 .6% o na ve rage ) . T he t y pe o fa g r icu l tu re p r e sumab ly p r a c t i sed o n t h et e r r a ce i nt h e Med ieva lp e r iod i s much d eba ted .T he b o tan ica l r ema ins r e cove r ed f r om t h e s ed imen t so n s i te c ove r aw ide r a nge o fp l an t s , b o th c u l t igens a nd n on cu l t igens ( F ig . 2 . 9 ) . R ice i se v idenced a s c ha r red g ra ins r e cove red , t h rough f l o ta t ion b y D 'And rea , f r om t wo c on tex t sa t t r ibu ted t ot h e Med ieva l p e r iod a nd f ou r t ot h e Yayo i p e r iod ( Chap te r 9 b e low ) , a nd a sp hy to l i ths e x t rac ted b y S ug iyama f r om t wo Med ieva l c on tex t s a nd o ne Y ayo i c on t ex t ( Chap te r 8 ) . I n a dd i t ion , t h e a bundance o fG ram ineae p o l len i n Med ieva l l a ye r s i si n te rp re ted b y K aneha ra ( Chap te r7 )a sc on s i s ten t w i th r i ce -g row ing c on tex t s d esp i te t h e f a c t t ha t n e i the r g enus n o r s pe c ie s c ou ld b e i d en t if ied . B o th f ox ta i l m i l le t a nd b r ead w hea tw e re a l so r e cove red b yD 'And rea t h rough f l o ta t ion a sc ha r red g ra in s . S ince t h e m i l le t o ccu r red i n ap i t f e a tu re a ccompan ied e xc lus ive ly b yY ayo ip o t tery , t h ea t tr ibu t ion o ft h i sc r op t o t h e Y ayo i p e r iod s eem s f a i r ly f i rm . B r ead w hea t o ccu r red i nb o th Y ayo i a nd Med ieva l c on tex t s , t h ough o ne g r a in f r om t h ef o rm e rw a sa cce le ra to r -da ted t ot h e K ofun p e r iod . H oweve r , i ti sn o tn ece ssa r i ly t h e c a se t h a ta l l o re ven a ny o ft h ese g ra in s w e re g rown o n t h e t e r ra ce i nt h e p a s t . T he a rgumen t s s u r round ing t h e a gr icu l tu ra l h i s to ry o ft h e s i te w i l l b e r e turned t oi n C hap te r 1 9 , b u t a tl e a s t i tc an b e s t a t ed h e re t h a t t h e e nv i ronmen ta l r e con s t ruc t ion r epo r ted i nt h e n ex t s e c t ion d oe s s ugges t a n o pen , n on -fo re s ted e x p o su re o ft h eh i l lp romon to ry i np a s tp e r iods wh ich w ou ld h ave f a c i l i ta ted c u l t iva t ion . PREVIOUS ENVIRON MENTS

P a s t f l o ra l e nv i ronmen t s i n t h e Na ra B as in h ave b een r e sea rched f o r t wo d ecades n ow , ma in ly t h rough p o l len a na lyse so n s e d imen t s f r om a r chaeo log ica le xcava t ion sa nd f r om g eo log ica l c o r ings ( e .g . S enda 1 971 ; Ma t suoka 1 984 ; K aneha ra 1 984 , 1 985 , 1 988 ; Ma in B unkaza i T en r ikyö C hö sadan 1 984 ) . P o s tg lac ia l w a rm ing w i tne s sed t h e w i th d rawa l o f t h e t empe ra te d ec iduous f o r e s t t ot h e n o r th a nd t h e a l p ine f o re s t t o h igh a l t i tudes i n t h e moun ta ins s u r r ound ing t h e b a s in , w h i le t h e l ow lands w e re c o lon ised b y a n E ve rg reen O ak -Lau r i l igno sa f o res t . T h is w a s t h e p o s t g l a c ia l c l imax f o re s t t y pe o fl ow land w e s te rn J apan , f r om T okyo B ay t oK ynshn , w i th s econda ry g row th c ons i s t ing ma in ly o fr ed ( D ip loxy lon ) p i ne i na r ea sd i s tu rbed t h rough h uman a c t iv i ty ( T sukada 1 986 ) . I n N a ra , e ve rg reen o ak s ( Cyc loba lanops is ) w e re d om inan t f r om t h e L a te M in ion t h rough t h e K ofun p e r iod ( 5000 -1300 B P ) , w i th r ed p i ne g a in ing t h e u ppe rh and i nt h e h i s to r ica lp e r iod s ( 1300 -200 B P ) ; i nt h e l a s t t wo c en tu r ie s , C ryp tome r ia ( ac omponen t o f t h e e a r l ie r c l imax f o res t ) h a s m ade a s i gn if ican t c omeback ( Kaneha ra 1 985 ) . A l l t h is w h i le , h oweve r , t h e a c tua la r ea o ff o res tc ove rage w a s c on s tan t ly d ec rea s ing : i n t h e F ina l J ö tnon p e r iod , t h ec l imax f o re s tp robab ly c ove r ed t h e b a s in l ow land s ; f r om t h e l a t te r h a l fo ft h e L a te Y ayo i p er iod , t h e a r ea o f r i ce w as e xpanded d rama t ica l ly t h roughou t t h e l ow land s , a nd t h e f o re s t r eceded t o t h e

1 6

2 . B a rne s , T he M iwa S i te : P hy s ica lS e t t ing f oo th i l l s ; t h e se f oo th i l ls c ame u nde rs w idden c u l t iva t ion i n t h e H e ian p e r iod , w i th i n road s o fs e conda ry f o res t c ove r ; f i na l ly i n t h e Med ieva l a nd R ecen t p e r iod s , e ven t h e moun ta ins ides w e re c l ea red a nd i n vaded b yr e dp ine f o re s t s ( Kaneha ra 1 985 ) . S ince t h e Y ayo i p e r iod , t h en , t h e E ve r g r een O ak -Lau r i l igno sa f o re s th a s v i r tua l ly d i sappea red i n t h e f a ce o f t h e se e x tens ive a gr icu l tu ra l a nd f o re s t ry p rac t i ce s , r ema in ing o n ly a si s o la ted i s land s i ns h r ine a nd t em p l eg round s . S ince M iwa i s l o ca ted i n t h e f oo th i l ls r eg ion o f t h e s ou thea s te rn b a s in , t h e c l imax f o re s t s hou ld b e e v idenced f o r t h eY ayo ip e r iod a nd s e conda ry f o re s tf o rt h e Med ieva l p e r iod . A l though p o l len i nt h e s i te s ed imen t s w a s t oo d e p l e ted t or e cons truc t t h e Y ayo i e nv i ronmen t , K aneha ra 's a na lys i s ( Chap te r 7b e low ) c onf i rm s t h a tt h er e g ion a round M t . M iwa f o l lowed t h e g ene ra l t r end f o r t h e Med ieva l p e r iod : s e conda ry f o re s t w a s as i gn if ican t a nd i n c rea s ing c omponen to ft h ee nv i ronmen tb yt h a tt ime . I na dd i t ion , t h e p re sence i nt h e Med ieva l l a ye r s o f t r ue f i r s ( Ab ie s ) a nd h em lock s ( T suga ) , g ene ra b e long ing t o t h e h igh -a l t i tude f o re s tc ove ri nt h eN a ra moun ta in s t o day , s ugge s t sn o g r ea t d i f f e rence i nh igh moun ta in c ove ri nt h ep a s t . P o l len , p hy to l i th a nd f l o ta t ion a na ly se s ( Chap te r s 7 -9 b e low ) a l r e vea led t h e a bundance o fv a r iou s g ra s se s ( G ra m ineae ) , i n c lud ing t wo s h rubby b amboo s ( Bambuso ideae ) d om inan t i nt h e Y ayo i a nd Med ieva l l a ye r s , w i th s edge s ( Cyp e ra ceae ) a l so a bundan t i n t h e Med ieva l . T hese i n d i ca te t h a t t h e i mmed ia te v i c in i ty o f t h e s i te h ad b een c l ea red f o r h uman a c t iv i ty i nb o th t h e se p e r iod s , a nd f u r t h e rmo re , b a sed o n t h e p re sence o f t h e G oo sefoo t a nd Ama ran th f am i l ies ( Chenopod ia ceae a nd Ama ran thaceae , r e spec t ive ly ) , t h a t t h e s u r face e nv i ronmen t w a s n a tu ra l ly d ry . S ug iyama 's i d en t if ica t ion o fp hy to l i th s f r om P h r agm i te s ( r eed s ) o n t h e M iwa t e r race , t h e refo re , i ss omewha t e n ig m a t ic , s i nce t h is p lan t i su sua l ly c onf ined t ot h e ma r shy l ow land s . T h ree p oss ib i l i t ies s ugge s t t h em se lves : t h e p hy t o l i th s d e r ived f r om r e ed s t h a t w e re c u t a nd b rough t o n to t h e s i te f o r t ha tch ing p urpose s ; o r t h e r e ed s g r ew a t t h e d amp s t r eam e dge so ro t he rp e rmanen t ly mo is ta r ea so n t h e t e r race ; o rt h e p l an t s g r ew t o ge the r w i th r i ce i ni n unda ted p addy f i e ld s . R eed s a r e at r ad i t iona l r oof ing m a te r ia l a nd h ave b een r e cove red f r om Y ayo i s i te s , a nd t h a tched r oo f s h ave b een s t anda rd f o r f a rmhouse s u p i n to t h e 2 0 th c en tury . T he r e ed s c ou ld e a s i ly h ave b een o b ta ined f r om r e ed b ed s i nt h e c en t ra l Y ama to , w h ich w a s k nown i nt h e p ro toh is to r ic p e r iod sa st h e ' Land i nt h eC en t r eo ft h eR eed P l a ins ' ( c f . A s ton 1 896 : 4 0 ) . O r t h ey m igh th ave g rown a t t h e e dge o ft h e p o s tu la ted b u r ied g u l ly d i scove red b y g eo p hy s ica l m e thod s i n t h e n o r thern h a lf o f t h e t a rge t a r ea , e spec ia l ly i ft h es t ream f l ow ing t h rough t h i sg u l ly w a se ve r d ammed u p t of o rm as ma l l p ond . A no the r a l terna t ive i s t h a tt h ey g r ew t o ge the ri nr i ce p add ie s o n t h e t e r race , s i nce w e tr i ce w a sc ommon ly a ccompan ied b yr e ed s— some t ime s i ne qua lp ropo r t ions —up u n t i l t h e Med ieva l p e r iod . I tw a s n o t u n t i l t h en t ha t p addy f i e ld s t and s w e re c omposed p r edom inan t ly o fr i ce . T hese a l te rna t ive s w i l l b e e va lua ted

i n ar e v iew o ft h e a g r icu l tu ra l h i s to ry o ft h e s i te i nC hap te r 1 9 . REFERENCES

A s ton , W .G . , t r ans . ( 1896 ) N ihong i , C hron ic le s o fJ apan f r om t h e E ar l ie s t T ime s t oA .D . 6 97 . T okyo : T u t t le , 1 972 . H iguch i , K iyo ta r i ( 1932 ) " Re sea rch o n M iwa s i te a nd i t s a r tef ac t s , 1 . " Y ama to Kokogaku 2 . 4 : 1 8 . ( i nJ apanese ) K aneha ra , Ma saak i ( 1984 ) " F lo ra l t r ansfo rma t ion s i nt h e l a te p os t -g lac ia l p e r iod ." Kokogaku C hosa K enkyü C hükan Hokoku 1 0 : 5 7 -76 . T en r i : Ma in B unkaza i T en r ikyo C ho sadan . ( i nJ apane se ) K aneha ra , Ma saak i ( 1985 ) " Cu l t iva t ion a nd p a laeo -env i r onmen t r e cons truc t ion a ss een t h rough p o l len a na ly s i s a tN a ra B a s in s i te s ." T enr i D a igaku G akuho 1 45 : 1 57 6 5 . ( i nJ apane se ) K aneha ra , Ma saak i ( 1988 ) " Conce rn ing b a s ic p rob lem s o f p lan t c ommun i t ies a t a rchaeo log ica l s i tes ." T en r i D a ig aku G akuho 1 57 : 3 03 -18 . ( i nJ apanese ) Ma t suoka , K azum i ( 1984 ) " T ran sfo rma t ions i nw ood land b io ta f r om 3 5 ,000 y ea r s a go i n t h e N a ra B a s in a nd v i c in i ty , a s s een t h rough p o l len a na lys is ." K okogaku C ho sa K enkyoChokan Hokoku 1 0 . T enr i : T enr ikyo Ma izo B unkaza iC ho sadan . ( I nJ apanese ) M izuk i , Y o ta ro ( 1913 ) " Tho rough e xp lana t ion so ft h ec ap i t a l s i te s ." N ar a -ken S h i sek iS hoch iC ho sak a i Hokoku sho 1 :2 1-40 . ( i nJ apane se ) P a suco L td . ( 1979 ) 1 : 2 ,500 o rd inance map . N a ra a nd S aku ra iC I ty . S enda , M ino ru ( 1 971 ) " Ap a lyno log ica l i n qu iry i n to Y ayo i s i t e s i nt h e N a ra B a s in ." C h ir igaku Hyo ron 4 4 .10 : 7 07 2 2 . ( i nJ apane se w i th E ng l ish t i t le a nd s umma ry ) S h ik i sh ima ( 1980 ) S h ik i sh ima : s o r i t su k yü jü s hünen k inen [ Sh ik ish ima : c ommemo ra t ion o f t h e 9 0 th a nn ive r sa ry ] . N a ra P re f . : T end J i ho sha . ( i nJ apane se ) S h indo sh i G akka i 1 960 . S h ik ina i sha n oK enkyü [ Re sea r ch o n t h eS h ik ina i sha ] . K yo to : S h indo sh iG akka i . T en r ikyo S h ik i sh ima D a ikyoka i ( 1970 ) . S h ik i sh ima N empu [ Yea r ly R eco rd so fS h ik i sh ima ] .N a ra : T en r iJ i ho sha . T sukada , Ma t suo ( 1986 ) " Vege ta t ion i np reh i s to r ic J apan : t h e l a s t2 0 ,000 y ea r s ." I n W indow so n t h eJ apane se P a s t : s t ud ie s i na r chaeo logy , e d . R . P ea r son e ta l . , p p . 1 -56 . A nn A rbo r : C en te r f o r J apanese S tud ie s , U n iv . o f M ich igan .

NOTES 1T he moder nB yödö j i w a s i n i t ia l ly n amed S u ishö j i a nd c on s i s ted o f at emp le moved t ot h i s l o ca t ion f r om O saka i n 1 878 ; i t s n ame w as c hanged t o B yödö j i i n 1 977 , r ev iv ing t h e o lde r t emp le 's n ame ( Saku ra i -sh i 1 979 : 1 212 ) . 2 A lso s hown o n t h is map i st h e 1 901 z i g -zag c our se o f t h e T an ikawa S t ream , c o r respond ing t ot h e C hu rch map a sp re sen ted i nF ig . 2 . 2 a bove . I ti sv e ry h e lpfu l f o r t h is t oh ave b een m apped o n to a n a ccu ra te mode rn m ap . 3 I ti ss i gn if ican t t h a tt h e 1 : 25 ,000 m ap d oe s n o ts how a ny h e igh t d i f f e ren t ia l s a c ross t h e C hu rch g round s : t h e t e r race s ca rps a nd e l eva t ion o f t h e u pper t e r race a r e n o t d ep ic ted . I f t h is c ou ld h appen w i th 1 980s map -mak ing , t h en p e rhap s e a r l ie r map s w i thou tt o pog raphy m igh ta l so ma sk h e igh td i f f e ren t ia l s .

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T he p u rpo se o ft h e s u rvey s a tt h i s s i te w a s t oa t temp t 1 )t o r e con s t r uc tt h ea nc ien t l a nd scape , 2 )t oa s se s s t h e s u rv iva l o ft h es i te ,a nd 3 )i ff e a tu re sw e re p r e sen t , t os e a r ch f o ri r on a r tef ac t s t h a t m igh t s u rv ive i n a s soc ia t ion w i th t h em . R e s i s t iv i ty s u rvey a nd g round r a da rw e re d eemed a pp l ica b l e f o rt h e f i r s ta nd s e cond o b jec t ive s a nd am agne tome t e r s u rvey f o rt h e t h i rd . T he m e thod s a nd s u rvey a r ea o fe ach o ft h e se a pp l ica t ion s a nd t h e r e su l t s o ft h e i n d iv idua l s u r v ey sa r er e po r t ed b e low . Ag r id m ea su r ing 5 0 i nn o r th t os ou th a nd 2 6i ne a s t t o w e s t w a s e s tab l i shed o n t h e f l a t , a r t i f ic ia l t e r ra ce w h ich w a s t h e a r ea o fi n te re s t( F ig . 1 . 6 ) . T he g r id w a s s e to u t i n t h ec en t ra lp o r t ion o ft h e t e r r ace , s i nc et h e l a t te r 's e a s te rn mo s t e dge w a s t h ough t t oh ave b een c u t d own d u r ing i t s c on s t r uc t ion , e r ad ica t ing a ny f e a tu r e s . C onve r se ly , t h e w es te rn h a lf i sk nown t o h ave b een e x tended r e cen t ly t h rough t h ea dd i t ion o ff i l l —mo r e t h a n am e t re t h ick a tt h e w e s te rnmo s t e dge — r ende r ing d i f f icu l t a ny i n ve s t iga t ion , w he the r b y s u rvey o r e xcava t ion , o f w ha teve r a nc ien t t o pog raphy a nd f e a tu r e sm igh tl i eu nd e r t h is f i l l . T he g r id w a s e s tab l ished i n A p r i l 1 988 f o r t h e f i r s t r e s i s t iv i ty s u rvey a nd l o ca ted w i th in t h e n a t iona l p l ane r e c tangu la rc oo rd ina te s y s tem . I tw a sr e -e s tab l i shed o n t wo f u r the r o cca s ions : i nA ugu s t 1 988 f o r t h e m agne tome te r s u rvey a nd c o r ing ,a nd i nA ugus t 1 9 89 f o rt h es e cond r e s i s t i v i ty s u rvey , t h e r ada r s u rvey , a nd e xcava t ion . T he g r id w a so r ien ted 5 °1 7 ' 5 2 "w e s to fN a t iona lG r id n o r th . RE S IST IV ITY SURVEY The i n s t rumen t emp loyed f o r t h i s s u rvey w a s t h e RM4

R e s i s tance Me te r , m anuf ac tu r ed b y G eo scan R e sea rch o f E ng land . Mea su r emen t s w e re r e co r ded b y h and . U s ing t h e ' t w in p robe ' m e thod , w e a imed t oi n ve s t iga te t h e a nc ien t l a nd scape a nd t h e p l acemen t a nd f o rm o fa ny f e a tu re s r e v ea led i nt h e h o r izon ta l d i s t r ibu t ion o f t h e a ppa r en t s o i l r e s i s t iv i ty i nt h es u rveyed a r ea .T oc omp lemen t t h i ss u r v ey , t r a n s e c t m ea su r emen t s w e re m ade t o o b ta in r e s is t iv i ty p seudo -p rof i les o f t h e s ed imen ta ry s t ra ta f o l low ing t h e m e thod d eve loped b y N ish imu ra . T he t r an sec t p o s i t ion s w e re s e lec ted t oc r o s scu tt h er e s i s t iv i ty a noma l ie se ncoun t e r ed i nt h ea r ea s u rvey .T he a im o ft h e se p rof i le i n ve s t iga t i on sw a sn o to n ly t os e ek i n fo rma t ion o n t h es i ze a nd f o rm o fa ny s ub su r f a ce f e a tu re sb u ta l so t og a in s ome i n d ica t ion o ft h e i ra ppa r en td ep th . A f t e rc omp le t ing o ne s e a son o fm ea su r emen ts i nA p r i l 1 988 , w h ich d i d n o t c ove r t h e e n t i r e a r ea o f t h e g r id , i t b ecame c l ea r f r om t h e r e su l t s t h a t i n fo rma t ion o n t h e n o r t hea s t e rn p o r t ion o ft h e t a rge t a r ea w a s a l so n eeded ; a n a dd i t iona l s u rvey o ft h a t p o r t ion w a s c onduc ted i mmed i a t e ly p r io r t ot h e e xcava t ion i nA ugus t 1 989 . T he r e su l t s f r om t h et wo a r ea sm us tb ec omp a red w i th c au t ion ,a st h ey r e p re sen t t wo s ea son s ' w o rk w h en t h e g round c ond i t ion s w e r eq u i te d i f f e r en t . When t h e s e cond s u rvey w a s c a r r ied o u t , t h e g r ound s u r f a ce w a s e x t r eme ly d r y a nd t h e c on ta c t r e s i s tance w a s c o r re spond ing ly h i gh ; t h i s r e su l ted i nr e la t i v e ly h i ghe rr e s is t iv i ty v a lue sf o rt h en o r thea s ter na r ea .

R e s i s t i v i t ys ur vey m e thodo logy T he ' t w in p robe ' m e thod u sua l ly e mp loy s t wo p a i r s o f p robes , e ach p a ir c on s is t ing o f aC ( c u r ren t ) a nd a P ( p o t en t ia l )p robe .C 2a nd P 2a r ee s tab l i shed a sf i xed r emo t e p r obe s a t ad i s tance o fa tl e a s t 3 0 t ime s t h e s epa ra t ion o f t h e mob i le p robe s , C l a nd P i , w h ich a r e moved o ve r t h e t a rge ta r ea t om ea su r et h el o ca lv a r ia t ion i nt h es o i lr e s i s t iv i t y . We u s ed amod if ied c omb ina t ion o ft h e se f ou rp robe s , a sd e sc r ibed b e low . E ach r e ad ing a pp l ie sa pp rox ima t e ly t o ah em i sphe r ica l s e gmen to fg round d ef ined b yt h ed i s tance b e tween t h eC i a nd P i p robe s .F o re xamp le ,i ft h ed i s tance b e tween C i a nd P i i ss e ta t 1m , t h e v o lume m ea su red i s p i inc ipa l ly ah em i sphe r eo fg round w i th ad i ame t e re qu iva l e n tt ot h e 1m p robe s e pa ra t ion . I n as i ng le s t ra tum — tha t i s , ap u re m ed ium —e lec t r ic c u r r en t f l ow si nt h em anne rj u s td e sc r ibed , w i th ah omoge n eou s e l ec t r ica lp o ten t ia l . When t h e r e a r e s eve ra l s t ra ta o f v a ry ing r e s i s t iv i ty , t h ep a th o ft h ee l e c t r ic c u r ren ti s mod i f i ed a nd t h ee l ec t r ica lp o ten t ia l f i e ld i sd i s to r ted . T he c on s e quen tm ea su r emen t so fe l ec t r ica lr e s i s t iv i ty t h en c an o n ly r e f lec t a n ' a ppa ren t ' d ep th o f m ea su r ed ma te r ia l . A l so , b ecause t h e e l ec t r ic c u r r en t p a s se s t h rough s ev e ra l s t ra ta , t h e i n d iv idua l c onduc t iv i ty c ha rac te r is ing e ach s t ra tum b e come s av a ry ing c omponen tc on t r ibu t ing t ot h e ' a ppa r en t t o ta lr e s i s t iv i ty ' f o rt h ep a r t icu la rl o ca t ion . O b ta in ing t h e t r ue d ep th o rt r ue c ompa ra t ive r e s i s t iv i ty f r om t h e ' a ppa r en t ' d ep th a nd r e s i s t iv i ty r e qu i r e s c omp lex c a lcu la t ion s b a sed o n t h e t h eo r e t ica l ly mode l led r e s i s t iv i ty o ft h es t r a ta a nd t h e i rc omb ined s t ruc tu r e .G ene ra li n t e rp re t a ion i sh oweve rp o s s ib le w i th t h e ' a ppa ren t ' v a lue s . I tw a s s u f f ic ien t f o r o u r p u rpo se s t oi d en t ify t h e l o ca t i on so fc hange s , t h ea noma l ie s ,i nt h e ' a ppa ren t ' r e s i s t iv i ty d i s t r ibu t ion i no rde r t oi n ve s t iga te t h ee v idenc e f o rb u r ied a nc ien t l a ndfonns a nd a s se s s t h e n a tu re o fa r cha eo log ica l f e a tu re s t h a t m ay b e p r e sen t . A ny c hange i nt h e s o i l , f o r e i the r g eo log ica l o r a r chaeo log ica l r ea sons , w i th in t h e d e tec t ion r a nge o ft h e mob i le p rob e ss hou ld a ppea ra ss ome d eg r ee o fc hange i nt h em ea su r ed r e s i s t iv i ty v a lue s . F o r t h e t w in p robe a pp roach e mp loyed h e re , amob i le m u l t i -p robe f r ame w a s d e s igned t op rov ide v a r iab le d i s t a nce sb e tween C i a nd P i b yf i t t ing t oi tf i ve p rob e sw i th a 3 0 c m i n te rva l b e tween t h em ( F ig . 4 . 3 ) . O ne o ft h e o u t e r c on tac t s w a s c onnec t ed t ot h e r e s i t iv i ty me te r a s t h e C i p r obe , a nd t h e o t he r f o u r w e re d e s igna ted a sP i , P 1 ' , P i" , a nd P i" 1 .E a ch o ft h e se p o ten t ia l p robe s c ou ld b es w i t ched i nt u rn i n to u s e w i th t h eC i c on tac tt op rov ide 3 0 ,6 0 ,9 0o r 1 20 c m p robe s pac ing s . F o re a ch p o s i t ion o ft h eC i p robe , m ea su remen t s a ta l l f o u ro ft h e se p robe s epa ra t ion s c ou ld b et a ken , f a c i l i ta t ing t h er a p id r e ad ing o fr e s i s t iv i ty f o rd i f f e r en t s amp led v o lume s . Wh i l s ta l f o u rp robe s epa ra t ion s w e re e mp loyed i nt h i s s u rvey , t h e p robe f r ame i t se l f w a s m oved a t 1m e t r ei n te rva ls . T h i s g ave f o rt h e 1 20 c mp r obe s e pa r a t ion a2 0c mo ve r lap w i th t h ep r ev iou sr e ad ing . F o r t h e t w in p robe c onf igu ra t ion t h e d i s tance b e tween t h e r emo te r e f e rence p robe s , C 2 a nd P 2 , a nd t h e mob i le p rob es s hou ld a lway s b e mo re t h an 3 0 t i me s t h es e pa ra t ion o f t h e m ea su r ing p robe s o f t h e mob i le f r ame , t h e l a t te r r e ach ing am ax imum o f 1 20 c m . F o r t h e d eepe rm ea su re m en t s o ft h e v e r t ica l p rof i le t r an sec t s d ec r ibed b e low , t h e m ax imum mob i le p robe s pac ing w a s 5m . T he r emo te p r obe sw e r es e ta way f r om t h et a rge ta r ea a tt h ee nd o f a7 0 i nd oub le -co r ec ab le , a nd f r om t h e re t h eC 2 a nd P 2p robe s w e r e s e pa ra ted b y 5 0 mf r om e ach o t he r , i na n o ve ral Y -

