The Maglemose Culture: The reconstruction of the social organization of a mesolithic culture in Northern Europe 9780860547976, 9781407349213

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The Maglemose Culture The reconstruction of the social organization of a mesolithic culture in Northern Europe

Ole Gr0n

BAR International Series 616 1995

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 616 The Maglemose Culture © Ole Grøn and the Publisher 1995 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860547976 paperback ISBN 9781407349213 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860547976 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Tempvs Reparatvm in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 1995. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

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P ref ace a nd a cknow ledgemen t s y ea r so fs t udy o ft h e S ibe r ian p eop le . U nf or tuna te ly s h ew a s k i l led i n ah e l icop te ra c c iden ti nt h e s p r ing 1 993 , a nd ac omp rehen s ive m anu sc r ip to n t h e s pa t i a l o r gan iza t ion o f d we l l ing s a nd t h e my tho logy

T h i sw o rk i se s sen t ia l ly m y P hD . T he d i scu s s ion o f m e thod s o fa na lys i s a nd o ft h e u s e o fs t a t is t ics h a s b een m ade m o re e l abo ra te ( c hap te r 1 ) ,a nd af ew o f t h e i lu s t ra t ion sh ave b een i mp roved .

c onn ec ted t oi t ,w h ich s he h ad t h en f i n i shed o nt h e b a s is o fh e ro l df i e ld n o te s , h a sn eve rb een f ound .

T he l a rge b ody o fe t hnog raph ica l d a ta r e levan t f o r t h e i n te rp r e ta t ion o ft h e s pa t ia l o r gan iza t ion o ft h e

P ede r Mo r ten sen a nd P au l Me l la r s h ave s hown s uppo r t ive i n te r e s t i nt h ep ro jec t , a nd T jee rd H . v an

s e t t lemen t s o f h un te r -ga the r e r s i sr e f e r r ed t o o n ly t h rough r e f e r ences , a st h e f o cu s o ft h i s w o rk i st h e

A nde l 's e ncyc lopaed ic m ind a l so t u rned o u t t o c on ta in i n f o rma t ion o n a nd i n te re s t i ni t s a r chaeo l o g ica l a sw e l l a si t s e t hnog raph ica l a spec t s . K nud

i mp lem en ta t ion o f b ehav iou ra l i d ea s f r om e t hno g r aphy ( e g . G ron 1 989 ; 199 1) i n to t h ep r ac t ica l a na l y s is o f ac onc re te m a te r ia l .

A nde r sen , t h e e xcava to r o f t h e U lke s t rup H u t s , s how ed ar a re h e lpf u lne s sa nd i n te re s te ven w hen i t c ame t ot h ed i scu s s ion o fa l te rna t ive i n te rp re ta t ion s o f t h e m a te r ia l . E r ik J o rgen sen , F l emm ing R ieck , A xe l J ohan s son , J en s B ech , J o rgen H o lm , K lau s B oke lmann , N ie l s -Axe l B oa s , S o ren H . A nde r sen a nd P e rE the lbe rg g ave m ea c ce s st ot h e i re xcava ted m a te r ia ls . T he l a t te rt o ge the rw i th I n ge B ir the We l l i ng , S u s sanne K l ingenbe rg a nd O r la Madsen w e r e

T he c a ta logu e c on ta in s t h e m o s t i mpo r tan t d i s t r i b u t ion s f r om t h e s i te s a na ly sed , s hown a s c on tou r l i nes . S i nce t h e i n nume rab le a r tef a c t d i s t r ibu t ion s w h ich f o rm t h e b a s is o ft h i s s t udy w i l l b e o fl i t t le i n t e r e s tt ot h em a jo r i ty o f t h er e ade r s , Ih ave c ho sen n o t t op ub l i sh t h e se d a ta i nt h i s b ook , b u t t om ake t h em a va i lab le t o t h o se i n te re s ted a sd a ta f i l e s f o r

m embe r so fo u rs t uden tg r oup w he re t h ed i scu s s ion o fr e pea ted p a t t e rn so nt h e Mag lemo s ian s e t t lemen t s s t a r ted . T he a ma teu r a r cha eo log is t F r ede r ik K le -

' SURFER ' f r om G o lden S of twa re ( 1 ) . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t h a t a n u nde r s tand ing o f t h e

s t rup H an sen l e d o u r w ay t h rough t h e S vanemo se B og o f ten w i th h i s a t ten t ion d i r ec t ed a t mo re i n -

t y po log ica la s pec t so ft h em a te r ia ls a sw e l l a so ft h e e xcava t ion c i r cum s tan ce si s ap r e r equ i s i t e f o rs ound r e su l t s i na ny d i s t r ibu t ion a na ly s is .

t e re s t ing f e a tu r e s i nt h e l a nd scape t h an t h er o ad h i s

T he b a s ic p o in to fv i ew p r omo t ed i nt h i sb ook i st h a t t h e s i te sh ave t ob e r e ga rded a sd ynam ic u n i t s , a nd

c a rw a ss uppo sed t of o l low . S vend E r ik H an sen a nd J ohn C ron shaw h e lped c o r r ec t t h e l a nguage o ft h e m anu sc r ip t . A s s upe rv iso ro n m y P hD , E r ik B r inch

t h a t t h e p o s s ib i l i t ie s f o r u nde r s tand ing t h e i r b a s ic

P e t e r sen s e rved a s ag ood p a r tn e rf o rd i scu s s ion ,a l so

s pa t ia lc onf igu ra t ion a r ec l o se ly l i nked t os u cce s s i n d i s t ingu i sh ing s pa t ia l ' f i xpo in t s 'w h ich c an f o rm t h e b a s i s f o rf u r the ra na ly s i s . T he f i xpo in t su sed i nt h i s

i nm a t te r sw he r eo u ro p in ion sd i ve rged . I n 1 983 T he D an ish R e sea r ch C ounc i l f o r t h e H u m an i t ie sf i nanced t h ee xcava t ion o ft h e Mag lemose

a na ly s i sa r et h ec on cen t ra t ion so fm ic ro l i th sa nd t h e h ear th z one s . O the r c u l tu re s t h an t h e Mag lemo se C u l tu re m ay r e qu i re q u i t e d if eren ts t ra t eg i e s , a nd

d w e l l ing S van emosen 2 8 a nd i n 1 984 f u r the rmo r e y i e lded ag r an tw h ich made i tp o s s ib le f o rt wo y ea r s t oc oncen t ra te o n t h e a na ly s is o ft h e Mag lemos ian

s ome m ay e v en b e i mpo s s ib l e t o' d ec ipher ' .

s i te s , w h ich h ad u n t i l t h en b een c a r r ied o u t a s a My w o rk w i th a na ly s i s o ft h e Mag lemo s ian s i t e s s t a r t ed i n1 979 . I td eve loped t h rough e xcava t ion o f

s upp lemen t t o f i e ldwo rk f o r H ade r s lev Mu seum . D u r ing m y f o l low ing a t ta chmen t t o L ange land s

s i t e s ,e x ten s ive s t ud ie so fh un t e r -ga the r e r l i t e ra tu r e , d i scu s s ion w i th c o l league s w o rk ing w i th r e la ted p rob lem ss u ch a sR aymon R .N ew e l l , D ick S t ape r t ,

Mu seum T he C ounc i l f i nanced a n i n ter na t iona l c onf e r ence o n' S oc ia lS pa ce i n Dwe l l ing sa nd S e t t le m en t s ' a nd t h ep ub l ica t ion o ft h ec onf e rence r e por t

L eo V e rha r t , N iko la i P ra s lov , M icha i l A n ikov ich ,

( G m , E nge ls tad a nd L indb lom 1 99 1) i n1 987 . My

A nd re i S i n i t s in , P e te r R ow ley -Conv vy a nd w i th

P hD w a sa c cep ted i nt h e S p r ing 1 993 .

n ume rou s h un te r -ga the r e r e t hnog raphe r s a mong w hom G a l ina N . G rachova f r om S t . P e te r sbu rg

T h i sb ook i sd ed ica t ed t o my w if e , E l sebe th , a nd my

m aybe w a s i n p o s se s s ion o f t h e m o s t v a luab le t r ea su r e o f u npub l i shed i n f o rma t ion f r om h e r 5 0

c h i ld ren ,T ue a nd I d a ,w ho h ave b een l i v ing w i th t h i s p r o jec tf o rs om any y ea r s .

1

C on ten t s

1 . 1 . 1 .

3 . 1 .3 .a . B a rk f l oo r s 3 . 1 .3 .b . G r ey s and l e n se s 3 . 1 .3 .c . O the rs t ruc tu ra l f e a tu r e s 3 . 1 .4 . A r ea o ft h e s t ruc tu re s( c o lumn 5 ) 3 . 1 .5 . H ea r th s ( c o lumn 6 ) 3 . 1 .6 . M ic ro l i th c oncen t ra t ion s( c o lumn 7 )

I n t roduc t ion

1 . 2 .

T he s i t es a sd ynam ic u n i t s F unc t iona lv e r su s m o rpho log ica lt y pe s

1 . 3 . 1 . 4 .1 .

T he u s eo fs t a t i s t ica l m ode ls Mu l t iva r ian ta na ly s i s

1 . 4 .2 .

V isua l i n spec t ion A na ly t ica l s t ra t eg ie s b a sed o n b ehav iou ra l mode l so b se rved e t hnog raph ica l ly

3 . 1 .7 .

A ng le b e tween t h e ' h ea r th -m ic ro l i th a x is ' a nd t h es ho re ( c o lumn 8 )

he p r e sen t m e thod o fa na lys is -t h e b a s ic 1 . 4 .4 .a . T

3 . 1 .8 .

D a t ing s( c o lumn 9 )

a s sump t ion ho ice o fm a in o b jec tc a tego r ie s f o r 1 . 4 .4 .b . C

3 . 2 .

A na ly s i so ft h e s i te s

3 . 2 .1 .

A r ea o ft h eu n i t s( c o lumn 5 )

a na ly s is 1 . 4 .4 .c . Me thod o fg r aph ica l p r e sen ta t ion T he m a te r ia l 1 . 5 . S t ra tegy 1 . 6 .

3 . 2 .2 . 3 . 2 .3 .

D i s tance t ot h ew a te r( c o lumn 2 ) A ng le b e tween t h e ' h ea r th -m ic ro l i th a x is '

3 . 2 .4 .

a nd t h es ho r e( c o lumn 8 ) O r ien ta t ion o ft h e p a i r s o fh ea r th s a nd t h e

1 . 4 .3 .

p a i r so fm ic ro l i th c on c en t ra t ion sr e la t ive t o t h es ho re l ine , a tt h eU lke s t rup It ype s i te s

2 .

T he U lke s t rup H u t s

2 . 1 .

H u t I

2 . 1 .1 .

T he f l oo r

3 . 2 .5 .

( c o lumn s 6a nd 7 ) D i r ec t ion t ot h en ea rby w a te r

2 . 1 .2 .

H ea r th s

3 . 2 .6 .

C onc lu s ion

4 .

I n te rp r e ta t ion o ft h eu n i t s

4 . 1 .

T he d oub le p a t te rn a so ne c on tempo rane o u su n i to rt wo o ve r lapp ing u n i t s

4 . 2 .

T h ep hy s ica l s t ruc tu re so ft h eu n i t s

4 . 3 . 4 . 4 .

S ea sona l i ty T he s o c ia l i mp l ica t ion s o f t h e s pa t ia l

S upe r s t ruc tu re T he c oa s tl i ne D epo s i t ion o fw a s te o u t s ide t h e f l oo r 2 . 1 .5 . he ' wa s te l a ye r ' -w a s te c oncen t ra t ion A 2 . 1 .5 .a . T 2 . 1 .3 . 2 . 1 .4 .

he n o r ther nw a s te c oncen t ra t ion -B 2 . 1 .5 .b . T D epo s i t ion o f w a s t e o n t h e f l oo r -t h e 2 . 1 .6 . c oncen t ra t ion s Ca nd D

p a t ter n s

2 . 1 .7 .

D is t r ibu t ion o fm ic ro l i th ic w a s te

2 . 1 .8 .

T he h u ta nd i t so rgan iza t ion

2 . 1 .9 .

C h rono log ica l u n i ty o ft h e ma te r ia l

2 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 1 . 2 . 2 .2 .

H u t I

2 . 2 .3 . 2 . 2 .4 .

S upe r s t ruc tu re

4 . 5 .

T h e d we l l ing s a nd s e t t lemen t s o f t h e Mag lemo se C u l tu re

4 . 6 .

C u l tu ra l a ff in i t ies o f t h e t wo t y pe s o f p a t te rn s -s ome f u r the re xamp le s

5 . 5 . 1 .

D i scu s s ion a nd c onc lu s ion T h ep hy s ica l f r ames D if f e r en tt ype so fu n i t sa nd r e la t ive

T he f l oo r H ea r th s

2 . 2 .5 .

T he c oa s tl i ne T he d i s t r ibu t ion o fw a s te

2 . 2 .6 .

D is t r ibu t ion o fm ic ro l i th ic w a s te

2 . 2 .7 .

T he h u t , i t so rgan iza t ion a nd c h rono log ica l

5 . 3 .

S oc ia lo rgan iza t ion

f a c to r s

5 . 4 .

S t ra tegy f o rf u r the rr e sea r ch

6 .

C a ta logue 1 )U lk e s t rup I ,u pper f l oor 2 )U lk e s t rup I ,l ower f l oo r

2 . 3 .

5 . 2 .

a r t if a c t c ompo s i t ion

C onc lu s ion a nd ap o s tu la te

3 .

A na ly s is o fg ene ra l d i s t r ibu t ion p a t te rn s

3 . 1 . 3 . 1 .1 . 3 . 1 .2 .

I n t roduc t ion R ef e r ence st ot h e c a ta logue ( c o lumn 1 ) D is tance s a nd d i rec t ion s t ot h e p r eh i s to r ic

3 . 1 .3 .

s ho r e l ine ( c o lumn s 2a nd 3 ) S t ruc tu ra l r ema in s o f t h e

3 )D uven see W .8 4 )D uv en see W .13 5 )K lo s t er lund 1E 6 )K lo s t er lund 1W 7 ) Mag l eby N or A

dwe l l ing s

( c o lumn 4 )

2

1 .I n t roduc t ion 8 )B are Mos se I 9 )B armosen I 1 0 )H jems t ed 1 ) D raved 3 5 1 2 ) Mu l l erup ( K och a nd Ma th ia s sen ' se x ca v a t ion ) 1 3 ) U lk es t rup I 1 4 ) 1 5 ) 1 6 ) 1 7 )

S v c erdborg I Duven see W .6 S vanemo sen 2 8 Mu l lerup ( S a rauw ' se xcava t ion )

1 8 )S ta l lerupho lm 1 9 ) Mag l eby N o rB 2 0 )F laad e t 2 1 )B o l lund 2 2 )R ud e Mark 2 3 ) D raved 3 1 2 4 )D raved 3 2 2 5 , 2 6a nd 2 7 ) T hree c onc en t ra t ion sf rom S ta rC a r r 2 8 ) Hasb jerg I 2 9 ) T ingby 3 0 )L avr ing e Mo se 7 .

N o t e s

8 .

R ef e rence s

3

1 .I n t roduc t ion

Map s how ing t h e c en tra l Mag l emo s • ian a rea w i th t h e m a jor i ty o ft h es i tes m en t ioned i nt h e t e x t . T he n umber sr ef er t ot h e c a ta logue n umber s : 1 , 2 ,13 :U lk es trup ; 3 , 4 ,15 :Duvensee ; 5 , 6 :K lo s t er lund ,7 , 19 : Mag leby N or ; 8 :Bare Mos se I ; 9 :Ba rmosen I ;1 0 :H jem s ted ; 1 ,23 ,24 :D raved ; 1 2 ,17 : Mu l lerup ; 1 4 ,28 :Sv c erdborg I a nd Ha sb jerg I ; 1 6 :Svanemosen 2 8 ; 1 8 :S ta l l e rupho lm ; 2 0 :F laad e t ; 2 1 :Bo l lund ; 2 2 :Rud e Mark ; 3 0 :Lavr ing e Mose . 4

1 .I n t roduc t ion much mo r ei n f r equen t ly a f f ec t ed b yc l ean ing o ft h e l i v ing f l oo r st h an l a rge ro b jec t s( B inf o rd 1 978 :153 ; H ayden 1 98 1 :142 ;J ohn son 1 984 :79 ,92 ,93 ;K ro l la nd I s a c 1 984 :16 ,24 ;O 'Conne l 1 987 ) . T hu s as t udy a im -

1 .I n troduc t ion S eve ra l b a s ic a na ly t ica l a pp roa che s t od i s t r ibu t ion p a t t e rn sh ave b een d eve loped t h rough t ime . Is ha l li n b r ief o u t l ine t h ea s sump t ion st h ey a r eb a sed o n ,a nd e va lua te h ow s u i ted t h ey a r ef o rt h ek i nd o fa na ly s is

i n g a td i s t ingu i sh ing t h e l o ca t ion s o ft h e a c t iv i t ie s w h ich p r ecede d i sca rd ing a nd d ump ing s hou ld f o cu s o n t h e d i s t r ibu t ion s o fi t em ss ma l l er t h an a pp rox i -

d emand ed h e r e . B ef o re e n t e r ing t h i sd i scu s s ion i ti s ,

m a t e ly 4 -5 c m .

h oweve r , i mpo r tan t t o d i scu s s t h ree p o in t s o fi m p o r tance f o rt h ea ng le o fa t tack : a )t h a ts ome g roup s o f l i th i c o b jec t s may h ave v e ry d i f f e r en t s pa t ia l b ehav iou r s d u r ing t h e i r ' l i f e ' o n as i t e a nd t h a t

1 . 2 .F unc t iona lv er sus morpho log ica l

d i f f e r en t d i s t r ibu t ion s o fd i f f e ren t t ype s o fo b jec t s

t ypes

t hu s m ay r ef lec t t h e i r d i f f e r en t ' d ynam ic ' p a t te rn s r a the rt h an t h e f a c tt h a tt h ey w e r e u sed i nd i f f e r en t a r ea s ,b )t h a tt h e re s e em t oe x i s ts ome c on t rad ic t ion s b e tw een mo rpho log ica la nd f unc t iona lt y po logy ,a nd

An ece s sa ry b u t p rob lema t ic b a s i s f o rt h e s t udy o f t h es pa t ia lo rgan i sa t ion o ft h ea c t iv i t ie so no l ds t on e a ge s i te s i st h et r ad i t iona l mo rpho log ica l t ypo logy . P re se rva t ion o ft h e l i t h ic s u rf ace s a s w e l l a s e co -

c ) t h a t t h e r e e x is t s ome p rob lem s i n t h e u se o f s t a t is t ica l a na lys is f o r i n te rp r e ta t ion o fs u ch d i s t r i -

n om ica lf a c to r sp u ts e r iou sl i m i ta t ion si nt h en umbe r o fc a se sw h e r e at h o rough m ic row ea ra na lys i sc an b e

b u t ion s .

a pp l ied .N one the le s st h em ic row ea ra na lys i ss how s f o ri n s tance t h a t' s c rape r s 'h ave b een u sed f o rb o r ing ,

1 . 1 . T he s i tes a s d ynam ic u n i t s

' k n ive s ' f o r s c rap ing e t c . ( e g . C ah en a nd C a spa r 1 984 :289 -292 ; J ue l J en sen a nd B r in ch P e te r sen 1 985 :45 -48 ; S ymen s 1 986 :2 16 ) . T h i s t e ndency i s a l so o bv iou s f r om t h e m ic row ea r a na ly s is o f t h e

R ef i t t ing o f l i th ic ma te r ia l f r om s t one a ge s i t e s c l ea r ly d emon s t ra tes t h a t s ome g roup s o f l i t h ic o b jec t s m ay h ave v e ry d i f f e r en t s pa t ia l b ehav iou r s d u r ing t h e i r' l i f e ' ( e .g . B odu ,K a r l in a nd P loux 1 990 ;

Mag lemo s ian m a te r ia l f r om t h eF l aade ts i te c a r r ied

C z ie s la 1 990a ; L öh r 1 990 ; S t ape r ta nd K r i s t 1 990 ) .

o u ti nc onn ec t ion w i th t h i ss t udy b yN ico le S ymen s a nd Me r e te C h r i s t en sen ( r epo r t i n L ange land s

K n iv es m ay f o r i n s tance a ppea r i nd ump ing a r ea s a f t e rb e ing d i sca rded , i na c t iv i ty a r ea s r e p r e sen t ing

Mu seum LMR j .n r .832 1) .C on s i s t ency b e tween m o r p ho log ica la nd f un c t iona lt y pe so n ly s e em st oe x is t

' c u t t ing 'a sw e l la si no t he ra c t iv i ty a r ea sr e p r e sen t ing ' p roduc t ion o fk n ive s ' . Meanwh i le , t h e i r p r e sen ce ,

i nv e ry f ew c a se s . I ti st h e ref o r e af u r the ra nd s e r iou s m e thodo log ica l c on s t ra in t t h a t s t ud ie s o f a c t iv i ty

d u et oc l ean ing o ft h ep roduc t ion a nd c u t t ing a r ea s , may a l so b e r e s t r ic ted t o t h e d ump ing a r ea s , t h u s p roduc ing at o ta l ly m i s lead ing p i c tu r eo fw he r et h e

o rgan i sa t ion s hou ld b ed i r ec t ed a ga in s tm orpho log i c a lt y pe sw h ich c on s i s t en t ly r ep r e s en t ar e cogn i zab l e f unc t ion .

a c t iv i t ie s w e a r e i n te res ted i n , w e r e c a r r ied o u t ( E ickhof f1 990 ) . D if f e r en to b jec tt y pe sm ay o n as i t e

d i f f e ren td ynam ic p a t te rn sa td i f f e r en ts i t e sf r om t h e

D i s t r ibu t ion so fo b jec t so fo rgan ic m a t t e r( e g . b one ) g ene ra l ly mu s tb er e ga rded a su n r e l iab le .T he d eg r ee o f p r e se rva t ion w i l l o f t en v a ry o n t h e s e t t lemen t s u rf a ce . F o ri n s tance b ur n tb one f r om ah ea r th z one

s ame c u l tu r e . F o r i n s tance t h e c o r e s o n s ome Mag lemo s ian s i te s s e em t of o l low t h e w a l l s o ft h e

w i l lg ene ra l ly b eb e t t e rp r e se rved t h an u nbu rn t ,t h u s c r ea t ing am i s lead ing i mage o ft h e o r ig ina l d i s t r i -

dwe l l ing s , w he rea s t h ey o n o t he r s a ppea r e ven ly d i s t r ibu ted w i th in t h e dwe l l ing s pace ( e g . A nde r sen

b u t ion .

h ave q u i te d i f f e ren ts pa t ia ld ynam ic s( e g .S t ape r ta nd K r is t 1 990 ) . And o ne t ype o f o b jec t s m ay h ave

e t .a 1 .1982 :2 1-22 ,30 -31 ; J ohan s son 1 990 :15 17 ,55 ) .

