The Lower Palaeolithic of the Maghreb: Excavations and analyses at Ain Hanech, Algeria 9780860548751, 9781407350011

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Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 42 Series editor: John Alexander

The Lower Palaeolithic of the Maghreb Excavations and analyses at Ain Hanech, Algeria

Mohamed Sahnouni

BAR International Series 689 1998

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 689 Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 42 The Lower Palaeolithic of the Maghreb © Mohamed Sahnouni and the Publisher 1998 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860548751 paperback ISBN 9781407350011 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860548751 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Archaeopress in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 1998. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

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Id ed ica te t h i sw o rk t ot h em emo ry o ft h el a t eP rof e s so rL ion e lB a lou t

A inH anech D j . Meksem

Mansourah

S aoura s i tes Ci f C asab lanca s equence Oued Mda A rbaoua S ouk A rba Rhab D ouar D oum C . D eprez C . S hne ider S id i Abderrahmann

Aou le f R eggan

•B o rd j T an K ena

H adar Me lka Kun turä Gadeb Omo Koob i F o ra Chesowan ja P en in j O lduva i

0

1 000 km

Makapansga t Swar tk rans & S terk fon te in

ACKNO WLEDG MENTS

T h i s r e sea rch w a s made p o s s ib le b ecau se o f t h e w i l l ing h e lp a nd c o l labo ra t ion o f al a rge n umbe r o f p eop le a nd i n s t i tu t ion s . F i r s t a nd f o remo s t , Iw ou ld l i ke t od ed ica te t h i s wo rk t ot h e m emory o ft h e l a te P rof e s sor L ione l B a lou t , w ho i n 1 982 e n t rus ted t h e o l d A in H anech l i t h ic ma te r ia l t o m e f o r a na ly s is . S ince t h a t t ime Ih ave b ecome c on s tan t ly l i nked t o t h e s i te o fA in H anech , a nd t h e r e sea r ch p resen ted h e re i sac on t inua t ion o ft h ew o rk i n i t ia ted i nP a r is . I d eep ly a pp rec ia te t h e w i l l ing a s s is tance o f P rof es so r s N icho la s T o th a nd K a thy S ch ick . Ia m g ra tef u l f o r t h e h e lp , s uppo r t , e ncou ragemen t , a nd t h e i n va luab le a dv ice t h ey h ave p rov ided m e t h roughou t my g radua te s t ud ie s a t I nd iana U n ive r s i ty . D iscu s s ion s w i th N ick a nd K a thy o n L owe r P a laeo l i th ic i s sue s a lowed me t o e nhance my b ackg round a nd my a pp roach t o i n ve s t iga t ions a tA in H anech . T hey a l so h e lped i n t roduce m e t oa l a rge n umbe r o f Ame r ican s cho la r s a nd d eve lop n e two rk s o f c oope ra t ion a nd c ommun ica t ion w i th c o l leagues wo rk ing i n t h e P a laeo l i th ic i n v a r iou s p a r t so ft h e wo r ld . Iw ou ld l i ke t o t h ank s eve ra l p rof e sso r s a nd s cho la r s f o r t h e i r a s s is tance a nd g u idance t h roughou t t h i s s t udy . Ia m s pec ia l ly g ra tef u l t o P rof e s so r s R ober t Me ie ra nd J eanne S ep t who g ave m e i n va luab le a dv ice a nd e ncou ragemen t d u r ing my s t ay a tI nd iana U n ive r s i ty . T hey a l so p rov ided me w i th p r ec ious c ommen t s o n t h e d raf t . P rof es so r M ichae l S ava rese , w a s a lway s a va i lab le f o r c on su l ta t ion a nd s ugges t ion s . Ig a ined al o tf r om h i s p r ec iou s a nd c ons t ruc t ive c ommen t s o n f i r s t d raf t . My t h ank s a l so g o t oP rof e s so r K ev in H un t f o rt h e i n va luab le c ommen t so nt h i sw o rk . Iw ou ld l i ke t o a cknow ledge e m inen t f i gu re s i n P a leoan th ropo log ica l r e sea rch f o r t h e i r c ons tan t s uppo r t a nd e ncou ragemen t t o c a r ry o u t my A in H anech i n ve s t iga t ion s . T he se a r e J .D e smond C la rk ( P rof e s so r Eme r i tus a tt h e U n ive r s i ty o fC a l if orn ia , B e rke ley ) , F . C la rk H owe l l ( P rof e sso r Eme r i tu s a t t h eU n ive r s i ty o fC a l if o rn ia , B e rke ley ) , a nd R icha rd K le in ( P rof es so ra tS t anf o rd U n ive r s i ty , C a l if orn ia ) . Ia m a l so g r a tef u l l t o P rof es so r s H en ry d e L um ley D i rec to r o f t h e Museum N a t iona l d 'H is to i re

Wenne r -Gren F ounda t ion f o r A n th ropo log ica l R e sea rch ( New Y o rk ) f o r s uppor t ing my g radua te s t ud ie s a t I nd iana U n ive r s i ty , t h e A n th ropo logy D epa r tmen ta tI nd iana U n ive r s i ty f o rs uppor t ing m e w i th S komp F e l lowsh ip s a nd A ssoc ia te I n s t ruc to r sh ips , t h e C en te r f o r R e sea rch i n to t h e A n th ropo log ica l F ounda t ions o f T echno logy ( CRAFT ) f o r f und s a nd v a r iou s l o g i s t ic a i d s , t h e L .S .B . L eakey F ounda t ion ( Oak land , C a l if or n ia )f o r f u nd ing f i e ld wo rk a t AM H anech , t h e " V ice R ec to ra t d e l a P o s t -G radua t ion e t l a R eche rche S c ien t if ique " ( Un ive r s i ty o f A lg ie r s ) f o r f i na n c ia l a i d s , t h e I n s t i tu te o fA rchaeo logy a tt h e U n ive r s i ty o f A lg ie r s f o r a s s i s t ing w i th l o g i s t ic mean s n ece ssa ry t o t h e e xcava t ion s , t h e " Agence N a t iona le d 'A rcheo log ie e t d e s Monumen t s H i s to r ique s " f o r p rov id ing t h e r e sea rch p e rm i t , a nd t h e l o ca l a u tho r i t ies o fG ue l ta Z e rgua f o rh e lp ing t o c a r ry o u t t e s t t r enche s . My t h ank s a l so g o t o D r . Mohamed E l - Mo s tef aF i l lah , f o rme rD ir ec to ro ft h e I n s t i tu te o fA rchaeo logy , f o r t h e l o g i s t ica l s uppo r t h e p rov ided m et ow o rk e ff i c ien t ly i nt h e f i e ld . T he p r epa ra t ion p ha se f o r t h e p ub l ica t ion o f t h i s r e sea rch w a s s uppo r ted b y a g ran t f r om t h e D i recc iön G ene ra l d e E n se f ianza S upe r io r o f t h e S pan i sh M in i s t ry o fE duca t ion a nd C u l tu re . Ia m g ra tef u l t o an umbe r o fp eop le w ho a s s is ted m e u nde r tak ing n ume rou s a na ly se s . T hese i n c lude P rof e sso r J e an d e H e inze l in ( I ns t i tu t R oya l d e s S c ience s N a tu re l le s d e B e lg ique s ) f o r g eo log ica l s t udy o f A in H anech d epo s i t s , D r . F rank B rown ( Schoo l o f M ine s , U n ive r s i ty o f U tah ) f o r p a leomagne t ic s t udy , D r . T rue C e r l ing ( Geo log ica l S c ience s , U n ive r s i ty o f U tah ) f o r C a rbon I s o tope a na ly s is , D r . C o l l in H a rvey ( Depa r tmen t o f G eo log ica l S c ience s a t I nd iana Un ive r s i ty , B loom ing ton ) f o r s e d imen t g ra in s i ze f r ac t ion a nd m ine ra log ica l a na ly se s , D r . L aw rence K ee ley ( Un ive r s i ty o f I l ino i s a t C h icago ) f o r m ic rowea r a na ly s is , a nd D r . Y a sm ina C ha id S aoud i ( Un ive r s i ty o fA lg ie r s )f o rf a una ld e te rm ina t ion . T he A in H anech p ro jec t w a s m ade p o s s ib le t hank s t o t h e p a r t ic ipa t ion o f many p eop le d u r ing t h e e xcava t ions u nde r v e ry h a rd c l ima t ic c ond i t ion s . I a m i n deb ted t o my c o l leagues Mohamed Med ig a nd A bde lkade r D e r rad j i f r om t h e I n s t i tu te o f A rchaeo logy a tt h e U n ive r s i ty o fA lg ie r s f o r t h e i r i n va luab le a s s is tance i nt h e f i e ld . S eve ra l s t uden t s f r om t h e I n s t i tu te o f A rchaeo logy p a r t ic ipa ted e ne rg ica l ly i nt h e e xcava t ions , a nd Ia m s pec ia l ly g ra tef u l t o my s t uden t s H oc ine B e lah rech , D jam i la B r ik i , Z ohe i r H a r ichene , Nad j iba H a s san i , S am i r K he louf i , a nd Me r iem S aada lah w ho n o t o n ly t ook p a r t a c t ive ly i n t h e e xcava t ion s b u t a l so h e lped s u cces sf u l ly i nt h e i rp r epa ra t ion . My t h ank s a l so g o

Na tu re l le i nP a r i s , Y ve s C oppens f r om t h e C o l 4e d e F rance i nP a r is , C o le t te R oube t f r om t h e I n s t i tu t d e P a l&m to log ie H uma ine i n P a r is , E uda ld C a rbone l l f r om t h e U n ive r s i ty o fR ov i ra iV i rg i l i i n T a r ragona , S pa in , a nd P ao la V i l la f r om t h e U n ive r s i ty o f B o rdeaux f o r s uppor t ing a nd e ncou rag ing me u nder tak ing A in H anech p ro jec t . Iw ou ld a l so l i ke t o t h ank s eve ra l i n s t i tu t ions f o r p rov id ing i n va luab le f i nanc ia l s uppor t : T he

1 1

t o my s t uden t , C he l ia p rof es s iona l ly i l us t ra ted

Iwou ld l i ke t oe x tend my t hank s f o rh e lp t oJ oanne C owan , R e sea rch A dm in is t ra to r a t CRAFT R esea rch C en te r , a nd C onn ie Adams a nd D eb ra W i lke r son , s t af f a tI nd iana U n ive r s i ty D epa r tmen t o f An th ropo logy .

G uena tef F i l lah w ho t h e a r t if ac t s i n my

d i s se r ta t ion . Ia m i n deb ted t o t h e T habe t f am i ly m embe r s f o r t h e i r w a rm h o sp i ta l i ty . A s t h ey d id w i th P rof e s so r C am i l le A rambou rg , t h e T habe t f am i ly a lway s w e lcomed m e d i gg ing o n t h e i r p r iva te p roper ty . I n a dd i t ion , Abba sT habe tw a sv e ry h e lpf u l i nl o ca t ing s eve ra l a r chaeo log ica l o ccur rence s i n t h e A in H anech a r ea .

F ina l ly , Ia m e t er n a l ly g ra tef u l t o my w if e , Y a sm ina , w ho c ons tan t ly e ncouraged m e i n my g radua te s t ud ie s a nd p rof e s s iona l w o rk . A l though f a raway f r om h ome , w i th l o ve a nd s uppor t , s he a s s i s ted m e i nr e a l iz ing t h i s r e levan t a ch ievemen t f o r my p rof e s s iona lc a r ee r .

i v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNO WLEDG MENTS L IST OF TABLES L IST OF F IGURES L IST OF APPENDIXES

i v i i i i x x i i

CHAPTER 1 :I NTRODUCT ION 1 . 1- I NTRODUCTION 1 . 2 - BR IEF OVERV IE W OF THE AFR ICAN EARLY S TONE AGE 1 . 3 -THE EARL IEST NORTH AFR ICAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES 1 . 3 .1 -H i s tor ica ls ke tch 1 . 3 .2 - T he e ar l ie s ta rchaeo log ica ls i te s 1 . 3 .2 .11 . 3 .2 .2 1 . 3 .2 .3 1 . 3 .2 .4 1 . 3 .2 .5 1 . 3 .2 .6 -

1 . 4 1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 7 -

C ircums tance s o fd i scovery C harac ter o ft he a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l S tra t igraph ic a nd s ed imento log ica l c ontex t P hy s ica l c ond i t ion o fa r t if ac t s D a t ing a nd f auna C onc lud ing r emark s

THE OBJECT IVES OF THE A IN HANECH S TUDY THE APPROACH ORGANIZATION OF THE D ISSERTATION SU M MARY

1 2 3

4

7 8

CHAPTER 2 : BACKGROUND 2 . 1- I NTRODUCT ION 2 . 2 - GEOGRAPH IC SKETCH 2 . 3 -H ISTOR ICAL SKETCH 2 . 3 .1 - T he p ioneer s 2 . 3 .2 -A rambourg ' sr e search 2 . 3 .3 -R ecen ti nve s t iga t ions 2 . 4 - GEOLOGICAL AND S TRATIGRAPHIC BACKGROUN 2 . 4 .1- GE NERAL S TRUCTURE O FB EN I FO UDA B AS IN D EPOS ITS 2 . 4 .2 -The s t ra t igraph ic s equence o ft he A in B oucher i tv a l ley 2 . 4 .2 .12 . 4 .2 .2 2 . 4 .2 .3 2 . 4 .2 .4 -

1 1 2

1 3

T he Oued L aa tech F orma t ion T he A in B oucher i t F orma t ion T he A in H anech F orma t ion C omp lex o fs urf ac ia l f orma t ions

2 .4 .3-S tra t igraph ic p rof i le so f a rchaeo log ica ll o ca l i t ie s 2 . 4 .3 .1- A in Hanech s t ra t igraph ic p rof i le 2 . 4 .3 .2 - E I -Kherba s t ra t igraph ic p rof i le 2 . 4 .3 .3 - S tra t igraph ic p o s i t ion o fA cheu lean o ccurrence s

2 . 5 - FAUNAL RE MAINS 2 .5 .1 - F auna lr ema ins f rom A rambourg ' st r ench 2 .5 .2 - F auna lr ema ins f rom n ew e xcava t ions 2 . 6 - DAT ING 2 . 6 .1- B ios t ra t igraph ic c ompar i sons 2 . 6 .2 -B iozone c or re la t ions 2 .6 .3 -P a leomagne t ic a na l ys i s 2 . 7 -PALEOENV IRON MENTAL AND PALEOECOLOGICAL I NFERENCES 2 .7 .1- S tra t igraph ic d a ta 2 .7 .2 - F auna lr ema ins 2 .7 .3 - C arbon i s o tope r a t io a na lys i s 2 . 8 -S U M MARY

V

1 4

1 5

1 6 1 8

1 9 2 0

CHAPTER 3 : F IELD W ORK 3 . 13 .2 3 .3 3 .4 3 .5 -

I NTRODUCT ION SURVEY AND M APPING TEST TRENCHES AND TEST EXCAVATION THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS SU M MARY

2 9 3 0 3 1

CHAPTER 4 : FOR MAT ION OF A IN HANECH S ITE 4 . 1INTRODUCT ION 4 . 2 -S TRAT IGRAPH IC EV IDENCE 4 . 3 -S ED I MENTARY CONTEXT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RE MAINS BEAR ING STRATA

3 7

4 . 4 - HOR IZONTAL AND VERT ICAL D ISPERSION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RE MA INS 4 . 5 - TAPHONO M IC GRADE OF BONES 4 .5 .1 -B one w ea ther ing

3 8 3 9

4 .5 .2 - Abra s ion 4 .5 .3 -S or t ing o fs ke le ta lp ar t s 4 .5 .4 -B one b reakage 4 .5 .5 -B one o r ien ta t ion a nd i nc l ina t ion 4 . 6 - STONE ART IFACTS CONCENTRAT ION

4 0 4 1

4 .6 .1 -A r t if ac ta s semb lage c ompo s i t ion 4 .6 .2 - Deb i tage s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion 4 .6 .3 -O r ien ta t ion a na l ys i s 4 .6 .4 -A r t if ac ti nc l ina t ion 4 .6 .5 - Microscop ic e xam ina t ion o fa r t if ac t s

4 2

4 3

4 .6 .6 -S pa t ia lp a t terns o fa r t if ac t s 4 . 7 - CONCLUS ION

4 4

CHAPTER 5 :L ITHIC ASSE MBLAGE ANALYS IS 5 . 1- I NTRODUCT ION 5 . 2 - METHODS 5 .2 .1 -R ev iew o fc l ass if ica t ion s y s tem s 5 . 2 .1 .1 - Morpho log ica lc l a s s if ica t ion 5 . 2 .1 .2 - T echno log ica l c l a s s if ica t ion 5 . 2 .1 .3 - M ixed c l a s s if ica t ion 5 . 2 .2 - Me thod a dop ted i nt h i ss t udy 5 . 2 .2 .1 - A t t r ibu te s f o rl i t h ic a na ly s i s 5 . 2 .2 .1 .1 -A t t r ibu te sf o rf l aked c obb le sa nd c ore s 5 . 2 .2 .1 .2 -A t t r ibu te sf o rf l ake s 5 . 2 .2 . 1 .3 A t t r ibu te sf o r r e touched p i ece s 5 . 2 .2 . 1 .4 -A t t r ibu t e sf o r m i sce l laneous f r agmen t s 5 . 3 - OVERALL PRESENTAT ION OF THE ART IFACT ASSE MBLAGE 5 .4 - RA W MATER IAL ANALYSIS 5 .4 .1 - T ype so fr ock 5 .4 .2 - G rave la na lys i s 5 .5 - FLAKED COBBLES ANALYS IS 5 .5 .1- D imens ions 5 .5 .2 .-Ca tegor ie so ff laked c obb le s

6 3 6 4

6 5 6 6 6 7

6 8 6 9

5 .5 .3 - Ex ten to ff lak ing 5 .5 .4 -S t r ik ing p la tf orms 5 .5 .5 -R e s idua la reas o fc or tex

7 0

5 .5 .6 - Number o fs car s 5 .5 .7 - Edge a ng le 5 .5 .8 - We igh t

7 1

5 .6 - CORE ANALYS IS 5 . 7 - FLAKE ANALYS IS 5 .7 .1 -D imens ions 5 .7 .2 - F lake b u t ts car sa nd f lak ing a ng le

7 2

5 .7 .3 - Dor sa ls car s

v i

5 .7 .4 -S car p a t tern ing 5 .7 .5 -A rea o fc or tex 5 .7 .6 -F lake s hape s 5 .7 .7 - F lake t y pe s 5 . 8 - RETOUCHED P IECES ANALYS IS 5 . 8 .1 -D imens ions 5 . 8 .2 -B lank s ( i n i t ia lf orms ) 5 . 8 .3 -R e touch i n c l ina t ion 5 . 8 .4 -R e touch p os i t ion 5 . 8 .5 -R e touch e x ten t 5 . 8 .6 -R e touch l o ca t ion 5 . 8 .7 -R e touch d e l inea t ion 5 . 8 .8 - C a tegor ie so fr e touched p iece s 5 . 9 - MISCELLANEOUS FRAG MENTS 5 . 10 - EXPER I MENTAL ANALYSIS 5 . 10 .1 - E xper imen t s 5 . 10 .2 -R e su l t s 5 . 10 .3 - C ompar i son w i th t he a rchaeo log ica ls amp le 5 . 11- MICRO WEAR ANALYS IS 5 . 12 - SYNOPS IS 5 . 13 -A IN HANECH ASSE MBLAGE AS A VAR IANT OF OLDO WAN I NDUSTR IAL CO MPLEX 5 . 14 - CONCLUS IONS

7 3

7 4

7 5

7 6 7 7 7 8 7 9 8 0

CHAPTER 6 : GENERAL CONCLUS IONS 6 . 1- HU MAN ANT IQUITY I N THE MAGHREB AND THE S PREAD OF EARL IEST HO M IN IDS 6 . 2 - S ITE CONTEXT 6 . 3 - THE OLDO WAN OCCURRENCES 6 . 4 - THE ACHEULEAN OCCURRENCES 6 . 5 - SUBS ISTENCE 6 . 6 - S ITE I NTERPRETAT ION 6 . 7 - THE APPROACH AND FUTURE PROGRESS

19

1 20 1 21

APPEND IX A : S TRAT IGRAPHIC PROF ILES

1 23

APPEND IX B : TAPHONO M IC DATA

1 35

APPEND IX C : ART IFACT ASSE MBLAGE DATA

1 45

B IBLIOGRAPHY

1 57

v i i

L IST OF TABLES

T ab le 1 . 1 : Nor th A f r ican P re -Acheu lean s i te s : c i rcums tances o fd i scove ry a nd a s s igned c u l tu ra l s t ages

5

T ab le 1 . 2 : Nor th A f r ican P re -Acheu lean s i te s : f e a tu re s o fs t one a r t if ac t s

6

T ab le 2 . 1 : An ima l s pec ies r e covered a tA in H anech i nt h ep rev ious e xcava t ions

1 5

T ab le 2 .2 : C ompa ra t ive f a una l l i s ts how ing a n ima l s pec ie s o ccur r ing a tA in B ouche r i t ( Upper P l iocene ) , A in H anech ( Lowe rP l e i s tocene ) , a nd T i fhen if ( M idd le P l e is tocene )

1 7

T ab le 3 . 1 : F oss i l b ones a nd s t one a r t if ac t s f o und i ns i tu i nt h e d i f f e ren tt e s tt r enche s

3 0

T ab le 3 . 2 : A rchaeo log ica lr ema ins r e cove red i nt h e e xcava t ions a tA in H anech a nd E l -Khe rba

3 0

T ab le 4 . 1 : S urf ace b one p a t terns r e la ted t ot h e i rw ea ther ing s t age s a nd y ea r ss i nce d ea th

3 9

T ab le 4 . 2 : S ke le ta lp a r t sr ep re sen ted i nA in H anech a nd E l -Khe rba b one a s semb lage sw i th r e f e rence t o Voo rh ie sg roup s

4 1

T ab le 5 . 1 : S umma ry o fa t t r ibu tes f o rf l aked c obb le a nd c ore a na ly s i s

6 6

T ab le 5 . 2 : S umma ry o fa t t r ibu tes f o rf l ake a na ly s i s

6 7

T ab le 5 . 3 : S umma ry o fa t t r ibu tes f o rt h er e touched p i ece sa na lys is

6 8

T ab le 5 . 4 : Ove ra l l f r equenc ie so fa r t if ac tc a tego r ies

6 8

T ab le 5 . 5 : F requenc ies o fr o ck t ypes a cco rd ing t oc a tego r ie s o fa r t if ac t s

6 9

T ab le 5 .6 :F laked c obb le d imens ion s

7 0

T ab le 5 .7 :C a tego r ies o ff l aked c obb le s

7 0

T ab le 5 . 8 : E x ten to ff l ak ing o ff l aked c obb les

7 0

T ab le 5 . 9 : C ross t a bu la t ion b e tween c l a sse so ff l aked c obb les a nd e x ten to ff l ak ing

7 0

T ab le 5 . 10 : E dge a ng le o ff l aked c obb les

7 2

T ab le 5 . 11 : We igh to ff l aked c obb le s

7 2

T ab le 5 . 12 : D imens ions o fc o res

7 2

T ab le 5 .1 3 : F lake d imens ion s , i n c lud ing l e ng th , b r ead th , a nd t h ickne s s

7 2

T ab le 5 . 14 : D imens iona l c ompa r ison b e tween l i me s tone f l akes a nd f l in tf l akes

7 3

T ab le 5 . 15 : R e touched p i ece sd imens ion f e a tu re s

7 4

T ab le 5 .1 6 : F requenc ies o fm isce l laneou s f r agmen t s T ab le 5 . 17 : C ompa r ison o fd imens ion s ,w e igh t , a nd e dge a ng le b e tween e xper imen ta l c o res a nd a r chaeo log ica l o nes T ab le 5 . 18 : E xpe r imen ta l a nd a r chaeo log ica l f l ake p opu la t ions

v i i i

7 6

7 7 7 7

T ab le 5 . 19 : C ompa r ison o fA in H anech a s semb lage w i th O ldowan , D eve loped O ldowan , KBS I ndus t ry , a nd K a ra r i I ndu s t ry

8 0

L IST OF F IGURES

F igu re 1 . 1 : A f r ican E a r ly S tone Age s i te s

9

F igu re 1 . 2 : Nor th A f r ican E a r ly S tone A ge s i tes

1 0

F igu re 2 . 1 : G eog raph ic l o ca t ion o fA in H anech s i te

2 1

F igu re 2 . 2 : G ene ra ls t ruc tu re s o fB en i F ouda b a s in whe re A in H anech d epos i t so ccu r

2 2

F igu re 2 . 3 : P a leon to log ica l a nd a r chaeo log ica l l o ca l i t ie s i nA in B ouche r i tV a l ley

1 3

F igu re 2 . 4 : S yn the t ic v i ew o ft h e r e g iona l s t ra t ig raphy

2 4

F igu re 2 . 5 : AM H anech F o rma t ion t ype s e c t ion

2 5

F igu re 2 . 6 : S t ra t ig raph ic p rof i le s o fa r chaeo log ica l e xcava t ion s , a nd t h e ir c o r re la t ion w i th A in H anech F orma t ion t ype s e c t ion

2 6

F igure 2 . 7 : B ios t ra t ig raph ic p o s i t ion o fA in H anech f auna a mong t h e Magh reb ian P l io -P le is tocene f a una

2 7

F igu re 2 . 8 : A in H anech F o rma t ion p a leomagne t ic p o la r i ty ( + :p a leomagne t ic s amp les )

2 8

F igu re 3 . 1 : P lan v i ew s how ing t h et opog raph ic p o s i t ion o fd i f f e ren tt e s tt r enches a nd t e s t e xcava t ion u nde r taken i ns umme r 1 992

3 1

F igu re 3 . 2 : S ec t ion v i ew s how ing t h et opog raph ic p os i t ion o ft e s tt r enche sa nd l im i ted e xcava t ion u nder taken i ns umme r 1 992

3 2

F igure 3 . 3 : A rchaeo log ica l f i nd ing sa tt h et e s tt r ench P 7( E l -Be idha )

3 3

F igure 3 . 4 : G r id s y s tem a nd l im i ted e xcava t ion c a r r ied o u ta tA in H anech i ns umme r 1 992

3 4

F igu re 3 . 5 : S t ra t ig raph ic p rof i le o fA in H anech l im i ted e xcava t ion

3 5

F igu re 3 . 6 : A rchaeo log ica l l o ca l i t ies e xcava ted i ns umme r 1 993

3 6

F igure 4 . 1 : S t ra t ig raph ic s e c t ion s o fa r chaeo log ica l e xcava t ion s a tA in H anech s i te

4 5

F igure 4 . 2 . S t ra t ig raph ic s e c t ions o fa r chaeo log ica le xcava t ions a tE l -Khe rba s i te

4 6

F igure 4 . 3 : H is tog rams s how ing s ed imen tg ra in s i ze

4 7

F igure 4 . 4 : D iag ram s how ing t h e m ine ra log ica l c ompo s i t ion o ft h e s i l ty m a t r ix ( < 2m ic rons ) , c on ta in ing t h e a r chaeo log ica lm a te r ia l

4 8

F igure 4 . 5 : H or izon ta l d i s t r ibu t ion o fA in H anech a r chaeo log ica l ma te r ia l

4 9

F igure 4 . 6 :H o r izon ta l d i s t r ibu t ion o fE l -Khe rba a r chaeo log ica l ma te r ia l

5 0

F igu re 4 . 7 : V er t ica l d i s t r ibu t ion o fA in H anech a r chaeo log ica l ma te r ia l

5 1

F igu re 4 . 8 :V er t ica l d i s t r ibu t ion o fE l -Khe rba a r chaeo log ica l m a te r ia l

5 2

i x

F igure 4 .9 : A in H anech a nd E l -Khe rba b one w ea the r ing p a t te rn s

5 3

F igure 4 . 10 : A in H anech b one a b ra s ion p a t tern s

5 4

F igure 4 . 11 : R o se d i ag rams s how ing b one o r ien ta t ion p a t terns

5 5

F igure 4 . 12 : B one i n c l ina t ion p a t te rns

5 6

F igure 4 . 13 : A in H anech a nd E l -Kherba a r t if ac ta s semb lage c ompos i t ion

5 7

F igure 4 . 14 : A in H anech a nd E l -Khe rba d eb i tage s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion

5 8

F igu re 4 . 15 : R ose d i ag rams s how ing s t one a r t if ac to r ien ta t ion p a t ter n s

5 9

F igure 4 . 16 : D iag ram s how ing A in H anech a nd E l -Khe rba s t one a r t if ac ti n c l ina t ion

6 0

F igure 4 . 17 : A in H anech s t one a r t if ac ts pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion

6 1

F igure 4 . 18 : A in H anech a r t if ac ts pa t ia l d en s i ty c on tou r s

6 /

F igure 5 . 1 : E xamp le s o fe x ten to ff l ak ing

8 1

F igure 5 . 2 : F lakes d e scr ip t ive f e a tu res

8 1

F igure 5 . 3 : T ypes o ff l ake b u t ts ca r s

8 2

F igure 5 . 4 : Mea su remen t st a ken o n who le f l ake s

8 2

F igure 5 . 5 : R e touch e x ten t

8 3

F igu re 5 . 6 : A in H anech a nd E l -Khe rba r aw ma te r ia l s b r eakdown

8 3

F igure 5 . 7 : A in H anech a nd E l -Khe rba r aw ma te r ia l s b r eakdown b a sed o n c a tegor ies o fa r t if ac t s

8 4

F igure 5 . 8 : G rave l c l a s ts hape s b a sed o nZ ing s y s tem

8 5

F igure 5 . 9 : F laked c obb le s hapes , b a sed u pon B read th /Leng th & T h ickne ss /Bread th r a t io s

8 6

F igu re 5 . 10 : F laked c obb les f r om A in H anech ( l ime s tone )

8 6

F igure 5 . 11 : F laked c obb les f r om A in H anech ( l ime s tone )

8 7

F igure 5 . 12 : A mu l t if ac ia l f l aked c obb le f r om A in H anech

8 7

F igure 5 . 13 : A mu l t if ac ia l f l aked c obb le f r om A in H anech

8 8

F igu re 5 . 14 : P o lyhed rons f r om A in H anech

8 8

F igure 5 . 15 : F laked c obb les f r om A in H anech

8 9

F igu re 5 . 16 : Af a ce ted s phe ro id f r om A in H anech

8 9

F igure 5 . 17 : U n if ac ia l f l aked c obb les f r om E l -Khe rba

9 0

F igure 5 . 18 : Un if ac ia l f l aked c obb le s f r om E l -Khe rba

9 0

F igu re 5 . 19 : F laked c obb les f r om E l -Khe rba

9 1

F igu re 5 . 20 : B if ac ia l f l aked c obb le s f r om E l -Khe rba

9 1

x

F igu re 5 . 21 : A mu l t if ac ia lf l aked c obb le f r om E l -Khe rba

9 2

F igu re 5 . 22 : D iag ram s how ing L eng th /B read th c o r re la t ion b e tween f l in tc o res a nd f l aked l imes tone c obb le s

9 2

F igu re 5 . 23 : D iag ram s how ing L eng th /Th ickness c or re la t ion b e tween f l in tc o re sa nd f l aked l imes tone c obb les

9 3

F igu re 5 . 24 : H is tog ram o fc o re a ng le

9 3

F igure 5 . 25 : E xamp le s o ff l in tc o re sr e cove red i nt h er e cen te xcava t ions

9 4

F igu re 5 . 26 : F requenc ies o fb u t ts c a r s ;t op : a l l b u t t s ; b o t tom : b a sed o nr aw ma te r ia l s

9 5

F igu re 5 . 27 : H is tog ram o ff l ak ing a ng le ( ang le f o rmed b e tween t h e b u t ta nd t h ev en t ra l f a ce )

9 4

F igu re 5 . 28 : F requenc ies o fn umbe ro fs c a r s o n f l ake d o r sa l f a ce

9 6

F igu re 5 . 29 : F requenc ies o fs ca rp a t ter n ing ; t op : a l ; b o t tom : b a sed o nr aw ma te r ia l s

9 7

F igu re 5 . 30 : F requenc ies o fa r ea o fc or tex o n f l ake d o r sa l f a ce

9 8

F igu re 5 . 31 : S hapes o fA in H anech & E l -Khe rba f l ake s , b a sed o nB read th /Leng th & T h ickness /Bread th c o r re la t ions

9 8

F igure 5 . 32 : F requenc ies o ff l ake t ype s

9 9

F igu re 5 . 33 : F requenc ies o ff l ake t ype s ;t op : b a sed o nr aw ma te r ia ls ; b o t tom : b a sed o na r chaeo log ica l l o ca l i t ie s

1 00

F igu re 5 . 34 : E xamp le s o fl ime s tone f l akes f r om A in H anech

1 01

F igu re 5 . 35 : E xamp le s o fl i mes tone f l akes f r om A in H anech .

1 02

F igu re 5 . 36 : E xamp le s o ff l in tf l akes f r om A in H anech

1 02

F igure 5 . 37 : F requenc ie s o ft ypes o fb l ank

1 03

F igure 5 . 38 : F requenc ies o fr e touch i n c l ina t ion

1 03

F igure 5 . 39 : F requenc ies o fr e touch p o s i t ion ( t op )a nd r e touch e x ten t( bo t tom )

1 04

F igure 5 . 40 : F requenc ies o fr e touch d e l inea t ion

1 05

F igu re 5 . 4 1 : F requenc ies o fc a tego r ie s o fr e touched p i ece s

1 05

F igure 5 . 42 : F requenc ies o fc a tego r ie s o fr e touched p i eces ;t op b a sed o n r aw ma te r ia l s ; b o t tom : b a sed o n a r chaeo log ica l l o ca l i t ies

1 06

F igure 5 . 43 : E xamp le s o fr e touched p i eces made o fl imes tone f r om A in H anech

1 07

F igure 5 . 44 : E xamp le s o fr e touched p i eces made o ff l in tf r om A in H anech

1 07

F igu re 5 . 45 : E xamp le s o fr e touched p i eces made o ff l in tf r om A in H anech

1 08

F igure 5 . 46 : E xamp les o fr e touched p i ece s made o ff l in tf r om A in H anech

1 09

F igure 5 . 47 : E xamp le s o fr e touched p i eces made o ff l in tf r om A in H anech

1 09

x i

F igure 5 . 48 : E xamp les o fr e touched p i eces made o ff l in tf r om E l -Khe rba

10

F igure 5 . 49 : E xamp les o fr e touched p i ece s made o ff l in tf r om E l -Khe rba

10

F igure 5 . 50 : S hape s o fe xpe r imen ta l l ime s tone c obb le , b a sed o n B read th /Leng th & T h icknes s /Bread th r a t ios c or re la t ion

11

F igure 5 . 51 : E xpe r imen ta l f l aked l imes tone c obb les

11

F igu re 5 . 52 : A n e xpe r imen ta l mu l t if ac ia l f l aked c obb le

12

F igure 5 . 53 : S hape s o fa r chaeo log ica l &e xpe r imen ta lc o re s , b a sed o nB read th /Leng th &Th ickness /B read th r a t io s c or re la t ion

12

F igure 5 . 54 : H i s tog rams s how ing c ompa r i son b e tween a r chaeo log ica la nd e xpe r imen ta l f l ake t ypes

13

F igure 5 . 55 : Mea tp o l ish o nt h ev en t ra l f a ce o f af l ake m ade o fb rown f l in t

14

F igu re 5 . 56 : B one p o l ish o nt h ed o r sa l f a ce o f af l ake made o fb rown f l in t

15

F igure 5 . 57 : I nde term ina te b i la te ra lp o l ish o nt h e l a te ra ls i de o f af l ake made o fb l ack f l in t

16

F igu re 5 . 58 : P os s ib le mea tp o l ish o n ad en t icu la te l ike r e touched f r agmen t made o fb rown f l in t

17

F igu re 5 . 59 : A in H anech a r t if ac ta s semb lage t e chno log ica ls equence r e duc t ion

18

F igure 6 . 1 : C h rono log ica l p o s i t ion o fA in H anech s i te r e la t ive t oE a s ta nd S ou th A f r ican e a r l ies ta r chaeo log ica l s i tes

1 22

L IST OF APPEND IXES APPEND IX : A F igure A -1 : D e ta i lp rof i les o fA in H anech t y pe s e c t ion

1 25

F igure A -2 : S t ra t ig raph ic p rof i le s o ft e s tt r enches P 1 a nd P 2

1 26

F igure A -3 : S t ra t igrph ic p rof i le s o ft e s tt r enches P 3 a nd P 6

1 27

F igure A -4 : S t ra t ig raph ic p rof i le s o ft e s tt r ench P 4

1 28

F igure A -5 : S t ra t ig raph ic p rof i le o ft h e s ec t ion S 1

1 29

F igure A -6 : Nor th -Sou th s t ra t ig raph ic p rof i le o fA in H anech l o ca l i ty

1 30

F igure A -7 : No r th -Sou th s t ra t ig raph ic p rof i le o fE l -Khe rba l o ca l i ty

1 31

F igure A -8 : V er t ica l d i s t r ibu t ion o fa r chaeo log ica l ma te r ia l a tA in H anech ( Nor th -Sou th p rof i le )

1 32

F igure A -9 : V er t ica l d i s t r ibu t ion o fa r chaeo log ica l ma te r ia l a tE l -Khe rba ( Ea s t - We s tp rof i le )

1 33

APPEND IX : B T ab le B -1 : T aphonom ic d a ta o fA in H anech B one s

1 36

T ab le B -2 : T aphonom ic d a ta o fE l -Kherba B ones

1 43

x i i

APPEND IX: C T ab le C -1 : Ma in t e chno log ica l d a ta o ff l aked c obb le s (A in H anech l o ca l i ty )

1 46

T ab le C -2 : Ma in t e chno log ica l d a ta o ff l aked c obb le s ( E 1 1(he rba l o ca l i ty )

1 47

T ab le C -3 : Ma in t e chno log ica l d a ta o ff l ake s ( A in H anech l o ca l i ty )

1 48

T ab le C -4 : Ma in t e chno log ica l d a ta o ff l akes ( E 1 1(he rba l o ca l i ty )

1 5 1

T ab le C -5 : Ma in t e chno log ica l d a ta o fr e touched p i eces ( A in H anech l o ca l i ty )

1 52

T ab le C -6 : Ma in t e chno log ica l d a ta o fr e touched p i eces ( E l -Khe rba l o ca l i ty )

1 56

C hap te r 1 :I NTRODUCT ION

1 . 1- I NTRODUCT ION

O lduva i Go rge i n n or thern T anzan ia . A n e xce l len t r e v iew ,

No r th A f r ica i s p e rhaps t h e a r ea w h ich e a r ly h om in id s

s umma r iz ing a nd u pda t ing t h e s t a tu s o f O ldowan l o ca l i t ie s , i sp rov ided b y S ch ick a nd T o th ( 1993) , a nd i s d e sc r ibed

o ccup ied b ef o re t h e ir s p read o u t o ft h e A f r ican c on t inen t . A

h e re . T he ma jo r s i tes wh ich h ave y i e lded O ldowan i n du s t ry ,

n umbe r

b a sed o nt h e i rc h rono logy , a r e ( f ig . 1 . 1) :

o f

" e a r ly "

o ccupa t ion

s i te s

i n Nor th

A f r ica ,

d i scove red d ur ing t h e 1 940 s a nd 1 950 s , a r e c on s ide red t ob e e v idence o fr emo te h uman a n t iqu i ty i nt h i s a r ea . T hese a r e

1 .G ona R ive r ( Hada r , E th iop ia ) : T he o lde s t k nown f l aked

ma in ly l o ca ted i n Mo rocco a nd A lge r ia , t h e mos t f amous o f

a r t if ac t s a r e l o ca ted a l ong t h e G ona R ive r i n s t ra t if i ed

w h ich ,

a r e l o ca l i t ies

s i tua ted

o n

t h e A t lan t ic

c oa s t o f

Mo rocco a nd t h es i te o fA in H anech o nt h e A lge r ian p l a teau .

d epo s i t s , t owa rds t h e t op o f t h e K ada H ada r F orma t ion , w i th in f l oodp la in e nv ironmen t s . T he e s t ima ted d a te s r ange b e tween 2 . 5 a nd 2 . 6 mya ( Corn ivus a nd R oche , 1 976 ; H a r r i s ,

Modern i n ves t iga t ions h ave n o t b een u nder taken a t t h ese

1 983 ; K imbe l e ta l . , 1 996 ; S emaw e ta l . , 1 997 ) . T he l i t h ic

e a r l ies t l o ca l i t ies s i nce t h e 1 950s . C on sequen t ly , t h e se a r chaeo log ica l o ccur rence s s t i l l l a ck p r ec ise i n f o rma t ion

a s semb lage i n c ludes s imp le f l aked c o re s , w ho le f l ake s a nd f l ak ing d eb r is .

r ega rd ing s t ra t ig raphy a nd c hrono log ica l f r amewo rk , d epo s i t iona l c on tex t , a nd p a leoenv i ronmen ta l r e cons t ruc t ion .

2 . T he L owe r Omo R ive r B a s in ( E th iop ia ) : Membe r s Ea nd

T h i s m ean st h a t many a spec t s o fe a r ly h om in id b ehav io ra nd

Fo f t h e S hungu ra F orma t ion , d a ted t o 2 .4 -2 .3 mya , h ave

e co logy t h a t a r e a ccess ib le b y moder n m e thods h ave n o t

y i e lded O ldowan a r t if ac t s c ons is t ing o f c o re s , f l ake s , a nd

b een a dd re s sed i n Nor th A f r ica , i n c lud ing t h e p roduc t ion ,

f r agmen t s made o fq ua r tz ( Howe l l e ta l . , 1 987 ) .

u se , a nd t r an spor t o ft oo l s ; f ood a cqu is i t ion a nd p roces s ing ; c ogn i t ion ; a nd l a nd u se . I n

o rde r

t o

u pda te

3 . F e je j a r ea ( Eh t iop ia ) : R ecen t ly , p a leoan thropo log ica l e xp lo ra t ions a tt h e F e je j a r ea i ns ou the rn E th iop ia r e cove red o u r

k now ledge

r ega rd ing

L owe r

O ldowan o ccu r rence s a t t h e l o ca l i ty n amed F J 1A . T hey

P a laeo l i th ic a r chaeo logy i n Nor th A f r ica , a s w e l l a s t o

i n c lude Mode It e chno logy a r t if ac t s ( c ores a nd d eb i tage )

d ocumen t t h e s p read o f e a r ly h om in id i n to t h is a r ea , n ew a r chaeo log ica l r e sea rch w a s c a r r ied o u t a tt h e i mpor tan t s i te

m ade

o fA in H anech i n Nor thea s tA lge r ia . A in H anech i s as u i tab le

( Asf aw e ta l . , 1 991) .

a r chaeo log ica l s i te a t w h ich t o i n ve s t iga te e a r ly h om in id b ehav io ra l p a t terns , a s w e l l a s t h e ir e nv i ronmen ta l a nd

4 . Wes t T urkana ( Kenya ) : O ldowan o ccur rences , c on s i s t ing

e co log ica l r e la t ionsh ips . T he s i te o f A in H anech p rov ide s

o f c o res , f l ake s a nd f r agmen t s a s w e l l a s r e touched p i ece s ,

a r chaeo log ica l

h ave b een r e cove red r e cen t ly i n We s tT u rkana . ( K ibund j ia e t

ma te r ia ls

e ncompa s s ing

O ldowan

e n t i re ly o f q uar tz a nd

f r agmen ted

b one s .

T he se

o ccur rences a r e c apped b y av o lcan ic a sh d a ted t o 1 . 88 mya

s t one

a r t if ac t s a s soc ia ted w i th aL owe r P l e is tocene f auna c on ta ined

a l . ,

i n av e ry f i ne g ra ined ma t r ix .

c on ta in ing t h e se o ccur rences a r e d a ted t oa bou t2 . 36 mya .

1 992 ;

R oche

e t

K ibund j ia ,

1 994 ) .

T he

d epos i t s

I n t h i s i n t roduc tory c hap te r , a nd p r io r t o d ea l ing w i th t h e

5 .

n ew a r chaeo log ica l i n ves t iga t ions u nde r taken a tA in H anech

o ccur rences h ave b een e xcava ted i n K oob i F o ra . ( Bunn e t

t h rough t h e s ucces s ive c hap te r s ,

a l . ,

Iw i l l p re sen t a b r ief

K oob i F o ra ( Ea s t T u rkana , K enya ) : S evera l O ldowan 1 980 ;

T o th ,

1 985) .

T he

o l des t

a r t if ac t s

o ccu r

o verv iew o ft h e E a r ly A f r ican S tone Age a s w e l l a s as hor t

s t ra t ig raph ica l ly b e low a nd w i th in KBS T uf fd a ted t oa bou t

r epor t o n t h e s t a te o f k now ledge c oncer n ing t h e e a r l ie s t

2 1 .8 mya . T hey i n c lude c o re s , d eb i tage , a nd r e touched

o ccupa t ion s i tes i n t h e Magh reb b y s t re s s ing t h e p rob lem s

e l emen t s made o fl a va , q ua r tz , i n gn imb r i te a nd c her t . T hese

a nd q ue s t ion s t h a t r ema in u n reso lved . Iw i l l a l so r e v iew t h e

a r t if ac t s h ave b een c a l led KBS I ndus t ry wh ich r e semb le s a nd

p rob lem s t r ea ted i n t h is r e sea rch , t h e o b jec t ive s t o b e

i s b road ly c on temporaneous w i th O ldowan a r t if ac t s f r om

a ch ieved , a nd t h e a pproach a dop ted . T he o rgan iza t ion o ft h e

B ed Ia t O lduva i G o rge ( Ha r r is a nd I s aac , 1 976 ) . Y ounge r

b ook i sp r e sen ted a tt h e e nd o ft h is c hap te r .

a r t if ac t s c on ta ined i n Oko te Membe r , d a ted a pp rox ima te ly t o 1 . 4 mya , h ave b een a s s igned t o K a ra r i I ndus t ry , w h ich i sa n

1 . 2 - BR IEF OVERVIE W OF THE AFR ICAN EARLY

i n dus t r ia l c omp lex a na logous t o t h e D eve loped O ldowan a t

S TONE AGE

O lduva i ( Ha r r is , 1 978 ) .

T he o ldes t a r chaeo log ica l o ccur rence s a r e p r esen t ly k nown o n ly i nA f r ica , p rec ise ly i ni t s e a s tern a nd s ou thern p ar t , a nd

6 .O lduva i G o rge ( Tanzan ia ) : O lduva i G o rge i su n ive r sa l ly

a r e d a ted r ough ly 2 . 5-1 .5 mya . T hey c ons is t o f Mode I

p roduc ing s imp le s t one a r t if ac t s a nd h om in id r ema ins . T he a r t if ac ts i n c lude c o re too ls , f l ake s a nd f r agmen t s a s w e l l a s

f amous

t e chno logy a r t if ac t s , i n c lud ing f l aked c o res ( un if ac ia l a nd

f o r

i t s

n ume rous

e a r l ies t

a r chaeo log ica l

s i te s

b i f ac ia l c hoppe r s , p o lyhed ron s , s ubsphe ro ids , s phe ro ids , a nd h eavy d u ty s c raper s ) , d eb i tage ( s imp le f l akes a nd v a r ious

r e touched p i eces c h ief ly made o fq ua r tz a nd v o lcan ic r o ck s .

f r agmen t s ) , a s w e l l a s i n f requen t a nd i n fo rma l r e touched g ene ra l ly

O ldowan C omp lex I ndus t ry , w h ich i n c lude s 2 p ha ses , O ldowan a nd D eve loped O ldowan . T he O ldowan o ccur i n

a s s igned t o t h e O ldowan i n dus t r ia l c omp lex , n amed f o r

B ed Ia nd L owe r B ed I w h i le D eve loped O ldowan b e long s

p i eces .

T hese

s t one

a r t if ac t

a s semb lages

a r e

T hey

1

h ave

b een

d esc r ibed

i n d e ta i l

a nd

b ap t ized t h e

MOHAMED S AHNOUN I B y 1 . 5 mya , n ew t e chno log ica l i n nova t ion s a ppea r i n t h e

t o t h e M idd le a nd U ppe r B ed I c oex is t ing w i th t h e A cheu lean c u l ture (M . L eakey , 1 971 ; 1 975 ; P o t t s , 1 988 ) .

a r chaeo log ica l

O ldowan a nd D eve loped O ldowan s pan t h e t ime p e r iod f r om

c ha rac te r ize t h e A cheu lean I ndu s t r ia l C omp lex , i n c lud ing

a pp rox ima te ly 1 . 8 t o 1 . 2 mya .

e l emen t s s uch a s b i f ace s , p i ck s , a nd c l eave r s o f ten made

7 . Me lka K un ture ( Awa sh V a l ley , E th iop ia ) : D epos i t s o n

a r e r e co rded i n A f r ica . T he m a jo r A cheu lean s i tes a r e :

b o th s i de s o f t h e Awa sh R ive r c onf ine a s equence o f a r chaeo log ica l l e ve l s r ang ing f r om t h e L owe r P le is tocene u p

O lduva i a nd P en in j ( 1 .5 mya ) , K onso -Ga rdu la ( 1 .4 mya ) ( Asf aw e ta l . , 1 992 ) E a s t T urkana ( 1 .3 mya ) , G adeb ( C la rk

t ot h e H o locene . S ome o ft h e se c u l tura l l e ve ls a r e a s s igned t o

a nd K ura sh ina , 1 979 ) , Me lka K un ture ( Chava i l lon , 1 979 ) ,

t h e O ldowan ( Gombore Ia nd G a rba I V ) a nd t ot he " Evo lved

a nd O lo rgesa i l ie ( 1 .0 mya ) ( I saac , 1 977 ; P o t t s , 1 989 ) . A t t h e p r esen t s t a te o f k now ledge , t h e e a r l ie s t A cheu lean

r e co rd .

T he se

t e chno log ica l

f e a tu re s

f r om b ou lde rc o r e s . Aga in , t h e o l des tA cheu lean o ccur rence s

O ldowan" ( Ga rba I V a nd K e l la ) ( Chava i l lon e t C hava i l lon , 1 976 ) . T he l i t h ic r ema in s i n corpora te m a in ly a v a r ie ty o f

o ccur rences i nN or th A f r ica a r e d a ted t o a bou t 0 . 7 mya a nd

c hoppe r s , p o lyhed rons , d eb i tage , a nd r e touched f l ake s . T he e s t ima ted d a te s f o r t h e O ldowan a t t h is l o ca l i ty r a nge

r e co rded i n t wo l o ca l i t ie s : 1 )t h e s i te o fT ighen if ( f o rmer ly

b e tween 1 . 7 a nd 1 . 3 mya ( Chava i l lon e ta l . , 1 979 ) .

r ema ins a s soc ia ted w i th a n A cheu lean a s semb lage a nd ar i ch

8 .

e ta l . , 1 967 ; G e raads e ta l . , 1 986 ) , a nd 2 ) T homa s Qua r ry 1

T em if ine ) i n A lge r ia , w h ich h a s y i e lded Homo e rec tus mamma l ian f a una ( Arambourg e t H of f s te t te r , 1 963 ; B a lou t

G adeb ( E th iop ia ) : T he l o ca l i ty o f G adeb i n t h e h igh

E th iop ian P l a teau h a s y i e lded Mode It e chno logy a r t if ac t s ,

i n C a sab lanca ( Mo rocco ) , w h ich h a s y i e lded l i t h ic a r t if ac t s a s s igned t o a n E a r ly A cheu lean ( Rayna l & T ex ie r , 1 989 ) .

i n c lud ing c o re too l s a nd d eb i tage p r ima r i ly made o f L ava b u ta l so o fo b s id ian a nd i g n imb r i te . T hey a r e a t t r ibu ted t ot h e D eve loped O ldowan s t a r t ing h e re a t 1 . 5 mya ( C la rk a nd

O the r i mpor tan t Nor th A f r ican A cheu lean s i te s a r e : S id i A bder rahman ( B ibe r son , 1 961) , L a g ro t te d es R h inocros

K a ra sh ina , 1 976 a nd 1 979 ) .

( f orme r ly T homa s Q ua r ry I I i nC a sab lanca ) ( Rayna l e ta l . , 1 993 & E dwa rd J .R hode s e ta l . , 1 994 ) , L ac K a ra r ( Bou le ,

9 .C he sowan ja ( Kenya ) : T he C hemo igu t F o rma t ion c onf ines

1 898 ; B a lou t , 1 955) , T ihoda ine ( A rambourg e t B a lou t ,

s eve ra l l o ca l i t ie s t ha t h ave y i e lded a r t if ac t s a s s igned t o

1 952 ; T homa s , 1 977 ) , S id iZ in ( Gobe r t , 1 950 ) .

C hemo igu t I ndus t ry p re sen t ing s ome s im i la r i ty w i th t h e O ldowan C omp lex ( Gow le t t e t a l . , 1 981) . T he d epo s i t s c onf in ing t h e se r ema ins a r e d a ted t oa bou t 1 . 42 mya .

T he re a r e s eve ra l h om in id f o rms c on tempo raneous w i th t h e L owe r P a laeo l i th ic o ccur rences . T hey a r e : A us t ra lop i thecu s

1 0 . Mw imb i ( Ma law i ) : S tone a r t if ac t s i n Ma law i ( w i th in t h e

( Pa ran thropu s ) b o i se i ( mean c r an ia l c apac i ty : - 5 10 c )

R if t V a l ley ) , c ons is t ing o fc o re too ls , d eb i tage a nd r e touched

r e s t r ic ted t o E a s t A f r ica ; A u s t ra lop i thecus ( Paran thropus )

p i ece s m ade o f q uar tz a nd q uar tz i te , h ave b een r e po r ted

r obu s tu s ( mean c r an ia l c apac i ty : - 5 20 c ) r e s t r ic ted t o

( Kauf u lu a nd S t e rn , 1 987 ) . T he a s soc ia ted f auna s ugge s t s a n

S ou th A f r ica ; H omo h ab i l i s ( mean c r an ia l c apac i ty - 6 10 c )

a ge o f1 . 6 mya . S ou th A f r ican c ave s i tes h ave a l so y i e lded s imp le a r t if ac t s a s s igned t o t h e O ldowan C omp lex I ndu s t ry , f r om t h e s i tes

( Tob ia s , 1 991) ; H omo r udo lf en s i s ( mean c r an ia l c apac i ty : 7 51 c ) (Wood , 1 992 ) ; a nd a n e a r ly f o rm o f Homo e rec tu s , s ome t ime s c a l led Homo e rga s ter i n E a s t A f r ica ( mean

o f S t e rkfon te in a nd Swa r tk rans . A t S t e rkf on te in , Membe r 5

c r an ia l c apac i ty - 8 75 c ) (Wood , 1 992 ) . S o f a r , t h e re a r e n o

h a s y i e lded

h om in id r ema ins a s soc ia ted w i th O ldowan a s semb lage i n

q ua r tz ,

q ua r tz i te ,

a nd

c her t

l i t h ic

a r t if ac t s

No r th A f r ica .

i n c lud ing c o re s , d eb i tage , a nd r e touched p i eces a s soc ia ted w i th Homo h ab i l i s

r ema ins (Ma son ,

1 962 ;

1 976 ) . T he

d eepes t a nd mos t r e cen t ly e xcava ted i nf i l l c on ta ins a l a rge

1 . 3 -THE EARL IEST NORTH AFR ICAN

O ldowan a s semb lage a s soc ia ted w i th P aran thropus r obus tu s

ARCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES

( Kuman ,

1 994 ) . T he mo s t r e cen t s ugge s ted a ge f o r t h is A l though t h e m a in p urpo se o ft h is b ook i st o r epor t o n t h e

m embe r r a nge s b e tween 2 . 0 a nd 1 . 7 mya ( Kuman , 1 994 ) , w i th a m ean o f 1 . 7 mya , u s ing E SR d a t ing t e chn ique

s i te o f A in H anech , i ti si n s t ruc t ive t o r ev iew t he s t a te o f

( Schwa rz e t a l . , 1 994 ) . A t Swa r tk rans , aq uan t i ty o f c ore -

k now ledge r e ga rd ing t h e e a r l ie s t Nor th A f r ican o ccupa t ion

t oo ls , d eb i tage ,

s i tes . L ike t h e s i t e o fA in H anech , t h ese s i te s a r e s ur rounded

a nd

r e touched

p i ece s ,

m ade

o f q ua r tz ,

q ua r tz i te , a nd c her t , h ave b een r e t r ieved f r om Membe r s 1 ,2 ,

b y s eve ra l p rob lems a nd q ues t ions . T he se o ccur rence s n eed

a nd 3 .S ugges ted a ges f o r t h ese membe r s r a nge f r om 1 . 8 t o 1 . 0 mya ( B ra in , 1 981; 1 993 ; C la rk , 1 993) .

t o b e r e v ised i n s eve ra l r e spec t s . T h i s b r ief r epor t w i l l s umma r ize t h e f e a tures a nd e x is t ing p rob lems c ha rac ter iz ing t h e Magh reb ian s i tes . I tw i l l i n c lude as hor th i s to r ica l s ke tch ,

S ome Nor th A f r ican s i tes may b e i n c luded i nt he O ldowan

t h e k nown Nor th A f r ican " ea r l ies t o ccupa t ion s i tes" a s w e l l

I ndus t r ia l C omp lex , a l though t h ey n eed t o b e r ev iewed a nd

a s ad i scuss ion o n q ue s t ions r e la ted t ot h em .

v a l ida ted b ecause a spec t s o f t h e ir s t ra t ig raph ic c on tex t , 1 . 3 .1- H i s tor ica l s ke tch

d a t ing , a nd b ehav io ra l d a ta r ema in p rob lema t ic . T he b e s t k nown P re -Acheu lean s i te i nt h is p a r t o fA f r ica i st h e l o ca l i ty

D ur ing t h e f i r s t p a r t o f t h e c ur ren t c en tu ry , r e sea rch o n

o f A in H anech i n A lger ia ( Arambourg , 1 949 ; S ahnoun i , 1 987 ) , w hose a r chaeo log ica l r e inves t iga t ion i st he p urpo se o f

A f r ican

P reh is to ry

w a s

f o cused

o n

b u i ld ing

a c u l tura l

c hrono logy o f t h e a r chaeo log ica l m a te r ia ls e ncoun te red i n

t h is b ook . I n t h e n ex t s e c t ion , t h e p rob lems s ur round ing t h e se No r th A f r ican P re -Acheu lean s i tes w i l l b e d i scu ssed

t h e c ou r se o fv a r ious wo rk s r e la ted t ot h e c o lon ia l s e t t lemen t

b r ief ly .

a nd i np ionee rs c ien t if ic e xp lora t ions . P ionee r a r chaeo log i s t s e mpha s ized c o l lec t ing , d e sc r ib ing , a nd d e tec t ing c hanges i n 7

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

t h e l i t h ic a r t if ac t s i n o rde r t o e s tab l ish a c h rono -cu l tu ra l

s andy -c lay d epos i t , h a s b een r e cen t ly r epo r ted i n T un is ia ( Gragueb e t O us la t i , 1 990 ) . I n Mo rocco , as e r ie s o f s i tes

s equence w i th in al o ca l g eog raph ic a r ea , a nd t h en c o r re la ted i tw i th o t her s equences k nown i n o the r p ar t s o fA f r ica a nd E urope .

Ma jo r

c u l tura l -h is to r ica l

s equence

l o ca ted o n t h e A t lan t ic c oa s t i nt h e v i c in i ty o f t h e t own o f

c on t r ibu t ion s

C a sab lanca h ave b een i n ve s t iga ted b y P .B ibe r son ( B ibe r son ,

c ome f r om s eve ra l p ionee r a r chaeo log is t s s uch a sB a lou t a nd

1 96 1) . T he se s i te s a r e : A rbaoua , O ued Mda , D oua r D oum ,

B ibe r son f o r Nor th A f r ica ( Ba lou t , 1 955 ; B ibe r son , 1 961) , L .

T e rgu ie t

a nd M . L eakey f o r E a s t A f r ica ( L .S .B . L eakey , 1 951 ; M .D . L eakey , 1 971) , a nd J .D . C la rk f o r S ub -Saha ran A f r ica ( C la rk

( l owe r a nd u ppe r ) , C he l lah , S ouk A rba -Rhab , a nd S id i A bder rahman ( n iveau G ) . A n umbe r o f t h ese d o n o t

1 950 ; 1 954 ) . F or mo re d e ta i ls o n A f r ican a r chaeo logy , a

c ons t i tu te w e l l d ef ined a r chaeo log ica l s i tes b u t a r e l o ca l i t ies

v ery

f r om w h ich s t one a r t if ac t s w e re p i cked u p f r om t h e s u rf ace .

i n f orma t ive

h i s to r ica l

b ackg round

i s p rov ided

b y

e l -Rah la ,

I n A lge r ia , t h e

Gow le t t( 1990 ) .

C a r r ie re

D ep rez ,

C a r r ie re

S hene ider

a r chaeo log ica l s i tes a s s igned t o t h e P re -

A cheu lean i n dus t r ia l t r ad i t ion a r e t h e f o l low ing : A in H anech , B eg inn ing i n t h e

1 960s ,

E a s t A f r ican

E a r ly S tone Age

Mansourah , D jebe l Mek sem , a nd Mon t s T es sa la ( t hese s i tes a r e l o ca ted i nt h e n or th ) , A ou lef , R egan , S aoura , a nd B o rd j

A rchaeo logy b ecame mo re b ehav io r o r ien ted i n ves t iga t ions . N ew a r chaeo log ica l e xcava t ion t e chn ique s a pp l ied a t

T an K ena ( t he se s i tes a r e l o ca ted i nt h e S aha ra ) .

O lduva i G o rge b y L . a nd M . L eakey , a nd a tK oob i F o ra b y G .

h o r izon ta l

P ebb le t oo l a s semb lages e x t rac ted f r om t h ese s i tes a l lowed

e xpo su re o ft h e a r chaeo log ica l ma ter ia ls , s t udy t h e ir s pa t ia l

I s aac a l lowed r e sea rche r s t o f ocus

s ome a u tho r s t o b u i ld c h rono log ica l a nd c u l tura l s equences .

p a t tern s ,

s i gn if icance .