M r .Y a su sh i NI SH IMURA ,C en te rf o rA rchaeo log ica l O pe ra t ions , N a r aN a t iona lC u l tu ra l P rope r t ie sR e sea rch I n s t i tu te , N i jö -chö 2 9 1 , N a ra 6 30 ,J apan

D r .C ol in A .S he l l , D ep a r tm en to fA rchaeo logy , D own ing S t r ee t ,C amb r idge CB2 3 1 31 ,E ng land

m I WA P RO JECT REPORT

s hap ed p o s i t ion ing . T he se d i s tance s a r e m uch f u r the r t h an t h o se t h eo r e t ica l ly r e qu i red f o r t h e t w in p robe m e thod . H oweve r ,i no u re f fo r tt om in im i se a sm uch a sp o s s ib le t h e d i s to r t ion o f t h e e l ec t r ica l p o ten t ia l , w e o f ten a dop t t h i s m e thod o fl o ca t ing t h ep robe s . H or i zon ta ls ur vey r e su l t s T he a r ea s urveyed ( F ig . 4 . 1 a nd C o lou r P l a te 4 ) e x t e nded o ve r t h e e n t i re s i te g r id e xcep t f o r a3m b y 2 0 m s t r ip i nt h en o r thwe s tc o rne r . T he n o r thea s te rn 1 5m( EW ) b y2 0m( NS )s e c t ion w a sm ea su red j u s tp r io rt oe xcava t ion i n1 989 , w hen t h es u r f ace c ond i t ion s w e r e m uch d r ie r . A s i n d ica t ed a bove , r e ad ings f o r t h e h o r izon ta l s u rvey w e r e t a ken w i th p robe s epa ra t ion so f0 . 3 ,0 . 6 ,0 . 9a nd 1 . 2i n .T he r e su l t s p r e sen ted h e re a r e p r inc ipa l ly f r om t h e r e ad ing s t a ken w i th t h e 0 . 9 m s pac ing , w h ich p roduced t h e b e s t d i sc r im ina t ion i nt h er e s i s t iv i ty d i s t r ibu t ion . T he d a ta w e r e p roce ssed o na n NEC c ompu te ru s ing s o f twa r es pec i f ica l ly w r i t t en f o rt h i sp u rpo se . A s t h e l o ca l f oo th i l l sa nd v a l ley s s l ope d own f r om e a s t t ow e s t , i tw a se xpec ted t h a tt h e g ene ra l t r end i nr e s i s t iv i ty w ou ld d i r ec t ly r e f le c tt h i s . I nf a c t , t h e s u rvey r e su l ts r e vea l amuch m o r ep ronounced n o r th sou th v a r ia t ion . T he r e s is t i v i ty i sh i ghe s t i nt h e s ou the rn h a lf o f t h e s u rveyed a r ea , g radua l ly d ec r ea s ing i nt h e n o r the rn h a lf a nd t h en s t a r t ing t or i se a ga in a tt h en o r the rnmo s te dge . T he h i ghe rr e s i s t iv i ty v a lue s ( Co lou r P l . 4 :r e d -ye l low c o lou r s , 2 45 -399 o hm .m ) a r ea tt h e s ou the rn b o rde r , b e ing h i ghe s ta tl o ca l i ty M ( F ig . 4 . 1 ) . T h i s a r ea i sa l ong s ide t h e ma in p a th t h a ta pp roache s t h e C hu r ch f r om t h e w e s t . We s u spec tt h a t t h e se h i gh v a lue s a r e d ue t oc oa r se s e d imen ts l a id d own d ur ing c ons t ruc t ion o f t h e p a thway , w h ich i s l i ned w i th s h rub sa nd r o ck s . J us t n o r th o f t h i s s t r ip o fh i ghes t r e s i s t iv i ty i s al a rge a r ea o f i n te rmed ia te r e s i s t iv i ty w i th a c urved n o r the rn b ounda ry ( Co lour P l . 4 : g r een -ye l low c o lou r s , 2 07 -265 o hm .m ) . T he s ou thea s te rn h a lf ( F ig . 4 . 1 : l o ca l i ty H ) i so f l owe r r e s i s t iv i ty ( 207 -226 o hm .m ) , w i th t h e c en t ra l a r ea ( F ig . 4 . 1 : l o ca l i ty B ) s omewha t h i ghe r ( 2 45 -265 o hm .m ) . L oca l i ty H i s ar e s i s t iv i ty h o l low s how ing g r adua l c hange , w he rea s a tBt h e re i sl o ca l v a r ia t ion w i th in t h e g ene r a l ly h i ghe rr e s i s t iv i ty . A t Ht h e r e m igh t h ave e x is ted ab u r ied s l igh t d ep re s s ion , w he rea s a tBt h e re m ay h ave e x is ted p a tche s o fc oa r se r g r ave l o rs a nd . T he v a r ia t ion a t Bw a s n o ted t oc o inc ide w i th t h ep o s i t ion w he re a n e a r ly m ode rn h ou se i sk nown t oh ave s t ood ( F ig . 2 . 2 , F ) , a nd t ow h ich t h e r e s i s t iv i ty v a r ia t ion p robab ly r e la te s . As ma l l a r ea o f h i ghe rr e s i s t iv i ty o n t h e w e s te rn e dge o ft h e s u rvey a r ea , L oca l i ty F ( F ig . 4 . 1 , 1 88 -207 o hm .m ) , i si n terp re ted a sa mode rn r ubb i sh p i tf r om i t sv e ry l o ca l i sed n a tu r e . T he n o r the rn h a lf o ft h e s u rvey a r ea y i e lded t h e l owe s t r e co rded m ea su r emen t s o f t h e s u rvey ( Co lou r P l . 4 :b l ue a nd p u rp le c o lou r s , 11-207 o hm .m ) . T he a r ea o f l owe s t r e s i s t iv i ty e x t end s f r om ENE t oS SW , i t s m in imum ( i ll 1 30 o hm .m )n ea rl o ca l i ty A ( F ig . 4 . 1 ) . F rom t h e l ow r e ad i n g s , Ai sh ypo the s ised t ob e al owe r s e c t ion o f af i l led s ub sur f ace v a l ley o r g u l ly r unn ing f r om t h e n o r thea s te rn p a r to ft h es u rvey a r ea .T he s l igh t ly h i ghe rr e s i s t iv i ty l e ve l s r e co rded i nt h e n o r thea s t , w h ich wa s s u rveyed d u r ing t h e d ry s umme r , m ay h ave r e su l ted f r om t h e h i ghe r c on tac t r e s i s tance e ncoun te red ; t h ev a r ia t ion a ppa r en ti nF i gu r e4 . 1 f o rt h e0 . 9 mp robe s epa ra t ion s uppo r t s t h i s . H oweve r , t h e 1 . 2mp robe s e pa ra t ion d a ta ( Co lou rP l .4 )s ugge s t t h ee x i s t e nce w i th in t h ep ropo sed g u l ly o fs ome s t ruc tu r e t h a tm ay i n c lude ar e g ion o f c oa r se r m a te r ia l ( l i gh t b l ue , 1 68 -207 o hm .m )a c t ing a s ap a r t ia lb a r r ie r ; t h e b a r r ie rm ay b ea r t if i 3 0

c i a l a nd o fs ome s i gn if icance ( s ee b e low ) . L oca t ion s C ID a nd E ( F ig . 4 . 1) a ppea r t ob e e x t en s ion s o f t h e g u l ly o f v a ry ing d eg re ei n to t h ec oa r se r ,h i ghe r re s i s tance s e d imen t s o ft h es o u th e rn p a r to ft h es u rvey a r ea . A t t h en o r the rn e dge o ft h es u rvey , t h er e s i s t iv i ty r i se s a tl o ca l i t y P( F ig .4 . 1 ) ,f o rm ing p a r to fp e rhap st h en o r the rn b ounda ry o ft h el ow r e s i s t iv i ty a r ea ,a nd a ss uch m ay r e p r e s e n tt h en a tu ra ln o r ther nb ank o ft h ef o rme rg u l ly .A l t e rna t i ve ly i tc ou ld b ed ue t o mode rn l a ndf i l lf o rt h er oad a cce s s t ot h e u pp e rt e r ra ce . T he o v e ra l lr e su l t so ft h eh o r izon ta ls u rvey i n d ica t et h a t i fa r t if ic ia l f e a tu r es s u rv ive , t h e m a jo r i ty p robab ly a r e l o ca ted i nt h e s ou ther n h a lf o ft h e s u rvey a r ea . T he m a jo r f e a tu re o ft h en o r the rn h a l fi si n t e rp r e t ed a s ab u r ied n a tu ra l v a l ley o r g u l ly , p o s s ib ly s panned b y ab a r r ie r o rc on s t r ic t i on i nd i en o r thwe s to ft h es u rvey a r ea . V er t i ca lp r of i l e s T h is e xe rc i se w a s u nde r taken p r ima r i ly a sa na t t emp tt o r e con s t ruc t t h e d eepe re v idence f o r t h e a nc ien t l a nd scape w i th in t h e s u rvey a r ea u s ing p robe s epa ra t ion so f 1t o 5m a t 1i n i n te rva ls , f r om w h ich t h e a ppa r en t r e s i s t iv i ty a t d ep th w a s e s t ima ted . T h r ee p rof i le s w e r em ea su red i nt h e s ou th -no r th d i r ec t ion ( t ran sec t s X 95 , X 105 a nd X 115 )a nd t wo e a s t -we s t( t ransec t s Y 512 a nd Y 530 ) .T he se c o inc ided w i th l i ne so ft h eh o r izon ta ls u rvey g r id ,a nd s ome e x t ended b eyond t h ea r ea o ft h e h o r izon ta l s u rvey ( F ig . 4 . 1 ) . T r an s e c t X 115 w a s s u rveyed i nt wo s e c t ion so n t h e 15 m e a s t l i ne o f t h e g r id : t h e n o r the rn s e c t ion , l i ke t r an sec t s X 105 a nd X 115 , c ommenced a tt h es ou ther nb ounda ry o ft h es i te g r id , w h i le t h e s ou the rn e x tens ion o f X 115 r e co rd ed a n e qu iva len t p o s i t ion i nt h e s ou th t e r race , b eyond t h e m a in p a th l e ad ing t o t h e C hu rch . T ran sec t s Y 512 a nd Y 530 e x tended w e s twa rd b eyond t h e s i t e g r id t od e te rm ine , i f p o s s ib le , w he the r t h e w e s t ern t e r ra ce e dge c on s i s t ed o f mode rn f i l l . T ran sec t Y 530 w a s a l so e x tended e a s twa rd s f r om t h es i te g r id o n to t h eu ppe rt e r rac e . T he v e r t ica l r e s is t iv i ty t r ansec t s p r esen ted h e re a r e p s eudo -p ro f i le s , i nw h ich t h ed i s t r ibu t ion o fa ppa r en tr e s i s t i v i ty v a lues a nd t h e i r d ep th s a r e a tb es t ag ene ra l i sed a pp rox ima t ion , u s ef u l o n ly f o r i n f e r r ing t h e n a tu r e o ft h e v e r t ica l v a r ia t ion i nt h e s e d imen t r e s is t iv i ty . T he r e su l t s ( F ig s . 4 . 2a -d ) a r e p r e sen ted a sc on tou rm ap s w i th v e r t i ca l s c a le i n te rva ls o f0 . 5 mf o rt h ea ppa r en td ep th s . T ransec t X 115 ( F ig . 4 . 2a ) c r o s sed t h e r e g ion o fl o ca l i t i e s Ha nd B i nt h ea r ea s u rvey d e sc r ibed a bove ( F ig . 4 . 1 ) . I l e r e t h e r e s is t iv i ty a td ep th a ppea r s t or ema in h i gh , w i th s ome r e duc t ion i n t h e r e g ion o f H , a s e xpec ted . A s t h e c hange si nr e s i s t iv i ty n ea r Hb eg in f r om as ha l low p o s i t ion , t h ey a r e i n te rp r e ted a sr e f lec t ing t h ed i s tu rbance c r ea t ed b y t h e h ouse c on s t ruc t ion o n t h i s s po t r a the r t h an ad eepe r s ub su r f ace f e a tu r e . T owa rd s d i en o r the rn e nd o ft h i st r an sec t , a6m s e c t ion o fl ow a ppa r en tr e s i s t iv i ty c o r re spond s w e l l w i th t h ee a s t e r n s e c t ion o f t h e l owe s tr e s i s t iv i ty l o ca l i ty A i nt h eh o r i z on ta l s u rvey , w h ich i si n te rp r e ted a s af i l led f o rme rg u l ly ( F ig . 4 . 1 ; C o lou rP l .4 ) . F ur the rn o r thwa rd st h eu nde r ly ing r e s is t iv i ty r i ses , t h ough n o t t ot h e l e ve l o ft h a t a round B a nd H . T h i s r i se c o r re la tes v e ry w e l l w i th t h e b a r r ie r o f m a te r ia l t h a t i nt h e h o r izon ta l s u rvey a pp ea r s t op ro jec t s ou thwa rd i n to t h e r e g ion o ft h e g u l ly , r e s t r ic t ing i ta tt h i s p o in t . I ti sw o r th n o t ing t h a tt h ec o r ing e v idence ( c o re 8 8 2 3 , F ig . 5 . 3b ) s how s ad i s t inc t r i se i nt h e l e ve l o fu nde r l y ing c oa r se s and a tt h is p o in t , s ugge s t ing t h a ti ti s , i na l l p robab i l i ty , an a t u ra l f e a tu re . T he re r ema in st h ep o s s ib i l i ty t h a t t h e a d jacen t f e a tur e i nt h e h o r izon ta l s u rvey ( Co lou r

4 . N ISH IMURA & S HELL ,G eophy s ica lS ur veys P l . 4 ) t ot h e s ou th o ft h e g u l ly i sa r t if ic ia l , p e rhap s p a r t o f w o rk s t oc on t ro lw a te rf l ow i nt h eg u l ly a tt h is p o in t . T ransec tX 105 ( F ig . 4 . 2b )c u ts a c ro s st h e l ow r e s is t iv i ty l o ca l i t ies C a nd D o ft h eh o r izon ta l s u rvey ( F ig .4 . 1) . V e ry s l igh t c hange s a r e n o ted i nt h e p rof i le s a tt h e se l o ca t ions , w h ich a ppea rn o tt oo r ig ina te n ea rt h e t h e s u r f ace .T hey l i e w i th in t h e f i e ld o f l ow a ppa ren t r e s is t iv i ty t h a t e x tends a c ro s s t h e w ho le p rof i le e xcep t f o r t h e r i se a tt h e s ou the rn e dge . T he se r e su l t s ma tch w e l l t h e i n t erp re ta t ion i n t h e h o r izon ta ls u rvey o f ab u r ied g u l ly w i th i t s l owe s tp o in t o n t h i s l i ne a t1 8 mf r om t h e n o r thern e dge o f t h e s i te g r id , w i th a ne x ten s ion a s af o rme rh o l low t owa rd st h es ou th . T ransec tX 95 ( F ig . 4 . 2c ) w a s s e to u t 4m t ot h e w e s to f t h e s i te g r id . I tc onf i rms t h e l ow r e s is t iv i ty a td ep th a c ro s s t h is a r ea , w i th a ga in ar i s ing v a lue a tt h e s ou the rn ma rg in , f u r the rs uppo r t ing t h ea bove i n terp r e ta t ion . T ransec tY 512 ( F ig . 4 .2d ) s t a r t ed a tt h e e a s te rn e dge o f t h e s i te g r id a nd c ros sed l o ca l i t ies C a nd B ( F ig . 4 . 1) . T he h i gh r e s i s t iv i ty o ft h e g round i nt h ef i r s t 1 2i nu nde r Bc an b en o ted , f o l lowed b y t h el ow v a lue sa td ep th i nt h er e g ion o fC . A long t h e w es te rn p o r t ion o ft h is p rof i le b eyond t h e s i te g r id , t h ea ppa ren tr e s i s t iv i ty w a sa l so l ow . T h is a r ea i s t h ough tt ob e t h e e x tens ion t ot h e s ou th o ft h e s ubsur f ace v a l ley f o rma t ion ( l oca l i ty A ) . B e tween t h e se l ow r e s is t iv i ty a r ea st h et r an sec ti n te r sec t s t h e w e s te rn s i de o ft h es i te g r id j us t s ou th o fl o ca l i ty F , w h ich s howed h i gh r e s is t iv i ty i n t h ea r ea s u rvey . F rom i t sa ppa ren tl i m i t t ow i th in t h e t o po f t h e v er t ica l p rof i le , t h is s ma l l a r ea o f h igh r e s is t iv i ty i s p o s tu la ted t ob e amodern r ubb ish p i t . M AGNETOMETER SURVEY

N ea r l o ca l i t ies A a nd B ( F ig . 4 . 1) a r e s ma l l -sca le m agne t ic i r r egu la r i t ies , t hough t h e i r p o s i t ions a r e s l igh t ly s ou th o f t h e r e s i s t iv i ty f e a tu res . F rom t h e magn i tude o ft h e i r regu l a r i t ies , i ti ss ugge s t ed t h a t t h ey a r e d ue n o t t ob u r ied i r on b u t t ov a r ia t ion i nt h e m agne t ic c ha rac te r is t ics o ft h e s o i l . I nt h e r e g ion o fl o ca l i t ie s Ca nd D ( Co lou rP l . 3 ;F ig . 4 . 1) , s ma l l magne t ic i regu la r i t ie sa r ec omp lex ly d i s tr ibu ted a nd d i f f icu l t t oi n te rp re t ; t h ey m ay b e i ndependen tp henomena o rp a r t o fo ne l a rge rf e a tu re . J udg ing f r om t h e l ow i n ten s i t i es (

100 n T . T he i r regu la r i ty j us t w es t o f l o ca l i ty F ( Co lou r P l . 3 ; F ig . 4 . 1) c omp r ise s a d jo in ing p o s i t ive a nd n ega t ive p eak sa s at yp ica l magne t ic d i po le . B ecause i ti so r ien ted n o r thwa rd , i ti sd ue t oe i the r t h e p re sence o fm e ta l l ic i r on o ra n a r chaeo log ica l t h e rmo r emanen t magne t iza t ion w i th an o r the rn o r ien ta t ion . A tl o ca l i ty E , o n t h e s u rvey a r ea 's e a s te rn e dge ( Co lou r P l . 3 ;F ig . 4 . 1) , n o p a t tern ing i nt h e magne tome te r r e su l t s c ou ld b e f o und . L oca l i ty F o n t h e w e s te rn e dge y i e ld s a l a rge , n o r th -o r ien ted , magne t ic d ipo le ; t h is s uppo r t s t h e i n terp re ta t ion o f t h i s a r ea f r om t h e r e s is t iv i ty r e su l t s ( F ig . 4 . 1) a s amode rn r ubb ish p i t , o ne w h ich may h ave i nvo lved b u rn ing a nd i n c luded s ome d i sca rded i r on . I nt h e a r ea A ( Co lou r P l . 4 ) i d en t if ied i nt h er e s is t iv i ty s u rvey a s af i l led v a l ley , t h e g rad iome te r r e su l t s s howed v ery l a rge magne t ic f e a tures . F rom o ther o bserva t ion s m ade d ur ing t h e s u rvey a nd d i scus s ion w i th C hu rch o ff i c i a ls , t h e se l a rge a noma l ies a r e a lmo s t c er ta in ly r e la ted t o r e cen t t r a sh d i spo sa l ( ac i nde r -b lock i n c ine ra to r , n ow d i s m an t led , s t ood a tt h e p o s i t ion ma rked ' X ' i nC o lou rP l . 3 ) a nd d o n o t r e f lec t s i gn if ican t s ubsu rface f ea tu re s . T he many c i rcu la r a noma l ies p robab ly r ep resen t mode rn r ubb ish p i ts o r , mo re l i ke ly , p l ace s w he re r ubb i sh h a sb een b u rned .T he a noma l ies t ot h en o r th a r ea l so s uspec t ed t ob e a s soc ia ted w i th mode rn r ubb i sh d i spo sa l , b u tf oxho le sa l so a r e k nown t o h ave b een d ug o n C hu rch g rounds d ur ing Wo r ld Wa rI .

T he magne tome te r s u rvey m ea sur ed t h e v a r ia t ion i n t h e v er t ica lg r ad ien to ft h ee a r th 's m agne t ic f i e ld w i th ad if e r e n t ia l f l uxga te magne tome te r . S o f a r , s u rveys i nJ apan b y t h is t e chn ique h ave h ad l e s s s ucces s i nd ef in ing s ub su r f ace f e a tu re st h an i nE u rope a nd Ame r ica . E ven i ni n ve s t iga t ing s i te s w i th e xpec ted t h e rmo -remanen t magne t isa t ion , t h e. r e su l t sh ave b een d i sappo in t ing .C on sequen t ly , t h e magne t ome t e rs u rvey a tt h eM iwa s i te wa sd e s igned t oi n ve s t iga te Magne t i ca nd r e s i s t iv i ty c onc lus ions t h e l i ke ly e x is tence o f f e a ture s c on ta in ing i r on , e i the r a s A s o r ig ina l ly s uspec ted , t h e magne tome te r s u rvey , i n s u rv iv ing i r on a r tef ac t so ri r on -bea r ing s l ag . t h e f o rm i tw a s u nde r taken , w a s u nab le t oi d en t ify p o s i T he i n s trumen tu sed w a s aF luxga te FM -18 G rad iome t i ve ly a ny f e a tu re s o t he r t h an t h o se p rov id ing e v idence f o r t e r , manufac tured b y G eoscan R esea rch i n E ng land . r e cen t r ubb ish d i spo sa l a nd s ome p o ss ib le b u r ied i r on . I t T hough s of a re xper imen ts w i th i t su se i nJ apan a r e f ew , i t w a s n o t a b le t op rov ide f i rm e v idence o f c hange s i ns o i l h a s b een u sed o n ar ange o f s i tes . I n c ompa r ison w i th c ompos i t ion . W i th in t h e s u rveyed a r ea , h oweve r , t h e re i n s t r umen t s wh ich m ea su re t h e a b so lu te m agne t ic f i e ld , i t s w e r e s eve ra l u nexpec ted r ubb ish p i t s .T he se c omp r ised s u r e f f e c t ive d ep th o fi n ves t iga t ion i sl im i ted . B ecause o f t h e f a ce ' n o ise ' b eyond w h ich i tw a s d i f f icu l t t oa ssess s ub r e la t ive ly c lo se s pac ing o ft h e f l uxga te d ev ice s , t h e i n s t ru s u r f ace f o rma t ions , b u t i ti st h ough t t h a ti np a r t icu la r t h e re men tc anno tb e e xpec ted t op rov ide e x ten s ive i n fo rma t ion i sl i t t le c hance t h a t i r on o b jec t s o r f e a tu re s w i th r emanen t o n f e a tu re sb ur ied mo re t h an 1 . 5m . m agne t ism w e r ep re sen ta td ep th w i th in l o ca l i ty A . T he FM -18 i sc apab le o f am ea suremen t r e so lu t ion o f A noma l ies w h ich w e re i d en t if ied i nt h ea r ea r e s is t iv i ty 0 . 1 n T . F o r t h e p resen t s u rvey , t h e c oa r se r r e so lu t ion o f 1 s u rvey a nd c onf i rmed i nt h e v e r t ica l p rof i le s w e re g iven n Tw a ss e lec ted a ss u i tab le f o r t h e s u rvey 's l i m i ted o b jec l o ca l i ty n umbe r sa nd i n te rp re ted a sf o l lows : t i ve s— the d i scovery o f i r on o b jec ts o r f e a tures w i th L o c a l i t y A ( c a . X 1 0 9 1 2 5 /Y 5 2 3 5 5 0 ) : ama jo r s ub su r t h e rmo remanen t magne t iza t ion —a s t h ese a r e e xpec ted t o f a ce g u l ly f o rma t ion s how l a rge magne t ic v a r ia t ion . R ead ing s w e re t a ken a t 1i n L oca l i ty 1 3 ( c a . X 112 -125 /Y509 -515 ) : e a r ly modern i n t e rva l s a nd d i rec t ly r e co rded i nt h e i n s t rumen t f o r l a te r h ouse d i s tu rbance t r an sf e rt o ap o r tab le m ic rocompu te r . L oca l i ty C ( c a . X 104 -109 .5 /Y511-515 ) : s ub su r face f e a T he a r ea s urveyed i nA ugu s t 1 988 e x tended 3 9 i nw e s t t u r e , n a t u r a l o r a r t i f i c i a l a nd 5 6i ns ou th f r om t h es i te g r id 's n o r thea s tc ome r( X125 / L oca l i ty D ( ca . X 105 -108 /Y518 -521) : s ubsur face f e a Y 550 ) , om i t t ing as ec t ion i nt h es ou thwes t c o rne r . t u r e , n a tu ra lo ra r t if ic ia l L oca l i ty E ( c a . X 119 -123 /Y523 -527 ) : i d en t i ty u nde t e r Magne tome ter s urvey r e su l t s m ined : e x ten s ion o fg u l ly o rp o ss ib ly ar a zed f e a tu re F rom t h e e xam ina t ion o f t h e m agne t ic g rad iome try L oca l i ty F ( c a . X 109 -113 /Y511 -516 ) : modern r ubb i sh p i t r e su l t s ( Co lour P l . 3 ) t h e f o l low ing p o in t s c an b e n o ted . i nr e g ion o fs t rong m agne t ic d ipo le 3 1

M I WA P RO JECT REPORT

L oca l i ty H ( c a . X 112 120 /Y503 -509 ) : d ep r e s s ion , c on s t ruc t ion d i s tu rbance L o ca l i ty M ( c a . X 90 -125 /Y500 -505 ) : e a r th t i l l a l ong s ide c en t ra lp a th L o ca l i ty P ( c a . X 102 -109 /Y546 -550 ) : n o r the rn b ank o f s ub su r f a ce g u l ly , o rt i l lf o rr o ad a c ce s s GROUND PROB ING RADAR SURVEY