1 . 3 . T he u se o fs t a t i s t ica l mode l s

O fc r u c ia l i mpo r tance f o rw he th e ra r tef a c t sw e re l e f t i nt h e a c t iv i ty a r ea s t h ey w e r e u sed i n , o rw he the r

S t a t i s t ica la na ly s i si su s ed t od i s t ingu i sh n on random

t h ey w e re r emoved , i st h e i rs i z e . D if f e ren to b se rva t i on sa l i n d ica te t h a to b jec t ss ma l le rt h an 4 5 c ma r e

p a t ter n s o n t h e b a s i s o f s i ng le o b serva t ion s , e a ch c on ta in ing ar e s t r ic t ed e l emen to fr a ndomne s s .

5

1 .I n t roduc t ion F o ri n s tance l i nea rr e g r e s s ion i st h e a pp rox ima t ion o f an umbe r o fp o in t s ( x ,y ) b y as t ra igh t l i ne r e p re sen t ing a f unc t ion . O ne p r econd i t ion f o r t h i s o pe ra t ion i st h a t t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e d ependen t v a r iab le sy ,f o rg i ven x ,i sn orma l . T h i sm ean st h a t

1 . 4 .1 . Mu l t ivar ian ta na ly s i s Mu l t iva r ian t m e thod s -p e r d ef in i t ion - a na ly se s eve ra l d i f f e r en t v a r ian t s ( d if f e r en tt y pe s o fi t em s ) t o ge the r . T he i r p u rpo se i st o d i s t ingu ish a c t iv i ty a r ea sa sz one sw he r es e ve ra lt y pe so fi t em sa ppea ri n r a th e rc on s tan tr e la t ive q uan t i ta t ive r e la t ion st oe a ch o t he r ( t oo l -k i t s ) ( e g . Wha l lon 1 973 :117 ) . F o r i n s t ance t h e c a tego r ie s a na ly sed m ay b e : f l ake s , b l ade s ,k n ive s ,b u r in sa nd a r row h eads . A na c t iv i ty a r ea m ay f o r i n s tance a ppea r a s ar e s t r ic ted a r ea w he re t h e se i t em s a ppea r i n r e la t ive n umbe r s o f a pp rox ima te ly 5 0 :10 :2 :3 :1 .

t h e y -va lue s f o r o ne x va lue , s h ou ld a ppea r a s a n o rma ld i s t r ibu t ion w i th ac e r ta in m ean v a lue a nd a c e r ta in v a r iance .I no t h e rw o rd st h ey -va lue sf o ro ne x -va lue m u s tm a in ly a ppea rw i th in ac e r ta in i n te rva l , w he rea s t h e i r e xa c t p o s i t ion w i th in t h i s i n te rva l i s r a ndom ,a nd c anno tb ep r ed ic ted . H ow eve r ,i ft h ey v a lues f o r a n x -va lue a r e c on sc iou s ly c ho sen -f o r i n s tance t of o rm d i f f e r en t g roup s o rp a t ter n s -t h e p r econd i t ion a bove i sn o t f u lf i l led . I nt h i s c a se t h e p o in ts ( x ,y ) c an b e s e en o n ly a s an umbe r o fi n d ependen ta nd n on random ly p l a ced p o in t st h a t d o n o tr e p r e sen t af u nc t ion .

Ap r ob lema t ic p r econd i t ion f o rt h i sk i nd o fa na ly s is i ni t sp u r ef o rm i s ,t h a tt h ep o s i t ion so fa l l i t em sa r e s e en a st h er e su l to fo ne g l oba lp r oce ss -o r' f unc t ion ' ( Wha l lon 1 984 :245 -246 ) . Wh e re t h e q uan t i ta t ive c ompo s i t ion o f i t em t y pes i n o ne a r ea r e p r e sen t s o ve r lapp ing a nd n on in te r re la ted a c t iv i t ie s ,t h i si sn o t t h e c a se , a nd t h em e thod w i l lp roduce m ean ing le s s r e su l t s . A c tua l ly p u re a na lys is c an n eve r r e vea l i f s u ch ap r econd i t ion i sf u lf i l led .

Wh e re s t a t i s t ica la na ly s i si sa pp l ied t od i s t r ibu t ion s o fa r tef a c t s i ti sn o rma l ly b a sed o nt h e a s sump t ion t h a t t h e p o s i t ion s o f t h e i t em s w i th a c e r ta in r e s t r ic t ed e l emen t o fr a ndomne s s a r e t h e r e su l t o f f unc t iona l p roce s se s . T h i s m ake s i tp o s s ib le t o d i scu s sw he the r as c a t t e ro fo b jec t si s' r andom 'o rn o t

A f u r th e r s e r ies o f mo r e s pec if ic p rob lem s e x is t . F i r s t ,i ts hou ld b en o ted t h a tn oa t ten t ion i sg i ven t o t h e p o s s ib le d i f f e r en t d ynam ic s o f t h e d i f f e r en t c l a s se so fo b jec t s . T hey a r ec ompa r ed a si ft h ey a l h ave s im i la r s pa t ia l l i f e -cyc le s o n t h e s e t t lemen t s u rf a ce . S econd , a l t y pe s o fi t em sa r ec ompa red a s i ft h ey w e r eo ft h es ame s i ze a nd t h u sw e re e qua l ly e xposed t oc l ean ing . T hu s a n a r ea w h ich w a s o r i g i na l ly u s ed f o r a c t iv i t ie s i n vo lv ing f l akes , b l ade s , k n ives , b u r in s a nd a r row h ead s i n t h e r e la t ion 5 0 :10 :2 :3 :1 ,i na na r cha eo log ica lc on tex tm ay a ppea r o n ly a s az one w i th a pp rox ima te ly 1a r row h ead p e r s qua re u n i td ue t or emova l o ft h e l a rge ro b jec t s b y c l ean ing . I fi ti sn o t p os s ib le t o d i s t ingu ish t h e d ump ing a r ea s b y m ean s o f a r chaeo log ica l o b s e rva t ion s , t h ey m ay e a s i ly b e t a k en f o r z one s o f i n ten se a c t iv i ty . T h i rd , o ne w i l l h ave t o r e ly o n m o rpho log ica l ly d ef ined t ype s i nt h e ma jo r i ty o f c a se s ( B lankho lm 1 99 1 :38 -39 ) . S i n ce o n ly f ew m o rpho log ica lt y pe ss e em c on s i s ten t ly t oc o r r e spond t or e cogn iz ab le a c t iv i t ie s ,t h er e su l t so f mu l t iva r ian t a na ly s i sm ay e a s i ly b em is lead ing .

b y c ompa r i son t o mode ls b a sed o n f o r i n s tance P o is son a nd n o rma l d i s t r ibu t ion s ( e g . B lankho lm 1 99 1 :42 ; D acey 1 968 :172 ; J ohn son 1 984 :79 -80 ; N ewe l la nd D ek in 1 978 :20 ; P r ice 1 981 :207 ; Wha l I o n 1 974 :23 ) . O u r i n te r es t i st o d i s t ingu i sh n on r a ndom p a t ter n st h a td ev ia te f r om t h er a ndom o ne s , b ecau se t h i si n d ica te st h a tt h ey a r ec r ea t ed b yh uman a c t iv i ty . H oweve r , i ti s ap rob lem t h a t t h e s c a t te r s k nown t ob en on random d on o tr e s t r ic tt h em se lve s t o n i ce b e l l shaped d i s t r ibu t ion s . T hey m ay e a s i ly a s sume s oc omp l ica ted s h apes ,t h a tt h ec on s t ruc t ion o f s u i t ed s t a t i s t ica l m ode l s f o r c ompa r i son a nd a na lys i s i n p r ac t ice w i l l b e i mpos s ib le ( B inf o rd 1 978 :340 ; 1 983 :153 157 ; D o ran a nd H ud son 1 975 : 1 5 1 ; K ro l l a nd I s aac 1 984 :16 ; Wha l lon 1 978 :33 ; 1 984 :275 ) . A m o re b a s ic p rob lem i st h a t c a r ef u l c on sc iou so r de r ing o nt h es u rf ace o ft h el i t h ic o b jec t s a s B in f o rd o b se rved i ti n A u s t ra l ia , a l so s e em s o bse rvab le i n t h e a r chaeo log ica l r e co rd ( B inf o rd 1 983 :152 ;L e ro i -Gou rhan a nd B r 6z i l lon 1 972 :238 ) . I ns u ch c a se st h eo b jec t sa r ec on sc iou s ly p l a ced a nd t h u s t h e i rp os i t ion c on ta in s n o e l emen to fr a ndom -

I n s tead o ft h e r e la t ive c ompo s i t ion o ft h e d i f f e ren t c a tego r ie s o fo b jec t s , B lankho lm s P r esab m e thod r e g i s te r so n ly t h e i rp r esence o ra b sence ( B lankho lm 1 99 1 :153 ) .T h i sm ean st h a tt h ea na ly s i sm a in a im i s

n e s s . A cco rd ing ly t h e p r econd i t ion f o rt h i s k i nd o f s t a t i s t ica la na ly s i si sn o tf u lf i l led .

6

1 .I n t roduc t ion t o d i s t ingu ish a r ea s w h e re c e r ta in t y pe s a ppea r t o ge th e r ,a nd n o tt os e pa ra t ea r ea sw he r et h ey a ppea r i nd i f f e r en tr e la t ive q u an t i t ie s .I ns ome s i tua t ion st h i s m ay c au se o ve r a nd u nde r rep r e sen ta t ion o fo b jec t c a tego r ie s a ppea r ing i ne x t reme ly s ma l l a nd l a rge n umbe r s .

n or th er nw a l lo ft h en or thwe s t e rn u n i ta ts e c t ion 3 6 ( t he r ef i t t ing l i ne s o fd eb i tage , r e indee rj aw s , a nd l o ng b one s ,a sw e l la st h ed i s t r ibu t ion o fr e do ch re ) ( L e ro i -Gou rhan a nd B r dz i l lon 1 972 :8 6 , 108 , 148 , 152 , 2 40 ) . T he r e a l so s e em s t oe x i s t ac on f l ic tb e tween t h e n o r th -ea s te rn p o s tu la ted d w e l l ing s t ruc tu r e a nd t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f f a una l r ema in s i nt h i s s e c t ion ( J ohn son 1 984 :94 ) .

Many m u l t iva r ian t m e thod s e mp loy s t a t i s t ica l a na ly s is t od i s t ingu i sh ' r andom ' a nd ' n on random ' c oncen t ra t ion s o fo b jec t s ( e g . B lankho lm 1 99 1 :6 1 1 68 ) . A sm en t ioned a bove t h i si sb a sed o na s sump t i on s t h a t s e em , a tl e a s t i ns ome c a se s , n o t t o b e f u lf i l led ( 1 .2 .3 . ) .

F o rv i sua li n spec t ion i ti si mpo r tan tt h a tt h ed a ta a r e g i ven a n o p t ima l g r aph ica l p r e sen ta t ion . H owev e r , t h e re i sn oo b jec t ive a n swer t ow ha tr e p r e sen ta t ion i st h e b e s t . C z ie s la r e p re sen t s an umbe ro fs y s tem s f o r v i sua l i n spec t ion , w he re a s i gna tu re ( c i rc le , s qua re e t c . ) i ss hown f o r e ach s qua r e . H e h a s h ad s ome s u cce s si n t roduc ing t h e f i l led i nc i r c le w i th a r a nge o fd if e r en td i ame t e r se xp r e s s ing t h ev a r ia t ion i n n umbe r s ( Cz ie s la 1 989 ; 1 990b ) . P e r sona l ly I p r ef e rg r aph ica le xp r e s s ion st h a td on o tf o cu so nt h e i n t en s i t ie si nt h es i ng le s qua r e s ,b u tg i ve i n f o rma t ion o n t h e r e la t ion b e tw een t h e c oncen t ra t ion s i nt h e d i f f e r en ts qua re s .T h i sc an b ed one b yi n te rpo la t ion o f e qu id i s tan t c on tou r l i ne s o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e n umbe r s f r om e a ch s qua re . I nn a tu r a l s c ience s t h i s w ou ld b et h en o rma lw ay t op r e sen ts u ch d a ta .

S o m any p rob lem s a nd u nc lea r p o in t s s e em i m b edded i nt h e mu l t iva r ian tm e thod st h a tt h ey s hou ld r a the rb ea vo ided . G en e ra l ly e a ch s t ra tegy i n t rodu c ed t oe l im ina te o ne p r ob lem s e em st oc r ea te as e r ie s o fn ew o ne s . B a s ica l ly t h e a r cha eo log ica l m a te r ia l s e em su nab le t om ee tt h em a thema t ica la nd s t a t is t i c a lp r econd i t ion sn ece s sa ry .

1 . 4 .2 . V i sua l i n spec t ion V isua l i n spec t ion o f d i s t r ibu t ion s w a s t h e f i r s t m e thod o fa na ly s is u s ed .C ompa red t ot h ec omp lex i t yo fm u l t iva r ian ta na ly s i si ti st h eo r e t ica l ly s imp le . B a s ica l ly i tr e l ies o nv i sua l r e cogn i t ion o fp a t te rn s s uch a s c oncen t ra t ion s o f i t em s , c ha ra c t e r i s t ic e mp ty z one s , l i ne s o fr ef i t t ing s , a nd l i nea r z one s w he r e t h e c oncen t ra t ion s e em s t o d r op s udden ly ( ' wa l l -ef f ec t ' ) . T oge the rw i th t h er ema in so fh ear th s , p i t s ,a nd d we l l ing st h eo b se rved p a t te rn so f ten f o rm t h eb a s i so fr a the rs ub jec t ive i n t e rp re ta t ion s .

U n le s sr ema in so fd w e l l ing s t ru c tu re sa r ep r e se rved ( e g . Mob je rg 1 99 1) , i ts e em s d i ff i cu l t t op roduce c onv in c ing i n te rp r e ta t ion so nt h eb a s i so fp u re v i sua l i n spec t ion .

1 . 4 .3 . Ana ly t ica ls t ra teg ie s b ased o n b ehav ioura l mode l so bserved e thno g raph ica l ly .

A l ready i n t h e l a te t w en t ie s K rukow sk i t r i ed t o d educ t i n f o rma t ion a bou t e conom ica l a nd s o c ia l a spec t s f r om t h e s h ape o f f l in t c on cen t ra t ion s ( Doman ska 1 991 :55 ; K rukow sk i 1 929 ) . At y p ica la nd d i spu ted -e xamp le o f v i sua l i n spec t ion a r e L e ro i -Gou rhan a nd B r dz i l lon ' s i n te rp r e ta t ion s o f P inceven t ( B inf o rd 1 9 83 :148 160 ; J ohn son 1 984 ; L e ro i -Gou rhan a nd B rdz i l lon 1 966 ; 1 972 ; S t ape r t 1 989 ) . F i r s t t h ey d i s t ingu i sh u n i t s c on s i s t ing o f h ea r th s c onnec ted t o c oncen t ra t ion s o f m a te r ia l . T he reaf t e r t h ey p o s tu la t e w i thou t a ny d e ta i led a r gumen ta t ion t h eo u t l ine so f an umbe ro fd w e l l ing u n i t s( Le ro i -Gou rhan a nd B r dz i l lon 1 972 :215 -256 ) . A s am a t t e ro ff a c tt h e re a r es e ve ra li n d ica t ion st h a t t h e r e h a s b een f r ee p a s sage o fo b jec t s t h rough t h e 7

A n i mpo r tan t e l emen t i n moder no l d s t one a ge r e s e a rch i st h ea s sumed s im i la r i ty b e tw een p r eh i s to r ic o l ds t one a ge c u l tu re sa nd p r e sen th un te r -ga the r e r s . Al o g ica lc on sequ ence o ft h is i st ot r yt od i s t ingu i sh g ene ra lb ehav iou ra lp a t ter n sf r om t h ee t hnog raph ica l m a te r ia l , a nd t h e reaf te r t o a t temp t t o d i s t ingu i sh t h e se p a t t er n si nt h ea r chaeo log ica lr e co rd . B inf o rd p o s tu la te s o n t h e b a s i s o fe t hnog raph ica l o b se rva t ion s t h r ee g ene ra l b ehav iou ra l ' e l emen t s ' ( B inf o rd 1 983 :156 159 ) : a ) C en t ra l h ea r th s l o ca ted o u tdoo r a r e g ene ra l ly s u r rounded b y z one s o f w a s te ( t o s s a nd d ump -

1 .I n t roduc t ion z one s ) . T h is i sn o t t h e c a se w i th c en t ra l h ea r th s l o ca ted i n doo r s .

h ea r th s a r e l o ca ted o n t h e c en t ra l a x i s o ft h e o va l . T hey a r e s u r rounded b y n ume rou s s t ake h o le s a nd a ppea ra sc l ea r ly d e l im i ted a nd w e l ld ef ined p hy s i c a ls t ruc tu re s( P ra s lov 1 993 ;P ra s lov a nd R oga chev 1 982 ) .

b )C ompa r ed t oi n doo rh ea r th s ,o u tdoo rh ea r th sa r e l e s ss t ruc tu red p hy s ica l ly ,a r el e s sc l ea r ly d e l im i ted , a nd h ave a t e ndency t o m ove a r ound w i th in a r e s t r ic t ed a r ea . T he f o rme r a r e g ene ra l ly s ma l le r , e nc i rc led b y s t one s , a nd k eep t h e i r p l a ce i n t h e d we l l ing s pace .

O n t h e b a s is o f B inf o rd 's a pp roa ch , S t ape r t h a s d eve loped t h e s o -ca l led ' r i ng a nd s e c to r m e thod ' . I s e e an umb e ro fp r ob lem si nt h ec omp l ica ted l o g ica l s t ruc tu re o ft h i sm e thod .

c )Ap e r son w o rk ing a ta no u tdoo rh ea r th ,w i l lr a th e r b u i ld an ew f i r et oh i so wn l e es i de t h an m ove t ot h e l e es i de o ft h ef i r s th ea r th i ft h ew ind c hange s .