P e rhaps t h e mos t i mpo r tan t L owe r P a laeo l i th ic c u l tura l

p erm i t ted

s equence i n Nor th A f r ica r ema ins t h e o ne e s tab l ished b y

a nd

E xcava t ions

u nde r s tand o f

t h e i r

p r ima ry

u pon

b ehav io ra l

c on tex t

s i te s

a r chaeo log is t s t o a dd re ss f undamen ta l a n th ropo log ica l a nd

B ibe r son ( B ibe r son , 1 961) . L a rge q ua r r ies o n t h e Mo roccan

b ehav io ra l i s sue s s uch a se a r ly h om in id d i e t , t h e s i gn if icance

A t lan t ic c oa s t ,

o f t h e c oncen t ra t ion o f a n ima l b ones a nd s t one a r t if ac t s a t

e xpo sed

e a r l ie s t a r chaeo log ica l

t e r res t r ia l

s i te s ,

t h e

r o le

o f t e chno logy

i n

o pened u p

a s e r ies

f o r b u i ld ing

o f m a r ine

s ed imen t s ,

d epo s i t s

a l lowed

ma te r ia ls ,

h ave

i n te rbedded

w i th

B ibe r son

t o

c ons t ruc t

a

h om in id a dap ta t ion a nd c ogn i t ion , a nd l a nd u se p a t te rns .

c u l tura l -h i s to r ica l s equence s how ing t h e e vo lu t ion o f t h e

Add re ss ing t h e se i s sue s p rovoked a g ene ra t ion o f h ea ted

L owe r P a laeo l i th ic i n dus t r ies t h rough t ime . H e d i v ided t h e

d eba te s s uch a s h un t ing v e r sus s caveng ing , t h e h ome b a se

P re -Acheu lean

h ypo thes i s , a nd s i te f o rma t ion p rocesse s . C onsequen t ly , n ew a pp roache s a nd m e thod s h ave b een c r ea ted a s w e l l a s n ew

s ucce ss ive

r e sea rch f i e ld s h ave b een i n teg ra ted i n to t h e a r chaeo log ica l

( un id i rec t iona l ) . T h is s t age i s i l us t ra ted b y t h e s i te o f

i n ve s t iga t ions

o b ta ined

( f orme r ly

s t ages . u s ing

S t age

" Pebb le -Cu l ture " ) Ii n c ludes t h e

s imp le

o lde s t

t e chno log ica l

i n to

4

a r t if ac t s g es tu res

Nowaday s ,

T a rgu ie t -e l -Rah la . T he s t age I i n corpo ra te s " pebb le t oo ls"

i n ves t iga t ing a n e a r ly a r chaeo log ica l s i te mus t b e c a r r ied o u t

c ha rac te r ized b y b i -d i rec t iona l f l ak ing . T he s i te o f C a r r ie re

w i th in amu l t id isc ip l inary f r amework a nd i n corpo ra te , w hen

D ep rez i nC a sab lanca ( p re sen t ly A h lA l O ugh lam ) r ep re sen t s t h i s s t age . I n s t age I I t h e mu l t id i rec t iona l t e chn ique

t o

d ea l

w i th

a va i lab le , t h e f o l low ing a r chaeo log ica l e xcava t ions ,

t h ese

i s sue s .

r e sea rch f i e lds : c a ref u l e xper imen ta l a r chaeo logy ,

a ppea red , whe re t h e a r t if ac t s a r e c ons ide red t o b e mo re

g eoa rchaeo logy a nd t a phonomy t o i n ves t iga te s i te f o rma t ion

e vo lved . T h is s t age i sr ep resen ted b y t h e s i te o f S ouk -e l -

p roce s se s ,

g eoch rono logy , p a leob io logy , p a leoenv ironmen ta l s t ud ie s ,

A rba d u R hab . T he s i te o fA in H anech i sc or re la ted w i th t h i s s t age o n t h e b a s is o ft h e mu l t id i rec t iona l f l ak ing c r i te r ia , b u t

a nd s oo n .

t h e re i sn o p a leon to log ica l p roof o ft h is . T he l a s t s t age ( IV )

e t hnoa rchaeo logy ,

a n ima l

b ehav io r ,

Wh i le E a s t A f r ican E a r ly S tone Age A rchaeo logy h a s s e en

i sr e p resen ted b y l e ve l Go ft h e S id i A bder rahman s equence , a nd i sc ha rac te r ized b y t h e e me rgence o ft he f i r s t A cheu lean

t h is i mpo r tan t s h if t t owa rds i n ves t iga t ing e a r ly h om in id

e l emen t s . S tages I a nd I c ons t i tu te t h e Anc ien t " Pebb le

b ehav io r p a t ter n s a nd a dap ta t ion , No r th A f r ican L owe r P a laeo l i th ic s t ud ies s t i l l r ema in s t agnan t , o f t en r e ly ing o n

C u l ture" ( Anc ien t P re -Acheu lean )w h i le t h e s t age s I I a nd I V

o bso le te d a ta c o l lec t ion m e thods a nd c oncep t s . T h is i sd ue t o

1 976 ) .

f o rm i t s e vo lved p ha se ( Evo lved P re -Acheu lean ) ( B ibe r son ,

t h e l a ck o fs y s tema t ic r e sea rch a s w e l l a s t h e p e r s is tence o f s t udy ing L owe r P a laeo l i th ic o ccur rence s w i th in a c u l tura l -

T ab les 1 . 1 a nd 1 . 2 d i sp lay t h e ma in f e a tures o ft h e e a r l ies t

h i s to r ica l f o cus . F o r i n s tance , t h e s t udy o ft h e l i t h ic r ema in s

a r chaeo log ica l s i tes u pon w h ich t h e r e cons t ruc t ion o fh uman

r e cove red i ns ome L ower P a laeo l i th ic s i tes d i scove red i nt h e

a n t iqu i ty , a sw e l l a st h e e vo lu t ion o ft h e e a r l ie s t i n dus t r ies i n

1 970s a nd 1 980s c ons is t s o fr e cogn iz ing a r t if ac t t ypes b a sed o n ap r edef ined t ype l i s t , c oun t ing t he ir f r equenc ies , a nd t h en

t h e Magh reb , a r e b a sed . T hese f e a tu res s how t ha t t h e se s i tes

a s s ign ing t h em t oo ne o fB ibe r son 's c u l tu ra l s t ages ( Thoma s ,

a r e s u r rounded b y c ons ide rab le c onf us ion a nd p rob lems . B e low Iw i l l r ev iew w ha t i sk nown o ft h e se s i tes , i n c lud ing

1 973 ; Ama ra , 1 981 ; H eddouche , 1 980 ; 1 981) .

t h e i r c i rcums tances o ft h e i r d i scove ry , t h e c ha rac te r o ft h e ir a r chaeo log ica l

1 . 3 .2 - T he e ar l ie s ta rchaeo log ica ls i te s

ma te r ia l s ,

t h e i r

s t ra t ig raph ic

a nd

s ed imen to log ica l c on tex t s , t h e p hy s ica l c ond i t ion o f t h e s t one a r t if ac t s , a nd t h e i rd a t ing a nd f a una l a s soc ia t ions .

A n umbe r o f e a r l ies t o ccupa t ion s i tes , a s s igned t o t h e P r e A cheu lean

c i v i l iza t ion

f o rme r ly

d es igna ted

" t he

P ebb le

1 . 3 .2 .1- C ircums tance s o fd i scovery

C u l tu re " , h ave b een r epo r ted i n Nor thwes t A f r ica . T hey a r e mos t ly l o ca ted i n Mo rocco a nd i nA lge r ia ( f ig . 1 . 2 ) . As i ng le

A lmo s t a l t h e Maghreb ian P re -Acheu lean s i tes h ave b een

f i nd o f b i f ac ia l ly f l aked c o re /choppe r s , e ncoun te red w i th in a

d i scove red w i thou t s y s tema t ic a r chaeo log ica l s u rvey . T hey

3

MOHAMED S AHNOUN I h ave b een l o ca ted e i ther c a sua l ly o r c o inc iden ta l ly i n t h e

1 . 3 .2 .4 - P hy s ica l c ond i t ion o fa r t ifac t s

c ou r se o fu rban d eve lopmen t . O n ly af ew o ft h em h ave b een e ncoun te red f o l low ing g eo log ica l o r p a leon to log ica l

W i th t h e e xcep t ion o f t h ree s i te s , a l l t h e p ebb le a r t if ac t s

e xped i t ion s , b u t n o a r chaeo log is t s h ave b een a s soc ia ted w i th t h e d i scove r ies . F ur the rmo re , w hen e xcava t ions w e re c a r r ied

e ncoun te red a r e a b raded t ov a ry ing d eg rees . T hey w e re o f ten c o l lec ted f r om t h e s u rf ace o r f r om d i sman t led c ong lome ra te s . S uch o ccur rences l a ck n ecessa ry c on tex tua l

o u t a t s ome s i tes t h e re w a s n o t as i ng le a r chaeo log ica l c r i te r ion t h a th a s b een t a ken i n to c ons ide ra t ion . F o re xamp le ,

i n f o rma t ion , a nd s ome o ft h em a r e m e re ly p seudo -ar t if ac t s , a s d emons t ra ted b y r e cen t work a t t h e C a r r ie re D ep rez

t h e s i te o f A in H anech h a s b een e xcava ted a cco rd ing t o p a leon to log ica l p urpose a nd t e chn ique . A s a r e su l t , i n va luab le a r chaeo log ica l a nd b ehav io ra l i n fo rma t ion h a s

l o ca l i ty o n t h e A t lan t ic c oa s t o f Mo rocco ( Rayna l e t a l . , 1 990 ) . T h is ma ter ia l i sn o t o n ly i n app ropr ia te f o r h om in id b ehav io ra l i n f e rences , b u t a l so d oub tf u l a s p roof o f e a r l ie r h uman a n t iqu i ty i nt h e Maghreb .

b een l o s tp e rhaps f o reve r , a sw i l l b e d emons t ra ted i nt h e n ex t c hap te r s . 1 . 3 .2 .2 - Charac ter o ft he a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l

1 . 3 .2 .5 - D a t ing a nd f auna

Magh reb ian e a r ly P a laeo l i th ic s equence i s f ounded w e re

U n l ike E a s t A f r ica , o ne o f t h e c r uc ia l p rob lems o f Nor th A f r ican P a laeo l i th ic A rchaeo logy i s t h e l a ck o f s u i tab le

c a sua l ly c o l lec ted .

ma te r ia l f o r d a t ing , e spec ia l ly t h e o l de s t c u l tura l r ema ins ,

Mo s t

o f

t h e

a r chaeo log ica l O n ly t h e

m a ter ia ls " pebb le

o n

t oo ls"

w h ich h ave

t h e b een

s y s tema t ica l ly c o l lec ted a nd e xam ined . A t A in H anech , o n ly

w he re

t h e

r ad iome t r ic a ge s . U ran ium -se r ies d a t ing i sa pp l icab le o n ly t o t h e e nd o f t h e L owe r P a laeo l i th ic s equence . T he ref o re ,

c o r e too ls

w e re

c o l lec ted

d ur ing

A rambourg 's

e xcava t ions . O the r s t one a r t if ac t s c a tego r ie s s uch a sd eb i tage

t h e re

a r e

n o

v o lcan ic

r o cks

t o p rov ide

s ound

d a t ing o ft h e a r chaeo log ica l r ema ins f r om e a r l ies to ccupa t ion

a nd r e touched p i eces w e re n o t c o l lec ted . I n a dd i t ion , t h ese s e lec ted m a te r ia ls c on s t i tu ted t h e b a s is f o r ap ro l if e ra t ion o f

s i tes r e l ies o n a s soc ia ted f a una . U nfor tuna te ly , n o t a l l t h e

t ypo log ica l a nd c l a ss if ica to ry a na ly s is . F o r e ach s i te t h e re i s

Maghreb ian P re -Acheu lean s i tes i n c lude f o ss i l a n ima l b ones

a lmos t a lway s a n i n ven t ion o f as pec if ic t ype l i s t a nd

o f b i o s t ra t ig raph ic i n te re s t . I n a dd i t ion , f o ss i l a n ima l b one s

c l a s s if ica to ry a pp roach , w he re n ew " pebb le too l " t y pes a r e c r ea ted a nd a dded ( Hugo t , 1 955 ; R amendo , 1 963 ; A l imen e t

a r e u sua l ly s t ud ied o n ly f r om ap ure ly p a leon to log ica l p o in t

C hava i l lon , 1 962 ; B ibe r son , 1 967 ; H eddouche , 1 981) . O n t h e b a s is o f t h e f r equency o f t h ese t ype s , t h e s i tes a r e

h om in id

a s s igned t o ap a r t icu la rp ebb le -cu l ture s t age .

z ooa rchaeo log ica l ly .

o f v i ew ( s y s tema t ic s a nd p hy logeny , e t c ) . T o d ocumen t b ehav io ra l

c ons ide red

n o t

p a t te rns , o n ly

a n ima l

r ema ins

p a leon to log ica l ly ,

mus t b u t

b e a l so

1 . 3 .2 .6 - C onc lud ing r emark s

1 . 3 .2 .3 - S tra t igraph ic a nd s ed imen to log ica l c on tex t T o

S eve ra l P ebb le C u l ture a s semb lages w e re s u rf ace d i scove r ie s ( s ee t a b le s 1 . 1 a nd 1 . 2 ) . V ery f ew a s semb lages a r e r e po r ted

e nd

t h i s

b r ief r e v iew

o f t h e

Maghreb ian

e a r l ie s t

o ccupa t ion s i tes , t h e f o l low ing r ema rks n eed t ob e s t re s sed :

t o b e f o und w i th in a s t ra t ig raph ic c on tex t , b u t w i thou t p rec ise l o ca t ion a nd d epo s i t iona l i n fo rma t ion . I n Mo rocco ,

a ) W i th v e ry f ew e xcep t ions , a r chaeo log ica l o ccur rence s

f o r e xamp le , s ome a s semb lages w e re e x t rac ted f r om g rave l

w e re

d epo s i t s . S uch p ebb le t oo l a s semb lages h ave b een c ons ide red

e ncoun te red c a sua l ly o r f o l low ing u rban d eve lopmen t a nd

a s e v idence o f av e ry o ld h uman p resence i n Mo rocco

c o l lec ted f r om e i the r t h e s u rf ace o r d i sman te led h i gh e ne rgy

( B ibe r son , 1 961) . R ecen t ly , wo rke r s w ho h ave b een r e v is ing B ibe r son 's s t ra t ig raph ic s equence h ave t h rown d oub t s o n t h e

d epo s i t s ;

a n t iqu i ty o ft h e e a r l ie r P ebb le C u l tu re a s semb lages ( Rayna l

b )

e tT ex ie r , 1 989 ; R ayna l e ta l . , 1 995 ) . T hey d emons t ra te t ha t a s semb lages o f P ebb le C u l tu re S t age I a r e e i the r s u rf ace

s e lec t ive ly r e co rded . O n ly t h e " pebb le t oo ls " h ave b een

f ound

w i thou t

A rchaeo log ica l

s y s tema t ic

m a ter ia ls

s u rvey .

o ccur r ing

T hey

i n

s i tu

w e re

w ere

c on s ide red f o rd esc r ip t ion a nd a na ly s is ;

f i nds o rr ewo rked ma te r ia ls . A r t if ac t s a s s igned t ot h e P ebb le C u l tu re s t age I w e re e x t rac ted f r om h igh e ne rgy d epos i t s .

c ) T he c o l lec ted a r t if ac t s a r e u sua l ly a b raded a nd r o l led ,

Ma te r ia l s o ft h e P ebb le C u l ture S tage I I a r e f r om p o lycyc l ic

i n d ica t ing t h e ir s e conda ry c on tex t , a nd d oub tf u l a u then t ic i ty ;

c o l luv ium s . S tage I V o ft h e P ebb le C u l ture i sr e cons ide red a s A cheu lean b y t h e se a u tho r s i n s tead o f a" Pebb le C u l tu re "

d ) T he a s soc ia t ion o f t h e f a una i sl im i ted , a nd w hen i ti s

t r ad i t ion . I na dd i t ion , n ew i n ves t iga t ions a tt h e s i te o fA h ! A l

a va i lab le

Ough lam

e mpha s ized s y s tema t ics a nd p hy logeny ;

( f orme r ly

C a r r ie re

D ep rez )

i n

C a sab lanca

i t w a s r e s t r ic ted t o p a leon to log ica l s t udy t ha t

(Mo rocco ) , i n d ica te t h a t P ebb le C u l ture a s semb lage s , w h ich h ave b een a s s igned t ot h e S tage I b y B iber son , a ppea rt ob e

e ) R ad iome t r ic d a t ing i s i mpos s ib le d ue t o t h e l a ck o f

p seudo -a r t if ac t s g ene ra ted b y h i gh e ne rgy d epo s i t s ( Rayna l

s u i tab le ma te r ia ls s uch a sv o lcan ic r o ck s .

e ta l . , 1 990 ) .

4

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

T ab le 1 . 1 : Nor th A f r ican P re -Acheu lean s i te s : c i rcums tance so fd i scovery a nd a s s igned c u l tura l s t age s .

S ITES

AUTHORS & YEAR

DOCU MENTS

C IRCU MSTANCES

CULTURAL

OF D ISCOVERY

S TAGES

A rbaoua

B ibe r son ( 1961)

" pebb le t o o ls"

u rban w o rk

s t age I

O ued Mda

B ibe r son ( 1961)

" pebb le t o o ls"

c a sua l

s t age I

D oua r D oum

B ibe r son ( 196 1)

" pebb le t o o ls"

c a sua l

s t age I

B ibe r son ( 1961)

" pebb le t o o ls"

c a sua l

s t age I

C . D ep rez

B ibe r son ( 1961)

" pebb le t o o ls "

c a sua l

s t age I

C .Shene ide r

B ibe r son ( 1961)

" pebb le t o o ls"

c a sua l

s t age I

B ibe r son ( 1961)

" pebb le t o o ls "

s u rvey

s t age I I

C he l lah

B ibe r son ( 1961)

" pebb le t o o l s"

u rban wo rk

s t age I I

S .A rba -Rhab

B ibe r son ( 1961)

" pebb le t oo ls"

q ua r ry e xp lo i ta t ion

s t age I I

S .A bder rahman

B ibe r son ( 1961)

" pebb le t o o ls"

q ua r ry e xp lo i ta t ion

s t age I V

T a rgu ie t e l -Rah la

( l owe r ) C .Shene ide r ( uppe r )

( n iv .G ) A in H anech

A rambourg ( 1949 )

" pebb le t oo l s"

p a leon to log ica l

s t age I I

s u rvey Mansourah

L ap lace ( 1956 )

D j . Mek sem

R oube t( 1967 )

M t . T es sa la

T homa s ( 1973)

" pebb le t o o ls" ." pebb le t o o ls " " pebb le t o o ls"

u rban w ork c a sua l g eo log ica l s u rvey

a nd d eb i tage A ou lef S aoura r eg ion

H ugo t( 1955 ) A l imen & C hava i l lon

" pebb le t oo ls "

s t age I I o rI V

c a sua l

" pebb le t o o ls "

g eo log ica l s u rvey

" pebb le t oo ls"

c a sua l

" pebb le t oo ls"

s u rvey

O ldowan s t age I I

( 1960 ) R eggan B o rd j T an K ena

R amendo ( 1963) H eddouche ( 1980 )

5

s t age I V

MOHAMED S AHNOUN I T ab le 1 . 2 : Nor th A f r ican P re -Acheu lean s i te s : f e a ture s o fs t one a r t if ac t s . S ITES

DOCU MENTS

PHYS ICAL COND IT ION

S TRAT IGRAPH IC

S ED I MENTOL -

CONTEXT

OG ICA I

FAUNA

DEPOS ITS A rbaoua

" pebb le t oo ls"

h eav i ly

i n de te rm ina te

i n de term ina te

a b sen t

u nknown

s u rf ace

g rave l

a b sen t

s ome a r e

s u rf ace

g rave l

a b sen t

a b raded O ued Mda

" pebb le t oo ls"

D oua r D oum

" pebb le t o o ls"

a b raded T a rgu ie t e l -

" pebbe lt oo ls"

l i gh t ly a b raded

g rave l s u rf ace

gr ave l

a b sen t

" pebb le t oo ls"

h eav i ly

g rave l s u rf ace

g rave l

a b sen t

g rave l s u rf ace

ma r ine

a b sen t

R ah la C . D ep rez

a b raded C . S hne ide r

" pebbe le t oo ls"

h eav i ly a b raded

( l owe r )

c ong lome ra te

" pebb le t oo ls"

l i gh t ly a b raded

i ns i tu

g rave l a nd s i l t

a b sen t

C he l lah

" pebb le t oo ls"

l i gh t ly a b raded

i n de term ina te

i n de te rm ina te

a b sen t

A rba -Rhab

" pebb le t oo ls"

l i gh t ly a b raded

s u rf ace

g rave l

a b sen t

S .Abde r rahman

" pebb le t oo ls"

s ome a r e

i ns i tu

c ong lomera te

a b sen t

p resen t

C .Shene ide r ( uppe r )

a b raded

( n iv . G ) " pebb le t oo ls"

a b raded

i ns i tu

c ong lome ra te

" pebb le t oo ls"

f r e sh

i ns i tu

" g ray c l ay"

Mansou rah

" pebb le t oo ls"

f r esh

i ns i tu

t r aver t ine

a bsen t

D j . Mek sem

" pebb le t oo ls"

l i gh t ly a b raded

s u rf ace

u nknown

a bsen t

M t . T e s sa la

" pebb le t oo ls"

f r esh

i ns i tu

s i l t

a b sen t

A in H anech

a nd d eb i tage A ou lef

" pebb le t oo ls"

l i gh t ly a b raded

s u rf ace

u nknown

a b sen t

S aou ra r eg ion

" pebbe l t oo ls"

a b raded

s u rf ace & i ns i tu

g rave l

a b sen t

R eggan

" pebb le t oo ls"

n o t m en t ioned

s u rf ace

u nknown

a b sen t

B o rd j T an K ena

" pebbe lt oo ls"

n o t m en t ioned

s ome a r e i ns i tu

a l luv ia l d epo s i t s

a bsen t

6

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

1 . 4 - THE OBJECT IVES OF THE A IN HANECH

a ) T o v er ify a nd r ef ine o ur k now ledge o f t h e s t ra t ig raph ic s equence a nd g eo log ica l c on tex to ft h e s i te ;

S TUDY T h i s b r ief r e v iew s hows c l ea r ly t ha t t h e Maghreb s t i l l

b ) T o e s tab l ish a mo re s e cure a nd p rec ise c h rono log ica l

d epend s o n o bso le te d a ta a nd a c l a ss ica l a pp roach t o t h e

f r amewo rk b y p a leomagne t i sm ;

s t udy o f E a r ly S tone Age s i te s . S o f a r , e a r ly P a laeo l i th ic

a pp ly ing

d a t ing

me thods

s uch

a s

s t ud ie s i n Nor th A f r ica a r e b a s ica l ly r e s t r ic ted t o a na lyz ing t h e

s t one

a r t if ac t s

u s ing

a t ype l is t

m e thod

a nd

t h en

a s s ign ing t h e s i te t o ag iven h i s to r ica l c u l tu ra l s t age . When

c ) T o p rov ide a dd i t iona l d a ta r e ga rd ing t h e P l io -P le is tocene b ounda ry i n Nor th A f r ica ;

t h e f a una i sr e cove red a t as i te , i ti ss t ud ied o n ly f r om as t r ic t p a leon to log ica l p o in t o f v i ew s t re ss ing c l a ss if ica t ion a nd

d ) T o r e cons t ruc t t h e

p hy logeny .

c on tex to ft h e e a r l ies th om in ids i nN or th A f r ica ;

T he

g eo logy

a nd

s t ra t ig raphy

a r e

o f ten

p a leoenv i ronmen t a nd e co log ica l

s chema t ic , a nd t h e n a tu re o ft h e a s soc ia t ion o fs t one a r t if ac t s e )T o l o ca te p r ima ry c on tex t a r chaeo log ica l o ccur rences a nd

w i th f o s s i l a n ima l r ema ins i s n eve r d e te rm ined . I n o t he r wo rd s , o ur c ur ren t k now ledge o f t h e N or th A f r ican E a r ly S tone A ge i s m iss ing t h e d a ta n eeded f o r i n ve s t iga t ing

i n ve s t iga te h om in id b ehav io r p a t terns o bse rvab le i n t h e n a tu re a nd d i s t r ibu t ion o fp reh is to r ic ma ter ia ls a tt h e s i te ;

h om in id b ehav io ra nd a dap ta t ion . Moder n a r chaeo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ions r e la ted t o e a r ly h om in id s i n Nor th A f r ica h ave n o t b een u nder taken

0T o b roaden o ur k now ledge o n i s sues r e la ted t ot he n a tu re a nd t ime o f t h e s p read o f e a r ly h om in id p opu la t ions i n to No r th A f r ica ;

s y s tema t ica l ly s i nce t h e 1 950s , w hen a n umbe r o f e a r ly o ccupa t ion s i tes c on ta in ing a r t if ac t s , f o s s i l b ones , a nd h uman

g ) T o a dvance t h e s t a tus o f a r chaeo log ica l me thod a nd

r ema ins w ere d i scovered . C onsequen t ly , q ues t ions r e la t ing t o

t h eory i n A lge r ian p reh is to r ic r e sea rch , a nd i n i t ia te mu l t i -

t h e e a r l ies t h om in id p opu la t ions s t i l l r ema in u n reso lved ,

d i sc ip l ina ry a r chaeo log ica l r e sea rch a c t iv i t ies i nA lge r ia ;

i n c lud ing t h e n a ture a nd t h e t ime o f t h e s p read o f e a r ly h om in id s i n to Nor th A f r ica , v a r ious a spec t s o ft h e i r b ehav io r

h ) T o c on t r ibu te t o t h e t r a in ing o f a r chaeo logy s t uden t s i n

p a t ter n s ,

A lge r ia .

a nd

t h e ir

e nv ironmen ta l

a nd

e co log ica l

r e la t ionsh ips . 1 . 5 - THE APPROACH F or tuna te ly , i ti sp re sen t ly p os s ib le t oa dd re s st h ese q ue s t ions T o a dd ress t h e p rob lems a nd a ch ieve t h e o b jec t ives l i s ted

b y c ons ider ing n ew i n ve s t iga t ions a t o ne o f t h e e a r l ie s t a r chaeo log ica l s i te s k nown i n No r th A f r ica , t h a t i s A in

a bove ,t h e f o l low ing a pp roach w a sa dop ted :

H anech i n No r thern A lge r ia . T h is s i te w a s d i scove red i n 1 947 b y t h e p a leon to log is t C . A rambou rg . B a sed u pon

a ) T o c onduc t as ys tema t ic s u rvey a nd mapp ing o ft h e A in

b io s t ra t ig raph ica l i n f erence , t h e s i te w a s a s s igned t o t h e U ppe r V i l laf ranch ian ( = L owe r P l e is tocene ) e poch . I th a s

H anech a r ea , i n c lud ing t h e l o ca l iza t ion a nd d e l inea t ion o f a r chaeo log ica l a r ea s a nd t h e ir p o ten t ia l f o re xcava t ions ;

s ubsequen t ly b een p rov is iona l ly c o r re la ted t o U ppe r B ed I / L ower B ed I a tO lduva i Go rge b a sed o n f o s s i l a n ima l b one s ( E lepha s a nd E quu s a s w e l l a s o t he r t a xa ) a nd a r t if ac t s

b )T o u nder take as t ra t ig raph ic s t udy o fb a s in d epos i t s where t h e a r chaeo log ica l r ema ins o ccur . T h is i n c ludes t h e

( Coppens , 1 972 ; S ahnoun i , 1 993 ) .

d e l inea t ion o ft h e a r chaeo log ica l h o r izons a nd t h e i r p o s i t ion r e la t ive t ot h e r eg iona l s t ra t ig raphy ;

Howeve r ,t h is s i te w a s e xcava ted w i th p a leon to log ica l , r a the r t h an a r chaeo log ica l q ues t ion s i n m ind , a nd w i thou t s y s tema t ic e xcava t ion t e chn ique s a nd r i go rous

c ) T o a pp ly t h e p a leomagne t ic d a t ing t e chn ique i no rde r t o p u t t h e A in H anech s t ra t ig raph ic s equence w i th in a

d ocumen ta t ion .

c hrono log ica l f r amewo rk i n t h e a b sence o f v o lcan ic r ock s

T he ref o re ,

m any

q ues t ions

s t i l l

r ema in

u n re so lved . I n a dd i t ion t o s t ra t ig raph ic a nd c hrono log ica l q ues t ions c once rn ing t h e s i te , a v a r ie ty o f

f o rc h ronome t r ic d a t ing ;

p a leoan th ropo log ica l

a dd ressed ,

d ) T o c a r ry o u t f u r the r e xcava t ions a tt he A in H anech s i te .

i n c lud ing a spec t s o fe a r ly h om in id b ehav io r , ( i nc lud ing s t one

C omponen t s o ft h is f i e ld wo rk i n c luded : 1 )d e l inea t ion o ft h e

p rob lems

s hou ld

b e

t r anspo r t , o n -s i te manuf ac ture o ft o o ls , t oo l u se a nd c ura t ion ,

b ounda r ies o ft h e o r ig ina l e xcava t ion ; 2 ) e xcava t ion a d jacen t

a nd a cqu is i t ion a nd p roces s ing o f a n ima l c a rca sse s ) , c ons ide ra t ion o f p a leoeco logy a nd p a leoenv i ronmen t , a nd

t o t h e o r ig ina l s i te

t h e t ime o f t h e s p read o f t h e e a r l ies t h om in ids i n to No r th

ma te r ia ls a t t h e l o ca l i ty ; a nd 3 ) e xcava t ions a t l o ca l i t ie s n ew ly d i scove red f o l low ing t he s u rvey a nd mapp ing , s uch a s

i n o rde r t o u nde r s tand t h e p rec ise

s t ra t ig raph ic s equence a nd t h e h o r izon ta l

A f r ica .

e x ten t o f t h e

E l -Khe rba s i te ; T he

s i t e

o f

A in

H anech

i s a n

e x t reme ly

i mpor tan t a nd

e )T o s t udy t h e f o rma t ion o ft h e A in H anech s i te a cco rd ing t o s eve ra l l i nes o f e v idence , n ame ly ; s t ra t ig raphy , s ed imen t

e nv i ronmen ta l f r amewo rk . T he r e sea rch o b jec t ives w e re t o

g ra in a na lys is , t a phonom ic g rade s o f f o ss i l a n ima l b one s ,

a dd r es st h e f o l low ing q ues t ions :

a nd s t one a r t if ac tc oncen t ra t ions ;

a r chaeo log ica l b ehav io r

l o ca l i ty

i n Nor th

f o r t h e

A f r ica

s t udy o f e a r ly

w i th in

h om in id

a c h rono log ica l

7

MOHAMED S AHNOUN I 0

T o

r e cons t ruc t

t h e

p a leoenv ironmen ts

b a sed

f o r t h e a ccumu la t ion o ft h e a r chaeo log ica l ma te r ia l . C hap te r

u pon

s t ra t ig raphy , f a una l r ema ins , a nd i s o top ic a na ly s is o f e qu id

5t r ea t s t h e s t udy o ft h e s t one a r t if ac t s u ncove red a tt h e n ew

t e e th ;

a r chaeo log ica l e xcava t ions i n c lud ing t h e r aw ma te r ia l , a na ly s is o f t h e l i t h ic a s semb lage , e xpe r imen ta l s t udy , a nd

g ) T o a na lyze t h e s t one a r t if ac ta s semb lages r e cove red i nt h e

m ic rowea r a na lys is . T he l a s t c hap te r ( 6 ) w i l l b e d evo ted t o

n ew

c onc lus ions d r awn

e xcava t ions ,

ma ter ia l a cco rd ing v a r iab le s , c a r ry ing

i n c lud ing

a d e sc r ip t ion

o f t h e

l i t h ic

f r om t h is s t udy , s t ress ing t h e h uman

a n t iqu i ty i nt h e Maghr eb a nd h om in id b ehav iora l p a t te rns .

t o a s e t o f p er t inen t t e chno log ica l o u t e xpe r imen ta l s t one t e chno logy ,

1 . 7 - SU M MARY

c ons is t ing o f r ep l ica t ion o f A in H anech c o res a nd d eb i tage f o r b ehav io ra l i n f e rence s , i n c lud ing r aw ma te r ia ls a nd manuf ac tu re , u se , a nd t r anspor to fa r t if ac t s ;

T h is i n t roduc tory c hap te rp resen ted ab r ief r epo r to n t h e s t a te o fk now ledge r e ga rd ing t h e e a r l ie s t o ccupa t ion s i te s k nown

h ) T o c a r ry o u t m icrowea r a na ly s is o f s e lec ted u nre touched

i n Nor th A f r ica . I ta l so r e vea led t h a t d a ta c oncern ing t h e se

a nd r e touched p i ece s made o ff l in t ;

a r chaeo log ica l o ccur rences a r e o bso le te a nd l a ck c onf idence , s uf f e r f r om s eve ra l p rob lems , a nd a r e s u r rounded b y c onf us ion a nd q ues t ions . T hese d a ta n eed t o b e c a ref u l ly r e v iewed e ven f o r s ub s tan t ia t ing t h e h uman a n t iqu i ty i nt h i s

i )T o a na lyze t h e n ew ly r e covered f o s s i l a n ima l a s semb lage w i th

r e ga rd t o s pec ies r ep resen ta t ion

a nd

s ke le ta l

p a r t

a r ea o f A f r ica . F ur the rmo re , a r chaeo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ions

i nven tory .

d ea l ing w i th e a r ly h om in id o ccupa t ion i n Nor th A f r ica h ave n o t b een c a r r ied o u t s y s tema t ica l ly s i nce t h e e a r ly 1 960 s . A s

1 . 6 - ORGANIZAT ION OF THE BOOK

ar e su l t , i ti s s t i l l p r ema ture t o a dd res s many q ue s t ion s r e ga rd ing h om in id b ehav io rp a t terns i n Nor th A f r ica .

T he b ook i n c lude s s i x c hap te r s . C hap te r 1i sa n i n t roduc t ion o f t he b ook i n w h ich Ih ave r epo r ted b r ief ly t h e s t a te o f k now ledge o ft he Nor th A f r ican e a r l ies to ccupa t ion s i tes , a nd

H oweve r , t h i s r e sea rch w i l l a t temp t t od emons t ra te t h a t i ti s

s t ressed t h e n eed t o s t udy h om in id b ehav ior p a t terns . T h is

f e a s ib le t o a dd ress e a r ly h om in id b ehav io r i n Nor th A f r ica

c hap te r p resen ted t h e p rob lems a dd re ssed a nd o b jec t ives t o

b y c a r ry ing o u t n ew a r chaeo log ica l i n ves t iga t ion s a t t h e

b e a ch ieved a s w e l l a s t h e a pp roach a dop ted . C hap te r 2 p rov ide st h e b ackg round o ft h e s i te o fA in H anech , r e ga rd ing

t h is s i te a lowed me t od ea l w i th v a r ious a spec t s o fh om in id

L owe r P a laeo l i th ic s i te o f A in H anech i n A lge r ia . I n f a c t , b ehav io r s uch a s manuf ac ture , u se , a nd t r anspor t o f s t one

g eo logy a nd s t ra t ig raphy , a s soc ia ted f a una a nd d a t ing , a nd p a leoenv i ronmen ta l i n f e rences . C hap te r 3i s ap resen ta t ion o f

a r t if ac t s , a cqu is i t ion a nd p rocess ing o fa n ima l c a rca sse s , a nd

t he f i e ld w o rk c a r r ied o u t a tt h e s i te o fA in H anech t h rough

l a nd u se . A rchaeo log ica l i n ves t iga t ions a tt h is i mpor tan t s i te

t wo f i e ld s e a sons . C hap te r 4d ea ls w i th t h e f o rma t ion o ft h e

h opef u l ly w i l l m ake ac on t r ibu t ion t od ocumen tt h e t ime a nd

s i te o fA in H anech , a nd t h e p roces ses a nd f a c tor s r e spons ib le

n a ture o ft h es p read o fe a r ly h om in ids i n to Nor th A f r ica .

8

THE LO WER P ALAEOL ITH IC O F THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

A ln H anech C asab lanca s equence

H adar Me lke K unture G adeb Omo K oob l F o ra C hesowan ja P en in j O lduva l

Makapansga t Swar tkrans &

S terkfon te ln 0

F igu re 1 . 1 : Af r ican E a r ly S tone Age s i te s .

9

1 000 km

M OHA MED SAHNOUN I

Oued Mda A rbaoua

A in H anech

M t .Tessa la

Souk A rba Rhab

D i . Mekse rn Mansourah

D ouar Doum C . Dep rez

Ta rgu ie t e i R af f ia

C . S hne ider S id i A bde rrah mann

.: .

• Saoura s i tes • s s

, ' r. . . . .

, , ,

I I /

. , ,

. .Aou le f R eggan

s , .s . .

, 4 t ." --E tord 1 T an K ena

/ I •

s ,

, s , ,

-

. . . .. , „ . , -

F igu re 1 . 2 : Nor th A f r ican E a r ly S t one A ge s i tes .

1 0

C hap te r2 : BACKGROUND

2 . 1- I NTRODUCT ION

9 67m a tA in H anech f a rm , a nd 9 50m a r ound t h e t own o fE l E u lma .

T he s i te o fA in H anech w a s e xcava ted w i th p a leon to log ica l r a the r t h an a r chaeo log ica l q ues t ion s i n m ind . A rambou rg 's

E co log ica l ly , t h e s i te i s ap a r t o f t h e h igh p l a teau , t h e

p r ima ry f o cus w a s c o l lec t ing a nd a na lyz ing f auna l e l emen t s

l a nd scape o fw h ich i sc ha rac te r ized b y h uge e xpan se o fl a nd s ome t ime s c u t i nv a l leys a nd g ene ra l ly t r ee les s e xcep t a l ong

f o r

e vo lu t ionary

s y s tema t ic s

p urpose s .

A

n umbe r

o f

" V i l laf ranch ian" s pec ie s w e re d e sc r ibed , s ome o fw h ich h ave b een r e cogn ized f o r t h e f i r s t t ime i n Nor th A f r ica . A l though

s t ream s , w he re p op la r s g row i nt he v i c in i ty o fw a te rho les . I t

t h i s w o rk w a s o f

R oman c on t ro l o f t h e r eg ion . I ndeed , h i s tor ians r e por t ing

v er teb ra te

i sa n a r ea w he re w hea tc u l tu re h a s p reva i led s i nce t h et ime o f

ma jo r i mpor tance f o r Nor th A f r ican

p a leon to logy ,

t h e

A in

H anech

o ccur rence s

t h a tt h is r e g ion w a s o nce t h e whea t lof t o fR ome .

s uf f e red ag r ea t d ea l f r om t h e l a ck o fc on tex tua l i n f o rma t ion i n ves t iga t ion s

T he c l ima te h e re i sc on t inen ta l , w i th aMed i ter ranean t e ndency

i n c lud ing : a ) s t ra t ig raph ic c on tex t o f t h e a r chaeo log ica l o ccu r rences a nd t h e i r p os i t ion r e la t ive t o t h e r eg iona l

c ha rac te r ized b y s evere c ond i t ions i nw in te r whe re s now a nd

s t ra t ig raphy ; b )f e a ture s o ft he s ed imen ta ry ma t r ix c on ta in ing

f i r s t e xpands t h en b ecomes l i gh t a nd g radua l ly f a l low i nt h e s umme rt ime . R a ins v a ry b e tween 3 00 t o5 00 mm a nnua l ly .

n ece ssa ry

f o r

mode rn

a r chaeo log ica l

f r os t p e r s is t u n t i l t h e s p r ing . I n t he s p r ing , ag reen c over ing

a r t if ac t s a nd f o s s i l a n ima l b ones ; c )d a t ing o ft h e s ucces s ive a r chaeo log ica l h o r izons , e spec ia l ly , t h e O ldowan ; d )

2 . 3 - H ISTOR ICAL SKETCH

p a leoenv ironmen t s p r eva i l ing d ur ing t h e d epo s i t ion o f t h e c u l tu ra l ma te r ia ls ; a nd e )p a leoeco log ica l i mp l ica t ions o ft h e

T he L owe r P l e is tocene r e sea rch c onduc ted i n n or thea s te rn

r e cove red f a una .

A lge r ia

w a s

p r ima r i ly

p a leon to log ica l ,

f ocused

o n

C hap te r 2e mpha s ize s t h e b ackg round o f t h e s i te o f A in

d ocumen t ing t h e p re sence o fP l iocene a nd P l e is tocene f a una .

H anech , e spec ia l ly t h e r e cen ts t ra t ig raph ic i n ves t iga t ions a nd

T he h i s to ry o fr e sea rch i sc ha rac te r ized b y 3p ha se s : 1 )t h e

t h e i r mu l t ip le i mp l ica t ions . A n i mpo r tan t p ar t o f r e cen t

p i onee r p e r iod , 2 ) A rambourg 's r e sea rch , a nd 3 ) r e cen t

i n ves t iga t ion s c ar r ied o u t a tt h is a r chaeo log ica l l o ca l i ty w a s

i n ves t iga t ions .

d evo ted t o a s se ss ing t h e v a r ious c on tex t s m en t ioned a bove . 2 . 3 .1- T he p ioneer s

A f ter i n t roduc ing t h e s i te i nt e rm s o fg eog raph ic l o ca t ion a nd h i s tory o f e xcava t ions , t h is c hap te r p r esen t s r e su l t s o f n ew i n ves t iga t ion s o f s t ra t ig raphy , g eoch rono logy , f a una l

T he

r ema in s , a nd i s o top ic a na ly s is . I ta l so d i scus ses d a t ing o ft h e

p r e sence

s i te b a sed o n b ios t ra t ig raph ic a nd b i ozone c or re la t ions , a nd

r ema ins i nn or thea s tern A lger ian p l a teau , w e re i n i t ia ted b y

p a leomagne t ic a na ly s i s . I na dd i t ion , p a leoenv i ronmen ta l a nd

P h . T homa s i n 1 884 . H e r e cogn ized f o r t h e f i r s t t ime t h e

p a leoeco log ica l i n f e rence s a r e made b a sed u pon s t ra t ig raphy

p r e sence o fH ippar ion a nd E quus s t enon i s i nt h e v i c in i ty o f

a nd f a una lr ema ins .

C ons tan t ine ( Mansourah a nd A in J ourde l ) ( Thoma s , 1 884 ) . S t ud ie s u nde r taken i n 1 912 b y L . J o laud c onf i rmed t h e

f i r s t

p a leon to log ica l o f

i nves t iga t ion s ,

P l io -P le is tocene

c once rn ing t h e

( "V i l laf ranch ian" )

f a una l

2 . 2 - GEOGRAPH IC SKETCH

o b se rva t ions made b y T homa s ( J o laud , 1 912 ; 1 927 ) . T he reaf te r , b a sed u pon mo l luscs s t udy f r om f l uv io lacus t r ine

A in H anech i sl o ca ted i nn or thea s te rn A lge r ia i nt h e b a lad ia

d epo s i t s , J odo td rew s im i la rc onc lus ions , n o t ing t h ep re sence

( —coun ty ) o f G ue l ta Z e rgua i n t h e W i laya ( —P rov ince ) o f

o f " V i l laf ranch ian" f a una i n n or thea s tern A lger ia ( J odo t ,

S& if a t a bou t 7 km

1 955 ) .

n or thwe s t t h e t own

o f E l -Eu lma

( f orme r ly S a in t -Arnaud ) ( f ig . 2 . 1) . I t s L amber t c o -o rd ina te s a r e : l o ng i tude 3 6 0 ' , 37 0 ' e a s t ; a nd l a t i tude 4 0 2 0 ' , 4 0 3 0 ' n or th . T he a r chaeo log ica l s i te i ss i tua ted n ea r as ma l l l o ca l

L ikew ise , i nt h e a r ea o fE lEu E r na w he re r oad wo rk b e tween E l -Eu lma a nd B en i F ouda ( f orme r ly S i l l gue ) c u t t h rough

c eme te ry o n t h e p r iva te p roper ty o ft h e T habe t f am i ly a tt h e

f l uv io lacus t r ine f o rma t ions a t t he A in B ouche r i t l o ca l i ty ,

Mech ta B en i B rah im , i n as ed imen ta ry o u tcrop c u t b y t h e

a l low ing A . P ome l t o c o l lec t s ome f o s s i l mamma l b ones i n

d eep r a v ine o f t h e i n te rm i t ten t A in B ouche r i t s t ream . T he n ew ly d i scove red a r chaeo log ica l l o ca l i t ies E l -Khe rba a nd E l -

1 895 . H e Ma s todon t

B e ida a r e l o ca ted i n t h e i mmed ia te v i c in i ty , s ou th o f t h e

s imu l taneous ly a s soc ia ted w i th h ippa r ion a nd E . s t enon i s ,

c l a s s ica l s i te a nd a t ad i s tance f r om i to f a bou t 3 00m a nd

a u tho r iz ing t h is p a leon to log is t t o d e te rm ine aV i l laf ranch ian

8 00m , r e spec t ive ly .

a ge f o rt h ese f o rma t ions ( Pome l , 1 895 ; 1 897 ) .

r e cogn ized t h e a s soc ia t ion o f a ma s todon b or son i w i th a n e l ephan t E lepha s p lan if rons

h igh lands . A t t h e n or th a r e t h e Med jouns a nd D jem i la

I n 1 920 , J .S avorn in c a r r ied o u t ag eo log ica l s t udy o f t h e H odna a nd S e t if ian p l a teau ( Savo rn in , 1 920 ) . H e b road ly

h igh lands , a tt h e e a s t a r e t he D jebe l T avou &che a nd D oua r

d esc r ibed t h e s t ra t ig raphy o f t he f l uv io lacus t r ine d epos i t s

B e lhouche t , a nd a tt h e w es t a r e O u led S abo r h i gh lands a nd t h e S abkha B aze r . A t t h e s ou th i st h e h i gh p l a teau w he re t h e

f o rmed w i th in t he B en i F ouda b a s in . H e c onf i rmed t h e

t own o f E l -Eu lma i ss i tua ted . The r e l ief s ub s ide s g r adua l ly f r om t h e n or th t os ou th , f r om 1 461 m a tD jebe l Med jouns , t o

P ome l .

T he l o ca l i ty o f A in H anech i s s u r rounded b y s e r ie s o f

V i l laf ranch ian

1

a ge

h ypo thes is

a dvanced

p r ev ious ly

b y

MOHAMED S AHNOUN I I n s umma ry , c a sua l f o ss i l mamma l f i nds made b y p ionee r

O n t h e o cca s ion o ft h e IP an A f r ican C ong re s s o fP reh i s tory h e ld i nA lg ie r s i n 1 952 , af i e ld t r ip t o n or thea s tern A lge r ia

p a leon to log is t s e s tab l ished t h e p r e sence o f a" V i l laf ranch ian" p rov ide

i n c luded av i s i tt oA in H anech s i te . S ome p a r t ic ipan t s p i cked

s t ra t ig raph ic i n forma t ion a bou t t h e d epo s i t s c on ta in ing t h ese

u p b i f ace s f r om t h e s u rf ace i nt h e i mmed ia te v i c in i ty o ft h e

p a leon to log ica l o ccur rences .

e xcava t ion c l eaned f o r t h e e ven t ( Arambourg e t B a lou t ,

f a una

i n

n o r thea s tern

A lge r ia ,

b u t

d i d

n o t

1 952 ) . N eve r the les s , s ub sequen t i n ve s t iga t ion s d emon s t ra ted 2 . 3 .2 - A rambourg 's r e search

t h e t o ta l a bsence o fb i f ace s w i th in t h e O ldowan o ccur rences ( Arambourg , 1 953) a nd , a sw i l l b e c ove red l a te r i nt h is b ook ,

C am i l le A rambourg u nder took p a leon to log ica l i n ves t iga t ions

t h a t t h ese a r t if ac t s r e p re sen t a no the r h uman o ccupa t ion o ccur r ing h i ghe ru p i nt h e s t ra t ig raph ic s e c t ion .

i nt h e a r ea o fA in H anech p romp t ly b e tween 1 931 a nd 1 966 . F i r s t h e c oncen t ra ted h i s r e sea rch o n t h e p a leon to log ica l s i te o f A in B ouche r i t , l o ca ted a pp rox ima te ly 2 00 m e te r s t o t h e

I n 1 966 A rambourg r e turned t ot h e s i te f o r af i na l f i e ld w o rk

s ou thea s t o f A in H anech o n t h e o t he r s i de o f t h e A in

s ea son a ccompan ied b y h i s s t uden t Y . C oppens ( Camp s , 1 966 ; a nd C oppen s , p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . F rom t h is

B ouche r i t i n term i t ten t s t ream , w h ich h ad p r ev ious ly y i e lded s ome f o ss i l r ema ins i nP ome l 's i n ves t iga t ions . H e e xcava ted

r e sea rch h e d eve loped a s t ra t ig raph ic s e c t ion r ep resen t ing a

t h is l o ca l i ty a nd c o l lec ted ar i ch mamma l f a una , w hose ma in

s chema t ic s equence o f s ed imen t s a nd t e n ta t ive c or re la t ion s

e l emen t s i n c luded : A nancus o s ir i s A ramb . , Ma s todon c f r .

b e tween

b or son i

( Arambourg , 1 970 ) . F ur the r f o ss i l a n ima l b one s a l so h ad

H ays ,

E lephas

a f r icana vu s

A ram b . ,

E quu s

t h e

A in

H anech

a nd

A in

B oucher i t

d epo s i t s

b een c o l lec ted ( Camp s , 1 966 ) .

n um id icus , S t y loh ippar ion l y b icum , L iby ther ium mauru s ium ( Arambou rg , 1 948 ) .

T he p a leon to log ica l i n ve s t iga t ions c a r r ied o u t b yA rambourg h ave

I n 1 947 , a f ter o bserv ing e xpo sures o ccur r ing o n t h e n or th w es t s i de o f t h e s t ream , h e d i scovered a n U ppe r

d ef in i te ly

e s tab l ished

t h e

o ccur rences

o f

P l io -

P l e is tocene f a una i n n o r thea s tern A lge r ia . I n a dd i t ion , a n O ldowan i n dus t ry w a s d i scove red f o r t h e f i r s t t ime i n Nor th

V i l laf ranch ian ( =Ea r ly P le is tocene ) f a una a s soc ia ted w i th L owe r P a laeo l i th ic a r t if ac t s ( Arambou rg , 1 947 ; 1 949 a ;a nd

A f r ica . H oweve r , A rambourg e xcava ted t h e s i te o f A in

1 949 d ) . H e n amed t h is l o ca l i ty A in H anech a f t e r as p r ing

H anech w i thou t f o rms o f d ocumen ta t ion u sed n owaday s i n

l o ca ted

i n t h e

i n c luded

s ome

i mmed ia te v i c in i ty . e vo lved

s pec ies

F os s i l a n ima l c ompa red

w i th

b one s

a r chaeo logy .

t ho se

u nreso lved s u r round ing t h e s i te s uch a s :

T he ref o re ,

many

q ues t ions

s t i l l

r ema in

1 ) p rec ise a nd

u ncove red a t t h e s i te o f A in B ouche r i t , s uch a s E lepha s

a ccura te s t ra t ig raph ic i n f o rma t ion r ega rd ing t h e s i te a nd t h e

m er id iona l i s , r e cons ide red l a te r a s E lepha s moghreb ien s i s , E quus ( a s inus ) t abe t i , H ippopo tamus a mph ibus ,

a s soc ia ted m a te r ia l s ; 3 )t h e n a ture o ft h e a s soc ia t ion b e tween

C era to ther ium

t h e f o s s i l f a una a nd t h e s t one

s i tnum

maur i tan icum ,

s u r round ing v i c in i ty ; 2 ) t h e d a t ing o f t h e s ed imen t s a nd

N um idocapra

a r t if ac t s ; 4 ) t h e s pa t ia l

c ra ss icorn i s , e t c . T he a r t if ac t s , d i scove red i ns i tu i n as e c t ion

d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e a r chaeo log ica l ma ter ia l s h o r izon ta l ly a nd

e xposed b y e r os ion , c ons is ted o f mode It e chno logy a nd

v er t ica l ly w i th in t h e se d epo s i t s ( e .g . a r e t h ey v er t ica l ly

p r ima r i ly i n c luded p o lyhedrons , s ub sphero ids , a nd s phe ro ids

d i f f use , c oncen t ra ted i n as i ng le h o r izon , o r i n mu l t ip le

s im i la r t o t h ose k nown a t O lduva i G orge ( Uppe r B ed

h o r izon s ) ; 5 ) t h e g eo log ica l c i rcums tance o f d epos i t ion o f

I / Lowe r B ed I ) . T h is w a s t h e f i r s t t ime t h a t a n e a r ly

t h e s ed imen t s a nd a r chaeo log ica l ma te r ia ls ( e .g . p r ima ry

P l e is tocene

f a una

w a s

f ound

a s soc ia ted

w i th

v e r sus s e condary c on tex t ) ; a nd 6 ) i d en t ify ing t h e c on tex t o f

L owe r

t h e s i te f r om f a una l a nd g eo log ica l i n d ica to r s .

P a laeo l i th ic a r t if ac t s i n Nor th A f r ica .

2 . 3 .3 - R ecent i nves t iga t ions

G iven t h e i mpor tance o ft h is a r chaeo log ica l d i scovery , s ome q ues t ions h ad b een r a ised r ega rd ing t h e a r t if ac tua l i ty o ft h e l i t h ic ma te r ia ls r e cove red . T he " pebb le too ls" w e re t h en

P r io r

s ub jec ted

t o t h is

r e sea rch , i n ves t iga t ions c a r r ied o u t b y t h e

a nd

a u tho r i nt h e 1 980 s r e ga rd ing t h e L owe r P a laeo l i th ic s i te o f

p oss ib le

A in H anech w e re o ft wo k i nds : 1 )t h e a na ly s i s o ft h e s t one

n a tura l c ause s , a nd a r chaeo log is t s l i kew ise o p t ing f o r h uman

a r t if ac t s r e covered p r ev ious ly b y A rambourg a nd c ur ren t ly

p roduc t ion . T he a r t if ac t s h ave b een t e rmed a s a n i n dus t ry o f " s phero ide s äf a ce t tes " b y B a lou t ( A rambourg e t B a lou t ,

2 )

1 952 ; B a lou t , 1 955) .

r e cons t ruc ted

t o

a r chaeo log i s t s ,

e xam ina t ion w i th

t o

g eo log is t s

b o th r u l ing

g eo log is t s o u t

a ny

s t o red a tt h e I n s t i tu t d e P a leon to log ie H uma ine i nP a r is , a nd f i e ld

r e conna is sance . a

T he

s equence

s t one r educ t ion

a r t if ac t

a na ly s is

s how ing

t h e

t e chno log ica l manuf ac ture o fc o re t oo ls ( Sahnoun i , 1 985 ) . I n E ncouraged

b y

t h is

o r ig ina l

a r chaeo log ica l

a dd i t ion , i ts ugge s t s t h e O ldowan c ha rac te r o ft he i n du s t ry

d i scovery ,

( Sahnoun i , 1 987 ; 1 993) .

A rambourg u nder took l a rge s ca le e xcava t ions i n t h e e a r ly 1 950s ( A rambourg ,

1 953 ; A rambou rg e t B a lou t ,

1 952 ) .

F ur the r f o s s i l b ones a nd a r t if ac t s ( mo re t han 5 00 s pec imens ) w e re c o l lec ted . I n a dd i t ion , h e made a s chema t ic

F i e ld r e conna issance c ons is ted o f t h e d i scove ry o f an ew

s t ra t ig raph ic s e c t ion i n w h ich h e d i s t ingu ished f i ve b road

H ad jou is , 1 987 ) . I n t h e p roce ss o f d i gg ing a w e l l , f o ss i l

l e ve ls o fd epo s i t s , t wo o fw h ich ( l owe r l e ve l # 1 a nd l e ve l # 3)

b one s a nd a r t if ac t s w e re f o und s eve ra l m e te r s b e low t h e g round s u rf ace a t al e ve l c o r respond ing t ot h e a r chaeo log ica l

l o ca l i ty c on ta in ing a r chaeo log ica l ma te r ia ls ( Sahnoun i e t

c on ta ined f o s s i l b ones a nd a r t if ac t s . H e r e por ted t h a t l e ve l # 3 w a s r i ch , y i e ld ing p ar t icu la r ly a bundan t a r chaeo log ica l

s t ra ta o fA rambou rg 's c l a s s ic s i te . T h is i sl o ca ted a bou t4 00m e a s t s ou th -ea s t f r om t h e o r ig ina l s i te . I nt h is w e l l e xcava t ion ,

ma te r ia ls c on ta ined w i th in a" g ray c l ay " m a t r ix .

e i gh t t r immed p ebb le s a nd t h ree f o ss i l e qu id t e e th w e re

1 2

T HE L OWER P ALAEOL ITH IC O FT HE MAGHREB : E XCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES A TA IN HANECH s ub s tan t ia ted . A n i n -dep th g eo log ica l s t udy o f t h e B en i F ouda b a s in w ou ld b e o f ag rea t i mpor tance f o r f u tu re

u ncove red i n a 2 m2 a r ea w i th in a s i l t d epos i t . T he t e e th r e semb le E quus ( a s inus ) t a be t i , a s pec ies p rev ious ly i d en t if ied a tA in H anech b y A rambourg . T he l i t h ic r ema ins

r e sea rch i n t h i s w ea l thy p a leon to log ica l a nd a r chaeo log ica l a r ea .

a r ep o lyhedrons a nd s ub sphe ro id s s im i la rt ot hose p rev ious ly r e covered a tt h e s i te .

2 . 4 .2 -The s t ra t igraph ic s equence o ft he A in B oucher i t v a l ley

T he f i e ld r e conna i s sance e ncoun te red n ew a r chaeo log ica l l o c i a nd d e l inea ted t h e i r a r ea o fe x tens ion . T he se i mpor tan t o b se rva t ions

h e lped

t o

u nder take

mode rn

a nd

s ound

A s

a r chaeo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ions a tA in H anech a s p resen ted i n

A rambou rg

h ad

b een

p r ima r i ly

i n te res ted

i n t h e

e vo lu t iona ry s equence o ff o s s i l mamma ls , h e p rov ided v ery s c hema t ic s t ra t ig raph ic i n f o rma t ion o f A in B ouche r i t /A in

t h i s b ook .

H anech

s t ra t ig raph ic

s equence .

C onsequen t ly ,

s eve ra l

i mpo r tan t q ue s t ions s t i l l s u r round t h ese d epos i t s s uch a s :

2 . 4 - GEOLOGICAL AND S TRAT IGRAPHIC BACKGROUND B a s in d epos i t s o ccur i n p ocke t s t h roughou t t h e E a s te rn

1 ) T he p r ec ise s t ra t ig raph ic r e la t ionsh ip b e tween t h e t wo

A lger ian h igh p l a teau ( f ig . 2 . 2 ) .T hey c ons is t o f av ery t h ick

m a jo r l o ca l i t ie s( A in B ouche r i ta nd A in H anech ) ;

s equence o fs ed imen t s s ome t imes r e ach ing ad ep th o fs eve ra l h undred m e te r s . T he ir a ge r anges f r om t h e U ppe r M iocene t o

2 ) T he n a tu re o f t h e a s soc ia t ion b e tween t h e f o s s i l a n ima l

U ppe r P l e is tocene . A rchaeo log ica l a nd p a leon to log ica l s i te s , s uch a s A in B ouche r i t , A in H anech , A in J ourde l , a nd

b ones a nd t h e s t one a r t if ac t s f ound a tt h e A in H anech s i te ; a nd

Mansourah d a ted t oL a te P l iocene a nd E a r ly P l e is tocene , a r e 3 )

f ound w i th in t h ese d epos i t s .

T he

s t ra t ig raph ic

p os i t ion

o f mode

I t e chno logy

( Acheu lean ) o ccur rence s i nt h is r eg ion , a nd t h e i r r e la t ion sh ip w i th t h e c r ude r mode Ia r chaeo log ica l ma ter ia ls e xcava ted

2 . 4 .1- Genera l s t ruc ture o fB en i F ouda b as in d epos i t s

f r om A in H anech . T he A in H anech

a nd A in B ouche r i t s i te s w e re f o rmed

w i th in t h e f l uv io lacus t r ine d epos i t s o f B en i F ouda b a s in

D u r ing t h e f i e ld s ea son a tA in H anech i ns umme r s o f 1 992

l o ca ted t ot h e n or thea s to ft h e t own o fS e t if . T he s t ra t ig raphy o f t h e se d epo s i t s i sv ery b r ie f ly s t ud ied . S ince S avorn in ' s

a nd 1 993 , a n i mpor tan t p a r t o f t h e wo rk w a s d evo ted t o

wo rk ( Savom in , 1 920 ) , wh ich p rov ided a n o u t l ine o f t h e g ene ra l s t ruc tu re o ft h e b a s in d epos i t s , n o c oncen t ra ted s t udy

q ue s t ions . T he s t ra t ig raph ic s t udy w a s n o t r e s t r ic ted t o A in H anech s i te , b u t i ti n c luded t h e o ve ra l l s equence o fd epo s i t s

h ad b een u nde r taken .

w i th in t h e l o ca l s ed imen ta ry b a s in . F ur thermo re , d ur ing t h e

s t udy ing t h e s t ra t ig raphy i no rde r t o s hed l i gh t o n t h e a bove

1 992 f i e ld s ea son , Iu nder took a p re l im ina ry s t udy o f t h e A ccord ing t o S avo rn in ,

t h e

a round t h e t own o f E l -Eu lma

f o rma t ions

s t ra t ig raphy b y c l ean ing n a tura l s t ra t ig raph ic s e c t ions a sw e l l

i n c lude t wo ma in d epo s i t s .

a s d i gg ing t e s t t r enche s . T h is p repa ra to ry s t ra t ig raph ic w o rk

f l uv io lacus t r ine

T he f i r s tg roup r e p resen t st h e B en i F ouda d epos i t s r e ach ing a

a lowed m e t om ake i mpo r tan t o bse rva t ions a nd t o d e l inea te

d ep th o f2 50 m e te r s , a nd i n c ludes t h e f o l low ing f o rma t ion s :

t h e s t ra t ig raph ic p o s i t ion o ft h e a r chaeo log ica l s t ra ta w i th in a

1 )l o ca l ized c ong lomera tes i n corpo ra t ing l a ye r s o fr e d c l ay s w i th p ebb le s ; 2 ) g yp syf erous c l ays w i th s ca rce p ebb le s

r a d ius o fo ne km a r ound t h eA in H anech s i te .

c on ta in ing

3 )

A t my i n v i ta t ion , J .d e H e inze l in ( f rom t h e " I ns t i tu t R oya l

i n te rca la t ion o f g ray a nd s ome t imes r ed c l ay s t owa rd s t h e

H e l ix

d e s S c iences N a ture l le s d e B e lg ique" i nB e lg ium )j o ined me

t op , c ong lome ra tes h a rd ly c onso l ida ted , a nd g ray c l ay s w i th p ebb le s ; 4 ) t h e u ppe r f o rma t ions a r e c ha rac te r ized b y t h e

d ep th s t ra t ig raph ic s t udy o f A in

i n te rca la t ion

g ypsyf e rou s

s equence ( He inze l in , 1 993) . H e inze l in 's i n ves t iga t ions w e re

s ands tone , a nd l i mes tone b ed s . T h is g roup o fd epos i t s w ou ld y i e ld P lanorb i s c f . Doumergue i P a l l . , B i thyn ia af Gaud ry

c en te red i nt h e u ppe r r e aches o f t h e A in B ouche r i t V a l ley

P a l l . , H yd rob ia s p . ; a nd 5 )t h e e n t ire g roup wou ld b e c apped

r e cogn ized t h ree s ed imen ta ry f o rma t ions , p l us a v a r ie ty o f

b y g ray c l ay s .

p a leo so ls , c a lc re te s , a nd c o l luv ia w h ich man t le as ucce ss ion

o f

(Macu la r ia )

c l ay

l e nse s

s ubsen i l i s

w i th

C rosse ;

l i gn i te ,

i nt h e f i e ld d ur ing t h e s umme r o f 1 993 t o c a r ry o u t a n i n -

( f ig . 2 . 3) .