G round s ound ing r a da rh a s b een e va lua ted i nr e c en t y ea r s a t as ma l l n umbe r o fs i t e s f o r i t s p o ten t ia l t oo b ta in g eo p hy s ica l ly af o rm o f v e r t ica l s e c t ion o fb u r ied l a ye r s a nd a r cha eo log ica lf e a tu r e s , i n am anne ra na loguous t os ha l low s e i sm ic s u rvey . T he M iwa s i te p rov ided a n i d ea l o ppo r tu n i ty t of u r the r e xam ine t h i s t e chn ique a nd m ake ad i rec t c ompa r i son w i th t h e r e su l t s f r om t h e e s tab l ished m e thod s o fr e s i s t iv i ty a nd m agne tome t ry , a nd a l so w i th t h e a dd i t i ona l p o s s ib i l i ty o f i mmed ia te ly t e s t ing s ome o f t h e f e a t u r e sb ye xcava t ion . We a r ev e ry g r a tef u l t ot h e s t a f fo ft h e 0Y0 C o rpo ra t ion o fJ apan , w ho g ene rou s ly u nde r took t h e s u rvey w i th t h e i rG eo rada r Ie qu ipmen t ( F ig s . 4 . 4 , 4 . 6 -7 ) a nd p roce s sed t h er e su l t ing d a ta ( Co lou rP l a te s5 -6 ) . G round r adar m e thodo logy T he p r inc ip le o fg round s o und ing r a da r i sb a sed o n t h e m ea su remen t o fr a da r p u ls e s t r an sm i t t ed i n to t h e g round t h a t a r e r ef lec t ed b ack b y i n te r f ace s b e tween m a te r ia ls o f d i f f e ren t e l ec t romagne t ic p rope r t ie s . A r e la t ive ly w ide b eam , a pp rox ima t ing t o ac one o f3 0 ° s em i -ang le , i st r ans m i t ted i n to t h e g round f r om a n a n tenna t h a t i ss l ow ly p u l led a l ong a s u rvey l i ne . T he b eam i sr ef lec ted a nd s c a t te red i nt h eg round , a nd a l so s t rong ly a b so rbed , s ot h a t o n ly a v e ry w eak r e tu rn s i gna l m ay b e d e tec ted b y t h e r e ce iv ing a n tenna . T he a n tenna i se i the ri n teg ra ted w i th t h e t r an sm i t t ing d ev ice o rt owed a t af i xed d i s tance b eh ind i t , t h el a t t e rm e thod b e ing a dop ted w i th t h e G eo rada r 1( F ig . 4 . 6 ) . T he v e loc i ty o f t h e r a da r w ave i sd e te rm ined b y t h e e f f ec t ive d i e lec t r ic c on s tan to ft h e m a te r ia l t h rough w h ich i tp a s se s , a nd t h ed eg r ee t ow h ich t h e b eam i ss c a t te r ed o r r ef lec ted d epend s o n t h e d i f f e r ence i nt h e d i e lec t r ic c on s t an ta tt h e i n te r f ace b e tween t wo m a te r ia ls , f o re xamp le a g ran i te s t one i n ac l ayey m a t r ix . T he w a te r c on ten t o f a s ed imen t i s am a jo r f a c to r i nd e te rm in ing t h e v e loc i ty . A w e ts andy s ed imen t o ft h e t y pe e ncoun te r ed a tM iwa , m ay h ave av e loc i ty o f 6c m /nano second , w he rea s t h a t o fd ry s a nd w i l l b e i nt h e r e g ion o f 1 2 t o1 5c m /nano second . T he v e loc i ty i na i ri s3 0c m /n sec . A b so rp t ion o ra tenua t ion o f t h e b eam i sr e la ted t ot h e e l ec t r ica l c onduc t iv i ty o ft h e m a te r ia l s t h rough w h ich i ti s p a s s ing ,a nd h e r ea ga in t h ew a te rc on ten t o ft h es e d imen t i s c r uc ia l ,p a r t icu la r ly i f ,a si tu s ua l ly d o es i n as o i l , t h e w a te r c on ta in ss i gn if ican tc oncen t ra t ion so fd i s so lved s o lu te . T he d eg ree o fa t tenua t ion i sa l so af u nc t ion o ft h e f r equency o f t h e t r an sm i t ted b eam . T he l owe r t h e f r equency t h e g r ea te r i st h ep ene t ra t ion d ep th . Al owe rf r equency , h oweve r , a l so h a s al owe re f f ec t ive r e so lu t ion ,a nd i np l ann ing as u rvey a c omp rom i se u sua l ly h a st ob em ade b e tween t h ea moun t o f d e ta i l o ne h ope s t od e tec t , a nd t h e d ep th t o w h ich o ne w i she s t os e a rch . F o r as a ndy s e d imen t a1 00 MHz b eam m ay p ene t ra te f r om 5t o1 5m ,d epend ing o n w a te rc on ten t , w he rea s a t5 00 MHz t h e m ax imum d ep th i s1 4 m e t r e s . T he r e so lu t ion o f a5 00 MHz b eam s hou ld b e l i ve t i me s b e t te r t h an t h e 1 00 MHz , w h ich h a s at h eo r e t ica l v e r t ica l r e so lu t ion i n t h e r e g ion o f 2 5 c m . S t i l l , t h e s c a t te r ing c aus ed b y m ixed m a t e r ia l m uch s ma l le r i ns i ze t h an t h is

3 2

w i l la f f ec tt h en a tu r eo ft h er e f lec t ed s i gna l . Whe the rl a ye r s a r ed i s t ingu i shed f r om e a ch o t he rw i l ld epend o nt h ed i f f e r e nce i nt h e i rp hy s ica lc ompo s i t ion a nd s t ruc tu r e ,a nd o n t h e f o rm o ft h ei n te r f a ce b e tween t h em . F o r e a ch t r an sm i t ted p u lse t h e i n t ens i ty o ft h er e ce ived s i gna l , o r t or e duce n o ise i t s a ve rage f o r an umb e r o f p u l se s , i sr e co rded a s af u nc t ion o ft h ee l ap sed t i me , g i v ing ap o in t v e r t ica l s e c t ion . P u lse s a r ec on t inua l ly t r an sm i t ted a st h e a n t ennae a r e p u l led o ve r t h e g r ound , a nd t h e r e tu rn s i gna l i sr e co rded s uccess ive ly t o b u i ld u p t h e r ada r s e c t ion . T he d a ta a r e u sua l ly p l o t ted w i th t h e i n ten s i ty r e p re sen ted e i the r b y ag r ey s ca le ( c f . F ig . 4 . 8 ) o rw i th a s c a le o fc o lou r s i n d ica t ing t h er a nge o fi n t en s i ty v a lue s( c f . C o lou rP l a t e s5 6 ) . When t h e r a da r e ncoun te r s as t rong r ef lec to r , ar e tu rn s i gna l i sr e ce ived a nd i sr e co rded a t ap o s i t ion c o r r e spon d i ng t ot h el o nge rp a th t i me . T he p a th t i me r educ e sa st h e a n tenna e p a s s o ve r t h e r ef lec to r , t h en i n c rea se s a ga in , t o g i ve ac u rv ed ,h ype rbo l ic t r ace f o rt h er ef le c to ro nt h ep lo t . A n i d ea l s t rong ly r ef lec t ing l a ye r w ou ld c on t r ibu te a n e nve lope o f s u ch c u rve s , w h ich c omb ine t o f o rm al i ne r e p r es en t ing t h es u r f ace i nt h ep lo t .T he r a da rp ro f i le i sn o t ad i r ec t v i s ua l r e p re sen ta t ion o f t h e g round l i ke ad r awn a r chaeo log ica l s e c t ion : i t so r ig in mu s tb e u nde r s tood , a nd i n te rp r e ta t ion i sn ece s sa ry . F rom t h et i me t a ken f o rt h er ada rb e am t ot r ave lt oa nd b ack f r om a f e a tu re , a nd k now ing t h e e f f ec t ive b eam v e loc i ty , i t s d ep th c an b e d e term ined . T he v e loc i ty c an s ome t ime s b e o b ta ined b y e xcava t ing a nd m ea su r ing t h e d i s tance t o ak nown r ef lec to r , o r mo r e u sua l ly , w he r e t wo a n tennae a r e e mp loyed , u s ing t h e WARR ( w ide a ng le r e f lec t ion a nd r e f ra c t ion ) t e chn ique , w he r e t h e i n c r ea s ing p a th l e ng th f o r r e f lec t ion s f r om ah o r i zon ta l l a ye ri sm ea s u red w i th t h e t r ansm i t t ing a n tenna s t a t iona ry a nd t h e r e ce ive r m oved m ea su red d i s tance s f r om i t .O the rw i se t h e v e loc i ty i se s t ima t ed f r om k now ledge o ft h e t y pe o fs e d i m en ts b e ing e xam ined . F o r t h e s u rvey a tM iwa , t h e OYO G eo rada r Iw a s o pe r a ted m a in ly a t a2 50 MHz f r equency . T he d a ta w e r e r e co rded d i rec t ly t om agne t ic t a pe a nd p l o t t ed i nt h e f i e ld a sg r ey -sca le o u tpu t f r om at h e rma l p l o t t e r( F ig . 4 . 8 ) . T he p l o t te r w a s i n co rpo ra ted i n t h e 0Y0 v eh ic le 's c on t ro l e qu ipmen t a nd p owe rs upp ly f o r t h er a da r( F ig s . 4 . 4 ,4 . 7 ) . ' t he a n tennae w e r ep u l led o n ar e s in -compo s i te s l ed a l ong s i de t h e s u rvey l i ne sa t au n ifo rm r a te o f8 10 s e cond sp e r m e t r e ( F ig .4 . 6 ) , w i th e a ch m e t r ep o s i t ion m a rked e l ec t ron i c a l ly b y ah and -he ld s w i tch .S even t r an s ec t sw e r er e co rd ed o n l i ne s s e t o u t t oc r o s s f e a tu r e s r evea led i nt h ep r eced ing r e s is t iv i ty a nd m agne tome t ry s u rveys , c o inc id ing w he re p o s s ib le w i th r e s i s t iv i ty p rof i le t r ansec t s' d i scu s sed a bove ( c f F ig s . 4 . 5 a nd 4 . 1) . A r ada r w ave v e loc i ty o f 0 . 06 i n h i sec w a s e s t ima t ed b y t h e WARR t e chn ique , g i v ing a n e qu iva len td ep th o f4 . 5 i nt ot h e 1 50 n sec f u l l s ca le d ef le c t i on o f t h e p l o t te r r e co rd . T he s u rvey w a s c onduc t ed j u s t p r io r t ot h e o pen ing o ft h e e xcava t ion t r enche s i nA ugu s t 1 989 . G round r adar r e su l t s F i ve r a da rp r o f i le s w e re r e co rded o n t r an sec t s RT 1 -5 i n t h e s ou th -no r th d i rec t ion o f t h e s urvey g r id o n l i ne s X 120 .5 , X 117 .5 , X 114 .5 , X 111 .5 , a nd X 105 .5 r e spec t ive ly ( F ig . 4 . 5 ) . Two f u r the re a s t -we s tp rof i le s , o n t r ansec t s R T 6 -7 , w e r e r e co rded o ve r t h e s ou the rn a r ea s o f h ighe r r e s is t iv i ty o n l i ne s Y 509 .5 a nd Y 505 .5 ( c f F i g s . 4 . 5 , 4 . 1 ) . T he r a da r p ro f i les s howed a s im i la r r ange o f f e a tu re s , w h ich a r e i l us t ra ted b y p rof i le s RT2 ( X117 .5 ) a nd RT4

4 . NI SH IMURA & SH ELL , G eophy s ica ls ur vey s ( X111 .5 ) i n C o lour P la tes 5 -6 . F rom t h ese f e a tures , a n umbe ro fa spec t so ft h es i te c an b ei n te rp re ted . T he s ou th -no r th t r ansec ts RT 1 5 s how a tt h e s ou th e nd o ft h e s urvey a r ea ar eg ion o f v a ry ing s t ruc tu re e x tend ing t os ome d ep th i nt h ep rof i les ( r eg ions A t oD i nC o lou r P l . 5a nd A t o Ei nC o lou rP l . 6 ) . F o rt h e e a s tenuno s t t r ansec t RT1 ( X120 .5 ) , t h e ' va ry ing d eepe r ' s t r uc tu re i sa ppa ren t f o r mos t o f t h e l e ng th o f t h e s urvey l i ne , e xcep t f o r a s e c t ion f r om Y 523 t o Y 540 ( F ig . 4 .5 ) w here t h e l owe r s ed imen t sa ppea rt ob e u n ifo rm . I tw a s i mmed ia te ly i n t e r e s t ing t o f i nd t h a t t he ' v a ry ing d eepe r ' r ada r r e sponse , v i s ib le i n a l l f i ve o f t h e s ou th -no r th t r ansec t s , i n t h e s ou the rn p a r to ft h es urvey a r ea c o r re spond sd i rec t ly t ot h e h i ghe rr e s i s t iv i ty ( g rea te rt h an 2 07 o l un .m ) i nt h es ame a r ea ( g r een a nd y e l low a r ea so fC o lour P l .4 ) .T h i sv a ry ing r a da r s t ruc tu re m ay r e la te t ot h es ma l l -sca le m ix tu re a nd b edd ing o fc oa r se r s andy ma te r ia l , a nd a l so t oi t s d i s tu rbance b y a r chaeo log ica lf e a tu re s . A ' un ifo rm d eep ' s ec t ion i sa ppa r en t i nt r ansec t RT 2 ( X117 .5 )f r om Y 522 t oY 536 i nt h en o r th p a r to ft h es u rvey a r ea ( F ig .4 . 5 ) , s im i la rt ot h a tm en t ioned a bove f o rt r ansec t RT 1 ( X120 .5 ) . T h is b ecomes t h e d om inan t f e a tu re i nt h e w e s te rn t r an sec t s RT 3 5 ( e .g . p rof i le R ' F4 , X 111 .5 ,C o lou r P l . 6 : b e tween E a nd F i n t h e l owe r b and o f g reen a nd y e l low i n tens i ty ) . T he p o s i t ion o f t h is d eepe r u n ifo rm r e spons e i s ma rked b y d a shed l i ne s i nF igu re 4 . 5 f o ra l l o f t h er ada rt r an sec t s .T he u n ifo rm r e sponse f r om t h e se d eepe r s ed imen t s , f r om a bou t 1 . 0 ma nd b e low , s hows l i t t le i fa ny i n te rna l s t ruc tu re o the rt h an t h e r e gu la rh o r izon ta l b and ing t h a ti s ac ha rac ter is t ic o ft h e r ada rr e co rd , a nd w h ich i sn o t i t se lf r ep r e sen t ing f i ne h o r izon ta l l a ye r ing i n t h ese s ed i men t s . T he r e g ion o f ' u n ifo rm d eep ' r e sponse c o r re spond s r e ma rkab ly w e l l w i th t h e l ow r e s is t iv i ty a r ea ( l es s t h an 2 07 o l un .m , C o lou rP l . 4 ,b l ue r eg ion ) , i n te rp re ted i nt h e r e s i s t i v i ty s u rvey t ob e ar e l ic tg u l ly w i th r e la t ive ly f i ne u n ifo rm f i l l . T he l a ck o ff e a tu re s i nt h ed eep p a r to ft h er a da rs i gna l f r om t h is a r ea f u r the rs uppo r t s t h is i n te rp r e ta t ion . T he re i s ama rked d rop i nt h e r ef lec ted i n tens i ty i na l l t h e r ada r t r aces a t ad ep th o f c a . 1 . 6 i n t h a t p robab ly c o r re spond s t ot h e l e ve l o fw a te rs a tura t ion o f t h e g round . I n t h e s ub sequen t e xcava t ion , g roundwa te r w a s e ncoun t e red a t 1 . 6 m i n t h e b a se o f T r ench 3 ,c aus ing f u r the r i nves t iga t ion t ob e a bandoned , a nd f ound t ob e ma in ly i n t h er e g ion o f1 . 5mi nt h e 1 989 c o r ings ( F ig .5 . 4 ) . T he f ou re a s ternmo s t t r ace s , R T 1-4 , a l so e xh ib i ted t wo h ype rbo l ic r ef lec t ion s t h a t a r e c ha rac te r is ic o fs t rong p o in t r ef lec to r s n ea r t o t h e s u r f ace , ma rked i nC o lour P l a tes 5 a nd 6 f o r t r ansec ts RT2 a nd RT4 a tp os i t ions A a nd B . T he se w e re t hough t t ob e b u r ied w a te r o r d ra inage p i pes r unn ing n ea r t o t h e s u r face , p ipe A a tv a ry ing d ep th a nd p ipe B a ta n e ven d ep th o f 0 . 6 i n . T he p o s i t ion o f t h e se f e a tu re si sp lo t ted i nF igu re 4 . 5 .T he s ub sequen te xcava t ion o fT rench 1e xpo sed , i nt h ee s t ima ted p o s i t ion o fp i pe B ,a c onc re te w a te rp ipe a t ad ep th o f0 . 50 i n( c f . t h e e s t ima ted 0 . 6m ) ( F ig . A .3 ) . At h in ( c . 0 .25 m ) , r a the ru n if o rm s u r f ace r e g ion c ove r s v i r tua l ly a l l o f t h e mea su r ed s u rvey a r ea . T he r e cen t mak ing u po ft h es u r f ace w i th a l te rna t ing l a ye r s o fs o i l a nd c oa r se r T ob i s and i sp robab ly t h e s ou rce o f t h is f e a ture , o b se rved a c ross a l l t h e r ada r p ro f i le s . I n t r ansec t R T2 b e tween Y 509 a nd Y 514 , m a rked b e tween C a nd D i n C o lou r P l a te 5 , t h e re i sa n e nhanced s i gna l i nt h is u ppe r l a ye r a ppa ren t ly d ue t ot h e d oub l ing o ft h e l a ye r s o fT ob i

3

s and a t ap a r t icu la rs pac ing i nt h e r e cen tt op f i l l . , t h a tw a s r e vea led a tt h i sp o s i t ion i nt h ee xcava t ion o fT rench 2( F ig . A .5 ) . T he w es t -ea s t t r ansec ts RT6 ( Y505 .5 ) a nd RT7 ( Y509 .5 ) , w he re t h ey c ro s s t h e h igh r e s is t iv i ty a r ea a tt h e s u rvey 's s ou thern e nd , b o th s how a d i f f e ren t d i s tu rbed s t ruc tu re i n t h e r ada r r e sponse i n t h e w e s t ( X100 -X103 ) t h an i nt h e e a s t( X111-X125 ) . RT6 , w h ich r un s e n t i re ly i n t h is h i ghe rr e s is tance r eg ion , s hows c on t inuou sd i s tu rbance a td ep th b u t ama rked c hange a tX 110 ( F ig .4 . 8 ) w he re t h e f r equency o f t h e b and ing i nhe ren t i n t h e r ada r i mage c hange s . T h is i sa lmo s tc er ta in ly a s soc ia ted w i th ac hange i nt h es ed imen tb e twe en t h ese t wo r e g ion s . L i t t le s t ra t igraph ic e v idence i sd i rec t ly i n f e rab le f r om t h e r ada r s u rvey , w h ich ma tche s t h e m in ima l s ed imen t s t ra t ig raphy r evea led i n t h e e xcava t ion . I ti s , h oweve r , i mpo r tan t t o n o te t h e a b i l i ty t o d i s t ingu ish , i n d i f f e ren t a r ea s , b e tween s ed imen t s b y t h e i r r ada r c ha rac te r is t ic s r e la t ing t ot h e i rc ompo s i t ion a nd s t ruc tu re . T h is i s au sefu l a dvance f o rt h o se a r chaeo log is t s ,p r eh i s to r ian sp a r t icu la r ly , w ho a r e mo re l i ke ly t oe ncoun te rf e a tu re so t he rt h an b u r ied w a l ls a nd v o ids w h ich a re k nown t o b e mo re r ead i ly d e tec ted b yg round -p rob ing r ada r . T he M iwa s u rvey h a sc onf i rmed t h ev a lue o fc omb in ing g eophy s ica l t e chn ique s t oo b ta in c omp lemen ta ry i n fo rma t i on f r om w h ich a f u l le r i n te rp re ta t ion o f as i te c an b e m ade . T he d e ta i led a na lys is o f t h e r ada r r e su l t s w a s o n ly p o s s ib le b y c ompa r ison w i th t h er e s i s t iv i ty a nd magne tom e t ry d a ta ; w i thou t t h em o n ly mo re g enera l c onc lu s ions c ou ld h ave b een d rawn . T he g eophy s ica l s u rveys p rov ided t h e b a s is , w i th t h e e v idence f r om t h e c o r ing s urvey , f o rt h ed ec is ion o fw he re t ol o ca te t h ee xcava t ion t r enche s a tt h eM iwa s i te , a nd t h ey c on t r ibu ted s i gn if ican t ly t ot h e i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e i mme d i a te e nv i ronmen t . P a r t icu la r ly w he re t h e re i s al im i ted o ppo r tun i ty t oe xam ine a n a r ea b y e xcava t ion , p r io r g eo p hy s ica l s u rvey c an o f ten b eo f ma rked v a lue .

REFERENCES A tk in , Ma lco lm a nd M i l l igan , R obe r t ( 1992 ) " G roundp rob ing r ada r i n a rchaeo logy - p rac t ica l i t ies a nd p rob lem s ." T he F ie ld A rchaeo log is tn o . 1 6 : 2 88 -91 . C la rk , A n thony J . ( 1990 ) S ee ing B enea th t he S o i l : p ro spec t ing m e thod si na rchaeo logy . L ondon : B a t sfo rd . G eo scan R e sea rch ( 1987 ) G eophy s ica lI n s trumen ta t ion f or A rchaeo log ica l a nd G eo log ica l P rospec t ion . G eo scan R esea rch RM4 R es is tance Me te r I n s t ruc t ion Manua l , V e r s ion 1 . 1 . B r adfo rd : G eo scan . G eoscan R esea rch ( 1987 ) I ns truc t ion Manua l F luxga te G rad iome ter FM9 , FM 18 , FM36 . B rad fo rd :G eoscan . N ish imu ra , Y a sush i a nd K ame i , H . ( 1991) " As t udy i nt h e a pp l ica t ion o fg eophy s ica lp ro spec t ion ." I nP e rn ic i ca a nd Wagne r 1 991 ,p p . 7 57 -66 . P e rn icka , E rns t a nd Wagner , G ün the r A . , e ds . ( 1991) A rchaeon ze tr y1 990 . B a se l : B i rkhäuse r . S co l la r , I rw in ; T abbagh , A . ; H esse , A . ; H e rzog , I .( 1990 ) A rchaeo log ica l P rospec t ing a nd R emo te S ens ing . C amb r idge U n iv . P res s . T e lfo rd , W i l l iam M . ; G e lda r t , L .P . ; S he r if f , R .E . ( 1990 ) A pp l ied G eophy s ic s . 2 nd e d . C amb r idge U n iv .P re s s .

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T he M iwa P ro jec tR epor t , e d . G ina L .B a rne s & Ma saa l c i OK ITA .B r i t ish A rcha eo log ica lR epo r ts S 582 . O xfo rd , 1 993

5 . GEOLOGICAL CORING AT MI WA G ina L .B a rne s

A s o ne o ft h e p re l im ina ry s u rvey s p r io r t o e xcava t ion , a s e r ie s o f g eo log ica l c o r ings w a s t a ken ma in ly f r om t h e l owe rt e r race i nA ugus t 1 988 a tt h et i me o ft h ef i r s tm agne t ome te rs u rvey . Al i gh twe igh t D u tch h and a uge rw a s u sed w i th 1 0 -cen t ime t re d i ame te r g ouge a nd t w is tb i t s . Twen ty s i x c o r e s w e re t aken , r e f e r red t oi ns e quence w i th a n ' 8 8 ' ( f o r 1 988 ) p ref ix , i . e . 8 8 -1 t o 8 8 -26 . T he i r l o ca t ion s a r e s hown i nr e la t ion t ot h e s i te g r id i nF igu re 5 . 2 .1 S ince t h e t e r ra ce w a s s eem ing ly f l a t a nd o n ly t wo d ays w e re a va i l a b le f o rc o r ing , e l eva t ions f o re ach c o re l o ca t ion w e re n o t r eco rded . I ti sa ssumed i nt h e f o l low ing d e sc r ip t ions a nd i n terp re ta t ions t ha t t h e s ur face s o f t h e c o re l o ca t ions ( excep tf o r8 8 -16 )w e re a l la tt h e s ame e l eva t ion .I nr e a l i ty , t h e re w e re p robab ly m ino ra l t i tud ina l v a r ia t ions a mong t h e c o red l o ca t ions o n t h e o rde r o f 1 0 -15 c m , a nd t h e t e r race s l opes i mpe rcep t ib ly a way b o th t o t h e w es t a nd t o t h e s ou th , a sc an b e s een i nt h e i lus t ra ted t r ench s e c t ion s i n App end ix A . I na dd i t ion t o t h e p re -excava t ion c o r ing o f 1 988 , n i ne s ho r t c o re s w e re a l so t a ken a tt h e t ime o f e xcava t ion i n 1 989 . T he se w e re d e s igned p r ima r i ly t ot e s t t h e s t ra t ig ra p hy u nde r ly ing t h e b o t toms o fT renche s 4a nd 6 , w h ich c ou ld n o tb ed ug a ny d eepe rb ecau se o ft ime r e s t ra in t s . T he p o s i t ion so ft h ese c o re s ( 89 -1-3 , 3 a , 3 b , 4 -7 ) a r e s hown i n F igu re sA .14 , 1 6 ,2 1 a nd 2 3 .

S ED IMENT C HARACTER ISAT ION S Upon e x t rac t ion i nt h e f i e ld , t h e c o re s t a ken i n 1 988 w e re e xam ined f o r s t ra t ig raph ic c hange s i nc o lou r a nd t e x ture a long t h e i rl e ng ths . C o lou rw a sn o td e sc r ibed b y r e f e rence t o ac o lou rc ha r tb u tb yi n tu i t ive a s se ssmen t , as ho r t -cu tn e c e s s i ta ted b y t ime r e s t r ic t ions . W i th in i d en t if iab le s t ra ta , t e x tu r e w a s r eco rded a sg ra in s i ze a cco rd ing t o as t anda rd s amp le r . T he s i ze d i v i s ions u sed a ppea r a s t h e x sca le i n F igu r e 5 . 1 . T h is h i s togram i lus t ra te s t h e d i s tr ibu t ion o f s t ra ta a cco rd ing t ot h e i rd om inan tg r a in s i ze .O n ly o ne s t ra t um h ad ag ra in s i ze o f_ 16 ( ' c lay ' ) , w h i le mo s tw e re c ha r a c t er i sed b y g ra in s i ze s 2 00 -400 . T he l a ck o f s i ze c l a sse s 5 00 a nd 7 00 -900 i nt h es amp le rh a sc au sed a n a r t if ic ia l i n f l a t ion o ft h es u r round ing c l a s se s .T he i s o la t ed v a lue o f6 00 i sr e f e r red t oh e re a s ' c oa r se s and ' a nd n o ta ted a s < 600> . T he r e w e re a c ons ide rab le n umbe r o f s t ra ta w i th v e ry c oa r se s ed imen t so f? . 1000 ( s and & g r ave l ) . Whe reve r p o ss ib le , ad e sc r ip t ive c l a ss if ica t ion ( c lay , s i l t , s a ndy s i l t , s and , e t c . ) w a s g i ven t ot h e s ed imen t s , b u t t h es e w e re n e i the r r i go rous n o r e xhaus t ive . I th a s t h u s p roven d i f f icu l t t od eve lop c o re d i agrams s how ing b o th g ra in s i ze a nd s ed imen t t ype , s o t h e s ed imen tc o lumns a r e p o r t rayed h e re u s ing t h ep o ly the t ic s e to fc a tego r ie s d eve l o ped i nt h e f i e ld f o rd escr ib ing t h e s t ra t ig raphy ( F ig . 5 . 3 ) . A tt h et ime o fc o r ing , w ew e re i n te res ted i ne l uc ida t ing t h e d i f f e r en t man if e s ta t ions o ft h eo r ig ina lh i l l s lope t o pog raphy a nd t h e s ubsequen t e p i sodes o fc u t a nd f i l l d ur ing t e r race c on s t ruc t ion . T he d i s t inc t ions i nt e rm ino logy a dop ted t h u s e mpha s ise t he d i f fe rence s b e tween n a tu ra l a nd a r t if ic ia l s ed imen t s( s ee K ey t oF ig . 5 . 3 ) .