T he c en t ra lh ea r th so ft h es i tes ,n om a t te ri ft h ey a r e i n doo r o r o u tdoo r , a r e r e ga rded a sf o ca l p o in t s o f a c t iv i ty ' d ef in ing t h eg l oba ls t ru c tu r eo ft h es i t e ' .I ti s a r gued t h a t t h e s pa t ia l p a r t i t ion u s ed f o r a na ly s is

O n t h e b a s is o ft h e se p o s tu la te s c omb ined w i th a v e ry r ough v i sua l i n spec t ion o ft h ed i s t r ibu t ion s ,h e

s h ou ld f o l low t h i s( a s sumed )o r ig ina ls t ruc tu r e .T he s p ace i st h u s s e pa ra ted i n to c oncen t r ic r i ng s , a nd r a d ia ls e c to r sw i th t h e' c en t ra lh ea r th 'a st h e i rc en t re . D ue t o t h e c hange f r om as qua r e g r id c oo rd ina te s y s tem t o ak i nd o fp o la r c oo rd ina t e s y s tem , t h e m e thod c an o n ly b e a pp l ied t om a te r ia ls w i th t h e l o ca t ion so ft h ea r tef a c t sr e g i s te r ed i n d iv idua l ly .B u t i ft h e m e thod w o rk s o n ly o n t h e b a s i s o ft h e i n d i v i dua l c oo rd ina te s o f t h e a r tef a c t s , t h e a r gumen t a ga in s t r e g is t ra t ion i n an o rma l g r id s y s tem f a l l s ( S tape r t 1 989 :5 -6 ) . O nt h e b a s i s o f i n d iv idua l c o o r d ina te sa na na ly s is c an e a s i ly b ef o rmu la ted w h ich w ou ld m ake a r i ng a nd s e c to r a na lys is p o s s ib le a r ound a ny c ho sen p o in t i n an o rma l g r id s y s tem . T hu s i tw ou ld b e p o s s ib le t o a vo id t h e e x t r eme ly d ange rou s p r oce s s o f c r ea t ing a p o la r s y s tem o f s p a t ia l s e pa ra t ion s , w h ich o n t h e o ne h and f o cu se s t h e a na ly s i s o n a n a s sumed ' c en tra l h ea r th ' a nd o n t h e o t he r n eg lec t s as im i la r a na ly s i s a r ound o t he r p o s s ib le c en t ra lp o in t s .

i n te rp r e t st h et wo n o r thw e s te rn h ea r th sa tP in ceven t 1a st wo o u tdoo rh ea r th su s ed m a in ly b yo ne p e r son i nd if e r en tw ind d i r ec t ion s .T h es ou th -ea s te rn h ea r th i si n te rp r e ted a s a n i n doo r h ea r th ( B inf o rd 1 983 : 1 56 160 ) . I np r in c ip le t h i s a pp roach s e em s r e a sonab le . H ow e ve r , i ti s p r ob lema t ic t h a t t h e re e x i s t s e ve ra l e xcep t ion sf r om t h ep os tu la ted g ene ra l b ehav iou ra l e l emen t s . F o r i n s tance t h e Y amana I n d ian s h ad r a the r l a rge a nd a ppa ren t ly r a the r d i f f u se h ea r th s i n s ide t h e i rd w e l l ing s . T oi n c r ea se t h es l eep ing a r ea a nd t op r oduce ac oncen t ra t ion o fs l ow ly b u rn ing e mb e r st h ef i re sw e re s c raped t o ge the ri nt h ec en t re o ft h e d w e l l ing s f o rt h e n i gh t( Gu s inde 1 937 :394 ) . T he i rn e ighbou r s ,t h eS e lk 'nam ,h ad o n ly s ma l lf i r e s ( a pp rox ima te ly 5 0c mi nd i ame te r )c en t ra l ly i nt h e i r d we l l ing s . B u th e r e t h e e mbe r s w e re s p r ead o ve ra l a rge ra r ea w hen c amp w a sl e f t ,t os t op t h em b u rn ing ( Gu s inde 1 931 :204 -206 ) . I n a n a r chaeo log ica l c on t ex t s u ch s t ruc tu re s u ndoub ted ly w ou ld b e i n t e rp r e ted a sl a rge a nd d i f f u se h ea r th s . T he B u shmen d i s t ingu ish b e tw een am a le a nd af ema le s i de o ft h e c en t ra l h ea r th o u t s ide t h e i r d w e l l ing s ( Ma r sha l l 1 959 :354 ) . T hu s t h ey c anno t move d e l ibe ra te ly a r ound t h e f i r e t oa vo id t h e s moke . I ns p i te o ft h i s t h eh ea r th st a ke u p as pec if ic p o s i t ion r e la t ive t ot h e e n t rance , a nd d o n o t ' move a r ound ' ( Ye l len 1 977 ) . W i th r e ga rd t ot h e a r chaeo log ica l m a te r ia l i ta l so

A no the r d ange rou s a s sump t ion , n o t e xp l ic i t ly f o r m u la ted , b u tu nde r ly ing a nd h i n ted a ti nt h et e x t i s t h a ta ni n doo r' c en t ra l 'h ea r th w i l lt a ke u p ap o s i t ion i nt h e c en t r e o ft h e d w e l l ing s pa ce ( S tape r t 1 989 : 5 , 6 ) . I n as ho r td i scu s s ion o fw he the rh ea r th sm igh t b el o ca ted i no rn ea re n t rance s ,i ti ss t a ted t h a t : ' I ti s i mp robab le t h a t p eop le s hou ld h ave p l aced t h e i r h ea r th i nt h e t e n t e n t rance , b ecau se t h is w ou ld b e r a the r u np rac t ica l ' ( S tape r t 1 989 :22 ) . I ti so bv iou s t h a tt h er i ng a nd s e c to rm e thod c anno tb ea pp l ied t o i n doo r' c en t ra lh ea r th s ' l o ca ted p e r iphe r ica l ly i nt h e d w e l l ing o r o pen a i r h ea r th s l o ca t ed i mmed ia te ly o u t s ide a d w e l l ing . I t s b a s ic i d ea i st h a t o f u n -

s e em s v e ry u n l ike ly t h a t f o r i n s tance t h e h ea r th s f ound i nt h ec en t ra lo pen c amp s p ace a tK o s t ienk i I s hou ld r e p r e sen ti n doo ra c t iv i t ie s .T he c amp c on s i s t s o f a n o va l a r rangemen t o fd ugou t d we l l ing s w i th c o l lap sed s upe r s t ruc tu re s c on s t ruc ted f r om m am mo th s t u sk s a nd l a rge s t o rage p i t s f o r m ea t . T he

r e s t r ic ted m ovemen t a r ound t h e c en t ra l h ea r th . H oweve r , t h e k nown e t hnog raph ic e xamp le s o f 8

1 .I n t roduc t ion ' c en t ra l h ea t ing s ou r ce s ' p l aced v e ry c l o se t o o r

g a the r e r s ( a s w i th a l o th e r k i nd s o f p r im i t ive c u l tu re s ) i so rgan iz ed i na cco rdance w i th as e t o f

i mmed ia te ly b es ide e n t rance s a r e i n nume rab le ( e g . B i rke t -Sm i th 1 929 :86 ;R änk 1 95 1 :54 ;T anne r 1 979 : 7 6 -79 ) . A s w e s ha l l s e e i nt h e f o l low ing , t h e re a r e s t rong i n d ica t ion s t h a t t h e h ea r th s i n t h e Mag -

r u le s . E lemen t s o ft h e o rgan iza t iona l p a t ter n s m ay d i f f e rf r om o n ec u l tu ra lg roup t ot h eo t he r ,w he r ea s t h ey w i l lb ec on s is ten tw i th in t h es i ng le g roup ( e .g . A rdene r 1 981 :12 ; B e rno t 1 982 :4 1 ; F aeg re 1 979 :7 ;

l emos ian d w e l l ing s w e re n o t p l aced i nt h e c en t r e s e i the r .

G ron 1 989 ; 1 99 1 :100 102 ; Mo r ice 1 909 :592 -593 ; P au l son 1 952 :65 ;R apopo r t 1 969 :54 -55 ;R änk 1 951 :

S t ape r t d i s t ingu i she s t wo t y pe s o f d i s t r ibu t ion

1 4 1 ; T anne r 1 99 1 :26 -28 ) .

p a t t e rn s a r ound t h e c en t ra l h ea r th s . T he ' u n imoda l ' I n t h e f ew c a se s w he re e x t reme ly w e l l p r e se rved

d i s t r ibu t ion s s how o ne a ccumu la t ion o f a r tef a c t s

n eo l i th ic d w e l l ing sc ou ld b ee x cava ted s t rong i n d ica -

o n ly , c l o se t ot h e h ea r th . I ti ss ugge s ted t h a t t h i s p a t t e rn r ef l e c t sa c t iv i t ie sc a r r ied o u ta r ound a no pen

t i on s o f s uch s pa t ia l o rgan iza t iona l p a t ter n s w e r e o b se rved ( Ch i lde 1 946 :28 ,30 ,32 ; C la rke a nd S ha rp -

a i rh ea r th ,w i th s ome a r tef ac t ss p read ing a r ound t h e c en t re d ue t ot he ' c en t r ifuga l e f f ec t ' . T he ' b imoda l ' d i s t r ibu t ion s s how o ne a ccumu la t ion o f a r tef ac t s

i e s 1 985 :70 ; Me laa r t 1 967 :56 -60 ) . W i th r e ga rd t o h un te r -ga the re r s t h e b e s t a r cha eo log ica l e xamp le s

c l o se t ot h ec en t re a nd o ne p e r iphe ra la ccumu la t ion .

a r e f r om t h e A r c t ic d ue t ot h e g ood p r e se rva t ion o f

I ti ss ugge s t ed t ha tt h ey r ef le c ti n doo rs i tua t ion s ,t h e

o rgan ic s t ruc tu r e sh e r e ,a sw e l la st h ew ide sp r ead u s e

c en t ra l o ne r e p re sen t ing t h e a c t iv i ty c en t re a nd t h e p e r iphe ra l o ne ma t e r ia l b e ing s p read b y t h e c en t r if uga l e f f ec t , a nd s t opped b y ad we l l ing w a l l ( S tape r t 1 9 89 :12 -23 ) . Whe r e a' c en t ra l h ea r th ' i s

o f d ug -ou t d w e l l ing s ( e .g . G idd ing s 1 952 :11-34 ; L a r sen a nd R a iney 1 948 : 4 0 ,4 1 ; Mob je rg 1 99 1 :45 ) . O nG r een land ,K nu th e mp loy st h ed i f f e ren to rgan i z a t iona l p a t t e rn s o f t h e dw e l l ing r ema in s t o d i s t i ngu i sh b e tw een t h e d i f f e r en t p r eh i s to r ic c u l tu ra l

l o ca ted a s ymme t r ica l ly i n s id e ad we l l ing , o ro u t s ide a nd i mmed ia te ly a d ja cen t t o i t , t h e t ype o f d i s -

p ha se s( Knu th 1 984 : 4 , 35 ,39 -42 ,93 ) . P ub l ica t ion o f al a rge n umbe r o fl a te p a la eo l i th ic s i te s ( t en t r ing s

t r i bu t ion i tp r oduce sc anno tb ep r ed ic t ed r e a sonab ly . I nn ume rou sc a se ss uch al o ca t ion w i l lb ei mpo s s ib le

e t c . ) f r om t h e e a r l ie r S ov ie t a r ea , w i th i mpo r tan t c l ue st ot h eo rgan iza t iona lp a t te rn so f s uch s i te s , i s

t oe xc lude äp r io r i .

i np r epa ra t ion . A na t temp tt oa na ly se t h e Mag lemo se s i t eB a rmo sen I( S tape r t 1 9 92 :143 188 ) , i sp r ob lema t ic . R ema in s o f ab a rk f l oo r w e r e p re se rv ed . T he c o r e s s e em a c cumu la t ed i n s ide a nd a l ong t h e w a l l o f a n a pp rox ima t e ly 4b y 5m e t r e l a rge ,o va l dwe l l ing . I f

T he e t hnog raph ic r e co rd s how s t h a t t h e ' r u le s ' o f s pa t ia l b ehav iou r a r e g ene ra l ly i n co rpo ra ted i n to a my tho log ica lf a b r ic r e f e r r ing t o amu l t id imen s iona l s ymbo l ic s pa ce ( c o smo s ) c on ta in ing t h e p a s t , t h e

t h i so u t l in ei si n te rp re t ed c o r r ec t ly ,t h en t h eh ea r th i s l o ca ted i nt h ee a s ter nh a lf o ft h ed w e l l ing ( J ohan s son 1 990 :15 17 ) . T hu s w e a r e d ea l ing w i th a n a sym -

f u tu re , t h e u nde rwo r ld , t h e ' h eav en ' , e t c . o f w h ich t h e d we l l ing s pa ce i so f t en ar e p re sen ta t ion o rga -

m e t r ica l s i tua t ion n o t s u i ted f o r r i ng a nd s e c to r

( e .g .B e rno t1 982 ;B ou rd ieu 1 970 :739 -758 ;D ox ta t e r

a na ly s i s . I nt h ed i scu s s ion o fa n a ly t ica lp r inc ip le s , i t i so fm ino ri mpor tance t ha tt h ea na ly s i s i sb a sed o n m i s lead ing d a ta o n t h e d i s t r ibu t ion s , a dop ted f r om B lankho lm ( G ron 1 992a ;1994 ) . O n t h is b a s i s t h e

1 99 1 : 156 163 ; E l iade 1 976 :3 ,4 1-43 ; F ock 1 986 :6 16 9 ; G ra cheva 1 989 ; O hnuk i -T ier ny 1 972 :427 -457 ; P a rv ia 1 99 1 :150 152 ;T anne r 1 979 :73 ,88 ; 1 99 1) .

i n te rp r e ta t ion o ft h e s i te a sa no pen a i rs i te ( S tape r t

A cco rd ing t o s o c ia l -p sycho logy t h e u se o fs pa t ia l

1 992 :157 )m u s tb es e r iou s ly d oub ted .

r e la t ion s a nd a t t i tude s b e tw een h uman s i s amo r e i mpor tan t a nd a ppa r en t ly m o re a nc ien t m ean s o f

n i z ed a s at wo o rt h r ee -d imen s iona l m ic ro -co smo s

1 . 4 .4 .a . T he p resent me thod o fa na ly s i s

c ommun ica t ing s o c ia lr e la t ion st h an s poken m e s sa g e s ( A rgy le 1 976 :94 , 132 ; A rgy le a nd D ean 1 965 ; B rewe r 1 968 ; C an te r 1 984 :215 ; 1 99 1 ; D ov ido a nd

-t he b as ic a s sump t ion

E l ly son 1 982 ; E x l ine 1 97 1 ; H a l l 1 969 ; H ow e l ls a nd

I ne t hnog r aphy i ti sr e ga rded a sa n e s tab l ished f a c t

B ecke r 1 962 ; L i t t le 1 965 ; L o t t a nd S omme r 1 967 ; Meh rab ian 1 968 ; S omme r 1 959 , 1 96 1 , 1965 , 1 968 ;

t h a t t h e s p ace i n s ide t h e d w e l l ing s o f h un te r -

S t e inzo r 1 950 ; S t rongman a nd C hampne s s 1 968 ) . 9

1 .I n t roduc t ion T h is t y pe o fb ehav iou ri ss e en a sc l o se ly r e la ted t o w ha t i s o b se rved w i th o t he r p r ima te s ( Ba rkow 1 976 :2 11 ; C han ce a nd J o l ly 1 970 :209 ; K umme r 1 969 :231) . T he b a s ic a s sump t ion i st h u st h a ts pa ce i nt h eh ab i t a t ion s o f ap r eh is to r ic c u l tu re ( hu t s , t e n t s , w ind s c reen s e t c . ) w a s o rgan iz ed i na c co rdan ce w i th a f i xed s e t o fr u le s , a nd t h a t i ts hou ld t h e r ef o re b e p os s ib le t or e con s t ruc t p a r t s o ft h e i r s pa t ia l o r ga n i za t ion ( a nd t h rough t h i s ,e l emen t so f t h e i rs o c ia l o rgan iza t ion ) f r om t h e d i s t r ibu t ion s o f a r t if a c t s , w a s te a nd s t ruc tu ra lr ema in s . O ne c on sequence o ft h e e x is tence o f s u ch ap r e s c r ibed s pa t ia l o rgan iza t ion o ft h e a c t iv i t ie s i nt h e h ab i ta t ion s o f ac u l tu ra l g r oup , s hou ld b e t h a t t h e d i s t r ibu t ion s o fe a ch o ft h e c l a s se s o fi t em s f o und h e re a r e n o t r a ndom , b u t mu s t b e r e ga rded a s s t rong ly c on t ro l led b yc u l tu ra lf a c to r s . F o ri n s tan ce , t h eo ccu r r en ce o fs k in s c rape r sm igh tb er e s t r ic ted t o w ha t w a s c once ived a s t h e ' f ema le s i de ' o f a d we l l ing , o r a r rowhead s t o t h e p o s i t ion s t h a t b y c onven t ion w e re h e ld b yt h ea du l tm a le s . A no the r c on sequence o ft h e a bove m en t ioned r e s t r ic t ion s o f t h e a c t iv i t ie s t o c e r ta in p a r t s o f t h e d we l l ing so f as p ec if i cc u l tu ra lg r oup -a c co rd ing t o t h e a ge , s e x a nd s oc ia l p o s i t ion o ft h e i n hab i tan t s i n vo lved i nt h em -i st h a t w e s hou ld e xpec t s ome p a t te rn s o f d i s t r ibu t ion t o r e pea t t h em se lve s i na n umbe ro fc a se s . T he f o cu so fa t ten t ion h a st h u sc hanged f r om s t ud ie s o ft h es h ape a nd c ompo s i t ion o fa c t iv i ty a r ea so nt h e i n d iv idua l s i te s , t ot h e o b se rva t ion o fd i s t r ibu t ion p a t te rn st h a tr e pea tt h em se lve sa t an umbe ro fs i t e s .

t wo c a se sh ad m ic ro l i th s s ho ti n to t h em ( Ha r tz a nd W inge 1 906 ; V ang P e te r sen a nd B r inch P e te r sen 1 984 ; A a r i s S o ren sen 1 984 ) . A t t h e s i te Mag leby N o r ,w h e re p r e se rved b i r ch t a rw a sf ound o ns eve ra l p i ece s o f f l in t , a l a nceo la t e p o in t w a s f ound c onnec ted t ow ha ta ppea red t ob et h er ema in so fa n a r row s haf t ( Bech s r e po r t i nL ange land s Mu seum LMR j n r .11372 ) . A na ly s is o fn ume rou si mpac t so n m ic ro l i th s c onf i rm t h i s f un c t ion ( Ba r ton a nd B e rgman 1 9 82 ; F i sch e r 1 984 :23 ; Gum 1 992b ) , w he r ea s n o t r ace s o f o t he r a c t iv i t ie s h ave b een o b se rved i nt h e Mag lemos ian m a te r ia l a na ly sed . I n af ew c a se s t r ace s o fc u t t ing , s aw ing , s hav ing e t c . h ave b een o b s e rved o nm ic ro l i th sf r om o t he rc u l tu re s ( F in lay son 1 990 ) . A lmos t a l o f t h e se , h oweve r , s e em t o a pp ea r o n t h e u nwo rked e dge s o f t h e o r ig ina lb l ade s ,a nd t h u s may r e f lec tu se p r io rt ot h e p rodu c t ion o f t h e m ic ro l i th s . T he l ow r e la t ive n umbe r o f m ic ro l i th s w i th d amages f r om u s e a s p ro jec t i le p o in t s , c ompa red t ot h e o f t en v e r y l a rge r e la t ive n umbe ro fm ic ro l i th sw i th n ow ea rt r ace sa t a l l , mo s t l i k e ly r e f lec t s t h a t m any d amaged p o in t s w e r e d i sca rded a nd r e p laced d u r ing t h e h un t , f a r f r om t h es e t t lemen t s( Nuzhny i 1 990 :114 ,122 ) . I ts hou ld t h u s b e p os s ib le o n ar e a sonab le b a s i s t o a s sume : a )t h a t t h e m ic ro l i th s f o und o n t h e s i tes r e p r e sen tt h ei n t ra s i te a s pec to fh un t ing :p roduc t ion a nd m a in tenance o fh un t ing w eapon s , r emova l o f p r o jec t i le r ema in s f r om m ea te t c . , a nd b )t h a tt h e i r d i s t r ibu t ion s ,d ue t ot h e i rs i ze s ,o f ten much s ma l le r t h an 4c en t ime t re ,h ave b een m in ima l ly a f f ec ted b y c l ean ing . H ow eve rt h ef a c tt h a tr e pea ted p a t ter n sa r ef ound i n t h ed i s t r ibu t ion so fs ma l l o b jec t si sn o g ua ran tee i n i t s e lf t h a tt h ey a r en o tr e depo s i t ed .I ti si mpo r tan tt o p r e sen t f u r the ra r gumen t s i ne a ch c a se . S y s tema t ic ' t o s s ing ' o r ' d ump ing ' o fm ic ro l i th ic i t em s c an f o r i n s tan ce b eo b served a tt h eU lk e s t rup I .H e r ew ef i nd t h a t n ea r ly a l m ic ro b u r in s a r e f o und o u t s ide t h e d w e l l ing a r ea ( ma rked b yt h ep r e se rved f l oo r )w i th t h em a jo rp a r tf o und i nt h e' wa s t el a ye r ' ,w h e r ea st h e m a in b ody o ft h eo t he rm ic ro l i th ic p i ece sa r ef ound o nt h eb a rk f l oo r( 3 .1 .6 . ) . Ac u l tu ra ld i sc r im ina t ion

1 . 4 .4 .b . Cho ice o f ma in o b jec tc a tegor ie s f or a na ly s i s T or e duce t h ep r ob lem so fp o s s ib le r e depo s i t ion b y c l ean ing , a nd t h e c onf u s ion c once rn ing t h e f u nc t i ona la s pec t s ,t h ea na ly s i sh a sb een c oncen t ra ted o n t h em ic ro l i th ic p i eces .T he Mag lemo s ian m ic ro l i th s s e ldom ly e xceed 4c mi ns i z ea nd s e em o n ly t oh ave s e rved a si n se r t s i na r row o rs p ea rh ead s . T he L o s h u l ta r row h ad l a nceo la te p o in t sa si n se r t s( P e t t e r son 1 9 51 :125 127 ) .A u roch ss k e le ton sf o und i nb og s , i n

b e tween m ic ro b u r in s a nd o t h e rm ic ro l i th ic p i ece s s e em sq u i te u nde r s tandab le s i n ce t h e f o rme rr e p re s en t t h e w a s t e p roduc t f r om t h e m anuf ac tu r ing o f t h el a t te r .