I n t e rm s

o f d i ssec ted

r e p resen t

L i tho log ica l ly ,

t h e

t h e se

u ppe r

f o rma t ions

f o rma t ions

a r e

o f

i n t h is v a r ied

( f ig .

2 . 4 ) .

s t ra t ig raphy ,

H e

H anech

H e inze l in

n o t iced t ha t t h ese

d i v is ion s a r e i n t h e ir i n f orma l s t age a nd n eed t o b e s ubs tan t ia ted . T hese f o rma t ions a r e d e sc r ibed a sf o l lows :

T he s e cond g roup o fd epos i t s o ccur s i nt h e s ou thern p a r t o f t h e b a s in , a nd c or re sponds t o i t s i n terna l i n f i l l ing . T hese d epo s i t s

s u rf aces

o f r eg iona l

B ouche r i t /A in

a r ea . 2 . 4 .2 .1- T he Oued L aa tech F orma t ion

f a c ie s :

c ong lome ra te s , f r ee p ebb les o rv o lum inous b l ock s , l i mes tone l e nses , a nd c oa r se c ong lome ra te s m ixed w i th r ed c l ay s . T he

T h is f o rma t ion i sp oo r ly s t ra t if ied c l ay -s i l t s ed imen t s w i th

a ge o ft h e se d epos i t s a r e P l iocene a cco rd ing t o S avo rn in . I t w a s w i th in t h ese d epos i t s t h a t P ome l c o l lec ted s ome f o s s i l

o cca s iona l

r ema in s ( Pome l , 1 895 ; 1 897 ) .

o f ten y e l low ish r e d ( 5YR 5 / 6 ) , a tp l aces d a rker o r p ure r e d

l e n se s o r i n te rbeds o f s ands , c ong lome ra te s ,

b l eached h o r izons , a nd p e rhap s t r aver t ines . T he c o lo r i s ( " a rg i le s r u t i l lan tes " ) . T h is f o rma t ion e x tends t o t h e n or th ,

T he

s t ra t ig raph ic

p r esen t ly

o b so le te

i n fo rma t ion a nd

p rov ided

n eeds

t o

b e

b y

S avo rn in

r e v iewed

m an t l ing t h e e dge s o ft h e B en i F ouda b a s in n o t s t ud ied b y

i s

H e inze l in .

a nd

1 3

MOHAMED S AHNOUN I I n t e rms o f d i rec t ion o f f l ow o f t h e se f l uv ia t i le s ed imen t s ,

t h ick , a nd i s ac yc lo them ic s equence s im i la r t o u n i t R ; 6 )

t h ere i sn o c l ue , b u t p robab ly i n terna l i nf i l l ing o f t h e B en i

U n i t Ti n c lude s o n ly t h e u ppe r p a r t (T . U ppe r ) , a nd i sa n u ns t ra t if ied s i l t r i ch i nn odu la r c a lc ic c onc re t ions ; a nd l a s t ly

F ouda

b a s in

when

i t w a s

a c t ive ly

s ub s iden t .

T he

p a leo topog raphy i sp r e sen t ly a f f ec ted b y as t ruc tura l s l ope o f

7 )C a lc re te s a nd c o l luv ia , c app ing t h e s t ra t ig raph ic s equence

a bou t 4d eg rees Wes t .

a tt h is s pur .

2 . 4 .2 .2 - T he A in B oucher i t F orma t ion

A t t he s ou thern s pur

T h is f o rma t ion i sn amed a f t e rA rambourg 's e xcava t ion o ft h e

T he s ou the rn s pur c omp r ise s t h e f o l low ing s ed imen ta ry u n i t s

p a leon to log ica l s i te o fA in B oucher i t ( Lowe r V i l laf ranch ian — Uppe r P l iocene ) . I tc ons is t s o f r a the r s udden i n crea se o f

f r om b o t tom t ot op ( f ig . 2 . 5 ) : 1 )U n i t ( Q ) /P i so f 1 7m t h ick ,

c oa r se s ands , l e nse s o r t ongue s o fv ery c oa r se , h i gh e ne rgy

s t ra t if ica t ion , t h en i n te rbeds o fg rave ls , s ands a nd s i l t ; a nd a

c ong lome ra tes o f ten c emen ted b y c a rbona te s ; i n terbed s o f

b ed o fa bou t l m o fp ure g ray s i l t c on ta in ing w e l l p re se rved g a s t ropod a nd w h i te o s t racod s he l ls ( 5Y 8 / 1) . T he u ppe r p a r t

s i l t s c ommon ly r e dd ish y e l low ( 5YR 7 / 6 ) ,

a nd

i n terbeds o f

i n c ludes

2 . 5m

o f c oa r se

g rave l

a nd

h igh

e ne rgy

l a cus t r ine l i mes tone . H e inze l in b e l ieves t h a t t h e f o ss i l f a una

i sr a the r o fc ompac t s i l t a nd c l ay -s i l t ; 2 ) Un i t Ri ss im i la r t o

r e cove red a tA in B oucher i t b e long s t ot h e u ppe r p ar t o ft h is

t h e o ne a tt h e n o r thern s pur ; 3 ) U n i t Si sa l so s im i la r t o o ne

f o rma t ion . F o ss i l a n ima l b one s w e re e ncoun te red a td i f f e ren t

a tt h e n o r the rn s pu r ; 4 ) U n i t Ti n c lude s o n ly t h e l owe r p a r t ( T . L owe r ) , c ons is t ing o fa n o b l ique c a lc ic s i l t w i th t r aces o f

p laces i nt h e s ame f o rma t ion .

s t ra t if ica t ion . T he c on tac t b e tween T . U pper a nd T . L owe r i s o b l ique a sw e l l ; a nd 5 )C a lc re tes a nd c o l luv ia .

T he d i rec t ion o f f l ow o f t h e s ed imen t s i s p e rcep t ib le b y a mp le e v idence o f s ed imen tary s l ope o f i n terbeds f a c ing

2 . 4 .2 .4 -C omp lex o fs urf ac ia l f ormat ions

s ou th i n ac on tex t o fh igh e ne rgy d epos i t s , a nd i n f i l l ing o fa s t ruc tura l d ep re ss ion i nf r on to ft h e T e l l . T he 2 . 4 .2 .3 - T he A in Hanech F orma t ion

c omp lex

o f s u rf ac ia l

f o rma t ions

s t a r t s

w i th

t h e

p rog res s ive d i s sec t ion o ft h e l a ndscape . T he u ppe rp ar to ft h e A in H anech t ype s e c t ion i l us t ra te s t he v ar ie ty o f f e a tu res ,

T h is f o rma t ion i sn amed a f t e r A rambourg 's e xcava t ions o f

i n c lud ing p ebb le s a nd g rave ls v a r ious ly i n corpo ra ted , s eve ra l

t h e s i te o fA in H anech , o n t h e r i gh t b ank , a nd e x tended t o

c a lc re te s ( c rus t s , b l ocky , r u in shaped ) , d eca lc if y ing p a leoso l

t h e t ype s e c t ion o n t h e l e f t b ank . T he l owe r c on tac t w i th t h e

a nd l a tera l p endan t s , a nd c o l luv ia v a ry ing i n c o lo r a nd

p reced ing f o rma t ion i sa lmos t e verywhe re c oncea led . I ti s

c on ten t . T he c a lc re te c emen ta t ion s ea led t he s ou thern p a r t o f

a ppa ren t ly e r os iona l . T he c hange o f s ed imen t s ( t ex ture a nd

t h e B en i F ouda B a s in f r om A in B ouche r i t l o ca l i ty t o t h e

c o lo r ) a nd o fd i agene t ic p roce sses i sd i agnos t ic .

t own o f E l -Eu lma i n t h e s ou th . L a te r d epos i t s , c on s i t ing p r inc ipa l ly o f C ap s ien s i te s ( human o ccupa t ion o ccur ing i n t h e l a te P a leo l i th ic o r E p ipa leo l i th ic ) a r e o n b u t tes a nd

T he t ype s e c t ion o n t h e l ef t b ank o f A in B ouche r i t i s3 0 me te r s t h ick , o f wh ich t h e c en t ra l p a r t i sc ove red ( f ig . 2 . 5 ) .

i n te rf luves .

T he s ed imen ta t ion t u rned c yc lo them ic , f l uv io r ive r ine w i th 2 . 4 .3 - S tra t igraph ic p rof i le s o f a rchaeo log ica l l o ca l i t ie s

t empo ra ry e xpanse o fv ery s ha l low w a te r . T he d i rec t ion o f f l ow o ft h e s ed imen t s m igh th ave t u rned n or th .

Two a r chaeo log ica l l o ca l i t ies h ave b een e xcava ted . T he f i r s t H e inze l in d i v ided t h e f o rma t ion o f A in H anech

l o ca l i ty i sa d jacen t t oA rambourg 's t r ench , a nd t h e s econd i s

i n to 6

s ed imen ta ry u n i t s ( f rom 0 t oT ) , b a sed u pon t h e t ype s e c t ion o n t h e l e f t b ank o fA in B ouche r i t s t ream b y c o r re la t ing t h e

t h e n ew ly d i scove red s i te c fE l -Khe rba n o t v ery f a r f r om s i te

n or thern a nd s ou thern s pur s . H e n o t iced t ha tt h e se u n i t s w e re

t h e i r s t ra t ig raph ic p rof i le s a nd c or re la ted t h em w i th t h e t ype

s ugges ted f o r f u r the r r ef inemen t .

s e c t ion o f A in H anech F orma t ion o n t h e l ef t b ank o f A in

o ne . Wh i le e xcava t ing t h e t wo s i tes , J .d e H e inze l in s t ud ied

A in H anech F orma t ion

B ouche r i ts t ream . T he se s t ra t ig raph ic p rof i le sa r e :

s ed imen ta ry u n i t s a tb o th s pur s i n c lude t h e f o l low ings : A tt he n or thern s pur

2 . 4 .3 .1- A in Hanech s t ra t igraph ic p rof i le

A t t h e n o r the rn s pur t h e s ed imen ta ry u n i t s i n c lude ( f ig . 2 . 5 ) :

I n h i s e xcava t ions A rambourg r e cogn ized f i ve s t ra t ig raph ic

1 ) Un i t 0i s ac ompac t p i nk ( 7 .5YR 7 / 4 )s i l t ; 2 ) I nU n i t P .a t

l a ye r s ,

a bou t 3m t h ick f r om t h e b o t tom i s as ubun i t s t ar t ing w i th

( Arambourg e tB a lou t , 1 952 ) . T hese f i ve s t ra ta a r e : 1 )b a sa l

t wo

o f w h ich

y i e lded

a r chaeo log ica l

ma ter ia ls

u nso r ted a nd n o t o r ien ted p ebb le s c on ta ined i n mo t t led s i l t p a ss ing t o v ery p a le b rown s i l t 1 0YR 8 / 4 . A t a bou t 8 m t h is

c ong lome ra te ( 0 .40m ) a bove b rown " c lay " , c on ta in ing f o ss i l b ones a s w e l l a s " s phe ro ids " ; 2 ) " s te r i le b rown c l ay" w i th a

u n i t s t a r t s w i th g rave l i n te rbeds i ns i l t , t h en mo t t led s i l t w i th

t h ickness o f0 . 65m ; 3 ) " g ray c l ay" , o f 1 . 10m t h ick , c on ta ines

v ery p a le b rown ( 10YR 7 / 3) c a lc ic c onc re t ions , t h en v ery p a le b rown ( 10YR 8 / 3) a nd r e dd ish y e l low ( 7 .5YR 6 / 6 ) r educed r oo t t r ace s , a nd f i na l ly d i s turbed s o i l h o r izon ; 3 )

4 ) " g reen c l ay " w h ich c u t s u p t h e p rev ious l a yer ; a nd 5 )

b ones a nd " s phe ro ids" , a nd a ti t s b a se o ccur r ub i f ied g rave l s ; u ppe rc ong lome ra te o n w h ich t h e l o ca l c eme tery i sp laced .

Un i t Q i sa bou t 3m t h ick . I tc ons is t s o f s c a t te red a ngu la r a bou t 3 . 5m t h ick , i n c lud ing m any s ca t te red g rave ls c apped

T he b a sa l c ong lome ra te t h a t y i e lded f o ss i l a n ima l b one s a nd " s phe ro ids" may b e c or re la ted w i th u n i t Po ft h e t ype s e c t ion

b y s t ra t if i ed s i l ty s and , a nd t h en s i l t ; 5 ) U n i t Si sa bou t 2 . 5m

o f

g rave l p a ss ing t o mo t t led

s i l t , a nd c l ay -s i l t ; 4 ) U n i t R i s

1 4

A in

H anech

F orma t ion .

I d id

n o t

e xcava te

t h is

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE M AGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

a r chaeo log ica l h o r izon , b u t at e s t t r ench a lowed m e t o c o l lec t

2 . 4 .3 .3 - S tra t igraph ic p os i t ion o fA cheu lean o ccurrence s

b one f r agmen t s a s w e l l a s al i mes tone f l ake . B o th

f i nd s d i sp lay mode ra te a bra s ion . Ib e l ieve t h e b u lk o f t h e

A cheu lean o ccur rences w e re t hough t t o b e a s soc ia ted w i th

a b raded m a te r ia ls r e cove red b y A rambourg b e long t o t h is

t h e O ldowan w hen a n umbe r o f b i f aces w e re c o l lec ted b y

h or izon .

s ome p a r t ic ipan t s i nt h e P anaf r ican C ong res f r om t h e s u rf ace i n t h e i mmed ia te v i c in i ty o f A in H anech e xcava t ion ( t h is

T he a r chaeo log ica l h o r izon Ie xcava ted , w h ich c o r responds

c hap te r , s e c t ion 2 . 3 .2 ) . P re sen t ly , b a sed u pon s t ra t ig raph ic a s w e l l a s a r chaeo log ica l e v idence , If i rm ly b e l ieve t ha t

t o A rambourg 's l e ve l # 3 ( " g ray c l ay" ) , a l so b e long s t o t h e A in H anech F o rma t ion , b u t i ti sl o ca ted h ighe r u p i n t h e d epos i t iona l

s equence .

A cco rd ing

t o

H e inze l in ,

t h e

A cheu lean o ccur rence s a r e e n t i re ly i n dependen t f r om t h e A in H anech O ldowan c u l ture p rope r . H e inze l in 's

s t ra t ig raph ic p rof i le o ft h is a r chaeo log ica l l o ca l i ty , f r om b a se

s t ra t ig raph ic s t udy c onf i rms t h is , l i nk ing t h ese o ccur rence st o

t o t o p , i n c ludes t h e f o l low ing ( f ig .2 .6 ) : 1 ) a tt h e b a se i sa

c a lc re tes ,

l a ye r o ff i ne ly mo t t led s i l t w i th f ew c a lc ic g ra ins . T he c o lo r

l o ca ted h i ghe r u p i n t h e s t ra t ig raph ic s equence . T he refo re ,

i sw h i te ( 10YR 8 / 1) . T he re i sn o s o i l s t ruc ture . T he u ppe r

t h e A cheu lean o ccur rence s r e p resen t

p a leoso l s

a nd

c o l luv ia

o n

d i ssec ted

s u rf aces ,

a l a te r p ha se o f

c on tac t i sm a rked b y at h in c a lc ic l a ye r( o rs e conda ry d epo s i t

h om in id o ccupa t ion . F ur the r i n ves t iga t ions may h e lp l o ca te

? ) ; 2 ) v ery h e te rogenous a nd h e terome t r ic g r ave l

t h eA cheu lean ma te r ia ls i ns i tu .

i n a

m ix tu re o fs and , c a lc ic g ranu les , s i l t l e nse s . F o s s i l b ones a r e 2 . 5 - FAUNAL RE MA INS

b e tween g r ave l s , a nd w ere s ub jec t t o p ressu re m a rk s a nd d e te r io ra t ion .

T he

mode

o f

t r anspo r ta t ion

o f

b ig w h i te

A in H anech i sa n e xcep t iona l s i te i n Nor th A f r ica f o r h av ing

( 10YR 8 / 2 ) s i l ts c ape t h e g rave l l a ye r d esc r ibed a bove , c on ta in ing a n ima l b one s a nd s t one a r t if ac t s . U n l ike t h e

y i e lded ac ons ide rab le q uan t i ty o ff a una l r ema ins . T he f a una

d escr ip t ion p rov ided b y A rambourg , t h is l a ye r i sn o t ag ray

r e cons t ruc t ing t h e p reva i l ing p a leoenv ironmen t s a nd e a r ly h om in id p a leoeco logy .

( mu l t idec ime t r ic )

b l ock s

i n q ues t ion ;

3 )

mo t t led

i s u sef u l

c l ay , b u t af i ne mo t t led s i l t ; 4 ) t h e mo t t led s i l t i so ve r la id b y

n o t

o n ly

f o r

d a t ing

t h e

s i te

b u t

a l so

f o r

3s ucce s s ive s andy l a yer s i n te rbedded w i th mo t t led s i l t . T races o f b i o turba t ion d im in ish f r om b a se t o t o p ; 5 ) t h e

2 . 5 .1- F auna l r ema ins f r om A rambourg 's t r ench

u ppe r p a r t i s 1 . 20m t h ick , a nd c ons is t s o f mo t t led w h i te ( 10YR 8 / 2 ) a nd l i gh t r e dd i sh b rown s i l t s (5 YR 6 / 4 ) . T h is

A rambou rg c o l lec ted a pp rox ima te ly 1 418 i d en t if iab le f o s s i l

l a ye r i n c lude s v er t ica l t r aces o fr oo t s a nd r educed a nd v ague

a n ima l b one s , a nd a n u nknown n umbe r o f f r agmen t s f r om

t r aces o ft r ee s t ump s .

t wo d i s t inc t l e ve ls , t h e c ong lomera te ( l ike ly Un i t P ) a nd h i s " g ray c l ay " l e ve l ( =Un i t T ) . H e i d en t if ied 1 8 a n ima l s pec ie s , m any o fw h ich w e re r e cogn ized f o r t h e f i r s t t ime i n No r th

2 . 4 .3 .2 - E l -Kherba s t ra t igraph ic p rof i le

A f r ica ( A rambourg 1 970 a nd 1 979 ) . T hey a r e s hown i nt a b le T he o the r l o ca l i ty Ie xcava ted i st h e n ew ly d i scove red s i te o f

2 . 1 .

E l -Kherba s i tua ted a bou t 3 00m s ou th o f t h e c l a s s ic s i te o f

T ab le 2 . 1 : A n ima l s pec ie s r e cove red a t A in H anech i nt h e

A in

p r ev ious e xcava t ions .

H anech .

B a sed

o n

H e inze l in 's

d esc r ip t ion ,

i t s

s t ra t ig raph ic p rof i le i s :( f ig . 2 . 6 ) AN I MAL S PEC IES

CO M MON NAMES

Mammu thu sm er id iona l i s

E lephan t

C era to ther ium s imum m aur i tan icum

R h inoce ro s

T he d epo s i t s a r e a bou t 1 . 20m v i s ib le , a nd a r e c ha rac te r ized b y a n u nu sua l m ix tu re o ft o ta l ly u nso r ted s ed imen t , v ague ly l e ss c oa r se n ea r t h e t op , a nd r o l led a nd a ngu la r g rave ls . A r t if ac t s , c h ips o fs t one , a nd b one s a r e i nv a r ious p o s i t ions ,

H ippar ion l i bycum

a nd a r e i n corpo ra ted i n amo t t led s i l ty ma t r ix a nd m o t t le a nd c a rbona te l umps , mo re o r l e ss d eca lc if ied . T he re a r et r aces o f o rgan ism s ( ? ) a nd t r amp l ing .

I n t h e u ppe r p a r t ,

E quu s ( a s inu s ) t a be t i

l a rge r

mo t t led s t ruc tures s imu la te s l id ing o r f l ow . T he c o lo r n ea r 0 . 60m d ep th i sy e l low ( 10YR 7 / 6 ) t ov ery p a le b rown ( 7 /4 ) , r edd ish y e l low ( 7 .5YR 7 / 6 ) , a nd p ure wh i te . T he c o lo r n ea r 1 . 10m d ep th i sl i gh t g ray ( 10YR 7 / 2 ) a nd mo re r e duced , p u re w h i te . B a sed

m a in ly

H e inze l in

u pon

a l teme t r ic

a c or re la t ion

o f A in

g round , H anech

a cco rd ing a nd

t o

E l -Khe rba

e xcava t ions w i th U n i t To ft h e A in H anech F o rma t ion t ype s e c t ion o n t h e l e f t b ank i sh igh ly p robab le . H e a l so t h ink s t h a t i n f l uv ia t i le d epos i t s , t h e re a r e s l igh t d i f f e rences i n f a c ies .

S ome o ve r lap i n t ime a nd h e teroch rony c an b e

e xpec ted w i th in as i ng le u n i t .

H ippa r ion . H o r se

H ippopo tamu sa mph ib ius

H ippo

K o lpochoeru sp hacochoero id e s

S u id

S i va ther ium m au ru s ium

G i r raf

C rocu ta c rocu ta

H yeana

O tyx e le u lmen s i s

A n te lope

G i r raf a ( ? )p ome l i

G i r raf

B o sb uba lo id e s

B ov id

B o sp raeaf r icanu s

B ov id

N u tn idocap ra c ra s s ico rn i s

O v icap r id

G a ze / la p ome l i

G aze l le

T auro t ragu sg aud r i

B ov id

C an i sc f r . a t rox

C an id

A lce laphu ss p

A lce laph ine

G o rgon m ed i ter ranus

B ov id -

1 5

MOHA MED SAHNOUN I

One s pec ies , i . e . E quu s ( a s inu s ) t abe t i, d om ina tes t h e f a una l a s semb lage w i th 9 0 .69 % o ft h e t o ta l . T he r ep re sen ta t ion o f

M3 l ef t ) ;

t h e r ema in ing t a xa a r e , b y o rder , a st h e f o l low ing : a l l b ov ids 5 . 06% ; g i r raf ids 1 . 4% ; r h inoce ros 0 . 77% ; e l ephan t , h i ppo ,

P os t -c ran ia l b one s : A me tacarpa l I I ; f emur f r agmen t .

a nd c a rn ivo re s 0 . 63 % ( va lues c a lcu la ted f r om A rambourg 's

D r . S aoud i p o in t s o u t t h a t t h ese i d en t if ica t ions a r e p rov is iona l a nd n eed t o b e r ef ined t h rough c ompa r ison w i th

d a ta p ub l i shed i n 1 970 a nd 1 979 ) . H oweve r , t h ese v a lues c anno t b e u sed e i the r f o r p a leoeco log ica l r e cons t ruc t ion o r

s pec imens

f o r s ub s is tence i n f o rma t ion . T h is f o s s i l a s semb lage w a s

c o l lec ted a nd i d en t if ied b y A rambourg , e spec ia l ly h o lo type s

p r esen t ly

i n

P a r is .

T he se

s pec imens

w e re

r e t r ieved f r om t wo d i s t inc t a r chaeo log ica l l e ve ls , i . e . l e ve ls 1 a nd 3 c o r re spond ing t o U n i t s P a nd T o f A in H anech

a nd p a ra type s o fs pec ie s r e cogn ized f o r t h e f i r s t t ime a tA in H anech a nd e l sewhe re i nN or th A f r ica .

f o rma t ion t ype s e c t ion . P robab ly b ecause A rambou rg c ons ide red t h e t wo h or izons b ios t ra t ig raph ica l ly s im i la r , h e

2 . 6 - DATING

m ixed a l l b ones t oge the r . T he e n t i re f o ss i l a s semb lage i s c ur ren t ly s t o red i n t h e I n s t i tu te o f P a leon to logy (Museum

T he l a ck o fa bso lu te d a t ing i s ac r uc ia l i s sue f o r t h e Nor th

N a t iona l d 'H is to ire N a ture l le , P a r is , F rance ) .

A f r ican L owe rP a laeo l i th ic A rchaeo logy . R ad ioac t ive d a t ing , u s ing u ran ium s e r ie s , a r e a va i lab le o n ly a t t h e e nd o f t h e

2 . 5 .2 - F auna l r ema ins f rom n ew e xcava t ions

L owe r P a laeo l i th ic . U n l ike E a s t A f r ica , t h e re a r e n o v o lcan ic

T hree h und red s ix ty f i ve f o s s i l a n ima l b one s w e re r e cove red

r o ck s t oo b ta in p roper r ad iome t r ic b ackg round . A ccord ing t o D r . F . B rown ( Un ive r s i ty o fU tah ) , v o lcan ic a sh m igh t h ave

i n

t he

r ecen t

e xcava t ions

u nde r taken

a t A in

r e ached

H anech

No r th

A f r ica

a nd

p erhap s

t h e

A t lan t ic

w hen

v o lcanoes w e re a c t ive i n E a s t A f r ica . H owever , ac a ref u l

( exc lud ing s ma l l f r agmen t s ) , 5 1 s pec imen s o f w h ich a r e f r om E l -Khe rba . O n ly 7 2 f o ss i l b one s may b e d e te rm ined

s ea rch o ft h e s i l t s amp le f r om t h e e xcava t ion a tA in H anech

a na tom ica l ly ( 6 1 e l emen t s f r om A in H anech a nd 1 f r om E l -

d i d n o tr evea l a ny v o lcan ic r ema in s .

K he rba ) , a nd 2 1

b ones , mos t ly t e e th , a r e t a xonom ica l ly

i d en t if iab le .

I nt h e a b sence o fv o lcan ic r o ck s , A in H anech s ed imen t s may b e p u t i n ac hrono log ica l f r amewo rk , u s ing p a leomagne t ic

T he o ngo ing f a una l a na lys is , u nde r taken b y D r Y . S aoud i

t e chn iques . Ap r e l im ina ry s amp l ing made o n s ome s ed imen t s amp le s a nd a na lyzed b y F .S emah ( CNRS , F rance ) , s howed

( Pa leon to log i s t , U n ive r s i ty o f A lg ie r s ) , r e cogn ized t h e f o l low ing p r e l im ina ry t a xa ( Saoud i , 1 995) : E quus ( a s inus )

t h a t A in H anech s t ra t ig raph ic d epos i t s d o b ea r t r ace s o f p a leomagne t ic e ven t s ( Sahnoun i , 1 987 ) . E ncou raged b y

t abe t i , H ippopo tamus s p . , B ov idae s p . , a nd G aze l la s p . W i th t h e e xcep t ion o f E quu s t a be t i , b one i d en t if ica t ion a t t h e s pec ies l e ve l i sn o t p oss ib le b ecause t h e f a una l ma te r ia l i s

t h ese r e su l t s , t h e d epos i t s o fA in H anech F o rma t ion a s w e l l

f r agmen ta ry . A d e te r io ra ted

p a leomagne t ic a na ly s i s . T he r e su l t s a r e p resen ted i n al a te r

l owe r mo la r ( M1

r i gh t )

a s t h e O ldowan h o r izon h ave b een s amp led f o r p re l im ina ry

i s

s e c t ion . T he ref o re , d a t ing o f t h e s ed imen t s c on ta in ing A in

a s s igned b y S aoud i t o a n u ndef ined h ippopo tamus s pec ies ( H ippopo tamus s p .) . I ti sl i ke ly t ha t t h is h ippo t oo th b e longs

H anech c u l tura l ma ter ia l h a s t or e ly o n a s soc ia ted f a una a nd

t o

w h ich

p a leomagne t ism . F or tuna te ly , t h e A in H anech f auna c on ta ins

H ippopo tamus

c ha rac te r ize s

t h e

a mph ib iu s . e n t ire

T h is

Q ua terna ry ,

s pec ies ,

b een

s ome s pec ie s t h a t c an b e c ompa red b ios t ra t ig raph ica l ly , a nd

r e cogn ized a t A in H anech b y A rambourg . T he i d en t if ied

h a s

a l ready

c o r re la ted w i th t h e E a s t A f r ican f a una u s ing b i ozone s e r ies

b ov id b ones i n c lude : a mo la r ( M1/2 l e f t ) , p rox ima l f i r s t p ha lange a nd p y ram ida l b one a s s igned t oB ov idae s p . , a nd a

( s ee b e low ) . 2 . 6 .1- B ios tra t igraph ic c ompar isons

s i ng le u ngu la te p ha lange i d en t if ied a s Ga ze / la s p . T he b u lk o ft h e f o ss i l ma te r ia l i sa s s igned t oE quus ( a s inus )

I n o rde r t o d a te t h e s i te o fA in H anech b ios t ra t ig raph ica l ly ,

t abe t i , w h ich , a s m en t ioned a bove , i sa l so v e ry a bundan t i n

t h e f a una i sc ompa red , b a sed u pon p resence a nd a bsence o f

t h e p rev ious b one a s semb lage . T he a na tom ica l e l emen t s ,

s pec ies ,

mos t ly t e e th , r ep resen t ing t h is s pec ie s a r e t h e f o l low ing :

B ouche r i t

w i th

t wo

f a una

f auna l d a ted

l a ndma rk s . t o

L a te

T he

P l iocene

f i r s t

i s A in

( —

L owe r

V i l laf ranch ian ) . T he s econd i sT ighen if ( f orme r ly T e rn if ine ) f a una d a ted t o M idd le P l e is tocene . T he s pec ie s o ccur r ing i n

U ppe rt e e th : I n c iso r s ( I I, 1 2 , a nd 1 3 ) ; p r emo la r s ( P3 /P4 r i gh t , P 4? r i gh t , a nd P 3/P4 l e f t ) ; a nd mo la r s ( M1/2 r i gh t , M1/2

e ach l o ca l i ty a r e s hown i nt h ec ompa ra t ive t a b le b e low :

i mma tu re , a nd M3 r i gh t ) ; L owe r t e e th : P remo la r s ( P3 /P4 l e f t ) ; mo la r s ( M1/2 r i gh t a nd

1 6

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

T ab le 2 . 2 : C ompa ra t ive f auna l l i s ts how ing a n ima l s pec ies o ccur r ing a tA in B ouche r i t( Uppe r P l iocene ) , A in H anech ( Lowe r P l e is tocene ) , a nd T i fhen if ( M idd le P l e is tocene ) . A IN HANECH

T 1GHEN IF

E lepha sa f r icanavu s

Mammu thus m er id iona l i s

L oxodon ta a t lan t ica

C e ra to ther ium maur i tan icum

C era to ther ium maur i tan icum

C era to ther ium maur i tan icum

H ippa r ion l i bycum

H ippar ion l i bycum

E quu sn um id icus

E quu st a be t i

E quu s maur i tan icus

H ippopo tamus a mph ib iu s

H ippopo tamu ss i rens i s

K o lpochoerus p hacochoero id e s

K o lpochoerus p hacochoero id e s

Me tr id iochor rus c ompac tu s

S i va ther ium maur i s ium

S i va ther ium mauru s ium

A IN BOUCHER IT

A nancus o s i r i s

G i raf f a ( ? )p ome l i

G i raf f a( ? )p ome l i C ame /us t homa s i

T rage laphu sa lger icus B os ( ? ) c f . b uba lo id e s

B o sp a lae th iop icu s

B o s b uba lo id e s

P a ran t idorca sl a t if ron s

N um idocapra c ra s s icorn i s

B os p raeaf i canus H ippo t ragus c fg iga s K obu s ( ? ) s p .

R edunca e u lmens i s

Ga ze / la d racu la

G aze / la p ome l i

Ga ze / la s i t if en s i s

Ga ze l la s p . A( c f a t lan t ica ) Ga ze / la s p . B C e lapho lus l e por inus

O ryx e le u lmen s i s

C onnochae te st aur inu sp rognu

Dama l i scus c u icu l i

A lce laphu ss p .

P armu lar iu sa mb iguu s

O renagor t ournouer i

G orgon m ed i terraneus

O ryx c f .g a ze / la

T auro t ragu sg aud ry i

C apr in ii nd e t .

C an i sc f a t rox

c f F e / i ss p .

C rocu ta c rocu ta

C rocu ta c rocu ta

C an i sa n thu sp r imaevu s

V u lpe ss p .

a nces to ro ft h e g enus E lephas a nd i su sua l ly a bsen t f r om t h e

A in B ouche r i t h a s y i e lded af a una l a s semb lage d a ted t o t h e " Lowe r V i l laf ranch ian"

— U ppe r

P l iocene

P l e is tocene . T he s e cond s pec ies i s E lephas a f r icanavus ,

( A rambourg ,

1 970 ; 1 979 ) , o r t h e P l io -P le is tocene ( Ge raads , 1 981) . T he

c ons ide red

f a una a t t h is s i te i n c lude s a n ima l s pec ie s c ons ide red a s

i n d ica to r o ft h e Nor th A f r ican L owe r V i l laf ranch ian ( Uppe r

i mpo r tan t

P l iocene ) .

b i os t ra t ig raph ic

i n d ica to r s

( Arambou rg ,

1 970 ;

b y T h is

A rambou rg s p ec ie s

h a s

a s

a g ood

b een

a l so

b i o s t ra t ig raph ic f ound

i n o t he r

1 979 ; C oppens , 1 972 ) . T hey c ha rac te r ize t h e No r th A f r ican L a te P l iocene a nd a r e mo s t ly u nknown i n t h e Q ua terna ry .

Magh reb ian s i te s , s u ch a s L ac I c hkeu l ( Tun is ia ) a nd F oua ra t ( Mo rocco ) ( Arambourg , 1 970 ) . T he e qu ids a l so i n c lude t wo

T he mo s tr ep resen ta t ive a n ima ls a tt h i s s i te a r e e l ephan t s a nd

s pec ie s , H ippar ion l y b icum a nd E quus n um id icus . I t i s

e qu ids , i n d ica t ing t h e a n t iqu i ty o ft h is s i te . T he e l ephan t s a r e

g ene ra l ly

r e presen ted b y t wo s pec ies w h ich a r e a bsen t f r om b o th A in H anech a nd T ighen if . T he f i r s t e l ephan t s pec ie s i s a

P l iocene , w h i le E quus g enus r e p re sen t s t h e Q ua terna ry ,

m a s todon :

a l . , 1 990 ) . T he l o ca l i ty o f A in B ouche r i t h a s a l so y i e lded

Anancus o s i r i s,

a s sumed

t h a t

H ippa r ion

d ep ic t s

t h e

Uppe r

a ppea r ing p robab ly p r io rt o 2mya i n Nor th A f r ica ( Rayna l e t

w h ich i s c ons ide red a sa n 1 7

MOHAMED S AHNOUN I o the r v i l laf ranch ian s pec ies , s uch a st h e s u id K o lpochoerus

p l aced s t ra t igraph ica l ly a tt h e b a se o ft h e M idd le P le i s tocene

p hacochoero ide s a nd t h e g i raf id S iva ther ium maurus ium . I n a dd i t ion t o t h e se a r cha ic f o rms , s t ra t ig raph ica l ly t h e

a ss ugge s ted b yJ eage r( 1975 ) b a sed u pon t wo u nconv inc ing a rgumen t s : 1 ) t h a t A in H anech f auna d e r ive s f r om b ed s c u t t ing i n to t h e u nde r ly ing V i l laf ranch ian h o r izon , e . g . A in

l o ca l i ty o f A in B ouche r i t w a s f o rmed w i th in t h e A in B ouche r i t F orma t ion , wh ich i so lde r t han t h e A in H anech

B ouche r i t , a nd 2 ) i ti sc omf ormab ly o ve r la in b y d epos i t st ha t

F orma t ion ( He inze l in , 1 993) . Mo reover , t h i s s i te d i d n o t y i e ld a ny c u l tu ra l r ema in s , t hu s a n teda t ing t h e s p read o f

af ew m e te r sh ighe ru pc on ta in a r cha ic b i f ace s . Howeve r , o u r

e a r ly h om in ids i n Nor th A f r ica .

A in H anech o ccur rence s d o n o t d e r ive f r om a ny u nde r ly ing

C ompa red t oA in B ouche r i t , A in H anech h a s y i e lded as e t o f e vo lved a n ima l s pec ie s a s soc ia ted w i th a n O ldowan l ike

work s how s t h a tA in B ouche r i t a nd A in H anech a r e d i f f eren t

s t ra t ig raph ic a nd a r chaeo log ica l r e sea rch d emon s t ra tes t ha t V i l laf ranch ian f o ss i l if e rous b ed s . H e inze l in 's s t ra t ig raph ic s t ra t ig raph ica l ly , a nd e ach s i te w a s f o rmed w i th in ad i s t inc t f o rma t ion . S t ra t ig raph ic e v idence a l so r evea l s t h e A cheu lean

a s semb lage . Anancus o s i r i s d i sapea red a tA in H anech , a nd E lephas a f r icanavus i sr ep laced b y a n o the r e l ephan t f o rm

o ccur r ence s a r e i n dependen t f r om t h e O ldowan o nes a nd

t ha t i s Mammu thus mer id iona l i s . H ippar ion l i bycum i sr a re

b e long t oa no the rg eo log ic f o rma t ion .

( A rambou rg , 1 970 ) a nd t hough t t h a t i tm igh t b e d er ived f r om

u nde r ly ing

However , H anech

o u r

f o s s i l if erous

a r chaeo log ica l

o ccur rence s

a r e

h o r izons r e sea rch

n o t

( J eage r , s how s

u nder la in

b y

A in H anech h a s b een a s s igned t o t h e S a le t ian c on t inen ta l

1 975 ) .

t ha t

c yc le ( M idd le P l e is tocene ) ( B ibe r son , 1 961) , b ecau se t h e

A in

" pebb le t oo l s" ,

a no the r

ma in ly

p o lyhed rons

a nd

s phero id s ,

a r e

f o ss i l if e rous s t ra ta , a nd b a sed o n t e e th a tl e a s t , t h is s pec ie s s o f a r i s a b sen t f r om t h e r e cen t f a una l a s semb lage . I n my

o b ta ined u s ing t h e mu l t id i rec t iona l t e chn ique t ha t i mp l ie s a n

o p in ion , ap lau s ib le e xp lana t ion r e ga rd ing t h e p re sence o f

N eve r the le ss , t h e re i sn o p a leon to log ica l p roof f o r t h i s d a te , a nd t h e mu l t id i rec t iona l t e chn ique i sn e i the r ac r i te r ion f o r

a dvanced

H ippar ion i nt h e A in H anech a s semb lage i st h a t r ema ins o f t h i s s pec ie s f r om t h e A in B ouche r i t a s semb lage m igh t h ave

d a t ing

t r end

n o r

i n

a n

t h e

" Pebb le

e vo lu t iona ry

a r chaeo log ica l

r e co rds

C u l tu re"

t e chno log ica l

s how ,

t e chno logy .

t r end .

T he

t ha t

t h e

i n deed ,

b een m ixed w i th A in H anech f a una l ma te r ia l i nt h e p roces s o f e i the r s h ipp ing , c l ean ing , o r o t he r t a sk s . A n ew e qu id

mu l t id i rec t iona l t e chn ique w a s u sed s imu l taneous ly w i th t h e

s pec ies e me rged a t A in H anech , E quus ( a s inus ) t abe t i ,

u n id i rec t iona l a nd b i -d irec t iona l o ne s .

c on s ide red a s t h e b es t d ep ic t ion o ft h e L owe r P l e is tocene i n 2 . 6 .2 - B iozone c orre la t ions

Nor th A f r ica ( Arambou rg , 1 970 ) . A in H anech a l so i n c ludes t wo t yp ica l V i l laf ranch ian s pec ie s . T hey a r e t h e g i raf id S iva the r ium maurus ium a nd p hacochoero ide s . L a s t ly ,

I n a n a t temp t t o e s tab l ish b iozone s f o r t h e A f r ican P l iocene

t h e s u id K o lpochoerus H ippopo tamus a nd

a nd

P l e is tocene

u s ing

t h e

mac romamma ls ,

t h e

A in

C era to the r ium , t ha t c ha rac te r ize t h e e n t i re P l e i s tocene , a r e

B ouche r i t /A in H anech s equence i s c o r re la ted w i th E a s t

a l so p re sen t a tt h is s i te .

A f r ican s i tes ( Coppen s , 1 972 ) . I na dd i t ion t o a n ima l s pec ie s o f b io s t ra t ig raph ic i n te res t , t h e E a s t Af r ican s i te p rov ide a

T he T ighen if ( f o rme r ly T em if ine ) l o ca l i ty h a s y i e lded a

s ound r a d iome t r ic b ackg round ( f ig . 2 .7 ) . A in B ouche r i t f r om

M idd le P l e is tocene f a una a s soc ia ted w i th Homo e rec tus

t h e Z one V , c ha rac te r ized b y t h e a b sence o fN yanzachoerus

r ema ins a nd Mode I t e chno logy a r t if ac t s ( Acheu lean ) , a nd

j eage r i( Coppens , 1 971) a nd t h e a s soc ia t ion o f Anancus a nd

d a ted

E lepha s

t o

0 . 7

mya

( A rambou rg ,

1 979 ;

A rambourg

e t

w i th

H ippar ion ,

S iva ther ium

Equus ,

i s

c or re la ted w i th t h e Omo

C ompa red t oA in H anech , t h e f a una l r e semb lance i sl im i ted t o c er ta in s pec ies . C oncern ing t h e b ov id s , t h e r a re s im i la r

s equence . T h is a nc ien t s u id s pec ie s o ccur red i n t h e l owe r

f o rms m igh t b e ? G i raf f a , ? Bos , O ryx , a nd C onnochae te s? ( Ge raad s , 1 981) . T he d om inan t s pec ies a t b o th s i tes a r e

d i sappea red a f t e rwa rd s , whe re Anancus o s i r i s a nd E lephas

l e ve ls ( b a se )

1Z one

a nd

Hof f s te ter , 1 963 ; B a lou t e ta l . , 1 967 ; G e raads e ta l . , 1 986 ) .

o f H amada D amous

o f t h e E a s t A f r ican s i te

i n T un i s ia a nd

a f r icanavus w e re a s soc ia ted a s f ound a tA in B ouche r i t . T h is

t o ta l ly d i f f e ren t : G aze l la , Ake laph in i , E lephan t , E qu id s ,

a s soc ia t ion w ou ld c ha rac te r ize t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e Nor th

a nd S u id s . T he f o rms c ommon t o b o th a r e H ippopo tamus

A f r ican

a nd

t h e

c or re la t ion i sv a l id , t h e A in B oucher i t l o ca l i ty wou ld d a te

Qua terna ry E poch . T he " V i l laf ranch ian" g i raf id S iva ther ium

r ough ly b e tween 3 . 7 a nd 2 . 7 mya . A in H anech f r om Z one

maurus ium i s d om inan t a t A in H anech a nd c omp le te ly a bsen t f r om T ighen if , i n d ica t ing t ha t A in H anech i so lde r

I I , c ha rac te r ized b y t h e p er s i s tence o f S iva ther ium a nd p robab ly o f H ippar ion a s w e l l a s t h e d i sappea rance o f

a nd c ou ld n o t b e d a ted t o t h e M idd le P l e is tocene a s i th a s

Anancus a nd p r esence o fn ew f o rms o fE lephas a nd E quus ,

b een a s se r ted ( J eage r , 1 975) .

i sc or re la ted w i th O lduva i B ed Ia nd L owe r B ed I . B a sed u pon t h i s c or re la t ion , C oppen s ( 1972 ) p l aces A in H anech

C era to ther ium .

B o th

s pec ie s

o ccu r

w i th in

p e r iod ( Coppen s ,

1 971) .

I f t h is

b e tween 2a nd 1 . 4 mya .

T he b io s t ra t ig raph ic c ompa r i son s i n d ica te t h a t A in H anech w i th Mode I t e chno logy a r t if ac t s ,

V i l laf ranch ian

i s y ounge r t h an A in 2 . 6 .3 - P a leomagne t ic a na ly s is

B ouche r i t w i thou t l i t h ic a r t if ac t s , a nd o l de r t h an t h e s i te o f T ighen if w i th mode I t e chno logy a r t if ac t s . A in B ouche r i t

S ed imen t s f r om A in H anech t ype s ec t ion o n t h e l e f t b ank a s

may b e d a ted t o e i ther " L owe r V i l laf ranch ian" — U ppe r P l iocene , b a sed o n e l ephan t s , e qu ids ( H ippa r ion ) , a nd

w e l l a s f r om t h e a r chaeo log ica l h o r izon o n t h e r i gh t b ank w e re

g i r raf id ( S iva the r ium ) ( Arambourg , 1 970 ; 1 979 ) o r E a r ly P le is tocene b ecause o ft h e p r esence E quus ( Ge raad s , 1 981) .

s amp led

f o r

p a leomagne t ic

a na ly s is .

T hey

w e re

s amp led a s f o l low ing : 3s amp le s f r om U n i t P a nd Q , 3 s amp le s f r om U n i t R , 3s amp le s f r om Un i t S ,a nd 3 s amp le s

A in H anech may b e d a ted t oL owe r P l e is tocene . I tc anno t b e

1 8

T HE L OWER P ALAEOL ITH IC O FT HE MAGHREB : E XCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH f r om t he a r chaeo log ica l h o r izon t h a t i se qu iva len t t o U n i t T

E l -Khe rba s ed imen ta ry ma t r ice s r e f lec t a f l oodp la in e nv i ronmen t . B o th l o ca l i t ies a r e c omp lemen ta ry , p a ss ing

o fA in H anech t ype s e c t ion .

l a te ra l ly f r om as ha l low r i ve r c hanne l a tA in H anech t o i t s T he

A in

H anech

p a leomagne t ic

s amp le s

h ave

b een

muddy ma rg in a t E l -Khe rba ( He inze l in , 1 993) . Howeve r ,

p rocessed b y D r . F . B rown ( Depar tmen t o f G eo log ica l

s t ra t ig raph ica l ly ,

S c iences , U n ive r s i ty o f U tah ) . T he r e su l t s s how t h a t t h e

i n c ludes a tt h e b o t tom a g rave l l a yer a b rup t ly o ve r la in b y s i l ty s t ra tum , c on ta in ing t h e a r chaeo log ica l ma te r ia l s .

d epos i t s b e low t h e a r chaeo log ica lh o r izon ( Un i t s P ,Q ,and R ) h ave ar eve r sed p o la r i ty , w h i le t h e U n i t Sa nd t h e s ed imen t s

A in

H anech

a r chaeo log ica l

l o ca l i ty

c on ta in ing t h e u pper O ldowan o ccur rence s ( cor re la ted w i th

A cco rd ing t o modern e nv i ronmen t s , t h ese s ed imen ta ry d epos i t s s ugge s t a n a l luv ia l f l oodp la in c u t b y ameande r ing

Un i t To ft h e t y pe s ec t ion ) h ave an orma l p o la r i ty ( f ig . 2 . 8 ) .

r i ve r c hanne l a l so c a l led o x -bow l a ke . T h i s k ind o f s ub -

Wha td ot h ese r e su l ts s ugge s t? I nc on s ide ra t ion o ft h e o vera l l

e nv ironmen t i sf o rmed w hen ab end i nt h e meande r r i ve r i s

c on tex t ( f auna a nd a r chaeo logy ) , t h e n orma l p a leomagne t ic

c u t -of fa nd b ypa s sed b yt h e c hanne l b ack ( Se l ley , 1 985) .

p o la r i ty

o f A in

H anech O ldowan o ccur rences

m ay

b e 2 . 7 .2 - F auna l r ema ins

c or re la ted w i th O lduva i p a leomagne t ic e ven t o ccur r ing b e tween 1 . 95 a nd 1 . 78 mya ( McDouga l l e ta l . , 1 992 ) . B o th f a una l

a nd

a r chaeo log ica l

a r gumen t s

s uppor t

t h is

A in H anech a r e d a ted t o L owe r P l e i s tocene . F ur the rmo re ,

A in H anech f a una l r ema in s i nd ica te a n o pen s avana a nd a n a r id c l ima te . T he b ov id r ema ins s ugges t a n o pen s avana , a s i n f er red f r om t h e p r e sence o fG aze / la p ome l i , Num idocapra ,

c ompa r isons w i th f auna l r ema ins f r om E a s t A f r ica i n d ica te

a nd p robab ly C onnochae te s( Geraad s , 1 981) .

i n terp re ta t ion . P a leon to log ica l ly , a n ima l b ones r e cove red a t

t h a tA in H anech l o ca l i ty m ay b e c or re la ted w i th O lduva i B ed I( Arambou rg , 1 970 ) a nd m igh t b e d a ted b e tween 2 a nd 1 . 4

U s ing t h e a s soc ia t ion o fE quus a na tom ica l f e a tu res w i th t ype

1 972 ) . T he A in

o f e nv ironmen t , E i senmann c onc luded t ha t af l a t a nd h a rd

H anech a r t if ac t a s semb lage i s c ha rac te r ized b y O ldowan

g round w i th a n a r id c l ima te p reva i led a t A in H anech ( E isenmann , 1 984 ; 1 985 ) . S he b a sed h e r p a leoenv i ronmen ta l

mya ( s e e t h e s e c t ion a bove ) (Coppen s ,

f e a tu res a nd i sv ery s im i la r i n s eve ra l g round s t o O lduva i

a nd p a leoc l ima t ic i n f e rence s o n t h e mo rpho logy o f t h e

o ccur rence s f r om B ed I( Sahnoun i , 1 993 a nd c hap te r 5i n t h is b ook ) . I n a dd i t ion , t h e A in H anech A cheu lean

a n ter io r h oof ( w ide ) a nd g rac i le me tapod ia o f E quus ( a s inus ) t abe t i . T he s ame a u thor c or re la ted t h i s a r id c l ima te

o ccur rence s a r e l o ca ted h i ghe r u p i n t h e s t ra t ig raph ic s equence , a bove t he O ldowan l e ve l , a nd a r e c rude r t han

w i th t h e c l ima t ic e p isode o ccur r ing 1 . 5 mya i n t he Hogga r

t hose r ecove red a tT ighen if , wh ich a r e c ons ide red a s M idd le

( Rognon e ta l . , 1 981) , i nE a s tern T u rkana ( Kenya ) ( V incens ,

A cheu lean ( Ba lou t e t a l . ,

1 979 ) , a nd i n t h e A f a r ( E th iop ia ) ( Ga sse e t a l . ,

1 967 ) a nd d a ted t o 0 . 7 mya

1 980 ) .

( Ge raads e ta l . , 1 986 ) .

H oweve r , a cco rd ing t or e cen t s t ud ie s , t h is a r id c l ima te p ha se i s n o t a u sef u l c or re la t ion . F i r s t , a s s hown b y t h e

I ti sh igh ly p robab le t ha t a no ther O ldowan h or izon o ccur s a t

p a lemagne t ic a na ly s is ( t h i s c hap ter ,

t h eb a se o fA in H anech F o rma t ion ( Un i tP ) , c on ta ined w i th in

H anech d epo s i t s s e em t o b e o lde r t han 1 . 5 mya . S econd ,

s ec t ion 2 .6 .3) ,

A in

c ong lome ra t ic ma t r ix . A s m en t ioned p r ev ious ly , A rambourg a l so e xcava ted t h is a r cha eo log ica l h o r izon ( h is l e ve l 1 ) , f r om

b a sed u pon a s t udy o f a2 00 m l o ng ma r ine p o l len r e co rd f r om ODP S i te 6 58 ( Ocean D r i l l ing P rog ram ) l o ca ted a t

wh ich h e c o l lec ted a " V i l laf ranch ian" f a una i d en t ica l t o t he

C ape B lanc i n Nor thwes t A f r ica ( Leroy a nd D upon t , 1 994 ) ,

u ppe r l e ve l a nd t h e a b raded O ldowan l ike c o res ( s phe ro id s ) .

A in H anech may b e c or re la ted w i th a no the r r a the r h um id ,

At e s t t r ench made a tt h e t op o ft h is c ong lome ra te a l lowed

c l ima t ic p ha se . T h i s p o l len s t udy i nd ica te s t ha t t he p er iod

me t o r e cove r al a rge b one f r agmen t a s w e l l a s al i mes tone

f r om 2 . 6 t o 1 . 7 mya ( i so tope s t age s 7 6 a nd 6 8 ) c or respond s

f l ake .

t h e

t o l o ng l a s t ing h um id p e r iod s . F or i n s tance , i n t h e t ime

c ong lome ra te a r e o f r eve r se p o la r i ty ( f ig . 2 . 8 ) . T h i s wou ld i nd ica te t h a t t h is O ldowan h o r izon i so lde r t han t h e u ppe r

i n te rva l f r om 1 . 87 a nd 1 . 85 mya p o l len i n ODP 6 58 s how

o ne , a nd wou ld b e d a ted r ough ly t o a bou t 2 mya . T h is

mo re h um id c ond i t ion s . P oaceae a r e g ra sses a nd g row

a s sump t ion n eeds t o b e v a l ida ted b y

ma in ly i n t h e S ahe l a nd t h e o pen a nd wooded s avanna

T he

s i l ty

s ed imen t s

i mmed ia te ly

a bove

i n c rea se o f P oaceae a nd d ecrea se o f E phedera , i nd ica t ing

i n ves t iga t ing t h is

( Le roy a nd D upon t , 1 994 : 2 98 a nd 3 09 ) .

a r chaeo log ica l h o r izon i nt h e f u tu re .

2 . 7 .3 -C arbon i s o tope r a t io a na ly s i s

2 . 7 -PALEOENV IRON MENTAL AND PALEOECOLOGICAL I NFERENCES P a leoenv i ronmen ta l a nd p a leoeco log ica l r e cons t ruc t ion a r e

T he c a rbon i s o top ic r a t io i n f o ss i l b ones may h e lp g a in ing d i e tary i n fo rma t ion a nd p a leoenv i ronmen ta l i n f erence s s uch

i n f er red f r om t h ree s ou rce s : 1 ) s t ra t ig raph ic d a ta ; 2 ) f a una l

a s t h e t ype s o ft e r res t r ia l p l an t s t h a t t he a n ima ls c onsumed

r ema ins ; a nd 3 ) c a rbon i s o top ic r a t ios . Unfor tuna te ly p a lyno logy c anno t p rov ide p a leoenv i ronmen ta l i n f e rences a t

( De N i ro , 1 987 ; Voge l , 1 978 ) . T er re s t r ia l p l an t s a r e c l a s s if ied ma in ly a s t wo t ypes , n ame ly C , a nd C , p l an t s ,

A in H anech . S ed imen t s h ave b een s amp led a nd i n t rus ted t o R . B onnef i le f o r p o l len a na ly s is , y e t t h ey a r e s t e r i le

d i s t ingu ished b y t h e i r p ho tosyn the th ic p a thway s . T he C ,

( He inze l in , p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) .

e nzyme r i bu lo se b i spho spha te t o f i x a tmo sphe r ic CO , . T he e f f ec t s o f i s o top ic f r ac t iona t ion d u r ing p ho tosyn thes is l e ave

p l an t s , f o rm ing ac ompound w i th t h ree c a rbon a t oms , u se t h e

2 . 7 .1- S tra t igraph ic d a ta

C , p l an t s d ep le ted i n t h e i r 5 '3C i s o top ic c ompos i t ion , c ompa red t o as t anda rd . C , p lan t s h ave 5' 3C v a lues r ang ing

S t ra t ig raph ic e v idence i n d ica tes t h a t b o th A in H anech a nd

b e tween 3 3 p e rm i l a nd 22 p er m i l w i th a n a verage v a lue o f

1 9

MOHAMED S AHNOUN I 27 p e r m i l . T he C , p l an t s , w i th f ou r c a rbon a t om s , u t i l ize t h e

e nzyme

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f i x

a tmospher ic C O , . B ecause l e s s ' 3C /1 2C f r ac t iona t ion o ccur s

R ecen t

d u r ing C , p ho tosyn thes is , C , p l an t s a r e mo re e n r iched i nt h e

i mpor tan ts i te h ave s hed l i gh to n s evera l i sue s t ha tr ema ined u nre so lved s i nce i t sd i scove ry , i n c lud ing s t ra t ig raphy , d a t ing ,

h eav ie r i s o tope a nd h ave 5 ' 3C v a lues v a ry ing b e tween 16 p e rm i l a nd 9p e rm i l , w i th a n a ve rage v a lue o f12 .5 p e rm i l

i n ves t iga t ions r ega rd ing t h e

b ackg round

o f t h is

a nd p a leoenv ironmen t . S t ra t ig raph ica l ly , t h e A in B ouche r i t v a l ley d epos i t s , w he re t h e A in H anech a r chaeo log ica l

( De N iro , 1 987 ) . E co log ica l ly , C3 p l an t s g row i nt empera te r e g ions w i th w in te r r a inf a l l a nd c oo l t empera ture s , wh i le

h or izons o ccu r , w e r e d e l inea ted a nd p os i t ioned r e la t ive t ot h e

t h ose o fC , a r e f ound i nh o t , d ry , a nd s unny r e g ion s ( Voge l ,

r e g iona l s t ra t ig raphy . A in H anech d epo s i t s w e re f o rmed

1 978 ) . T here i sa l so a t h ird t ype o f p l an t k nown a s CA M

w i th in af o rma t ion i n dependen t f r om t h a t w h ich c on ta in t h e U ppe r P l iocene ( "Lowe r V i l laf ranch ian" ) s i te o f A in

( Cra ssu lacean A c id Me tabo l ism ) , mo s t ly s uccu len t , t h a t u se b o th p ho tosyn the t ic p a thway s .

B oucher i t . L ikew ise , t h e A cheu lean o ccur rences a r e n o t

Two e qu id ( Equu s t abe t i ) l owe r mo la r t e e th ( i den t if ied a s

a s soc ia ted w i th t h e d epos i t s c on ta in ing t he O ldowan r ema ins . T hey o ccu r i n as epa ra te f o rma t ion h i ghe ru p i nt h e

AH 9 2 /H1/ 1 a nd AH92 / J2 /29 ) , r e cove red i n A in H anech

s t ra t ig raph ic o ccupa t ion .

r e cen te xcava t ions h ave b een i s o top ica l ly a na lyzed b y D r . T . C e r l ing

( Depa r tmen t

o f

G eo logy

a nd

G eophy s ic s

s equence ,

c ompr is ing

a l a te r

h om in id

a t

U n iver s i ty o f U tah ) . T he r e su l t s a r e a s f o l low ing : 1 ) f i r s t

P a leomagne t ic d a t ing t e chn ique s a pp l ied f o rt h e f i r s t t ime a t

t oo th : 1 . 91 , 5' C =10 .1 p e rm i l ; a nd 2 )s e cond t oo th : 2 9 .92 ,

t h is s i te h ave r e vea led t h a t t h e d epos i t s c on ta in ing t h e

5' 3C = 10 .8 p e r m i l . A cco rd ing t o C e r l ing , t h ese v a lue s

a r chaeo log ica l h o r izon b ea rn orma l p o la r i ty . I nc ons ide ra t ion

w ou ld i n d ica te a C , d om ina ted d i e t , s omewhe re b e tween

o f

8 5% a nd 1 00% . H e s t a ted t h a t " C , p l an t s c an h ave q u i te a r a nge o f 5' 3C v a lues , s o t h a t e ven 5' 3C v a lue s o f9 p e r m i l

o ccu r rences

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a nc ien t

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p a leomagne t ic e ven t s ubc ron , d a ted t o b e tween 1 . 95 a nd 1 . 79 mya . B ios t ra t ig raph ic c or re la t ion s w i th E a s t A f r ican

c ou ld c once ivab ly b e ap ure C , d i e t" .

mamma ls c or robo ra te t h is i n terp re ta t ion . T hese r e su l t s , s how ing aC , d om ina ted d i e t f o r A in H anech e qu ids , a r e c ompa t ib le w i th t h e e co logy o ft h is a r ea t o day .

P re l im ina ry f auna l a na ly s i s i n d ica tes t h a t t h e n ew b one

P resen t ly , i n t h e Med i te r ranean r e g ion t h e re a r e f ew C , p l an t s . AM H anech i sl o ca ted a t1 200 m a bove s ea l e ve l , a nd

a s semb lage

p rev ious ly b y A rambourg . O the r t a xa a r e e l ephan t , b ov ids ,

i s c ha rac ter ized

a nd h ippo .

b y

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r a inf a l l

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c oo l

i n c luded p r ima r i ly E quus t a be t i r e cogn ized

t empe ra tu res . T he s umme r i sv ery h o t a nd d ry w i th a lmos t n o r a ins t ha t c ou ld e ncourage t h e g row ing o f C , p l an t s .

P a leoenv ironmen ta l ly ,

T oday C , p lan t s a r e d i s t r ibu ted p ar t icu la r ly i n e a s tern a nd

f l oodp la in

s ou thern A f r ica ( Voge l a nd F u l l s ,

r ef lec t s a n o pen s avanna l ike h ab i ta t . T he v ege ta t ion d oes

1 978 ; Amb rose a nd

c or robo ra te

D eN iro , 1 989 ) .

s hows f auna l

a na ly s is ,

w h ich

i n d ica ted

t h i s

a C -3

H anech

i n terp re ta t ion d om ina ted

d epos i t s

P a leoeco log ica l ly , b ecause p l an ts ,

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m ed i ter ranean r eg ion t oday .

T hese c a rbon i s o tope r e su l t s d o c or robo ra te t h e r e su l t s f r om t h e

A in

e nv ironmen t s .

a s avanna l ike

e nv ironmen t ( Arambourg , 1 970 ; G er rads , 1 981) . T oday i na

I n s um , t h e s i te o fA in H anech r ep resen t s o ne o ft h e o lde s t

s avanna h ab i ta t o ne wou ld e xpec t a n a bundance o fC , p l an t s t h a t g row i n s umme r r a ins . A in H anech a n ima ls , w i th C ,

a r chaeo log ica l l o ca l i t ies i n Nor thern Af r ica . I ti sc er ta in ly a

d om ina ted d i e t , i n d ica te t h a t t h ey w e re l i v ing i n r e g ion o f

s p read o f e a r l ie s t h om in id s i n to t h is p a r t o f t he A f r ican

l i t t le

c on t inen t .

t o

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( Cer l ing ,

s i te o fp r ime i mpor tance i nt h a t i tc an d ocumen t t h e t ime a nd

p er sona l

c ommun ica t ion ) .