C ORE I NTERPRETAT IONS As e lec t ion o fc o re d i ag ram s a r ep r esen ted i nF igu re 5 . 3 a s t r an sec t s a long t h ree n o r th -sou th a nd t wo e a s t -wes t g r id

l i ne s . T he s u r face l a ye r s w e re o f ten o ve r t ly r e cogn i sed a nd l a be l led i n t h e f i e ld a s ' f i l l ' . T he se w e re u sua l ly v e ry c oa r se i nt e x tu r e , a nd i nf a c t , o ne o ft h eo range s and l a ye r s w a s i d en t if ied b y aC hu rch o ff ic ia l d u r ing c or ing a s f i l l b rough t i nf r om M t . T ob i i nt h e s ou th b efo re t h e 1 950s . T h is o range f i l l w a s h ence g iven t h e n ame ` Tob i s and ' . D u r ing t h e s ub sequen t e xcava t ion , i tw a s d i scove red t h a t t h e re a r e a c tua l ly t wo l a ye r s o f o range T ob i s and a c ros s mo s to ft h e s i te , w h ich s andw ich af i l l l a ye ro f ten c on ta in i n g mode rn r ubb i sh . T h is r ubb i sh w a s i d en t i f ied i ns eve ra l c o re s , a nd i t s n o ta t ion o ve r r ide s t h e s ed imen ta ry d e sc r ip t i on o ft h el a ye ri nw h ich i tr e s ide s . T he b a sa l l a ye r s o f t h e c o res w e re o f ten c ompo sed o f c oa r se s and (

) o rs and & g rave l ( .1000 ) . E xam in ing t h e i r c hang ing e l eva t ion a c ro s s t h e s i te ( F ig . 5 . 5 ) p rov ide s o ne p e r spec t ive o n t h e o r ig ina l t opog raphy t ha t c an b e c ompa red w i th t h e r e su l t s o f t h e r e s i s t iv i ty p rof i le s ( s ee C hap te r 4a bove ) . T he l a ye r s b e tween t h e a r t if ic ia l s andy f i l l o n t op a nd t h e n a tu ra l s andy b a sa l l a ye r s w e re p redom inan t ly s i l ty . Many w e re q u i te s t icky u pon e x t rac t ion , l e ad ing t o t h e i r d e sc r ip t ion a s ' c layey ' .T h i s a t t r ibu t eo fs t ick ine s sw a sl e s s p rom inen t i ne xcava t ion , w hen t h e i n terven ing l a ye r s a p p ea red mo re l i ke l o am t h an c l ay . S ome o f t h e s t ra ta w e re i d en t if ied b y t h e J apane se f i e ldwo rke r s a s ' o ld t op so i l ' l a ye r s . T hese w e re u sua l ly a r ound 1 0 c m t h ick , b u t i n8 8 -17 o ne s uch l a ye r r eached a bou t4 0 c m i nt h ickne s s . A l though t h ese l a ye r s c anno tb e u nequ ivoca l ly e qua ted w i th t h e e xcava ted s t ra ta , i ti s mo s t l i ke ly t h a tt h ey c o r re spond w i th t h e E a r ly Mode rn S u r f ace a nd /o r t h e Med ieva l ABS d ocumen ted i nT renche s 2 ,4 a nd 6 . Ag l ance a tt h ec o re d i ag rams p re sen ted h e re i se nough t os e e t h a tt h em idd le s i l ty a nd c l ayey l a ye r s y i e lded many a r tefac t s a nd a r e t h e re fo re b y d ef in i t ion ' A r tefac t -Bea r ing S t ra ta ' ( ABS ) . C ompa r isons o f t h e n a tu re s o f t h e se s t ra ta w i th o t he r sr e su l ted i ns ome l a ye r s w h ich d id n o tb ea ra r t e f a c t s i nt h ec o r ings n eve r the le s sb e ing d e s igna ted a sp o t en t i a l ABS . B o th t h e n umbe r o fa r tefac t s c om ing u p i n t h e c o r ings a nd t h ep r e sence o fs o many o rs ot h ick ABS l a ye r s w e re t r u ly u nu sua l . T he se p henomena a l so a t t rac ted c om m en tf r om H iguch i i nd escr ib ing t h es i te d u r ing t h eC hu r ch c ons truc t ion ( s ee C hap te r 2 ) . A long t h e X 125 m g r id l i ne ( F ig . 5 . 4a ) , t h ick l a ye r s o fc l ay a nd /o r s i l tc on ta in ing a r te f a c t s b egan a pp rox ima te ly 4 0 -60 cm u nde rt h ep resen t s u r f a ce a nd c on t inued u p t o 1 20 -140 c m d eep . S uch t h ick d epo s i t sc ou ld n o te a s i ly b e i n te rp re ted a s al i v ing f l oo ro r as i ng le c u l tura l l a ye r , b o th o f w h ich a r e u sua l ly much mo re c ompac t i nN a ra B a s in a r chaeo logy . T hus t h e n a tu re o f t h is d epo s i t w a s a n e n igma , a nd o ne o b jec t ive o f t h e e xcava t ion c ame t ob et h ee l uc ida t ion o ft h is d epo s i ta nd i t s e xp lana t ion i nc u l tu ra l t e rm s . T he se l a ye r s a r en ow k nown t oe qua te t ot h e Y ayo i a nd Med ieva l ABS , w h ich p roduced t h e ma jo r i ty o ft h ea r tef ac t sd ur ing e xcava t ion . Mo s t o f t h e i d en t if iab le a r tef ac t s o b ta ined i n c o r ing w e re H a j i , p o ten t ia l ly d a t ing a nywhe re b e tween AD 3 00 a nd 1 500 .2 S ince t h ey w e re u naccompan ied b y S ue w a re , w h ich i su sua l ly u b iqu i tou s i ns t ra ta d a t ing t ot h e 6 th -8 th c en tu r ie s , t h eM iwa H a j ii st h ough tt ob el a te . T he r e covery o fn ume rou s s he rd s o fG a w a re , p opu la r b e tween t h e 1 0 th a nd 1 4 th c en tu r ie s , s uppo r t s t h is a nd c onfo rm s t ot h e s ub s equen t e xcava ted d a ta . T hough n o Y ayo i s he rd s w e re r e cogn ised i n t h e c o r ings , s eve ra l s anuk i te f l akes w e re r e cove red , s o i tw a s s u spec ted t h a t e a r ly l a ye r s w e re a l so p resen t . Two J omon s he rd s w e re r e cove red : o ne a t2 .4 m i nc o re 8 8 -24 o f ft h e w es te rn e dge o f t h e t e r race a nd t h e

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o t he ra t225 c m i nc o re 8 8 -16 , w h ich w a s t a ken 9 0 c m u p t h es l ope t ot h eu ppe rt e r race a tt h ee a s te rn e dge o ft h es i te . T he se s ugges ted t h a t J omon ma te r ia ls w e re p resen t b u t b u r ied q u i te d eep ly . I ti s ,h oweve r , n o tab le t h a t t h e J omon s he rd i n8 8 -24 w a s a lmo s t i mmed ia te ly o ve r la in ( a t 200 c m ) b y a n ( unda ted ) i r on n a i l . T h is s ugge s t s t h a tt h e l a ye r i nw h ich t h eJ omon s he rd o ccu r red w a se xpo sed u n t i lr e la t i ve ly r ecen t ly a nd t h en c ove red w i th mode rn f i l l . T h is w ou ld f i ti nw i th t h ei n te rp re ta t ion t h a tt h ew e s te rn e dge o f t h e t e r race h a s b een e x tended b y a dd i t ions o f f i l l ( s ee C hap te r 2a bove ) . T he o r ig ina l c on tex to ft h e s he rd m igh t h ave b een i nt h e r i ve rbed o f t h e T an ikawa S t ream w h ich d i sgo rged i t s c on ten t s o n to t h e a l luv ia l f a n b e low t h e t e r r a ce ( s ee C hap te r 3a bove ) . G round w a te r l e ve l o n t h e l owe r t e r race w a s e ncoun t e red a ta nywhe re b e tween 80 t o180 c m w i th mo re f r e q uen to ccu r rence st owa rd t h ef o rme rd ep th . C ompar i son o fc ored a nd e xcava ted s t ra ta S eve ra l o ft h e c o re s w e re t a ken a tl o ca t ions t h a t s ub se q uen t ly f e l lw i th in o rn ea r t h ee xcava t ion t r enche s . Ac om p a r ison b e tween t h e s t ra t ig raph ic i n fo rma t ion r e cove red i n t h e c o r ing s a nd t h e s t ra t ig raphy a s r e vea led i ne xcava t ion s how s many p o in t sb o th o fa g reemen ta nd o fd i sc repancy . T hese a r e d e ta i led h e re t oi lus t ra te t h e d eg ree t o w h ich c o r ing c an b ei n fo rma t ive a s ap re -excava t ion s t ra tegy . C o re 8 8 -3 w a s t a ken a tl o ca t ion X 125 /Y510 , w h ich b e c ame t h ee xac ts ou thea s t -cor n e rd a tum o fT rench 6( c f .F ig . 5 . 5 ) . I n t h e c o re , s i x s t ra ta w e re i d en t if ied b efo r e e ncoun t e r ing g round w a te rl e ve l a t8 5 c m . T he u ppe r t h ree s t ra ta w e re s and & g r ave lu nde r la in b yc oa r se s ed imen t s( 3 -e -

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7 . MI WA S ITE POLLEN ANALYSIS KANEHARA Ma saak i

B o tan ica l a na ly se s o f p o l len , p lan t o pa l ( phy to l i th s ) a nd s eed s a r e u nde r taken f o rt h e p u rpo se o fi nve s t iga t ing a g r i c u l tu ra l a c t iv i t ie s a ta nc ien t s i te s t h roughou tJ apan . P o l len a na lys is , a s u sed i na r chaeo logy , a pp l ies e x is t ing n a tu ra l s c ience m e thodo logy t ot h er e con s t ruc t ion o fp a s te nv i ron men t s a nd p lan t c ommun i t ies . S eve ra l c u l t iva ted p lan t s s uch a sr i ce a nd b uckwhea tg ene ra ( O ryza a nd F agopyrum r e spec t ive ly ) h ave b een r e cove red ; w i th t h e e xcep t ion o f r i ce , h oweve r , s uch p l an t s p roduce l i t t le p o l len a nd d o n o t s how u pw e l li na r cha eo log ica ls t ra t ig raphy .C onsequen t ly , p a r t icu la rd i ff icu l ty i se ncoun te red i nt r y ing t or e cove re v i d ence f o rd ry -f ie ld a g r icu l tu re . F u j iwa ra ( 1976 ) h a s r e sea rched t h e me thodo logy o f p hy to l i th a na ly s is a nd i t sa pp l ica t ion t ot h ec l a s s if i ca t ion o f G ram ineae , o fw h ich O ryza i s ap rom inen t membe r . F rom t h eb eg inn ing , t h is r e sea rch w a so r ien ted t owa rd s a r chaeo l og ica l p rob lem s . P hy to l i th a na ly s is , t h rough t h e r e cove ry o f O ryza o pa l , h a s b een p a r t icu la r ly e f f ec t ive i nd emon s t ra t ing t h e e x is tence o f r i ce a gr icu l tu re . F o r d ry -f ie ld c u l t iva t ion , t h e p re sen t s i tua t ion i st h a t p hy to l i th a na lys i s c anno tb ec a r r ied o u ti nt h e s ame w ay . A sf o rs e ed i d en t if i c a t ion , m any s eed sc an b e i d en t if ied d own t ot h e i rv a r ie ty a nd c an b e s pec if ied d i rec t ly a s c u l t iva r s . B u t s e ed s h ave t h e d i sadvan tage s o fp oo r p re se rvab i l i ty i ns o i l a nd d i f f i c u l ty o fr e cove ry t h rough e xcava t ion . E ach o f t h e se t h ree a na ly t ica l t e chn ique s r ea che s t oa d i f f e ren tl e ve l o fc l a ss if ica t ion a nd u t i l ise s d i f f e ren tp a r t s o f t h e p l an t . A lso , p o l len , p hy to l i ths a nd s eed s d i f f e r i n t h e i r mo t i l i ty a nd mode o f d i spe r sa l o ve r t h e l a nd scape p r io r t od epo s i t ion . F o rr ea son s s uch a s t h e a bove , t h e r e s u l t s o ft h ese v a r ious a na lyses a r e n o t a lway s c ompa rab le o r c ompa t ib le , a nd t h e a spec t s o fa g r icu l tu re t h ey r ef lec t a r e a l so d ive rgen t . F ina l ly , i nJ apan t h e se t e chn ique s a r e n o t y e t w e l l a dap ted t o a rchaeo logy a nd t h e refo re h ave b een e mp loyed a t v e ry f ew s i te s . T he f o l low ing p o l len a na ly s i s o f M iwa s i te ma te r ia l w a s c onduc ted i n f u l l a wa r ene s so ft h e se v a r ious c i rcum s tance s . At o ta lo f2 4s amp le s , i d en t if ied h e re b yt h e i rL if tN um b e r s , w e re t a ken f r om T renche s 2a nd 6( F igs . 7 . 1 , 7 . 2 ) f o r p o l len a na lys i s . No p lan t r ema in s c ou ld b e d i sce rned b y e ye i nt h es amp les , t h e s ed imen t sh av ing u nde rgone s eve re d eg rada t ion . ANALYSIS

T he m e thod u sed h e re f o rs epa ra t ing a nd r e cove r ing p o l len g ra in s f r om t h e s o i l w a s a dap ted b y t h e a u tho r f r om t h a t d eve loped b y SHI MAKURA Misabur0 a tN a ra N a t iona l Un ive r s i ty o fE duca t ion , w i th a dd i t iona lr e f e rence t oN aka mura ( 1967 : 8 6 -102 ) a nd o the r s ou rce s . T he s t ep s a r e a s f o l low s : 1 )A dd 5% KOH ( po ta s s ium h yd rox ide ) t o1 0c m3 o fe ach s amp le .M ix a nd l e ave 2 4h ou r s . 2 )C en t r ifuge a nd d ecan t . A dd d e ion i sed w a te r , m ix , c en t r i f uge a nd d ecan t . T he s and f r ac t ion i se x t rac ted u s ing t h es e t t l ing me thod . 3 )C en t r ifuge a nd d ecan t . A dd 2 5% HF ( hyd rof luo r ic a c id ) , m ix ,t h en l e ave a ga in f o r2 4h ou r s . 4 ) C en t r ifuge a nd d ecan t . Add d e ion ised w a te r , m ix , c en t r i fuge a nd d ecan t . A dd g l a c ia l a ce t ic a c id , m ix , c en t r i f uge a nd d ecan t . A dd a ce to lys is m ix ture a nd m ix , t h en p u ti nb o i l ing w a te r -ba th f o r 1m inu te .

5 )C en t r i fuge a nd d ecan t . A dd g l ac ia la ce t ic a c id ,m ix ,c en t r i fuge a nd d ecan t . A dd d e ion ised w a te r , m ix , c en t r i f uge a nd d ecan t . 6 )A dd af ew d rop so fc a rbo l f uch s ine .M ix , c en t r ifuge a nd d ecan t . Make u ps l ide sw i th g lyc e ro lj e l ly . H av ing p roduced t h e s l ide s , a b so lu te c oun t s o fp o l len g ra ins p e r c m3 w e re t h en t a ken u nde r t h e m ic roscope f o r e ach p lan t t ype . Mo rpho log ica l c l a ss if ica t ion o f p o l len g ra ins g ene ra ted i nJ apan h a s b een c a r r ied o u t b y S h ima k u ra ( 1973 ) a nd N akamu ra ( 1980 ) . U s ing t h e se a s ab a s i s , t h e p o l len f r om M iwa w a s i d en t if ied t h rough a dd i t iona l c ompa r i son w i th t h e K aneha ra c o l lec t ion o fr e cen t p o l len e xamp le s . B ecau se t h e v o lume o fp o l len g ra in s w a s l ow , t h en um b e ro fp l an t g roup s t h a tc ou ld b e i d en t if ied w a s e x t reme ly s ma l l . T hose p lan t t y pe s i d en t if ied i nt h e 2 4 s amp le s a r e g i ven i nF igu re 7 . 3 ,a nd p ho to so fs e lec t ed p o l len g ra in sa r e s hown i nF igu re 7 . 4 . Two t ype s o f V a scu la r C ryp togam w e re i d en t if ied b yt h e i rs po re s : mono la te a nd t r i la te . P o l len g ra ins w e re i d en t if ied e i the rt ot h eF am i ly ( F ) o rG enus ( G ) l e ve l , w i th s ome s ub -gene ra ( g ) g roup ing s . Gymnospe rm s p resen t i n c luded t h ree g ene ra o ft h e P ine F am i ly —Ab ie s , T suga , a nd D ip loxy lon p ine ( g ) —p lus C ryp tome r ia , t h e o n ly g enus o ft h e T axod ium F am i ly o ccur r ing n a tu ra l ly i n J apan . T he r e s t o f t h e p l an t s i d en t if ied w e re a ng io spe rm s ( s eed p l an t s ) . Two s ub -gene ra o fQ ue r cus i nt h eO ak F am i l y w e re i d en t if ied : C yc loba lanops i s ( e ve rg reen o ak s ) a nd L ep idoba lanu s . Among t h e h e rbaceou s p l an t s , G ram ineae ( G ra ss F am i ly ) , C henopod iaceae ( Goosefoo t F am i ly ) , Ama ran thaceae ( Ama ran th F am i ly ) , C a ryophy l laceae ( Ch ickweed F am i ly ) , C ompos i tae ( Compos i te F am i ly ) , A can thaceae ( Acan thu s F am i ly ) a nd L egum ino sae ( Pea F am i ly ) w e re r ep re sen ted . P lan t s i d en t if ied t og enus l e ve l a mong t h e se w e re J us t ica , V ic ia , a nd A r t em is ia . No p o l len g ra in s w e re f ound i nt h e t e n s amp le s # 1638 , 1 640 , 1 675 7 8 , 1 680 -81 , 1 683 a nd 1 685 . S amp le # 1709 , i na dd i t ion t op o l len , y i e lded 2 1 p ebb le s . ( See C hap te r 1 2b e low f o r ad e scr ip t ion . ) D ISCUSSION An a t temp t w a s made t or e con s truc t t h e e nv i ronmen t a nd a gr icu l tu ra l r e g ime f o r t h e t wo p er iods r ep re sen t ed i nt h e s amp le c on tex t s , Y ayo i a nd Med ieva l . T he s amp le s f r om Y ayo i c on tex t s p roduced e i the r n o o r v e ry f ew p o l len g ra ins , s o r e con s t ruc t ion w a s i mpo ss ib le f o r t h is p e r iod . S amp le s w h ich p roduced s ub s tan t ia l q uan t i t ies o f p o l len w e re # 1679 , 1 684 , 1 630 , 1 631 , a nd 1 632 —a l l f r om t h e Med ieva l l a ye r s ( L -05 a nd L -58 ) , a l low ing s i gn if ican t r e c ons t ruc t ion a sd esc r ibed b e low . MED IEVAL MI WA

A l l t h e Med ieva l s amp le s s how t h e s ame t r end : a rbo rea l p o l len g ra in s w e re r a the r mo re n ume rou s t h an h e rbaceous v a r ie t ie s , w i th P inus b e ing p a r t icu la r ly a bundan t . Among t h e h e rbaceous p lan t s , G ram ineae w e re i n t h e ma jo r i ty , a ccompan ied b yC ype raceae a nd C henopod iacea e -Ama ran t h aceae . G iven t h e r e la t ive a bundance o f P inu s a nd o f t ype s o f h e rbaceou s p l an t s c ommon ly i n hab i t ing c l ea red a r ea s o f h uman h ab i ta t ion , w e may h ypo the s ise t h a t t h e M iwa s i te a nd i t ss u r round ings w e re p a r to f as e t t led a r ea i n Med ieva l t ime s . P inus p o l len i sp roduced a bundan t ly a nd d i spe r sed v i a t h e a i r ; i tt h us s eem s l i ke ly t h a t t h e moun ta ins b eh ind t h es i te s uppo r ted as e conda ry g row th o fr ed p ine f o re s t .

Mr . Ma saak i KA NEHARA ,T en r iS ankökan , F uru -chö ,T enn sh i , N a ra -ken 6 32 ,J apan

M I WA P RO JECT REPORT

A s f o r G ram ineae p o l len , g r ea t q uan t i t ies w e re r e cov e r ed t h rough a na lys i s o f s o i l s amp les a t t wo s i te s : t h e H e ian -pe r iod p addy -f ie ld r ema in s a tt h e 0s i t e ( Kaneha ra 1 988 ) a nd t h e Y ayo i -pe r iod f e a tu re s i nt h e l owe rs t ra ta o f t h e F u j iwa ra -kyo s i te ( Kaneha ra 1 990 ) . B y a na logy , t h e l a rge a moun t s o f G ram ineae p o l len r e cove red f r om t h e M iwa s i te i nd ica te t h e e x i s tence o fr i ce p add ie s . F rom t h e a b sence o f o the r w e t land h e rbaceous p lan t s , t h e se r i ce p add ie s a r et hough tt ob e o ft h ek anden t y pe , i r r iga ted a nd u sed f o rp addy o n ly i ns umme rb u td r ied o u ti nw in te r . I n i n land J apan , t h e a ppea rance o f C henopod iaceae Ama ran thaceae p o l len i n d ica te s d ry -f ie ld f a rm ing a nd /o r h uman s e t t lemen t . E xc lud ing m embe r s o f t h e se p lan t g roup s g row ing i nb each a r ea s , s i x g ene ra a r e r ep resen ted i nJ apan : K och ia , C henopod ium , C e lo s ia , A l te rnan the ra , Ama ran t hus a nd A chy ran the s . T he l a s t -named i si n d igen o u s , b u tt h eo the rp l an tg roup sw e re e i the r i n t roduced l o ng a go o rn a tu ra l i sed i nt h eE do p e r iod . A l l s i x o ft h e se p l an t g roup s o ccu r i nd ry f i e ld s a nd h uman s e t t lemen t s . Koch ia s copar ia S ch rad . i ss pec if ica l ly c u l t iva ted , a nd C heno p od ium a l bum L . , C . a l bum L . v a r . c en t rorubrum Mak ino , a nd Amar an thus i namoenu s W i l ld . a r e u sed a s f ood s ou rce s . T hus , i n a dd i t ion t o r i ce p add ie s a t Med ieva l M iwa ,d ry -f ie ld c u l t iva t ion c an a l so b ee nv i s ioned . I nt h e Med ieva lp e r iod ,b o th d oub le -c ropp ing ( c omp r i s i n g s umme rr i ce -g row ing i nw e t f i e ld s a nd w in te ra g r icu l t u re i n s epa ra te d ry f i e lds ) a nd t h e a c tua l u se o f w e t -r ice p add ie sa sd ry f i e ld sh ave b een c onf i rmed . G iven t h ea bove e v idence , i ts eems p robab le t h a t b o th w e t - a nd d ry -f ie ld c rop s w e re g rown a tM iwa . I ndeed , t h e s ca rc i ty o fp o l len g ra ins i nt h es o i l s amp le s m ay r e su l tf r om e x t reme d ecom p o s i t ion t h rough s o i l f o rma t ion a c t iv i t ie s i n ad es s ica t ing e nv i ronmen t a nd /o r f r om r epea ted a l te rna t ion o f w e t a nd d ry c ond i t ion s .T he se p o s s ib i l i t ie sd on o tc on t rad ic tt h ef a c t t h a tt h eM iwa s i te i sp o s i t ioned o n at e r race f o rma t ion . R ecen t ly , t h e p re sen t a u tho r a nd o the r s h ave i n ve s t i g a ted t h ep l an tr ema in s a tt h e Med ieva l H a sh io s i te i nt h e

c en t ra l N a ra B a s in l ow lands . T he re w e f ound s e ed s o f many h e rbaceous p lan t s— r ice , w hea t , b a r ley , e ggp lan t ( a ube rg ine ) , b uckwhea t a n ,e l on —a s w e l l a s mu lbe r ry v a r ie t ies t r ad i t iona l ly u sed f o rs u l icu l tu re a nd p ap e rma l c ing , l a cque r t r ee s f o r mak ing c and le s , a nd a rbo rea l f r u i tp ip so f A s ian p ea r , p each , p lum a nd p e r s immon . T hese f i nd ings i nd ica te t h e r i ch v a r ie ty w i th in Med ieva l a gr icu l tu re ( Kaneha ra e ta l . 1 992 ) .E ven i ft h e Med ieva lc omponen t sa t M iwa h ad o r ig ina l ly b een e qua l ly r i ch , t h e s i te 's l o ca t ion o n at e r race may h ave c on t r ibu ted t od e t e r io ra t ion o fp l an t ma te r ia l s t ot h ee x ten t t h a tt h e v a r ie ty w a s n o tr ef lec ted i n t h ep re sen ta na ly s is .