1 0

I .I n t roduc t ion s qua r e . T he d i s tance b e tween t h e c en t r e s o f t wo s qua r e ss i de -by s ide i ss e tt o 1d a ta u n i t , s ot h a tt h e i n te rpo la t ion g r id f i t s t h e m2s t ruc tu re . F o r s e a r ch f o rd a ta p o in t s ,s e a rch r a d iu si ss e tt o1 . 2d a ta u n i t s a nd t h en umbe ro fn ea r e s tp o in t si ss e tt o4 . Smoo th i n go ft h ec u rve sb yt h ef a c to ro f1 0h a sb een u s ed t o m ake t h em e a s ie rt or e ad .

A no th e rf e a tu r eg iven mu ch a ten t ion i nt h ea na ly s i s i st h ep o s i t ion o fh ea r th s .A ni mpo r tan tp o in ti st h a t f l in t i n h ea r th s , a nd o n ly t h e r e , i se xpo sed t o s o s t rong ah ea tt h a t i tb r eak s i n to al a rge n umbe r o f s ma l l p i ece s ( F ische r e t .a l . 1 979 :23 ,25 -26 ) r a th e r r e s i s tan tt oc l ean ing p roce s se s . T hu st h en umbe ro f p i ece so fb u rn tf l in tm ay b e au s ef u li n d ica to ro ft h e p o s i t ion s o fh ea r th s ( 3 .1 .5 . ) , w he r ea st h ew e igh to f b u rn t f l in t p e r m2 m ay b e m i s lead ing , s i nce l a rge r b u rn t p i ece s a r e mo re e a s i ly c l ea red o u t f r om t h e c en t ra l h ea r th a r ea t h an t h es ma l lf r agmen t s .

T he l e ve ls i n te rpo la ted a r et y p ica l ly 1 0% ,2 0%. .e t c . o ft h em ax imum v a lu e ,w i th a ni n ten s i ty o f0 . 4i t em s p e r m2 a st h em in imum . T he c u rve v a lue su sed a r e e qu id i s tan t( ma rk ing i n ten s i t ie so f1 X ,2 X ,3 Xe t c . ) i n s tead o fl o ga r i thm ic ,e xponen t ia la nd o t he rc u rve v a lue s ( e .g . 0 . 125K , 0 . 25K , 0 . 5K , K , 2K , 4 K , 8 K , w he r e K , f o ri n s tance , i st h e a ve rage v a lue ) . I n te r p o la t ion w i th n on -equ id i s tan tc u rve sw i l le mpha s ize s ome e l emen t so ft h ed i s t r ibu t ion p a t te rn sa nd s up p r e s so t he r s .

T h e d i s t r ibu t ion s o f l i t h ic w a s te a r e g i ven s ome a t ten t ion a si n d ica to r s o ft h e l o ca t ion s o fd we l l ing a r ea s a nd w a s te l a ye r s . T h i s , h ow eve r , i sb a sed o n t h e i rd i s t r ibu t ion o nk nown d we l l ing f l oo r s . D ue t o t h e i r s i ze a nd t o t h e f a c t t h a t s ome t y pe s o fl i t h ic w a s t ea tl e a s ti no ne c a se s e em t oh ave b een c l ean ed o u ts e lec t ive ly ( 2 .1 .5 . a nd 2 . 1 .6 . ) ,t h ey a r en o ts e en a si n d ica to r so ft h el o ca t ion so fa c t iv i ty a r ea s .

T he a ppea rance o f i n ten s i ty c u rve s w i th v a lue s s ma l le rt h an 1 ,s u ch a sf o ri n s t ance 0 . 4i t em sp e r m2, d oe sn o tm ean t h a ta ny s p ec if i cs qua re c on ta in s0 . 4

P r e se rved S t ruc tu ra l r ema in s o fd w e l l ing s s u ch a s b a rk f l oo r s a nd d we l l ing p i t s , a r e o f c ou r se i m -

s c rape r , b u t , t h a t t h e c u rve m a rk s t h e b o rde r b e t ween a r ea s w i th i n ten s i t ie s b e low a nd a bove 0 . 4 i t em s p e r m2.T he i t em s o fc ou r se a ppea r i nw ho le n umbe r si nt h es qua r e s .T h ep u rpo se o ft h ec u rve si s e xc lu s ive ly t o e xp re s s t h e a c tua l d i s t r ibu t ion s g r aph i ca l ly i n av i sua l ly ,e a s i ly u nde r s tandab le w ay .

p or tan te l em en t si nt h ea na ly s i s .

1 . 4 .4 .c . Me thod o fg raph ica lp re sen ta t i on

I n s p i te o f t h e m echan ica l p roduc t ion o f t h e g r aph ica l p i c tu r e s , i t mu s t b e s t re s sed t h a t v i sua l i n spe c t ion a nd c ompa r i son o fd i s t r ibu t ion p a t te rn s e xp re s sed b y e qu id i s tan t c on tou r l i nes , l i ke i n te r p r e ta t ion o fm ic ro w ea r t r ace s , X ray p i c tu re s , t h e g r aph ica lo u tpu tf r om g eo log ica le qu ipmen ts u ch a s g eo r ada r sa nd s e d im en te cho s ounde r se t c . ,i sn o ta n o b jec t ive p r ocedu r e .T ha ti s ,t h ed i s t inc t ion b e tween i mpo r tan t f e a tu r e s a nd u n impo r tan t f e a tu r e s i sa p roce s s i n f luen ced b y s u ch a s ub jec t ive t h ing a s

T oa vo id s t a t i s t ica lp rob lem s ,i th a sb een d ec ided t o s t udy a nd c ompa re t h ed i s t r ibu t ion so ft h ei n d iv idua l o b jec tc a tego r ies b yg r aph ica lr e p re sen ta t ion so n ly . T h ey a r e p r e sen ted a s e qu id i s tan t c on tou r l i n e s . B ecause t h e d i s t r ibu t ion s o fm any i t em s h ave t r a d i t iona l ly b e en r eg i s te r ed o n ly i n m2s qua re s , t h i s u n i t h a s b een c ho sen a s t h e b a s i s f o r t h e i n t e r p o la t ion . I n af ew c a se s w he re i tw a s p o s s ib le , s upp lemen ta ry i n te rpo la t ion o n t h e b a s i s o f 1 /4 m2 s qua re sh a sb e en u s ed t og e t am o r ed e ta i led p i c tu r e . I ng ene ra l t h e m2s qua r e u n i t s e em s t ob e au s ef u l u n i t .F rom a na na ly t ica lp o in to fv i ew ,h ow eve r ,t h e p o s s ib i l i ty f o r s ucce s s w ou ld b e c on s ide rab ly i m p r oved i ft h e 1 /4 m2 u n i t i nf u tu r e e xcava t ion s w a s u s ed a st h em ax imum r e g i s t ra t ion u n i t .

e xpe r ience . A b a s ic e xpe r ience i st h a t o n ly c l ea r s t ruc tu re s s hou ld b eg i ven a ten t ion .' W eake r 's t ruc tu r e sw i l li n g ene ra l -n o m a t te rh ow m uch e ne rgy i sp u t i n to a r ef in ed a na ly s i so ft h em -o n ly g i ve a mb iguou sa nd b l u r r ed r e su l t s .

T oe mp loy a1 00% a u toma t ic p r ocedu r e ,p r oduc ing i mmed ia te ly c ompa rab le g r aph ica l e xp r e s s ion s , a l c on tou rm ap sa r ep r oduced b yt h ep r og ram S URFER 4 . 1 , f r om G o lden S of twa re . T he a moun t o fi t em s f o und i n am2s qua re i sr e la ted t ot h e c en t re o ft h e

A ny a t temp t t o e s t ima te t h e ' s ign if ican ce ' o f t h e o bse rved f e a tu r e s s t a t is t ica l ly w i l l b e c on t rad ic to ry t ot h e b a s ic a s sump t ion t h a t t h e d i s t r ibu t ion s o fa t

1

1 .I n t roduc t ion F rom e t hnog raphy w e h ave e xamp les o fs i tua t ion s w he re t h e d we l l ing s h ave n o s upe r s t ruc tu r e a t a l l a nd t h es p a t ia lr u le sa r es t i l lo b se rved .E l i sabe th M . T homa s f o r i n s tance n o tes ac a se f r om t h e B u sh m en : ' T he w omen h ad n o t b u i l t h u t s , b u t h ad s c ooped l i t t le h o l low s f o r t h em se lve s a nd t h e i r h u sband s , w h ich t h ey h ad l i n ed w i th s o f t g r a s s b edd ing ,a nd h ad p u tu pt wo a r ch ing s t i ck sa te a ch o f t h e se h o l low s t o m a rk t h e p l a ce w h e r e t h e d oo r w ou ld b ei fas c h enn h ad b een t h e r e ,f o rt h eK ung a s w e l la st h eG ikw en eed as en se o fp l ace . I nf a c t ,t h e K ung n eed i te ven m o re , f o rw i thou tt h e i rg r a s sa nd m a rk ing s t i ck s t h e K ung f e e l h ome le s s ' ( Thoma s 1 969 :19 1) .

l e a s ts ome o ft h e o b jec t s r e f lec t c on sc iou s c u l tu ra l m an ipu la t ion .T he i rr e pea tab i l i ty ,h ow eve r ,m ay g i ve a n i d ea o ft h e i rv a lue a sb ehav iou ra l ly ' mean ingf u l u n i t s '( J ohn son 1 984 :80 ) .

1 . 5 . T he ma ter ia l T he a va i lab le Mag lemo s ian m a te r ia lf r om t h eN o r th E u ropean L ow land , t h a t i ss ou the rn S cand inav ia , s ou th -ea s te rn B r i ta in a nd n o r the rn G e rmany , h a s b een u s ed a s ab a s i sf o rt h ea na ly s i s . T he c ho ice o ft h e Mag lemo se C u l tu r e f o r t h e a na l y s i si sd u et o an umbe ro ff a c to r s :

1 . 6 . S tra tegy

a ) Many o f t h e s i te s c on ta in a l a rge n umbe r o f a r t if a c t sp e r m2.T h i si si mpo r tan ts i nce b a s ic d i s t r i b u t iona l p a t ter n s c an b e d i s t ingu ished o n ly o n t h e

I nc hap te r2 ,w e s ha l l f i r s t d ea l w i th t h e U lke s t rup u t s ,t od i scu s st h e i rc ha rac te ra sh u t s ,t h ef a c tt h a t b a s i so fi n ten s i t ie sl a rge rt h an 1 ,2o r 3i t em sp e r m2. H f l in t s e em st ob e p r e sen t i n s ide t h e d we l l ing s t ruc t u res , w a l l e f f ec t , t h e r a the r c omp lex d ump ing b ) Many o f t h e s i te s c on ta in a l a rge n umbe r o f s t ra tegy t h a tc an b eo b se rved a tH u tI ,a nd an umbe r a r t if a c t ss ma l le rt h an 4 5c m ,w h ich o ugh tt h u st ob e o f o t h e r q u e s t i o n s . B y v i r t u e o f t h e i r u n i q u e p r e l e s s e xpo sed t os e conda ry d epos i t ion t h rough c l ea s e rva t ion a nd t h e e x t reme ly d e ta i led a nd w e l l n i ng o ft h el i v ing s u rf ace ,t h an l a rge ri t em s . d ocumen ted e xcava t ion o fH u tI ,t h ey w i l ls e rve a s t h ek ey l o ca l i t ie sf o rt h ef u r the ra na ly s is . c ) Many o ft h e s i t e s a ppea r a s r e s t r ic t ed c oncen t r a t ion s o f o n ly 5 10 m e t r e s i n d i ame te r , a nd t ypo log ica l ly a s c h rono log ica l ly p u re u n i t s . T h i s C hap te r 3i sa n a na ly s is o f r e pea ted d i s t r ibu t ion i mp rove s t h e c hances t h a t t h e u n i t s a na ly sed p a t te rn sa t3 0l o ca l i t ie s . C hap t e r 4p r esen t st h ei n te r p r e ta t ion o f t h e s i te s , t h e d i f f e r en t t y pe s , t h e i r r e p r e sen td w e l l ing u n i t su s ed w i th in av e ry r e s t r ic ted t ime i n te rva l . t o pog raph ica l l o ca t ion s a nd s e a sona l r e la t ion s , w he r ea sc hap te r 5c on ta in s ad i scu s s ion a nd ac on d ) I n s ome c a se s d we l l ing r ema in s a r e p r e served c l us ion c oncer n ing t h e s pa t ia l a nd s o c ia l o r gan i s uch a sf l oo r s m ade u p o fb r anches a nd b a rk w i th z a t ion o ft h es i te s . h ea r th s o n t h em , s ha l low d w e l l ing p i t s , t e n t r i ng s a nd i n ac oup le o fc a se se ven w ha ta ppea r st ob et h e A l l C 14 d a t ing s a r e g i ven a s u nca l l ibra t ed v a lue s l ow e rp a r to ft h ew a l ls t ake s .T h i sm ake si tp o s s ib le , BC . t o e s tab l ish a r e la t ion b e tween t h e d i s t r ibu t ion p a t ter n sa nd t h ed we l l ing s t ruc tu r e s . I ts h a l lh e re b ee mpha s iz ed t h a tb yd w e l l ing i sm ean t a ny k i nd o fh u t , t e n t , w ind sc reen o ro t h e r s t ruc tu r e t h a th a s g i ven p ro tec t ion t ot h e c en t ra l l i v ing a r ea s o n t h e s i te s . T o t h e p r e sen t s t udy o f s p a t ia l o r g a n iz a t ion ,t h et y pe so fp hy s ica l s upe r s t ru c tu r e sc on n ec ted t ot h ed i f f e r en td w e l l ing a r ea sa r er e ga rded a s i r re levan t . T he p o in t i st h a t t h e d we l l ing s pace i s o rgan ized i na c co rdance w i th as p ec if ic s e to fr u le s i n dependen to fi t sp hy s ica lf r ame s .

1 2

2 .T he U lk es t rup H u t s

2 .T he U lke s trup Hu t s T he t wo U lke s t rup H u t sw e re e xcava ted i nt h eb og Amo s en i nc en t ra l Z ea land f r om 1 947 t o 1 950 b y K nud A nde r sen . T hey b o th r e vea led f l oo r s c on s i s t ing o f b a rk a nd b r anche s , s t ake s t h a t l i ke ly r e p r e sen t t h e w a l l s o f t h e d w e l l ing s , a nd a n e no rmou s n umbe r o f o r gan ic o b jec t s s u ch a s a p add le , af i sh ing s pea rw i th ap a r to ft h e s haf t s t i l l a t tach ed , af r agmen t o f ab ow , n ume rou s b one p o in t s ,h az e lnu ts he l l s ,e t c .A pa r tf r om t h i sb o th s i t e s y i e lded l a rge a moun t s o ff l in t w h ich a mong o t he r t h ing sc on ta ined n ume rou sm ic ro l i th s . W i th r e ga rd t o e x cava t ion t e chn ique , t h e f l oo r o f H u t Iw a s e xcava t ed i na c co rdance w i th T roe l s -Sm i th 's ' s y s te m a t ica l m e thod ' i n c lud ing e xa c t 3 d imen s iona l m ea su remen to fa l l ' f o re ign e l emen t s ' ( t ha t i sf l in t , b one ,w o rk ed w ood ,c ha r coa lp a r t ic le sa nd s t one s ) . P a r t so ft h ew a s te l a ye ra nd t h em a jo rp a r to fH u tI w e re e xcava ted b y amo re s umma ry b u t l e ss t ime c on sum ing t e chn ique .T h ef i nd sw e r eh e r er e g i s te r ed

T he s i t e i sC 14 d a ted t o 6 050± 115 BC ( ma t e r ia l f r om t h e w a s te l a ye r , K -4998 ) , 6 100± 115 BC ( ma te r ia lf r om t h ew a s t el a ye r ,K -4999 ) , 6 190± 100 BC ( h aze lnu t s f r om t h e w a s te l a ye r , K -2 174 ) a nd 6 420± 130 ( b u rn tt r ee f r om t h ew a s t el a ye r ,K -2 175 ) . A cco rd ing t oK nud A nde r sen o n es c a len et r i ang le o n t h e f l oo r i so f as t y le s im i la r t ot h o se f r om H u t I ( : 27 ,37 ) . Ih ave a r gued t h a t t h i s t y pe i sr e a l ly a l a nceo la te t y pe ( Gum 1 987a :309 ) . A s s u ch i td oe s n o ti np r inc ip le d if e rf r om t h el a n ceo la te sb e long ing t oH u tI .S ince t h et wo f i r s tC 14 d a t ings a r e o ft h e b e s tq ua l i ty a nd t h ed a t ing o ft h eh az e lnu ts h e l l sh a s t h es ma l le s to wn -age ,i tmu s tb ec on c luded t h a tt h e f l oo rs e em st ob e ac h rono log ica lu n i tw i th ad a t ing t oa pp rox ima te ly 6 100 BC .

2 . 1 .1 . T he f l oor T he e xcava t ion r e vea led ar e c tangu la rf l oo r( f ig . 1) . A cco rd ing t ot h e l a rge r p i ece s o fw ood a nd b a rk , w h ich m ade u p a n a ppa r en t f r ame , t h e m ea su re s w e re a pp rox ima te ly 6b y 4m e t re s c onnec ted t oa c oncen t ra t ion o fl i t h ic w a s te a pp rox ima te ly 4b y 5 m e t r e s( f ig .7B ) (2 ) .I nt h es ou th er np a r t ,t h ee nd b e s t p r e se rved , t h e f l oo r c ou ld b e s e en t oc on s i s t o f a d a rk u ppe r l a ye ra pp rox ima te ly 5c mt h ick , a lmos t t o ta l ly d ecayed a nd c on ta in ing t h em a in p a r to ft h e f l i n ta nd t h eo t he rf i nd s ,a nd al ow e rp a r tu pt o1c m t h ick , c ompo sed o fb und le s o fb r anche s . T he b r an c hes w e re 5t o 6c m t h ick , u p t o2 5 c m l o ng , a nd w e r em a in ly f r om b i r ch ,b u ta l so h az e la nd p i ne w e r e r e p re sen ted . B e tw een t h em w e r e s ma l le rb r an che s , t w igs , p e t io la te s a nd af ew l e ave s o ft h e b r a cken L a s t rea t h e lyp te r i s . T he f r ame a sw e l l a st h e l owe r p a r to ft h es t ru c tu re r e s ted d i r ec t ly o nt h ep ea t . T he n o r ther n e nd o ft h e f l oo r w a s l e ss w e l l p r e se rved .

i n m2s qua re s , a nd a s y s tema t ica l r e g i s t ra t ion o f c ha rcoa lp a r t ic les e t c . w a sn o ta c comp l i shed . C om p a r ed t oH u tI ,t h is r e s t r ic t st h eu sef u lne s so fH u tI , b u ts e en a s aw ho le ,t h et wo s i t e sm u s tc on s t i tu t eo n e o f t h e m o s t i mpo r tan t m a te r ia ls f o r t h e s t udy o f s e t t lemen t o r gan iza t ion i n t h e m e so l i th ic . T h e f o l low ing c hap t e ri sb a sed o nA nde r sen ' sp ub l ica t ion o ft h e m a te r ia l ( Ande r sen e ta l . 1 982 :10 19 ) a nd s upp lemen t ed b y i n f o rma t ion f r om t h e e xcava t ion r e po r t ( NM V I I I j n r .4058 , t h e D an i sh N a t iona l Mu seum ) . R ef e rences i n t h i s c hap te r w i th s i de n umb e r so n ly ,r e f e rt ot h ep ub l ica t ion . Whe re Ih o ld o t he r o p in ion s o f t h e m a t e r ia l t h an h i the r to p ub l i sh ed ,t h i si so w ing t o an ew d e ta i led a na ly s i so f t h em a t e r ia l ,w h ich K nud A nde r sen h a sk i nd ly l e tm e h ave a c ce s st o .