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THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

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THE LO WER P ALAEOL ITH IC O F THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

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e xcava t ion , i n c lud ing 1 0 i s o la ted t e e th ( 4 o f w h ich a r e f r agmen ted ) , 4 4 i d en t if iab le e l emen t s , a nd 2 5 b one f r agmen t s . Sma l l f r agmen t s l e s s t h an 3 c m l o ng a r e n o t i n c luded i n t h e se c oun t s . P re l im ina ry e xam ina t ion o f t h e f o s s i l s ( ba s ica l ly t e e th ) s hows t h a t p r ima r i ly e qu id s a nd

t h e s ma l l d eb i tage ) , 1 6 o f w h ich r ep r e sen t c o re too l s . T he f o s s i l b one s c on s is ted o f i d en t if iab le e l emen t s , o ne i s o la ted t oo th , a nd f r agmen t s . I n a dd i t ion , t h e e xcava t ion s a t t h i s

b ov id s a r e r e p re sen ted . I na dd i t ion , t h e mos t e xc i t ing f a una l r ema in s r e vea led b y t h i s t e s t e xcava t ion w a s t h e p a r t ia l s ke le ton o f as ma l l b ov id l y ing i n as omewha t f l exed o r c u r led a r t icu la ted p o s i t ion , a nd a s soc ia ted w i th s eve ra l s t one a r t if ac t s ( s qua r e J 2 ) . B ones o f t h e a n ima l i n c lude ma in ly a x ia l e l emen t s s uch a s t h e s capu la , v er teb rae , a nd p e lv i s .

l o ca l i ty r e vea led t h e a s soc ia t ion o f s eve ra l s t one a r t if ac t s w i th a n e l ephan tf emu rb one . T ab le 3 . 2 : A r chaeo log ica l r ema in s r e cove r ed i n t h e e xcava t ion s a tA in H anech a nd E l -Khe rba . ( 9 T he se n umbe r s i n c lude a r t if ac t s b e low 2c m o fl e ng th .

T h i s f i nd , i na dd i t ion t ot h e s t ra t ig raph ic c on tex t , s ugge s t s a m in ima ld i s tu rbance o ft h es i te . 3 .4 - THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVAT IONS E ncou raged b y t h e s ucce s sf u l f i e ld w o rk o f t h e s umme r o f 1 992 , al a rge s ca le e xcava t ion w a s c a r r ied o u t d u r ing t h e s umme r o f 1 993 . Two a r chaeo log ica l l o ca l i t ie s w e re e xcava ted ; t h e c l a s s ica l s i te o f A in H anech a nd E l -Khe rba ( f ig . 3 . 6 ) . A t A in H anech , t h e e xcava t ion s w e r e e xpanded n o r thwa rd . A n a r ea o f 5 0 m2 b y 1m d ep th w a s e xcava ted . T he o t he r e xcava ted a r ea w a s t h e n ew ly d i scove red a r chaeo log ica l l o ca l i ty o f E l -Khe rba , l o ca ted 3 50 m e te r s s ou th w es t o ft h e o r ig ina l A in H anech s i te . H e r e a n a r ea o f

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P r io r t o t h e i r r e t r ieva l t h e a r chaeo log ica l r ema in s w e r e p l o t ted , d rawn , a nd r e co rded w i th r e ga rd t o an umbe r o f c r i te r ia . T he c r i te r ia t a ken i n to c on s ide ra t ion a lowed f o r c on t ro l o f t h e e xcava t ion s a nd t h e ref o re g a ined a s much

1 2 m2 b y0 . 44 m w a se xcava ted .

i n f orma t ion a s p o s s ib le , p e rm i t t ing a n i n ves t iga t ion o f t h e f o rma t ion o ft h e s i te o fA in H anech a nd h ow t h e o ccur r ence s a ccumu la ted . T o c on t ro l f o r v er t ica l d i s t r ibu t ion o f a l l t h e r ema ins , t h e a r chaeo log ica l h o r izon w a s e xcava ted a cco rd ing

T hese t wo l o ca l i t ie s a r e p a ra l le l i n s pace a nd v e ry l i ke ly c on tempo raneou s ( s ee c hap te r 2 , s e c t ion 2 . 4 .3 .2 ) . S t ra t ig raph ica l ly ,t h ey w e re f o rmed w i th in t h e s ame d epo s i t s , 3 0

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

t oa n a r t if ic ia l s t ra t ig raphy . T he a r chaeo log ica l r ema ins w e re r e co rded a te very a r b i t ra ry l a ye ro f 1 0 c m .

Ma ter ia l a na ly s is a nd e xpe r imen ta l t e chno logy . T he d a ta f o r r aw m a te r ia l a na ly s is c ons is ted o f c o l lec t ing r a ndom ly l o ca l l i me s tone c obb le s a nd m ea sur ing t h em t o s t udy t h e ir morpho logy . T he e xpe r imen ta l t e chno logy

T he r e co rded d a ta f o r e ach a r chaeo log ica l r ema in i n c luded : 1 ) ar e co rd n umbe r w i th in e ach s qua re o ft h e g r id s y s tem ; 2 )

c ons is ted o f r e p l ica t ing A in H anech l i t h ic m a te r ia ls u s ing

t y pe o r n a ture , i .e .b one , a r t if ac t , c obb le ; 3 ) s pa t ia l p o s i t ion

l o ca l r aw m a te r ia l , i . e . l i mes tone c obb le s a nd f l in t p ebb les . D a ta a nd r e su l t s o f b o th s t ud ie s a r e p r e sen ted i nc hap te r 5

i n t h ree d imens ions , n o t ing X , Y , a nd Z c oo rd ina tes ; 4 ) a r t if ic ia l s t ra t ig raph ic p o s i t ion ; 5 ) o r ien ta t ion a ng le u s ing a

d ea l ing w i th a r t if ac t a na lys is .

c ompa ss ; 6 ) i n c l ina t ion a ng le u s ing a n i n c l inome te r ; 7 ) t h e 3 . 5 - S U M MARY

t h ree b a s ic d imen s ions , i . e . l e ng th , b r ea th , a nd t h ickness ; 8 ) r e levan t

o b se rva t ions

i f a ny ;

a nd

9 )

d raw ing

e ve ry T he s y s tema t ic f i e ld w o rk u nder taken a t t h e s i te o f A in

a r chaeo log ica l f i nd o ver 2 c m o f l e ng th a s i tw a s u near thed . W i th t h e e xcep t ions o f f r iab le a r chaeo log ica l m a te r ia ls o r

H anech a l lowed f o r t h e r e d iscove ry o ft h e s i te a s w e l l a s i t s

t h o se n eed ing as pec ia l ized a na lys is ( e .g . u s ewea r a na lys is ) ,

r e eva lua t ion . T he s u rvey a nd t e s t t r enches m ade p oss ib le a

a l t h e r ema ins w ere w a shed , l a be led , a nd p acked i np l a s t ic

m app ing

b ag s n o t ing t h e ir i d en t if ica t ions ( c a ta logue i d en t if ica t ions f o r f u tu re c u ra t ion i n museum , i n c lud ing s i te , a r chaeo log ica l

l o ca l i t ies h av ing i n va luab le a r chaeo log ica l p o ten t ia l , a nd t h e

o f t h e

d e l inea t ion

o f

a r chaeo log ica l t h e

d i f f e ren t

a r ea ,

d i scove ry

a r chaeo log ica l

o f n ew h o r izons

h o r izon , a nd i t em n umbe r ) . T he a r chaeo log ica l m a te r ia ls r e t r ieved f r om t h ese r e cen t e xcava t ions a r e c ur ren t ly s t o red

( O ldowan , A cheu lean , a nd C ap s ian ) o ccur r ing i n t h e a r ea ,

i nt h e I n s t i tu te o fA rchaeo logy a tt h e U n ive r s i ty o fA lg ie r s .

e mp loyed

a nd t h e ir l a te ra l e x tens ion . T he a r chaeo log ica l f i e ld m e thod s i n t h is s t udy h ave e nab led m e t o d ocumen t

p r ev ious ly u nknown a spec t s o f e a r ly h om in id b ehav io r i n B e s ides

t h e

e xcava t ions ,

o t he r

t a sk s

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F igu re 3 . 2 : S ec t ion v i ew s how ing t h et o pog raph ic p o s i t ion o ft e s tt r en che s a nd l im i t ed e xcava t ion u nder taken i ns umme r 1 992 .

3 2

THE LO WER P ALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

s w t I E

5 O rn

P I ,P2 ,& P 3

r s

r s

W I

W2

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C o l luv iun G ray s i l t

L i gh tb r own s i l t

F i gu r e3 . 3 :A r chaeo log ica lf i nd ing sa tt h et e s tt r ench P 7( E I -Be idha ) .

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THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

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a r eas 1 992 & 1 993 1

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C hap te r4 : FOR MAT ION OF A IN HANECH S ITE

4 . 2 -S TRAT IGRAPHIC EV IDENCE

4 . 1INTRODUCT ION A in H anech a r chaeo log ica l o ccur rences w e re t h ough t b y

T he s t ra t ig raph ic e v idence s ugge s t s t h a t A in H anech a nd E l -

s e ve ra lr e sea rche r st ob e u nsu i tab le f o rb ehav io ra l i n qu i ry . F o r

K he rba a r chaeo log ica l o ccur rences w e re m in ima l ly d i s tu rbed

i n s tance , P rof e sso r J .D e smond C la rk i n ar e cen t p ub l ica t ion ,

b y h yd rau l ic a c t ion . A t A in H anech t h e r ema in s w e re e nca sed

s yn the s iz ing t h e No r th A f r ican L owe r P a laeo l i th ic , w ro te a bou t t h e se o ccur rence s : " They a r e i ns e conda ry c on tex t a nd

i n mo t t led s i l t s d epo s i t w i th t r ace s o f b i o tu rba t ion ( f ig . 4 . 1) . T ho se f r om E l -Khe rba w e re c on ta ined w i th in a s im i la r

u sua l ly , b u t n o t a lway s , f l uv ia l ly a b raded , " a nd h e w en t o n t o

s e d imen ta ry ma t r ix , i n c lud ing c a rbona te l ump s , a nd t r aces o f

s ay , " i t i ss u rp r i s ing , h oweve r , t h a t n o o t he r a r t if ac t s -f l ake s ,

o rgan i sm s a nd t r amp l ing ( f ig . 4 . 2 ) ( s ee a l so c hap te r 2 ,s e c t ion

f o re xamp le -w e re f ound a nd i tm ay b et h a ta l l l i gh te r ma te r ia l

2 . 4 .3 .2 ) . I ti so bv iou s t h a t t h e c oncen t ra t ion o fs t one a r t if ac t s

w a s f l uv ia l ly t r an spo r ted o u t o f t h e a r ea o f t h e s ubsequen t e xcava t ion . A l te rna t ive ly , t h e se h eav ie r a r t if ac t s c ou ld h ave

a r chaeo log ica l l o ca l i t ie sw e re e nca sed i nb ys i l td epo s i ted f r om

a nd

f o s s i l

b one s

a ccumu la ted

o n

a f l oodp la in .

B o th

c ome d own s lope f r om t h e o r ig ina l a c t iv i ty a r ea ." ( C la rk , 1 992 :

f l ood w a te r st h a tu l t ima te ly b u r ied b yo ve rbank s i l t s . A l though

2 0 ) . S uch t hough t s w e re v e ry c ommon a nd w ide sp read

s l igh t r e a r rangemen to ft h e a r chaeo log ica l r ema in s m igh th ave

a mong s c ho la r s i nt h e A f r ican E a r ly S t one A ge ( To th ; K ee ley ,

o ccu r red , i ti su n l ike ly t h a t t h ey w e re a ccumu la ted b y h eavy f l ood a c t ion .

p e r sona lc ommun ica t ion ) . T he se o p in ions

a r e

l e g i t ima te

n o t b ecau se A in

H anech

4 . 3 -S ED I MENTARY CONTEXT OF ARCHAEOLOG ICAL RE MA INS BEAR ING S TRATA

a r chaeo log ica l r ema in s a r e p roved t ob e i ns e conda ry c on tex t ; b u t

b ecause

A rambourg 's

e xcava t ion

t e chn ique s

w e r e

c ha rac te r iz ed b y a p a leon to log ica l r a the r t h an a n a r chaeo log ica l a pp roach . T he r e cove red l i t h ic ma te r ia ls w e re

O ne l i ne o fe v idence o fg r ea t i n te re s t i na pp ra is ing f o rma t ion

s y s tema t ica l ly

o f

t h e a r chaeo log ica l r ema in s w e re c on ta ined . A l though t h e

a b raded

s e d imen ta ry c on tex td oe sn o tp rov ide p r ec i se f a c t so fa l a gen t s

s p ec imen s r e t r ieved f r om t h e a r chaeo log ica l h o r izon b e low , a nd c on ta ined w i th in c oa r se r s ed imen ta ry m a t r ix

a c t ing i n t h e f o rma t ion o f as i te , i t may g i ve p re l im ina ry

p o lyhed ron s

s e lec ted a nd

a nd

c ons is ted

s ub sphe ro id s .

e xc lu s ive ly

Mo reove r ,

t h e

p roce s se s i st h e a na ly s i s o ft h e s ed imen ta ry ma t r ix i n wh ich

( c ong lome ra te ) , w e r e m ixed w i th t h e f r esh a nd y ounge r

a s se s smen t r e ga rd ing p o s s ib le d i s tu rbance o f a r chaeo log ica l o ccur rence s . I ndeed , t h e s ed imen ta ry ma t r ix c an p rov ide a n

o ccu r r ence s

2 ) .

a pp ra isa l , t hough m in ima l , o ft h e v e loc i ty r eg ime r e spon s ib le

A ppa r en t ly A rambou rg t h ough tt h a t b o th a r chaeo log ica l l e ve l s

f o r d epo s i t ion o f s ed imen t s , a nd h ence w he the r o r n o t t h e

f o rmed as i ng le c u l tu ra l -h i s to r ica le ven t .

c u l tu ra l r ema ins h ad b een s ub jec ted t of l uv ia l f o rce s . T he s i ze

f r om

t h e

a bove

h o r izon

( s ee

c hap te r

o fs ed imen ta ry p a r t ic le s i si n d ica t ive o f f l ow v e loc i ty ( Ha s san , T h i s c hap te r i si n tended t os hed l i gh t o nt h e a bove t hough t s . I t

1 978 ) .

s e ek st oa nswe rt h e q ue s t ion , "A re A in H anech o ccur rence s i n p r ima ry o r i n s e conda ry c on tex t?" F o rmu la ted o t herw ise ,

s u spens ion a t a l owe r v e loc i ty r e g ime , s uch a s p a r t ic le s

F o r

i n s tance ,

f i ne -g ra ined

s ed imen t s

s e t t le

f r om

"Wh ich a gen t s , g eo log ica l o r b ehav io ra l , w e re p r ima r i ly

d eno s i ted i n l a ke s a nd f l ood b a s ins . T o t h e c on t ra ry , c oa r se r g ra in s s uch a ss and s a nd g rave l a r e d epo s i ted a tr i ve rc hanne ls

r e spon s ib le f o rt h ea ccumu la t ion o fA in H anech a r chaeo log ica l

w i th ah i gh v e loc i ty r e g ime ( Ha ssan , 1 978 ) .

m a te r ia l s?" T o d e term ine t h e s i ze a nd o r ig in o fs ed imen t s b ury ing t h e A in T he a pp roach a dop ted t o t a ck le t h i s s i gn if ican t q ue s t ion

H anech a r chaeo log ica l r ema ins , as e d imen to log ica l a na ly s i s

i n vo lves t h e

E l -Khe rba

w a s u nder taken . T h is s t udy c ons is ted o ft wo t y pes o fa na ly se s .

a r chaeo log ica l ma te r ia l s a s w e l l a s t h e s ed imen ta ry ma t r ix i n w h ich t h ey w e re b u r ied a cco rd ing t o an umbe r o f a na ly t ica l

T he f i r s t t ype w a s as e d imen t g ra in s i ze f r ac t ion a na ly s i s o f

c r i te r ia . T aphonom ic g r ade o ff o s s i l a n ima l b one s a r e a s se s sed

r ema ins ) ,

b a sed o n c r i te r ia p ropo sed b y P a t S h ipman ( Sh ipman , 1 981) .

e xcava ted t h e s e cond a r chaeo log ica l h o r izon ( A rambou rg e t

i n spec t ion

o f A in

H anech

a nd

b o th t h e s i l ty l a ye r ( t he o ne y i e ld ing f r e sh a r chaeo log ica l a nd t h e c ong lome ra te f r om w h ich

A rambou rg

T he se c r i te r ia c on s i s t o f i n spec t ing b ones f o r w ea the r ing ,

B a lou t , 1 952 ) . T he s e cond t y pe w a s am ine ra log ica l s t udy o f

a b ra s ion , b r eakage , a nd s ke le ta l f o r s o r t ing , o r ien ta t ion , a nd

t h es i l t s .

i n c l ina t ion . r e spon s ib le

T hree s o i l s amp les w e re t a ken ,

T he c r i te r ia a pp l ied f o r i d en t ify ing a gen t s f o r t h e c oncen t ra t ion o f a r t if ac t s a r e t h o se

i n c lud ing t wo f r om t h e

e mp loyed b y K . S ch ick i n h e r e xpe r imen ta l i n ve s t iga t ions ( S ch ick , 1 986 ) . B a sed u pon t h e se c r i te r ia , s t one a r t if ac t s a r e

s ed imen ta ry m a t r ix c on ta in ing t h e a r chaeo log ica l m a te r ia l s

i n spec ted f o r t h e i r a s semb lage c ompo s i t ion , d eb i tage s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion , o r ien ta t ion a nd i n c l ina t ion ( o r d i p ) , a nd s pa t ia l p a t ter n s . S t ra t ig raph ic a nd s ed imen ta ry c on tex t s w e re a l so

a r chaeo log ica l d epo s i t w e re t a ken r a ndom ly f r om t h e m idd le

a nd o ne f r om t h e c ong lome ra te . T he t wo s o i l s amp le s o ft h e a nd t h e t op o f t h e l a ye r ( s ee f i gure 4 . 1) . T he s ed imen t s i ze f r ac t ion a na ly s is w a s p e rf ormed a tt h e c l ay l a bo ra to ry i nt h e D epa r tmen t o fG eo log ica l S c ience s ( I nd iana U n ive r s i ty ) w i th

c on s ide r ed i nt h i st a phonom ic s t udy .

t h e h e lp o fD r . C o l l in H a rvey . I tc on s i s ted o fs o r t ing s e d imen t s 3 7

MOHAMED S AHNOUN I u s ing a s t anda rd s i eve s e t , i n c lud ing b o th mechan ica l a nd

s how s t h e p r e sence o f 2p r inc ipa l m ine ra l s , n ame ly q ua r tz a nd

l i qu id s u spen s ion t e chn ique s ( J ack son , 1 985 ) . T he s i ev ing

c a lc i te . H oweve r , t h e c l ay m ine ra l K ao l in i te i sd e tec ted i nt h e

p rocedu re i n vo lved t h e s epa ra t ion o ft h e s ed imen t s i n to s e ve ra l

s ma l les t s i z e f r ac t ion (

0 .25 mm ( >250 m ic ron s i nd i ame te r ) ,2 )0 . 25 -

c o r robo ra te t h e p a r t ic le s i ze a na ly s i s , s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e

0 . 1 mm ( 2 50 -104 m ic ron s ) , 3 )0 . 1 mm ( 104 m ic ron s ) , a nd 4 )

s ed imen ta ry ma t r ix i n c luded p r ima r i ly s i l ta nd as ma l l q uan t i ty

< 0 .045 mm (

104 m ic rons

7 0-

> 45 m ic rons

6 0-

< 45 m ic rons

5 04 03 02 01 0-

G ra in s i ze

F igu re 4 . 3 : H is tog ram s s how ing s ed imen t g ra in s i ze ( t op : a r chaeo log ica l d epos i t , b o t tom :c ong lome ra te ) .

4 7

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THE LO WER P ALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

F i gu re 4 . 5 : H o r izon ta l d i s t r ibu t ion o fA in H anech a r chaeo log ica l ma te r ia l .

4 9

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F OSS IL B ONES L I TH IC A RT IFACTS

F i gu r e 4 . 6 :H o r izon ta l d i s t r ibu t ion o fE l -Khe rba a r chaeo log ica l m a te r ia l .

5 0

THE LO WER P ALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : E XCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

t i t c l n

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V er t ica l d i s t r ibu t ion o fA in H anech a r chaeo log ica l ma te r ia l .

t n

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F igu re 4 . 8 :V e r t ica l d i s t r ibu t ion o fE l -Khe rba a r chaeo log ica l m a te r ia l .

+A rt ifac ts

MOHAMED S AHNOUN 1

• •

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

B one Wea the r ing A in H anech ( n=288 )

L egend

a

s t age 0

l stage 1 s t age 2

/ 4 stage 3 •

s t age 4 s t age 5

w ea the r ing s t age s

p e rcen t

B one Wea the r ing E I -Khe rba ( n=39 )

6 56 05 5-

L egend

c e t o

s t age 0

B stage 1

5 0 4 6

s t age

2

r, s t age 3

4 0 3 5

s t age 4

3 0

s t age 5

2 5 2 0 1 5 1 0 5

0

o

0 w hea the r ing s t age

F igu re 4 . 9 : A in H anech a nd E l -Khe rba b one w ea the r ing p a t te r n s .

5 3

MOHA MED S AHNOUN I

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THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

A in Hanech

E l-Kherba

( n=348)

( n=121)

F igu re 4 . 11 : R ose d i ag ram ss how ing b one o r ien ta t ion p a t te rn s .

5

5 6

F i gu r e4 . 12 : B one i n c l ina t ion p a t te rn s .

I n c l ina t ion I nd eg rees

MOHA MED SAHNOUN I

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC O F THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

A r t i fac tA ssemb lage C ompos i t ion A in H anech ( n=2 157 ) 3 o i

C O

L egend C o res

A Retouched pieces D eb i tage

A r t i fac tc a tego r ies

A r t i fac tA ssemb lage C ompos i t ion 9 0

E I -Khe rba ( n=5 10 ) L egend C o res

g Retouched pieces D eb i tage

A r t i fac tC a tego r ies

F igu re 4 . 13 : A in H anech a nd E l -Khe rba a r t if ac t a s semb lage c ompos i t ion .

5 7

MOHA MED S AHNOUN I

D eb i tage S ize D is t r ibu t ion

P ropo r t ion 0 . 65

A in H anech ( n1540 ) &E l -Khe rba ( n-336 )

0 .6

L egend

0 .55

-

0 . 5

E xpe r imen t s ( * )

-- A in H anech

0 .45 /

0 .4 0 . 35

( * ) : A f t e r K . S ch ick 1 986

0 . 3 0 . 25 0 . 2 0 . 15 0 . 1 0 . 05

. . . < 1

< 2

< 3

< 4

< 5

< 6

< 7

< 8

< 9

< 10 < 11 < 12

D eb i tage s i ze i na n

D eb i tage S ize D is t r ibu t ion

P ropo r t ion 0 .7

B ased o nr aw m a te r ia ls

0 . 65 0 .6 0 . 55

L egend

I l

/ A l 1 !! I

0 .5

1 ! 1 1 ! I ! 9 1 !A3 !

0 .45 0 .4 0 . 35

i f

A .Hch l i mes t( 203 )

-

A .Hch c he r t( 1027 )

1

• - -

0 .3

K rba I l mes t( 53 ) K h ra c he r t( 283 )

0 . 25

-

E xpem t tl i mes t (3207 )

0 .2 0 . 15 0 . 1 0 . 05 0 < 1

< 2

< 3

< 4

< 5

< 6

< 7

< 8

< 9

< 10 < 11 < 12

D eb i tage s i ze i na n

F igu re 4 . 14 : A in H anech a nd E 1 -Khe rba d eb i tage s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion .

5 8

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC O F THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

A in ! l ame d ' A ll

( n=338)

A in Hanech

> 4

E l-Kherba A ll A in I l anech

< 4

cm

( n=226)

F igu r e4 . 15 : R ose d i ag ram s s how ing s t one a r t if a c to r ien ta t ion p a t te rn s .

5 9

cm

( n=112)

( n=57)

1‚« ' "

6 0

F igu re 4 . 16 : D iag ram s how ing A in H anech a nd E l -Khe rba s t one a r t if ac t i n c l ina t ion .

I n c l ina t ion i nd eg rees

S tone A r t i fac t

MOHAMED S AHNOUN I

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

—4—

9

8 7

P lan

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E xcavation

5 4

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L

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F

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F i gu r e4 . 17 : A in H anech s t one a r t if ac ts pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion ,t o p : p l an o fe xcava t ion , b o t tom : c o r es pa t ia l d i s t r ibu t ion .

6 1

M OHA MED SAHNOUN I

Z 4-8 cm 7

0 ‚ A

J

L

9

z 4-

4 2 cm

7

5 4 3 2 1

0 K

J

1

H

F i gu r e4 . 18 : A in H anech a r t if ac ts pa t ia l d en s i ty c on tou r s .

6 2

G

F

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C hap te r 5 :L ITH IC ASSE MBLAGE ANALYS IS

5 . 1- I NTRODUCT ION

d ef ined a nd s e t i na n i n ven to ry t ype l is t .

T h i sc hap te rp rov ides ac omp rehens ive d e scr ip t ion o ft h e l i t h ic a s semb lage e xcva ted a tA in H anech a nd E l -Khe rba l o ca l i t ie s

M . L eakey a dop ted t h is c l a ss if ica t ion s y s tem f o rt h e s t udy o f O lduva i l i t h ic ma te r ia l ( Leakey , 1 971) , a nd C hava i l lon a nd

r e cen t ly . U n l ike t h e p rev iou s a s semb lage ( f rom A rambou rg 's

C hava i l lon f o r Me lka K un ture ( Chava i l lon a nd C hava i l lon ,

e xcava t ion s ) , t h e n ew l i t h ic s amp le i n c ludes : c o re s , d eb i tage ,

1 976 ) . L eakey r e cogn ized 1 4 b a s ic t ype s o r t oo ls . T hey a r e t h e f o l low ing :

r e touched p i ece s a nd v a r ious f r agmen t s m ade o fl i me s tone a nd f l in ti na dd i t ion t oc o re t oo ls . T he a ims o ft h i s s t udy w e re : 1 )c ha rac te r iz ing t e chno log ica l ly

a ) C hoppe r s i n c lud ing t h e f o l low ing s ub types : 1 ) s i de c hoppe r ; 2 ) e nd c hoppe r ; 3 ) c h ise l e dge c hoppe r ; 4 ) t wo -

t h e A in H anech a s semb lage , i n c lud ing a r t if ac t c ompo s i t ion ,

e dged c hoppe r ; a nd 5 )p o in ted c hoppe r ;

f l ak ing mode a nd t e chno log ica l d es ign , r e touch p a t t ern s , a nd h ow t h ese f e a tu re s r e la te t ot h e O ldowan I ndus t r ia l C omp lex ; a nd 2 ) mak ing b ehav io ra l i n f e rence s r ega rd ing e a r ly h om in id

b )D isco id s ;

a c t iv i t ie s , s uch a sr aw ma te r ia l u se , m anuf ac tu re , t r an spor t , u se

c )P o lyhed rons ;

o fa r t if ac t s , a nd c ogn i t ion . d )S ub sphe ro id s ; T o

a ch ieve

t h e se

a ims ,

t h e

m e thod

a dop ted

w a s

a

t e chno log ica l r a the r t h an at y po log ica l a pp roach . I tc ons i s ted o f d e scr ib ing t h e d i f f e ren t c a tego r ie s o f s t one a r t if ac t s

e )S phe ro ids ;

t e chno log ica l ly , a cco rd ing t o p e r t inen t a t t r ibu te s b o th i n q ua l i ta t ive a nd q uan t i ta t ive t e rms . T he se d esc r ip t ive a t t r ibu te s

f )P ro to -b if ace s ;

w e re t r ea ted a na ly t ica l ly u s ing b a s ic s t a t is t ica l m e thod s . T o

g )B if ace s ;

g a in f u r the r b ehav io ra l i n f o rma t ion , a n e xpe r imen ta l s t udy c on s is t ing o f ar e p l ica t ion o ft h e a s semb lage w a s c onduc ted . S i nce t h e A in H anech l i t h ic s amp le c omp r ise s a r t if ac t s m ade

h )

S c rape r s

i n c lud ing

t h e

f o l low ing

v a r ie t ies :

o ff l in t , ap r e l im ina ry m ic rowea r a na ly s i s w a s c a r r ied o u t t o

s c rape r ; 5 )h o l low s c rape r ; a nd 6 )n o sed s c rape r ;

1 ) s i de

s c rappe r ; 2 ) e nd s c rape r ; 3 ) d i sco ida l s c raper ; 4 ) p e r ime ta l

a cqu i re p o ten t ia l s ubs is tence e v idence . L a s t ly , t h e A in H anech i )B u r in s ;

a s semb lage w a s c ompa red t o o t he r k nown O ldowan s amp le s i nA f r ica .

j ) Aw ls ; 5 . 2 - METHODS k ) "O u t i ls &a i l ls"; P r io r t o r e la t ing t h e me thod a dop ted f o r s t udy ing t h e l i t h ic r ema ins , i t i s wor thwh i le t o r ev iew t h e p r edom ina te

1 )Mod if ied b a t te red n odu les a nd b l ock s ;

c l a ss if ica t ion s y s tems a nd a pp roaches d ea l ing w i th t h e s t udy o f mode It e chno logy a r t if ac t s ( = O ldowan a nd D eve loped

m ) L a te ra l ly t r immed f l ake s ;

O ldowan ) . n )" Deb i tage ," i n c lud ing f l ake s a nd f r agmen t s ; 5 . 2 .1- R ev iew o fc l as s if ica t ion s y s tems o )" U t i l ized ma te r ia l " i n c lud ing h eavy -du ty f l akes , l i gh t -du ty f l akes , h amme r s tone s , a nd a nv i ls .

O vera l l , t h e re a r e t h ree k i nds o f c l a ss if ica t ion s y s tem t o s t udy O ldowan a r t if ac t s . T hey may b e c ha rac te r ized a s morpho log ica l ,

t e chno log ica l ,

a nd

T he i n ven tory t y pe l i s t s e t b y C hava i l lon a nd C hava i l lon f o r

morpho techno log ica l

c l a s s if ica t ion o rm ixed a pp roach .

Me lka K un ture ma te r ia l w a s s im i la rt ot h a to fL eakey . T he re a r e s l igh t d i f f e rence s t h a t c ons is t o f mo re d iv is ions i n s ub -

5 . 2 .1 .1- Morpho log ica l c l ass if icat ion

t ypes w i th in t h e s t anda rd t oo l s . T he c r i te r ia u sed f o r c r ea t ing t h e se s ub types a r e n o t h omogeneous . T hey a r e e i the r

T he mo rpho log ica l c l a ss if ica t ion i sb a sed o n t h e s epa ra t ion

morpho log ica l

o f O ldowan

g rouped i nt h ree b road c a tego r ies a nd a r et h e f o l low ing :

a r t if ac t s

i n d i f f e ren t

" type s"

o r " too ls"

o r t e chno log ica l .

T he

ma in

t ypes

w e re

p r ima r i ly b yt h e ir s hape a nd s i ze . T echno log ica l c r i te r ia m ay 1 ) P ebb le t oo ls ( ou t i l s ur g a le t s ) i n c lud ing t h e f o l low ing t ype s :

b e u sed s e conda r i ly t o r ef ine t h e c l a s s if ica t ion i ns ub type s . T he morpho log ica l t ypes a r e a s sumed t oh ave af u nc t ion a nd s t y l is t ic s i gn if i cance r ef lec t ing c u l tu ra l n o rm s . T hey a r e

a ) C hoppe r s i n c lud ing t h e f o l low ing v a r ie t ies : 1 ) s i de c hoppe r ( c hopper l a tj Ta l ) ; 2 ) e nd c hoppe r ( chopper d i s ta l ) ; 3 ) c h ise l e dge c hoppe r ( chopper c i seau ) ; 4 ) t wo e dge -

6 3

MOHAMED S AHNOUN I c hoppe r ( c hopper d oub le ) ; 5 ) p o in ted c hopper ( chopper ä p o in te ) ; 6 ) " r ecur ren t " c hoppe r ( chopper r ecurren t ) ; 7 )

b i f ac ia l , a nd a l terna te f l ak ing . E ach g roup i n c luded s eve ra l

e qu iva len t t o d i sco id i n L eakey ' s l i s t

s ubd iv is ions r e cogn ized o n t h e b a s is o fs e cond o rde r c r i te r ia , a l though t h ey w e re n o t o f t en u n if o rm a nd h i era rch ica l . T he

( choppe rp jw ip Hr ique ) ; 8 ) p a ss ive c hoppe r ( chopper p a s s if

c r i te r ia o fs e cond o rder e xpre ssed t h e i n ten s if i ca t ion a nd /o r

o u d orman t ) ; s omma i re ) ;

c omp lex i ty o ft r imm ing , s uch a st h e n umber o fs ca r s .

p e r ime ta l c hoppe r a nd

9 )

" S imp le

c hopper"

( c hopper

b ) P o lyhed ron s ( po lyi .d re s ) i n corpo ra t ing 4 v a r ie t ie s : 1 ) p o lyhed ron s w i th p r iv i leged e dges ( po lyk l re s ät r anchan t s p r iv i ldg id . $ ) ; 2 ) p o in ted p o lyhed rons ( po ly& i res äp o in te ) ; 3 ) p r isma t ic p o lyhed rons ( po lOd re s p r i sma t iques ) ; a nd 4 ) mu l t ip le

e dged

p o lyhed rons

( po lyk i re s

H ugo t 's o r ig ina l a pproach g ave i n sp i ra t ion t o an umbe r o f N or th A f r ican i s t t ypo log is t s d ea l ing w i th c ompa rab le m a te r ia l , s uch a s A l imen a nd C hava i l lon ( 1962 ) , B ibe r son ( 196 1) , a nd R amendo ( 1963) . A l imen a nd C hava i l lon , i n a na lyz ing " pebb le t oo ls" c o l lec ted f r om E a r ly Q ua te rna ry

ä p lus ieur s

d epos i t s o f t h e Nor th Wes te rn A lge r ian S aha ra , d ef ined 5

t r anchan t s ) ;

t y pe s : a ) s p l i t p ebb le s ; b ) t r immed p ebb les o n o ne f a ce ; c )

c )P lane ( r abo t ) ;

p ebb les w i th a l te rna te s ca r s ; a nd e )t r immed a nd t h en s p l i t

s p l i t a nd t h en t r immed p ebb le s b y o ne o r mo re s ca r s ; d ) p ebb le s . d )T h ick e nd -sc rape rs ( g ra t to i r s j a a i s ) ; I n h i s

monog raph ,

d ea l ing

w i th

t h e

Mo roccan

L owe r

e )B eak s o n p ebb les ( bec ss ur g a le ( s ) ;

P a laeo l i th ic i n dus t r ie s , B ibe r son ( 1961) i n nova ted a l i nea r

0 No tchs o np ebb les ( encoche ss ur g a le t s ) ;

c omp lex o ne . H e i n t roduced n ew t e rms d es igna t ing d i rec t ion

s c heme g o ing f r om t h e s imp le t e chn ica l g es ture t o t h e o f

f l ak ing

t e chn iques ,

n ame ly

" un id irec t iona l ,"

g ) D en t icu la tes o n p ebb les ( d en t icu lg ss ur g a le ( s ) ;

" b id irec t iona l" , a nd " mu l t id i rec t iona l" . T he se t e rms s e rved t o g roup "p ebb le t oo ls" i n to t h ree d i v i s ion s n ame ly , u n if ac ia l

h ) T r ihed ra lp i c s( t r id re s ) ;

t r immed p ebb le s , b i f ac ia l t r immed p ebb le s , a nd mu l t if ac ia l t r immed p ebb le s . R amendo ( 1963) f o l lowed t h e d i rec t ion t aken b y B ibe r son

i ) Pebb le s ucc inc t ly f l aked ( ga le t ss omma i remen t amb iagd . $ ) .

a nd d eve loped

a n

a c tua l

t e chno log ica l

c l a ss if ica t ion

i n

2 ) F lake s , a nd p i ece s o n f l ake s ( nuc le i , g c la t s , e tp ice s s ur

s t udy ing a s u rf ace c o l lec t ion f r om t h e R eggan a r ea i n t h e

j c la t sn uc leus ) , i n c lud ing :

A lge r ian C en t ra l

S aha ra .

T h is a u tho r s e t a d e sc r ip t ive ,

d ec ima l , a nd " open c l a ss if ica t ion" a ) C o re s ( nuc leu s ) i n corpo ra t ing s evera l f o rms , s u ch a s u n ipo la r , b i po la r , r ad ia l ( c en t r ipi le s ) , p o lyhed r ic , p r i sma t ic , a nd i n f o rm ; 3 ) F lakes ( é c la t s b ru t s ) , u t i l ized ,

g rouped t h e s p l i tp ebb les . T he c a tegory 1d e s igna te s "p ebb le t oo l s" o b ta ined , u s ing t he u n id irec t iona lt e chn ique , i n c lud ing f i ve v a r ie t ie s d i f f e ren t ia ted o n t h e b a s is o fn umber o fs c a r s .

a nd r e touched p i ece s

i n c lud ing :

T he g roup 2 b i d i rec t iona l

a ) S c rape r s

( r ac lo i r s ) ;

e nd scrape r s

( g ra t to i r s ) ;

b a sed u pon t e chn ica l

c r i te r ia . S he c r ea ted f our b road s e r ie s n umbe red f r om 0t o3 . E ach s e r ies w a s f o rmed b y s eve ra l s ub type s . T he c a tego ry 0

w a s r e se rved t o p ebb le s f l aked u s ing t h e

t e chn ique

a nd

i n corpo ra ted

n i ne

s ub type s

n o tche s

d i f f e ren t ia ted a cco rd ing t o v a r iab le c r i te r ia o fs e cond o rde r ,

( ou t i ls ä e ncoches ) ; d en t icu la te s ( ou t i l s d en t icu lj s ) ; a nd r e touched p i ece s ( p i ce s r e touc Ues ) w i th a brup t , a l tern ,

e dge . T he l a s tc a tegory ( 3 ) i n c luded "p ebb le t oo ls" o b ta ined

b i f ace r e touch .

u s ing t h e mu l t id irec t iona l t e chn ique . T h is c a tego ry w a s

s uch a s n umbe r o f s ca r s , p re sence o f p o in ted o r s i nuou s

f o rmed b y f our b a s ic s ub types . T he morpho log ica l c l a ss if ica t ion i ss imp le a nd v ery u sef u l f o rs t udy ing Mode IT echno logy a r t if ac t s . N one the les s , i th a s

F o rt h e p urpo se o ft h e p ub l ica t ion o ft h e A f r ican T ypo log ica l

t wo ma in d i sadvan tages . F i r s t , i to f ten r e l ie s o n i n tu i t ion , a nd

C a rds ( F iches T ypo log iques A f r ica ine s , e d i ted b y L .B a lou t ) ,

t hus i ti sl e ss o b jec t ive . S econd , i tl a ck s o f t e chno log ica l

B ibe r son ( 1967 ) c r ea ted a c a ta logue o f f o rms r ep resen t ing

i n f orma t ion

n ecessary

a nd

c r i t ica l

f o r

c ogn i t ive

" pebb le t oo ls " f r om t he Magh reb a nd S aha ra . H e r e sumed

a nd

a nd d eve loped R amendo 's t ypo logy b y f o rm ing t h ree b road

b ehav io ra l i n f e rences .

c a tego r ie s . S e r ies 1d ea l t w i th u n if ac ia l " pebb le t oo ls" a nd i n c luded

5 . 2 .1 .2 - T echno log ica l c l as s i f ica t ion

e i gh t v a r ie t ies .

T he s e r ies 2 g rouped b i f ac ia l

"p ebb le t oo ls", i n c lud ing s i x teen v a r ie t ies . F ina l ly , t h e t h i rd Un l ike

t h e

s y s tem

a t temp t s

morpho log ica l

a pp roach ,

t o d e sc r ibe

a nd

t h is

g roup w a s f o rmed b y p o lyhed rons a nd s phero id s c l a ss if ied

c l a ss if ica t ion

c ha rac te r ize

i n to f our b a s ic t ypes .

O ldowan

a r t if ac t s u s ing t e chno log ica l c r i ter ia . O ne o f t h e e a r l ie s t p roposed b y J .

I n as omewha t d i f f e ren t t e chno log ica l a pp roach , H . R oche

Hugo t i n s t udy ing a s u rf ace c o l lec t ion f r om t h e r e g ion o f Aou lef i nt h e A lge r ian S aha ra ( Hugo t , 1 955 ) . I n a na lyz ing

( 1980 ) s t ud ied s e lec t ive ly u n if ac ia l a nd b i f ac ia l c o re too l s

9 0 " pebb le t oo ls ," h e d ef ined t h ree p r inc ipa l c a tego r ie s

T anzan ia ) , a nd S a le a nd R aba t ( Mo rocco ) . B a sed u pon t h e

c or re spond ing t o t h ree t e chno log ica l mode s , i . e . u n if ac ia l ,

o rde r o fs ca r s o n e ach s i de o ft h e f l aked c obb le , t h e a u tho r

t e chno log ica l c l a s s if ica t ion a t temp t w a s

f r om f our A f r ican s i tes , n ame ly F LKN a nd HWKE ( O lduva i ,

6 4

THE LO WER P ALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

c ame u p w i th a f l ak ing s cheme e xp la in ing h ow t h e se c o re t o o ls w e re l i ke ly p roduced b y O ldowan »t o o l make r s . T h i s

1 987 ) . A f te r m ak ing i mpor tan t t e chno log ica l o bse rva t ion s ( Sahnoun i , 1 985) , as e t o f p er t inen t morpho log ica l a nd

f l ak ing s cheme c ons is ted o f t h ree k ind s o f t r imm ing , i n c lud ing : 1 ) T LO , m ean ing o rde red l i nea r t r imm ing ; 2 )

t e chno log ica l a t t r ibu tes w e re s e lec ted . T hey w e re t r ea ted a na ly t ica l ly u s ing s t a t is t ica l m e thods , s uch a s u n iva r ia te ,

TNO ,

b i va r ia te , a nd m u l t iva r ia te a na ly ses . A cco rd ing t ot h is s t udy ,

mean ing

n on -o rde red

t r imm ing ;

a nd

3 )

TALT ,

m ean ing a l terna te t r imm ing ( r e se rved f o r b i f ac ia l c hoppe r s ) .

i tw a s c l ea r t h a t Mode IT echno logy a r t if ac t s c ou ld n o t b e

H oweve r , t h is f l ak ing s cheme d i d n o tt a ke i n to a ccoun t o t he r

s t ud ied u s ing ac l a ss ica l t ypo log ica l a pp roach .

c omponen t s o f t h e O ldowan I n dus t r ia l C omp lex , s uch a s p o lyhed ron s , s ubsphero ids , a nd s phe ro id s ( Sahnoun i , 1 987 ; a nd 1 993) . I n a dd i t ion , t h e s ca r o rde r o n e ach f a ce o f t h e

5 . 2 .2 - Me thod a dop ted i nt h i ss t udy

c o re too ls r ef lec t s o n ly t h e l a s t t e chn ica l g e s tu re s m ade b y t h et oo l make r s .

T he m e thod a dop ted i nt h is s t udy d epend s o n g oa ls s ough tt o

C ompa red t ot h e morpho log ica l a pp roach , t h e t e chno log ica l

A f r ican e a r l ie s t h om in id t e chno logy , i n c lud ing t h e n a ture a nd a cqu i s i t ion o ft h e r aw m a te r ia ls ,manuf ac tu re , t r anspor t ,

b e a ch ieved . T he se g oa l s c ons is t o f i n ves t iga t ing Nor th c l a s s if ica t ion

i s l e s s

s ub jec t ive a nd

a vo id s a s sump t ions

r e ga rd ing i n ten t a nd s t y le . T he c r i te r ia u sed f o r m ak ing

a nd

d i v i s ion s b e tween b road c a tego r ie s a nd t ype s w e re mo re

u se

o f a r t if ac t s .

T o

a ccomp l ish

t h ese

o b jec t ive s ,

t h is

t e chno log ica l , e xpe r imen ta l , a nd m ic rowea r s t ud ie s w e re c a r r ied o u t . T he t e chno log ica l s t udy c ons is ted o f ad e ta i led

c l a s s if ica t ion s y s tem w a s s t r ic t ly d e sc r ip t ive s ot h a t i td i d n o t

d esc r ip t ion o f t h e d i f f e ren t a r t if ac t c a tegor ies f o rm ing t h e

c ons ide r s ome r e levan t f a c to r s w h ich may h ave ac onsequen t

s t one a r t if ac t a s semb lage , u s ing b o th a n a n ly t ica l me thod

r o le i n manuf ac tu r ing l i t h ic i n dus t r ie s . Among t h e se f a c to r s

( Sahnoun i , 1 985 ; 1 987 ) a nd s ome o f T o th 's t e chno log ica l

i s t h e

d e scr ip t ive c r i te r ia ( To th , 1 982 ) . T he e xpe r imen ta l s t udy w a s

h i e ra rch ica l

r aw

a nd

ma ter ia l

h omogenous .

a nd

i t s

N ever the les s ,

i mpac t

o n t h e

e mp loyed

t e chno logy a nd t h e f i na l p roduc t , a nd t h e l ow d eg ree o f

i n sp i red b y T o th 's a pp roach i n a na lyz ing K oob i F ora l i t h ic ma ter ia l ( To th , 1 982 ; a nd 1 987 ) . I t w a s p r ima r i ly a

s t anda rd iza t ion c ha rac te r iz ing t h e e a r l ies t i n dus t r ie s . F o r i n s tance , many o f t h e d ef ined c o re too l t ype s i n t h is c l a ss if ica t ion

s y s tem

a r e

n o t

a c tua l

t ypes ,

u nf in ished p roduc t s o r ab y -p roduc t o f

b u t

r e p l ica t ion o f f l aked c obb le s a nd f l akes made o f l imes tone .

m e re ly

F ina l ly , s ome f l in t a r t if ac t s w e re s t ud ied f o r m ic rowea r a na ly s is .

f l ake p roduc t ion

( To th , 1 985 ) . 5 . 2 .2 .1- A t tr ibu te s f or l i th ic a na ly s i s 5 . 2 .1 .3 - M ixed c l as s if i ca t ion R e levan t a t t r ibu te s

f o r

l i t h ic

a s semb lage

a na ly s is

w e re

T h is a pp roach i su sua l ly a m ix ture o f b o th morpho log ica l

s e lec ted b a sed u pon e ach a r t if ac t c a tegory . F our c a tego r ie s

a nd t e chno log ica l s y s tems . I tc omb ines af o rma l a nd s t y l is t ic

w e re r e cogn ized : 1 )f l aked c obb les a nd c o res ; 2 ) f l akes ; 3 )

c l a ss if ica t ion w i th a t e chno log ica l a pp roach s o t h a t i tu ses

r e touched p i ece s ; a nd 4 )m isce l laneou s f r agmen t s .

a dvan tage s f r om b o th m e thods . N . T o th ( 1982 ) o p ted f o rt h is a pp roach . H e c omb ined L eakey 's t ypo logy t ha t h e s l igh t ly

5 . 2 .2 .1 .1- A t tr ibute s f o rf l aked c obb le s a nd c ore s

mod if ied w i th a t e chno log ica l c l a s s if ica t ion b y a dd ing t h e i n i t ia l f o rm o f c ore s o r r e touched p i eces a nd t h e g ene ra l

A l though

morpho logy o fa r t if ac t s . T he t e chno log ica l c l a ss if ica t ion h e

t e chno log ica l

f l aked

c obb les

f e a tu res ,

a nd

c o res

a d i s t inc t ion

h ave

s im i la r

b e tween t h ese t wo

u sed r e l ied l e ss o n e xac t f l ak ing p a t tern a nd i n c luded t h e

c a tego r ies o fa r t if ac t s c an b e made . F l aked c obb le s d e s igna te

f o l low ing c r i ter ia : 1 )i n i t ia l f o rm i n c lud ing w a te r w o rn c l a ss ,

t h e l i mes tone c obb les f l aked f o r f l ake p roduc t ion a nd a l so

f l ake o r f r agmen t , a nd i n de term ina te ; 2 ) f l ak ing p a t tern

c ha rac te r ized b y s eve ra l f o rms ,

i n c lud ing u n if ac ia l , b i f ac ia l , a nd p o lyf ac ia l ; a nd 3 ) e x ten t o f

b i f ac ia l

f l ak ing .

c hoppe r s ) , p o lyhedrons , s ub sphe ro id s , a nd s phe ro ids . C o res

i n c lud ing u n if ac ia l a nd

f l aked c obb les ( e qua l t o u n if ac ia l a nd b i f ac ia l

r e f e r t o r e s idue o f r aw ma te r ia l w h ich w e re p r ima r i ly H oweve r , t h e mos t i n nova t ive a spec t o f T o th 's a pp roach i s

e xp lo i ted f o r f l ake p roduc t ion . A t t r ibu te s f o r f l aked c obb les

t h a t h e s upp lemen ted t h e c omb ina t ion o f morpho log ica l a nd

a nd c o res a r et h e f o l low ing :

t e chno log ica l c l a ss if ica t ions w i th a r i go rous e xpe r imen ta l a )D imens ions :

m e thod , c ons is t ing o f r e p l ica t ing t h e K oob i F o ra ( Kenya ) s t one a r t if ac t a s semb lage . T h is a l lowed h im t od ocumen t i na h o l is t ic

w ay

i n c lud ing t h e

v a luab le n a tu re

h om in id a nd

b ehav io ra l

a cqu is i t ion

F l aked c obb le a nd c o re s i ze w a s d e term ined b y t h ree b a s ic

i n f o rma t ion ,

o f r aw

d imen s ions

m a te r ia ls ,

m ea sured

i n m i l l ime te r s .

T hey

a r e

l e ng th ,

b r ead th a nd t h icknes s .

t r anspor t , a r t if ac t manuf ac ture , t oo l u se , a nd f i na l d i sca rd o f p roduc t s .

b )T ype o fr aw m a te r ia ls : I n ar e cen tw o rk , s t udy ing A in H anech l i t h ic m a te r ia l f o rmed D e te rm ina t ion o ft y pe s o fr o ck u sed f o r f l ak ing c obb le s a nd

ma in ly b y p o lyhed rons a nd s ubsphe ro ids a nd r e covered i n t h e p rev ious e xcava t ions , Iu sed a morpho techno log ica l

p ebb le s .

a pp roach . I tw a s n o t af o rma l c l a s s if ica t ion , r a the r i tw a s a n a na ly t ica l a pp roach i n tended t o a na lyze 5 91 f l aked c obb le s

c )I n i t ia l f o rm :

c ha rac te r ized b y al ow d eg ree o fs t anda rd iza t ion ( Sahnoun i ,

6 5

M OHA MED SAHNOUN I

I den t if ica t ion o ft h e i n i t ia l f o rm o fc o re s a nd f l aked c obb le s

a ng le .

when i tw a s p oss ib le . T ab le 5 . 1 : S umma ry o fa t t r ibu te s f o rf l aked c obb le a nd c o re s a na ly s is .

d ) E x ten to ff l ak ing : T hree s t age s o rd egree s o fe x ten t o ff l ak ing w e re c ons idered ( f ig . 5 . 1) n ame ly , l i gh t ly f l aked , mode ra te ly f l aked , a nd

ATTR IBUTES

DESCR IPT IONS

1 -D imen s ion s

a )l e ng th ;

b )b r ead th ;

b e tween t h e r e s idua l c or tex a nd f l aked a r ea .

2 -I n i t ia l f o rm

a )c obb le ;

b )p ebb le

e )A rea o fc or tex :

3 -R aw m a te r ia ls

t y pe o fr o ck

h eav i ly f l aked . T hese t h ree f l ak ing modes c an b e d e term ined t h rough o b serva t ion b y e s t ima t ing t h e r a t io

T he r e s idua l a r ea o f c or tex may s ugge s t t o w ha t e x ten t f l aked c obb les w e re f l aked a nd w ha t w e re t h e o b s tac le s p reven t ing

h om in ids

f r om

f l ak ing

i n tens ive ly

t h e

r aw

ma te r ia l . R es idua l a r ea s o f c or tex o n f l aked c obb le s a nd c o res

w e re

a pp rox ima te ly

f o l low ing s ub -cr i te r ia :

e s t ima ted ,

a cco rd ing

t o t h e

1 ) a bsence o f c or tex = 0 ; 2 ) 1 / 4

4 -E x ten to ff l ak ing

a )l i gh t ; b ) mode ra t e ;

5 -A r ea o fc o r tex

a )=0 ;

6 -N umbe ro fs c a r s

#o fs ca r s

7 -S t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s

a ) # o fp l a tf o rm s ; b )t ype s o fp l a tf o rm ; c )p o s i t ion o fp l a tf o rm s

p resence o fc or tex = 1 ; 3 ) 1 / 2 p resence o fc or tex = 2 ;a nd 4 ) 3 /4 p r e sence o fc or tex = 3 .

c )t h icknes s

8 -E dge a ng le

b )= 1;

c )=2 ;

c )h eavy d )= 3

a ng le l ei nd eg . r ee s

0 Numbe ro fs ca r s : 5 . 2 .2 .1 .2 -A t tr ibu tes f o rf l akes Numbe r o fs ca r s c an b e i n d ica t ive o fh ow e x tens ive ly c o re s w e re w o rked .

T he a t t r ibu te s s e lec ted f o r w ho le f l ake s a na ly s is a r e t h e f o l low ing :

g ) S t r ik ing p l a tf orms : a )D imens ions : A in H anech f l aked c obb le s a nd c o res b ea rs t r ik ing p l a tf orms . T he s t r ik ing p l a tfo rms may b e d esc r ibed a cco rd ing t ot h ree

F lakes s i ze w a s e va lua ted u s ing t h ree p r inc ipa l d imens ions

c r i te r ia : 1 ) t ype o f s t r ik ing p la tf orm w h ich m ay b e e i the r

m ea sured i n m i l l ime te r s . T hey a r e :

c or t ica l o r n on -co r t ica l ; 2 ) n umbe r o f s t r ik ing p l a tf orms

t h ickne s s( f ig . 5 . 4 ,1 a nd 2 ) .

l e ng th , b r ead th , a nd

( f laked c obb les a nd c o res may h ave o ne o r t wo s t r ik ing p la tfo rms ) ; a nd 3 )p o s i t ion o ft h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rms ( o n ly f o r t he s pec imens w i th more t h an o ne p l a tf orms ) . T he i r p o s i t ion

b )T ype o fr aw ma te r ia ls :

may b e e i ther o ppo sed o ra d jacen t .

I d en t if ica t ion o f t h e t y pe s o f r ock u sed f o r manuf ac tur ing f l ake s .

h ) E dge a ng le : c )F lake t ype s : I ti st h e e dge a ng le f o rmed b y t h e s t r ik ing p l a tf orm a nd f l ake s ca r s . T h i s a ng le i n d ica tes

h ow a cu te t h e e dge w a s a nd i t s

A cco rd ing t o N . T o th ( 1982 ) , f l akes w e re c l a ssed i n to s i x

p o ten t ia l f o rf u r the rf l ak ing .

d i f f e ren t t ype s b a sed u pon t h e t e chno log ica l p a t terns t h a t t h ey d i sp lay o n t he ir d o r sa l f a ce a nd b u t t . T hese f l ake t ypes

F ina l ly , f l aked c obb les w ere d iv ided i n to s eve ra l c a tegor ies ,

a r et h e f o l low ing ( f ig . 5 . 2 , 3 ) :

i n c lud ing u n if ac ia l c hoppe r s ) , b i f ac ia l

T ype I :I ti st h e f i r s t f l ake t o c ome o f fo f ac obb le . I th a s a

c hoppe r s ) ,

f l aked f l aked

p o lyhedrons ,

c obb le s ( e qua l t o u n if ac ia l c obb les ( equa l t o b i f ac ia l s ubsphe ro ids ,

a nd

s phe ro ids .

c or t ica l d o r sa l f a ce a nd c o r t ica l b u t t .

U n if ac ia l f l aked c obb le s a r e c obb le s t h a t a r e t r immed f r om

T ype I : T h is f l ake t ype h a s ac or t ica l b u t t a nd a p a r t ia l ly

o ne f a ce w i th a t l e a s t t h ree s ca r s .

c or t ica l d o r sa l s u rf ace .

T hey m ay h ave a

d i s t inc t ive e dge o r n o t . B if ac ia l f l aked c obb les a r e c obb le s t ha t a r e t r immed

f r om

t wo

f a ce s .

T hey

m ay

h ave

a

d i s t inc t ive e dge . P o lyhedrons a r e c obb les t h a t a r e f l aked

T ype I I : T h is f l ake t ype h a s ac or t ica l b u t t b u t n o c o r tex o n i t s d o r sa l s u rf ace .

f r om a tl e a s t t h ree f a ce s . T hey p r esen t a n i regu la r g l obu la r s hape w i th o b tuse e dge a ng le s . T hey may b ea r r e s idua l

T ype I V : T h is f l ake t y pe h a s an on -cor t ica l b u t t a nd a

c or t ica l a r ea s . S ubsphero ids a r e c obb les t h a t a r e mu l t if ac ia l ly

c or t ica l d o r sa l f a ce .

f l aked a nd p resen t a mo re r egu la r g lobu la r b u t a s ymme t r ic

T ype V : T h is f l ake t y pe h a s an on -cor t ica l b u t t a nd a p ar t ia l ly c or t ica l d o r sa l s u rf ace .

s hape . T hey a r e h eav i ly f l aked , b u t t h ey m ay s t i l l b ea r c o r t ica l a r ea s . T he ir e dge a ng les a r e v ery o b tuse . S phe ro id s a r e c obb les t h a t a r e mu l t if ac ia l ly h eav i ly f l aked , a nd p r esen t a s ymme t r ica l s pher ica l s hape . T hey m ay h ave l i m i ted

T ype V I : T h is f l ake t ype h a s an on c or t ica l b u t t a nd an on -

c or t ica l a r ea s , a nd a r e c ha rac te r ized b y a n o b tuse f l ak ing

F l ake t y pes I ,I , a nd I I i n d ica te u n if ac ia l f l ak ing wh i le

c or t ica l d o r sa l s u rf ace .

6 6

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE M AGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

t ype s I V a nd V e mana te f r om b i f ac ia l f l ak ing . T he t y pe V I

t ype o f p ercuss ion a s w e l l a s h ow a cu te w e re t h e a va i lab le

r ep re sen t s t h e l a te r s t age o ff l ak ing . T he se f l ake t ype s m ay s ugges t w he the r f l ak ing o ccur red i n as i te o r a way f r om i t

a ng le s f o rf l ak ing .

( e .g .

T ab le 5 . 2 : S umma ry o fa t t r ibu te sf o rf l ake a na lys is .

t o ta l

g ene ra t ion s ) .

r e covery T hey

may

v e r sus a l so

d i sc repanc ies a i d

i n

a s se s smen t s

f l ake o f s i te

d i s tu rbance b y w a te r a c t ion a s w e l l a s t o g a in i n f o rma t ion

ATTR IBUTES

w i th r e ga rd t o s t one a r t if ac t s t r anspor t a nd d i sca rd i n to t h e

DESCR IPT IONS

1 -D imen s ions

a )l e ng th ; b )b r ead th ; c )t h ickne s s

2 -R aw m a t e r ia ls

t ype o fr o ck s

3 -F l ake t y pes

t ype s f r om I to V I

4 -F lake b u t ts ca r s

a )c o r t ica l=0 ; b ) 1s ca r= 1 ; c )m o r et h an o ne= > 1 ; d ) l i nea r=2 ; e )p unc t if o rm=3

5 -Do r sa l s u rf ace

a ) #o fs c a r s ; b )s c a rp a t te rn ing ; c )a r ea o fc or tex

5 . 3) .

6 -F l ake m o rpho logy

r a t io so f : a )B /L & b )T /B

e )D o r sa l f a ce :

7 -F lak ing a ng le

a ng le i nd eg r ee s

l a nd scape ( m iss ing f l ake t ypes s ugges t ing t h e ir t r anspo r t t o p erf orm v a r ious t a sks a ccro ss t h e l a nscape )( To th , 1 982 ) . d )F l ake b u t ts ca r s : T he n umbe r o fs ca r s o n af l ake b u t t c an i n d ica te t h e t y pe o f c ore p roduc ing t hose f l akes ( To th , 1 982 ) . F l ake b u t t s c a r s may b e a st h e f o l low ing : a )c or t ica l =0 s ugge s t ing u n if ac ia l f l ak ing ; b )n on -cor t ica l w i th o ne s ca r = 1s ugges t ing f l ak ing o n n on -co r t ica l s t r ik ing p l a tf orm ; c ) n on -cor t ica l w i th mo re t h an o ne s c a r => 1 i n d ica t ing b i f ac ia l a nd p o lyf ac ia l f l ak ing . Ia dded t wo t ypes o fb u t t Io bse rved i nA in H anech f l akes . T hey a r e : 1 ) l i nea r b u t t =2 ; a nd p unc t if o rm b u t t = 3( f ig .

F lake

d o r sa l

f a ce

w a s

d esc r ibed

a cco rd ing

t o

t h ree

t e chno log ica l c r i te r ia . T hey a r e :

5 . 2 .2 .1 .3 A t tr ibu te s f o r r e touched p i ece s

1 )N umbe ro fs ca r s :

R e levan t a t t r ibu te s f o r r e touched p i eces a na ly s is a r e t h e f o l low ing :

T he n umbe r o f s ca r s o n f l ake d o r sa l f a ce c an i n d ica te h ow e x tens ive ly c o res w ere f l aked b ef o re f l ake s w ere r emoved

a )D imens ions :

( To th , 1 982 ) . T he r e touched p i ece s s i ze w a s e s t ima ted b a sed u pon l e ng th , 2 )S ca rp a t ter n ing :

b r ead th , a nd t h ickne ss t a ken i nm i l l ime te r s .