REFERENCES ( a l l i nJ apanese ) F u j iwa ra , H i ro sh i ( 1976 ) " Ba s ic r e sea rch o n p lan t o pa l a na ly s i s ." K okogaku t oS h izen K agaku 9 :1 5 -29 . K aneha ra , Ma saak i ( 1988 ) " Cu l t iva r s a nd t h e r e con s t ruc t i on o fe nv i ronmen ta nd p l an tl i f e t h rough p o l len g roup s f r om I nve s t iga t ion 1 0 -2 a tt h e 0s i te ." I nN ar a -ken I s ek i C ho sa G a l lo 1 986 , p p . 2 64 -6 . K a sh iwa ra A rchaeo log ica l I n s t i tu te . K aneha ra , Ma saak i ( 1990 ) " P lan tr ema in s i nl owe r -s t ra tum f e a ture s f r om I nves t iga t ion 6 0 -3 ." A suk a •F u j iw a r a -kyo H a l cku t su C ho sa G a i l ia 2 0 : 5 3 -4 . K aneha ra , Ma saak i ; Kokawa , A k ih i ra a nd T e ra sawa , K ao ru ( 1992 ) " Ana ly s i s o f d ry -f ie ld a g r icu l tu re t h rough p l an t r ema ins ." I n P roceed ing s o ft h e 9 th C onf erence o ft h e N ihon B unk az a iK agaku -k a i , p p . 1 0 -11 . N akamura , J un ( 1967 ) K af un B unsek i [ Po l len A na ly s i s ] . T okyo : K ok in S ho in . N akamu ra , J un ( 1980 ) N ihon -san K af un n o Hyöcho [ D iagno s i s o fP o l len P roduced i nJ apan ] . ( Ca ta logue o f t h e C o l lec t ion o fO saka C i ty N a tu ra l H is tory Mu seum , n o . 1 3 -14 . ) S h imaku ra , M i sabu ro ( 1973 ) N ihon S hokubu t su n oK af un K e i ta i[ Po l len Mo rpho logy o fJ apane se P l an t s ] . T okyo .

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P o l len s amp le n umber sa nd p roven ience s .

l i ftno

x ce

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z co1

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context

c ategory

1 266

6

2 6060

p low ma rks

1 21.91

5 10 .58

7 7 .26

1 630

6

2 6058

Med ABS

1 22 .08

5 10 .07

7 7 .27

1 2

1 631

6

2 6058

Med ABS

1 21.99

5 10 .11

7 7 .26

1 3

1 632

6

2 6058

Med ABS

1 21.67

5 10 .09

7 7 .27

1 4

1 633

6

2 6058

Med ABS

1 22 .08

5 10 .07

7 7 .19

1 5

1 634

6

2 6058

Med ABS

1 21.99

5 10 .11

7 7 .20

1 6

1 635

6

2 6058

Med ABS

1 21.87

5 10 .10

7 7 .20

1 7

1 636

6

2 6058

Med ABS

1 21.76

5 10 .10

7 7 .21

1 8

1 637

6

2 6058

Med ABS

1 21.67

5 10 .09

7 7 .22

1 9

1 638

6

2 6056

Y ayo i ABS

1 22 .08

5 10 .07

7 7 .12

7

1 640

6

2 6060

p low ma rks

1 21.50

5 10 .79

7 7 .29 7 7 .12

8

7 7 .23

7 7 .26

2 2

2 3

1 675

6

2 6056

Y ayo i ABS

1 21.99

5 10 .11

1 676

6

2 6056

Y ayo i ABS

1 21.87

5 10 .10

7 7 .13

9

1 677

6

2 6056

Y ayo i ABS

1 21.76

5 10 .10

7 7 .15

1 0

1 678

6

2 6056

Y ayo i ABS

1 21.67

5 10 .09

7 7 .16

1 1

1 679

2

2 6005

Med ABS

17 .95

5 13 .08

7 7 .30

1

1 680

2

2 6005

Med ABS

17 .93

5 13 .09

7 7 .18

2

1 681

2

2 6011

Y ayo i ABS

17 .93

5 13 .10

7 7 .08

4

1 682

2

2 6011

Y ayo i ABS

17 .91

5 13 .09

7 6 .98

5

1 683

2

2 6069

Y ayo i b ase

17 .92

5 13 .11

7 6 .83

2 4

1 684

2

2 6005

Med ABS

17 .93

5 13 .09

7 7 .23

3

1 685

2

2 6011

Y ayo i ABS

17 .91

5 13 .08

7 6 .90

6

1 701

6

2 6058

Med ABS

1 21.87

5 10 .10

7 7 .26

2 0

1 702

6

2 6058

Med ABS

1 21.76

5 10 .10

7 7 .25

2 1

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M I WA P RO JECT REPORT

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A ppend ix C . A r tef ac tL i s t ings

Append ix C -4 l i f t # 1 003 1 003 1 005 1 008 1 008 1 009 1 0 10 1 0 10 1 0 10 1 0 10 1 0 10 1 0 10

i d 2

7 5 6 7 1 6 3 3

o b jec t

HAJI WARE p e r iod

d esc r ip t ion

a m t

H s h H s h H s h

1 1 1

M e d K M ed

H s h H s h Hp l a te r i m H sh Hp l a te r i m Hp l a te r i m Hr i m Hp l a te r i m Hh a gama

2 2 1 6 1 1 1 1 1

M e d K5 6c M ed -Edo M e d M ed -Edo M ed -Edo M ed -Edo M ed -Edo M ed 1 2 14c

1 6 1 1

M ed -Edo M e d M ed 1 3 14c M ed 1 4 15c

1 0 10 1 0 13 1 0 13 1 0 13

3 7 1 2

Hb o dy H s h Hk e t t f l a nge Hk e t t f l a nge

1 0 13 1 0 13 1 0 13 1 0 13 1 0 13 1 0 13 1 0 13 1 0 13 1 0 13 1 0 13 1 0 13 1 0 13 1 0 13 1 0 13 1 0 13 1 0 13 1 0 13

3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 1 3 1 5 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3

Hk e t t f l a nge H ka rne r i m Hj a rr i m Hp l a te r i m Hp l a te r i m Hp l a te r i m Hb ow lb a se Hb o dy Hj a rb a se Hp l a te r i m Hp o tb o dy Hp l a te r i m Hr i m Hp l a te r i m Hp l a te r i m Hp l a te r i m Hp l a te r i m

1

M e d

1 1 1 1 1 r i ng f o o t 1 1 1 1 i n t :sc rp 1 1 1 1 1 1

M ed H n H n M e d H n M e d H n M e d K4 c M e d M ed M e d M e d M ed M e d

1 0 13 1 0 13 1 0 13 1 0 13

2 3 2 5 2 9 3 0

Hh a n d le? Hp l a t e r i m Hp l a te r i m Hp l a te r i m

1 1 1 1

M ed M e d H n -Med m 12 -m 13 c H n

1 0 13 1 0 13 1 0 13 1 0 13 1 0 13 1 0 13 1 0 13 1 0 13 1 0 13 1 0 13

3 2 3 3 3 4 5 2 5 8 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 6 1 1

Hp l a te r i m Hp l a te r i m Hp o t r i m Hp l a te r i m * Hr i m Hp l a te r i m Hp l a te r i m Hp l a te r i m Hb o d y Hb o d y

1 1 1 1 e x t : r im i n den t 1 1 1 1 1 p add 1

M e d M e d K4 c M ed 1 3 -m 14c M e d M ed M ed M e d M e d M e d

1 0 13 1 0 13

1 3 1 8

Hh a ga na Hb od y

1 1

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H s h H s h H s h H s h H s h

6 2 1 1 1

M e d M ed K K M e d

1 1 1 3 1 1

K5 6c K5 6c K5 6c M ed M e d M ed 1 3 c

1 1 e x t : c a r ina ted

1 0 15 1 0 16 1 0 16 1 0 16 1 0 17

8 1

1 0 17 1 0 17 1 0 17 1 0 18 1 0 18 1 0 23

5 3 5 6 6 0 1 4 2 0

H s h H s h H sh H s h H s h H ha gama

1 0 23 1 0 23

2 3 2 4

Hp l a te r i m Hp l a te r i m *

2 59

M e d H ne 1 12

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F u ru type

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MI WA PRO JECT REPORT i d

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1 023 1 023 1 023 1 023

2 6 4 3 5 1 1 5

Hh a gama Hh a gama H ha gama HK o ku sho k ub o d y

1 1 1 1 s moked i n t

1 025 1 027 1 027 1 027

1 6

Hj a r r i m Hr i m Hs h Hr i m

1 3 1 1

1 027 1 028 1 028 1 028 1 028

4 0 5 2 0 2 1

Hh a gama Hs h Hp l a te Hh a gama Hp l a te

1 2 1 1 1

2 5 49

Hs h Hs h Hh a gama Hp l a te

2 2 1 1 s ms i ze

1 029 1 029 1 029 1 029

1 4

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1 030 1 030 1 030 1 056 1 056 1 057 1 057 1 057 1 059 1 060 1 060 1 060

Hs h Hp l a te Hh a gama Hs h Hh a gama Hs h Hs h Hs h Hs h Hh a gama Hh a ga r na Hp l a te

6 1 1 1 1 4 2 1 2 5 1 1 s ms i ze

1 0 6 1 2 1 1 062 1 063 1 063 1 063 1 063 2 1 063 3 1 063 6 1 063 8 1 063 9 1 063 1 0 1 063 1 1 063 1 2 1 063 1 3 1 063 1 6 1 063 1 9 1 063 2 3 1 063 3 5 1 063 3 7 1 063 3 8 1 063 3 9 1 063 4 0 1 063 4 3 1 063 4 6 1 063 4 7

H ha gama Hp l a te Hp l a tes Hh a gama Hh a gama Hh a gama * Hh a ga rna * Hh a gama Hh a gama * Hh a gama Hh a gama Hh a gama * Hh a gama Hp l a te Hh a ga r na * Hh a ga na Hh a gama * Hh a gama * Hp l a te Hh a gama Hh a ga r na * Hh a ga r na * Hh a gama Hh a gama * Hp l a te

1 3 2 1 9 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 s ms i ze 1 1 1 1 1 m d -s ize 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 063 1 063 1 063 1 063 1 063

5 5 6 0 6 1 6 6 6 7

Hh a gama * Hp l a te Hh a ga r na * Hh a gama * Hh a gama

1 1 s ms i ze 1 1 1

1 063 1 063

7 0 7 3

Hp l a te Hp l a te

1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze

5 6 7 8 1 2

3 0

4 4 5

c omm en t

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d esc r ip t ion

l i f t #

M e d M e d 1 2 13c M o d H n9 c M ed -Edo M e d M e d M e d M e d M e d M e d M e d M e d M e d M e d M e d H ne 1 12c M e d K5 6c M e d M e d M e d M e d M e dm 14 1 16c

1 2

H n M e d M e d M ed 1 2 14c M e d 1 13 -m 14c M e d M e d M e d M e d M e d H n -Med 1 2 13c M e d 1 3 14c Me d M ed 1 3 14c M e d 1 3 14c M e d M ed 1 4 c H n -Med 1 2 14c H ne 1 12c M e d M e d M e d1 3 c M e d M ed m 13 -e 14c H n -Med 1 2 13c H n -Med 1 2 13c M o d M ed M e d M e d M ed 1 5 c M ed t 1 3 -m 14c M e d M ed 1 4 15c M e d 1 4 15c M ed 1 13 -m 14c M ed 1 13 -m 14c 2 60

a lo ne v e s se l? ( . 16+ .23+ .40 )+ ( .46+ .39 )+ .35+ .2 . 6 + .19 a lo ne v e s se l? . 1 0+ .43 a lo ne v e s se l? ( . 16+ .23+ .40 )+ ( .46+ .39 )+ .35+ .2 . 6 + .19 ( . 16+ .23+ .40 )+ ( .46+ .39 )+ .35+ .2 ( . 16+ .23+ .40 )+ ( .46+ .39 )+ .35+ .2 a lo ne v e s s e l? ( . 16+ .23+ .40 )+ ( .46+ .39 )+ .35+ .2 ( . 16+ .23+ .40 )+ ( .46+ .39 )+ .35+ .2 . 1 0+ .43 ( . 16+ .23+ .40 )+ ( .46+ .39 )+ .35+ .2

+ . 108+1 3 8 a lo ne v e s s e l?

A ppend ix C . A r tef ac tL i s t ings l i f t # 1 063 1 063 1 063 1 063 1 063 1 063 1 063 1 063 1 063 1 063 1 063 1 063 1 063 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064 1 064

i d

o b jec t

7 5 9 3 9 4 9 8 1 08 1 09 1 35 1 36 1 38 1 50 1 54 2 19 3 38

Hp l a te Hh a ga r na Hh a gama * Hp l a te Hh a gama * Hp l a te Hp l a te H s h Hh a gama * Hp l a te Hp e db ow lb a se HK o kushoku p l a te Hp l a te H s h H s h Hh a gama Hp l a tes Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hh a gama Hp l a te Hh a ga r na Hp l a te Hh a gama Hh a gama Hh a gama Hh a gama Hp l a te H ha ga r na H sh H s h H s h H sh Hp l a te Hp l a te

6 8 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4 2 5 2 7 2 9 3 0 3 2 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 4 1 4 5 4 6 4 9 4 9 5 6 5 8 5 9 6 0 6 1 6 3 6 3 6 4 6 5 7 9 1 03 1 88 1 95 1 96 1 97 1 98 2 50 2 52 2 54 2 57 2 62

Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te

a m t

c anm eo t

p e r iod

d esc r ip t ion

M ed 1 3 -m 14c M ed 1 5 c M e d1 5 c M ed e -m 13c M e d H ne 1 12c M ed I 1 3 -m 14c N ? M ed 1 4 c H ne 1 12c

1 s ms i ze 1 1 1 s ms i ze 1 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 1 1 s ms i ze 1 1 A type 1 s ms i ze 1 4 5 0 1 2 5 4 1 s ms i ze 1 m d -s ize 1 m d -s ize 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 m d -s ize 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 m d -s ize 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 1 m d -s ize 1 1 s ms i ze 1 1 + . 65 1 + . 64 1 1 s ms i ze 1 1 1 1 1 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze

a lo n ev e s se l?

+ . 138+ .6 1

+ . 108+ .6 1

H n I 10 -e 11c H ne 1 12c M e d M e d M e d M e d M e dI 1 3 -m 14c M ed t 1 3 -m 14c M ed t 1 3 -m 14c H ne 1 12c H ne I 12c H n -Me de 12 -e 13 c M e dI 1 3 -m 14c H ne I 12c M ed e -m 14c H ne 1 12c H ne 1 12c M ed m 13 -e 14c H n -Med e 12 -e 13c H n -Med e 12 -e 13c H n -Med e 12 -e 13c H ne 1 12c H n -Med e 12 -e 13c M e dI 1 3 -m 14c M ed I 1 3 -m 14c M ed e -m 13c H ne I 12c H n -Med e 12 -e 13c H n -Me de 12 -e 13c H n -Med e 12 -e 13 c H n -Med e 12 -e 13c H ne 1 12c H n -Me d 1 14c M ed m 13 -e 14c M ed 1 3 14c M e dI 1 3 -m 14c M e d 1 3 15c M ed 1 4 c M ed 1 4 c M e d H ne 1 12c H n -Med 1 2 13c

M ed I 1 3 -m 14c H n -Med e 12 -e 13c M ed t 1 3 -m 14c M e dI 1 3 -m 14c M ed 1 3 -m 14c 2 6 1

. 2 95 .262 n umbe r ing p r ob lem . 2 62 .270 n umbe r ing p r ob lem

. 2 62 .270 n umbe r ing p r ob lem . 2 62 .270 n umbe r ing p r ob lem . 2 62 .270 n umbe r ing p r ob lem . 2 62 .270 n umbe r ing p r ob lem . 2 62 .270 n umbe r ing p r ob lem

. 2 62 .270 n umbe r ing p r ob lem

MI WA P RO JECT REPORT l i f t #

i d

o b jec t

1 067 1 067 1 067 1 067 1 067 1 067 1 067 1 067 1 067

4 6 1 0 1 2 1 2 1 4 1 6

Hh a ga rna Hp l a tes Hp l a te Hh a gama * Hh a gama Hp l a te Hh a gama Hp l a te Hp l a te

1 067 1 067

2 7 3 7

1 067 1 069 1 069 1 072 1 072 1 072 1 073 1 073 1 073

4 1 2 8 2 9

1 073 1 073 1 073 1 073 1 073 1 074 1 074 1 076

2 0 2 1 2 2 2 5 2 6

1 078 1 078 1 078 1 078 1 078 1 078 1 078 1 078 1 078 100 1 0 1 103 103 103 103 108 108 108 109 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 1 14 1 14 1 14 125 135

2 6 2 8

1 2

p e r iod

d es c r ip t ion

a m t 7 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

m d -s ize s ms i ze

M e d M e d H n -Med e 12 -e 13c M e d1 5 c M ed 1 3 15 c H ne 1 12c H n -Med 1 2 14c M e dm 13 -e 14c H ne 1 12c

Hh a gama Hp l a te

1 1 s ms i ze

M e d H n -Med e 12 -e 13 c

Hh a ga rna H s h H sh Hp l a tes Hp ! a te Hp l a te Hp l a tes Hh a ga rna Ht s uk i

1 1 1 5 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 2 9 1

M ed 1 3 15c K K M e d H n -Med e 12 -e 13c H n -Med e 12 -e 13c M e d M e d M e da n 1 1c

s ms i ze

s ms i ze

6 2

Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hh a gama Hp l a te Hp l a te

1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1

3 6 5 1 5 4 6 7 8 0

Hp l a tes Hh a gama Hp l a te Hh a gama Hp l a te Hp l a te H ha gama

7 2 1 s ms i ze 3 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1

M e d M e d H n -Me de 12 -e 13c M ed 1 4 15c M ed 1 3 -m 14c H n -M ed e 12 -e 13c H n -Med 1 2 13c

5 7 1 9

Hp l a te Hp l a te H s h H s h H sh Hh a gama H sh H sh

1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 6 1 3 1 1 1

H n -Med e 12 -e 13c H ne 1 12c M e d K M e d M e d M e d M e d

3 7

H s h Hp l a te Hp l a te

3 1 1

M e d M ed I 1 2 1 16c M ed I 1 2 1 16c

1 5 1 6

H sh Hj a r Hp l a te H s h H sh Hp o t r i m * Hb ody *

1 1 1 6 3 1 1

M e d K4 c H n M e d M e d K4 c K4 c

1

H s h Hp l a te

1 1

M e d M e d1 2 1 16c

1 1 4 2 1

M ed 1 2 1 16c M ed I 1 2 1 16c M e d H n K4 c

1 04 1 07 4

1 3 5

135 136 137 138 138

1 4 5

4 1

Hp l a te Hp l a te H s h H s h Hs h

142 142

1 2 4 0

Hp l a te Hp l a te

s ms i ze m d -s ize s ms i ze s ms i ze s ms i ze

c omm en t

M ed t 1 3 -m 14c M ed t 1 3 -m 14c H ne 1 12c M ed e -m 13c H ne 1 12c M e d H ne 1 12c H ne I 12c

s ms i ze s ms i ze

1 m d -s ize 1 s ms i ze

M ed m 13 -e 14c H ne 1 12c 2 62

e a r ly F u ru t ype e a r ly F u ru t ype

S hona io re a r ly F u ru t ype

Append ix C . A r tef ac tL i s t ings l i f t # 142 183 183 184 187 1 9 1 1 259 1 259 1 264 1 264

i d 4 1 2 0 0 0

3 7

o b jec t

p e r iod

d esc r ip t ion

a m t

Hh a gama Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te H s h Hp l a te H s h

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 1

2 4 1 1 s ms i ze 1 8 1 3 4 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze

M e d 1 4 c M e d H ne 1 12c M ed M ed t 1 3 -m 14c M e d M ed M e d H ne 1 12c M e d

s ms i ze s ms i ze

s ms i ze e x t :pa ra l l t a tak i

1 265 1 265 1 265 1 268 1 268 1 268 1 268 1 268 1 268

3 5 42

Hh a ga .ma H s h Hh a gama Hp l a te Hp l a te s Hh a gama H sh Hp l a te Hp l a te

1 268 1 268 1 268 1 268 1 268

4 3 4 7 49 5 7 5 8

Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te

1 1 1 1 1

1 268 1 268

6 6 6 8

Hp l a te Hp l a te

1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze

H n -Med e 12 -e 13c H n -Med e 12 -e 13c

1 268 1 268 1 268 1 268 1 268 1 268 1 268 1 268 1 268 1 268 1 268 1 268 1 268 1 268

7 1 7 2 7 6 8 0 8 6 9 2 9 3 1 00 1 0 5 1 3 1 22 1 57 1 9 6 2 17

Hp e dc y l Hh a ga .ma Hp l a te Hp l a te * Hp l a te Hp l a te * Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hk o k u sho k u

1 v e r t f a ce ts 1 1 m d -s ize 1 1 m d -s ize 1 1 i n den ted b a se , r e dt y pe 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 m d -s ize 1 s ms i ze 1 w h i te p a s te 1 B t ype ; i n t&ex t b l ackened

N M ed 1 4 c M ed m 13 -e 14c M ed m I 13c M ed e -m 14c M ed I 1 3 -m 14c M ed m 14 -e 15c H n -Med e 12 -e 13c H n -Med e 12 -e 13c H ne I 12c M ed e -m 14c M ed I 1 3 -m 14c M e dm 14c H ne -m 11c

2 0

Hh a gama H s h Hh a gama Hp l a te *

1 269 1 269 1 269 1 269 1 269 1 269 1 270 1 270 1 270 1 270

1

2 4 1 37 4 1 5 3 3

Hp l a te * H s h H s h Hp l a te * Hp l a te * Hp l a te *

1 275 1 275 1 275 1 275 1 275 1 275 1 275 1 275 1 275

1 6 1 7 1 8 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 6

Hp l a tes Hh a gama Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te * Hh a gama * Hp l a te Hp l a te

1 275 1 275 1 275

2 7 3 1 3 3

Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te

M e d M ed H n -Med 1 2 13c H ne I 12c M e d M ed K M e dI 1 3 -m 14c H ne 1 12c

s ms i ze s ms i ze s ms i ze s ms i ze w h i te p a s te

H n -Med e 12 -e 13c H n -Med e 12 -e 13c H n -Med e 12 -e 13c H n -Med e 12 -e 13c M edm 14 -e 15c

1 2 7 4 1 s t ep r im

M e d M ed M e d H nm I 11c

1 e x t : c a r ina ted 1 7 1 1 1 e x t :ca r ina ted 1 6 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

c omm en t

M ed 1 3 -m 14c H n -Med M ed M ed M e d H ne 1 12c M ed M e d M ed 1 3 -e 14c H n -Me de 12 -e 13c H ne 1 12c M ed M ed 1 3 14c M e de -m 14c H n -Med e 12 -e 13c

m d -s ize s ms i ze

m d -s ize s ms i ze

1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 m d -s ize

H n H ne 1 12c M ed m 13 -e 14c 2 63

. 4 + . 15 . 4 + .15

M I WA P RO JECT REPORT p e r iod

i d

1 275 1 275 1 275 1 275 1 275 1 275 1 275

3F 5 3 5 7 6 0 6 1 6 7 7 9

Hh a gama Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hh a gama

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 275 1 2 86

1 9 0

Hs u r iba ch i Hp l a te

1 1

E do M e d

1 3 16 1 345

0 0

Hh a gama Hp l a te

1 1 s ms i ze

M e i d M ed t 1 3 -m 14c

1 3 7 1 1 3 7 1 1 3 7 1 1 3 7 1 1 3 7 1 1 3 7 1

4 7 1 2 1 8

Hh a gama Hp l a tes Hh a gama * Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te

4 3 1 1 s ms i ze 1 m d -s ize 1 m d -s ize

M e d M e d H n -Med 1 2 13c H ne 1 12c M ed e -m 14c M ed t 1 3 -m 14c

1 3 7 1 1 3 7 1 1 3 7 1 1 3 7 1 1 3 7 1 1 3 7 1 1 3 7 1 1 3 7 1 1 3 7 1

2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 3 0 3 4 4 9

Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hh a gama Hh a gama Ht s uk i Hh a gama Hp l a te Hp l a te

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 3 7 1 1 3 7 1 1 3 7 1

5 4 6 2 6 5

Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te

1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze

1 372 1 372 1 372 1 372 1 372 1 372

1 2 3 5 1 2

Hh a gama Hh a gama * Hh a gama * Hh a gama * Hp l a te Hh a gama

1 372 1 372 1 372 1 433 1 459 1 459

1 6 1 7 2 0 0 8 9

Hp l a te H ha ga rna Hh a gama Hs h Hh a gama Hh a ga .ma

1 i n den ted b a se , r e dt y pe 1 1 1 e x t :pa ra l l t a tak i 1 1

M ed m 14 -e 15c H n -Med 1 2 13c H n -Med 1 2 13c M e d M e d M ed 1 3 15 c

1 467 1 469 1 475

9 2 1 2

Hh a gama Hp l a te Hp l a te

1 1 1 s ms i ze

M e d M e d H ne 1 12c

1 475 1 483 1 488 1 539

2 1 0 0 0

H ha gama H ha ga r na Hp l a te * Hh a gama *

1 1 1 e x t :g roov l i n e ; in t : inden ted r i m ; I rg -s ize 1

M e d M e d H n1 11 -m 12c M ed 1 3 14c

1 1 m d -s ize

M e d M ed m 13 -e 14c

1 8

Hh a ga r na Hp l a te Hh ac h i / ja r r i m Hp l a te Hs h Hs h H s h Hs h Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hp l a te Hr i m

1 1 e x t :pa ra l l t a tak i 1 1 2 2 1 s ms i ze 1 s ms i ze 2 1

M e d M e d M e d M e d M e d M ed H ne 1 12c H ne 1 12c M e d K4 c

2 1

Hh a ga r na Hh a gama

1 1

M e d H n -Med 1 2 13 c

1 568 1 592 1 6 19 1 6 2 1 1 6 2 1 1 628 1 628 1 639 1 642 1 642 1 642 1 706 1 7 16 1 7 18 1 7 18

0 8 4 5 1 04 2 9 4 6

6 9

o b je c t

d esc r ip t ion

l i f t #

a m t s t ep r im m d -s ize m d -s ize s ms i ze s ms i ze

m d -s ize s ms i ze m d -s ize

s ms i ze s ms i ze

4 1 1 1 1 s ms i ze 1

T otal : 7 66

c omm en t

M ed 1 3 14c H nm 1 11c M ed e -m 14c M ed e -m 14c H ne 1 12c M ed I 1 3 -m 14c M e d1 5 c

M ed t 1 3 -m 14c H n -Med e 12 -e 13c M ed e -m 14c M ed 1 4 c H n -Med 1 2 13c M e d< m 11c M ed 1 3 14c M ed t 1 3 -m 14c M ed I 1 3 -m 14c H ne 1 12c H ne I 12c M ed 1 3 -m 14c M e d M ed 1 4 c M ed 1 4 c M ed 1 4 c M ed t 1 3 -m 14c H n -Me d 1 2 13c . 1 7+ .20 . 1 7+ .20

S hona i o re a r ly F u ru t ype

Append ix C . A r tef ac t L is t ings

Append ix C-5

l i f t #

I d

ob ject

amt

HANINVA

d escr ipt ion

p er iod

1 062

9

h an iwa *

1 068

7

h an iwa *

1 1

1 275

4

h an iwa *

1

K6 c

1 275

8

h an iwa

1

K6 c

1 275

3 6

h an iwa *

1

K6 c

1 275

4 8

h an iwa *

1

K6 c

1 37 1

6

h an iwa *

1 . 6+ .7

K6 c

1 37 1

7

h an iwa *

1 . 6+ .7

K6 c

1 372

1 0

h an iwa *

1

1 372

1

h an iwa *

1

1 568

5

h an iwa *

1 c y l ; e x t :d iag h ake , b and

1 6 19

6 6

h an iwa *

1

Tota l :

K6 c

1 2

2 65

MI WA PROJECT REPORT

Append ix C -6 l i f t #

i d

1 003

ob ject

amt

SUE WARE

d escr ipt ion

p er iod

Ss h

2

K6 -7c

Ss h

1

K6 c

Ss h

1

K5 -7c

Sb ody , d ec

1 e x t :wave c omb

K6 c

Sj a r b ody

1 e x t :sc rp , i n t :padd

K6 c

4

Sj a r r i m

1

K6 c

1 010

2

Sl i d? b ase

1

K6 c

1 0 10

1 2

Sj a r b ody

1 i n t :anv i l

K6 c

1 0 10

1 9

Sb ody

1

K6 c

1 0 10

3 6

Sb ody

1 e x t :padd?