H e re t h ed a rk u ppe rl a ye rr e s ted d i re c t ly o nt h ep ea t . T h is i s mo s t l i ke ly d ue t o ar a i s ing o ft h e n o r the rn p a r t o ft h e h u t ( s ee 2 . 1 .2 ) d u r ing ap e r iod w i th a h i ghe rw a te rl e ve l ,w hen i td ev e loped i n to af l oa t ing i s land . I np e r iod s w i th ar e la t ive ly l ow w a te r l e ve l t h er a i sed n o r ther np a r th a sb een mu ch mo re e xpo sed t od ecay t h an t h el ow e rs ou ther no n e .

2 . 1 . Hu tI A0 . 5m e t r eb r oad d r a inage d i tch r unn ing e a s t -w e s t r e vea led i n1 947 t h e f l oo ro fH u tI .T he m ea su r ing s y s t em f o r t h e e xcava t ion w a s p l aced s o t h a t t h e d i t ch t o ok u pt h es ou the rn h a lf o ft h e m2s qua r e sf o r y =9 s o u th .T om ak et h en umbe r so fi t em sf r om t h e s e s qua r e s , o f w h ich t h e o ne h a lf i s m i s s ing , c ompa rab le t ot h o s ef r om t h eo t he r s ,t h ey h ave b een

An or th -sou th s e c t ion b a sed o n t h e 3 -d imen s iona l r e g i s t ra t ion so ft h eo b jec t ss h ow st h es i tua t ion i nt h e n or ther np a r to ft h ef l oo r( f ig .2 ) .C lea r ly t h en o r th e rn V 2m e t r e o ft h e n o r the rnmo s t c o rne ro ft h e f l oa t ing i s land t o ge the r w i th t h e f l oo r w a s a t s ome t ime

m u l t ip l ied b y af a c to ro f2 . 1 3

2 .T he U lk e s t rup H u t s

F ig .] . T he f l oor o fU lk e s t rup I ,w i th s t ak e s ( t he u ppe re nd ss hown a sb l ack d o t s ) , h ea r th s ( ha tched a rea s ) a nd b a rk p i ece s . f o rced u pwa rd s , s o t h a t ab r eak w a s f o rmed i nt h e p ea to ft h ef l oa t ing i s land .T he m in ima lc hange i ni t s h o r izon ta lp o s i t ion mo s tl i ke ly r e f lec t st h a tt h ef l oo r

t h an 6 c m t h ick . I n t h e b o t tom w a s ac l ay l e n s

a nd t h e v ege ta t ion h e ld t h e i s land t oge the r . S ome

w i th much c ha r coa l a nd o ne 1 0 c m l o ng p i ece o f

b one s , s t on e sa nd h uman f l in ts e em t oh ave s l ipped t h rough t h e b r eak f r om t h e i n c l in ing s u rf a ce o ft h e

w ood . T h i s a ga in r e s ted d i r ec t ly o n t h e p ea t . T h is h ea r th i sa ppa ren t ly c l o se ly r e la ted t ot h et y pe f r om

f l oo r , a nd a r e f ound a mong t h e c ha rcoa l p a r t ic le s

D uven see W .6 d e sc r ib ed b yB oke lmann ( Boke lmann

wh ich a ppea re ve rywhe re u nde rt h e f l oa t ing i s land .

1 98 1a : 1 83 ) .

2 . 1 .2 . Hear ths

A c on cen t ra t ion o f c ha rcoa l m ea su r ing a pp rox i m a t e ly 5 0 b y 4 0 c m w a s o b se rved i nt h e n or ther n

A cco rd ing t ot h ee xcava to r ,t h eo n ly h ea r th o b se rved

p a r t o ft h e f l oo r . T he r e po r t s t a te s : ' I tl a y o n ly 2 3 c m u nde rt h eh a r rowed s u rf ace , a nd m ay h ave b een

m ea su r ing a pp rox ima te ly 7 0 b y 4 0 c m , 3c mt h ick . T he h ea r th w a sp l aced o n a3 8 c mt h ick d a rk l a ye r

t r odden i n to t h e p ea t , b u t i td i d n o t l o ok a s i ft h i s w a st h ec a s e ' . I tc on ta in ed ac oup le o fs and b l o tche s , e ach m ea su r ing a pp rox ima te ly 1 0 c m i nd i ame te r ,

w a s l o ca ted c en t ra l ly i n t h e s ou the rn e nd o f t h e r e c tangu la rf l oo r .A cco rd ing t ot h er e po r ti tc on s i s ted o f ' s and i n s eve ra l l a ye r s , s epa ra ted b y l a ye r s o f c on ta ined ' s ome f i re d amaged f l in t , s ome b one sa nd m any h az e lnu t s ' .T he l a rge ,r a th e rd i f f u se ly c onf ined

s ome f l i n t ,h az e lnu t s , as ma l l a moun to fw ood a nd a f r agmen t o f ab one p o in t ( t he l a t t e r h a s b een i d en t if ied a sf i nd n r . 9 564 ) . T he e xcava to r s ' n o te s

s and l e n s h ad ad i ame te r o fa pp rox ima t e ly 1 . 5 m , a nd i ti sm en t ioned t h a t i t s w e s ter n p a r t w a s m o r e

a r e i n t e r e s t ing o n t h i s p o in t . A c on cen t ra t ion o f c ha rcoa l w i th n o m a s s ive a ppea rance o f s and o r

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2 .T he U lk e s t rup Hu t s o ro t h e r s t ruc tu ra l e l emen t s d i f f e r s f r om t h eh ea r th s t ruc tu re s , a st h ey a r e f o und i nt h e p ea t a r ea s . T he n o t ion t h a ti t' m igh th ave b een t r odden i n to t h ep ea t , b u t t h i s d i d n o t s e em t ob e t h e c a se ' a l so s t rong ly i n d ica t e s t h a t w e a r e o b se rv ing as e conda ry d epo s i t ion , a nd n o t ar e gu la rh ea r th , i ns p i te o ft h e f a c t t h a ti tw a se mbedded i na ppa r en t ly u nd i s tu rbed p ea t .

T he p o s s ib i l i t ie s o ft r an spor t o fm a te r ia l f r om t h e f l oo rt o ah i gh e rl e ve la r ep re sen ts i nce t h en o r the rn c o rne r , a sw e s aw , a ts ome t ime b en tu pwa rd st oa l e ve l l i k e ly h i ghe rt h an 2 40 ( f ig .2 ) . T h i s h appened o n ly h a lf a m e t re t o t h e n o r th o f t h e c ha r coa l c on cen t ra t ion o b se rved .F ig .3 s how s wha tm ay h ave h appened .

T he e x cava to rr e ga rd st h i sf e a tu r ea sn o tb e long ing t ot h ef i nd h o r izon o fH u tI .W i th at o pl e ve lo f2 40

T he f r agm en t ( n r .9564 ) f ound i n t h e c ha r coa l c oncen t ra t ion i sf r om af l a tb one p o in t made o u to f

F ig .4 .T he p o l l en s e r ie sf rom U lk e s t rup I . F ig .3 . As k e t ch o fh ow c ha rcoa lf rom t h ec u l tu r e l a y er a tU lk es t rup I ,m ay h ave b een e l eva t ed .

ac l oven r i b ,t e chn ica l ly e xac t ly s im i la rt ot h em o s t n o rma l t y pe f ound i nt h e c u l tu r e l a ye r . T he u s e o f c l oven r i b s i s c ha ra c te r i s t ic f o r t h e Mag lemo se C u l tu re . I n c on t ra s t t ot h e l a te r c u l tu re s t h ey h ad a cce s st op r ey ( a u roch sa nd e l k )t h a tc ou ld p r ov ide

i tw a s a pp rox ima te ly 2 0 c m a bove t h e t o p o ft h e l a t te r , w he re t h i s , d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion , w a s r e g i s t e r ed i nt h ep rof i le s ,n o tl e s st h an 1m e t re f r om t h e p o in t o fi n te re s t . T he f i nd s f r om t h e e l eva t ed c oncen t ra t ion o fc ha r coa lw e re n o tr e g is te r ed t h r ee d imen s iona l ly .T h eb one p o in tf r agmen tw a sr e la ted t ot h e m2s qua re ( 8w ,7 s )a nd d e sc r ibed a s' f ound a t ah i gh e r l e ve l t h an t h e c u l tu re l a ye r i t se lf . T he r ema in ing f i nd sw e re r e g i s te red a sa nd m ixed w i th t h e f i nd s c o l lec ted o n t h e s u rf a ce . T he p os s ib i l i ty t h a tt h ec ha r coa lc oncen t ra t ion d e r ive sf r om t h eh u t f l oo ri sd i scu s sed i nt h ef o l low ing .

t h e b road f l a tr i b s n ece s sa ry ( Ma th ia s sen 1 948 :36 , B r inch P e t e r sen , p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . I th a s u n succe s sf u l ly b een a t temp ted t or ef i tt h ef r agmen t w i th a l lf r agmen t so fb one p o in t sf r om t h ef l oo r . T he p o l len s e r ie s 4a nd 5a r ef r om t h ea r ea a f f ec ted b y t h e f l oa t ing i s land . T he c u l tu r e l a ye r o n t h i s s t ruc tu r e i ss hown i nb l ack o n f i g .4 , whe r ea s t h e d i s tu rbance u nde r i ti ss hown a s a wh i t e b l ock , 1 6

2 .T he U lk e s t rup H u t s J o rgen sen sz one V I I i st h eL a te A t lan t ic ( E r tebo l le ) ( : 109 136 ) . T he c ha r coa l c oncen t ra t ion i sf ound 1 m e t re t ot h en o r th o fs e r ie s4 ,a tl e ve l2 40 ,i nt h ea r ea a f f ec t ed b yt h ef l oa t ing i s land .I ft h ed eve lopmen to f t h el o ca lt o pog raphy o nt h i ss t ru c tu r ew a sa sl e ve l a s t h et op o ft h ec u l tu r el a ye ra nd t h el a te rt o pog raphy i n d ica t e s ,t h en aL a t eA t lan t ic a g ei si n d ica ted f o rt h e c ha rcoa l c oncen t ra t ion w i th t h e Mag lemo s ian b one p o in tf r agmen t . A cco rd ing t oK nud A nde r sen , H u t Iw a s l o ca l iz ed b ef or et h ed ra inage d i tch i n te r sec ted i t ,b yt h ef i nd s o f f l in t , h aze lnu t s , b a rk a nd t y p ica l Mag lemo s ian m ic ro l i th so nt h es u r f a ce . T h i sh appened d u r ing t h e h a r row ing o f t h e a r ea i n 1 947 ( : 8 ) , a nd s t rong ly i n d ica te s t h a t t h e t o p o ft h e c u l tu r e l a ye r o fH u t I w a s a f f ec ted b y t h e h a r row ing . A n u ppe r , u n o b se rved , Mag lemo s ian h o r izon s hou ld ,a c co rd ing t o t h e p a lyno log ica l r e su l t s ( f ig .4 ) , a ppea r i n am i l ieu d a ted t ot h eL a te A t lan t ic ,o rl a t e r . A cco rd ing t ot h e e xcava to r 's s t ra t ig raph ica l o b se r v a t ion s ,t h ef l oo r -w i th at o pl e ve lo fa pp rox ima te ly 2 60 -w a s i n g ene ra l c ove r ed b y 1 5 t o 2 0 c m o f u nd is tu rbed p ea t . T hu s , w e mu s t a s sume t h a t m a te r ia lf r om t h ef l oo r ,w i th in ar e s t r ic ted a r ea ,w a s e l eva ted t o ah i ghe rl e ve l b yt h ed ef o rma t ion o ft h e n o r the rn c o rne r . I ts e em st h a t al a rge a moun to fc ha r coa l w a sp r esen t o nt h en o r the rn c o rn e ro ft h ef l oo r . T he p r e sence o f t h em ax imum i n t en s i ty o fc ha r coa l p i ece sr e g i s te red i nt h e c u l tu re l a ye r -2 63 i no ne m2s qua re -w a s f ound j u s t o u t s ide t h i s c o rne r . T o o b ta in a mo r e d e ta i led p i c tu r eo ft h i sd i s t r ibu t ion , a ni n te rpo la t ion h a sb een m ade o nt h eb a s i so ft h ei n ten s i t ie si n1 4 m2 / s qua re s ( f ig .5C ) . S ome a r ea s i nt h e e a s te rn p a r t o f t h e e xcava t ion a r e l e f tb l ank , a st h e r eg i s t ra t ion o f c ha rcoa lp a r t ic le sh e r ed u r ing t h ee xcava t ion w a sn o t s uff ic ien t . F ive s ma l le r ' h eap s ' o f c ha r coa l , n o t r e g is te red a s' c ha rcoa l p a r t ic le s ' w e r e a l so f ound i n t h e s qua r e ( 1 1/6 ) w i th t h e m ax imum c oncen t ra t ion ( f ig .5B ) . O n ly i nt h e e a s te rn p a r t o f t h e s ou the rn

F ig .5 . U lk e s t rup I D i s t r ibu t ion so fA : c l ay p ieces , B : c har coa l ' h eap s 'a nd C . c ha rcoa lp a r t ic l e s ( e qu id i s tance = 210 p iec es p e rs qua re m e t re ) .

h ea r th w a s t h e r e f o und a s im i la r c oncen t ra t ion o f ' h eap s ' ,f o u ro ft h em i ns qua r e7 / 10 ,a nd o ne i n7 1 11 . S ing le ' h eap s ' w e re r e g is te r ed i n -t h e s qua re s 7 / 5 , 7 / 7 , 7 / 8 a nd 4 / 13 .

m a rked z one V I . S e r ie s 1i st a ken t ot h en o r th o ft h e f l oa t ing i s l and . T he c u l tu re l a ye r i sp o l len -da ted t o i n J o rgen s en 's t e rm ino logy , i n

I nt h es qua r e s 8 11/6 a nd 7 / 5 ,t ot h ee a s ta nd w e s to f t h en o r th c or n e ro ft h e f l oo r , w a s f ound an o t iceab le

a c co rdan ce w i th t h e C 14 d a t ing t oa bou t 6 100 BC .

c oncen t ra t ion o fs ma l l c l ay p i e ce s ( af ew c en t ime t -

e a r ly z on e V I

1 7

2 .T he U lk es t rup Hu t s

F ig .6 .U lk e s t rup I .B o t tom a nd t o po fc u l tu re l a yer . E qu id i s tance :A : 6 . 0c m , B : 6 . 5c m .

2 . 1 .4 . T he c oa s tl i ne

r e s i nd i ame te r o r l e s s ) . A cco rd ing t o t h e i r d i s t r i b u t ion s im i la rt ot ha t o ft h e c ha rcoa l , t h ey s e em t o

A cco rd ing t oK nud Ande r sen a nd S v end J o rgen sen ,

h ave f a l len of f r om t h ef l oo rd u r ing i t sd ef o rma t ion ( f ig .5A ) . T hey may r ep re sen t s ome l a rge rp i ece o f

t h e f o rma t ion o ft h e f l oa t ing i s land t o ok p la ce a f te r

c l ay o r ig ina l ly l o ca ted o nt h en o r ther nc o rne r . C lay

H u t Iw a s a bandoned ( : 17 ,135 , 136 ) . None the le s s

o n Mag lemo s ian p ea t s i te s mu s t b e r e ga rded a s s t rong ly r e la ted t o h ea r th s t ruc tu r e s ( t he s ou the rn h ea r th o f Hu t I ; t h e e a s te rn h ea r th o f H u t I )

K nud A nd e r sen s t i l l s e em st or e ga rd t h ee dge o ft h e f l oa t ing i s land a s a n e qu iva len t o f t h e s ho r e l ine c on tempo r an eou sw i th t h es e t t lemen ta nd t h e r eby t o

( Bok e lmann 1 97 1 :11 ; B i l le H en r ik sen 1 980 :57 ;J o h an s son 1 990 :13 14 ; S chw an te s 1 925 :175 ) .

a c cep ta s am a t t e ro ff a c tt h a tt h ew a t e rd id r e a ch t h e e a s te rn c or n e r ,t h en o r th -ea s te rn s i de a nd p a r to ft h e n o r thw e s t er ng ab le d u r ing t h eh ab i ta t ion ( : 17 ) .

I n a l l , t h e c ha r coa l b lo tch a tl e ve l 2 40 s e em s t o o r ig ina te f r om t h er e gu la rc u l tu r el a ye ro fH u tI .T he

T he p e rcen tage o ff l in tp i eces w i th d e s i l if ica t ion o f

l a t te rl a ye ra c tua l ly c on ta in si n dependen ti n d ica to r s

t h es u r f a ce ( s een a sb l u i sh wh i te t ow h i te c o lou r ing )

o ft h e p re sence o f as e cond n o r ther nh ea r th o n t h e f l oo r . T hu st h i s f l oo r s e em st oh ave b een e qu ipped

m igh t g i ve a n i n d ica t ion o f t h e c ou r se o f t h e c on tempo ran eou s c oa s t l i ne . I n t h e Ämose b a s in

w i th t wo h ea r th s( f ig .21A ) .

g ene ra l ly o n ly f l in t e xpo sed t o a i r h a s r e a c ted c hem ica l ly ( Ande r sen 1 983 :17 ) . H ow eve r , o n ly t h e f l in t ma te r ia l o ft h e c en t ra l p a r to ft h e f l oo r a nd t o

2 . 1 .3 . S uper s truc ture

t h e w e s t o f i ts how ed h i gh p e r cen tage s o f d e s i l if ica t ion ,i n d ica t ing t h a tt h ec h em ica lp roce s sw a s

1 2 s t ake s s t uck d eep i n to t h ep ea t( f ig .1) ,p re se rved i nl e ng th s b e tw een 3 0 a nd 1 75 c m , s u r rounded t h e f l oo ri n aw ay s t rong ly s ugge s t ing t h ee x i s tence o fa s upe r s t ruc tu re . T he r e la t ive ly l a rge n umbe ro fs t ake s c onn ec ted t ot h ew e s ter nc or n e r may h ave s e rv ed t o s t ab i l ize a s t ruc tu re s u r round ing a n e n t rance . T he

a c t ive d u r ing a-m aybe r a the rl ong -p e r iod w h en t h e s i te w a sm a in ly s ubme rged . We mu s tc onc lude t h a t t h i s f e a tu re c on ta in s n o i n f o rma t ion o n t h e d i s t r i b u t ion o fd r y l a nd a nd w a te r d u r ing t he p ha se o f h ab i ta t ion . S ince t h e r ew a s n ot h o rough r eg i s t ra t ion o ft h et op a nd b o t tom l e ve l o ft h e c u l tu re l a ye r , t h i s w a s f o r

p o s i t ion o ft h ep i ece so ft h ef r ame a nd o f ap o s s ib le c omp res sed w a lk ing p a th i n d ica te t h a t a n o pen ing m ay w e l lh ave b een l o ca ted h e re ( : 16 17 ) .

e a ch s qua r ee s t ima ted f r om t h ep o s i t ion o ft h et h r ee d imen s iona l ly r e g is te r ed i t em s . C once rn ing t h eb o t tom l e v e l( f ig .6A ) ,t h is a pp roa ch r e v ea l st h a tf i nd sa ppea rd own t o al e ve lo f3 0 1-332 1 8

2 .T he U lk es t rup H u t s i mpo s s ib le t oe l uc ida te t h e c ou r se o ft h e c oa s t f u r -

i na l l s qua r e s i n t h e z one a f f ec t ed b y t h e f l oa t ing i s land a nd t ot h e n o r th , n o r th -ea s ta nd e a s to fi t .I n

t h e ro nt h eb a s i so ff i ne ro b serva t ion s made h e re .

t h e s ou th -w e s te rn p a r t , whe re t h e f l oa t ing i s land p henomenon w a s n o t p re sen t , t h ey a r e f ound o n ly d own t ot h el e ve ls b e tween 2 72 a nd 2 94 . T h i s mu s t

2 . 1 .5 .D epos i t ion o f was te o u t s ide t he

r ef lec t a n o r ig ina l b i a s i nt h e l e ve l o ft h e a c t iv i ty

f l oor

s u rf a ce . I ns p i te o ft h e f a c t t h a tt h e f l oa t ing i s land b l u r st h eo r ig ina lh o r izon ta lt r an s i t ion z one f r om t h e o ne t o t h e o t he r ( t he l owe r o ne c l ea r ly i so ve r r e p r e sen ted )w e mu s tc onc lude t h a tt h e r eh a sb een a

T he e xcava to r , b ecau se o ft h e g ood p re se rva t ion , i n te rp r e t s ' t he w a s te l a ye r ' , s ou th -ea s t o f H u t I ( f ig .7A -c on cen t ra t ion A ; f i g .7B ) ,a sa nu nde rwa te r

r e la t ive ly h i gh a c t iv i ty s u rf ace t o t h e s ou thw e s t , o r ig ina l ly i n c lud ing t h e f l oo ri n ar a the rl e ve l s t a te ,

d epo s i tc on tempo ran eou sw i th t h e h ab i ta t ion ( : 16 ) . A cco rd ing t ot h e c ou r se o ft h e c oa s t l i ne s uppo sed a bove , t h e l a ye r w a s mo re l i ke ly d epos i ted i nt h e mo is t s ho r e z one o f t h e i n le t . T h i s may a s w e l l

a nd al ow e ro ne t ot h e n o r th -ea s t . C onnec t ed t ot h e l owe rz on e i st h e ' wa s te l a ye r ' . I ts how s af a rb e t te r p r e se rva t ion o fo rgan ic m a te r ia l ss u ch a sf o ri n s tance l e ave s

a nd t w igs

( : 16 ) .

e xp la in i t sg ood s t a te o fp r e se rva t ion .