T he r e la t ive p o s i t ion o f s ca r s o n f l ake d o r sa l f a ce p rov ide s i n f orma t ion r ega rd ing t h e k i nd o f f l ak ing u sed b y t h e t oo l

b )T ype o fr aw ma te r ia ls :

make r st op roduce f l akes . S eve ra l p a t te rns w e re d escr ibed b y

I d en t if ica t ion o f t ype o f r o ck s u sed t o manuf ac tu re t h e

T o th ( 1982 ) w h i le a na lyz ing t h e K oob i F o ra f l ake s . T hey

r e touched p i eces .

a r e : a l c o r tex , u n id irec t iona l , b id irec t iona l , t r ansve r sa l , a nd c r e s t . Ia dded o ne p a t tern Io b se rved i n t h e f l ake o f A in

c )I n i t ia l f o rm ( o rb l ank ) :

H anech c ha rac te r ized b y i n ter sec t ion o fs c a r s( f ig . 5 . 2 , 1 ) . T he i n i t ia l f o rm t h a t s e rved a s b l ank t ot h e r e touched p i ece s 3 )A rea o fc or tex :

w ere d i ve r se a nd i n c luded t h e f o l low ing : 1 ) who le f l akes ; 2 )

A rea o f c o r tex c an s ugges t i n w ha t d i rec t ion f l ake s w e re

s p l i t f l akes ; 3 ) s napped f l ake s ; 4 ) m isce l laneous f r agmen t s ;

r emoved ( To th , 1 982 ) . P a t terns u sed b y T o th f o r a r ea o f

5 )n a tura l c hunk s ; a nd 6 )s ma l l f l a tp ebb les .

c or tex a r e : a l l , l e f t , r i gh t , m idd le , s ame ( l ef t&r i gh t ) , b o t tom , a nd n one ( f ig . 5 . 2 , 2 ) .

d )R e touch i n c l ina t ion :

0F l ake morpho logy :

B a sed u pon i t s a ng le , t h e r e touch may h ave f our k inds o f i n c l ina t ion . T hey a r e :

T o a s se ss f l ake morpho logy , t h ree d imens ions i n c lud ing l e ng th , b r ead th , a nd t h ickne ss w e re t a ken b a sed o n f l ake

1 ) f l a t r e touch w ho se a ng le r a nges b e tween 0 a nd 3 0

o r ien ta t ion ( f ig . 5 . 4 ) . T hen , r a t io o fb read th / leng th ( B /L ) a nd

d eg rees ;

t h ickne s s /b read th ( T /B ) w e re c a lcu la ted a nd p lo t ted o n a g raph i no rder t ov i sua l ize f l ake s hapes .

2 ) s imp le r e touch w ho se a ng le r a nges b e tween 3 0 a nd 6 0 d eg rees ;

g )F l ak ing a ng le : 3 ) s em i -ab rup t r e touch , w ho se a ng le r anges f r om 6 0 t o 9 0 F lak ing a ng le i sf o rmed b y t h e f l ake b u t t a nd v en t ra l f a ce

d eg rees ;

( f ig . 5 . 4 ) . T h is a ng le may p rov ide i n f o rma t ion r ega rd ing t h e

6 7

M OHA MED SAHNOUN I

5 . 2 .2 .1 .4 - A t tr ibu tes f or m isce l laneous f r agmen t s

4 )a b rup tr e touch , w hose a ng le i s> 9 0 d eg rees . e )R e touch p o s i t ion :

T h is c a tego ry o fa r t if ac t s i n c lude s t h ree k inds o ff r agmen t s .

R e touch p os i t ion d e s igna tes h ow t h e r e touch w a s e l abo ra ted .

T hey a r e s p l i t f l ake s , s napped f l akes , a nd m i sce l laneous f r agmen t s . Two a t t r ibu tes w e re r e served f o r d e scr ib ing t h e e l emen t s b e long ing t ot h is c a tegory : 1 )d imens ion s i n c lud ing

T he r e touch p os i t ion may b eo ff our k i nd s : 1 )d i rec tp os i t ion i n d ica t ing t h a tt h e v en t ra l s u rf ace s e rved a s ap e rcus s ion p l an ;

l e ng th , b r ead th , a nd t h ickness ; a nd 2 ) r aw ma te r ia ls ( t ype o f r o ck s ) .

2 ) i n ve r se p os i t ion i n d ica t ing t h a t t h e d o r sa l f a ce s e rved a sa

5 . 3 - OVERALL PRESENTAT ION OF THE ART IFACT ASSE MBLAGE

p e rcus s ion p l an ; 3 ) m ixed p os i t ion i n d ica t ing t h a t b o th

At o ta l o f2 667 a r t if ac t s i n c lud ing d eb i tage b e low 2 c m o f l e ng th w e re u nea r thed a t A in H anech a nd E l -Khe rba . T he

d o r sa l a nd v en t ra l

s u rf ace s s e rved a s ap e rcus s ion p l an ;

A in H anech l o ca l i ty y i e lded 2 157 s pec imens r e p re sen t ing t h e 4 )

a l ter na te

p o s i t ion

i n d ica t ing

t h a t

t h e

r e touch

w a s

b u lk o f t h e a s semb lage w i th 8 0 .87% . A t E l -Kherba , 5 10

e l abo ra ted a l terna t ive ly f r om b o th s u rf ace s .

a r t if ac t s w e re r e cove red y i e ld ing 1 9 .12 % . I nt e rms o fa r t if ac t

f )R e touch l o ca t ion :

c ompo s i t ion , t h e a s semb lage i n c ludes t h e f o l low ing a r t if a c t c a tego r ies ( t ab le 5 .4 ) : 1 )f l aked c obb le s a nd c o re s ( 4 .31 % ) ;

T h i s c r i te r ion i si n tended t o d e scr ibe o n w h ich p ref e ren t ia l

2 ) r e touched p i ece s ( 7 .31 % ) ; 3 ) w ho le f l ake s > 2 c m ( 3 .11 % ) ; 4 ) f r agmen t s > 2c m ( 6 .33 % ) ; a nd 5 ) s p l i t c obb les

p a r t o ft h e b l ank t h e r e touch i sl o ca ted . T he re a r e f our b a s ic l o ca t ion s : a )l a te ra l( r igh t o rl ef t ) ; b )d i s ta l ; a nd c )p rox ima l .

( 0 .71 % ) .

g )R e touch d e l inea t ion :

r e p re sen ted a tA in H anech ( 18 a tA in H anech a nd 1a tE l -

W i th t h e e xcep t ion o f s p l i t c obb les , w h ich a r e s ubs tan t ia l ly K he rba ) , T he r e touch s hape .

I t may

b e :

a ) r e c t i l inea r

( s t ra igh t ,

c onvex ,

t h e

f r equenc ie s

o f a r t if ac t c a tego r ie s

a t b o th

a r chaeo log ica l s i tes a r e n ea r ly s im i la r . T he se f r equenc ie s a r e

i n c luded t h ree t ypes o f d e l inea t ion o r e dge

t h e f o l low ing f o r A in H anech a nd E l -Khe rba , r e spec t ive ly :

o r

c oncave ) ; b )d en t icu la te ; a nd c )n o tch .

1 ) f l aked c obb le s a nd

h )R e touch e x ten t :

r e touched p i ece s , 6 . 86% v er sus 8 . 62 % ; 3 ) w ho le f l ake s >2

c o re s ,

4 . 12 % v e r sus 5 . 09% ; 2 )

c m , 3 . 0 1% v e r sus 3 . 52 % ; 4 ) f r agmen t s > 2c m , 5 . 98% v e r sus T h is c ha rac te r d esc r ibed t h e e x ten t o f t h e r e touch o n t h e b l ank . T he r e touch e x ten t may b e : a ) v e ry ma rg ina l ; b )

7 . 84% .

ma rg ina l ; c )d eep ; d )v ery d eep ; a nd e )t o ta l ( f ig . 5 . 5 ) .

T ab le 5 . 4 : O ve ra l l f r equenc ies o fa r t if ac tc a tego r ie s .

i )C a tegor ies o fr e touched p i ece s :

C a tego ry o f a r t if a c t s

B a sed u pon t h e ir d escr ip t ive c ha rac te r s ,t h e r e touched p i ece s w e re c l a ssed i n to d i f f e ren t " conven t iona l c a tego r ie s " , i n c lud ing s c rape r s , d en t icu la te s , n o tche s , e nd -scrape r s , a nd b ur in s . T ab le 5 . 3 : S umma ry o f a t t r ibu tes f o r t h e r e touched p i eces a na ly s is . ATTR IBUTES

DESCR IPT IONS

1 -D imen s ions

a )l e ng th ;

2 -R aw m a te r ia ls

t y pe o fr o ck s

3 -I n i t ia l f o rm

a )d eb i tage ; b )n a tu ra l b l ank

4 -I n c l ina t ion

a )f l a t ; b )s imp le ; c )s em i -ab rup t ; d )a b rup t .

5 -P o s i t ion

a )d i rec t ; b )i n ve r se ;

6 -L oca t ion

a ) la te ra l ;

7 -D e l inea t ion

a )r e c t i l inea r ; b )d en t icu la t e ; c )n o t ch

8 -E x t ens ion

a )v ery m a rg ina l ; b ) ma rg ina l ; c )d eep ; d )v ery d eep ; e )t o ta l

9 -C a t ego ry

b )b r ead th ; c )t h ickne s s

c )m ixed ;

A in H anech N % 4 . 12

E l -Khe rba N %

T o ta l N %

2 6

5 . 09

15

4 . 31

F l aked c obb le s &c o r e s

8 9

R e touched p i ece s

1 48

6 . 86

4 4

8 . 62

1 92

7 . 3 1

Who le f l ake s

6 5

3 . 0 1

1 8

3 . 52

8 3

3 . 11

A l l f r agmen t s

1 29

5 . 98

4 0

7 . 84

1 69

6 . 33

S ub -To ta l

4 31

1 9 .98

2 8

2 5 .09

5 59

2 0 .95

D eb i tag e < 2 c m

1 726 8 0 .02

8 2

7 4 .9 1

2 108 7 9 .05

T o ta l

2 157

1 0

1 00

1 00

2 667

1 00

5 . 4 - RA W MATER IAL ANALYS IS T he r aw ma te r ia l s t udy i n c luded t h e i d en t if i ca t ion o ft ype s o f r o ck u sed f o r manuf ac tu r ing t h e A in H anech a nd E l -Khe rba

d )a l te rn .

b )d i s ta l ; c )p rox ima l

a r t if ac ta s semb lage a nd g rave l morpho log ica l a na ly s is . 5 . 4 .1- T ype s o fr ock W i th t h e e xcep t ion o f 2 p i eces made o f s a nds tone , a l a r t if ac t s f r om A in H anech a nd E l -Khe rba w e re made o f

c a tego r ies o fr e touched p i ece s

6 8

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

l i me s tone a nd f l in t . A cco rd ing t ot h e g eo log ica l m ap ( f eu i l le

d i f f e r ence s c ons is t ing o f t h e f o l low ing ( f ig . 5 . 7 ) : 1 ) f l aked

d 'E l -Eu lma # 9 4 , 1 / 50 .000 , 1 977 ) , t h e l i mes tone i n c ludes

c obb le s w e re mo re f l aked i nl ime s tone a t AM H anech ; 2 ) t h e r e touched e l emen t s made o f f l in t w e re s l igh t ly mo re

s eve ra l

v a r ie t ies

f o rmed

d u r ing

t h e

C ampan ian -

Mae s t r ich t ian , C enoman ian , a nd S an ton ian s t ages . A l though

a bundan t a t E l -Khe rba w i th 3 1% t h an

t h e f l in t d i sp lay s h omogenous t e x tu ra l p a t te rns , i ti n c lude s a

2 7 .25% ; a nd 3 ) t h e f r agmen t s made o f f l in t w e re mo re

v a r ie ty o fc o lor s . T hese c o lor s a r e b l ack , d a rk b rown , l i gh t

f r equen t a t E l -Khe rba w i th 1 7 .82% t han AM H anech w i th

b rown , g ray , a nd

p redom inan t . I ti st h e s o le t ype o f f l in t m en t ioned i n t h e

1 2 .93 % . T hose made o fl imes tone w e re s l igh t ly a bundan t a t A in H anech w i th 1 6 .85 % c ompa red t o E l -Khe rba w i th

g eo log ica l map a s ar ock f o rmed i n t h e Y p res ian -Lowe r

1 3 .17% .

g reen . T he b l ack f l in t w a s t h e mo s t

AM H anech w i th

L u tec ian s t age . T ab le 5 . 5 : F requenc ies o fr ock t ype s a cco rd ing t oc a tego r ies T he o r ig ina l s ource s o f t h ese t wo t ypes o f r o ck w e re t h e

o fa r t if ac t s .

r ocky h i l l s s ur round ing t h e B en i F ouda b a s in ( c hap te r 2 , s e c t ion 2 . 2 ) . P ieces o f l ime s tone a nd f l in t w ou ld b r eak u p

C a t ego r ie so fs t one a r t if a c t s

o ve r t ime a nd wou ld h ave b een t r anspo r ted b y s t reams d ra in ing i n to t h e a l luv ia l p l a in . T hey b ecame c obb le s a nd p ebb le s mos t ly c ha rac te r ized b y ap o lyhed ra l s hape b ecause o ft h e i r s hor t t r anspo r t , a nd w e re d epos i ted i nb eds o fr i ve r a nd s t ream c ou r ses . T hus , t h e se t wo r ock s w e re r e ad i ly

L ime s tone N %

F l in t N %

S and s tone N %

F l aked c obb le s &c o r e s

6 8

1 2 .16

R e touched p i ece s

3 6

6 . 44

5 6

2 7 .90

0

0

Who le f l ake s

4 9

8 . 76

3 4

6 . 08

0

0

F ragmen t s ( +s p l i t&s napped )

9 0 1 6 .10

7 9

1 4 .13

0

0

3 16 5 6 .17

2

0 . 35

4 5

8 . 05

2 0 . 35

a va i lab le t oh om in ids a s as ou rce o fr aw ma te r ia l . I n t e rms o f a r t if ac t n umbe r , f l in t i s mo re c ommon t h an l imes tone ( 56 .22 % a nd 4 3 .41 % , r e spec t ive ly ) . T he u se o f s and s tone wa s n eg l ig ib le ( 0 .35 % ) a nd i sr e co rded o n ly a t T o ta l

AM H anech . I f f r equenc ies o f r ock t ype s a r e c ompa red

2 43 4 3 .47

b e tween t h e t wo a r chaeo log ica l l o ca l i t ie s , t h e f l in t i sf ound 5 . 4 .2 - Grave la na lys is

i ns omewha t h igher f r equenc ie s a tE l -Khe rba ( 6 1 .24% ) t han a t A in Hanech ( 54 .73 % ) .

I nve r se ly , t h e l i mes tone w a s A s c onduc ted i n t h e K oob i F o ra a na ly s is d one b y T o th ( 1982 ) , ag rave l a na ly s i s w a s u nder taken a t AM H anech .

s l igh t ly mo re f r equen t a tA in H anech ( 44 .80% ) t h an a tE l K he rba ( 38 .75 % ) ( f ig . 5 . 6 ) .

T h i s s t udy c ons is ted o fs amp l ing f l aked c obb le s r e covered i n t h e e xcava t ion a t AM H anech a nd E l -Kherba , a nd i n s i tu f o ss i l g rave l s f ound a s soc ia ted w i th t h e a r chaeo log ica l

A s m en t ioned a bove , t he re a r e v a r ie t ies o f f l in t c o lo r . T he f r equenc ies o f t h ese c o lo r s

a r e a s t h e f o l low ing : 1 ) d a rk

ma te r ia l .

b rown , 3 9 .87% ; 2 ) b l ack , 3 0 .37% ; 3 ) l i gh t b rown , 1 8 .98 % ; 4 ) g r een , 6 . 32 % ; a nd 5 )g ray , 4 . 43 % . I nt e rms o ff r equenc ies mo re f r equen t a t AM H anech ( 46 .83 % ) t h an a t E l -Khe rba

E ach s amp le w a s mea su red b a sed u pon t h ree d imen s ion s , n ame ly l e ng th , b read th , a nd t h icknes s . I n o rde r t o s epa ra te

( 18 .98% ) . T he l i gh t b rown f l in t i s mo re c ommon a t E l -

t h ese g rave ls i n to d i f f e ren t s hapes , r a t io s o f b read th / leng th

Khe rba ( 35 .44% )

( B /L ) a nd t h ickne ss /b read th ( Th /B ) w ere c a lcu la ted a nd

o ft h e se f l in t c o lo r s w i th in e ach l o ca l i ty , t h e d a rk b rown w a s

t han

a t A in

H anech

( on ly

1 3 .50% ) .

p lo t ted a cco rd ing t ot h e Z ingg s ys tem ( Z ingg , 1 935 c i ted i n

A l though t h e b l ack f l in tw a s i mpo r tan t a tb o th l o ca l i t ie s , i ti s s omewha t mo re f r equen t a t E l -Khe rba t h an A in H anech ,

T o th , 1 982 ) .

3 6 .70% a nd 2 8 .27 % , r e spec t ive ly . T he r ema in ing f l in tc o lo r s T he p l o t ted r a t ios o f B /L a nd T h /B o f t h e t wo s amp les ,

i n c lude g ray ( 5 .06 % ) o fA in H anech a r t if ac t s , 2 . 53 % o fE l Khe rba a r t if ac t s , a nd g reen ( 6 .32% ) f o re ach l o ca l i ty .

s hown i n f i gu re ( 5 .8 ) , s ugges t t h a t

i n s i tu f o ss i l g rave l s

T ab le 5 . 5 s hows f r equenc ie s o f r o ck t ype s w i th r ega rd t o

i n c lude a l l t h e f ou r s hapes o fg rave ls d ef ined b y t h e Z ingg s y s tem , a nd t h e a r chaeo log ica l s amp le i s mos t ly r e s t r ic ted t o

c a tego r ies o fa r t if ac t s . A s c an b e s e en , w i th t h e e xcep t ion o f

t h e s phe r ica l s hape . T he re a r e s ome r a re s pec imen s , mos t ly

r e touched p i eces , b o th l imes tone a nd f l in t w e re u sed t o

c o re s made o ff l in t t h a t a r e c ha rac te r ized b y t h e d i sco id a nd

manuf ac tu re a l l c a tego r ies o f a r t if ac t . T he f l aked c obb le s ,

r o l le rs hapes .

i n c lud ing u n if ac ia l a nd b i f ac ia l f l aked c obb les , p o lyhed ron s , s ubsphe ro id s , a nd s phe ro ids w e re c h ief ly made o fl i me s tone

T he se r e su l t s c l ea r ly i n d ica te t ha t c obb les c l o se t o t h e

wh i le

f l in t .

p o lyhed ra l s phe r ica l s hapes wou ld h ave b een s e lec ted b y

I n te re s t ing ly ,t h er e touched p i ece s a r e much mo re f r equen t i n

h om in ids . T he se t y pe s o f c obb les m igh t h ave b een c hosen

f l in t ( 27 .90% ) t han i n l imes tone ( on ly 6 . 44% ) . T he who le f l ake s w e re n ea r ly e qua l ly i n l i mes tone ( 8 .76% ) a nd f l in t

f o r

( 6 .08% ) . T he f r agmen t s a r e s l igh t ly mo re n ume rous i n

l a rge f l akes .

s ma l l

c o res

w e re

e xc lus ive ly

f l aked

i n

manuf ac tu r ing

c o re

f o rms

p r ima r i ly

p o lyhed ron s ,

s ub sphe ro ids , a nd s phe ro ids , a nd p robab ly f o r p roduc ing

l ime s tone ( 16 .10% ) c ompa red t of l in t( 14 .13 % ) . A s as umma ry t o t h e r aw ma te r ia l a na ly s is , t h e f o l low ing p o in t s n eed t ob e s t res sed . 1 ) Two t ype s o fr ock w e re u sed

When t h e f r equenc ies o f r o ck t ype s w i th in e ach a r chaeo log ica l l o ca l i ty a r e c ons ide red , w e f i nd t h a t b o th

f o r f l ak ing A in H anech l i t h ic ma te r ia l , n ame ly l imes tone a nd f l in t . B o th r ock s w ere a va i lab le t oh om in id s i nt h e v i c in i ty o f

l ime s tone a nd f l in t w e re u sed s im i la r ly , b u t w i th m in ima l

6 9

MOHA MED SAHNOL TN I

t h e ir a c t iv i t ie s i nt h e f o rm o fg rave ls i nr i ver b ed . 2 ) B ecauseTa T ab le 5 .7 :C a tego r ies o ff l aked c obb le s ( AH= A in H anech ; o ft h e i r i n i t ia l s hape , i ti sl i ke ly t ha t l ime s tone c obb le s w e re KH= E l -Khe rba ; T =T o ta l ) . r e served f o r manuf ac tur ing c o re f o rms . 3 )T he f l in tw a s u sed s ubs tan t ia l ly

f o r

r e touch ing

v a r iou s

p i ece s .

T h is m igh t

S i te s

s ugge s tt h a th om in ids wou ld h ave b een a wa re o ft h e e ff i c ien t q ua l i ty o ft h is t ype o fr ock . 5 . 5 - FLAKED COBBLES ANALYS IS

U n if .& b i f . f l aked c obb le s N %

P o lyhed ron s

S ub sphe ro id s

S phe ro id s

N

%

N

%

N

% 3 . 9

A iH

2

3 . 9

2 4

4 7 .1

2 2

4 3 . 1

2

KH

9

4 7 .1

8

4 7 .1

1

5 . 9

0

T

1

1 6 .1

3 2

4 7 .2

2 3

3 .8

2

0

A t o ta l o f 6 8 f l aked c obb le s w e re r e cove red , 5 1 o f w h ich w e re f r om A in Hanech a nd 1 7 w e re f r om E l -Khe rba .

2 . 9

5 . 5 .1- D imens ions 5 . 5 .3 - E x ten to ff l ak ing T he d imens ions o f f l aked c obb le s a r e v a r iab le ( t ab le 5 . 6 ) . T he l e ng th r anges b e tween 4 4 mm a nd 1 37 mm w i th am ean o f8 3 .6 mm . T he b read th v a r ies b e tween 4 1 mm a nd 9 7 mm

F laked c obb le s s how a n e n t ire r a nge o ff l ak ing e x ten t , f r om l i gh t t oh eavy . A s s hown i nt h e t a b le b e low , t h e l i gh t ly a nd

w i th am ean o f7 2 .27 mm . T he t h ickne ss r a nges f r om 2 6 mm

h eav i ly f l aked c obb le s a r e c ompa rab ly f r equen t w i th 3 3 .8% .

t o 9 4 mm w i th a mean o f 5 9 .13 mm . T he f l aked c obb le s r e cove red a tA in H anech a r e b igge rt h an t ho se o fE l -Khe rba .

3 0 .9% . H eav i ly f l aked c obb les w e re mo re n ume rous a tA in

T he m ean o ft h e ir d imen s ion s a r e 8 6 .68 mm v e r sus 7 4 .64 mm , 7 5 .5 mm v e r sus

t h e l i gh t ly f l aked c obb le s w e re mo re e v iden t a tE l -Khe rba

T he mode ra te ly f l aked s pec imens a r e i nt h i rd p o s i t ion w i th H anech ( 4 1 .2 % )t han a tE l -Khe rba ( 1 1 .8% ) . O n t h e c on t ra ry , t han a t A in H anech ( 5 3% a nd 2 7 .5% , r e spec t ive ly ) . T he

6 2 .82 mm , a nd 6 2 .7 mm v er sus 4 8 .58 mm , r e spec t ive ly . I n t e rm s o f s hapes , t h e b u lk o f f l aked c obb le s f a l l i n to t h e

mode ra te ly f l aked s pec imens a r e n ea r ly s im i la r ly p resen t a t b o th a r chaeo log ica l l o ca l i t ies w i th 2 9 .4% a tA in H anech a nd

s phe re s hape ( f ig . 5 . 9 ) .

3 5 .3 % a tE l -Khe rba .

5 . 5 .2 .-Ca tegor ie s o ff l aked c obb le s T he f l aked c obb les r e covered a tA in H anech a nd E l -Khe rba

T ab le 5 . 8 : E x ten to ff l ak ing o ff l aked c obb les .

may b e c l a ssed i n to s eve ra l c a tego r ies , s uch a s u n if ac ia l a nd b i f ac ia l

f l aked

c obb le s ,

p o lyhedrons ,

s ub sphe ro ids ,

a nd

S i te s

L igh t N %

Mode ra te N %

H eavy N %

A in H anech

1 4

2 7 .5

1 5

2 9 .4

2 1

4 1 .2

a r et h e l e s s f r equen t , w i th o n ly 2 . 9% .

E l -Khe rba

0 9

5 3

0 6

3 5 .3

0 2

1 .8

T he l o ca l i ty o fE I -Kherba h a s y i e lded a n e qua l f r equency o f 4 7 .1 % o f u n if ac ia l o r b if ac ia l f l aked c obb le s a nd

T o ta l

2 3

3 3 .8

2 1

3 0 .9

2 3

3 3 .8

p o lyhed rons . S ubsphe ro ids a r e p r esen t ( 5 .9% ) b u t s phe ro id s a r e t o ta l ly a b sen t f r om t h is a r chaeo log ica l l o ca l i ty . A t A in

A s c an b e s e en i n t h e t a b le b e low ( 5 .9 ) , t h e re i sn o s t rong

H anech , p o lyhed rons a nd s ubsphe ro ids d om ina te w i th 4 7 .1 %

f l aked c obb les

a nd 4 3 .1 % , r e spec t ive ly . Un if ac ia l /b i f ac ia l f l aked c obb le s

s i gn if icance = 0 ) . T he u n if ac ia l a nd b i f ac ia l f l aked c obb les

a nd s phe ro ids e ach make u p 3 .9% o ft h ef l aked c obb les .

w e re o b ta ined p r ima r i ly w i th l i gh t f l ak ing a nd c a sua l ly w i th

T ab le 5 .6 : F laked c obb le d imens ions ( A .H .= A in H anech ,

w i th l i gh t a nd mode ra te f l ak ing t han w i th h eavy f l ak ing . T he

KH= E l -Khe rba , T =T o ta l ) .

s ub sphe ro id s w ere p r ima r i ly p roduced w i th h eavy f l ak ing

s phe ro id s .T he d om inan tc a tego ry i st h a to fp o lyhed ron sw i th 4 7 .2 % f o l lowed b y s ubsphe ro ids w i th 3 3 .8 % . T he u n if ac ia l a nd b i f ac ia l f l aked c obb le s r ep resen t 1 6 .1 % . T he s phe ro id s

a s soc ia t ion b e tween t h e f l ak ing mode a nd c a tego r ie s o f ( X ' = 2 9 .82 ,

d eg ree

o f f r eedom

= 6 ,

mode ra te f l ak ing modes . P o lyhedron s w e re o b ta ined mo re

mode . A s e xpec ted , s phero ids w e re s haped u s ing a h eavy D imen s ion s

L eng th

B read th

T h ickne s s

Max

f l ak ing mode .

6 0

1 37

4 4

12

T ab le 5 . 9 : C ro ss t a bu la t ion b e tween c l a s ses o ff l aked c obb les

M in

Mean

S t d

5 1

8 6 .68

1 4 .8 1

1 7

7 4 .64

1 6 .51

T

6 8

8 3 .6

1 5 .9

4 4

1 37

AH

5 1

7 5 .5

1 .2 1

5 0

9 7

4 1

8 5

S i tes

N

AH KH

KH

1 7

6 2 .82

1 2 .63

T

6 8

7 2 .27

1 2 .66

4 1

9 7

AH

5 1

6 2 .7

1 2 .79

3 8

9 4

KH

1 7

4 8 .58

1 2 .48

2 6

6 8

T

6 8

5 9 .13

1 3 .95

2 6

9 4

a nd e x ten to ff l ak ing . C la s se s U n if ac ia l &B if ac ia l f l aked c obb le s

9

Mode ra te

H eavy

T o ta l

2

0

1

P o lyhed ron s

1 3

1 3

6

3 2

S ub sphe ro id s

2

6

1 5

2 3

S phe ro id s

0

0

2

2

2 3 3 .8%

6 8 1 00%

T o ta l P e rcen t

7 0

L igh t

2 4 3 5 .8%

2 1 3 0 .9%

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

A in H anech a nd E l -Khe rba t r immed c obb les w ere p roduced

f l ak ing a ng le ;

u s ing v a r iab le f l ak ing modes . T he ir e x ten to ff l ak ing p a t terns s ugges tt h e f o l low ing : 1 ) al ow d eg ree o fs t anda rd iza t ion a nd

4 )t h e p reponde rance o fo ppo sed s t r ik ing p la tfo rms i n d ica tes

t h e l a ck o f s t e reo type o f a r t if ac t s v ery c ommon i n Mode I

t h a th om in ids ma in ly u sed b i d irec t iona l f l ak ing .

T echno logy I ndus t ry ; 2 ) r aw ma ter ia l o b s tac les e ncoun te red b y h om in id s

i n f l ak ing

l i mes tone c obb les

5 . 5 .5 - R e s idua l a reas o fc or tex

( e xpe r imen t s

s hows t h a t l i mes tone c an b e v ery h a rd t o f l ake ) ; a nd 3 ) O ve ra l l , t h e f l aked c obb les p re se rved r e s idua l c o r t ica l a r ea s ,

e xped ien tt e chno logy .

a l though w i th v a r iab le d eg rees . T hey c onse rve t h e c or tex a t 3 / 4 w i th 3 3 .8 % , a t 1 / 2 w i th 3 2 .4% , a nd a t 1 / 4 w i th 2 9 .4% .

5 . 5 .4 - S tr ik ing p l a tforms

T he f l aked c obb le s t h a t d i d n o t p r e se rve c or tex a ta l l a r e r a re a nd r ep resen t o n ly 4 . 4% . S im i la r p a t terns o fp re se rva t ion o f

D ue t ot h e i n i t ia l s hape o ft h e l i mes tone c obb le s , t h e b u lk o f

c or tex o ccur red f o r A in H anech f l aked c obb le s , i n c lud ing

A in H anech a nd E l -Khe rba f l aked c obb les b ea r s t r ik ing

3 9 .2% , 2 7 .5 % , 2 5 .5 % , a nd 5 . 9% , r e spec t ive ly . H oweve r , E l -

p l a tfo rms . T he re a r e 2 4 f l aked c obb le s w i th as i ng le s t r ik ing

K he rba f l aked c obb le s d i sp lay d i f f e ren t f e a ture s . S pec imens

p l a tf orm ( 35 .5 % o f t h e t o ta l ) . T hose b ea r ing 2 s t r ik ing

w i th n o r e s idua l c or tex a r e a bsen t . T ho se p r e se rv ing 3 / 4 o f

p l a tfo rms a r e t h e mo s t f r equen t ( 52 .9% , 3 6 s pec imens ) .

t h e c or tex a r e l e ss f r equen t w i th 1 .8 % . F laked c obb les

T ho se h av ing 3a nd 4 s t r ik ing p l a tf o rms a r e r a re , ( 2 .9 % a nd 1 . 5% ,

r e spec t ive ly ) .

B ecause

t h ey

w e re

s o

p r ese rv ing 1 / 4 o fc or tex a r e t h e mo s t a bundan t w i th 5 2 .9%

e x tens ive ly

f o l lowed b yt hose m a in ta in ing h a lf o ft h e c or tex w i th 3 5 .5 % .

f l aked , s t r ik ing p l a tfo rms o n 5f l aked c obb les ( 7 .4% ) c ou ld n o t

b e

d e term ined .

T hese

i n c lude

2 s phe ro id s

a nd

3

5 . 5 .6 - Number o fs car s

p o lyhed rons .

T he n umbe r o fs ca r s c oun ted o n f l aked c obb le s i se x t reme ly v a r iab le , r a ng ing b e tween 2a nd 3 0 s ca r s . T he f l aked c obb les

A tt h es i te o fE l -Khe rba , f l aked c obb le s b ea r ing o ne p l a tf orm w e re p r edom inan t w i th 6 4 .7% . T he se a r e f o l lowed b y t hose

w i th l e ss t han 5 s ca r s a r e

h av ing 2 s t r ik ing p l a tf orms w i th 2 3 .5 % . I n c on t ra ry , a tA in

t h e mos t a bundan t r ep re sen t ing

3 2 .5 % . T ho se w i th 6t o 1 0 s ca r s a nd 1 t o 1 5 a r e i ns e cond

H anech f l aked c obb le s b ea r ing 2 s t r ik ing p l a tf o rms a r e more

p os i t ion a moun t ing t o 1 8 .75 % e ach . T he f r equenc ie s o f

f r equen t w i th 6 2 .6% t h an t hose h av ing o ne p l a tf o rm w i th

f l aked c obb les h av ing g rea te r t han o r e qua l t o 1 5 s ca r s

2 1 .6% . O vera l l , t h ese s t r ik ing p l a tf orms a r e p r ima r i ly c o r t ica l w i th

d ec rea se g radua l ly . F o r e xamp le , t h e s pec imens w i th 1 6 t o 2 0 s ca r s r ep re sen t 1 2 .5 % , t ho se w i th 2 1 t o 2 5 t o ta l 9 . 37% ,

7 7 .9% . O n ly 1 3 .2 % a r e n o t c or t ica l . S im i la r p a t terns o ccur red w hen A in H anech a nd E l -Khe rba a r e c ons ide red

a nd t hose w i th 2 6 -30 s ca r s a moun tt o7 . 81 % . F laked c obb les r e covered a t E l -Khe rba h ave l e s s t han 8 s ca r s . A t A in

a par t . A tA in H anech t h e c o r t ica l p l a tf o rms r e ach 7 2 .5 % , a nd n on -cor t ica l 1 5 .7% . A t E l -Khe rba , t h e c o r t ica l p l a tf orms

H anech , mo re t han 2 0% o ff l aked c obb les

h ave mo re t h an

r e p resen t8 8 .2% , a nd n on -co r t ica l 5 . 9% .

1 5s ca r s .

When t h e re a r e t wo s t r ik ing p l a tf orm s o n f l aked c obb le s ,

T he se v a lue s c l ea r ly i n d ica te t h e a bsence o f as t anda rd n umber o f s ca r s . T he re a r e s ome p i eces p roduced w i th a

t h e i r p o s i t ion i so f t wo k i nd s , e i the r o ppos i te o r a d jacen t .

s ma l l n umbe r o f s ca r s , a nd o ther s w i th a h igh n umber o f

T he b u lk o ft h ese t wo s t r ik ing p l a tf orms a r e o pposed ( 36 .8%

s c a r s . T h is m igh t b e d ue t o t h e t e chno log ica l v a r iab i l i ty i n

o ft h e f l aked c obb les ) , w i th 1 4 .7% a d jacen t . When e ach s i te

p roduc ing t h e d i f f e ren t c a tego r ie s o f f l aked c obb les . F o r

i s e xam ined s epa ra te ly , s im i la r p a t te rns o ccur red a t A in H anech , b u t n o t a t E l -Khe rba . A t A in

i n s tance , m eans o fn umber o fs ca r s r e la t ive t of l aked c obb le

H anech , f l aked

c l a s ses a r e : 5s ca r s f o r u n if ac ia l a nd b i f ac ia l f l aked c obb le s

c obb les b ea r ing o pposed s t r ik ing p l a tf orms o ccur r 4 7 .1 % o f

( c hoppe r s ) ,

t h e t ime w h i le t hose h av ing a d jacen t p l a tf orms a r e f ound o n ly 9% o ft h e t ime . A t E l -Kherba , s pec imens w i th a d jacen t

s ca r s

f o r

p o lyhedrons ,

1 8

s ca r s

f o r

s phe ro id s .

s t r ik ing p l a tf orms a r e mo re f r equen t a t 1 7 .6% t h an t hose w i th o pposed p l a tf orms w h ich t o ta l 1 .8% .

5 . 5 .7 - E dge a ng le

T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rms o n A in H anech a nd E l -Khe rba f l aked c obb les

1

s ubsphe ro ids , a nd 2 2 s c a r s f o r

A s s hown i nt a b le 5 . 10 , t he e dge a ng le r anges b e tween 7 1

may s ugges t t h e f o l low ing h om in id t e chno log ica l

p a t ter n s :

a nd 1 30 d eg rees , i n d ica t ing ar e la t ive v a r iab i l i ty . T he m ean

1 ) E a r ly h om in id s h ad r e cogn ized t h e i mpor tance o f t h e s t r ik ing p l a tfo rm f o rf l ak ing ;

f l aked c obb les h ave a n a cu te a ng le ( 79 d eg ree s ) , whe rea s

2 ) t h ey v ery l i ke ly u sed t wo s t r ik ing p l a tfo rms b ecause p robab ly t h ey wou ld h ave e ncoun te red t e chn ica l o bs tac les i n

c obb les f r om t h e l o ca l i ty o f E l -Khe rba

a ng le i so b tuse w i th 1 06 .8 d eg rees . T he u n if ac ia l a nd b i f ac ia l p o lyhed rons a nd s ub sphe ro ids t e nd t ob e c ha rac te r ized b y a n o b tuse a ng le ( 106 a nd 12 d eg rees , r e spec t ive ly ) . T he f l aked h ave a l e s s o b tuse

a ng le t han t hose o fA in H anech ( mean = 1 00 d eg rees v e r sus 1 08 d eg ree s ) . T h is i sd ue t ot h e f a c t t ha t E l -Khe rba i n c lude s

t h e f l ak ing p roce ss , s uch a s t h e u nsu i tab i l i ty o f t h e f l ak ing

mo re u n if ac ia l a nd b i f ac ia l f l aked c obb les t h an A in H anech ,

a ng le ;

4 7 .1 %

v e r sus

3 . 9% .

A in

H anech

i n co rpo ra tes

s ubsphe ro ids t h an E l -Kherba , 4 3 .1 % v e r sus 3 . 9% .

3 ) when t h e l i me s tone c obb les l a cked t h e c or t ica l p l a tf orms , h om in ids h ad p r epa red n on c or t ica l o nes t o c r ea te as u i tab le

7 1

mo re

M OHA MED SAHNOUN I

l i gh t ly f l aked ( 44 .9% ) . N ever the less , t h e mode ra te ly a nd

T ab le 5 . 10 : E dge a ng le o ff l aked c obb le s . S i t e s

N

Mean

M in

Max

A in H anech

8 4

1 08 .5

7 1

1 30

1 2 .2

E l -Khe rba

2 3

1 00 .0

7 5

1 24

1 0 .0

T o ta l

1 07

1 06 .8

7 1

1 30

1 / .3

h eav i ly f l aked c ores w e re a l so i mpor tan t , t o ta l ing 3 0 .6 % a nd 2 0 .4% , r e spec t ive ly . C onsequen t ly , n ea r h a lf o f t h e c o re s

S td

b ea r 3 / 4 o ft h e r e s idua l c or tex . C o res b ea r ing 1 / 2 a nd 1 / 4 o f c or tex

r e p re sen t

2 6 .5 %

a nd

2 4 .5 % ,

r e spec t ive ly .

T he

n umbe r s o f s c a r s c oun ted o n c o res a r e l e s s v a r iab le t h an t ho se o n f l aked c obb les . T hey r ange b e tween 3a nd 1 3 s ca r s . C o res w i th 5s ca r s a r et h e p reponderan ta moun t ing t o5 7 .1 % . T ho se b ea r ing mo re t h an 5s ca r s r ep resen t3 8 .7% .

5 . 5 .8 - We ight 5 . 7 - FLAKE ANALYS IS

T ab le 5 . 11 s hows a s ubs tan t ia l w e igh t v a r iab i l i ty o f f l aked c obb les . T he w e igh t v a lue s r ange b e tween 1 00 a nd 2 400 g rams . T he m ean i s4 66 .4 g rams . F laked c obb les w e igh ing

At o ta l o f 1 29 f l akes w e re a na lyzed , 1 00 f r om A in H anech

o ve r 1 000 g rams c ons t i tu te o n ly 3 c a ses . T he ir w e igh t s a r e : 1 050 , 1 200 , a nd 2 400 g rams . T he E l -Khe rba f l aked c obb le s

i n c luded i nt h is a na ly s is t os t udy t h e ir f l ake p a t terns .

a nd 2 9 f r om E l -Khe rba . F o r ty s i x r e touched f l ake s w e re

a r e l i gh te rt h an t hose o fA in H anech , 3 29 v e r sus 5 17 g rams .

5 . 7 .1- D imens ions

T ab le 5 . 11 : We igh to ff l aked c obb le s . N

S i tes

T ab les 5 . 13

Mean

M in

Ma x

S td

2 400

3 42 .0

A in H anech

4 9

5 17 .0

1 25

E l -Khe rba

1 8

3 29 .9

1 00

6 60

1 82 .0

T o ta l

6 7

4 66 .4

1 00

2 400

3 20 .6

s how s f l ake d imens ion . T he l e ng th r anges

b e tween 1 3 mm a nd 1 39 mm w i th amean o f3 7 .89 mm . T he b r ead th v a r ie s b e tween 8 mm a nd 8 4 mm w i th a mean o f 2 6 .75 mm . T he t h ickne ss r ange s f r om 4mm t o4 9 mm w i th a m ean o f 1 mm . T ab le 5 .1 3 : F l ake d imens ions , i n c lud ing l e ng th , b read th , a nd t h ickne s s ( AH= A in H anech , KH= E l -Khe rba , T =T o ta l ) D imen s ion s

S i te s

N

Mean

S td

M in

AH

1 00

3 8 .36

2 0 .24

1 3

1 39

KH

2 9

3 6 .31

1 7 .73

1 7

9 2

At o ta l o f4 7 c o res w e re r e cove red , 9f r om o fE l -Kherba . A s

T

1 29

3 7 .89

1 9 .65

1 3

1 39

Ip o in ted o u t i nt h e me thodo logy , t h ey a r e d i f f e ren t f r om t h e f l aked c obb le s i n s evera l a spec t s , s uch a s d imens ions ( f ig .

AH

1 00

2 7 .7 1

1 4 .94

8

8 4 6 4

5 . 6 - CORE ANALYSIS

L eng th

B r ead th

5 . 22 a nd 5 . 23) , r aw ma ter ia ls , a nd e dge a ng le . I n t e rms o f d imens ion s , t h e c o res a r e p a r t icu la r ly s ma l l ( t ab le 5 . 12 ) . T he

T h ickne s s

means f o r t h e l e ng th , b read th , a nd t h ickne ss a r e r e spec t ive ly

Max

KH

2 9

2 3 .44

1 2 .97

9

T

1 29

2 6 .75

1 4 .59

8

8 4

AH

1 00

1

7 . 09

4

4 9

KH

2 9

1 0 .72

5 . 54

5

3 0

T

1 29

1 0 .93

6 . 75

4

4 9

3 0 .76 mm , 2 3 .91 mm , a nd 1 6 .78 mm . B a sed u pon e xpe r imen ta l t e chno logy c onduc ted b y T o th

T ab le 5 . 12 : D imens ions o fc ore s . N

Mean

( 1982 :199 ) , s ma l le r f l akes t e nd t o b e p roduced b y f l ake

M in

Ma x

s c rape r s , a nd f l akes w ho se l e ng th r ange s b e tween 2 7 .8 a nd

S td

3 5 .1

D imen s ion s L eng th

4 7

3 0 .8

B read th

4 7

2 3 .9

T h ickne s s

4 7

1 6 .8

4 9

8 . 4

9

4 5

8 . 4

9

3 /

5 . 6

2 0

b y

m anuf ac tu r ing

c hopper s

a nd

mm . G iven t h e a b sence o f Mode I T echno logy a r t if ac t s , h oweve r , t h ese l o ng f l akes c ou ld n o t b e p roduced b y f l ak ing A cheu lean t oo ls , s uch a s p i ck s a nd h and a xe s a s s ugge s ted b y T o th . T he v a r iab i l i ty i nf l ake d imens ion s i sr a ther d ue t o r aw ma te r ia l s .

d eno t ing n ea r ly 9 0% . On ly 3 p i eces ( 6 .1 % ) a r e m ade o f l imes tone . T he i n i t ia l f o rm o ft h e f l in t h ad t h e s i ze o fs ma l l

A s c an b e s e en i nt h e t a b le 5 . 14 , f l akes m ade o f l ime s tone

p ebb les .

a r e b igge r t h an t hose made o ff l in t . R aw ma te r ia l s hape a nd s i ze a ccoun t f o r t h ese d i f f e rence s i n d imens iona l p a t terns .

T echno log ica l ly , t h ese c o res w ere f l aked u s ing o ne a nd t wo

L ime s tone

s t r ik ing p l a tf orms . T hose f l aked w i th o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm

o f c ores

b ea r

a d jacen t

p l a tf o rms ,

f l ake s

w e re

r emoved

f r om

l a rge

a nd

t h ick

c obb les , w he rea s f l in t s pec imens w e re p roduced b y f l ak ing

r ep resen t 5 7 .1 % , a nd t hose w i th t wo p l a tf o rms t o ta l 3 8 .8% . Wh i le t h e f l aked c obb les h ave o ppos i te s t r ik ing p l a tf o rms , b u lk

p roduced

A in H anech f l ake s a l so i n c lude l o ng f l akes r e ach ing 1 39

W i th r ega rd t or aw ma te r ia l , c o res a r e c h ief ly made o ff l in t ,

t h e

w e re

p o lyhed rons . B o th t r ends a r e s e en i nA in H anech f l akes . T he

s ma l l p ebb le s .

s ugge s t ing

r e la t ive ly d i f f e ren t t e chno log ica l p a t te rns . U n l ike t h e f l aked c obb les , t h e c o re a ng le i sr e la t ive ly a cu te , r a ng ing b e tween 6 2 a nd 1 05 d eg rees w i th am ean o f8 6 d eg ree s ( f ig . 5 . 24 ) . I n t e rms o f e x ten t o f f l ak ing , t h e c o res w e re p r edom inan t ly 7 2

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

T ab le 5 . 14 : D imens iona l f l ake s

a nd

f l in t

c ompa r ison b e tween l i mes tone

f l akes

( S ta t=

S t a t is t ic s ;

b e tween n umbe r o fs c a r s o n d o r sa l f l akes made o fl ime s tone a nd t ho se m ade o f f l in t . T he h i s tog ram ( f ig . 5 . 28 , b o t tom

L =Leng th ;

B =B read th ; T =Th ickness ) .

l ef t ) r e p resen t ing d o r sa l s ca r s o f f l akes made o f l ime s tone s hows a g radua l d ec rea se o f s ca r n umbe r s f r equenc ie s F l in t f l ake s

L ime s tone F lake s

b e tween 0a nd 7 .T he c or t ica l d o r sa l s u rf ace s d ep ic t t h e b u lk o f t h e s amp le w i th 2 0 .9% . T he d o r sa l s urf aces w i th s ca r

B

T

L

B

T

N

5 6

5 6

5 6

7 3

7 3

7 3

Mean

5 1 .14

3 7 .53

1 4 .28

2 7 .74

1 8 .47

8 . 37

S td

2 2 .11

1 5 .05

8 . 43

8 . 49

6 . 74

3 . 38

O n t h e c on t ra ry , t h e h i s tog ram ( f ig . 5 . 28 , b o t tom r i gh t )

M in

2 3

1

4

2 0

8

4

1 39

8 4

4 9

5 1

4 9

2 4

s how ing s ca r n umbe r o n f l ake d o r sa l s u rf aces made o ff l in t ,

Ma x

S ta t

L

n umbe r s b e tween 2 a nd 7 r e p re sen t 1 2 .34% a l l t oge the r . T hose t h a t i n c lude o ne s ca ra moun tt o 1 0 .07% .

d eno te s a n u n imoda l s hape . T he mo s t f r equen t s ca r n umber s a r e 1a nd 3 . U n l ike l i mes tone f l akes , f l ake s made o f f l in t

5 . 7 .2 - F lake b ut ts car s a nd f l ak ing a ng le

w i th t h e e n t ire c or t ica l d or sa l s u rf aces r ep re sen t o n ly 4 . 65 % . O ve ra l l , d o r sa l s u rf ace s w i th s ca r n umbe r s b e tween 3 a nd 7

Ana ly s is o ff l ake b u t t s ca r f o r f l ake s g r ea ter o re qua lt o 2c m

w e re c ons ide rab ly p roduced i nf l in tt han l imes tone .

s hows t h a t 5 9 .6% o f b u t t s a r e c o r t ica l d ue ( f ig . 5 . 26 , t op ) , a ppa ren t ly , t ol a rge n umbe r s o ff l ake t ypes f r om It oI ( f i r s t

5 . 7 .4 - S car p a t tern ing

g ene ra t ion s ) . T he se c or t ica l b u t t s a r e f o l lowed b y t hose h av ing o ne s ca r , r e p re sen t ing 2 7 .9% . T he b u t t s w i th mo re

T he mo s tc ommon f l ake s ca r p a t tern ing e ncoun te red w a s t h e u n id i rec t iona l r ep re sen t ing a f r equency o f 4 9 .6% ( f ig .5 .29 ,

t h an o ne s c a r c ons t i tu te o n ly 7% . T he l i nea r b u t t s r e p re sen t 4 . 7% . O n ly o ne p unc t iform b u t t i sd eno ted ( 0 .8% ) .

t op ) . I ti sf o l lowed b y b i d irec t iona l p a t terns w i th 7 . 8% , a nd b y b o th t r ansver se a nd i n te r sec ted p a t terns w i th 6 . 2% e ach .

I nt e rms o fr aw ma te r ia ls , t h ere a r e n o s i gn if ican td i f f e rence s

F l akes w i th c r es t p a t te rns

b e tween b u t t s i n l imes tone a nd t hose i n f l in t ( f ig . 5 . 26 ,

( 3 .1 % ) ,

b o t tom ) . H oweve r , i ts hou ld b e p o in ted o u t t h a t b u t t s w i th

c ons t i tu te

a s ubs tan t ia l

a s semb lage b y T o th ( 1982 ) i n d ica te t ha tc r es tp a t terns a r et h e

s ugge s t st h a tf l in tp ebb les w e re mo re e xhaus t ib ly f l aked t h an

p roduc to fd i sco id s a nd p o lyhed ron s . T h is t r end d id n o ts e em

l imes tone c obb les .

t o h ave b een o ccur red a t A in H anech . L a s t ly , r ad ia l s ca r p a t terns f o rm t h e l owes t f r equency w i th 1 . 6% . T h is s e ems

T he f l ak ing a ng le f o rmed b y t h e b u t t a nd f l ake v en t ra l s u rf ace i sr e la t ive ly v a r iab le , r a ng ing b e tween 5 9 a nd 1 32 T he

a r e n o t s ubs tan t ia l ly r epresen ted

p o lyhed rons

c a tegory o f f l aked c obb le s . R ep l ica t ion o f t h e Koob i F o ra

mo re t h an o ne s ca ra r e e xc lus ive ly m ade o ff l in t . T h is p a t te rn

d eg rees .

a l though

mean

i s 9 9 .1

d eg rees

( f ig .

5 . 27 ) .

t yp ica l f o r t h e A in H anech a s semb lage , s i nce t h e se p a t te r n s t e nd t o i n d ica te a n a dvanced l i t h ic t e chno log ies , s uch a s mode I a nd I I .

T h i s

v a r iab i l i ty i s l i ke ly d ue t o t he t ypes o f r ock u s ed . F l ake s made o f f l in t h ave a n o b tuse f l ak ing a ng le , w h i le t hose o f

T he b u lk o f f l akes made o f f l in t a r e c ha rac te r ized b y

l i me s tone h ave a n a cu te f l ak ing a ng le ( 104 v e r sus 9 2

u n id i rec t iona l s ca r p a t te rn ing r ep re sen t ing 3 2 .5 % ( f ig . 5 . 29 ,

d eg rees ) .

b o t tom ) . F lake made o f l i mes tone h ave a r e d om ina ted b y b o th c o r t ica l a nd u n id irec t iona l s ca r p a t te rn s ,

F lake b u t t t r ends o bse rved i n A in H anech a s semb lage a r e c ompa t ib le w i th Mode IT echno logy a r t if ac t s . T he c o r t ica l

d ep ic t ing

n ea r ly 2 0% e ach ( f ig .5 .29 , b o t tom ) . T h is i n d ica tes t ha t u n id irec t iona l f l ak ing p r eva i led f o rb o th t ype s o fr ock .

b u t t s a r e t h e b yp roduc t o f u n if ac ia l ly f l aked c obb le s . T he b u t t s c ha rac te r ized b y o ne s ca r m igh t b e t h e r e su l t o ff l ak ing

5 . 7 .5 - A rea o fc or tex

p o lyhed rons a nd s ub sphe ro ids . T he b u t t s h av ing mo re t h an o ne s c a r a r e n o t w e l l r ep resen ted . I ti s l i ke ly d ue t o t h e

C o r tex a r ea a na ly s is o n d o r sa l s u rf ace s hows t h a t t h e b u lk o f

a b sence o f c o re p r epa ra t ion t o p roduce " soph is t ica ted"

d o r sa l f l akes h ave e i the ra l l c or tex ( 24 .8% ) o rn o c or tex a ta l l

a r t if ac t s , s uch a sc l eave r s , h and a xes , a nd L eva l lo i s p roduc t s .

( 28 .7 % ) ( f ig .5 .28 ) . T he r ema in ing c o r tex a r ea s c ons is t o ft he f o l low ing :1 ) r i gh t d or sa l s i de , 1 8 .6% ; 2 ) l ef t d o r sa l s i de , 1 4% ; 3 ) b o t tom , 8 . 5% ; 4 ) s ame l ef t a nd r i gh t , 3 . 9% ; a nd 5 )

5 . 7 .3 - D or sa l s car s

p rox ima l e nd , 0 . 8% .

T he n umbe r o fs ca r s c oun ted o n f l ake d o r sa l s u rf aces r a nge s b e tween 0 a nd 7 . F igure 5 . 28 ( t op ) s hows t h a t t h e c or t ica l

When t h e t r end i nr i gh t -o r ien ted v e r sus l ef t -o r ien ted c or tex

d o r sa l f a ce a nd d o r sa l f a ce w i th o n ly o ne s ca r r e p re sen t t h e

c ommon p a t te rn w i th a f r equency o f 5 4 .14 % . T he l ef t s ide

o n s i de s o f f l ake s i sc ons ide red , t h e r i gh t -s ide i st h e mos t

h ighe s t f r equenc ie s w i th 2 5 .28 % a nd 2 3 .25 % , r e spec t ive ly .

c o r tex r e p re sen t 4 2 .85 % . T h is p a t tern i sc ons idered a s a n

T he f r equenc ies o f d o r sa l f a ces w i th 2 , 3 ,a nd 4 s c a r s v a ry b e tween 1 6 a nd 1 2% . T he d o r sa l f a ce s w i th h i gh n umbe r o f

i n d ica t ion o f r i gh t h and ine ss ( To th , 1 982 : 2 73) . I f t h is i n d ica t ion i s c or rec t , a s e xp la ined b y t h e e xpe r imen ta l

s ca r s ( b e tween 4 a nd 7 ) r ep resen t t h e l owe s t p ropor t ions ( b e tween 6 . 20 % t o 4 .65 % a nd 6 . 20% ) . O ve ra l l , t h e se

t e chno logy , i ta l so s ugges t s t h a t A in H anech h om in ids w ere

p a t te rns

v a l ida ted b y r e p l ica t ing t h e e n t i re r a nge o f A in H anech

i n d ica te t h a t e x t reme ly

h eavy

f l ak ing d id

p r ef e ren t ia l ly r i gh t -handed . Y e t , t h is a s sump t ion n eed t o b e

n o t

o ccu r red a tA in H anech .

a r t if ac t s . I n a dd i t ion , t h e e xpe r imen t s n eed t o b e c onduc ted b y s eve ra l f l in tk napper s .

W i th r e ga rd t o r o ck t ypes , as i gn if ican t d i f f e rence a ppea r s 7 3

M OHA MED SAHNOUN I

T he c or tex o n t h e b o t tom o f d o r sa l f l ake s ( d is ta l e nd ) i s

p opu la t ion s , g iven t h a t t h e l a te r g ene ra t ions ( t he l i gh ter

r e la t ive ly f r equen t . A cco rd ing t o r ep l ica t ive s t ud ie s , f l ake s

f l akes )a r ea l so p r esen t ;

w i th c o r tex o n b o t tom s i de o n t he ir d o r sa l f a ce r e p re sen t a s e cond g ene ra t ion o ff l akes , a nd s e emed t o b e p roduced b y

3 )F l in tw a s r e la t ive ly mo re h eav i ly f l aked t h an l i me s tone

f l ake s c rape r s ( To th , 1 982 : 2 73) . I n te res t ing ly , a t A in H anech t h e mos t c ommon p i eces w i th c or tex o n t h e b o t tom 5 . 8 - RETOUCHED P IECES ANALYS IS

s i de w e re m ade o ff l in t . F l in t w a s u sed f o r f l ake p roduc t ion a nd f l ake s c rape r s .

A t o ta l o f 1 92 r e touched p i eces w e re u nea r thed , 1 48 o f w h ich w e re a t A in H anech a nd 4 4 a t E l -Khe rba . T he i r

5 . 7 .6 - F lake s hape s

d e ta i led d e scr ip t ive a na ly s is i st he f o l low ing : T o h ave a n i n d ica t ion o f f l ake s hape s , t wo r a t io s w e re c a lcu la ted , n ame ly b r ead th / leng th ( B /L ) a nd t h ickne ss /b r ead th

( T /B ) .

T hese

r a t io s

w e re

p l o t ted

5 . 8 .1- D imens ions

a s

d i f f e ren t a x i s o n ag r aph . T hey i n d ica te t h a t i ng ene ra l A in

T ab le 5 . 15 d i sp lay s d imens ion f e a ture s o fr e touched p i ece s .

H anech a nd E l -Khe rba f l ake s hapes r a nge b e tween s hor t a nd

O ve ra l l , t h e r e touched p i ece s a r e r e la t ive ly s ma l l . Y e t , t h e re

t h in a nd r e la t ive ly l o ng a nd t h ick ( f ig . 5 . 31) . H oweve r ,

a r e s ome b i g a nd t h ick p i ece s , r e ach ing 8 6 mm o fl e ng th , 5 7

b e tween t h e se t wo e x t reme s hapes t h e re a r e f l akes w h ich a r e

mm o fb r ead th , a nd 3 1 mm o ft h ickne ss .

l o ng a nd t h in a nd s hor ta nd t h ick . T ab le 5 . 15 : R e touched p i ece s d imens ion f e a tures ( AH= A in A ccord ing t oe xpe r imen ta l f l ak ing , f l ake s hapes c o r re spond

H anech ; KH= E l -Khe rba ; T =T o ta l ) .

t o c a tego r ie s o f a r t if ac t ( To th , 1 982 : f i g . 6 . 4 : 2 75 ) . F o r e xamp le , f l akes p roduced b y f l ak ing A cheu lean f o rm s , s uch

D imen s ions

a s p i ck s , h and a xes , a nd f l ake s c raper s a r e s hor te r a nd t h inner .

T he

f l ake s

p roduced

b y

f l ak ing

c hoppe r s ,

L eng th

p o lyhed ron s , a nd c o re s c rape r s a r e r e la t ive ly l o nge r a nd t h icke r . H owever , t h e se c or re la t ions a r e n o t s e en i n A in H anech f l ake s . T h is m igh t b e d ue t o t h e v a r iab i l i ty i nr aw

B read th

ma ter ia ls . 5 . 7 .7 - F lake t ype s A s p re sen ted

i n t h e m e thodo logy s e c t ion ,

T h ickne s s

f l ake s w e re

S i te s

S td

M in

Max

1 48

3 0 .44

1 3 .14

1 3

8 6

KH

4 4

2 5 .86

8 . 62

1 0

4 9

T

1 92

2 9 .35

1 2 .4

1 0

8 6

AH

1 48

2 1 .39

1 0 .78

8

5 7

KH

4 4

1 8 .18

6 . 87

4

4 2

T

1 92

2 0 .65

1 0 .09

4

5 7

AH

1 48

9 . 58

4 . 77

4

3 1

KH

4 4

8 . 54

2 . 84

2

1 6

T

1 92

9 . 58

4 .43

2

3 1

5 . 8 .2 - B lank s ( i n i t ia l f orms )

d ep ic ted i n t h e f l ake p opu la t ion ( f ig . 5 . 32 ) . H oweve r , t h e f i r s tg ene ra t ions f r om It oI I , c ha rac te r ized b y c or t ica l b u t t s ,

O ve ra l l , t h e b l ank s o n w h ich t he r e touched p i ece s w ere

a r e t h e mo s t a bundan t ( 60 .5 % ) . T he r ema in ing g ene ra t ions

m anuf ac tu red a r e o f t wo t ypes ,

r ep resen t3 9 .5 % .

d eb i tage e l emen t s a nd

u n f laked b l ank s . T he d eb i tage e l emen t s r ep resen t 6 9 .8 % i n c lud ing , b y o rde r o f f r equenc ie s , t he f o l low ing c a tegor ie s

I n t e rms o f r aw m a te r ia ls , f l ake t ype f r equenc ie s c hange

( f ig . 5 . 37 ) :

s l igh t ly a cco rd ing t o t ypes o fr ock u sed ( f ig . 5 . 33 , t o p ) . F o r

1 )m isce l laneous f r agmen t s , 2 7 .1 % ; 2 )w ho le f l akes , 2 3% ; 3 )

f l akes made o fl ime s tone , t ype s I ,I ,a nd I I a r e s ubs tan t ia l ly

s napped f l akes ,

a bundan t t o ta l ing 3 1 % .T ypes I V , V , a nd V I a moun t t o

u nf laked

1 2 .99 % . L imes tone f l ake s o f t ype V I a r e n ea r ly a b sen t ( 0 .77 % ) . T h i s s ugge s t s t h a t h eavy f l ak ing o f l i me s tone

5 . 33 ,

1 . 6% . T he

i n corpo ra te t wo

1 8 .2 % .

T he s econd v a r ie ty

T he s t udy o fr e touched p i ece b l ank s s how s t h a t A in H anech h om in id s mod if ied n on s t e reo typed b l ank s i n c lud ing s eve ra l f o rms o f d eb i tage a nd c hunk s . T hese p a t terns s ugge s t t h e

When e ach a r chaeo log ica l l o ca l i ty i sc ons ide red a pa r t , a l t h e ( f ig .

a nd

a r e s omewha t l e ss f r equen tw i th 1 2% .

l imes tone , f l i n tw a s h eav i ly f l aked .

p resen t

3 0 .2 %

c ons is t s o f s ma l l f l a t p ebb le s o f t en made o f l imes tone , a nd

r e spec t ive ly . T hese p a t terns i n d ica te t ha t , i n c on t ra s t t o

a l so

a nd 4 ) s p l i t f l ake s ,

c ons t i tu te

v a r ie t ie s . T he f i r s t v a r ie ty i n c ludes m i sce l laneous c hunk s

p ropor t ion s o ft ype s I ,I , a nd I I a nd t ho se o ft ype s I V , V , a nd V I a r e n ea r ly t h e s ame , 2 9 .44 % v e r sus 2 7 .12% ,

a r e

1 7 .7 % ;

b l ank s

made o f f l in t r ep resen t ing

c obb les d i d n o t o ccur r . C oncern ing f l akes made o f f l in t ,

g ene ra t ions

Mean

AH

d iv ided i n to s i x t ype s ( f rom It o V I ) , b a sed u pon t h e ir b u t t s a nd d or sa l s u rf aces ( To th , 1 982 ) . Ove ra l l , a l l f l ake t y pes a r e

f l ake

N

o ppor tun is t ic

b o t tom ) .

a nd

e xped ien t

c ha rac te r s

o f A in

H anech

r e touched p i ece s .