K6 c

1 0 13

1

Sb ody

1

K6 c

1 013

1 6

Sb ody

1

K6 c

1 013

3 5

S -sh i tsu s h

1

Med 1 4c-

1 013

6 4

Sb ody

1 e x t :padd

K6 c

1 013

6 5

Sj a r b ody

1 i n t :anv i l

K6 c

1 013

6 7

Sj a r b ody

1 e x t :padd , i n t :anv i l

K6 c

1 013

6 8

Sj a r b ody

1 e x t :padd , i n t :anv i l

K6 c

1 013

7 0

Sj a r b ody

1 e x t :padd , i n t :anv i l

K6 c

1 015

2 2

Ss h

1

M ed

1 015

2 3

Ss h

1 004

0

1 008

9

1 009

1

1 009

2

1 009

1 016

K5 -7c

Ss h

6

K6 -7c

1 017

6

Ss h

1

Med

1 0 17

3 9

Ss h

1

K5 -7c

1 0 17

4 7

Ss h

1

K5 -7c

1 017

5 8

Ss h

1

K5 -7c

1 017

6 7

Ss h

1

K5 -7c

Ss h

1

K6 -7c

1 018 1 018

1 5

Ssh

1

K5 -7c

1 018

1 8

Ss h

1

K6 c

1 023

1

Sj a r b ase?

1

K6 c

1 023

2

Sb ody

1

K6 c

1 023

3

Sb ody

1

K6 c

1 023

4

Sb ody

1

K6 c

1 023

5

Sb ase

1

K6 c

1 023

6

Ss h

1

N ?

1 026

Ss h

1

K6 -7c

1 027

Ss h

5

K6 -7c

1 028

Ss h

1

K6 -7c

1 029

Ss h

6

K6 -7c

1 029

1 9

S -sh i tsu s h

1

Med 1 4c-

1 029

8 9

Ss h

1

1 029

9 4

Ss h

1

Ss h

1

K6 -7c

Ss h

1

K5 -7c

1 030 1 6

1 030

2 7

Ss h

1 052

0

Sj a r b ody

1 e x t :padd , s c rp

K6 c

Ss h

1

K6 -7c

K6 c

1 056

3

Ss h

1

K7 c

1 057

2

Ss h

1

K5 -7c

1 057

1 6

Ss h

1

K5 -7c

1 057

4 4

Ss h

1

K5 -6c

1 057

1 01

Ss h

1

K6 -7c

1 057

17

Sj a r r im *

1 c a r ina ted

K5 -6c

1 060

5

Ss h

1

K -N 6 -8c

1 060

1 4

Ss h

1

K -N 6 -8c

1 060

2 4

Ss h

1

K -N 6 -8c

1 062

1 3

Sj a r r im *

1 c a r ina ted

K5 -6c

1 063

. 12+ .13

K5 c

1 030

1 056

c o m ment

Ss h

3

K6 -7c

1 063

3 8

Ss h

1

K5 -6c

1 063

5 2

Sb ody s h*

1 e x t :cheq , i n t :conc c r

K5 -6c

1 063

5 3

Ss h

1

K6 -7c

1 063

5 7

Ss h

1 w / a sh g laze

N8 c

f r om S anage k i ln

Append ix C . Ar tef ac t L is t ings l i f t #

i d

ob ject

amt

d escr ipt ion

p er iod

1 063

6 4

Sr im *

1 s o f t c a r ina t ion

K6 -7c

1 063

1 43

Ssh

1

K6 -7c

1 063

1 44

Ss h

1

K5 -6c

1 063

1 70

Ss h

1

K -N 6 -8c

1 063

2 14

Ssh

1

K6 -7c

1 064

Ssh

1 0

K5 -7c

1 065

7 1

Ss h

1

K5 -7c

1 067

5

Sr im s h *

1 p ed?

K6 -7c

1 067

8

Ss h

1

K -N 6 -8c

Ssh

9

K5 -6c

St s uk i s h*

1 f l ange

K5 -6c

1 078 1 078

2 7

100

Ssh

3

K6 -7c

2 0

Ssh

1

K6 c

100

2 6

Ssh

1

K6 c

100

3 7

Ssh

1

K6 c

101

Ssh

1

K6 -7c

103

Ssh

1

K6 -7c

Ssh

1

K6 c

108

Ssh

2

K6 -7c

109

Ssh

1

K6 -7c

110

Ssh

1

K6 -7c

111

Ssh

2

K 5c

111

Ssh

4

K -N 6 -8c

Sr im s h *

1

K5 -6c

100

103

111

6

3

112

Ssh

1

K6 -7c

112

3

Ssh

1

K5 c

112

1 4

Ssh

1

K7 c

Ssh

6

K6 -7c

Sr im s h *

1

K5 -6c

Ssh

6

K6 -7c

Ssh*

1 e x t :wave c omb

K6 c K6 -7c

113 113

7 4

114 114

6

c o m ment

114

1 2

Sb ody s h *

1 e x t : la t t ice , i n t :conc c r

114

2 2

Ssh

1

K6 c

114

2 4

Ssh

1

K7 c

124

1

Ssh

1

K6 c

128

2 3

Sp ed r im s h *

1 t r iang r i dge

K5 c

128

5 4

Ssh

1

K5 -6c

128

8 8

Ssh

1

K6 c

128

1 75

Ssh

1

K5 -6c

129

3 3

Ssh

1

K6 c

P rob lem : o n ly s t ake r eco rded o n l i f t l a be l

129

4 8

Ssh

1

K6 c

P rob lem : o n ly s t ake r eco rded o n l i f t l a be l

Ssh

1

K6 -7c

135 135

2

137

Sb ody s h *

1 e x t : la t t ice , i n t :conc c r

K6 -7c

Ssh

1

K6 -7c

138

3 8

Ssh

1

K5 -6c

138

1 0 1

Sb ody s h *

1

K6 -7c

138

1 60

Ssh

1

K -N 6 -8c

138

2 10

Ss h

1

K -N 6 -8c

138

2 5 1

Ssh

1

K5 c

139

7

S -sh i tsu s h

1

Med I 1 2 -e14c

140

2

Ss h

1

K -N 6 -8c

140

1

Ssh

1

K -N 6 -8c

Ssh

6

142 142

3

Ssh

1

K5 c

142

2 7

Sb ody s h*

1 e x t : ta tak i , i n t :conc c r

K6 -7c

142

3 7

Ss h

1

K -N 6 -8c

142

4 3

Ssh

1

K -N 7 -8c

142

4 6

S -sh i tsu s h

1

Med I 1 2 -e14c

142

6 1

Ssh

1

K -N 6 -8c

142

6 5

Ss h

1

K -N 6 -8c

1 268 1 268

Ssh 4

Sb ow l / l id r i m

1 4

K5 -6c

1

K m5c

2 67

MI WA PRO JECT REPORT l i f t # 1 268

i d 1 7

1 269 1 270

3 2

1 275

ob ject

amt

d escr ipt ion

p er iod

Sj a r b ody

1 e x t : la t t ice p add ; i n t :anv i l?

K m5c

Ss h

4

K5 -7c

Ss h

1

K5 -7c

Ss h

6

Med

c o m men t

1 275

4 0

Ss h

1

K5 c

1 275

8 4

Ss h

1

K5 c

1 320

1

Ss h

2

K5 c

1 32 1

1

Ss h

1

K6 c

1 37 1

8 2

Ss h

1

K5 -7c

. 97+ .82

1 37 1

9 7

Ss h

1

K5 -7c

. 97+ .82

Ss h

1

1 467 1 467

5

1 568

S -sh i tsu s h

1

Med I 1 2 1 16c

Ss h

2

K6 c

1 6 19

7 6

Ss h

1

M ed

1 639

1

Ss h

1

K -N 6 -8c

1 706

2 36

S -sh i tsu s h

1

Med I 1 2 1 16c

T ota l :

2 17

2 68

Append ix C . A r tef ac tL is t ings

Append ix C -7 l i f t #

i d

ob jec t

amt

d escr ipt ion

ROOF T ILES p er iod

c o m ment

10 05

2

r oo ft i l e

2

E /R

1 005

2

r oo f t i l e

1

DR

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 005

6

r oo ft i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 006

2

r oo ft i l e

4

F IR

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 006

1 6

r oo ft i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 006

1 7

r oo ft i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 006

1 8

r oo ft i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 006

1 9

r oo f t i l e

1

DR

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

r oo ft i l e

3

DR

1 008

7

r oo ft i l e

1

E /R

1 008

8

r oo ft i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 008

1 5

r oo f t i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 0 10

1 3

r oo ft i l e

1

R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 0 13

5 9

r oo ft i l e

1

R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

r oo f t i l e

6

E /R

r oo ft i l e r oo ft i l e

1 1

E /R DR

1 008

1 0 15 1 0 15 1 0 15

4 5

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9 . 5 ? . 9 ? d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 0 15

6

r oo f t i l e

1

DR

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 0 15

7

r oo f t i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 0 15

8

r oo ft i l e

1

ER

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 0 15

2 4

r oo ft i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

r oo f t i l e

8

DR

1 0 17 1 0 17

1

r oo f t i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 0 17

8

r oo f t i l e

1

DR

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 0 17

1 7

r oo ft i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 0 17

2 4

r oo f t i l e

1

DR

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 0 17

3 1

r oo ft i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 0 17

5 4

r oo f t i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 0 17

5 5

r oo f t i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 0 17

8 2

r oo f t i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 023

3 6

r oo ft i l e

1 p add , ma t imp ress?

M ed

1 062

r oo f t i l e

4

DR

1 062

6

r oo f t i l e

1

DR

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 062

7

r oo f t i l e

1

DR

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 062

1 2

r oo ft i l e

1

E /R

d isca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 062

3 0

r oo f t i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

r oo ft i l e

5

N

. 27+ .6 1+ .64?+ .169 4 .2 13

1 73

r oo ft i l e

1

DR

d isca rded 8 N ov 8 9

r oo ft i l e

4

DR

1 078

2

r oo ft i l e

1

DR

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 078

4

r oo ft i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 078

8

r oo ft i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 078

1 40

r oo f t i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

r oo ft i l e

3

1 063 1 063 1 078

100 100

1

r oo ft i l e

1

M od

100

3

r oo f t i l e

1

M ed

100

4 5

r oo f t i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

109

1

r oo ft i l e

1

E do?

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

111 111

r oo ft i l e 1

1 9

r oo ft i l e

1

DR

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

DR

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9 d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

111

2

r oo ft i l e

1

DR

111

4

r oo ft i l e

1

DR

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

111

6

r oo ft i l e

1

DR

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

111

7

r oo ft i l e

1

DR

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

111

1

r oo ft i l e

1

DR

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

111

1 3

r oo ft i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

111

1 9

r oo ft i l e

1

DR

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

111

2 2

r oo ft i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

111

2 8

r oo ft i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

111

3 0

r oo ft i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

111

3 2

r oo ft i l e

1

DR

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

111

3 6

r oo ft i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

2 69

MI WA PRO JECT REPORT l i f t #

i d

ob ject

amt

p er iod

d escr ip t ion

c o m ment

111

3 8

r oo f t i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

111

4 0

r oo f t i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

111

4 1

r oo f t i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

111

4 5

r oo f t i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

111

4 6

r oo ft i l e

1

111

5 0

r oo f t i l e

1

r oo f t i l e

2

E /R

113

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9 d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

113

9

r oo f t i l e

1

E JR

d i sca rded

113

1 9

r oo f t i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded

114

8

r oo f t i l e

1

E JR

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

117

2

r oo ft i l e

1

E JR

d i sca rded

138

r oo ft i l e

1 3

E JR

138

3

r oo ft i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded

138

4

r oo ft i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded

138

5

r oo f t i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded ; t wo . 5i d s

138

5

r oo ft i l e

E /R

d i sca rded ; t wo . 5i d s

E /R

d i sca rded

1 1

138

6

r oo ft i l e

138

7

r oo f t i l e

E /R

d i sca rded

138

8

r oo f t i l e

E /R

d i sca rded

138

3 3

r oo f t i l e

E JR

d i sca rded

138

5 0

r oo f t i l e

E /R

d i sca rded

138

6 0

r oo f t i l e

E JR

d i sca rded

138

7 0

r oo f t i l e

E /R

d i sca rded

138

1 07

r oo ft i l e

E /R

d isca rded ; a r t i f i dc o r rec t?

138

2 0 1

r oo ft i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded

r oo f t i l e

8

E JR

139

2 0

r oo f t i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded

139

2 1

r oo f t i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded

139

2 2

r oo ft i l e

1

F IR

d i sca rded

139

2 3

r oo ft i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded

139

2 4

r oo ft i l e

1

F IR

d i sca rded

139

2 5

r oo f t i l e

1

F IR

d i sca rded

139

139

2 6

r oo f t i l e

1

F IR

d i sca rded

139

2 7

r oo ft i l e

1

DR

d i sca rded

139

2 8

r oo ft i l e

1

E /R

d i sca rded

140

1

r oo ft i l e

1

E JR

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

r oo ft i l e

4

142 142

5 8

r oo f t i l e

1

142

6 2

r oo ft i l e

1

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

142

6 4

r oo ft i l e

1

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9 ; . 6 4 c o r rec t?

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

142

6 7

r oo f t i l e

1

1 275

8 3

r oo f t i l e

1

1 3 10

3

r oo f t i l e

1

r oo f t i l e

4 2 i n t : fab r ic i mp res e x t :co rd -ma rk

1 568

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9 E do

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9 d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

E /R

1 568

1

r oo f t i l e

1 568

8

r oo ft i l e

E JR

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 568

9

r oo ft i l e

F IR

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 568

1 0

r oo ft i l e

F IR

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

1 568

1

r oo f t i l e

F IR

d i sca rded 8 N ov 8 9

T ota l :

1 86

2 70

. 1+ .2

Append ix C . A r tef ac tL i s t ings

GA WARE

0

C . ) C M

M

3

C . ) C I

0

E E

7

0 .

C . ) c e )

E E

T 1 .

333 333

c m3

C . )

s ub jec ted t os econda ry f i r ing

o r ig i da s GSD? r i m

Y ama to manu f

. 2 8+ .33+ .29

Y ama to m anu f

c o m ment

A ppend ix C -8

c r ,

U

0

C . )

E

c b

0 C M

—

c o E

C . ) C \ I

0

Er =

' f a >

3 3 3 3 3 -233 -23 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

0 C V

E E E

3 3 3 -232

d escr ip t ion

2 = 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 2 2 2 2 2 = 2 2 = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 2 2

U ) › .

E E

c )

c o

E 3

C C R I M S

T Z ) . -

a ) . e • U ) 3 o C U )

a ) › . c • o 0

c c 0 o

C

=

C

. 9

>i c

E

c o

E

c c C. . 0 0 0 0

C O

C O

C C C C D ( t I C U cO C

EE . c

= z

EE E

. c E .E c . E c . c E . c E

r z ) 2 .cE

c o

3

o > , c & ; o

c o

E

E

C c o

E

C C O

C C D C O C

› ,0 7 00 ) 222

a )a )1 3 2

. 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 °2 2 2 22 2, 929R u ) °2 222 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0

0 0

C O 0 ) 0 0

0 0

e . -

L C )

0

C D

0

0

C D

0

C D

0

C \ J

' i z t N

U N

C D N

C D

0

0

0

N -

r • • N

C I

C I

0 )

e C r )

0

0

0

C D

0

0

0 1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

C \ I

• • C r )

L C ) C Y )

C D C I

I ,- O D 0 2 C I

G I C I

0

C I

C I

0 2

C Y )

C I

C I

C I

C Y )

C I

C I

C I

0

0

0

0

0

C D

0

0

0

0

0

2 71

' e t

C D n t

1 " -

C O ' 4

C T )

0 2

C I

C I

C I

C Y )

0

0

0

0

0

C I

L I )

t r )

C I

0 " )

C I

C I

0

C D

c )

c o

C V

C V

0

0 3

C \

Y ama to m anu f

" 5 ' 5 c c c o c a E E o 0 r u E E c o ca

> - > -

J

E

23

c e )

4 4

E z r

e-

w

31 31 323 = = 1 3 131 3 13y _ 2/ 3 3 3 3 ä 131 31 33 2 2 2 i 2 = = 2 2 2 2 = 2 2 2 2

1 31 3

2 2 2 2 = 2 2

E . c

J E

E

2

e * *

*

222 2 22 l ä" i g

*

* * * * *

22222

22222 2 2 g 2 ä j j ,

2. b w ( 1 )

0 ( 5 ( 5 ( 5 ( 5 ( 5 ( 5 0 0 0 0 ( 5 0 ( 5 0 ( 5 0 0 0 ( 5 C 5 ( 5 0 0 0 0 c n

U ,

C 3 C U

y C 4

GSD s u r ibach i

d escr ip t ion

E

M ed 1 2 -e l3 c

Y—

E

H n1 11-ml2c

C f 3

Y—

H n1 11-ml2c

U C r 3

H n 1 1-m 12c

r ead f r om o b ja s . 2 8

c o m ment

MI WA P RO JECT REPOR ' I '

` A '

1 . )

C O

C D

C D

C D

N -

0

0

0

0

0

0

` , 2J . ; cx

N . 0

0

N 0

0

N c o e l 0

0

0

C V 0

C V 0

C V 0

C r ) C V 0

' )71

C y ) C V 0

C ' ) C V 0

C r ) C V 0

C D C V 0

C O

C\

C O C V 0

C V 0

a )

c u a

— z " 3 3

2 0 0 0

( D

0 ) C V 0

0 ) C V 0

0 ) C V 0

2 g2 2 f o . 1 g

c

00

" ' . -L t )

c ' )C ' ) 0 ) C V 0

C I ) C V C D

0 ) C V 0

0 C r ) 0

0 0 0 0

C r ) C V

0 ) C V

e c o

L O

0 C I 0

0 C Y ) 0

0 C I 0

0 C O 0

h L C ) 0

Append ix C . A r tef ac t L is t ings

N . C D

N . C D

N . C O

N . C O

0

C O 0

a ' c o c o c o e

c o m ment

0

0

y• -

• -

N . C D

N . C O

C O 0

C O 0

I r-

+

.

M

.

C

I

C

4 4 C4 • M C r ) S.: ••

0 ( . )M c . ) c . N 1

0 a ( 1 ) 0 .

E

E c i )

3

c . ) Q )

E

E

3 3

=3

C )

.

4 : C ' )

M

•

c e ) • •.: • •

4

4 C Y )

+

+

+

+

0 C r )

0 C • )

0 C f )

+ C O

+ C O

+ C O

( -1

( " \ !

• +

+

0 C r )

0 C Y )

0

4 : O D

C O

C O

4

E E • —

C D

2 ' 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

d escr ip t ion

2 z 2 2 2 z 2 2 2 z 2 z

M ed 1 2 4 3 13c

4

I

4 4 4 C ‘ . 1 C N I

E E E

r . : c . • 0 C Y )

-0

0 0 )

4 4 , - C'0 ' 0 .• ) C D e C D ( I )

E — c r ) z / E I E

33333 2 2 2 2 2

c f )

C D 0 )

333 (

H n1 11-e l2c

M

0

N .

C a s c i e « E «E «E

a ) . o

33 3 3 3

e* e * * * 2222 2. 8

33 3

2222 2

r .« • •

222

• • 33 3 3 3 3 3 33 3 3 3 3 3 3

22222_ 82 2 2 2 _ 82 2 2 2 _ 82 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L . r )

4 -,

▪ 1 1 0

N . 0

C \ I

C f )

L t , 0

V ) 0

0 •

L I ) 0

( ‚ 4 C C I V ) 0

0 C D 0

C O

0 ( r )

0

0 C D 0

0 C O 0

0 C D 0

e C \ C D 0

C M C D 0

0

C ' )

( \ I C D 0

C D 0

C \ I

( ' 4 C r )

C \ . 1 C D 0

C O 0

N -

C V C D 0

C y )

C O C D 0

C r ) C D 0

2 73

e a ) C) c v c ‘ i C

0 C r )

, C y )

e ( n

C r ) e

C O e

e N .

C O

C I C O 0

C O 0

C D 0

C r ) C D 0

C D 0

C r ) C D 0

C O 0

C I C O 0

C D 0

C O 0

0 0 1

C D t r )

0 ) L I )

C D

c p C D

C O

co C O

C D 0

C , C O 0

C • ) C D 0

C O 0

C . , C O 0

C , C O 0

C r ) C D 0

E

O80 / 9 — 8 8 8 2c $ c m • = E

o

C b

, —

E E E EY -

C\ I . —

c $ 3 C \ J

E

0

. CM E. -

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 -23 3 3 — 23 3 2 2

2 2

u

M

C

I r . .

M

CO

— E E c9 = - E — 'E E c p E — E = I E

3 3 -2 »3 3 -23 3 3 3

e—

0

.

C

0

c 9

1 = 7 - E E E E = i E E

3

3 3 3 -23 -2

2 2 = 2 2 = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 2 =

e ve r ted r i m

e dged r i m , z i g -zag a nmon

=

d escr ipt ion

2 2 2 2 2 2

0

H n1 11-m12c

0 c m -

H n1 11-m12c

c o m ment

+ ( 1063 .28+ .30 )+ .34+ ( .13+ .24+ .3 1)

MI WA PRO JECT REPORT

c \ J 1 . 0 ) « E

« E

33 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

22 222 22 222222 2 2 2 22222 222 2 2 2222222 f n • ä • ä • ä• ä • ä • ä • ä• ä2A • ä 00 0 0 0 u 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t i )

1

C J

L O

C D

C O

h -

C I

e

e

. : 1 »

e

e

e

e

e

0

0

0

a

0

0

0

0

0

( 0 ( 0 ( 0 ( 0 c o u ) ( c ) c o c o

N . e C D

o

" i t C D

0

h -

N

N -

N -

N -

N -

C O

C 3 )

a ) c o c o c o a ) c o a ) c o a ) a ) a ) a )

e z t e e 4 - e e e e e e 4 - 4 - 4 - e e 4 - 4 - e e e e e e e C D

0

C D

0

c . 0

0

c D

0

c D

0

C O

0

C D

0

2 74

c . 0

a

C D

0

C D

o

C D

0

C D

0

c D

0

( S ,

0

C O 0

C O 0

( 0 c o 0 CD

c o c o c o 0

0

0

c o c o c o c o 0

0

0

0

0 C V

c % ) c 5 )c % )

8u

) cv )

" 1 7 E E E E E E

C“

0

c Y ) c e )

. -

c z j °

y-

l j3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

=

E E Ea w

3333

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2

H n 1 1-m12c

0 C V

Q C M

c j C Y )

E E

U

E

0 C Y )

0 0 1

0

C \ I

E E E

0

7

E

E

3 3 3 3 lj3 3 I 2 2 2 2 I 2 2

d escr ip t ion

M ed 1 2 -e l3c

c o m ment

Append ix C . A r tef ac tL is t ings

C \ I • fr. «.

« E ** * * * * * * * * * * * 3 22222 22222222222

0 000 o

• •

e C O 0

e C D 0

e C D 0

000000

C Y ) c o c m c n

e C D 0

e C D 0

C D 0

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MI WA PRO JECT REPORT

00

0

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( $ 3 &

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K awach i lzum i t y pe ; o r ig i d : l s h ikawa S uzuyak i

Append ix C .

E ? 4 —— 4 I E E E

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2

8o

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a s e r s c a a s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O D

C I

C D

c ) r , c n c u y - y -

C I

a c o U P

c q c m c m c q c v e " K t w e r

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M I WA P RO JECT

« s g

0 3

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C D

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c o m ment

Append ix C . A r tef ac t L is t ings

0 a.

U )

e eeeeee

2

222222 2

e

22 2

2T i

0( . 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0( 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0

— 4 *

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c l 4 - e CO` I t C O ' K tC D

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C D

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e C D

L C )

C D

C D

1 " . . .

c o N 0 o h . -

27)

MI WA PRO JECT REPORT

Append ix C -9 l i f t #

i d

ob jec t

ware

GLAZED CERA MICS amt

d escr ipt ion

p er iod

1 008

5

GLZ p o t s h

S h iga rak i

1

E /R 1 9c?

1 009

6

GLZ b ody s h

I ma r i

1 w h i te

E1 8c

1 0 10

9

G LZ c up r i m

S e to

1

E /R 1 9c?

1 0 10

1 0

GLZ c up s h

! mad

1 w h i te

E1 8c?

1 0 10

1

GLZ ' b ow l 'b ase

I ma r i

1 w h i te

E1 8c?

1 0 13

2 6

G LZ c up s h

I ma r i

1

E1 8c

1 0 13

2 7

GLZ j a rs h

I ma r i

1 w h i te

E1 8c?

1 0 16

1 7

GLZ c up s h

M ino

1 i r on b l ack g l aze

1 0 16

1 9

GLZ k ame s h

S e to?

1 0 17

1

GLZ s h

1

1 0 17

5

G LZ p l a te s h

I ma r i

1 w h i te

E1 8c

1 0 17

1 9

GLZ ' b ow l ' s h

S h iga rak i

1

E1 8c?