T h e m o s t r e a sonab le

e xp lana t ion o f t h e b i a s i st h a t t h e l a t te r z one r e p r e sen t s t h e s ho re o r t h e b o t tom o f t h e l a ke j u s t o u t s ide t h e s i te , n o t n ece s sa r i ly w i th a n e s sen t ia l ly l owe r t o p l e ve l t han t h e l a nd s u rf ace , b u t w i th t h e

K nud A nde r sen s uppo r t sh i sp o in to fv i ew ,t h a tt h e w a s te l a ye r c on s i s ted o fm a te r ia l t h rown o u t f r om d ry l a nd i n to t h ew a te r ,b yn o t ing t h a tt h el a rge s ta nd h eav ie s t p i ece s o ff l in t w e re f ound a tt h e g r ea te s t d i s tance f r om l a nd ( : 16 ) . Mo s t l i ke ly s ome o ft h e

o b jec t st r odden d eepe ri n to i td u et oi t ss ogg ine s s .

m a te r ia lw a s' t h rown 'o u t ,b u t ad e ta i led a na ly s is o f t h e ma t e r ia lp o in t st o mo re c omp lex b ehav iou r .

C once rn ing t h e t op l e ve l o ft h e f i nd y i e ld ing l a ye r ( f ig .6B ) , as im i la rb i a s i nt wo l e ve l s o ft h e a c t iv i ty

T o a ch ieve ab e t te ru nde r s tand ing o ft h e d epos i t ion

s u rf a ce i si n d ica ted : ar a ised z one i nt h ec en t ra la nd s ou the rn p a r t s o ft h e e xcava t ion a nd al ow e ro ne t o

o f w a s te o n t h e s i t e , t h e l i th ic w a s te h a s b een s epa ra t ed i n to f ou r c a tego r ie s : ' b lade s ' , ' m ic ro

t h en o r th a nd n o r th -ea s t . I ns p i t eo ft h ef a c tt h a tt h e r a ised z one c omp r ise s t h e a r ea a f f ec ted b y t h e

b l ade s ' , ' f l ak e s ' a nd ' i r regu la r p i ece s ' ( p iece s n o t f i t t ing i n to t h e d ef in i t ion s o ft h e t h r ee f o rme rc a te g o r ie s ) .

f l oa t ing i s land , t h e b o rde r b e tw een t h e t wo z one s a ppea r st ob ehave i n dependen t ly o fi t se dge ,a nd t h u s t og i ve a ni mp ress ion o ft h et o pog raphy p r io rt oi t s f o rma t ion .T he r ef o r e , al i ne r unn ing NW -SE c l o se t o

2 . 1 .5 .a . T he ' was te l a yer ' -w as te c oncen -

t h e e dge o ft h e n or th -ea s te rnmo s t p a r t o ft h e e xca v a ted a r ea ,a tl e a s t 1 . 5m e t r ef r om t h ef l oo r ,s e em st o r e p r e sen t amo re l o g ica l b o rde r b e tween l a nd a nd

t ra t ion A A n a na ly s i s o f t h e c oncen t ra t ion A ( f ig .7A ) , t r a d i t iona l ly c once ived o fa s ' t he w a s te l a ye r ' s how s

w a te r ( f ig .2 1A ) . Al i t t le b u t p r onounced s ou thwe s t o r ien ta t ed ' i n le t ' af ew m e t r es b r oad a nd l o ng ,j u s t s ou th o ft h ef l oo r ,r e p r e sen t sa na r ea w he r et h et o po f

t h a t t h e d i f f e ren t c a tego r ie s o fw a s te t a ke u p d i f f e r en tp o s i t ion s i ni t .T he b one w a s t e i sc onf ined t o t h e t wo s qua re s ( 4 -5w , 13s ) ( f ig .8F ) . T he s ame t e n -

t h ec u l tu r el a ye ri se x t reme ly l ow , a si ft h em a te r ia l h ad b een w or na way b y s ome m echan ica l p roce ss . S i nce t h e s t ruc tu re i sf ound a t ar i gh t a ng le t ot h e e dge o f , a nd ma in ly o u t s ide , t h e z one d i s tu rbed b y t h e f l oa t ing i s land , i tc anno t b e e xp la ined a s a c on s equen ce o ft h is . P robab ly i tr e p re sen t sa no r ig i n a l ly w a t e rf i l led s u rf a ce f e a tu r et h a tm ay h ave b een u s ed f o rl a nd ing o fl i gh tb oa t s . T h i si ss up -po r ted b y t h e f i nd o f ap add le i ni t s s ou th e rnmo s tp a r t( : 82 ) .

d ency i sv a l id f o r an umbe ro fs ma l le rs t one s ( 1 10 c mi ns i ze ) (f ig .8H ) .I regu la rp i ece s ,f l ake sa nd b u rn t f l in t s( f ig .7E -G r e spec t ive ly )s how am a rked c oncen t r a t ion i ns qua re ( 5w , 12 s ) ,a nd i sf o rt h e mo s tc onf i n ed t ot h i s . M ic ro b l ade sa nd b l ad es ( f ig .7C ,D )s how ac omp lemen ta ry c oncen t ra t ion i ns qua re ( 5w ,11s ) w i th o n ly as l igh tr e p r e sen ta t ion i ns qua re ( 5w ,12 s ) . C o re s ( f ig .7H ) s how a m a rked c oncen t ra t ion i n s qua re ( 5w , 13s ) , a nd a s omewha t s ma l le r o ne i n s qua r e ( 5w , 11s ) . B one p o in t s a nd t h e i r f r agmen t s

T he m e thod e mp loyed f o r t h e e a s te rn p a r t o ft h e e xcava t ion w a s s umma ry , a nd t h e ref o re i th a sb een 1 9

2 .T he U lk e s t rup Hu t s ( f ig .8G ) c oncen t ra te i nt h e s qua re s ( 4 -5w , 1113s ) a nd t h e b one a nd a n t le r ( f ig .8F ) s how a

r e g i s te r ed 3 d imen s iona l ly , s how s t h a t t h i s w a s te c on cen t ra t ion i sc onf ined t o a0 . 5m e t r en a r row b r im

c oncen t ra t ion i nt h es qua r e s( 4 -5w ,13s ) , a nd b ehave a ppa ren t ly c omp lemen ta ry t ot h e i regu la r p i eces , f l ake s , b l ade s , m ic ro b l ade s , a nd t h e b u rn t f l in t s

a d jacen t t o t h e e nd o f t he f l oo r . I t s w e s te rn e nd a ppea r si n s ide t h ee xcava ted a r ea ,w he r ea si t se a s t er n l im i t h a s n o t b een u ncove r ed . A cco rd ing t o t h e s e c t ion s 1 .75 12 .00 w e s t , 6 . 00 -8 .50 s ou th , 1 .00 -

( f ig .7C -G ) . M ic ro l i th ic p i ece s a s w e l l a s m ic ro b u r in s( f ig .8A ,E )c oncen t ra te i ns qua r e( 5w , 11 s ) ,a nd h ave as omewha tw eak e rr e p r e sen ta t ion i n( 4w , 11s ) .

1 .25 w e s t , 6 . 00 -8 .80 s ou th ( : 15 ) a nd 9 . 00 -9 .50 w e s t , 6 . 00 -9 .00 s ou th ( f ig .2 ) i ti so bv iou s t h a t t h i s

' S qua r e -kn ive s ' ( f ig .9B ) c oncen t ra te i n t h e s qua r e

c oncen t ra t ion h a s b een a f f ec ted b yt h eu pheava l o f

( 5w , 12s ) .

t h e f l oa t ing i s land . Whe rea s t h e c ha r coa l p a r t ic le s s e em t o h ave b een e xpo sed t o ac on s ide rab le

T he r ema in ing a r t if a c t t y pes a r e n o t r e p re sen ted

s e conda ry r e depo s i t ion ( t hey a r e f ound i n l a rge n umbe r si nt h ef l uv ia t i le d epo s i t su nde rt h ef l oa t ing

w i th in t h i s a r ea i na moun t st h a ta l low ar e a sonab le a na ly s i so ft h e i rd i s t r ibu t ion s . T h ec ha r coa lp a r t ic le s

i s land ) ,t h eh eav ie r i t em s s uch a sw o rked f l in t , a nd o t he rs t one o b jec t sh ave b een mu ch m o r er e s i s tan tt o

r e g is te r ed i n c onnec t ion w i th t h i s c oncen t ra t ion r e ach i n ten s i t ie s l a rge rt h an 1 000 p e r m2 ( f ig .5C ) . I t i si mpo s s ib le t o make a ne xa c tc ompa r i son w i th t h e i r

h ave k ep tt h e i rp o s i t ion s o n t h e f l oo r -e ven o n t h e

d i s t r ibu t ion i nt h e w e s ter n s qua re s h e re s i nce t h ey

n or the rn c or n e r w hen i tt i pped t o an ea r ly v e r t ica l

a r en o tr e g i s te r ed i ns ome o ft h e se .

p o s i t ion .

T he s qua r e s ( 5w , 1113s ) , (4w , 10 13s )a nd ( 3w , 11s )

O ne o ft h e s e c t ion s ( : 15 ) s how s h ow s ome s t one s

t h u sc on ta in ad epo s i to fh i gh ly s pa t ia l ly s t ruc tu red w a s t e .T h i s mu s ti mp ly t h a tt h em a te r ia lw a sp l a ced

a nd c ha r coa l p a r t ic le s w e re f ound o n t op o f t h e

d e l ibe ra te ly i n amo r eo rl e s s mo i s tc oa s ta lz one .O n e

i n s ide t h e a r ea ma rked b y t h e s t ake s . T he s hape o f t h e c oncen t ra t ion s e em st o s uppo r tt h e i d ea t h a ti t s

s e conda ry d i s loca t ion ,a nd t o al a rge e x ten ts e em t o

f l oa t ing i s land t o t h e n or th o f t h e f l oo r , b u t s t i l l

g e t s t h e i mp r e s s ion o f as ho r tt e rm d epo s i t ion w i th t h e ma te r ia l mo r e o rl e s s g a the r ed i nh eap s . S u ch a

e x ten s ion t ot h e n or th w a s r e s t r ic t ed b y ap hys ica l

s p a t ia l s t ruc tu r ew ou ld p r obab ly a ppea r much m o r e

b a r r ie r -p o s s ib ly ah u t w a l l ( f ig .7A ,B ) . I nc onnec -

b l u r r ed i fi th ad b een d epo s i ted t h rough al o nge rt im e i n te rva l a nd , e ven mo re s o , i fi th ad b een d epo s i ted

t i on w i th t h eu pheava lo ft h ef l oa t ing i s land much o f t h em a t e r ia lh a sf a l len t ot h el ow e rl e ve l ,m o s tl i k e ly o n ly w i th a s l igh t h o r izon ta l d i sp la cemen t . T he

t h rough s eve ra l h ab i ta t ion s .

l o ca t ion o ft h es t one s ,u pt o3 0i ns ome o ft h e / 41 m 2s qua re s ,d oe sn o tf i tK nud Ande r sen ' s i d ea o f as e r i -

2 . 1 .5 .b . T he n or thern c oncen tra t ion o f

o u sd i s loca t ion o ft h em a te r ia lf r om t h en or the rnmo s t

w as te -B

p a r to ft h ef l oo r( : 17 )c au sed b yr a the rh eavy w ave s . I fs u ch w e r et h es i tua t ion , i ts hou ld h ave p roduced a much m o r ed i spe r sed p a t te rn .

I n t h e s qua re s ( 1 2w ,7 s ) a nd ( 1 0 11w ,6 s ) i mmed i a t e ly n or th o ft h e c en t ra l p a r t o ft h e n o r th -w e s tern e nd o f t h e f l oo r i sc on cen t ra t ion B , a no the r p ro n ounced c oncen t ra t ion o fw a s te ,a l ready m en t ioned i nc onnec t ion w i th t h e p o s s ib le n o r the rn h ea r th . I t c on s i s t s o f c ha r coa l w i th c oncen t ra t ion s o f u p t o 1 020 p i ece sp e r m2,an umbe ro fc ha r coa lc oncen t ra -

T he c onc lu s ion i st h a t t h e w a s te c oncen t ra t ion B r e p re sen t sa no r ig ina l d epos i t ion o fc ha r coa l , s t one s a nd s ome b one m a te r ia lo r ig ina l ly l o ca t ed i n s ide a nd a l ong t h e n or th -wes te rn b o rde r o f t h e s uppo sed s upe r s t ruc tu re . T he c on ten t s , a sa l r eady m en t ioned , s uppo r tt h ei d ea o f ah ea r th i nt h ea d ja cen ta r ea .

t i on so r' h eap s ' , al a rge n umbe ro fc l ay p a r t ic le su pt o 2c m i nd i ame te r ( f ig .5A -C ) , a nd u p t o4 8 s t one s ( mea su r ing f r om 1t om o r et h an 1 0c mi nd i ame te r ) p e r m2 ( f ig .8H ) . A s ma l le r c oncen t ra t ion o f b one m a te r ia l w i th u p t o 8p i ece s p e r m2 i sa l so f o und t h e re ( f ig .8F ) . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o f t h e i t em s t h a t h ave b een

2 0

2 .T he U lk es t rup Hu t s

F ig .7 .U lk es t rup I .D is tr ibu t ion s . E qu id i s tances B : 7 1 ,3 ; C : 3 . 2 ; D : 5 . 3 ; E . 1 8 .6 ; F : 4 8 .0 ; G : 1 2 .8 ; H : 1 . 9 . 2 1

2 .T he U lk es t rup Hu t s

F ig .8 . U lk es t rup I .D i s t r ibu t ions . E qu id i s tance s A : 1 . 7 ; B : 0 . 4 ; C : 0 . 8 ; D : 0 . 5 ; E : 1 . 2 ; F : 3 . 2 ; G : 0 . 5 ; H : 4 . 8 . 2 2

2 .T he U lk e s t rup Hu t s

F ig .9 .U lk e s t rup I .D i s t r ibu t ion s . E qu id i s tance sA : 0 . 5 ; B : 0 . 4 b one p i ece s a r e p r e se rved ) . S ince t h e l a rge rp a r to f t h e f l in ta nd t h e s t one sh ave r ema ined o nt h e f l oo r ,

2 . 1 .6 . D epos i t ion o fw as te o n t he f l oor t he c oncen tra t ions C a nd D

t h e d i s loca t ing e f f ec t o f t h e n a tu ra l f o r ce s s e em s r e s t r ic ted . P robab ly t h is i sa no the rc oncen t ra t ion o f

I n te re s t ing ly e nough , t h e f l oo r h a s o n ly e x t r eme ly l ow c oncen t ra t ion s o f i regu la r p i ece s a nd f l ake s , e x cep tf o rt wo s ma l le rc on cen t ra t ion s .O n ei sl o ca ted

w a s te a l ong t h e e dge o f t h e f l oo r a nd i n s ide t h e a s sum ed s upe r s t ruc tu r e , s im i la rt ot h eo ne c on s i s t ing o f Ba nd C t o ge the r .

c en t ra l ly i n t h e n o r the rn e nd ( c on cen t ra t ion C ) ( f ig .7A ) a nd c on s is t o ff l ake s a nd i regu la r p i ece s ( f ig .7E ; f i g .7F ) .

Whe r ea st h ef l oo ra r ea ,a pa r tf r om t h ec oncen t ra t ion s a l r eady d i scu s sed , c on ta in s f l ake s a nd i regu la r

A no the r o b long c oncen t ra t ion o r ien ta ted NW -SE ( c oncen t ra t ion D ) (f ig .7A )r u n sp a ra l le lt oa nd o nt h e

p i ece so n ly i ne x t reme ly r e s t r ic ted r e la t ive n umbe r s , t h e re i sn o s ho r tage o f b l ade s , m ic ro b l ade s a nd c o r e s ! I ts e em s a si fs omeone h a sr emoved t h et wo

n o r th -ea s t e rn e dge o ft h ef l oo r . I tc on s i s t so fb l ade s

f o rme rt y pe sf r om t h ef l oo ra nd p l a ced t h em o u t s ide i ns qua re ( 5w , 12s ) o r s wep t t h em t oi t s p e r iphe ry

( r e s t r ic t ed t o i t s s ou the rn p a r t ) (f ig .7C ) , f l ake s ( f ig .7E ) , i regu la r p i ece s ( f ig .7F ) , b ur n t f l in t s ( f ig .7G ) , s t one s ( f l a il ) , b one a nd a n t le r ( f ig .8F )

t o ge the r w i th t h e s t one s . I ts e em s u n l ike ly t h a t a p rodu c t ion o fb l ade s a nd m ic ro b l ade s s hou ld h ave t a k en p l a ce o nt h ef l oo rw i thou tl e av ing mo r ef l ake s

a nd al ow c oncen t ra t ion o fb on ep o in t s( f ig .8G ) -b u t n oc oncen t ra t ion o fm ic ro b l ade sa ta l ( f ig .7D ) .

a nd i regu la r p i ece s t h an t h o se f ound o n i t . T he m ic ro b l ade s , b l ade s a nd c o re s m ak e u p a n o b long

T he s e c t ion 5 . 00 -8 .00 we s t ,9 . 00 -9 .50 s ou th ,t h rough c oncen t ra t ion D , a t ar i gh t a ng le t ot h e e dge o ft h e

c oncen t ra t ion i nt h ec en t ra la nd s ou ther np a r to ft h e f l oo r( f ig .7C ,D ,H ) . T he c o r e sd i v ide i n to t wo m a rk -

f l oa t ing i s l and ( f ig .10 ) , s how s as i tua t ion n ea r ly i d en t ica l t ot h e o ne f r om t h e n or the rn w a s te c on -

e dc oncen t ra t ion s , ac en t ra l a nd as ou ther no ne .

c en t ra t ion s ( B a nd C ) ( f ig .2 ) . T he e dge o f t h e f l oa t ing i s land p robab ly t o uche st h e s t ake s 8a nd 9 . T he c oncen t ra t ion i ss e en o n t h e o u t ermo s t p a r t o f t h ef l oo rt ot h ew e s to f- a nd ' i n s ide ' -t h et wo s t ake s

A c oup le o f b u rn t b one p o in t f r agmen t s a r e p r e s e rved a tt h e l o ca t ion o ft h eh ea r th ( f ig .8G ) . T h is i s

8a nd 9 .T he m a te r ia l t ot h e e a s t o f i t ,i n s qua r e

c e r ta in ly d ue t o t h e f a c t t h a t b u rn t b one i sb e t te r p r e se rved t h an u nbum t . I ti sv e ry u n l ike ly t h a t i t

( 5w ,9s ) , c on ta in s ar a the r h i gh p e rcen tage o fb one w as te . T h i s h a s p robab ly b een w a shed d own f r om

i n d ica t e s ar e p r e sen ta t ive d i s t r ibu t ion p a t te rn f o rt h i s t y pe .

t h e f l oo r ,t h e reby a low ing g ood p r e se rva t ion o ft h e b one u nde rw e tc ond i t ion s( o nt h ef l oo rm a in ly b ur n t

T h eb u r in s( f ig .9A ) s how t wo c oncen t ra t ion s i n s ide

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F ig .10 . T h er e con s t ru c t ed s e c t ion t h rough t h ee a s t ern c o rne ro fU lk e s t rup I .