However , f l ake s o ft y pe V I a r e r e la t ive ly s ub s tan t ia l a tE l K he rba .

5 . 8 .3 - R e touch i n c l ina t ion

T he f l ake t y pe a na ly s i s s ugge s t s t ha t : 1 ) I t s e ems t h a t f l ak ing o ccur red a t a r chaeo log ica l s i tes

T he re a r e t h ree k i nds o f r e touch i n c l ina t ion e ncoun te red i n

b ecause a l f l ake s t age s a r e r e p resen ted ;

t h e r e touched p i ece s ( f ig . 5 . 38 ) . T hey a r e b y o rde r : 1 )a b rup t r e touch ( s teep ) f o rms t h e mos t c ommon r e touch i n c l ina t ion w i th 5 1 .6% ; 2 ) s em i -ab rup t r e touch i si n s e cond p os i t ion

2 ) I td oe s n o t a ppea rt h a t w a te r a c t ion h ad a f f ec ted t h e f l ake

7 4

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

r e p re sen t ing 2 8 .6% ; a nd 3 ) s imp le r e touch a moun t t o 1 9 .8% . T he r e touch a ng le i s c ompa t ib le w i th t h ese i n c l ina t ion

d i f f e ren t ly r e touched e dge ( mu l t ip le r e touch e dges ) . A s c an

t r end s . T h is a ng le r a nges b e tween 4 8 a nd 10 d eg ree s w i th a

s c rape r s a nd

m ean o f8 0 .99 d eg rees .

r e spec t ive ly . T hree o t he r c a tego r ie s a r e r e la t ive ly f r equen t ,

When t h e r aw ma ter ia ls a r e c ons ide red , a l t h e r e touch i n c l ina t ions w e re p roduced f r equen t ly i n f l in t t h an i n

w i th 7 . 29% , a nd n o tches w i th 6 . 77% . L a s t ly , t h e c ommon

b e s e en i n f i gure 5 . 4 1 , t h e mos t a bundan t c a tego r ie s a r e d en t icu la tes t o ta l ing 5 0 .52 % a nd

2 2 .39% ,

i n c lud ing e nd -sc raper s w i th 1 0 .4 1% , mu l t ip le r e touch e dges t y pes i nt h e L a te P a laeo l i th ic , s uch a s a w ls a nd b ur in s , a r e

l i me s tone . T he i r f r equenc ie s a r e t h e f o l low ing : t h e a b rup t

e x t reme ly r a re r e p resen t ing 1 . 56 a nd 1 . 04 % , r e spec t ive ly . I n

r e touch i s 8 0% i n f l in t a nd 2 0% i n l i mes tone ; t h e s em i -

t e rms o f r aw ma ter ia ls , a l l t ypes o f r e touched p i ece s w e re

a b rup t r e touch i s7 2 .7 % i nf l in t a nd 2 7 .2 i n l ime s tone ; a nd

made n ea r ly e qua l ly w i th l imes tone a nd f l in t( f ig . 5 .4 2 , t op ) .

t h e s imp le r e touch i s8 2 .6 % i nf l in ta nd 1 7 .3 i nl i mes tone . When A in H anech a nd E l -Kherba r e touched p i ece s t ype s a r e c ompa red t o e ach o ther , i ta ppea r s t h a t s c rape r s a nd e nd -

I ti sh a rd t o i n f e r t h e c or rec t i mp l ica t ions o f t h ese r e touch i n c l ina t ions p a t terns w i thou t a n i n -dep th f unc t iona l a na ly s is . None the le ss , T hey may s i gn if y t h a t t h e r e touched p i ece s

s c rape r s w e re s l igh t ly more a bundan t a tA in H anech t h an a t E l -Khe rba , 5 4 .72% v e r sus 3 6 .36% , a nd 1 2 .83 % v e r sus

w e re n o tp e rf ormed f o rt a sk s n ecess i ta t ing v ery s ha rp e dge s .

2 . 27 % , r e spec t ive ly ( 5 .42 , b o t tom ) . B ur ins a nd a w l s a r e p r esen t o n ly a t A in H anech . D en t icu la tes , n o tches , a nd

5 . 8 .4 - R e touch p o s i t ion

mu l t ip le r e touched e dge s a r e n ea r ly t w ice i mpo r tan t a t E l K he rba t h an a tA in H anech . T h is c ompa r ison d i d n o t s how

A s e xp la ined i n t h e m e thod s e c t ion , t h e r e touch may h ave

d i s t inc t ive t r ends i ne ach a s semb lage .

d i f f e ren t p o s i t ions d epend ing o n w h ich s u rf ace o ft h e b l ank 5 . 9 - MISCELLANEOUS FRAG MENTS

i ti sl o ca ted . T he a na ly s is o ft h is a t t r ibu te s how s c l ea r ly t h a t t h e mos t f r equen t r e touch p o s i t ion i st h e d i rec t r e touch w i th

I na dd i t ion t ov a r ious c a tego r ies o fa r t if ac t s , A in H anech a nd E I -Khe rba a s semb lage s i n c lude m isce l laneous f r agmen t s .

5 9 .9% (o n t h e d o r sa l s u rf ace ) ( f ig . 5 . 39 , t op ) . T he o t he r r e touch p o s i t ions a r e b y o rde r : 1 ) m ixed o r b i f ace r e touch ( on b o th t h e d o r sa l a nd v en t ra l s u rf ace ) , 1 6 .1 % ; 2 ) i n ve r se

A l though t h ese f r agmen t s a r e c ons idered a s w a s te d eb r is r e su l t ing

r e touch ( on t h e v en t ra l s u rf ace ) , 1 .5 % ; a nd 3 )a l te rn r e touch ( a l terna t ing b e tween t h e d o r sa l a nd v en t ra l s u rf ace ) , 8 . 9% .

f r om

a r t if ac t

manuf ac tu re ,

t h ey

m ay

p rov ide

v a luab le t e chno log ica l i n forma t ion . O ne h und red e i gh ty e i gh t f r agmen t s w e re r e cogn ized . B a sed

5 . 8 .5 - R e touch e x ten t

u pon

t h e ir

t e chno log ica l

f e a ture s ,

t h ese

m i sce l laneous

T he mos t c ommon r e touch e x ten t i st h e ma rg ina l r e touch

f r agmen t s a r e d i v ided i n to s eve ra l s ub -ca tego r ies ( t ab le

( e x tended

5 . 16 ) .

t o

a bou t

f ew

m i l l ime te r s

f r om

t h e

e dge )

T hey

a r e

b y

o rde r o f f r equenc ies :

1 ) i n f orma l

r e p resen t ing 6 7 .56 % . T he d eep r e touch c umu la tes 2 6 .35% .

f r agmen t s , 7 2 .23 % ; 2 ) s napped f l akes ,

1 2 .23 % ; 3 ) s p l i t

T he r ema in ing r e touch e x ten t , n ame ly v e ry ma rg ina l a nd

c obb le s /pebb les , 1 0 .10% ; a nd 4 )s p l i tf l akes , 5 . 3% .

v e ry d eep a r e n o t s ubs tan t ia l r e p re sen t ing 4 . 72 % a nd 0 . 67% , r e spec t ive ly ( f ig . 5 . 39 , b o t tom ) .

T he f r equenc ie s o ft h e m isce l laneous f r agmen t s w i th in e ach a r chaeo log ica l l o ca l i ty i n d ica te m ino r d i f f e rences b e tween

5 . 8 .6 - R e touch l o ca t ion

A in H anech a nd E l -Kherba . I nf orma l f r agmen t s a ppea rt ob e s l igh t ly n ume rous a t E I -Khe rba . T he s napped f l ake s a r e

T he r e touch i s c ommon ly l o ca ted o n t he l a te ra l s i de o f b l ank s w i th 5 3 .1 % . N ea r 2 2% o ft h e r e touch a r e l o ca ted o n

n ea r ly t w ice i mpo r tan t a tA in H anech t han E l -Kherba . A lso ,

t h e d i s ta l s i de . T he re a r e a l so 1 5 .6% o f

a t A in H anech p robab ly d ue t o h i gh n umbe r o f f l aked

s p l i t c obb les made o f l imes tone a r e s evera l t ime s n ume rous

p i ece s t h a t w e re

r e touched b o th l a te ra l ly a nd d i s ta l ly . V ery f ew e l emen t s

c obb le s r e cover ed a t t h is s i te . I ti s l i ke ly t h a t t he se s p l i t

w e re r e touched o n a l l s i des .

c obb le s c ons t i tu ted a n a t temp t f o rf l ak ing l imes tone c obb les .

5 . 8 .7 - R e touch d e l inea t ion

I nt e rms o fr aw ma te r ia ls , 5 7 .7 % o ft h e f r agmen t s a r e m ade o f l i mes tone . T hose made o f f l in t r e presen t 4 1 .8 % . T he

T h ree m a jo rd e l inea t ions w e re r e cogn ized . T hey a r e b y o rde r

i n c rea sed f r equency o f l imes tone f r agmen t s s e ems t o b e

( f ig . 5 . 40 ) : 1 ) r e c t i l inea r r e touch , 6 2 .5 % ; 2 ) d en t icu la te r e touch , 2 7 .08 % ; a nd 3 ) n o tch , 8 . 85 % . I n a dd i t ion t o t h ese

m agn if ied b y t h e i n c luded n umbe r o f s p l i t c obb le s . I n om i t t ing t o c oun t t h is s ub -ca tego ry , t he f r equenc ie s o f l i mes tone a nd f l in tf r agmen t s a r e n ea r ly t i ed .

t h ree t ypes o f r e touch , t h e re a r e f ew p i eces t h a t b ea r d e l inea t ions c omb in ing e i the r r e c t i l inea r w i th d en t icu la te o r r e c t i l inea rw i th n o tch .

O vera l l , t h e d imens ions o fm isce l laneous f r agmen t s s ugge s t t h a t t h ey a r e r e la t ive ly s ma l l a nd t h ick . T he m eans o f t h e l e ng th , b r ead th , a nd t h ickness a r e 3 9 .47 mm , 2 7 .86 mm , a nd

5 . 8 .8 - C a tegor ie s o fr e touched p i ece s

1 5 .93 mm , r e spec t ive ly . T he p rom inen t v a lue o ft h ickne s s i s S i x c a tego r ie s o f r e touched p i eces w e re r e cogn ized . T he se c a tego r ie s a r e : s c rape r s , e nd -sc rape r s , d en t icu la tes , n o tche s ,

c e r ta in ly d ue t ot h e i n c lus ion o fs p l i tc obb les .

a w l s , a nd b ur ins . I n a dd i t ion t o t h e se f o rm s , t h e re i s a c a tego ry t h a t i n c lude s p i ece s c ha rac te r ized b y mo re t h an o ne

7 5

M OHA MED SAHNOUN I

n o t a b le t of l ake t h e p l anned n umbe r o fc o re s . A l though 5 0

T ab le 5 .1 6 : F requenc ies o fm isce l laneous f r agmen t s .

f l in t c obb le s w e re c o l lec ted , o n ly 4 w e re f l aked . T he ref ore , F ragmen t s

A in H anech N %

E l -Khe rba N %

T o ta l N %

I nf o rma l f r agmen t s

1 00

6 8 .49

3 6

8 5 .7 1

1 36

7 2 .34

S napped f l ake s

2 0

1 3 .69

0 3

7 . 14

2 3

1 2 .23

S p l i tf l ake s

0 8

5 . 47

0 2

4 . 76

1 0

5 . 31

S p l i tc obb le s

1 8

1 2 .32

0 1

2 . 38

1 9

1 0 . 1

T o ta l

1 46

1 00

4 2

1 00

1 88

1 00

a st h e n umbe ro fe xpe r imen ta l f l in t c o re s i si n app ropr ia te f o r c ompa r ison , t h ey a r e n o tc ons ide red i nt h is s t udy . An umbe r o fv a r iab le s w e re c ons ide red i nt h e a na ly s is . T hey a r e t h e f o l low ing : 1 )D imens ion s i n c lud ing l e ng th , b r ead th , a nd t h ickne ss w e re t a ken o n l i mes tone c obb les p r ior t o a nd a f t er f l ak ing . T hen , r a t ios o f b r ead th / leng th a nd t h icknes s /b read th w e re c a lcu la ted t od e term ine c ore s hapes ; 2 ) We igh to fc o re s ;

I n a dd i t ion t o f l ake s b e low 2 c m o f l e ng th , t h e p r e sence o f t he se v a r iou s f r agmen t s i n d ica tes t ha t f l ak ing o ccur red a tt h e

3 )C la s se s o ff l aked c o re s ;

a r chaeo log ica l s i te s ( chap te r 4 , s e c t ion 4 . 6 .2 ) . T hey a l so

4 )Numbe ra nd w e igh to ff l akes a sw e l l a st h e ir d imens ion f o r

s ugges t

s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion ;

t h a t

A in

H anech

h om in ids

m igh t

e ncoun te red

o b s tac les i nf l ak ing b o th l ime s tone a nd f l in t .

5 ) C la ss if ica t ion o f f l akes i n to 6 t ype s a s d ef ined b y T o th ( 1982 ) ( s ee t h e m e thod , t h is c hap te r ) .

5 . 10 - EXPER I MENTAL ANALYS IS L imes tone a nd f l in t c obb le s w e re c o l lec ted a t A in H anech f r om d i sman t led c ong lome ra te s . T he se c ong lome ra te s w e re

E xpe r imen ta l t e chno logy i s av a luab le a pp roach f o r s ound u nder s tand ing o fs t one a r t if ac t a s semb lages l ef t b y h om in ids

v ery l i ke ly t h e s ou rce o f r aw ma te r ia l s f o r e a r ly h om in id s ,

a t a r chaeo log ica l s i tes ( J ones , 1 979 ; T o th , 1 982 ) . When

w hen t h ey f o rmed r i ve rb eds o ccur r ing i nt h e a r ea . Wh i le t h e

e xper imen ta l

t e chno logy

i s

c omb ined

w i th

l i mes tone c obb le s a r e r ema rkab ly a bundan t , t hose made o f

c a ref u l

f l in t a r e a ppa ren t ly s ca rce a nd l im i ted t o i s o la ted l o ca t ion s .

e xcava t ions o f t h e s i te a nd a ccura te a na ly s is o f t h e l i t h ic

T he mo s t a va i lab le f l in t p ebb les a r e b l ack l i ke b i tumen a nd

r ema in s , i tl e ad s t o v a luab le b ehav iora l i n f e rence s o n e a r ly a nd

i n b ad q ua l i ty . T h in s e c t ion a na ly s is o f l i mes tone c obb les

e x t rac t ion , manuf ac ture , u se a nd t r anspor t o fs t one a r t if ac t s ,

f r om t h e c ong lome ra te s a nd a r chaeo log ica l s pec imen s w a s

h om in id

a c t iv i t ies ,

i n c lud ing

r aw

ma te r ia l

s ource s

l a nd u se , o rgan iza t iona l s k i l ls a nd c ogn i t ive a b i l i t ie s ( To th ,

u nder taken b y D r D . O ber t ( S t ruc tura l G eo logy D epa r tmen t ,

1 987 ) .

U n iver s i ty o f P i er re e t Ma r ie C ur ie , P a r i s , F rance ) . T he p e t rog raph ic a na ly s is i n d ica tes t h a t b o th s amp les a r e o f

I tw a s w i th in t h is s p ir i t t ha t a n e xpe r imen ta l a na ly s is w a s

s im i la r f a c ie s a nd w e re f o rmed d ur ing t h e U ppe r C re taceous

u nder taken a t A in H anech . T he e xpe r imen t s c ons is ted o f

( Sahnoun i , 1 987 : 4 4 ) .

r ep l ica t ing

a s

s im i la r

a s

p oss ib le

t h e

l i t h ic

ma te r ia ls T he r a t io s o f b r ead th / leng th ( B /L ) a nd t h icknes s /b read th

( exc lud ing t h e r e touched p i eces ) , a nd c ompa r ing i tw i th t h e a r chaeo log ica l s amp le . T he g oa ls t ob e a ch ieved b y c a r ry ing

( T /B ) w hen p l o t ted a ccord ing t ot h e Z ingg s y s tem , s how t ha t

o u tt h is s t udy w e re t h e f o l low ing :

t h e c obb le s c o l lec ted f o rt h e e xpe r imen ta t ion i n c lude v a r ious s hapes , b u t t h e b u lk o f t h e s pec imens a r e i n t h e r a nge o f

1 ) C on t r ibu t ing t o t h e a s se ssmen t o f A in

s phe re ( f ig . 5 . 50 ) . T he mean v a lue s o ft h e se r a t ios a r e 0 . 81

H anech s i te

a nd 0 . 74 , r e spec t ive ly .

f o rma t ion ;

5 . 10 .2 - R esu l t s

2 ) B e t te ru nde r s tand ing o ft h e l i t h ic t e chno log ies r e p re sen ted a tt h ea r chaeo log ica l l o ca l i ty o fA in H anech ;

T ab le 5 . 17 s how s t h e s t a t is t ica l s umma ry o fr e p l ica ted c o re s . 3 )A scer ta in ing wh ich s t ages o ft h e l i t h ic s equence r e duc t ion

I n t e rms o f d imens ions , t h e means o f l e ng th , b r ead th , a nd

a r e p r ef e rab ly r ep resen ted o r m iss ing i n t h e s t one a r t if ac t

t h ickness

a s semb lage , a nd t h e ir b ehav io ra l i mp l ica t ions .

r e spec t ive ly . T he m ean w e igh tv a lue i s5 42 .83 g rams .

a r e

8 8

mm ,

7 3 .38

mm ,

a nd

5 8 .36

mm ,

W i th r ega rd t o c o re t ype , t h e r e su l ted c l as ses f o r e ach

5 . 10 .1- E xper imen ts

r educ t ion mode a r et h e f o l low ing : T he e xpe r imen ta t ion c on s is ted o f r ep l ica t ing t h ree d i f f e ren t

1 )U n if ac ia l f l aked c o res ( = u n if ac ia l c hoppe r s ) : 3 3% u s ing

r educ t ion mode s . T hey i n vo lved t h e f l ak ing o f3 3 l i me s tone c obb les f o r e ach r e duc t ion a ccord ing t ot h ree g radua l e x ten t s o f f l ak ing , n ame ly l i gh t , mode ra te , a nd h eavy . A f our th

l i gh t ly f l aked r e duc t ion mode ( f ig . 5 . 51 , t op ) ;

r educ t ion mode w a s s upposed t o i n vo lve t h e t r imm ing o f3

2 ) B if ac ia l f l aked c o res ( b if ac ia l c hoppe r s ) : 4 1% u s ing modera te ly f l aked r e duc t ion mode ( f ig . 5 . 51 , b o t tom ) ;

c obb le s m ade o f f l in t . H oweve r , b ecause o f t h e r a renes s o f g ood q ua l i ty o ff l in t c obb les i nt h e A in H anech a r ea , Iw a s 7 6

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE M AGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

3 ) P o lyhed rons a nd s ubsphe ro ids : 2 6% u s ing h eav i ly f l aked

I n t e rms o f s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion , t h e c urve r e semb le t h e o ne

r educ t ion mode ( f ig . 5 . 52 ) .

p roduced b y S ch ick ( 1986 ) i n h er e xpe r imen t s u s ing o t he r r aw m a te r ia ls .

T he

t h ird

r educ t ion

mode

w a s

i n tended

t o

p roduce

p o lyhed rons a nd s ub sphe ro id s . Y e t , 2 5 p o lyhed ron s a nd

5 . 10 .3 - C ompar ison w i th t he a rchaeo log ica l s amp le

s ubsphe ro id s a nd 8 b i f ac ia l f l aked c obb les w e re p roduced . T he

8 b i f ac ia l

f l aked

c obb les

w e re

n o t

o b ta ined

a s

T he

p o lyhed rons f o r t h ree r e a sons . T he f i r s t r e a son w a s t h a t a t

c ompa r ison

o f

r e p l ica ted

ma te r ia l

w i th

t h e

c er ta in f l ak ing s t ages s ome c obb le s d id n o tp rov ide as u i tab le

a r chaeo log ica l s amp le r evea ls s im i la r i t ie s w i th r e spec t t o c o re s hape a nd d i f f e rences r ega rd ing b o th c o re c a tego r ies

a ng le f o r c on t inu ing t h e f l ak ing . T he s e cond r e a son w a s t h e

a nd f l ake t ype s . I nt e rms o fs hape , f i gu re 5 . 53 d i sp lay s ap lo t

p hy s ica l p roper t ies ( ha rdne ss ) o f t h e se l i mes tone c obb le s . T hey d id n o t p erm i t t o r emove o f mo re f l akes i n o rde r t o

o f B read th /Leng th a nd T h ickness /Bread th r a t io s o f b o th a r chaeo log ica l c o res a nd e xpe r imen ta l o ne s . T he b u lk o f

r ep l ica te p o lyhed rons a nd s ubsphe ro ids . T he t h i rd r e a son

b o th

w a s my i n ab i l i ty ( l ack o fs k i l l ) t o r ep l ica te s uccef u l ly t h ese

s p ec imen s f a l l i nt h e r od s hape . B o th s amp le s s how as t rong

c o re f o rms .

c o r re la t ion b e tween t h er a t io s( R2= 0 . 96 f o re ach c a tego ry ) .

s amp les a r e

i n t h e r a nge

o f s phe re s hape .

F ew

I nt e rms o fd imens ions , t h e e xpe r imen ta l c o res a nd t h e a c tua l T he e dge a ng le o f t h e e xpe r imen ta l c o res i s o b tuse . T he

o nes a r e c l ose ( t ab le 5 . 17 ) . Means f o r l e ng th , b read th , a nd

mean f o r a l l t h e c o re s i s1 00 .53 d eg ree s . T he mean f o r e ach

t h icknes s a r e r e la t ive ly s im i la r . A l though t h e a r chaeo log ica l

r educ t ion mode a r e 9 7 .09 d eg ree s f o r t h e u n if ac ia l c o re s , 1 02 .2 d eg rees f o r t h e b i f ac ia l c o res , a nd 1 03 .3 d eg ree s f o r

c o res i n c lude v ery f ew p i ece s w e igh ing o ve r2 000 g ram s , t h e

t h e mu l t if ac ia l c o re s .

g rams ) .

At o ta l o f 1 073 f l akes > 2 c m o fl e ng th w e re r emoved . T he

S ome d i sc repanc ie s a r e n o ted i n c o re c l a sses a nd f l ake

n umbe r s o ff l akes f o re ach r educ t ion mode a r et h e f o l low ing : 1 71 f l akes f o r t h e l i gh t ly f l aked c obb les , 3 59 f l akes f o r t he

p opu la t ion s . T he a r chaeo log ica l f l aked c obb le s i n c lude 1 5% o f u n if ac ia l

a nd

modera te ly f l aked c obb les , a nd 5 43 f l akes f o r t h e h eav i ly

p o lyhed rons

a nd

e xpe r imen ta l

s amp le ,

e xpe r imen ta l

f l aked c obb les . T he u n if ac ia l c o res h ave s ma l l n umbe r s o f f l akes ( a n a verage o f5 . 18 p e r c ore ) . T he b if ac ia l c o re s h ave

c o re s

a r e

h eav ier

b i f ac ia l

f l aked

s ub sph ro ids . t h e

( 542 .83

c obb les I n

u n if ac ia l

v e r su s

a nd

4 66 .13

8 0%

c on t ra s t , a nd

b i f ac ia l

i n

o f t h e

f l aked

c obb le s r ep resen t 7 4% , a nd p o lyhed rons a nd s ubsphe ro id s

modera te n umbe r s o ff l akes ( a n a ve rage o f1 0 .87 p e rc o re ) .

2 6% . T h is s ugge s t s t ha t t h e A in Hanech h om in id s f r equen t ly

L a s t ly , t h e h eav i ly f l aked c obb les h ave h igh n umbe r s o f

f l aked t h e l ime s tone c obb les . A l though t h e c o re a ng le i sh igh i nb o th s amp le s , i ti s mo re o b tuse i nt h e a c tua l c o re s , 1 02 .52

f l akes w i th a n a verage o f 1 6 .45 p e r c o re . T he max imum

v e r sus 1 06 .8 d eg rees .

d imen s ion o ft h ese f l akes r anges b e tween 2c m a nd 1 c m . T ab le 5 . 17 : C ompa r i son o fd imens ion s , w e igh t , a nd e dge a ng le b e tween e xpe r imen ta l c o res a nd a r chaeo log ica l o nes . A rchaeo log ica l c ore s

E xper imen ta l c ore s

Max

Mean

S td

4 4

1 37

8 3 .6

1 5 .9

4 1

9 7

7 227

1 2 .6

6 8

2 6

9 4

5 9 .13

1 3 .95

2 47 .83

6 8

1 00

2 400

4 66 .13

3 20 .58

1 .32

6 8

7 1

1 30

1 05 . 1

1 2 .7 1

M in

Max

Mean

S td

N

M in

9 9

5 9

1 27

8 8 .03

1 3 .05

6 8

9 9

4 5

1 06

7 3 .38

1 .12

6 8

T h ickne s s

9 9

3 0

8 5

5 8 .36

1 .14

We igh t

9 9

1 75

1 300

5 42 .83

E dge a ng le

9 9

7 0

1 24

1 00 .53

D im en s ion s

N

L eng th B read th

T ab le 5 . 18 : E xpe r imen ta l a nd a r chaeo log ica l f l ake p opu la t ions . A r chaeo log ica l f l ake s

R ep l ica ted f l ake s >4cm N %

A l l

F lake

>2cm %

2 1

3 8 .18

1 3

3 9 .39

8

3 6 .36

3 0 .53

1 0

1 8 . 18

6

1 8 .18

4

1 8 .18

9 4

1 3 .35

8

1 4 .54

4

1 2 .12

4

1 8 .18

2 . 43

1 4

1 . 98

6

1 0 .90

3

9 . 09

3

1 3 .63

6 8

1 8 .42

1 45

2 0 .59

9

1 6 .36

6

1 8 .18

3

1 3 .63

1

2 . 98

7 4

1 0 .51

1

1 . 81

1

3 . 03

0

0

3 69

1 00

7 04

1 00

1 00

3 3

1 00

2 2

1 00

F l ake

t ypes

2 46

2 2 .92

8 4

2 2 .76

1 62

I

3 90

3 6 .34

1 75

4 7 .42

2 15

I I

16

1 0 .81

2 2

5 . 96

I V

2 3

2 . 14

9

V

2 13

1 9 .85

V I

8 5

7 . 92

T o ta l

1 073

o f

N

2 3 .0 1

I

c ompa r i son

>4cm N %

%

N

1 00

A l l N

t yp es

T he

%

>2cm N %

f l ake

p opu la t ion

5 5

b e tween

t h e

I a nd

I V

a r e

o ver rep resen ted

i n

t h e

d i f f e ren t r e p resen ta t ions o ff l ake t ypes i ne ach s amp le ( t ab le

a r chaeo log ica l s amp le w h i le t h e t ype I i so ve rwhe lm ing ly p r esen t i nt h e e xpe r imen ta l s amp le . T he t ype V I d ep ic t s n ea r

5 . 18 a nd f i g . 5 . 54 ) . W i th t h e e xcep t ion o f t ypes I l a nd V , a l lo the rf l ake g ene ra t ions s how i mpor tan td i sc repanc ie s .

9% i nt h e r ep l ica ted s amp le wh i le i ti sl e ss t han 2% i nt h e a c tua l a s semb lage . L a s t ly , t h e e xpe r imen ta l s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion

a r chaeo log ica l s amp le a nd t h e e xpe r imen ta l o ne r e vea ls

7 7

MOHAMED S AHNOUN I o nt h et r ansve r sa l e dge o ft h is w ho le f l ake . O ne i s mea tp o l i sh ,

c u rve d oe s n o tr e semb le t h e a r chaeo log ica l o nes , b u tt h is w a s a l ready e xp la ined i nt h e p r ev ious c hap te r( s ec t ion 4 . 6 .2 ) . I n

c onc lus ion

t o t h e

e xpe r imen ta l

a na ly s is ,

t wo

l o ca ted o nt h e v en t ra l f a ce ( b u lba ra spec t ) a tt h e l e f tp a r to ft h e e dge ( f ig . 5 . 55 ) , r e f lec t ing s of t a n ima l t i s sue . T he o t he r i sa

ma in

b one p o l i sh o n t h e d o r sa l f a ce a tt h e r i gh t p a r t o f t h e e dge a t te s t ing t o o l a c t ion , s uch a sc u t t ing a nd /o r s l ic ing ( f ig . 5 . 56 ) .

i n f e rences c an b e made : 1 ) A in H anech h om in id s p r ima r i ly f l aked p o lyhed rons a nd

T he

s ubsphe ro ids c h ief ly f o r f l ake p roduc t ion . H oweve r , t h e r aw ma te r ia ls w e re n o t c omp le te ly e xhaus ted . I ti s l i ke ly t h a t

AH93 /L6 /LF3 /900 1 i sa l so a w ho le f l ake a nd made o f d a rk

l imes tone

mm , a nd 7mm , r e spec t ive ly . A n i n de te rm ina te b i la te ra l p o l i sh i si d en t if ied o n t h e l a te ra l s i de o ft h is v e ry f r e sh s harp f l ake a s w e l l a sa n e dge d amage o n i t st r ansve r sa l s i de ( f ig . 5 . 57 ) . T he

c obb le s

i n f luenced

t h e

manuf ac ture

s e cond

u sed

l i t h ic

p i ece ,

c a ta logued

a s

b r own f l in t . I t s l e ng th , b r ead th , a nd t h ickne s s a r e 4 1 mm , 3 1

o f t h ese

a r t if ac t s . A s e xper ienced i nt h e r ep l ica t ion t oday , t h is t ype o f r aw ma te r ia l p r esen ted s ome o bs tac les t o e a r ly h om in ids , i n c lud ing l a ck o f s u i tab le f l ak ing a ng le , a nd i n f lex ib i l i ty i n

l a s t

s pec imen

( A .H .93 /L 1/LA5 /20 )

i s a d en t icu la te l ike

r emov ing f l akes a nd s hap ing c o re s .

r e touched f r agmen t , m ea su r ing 4 0 mm , 3 1 mm , a nd 1 6 mm i n

2 ) A s f ound i nK oob i F o ra ( To th , 1 982 ; a nd 1 987 ) , t r anspor t

l o ca ted o n t h e r e touched s i de r e f lec t ing ap o s s ib le mea t p o l i sh

o f a r t if ac t s m igh t h ave o ccur red a ccro ss t h e A in H anech l a ndscape i no rde rt op e rf o rm d ive r se b ehav io ra l t a sk s .

( f ig . 5 . 58 ) . T he t o o l a c t ion w a sn o td e term ined o nt h is p i ece .

l e ng th , b r ead th , a nd t h ickne s s , r e spec t ive ly . T he u t i l ized p a r ti s

T h ree c onc lu s ion s a r e d r awn f r om t h i s p r e l im ina ry m ic rowea r 5 . 11- MICRO WEAR ANALYS IS

a na ly s is . T he f i r s t c onc lus ion i n d ica te s t h a t t h e s i te o f A in H anech w a s n o t d i s turbed g eo log ica l ly . T he c ond i t ion o ft h e l i t h ic p i ece s b ea r ing w ea r p o l i she s a r e v e ry f r e sh , s ugge s t ing

M ic rowea r s t ud ies o n a r t if ac t s h ave b ecome a s ou rce o f v a luab le b ehav io ra l a nd s ub s i s tence i n f orma t ion i nP a laeo l i th ic

t h a t t h e s t one a r t if ac t s w e re b ur ied r a p id ly , a nd mak ing i t

a r chaeo logy ( Semenov , 1 964 ; A nde r son , 1 980 ; K ee ley , 1 980 ) . T he se k i nd o fs t ud ie s a l low a r chaeo log is t s t om ake i n f e rence s

u n l ike ly t h a t t h ey s uf f e red h yd rau l ic d i s tu rbance s ( s ee a l so

r ega rd ing h ow v a r ious t y pe s o f s t one a r t if ac t s w e re u sed b y t h e i r t oo l -make r s . F o r i n s tance , i th a s b een d emons t ra ted t ha t

A in H anech s t one a r t if ac t s w e re u sed f o r f ood p roce s s ing , i n d ica t ing t h a tm ea tw a s ac omponen t o fa n e a r ly h om in id d i e t

d i f f e ren t k i nd s o f p o l i she s o n s t one t o o l c o r re spond t o d i s t inc t ive f unc t iona l a c t iv i t ie s ( Kee ley , 1 980 ) . B a sed u pon

b y b o th w ho le f l ake s a nd r e touched p i ece s . T h i s i n d ica te st h a t

c hap te r4 ) . T he s e cond c onc lus ion c ons is t so ft h e e v idence t h a t

l i v ing i nt h is a r ea . I na dd i t ion , s of ta n ima lt i s sue w a sp roce ssed

e xpe r imen t s , K ee ley w a s a b le t o d i sce rn t h e p o l ish l e f t o n a n

f l ake sw e re a si mpor tan ta so t he rO ldowan s t one a r t if ac t s , s u ch

a r t if ac tu sed f o r mea tc u t t ing f r om t h a tu sed f o rw ood w o rk ing .

a s

u n if ac ia l

&

b i f ac ia l

f l aked

c obb le s ,

p o lyhed ron s ,

s ub sph ro id s , a nd s phe ro id s . S im i la r e v idence h a s a l so b een B ecau se t h e r e cen t e xcava t ion s a tA in H anech h ave y i e lded a c ons ide rab le q uan t i ty o fs t one a r t if ac t s made o ff l in t , w h ich i s

r e po r ted i ns t udy ing m ic rowea ro n K oob i F o ra f l ake s ( Kee ley a nd T o th , 1 981) .

v e ry s u i tab le r aw ma te r ia l f o rf unc t iona l s t ud ie s , ap r e l im ina ry 5 . 12 - SYNOPS IS

m ic rowea r a na ly s is w a s u nder taken . T h is p r e l im ina ry s t udy w a s c onduc ted h e re i n B loom ing ton b y P rof e s so r L aw rence K ee ley

f r om

t h e

D epa r tmen t

o f A n th ropo logy

F i gu re 5 . 59 d i sp lay s

a t t h e

i n a s yn the t ic s cheme a s equence

U n ive r s i ty o fI l ino is a tC h icago . E leven p i ece s made o ff l in t

r e duc t ion , s how ing h ow A in H anech s t one a r t if ac t s w e re

w e re s e lec ted b y K ee ley f o r o b serva t ion , 9o fw h ich a r e f r om t h e l o ca l i ty o fA in H anech a nd 2 f r om E l -Khe rba . T hey w e re

t e chno log ica l ly

c l eaned

w i th

a mmon ia -ba sed

d e te rgen t ,

1 0%

d e s igned .

T he

r aw

ma te r ia ls

u sed

a r e

l i me s tone a nd f l i n t , l i ke ly c o l lec ted f r om s t ream g rave l b a r s f l ow ing w i th in A in H anech a r ea . I n t e rms o fs hape , t h e r aw

s o lu t ion

h yd roch lo r ic a c id ( HCL ) , a nd 1 0% s o lu t ion p o ta s s ium h yd rox ide ( KOH ) . T hey w e re e xam ined w i th a b r igh t -f ie ld

ma ter ia ls

i l um ina t ion m ic roscope a t 1 00 -500 m agn if ica t ions ( O lympus

w e r e f l aked f o r b o th c o re f o rms d es ign a nd f l ake p roduc t ion .

BH M m e ta l lu rg ica lm ic ro scope ) .

A cco rd ing t o ag radua l e x ten t o f f l ak ing , f i ve c a tego r ie s o f f l aked

O ve ra l l ,

i n corpo ra ted

t h ree

v a r ie t ie s .

T he

f i r s t

v a r ie ty

c ons is ted o ft h ick l i me s tone c obb le s . T he se l i me s tone c obb le s

c obb le s o r c o re f o rm s

w e re

p roduced ,

i n c lud ing

u n if ac ia l f l aked c obb le s , b i f ac ia l f l aked c obb le s , p o lyhed ron s ,

m ic ro scop ic o b se rva t ions i n d ica te t h a t t h e g ene ra l Y e t , s ome

s ubsphe ro ids , a nd s phe ro id s . T he c a tego ry o fh eavy s c rape r s

i n c lude n a tura l e dge

m ay a l so b e i n corpo ra ted w i th in t hose c o re f o rms . T he

d amaged v e ry l i ke ly d ue t o t r amp l ing ( Kee ley , p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . T he r aw m a te r ia ls c ons is ted o f o pa le scen t

w ho le f l ake s , s p l i t a nd s napped f l ake s , a nd i n f orm f r agmen t s

c ond i t ion o f t h e l i t h ic p i ece s a r e v e ry f r e sh . s pec imens a r e s l igh t ly a b raded a nd

d eb i tage r e su l t ing f r om f l ak ing t h e l i me s tone c obb les i n c luded

f l in t , s ome o f w h ich a r e v e ry f o ss i l if e rous , a nd mo s t c or tex

a sw e l l . S ome o ft h e se c on sequen t f l ake s a nd f r agmen t s w e r e

s hows r aw c l a s t sw e re p a r t ia l ly r o l led s ma l l c obb les .

t r an sf ormed i n to d i ve r se k i nds o fr e touched p i ece s , p r ima r i ly s c rape r s , n o tche s ,a nd d en t icu la tes .

O f 1 l i t h ic p i ece s , 3s pec imens b ea r p o l ishes a t te s t ing t ot h e i r u t i l iza t ion . F our a r t if ac t s d i d n o t a ppea r t o h ave b een u sed ,

T he s e cond v a r ie ty o fr aw m a te r ia l w a s s ma l l f l in tp ebb le s(

1=Mo re t h an 1s ca r L =L inea rb u t t

1 1 11 1 1 1 1 11

4 0

1P =Punc t i fo rm

Air

a u 2 3 0

ME N

2 0

1 0

M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ar r

0 1 T ypes o fB u t t

F requenc ies o fB u t tS cars B ased o n R aw Ma ter ia ls 3 5

•0 =Co r t ica l 1 =One s ca r

3 0

•> 1=Mo re t han 1s ca r E lL =L inea r

2 5

▪P =Punc t i fo rm

1 2 0 a ) a ) a

1 5 1 0 5 0 1

2 1 :L imes tone ; 2 :F l in t

F igu re 5 . 26 : F requenc ie s o fb u t ts ca r s ;t op :a l l b u t t s( n=129 ) ; b o t tom : b a sed o nr aw ma te r ia ls ( n= 129 ) .

9 5

M OHA MED SAHNOUN I

F requenc ies o fN umber o fS cars

IC or t ica l E l 1S ca r 0 2S ca rs E I 3S ca rs 4S ca rs 05 S ca rs 6s ca rs I n 7S ca rs

1 N u mber o fS cars

F requenc ies o fN umber o fS cars B ased o n R aw Ma ter ia ls 1 3C o r t ica l

2 5

E l 1S ca r 0 2S ca rs 2 0

E l 3S ca rs E l 4S ca rs 0 5s ca rs

1 5

1 2 I 6S ca rs C I 7s ca rs

a .

1 0

5

2

1 1 :L imes tone ; 2 : F l in t

F igu re 5 . 28 : F requenc ie so fn umbe ro fs c a r so nf l ake d o r sa l f a ce ;t op : a l l ( 129 ) ;b o t tom : b a sed o nr aw ma te r ia l s ( n= 129 ) .

9 6

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

F requenc ies o fS car P a t tern ing E lA l l C o r tex 5 0

71

RU n id i rec t iona l 1 3B id i rec t iona l

4 57 4 03 5

I n te rsec ted

/

E lT ransve rsa l I L OC res t

2

E lR ad ia l

3 0 - Z 2 57 2 0 1 5— ' 1 0 -7 5 j0 1

S ca r P a t te rn ing

F requenc ies o fS car P a t tern ing B ased o n R aw Ma ter ia ls E lA l l C o r tex IU n id i rec t iona l

E lB id i rec t iona l E lI n te rsec ted •T ransve rsa l •C res t

E lR ad ia l

2

1

1 :L imes tone ; 2 :F l in t

F igu re 5 . 29 : F requenc ie so fs ca rp a t te rn ing ;t op :a l ( n= 129 ) ; b o t tom :b a sed o nr aw m a te r ia l s ( n= 129 ) .

9 7

MOHA MED SAHNOUN I

A rea o fC o r tex o n F l ake D o rsa l F ace

N I N one R i gh t L ef t B o t tom L e f t &R i gh t P rax ima l

A rea o fc o r tex F i gu r e5 . 30 : F r equen c ie so fa r ea o fc or tex o nf l ak ed o r sa l f a ce .

F l ak e S hape s 2 . 20 e l v

2 . 10 2 . 00 1 . 90 1 . 80 -

+

1 . 70

.

1 . 60

A in H a i led ' E l -Khe rba

1 . 50 1 . 40 1 . 30

D /L

1 . 20

+

1 . 10

+ 1 . 00

+4 -

0 . 90 . 4 -

0 . 80

++

0 . 70

+ 4 -

4 4 +

0 . 60

e

+

+'

4

0 . 50

• +

0 . 40

+

t + 44

+

' 4 •42 _ 2_ ,

4 -

0 . 30 0 . 10

0 . 15 0 . 20

( th in )

0 . 25

0 . 30

0 . 35

0 . 40

0 . 45

0 . 50

1 1 1 / 1 3

0 . 55

0 . 60

0 . 65

0 . 70 0 . 75

0 . 80

0 . 85

0 . 90

( 1-h i ck )

F igu re 5 . 31 : S hape so fA in H ane ch & E l -Khe rba f l ake s ,b a sed o nB r ead th /L eng th & T h ickne s s /B r ead th c o r r e la t ion s .

9 8

0 . 95

T ypes f r om It oV 1

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

-

/ A

F igu r e 5 . 32 : F r equenc ie so ff l ake t y pe s .

, e

9 9

MOHAMED S AHNOUN I

F requenc ies o fF l ake T ypes P e rcen t

2 2-

B ased o n R aw Ma te r ia ls ( n129 )

2 0 1 8

—

L ime s tone

1 6F l in t

1 41 21 086 42 0

I t

I

T ypes

F r equenc ies o fF l ake T ypes P e rcen t2 9

B ased o nA rchaeo log ica l L oca l i t ies ( n= 129 )

2 72 52 3-

—

2 1 -

A in H anech -E I -Khe rba

1 91 7 1 5 1 3 1 9753

I

I

I V

V

V I

T ypes

F igu r e5 . 33 :F requenc ie so ff l ake t y pe s ;t op :b a sed o nr aw ma te r ia l s ;b o t tom : b a sed o n a r chaeo log ica ll o ca l i t ie s .

1 00

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC O F THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

0

I BM

3 cm

F i gu re 5 . 34 : E xamp le so fl ime s tone f l ake sf r om A in H ane ch ( d rawn b yC .G uena te f F i l lah ) .

1 01

MOHA MED SAHNOUN I

0

I BM

3 cm

F igu r e5 . 35 : E xamp le so fl i me s tone f l ake sf r om A in H anech ( d rawn b yC .G uena te f F i l lah ) .

• • •

0

3 cm

F igu r e5 . 36 : E xamp le so ff l i n tf l ake sf r om A in H anech ( d r awn b y C .G uena tef F i l lah ) .

1 02

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

F requenc ies o fT ypes o fB l ank

• Whole flakes F ragmen ts S napped

/Spilt

N a t u ra l b l anks

T ypes o fb l ank F i gu r e5 . 37 :F r equen c ie so ft y pe so fb l a nk ( n o te t h ei mpo r tan tf r equency o fn a tu ra l b l ank s ) .

R e touch I n c l ina t ion ( n= 19 2 ) ( 2 9% )

( 2 0% )

• Simple S em i -ab rup t A b rup t

( 5 1% )

F i gu r e5 . 38 : F r equen c ie so fr e touch i n c l ina t ion .

1 03

MOHAMED S AHNOUN I

R e touch P os i t ion P e rcen t6 8

o e a ;

( n192 )

1 0

6 3 5 8

U Direct

5 3 4 8

•

-

i n ve rs

4 3 .

M ixed

3 8

A l tem

3 32 8 2 3-

c r;

1 8 1 3

0 6 1

8 3 T ypes o fp os i t ion

R e touch E x ten t ( n= 192 )

V e ry ma rg ina l

•

M a rg ina l

D eep V e ry d eep T o ta l

c o .

T ypes o fe x ten t

F igu re 5 . 39 : F requenc ie s o fr e touch p o s i t ion ( t op ) a nd r e touch e x ten t ( bo t tom ) .

THE LO WER P ALAEOL ITH IC O F THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

R e touch D e l inea t ion ( n= 192 )

P e rcen t 68 6 3 5 8 5 3

R ec t i l inea r

4 8

D en t icu la te

4 3

N o tch

3 8 3 3 2 8 2 31 81 3 8 3 T ypes o fd e l inea t ion F igure 5 . 40 : F r equenc ie s o fr e touch d e l inea t ion .

C a tego r ies o fR e touched P i eces P e r cen ts o5 5-

( n= 192 )

e i ( D .

5 0S c rape r 's

4 5

E nd -Sc rape rs

4 0

D en t ic u la tes

3 5-

N o tchs

3 02 5-

Aw ls

2 0-

B u r ins

1 5-

M u l t ip le r e touched

1 050 C a tego r ies F igu re 5 . 4 1 : F r equenc ie s o fc a tego r ie s o fr e touched p i ece s .

1 05

MOHAMED S AHNOUN I

C a tego r ies o fR e touched P i eces B ased o n R aw Ma te r ia ls ( n192 )

P e rcen t5 55 0

—

4 5-

L i me s tone

4 0

F l in t

3 5

1 :S crapers

3 0

2 : End-Scraper s 3 : Den t icu la tes

2 5

4 : No tchs

2 0

5 : Aw ls

1 5

7 : Mu l t ip le r e touched e dges

6 : Bur ins

1 05

N.

0

3

1

4

5

6

7

C a tego r ies

C a tego r ies o fR e touched P i eces P e rcen t

6 5-

B ased o nA rchaeo log ica l L oca l i t ies ( n= 192 )

6 05 55 0

—

4 5

-- A in H anech

4 0

B o th l o ca l i t ies

E l -Khe rba

3 5

1 :S craper s

3 0-

2 : End-Scrapers

2 5

3 : Dent icu la tes 4 : No tc l is

2 0-

5 : Aw ls

1 5

6 : Bur ins

1 0

7 : Mu l t ip le r e touched e dges

51

2

3

5

8

7

C a tego r ies

F igu re 5 . 42 : F requenc ie so fc a tego r ie so fr e touched p i ece s ; t op b a sed o nr aw m a te r ia l s ; b o t tom :b ased o na r chaeo log ica ll o ca l i t ie s .

1 06

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC O F THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

0

3 cm

F i gu r e5 . 43 : E xamp le so fr e touched p i ece s m ade o fl ime s tone f r om A in H anech ( d rawn b yC . G uena tef F i l lah ) .

0

3 cm

F i gu r e 5 . 44 : E xamp le so fr e touched p i eces m ade o ff l in t f r om A in H anech ( d rawn b y C G uena tef F i l lah ) .

1 07

MOHA MED SAHNOUN I

0

3c m

F i gur e 5 . 45 : E xamp le s o fr e touched p i eces m ade o ff l i n t f r om A in H anech ( d rawn b y C . G uena tef

1 08

THE LO WER P ALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

• Z t. "

. _

C

C J

1 7 : 3 0 ,

o r .)

= 0 Z.: C / L 7 t ) , 5

X

1 09

C J

MOHAMED S AHNOUN I

10

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

L IMESTONE COBBLE SHAPES •

D ISCS

S PHERES

.• •

. •

• • •

t • • •

•

•

•• •

• ••

•• • •••

•

BLADES

• • t ••

•

: •

RODS

. 8

. 5

BLA 1 B LA 1=B rea th / l .eng th R a t io T BA 1= T h ickness /B rea th R a t io

F i gu r e5 . 50 : S hape so fe xpe r imen ta ll im e s tone c obb le ,b a sed o nB read th /Leng th & T h ickne s s /Br ead th r a t io sc o r r e la t ion .

1

0

W IZ

3 cm

2 F i gu r e5 . 51 : E xpe r im en ta lf l aked l i m e s tone c obb le s ; 1 :u n if ac ia lm ode ,2 :b i f ac ia l m ode ( d rawn b yC .G uena te fF i l lah ) .

11

1 0

MOHA MED SAHNOUN I

0

3c m

F igu r e 5 . 52 : An e xpe r imen ta l mu l t ifac ia l f l aked c obb le ( d rawn b yC .G uena tef F i l lah ) .

B read th /Leng th & T h ickness /Bread th R a t ios C or re la t ion A rchaeo log ica l C o res v s E xpe r imen ta l Co res 1 . 0

•

•

s ]

..

.

•, ,

7 ] 6

••

+

. • e „:.• . . t . .. . . +

• •

•

•. „. ?, . .1 . : . • . •

•

• •

•

.

. •

• t •

•

4

. •.• . .

• .

• O

.•

.

•` +

•

•• .

.

' -

+ , . t ,

0

• TB •

+

•

B L

. 5 -

• TBB1 . 4 . 4

B LB1 . 5

. 6

. 7

. 8

. 9

1 . 0

T E /BL=A rchaeo log ica l c o res T EB 1/ 1 3LB1=Exper imen ta l c o res

F igu r e 5 . 53 : S hape s o fa r chaeo log ica l &e xp er imen ta lc o re s ,b a sed o nB r ead th/Leng th & T h ick ness /Bread th r a t io sc o r re la t ion .

12

1 1

THE LO WER P ALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

13

MOHA MED SAHNOUN I

,

i

F igu re 5 . 55 : Mea tp ol i sh o nt h ev en t ra lf a ce o f af l ake m ade o fb rown f l i n t ( AH93 /G 1/GA2 /17 ) ( X .100 ) .

14

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

% .

1

F igu re 5 . 56 : B one p o l i sh o nt h ed o r sa lf a ce o f af l ake m ade o fb rown f l i n t ( AH93 /G 1/GA2 / 17 )( X .100 ) .

15

MOHA MED S AHNOUN I

F igu re 5 . 57 : I nde te rm ina te b i la te ra lp ol i sh o nt h el a te ra l s i de o f af l ake m ade o fb l ack f l i n t( AH93 /L6 /LF3 /9001) ( X .100 ) .

16

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

F igu re 5 . 58 : P os s ib le m ea tp o l i sh o n ad en t icu la te l ike r e touched f r agmen t made o fb rown f l i n t( AH93 /L1 /LA5 /20 )( X .100 ) .

17

L I MESTONE

RAW

CHERT

MATER IALS

P EBBLES CHERT

CHUNKS

MOHA MED S AHNOUN I

4

. 4 . i e _

118

C hap te r6 : GENERAL CONCLUSIONS H e re a r e r epor ted t h e r e su l t s o f 1 992 -1993 a r chaeo log ica l

1 976 ; H . d e L ume ley e ta l . , 1 988 ) , a nd 3 ) I s er n ia L a P ine ta

i n ve s t iga t ion s u nde r taken a tt h e L owe r P a laeo l i th ic s i te o f

i nc en t ra l I t a ly d a ted t o Ma tuyama R ever sed C h ron , r ough ly b ef o re 0 . 78 mya ( Co l to r i e ta l . , 1 982 ) .

AM H anech i n n o r thea s tern A lge r ia . T he se h ave i n vo lved s u rvey a nd mapp ing o f A in H anech a r ea , s t udy o f t h e s t ra t igraphy , d a t ing , n a ture o ft h e a s soc ia t ion b e tween s t one a r t if ac t s a nd f a una , c omp rehens ive s t udy o f s t one a r t if ac t s ,

A in H anech e v idence a l so a l lows f o r s pecu la t ion o n t h e

m ic rowea r a na ly s i s , r ep l ica t ive i n ve s t iga t ions o f l ime s tone c o re sf ound a tt h e s i te , a nd o ve ra l l b ehav io ra l i mp l ica t ions o f

Homo h ab i l i s

t h e a r chaeo log ica l o ccur rence s .

Homo e rec tus ma te r ia l i st h e s ke le ton o f KN M -15000 f r om

B a sed o n t h e se a r chaeo log ica l i nve s t iga t ions , t h e f o l low ing

Na r ioko tome I I i n Wes tT u rkana i nn or ther nK enya d a ted t o 1 . 6 mya ( Brown e ta l . 1 985 ) . S ince A in H anech o ccur rences

t e n ta t ive c onc lus ion s a r e p roposed .

a n teda te t h e e me rgence o f Homo e rec tus , i ti sp robab le t ha t

6 . 1- HU MAN ANT IQU ITY I N THE MAGHREB AND

Homo h ab i l i s s ensu l a to w a s c apab le o f p ene t ra t ing i n to Nor th A f r ica . H oweve r , h ow w e l l t h is h om in id s pec ies w a s

THE S PREAD OF EARL IEST HO M INIDS

a dap ted t o e ndu re t h is j our ney , c ons t i tu tes a r e a l b a r r ier t o

T he s i te o fA in H anech i sa mong t h e o l de s t a r chaeo log ica l

s uppor t ing t h is p o s tu la t ion . T he b es t a n swe r t o t h ese s pecu la t ions i st or e cove rh om in id r ema in s a t AM H anech .

i d end i ty o f t he s pec ie s t ha t c o lon ized Nor th A f r ica , e . g . o r Homo e rec tu s .

Homo

h ab i l i s

h ad

a

l o ngev i ty , r ang ing b e tween 2 . 3 a nd 1 . 5 mya . T he o ldes t

o ccu r rence s i n Nor th A f r ica . A l though r e cen t ly s ome d oub t s w a s r a ised o n t h e E a r ly P l e i s tocene a ge o f t h e C a sab lanca

6 . 2 - S ITE CONTEXT

s equence a r chaeo log ica l h o r izons ( s ee c hap te r 1 , s e c t ion 1 . 3 .2 .3 ) , t h e A in H anech e v idence r e aff i rm s a nd s t reng then s

C on t ra ry t o wha t h a s b een c ommon ly a s sumed , A in H anech

t h e r emo te h uman a n t iqu i ty i n t h e Magh reb . T he h uman p r e sence i nt h i s p a r to ft he A f r ican c on t inen t may g o b ack t o

o ccur rence s w e re n o t s econda ry d epo s i t ion . A l l t h e c ons ide red e v idence , i n c lud ing t h e s ed imen ta ry ma t r ix ,

1 . 8 m i l l ion y ea r s a go ,

mak ing i tv e ry l i ke ly t h e s e cond

p hy s ica l a nd d i spo s i t ion o ft h e a r chaeo log ica l ma ter ia l s how

r eg ion a f t e rE a s t a nd S ou th A f r ica t oh ave b een i n hab i ted b y

c l ea r ly t h a tt h ese o ccur rences w e re m in ima l ly d i s tu rbed . T he

e a r l ies t h om in id s . T h is d a te s ugges t s a n e a r l ie r s p read o f H anech e v idence f i t sr e la t ive ly w e l l i nt h eg ene ra l ly a ccep ted

a r chaeo log ica l ma te r ia l a ccumu la ted c on t inuous ly a nd b u r ied r a p id ly i n f i ne -g ra ined s ed imen t s d ue t o l ow e ne rgy f l ow . T he ref o re , A in H anech o ccur rences a r e a pp rop r ia te f o r

s c ena r io , r ega rd ing h om in id e xpan s ion i n to t h e n o r thern

e a r l ies th om in id b ehav iora l s t ud ies i n Nor th A f r ica .

h om in ids i n to Nor th A f r ican t h an c ommon ly a s sumed . A in

h em i sphe re . A cco rd ing t o t h is s cena r io , e a r l ie s t h om in id s c o lon ized t h e E u roa s ian l a ndma s s b ef o re 1 . 5 mya , v e ry

F rom am e thodo log ica l p o in t o f v i ew , t h i s i st h e f i r s t t ime

l i ke ly u s ing t h e M idd le E a s t c or r ido r l i nk ing A f r ica t oA s ia .

t h a t i n qu i ry i n to s i te f o rma t ion p rocesses h ave b een f u l ly

I ndeed , t h e o l des t p resence o f h om in id s o u t o f A f r ica i s

i n teg ra ted i n Nor th A f r ican L owe rP a laeo l i th ic s t ud ie s . I th a s b ecome s t anda rd p rocedu re t o i d en t if y t he d i f f e ren t a genc ie s

d ocumen ted b y t h e s i te o f U be ideya i n J o rdan V a l ley o f I s rae l ( Ba r -Yosef , 1 980 ; a nd 1 987 ; B a r -Yocef a nd G o ren , 1 993 ; G o ren , 1 981) , d a ted t o 1 . 0 mya o r b ef o re ( Thernov ,

p l ay ing a r o le i n t h e f o rma t ion o f as i te p r io r t o a ny a r chaeo log ica l i n terp re ta t ion o fc oncen t ra t ion f o s s i l r ema in s

1 987 ) . E a r ly h om in ids e xpanded s ho r t ly t h e reaf te r i n to t h e

a nd s t one a r t if ac t s . H opef u l ly , f u ture p rog re s s w i l l c on s ider

r ema in ing A s ian l a nd . Y e t , t h e re a r e c l a ims s ugge s t ing t h a t t h is c on t inen t w a s o ccup ied much e a r l ie r , b e tween 2 a nd 1 . 8

t h i s i mpor tan t c ons t i tuen t o fa r chaeo log ica l i n ve s t iga t ion s t o

mya . T hese c l a ims a r e b a sed u pon

f i nd ing s , s uch a s Dman is i Homo e rec tu s r ema ins f r om G eo rg ia ( da ted b e tween

1 . 8 a nd

i n terp re t a s o b jec t ive a s p oss ib le t h e c u l tu ra l e ven t s , a nd t o i n teg ra te No r th A f r ican P a laeo l i th ic A rchaeo logy i n to a

1 ) r e cen t h om in id

modern r e sea rch s t anda rd .

1 . 6 mya ) ( Gabun ia &

V ekua , 1 995 ) a nd E a r ly r ep resen ta t ive s o ft h e g enus H omo

6 . 3 - THE OLDO WAN OCCURRENCES

( H . h ab i l i s o r H . e rga s ter ) r e cove red i n L uggupo C ave i n C h ina ( da ted b e tween 1 . 96 a nd 1 . 78 mya ) (Wanpo e t a l . ,

R ecen t a r chaeo log ica l i n ves t iga t ion s a tt h e s i te o fA in H anech

1 995 ) ; a nd 2 ) r e cen t d a t ing s o ft h e H . e r ec tu s r ema ins f r om

y i e lded , f o rt h e f i r s tt ime i nt h e Magh reb , ac ohe ren t O ldowan

J ava ( 1 .81 mya ) ( Denne l l e ta l . , 1 988 ; S w i sher e ta l . , 1 994 ) ,

a s semb lage s im i la r t o t ho se r e cove red i n E a s t A f r ican P l io -

H owever , t h e s t rong e v idence c omes f r om N ihewan s i te i n

P l e i s tocene s i te s , e . g . O lduva i B ed Ia nd L owe r B ed I a nd K oob i F o ra s i tes . At e chno log ica l s t udy o ft h e se o ccu r rence s d i sce rned a nd d e sc r ibed t h e O ldowan c ha rac te r o f t h e AM

No r ther n C h ina d a ted a pp rox ima te ly b e tween 0 . 78 mya a nd 1 . 07 mya ( Sch ick a nd Z huan , 1 993) .

H anech a s semb lage . T he se a r et h ef o l low ing : L ikew i se , E urope wou ld h ave b een o ccup ied l a te r t han 1 . 0 As imp le t e chno logy

mya . T he re a r e t h ree s i te s a l l l o ca ted i ns ou ther n E urope t h a t s uppo r t t h is a s sump t ion . T hese

i n c lude :

1 ) t h e

s i te o f

A tapue rca n ea rB u rgo s i nS pa in , whose o l des ta r chaeo log ica l

T he A in H anech a r t if ac t a s semb lage d i sp lay s am in imum

d epos i t s a r e d a ted n ow t oa pp rox ima te ly 1 . 0 mya ( Ca rbone l l ,

t e chno log ica l d e s ign . T he a s semb lage c omp r i se s t wo ma in

p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) , 2 ) L e V a lonne t C ave n ea r N ice

g roup s o fa r t if ac t s . T he f i r s t g roup r e p re sen t s c o re s a nd f l aked

( Sou thern F rance ) d a ted t o t h e J a ram i l lo Norma l S ubch ron ,

c obb le s . T he s e cond g roup i n c lude s f l ake s a nd f r agmen t s

r ough ly b e tween 0 . 97 a nd 0 . 9 mya ( H .de L ume ley , 1 975 ,

e x t rac ted f r om t h e f i r s t . A s p o in ted o u t b y T o th ( 1985 ) , t h is

19

MOHAMED S AHNOUN I t e chno log ica l d e s ign r e qu i re s s ome s imp le a nd f undamen ta l k now ledge , s uch a s 1 ) c o l lec t ing s u i tab le r aw m a te r ia l s , 2 )

B en i F ouda b a s in . F u tur e i n ves t iga t ions w i l l f o cu s o n t h ese c a lc re te d epos i t s t o l o ca te a nd s t udy A cheu lean o ccupa t ion

d e te rm in ing a n a pp rop r ia te f l ak ing a ng le o n t h e p i ece o fr o ck ,

p a t terns .

3 ) l o ca t ing a p rope r p e rcus s ion p o in t o n c o re s , a nd 4 ) p e rf o rm ing as u i tab le f o rce t or emove f l ake s .