1 0 17

2 1

GLZ s u r ibach i s h

S h iga rak i

1

Med /E 1 6 17c

1 0 17 1 0 17

3 2 3 5

G LZ c up s h GLZ c up s h

' ma i l ! mad

1 w h i te 1 w h i te

E /R 1 9c E1 8c

1 0 17

4 5

G LZ c up s h

I ma r i

1 c e ladon g l aze

E /R 1 9c

1 0 17

4 6

GLZ c up s h

I ma r i

1 w h i te

E /R 1 8 19c

1 0 17

4 9

GLZ p o t s h

S h iga rak i

1

E /R 1 9c?

1 0 17

6 1

GLZ p o t s h

S e to?

1

R2 0c

1 0 17

6 4

GLZ t r ay s h

T amba?

1

R2 0c?

1 0 17

6 9

G LZ p l a te s h

' ma r l

1 w h i te

E /R 1 9c

1 0 17

7 3

GLZ c up s h

I ma r i

1 w h i te

E1 8c

1 0 17

7 5

GLZ c up s h

S e to?

1

E /R 1 8 19c?

1 0 17

7 7

GLZ c up? s h

K a ra tsu

1

E1 8c?

1 0 17

8 7

GLZ c up s h

T obe?

1 w h i te

E1 8c?

1 0 17

9 1

G LZ c up s h

' ma r l

1

E1 8c?

1 0 18

9

GLZ k ame s h

S e to

1

1 0 18 1 0 19

1 2 1 3

GLZ c up s h G LZ ' b ow l ' s h

S h iga rak i?

1 1

E /R 1 9c E1 8c?

1 027

6 8

G LZ c up s h

I ma r i?

1 w h i te

E /R 18? 19c

1 029

9

GLZ I r g p o t s h

T okoname

1

1 029

4 2

GLZ ' b ow l ' s h

S e to?

1

E /R 1 8 19c?

1 030

1 3

GLZ c up s h

K a ra tsu

1 f oo ted

E1 7c

1 030

1 5

GLZ I r g p o t s h

T okoname

1

1 056

1

GLZ k ame s h

S e to

1

E /R 1 9c?

1 056

5

GLZ I gp o t s h

T okoname

1

Med 1 3c

1 056

1 0

GLZ c up s h

l ma ni

1 w h i te

E1 8c

1 057

7 5

GLZ s h

1

Med 1 5 16c

1 063

2 1

GLZ ' b ow l ' r i m *

1

Med 1 2 -13c

1 063

1 3 1

GLZ c up s h

I ma r i

1 w h i te

E1 8c

1 064

1 34

GLZ c up s h

l ma ni

1 w h i te

E1 8c

1 064

1 36

GLZ c up s h

I ma r i

1 w h i te

E1 8c?

1 064

1 40

GLZ c up s h

! mad

1 w h i te

E1 8c?

1 07 1

2 6

G LZ p l a te s h

I ma r i

1 w h i te

E1 8c

1 076

1

G LZ w a re

S h ino

1 w h i te g l aze

E1 7c -

1 078

GLZ s h

1

1 078

1 2

GLZ p o ts h

S e to

1

E /R 1 8 19c?

1 078

4 0

GLZ c up s h

M ino

2 i r on b l ack g l aze

E1 8c

1 078

4 4

GLZ s h

100

9

GLZ j a rs h

S h iga rak i?

1

Med 1 3c

100

1 2

G LZ I gp o t s h

T okoname

1

Med13c

100

1 5

GLZ ' b ow l ' s h

I ma r i

1 w h i te

E1 8c

100

2 1

GLZ c up s h

I ma r i

1 w h i te

E1 8c

100

3 6

GLZ c up s h

K yo w a re

1

E1 8c?

100

4 7

G LZ r i m *

1

Med 1 4 -15c

100

5 3

GLZ k ame s h

S e to?

1

E /R 1 8 19c?

100

5 4

G LZ k ame s h

S e to?

1

E /R 1 8 19c?

100

6 0

G LZ c up s h

I ma r i?

1 w h i te

E /R 1 9c

100

6 5

GLZ c up s h

S e to

1

R2 0c?

100

7 5

G LZ c up s h

S e to?

1

E /R 1 9c?

111

2 0

GLZ c up s h

I ma r i

1 w h i te

E1 8c

111

3 9

GLZ c up s h

I ma r i

1 w h i te

E1 8c

1

2 80

Append ix C . A r tef ac tL i s t ing s

mat

max d im

Csw

4 .8

Cpo r

4 . 1

Csw

3 .2

Cpo r

1 .5

Cpo r

2 .7

Cc e l Cpo r

b sdm

r mdm

c o m men t

3 .8

3 2 .5 1 .8 2 .6

Cpo r

4 .3

Csw

3 . 1

7 .8

Csw Cpo r

3 .3

Cpo r

3 .6

Cpo r

4 .5

Cpo r

3 .8

Csw

4 . 1

Csw

3 . 1

Csw

2 .9

Cpo r

2 .7

Cpo r

2 .6

Csw

2 . 1

Cpo r

2 .3

Cpo r

1 .6

Cc e l

4

1 .7 2 .2

Cc e l

2 .8

J apanese

3 .8 Cpo r

2 . 1 3 .4

Csw

3 .4

Cpo r

3 .2

2 .8

3 .6 5 .4 6 .3 Cpo r

4 .4

Cc e l

C h inese

Cp o r

C h inese

Cpo r

1 .7

Cpo r

1 .3

Cpo r

2 .3

Cpo r

2 .2

Cp o r

2 .9

f o r r ed p i gmen t u se ; Y amauch i r eco rded l i f t n o . a s 1 078 .26

Cs w Csw

3 .2 2 .7

. 4 0+ .43

Cc e l

1 .7

f i r s t i d .Ch inese , Y amauch i s ays J apanese

Csw

7 .3

1 2 .2

5 .6 Cpo r

6 .8

Cpo r

3 . 1 2 .6

Cc e l

f r om K yo to C h inese

2 . 1 2 .5 Cpo r

3 .2

Csw

2 .5

Csw

1 .6

Cpo r

2 .8

Cpo r

2 .6 2 81

MI WA PRO JECT REPORT

l i f t #

i d

o b ject

ware

amt

d escr ipt ion

p er iod

112

9

GLZ c up s h

T amba

1

E /R 1 9c

113

1 4

GLZ c up s h

I ma r i

1 w h i te

E /R 1 9c

113

2 1

GLZ c up s h

‚ mad

1 w h i te

E1 8c?

113

2 4

G LZ c up s h

M ino

1 i r on b l ack g l aze

113

3 5

GLZ c up s h

I ma r i

1

E /R 1 9c

114

2 1

G LZ j a rs h

I ma r i

1 w h i te

E1 8c

114

2 2

GLZ ' b ow l ' s h

K a ra tsu?

1

E /R 1 9c

116

GLZ s h

2

117 125 135

1 1 1

GLZ p o ts h G LZ r i m * G LZ c up b ase

T aka to r i L ongquan type M ino

1 1 1 i r on b l ack g l aze ; f oo ted

E1 7c? M ed 1 4 15c E1 8c

135

7

GLZ c up s h

I ma r i?

1 w h i te

E1 8c?

136

2

GLZ c up s h

I ma r i?

1 c e ladon g l aze

E1 8c

136 136

3 6

G LZ c up s h GLZ k ame s h

I ma r i? S e to

1 w h i te 1

E /R 1 9c? E1 8c?

136

7

GLZ c up s h

I ma r i

1 w h i te

E1 8c

136

8

GLZ ' b ow l ' s h

S e to

1 t e x tu red i n te r io r

E /R 1 9c?

137

1 7

GLZ j a rs h

S e to?

1

M ed 1 4c?

138

1 8

GLZ c up s h

1 w h i te

E /R 1 9c?

138

2 20

GLZ c up s h

I ma r i

1 w h i te

E /R 1 9c

139

1 6

GLZ k ame s h

S e to

1

E1 8c?

139 140

1 7 2 8

GLZ p o ts h GLZ c up s h

S e to

2 1 w h i te

R2 0c E /R 1 9c?

142

6 8

G LZ j a rs h

1 g reen , a l ta rv ase

E1 8c

1 207

15

G LZ k ame s h

S e to?

GLZ s h

S anage

1 37 1

3 2

GLZ c up s h

1 37 1

6 0

G LZ s h

1 568

1 5

GLZ c up s h

1 568

1 6

GLZ c up s h

1 275

1 3 8

g reen g l azed

H n8 10c

1 w h i te

M ed 1 2c

L ongquan type

1

M ed 1 3 14c

I ma r i

1 w h i te

E1 8c

' mad?

1 w h i te

R2 0c

T ota l :

1 32

22

Append ix C . A r tef ac tL i s t ings

mat

max d im

Csw

2 .7

Cpo r

6 .5

Cpo r

3 .4

Csw

3 .3

Cpo r

3 .6

Cpo r

4 .5

C

4 .8

b sdm

r mdm

c o m men t

9 .9 + 1138 .220

3 .9

#l i s ted a sc ance l led

C Cp o r?

2 .4

f r om F ukuoka P re f .

Cc e l

C h inese

Csw

5 .4

Cpo r

3 . 1

Cpo r

1 .9

Cpo r

2 .8

Csw

2 .6

Cpo r

2 .9

2

Ce w

4 .2

Csw

2 .7

g r ind ing b ow l

C?

4 .3

Cpo r

6 .5

Csw

4 . 1

Csw

7 .2

. 17+ .18

Cpo r

1 .6

J apanese

C

6 .3

f r om U ch inoyama , S aga P re f .

Cs w

1 .8

i db yY amauch i a s 1 267

1 3 .3

J apanese + 1113 .14

Csw Cp o r

2 .6

Cc e l

C h inese C h inese

Cpo r

2 .2

Cpo r

1 .8

2 83

MI WA PROJECT REPORT

Append ix C -10 l i f t #

I d

1 005 1 005

1 2

ob ject

amt

MISCELLANEOUS CERA MICS d escr ip t ion

p er iod

wa te r p i pe

6

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b r ick s h

1

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1 006

wa te rp i pe

3

R

1 006

b r ick

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1 008

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wa te rp ipe

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1 009

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b ody s h

1

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1 009

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b ody s h

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eW

1 009

2 0

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1 0 10

p i pe r i m

1

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b r ick

2

R

1 s hay

R

s w o w

. 74 , .76

1 0 10

3

b ody s h

1 0 10

4

p i pe r i m

1

R

1 0 10

8

b ody s he rd

1 w h i te p as te

Med -Edo

1 0 10

2 9

b r ick

1

R

1 0 10

3 3

j a rr i m

1 w h i te s u r f

Med -Edo

1 0 13

1 0

b ody s he rd

1 p a ra l l i n cs

Med

1 0 15

3

s he rd

1 c oa rse t empe r , p i nk p as te , f l a t p ro f i le

R

1 0 17

1 2

wa te r p i pe

1

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1 0 17

2 1

s u r ibach i

1

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1 0 17

2 8

s he rd

1 f i ne p i nk p as te , t h ick

R

1 0 17

4 4

w a te r p i pe

1

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101 8

1 0

wa te r p ipe

1

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1 023

2 0

r im s he rd

1 w h i te -bu f f s ur f

Med

1 023

2 6

r im s he rd

1

Med

1 023

3 1

b ody s he rd

1

Med

1 023

4 3

r im s he rd

1

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1 026

6

b r ick

1

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1 026

6

w a te r p i pe /b r ick

1

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1 027

b r ick s h

2

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1 027

wa te r p i pe

7

R

wa te r p i pe

5

R

b r ick s h

1

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b r ick s h

2

R

b ody s he rd

1

Med? R

1 028 1 028

2 8

1 030 1 030

2 9

1 030

4 9

1 057

b r ick

1

w a te rp i pe

8

R

1 062

5

wa te r p ipe

1

R

1 062

2 2

R

wa te r p ipe

1

1 063

wa te rp i pe

1

R

1 078

b r ick

4

R

103

1

b r ick

1

R

112

4

wa te r p ipe

1

R

112

5

w a te r p i pe

1

R

112

6

w a te r p ipe

1

R

113

6

wa te r p i pe

1

R

113

2 5

wa te r p i pe

1

R

113

4 5

wa te rp ipe

1

R

wa te rp ipe

7

R

1

R

114 128

3 1

wa te r p ipe

c o m men t

eW

+ 1142 . 13 (T6 )

. 2 6+ .43 s w? . 2 6 .+43

. 5 1 , .57

. 3 , .30

135

s h

1 2

R

138

wa te r p i pe

1 0

R

142

wa l lt i l e

6

R

142

s he rds

2

R

s w

. 5+ .24

142

s he rds

2

R

s w

. 5+ .24

142

w a te r p ipe

2

R o w

+ 10 17 .2 1( T3 )

142

s u r ibach i

1

R

1 275

1 3

b r ick

2

R

1 568

w a te rp ipe

4

R

Total :

1 27

2 84

Append ix C . A r tef ac tL is t ings _

Append ix C -11 l i f t #

i d

ob ject

amt

l i f t #

1 003

u n id s h

1

1 006

u n id s h

6

1 0 10

u n id s h

3 0

1 0 13

u n id s h

5 2

1 0 15

u n id s h

1 0 16

u n id s h

1 0 17

u n id s h

1 0 18

u n id

1 023

u n id b ody s h

1 026

u n id s h

1 027

u n id s h

3 8

1 028

u n id s h

2 1

u n id s h

5 3

1 029 1 029

4 6

1 030

u n id s h u n id s h

3 4 1 7 3 5 2

1

0

n o t r eco rded

1 04 1

0

n o t r eco rded

1

1 053

0

n o t r eco rded

1

1 054

1

0

n o t r eco rded

1

1 056

u n id s h

2

1 057

u n id s h

1 059

u n id s h

1

1 060

u n id s h

2 6

1 06 1

u n id s h

1 062

u n id s h

1 063

u n id s h

1 067

u n id s h

1 7

1 072

u n id s h

2 6

1 075

u n id s h

1 078

u n id s h

7 2

100

u n id s h

2 8

10 1

u n id s h

3

105

u n id s h

2

106

u n id s h

108

u n id s h

109

5

u n id s h

1

u n id s h

111

u n id s h

5 0

9 7 5 7

5

2 1 3 1 1 1 8

113

u n id s h

4

114

u n id s h

4

u n id s h

4

116 117

3

u n id s h

1

120

0

n o t r eco rded

1

u n id s h

5

4

u n id s h

1

137

u n id s h

7

138

u n id s h

5

139

u n id s h

140

u n id s h

3 0

142

u n id s h

1 3

147

u n id s h

1 8

1 207

u n id s h

1 4

1 259

u n id s h

9 6

130 136

6

1 259

u n id

1 268

u n id s h

1 07

1 269

u n id s h

8 7

I d

ob ject

1

2 85

amt

1 270

u n id s h

1 9

1 275

u n id s h

2 9

1 37 1

u n id s h

1 8

1 372

u n id s h

1 469

u n id s h

7 6 0

1 568

u n id

2 8

1 62 1

u n id s h

4 6

1 639

u n id s h

Tota l :

4 8

1 035

110

UNIDENTIFIED CERA MICS

7

1 294

MI WA PRO JECT REPORT

Append ix C -12

l i f t #

i d

ob ject

amt

1 008

1 6

c o in

1 0 15

1

n a i l

1 0 17

8 9

c o r roded i r on

1

1 057

d escr ipt ion

1 o ne -yen p i ece

METALS

p er iod R

me ta l

i r on

c o r roded i r on l ump

1

1 057

1 53

n a i l

1

R

1 06 1

2 1

e a rp ick

1

R

1 06 1

2 2

n a i l

1

R

1 062

5 1

b ucke t h oop

1 062

5 2

t ab i c l ip

1

R

1 062

5 3

t ab i c l ip

1

R

1 062

5 4

t ab i c l ip

1

R

1 063

5 1

c o r roded i r on

1

100

7 3

a r rowhead *

1

H n7 10c

i r on

n a i ls

7 . 52 .58

R

i r on

111

R

i r on

i r on

113

4 6

?

1

i r on

117

5

i r on

1

i r on

138

4 3

n a i l

1

139

3

n a i l

1

R

i r on

n a i l

1

R

i r on

i n su la ted w i re

1

R

140 142

6 9

i r on

1 269

1 83

i r on f r ag

1

i r on

1 37 1

1 00

i r on f r ag

1

i r on

1 568

6

i r on s l ag?

1 690

i r on

me ta l l ic c l ods

Tota l :

1

3 7

2 86

c om ment

a l um inum i r on

R

t ype

#f o rT 3 n o tT 2 ; n o p i nk s l ip

Append ix C . A r tef ac t L is t ings

Append ix C -13

l i f t #

i d

ob jec t

1 009

8

g lass f r ag

1 0 15

2

g lass ma rb le

1 057

1 54

p las t ic p ipe

1 057

1 56

1 06 1

amt

MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS

d escr ipt ion

1

p er iod R

g reen

R

1

#f o rT 3 n o tT 2 ; m iss ing p i nk s l ip

R

g lass f r ag

1

R

g lass p ane f r ags

6

R 1 9c?

139

1 9

g lass b o t t le c ap

1

1 29 1

0

n o t r eco rded

1

1 3 13

0

n o t r eco rded

1

1 387

0

n o t r eco rded

1

1 397

0

n o t r eco rded

1

1 428

0

n o t r eco rded

1

1 452

0

n o t r eco rded

1

1 524

0

n o t r eco rded

1

1 642

8

c emen t?

1

R

1 7 19

4

a sbes tos

1

R

1 895

0

n o t r eco rded

1

Tota l :

c o m ment

2°

2 87

dm 2 .2 , h t2 . 1

MI WA PRO JECT REPORT

Append ix C -14 l i f t #

i d

mat

1 002 1 002

1 7

c ha r red s eeds

Wd Wd

1 03 1 1 057

Wd 1 0

1 06 1

. 6 , .7 , .8

8 c ha r red s eeds

s ee M iwa R epor t F i g . 9 .4

2 w ood p i eces 1 s he l l f r ag 1 w ood f r ag

1 075

1

Wd

s ee M iwa R epo r t F i g . 9 .4

c ha r red s eeds

2 w ood p i eces

Wd

s ee M iwa R epor t F i g . 9 .4 f l a t b oa rd f r ag?

3 c oke

Wd 5 0

. 30 , .31

1 c ha rcoa l c ha r red ; T r i t icum a es t ivum

1 w hea t g ra in

1 099 1 099

c ha rcoa l

Wd

0 .2

7 c ha r red s eeds

s ee M iwa R epor t F i g . 9 .4

1 099

4

P

1 w hea t g ra in

c ha r red ; T r i t icum a es t ivum

116

5

Wd

1 w ood f r ag

116

6

Wd

1 099

129

Wd

s ee M iwa R epor t F i g . 9 .4 Y /Med?

1 s take 1 2

13 1

1 600±90

1 w ood f r ag 5 c ha r red s eeds

127

p er iod

s ee M iwa R epor t F i g . 9 .4

c ha r red s eeds

F

1 062

d escr ipt ion

3 .9

1 w ood f r ag 1 3

1 027

g m

c ha rcoa l 1 6

9 0

1 020

1 060

ob ject

Wd

1 007 1 0 17

amt

ORGANICS

c ha r red s eeds

s ee M iwa R epo r t F i g . 9 .4

131

Wd

c ha rcoa l

2 .5

149

Wd

c ha rcoa l

0 . 1

150

0

Wd

1 s take

Y /Med?

161

0

Wd

1 s take

Y /Med?

17 1

0

Wd

1 s take

Y /Med?

172

0

Wd

1 s take

1 260

1 5

1 260 1 260

Wd 1

P

1 26 1 Wd

1 262

Wd

1 262

2 0

1 263

Wd

1 460

1 .3 c ha r red ; O ryza s a t iva v a r . s i n ica s ee M iwa R epo r t F i g . 9 .4

c ha rcoa l

0 .3

c ha rcoa l

1 .7 s ee M iwa R epo r t F i g . 9 .4

Wd

1 462 Wd

1 559

s ee M iwa R epo r t F i g . 9 .4 1 .5

c ha r red s eeds

s ee M iwa R epor t F i g . 9 .4

c ha rcoa l 3 0

1 462

c ha r red s eeds c ha rcoa l

3 2

1 460

0 .5

c ha r red s eeds

s ee M iwa R epor t F i g . 9 .4

c ha rcoa l

0 .4

1 p each p i t

1 622

1 6

1 622

Wd

1 623

u ncha r red

c ha r red s eeds

s ee M iwa R epo r t F i g . 9 .4

c ha rcoa l

1 .5

9 c ha r red s eeds

1 623

Wd 1

1 689

P Wd

1 693

s ee M iwa R epo r t F i g . 9 .4

c ha rcoa l

0 .6

1 p each p i t 2 2

u ncha r red

c ha rcoa l f r ags

w ood b ranch

4 o rgan ics 0

F

4 10

P

1 706 1 706

c ha rcoa l 1 r i ce g ra in

8 c ha r red s eeds

1 263

1 704

s ee M iwa R epo r t F i g . 9 .4

2 c ha r red s eeds

1 261

1 642

Y /Med?

c ha r red s eeds

u ncha r red

1 b i rd b one? f r ag 2 b one f r ag

c a lc ined , c a . 1s q cm

1 p each p i t 3 b one f r ags

1 7 10

Tota l :

. 50 , .51 , .52

2 66

2 88

T he M iwa P ro jec tR epor t , e d . G ina L . B a rnes & Ma saak i OK ITA . B r i t ish A rchaeo log ica l R epo r ts S 582 .O xfo rd , 1 993

Append ix D I NDEX TO L IFT NU MBERS T h i si ndex s e rve sa s ad ocumen ta ry r e source f o r t h ee n t i re M iwa P ro jec t . G iven h er e w i th t h e l i f tn umbe r s , i nn umer ica l o rde r , a r ea l so t h en a ture o rp urpo se o fe ach l i f t , t h e c on tex t f r om w h ich i tc ame a nd i t s t r ench l o ca t ion . Unde ro b jec t h ead ing t h e p urpose f o r t a k ing t h e l i f t i sg i ven : as amp le f o r p o l len , p hy to l i th , f l o ta t ion , o rs o i l c hem is try ; amu l t ip le -f ind l i f to fs eve ra la r tefac t s , t h e a moun t o fw h ich i sl i s ted ; o r as i ng le -f ind l i f t i nw h ich t h ea r tefac td esc r ibed w a sl i f ted . S ome l i f tn umbe r s w e re a l so c ance l led o ru nused . P roven ience s f o ri n d iv idua l l i f ts a r e p rov ided i nt h eT rench l i s t ings o ft h e P re l im ina ry R epo r t . l i f tn o

o b jec t

a m t

c on tex td ese r ip

a m t

T rn o

I l f tn o

M ULT I -F IND L I FT

2 T ob i S a ndw ic h

L -40

1

1 063

M ULT I -F IND L I FT

M ed A BS

L 13

4

1 0 0 1 1 0 02 1 0 03

G SD s h f l o ta t ion s amp le M ULT I -F IND L I FT

T ob i S a ndw ic h l e n s 6 T ob i S andw ic h

L -4 0 L 0 1 L40

1 2 1

1 064 1 065 1 066

M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT

M e d A BS M e d A BS Y ayo i A BS

L 13 L 13 L 18

4 4 4

1 004 1 005 1 006 1 007 1 008 1 009 1 0 10 1 0 11 1 0 12 1 0 13 1 0 14 1 0 15

Ss h M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT f l o ta t ion s amp le M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT g r inds tone M ULT I -F IND L I FT

T ob iS a ndw ic h p i p e d i t ch p i p e d i t ch l e n s 1 6 T ob iS a ndw ic h 2 4 M e d A BS 7 9 M ed A BS 5 M e d A BS 5 M e d A BS 1 47 M ed A BS M ed A BS 2 5 L 20+23

L -40 F -43 F -43 L 0 1 L 02 L 05 L 05 L 05 L 05 L 05 L 05 9 9998

1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3

1 067 1 068 1 0 69 1 070 1 072 1 073 1 074 1 075 1 076 1 077 1 078 1 079

M ULT I -F IND M ULT I -F IND M ULT I -F IND M ULT I -F IND M ULT I -F IND M ULT I -F IND M ULT I -F IND M ULT I -F IND M ULT I -F IND c a nc e l led M ULT I -F IND Yb o dy s h

L 13 L 13 L 13 L 13 L 13 L 13 L 13 L 13 L 02 L 03 L 05 L 6 1

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 4

1 0 16 1 0 17 1 0 18 1 0 19 1 020 1 022

M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT w o r ked f l a ke f l o ta t ion s amp le Yp ed

2 1 9 0 3 1

L -24 F 25 L 26 L 05 L 05 L 05

3 3 3 2 2 2

1 080 1 0 8 1 1 082 1 0 83 1 084 1 085

d eb i tage Yb ody s h Yb ody s h Yb od y , d ec Yb o dy s h Yb ody s h

Y ayo i Y ayo i Y a yo i Y ayo i Y ayo i Y ayo i

A BS? A BS? A BS? A BS A BS A BS

L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 19 L 19 L 19

4 4 4 4 4 4

1 023 1 024 1 0 25 1 026 1 027 1 028 1 029 1 030 1 0 3 1 1 032 1 033 1 034

M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT f l o ta t ion s amp le M ULT I -F IND L I FT r e ape r Yp o t r i m

1 7 1 0 2 1 6 7 8 44 9 4 9 8

L 05 L 05 L 05 9 9999 L -4 2 L -4 2 L -4 2 L -4 2 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11

2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2

1 086 1 087 1 088 1 089 1 090 1 0 9 1 1 092 1 093 1 094 1 095 1 096 1 097

Yb ody s h Yb ody s h Yb ody s h Yb ody s h Yb o dy s h Yb ody s h Yb o dy s h Yb ody ,d e c Yb ody s h Yb ody s h Yb ody s h Yb ody s h

Y ayo i Y ayo i Y ayo i Y ayo i Y ayo i Y ayo i Y ayo i Y ayo i Y ayo i Y ayo i Y ayo i Y ayo i

A BS A BS A BS A BS A BS A BS A BS A BS A BS A BS A BS A BS

L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 098 1 099 1 00 1 0 1 1 02 103 104 105 106 107 10 8

Yb ody s h f l o ta t ion s amp le M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT 1 1b ody M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT Yb ody M ULT I -F IND L I FT

Y ayo i A BS Y ayo i A BS 8 8 l a ye r 3 0 Y ayo iA BS Y a yo i A BS 2 2 p i pe d i t ch 2 U .T ob i+ 4 m i xed l a ye r 4 m i xed l a ye r p i pe d i tch 2 4 m i xed l a ye r

L 19 L 27 L 26 L 27 L -33 F -43 L -4 4 L -4 2 L -4 2 F -43 L -4 2

4 3 3 3 3 1 5 1 1 1 1

1 2 1 9

l a ye r s t ep -su r face l a ye r M ed A BS M ed A BS M ed A BS

M e d A BS M ed A BS M e d A BS s e c t ion m i xed l a ye r m i xed l a ye r m i xed l a ye r m i xe dl a ye r Y a yo i A BS 2 Y a yo iABS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo i Y a yo i Y a yo i Y a yo i Y a yo i Y ayo i Y ayo i Y ayo i

L I FT L I FT L I FT L I FT L I FT L I FT L I FT L I FT L I FT L I FT

M e d A BS M e dA BS M ed A BS M ed A BS M ed A BS M ed A BS M e dA BS M ed A BS 3 T ob iS a ndw ic h U .T ob i 1 5 9 M ed A BS Y ayo i A BS?