I . •

2 .T he U lk es t rup H u t s t h ef l oo r ,c en t ra l ly l o ca ted o n e a ch o fi t st wo s i de s . At h i rd o n ei sl o ca ted o u t s ide t h ef l oo rb e tw een i t s s ou th -w e s t er nc o rne ra nd t h e s t ake s t ruc tu re t ot h e s ou th o fi t .

2 . 1 .7 .D i s tr ibu t ion o fm icro l i th ic was te T h em ic ro l i th s( i n ta c tp i ece sa nd f r agm en t s )( f ig .8A ) i n s ide t h e f l oo r a r ea s how ac ha rac te r i s t ic p a t ter n c on s i s t ing o ft wo s ma l lc oncen t ra t ion s ,t h en o r ther n o ne w i th u p t o1 7 p i ece s p e r m2,t h e s ou ther no ne w i th u pt o1 2p e r m2.T hey a r e s e pa ra ted b y az one w i th l e s st h an 8p i ece sp e r m2. T he r e a ln umbe r sh e re a r e 4i t em s p e r m2 a nd b e low , b u t a s a l ready m en t ion ed ( 2 .1 . ) , t h ey h ave b een mu l t ip l ied b y a f a c to ro f 2t oc ompen sa te f o rt h em a te r ia l r emoved b y t h e d i tch . T h e t wo c on cen t ra t ion s o ccupy t h e w e s ter nh a lf o ft h ef l oo r .

T he d i s t r ibu t ion o fb u rn tf l in t( f ig .7G )s h ow s as ma l l c oncen t ra t ion s t a r t ing a r ound t h eh ea r th a nd p rocee d i ng t oc on cen t ra t ion D o nt h e e a s ter ne dge o ft h e f l oo r . An o t iceab le c on cen t ra t ion i sf ound o u t s ide t h e f l oo ri ns q ua re ( 5w ,12 s ) ,t o ge the rw i th t h ef l ake sa nd i r egu la rp i ece s .T he p r e sen ce o f an o r the rn h ea r th i s n o t r ef l ec t ed i n t h is d i s t r ibu t ion . T he f l in t p i ece s f o und w i th i tw e re ,a sa l ready m en t ioned ,r e g i s te r ed w i th t h es u rf ace f i nd s ,a nd t h u sc anno tb er e la t ed t o as p ec if i cs qua r e . Ar e g is t ra t ion o ft h e se m igh th ave i n c rea sed t h ep e r cen tage o fb u rn tp i ece st h e r e .

I n s ide t h e t wo m a in c oncen t ra t ion s o fm ic ro l i th ic t y pe s , t h e d i s t r ibu t ion s o ft h e m ic ro l i th ic s ubca te g o r ie ss h ow as y s t ema t ica ld i f f e rence i nt h e i rd i s t r i b u t ion s( 3 .1 .6 . ) .T h i ss t rong ly i nd ica te st h a tt h ey r e p r e sen td if e r en ta s pec t so ft h e ma in a c t iv i t ie sb ound t od i f f e ren ta r ea si n s ide e ach o ft h et wo m ic ro l i th ic m a in c oncen t ra t ion s a nd t h a t t h e l a t te r a r e n o t d e l ibe ra t e ly d umped m a te r ia l , w h e re a l l t h e p i ece s w ou ld h ave b een h and led t o ge the ra so ne c a tego ry .

T h eg en e ra lp i c tu re w eh ave t h u so b ta ined i so ne o f ar a the r w e l l p re se rved a nd u nd i s tu rbed u n i t . T he s i gn if ican ta b sence o ft h et wo m o s tn ume rou sc a te g o r ie so fl i t h ic w a s te f r om t h em a jo rp a s to ft h ef l oo r mu s tb ec au sed b yc l ean ing . T h eg ene ra la b sen ce o f b one o nt h ef l oo r mu s ta tl e a s ti np a r tb ed ue t ob ad p r e se rva t ion d u r ing o n eo rm o r ep ha se so fl ow w a t e r l e ve l . Wh e the r c l ean ing i s af u r the r r e a son i si m -

T h e m ic ro b u r in s ( f ig .8E ) s how q u i te a no the r p a t t e rn .O nt h ef l oo rt h ey h ave a ne x t r eme ly n o t iceab le c oncen t ra t ion i ni t se a s te rn h a lf i ns qua re ( 7w ,9 s ) . O u t s ide t h ef l oo rt h ey c oncen t ra te i nt h es qua res ( 4 5 w , 11s )l i k et h eo t he rm ic ro l i th ic p i ece s .

p o s s ib le t os a y . Ad i s loca t ion o ft h el i th ic p i ece sl e f t o nt h e f l oo rb yw ave a c t iv i ty s e em su n l ik e ly , s i nce t h ey a ppea r t o h ave d i sc r e t e a nd c ha ra c te r i s t ic d i s t r ibu t ion s . I ft h el a ck o fb l ad e sa nd m ic ro b l ade s i nt h en or th -ea s te rn p a r ti sd ue t os uch n a tu ra l f o r c e s ,t h en t h ec o re s ,b u r in sa nd t h el i t h ic w a s te o na nd c l o se t ot h en o r the rn a nd e a s t er ne dge o ft h ef l oa t ing i s land s h ou ld b e l a ck ing t h e re a sw e l l . T he l a rge s t

2 . 1 .8 . T he h u ta nd i t so rgan iza t ion T he f l oo r c o inc id e s mo r e o rl e s s e xa c t ly w i th t h e s t ake s . T he e a s te rn a nd t h e n o r th -w e s ter n o b long c on cen t ra t ion s o fw a s te ( D a nd B +C r e spec t ive ly ) a ppea rt or e p r e sen tm a t e r ia lo r ig ina l ly l o ca t ed o nt h e f l oo ra nd w i th ad i s t r ibu t ion s t opped b y ap hy s ica l s t ruc tu re c o in c id ing w i th t h e s t ake s . Ou t s ide t h e f l oo r ,l i t h ic w a s te i so n ly f ound i nl a rge r amoun t si n c on cen t ra t ion A c l o se t ot h ee a s t er nc or n e r . E ve ry t h ing i n d ica t e s t h a t w e a r e c once rned w i th t h e r e m a in so f ad w e l l ing s t ru c tu r e , ah u t ,a nd t h a ti t sf l oo r c on ta ined q u i te an umbe r o f s ha rp b l ade s , m ic ro b l ade sa nd c o r e sa sw e l la so fm ic ro l i th ic p i ece s .T h e i n d ica t ion so f as y s tema t ica lc l ea r ing o u to f ma te r ia l f r om t h ef l oo ri n to as pa t ia l ly s t ruc tu red w a s te a r ea o u t s ide i ti s as u i tab le n o t ion .

a moun t o fb u rn t f l in t i n s ide t h e f l oo r i sf ound i n c onn ec t ion w i th t h e w e l l p r e se rved h ea r th z on e a s s hou ld b e e xpec ted . T h is i sa l so t h e c a se w i th t h e f ew f r agm en t so fb ur n tb one p o in t s . T he c o inc idence b e tween t h e e dge o ft h ef l oo r ,t h e l o ca t ion o ft h e s t ake s a nd t h e n or ther n a nd n o r th e a s ter ne dge o ft h e f l oa t ing i s land i sp r obab ly n o t a c c iden ta l . Af t e r t h e s i te w a s a b andoned t h e f l oo r mus t h ave d eve loped i n to a n a tl e a s t 1 6 c m t h ick c ohe ren tm a to fw ooden p i ece s ,b a rk a nd b r an ch e s , c ove red b ya nd h e ld t o ge the rb yt h ev ege ta t ion a nd h e ld i np o s i t ion b yt h es t ake sa r ound i t .D u r ing ar i se o ft h e w a t e r l e ve l , s uch au n i t mu s t n o t o n ly h ave b een e x t r eme ly r e s is tan t , b u ta l so h ave g i ven g ood p r o tec t ion a ga in s ts e r iou sd i s loca t ion o ft h eo b jec t s

O n t h e f l oo r t h e m ic ro l i th s a r e d i s t r ibu ted i nt wo

i ni t .

2 5

F ig .11 . T he f l oor f rom U lk e s t rup I ,w i th s t ak es ( upp er e nd sm a rk ed a sb l ack d o t s ) , h ea r th s ( ha tched a r ea s ) a nd b a rk p ieces .

2 .T he U lk e s t rup H u t s

2 6

2 .T he U lk es t rup Hu t s s im i la r c on cen t ra t ion s , w h ich a c co rd ing t o t h e i r s im i la ri n te rna ls t ruc tu r ing a r eu n l ike ly t or e p resen t

BC ( Ande r sen e t .a l . 1 982 :77 ; Ande r sen , p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) .

t o s s ing o rd ump ing , b u t i n s tead ac on sc iou s h and l i ng o fm ic ro l i th ic ma te r ia l ( 3 .1 .6 . ) . A s m ic ro l i th s , d ue t ot h e i rs i ze , a r er a th e rr e s i s t an tt oc l ean ing ,w e may a s sume t h a t w e a r e d ea l ing w i th p r ima r i ly

I n t e rm s o fn o rma l t ypo logy t h e s i te mu s t b e r e g a rded a s as i ng le c h rono log ica l u n i t( G ron 1 987a : 3 09 ) . O n t h e b a s i s o ft h e m ic ro l i th s A nde r sen d i s t i ngu i she s b e tw een o ne p ha se o f h ab i ta t ion w i th m ic ro l i th s s im i la rt ot ho se f r om Hu tI ,a nd a no the r

d epo s i ted m ic ro l i th ic p i ece s r e p re sen t ing t wo c ong ruen ta c t iv i ty a r ea s a nd t h e i rs pa t ia l l o ca t ion s . T he t wo c oncen t ra t ion s o f c o r e s o n t h e f l oo r

w i th m ic ro l i th s o fa no the r s t y le ( : 37 ,61) . T h i s d i s t i nc t ion w i l l b e d i scu s sed i n t h e f o l low ing p a ra -

c o r r e spond s pa t ia l ly t o t h e se . I fw e f u r the rmo re a s sume t h e e x i s tence o f as e cond n o r the rn h ea r th c on tempo ran eou s w i th t h e f l oo r , w e h ave i nd ica -

g r aph s( 2 .2 .7 . a nd 2 . 3 . )

t i on s o ft wo s pa t ia l ly s e pa ra te a c t iv i ty z one s c on t a in ing ar e pea ted s e to fe l em en t se a ch w i th as im i la r s pa t ia lo rgan iza t ion ( f ig .2 1A ) .

2 . 2 .1 . The f l oor T he f l oo r ( f ig .11) w a s f a r l e s s w e l l p r e se rved t h an t h a to f Hu tI .A pa r tf r om af ew p i ece so fb a rk a nd t h e

2 . 1 .9 .C hrono log ica lu n i ty o ft he ma ter ia l

r ema in so f af ew b r an che s ,t h em a in p a r ti sd e sc r ibed a s' at o ta l ly d i s so lved f l oo rl a ye r ' . T he f l oo ra nd t h e a r ea s ou th o fi tw e re f u l l o fc r a ck s wh ich h ad s p l i t t h e u nde r ly ing s wamp p ea t i n to b l ock s . F l in t a nd

F rom at y po log ica lp o in to fv i ew t h e Hu t Is e em st o c on s t i tu te as i ng le c h rono log ica l u n i t ( Ande r sen e t

s and h ad f a l len i n to t h ec r a ck s( : 18 ) .

a l . 1 982 :78 ,79 ;B r in ch P e t e r sen 1 972 :72 ) . O ns uch a b a s i s i ti so fc ou r se i mpo s s ib le t os ay whe the r t h e m a te r ia lc on s t i tu te so ne o r mo r eh ab i ta t ion st h rough ap e r iod o f af ew y ea r s . H ow ev e r , i tmu s tb e n o ted

2 . 2 .2 . Hear ths

t h a ta l t r iang le sf r om Hu t Ia r e' l ef t -o r ien ta ted ' , a nd t h a tt h e r e a r e t hu s n o i n d ica t ion s o fd i f f e ren t h ab i t a t ion p ha se sa sw i th H u t I( : 26 ,27 ,6 1) (2 .2 .7 . ) .

A cco rd ing t o t h e s t ra t ig raph ic o b se rva t ion s t h e r e w e re t wo h ea r th s , t h e w e s t er n o ne p a r t ia l ly o ve r l a pp ing t h e e a s te rn .

Ag ood a r gumen t t h a t t h e m a t e r ia l o n ly r e p re sen t s

T he

' u ppe r '

o ne ,

m a in ly

r e s t r ic ted t os qua r e ( 2 5w ,29 s ) ,w a sr e p r e sen ted b ya s and l a ye rc ove r ing t h er ema in so f ab ad ly p r e se rved c l ay l e n ss im i la rt ot h eo n ef ound i nH u tI .S epa ra ted

o ne h ab i ta t ion p ha se i st h a td e l ica t es pa t ia lp a t ter n s s uch a s t h e i n ter na l o rgan iza t ion o ft h e m ic ro l i th c oncen t ra t ion sa nd t h ed i f f e r en tt y pe so fw a s t ei nt h e ' wa s t e l a ye r 'a r en o tb lu r r ed .

f r om t h i sb y al a ye ro fd a rk c u l tu re s o i l ,t h eo t h e ro n e w a s o b served a s al owe r s andy l a ye r , m a in ly c onf ined t os qua re ( 26w ,29 s ) ( : 18 ,19 ) . Mos t l i ke ly b o th h ea r th sh ad al a rge re x ten s ion t h an i n d ica t ed b y t h e o b se rva t ion s . T he p r e sence o f t wo

2 . 2 . Hu tI

s t ra t ig raph ica l ly s e pa ra t ed h ea r th s t ru c tu re si n d ica te s t wo h ab i t a t ion p h a se so nt h es i te . T h e s i tua t ion may i np r inc ip le n o t d i f f e r f r om t h a t wh ich S chwan te s

I n c en t r e t oc en t re d i s tance H u t Iw a s l o ca ted 2 8 m e t r e s s ou thwes t o fH u tI .D ue t ot h e mo r e s eve r e d amage o n t h e f l oa t ing i s land h e r e , a nd t ot h e l e s s d e ta i led e x cava t ion t e chn ique e mp loyed , t h e c o l -

o b se rved i nD uven see ( s ee 2 . 2 .7 . ) .

l e c ted d a ta a r e ab i t mo r e c omp l ica ted t oi n te rp r e t . T h i s u n i t i sC 14 d a ted t o6 030± 115 BC ( ma te r ia l

2 . 2 .3 . S uper s truc ture

f r om t h ew a s t el a ye r ,K -4997 ) ,6 230± 100 BC ( b i rch t r unk f r om t h ed e s t royed f l oo r ,K -2 176 ) , 6 220± 120 BC ( two b i r ch -ba rk r o l l s f r om t h e f l oo r , K 1507 ) , 6 080± 140 BC ( bu rn tp in et r ee f r om t h ew a s te l a ye r ,

1 6 s t ake s mak e u p ar e gu la r ' t r apezo id ' U shape 4 m e t r e s b road a nd 4 . 5 m e t r e s d eep . A sp o s i t ion sf o r t h es t ake st h et o p -coo rd ina t e sh ave b een u sed . T he i r b o t tom -coo rd ina t e s may d i f f e r s ub s tan t ia l ly f r om t h e se , a mong o t he r t h ing s d ue t o t h e p o s s ib le

K -1508 ) a nd 6 100± 140 ( t inde r f ungu s f r om t h e w a s t el a ye r ,K 1509 )a nd t h u sa pp rox ima te ly t o6 100

2 7

C I 0 •

• •

0

2 8

F ig 1 2 . T he s t ak es a nd t h ee dg eo ft h ef l oa t ing i s land a tU lk e s t rup H

1

S t ake w i th b u rn t t o p

D eep s t ake w i th b u rn tt o p

2 .T he U lk e s t rup Hu t s

r 2 4 ( 3 . ) a )

0

0

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2 .T he U lk e s t rup H u t s g ene ra l ly t h ew a s t ec oncen t ra t ion s ou th -ea s to ft h e h u ti sf a rl e s ss t ruc tu r ed s pa t ia l ly t h an t h eo ne a tH u t I .M ic ro b l ad e s ,f l ak e sa nd i regu la rp i eces ( f ig .13C , Da nd Er e spec t ive ly )o ccu rw i th o n ly r e la t ive ly l ow c on cen t ra t ion si nt h es qua re s( 2 2w ,32 -33s ) , (23w ,313s )a nd ( 2 4w ,32 s ) ,o u t s ide t h eh u t ,w he r ea sb l ade s ( f ig .13B ) a ppea r i nr e la t ive ly l a rge a nd n o t iceab le c on cen t ra t ion si nt h e s qua r e s ( 2 4w ,33s ) , ( 2 3w ,35s ) a nd t o ge th e rw i th ac on cen t ra t ion o fc o r es ( f ig .13G )

s e conda ry h o r izon ta l movemen t o f t h e f l oa t ing i s land . T h e t o p -coo rd ina te s mu s t b e m o s t d i r ec t ly r e la ted t o t h e o r ig ina l s e t t lemen t s u rf a ce a nd i t s f e a tu r es ( Knud Ande r sen h a s u sed t h e b o t tom c oo rd ina t e s ) . A cco rd ing t ot h e d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e r ema ins o ft h e f l oo r , t h e s t ak e s s e em t om a rk i t s b o rde r . 7s t ak e sr e ach al e v e le qua lt oo rd eepe rt h an 3 10 , 2r e a ch l eve l 3 05 a nd 8d on o tg od eepe rt h an l e ve l2 94 .T he t o p1 e ve lo ft h es u r f a ce i sa r ound 2 75 . S i x o u t o f t h e s even d eepe s t o ne s m ake u p t h e c o rne r s : 2t h ew es te rn , 2t h en o r ther n , 1t h ee a s te rn a nd 1 t h e s ou the rn o ne . T h e l a s t o ne i sp l a ced c en t ra l ly i nt h en or th -ea s ter nw a l l( f ig .12 ) .

i n( 2 2w ,32 -33s ) . T h em a in c on cen t ra t ion o fl i t h ic w a s t ei nt h i sc a se i s f ound i nt h en or th -ea s t er nh a lf o ft h eh u ta r ea w i th q u i te s im i la rd i s t r ibu t ion p a t te rn sf o rb l ade s ,f l ake s , i regu la r p i ece s a nd b u rn t f l in t s . M ic ro b l ade s ( f ig .13C ) s how a s l igh t , b u t n o t v e ry n o t iceab le , p r ef e r en ce f o rs qua r e( 2 4w ,30s ) ,w he rea sc o r e s( f ig . 1 3G ) c l ea r ly a r e c oncen t ra ted i nt h e t wo n o r ther n c o rne r s( 2 3w ,29 s )a nd ( 2 6w ,28s ) .

T he s ou th e rnmo s ts t ake i nt h es ou th -ea s t e rn w a l li s b u rn ta tt h et o p , whe rea st h i si st h ec a se w i th s e ven o ft ho se r e la ted t ot h en o r th -w e s te rn w a l l . T os p eak o fo n e b u rn t a nd o ne u nbu rn t l i n e o fp o le s i nt h e n or th -w e s t er nw a l l , a st h e e xcava to r d oe s ( : 19 ) , i s n o t c on s i s t en t w i th t h e d a ta . T h e m a in p a r t o ft h e b ur n ts t ak e sa r ef ound r e la t ive ly c l o se t ot h eh ea r th

T he b u rn t f l in t ( f ig .12 ,13F ,20A ) i s c oncen t ra ted i n s ide t h eh u ta r ea ,i n az on et ot h en o r th a nd e a s to f a nd p a r t ly o ve r lapp ing t h e h ea r th z one . O u t s ide , s ma l le rc on cen t ra t ion sa r ef ound i mmed ia te ly s ou th o f t h e h u t a r ea i n s qua re ( 2 6w ,32 s )a nd a l so i n

z one . C ind e r sh i dden i nt h es a nd u sed i na nd a r ound t h e h ea r th s u sed f o r r oa s t ing e t c . ( s ee B oke lmann 1 981a :183 f o rd e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion o ft h eu s eo fs u ch ah ea r th o r' r ö s t s te l le ' ) may h ave s c o r ched t h es t ake s a t s u rf ace l e ve l w i thou t c au s ing a r e gu la r f i r e . H oweve r ,t h et wo d eep s t ake sa te a ch c or n e ro ft h e n o r th -we s t er n w a l l m ay i n d ica te t h a t t h i s w a s r e newed / s t r eng thened a ts ome t i m e ,p o s s ib ly i nc on n ec t ion w i th as e cond p ha se o fh ab i ta t ion .

s qua re ( 2 3w ,33s ) . T h e d i s t r ibu t ion s o f c ha r coa l a nd b on e a r e n o t r e p re sen ta t ive d u e t o t h e i r u n sy s tema t ica l r e g i s t ra t ion . B u r in s( f ig . 14D )s how an o t iceab le c oncen t ra t ion i n t h e s qua r e s ( 2 2w ,33 -34 s ) o u t s id e t h e h u t a r ea a nd i n s ide i t ,i ni t se a s ter nc o rn e r( 2 4 -25w ,29 -30 s ) .