Ap re l im ina ry e xam ina t ion o ft h e r e cove red b i f ace s i n d ica te t h a t t h ey a r e c r ude r t h an t hose f r om t h e s i te o f T ighen if

L ow d egree o fs t andard iza t ion

( f ormer ly T ern if ine ) c ons idered t o i lu s t ra te t h e M idd le A cheu lean i nt h e Magh reb ( Ba lou t e ta l . , 1 967 ) , a nd d a ted t o

T he

l ow

d eg ree

o f s t anda rd iza t ion

i s r ef lec ted

b y

t h e

0 . 7 mya a c co rd ing t o n ew i n ves t iga t ions ( Ge raad s e t a l . , 1 986 ) . T h i s i mp l ies t h a t A in H anech b i f aces m igh t b e o l der , r e p resen t ing a n e a r l ie r p ha se o f t h e A cheu lean c u l tu re i n

f l uc tua t ing e x ten t o ff l ak ing o fc o re f o rms , a nd b yt h e c a sua l ty i n r e touch ing f l ake s a nd f r agmen t s . T he c o re f o rms w e re f l aked v a r iab ly , u s ing d i f f e ren t d eg ree s o ft r imm ing . T hey d o

Nor th A f r ica . T hus , A in H anech a r ea o f f e r s a n e xcep t iona l o ppor tun i ty t o e xp lo re s ucces s ion t r end s o f O ldowan a nd

n o t s how as t anda rd t e chno logy u sed f o r m anuf ac tu r ing a r t if ac t s a s k nown , f o r e xamp le , i n t h e M idd le a nd U ppe r

A cheu lean c u l ture s i nN or th A f r ica .

P a laeo l i th ic . T he r e touched p i ece s c l ea r ly l a ck u n if o rm i ty a nd 6 . 5 - SUBSISTENCE

r egu la r i ty . T hey w e re r e touched s o i regu la r ly t h a t i ti sa r duous t od i sce rn b e tween t h ed i f f e ren tc a tego r ie s . An e xped ien tt e chno logy

B ecause o n ly p re l im ina ry e xam ina t ion o f b one a s semb lage h a s b een u nder taken , a tt h i s p o in t , i ti sp rema tu re t o d i scus s

Wh i le t h ef l aked c o re sa nd t h ec onsequen td eb i tage m igh th ave

s ubs is tence p a t terns . H oweve r , p re l im inary e v idence i n d ica te t h a t a n ima lt i s sues l i ke ly c ons t i tu ted as i gn if i can tp a r t o fA in

b een s ub jec t o f as imp le c u ra t ion , Is t rong ly b e l ieve t h a t t h e

H anech h om in id s ub s is tence . B one s b e long ing t o s eve ra l

u nf laked r e touched e l emen t so fA in H anech a s semb lage r ef lec t

a n ima l s pec ie s w e re r e cove red , s uch a s e qu id s , s ma l l a nd

a n e xped ien t t e chno logy . T he i r mod if ica t ion i n to s imp le t oo l s

l a rge b ov id s , h ippo , a nd e l ephan t .

w a s a c onsequence o f a n

i mmed ia te

n eed .

A p l aus ib le

One a n ima l s pec ie s

i s t h a t e a r ly

a ppea r s t o d om ina te t h e a s semb lage , i . e . e qu id s . Manuf ac tu red a r t if ac t s w e re u sed f o rp rocess ing t h e se a n ima l

h om in id s u nexpec ted ly w ou ld h ave e ncoun te red ac a r ca ss f o r

c a rca sse s , i n c lud ing m ea t c ut t ing a nd b one w o rk ing . When

m ea t p roce ss ing wh i le d i s tan t f r om r aw m a te r ia ls s ou rce s , e . g . l i mes tone c obb le sa nd f l in tp ebb le s . T oa vo id c ompe t i t ion w i th

mo re c omp le te a n ima l b ones a r e a va i lab le , d e ta i led s t udy w i l l b e c a r r ied o u t f o r d ocumen t ing s ub s i s tence p a t te rns ,

c a rn ivo r es , f o r i n s tance , t h ey w ou ld h ave t r ansf o rmed b r ie f ly

r e ga rd ing

s ma l l l ump s o fs t one a va i lab le i nt h e i mmed ia te v i c in i ty , u sed t h em f o rt h en eeded t a sk , a nd a bandoned t h em a f t erwa rd s .

c onsump t ion p a t terns , a nd b r eak ing b ones f o r ma r row .

s c ena r io ,

i l us t ra t ing s uch b ehav io ra l e ven t ,

t h e

s t ra tegy

e mp loyed

f o r

m ea t

a cqu i s i t ion ,

6 . 6 - S ITE I NTERPRETAT ION Oppor tun i sm H ow c an t h eA in H anech s i te b e i n terpre ted ?Wa s i tah ome b a se , c en t ra l f o rag ing p l ace , s t one c ache , o r ap lace w he re

T he o ppo r tun ism i s r ef lec ted b y p a t te rn s o f l e a s t e f f o r t p a lpab le i n s ome o f t h e c o re f o rm s , e .g . s ub sphe ro id s a nd s phe ro id s , r e touched p i ece s , a nd u t i l iza t ion o f

a r t if ac t s w e re d i sca rded ? T he " home b a se" mode l wa s p roposed b y t h e l a te G l . I s aac ( I saac , 1 978 ) . A ccord ing t o

u n re touched

f l ake s . W i th t h e e xcep t ion o ft wo s pec imens t h a t w e re s haped a ss phe ro id s n ea r ly w i th i n ten s ive f l ak ing , a l o t he rc o re f o rms ,

t h is mode l ,A rchaeo log ica l s i te s o f" Type C " , i n corpora t ing a

p a r t icu la r ly s ubsphe ro ids , s t i l l r e ta in r e s idua l a r ea s o fc or tex .

o fs t one a r t if ac t s , r e f lec t ac amp s i te u sed b ye a r ly h om in id a s

T h i s i mp l ie s t h a t e a r ly h om in id s w ou ld h ave c o l lec ted l i me s tone c obb les , d i sp lay ing p r ed ispo sed s phe r ica l s hape , a nd

w ou ld

f l aked t h em a cco rd ing t oi mpe ra t ive f o rms d e s i red t oo b ta in .

c onsum ing f ood w i th o t he rm embe r so ft h e s oc ia l g roup a f t e r

d i ve r s i ty o ff a una l s pec ies r ema ins a s soc ia ted w i th av a r ie ty af oca l p o in t t o o rgan ize t h e i r a c t iv i t ie s . T he se a c t iv i t ie s i n c lude

manuf ac tu r ing

a r t if ac t s ,

s ha r ing

a nd

f o rag ing , d i v id ing l a bo r b a sed o n s ex , a nd e xchang ing T he a s sump t ion o fl e a s te f f or tm ay a l so b e s ugge s ted b yt h e c ha ra te ro ft h er e touched p i ece s .A in H anech h om in id s

i n f orma t ion . T he h ome b a se m igh t b e e i the r as i ng le d u rab le

r e touched n o to n ly w ho le f l ake sb u tt h ey a l so mod if ied a v a r ie ty o fb l ank s , i n c lud ing b roken f l akes ( s p l i ta nd s napped

c a r r ies

f l ake s ,a nd i n f orm f r agmen t s ) , a nd u n f laked c hunk s . T hey a l so

( I saac , 1 984 ) .

l o ca t ion o rb r ief o ccupa t ion . B ecause t he h ome b a se c oncep t m odern

h uman

e l abo ra te

s oc ia l

a c t iv i t ies

c onno ta t ions , i th a s b een r ebap t ized " cen t ra l p l ace f o rag ing"

u t i l ized b o th w ho le f l ake sa nd r e touched p i ece sf o rf ood A s a n a l ter na t ive t oh ome b a se c oncep t , i nh i s s t udy o fe a r ly

p roce s s ing .

h om in id a c t iv i t ies a t O lduva i , P o t t s p roposed " s tone c ache 6 . 4 - THE ACHEULEAN OCCURRENCES

h ypo the s is" t o e xp la in t h e c oncen t ra t ion o f f o s s i l a n ima l

T he A in H anech i n ve s t iga t ions d emon s t ra ted d ef in i te ly t ha t

h ypo the s is , e a r l ies t a r chaeo log ica l s i tes a r e s een a s l o ca t ion s

b ones a nd s t one a r t if ac t s ( Po t t s ,

1 988 ) .

B a sed o n t h is

w i th

i n w h ich h om in id s d epo s i ted l i t h ic ma ter ia ls t o u se f o r

O ldowan ma te r ia ls . T hey a ppea rt or ep resen t al a te r p ha se o f

p roces s ing a n ima l c a rca sse s . T h is wou ld h ave g iven t wo

t h e

A cheu lean

o ccur rences

w e re

n o t

a s soc ia ted

h om in id o ccupa t ion . B if aces w e re f ound w i th in t h e c a lc re te

a dvan tage st ot h e h om in ids : 1 )t h e a va i lab i l i ty o fa r t if ac t s f o r

h ighe r u p i n t h e A in H anech s t ra t ig raph ic s equence . T hese

t h e q u ick u s e i nf ood a cqu is i t ion , p r e se rv ing e ne rgy t r an spor t

c a lc re te d epos i t s a r e n o tab ly p r e sen t i nt h e s ou the rn p ar t o f

b e tween

1 20

r aw

ma te r ia l

s ources

a nd

l o ca t ions

o f mea t

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

p roces s ing ;

2 )

t h e

a vo idance

o f

c ompe t ing

p r eda to r s

s t ud ied .

R ecen t i n ves t iga t ions h ave j u s t e s tab l i shed t h e

a t t rac ted b ya n ima l c a rca sses .

f ounda t ions f o r l o ng t e rm a r chaeo log ica l e xp lo ra t ion s i nt h is

T he d i sca rd b ehav io ra l mode l i s s ugges ted b y K . S ch ick

k ey s i te f o r h uman e vo lu t ion , a nd e spec ia l ly t he t ime a nd n a ture o ft h e s p read o fe a r ly h om in id s o u t o fA f r ica . F u ture

( 1987 ) . T h is e xp lana t ion s e es P l io -P le i s tocene a r chaeo log ica l

p rog ress i nt h is s i t ew i l l i n c lude t h e f o l low ing :

s i te s a s ab y -p roduc t o f t r anspor t a nd d i sca rd b ehav io r s o n s pec if i c l o ca l i t ie s , i n vo lv ing t r anspor t , u se , a nd d i sca rd o f a r t if ac t s

a t

f ood

p a tche s .

A cco rd ing

t o

t h is

a ) C onduc t ing c omp rehens ive g eo log ica l s t udy o f t h e B en i F ouda b a s in d epo s i t s ;

mode l ,

a r chaeo log ica l s i tes e xh ib i t e xceed ing r a te o fi mpor ted l i t h ic ma te r ia ls a s ac onsequence o f h ab i tua l b ehav io ra l t r anspor t

b )R ef in ing t h e p a leomagne t ic a na ly s is i no rder t op u tA in

o fa r t if ac t s f o rf r equen t s ub s is tence n eeds .

H anech s t ra t ig raph ic s equence i n ar eg iona l a nd u n ive r sa l c hrono log ica l f r amewo rk ;

A in H anech c oncen t ra t ion o fa n ima l b ones a nd s t one a r t if ac t may n o t c onf orm t h e mode ls r e la ted a bove . I tc an b e s e en

c ) S urvey ing i n d ep th t h e r eg ion t o l o ca te a nd s t udy t h e A cheu lean o ccur rences ;

n e i the ra s" home b a se" n o ra sc en t ra l p l ace f o rag ing . T he s i te o f A in H anech d oes n o t s e em t o h ave b een a c en t ra l p l ace b ecause p r e l im ina ry d a ta i n d ica te t h a t i tw a s ap a r t o f a p a leo landscape

s y s tem ,

i n c lud ing

s eve ra l

d )U nder tak ing ap a leo landscape a r chaeo logy i n ves t iga t ions ;

a r chaeo log ica l

l o ca l i t ies e . g . E l -Khe rba , E l -Be idha . I n a dd i t ion , a s p o in ted

e ) E xpand ing t h e a r chaeo log ica l e xcava t ions i n i t ia ted i n

o u t b y s e ve ra l a u tho r s i n o the r s t ud ies , c omp lex s oc ia l

1 992 a nd 1 993 t o r e cove r ma te r ia ls f o r f u r the r b ehav io ra l s t ud ies ;

a c t iv i t ies i mp l ied b y t h e h ome b a se mode l may n o t b e s ub s tan t ia ted

a r chaeo log ica l ly

a mong

P l io -P le is tocene

h om in ids .

f )C a r ry ing o u t c omp rehens ive f auna l a na lys is f o r v a r iou s a ims , i n c lud ing b io s t ra t ig raphy , p a leoeco logy , a nd

T he " s tone c ache" mode l may n o t b e a pp l ied t oA in H anech

s ubs is tence .

s i te . A in H anech a r t if ac t a s semb lage i n c luded a n e xped ien t t e chno logy

c omponen t

p o ten t ia l i ty

o f d e l ibera te

t h a t

d oes

c ache

n o t o f

c or robo ra te

l i t h ic

t h e

ma te r ia ls

t o

m in im ize t r anspor tc os ta nd a vo id c arn ivo res . T he A in H anech s i te may s ha re s ome s im i la r i t ies w i th t h e b ehav iora l d i sca rd o fa r t if ac t s s ugges ted b y S ch ick . I ndeed , f l ake p opu la t ions r e co rded i nt h is s i te d i sp lay d i sc repanc ie s wh ich m ay b e i n terpre ted a s t r an spo r t a nd d i sca rd o f a r t if ac t s . Y e t , h e re a ga in , t h e e xped ien t e l emen t s o f A in H anech

i n dus t ry

d o

n o t r ef lec t d e l ibe ra te

t r anspor t o f

a r t if ac t s . T hey a ppea r t o i n d ica te a p r ec ip i ta te mod if ica t ion o f l ump s o f s t one t o u se

i n u nan t ic ipa ted s ub s is tence

p roces s ing . P re l im ina ry

i n ves t iga t ions

o ccur rence s

a ppea r

t o

s ugges t

r e f lec t

f ew

t ha t

A in

H anech

r epea ted

s ea sona l

o ccupa t ion s o f e a r ly h om in ids a t s ome w a te r -ho le o r a t a s ha l low r i ve r e mbankmen t , v ery l i ke ly f o r f ood a cqu is i t ion . S uch s t ra teg ic l o ca l i t ie s p rov ided l i me s tone c obb les a nd f l in t p ebb les a s r aw ma te r ia ls f o r a r t if ac t manuf ac ture a nd g ame f o r mea t a cqu is i t ion . S ince A in H anech a r ea i ss u i tab le f o r p a leo land scape a r chaeo log ica l i n ves t iga t ions , f u tu re p rog res s w i l l l i ke ly a s ses s h om in id l a nd u se p a t terns i nt h is s i te . 6 . 7 - THE APPROACH AND FUTURE PROGRESS T he a pp roach e mp loyed i ni n ves t iga t ing t h e O ldowan s i te o f A in H anech f o cused o n h om in id b ehav io ra l p a t tern s . I t i n c luded c a ref u l e xcava t ions , s t ra t ig raphy a nd d a t ing o ft h e d epos i t s p rocesse s ,

c on ta in ing r o le

t h e

o ccur rence s ,

o f t e chno logy ,

a nd

s i te

f o rma t ion

o ve ra l l

b ehav io ra l

p a t terns . H opefu l ly t h is a pp roach i s a n i n augura t ion o f b ehav io ra l o r ien ted s t ud ies i n No r th A f r ican P a laeo l i th ic A rchaeo logy . T he s i te o f A in H anech i s

f a r f r om h av ing b een f u l ly

1 2 1

MOHAMED S AHNOUN I

AGE P a lm ina M u g ne t ic P o lar i t y

EAST

A FR ICA

SOUTH

NORTH

AFR ICA

AFR ICA

1 1. 1 1 1 11. 1

2 .3 .

- __A IN HANECH ( Un i t

_ S WARTKRANS I Mbl i

_ LOKALALE I 1 GaJh5 1_ _

_ FEJEJ i F J1A )

«N M I

_STERKFONTE IN ( Mb5

KARAR I_

« I MO

2 .4 2 .5 .

F igu r e6 . 1 : C h rono log ica lp o s i t ion o fA in H anech s i te r e la t ive t oE a s ta nd S ou th A f r ican e a r l ie s ta r chaeo log ica ls i te s .

1 22

T HE L OWER P ALAEOL ITH IC O FT HE MAGHREB : E XCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES A TA IN HANECH

SOUTHERN SPUR

NORTHERN S PUR

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3

3-

5 6 -, 7 8 9 1 0

R

1-

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1 2 -,

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1 2 1 3-

1 3 -

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1 9 2 0 -

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F igu re A -1 : D e ta i l p rof i le s o fA in H anech t ype s e c t ion ( af te rd eH e inze l in , 1 993) .

1 25

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C alcareous n odules Green S ilts Gray s ilts B rown s ilts

P2 f • J • •• ro .03 •< W '

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C onglomerate

F igu re A -2 : S t ra t ig raph ic p rof i les o ft e s tt r enche sP 1 a nd P 2 .

1 26

THE LO WER P ALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

2 horns

P 3

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C olluvium F ossil bones f ragments &

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F igu re A -3 : S t ra t ig raph ic p rof i le so ft e s tt r enche sP 3 a nd P 6 .

1 27

MOHA MED S AHNOUN I

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F igu re A -4 : S t ra t ig raph ic p rof i le o ft e s tt r ench P 4 .

1 28

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC O F THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

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S I F igu re A -5 : S t ra t ig raph ic p rof i le o ft h e s e c t ion S i .

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MOHA MED S AHNOUN I

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MOHAMED SAHNOUN I

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THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC O F THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

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THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

APPEND IX B : TAPHONO M IC DATA

KEY FOR TAPHONO M IC DATA : D ep th : D ep th i si nc m , b e low t h er e f e rence p o in t0 . L eng th , b r ead th , t h icknes s : a r e i n mm . S ke le ta lP a r t : FRGT :F ragmen t ; I DENT BONE : I den t if iab le b one ; PHALG : P ha lange ; CARP :

C a rpa l b one ;

E P IPH : E p iphy se ; D IST : D is ta l ; VERTB : V e r teb ra ; ARTCL : A r t icu la t ion . Wea th r ing : Wea the r ing s t ages f r om 0t o5 . Ab ra s ion : F= F resh ; S= S l igh t ly a b raded ; M = Mode ra te ly a b raded ; H =H eav i ly a b raded . D ip : I n c l ina t ion i nd egree s . B reakage : Who le b one ; B roken b one . (/) :I nde term ina te d epend ing o n c a ses .

M OHA MED SAHNOUN I

T ab le B -1 : T aphonom ic d a ta o fA in H anech B one s ENGH CATALOG4 DEPTH L

BREADTH TH ICKNESS SKELETAL P ARTS

TAXON WEATHER ING

ABRAS ION

D IP

BREAKAGE

WHOLE

S TAGES

E 2 -EB1-05

4 03

1 3

1

4

TOOTH F RGT

1

S

0

E 3 -ECI-4

3 90

4 0

3 0

2 0

I DENT BONE

1

S

2 5

BROKEN

E 3 -EC2 -6

3 90

2 0

1 5

9

2 nd P HALG

1

S

1 5

WHOLE

E 3 -EC3 1I

4 03

3 0

1

5

TOOTH F RGT

1

F

0

BROKEN

E 3 -EC3 -1 3

4 02

2 5

1 6

8

F RGT

1

F

2 8

BROKEN

E 3 -EC316

4 03

1 6

1

9

F RGT

/

F

0

BROKEN

E 3 -EC3 17

4 06

2 8

1 6

1

P HALANGE

1

F

1 5

WHOLE

E 3 -EC3 I9

3 99

5

4 6

3 1

I DENT .BONE

1

F

5

BROKEN

I DENT BONE

/

M

4 5

BROKEN

1

F

0

BROKEN

1

S

2 5

BROKEN

E 3 -EC5 -5

3 85

3 0

2 0

2 0

F 1-FA 1-02

4 08

3 5

2 5

6

TOOTH .FRG

F 1-FA 1-5

4 09

3 0

2 8

2 2

D ISTAL E P IPHYSE

F1 FA2 13

4 22

6 0

2 5

1 5

F RGT

/

S

4 5

BROKEN

F1 FA2 16

4 17

1 6

1 7

9

TOOTH .FRG

I

F

3 0

BROKEN

FI FA2 -20

4 17

2 3

1 7

8

I DENT .BONE

/

M

2 0

BROKEN

F 2 -FB1-0 1

4 0 1

2 8

2 2

1

I DENT .BONE

1

F

1 0

BROKEN

F 2 -FB2 -02

4 00

2 8

2 1

1 6

VERTB .FRG

1

S

0

BROKEN

6

I DENT .BONE

1

F

4 5

BROKEN

EQUUS

F 2 -FB2 -08

4 02

2 9

1 8

F 2 -FB311

4 16

2 0

1 0

6

I DENT .BONE

1

S

'0

WHOLE

F 3 -FC4 12

4 05

2 6

1 3

1 2

VERTEBRA

2

S

1 0

WHOLE

F 3 -FC4 13

4 06

2 8

1

8

I DENT .BONE

1

F

1 0

BROKEN

G IGA 119

4 09

6 0

3 0

1 0

I DENT .BONE

1

S

1 0

BROKEN

G IGA2 -04

4 09

3 5

2 4

1 0

I DENT .BONE

1

F

1 0

BROKEN

G 3-GC3 10

4 06

6 5

2 5

1 5

I DENT .BONE

/

M

2 5

BROKEN

S

0

BROKEN

H IHA3 -25

4 2 1

1 35

5

5 0

S CAPULA F RGT

2

H 1 HA2 -32

4 16

4 3

3 0

8

I DENT .BONE

2

S

1 0

BROKEN

H 4 -HD 1-2 1

4 05

2 6

1 8

1

CARPAL

1

F

1 0

WHOLE

H 5 -HE 1-08

3 65

4 4

2 9

1 7

I DENT .BONE

1

S

0

BROKEN

H 5 -HE2 -29

/

/

/

/

I DENT .BONE

1

S

/

BROKEN

H 5 -HE2 -29

/

/

/

/

R IB F RGT

1

F

/

BROKEN

I 4 -FD 10

4 07

6 5

5

5

F EMUR F RGT

2

S

3 0

BROKEN

I 6 IF 1-09

4 25

3 8

3 3

1 3

I DENT .BONE

1

F

1 0

BROKEN WHOLE

BOV ID

I 6 IF2 11

4 25

3 0

1 8

1 7

I DENT .BONE

/

M

1 5

I 6 IF4 -35

4 34

4 2

1 9

1 0

I DENT .BONE

/

H

4 5

BROKEN

J 4 JD2 -25

4 12

3 9

2 /

1 7

I DENT .BONE

2

S

0

BROKEN

J 6 IF3 -34 ,

4 28

5 1

1 2

1 0

I DENT .BONE

2

M

3 0

BROKEN

-

—

1 36

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE M AGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

T ab le B-1 :C on t inued . CATALOG 1 # DEPTH

L ENGTH BREADTH TH ICKNESS SKELETAL P ARTS

TAXON

WEATHER ING S TAGES

ABRAS ION

D IP

BREAKAGE

I 2 JB4 12

4 15

8 0

7

4

LONG F RGT .

1

M

1 0

/

1 3 -02

3 63

6 5

2 7

8

F RAG MENT

2

M

/

BROKEN

1 3 -07

3 66

3 2

2 6

1

F RAG MENT

1

F

0

BROKEN

1 3 -08

3 67

4 0

I7

8

F RAG MENT

1

S

0

BROKEN

I 3 IC 1-0 1

/

F RAG MENT

1

S

/

BROKEN

I 3 IC 1-02

3 63

6 5

2 7

8

F RAG MENT

2

F

0

BROKEN

1 3 IC112

4 04

2 5

2 3

1

F RAG MENT

3

H

0

BROKEN

/

1 3 /03

3 60

4 5

1 5

6

I DENT .BONE

H

/

BROKEN

I 4 ID 1-03

3 98

2 8

1 7

3

F RAG MENT

2

S

0

BROKEN

I 4 ID 112

4 04

7 5

1 2

5

F RAG MENT

1

F

2 5

BROKEN

1 5 -07

3 54

4 0

1 7

8

F RAG MENT

1

F

0

BROKEN

1 5 12

3 82

1 20

3 2

2 0

F RAG MENT

/

H

0

BROKEN

1 5 15

4 03

3 0

2 5

7

F RAG MENT

1

S

/

BROKEN

1 5 17

3 78

4 5

1 5

4

F RAG MENT

/

H

0

BROKEN

1 5 /03

3 63

4 8

1 9

1 0

F RAG MENT

2

M

/

BROKEN

1 6 -03

4 03

5 5

2 0

5

F RAG MENT

1

S

/

BROKEN

I 6 IF2 10

4 25

3 1

1 5

1 3

ART ICL . F RGT .

1

F

1 0

BROKEN

1 9 -0 1

3 82

1 20

4 5

2 0

METATARSE

-1

F

0

BROKEN

J 2 -06 1

3 6 1

I DENT .BONE

1

S

0

BROKEN

1 2 -06 -2

3 61

F RAG MENT

1

F

0

BROKEN

J 2 -06 -3

3 61

F RAG MENT

1

F

0

BROKEN

J 2 -08

3 67

10

1 0

5

F RAG MENT

/

0

BROKEN

J 2 12

3 64

6 5

2 0

5

F RAG MENT

1

M :F

0

BROKEN

1

F

0

BROKEN

BOV ID

J 2 -6 -3

3 61

F RAG MENT

J 2 -6 -4

3 6 1

F RAG MENT

2

S

0

BROKEN

J 2 -6 -5

3 6 1

F RAG MENT

/

M

0

BROKEN

J 2 -6 -6

3 6 1

F RAGMENT

2

F

0

BROKEN

J 2 -6 -7

3 61

F RAG MENT

/

M

0

BROKEN

J 2 -6 -8

3 61

I DENT .BONE

1

F

0

BROKEN

J 2 JB3-35

3 83

5 3

3 3

2 5

F RAG MENT

/

H

5

BROKEN

CRAN IAL F RGT .

2

/

1 5

/

J 2 JB 4 -32

4 04

6 2

3 5

3

J 2 JB 4 -34

4 00

7 0

/ 5

3

CRAN IAL F RGT .

2

F

5

BROKEN

J 2 JB5 -33

4 01

7 2

2 8

3

F RAG MENT

2

S

1 0

/

J 3 -02

3 46

4 8

1 2

8

F RAG MENT

/

H

0

BROKEN

J 3 IC110

4 07

3 5

3 0

5

F RAG MENT

3

H

0

BROKEN

1 37

M OHA MED SAHNOUN I

T ab le B -1 : C on t inued . CATALOG # DEPTH

ICKNESS L ENGTH BREADTH TH

SKELETAL P ARTS

TAXON WEATHER ING S TAGES

ABRAS ION

D IP BREAKAGE

J 3 JC4 18

3 94

3 1

2 9

1 7

F RAGMENT

2

F

1 5

BROKEN

J 3 JC4 -21

3 97

2 1

1 8

8

F RAGMENT

1

F

1 0

BROKEN

J 3 JC4 -24

3 98

4 1

2 9

1 0

F RAGMENT

1

S

1 5

BROKEN

J 3 JC4 -29

3 96

3 0

1 3

7

F RAGMENT

1

F

1 5

BROKEN

J 4 -02

3 39

6 1

1

9

F RAGMENT

/

H

/

BROKEN

/

BROKEN

J 4 -03

3 39

1 05

1 8

3

F RAGMENT

/

H

J 4 -04

3 42

3 0

1 7

4

F RAGMENT

1

F

0

BROKEN

J 4 -07

3 39

6 0

'1 2

1 2

F RAGMENT

/

M

0

BROKEN

J 4 -08

3 50

4 0

3 0

1 5

F RAGMENT

/

S

0

BROKEN

J 4 -5

3 38

3 6

2 3

1 6

HOOF

EQUUS /

H

0

WHOLE

J 4 -6

3 46

4 0

2 3

1 3

F RAG MENT

/

/

0

BROKEN

J 4 JD 110

3 95

6 5

2 0

1 5

F RAGMENT

2

/

5

BROKEN

J 4 JD 112

3 9 1

4 4

3 5

3

F RAGMENT

1

S

1 5

BROKEN

J 4 JD 114

4 05

3 6

9

5

F RAGMENT

1

S

4 5

BROKEN

J 4 JD 115

3 97

1 00

2 5

1 9

F RAG MENT

2

S

1 0

BROKEN

J 4 JD1-2 1

4 04

2 6

1 5

9

F RAGMENT

0

/

5

BROKEN

J 4 JD 1-22

3 98

3 3

1 6

1 0

FRAGMENT

0

F

2 0

BROKEN

J 4 JD2 -24

4 15

6 5

EQUUS 1

F

4 5

WHOLE

J 4 JD2 -31

4 07

5 6

TOOTH 1 7

1 2

F RAGMENT

1

S

4 0

BROKEN

2

S

7

BROKEN

/

S

0

BROKEN

EQUUS 1

F

0

WHOLE

J 4 JD4 -09

3 77

9 0

4 0

3 2

OCC IP ITAL F RGT .

J 5 -04

3 87

4 5

2 0

1 0

F RAGMENT

J 5 -07

3 54

5 0

J 5 13

3 83

4 3

2 6

8

F RAGMENT

1

F

/

BROKEN

J 6 -0 1

3 75

6 7

3 0

8

F RAGMENT

/

H

/

BROKEN

J 6 -02

3 79

5 0

2 8

9

F RAGMENT

/

H

/

BROKEN

J 6 -03

3 78

5 0

2 2

8

F RAGMENT

/

H

/

BROKEN

J 6 -05

3 9 1

3 7

2 6

5

F RAGMENT

1

F

0

BROKEN

J 6 JF4 -07

4 24

4 0

1 0

5

F RAGMENT

1

S

1 0

/

J 6 -ONC

/

6 0

2 9

1 0

F RAGMENT

0

F

/

BROKEN

J 7 -0 1

3 8 1

7 0

5 0

2 5

I DENT .BONE

/

S

/

WHOLE

J 7 -03

3 86

4 0

3 0

5

ART ICL F RGT

1

F

0

BROKEN

J 7 JG 111

4 20

2 5

8

1 0

F RAGMENT

1

F

5

BROKEN

J 7 JG 112

4 22

2 5

1 5

1 2

F RAGMENT

2

S

5

/

K l-KA 1-0 1

4 20

3 70

1

F

3 0

WHOLE

TOOTH

TOOTH

S U ID

1 38

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE M AGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

T ab le B-1 :C on t inued . CATALOG # DEPTH

K 2 -KB 1 02

3 67

ICKNESS SKELETAL L ENGTH BREADTH TH PARTS 4 4

/ 3

TAXON

WEATHER ING S TAGES

ABRAS ION

D IP

BREAKAGE

6

F RAGMENT

2

S

/

BROKEN

2

/

K 2 -KB3 -04

3 85

6 9

2 2

9

F RAG MENT

5

BROKEN

K 2 -KB5 -24

4 11

4 2

3 1

2 4

F RAG MENT

2

/

5

BROKEN

K 2 -KB5 -25

4 04

4 1

2 2

5

F RAGMENT

2

S

5

BROKEN

K 3 14

3 84

3 1

2 1

1 9

3 rd P HALANG

1

F

3 0

WHOLE

K 3 15

3 89

6 0

3 9

1 7

F RAG MENT

/

M

1 0

BROKEN

K 3 -KC 10 -31

4 05

5 6

/ 4

8

F RAG MENT

2

S

4 5

BROKEN

K 3 -KC10 -32

4 05

4 0

4 0

2 6

I DENT .BONE

1

F

2 5

BROKEN

K 3 -KC4 -05

3 86

5 0

2 0

1 0

F RAGMENT

2

M

3 0

BROKEN

I DENT .BONE

0

F

4 0

BROKEN

K 3 -KC5 -27

4 02

4 0

3 0

2 0

K 3 -KC7 -06

3 93

5 0

1 0

1 0

I DENT .BONE

2

S

1 5

BROKEN

K 3 -KC7 -08

3 96

8 0

7

F RAG MENT

/

H

2 5

BROKEN

K 3 -KC7 10

3 99

4 3

2 0 , 1 2

1 0

F RAG MENT

0

/

1 5

BROKEN

K 3 -KC7 I6

3 9 1

2 8

1 7

1

F RAG MENT

2

S

3 0

BROKEN

K 3 -KC7 - I7

4 00

3 6

1 4

9

F RAGMENT

1

/

0

BROKEN

K 3 -KC7 -29

4 00

4 5

2 2

1 4

F RAG MENT

2

S

/

BROKEN

2

/

8 0

BROKEN

K 3 -KC8 -20

4 02

2 5

1 2

1

F RAG MENT

K 3 -KC8 -21

4 0 1

2 6

1 8

5

F RAGMENT

1

F

5

BROKEN

K 3 -KC8 -22

4 03

3 4

-1 2

-5

FRAG MENT

2

S

7 5

BROKEN

K 3 -KC8 -25

4 04

3 5

2 6

1 6

F RAG MENT

2

/

2 0

BROKEN

K 3 -KC9 -28

3 89

4 0

1 2

1

F RAG MENT

2

S

1 5

BROKEN

K 3 -KC9 -36

4 02

3 8

1 5

7

F RAG MENT

2

S

/

BROKEN

K 4 -KD 1-3

3 73

3 7

2 6

1 7

F RAG MENT

/

/

3 0

BROKEN

1

F

-0

BROKEN

K 6 -KF7 12

4 13

5 1

1 3

6

F RAG MENT

K 6 -KF7 -21

4 22

4 1

2 5

4

F RAG MENT

0

F

0

BROKEN

L ILA3 -7

3 76

5

2 5

1 5

I DENT .BONE

1

F

1 0

BROKEN

LI LA4 13

4 02

3 5

2 2

1 5

I DENT .BONE

/

M

5 0

BROKEN

L 1-LA4 14

4 03

4 5

1 5

9

TOOTH F RG .

1

F

4 5

BROKEN

LI LA5 18

4 06

3 4

2 4

1

F RAG MENT

1

S

1 5

BROKEN

L 1-LAS 19

4 09

3 9

2 6

5

F RAG MENT

1

S

6 5

BROKEN

S

0

BROKEN

L1 LA5 -22

4 09

4 3

1 6

1 0

F RAG MENT

1

L 1LA3 -09

3 87

5 0

2 1

2

F RGAMENT

1

F

1 0

BROKEN

L 2 -29

4 00

3 0

1 0

7

F RAGMENT

1

F

1 5

BROKEN

L 2 -LB3 -03

3 9 1

5 6

2

F

7 5

WHOLE

L 2 -LB3 -06

3 92

2 9

0

F

1 4

BROKEN

EQUUS

TOOTH 1 5

7

F RAG MENT

1 39

'

M OHA MED SAHNOUN I

T ab le B-1 :C on t inued . CATALOG g DEPTH

ICKNESS SKELETAL L ENGTH BREADTH TH PARTS

TAXON

WEATHER ING S TAGES

ABRAS ION D IP

BREAKAGE

3

/

2 5

BROKEN BROKEN

3 0

1 4

4 3

1 7

7

F RAGMENT

0

F

3 0

7 5

2 0

1

F RAGMENT

/

H

3 5

BROKEN

4 07

4 0

2 0

1 2

I DENT .BONE

1

S

6 0

BROKEN

L 2 -LB4 19

4 00

5 0

3 0

1 5

I DENT .BONE

1

F

8 5

BROKEN

L 2 -LB4 -20

4 09

3 7

1 5

1 3

F RAGMENT

2

S

5

BROKEN

L 2 -LB4 -2 I

4 09

6 1

4 0

3 9

-1 DENT .BONE

2

F

1 0

BROKEN

L 2 -LB4 -23

4 00

4 0

I 3

8

F RAGMENT

0

/

I 0

BROKEN

L 2 -LB4 -24

4 10

3 0

2 5

5

F RAGMENT

1

/

1 0

BROKEN

L 2 -LB4 -26

4 06

2 3

1 2

5

F RAGMENT

1

F

I 0

/

L 2 -LB4 -27

4 00

3 4

1 0

1 0

F RAGMENT

1

/

1 5

BROKEN

L 2 -LB4 -28

4 00

2 7

1 2

9

F RAGMENT

2

S

1 0

BROKEN

L 2 -LB4 -34

4 10

2 0

1 5

6

2

F

1 0

BROKEN

L 2 -LB4 -38

4 10

3 0

1 2

'4

1

F

1 5

BROKEN

L 2 -LB4 -39

4 07

2 3

1 8

9

I DENT .BONE

1

F

1 0

BROKEN

FRAGMENT

0

F

L 2 -LB4 -09

4 05

4 3

L 2 -LB4 10

4 02

L 2 -LB4 11

4 0 1

L 2 -LB4 16

F RAGMENT

' ART ICL F RGT F RAGMENT

L 2 -LB4 -44

4 14

3 8

1 8

5

5

BROKEN

L 2LBS 43

4 14

6 1

3 4

1 9

FRAGMENT

/

/

2 0

BROKEN

L 2 -LB5-44

4 14

5 7

1 7

1 0

F RAGMENT

2

M

5

BROKEN

L 2LBS 45

4 14

4 4

2 0

9

F RAGMENT

1

S

1 0

BROKEN

L 2 -LB5 -47

4 14

3 6

-3 0

9

F RAGMENT

2

S

1 5

BROKEN

L 2LBS 5 1

4 19

5 8

2 6

8

F RAGMENT

2

S

1 5

BROKEN

L 2LBS 52

4 13

2 5

8

9

F RAGMENT

2

S

5

BROKEN

2

S

1 0

BROKEN

4 13

2 2

1 4

2 0

I DENT .BONE

L 2LBS 54

4 13

1 8

1 4

1 9

I DENT .BONE

1

F

5

/

L 2LBS 56

4 14

4 3

1 3

8

F RAGMENT

2

S

5

BROKEN

L 2LBS 57

4 14

4 5

2 7

1 5

I DENT .BONE

1

F

1 5

BROKEN

L 2LBS 58

4 15

7 0

3 6

2 2

I DENT .BONE

1

/

1 5

BROKEN

L 2LBS 60

4 11

3 5

1 9

8

F RAGMENT

1

F

1 0

/

L 2LBS 6 1

4 08

3 1

2 1

1 0

I DENT .BONE

1

S

5

WHOLE

L 2 -LB5 -62

4 08

3 8

1 6

1 0

F RAGMENT

/

H

5

BROKEN

0

F

0

BROKEN

2

S

8 0

BROKEN

2

F

1 0

WHOLE

L 2LBS 53

L 2LBS 65

4 08

6 9

3 0

8

F RAGMENT

L 3 -LC3-03

3 77

3 2

3 1

1 7

I DENT .BONE

L 3 -LC3-31

4 02

3 6

L 3 -LC4 -07

3 84

4 6

1 4

8

F RAGMENT

1

S

7 9

BROKEN

L 3 -LC4 10

3 89

3 9

2 9

3

CRAN IALFRG

0

F

5 0

BROKEN

TOOTH

BOV ID

1 40

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE M AGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

Tab le B -1 : Con t inued .

CATALOG # DEPTH

L ENGTH

BREADTH TH ICKNESS S KELETAL P ARTS

TAXON I

WEATHER ING ABRAS ION S TAGES

D IP

BREAKAGE

BOV ID

1

S

0

BROKEN

L 3 -LC4 11

3 88

1 25

5 6

0

S CAPULA F RGT .

L 3 -LC5 16

3 97

4 7

1 8

1 2

F RAGMENT

1

S

0

BROKEN

L 3 -LC5 -1 7

3 98

2 4

1 8

9

3 rd P HALANG BOV ID

1

F

0

WHOLE

L 3 -LC5 -22

3 98

5 1

2 1

7

F RAGMENT

/

/

5

BROKEN

L 3 -LC5 -25

3 99

3 8

1

9

F RAGMENT

/

/

5

BROKEN

L 3 -LC5 -32

4 02

3 7

1 8

8

F RAGMENT

I

/

1 0

'BROKEN

L 4 -LD3 -02

3 87

2 5

2 1

1 6

I DENT .BONE

2

/

0

BROKEN

L 4 -LD3 -03

3 84

3 1

2 0

1 0

I DENT .BONE

2

S

1 0

BROKEN

L 4 -LD4 -05

3 96

6 8

1 6

8

F RAGMENT

2

/

2 0

BROKEN

L 4 -LD4 -06

4 0 1

3 6

2 7

1 2

ART ICLBONE

2

/

5

BROKEN

L 4 -LDS 10

4 02

4 2

2 1

5

F RAGMENT

-1

F

1 5

BROKEN

L 4 -LDS 13

4 08

3 8

2 1

9

F RAGMENT

1

S

1 0

BROKEN

L 4 -LD6 - 15

4 08

7 2

4 5

1 2

F RAG MENT

2

/

1 0

BROKEN

L 4 -LD6 -1 6

/

6 7

3 0

9

F RAGMENT

1

F

/

BROKEN

L 5 -LE2 -2

3 98

5 0

2 0

1 0

F RAGMENT

0

F

5

BROKEN

L 5 -LE3 -03

4 05

1 00

2 0

7

R IB F RGT .

1

F

3 0

BROKEN

M 1-2 1

3 88

3 0

1

F

0

WHOLE

M l-MA2 -08

3 66

3 5

1 2

1 0

F RAGMENT

0

S

2 0

BROKEN

M IMA3 17

3 71

5 2

2 3

9

F RAGMENT

2

S

0

BROKEN

M 1-MA4 -20

3 89

5 6

1 7

5

F RAGMENT

2

S

1 0

BROKEN

M IMA4 -2 1

3 88

2 9

9

8

F RAGMENT

1

/

1 0

BROKEN

MI MA5-27

3 97

5 0

4 0

2 0

I DENT .BONE

2

S

1 5

WHOLE

MI MA6 -29

4 00

4 2

1 7

1 3

F RAGMENT

1

S

0

BROKEN

M1 MA6 -34

4 08

3 8

1 5

1 0

F RAGMENT

0

S

0

BROKEN

MI MB6 -32

4 04

3 8

1 8

9

F RAGMENT

0

S

6 5

BROKEN

M2 -MB2 -04

3 59

3 2

2 5

5

F RAG MENT

/

M

2 0

BROKEN

M2 -MB2 -05

3 59

3 0

1 5

8

I s t P HALANG F RGT

1

F

1 5

BROKEN

M2 -MB2 -29

4 0 1

4 9

3 9

2 2

CRAN IAL BONE

1

F

3 0

BROKEN

M2 -MB4 -09

3 79

3 0

2 0

1 0

F RAGMENT

2

H

2 5

WHOLE

M2 -MB4 10

3 82

3 5

2 0

1 5

F RAGMENT

1I

S

1 0

BROKEN

82 M2 -MB4 - 11 3

5 5

2

S

1 5

WHOLE

M2 -MB5 17

3 92

2 5

2 5

1 2

F RAGMENT

/

/

0

BROKEN

M2 -MB5- 1 8

3 95

5 0

1 0

5

F RAGMENT

2

/

6 5

BROKEN

M2 -MB5-2 1

3 94

5

1

F

5

WHOLE

M2 -MB5-22

3 94

2 9

0

F

5

BROKEN

TOOTH

EQUUS

TOOTH

1 9

BOV ID

EQUUS

TOOTH 2 2

'

EQUUS

F RAGMENT

1 41

.

-

1

MOHAMED S AHNOUN I

T ab le B-1 :C on t inued . CATALOG i DEPTH

M2 - MB5 -24

3 95

L ENGTH

BREADTH TH ICKNESS S KELETAL P ARTS

TAXON

WEATHER ING S TAGES

ABRAS ION D IP

BREAKAGE

3 1

2 1

1

F RAG MENT

/

H

2 0

BROKEN

1 5

F RAGMENT

I

/

M2 - MB5 -26

3 99

3 4

2 6

3 0

BROKEN

M2 -MB6 -30

4 05

4 1

2 9

I1

F RAG MENT

1

/

4 0

BROKEN

05 M2 - MB6 -3 1 4

3 6

2 2

6

F RAG MENT

1

/

3 0

BROKEN

M2 - MB6 -33

4 04

2 6

1 2

1 2

F RAGMENT

1

F

6 5

BROKEN

M2 -MB6 -37

4 06

4 4

1 5

1 4

F RAG MENT

2

S

2 0

BROKEN

M3 - MC1-06

3 79

3 5

1 0

4

F RAGMENT

1

F

0

BROKEN

M3 - MC4 -05

3 79

6 0

2 0

2 0

F RAG MENT TOOTH

EQUUS

2

S

0

BROKEN

2

F

1 5

WHOLE

M3 - MC5 -2 1

3 99

4 0

M3-MC5 -22

3 94

4 0

2 0

1 5

F RAGMENT

2

H

1 5

BROKEN

M3 - MC5 -24

3 94

2 7

1 7

6

F RAGMENT

1

/

2 0

BROKEN

M3- MC5 -26

3 95

3 5

2 4

4

F RAG MENT

1

F

0

BROKEN

M3 - MC5 -29

3 97

8 8

2 7

1 0

F RAGMENT

2

S

3 0

BROKEN

M3- MC5 -32

3 94

2 5

1 0

5

1 DENT .BONE

0

S

0

BROKEN

M3 - MC5 -34

3 95

4 3

1 9

7

F RAG MENT

0

/

0

BROKEN

1

F

1 0

BROKEN

M3- MC5 -35

3 99

4 1

2 0

8

F RAG MENT

M3-MC6 13

3 94

4 0

1 3

8

F RAG MENT

0

/

2 5

BROKEN

M3- MC6 14

3 90

5 9

2 3

1 0

F RAG MENT

2

/

0

BROKEN

M3 - MC6 -1 6 3 95

3 5

2 4

I 6

F RAG MENT

2

S

1 5

BROKEN

M4 - MD6 -05

3 93

7 0

2 0

3

F RAGMENT

2

H

6 0

BROKEN

M6 - MF8 -02

4 02

3 6

2 1

7

F RAGMENT

/

H

1 5

BROKEN

1 42

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE M AGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

T ab le B -2 : T aphonom ic d a ta o fE I -Khe rba B one s .

CATALOG i f DEPTH

L ENGTH

BREADTH TH ICKNESS SKELETAL PARTS

TAXON

WEATH ER ING STAGES

ABRA S ION D IP

REAKAGE

K 20 -KT2 -02

3 77

3 4

1 6

6

F RAGMENT

2

S

5 0

BROKEN

K 2 1-KV 1-0 1

3 70

8 9

3 0

2 2

/

2

F

2 0

WHOLE

K 2 1-KV2 11

3 86

4 0

2 5

2 2

F RAGMENT

/

F

1 0

BROKEN

K 22 -KV2 -07

3 88

3 8

2 8

2 8

/

1

F

1 0

WHOLE

L 20 -LT 1-07

3 77

4 0

5

2

TOOTH F RGT

/

F

2 0

BROKEN

L 20 -LV 1-05

3 77

6 0

1 5

5

TOOTH F RGT

2

S

6 0

BROKEN

L 21-LU2 -22

3 99

2 7

7

6

F RAGMENT

1

F

1 0

BROKEN

L 21-LV 1-06

3 8 1

3 2

1 3

6

F RAGMENT

/

S

1 5

BROKEN

L 21-LV 1-28

3 83

2 9

1 5

1 0

F RAGMENT

1

F

1 5

BROKEN

L 21-LV 1-37

3 85

4 0

1 3

7

F RAGMENT

1

F

0

BROKEN

L 21-LV 1-38

3 84

2 0

1

1 0

F RAGMENT

1

F

1 5

BROKEN

L 21-LV2 -69

3 99

3 8

3 6

3 3

ART ICL F RGT

1

F

2 0

BROKEN

L 21-LV3 -64

4 00

3 2

2 1

2 0

F RAGMENT

/

F

2 5

BROKEN

L 22 LV23

3 99

3 3

1 5

1 2

F RAGMENT

/

F

5

BROKEN

L 22 -LV2 18

3 92

3 4

1 3

4

/

2

F

5 0

WHOLE

L 22 -LV2 -2 1

3 99

2 7

7

6

F RAGMENT

/

S

1 0

BROKEN

L 22 -LV2 -24

4 08

4 7

3 1

2 8

F RAGMENT

1

F

4 0

BROKEN

L 22 -LV2 -26

4 02

4 4

4 0

1 7

F RAGMENT

2

S

6 5

BROKEN

L 22 -ONC

/

0

0

0

F RAGMENT

2

S

9 9

BROKEN

M20 -MT 1-02 3 9 1

4 0

3 5

1 5

F RAGMENT

2

S

1 0

BROKEN

M2 1-MB 1-06 3 89

3 2

2 0

1 0

F RAGMENT

1

S

3 0

BROKEN

M2 1-MV 1-04 3 89

2 4

1 6

1 0

F RAGMENT

1

F

3 0

BROKEN

M21-MV2 14 3 99

6 5

4 0

4 0

F RAGMENT

3

F

1 0

BROKEN

3 98

3 0

1 3

9

F RAGMENT

/

S

0

BROKEN

M22 -MV2 -06 3 92

8 0

2 5

1 5

T IB IA F RGT

2

F

1 5

BROKEN

M22 -MV2 13 3 92

3 0

2 5

1 8

/

2

S

1 5

BROKEN

M22 -MV2 -24 4 10

3 8

3 8

1

F RAGMENT

/

F

0

BROKEN

M22 -MV2 -27 4 11

3 2

3 1

1 8

F RAGMENT

0

F

3 0

BROKEN

M22 -MV3 -23 4 08

1 8

9

6

TOOTH F RGT

/

F

0

BROKEN

N 2 1-ONC

/

/

/

/

F RAGMENT

3

F

9 9

BROKEN

N 22 -NV 1-0 1

3 99

4 8

2 8

1 7

FRAGMENT

/

F

5

BROKEN

M22 -MV -37

N 22 -NV2 -03 4 02

3 0

1 5

5

F RAGMENT

1

F

5

BROKEN

0 1 N 22 -NV2 -07 4

4 0

2 8

2 3

F RAGMENT

1

F

1 0

BROKEN

N 22 -NV2 -28 4 09

3 0

2 0

1

F RAGMENT

2

F

5

BROKEN

3 5

2 5

1 2

F RAGMENT

/

F

2 0

BROKEN

/

/

/

PHALANGE F RGT

2

S

9 9

BROKEN

N 22 -NV2 -29 4 09 N 22 -ONC

/

I 4 3

_

M OHA MED SAHNOUN I

T ab le B-2 :C on t inued . CATALOG # DEPTH

L ENGTH

BREADTH TH ICKNESS SKELETAL PARTS

TAXON WEATHER ING STAGES

ABRA -S ION D IP

BREAKAGE

BROKEN

3 80

6 8

5 0

4 1

I DENT .BONE

/

F

3 0

79 K 21-KV2 -04 3

3 1

1 7

5

FRAGMENT

1

F

0

BROKEN

K 21-KV2 -07

3 82

3 4

1 5

1

FRAGMENT

/

S

1 0

BROKEN

KRB -ONC

/

0

0

0

TOOTH

1

F

9 9

WHOLE

L 21-LV 1-04

3 81

3 0

1 8

1 6

FRAGMENT

I

F

0

BROKEN

L 21-LV 1-23

3 86

2 5

1 6

1 5

FRAGMENT

/

/

0

BROKEN

L 21-LV 1-42

3 84

0

0

0

FRAGMENT

2

/

5

BROKEN

L 21-LV 1-70

3 92

2 30

0

0

METAPOD

EQUUS 1

F

0

WHOLE

K 2 1-KV2 -03

SU ID

L 21-LV2 -43

3 86

0

0

0

FRAGMENT

1

F

0

BROKEN

L 2 1-LV2 -54

3 93

2 1

1 0

8

FRAGMENT

1

F

0

BROKEN

L 22 -LV 117

3 92

4 3

1 3

9

FRAGMENT

/

S

0

BROKEN

L 22 -LV2 16

3 86

4 2

1 8

1 4

FRAGMENT

1

F

3 5

BROKEN

M21-MV 1-07 3 90

2 5

1 2

7

FRAGMENT

/

F

1 0

BROKEN BROKEN

90 M21-MV 117 3

4 0

3 0

1 8

FRAGMENT

/

/

4 0

94 M21-MV2 15 3

3 5

2 0

1 7

FRAGMENT

1

/

2 5

BROKEN

94 M22 -MV2 10 3

3 0

1 4

8

FRAGMENT

1

/

1 5

BROKEN

M22 -MV2 11 3 94

2 9

1 3

7

FRAGMENT

1

F

1 5

BROKEN

96 M22 -MV2 17 3

3 7

1 4

7

FRAGMENT

/

S

3 0

BROKEN

95 M22 -MV2 18 3

2 6

1 4

8

FRAGMENT

2

/

0

BROKEN

03 M22 -MV3 -26 4

2 0

1 3

1 2

FRAGMENT

1

F

0

BROKEN

M22 -MV3 -38 4 09

3 2

2 1

1 0

FRAGMENT

/

S

3 0

BROKEN

13 M22 -MV3 -40 4

5 70

0

0

F EMUR

2

F

2 0

WHOLE

00 N 22 -NV2 -02 4

6 3

3 9

1 9

FRAGMENT

/

F

9 9

BROKEN

N 22 -NV2 -05 3 97

3 3

1 3

1 2

I NC ISOR

EQUUS 2

F

1 0

WHOLE

E LEPH ANT

1 44

THE LO WER P ALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

APPENDIX C : ART IFACT A SSE MBLAGE DATA

KEY FOR ART IFACT ASSE MBLAGE DATA : L eng th , b r ead th ,t h ickne s s : a r e i n mm . R aw ma te r ia l : L imes tone ; F l in t ; S ands tone . E dge a ng le : i nd eg ree s . E x ten to ff l ak ing : LGHT = L igh tf l ak ing ; MDRT = Mode ra te f l ak ing ; HEVY = H eavy f l ak ing . C a tegory : CHPR : C hoppe r ; P LHD : P o lyhed ron ; HVDT : H eavy -du ty s c rape r ; S BPH : S ubsphe ro id ; S HRD : S phero id ; AWL : Aw l ; DTCULATE : D en t icu la te ; ENDSCRAP : E ndscrape r ; MULT IPLE : Mu l t ip le r e touched e dges ; S CRAPER : S c raper ; NOTCH : No tch . S ca rp a t tern ing : ALLCTX : A l l c or tex ; B IDRCT : B id irec t iona l ; CREST : C res t ; I NTRSC : I n te r sec ted ; TRANSV : T ran sve r sed ; UN IDRCT : U n id i rec t iona l ; F lake t y pe s : T ypes f r om I to V I . B u t t : 0=C or t ica l ; 1= o ne s ca r ; > 1 = Mo re t h an o ne s c a r ; L =L inea rb u t t ; P= P unc t if orm . B lank : F LAKE = F lake ; FRG MT = F ragmen t ; NATCH = Unf laked b l ank ; S NAPD = S naped f l ake ; S PL IT = S p l i tf l ake . BL : B read th /Leng th r a t io . TB : T h ickness /B read th r a t io .