L /F

T rn o

1 035 1 036 1 037 1 038 1 039 1 040 1 04 1 1 042 1 043 1 044 1 045

Yj a rb a se c a nc e l le d Yj a rb ase Yj a rr i m

Y ayo iA BS Y ayo i A BS

L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11

1 046 1 047 1 048

Yj a rb ody Yb od y s t one

Y ayo iA BS Y ayo i A BS Y ayo i A BS

L 11 L 11 L 11

2 2 2

109 1 10 1 1 1

M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT

5 m i xe dl a ye r 3 L .T ob i 6 0 b u r n t r u bb ish

L -4 2 L -4 6 F -53

1 5 1

1 049 1 050 1 0 5 1 1 052

Yb ody Yb od y Yb o dy Sj a rb od y

Y ayo i Y a yo i Y a yo i Y a yo i

L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11

2 2 2 2

1 12 1 13 1 14 1 15

M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT u nu sed

1 5 4 6 4 2

L-47 L47 L4 7 0

5 5 5 5

Yb ow l r i m Yp o t b o dy Yj a rb o dy Yb od y Yp o t r i m

A BS A BS A BS A BS A BS A BS A BS A BS

o b jec t

c o n t e x td es e r t ' )

L IP

1 000

A BS A BS A BS A BS

1 053

Y a yo iA BS

1 054 1 055 1 056 1 057 1 058 1 059

M ULT I -F IND M ULT I -F IND M ULT I -F IND ca n ce l led M ULT I -F IND

Y ayo iA BS 5 Y ayo iA BS U .T ob t M ed A BS p i pe d i t ch p o s t ho le?

1 060 1 0 6 1 1 062

M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT

L I FT L I FT L I FT U FT

f o unda t ion s t one c e s s p i t p i t (s )

m i xe dl a ye r m i xed l a ye r m i xed l a ye r

L 11

2

1 16

M ULT I -F IND L I FT

6 r e c t f e a tu re

F -52

5

L 11 L 11 L -00 L 13 F 12 F 14

2 2 4 4 4 4

1 17 1 18 1 19 120 1 2 1 12 2

M ULT I -F IND L I FT u n u se d Yb ody

5 r e c t f e a tu re

d eb i tage c obb le

Y ayo iA BS d i tch d i tch Y ayo i A BS

F 5 1 0 L -32 F 3 1 F 3 1 L -32

5 5 3 3 3 3

F 15 F 16 F 17

4 4 4

123 124 125

1 1b ody ,d ec M ULT I -F IND U FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT

Y ayo i A BS 8 Y ayo iA BS 8 d i tch

L -27 L -27 F 3 1

3 3 3

2 89

M I WA P RO JECT REPORT

l i f tn o

o b jec t

a m t

c on tex td escdp

L /F

T rn o

l i f tn o

L 32 L 32 9 9997 L 32

3 3 3 3

1 9 1 192 1 93 194 1 95

p i t p o s th o le p o s th o le m i xed l a ye r

F -35 F -34 F -34 L -4 2

3 3 3 1

1 96 1 97 1 98 1 99

M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT

8 m i xe dl a ye r 1 8 m i xed l a ye r 7 9 m i xed l a ye r

L -4 2 L -4 2 L -4 7

1 1 5

1 200 1 2 0 1 1 202

1 39 140

M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT

2 8 4 0

m i xe dl a ye r l a ye r

L -4 7 L -54

5 5

1 203 1 204

1 4 1 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 1 5 1 1 52 153 154 1 55 156 1 57 158 1 6 1 1 62 16 3 164 1 65 166 1 67 168 1 69 170

u n u s ed M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT Yb o d y ,d ec Y sh Yb ody s h M ULT I -F IND L I FT u n u se d f l o ta t ion s amp le s t a ke s o i lc h em s amp le s o i lc h em s amp le s o i ld i em s amp le s o i lc h em s amp le s o dc h em s amp le s o dt h em s amp le s o i lc h e r ns amp le s o dc h e r ns amp le s t a ke u n u s ed s o i lc h em s amp le s o i lc h em s amp le s o i lc h em s amp l e s o dc h em s amp le s o dc h e r ns a n ip 4e s o dc h e rn s amp le s o dc h e r ns amp l e s o dt h em s amp l e

7 1 1 8

L -04+00+02+03+07 p i t p o s th o le l a ye r p i t Y ayo iA BS

0 L 55 F -36 F -34 L 37 F 35 L 33 0 F -38 L 27 L -37 L 37 L 37 L 37 L 37 L • 37 L 37 L 37 L 27 0 L 37 L 37 L -37 L -37 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11

5 6 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2

1 2 05 1 206 1 207 1 208 1 2 09 1 2 10 1 2 1 1 1 2 12 1 2 13 1 2 14 1 2 15 1 2 16 1 2 17 1 2 18 1 2 19 1 220 1 223 1 224 1 225 1 226 1 227 1 228 1 229 1 230 1 2 3 1 1 232 1 259 1 260

1 7 1 172 173

s t a ke s t a ke M ULT 1 -F IND L I FT

Y ayo i A BS Y ayo i A BS 4 Y ayo i A BS

L 27 L 27 L 27

3 3 3

1 2 6 1 1 262 1 263

174 175 176 177 178

M ULT I -F IND L I FT Yb od ys h Yb od ys h Yb o d ys h Yb o dy s h

3 l a ye r Y ayo i Y ayo i Y ayo i Y ayo i

A BS A BS A BS A BS

L 37 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19

3 4 4 4 4

1 264 1 265 1 266 1 267 1 268

179 180 1 8 1 1 82 183

Yb ody s h Yb a se Yb od y ,d e c Yb o dy s h M ULT I -F IND L I FT

Y ayo i Y ayo i Y ayo i Y ayo i Y ayo i

A BS A BS A BS A BS A BS

L 56 L -56 L 56 L 56 L 19

6 6 6 6 4

1 269 1 270 1 2 7 1 1 272 1 273

184 1 85 1 86

Hp l a te Yj a rn ec k ,d ec Y sh

Y ayo i A BS Y ayo i A BS Y a yo i A BS

L 19 L 19 L 19

4 4 4

1 274 1 275 1 276

126 127 1 28 129

M ULT I -F IND L I FT f l o ta t ion s amp le M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT

5 Y ayo i A BS Y a yo i A BS? 1 80 L 27+32 Y ayo i A BS

1 3 1 133 134 1 35

f l o ta t ion s amp le f l o ta t ion s amp le M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT

1 2 2 6

1 36 1 37 1 38

2 7

p i t Y ayo iA BS l a ye r l a ye r l a ye r l a ye r l a ye r l a ye r l a ye r l a ye r Y ayo i A BS l a ye r l a ye r l a ye r l a ye r Y ayo i Y ayo i Y ayo i Y ayo i

A BS A BS A BS A BS

1 87

Hp l a te

p l ow m a r k s

F -60

6

1 277

188 1 89

Yb od ys h Yb od ys h

p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a r k s

F -60 F -60

6 6

1 278 1 279

1 90

Y sh ,d e c

p l ow m a re

F -60

6

1 280

290

o b jec t

a m t

p l ow m a r ks p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a r ks Y a yo iA BS Y a yo i A BS Y a yo i A BS Y ayo i A BS Y ayo iA BS Y ayo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y ayo i A BS Y ayo i A BS Y a yo iA BS Y ayo iA BS Y a yo iA BS

Hp l a te Yb od ys h Yj a rb o dy ,d e c Yb od ys h s o dt h em s amp le s o dt h em s amp l e s o dt h em s amp l e s o dc h em s amp le s o dt h em s amp l e s o dt h em s amp le s o dt h em s amp le s o dt h em s amp l e s o dt h em s amp l e s o dc h em s amp l e s o dt h em s amp le s o dt h em s amp l e s o dt h em s amp le s o dc h em s amp l e s o dt h em s amp le s o dt h em s amp l e s o dc h em s amp l e s o dt h em s amp l e s o dc h em s amp l e s o dt h em s amp l e s o dt h em s amp l e s o dt h em s amp le s o dt h em s amp le s o dt h em s amp l e s o dt h em s amp l e s o dt h em s amp le s o dt h em s amp le s o dt h e m s amp le s o dt h em s amp le s o dt h em s amp l e s o dt h em sa m pl e s o dt h em s amp l e s o dt h em s amp l e s o dt h em s amp l e c a n ce l led C an ce l le d M ULT I -F IND U FT f l o ta t ion s amp le f l o ta t io n s amp le f l o ta t ion s amp le f l o ta t ion s amp le M ULT 1 -F IND U FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT p o l le ns amp l e M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT Yr i m Yb o dy s h Yb o d ys h Yb ody s h M ULT I -F IND U FT Yb ody s h Yb od ys h d eb i tage w o r ke d f l a ke? Yb od ys h

c on tex td esc r ip

1 8 1

2 8 2 8 2 7 3 30 1 93 6 1

1 2 0

Y ayo iA BS Y a yo i A BS Y a yo i A BS Y a yo i A BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo i A BS Y a yo iA BS c e s s p d c es s p d M e d A BS M e dA BS M ed A BS c es s p i t c es s p i t c es s p d c es s p d c es s p i t c es s p i t C eS s p d C eS s p d Y ayo i A BS Y a yo i A BS p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a rk s Y a yo i A BS Y a yo i A BS Y a yo i A BS p l ow m a r ks p l ow m a r k s p it w e l l Y ayo i A BS M e d A BS p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a r k s p l ow m a rk s M ed A BS Y ayo iA BS Y ayo iA BS Y a yo i A BS? Y ayo i A BS? Y ayo i A BS?

L iF

T rn o

F -60 F 60 F -60 F -60 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11

6 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 F 16 F 16 L 13 L 13

2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4

L 13 F 16 F 16 F 16 F 16 F 16 F 16 F 16 F 16 L 11 L 11 F 60 F 60 F 60 L 56 L 56 L 56 F -60 F -60 F -59 F -57 L 56 L 58 F 60 F 60 F 60 F -60 L 05 L 56

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 2 6

L 56 L 62 L 62 L 62

6 4 4 4

Append ix D . L if tN umber I nd ex

l i f tn o 1 2 8 1 1 282 1 283 1 284 1 2 85 1 286 1 287 1 2 88 1 2 89 1 2 90 1 2 9 1 1 2 92 1 293 1 294 1 2 95 1 2 96 1 297 1 2 98 1 2 99 1 300 1 3 0 1 1 3 02 1 303 1 304 1 305 1 306 1 307 1 308 1 309 1 3 10 1 3 1 1 1 3 12 1 3 13 1 3 14 1 3 15 1 3 16 1 3 17 1 3 18 1 3 19 1 320 1 3 2 1 1 322 1 323 1 324 1 3 25 1 327 1 328 1 329 1 330 1 3 3 1 1 332 1 333 1 334 1 335 1 336 1 3 37 1 338 1 339 1 340 1 34 1 1 342

a m t

o b je c t Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h u s e df l a k e Yb o d ys h Hp l a te Yj a rr i m Yb o d y ,d e c Yb o d ys h Yb o dy s h Yo hj a rr i m Yj a rb o d y ,d e c Yb o d y ,d e c Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Gs h d r i l l Yb o dy s h Yk ame h m Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yj a rb o d y ,d e c Yb a se d eb i tage M ULT I -F IND L I F T u n u s e d d eb i tage Yb o d ys h a row hea d Hh a ga n la Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h M ULT I -F IND M ULT I -F IND M ULT 1 -F IND M ULT I -F IND Yb o d y ,d e c Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h c a nc e l l e d Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yb a se u s e df l a ke Yn e c ks h Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h b o d ys h Yb o d ys h

L I FT U FT U FT L I FT

c on tex td es c r ip

Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo iA BS Y a yo i A BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y ayo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? 4 L .T ob i p l ow m a r k s p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a r k s p l ow m a r k s p l ow m a r k s p l ow m a re p l ow m a r k s 5 Y a yo i A BS 2 Y a yo iA BS 6 Y a yo iA BS p i t p l ow m a r k s p l ow m a r k s p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a r k s p l ow m a r k s p l ow m a r k s p l ow m a r k s p l ow m a r k s p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a r k s p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a r k s p l ow m a r k s p l ow m a r k s

L /F L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 62 L 6 1 L 62 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 03 0 F -60 F -60 F -60 F -60 F -60 F -60 F 60 L 27 L 27 L 27 F 38 F 60 F 60 F 60 F 60 F 60 F 60 F -60 F -60 F 60 F 60 F -60 F 60 F -60 F -60 F -60 F -60 F 60 F -60 F -60

T rn o

l i f tn o

4 4 4 4

1 344 1 345 1 346 1 347 1 348 1 349 1 350 1 3 5 1 1 352 1 353 1 354 1 355 1 356 1 357 1 358 1 359 1 360 1 3 6 1 1 362 1 364 1 365 1 366 1 367 1 368 1 369 1 370 1 3 7 1 1 372 1 373 1 374 1 375 1 376 1 377 1 378 1 379 1 379 1 380 1 3 8 1 1 382 1 383 1 384 1 385 1 386 1 387 1 388 1 389 1 390 1 3 9 1 1 392 1 393 1 394 1 395 1 396 1 397 1 398 1 399 1 400 1 40 1 1 402 1 403 1 404 1 405

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 3 3 3 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

19 I

o b je c t w o r k ed f l a k e Hp l a te G s h Yj a rn e c k ,d e c Yb a se M ULT I -F IND L I FT Yb o d ys h M ULT I -F IND L I FT Yb o d y ,d e c u s ed f l a ke? Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yj a rn ec k ,d e c Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yb o dy s h d eb i tage Yr i m Yb o d ys h M ULT I -F IND L I FT Yb a s e Yb o dy s h Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yj a r r i m M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT Yj a rb od y Yp o t r i m Yb o d ys h Yk a r ne h m Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yj a r /pe d r i m d eb i tage Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yb o d y ,d e c Yb a se u n u s e d Yb o d ys h Yb o dh s h Yj a rr i m Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yb o dh s h Yn e c ks h Yb o d ys h Yb o d y ,d ec Yb od ys h Yb o d ys h Yb o d y ,d ec Yr i m Yb o d ys h M ULT I -F IND U FT Ye r ne r i m Yb o d ys h c a n c e l le d Vr i m

a m t

c on tex td es c r lp

p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a r k s p l ow m a r k s Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? 3 Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? 2 Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS Y a yo i A BS Y a yo i A BS Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? 2 Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS Y a yo i A BS 1 0 0 M e d A BS 3 0 M e dA BS M e dA BS M ed A BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo i A BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo i A BS Y a yo i A BS Y a yo i A BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y ayo iA BS Y a yo iA BS p l ow m a r k s p l ow m a r k s p l ow m a r k s p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a rk s 2 p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a r k s p l ow m a r k s P l ow m a rk s p l ow m a r k s

L /F F -60 F -60 F -60 L 62 L 62 L 62 L 62 L 62 L 62 L 62 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 62 L 19 L 19 L 62 L 62 L 62 L 62 L 62 L 62 L 62 L 62 L 56 L 56 L 05 L 05 L 05 L 05 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L -56 L -56 L 56 L 56 L 56 0 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 F -60 F 60 F 60 F 60 F 60 F -60 F -60 F -60 F -60 F -60 F -60

T rn o 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 2 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

M I WA P RO JECT REPORT

l i f tn o

o b jec t

1 406 1 407 1 408 1 409

M ULT I -F IND L I FT Yb o dy s h M ULT I -F IND L I FT Yb o d ys h

1 4 10 1 4 11 1 4 12 1 4 13 1 4 14 1 4 15 1 4 16 1 4 17 1 4 18 1 4 19 1 420 1 42 1 1 422 1 423 1 424 1 425 1 426 1 427 1 428 1 429 1 430 1 4 3 1

Yb o dy s h Yb ody ,d e c Yb od ys h Yj a rb o dy ,d e c Yb o dy ,d e c Y sh ,d e c Yj a r? r i m Yn e c ks h Yb o d ys h Yj a r r i m Yb o dy s h Vr i m ,d e c Yb o dy s h Yr i m Yb o d ys h Yj a r r i m Yb ody s h Yb od ys h Yb o dy s h Yb ody s h Yr i m

1 432 1 433 1 434 1 435 1 436 1 437 1 438 1 439 1 440 1 44 1 1 442 1 443 1 444

Yb ody s h H sh Yb od y ,d e c M ULT I -F IND L I FT Yb o dy s h Yb ody s h M ULT I -F IND L I FT Yb ody Yr i m Yb o dy s h Yj a rr i m Yb ody s h Yb ody s h

1 445 1 446 1 44 7 1 448 1 449 1 450 1 45 1 1 452 1 453 1 454 1 455 1 456 1 457 1 458

Yb ody s h Yb od y ,d e c Yb ody s h Yb ody s h Yb ody s h Yj a rb ase

1 459 1 460 1 46 1 1 462

M ULT 1 -F IND L I FT f l o ta t ion s amp le a r rowhea d f l o ta t ion s amp le

1 463 1 464 1 465 1 466 1 467

c a n ce l le d c once i ted c a nc e l led c a nc e l led M ULT I -F IND L I FT

a m t

c on tex td es c r ip

2 p l ow p l ow 2 p l ow p l ow

L /F

T rn o

l i f tn o

m a rk s m a rk s m a rk s m a r k s

F 60 F -60 F -60 F -60

6 6 6 6

1 468 1 469 1 470 1 47 1

p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a rk s Y a yo i A BS p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a rk s p l ow m a rk s Y ayo i A BS Y ayo i A BS Y a yo iA BS Y ayo i A BS Y ayo iA BS Y ayo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y ayo i A BS Y ayo i A BS

F -60 F -60 F 60 F -60 F -60 F -60 F -60 F 60 F -60 L 56 F -60 F -60 F 60 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L -56 L 56 L 56 L 56

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

1 472 1 473 1 474 1 475 1 476 1 477 1 478 1 479 1 480 1 48 1 1 482 1 483 1 484 1 485 1 486 1 487 1 488 1 489 1 490 1 49 1 1 492 1 493

A BS A BS A BS A BS A BS A BS A BS A BS A BS A BS A BS A BS A BS

L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L -56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

1 494 1 495 1 496 1 497 1 498 1 499 1 500 1 5 0 1 1 502 1 503 1 504 1 505 1 506

Yb o dy s h Yb ody s h

Y ayo iA BS Y ayo i A BS

L 56 L 56

6 6

1 507 1 508

Yj a r r i m Yb o dy s h Yb o dy s h Yb ody s h Yb ody s h

Y ayo i A BS Y ayo i A BS Y ayo iA BS Y ayo i A BS Y a yo i A BS Y ayo i A BS Y ayo i A BS Y ayo iA BS Y ayo i A BS Y ayo i A BS Y ayo i A BS M ed A BS

L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 05

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 2

1 509 1 5 10 1 5 1 1 1 5 12 1 5 13 1 5 14 1 5 15 1 5 16 1 5 17 1 5 18 1 5 19 1 520

M ed A BS Y ayo i A BS Y ayo iA BS Y ayo i A BS

L -05 L 11 L 11 L 11

2 2 2 2

1 5 2 1 1 522 1 523 1 524

L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11

2 2 2 2 2

1 525 1 526 1 527 1 528 1 529

Y ayo i Y ayo i Y ayo i 2 Y a yo i Y ayo i Y ayo i 2 Y a yo i Y a yo i Y ayo i Y ayo i Y ayo i Y ayo i Y ayo i

3 0

Y a yo i A BS Y ayo iA BS 1 2 8

Y ayo iA BS

2 92

o b jec t M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT c a nc e l le d c a nc e l led M ULT I -F IND L I FT c a nc e l led M ULT I -F IND L I FT Yb a se Yp e d Yj a rb ase Yb as e Yb ody s h Yb o dy s h Yb o dy , d ec h a lama Yb ody , d ec Yj a rb ase Yb o dy s h Yb o dy s h Hb ow lr i m ,d ec Yb ody ,d e c Yb o dy s h Yb ody s h Yb ody s h n e c ks h Yj a rr i m , d ec Yl i dr i m Yb o dy s h Yb o dy s h Yb o dy s h Yb a se Yb ody ,d ec s t one Yb o dy s h Yb ody s h Yb o dy s h Yb ody s h Yb o dy s h u s ed f l a ke Ys h a r rowhead ' Yb o dy ,d ec Yb ody , d e c Yb ody s h u se df l a ke Yb o dy s h Yb ody s h Yb ody , d ec Yb ody s h Yb od ys h Yb a se Yb ody s h M ULT I -F IND L I FT Yb ody s h s t one Yb o dy s h Yb ody s h Yb od ys h Yb ody s h d eb i tage

a m t 1 5 9 2 2 4

5 4

c on tex td esc r ip Y a yo i A BS Y ayo i A BS Y a yo i A BS Y a yo i A BS Y a yo i A BS Y a yo i A BS Y a yo i A BS L 19+ Y ayo i A BS Y ayo i A BS Y ayo i A BS Y a yo i A BS Y a yo i A BS Y a yo i A BS Y a yo i A BS Y ayo i A BS Y a yo i A BS Y a yo i A BS Y a yo i A BS Y a yo i A BS Y a yo i A BS Y a yo i A BS Y ayo i A BS Y a yo i A BS Y ayo i A BS Y ayo i A BS Y ayo i A BS Y a yo i A BS Y ayo i A BS Y ayo i A BS Y a yo i A BS Y ayo i A BS Y a yo i Y ayo i Y ayo i Y ayo i Y ayo i

A BS A BS A BS A BS A BS

Y a yo i Y ayo i Y a yo i Y ayo i Y ayo i

A BS A BS A BS A BS A BS

Y ayo i A BS Y ayo i A BS Y ayo i A BS Y ayo i A BS Y ayo i A BS Y ayo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y ayo i A BS? Y ayo i A BS? Y ayo i A BS? Y ayo i A BS? 2 Y a yo i A BS? Y ayo i A BS? Y ayo i A BS? Y ayo i A BS? Y ayo i A BS? Y ayo i A BS? Y ayo iA BS Y ayo iA BS Y ayo i A BS

L /F L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11

T rn o 2 2 2 2 2 2

L 11

2

9 9995 L 11

4 2

L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1

4 4 4

L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1

4 4 4

L 19 L 19 L 19

4 4 4

A ppend ix D . L if tN umber I nd ex

l i f tn o 1 530 1 5 3 1 1 532 1 533 1 534 1 535 1 5 36 1 537 1 538 1 539 1 540 1 54 1 1 542 1 543 1 544 1 545 1 546 1 547 1 548 1 549 1 550 1 5 5 1 1 552 1 553 1 554 1 555 1 555 1 556 1 557 1 558 1 560 1 5 6 1 1 562 1 563 1 564 1 565 1 566 1 567 1 568 1 569 1 570 1 5 7 1 1 572 1 573 1 574 1 575 1 576 1 577 1 578 1 579 1 580 1 5 8 1 1 582 1 583 1 584 1 585 1 586 1 587 1 588 1 589 1 590 1 5 9 1

o b je c t Yb o dy s h Yb o dy s h Yb o dy s h d eb i tage Yb o dy s h Yb o dy s h Yb o d ys h Yb o dy s h Ys h Hh a ga na u se df l a ke? Yb o dy s h Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yb o dy s h Yb o d ys h d eb i tage Yb o d ys h Yb o d y ,d e c Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yn nk j a rr i m M ULT I -F IND L I FT c a n ce l le d u n u s e d M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT s o dt h em s amp le M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT s o dt h em s amp le s o dt h em s amp le M ULT I -F IND L I FT c a nc e l l e d s o dd i em s amp l e M ULT I -F IND L I FT s o dt h em s amp l e M ULT I -F IND L I FT Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yn e c k s t on e Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h s t o ne Yb o d ys h d eb i tage Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h Yb o d ys h s t one G sh d eb i tage Yb o d ys h b o d ys h Yb o d ys h b o d ys h Yb o d ys h

a m t

c on te x td es c r lp

Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo i A BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo i A BS? f o u nda t ion s t one f o unda t io ns t one Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo iA BS 2 Y a yo i A BS?

1 0 Y a yo iA BS 6 Y a yo i A BS? t rd ean ing l a ye r 1 8 Y a yo i A BS? 3 5 Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS 2 3 Y a yo i A BS

2 4

Y a y c ib a se p i t (s ) 9 9993 Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y ay o i A BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo i A BS? Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS Y a yo iA BS

L /F L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 62 F 15 F 15 L 62 L 6 1 L 62 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 62 L 62 L 62 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 19 L 6 1 0 0 L 19 L 62 9 9994 L 39 L 62 L 19 L 11 L 11 L 19 0 L 69 F 17 L 11+69 L 62 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 6 1 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19

T rn o

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4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

1 5 92 1 5 93 1 594 1 595 1 596 1 5 97 1 5 98 1 5 99 1 6 00 1 6 0 1 1 6 02 1 6 03 1 604 1 6 05 1 6 06 1 607 1 6 08 1 6 09 1 6 10 1 6 1 1 1 6 12 1 6 13 1 6 14 1 6 15 1 6 16 1 6 17 1 6 18 1 6 19 1 620 1 6 2 1 1 6 22 1 623 1 624 1 625 1 6 26 1 6 28 1 6 29 1 6 30 1 6 3 1 1 632 1 633 1 634 1 635 1 6 36 1 637 1 63 8 1 639 1 640 1 642 1 643 1 644 1 645 1 646 1 647 1 648 1 649 1 650 1 6 5 1 1 652 1 653 1 654 1 655

0 4 4 4 3 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

2 93

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L /F L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 62 L 62 L 62 L 62 L 62 L 62 L 62 L 62 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 19 L 62 L 62 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 56 L 58 L 58 L 58 L 58 L 58 L 58 L 58 L 58 L 56 F 60 F -60 F -60 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11 L 11

T rn o 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

MI WA PRO JECT REPORT

l i f tn o

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Yj a rb ase M ULT I -F IND L I FT G s h Yb a s in n e c k

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2 2 2 2 3 6 3 3 3 3 3 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 7 18 1 7 19 1 720 1 7 2 1 1 895

M ULT I -F IND L I FT M ULT I -F IND L I FT p hy to l i th s amp le p hy to l i t hs amp le

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