2 . 2 .4 . T he c oas tl i ne T he e xa c tc ou r se o ft h ec oa s t l in ec on tempo raneou s w i th t h e h ab i ta t ion o f t h e h u t i s i mpo s s ib le t o r e con s t ru c t . Mos t l i ke ly i tw a st ot h e s ou th -ea s to f t h ee dge o ft h ef l oa t ing i s land ,a sK nud A nde r sen i s a l so i n c l in ed t ot h ink ( : 19 ) . T hu s t h e ' wa s te l a ye r ' s hou ld h av eb een d epos i ted i n am o i s tc oa s tz one o r

S c rape r s( f ig .13H )m ak eu pa no b long c on cen t ra t ion s ou th o ft h es ou th er nc or n e r( 2 4w ,32 s ) , (23w ,33s ) .A c oncen t ra t ion t o t h e n o r th o ft h e n o r ther n c or n e r ( 2 6w ,27 s ) mu s tm o s tl i k e ly b ec onnec ted t ot h ea r ea o u t s id et h eh u t ,w he rea st h ec on cen t ra t ion i ns qua r e ( 2 7w ,29 s )p robab ly b e long st ot h ei n s ide .

o nd ry l a nd .A tl e a s tt h ew a t e rc anno th ave b een t o o f a ra way t owa rd t h es ou th -ea s t .

K n ive s a nd s qua r e -kn ive s ( f ig .14E ) b o th s how n o t iceab le c on cen t ra t ion si n s ide t h en o r th er nc or n e r i nt h es qua r e s( 2 6w ,28 s )a nd ( 2 5w ,29 s ) .

2 . 2 .5 . T he d i s tr ibut ion o f was te T he d i s t r ibu t ion o fl i t h ic w a s te ( f ig .13A )i sd i f f e ren t f r om w ha t w e s aw a tH u t I .T he re a r e s l igh t d i f f e rence si nw he re t h ed i f f e r en tc a tego r ie sh ave t h e i r m a in c on cen t ra t ion s o u t s id e t h e h u t a r ea , b u t

2 9

2 .T he U lk es t rup Hu t s

F ig .13 . U lk es t rup I .D i s t r ibu t ions . E qu id i s tances A : 1 91 .2 ; B : 3 . 8 ; C . 1 .4 ; D . 4 9 .3 ; E : 1 34 ,3 ; F : 3 1 .5 ; G : 2 . 3 ; H : 0 . 6 3 0

2 .T he U lk e s t rup H u t s

F ig .14 . U lk es trup I .D is t r ibu t ions . E qu id i s tances A : 0 . 7 ; B : 0 . 4 ; C : 0 . 4 ; D : 0 . 5 ; E . 1 . 2

whe rea s i nde te rm inab le m ic ro l i th ic p i ece s a nd f r agmen t s ( f ig .14C ) a r e s t r ic t ly c oncen t ra ted i n

2 . 2 .6 . D i s tr ibu t ion o fm icro l i th ic was te

s qua re ( 2 5w ,29 s ) .T he h igh d eg ree o ff r agmen ta t ion T he m ic ro l i th ic p i eces ( f ig .14A )a r ec onf ined t ot h e

a nd f i re d amage h e re may b e d ue t o t h e a c t iv i t ie s

n o r th -ea s ter n h a lf i n s ide t h e h u t , w i th t h e ma in

r e la ted t ot h eh ea r th z one . D ue t ot h e s ma l l n umbe r s

c oncen t ra t ion i n s qua re ( 2 5w ,29s ) . T he i n tac t t r i -

o f l a nceo la te p o in t s a nd o the r s ub type s , a mo re

a ng les ( f ig .14B ) h ave t h e i r m a in c oncen t ra t ion i n s qua re ( 2 4w ,29s ) j u s t t o t h e e a s t o f t h e h ea r th s ,

d e ta i led a na ly s i s o f t h e i r r e la t ive d i s t r ibu t ion s i s i r re levan t . 3 1

2 .T he U lk e s t rup H u t s

2 4 2 4 2 3 2 5 2 4 2 3 1 9 3 0 2 8 3 0 3 2 3 1 2 50

o ft h ec u l tu r el a ye r ,d eepe rt h an t h eo t he rm ic ro l i th ic p i ece s . 1 7m ic ro l i th ic p i ece sa ppea ra t ah i ghe rl e ve l t h an t h e l e f t -o r ien ta ted t r iang le s , w he r ea s o n ly 5 a ppea r b e low t h em ( f ig .15 ) . F rom t h e l e ve l l ing a t l e a s tt h ree o ft h e l a t t e r 5a ppea rt ob e o u to fc on tex t w i th t h e c u l tu r e l a ye r , p robab ly b e cau se t h ey h ave f a l len i n to c r a ck s i nt h e p ea t ( 2 .2 . ) . I tt h u s s e em s l i ke ly t h a tt h el e f t -o r ien ta ted t r iang le s a r ec onn ec ted

7 • 76 :1. Z

w i th t h e l ow e r h ea r th w i th i t s c en t re i n s qua r e

2 60 -. • . • . : •

( 26w ,29s ) . T h ey a r e f ound t ot h e e a s to ft h e h ea r th z one , l i ke t h e m a in c oncen t ra t ion o ft h e r ema in ing m ic ro l i th ic t y pe s .

0 0

2 70

O u t s ide t h ef l oo rt h em ic ro l i th sa pp ea rw i th t h es ame l a rge r e la t ive c oncen t ra t ion s ou th -ea s t o ft h e h u ta s d i dt h el i th ic w a s te .

0

2 80

0 0

0

2 . 2 .7 . T he h u t , i t so rgan iza t ion a nd

•

c hrono log ica l f a c tor s T he l i ne i n d ica ted b y t h e s t ake s s e rves a s ab o rde r

2 90 -

f o rm o s to ft h ed i s t r ibu t ion ss t ud ied .I ts e em st oh ave s e rved a s s ome k ind o fp hy s ica l s c reen , a nd K nud A nde r sen ' s a s sump t ion , t h a t w e a r e d ea l ing w i th a

3 00 -

h u t , a ppea r s c o r rec t . T h e ma jo r p a r t o f t h e l i t h ic w a s t e i nt h i s c a se o ccu r s i n s ide t h e dw e l l ing a r ea , •

o r ig ina l ly o n( o ri n )t h ef l oo r . T he l o ca t ion o fa n o u te rw a s te c on cen t ra t ion a d ja c en tt ot h es ou the rn c o rne r ,a nd t h ef a c tt h a tm any o f t h ed i s t r ibu t ion p a t t e rn s' p a s st h rough 't h eb o rde ro f

3 10 -

t h e h u ta r ea h e re , i n d ica te st h a tt h i s i st h e p r obab le p o s i t ion o fa ne n t rance ,p o s s ib ly c onnec t ed w i th t h e 0

3 20 F ig .15 . T he s t ra t ig raph ica lp os i t ions o ft h er i gh t o r ien ta t ed t r iang le s ( c i rc l es ) a nd t h e l e f t -or i en ta t e dt r iang l es ( d o t s ) , r e la t ive t ot h ec u l tu re l a y er ( s had ed a rea ) .

K nud A nde r sen d i s t ingu i she sb e tw een l e f ta nd r i gh t o r ien ta t ed t r iang le s i n t h e m a te r ia l f r om h u t I , s ugge s t ing t h a tt h i sd i f f e rence i no r ien ta t ion r e f lec t s t h e w o rk ing h ab i t s o fd i f f e ren t p e r son s ( : 26 ,27 ) . I n t h e 6s qua re s w he r e b o th l ef t a nd r i gh t -o r ien ta ted t r i ang le sa ppea r , t h e f o rme ra r e f o und i nt h e b o t tom

t wo e x t ra s t ak e sh e r e . E ve ry th ing s e ems t o s ugges t t h a t H u t Iw a s i n h ab i ted t w ice .T he d oub le c o rn e rs t ake si nt h en o r th w e s t er nw a l lm ay i mp ly r e pa i rd u r ing ap ha se o fr e u s eo ft h eh u t .I ti si mpo r tan tt on o t et h a tt h eh ea r th s , a nd ,a sf a ra sw ec an s e e ,a l so t h et wo c on cen t r a t ion s o f m ic ro l i th s t o ok u p a pp rox ima te ly t h e s ame p o s i t ion si nt h ed w e l l ing s pace . T hu s , t h ep r e s ence o f t wo p ha se s o fh ab i ta t ion i nt h e d w e l l ing d oe s n o t s e em t o d i s turb o u r a na ly s i s o f i t s s pa t ia l o rgan i za t ion . A c tua l ly t h es i tua t ion s e em ss im i la rt o t h e o ne S chwan te s o b se rved i n D uven see w he re s e ve ra lb a rk f l oo r sw e re f ound t h eo ne o nt o po ft h e o t he r : ' V ie lf a ch i n b e s t imm te r R eg ionen ü be re in a nde r l i egende m i t S and o de r T on a bged ich te te 3" )

2 .T he U lk es t rup H u t s A sch en sch ich t en d eu t en d a rauf ,d aß d e rH e rd b e r e i t s e i nen f e s ten P la tz i m Wohn raum h a t te ' ( S chw an te s 1 925 :175 ) . T h es pa t ia ls t ru c tu r ing o ft h ew a s te l a ye rw i th m o r e o rl e s s c ong ruen t d i s t r ibu t ion s f o r a l l t h e d i f f e r en t t y pe si sw ha to ne o ugh tt oe xpec ta t as i te w i th m o r e t h an o ne h ab i ta t ion p ha se .

2 . 3 . C onc lus ion a nd ap o s tu la te T h ed i s t r ibu t ion so fi t em st h a ts h ow n oc ha rac t e r i s t ic p a t ter n s o r a ppea r i n s o s ma l l n umbe r s t h a t t h ey c anno t b e r e ga rded a s r e l iab le h ave b een om i t ted f r om t h ed i scu s s ion . We h ave s e en w ha t mu s t b e c once iv ed o fa st wo d we l l ing s c on ta in ing l a rge c oncen t ra t ion s o fl i t h ic w a s t e a s w e l l a s t wo d i f f e ren t p a t ter n s o f s pa t ia l o rgan iza t ion i n s ide t h em . H u t Ih a st wo ' c ong ruen t ' c oncen t ra t ion s o fm ic ro l i th s a nd o ne , m o re l i k e ly t wo ,h ea r th s ,w he rea se ach o ft h et wo p ha se so fH u t Ia ppea r st oh ave o n ly o ne c oncen t ra t ion o fm ic ro l i th s a nd o ne h ea r th . H u t Is e em s t o h ave b een i n hab i ted o n ly o nce , w h e rea s t h ree i n dependen t o bse rva t ion s i n d ica te t h a t t h e l a t te r w a s i n hab i ted t w ice ,e a ch t ime w i th a ni d en t ica lo r gan iza t ion o ft h e d w e l l ing s pace . T he f i r s t p ha se may w e l l b e c on t empo raneou sw i th H u t Ia nd t h es e cond ,d ue t ot h e r e pa i rn o tv e ry much l a te r . T he p o s tu la te i sn ow t h a t Mag lemo s ian d w e l l ing s pace s i ng ene ra l ( w ind s c r een s ,t e n t s ,h u t s ,h ou se s e t c . ) w e re o rgan ized i na c co rdance w i th o ne o ft h e t wo p a t t er n so b se rved h e r e( f ig .20 -23 ) . We m ay e xpec tt h a t an umbe ro fd i f f e r en td w e l l ing t y pe sa nd c on s t ruc t ion sw e re i nu se a tt h a tt ime ,b u t a sT ann e rw r i te sa bou tt h eM i s ta s s in iC ree :' Wh e th e r i tw a s as ma l lo b long w a l lt e n t , al a rge d ome t e n t ,a w ooden f r amed ,c anva sc ove r ed t e n to r al o gc ab in , t h es t anda rd ized i n t er n a la r r angemen ti ss u ch t h a tt h e d we l l ing s e em s t o a lway s o ccupy t h e s ame p l ace ' ( Tanne r1 979 :73 ) . T h ei n t e rna la r rangemen t so ft h et wo U lk e s t rup H u t s w i th t h e i r w a l l s t ake s p r e se rved a r e t h u s u s ed a s m ode ls f o r t h e r ema in ing s i t e s . I n t h e f o l low ing c hap t e r s w e s ha l l t r y o u tt h i s h ypo the s i s b y a na ly s i ng t h er ema in ing s i te s s u i ted f o ra na ly s i s . 3

3 .A na ly s i so fg enera ld i s t r ibu t ion p a t t erns

3 . Ana ly s i so fg enera ld i s tr ibu t ion p at terns 3 . 1 . I n troduc t ion I nt h es e a r ch f o rr e pea t ed d i s t r ibu t ion p a t t e rn so nt h e Mag lemo s ian s i te s ,a l la c ce s s ib le d i s t r ibu t ion sh ave b een a na ly sed a nd c ompa r ed .T he p r e sen ta na ly s i si s r e s t r ic ted t ot h e se d i s t r ibu t ion s ,t h a ts e em r e la ted t o s uch r e pea ted p a t te rn s . A s a l r eady m en t ioned ( 1 .2 .2 .a . ) , o n ly t h e o b jec tt y pe s s ma l le rt h an 5c m ( e g . t h e m ic ro l i th ic p i ece s ) s how s u ch c l ea r , c ha r a c te r i s t ic a nd r e pea ted p a t te rn s . I n s id e t h e m a in c oncen t ra t ion s o f ma te r ia l , c on cen t ra t ion s o fb u rn t f l in t , ma in ly c on s i s t ing o f s ma l l b u rn t f r agmen t s ( 1 .2 .2 .a . a nd 3 . 1 .5 . ) , s e em t og i ve ar e a sonab le i d ea o ft h e l o ca t ion s o fh ea r th s n o tp r e se rved . T h e d i s t r ibu t ion so ft h eE th ic w a s te ,i n c lud ing f l ake s ,m ic ro b l ade sa nd b l ad e s ,a ppea ra st h el a rg e ,n o tt o oc l ea r ly c onf ined m a in c oncen t ra t ion st h a ts e em t oc o inc ide w i th t h e d w e l l ing a r ea s ( 3 .1 .4 . ) , i nm o s tc a se sc on n ec ted t o al owe rl y ing t o ngue o fw a s te ,t h e ' wa s te

Ia nd ag r oup o fp rob lema t ic s i te sf r om wh ich o n ly l i t t le r e l iab le d a ta o fr e levance f o rt h i sa na ly s i sc an b ee x t rac ted .T h i sg roup a l so c omp r ise st h et wo s o c a l led Mag lemo se d w e l l ing s T ingby a nd L av r inge Mo se .I nt h ec a ta logu ea r ep r e sen ted a r gumen t st h a t t h e se a r ep robab ly n o td w e l l ing s . T he f i gu r e s2 0 -23 a r ei c onog raph ic r e p re sen ta t ion s o ft h e c oncen t ra t ion s o ff l in t , m ic ro l i th s a nd b u rn t f l in t /h ea r th so nt h es i t e s . T h ey a l so s how t h ec ou r se o ft h es ho r e l ine o r ,i fi ti sd i s tan t ,t h ed i rec t ion t oi t . T h e n umbe r s h e re a l so r e f e rt ot h e c a ta logue n um b e r so ft h es i te s .

3 . 1 .1 .R ef erence st ot he c a ta logue ( c o lumn 1 ) I nt a b le 1t h es i te sa r er e p r e sen t ed b yt h e i rn ame a nd t h en umbe rt h ey a r eg i ven i nt h ec a ta logue ( 6 . ) . T h e f i r s t c o lumn c on ta in s t h e i r n ame s a nd n umbe r s . R ound b r a ck e t s ()a r ound an ame s how t h a ts ome o f t h ei n f o rma t ion r e la t ed t ot h i ss i te mu s tb et a ken w i th s ome p r ecau t ion . S qua re b r acke t s []a r ound an ame s how t h a t s ome o r a l d a ta r e la ted t ot h i s s i te a r e d i r ec t ly u n r e l iab le .

l a ye r ' . T he r ema in ing i t em t y pe s , p o s s ib ly d u e t o t h e i r r e s t r ic ted n umbe r s a nd l a rge r s i z e , s how n o c on s i s ten t a nd r e pea ted p a t t er n s . S ome o f t h e i r d i s t r ibu t ion sa r es hown i nt h ec a ta lo gu e .I fi ti sp o s s ib le a ta l lt od i s t ingu i sh g ene ra ld i s t r ibu t iona lt r a i t sw i th t h ese i t em s , amuch l a rge rn umbe ro fe xcava ted s i t e s t h an t h eo ne a va i lab le t o day w i l lb en ece s sa ry .

T he s i ng le v a lue si nt h et a b le t h a t mu s tb et a ken a s r e l iab le w i th s ome p r ecau t ion a r e g i ven i nr ound b r a ck e t s .V a lue st h a ts e em l i ke ly ,b u tn o t mo re ,a r e m a rked b ys qua r eb r a cke t s .V a lues i ti si mpo s s ib le t og i v e ar e a sonab le e s t ima t ion o fa r em a rked b yo ne o r t wo q ue s t ion m a rk s , m a rk ing d ec rea s ing r e l iab i l i ty .

An umbe ro fe xcava t ion sn o to fp r ime q ua l i ty h av e b een i n c lud ed i nt h ea na ly s i sb ecau se i ti sr e ga rded a si mpo r t an tn o to n ly t od emon s t ra t et h a ts ome s i te s f i tt h ep a t ter n sp o s tu la ted , b u ta l so t h a tt h er e l iab le p a t ter n s o b ser ved a t t h e e xcava t ion s o f al ow e r q ua l i ty d on o tc on t rad ic tt h er e gu la r i t ie sp os tu la ted .

3 . 1 .2 .D i s tances a nd d irec t ion st ot he p reh i s tor ic s hore l ine ( co lumns 2a nd 3 ) T he c hang ing w a te rl e ve l so ft h ep r eh i s to r ic i n land w a te rs y s tem s d o n o ta l low s imp l i s t ic a s sump t ion s a bou t t h e c ou r se o f t h e i r p r eh is to r ic s ho re l ine s . H ow eve r , i n m any c a se s i ti so bv iou s f r om t h e p r e se rva t ion o f t h e s e t t lemen t ma t e r ia l t h a t s ome p a r t so fi tmu s th ave b een d epo s i ted u nde ra nae robe c ond i t ion s -t h a ti su nde rw a te ro rt r amp led i n to t h e m ud o f am o i s ts ho r ez on e -w he rea so t he rp a r t sa r e l e s sw e l lp r e se rved d ue t ot h e i re xposu re t oo xygen o nt h es e t t lemen ts u r f a ce . D if f e r en ce si np a t ina t ion d u et od if e r en tc ond i t ion sf o rd e s i l if i ca t ion m ay a l so b e ag ood i n d ica to ro ff l in td epo s i ted u nde rd ry a nd

T o i mp rove t h ec omp reh en s ib i l i ty o ft h i sw o rk ,t h e b a s ic d a ta o ft h e s i te s a r er e p r e sen ted i nt a b le 1 .A c onc ise d e sc r ip t ion o f e a ch o f t h e s i te s w i th d i s t r ibu t ion p l an s ,r e f e r en ce st op ub l ica t ion s ,r e po r t s , d a t ing sa nd p e r sona lc ommun ica t ion w i th t h ee xcav a t o r si sf ound i nt h ec a ta logue . T h es i te n umbe r si n t h e t a b le r e f e r t o t h e i r n umbe r s i nt h e c a ta logue . T ab le 1y i e ld s i n f o rma t ion o n an umbe ro ff a c to r s d i scu s sed f u r the r b e low . T he s i t e s h ave b een s e pa ra ted i n to t h ree g r oup s :o n ew i th c l o se a ff in i t ie s t oU lk e s t rup I ,o ne w i th c l o se a f f in i t ie st oU lk e s t rup 3 4

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