M OHA MED SAHNOUN I

T ab le C-1 : Ma in t e chno log ica l d a ta o ff l aked c obb le s (A in H anech l o ca l i ty ) . ICKNESS L ENGTH BREADTH TH

RA W MATER IAL

G 3-4

7 2

6 5

5 1

L I MESTONE

8 4

CHPR

MDRT

K 2 -3

6 1

5 0

3 8

L I MESTONE

1 06

CHPR

LGHT

H 5 10

8 9

8 4

6 5

-L I MESTONE

1 30

P LHD

H EVY

J 4 -28

8 7

8 1

5 8

L I MESTONE

16

P LHD

HEVY HEVY

CATALOG i f

EDGE ANGLE CATEGORY

EXTENT OF F LAK ING

K 3-2

7 5

6 6

5

L I MESTONE

9 0

P LHD

G 1-8

7 3

6 5

5 7

L I MESTONE

1 00

P LHD

H EVY

1 6 -16

8 0

6 7

4 3

L I MESTONE

7 1

P LHD

H EVY

F 3 -25

7 2

6 5

5

L I MESTONE

1 23

P LHD

L GHT

L 2 -49

9 3

7 6

6 3

L I MESTONE

1 07

P LHD

L GHT

G 3-2

7 1

7 0

5 0

L I MESTONE

1 29

P LHD

L GHT

J 2 -27

9 6

8 4

6 2

L I MESTONE

1 24

P LHD

L GHT

J 2 1

9 2

7 3

5 6

L I MESTONE

9 8

P LHD

LGHT

H 3 1

8 9

7 5

4 0

L I MESTONE

8

P LHD

LGHT

H 6 19

8 3

7 2

5 4

L I MESTONE

1 02

P LHD

LGHT

H 1-42

1 26

8 6

6 9

L I MESTONE

9 6

P LHD

L GHT

F 3 -23

9 4

9 0

6 8

L I MESTONE

13

P LHD

LGHT

L 1-6

1 07

8 0

7 4

L I MESTONE

12

P LHD

LGHT

F 3 1

8 1

7 3

6 2

L I MESTONE

1 1

P LHD

MDRT

L 2 -43

8 2

8 2

5 4

L I MESTONE

I l l

P LHD

MDRT

J 2 1

9 2

8 2

7 2

L I MESTONE

1 23

P LHD

MDRT

1 3 -5

7 0

5 2

4 4

L I MESTONE

9 6

P LHD

MDRT

H 3 -2

6 0

5 6

3 9

L I MESTONE

1 00

P LHD

MDRT

J 5 1

9 2

8 3

8 2

L I MESTONE

9 8

P LHD

MDRT

N 11

7 5

6 8

6 4

L I MESTONE

1 09

P LHD

MDRT

1 5 1

7 6

6 7

5 3

L I MESTONE

1 05

P LHD

MDRT

S D -

8

7 4

6 8

L I MESTONE

10

P LHD

MDRT

L 3 -2

8

7 9

5 8

L I MESTONE

1 20

S BPH

HEVY

J 3 -0

1 37

9 7

9 4

L I MESTONE

9 0

S BPH

HEVY

1 5 -2

6 6

5 8

5 3

L I MESTONE

1 04

S BPH

HEVY

H 2 -7

7 5

7 5

7 1

L I MESTONE

14

S BPH

HEVY

J 7 -5

9 4

8 3

7 5

L I MESTONE

10

S BPH

HEVY

S D 1

8 0

7 6

6 6

L I MESTONE

1 22

S BPH

H EVY

H 5 -33

1 05

8 4

7 7

L I MESTONE

1 20

S BPH

H EVY

1 5 1

1 04

9 6

9 3

L I MESTONE

0

S BPH

HEVY

L 3 -2

8

7 4

6 1

L I MESTONE

12

S BPH

HEVY

1 4 1

1 02

9 1

8 2

L I MESTONE

1 2 1

S BPH

H EVY

K 6 -2

7 6

7 3

6 5

L I MESTONE

1 22

S BPH

H EVY

L 2 -50

9 3

7

7 2

L I MESTONE

10

S BPH

H EVY

K 5-3

8 8

7 6

7 5

L I MESTONE

9 9

S BPH

HEVY

H 2 -25

8 7

6 1

5 8

L I MESTONE

1 09

S BPH

HEVY

1 3 -9

1 00

9 4

7 3

L I MESTONE

14

S BPH

LGHT

H O 1

7 1

6 7

5 2

L I MESTONE

1 0 1

S BPH

L GHT

K 3-7

8 8

8 7

6 5

L I MESTONE

I1

S BPH

MDRT

_

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE M AGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

T ab le C -1 : c on t inued . CATALOG # L ENGTH

ICKNES BREADTH TH

RA W MATER IAL

EDGE ANGLE

CATEGORY EXTENT OF F LAK ING

S

K 5-4

8 4

8 0

6 2

L I MESTONE

9 5

S BPH

MDRT

L 1-4

8 7

6 8

6 3

L I MESTONE

1 07

S BPH

MDRT

M2 -27

7 2

6 7

5 8

L I MESTONE

16

S BPH

MDRT

J 6 11

9 0

8 6

5 4

L I MESTONE

1 06

S BPH

MDRT

1 2 10

1 00

8 6

6 1

L I MESTONE

1 05

S BPH

MDRT

H O -2

9 9

9 4

8 9

L I MESTONE

0

S HRD

H EVY

1 6 14

7 4

7 2

7 0

L I MESTONE

0

S HRD

H EVY

H 119

9 8

6 2

6 0

F L INT

8 3

P LHD

L GHT

T ab le C -2 : Ma in t e chno log ica l d a ta o ff l aked c obb le s ( E l -Khe rba l o ca l i ty ) . CATALOG 4 L ENGTH BREADTH TH ICKNES S

RAW MATER LAL

EDGE ANGLE

CATEG -ORY EXTENT OF F LAK ING

M22 -30

4 4

4 1

4 0

F L INT

1 02

P LHD

N 2 1-

6 1

4 9

3 9

L I MESTONE

8 5

CHPR

L GHT

L 22 -23

6 6

5 8

4 6

L I MESTONE

9 8

CHPR

LGHT

N 22 12

9 1

8 5

6 8

L I MESTONE

9 7

CHPR

LGHT

K 2 1-3

6 8

5 4

4 0

L I MESTONE

12

HVDT

L GHT

N 22 -

5

5 2

3 5

L I MESTONE

8 9

CHPR

L GHT

L I MESTONE

9 0

H EVY

N 22 10

6 2

6 6

4 0

CHPR

LGHT

K 2 -3

6 1

5 0

3 8

L I MESTONE

1 06

CHPR

L GHT

KH -ONC

8 2

7 2

6 0

L I MESTONE

1 02

CHPR

L GHT

M22 -22

6 1

4 9

2 6

L I MESTONE

7 5

CHPR

L IGHT

L I MESTONE

8 5

CHPR

MDRT LGHT

S D

7 1

6 8

4 5

L 2 115

8 4

8 2

6 0

L I MESTONE

1 07

P LHD

BQ I7

12

5 6

4 3

L I MESTONE

1 06

P LHD

L GHT

M2 1-9

8 0

7 1

6 3

L I MESTONE

1 09

P LHD

MDRT

N 22 11

8 7

6 9

6 3

L I MESTONE

1 05

P LHD

MDRT

M22 -25

6 9

5 1

4 2

L I MESTONE

1 00

P LHD

MDRT

K 2112

8 2

6 9

5 8

L I MESTONE

1 08

P LHD

MDRT

L 2 1-67

8 8

7 4

5 0

L I MESTONE

1 24

S BPH

H EVY

M OHA MED SAHNOUN I

T ab le C-3 : Ma in t e chno log ica l d a ta o ff l ake s ( A in H anech l o ca l i ty ) . ICKNESS RA W MATER IAL CATALOG # LENGTH BREADTH TH

F LAKE TYPES

BUTT

S CAR BL PATTERN ING

TB

F LAK ING ANGLE

M2 -9004

2 8

2 0

9

F L INT

-1

-0

ALLCTX

1 . 55

0 . 32

1 26

MI-9

4 1

2 1

1 0

F L INT

I

0

ALLCTX

0 . 51

0 . 47

10

M3 -3

5 1

4 5

2 4

F L INT

1

L

ALLCTX

0 . 88

0 . 53

19

K 5-

1 8

1 4

6

F L INT

I

0

ALLCTX

1 . 20

0 . 33

8 7

1 -9002

2 9

2 4

1 2

F L INT

I

0

ALLCTX

1 . 12

0 . 40

9 0

H 6 -9005

3 0

1 5

9

F L INT

I

0

ALLCTX

0 . 50

0 . 60

1 04

L I1

5 1

4 9

1 5

F L INT

I

0

B IDRCT

1 . 04

0 . 29

1 27

G 2 -

1 9

1 5

8

F L INT

I

0

B IDRCT

1 . 17

0 . 40

1 04

E l10

2 8

1 8

1 0

F L INT

I

0

CREST

0 . 70

0 . 52

11

F 110

3 0

2 3

7

F L INT

I

0

I NTRSC

0 . 76

0 . 30

10

M3 -9008

2 0

1 8

6

F L INT

I

0

I NTRSC

0 . 90

0 . 33

9 4

L 4 -27

2 7

1 5

1 0

F L INT

I

0

TRANSV

1 . 31

0 . 40

1 06

G 1-28

2 1

1 6

6

F L INT

I

0

TRANSV

0 . 90

0 . 31

8 8

J 3-7

2 3

1 4

7

F L INT

I

0

UN IDRC

0 . 60

0 . 50

9 4

G 3 -7

2 8

1 7

7

F L INT

I

0

UN I DRC

0 . 60

0 . 4 1

10

1 4 -7

2 7

1 6

7

F L INT

I

0

UN IDRC

1 . 60

0 . 25

1 06

K 6 -22

2 2

1 6

6

F L INT

I

0

UN IDRC

1 . 25

0 . 30

10

K 6 -9

2 4

1

7

F L INT

I

0

UN IDRC

2 . 18

0 . 29

12

F L INT

I

0

UN IDRC

'1 . 76

0 . 16

1 22

F L INT

I

0

UN IDRC

1 . 12

0 . 29

9 7

E 1-7

3 0

1 8

5

F 115

2 7

1 7

8

J 4 -29

3 4

2 4

9

F L INT

I

0

UN IDRC

0 . 80

0 . 36

1 03

H 4 -42

3 2

2 3

1 2

F L INT

I

0

UN IDRC

0 . 71

0 . 52

16

L 3 -

1 8

1 8

8

F L INT

I

0

UN IDRC

1 . 25

0 . 44

1 0 1

K 6 -

2 2

1 4

5

F L INT

I

0

UN IDRC

1 . 11

0 . 26

1 04

J 6 -900 1

2 2

2 0

9

F L INT

I I

0

I NTRSC

0 . 90

0 . 45

1 08

M2 -9002

2 4

1 3

4

F L INT

I

0

UN IDRC

1 . 33

0 . 16

1 22

G I-900 1

2 3

1 7

5

F L INT

I

0

UN IDRC

0 . 73

0 . 29

1 08

L 6 -900 1

3 9

3 0

8

F L INT

I I

0

UN IDRC

0 . 76

0 . 26

1 20

H 114

1 9

1 5

4

F L INT

I

0

UN IDRC

1 . 26

0 . 21

1 20

L126

2 7

2 2

6

F L INT

I

0

UN IDRC

0 . 85

0 . 26

1 08 19

L 4 -

1 9

1 6

8

F L INT

I V

0

UN IDRC

0 . 84

0 . 50

H 6 -4

3 4

2 5

1

F L INT

V

L

B IDRCT

1 . 12

0 . 31

1 00

J 6 -6

3 3

70

1 9

F L INT

V

1

CREST

0 . 92

0 . 79

17

E 3 -7

2 5

1 0

6

F L INT

V

1

I NTRSC

0 . 40

0 . 70

19

K 3 -34

3 3

1 9

6

F L INT

V

1

TRANSV

0 . 57

0 . 31

9 0

H 3 -20

2 7

1 9

7

F L INT

V

L

UN IDRC

0 . 70

0 . 36

8 1

G I1 7

3 9

2 7

9

F L INT

V

1

UN IDRC

1 . 44

0 . 23

1 25

> 1

UN IDRC

0 . 90

0 . 33

1 02

1

UN IDRC

0 . 45

1 . 11

1 26

Ml14

2 2

1 6

6

F L INT

V

L 4 -4

3 5

1 9

9

F L INT

V

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE M AGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

T ab le C-3 :c on t inued . IAL ENGTH BREADTH TH ICKNESS RA W MATER CATALOG # L

F LAKE TYPES

BUTT

S CAR BL P ATTER IN ING

TB

F LAK ING ANGLE

L 4 -20

2 0

1 3

7

F L INT

V

1

UN IDRC

0 . 65

0 . 53

7 3

F 3 -9

5 0

3 2

1 4

F L INT

V

1

UN IDRC

0 . 64

0 . 43

1 25

L 3 -4

3 4

1 9

1 2

F L INT

V

1

UN IDRC

0 . 55

0 . 63

1 0 1

M3 -9003

2 4

1 6

1 0

F L INT

V I

1

B IDRCT

1 . 43

0 . 43

1 27

J 4 -20

2 4

1 8

8

F L INT

V I

1

B IDRCT

0 . 82

0 . 42

9 1

AH -ONC

2 2

1 4

5

F L INT

V I

1

I NTRSC

1 . 57

0 . 22

16

M1-45

3 3

1 7

8

F L INT

V I

1

I NTRSC

0 . 61

0 . 42

12

E 2 15

2 6

2 1

8

F L INT

V I

> 1

UN IDRC

1 . 09 0 . 34

16

E 2 -3

/ 2

1 /

1 0

F L INT

V I

1

UN IDRC

1 . 46 0 . 45

1 32

E 2 -2

1 9

1 7

8

F L INT

V I

> 1

UN IDRC

1 . 00

0 . 44

1 2 1

H 1-35

1 8

1 0

4

F L INT

V I

1

UN IDRC

0 . 55

0 . 40

8 8

1 -9

3 1

2 4

9

F L INT

V I

1

UN IDRC

1 . 29

0 . 29

9 5

H I-37

2 1

1 7

7

F L INT

V I

1

UN IDRC

1 . 23

0 . 33

9 7

1 4 -9

2 9

2 2

8

F L INT

V I

> 1

UN IDRC

0 . 75

0 . 36

1 2 1

H 6 15

1 3

8

5

F L INT

V I

0

UN IDRC

0 . 6 1

0 . 62

1 07

L I MESTONE

I

M4 1

5 4

5 3

1 0

0

ALLCTX

1 . 15

0 . 18

15

H 6 16

4 0

3 7

1 0

L I MESTONE

1

0

ALLCTX

0 . 92

0 . 27

8 8

L 1-900 1

4 3

2 7

1 0

L I MESTONE

1

0

ALLCTX

1 . 43

0 . 23

12

H 6 -9003

2 4

1

5

L I MESTONE

I

0

ALLCTX

1 . 40

0 . 23

1 0 1

H 5 -24

3 6

2 6

1 0

L I MESTONE

I

0

ALLCTX

1 . 20

0 . 33

8 2

1 3 1

7 2

6 3

2 8

L I MESTONE

I

0

ALLCTX

1 . 14

0 . 38

9 6

H 6 -3

6 4

4 5

1 4

L I MESTONE

1

0

ALLCTX

1 . 42

0 . 21

8 9

1 5 -1

6 4

3 1

2 0

L I MESTONE

I

0

ALLCTX

2 . 06 0 . 31

12

J 3 -27

2 3

1 7

1 0

L IMESTONE

I

0

ALLCTX

1 . 35

0 . 43

9 0

1 4 -6

3 4

2 9

1 5

L I MESTONE

I

0

A LLCTX

1 . 17

0 . 44

8 2

1 2 -3

4 0

3 0

1 0

L I MESTONE

1

0

ALLCTX

1 . 33

0 . 25

7 4

1 4 -5

1 06

8 4

4 5

L I MESTONE

I

0

ALLCTX

1 . 28

0 . 42

6 7

0 . 35

1 5 -2

1 39

8 1

4 9

L I MESTONE

1

0

ALLCTX

1 . 71

1 -

5 2

3 8

1 8

L I MESTONE

I

0

ALLCTX

1 . 39 0 . 31

8 2

1 6 -8

6 0

4 2

1 2

L I MESTONE

I

0

ALLCTX

0 . 70 0 . 28

9 5

L I MESTONE

1

-0

ALLCTX

1 . 32

0 . 21

9 5 8 8

16

J 2 -28

8 6

5 7

1 6

L 31

4 3

3 9

1 5

L I MESTONE

1

0

ALLCTX

1 . 02

0 . 35

M2 -7

3 9

4 1

1

L I MESTONE

I

0

UN IDRC

1 . 05

0 . 26

8 9

H 5 -7

5 0

4 4

2 0

L I MESTONE

I

0

UN IDRC

0 . 90

0 . 44

9 5

J 3 -32

4 5

2 9

1 3

L I MESTONE

I

0

UN IDRC

0 . 64 0 . 44

8 4

M3 -36

4 4

3 9

7

L I MESTONE

I

0

UN IDRC

0 . 88

0 . 17

9 7

H 1-26

3 1

3 2

1 0

L I MESTONE

I

0

UN IDRC

1 . 03

0 . 31

7 5

H 4 -2

6 7

4 0

1 0

L I MESTONE

I

0

UN IDRC

1 . 67

0 . 14

8 7

I

0

UN IDRC

0 . 92

0 . 27

6 0

I

0

UN IDRC

0 . 57

0 . 39

5 9

H 6 -2

3 9

3 6

1 0

L I MESTONE

H 2 11

6 6

3 8

1 5

L I MESTONE

M OHA MED SAHNOUN I

T ab le C-3 :C on t inued . CATALOG # L ENGTH

ICKNESS RA W MATER IAL F LAKE BREADTH TH TYPES

BUTT

S CAR P A I ER IN ING

BL

TB

F LAK ING ANGLE

H 2 -8

3 3

2 8

1 0

L I MESTONE

I

0

B IDRCT

0 . 84 0 . 35

1 23

K 3 13

4 5

3 7

1 2

L I MESTONE

I

0

B IDRCT

0 . 82 0 . 32

9 4

E 2 -9

4 3

2 6

9

L I MESTONE

I

0

B IDRCT

0 . 60 0 . 34

9 2

1 0

L I MESTONE

I

0

UN IDRC

1 . 84 0 . 28

1 00

3 5

1 9

J 4 1

5 9

4 0

1 0

L I MESTONE

I

0

UN IDRC

0 . 67 0 . 25

19

1 3 -9

3 2

2 6

8

L I MESTONE

I

0

UN IDRC

1 . 03 0 . 26

8 6

1 2 15

4 6

3 2

5

L I MESTONE

I

0

UN IDRC

0 . 90 0 . 13

9 7

E 2 13

3 9

3 6

1

L I MESTONE

I V

1

A LLCTX

0 . 92 0 . 30

16

H 5 16

6 2

4 8

2 2

L I MESTONE

I V

1

ALLCTX

1 . 26 0 . 33

9 2

H 5 -26

7 5

4 5

2 0

L I MESTONE

I V

1

ALLCTX

1 . 66 0 . 26

17

M3 -25

2 6

1 7

4

L I MESTONE

I V

1

ALLCTX

. 19 0 . 95 0

1 24

M3 -9002

4 6

3 7

8

L I MESTONE

V

1

1 NTRSC

1 . 10 0 . 20

8 6 15

E 2 14

H 4 -4

4 0

3 5

1 5

L I MESTONE

V

1

I NTRSC

0 . 87 0 . 42

G 1-22

7 6

6 2

2 1

L I MESTONE

V

1

TRANSV

0 . 78 0 . 33

1 25

K 5-4

3 0

2 4

7

L I MESTONE

V

1

UN IDRC

1 . 25 0 . 23

7 6

H I-78

6 8

4 8

1 9

L I MESTONE

V

1

UN IDRC

0 . 70 0 . 39

9 8

1 6 15

5 8

5 3

2 2

L I MESTONE

V

1

UN IDRC

1 . 02 0 . 43

9 3

F 119

2 7

2 5

8

L I MESTONE

V

1

UN IDRC

0 . 92 0 . 32

8 9

H 4 15

8 1

4 9

1 5

L I MESTONE

V

1

UN IDRC

1 . 46 0 . 19

18

L I MESTONE

V I

1

UN IDRC

0 . 87 0 . 37

15

G I-3

4 8

3 4

1 3

_

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE M AGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

T ab le C-4 : Ma in t e chno log ica l d a ta o ff l akes ( E I -K he rba l o ca l i ty ) . ICKNESS RA W MATER IAL ENGTH BREADTH TH CATALOG # L

F LAKE TYPES

BUTT S CAR BL P ATTER IN ING

TB

F LAK ING ANGLE

M20

3 0

1 5

9

F L INT

I

0

B IDRCT

0 . 50 0 . 60

12

L 22

2 6

1 9

1 0

F L INT

I

0

UN IDRC

0 . 73 0 . 52

1 04

M20

2 9

1 0

7

F L INT

I

0

UN IDRC

0 . 48 0 . 58

8 5

M22

4 0

1 7

9

F L INT

I

0

UN IDRC

0 . 69 0 . 36

1 2 1

L 22

3 1

1 9

1 0

F L INT

I

0

UN IDRC

0 . 6 1

L 22

2 1

2 2

1 0

F L INT

I

0

RAD IAL

1 . 04 0 . 45

1 20

K 2I13

2 8

1 9

8

F L INT

I

0

RAD IAL

1 . 04 0 . 32

17

L 21

2 1

1

1 0

F L INT

I

0

TRANSV

0 . 52 0 . 63

1 09

M20

2 7

1 4

5

F L INT

V

I

CREST

0 . 51

0 . 35

6 2

K 22 1

5 0

2 3

1 0

F L INT

V

1

UN IDRC

0 . 46 0 . 43

7 7

L 2I-47

3

9

6

F L INT

V

1

UN IDRC

2 . 35 0 . 27

10

L 22

1 9

1 3

6

F L INT

V

> 1

UN IDRC

1 . 58 0 . 31

7 6

M20

2 8

1 9

1 0

F L INT

V I

1

CREST

0 . 67 0 . 52

9 0

V I

1

TRANSV

1 . 18 0 . 26

6 4

V I

> 1

TRANSV

0 . 94 0 . 38

9 0

L 2 1

1 7

1 6

5

F L INT

M22

1 9

1 8

7

F L INT

0 . 52

K 21-5

2 8

1 7

9

F L INT

V I

> 1

TRANSV

0 . 60 0 . 52

8 0

M2 110

4 8

2 7

1 7

F L INT

V I

> 1

UN IDRC

0 . 56 0 . 62

1 23

V I

> I

UN IDRC

L 21-8

2 4

2 0

5

F L INT

0 . 72 0 . 20

7 0

S D

7 3

6 4

1 3

L I MESTONE

I

0

ALLCTX

0 . 95 0 . 20

8 6

N 22 -6

2 9

2 0

1 0

L I MESTONE

I

0

ALLCTX

1 . 20 0 . 35

7 4

K 20

2 7

1 9

2 0

L I MESTONE

1

0

ALLCTX

1 . 35 0 . 29

7 9

L 22 1

7 4

6 1

3 0

L I MESTONE

I

L

ALLCTX

0 . 96 0 . 51

7 0

M22 -29

4 7

3 0

9

L I MESTONE

I

L

ALLCTX

1 . 62 0 . 19

6 0

SD

4 7

2 5

8

L I MESTONE

I

P

UN IDRC

0 . 53 0 . 32

9 3

M20

3

2 1

1 2

L I MESTONE

I

0

UN IDRC

0 . 68 0 . 54

8 0

M2112

3 0

2 7

1 0

L I MESTONE

I

0

B IDRCT

0 . 90 0 . 37

6 9

N 22 -4

3 9

3 1

1 0

L I MESTONE

I V

L

ALLCTX

1 . 05 0 . 25

6 0

SD

4 3

3 2

1 3

L I MESTONE

I V

1

UN IDRC

0 . 74 0 . 40

8 6

9 2

4 2

2 3

L I MESTONE

V

1

UN IDRC

0 . 45 0 . 54

18

M22 -20

M OHA MED SAHNOUN I

T ab le C -5 : Ma in t e chno log ica l d a ta o fr e touched p i ece s ( A in H anech l o ca l i ty ) .

ENGTH CATALOG # L

BREADTH TH ICKNESS

RA W MATER IAL

BLANK

ANGLE

CATEGORY

AWL

AH -ONC

1 6

1

6

F L INT

F LAKE

7 8

Ml-45

3 3

1 7

8

F L INT

F LAKE

6 7

DTCULATE

H 6 15

1 3

8

5

F L INT

F LAKE

6 4

DTCULATE

F 3-9

5 0

3 2

1 4

F L INT

F LAKE

8 2

DTCULATE

L 3-4

3 4

1 9

1 2

F L INT

F LAKE

9 3

E NDSCRAP

I 1 -9002

2 9

2 4

1 2

F L INT

F LAKE

1 06

ENDSCRAP

L 1-26

2 7

2 2

6

F L INT

F LAKE

8 3

MULTPLE

H 6 -9005

3 0

1 5

9

F L INT

F LAKE

8 2

MULTPLE

J 4 -20

2 4

1 8

8

F L INT

F LAKE

7 6

MULTPLE

K 6 -ONC

2 2

1 4

5

F L INT

F LAKE

8 2

NOTCH

H 1-35

1 8

1 0

4

F L INT

F LAKE

8 0

S CRAPER

1 -9

3 1

2 4

9

F L INT

F LAKE

7 0

S CRAPER

E1 9

2 8

1 8

1 0

F L INT

F LAKE

7 2

S CRAPER

ONC

2 2

1 4

5

F L INT

F LAKE

1 0 1

S CRAPER

L 4-4

3 5

1 9

9

F L INT

F LAKE

5 5

S CRAPER

F 115

2 7

1 7

8

F L INT

F LAKE

9 9

S CRAPER

1 4 -29

3 4

2 4

9

F L INT

F LAKE

6 4

S CRAPER

AH -ONC

1 9

1 2

5

F L INT

F LAKE

9 5

S CRAPER

L 4 -ONC

2 0

1 3

7

F L INT

F LAKE

9 5

S CRAPER

H I-37

2 1

1 7

7

F L INT

F LAKE

6 5

S CRAPER

H 114

1 9

1 5

4

F L INT

F LAKE

7 0

S CRAPER

H 4-42

3 2

2 3

1 2

F L INT

F LAKE

6 5

S CRAPER

J 6 -900 1

2 2

2 0

9

F L INT

F LAKE

7 6

S CRAPER

F LAKE

8 0

S CRAPER S CRAPER

1 4 -9

2 9

2 2

8

F L INT

K 5-ONC

1 8

1 4

6

F L INT

F LAKE

9 3

G 2 -ONC

1 9

1 5

8

F L INT

F LAKE

9 7

S CRAPER

L 3-ONC

1 8

1 8

8

F L INT

F LAKE

7 3

S CRAPER

L 4 -ONC

1 7

1 3

8

F L INT

F RG MT

7 4

S CRAPER

M1-900 1

1 6

1

5

F L INT

F RG MT

8 9

AWL

M2 -ONC

1 9

1 0

5

F L INT

F RG MT

9 0

AWL

1 4 -900 1

2 1

1 2

8

F L INT

F RG MT

6 5

BUR IN

L 1-20

4 0

3 1

1 6

F L INT

F RG MT

9 5

DTCULATE

E 3-ONC

1 6

1 4

5

F L INT

F RG MT

5 1

DTCULATE

E 111

2 4

2 5

1 5

F L INT

F RGMT

9 3

DTCULATE

J 3 15

1 6

1 8

1 7

F L INT

F RGMT

8 2

E NDSCRAP

AH -ONC

2 0

1 2

8

F L INT

F RG MT

8 5

E NDSCRAP

1 -9004

2 7

1 6

1 0

F L INT

F RGMT

8 4

E NDSCRAP

K 4 -900 1

2 4

1 5

1

F L INT

F RG MT

9 5

ENDSCRAP

K 5 -ONC

1 8

1 2

7

F L INT

F RG MT

9 2

E NDSCRAP

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE M AGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

T ab le C-5 :C on t inued . ICKNESS ENGTH BREADTH TH CATALOG # L

1 3

RA W MATER IAL

B LANK

ANGLE

CATEGORY

1 3

F L INT

F RGMT

9 5

ENDSCRAP

H 2 -9012

3 0

F 114

2 9

1 6

8

F L INT

F RG MT

1 00

MULTPLE

L 2 -900 1

2 1

1 0

6

F L INT

F RGMT

6 2

MULTPLE

K 6 -ONC

1 8

1I

5

F L INT

F RGMT

5 8

MULTPLE

J 7 -900 1

3 1

2 2

1 4

F L INT

F RGMT

1 0 1

NOTCH

E 3 -ONC

1 8

II

6

F L INT

F RGMT

9 2

NOTCH

L 4 14

2 9

1 9

7

F L INT

F RGMT

7

S CRAPER

H 2 -9006

2 2

1 3

1

F L INT

F RGMT

9 4

S CRAPER

AH -ONC

1 7

1 0

6

F L INT

F RGMT

8 0

S CRAPER

J 6 13

3 1

2 2

1 0

F L INT

F RGMT

9 2

S CRAPER

H 115

2 6

1 5

5

F L INT

F RGMT

8 0

S CRAPER

K 5 -ONC

1 5

1 3

5

F L INT

F RGMT

5 4

S CRAPER

F L INT

F RGMT

9 4

S CRAPER

F L INT

F RGMT

8 2

S CRAPER

AH -ONC

1 9

9

4

K 6 -23

3 4

2 3

1 0

M 1-7

3 0

1 5

1 0

F L INT

F RGMT

7 0

S CRAPER

H 6 -ONC

1 9

1

6

F L INT

F RGMT

8 7

S CRAPER

1 6 -29

3 9

2 3

1 2

F L INT

F RGMT

7 0

S CRAPER

L 4 -9006

2 7

1 3

8

F L INT

F RGMT

7 3

S CRAPER

M3-9005

2 2

1 9

8

F L INT

F RGMT

7 1

S CRAPER

E 3 -900 1

2 5

9

8

F L INT

F RGMT

8 8

S CRAPER

K 5 -ONC

1 8

1 5

7

F L INT

F RGMT

9 7

S CRAPER

H 6 -ONC

1 5

1 0

5

F L INT

F RGMT

9 5

S CRAPER

G 2 -ONC

1 6

1 2

6

F L INT

F RGMT

8 6

' SCRAPER

H 2 -24

3 9

2 4

1 4

F L INT

F RGMT

7 4

S CRAPER

K 6 -900 1

2 0

1 0

8

F L INT

NATCK

8 4

DTCULATE

H 6 -9000

2 0

1 4

7

F L INT

NATCK

7 1

DTCULATE

1 4 -ONC

2 0

1 6

6

F L INT

NATCK

6 1

DTCULATE

1

9

F L INT

NATCK

6 8

DTCULATE

E 2 I2

2 0

H 6 1

1 6

8

7

F L INT

NATCK

9 1

DTCULATE

J 4 13

5 4

3 4

1

F L INT

NATCK

8 9

DTCULATE

H 1-38

2 5

1 4

1 0

F L INT

NATCK

8 2

ENDSCRAP

1 7

F L INT

INATCK

9 7

ENDSCRAP

H 4 -45

3 8

J 6 -9002

2 4

1 6

1 0

F L INT

NATCK

9 9

E NDSCRAP

H 6 -27

2 6

2 0

9

F L INT

NATCK

9 3

E NDSCRAP

H 2 16

2 6

2 0

9

F L INT

NATCK

1 00

E NDSCRAP

9

F L INT

NATCK

8 6

ENDSCRAP MULTPLE

3 1

G 2 14

2 8

1 5

E 3 18

4 3

3 5

1 8

F L INT

NATCK

10

E 3 -3

3 0

2 3

9

F L INT

NATCK

8 5

MULTPLE

H 5 -30

3 6

2 1

1 5

F L INT

NATCK

1 06

NOTCH

E 3 -25

2 5

1 6

8

F L INT

NATCK

9 5

S CRAPER

M 1-ONC

2 4

1

9

F L INT

NATCK

7 0

S CRAPER

M OHA MED SAHNOUN I

T ab le C-5 :C on t inued . ENGTH CATALOG # L

BREADTH TH ICKNESS

J 3-25

3 2

2 4

1 7

RA W MATER IAL

BLANK

ANGLE

CATEGORY

F L INT

NATCK

6 6

S CRAPER S CRAPER

H 6 -9004

3 9

3 7

2 2

F L INT

NATCK

8 4

M2 -ONC

2 0

1 6

6

F L INT

NATCK

8 5

S CRAPER

F 3 11

4 1

2 4

I1

F L INT

NATCK

8 4

S CRAPER

H 4 -ONC

2 2

1 4

8

F L INT

NATCK

5 1

S CRAPER S CRAPER

L 4 -ONC

1 8

1 2

6

F L INT

NATCK

9 1

K 3 11

2 9

2 4

1

F L INT

NATCK

8 2

S CRAPER

E 110

3 1

1 3

I1

F L INT

NATCK

6 2

S CRAPER

H 2 -9007

2 1

1 4

7

F L INT

NATCK

9 6

S CRAPER

1 2 -9006

2 6

2 0

1 6

F L INT

NATCK

7 6

S CRAPER

I 1 -9005

2 5

1 4

9

F L INT

NATCK

8 3

S CRAPER

1 -9003

2 7

2 1

1 0

F L INT

NATCK

8 2

S CRAPER

H 1-77

3 1

1 8

1

F L INT

NATCK

1 02

S CRAPER

K 3ONC

1 5

9

4

F L INT

NATPB

8 4

NOTCH

M3 -9007

2 1

1 6

5

F L INT

S NAPD

7 6

DTCULATE -

K 2 -23

1 7

1 5

4

F L INT

S NAPD

6 9

DTCULATE

E 2 1

3 4

2 7

1

F L INT

S NAPD

6 6

DTCULATE ENDSCRAP

E 2 -8

2 6

1 6

8

F L INT

S NAPD

8 9

L 5 1

4 0

2 1

1 4

F L INT

S NAPD

8 1

ENDSCRAP

J 6 -9003

3 0

2 0

8

F L INT

S NAPD

8 6

ENDSCRAP

H 6 13

1 7

1 0

5

F L INT

S NAPD

8 7

ENDSCRAP

H 4 -900 1

2 4

2 1

7

F L INT

S NAPD

8 5

MULTPLE

M3 -900 1

2 2

1 9

5

F L INT

S NAPD

9 6

S CRAPER

H 2 -90 11

2 6

1 9

1 0

F L INT

S NAPD

8 4

S CRAPER '

S NAPD

6 7

S CRAPER

J 4 -30

3 0

1 7

6

F L INT

1 4 -8

2 8

2 2

1 0

F L INT

S NAPD

8 4

S CRAPER

G 1-7

3 9

2 9

7

F L INT

S NAPD

8 5

S CRAPER

1 5 -3

3 1

2 3

1 0

F L INT

S NAPD

6 0

S CRAPER

M2 -9003

2 5

1 5

6

F L INT

S NAPD

8 5

S CRAPER

E 3 -9002

2 8

1

6

F L INT

S NAPD

8 5

S CRAPER

H 4 -25

2 7

2 0

5

F L INT

S NAPD

9 5

S CRAPER

J 3 -9002

2 3

1 2

6

F L INT

S NAPD

8 5

S CRAPER

H 2 -9005

2 9

1 9

8

F L INT

S NAPD

8 4

S CRAPER

H 6 -ONC

1 7

1 6

1 6

F L INT

S NAPD

7 2

S CRAPER

M2 -ONC

1 4

1 0

5

F L INT

S NAPD

7 8

S CRAPER

M2 14

3 3

1 7

8

F L INT

S PL IT

5 9

S CRAPER

H 4 15

8 1

4 9

1 5

L I MESTONE

F LAKE

7 9

DTCULATE

G 1-3

4 8

3 4

1 3

L I MESTONE

F LAKE

9 5

DTCULATE

L 3 1

4 3

3 9

1 5

L I MESTONE

F LAKE

9 2

DTCULATE

L I MESTONE

F LAKE

7 9

S CRAPER

L I MESTONE

F LAKE

7 0

S CRAPER

1 -4

5 2

3 8

1 8

1 6 -8

6 0

4 2

1 2

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE M AGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

T ab le C-5 :C on t inued . RA W MATER IAL

B LANK

ANGLE

CATEGORY

1 6

L IMESTONE

F LAKE

7 4

S CRAPER

3 2

5

L IMESTONE

F LAKE

5 8

S CRAPER

2 4

1 4

9

L IMESTONE

F RG MT

6 2

BUR IN

H 2 -9004

2 8

2 4

9

L I MESTONE

F RG MT

8 5

DTCULATE

H 3 10

5 0

4 4

/ 3

L I MESTONE

F RG MT

7 2

DTCULATE

1 3 -6

5 0

3 3

1 5

L I MESTONE

F RG MT

1 03

S CRAPER

H 4 -38

4 9

3 0

1 2

L IMESTONE

F RGMT

8 2

S CRAPER

H 1-44

4 2

3 1

2 0

L IMESTONE

NATCK

9 0

S CRAPER

K 3 -24

4 1

2 6

I1

L I MESTONE

NATPB

9 0

DTCULATE

K 3 18

4 2

3 5

1

L I MESTONE

NATPB

7 7

DTCULATE

L 3 -33

4 1

3 6

9

L I MESTONE

NATPB

9 3

DTCULATE

1 2 -4

4 2

3 8

1 /

L IMESTONE

NATPB

7 4

DTCULATE

F 11

6 6

5 2

1

L I MESTONE

NATPB

9 2

DTCULATE

F 1-7

5 9

4 5

1 5

L I MESTONE

NATPB

7 9

DTCULATE

H 2 3

4 3

3 2

1 2

L I MESTONE

NATPB

9 4

E NDSCRAP

L I MESTONE

NATPB

10

S CRAPER

L I MESTONE

NATPB

1 06

NOTCH

ENGTH CATALOG # L

ICKNESS BREADTH TH

J 2 -28

8 6

5 7

1 2 15

4 6

G 2 -900 1

J 4 -23

5 1

4 8

3 1

1 4 -4

4 8

3 8

1 7

E l12

6 9

5 2

2 0

L I MESTONE

NATPB

9 7

S CRAPER

1 4 13

5 6

4 6

1 2

L I MESTONE

NATPB

8 0

S CRAPER

L I MESTONE

NATPB

J 2 -900 1

3 6

3 4

7

8 5

S CRAPER

F 2 -900 1

3 2

2 0

1 4

L I MESTONE

NATPB

8 4

S CRAPER

J 3 -900 1

3 9

3 2

2 2

L I MESTONE

NATPB

8 3

S CRAPER

F 1-3

3 7

2 7

1 0

L I MESTONE

NATPB

9 2

S CRAPER

H 1-67

3 6

2 5

8

L I MESTONE

S NAPD

9 0

DTCULATE

H 4 -44

4 2

2 8

9

L I MESTONE

S NAPD

7 6

DTCULATE

H 4 16

3 9

3 6

8

L I MESTONE

S NAPD

9 2

S CRAPER

MOHAMED S AHNOUN I

T ab le C -6 : Ma in t e chno log ica l d a ta o fr e touched p ieces ( E l -Kherba l o ca l i ty ) . CATALOG*

L ENGTH BREADTH

TH ICKNESS RA W MATER IAL

B LANK

ANGLE

CATEGORY

L 22

2 1

2 2

1 0

F L INT

F LAKE

8 7

DTCULATE

M20

2 8

1 9

1 0

F L INT

F LAKE

7 0

DTCULATE

M22

1 9

1 8

7

F L INT

F LAKE

7 4

DTCULATE

K 21-5

2 8

1 7

9

F L INT

F LAKE

6 1

DTCULATE

L 22 -ONC

1 9

1 3

6

F L INT

F LAKE

9 1

MLTPLE

L 21

2 1

1I

1 0

F L INT

F LAKE

7 5

S CRAPER

L 2 1

1 7

1 6

5

F L INT

F LAKE

6 4

S CRAPER

M20

2 7

1 4

5

F L INT

F LAKE

6 2

S CRAPER

K 2 1I3

2 8

1 9

8

F L INT

F LAKE

5 7

S CRAPER

L 22 -ONC

3 1

1 9

1 0

F L INT

F LAKE

7 1

S CRAPER

M22

4 0

1 7

9

F L INT

F LAKE

5 0

S RAPER

L 21-25

2 9

1 5

9

F L INT

F RG MT

7 2

DTCULATE

K 22 -8

2 7

2 9

9

F L INT

F RG MT

7 1

DTCULATE

K 20 -4

2 7

2 2

1 2

F L INT

F RG MT

5 3

MLTPLE

L 20 -ONC

2 4

1 4

1 0

F L INT

F RG MT

7 8

NOTCH

L 2 1-23

3 0

2 8

1 2

F L INT

F RG MT

8 4

NOTCH

L 2 1-32

2 1

1

7

F L INT

F RG MT

6 4

NOTCH

L 2I 24

2 7

1 7

1 0

F L INT

F RG MT

8 0

NOTCH

L 2113

1 8

1 7

7

F L INT

F RG MT

4 8

S CRAPER

M22 -9

1 0

4

2

F L INT

F RG MT

8 5

S CRAPER

L 2 1-34

2 2

1 8

1 0

F L INT

F RG MT

9 1

S CRAPER

M22 14

3 0

2 3

I1

F L INT

NATBP

8 5

NOTCH

M2 1-5

3 3

2 2

1 0

F L INT

NATCB

6 2

S CRAPER

L 21-ONC

1 6

1 4

8

F L INT

NATCK

8 1

DTCULATE

L 2 1-4

2 8

1 8

8

F L INT

NATCK

8 8

DTCULATE

K 22 -2

1 9

1 4

7

F L INT

NATCK

8 5

DTCULATE

L 22 -2

2 4

1

7

F L INT

NATCK

9 0

S CRAPER

M2 111

4 5

2 0

1 6

F L INT

NATPB

7 3

DTCULATE

L 21-2

3 2

1 8

1 6

F L INT

NATPB

8 3

S CRAPER

K 22 -ONC

1 2

1 2

4

F L INT

S NAPD

8 1

DTCULATE

L 2 1-40

2 6

1 8

7

F L INT

S NAPD

9 8

DTCULATE

L 22 -6

1 5

1 4

5

F L INT

S NAPD

8 4

ENDSCRAP

KHB -ONC

2 2

1 9

1 0

F L INT

S NAPD

8 7

MLTPLE

L 22 10

2 9

2 6

8

F L INT

S NAPD

1 00

MLTPLE

L 2 1-9

2 0

1 6

6

F L INT

S NAPD

8 1

NOTCH

L 20 -ONC

1 9

1 6

9

F L INT

S NAPD

6 1

NOTCH

M2 1-ONC

2 0

1 8

6

F L INT

S NAPD

5 0

S CRAPER

6 1

DTCULATE S CRAPER

M22 1

4 0

2 9

1 0

F L INT

S PL IT

K 2 1-ONC

2 6

1 0

7

F L INT

S PL IT

7 0

N 2 1-ONC

2 7

1 8

6

L I MESTONE

F RG MT

9 0

DTCULATE

M22 -2

4 9

4 2

1 3

L I MESTONE

NATBP

8 2

S CRAPER

SD

4 8

3 6

1 2

L I MESTONE

NATPB

7 9

DTCULATE

L 2I 2 1

2 5

1 6

6

L I MESTONE

S NAPD

7 6

S CRAPER

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

ABREV IAT IONS AFAS

A ssoc ia t ion F ranca ise p our l ' Avancemen td e s S c iences

BAR

B r i t ish A rchaeo log ica l R epor t s( I n terna t iona l S e r ies )

B SCG

B u l le t in d u S e rv ice d e l aC ar te G eo log ique d 'A lger ie

B SHN

B u l le t in d e l aS oc ie te d 'H is to i re Na tu re l le d 'Af r ique d u No rd

B SGF

B u l le t in d e l aS oc ie te G eo log ique d e F rance

B SPF

B u l le t in d e l aS oc ie te P reh is to r ique F ranca i se

CNRS

C en t re N a t iona l d e R eche rche S c ien t i f ique , F rance

CRAPE CRAS

C en t re d e R eche rche A n th ropo log ique , P reh i s to r ique e tE thnog raph ique , A lger . C omp tes R endu sd 'Academ ie d es S c iences d e P a r is

I RS

I n s t i tu td e R eche rche s S aha r ienne s , A lge r .

MNHN

Museum N a t iona l d 'H is to i re Na tu re l le d e P a r is

SA M

S erv ice A rcheo log ique d u Ma roc

SGF

S oc ie te G eo log ique d e F rance ( Comp te sR endus S omma i re s )

P SA M

P ub l ica t ion d u S erv ice A rcheo log ique d u Ma roc

U ISPP

U n ion I n terna t iona le d es S c iences P reh is to r iques e tP ro toh i s to r iques

B IBL IOGRAPHY

F . 1 9 , 1 95 -203 .

A l imen M .H . , 1 955 P reh is to i re d e L 'Af r ique . P a r is : B oubee . A l imen M .H . e tC hava i l lon J .1 960 P re sen ta t ion d e

" ga le t

A rambou rg

Amenages " d e s N iveaux S ucce ss if s d u Q ua terna i re

C .

1 949

V i l laf ranch ien

S ur

l a

P resence

D 'A lge r ie

d

d e

V es t iges

A rambou rg C . 1 950 T races P o ss ib les D 'une I ndus t r ie

S t ra t ig raph ique e tE vo lu t ion d e l aP ebb le C u l ture a u

P r im i t ive

S aha ra

L 'Af r ique d u Nord . B . S .P .F . 4 7 , 3 48 -350 .

A c te s

d u

I VCong re s

A rambou rg

P anaf r ica in d e P reh s i to ire . A nna les d u Mu see R oya l d e L 'Af r ique C en t ra le , T e rvu ren , B e lg ique : 4 0 , 3 -

1 953

u n

N iveau

Nouve l le s

V i l laf ranch ien

O bserva t ion s

d e

s u r

l e

( Cons tan t ine ) . C .R .A .S . P a r is 2 36 , 2 419 -2420 .

2 4 .

A rambou rg

I n ter na t iona l d u

o n

S t one

T oo l

Wo rk ing

' Af r ique

1 59 . A rambou rg C . e t H of f es te te r R . Memo i re sn . 34 . A sf aw B . , Y . B eyene , S . S emaw , G . S uwa , T . Wh i te , & G ab r ie l Wo lde G . 1 991 F e je j : a n ew P a leoan th ropo log ica l R esea rch A rea i n E th iop ia .

P re l im ina i re ) . B . S .H . N . d e L 'Af r ique d u No rd 3 8 ,

J ou rna l o fH uman E vo lu t ion 2 1 , 1 37 -143 .

A rambou rg C . 1 948 U n S iva the r ine N o rd - A f r ica in : L iby ther ium Mauru s ium P ome l .

S . G .

A sf aw B . , Y . B eyene , G . S uwa , R . C . Wa l te r , T . Wh i te , G .

F . , c . r .

Wo ldeGab r ie l &Y emane T . 1 992 T he

S omma ires d e s S eances 9 ,1 78 -179 .

A cheu lean f r om Kon so -Ga rdu la .

A rambou rg C . 1 949a P r e sen ta t ion D 'ob je t s E nygma t ique s P rovenan t d u V i l laf ranch ien D 'A lge r ie . S .G .F . , c . r .

E a r l ie s t

Na ture

3 60 ,

7 32 -735 . B a lou tL . 1 955 P reh is to i re d e L 'Af r ique d u No rd . E ssa i d e

S omma ire s d e s S eances 7 , 120 -122 .

C h rono log ie . P a r is : A .M .G .

1 949 b N um idocapra C ra s s icorn i s , Nov . O v icap r ine

1 963 L e G isemen t d e

T ern i f ine . P a r i s : I n s t i tu t d e P a leon to log ie Huma ine ,

4 5 -48 .

u n

Q ua terna i re , R ome -P i se , p p 1 4 .

A rambou rg C . e t B aou t L . 1 952 Du Nouveau ä L 'A in

A rchaeo logy 1 2 ( 2 ) , 1 81-194 .

s p . ,

l e

d uN o rd .Pa r is : E d . S inge r -Po l ignac .

P reh is to r ic T a sk s :

A rambou rg C . 1 947 L e s V e r teb res F os s i les d es F orma t ion s C on t inen ta les d e s P la teaux C ons tan t ino is ( no te

Nov .

D an s

H anech . B . S .H . N . d e L 'Af r ique d u No rd 4 3 , 1 52 -

" A T es t imony o f

E dge s" . Wo r ld

R echerches

L 'Af r ique d u No rd . A rch ives d uM .N . H .N . , P a r is , 7 eme S e r ie 1 ,1 127 .

O eco log ia 6 9 , 3 95 -406 . R e s idue s

Nouve l les

A rambou rg C . 1 979 L es V er teb res V i l laf ranch iens

d e 3 eme C yc le , U n ive r s i te d eB o rdeaux . Amb rose S t an ley H . a nd D eN i ro M ichae l J . 1 986 T he I s o top ic E co logy o f E a s t A f r ican Mamma ls .

D iagnos t ic

1 955

A rambou rg C . 1 970 L es V e r teb res d u P l e i s tocene d e

O r ien ta l ( A lge r ie d u No rd -E s t ) . T he se d e Doc to ra t

Ande r son P . 1 980

C .

G isemen t d e L 'A in H anech . A c tes d u C ong re s

O uga r ta -T abe lba la ) . Meudon , F rance : C .N .R .S . Ama ra A . 1 981 C on t r ibu t ion ä L ' e tude d es F orma t ion s Q ua terna i res e t d e l a P reh i s to i re D an s l e H odna

G en . ,

C .

D an s

G i semen t d e L 'A in H anech p res d e S t . A rnaud

A l imen M .H . e t Z ua te y Z ube r J . 1 978 L 'Evo lu t ion d e L 'Acheu leen a u S aha ra No rd -Occ iden ta l ( Saou ra -

A rambou rg C .

l e

D ' indus t r ie H uma ine .C .R .A .S . P a r is 2 29 , 6 6 -67 .

A nc ien d e l aS aoura . B .S .P .F . 5 7 (2 ) , 3 73-374 . A l imen M .H . e tC hava i l lon J .1 962 P o s i t ion No rd -Occ iden ta l .

D an s

E ven tue l s

Nouveau

B a lou t L . 1 958 L 'A lge r ie P reh is to r ique . P a r is : A .M .G . B a lou tL . , 1 965 P rocedes D 'ana ly se e t Ques t ions d e

d u

V i l laf ranch ien d e L 'Af r ique d u No rd . S . G . F . , c . r . S omma ire s d e s S eances 1 3 , 2 90 -291 . A rambou rg C . 1 949 c L es G isemen t s d e

T e rm ino log ie

D ans

L ' e tude

d es

E n semb le s

I ndus t r ie l s d u P a leo l i th ique I nf e r ieu r e n A f r ique d u

V e r teb re s

No rd . P p . 7 01-735 . I nB ackg round t o E vo lu t ion i n

V i l laf ranch iens d e L 'Af r ique d u No rd . B . S .G .

1 57

MOHA MED SAHNOUN I

Af r ica

( ed .

b y

B ishop

W .W .

&

J .D .

C la rk ) .

B ra in C .K . 1 981 T he H un te r so rt h e H un ted . C h icago : U n ive r s i ty o fC h icago P re s s .

C h icago : U n ive r s i ty o fC h icago P ress . B a lou t L . B ibe r son P . , T ix ie r J . 1 967 L 'Acheu leen d e T ern if ine ( A lge r ie ) , G isemen t d e L 'An th ropo log ie , P a r i s 7 1 , 2 17 -238 .

B ra in C . K . 1 993 S war tk rans : AC ave ' s C h ron ic le o f E a r ly man .P re to r ia : T ran svaa l Museum Monog raph

L 'A t lan th rope .

No .8 .

B a r -Yocef 0 . 1 980 T he P r eh is tory o f t h e L evan t . A nnua l

B rand t D .S . 1 989 T aphonom ic G rade s a sa C la ss if ica t ion o r

R ev iew o f An thropo logy 9 , 1 0 1-133 .

F o ss i l if e rous A s semb lage s a nd I mp l ica t ion s f o r P a leoeco logy . P a la io s4 : 303-309 .

B a r -Yocef 0 . 1 987 P l e is tocene C onnec t ions B e tween A f r ica a nd S ou thwes t A s ia : a n A rchaeo log ica l P e r spec t ive .

B rown , F .H . , J .H a r r is , R . L eakey , a nd Wa lke r A . 1 985 , E a r ly H omo E rec tus S ke le ton F rom We s t T u rkana ,

T he A f r ican A rchaeo log ica l R ev iew 5 ,2 9 -38 . B a r -Yocef 0 .

a nd

Go ren Inba r

N .

1 993 ,

T he

K enya . N a ture 3 16 , 7 88 -792 .

L i th ic

B unn H . , J .W .K . H ar r i s , Z . K auf u lu , E .K ro l l , K .

A ssemb lage o fU be id iya . AL owe r P a laeo l i th ic S i te i n t h e

J o rdan

V a l ley .

J e ru sa lem :

T he

H eb rew

E a r ly P l e is tocene S i te i n Nor ther nK enya .

U n iver s i ty o f J e rusa lem . B eh rensmeye rA .K . 1 975 T he T aphonomy a nd P a leoeco logy

C amps G . 1 964 R eche rches R ecen te s s u r l e P a ldo l i th ique I nf e r ieu r d e s H au tes -P la ine s L ibyca 1 2 , 9 -42 .

C ompa ra t ive Z oo logy H arva rd 1 46 , 4 73-578 . A .K .

1 978

T aphonom ic

a nd

C amp s G . 1 966

E co log ic

S c ien t if ique s d u

2 , 1 50 -162 .

L ibyca 1 4 , 4 60 -460 . 1 982

d u N o rd e td u S aha ra . P a r i s : D o in .

P a leob io logy 8 ( 3) , 2 11-

C a rbone l l E . , G u i lbaud M . , e t Mo ra R . 1 984 Amp l if i ca t ion

2 27 . B eh rensmeye r

A .K .

1 983

P a t ter n s

o f

N a tura l

d u s y s teme a na ly t ique a vec l a c l a ss if ica t ion d e s

B one

g a le t st a l ies . B . S .P .F .8 1 ( 7 ) , 2 03-206 .

D i s t r ibu t ion o n R ecen t L and S u rf aces : I mp l ica t ions f o r A rchaeo log ica l S i te F o rma t ion . P p . 9 3-106 , i n

C a r r C h . 1 991 L ef t i n t h e D us t : C on tex tua l I nf orma t ion i n

A n ima l s a nd A rchaeo logy : 1 .H un ter s a nd T he i r P rey ( ed . b y J . C lu t ton -B rock a nd C . G r ig son ) .

I n terpre ta t ion o fA rchaeo log ica lS pa t ia l P a t tern ing

O xf o rd : BAR I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s 1 63 .

( e d . b y K ro l l E .M . a nd P r ice D .T . ) . N ew Yo rk :

Mode l -Focused A rchaeo logy . P p . 2 21-256 . I n T he

P l enum P re ss . C ham ley H . 1 990 S ed imen to logy . B e r l in : S p r ingVe r lag .

B eh rensmeye rA .K . 1 984 T aphonomy a nd t h e F os s i l R ecord . Ame r ican S c ien t is t7 2 , 5 58 -566 . B ehrensmeye r A .K . a nd D .E . D echan t B oaz ,

C hava i l lon J .1 979 F rom t h e O ldowan t ot h e M idd le S tone

1 980 , T he

R ecen tB ones o f Ambo sso l i

N a t iona l

P a rk ,

i nR e la t ion t oE a s tA f r ican

P a leoeco logy .

B ehrensmeyer a nd A .P .

H i l l ) .

P p .

1 25 145 .

T aphonom ic A pproaches t o T ime R e so lu t ion

1 969

Wo r ld

P reh i s to ry .

A

n ew

O u t l ine .

I :F rom t h e E a r l ie s tT imes t oc . 500 BC .Camb r idge : C la rk J . D . 1 950 T he S tone Age o f Nor thern R hode s ia . C la remon t , C ape : S ou th

A f r ican A rchaeo log ica l

S oc ie ty .

L e P a leo l i th ique I n f e r ieur d u

C la rk J . D . 1 954 T he P reh i s to r ic C u l tu re s o f t h e H o rn o f A f r ica . C amb r idge : C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty P re ss .

G a le t s Amenage s d u Magh reb e t d u

C la rk J .D . 1 969 K a lombo F a l ls P reh is to r ic S i te . Vo l . I :T he

S aha ra . C o l lec t ion F i ches T ypo log iques A f r ica ine s .

G eo logy , P a leon to logy , a nd D e ta i led S t ra t ig raphy

M .N . H . N . , P a r is .

o f

B ibe r son P . 1 976 L es P lus A nc ienne s I n dus t r ies d u Ma roc . C o l loque V : L e s P l us A nc ienne s I ndus t r ie s e n A f r ique . I Xe C ong res U . I .S .P .P . ,

G .

C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty P re s s .

Ma roc A t lan t ique . R aba t : P .S .A .M . 1 967

d e

C la rk J .D . 1 982 T he C amb r idge H is tory o f A f r ica . V o lume

P . 1 961 L e C ad re P a leogeog raph ique d e l a P reh i s to ire d u Ma roc A t lan t ique . R aba t : P .S .A .M . .

B ibe r son P .

T echn ique s

C amb r idge : C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty P ress .

i n

P a leon to log ica l S oc ie ty .

1 96 1

C a rac te re s

P re t i rage ,N ice , p p .43-69 . C la rk ,

I n

F o s s i l A ssemb lage s ( e d . B y K idwe l l S usan M . a nd Anna K . B ehrensmeye r ) .Knoxv i l le : T he

B ibe r son P .

E th iop ie :

E th iop ie . C o l loque V , I X C ong res U . I .S .P .P . ,

C hapman E . 1 993 , Mode ls

A ccumu la t ions .

2 1 :87 -114 .

L 'O ldowayen d e G ombo re Iä Me lka K un tu re e n

a nd S imu la t ion o f T ime -Ave rag ing i n T e r re s t r ia l V e r teb ra te

U nde r s tand ing

C u l tu ra l C hanges . Q ua terna r ia e n

C h icago :

U n ive r s i ty o fC h icago P ress . B eh rensmeyer A .K . a nd R a lph

Age a t Me lka K un tu re ( E th iop ia ) :

C hava i l lon J .e tC hava i l lon N . 1 976 L eP a leo l i th ique A nc ien

P p . 7 2 -92 i n F o ss i ls i n t h e Mak ing . ( ed . b y A .K .

B ibe r son

C .R .A .P .E . D u ran t L ' annee 1 966 .

C amps G . 1 974 L e s C iv i l isa t ions P reh is to r iques d e L 'Af r ique

T ime R e so lu t ion i n F luv ia l

V er teb ra te A ssemb lage s .

C ons tan t ino i se s .

L a P reh is to ire e n A lge r ie e t l e s A c t iv i te s

I n f orma t ion F rom B one Wea the r ing . P a leob io logy B eh rensmeye r A . K .

Wo r ld

A rchaeo logy 1 2 , 1 09 -136 .

o ft h eP l io -P le is tocene V er teb ra te A s semb lages E a s t o f L ake R udo lf , K enya . B u l le t in Museum B ehrensmeye r

S ch ick ,

N .To th , a nd B eh rensmeye r A . K . 1 980 F xJ j50 : A n

t h e

E xcava t ion s .

C amb r idge :

C amb r idge

U n ive r s i ty P ress . C la rk J . D .

N ice 1 976 , 18 -

1 970 T he P reh is tory o f A f r ica . N ew Y o rk :

P raege r .

1 39 . B info rd L .R . 1 981 B ones : A nc ien t men a nd Moder n My th s .

C la rk J .D . 1 992 T he E a r l ie r S t one Age /Lower P a laeo l i th ic i n Nor th A f r ica a nd t h e S aha ra . P p . 1 7 -37 , i n N ew L igh to nt h eN or thea s tA f r ican P a s t( ed . b y K lee s F .

N ew Y ork : A cadem ic P ress . B ou le M . 1 898 E tude P a leon to log ique e tA rcheo log ique s u r

a nd R . K upe r ) . K o ln : H e inr ich -Ba r th I ns t i tu t .

l a S t a t ion P a leo l i th ique d u L ac K a ra r ( A lge r ie ) . C la rk

L 'An thropo l o g ie 1 , 1 21 .

1 58

J .D . ,

1 993 ,

S tone

A r t if ac t

A ssemb lages

F rom

THE LO WER PALAEOL ITH IC OF THE MAGHREB : EXCAVAT IONS AND ANALYSES AT A IN HANECH

Membe r s 1 3 , Swa r tk rans C ave . P p . 1 67 -194 , i n

C a r r ieres T homa s ( Ca sab lanca , Ma roc ) .Qua ter na r ia 2 2 , 6 5-94 .

S war tkran s : AC ave ' s C hron ic le o fE ar ly Man ( ed . b yC .K . B ra in ) . P re to r ia : T ransvaa l Museum.

G e raad s

G adeb ,

U ppe r

Web i

B a s in ,

E th iop ia ,

a nd

a

S t a t is t ica l C ompa r i son o f t h e G adeb S i tes w i th O ther E a r ly S tone A ge A ssemb lage s . P re t irage d u

1 981

B ov idae

e t G i raff idae

( Ar t iodac ty la ,

B . M . N . H . N . P a r i s , 4 7 -86 . G e raad s D . 1 987 D a t ing t h eN or ther nA f r ican C e rcop i thec id F o ss i l R eco rd . H uman E vo lu t ion 2 ( 1) , 1 9 -27 . G e raad s D . e ta l . 1 986 T he P l e is tocene H om in id S i te o f

C o l loque V d u I X C ong res U . I .S .P .P . , N ice C la rk

T e rn if ine ,

J .D . a nd K a ra sh ina H . 1 979 H om in id O ccupa t ion o f

E nv i ronmen t , a ge , a nd H uman Q ua ternary R e sea rch 2 5 , 3 80 -386 .

t h e E a s t -Cen t ra l H igh lands o fE th iop ia i nt h e P l io R eve r sed Magne t ic

h oma s

1 73-176 . 1 971

U ne Nouve l le

E spece

d e

S u ide

d u

e t d u

C .R .A .S . P a r is 2 74 :181184 . C o rn ivus G . e tR oche H . 1 976 L aP reh i s to ire D an s l aR eg ion D 'Hada r( b a s in d e L 'Awa sh , A f a r , E th iop ie ) : P rem ie r sR e su l ta t s . L 'An thropo log ie 8 0 ,315 -324

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L ' or ig ine d e L ' accummu la t ion d u

P rec is ions

1 957

O b se rva t ions

1 984

S u r

Q ue lque s

P a ldoeco log ique s . B . M . N . H . N . 4 eme S e r ie 6 (2 ) ,

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R h inoce ros , C a rac teres

S i te o f

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N a ture 2 92 , 1 25 -129 .

E i sennman

l e P l iocene

J e rusa lem .

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d e s

s u r

" Ube id iya " , J o rdan V a l ley . P h .D .

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a nd T race s

A t lan t ique

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G o ren N . 1 981 T he L i th ic A ssemb lages o ft h e

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Ma roc

L ' äge

L 'A lge r ie 1 3 , 171-175 .

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G ober tE .G . 1 950 L eG isemen t P a leo l i th ique d e S id i Z in .

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e t

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e t D jemma l i

t h e

A cadem ic P re s s . G insburg L .

P l e is tocene D 'Af r ique p a r l e s G rands Mamm if e res .

M . ,

o n

I ndu s t r ie s .

3 65 -438 , i n Ad vance s i n A rchaeo log ica l Me thod a nd T heo ry ( e d . b y M . B . S ch if f e r ) . N ew Yo rk :

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( Ma roc ) :

R ev iew o fA r chaeo logy 's S i s te r

N ov . S p . C .R .A .S . P a r is 2 72 , 3 264 -3267 . C oppens Y . 1 971 L e s V er teb res V i l laf ranch iens d e T un is ie :

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C . ,

N ew

L ' indus t r ie d e s S i te s äH omo E rec tus d es C a r r ie res

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A f r ican P reh is tory . P h .D . D isser ta t ion , U n ive r s i ty o fC a l iforn ia , B e rke ley .

L ' env ironnemen td e s Hom in id gs a u P l io -P le i s tocene

H a r r is J .W .K . 1 983 C u l tu ra l B eg inn ing s : P l io P l e is tocene

P a r is : Ma s son . F o ley , R . 1 987 A no ther U n ique S pec ies . P a t terns i n H uman

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A f a r ,

E th iop ia . A f r ican A rcheo log ica l R ev iew 1 ,3 31 .

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H ar r is J .W .K . a nd G .L . Isaac 1 976 T he K a ra r i I ndu s try : E a r ly

S c ien t if ic & T echn ica l .

P l e is tocene

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F o ss i l

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1 59

R eco rd .

MOHAMED S AHNOUN I P l enum P res s .

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M ic rowea r

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t h e

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D epos i t iona l

&

H e inze l in

K ibun j ia

E nv ironmen t s ,

J . d e

K enya .

L ake

T urkana

B a s in .

J ourna l

o f

H uman

M . ,

H .Roche ,

F .Brown ,

&

L eakey

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R . , H over s , E . , R ak , Y . ,Vond ra , C . , Y emane , T . , Y o rk , D . , C hen , Y . ,Evensen , N . M . & Sm i th , P . E .

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a nd E nv ironmen t i nt h e L ake R udo lf B a s in ( e d . b y

H ada r

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H ada r

Membe r ) ,

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1 987

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A

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Howe l l

U ses :

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1 991

A rchaeo log ica l S pa t ia l

T he I n terp re ta t ion o f

P a t tern ing .

N ew

Yo rk :

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K uman K . 1 994 T he A rchaeo logy o f S t e rkf on te in P a s t a nd

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J odo t P . 1 955 L es S ubd iv is ion s d u P l iocene D ans l e No rd d e L 'Af r ique ( A lge r ie , Ma roc ) D 'ap res [ e sF aunes d e

ODP S i te 6 58 .Pa laeogeog raphy , P a laeoc l ima to logy , P a laeoeco logy 1 09 ,2 95 -316 .

S e rv ice

L um ley H . d e 1 975

G eo log ique d u Ma roc .

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1 975

A u s t ra lope thec ine s ( ed . b y B u tze r K .W . a nd G .L .

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M .D .

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Monog raph ie d e s N fr teb re s F os s i le s d e L 'A lge r ie .

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R ayna l J . P . e t T ex ier J . P 1 989 D ecouver te d 'Acheu leen

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A nc ien D ans l aC a r r ire T homa s 1äC a sab lanca e t P rob l me d e L ' anc ienne te d e l aP r e sence H uma ine

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( Car r ire

O u lad

H am ida

S ch ick

1 ,

K .

1 987

H yd ro log ic

A rchaeo log ica l

S i te A cheu leen

F orma t ion

Ma roc A t lan t ique .

C .R .A .S .

J ourna l

S i tes .

P roce s se s

Human

C r i te r ia

f o r

D is turbance

P p .

8 6 -107 ,

a nd

t h e

R ecord ( e d . b y Na sh D .T .

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o f

E xpe r imen ta l ly -De r ived

A sses s ing

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D isser ta t ion ,

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a u Ma roc . C .R .A .S . P a r is 3 08 , 1 7431749 . U n Nouveau G i semen t P a leon to log ique

P la teau

i n

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& M .D .

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Ma inz 1 987 : C u l tura l B eg inn ing s . ( ed . b y C la rk S ch ick K . 1 992 G eoa rchaeo log ica l A na lys is o fa n A cheu lean

R igaud J . P . a nd S imek J . F . 1 991 I n te rp re t ing S pa t ia l P a t terns a t t h e G ro t te XV : A Mu l t ip le - Me thod A pp roach . P p .199 -220 .

I n

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o f

S ch ick K . D . a nd T o th N . 1 993 Mak ing S i len t S tone S peak .

A rchaeo log ica l S pa t ia l P a t tern ing ( e d . b y K ro l l E .M . a nd P r ice D .M . ) . N ew Y o rk : P l enum P res s .

H uman E vo lu t ion a nd t h e D awn o fT echno logy . N ew Y o rk : S imon & S chus ter .

R oche H . 1 980 P rem ier s O u t i ls T a i l le s D 'Af r ique . P a r is : S oc ie te D 'E thnog raph ie . R oche H . e tK ibund j ia M . 1 994 L es S i te s d e

l a F orma t ion

d e

Nachuku i ,

S ch ick K .D . a nd T o th N . 1 993 E a r ly S tone Age T echno logy i nA f r ica . AR ev iew a nd

A rcheo log iques

S tudy

i n to

t he

Na tu re

a nd F unc t ion o f S phero id s a nd S ubsphero ids , P p . 4 29 -449 , i n I n teg ra t ive P a th s t o t h e P a s t .

Wes t T urkana ,

K enya . C .R .A .S .Pa r is , 3 18 , 145 -1151 .

P a leoan thropo log ica l

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Ad vance s . I n H ono r o f F .

C l ima t A r ide D an s L 'A tako r ( Hogga r ) V e r s 1 . 5 MA (da ta t ion K /A r ) e t s a P l ace D ans l e C on tex t

C la rk H owe l l . E d i ted b y C or rucc in i R .S . a nd R .L .

P a leoc l ima t ique d u P l io -P le is tocene A f r ica in . B . S .

S ch ick , K . D . , a nd Z huan D . 1 993 , E a r ly P a laeo l i th ic o f

C iochon .N ew J e r sy : P ren t ice H a l l . C h ina

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a nd

E a s tern

A s ia .

E vo lu t iona ry

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1 6 1

E SR

MOHAMED S AHNOUN I D a t ing S tud ies o f t h e Aus t ra lope thec ine S i te o f S t e rkf on te in ,

S ou th

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1 985 Anc ien t S ed imen ta ry E nv ironmen t s a nd

T he i r

s ub -Surf ace

D iagno s is .

I t haca :

T un is : P ub l ica t ion d e L ' In s t i tu t d e s H au te s E tude s

C orne l l

d eT un is .

U n ive r s i ty P ress . S emaw , S . , R enne , P . ,Har r is , J .W . K . , F e ibe l , C . S . ,Berno r ,

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E co log ica l E a r ly

V incens

H om in id

1 979

Ana lyse

d e

P a lyno log ique

P i e r re d u

e t S i te

A rcheo log ique F xJ j 5 0 . F o rma t ion d e K oob i F o ra ,

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S h ipman P . 1 981 L if e H i s to ry o f aF os s i l . An I n t roduc t ion t o T aphonomy a nd P a leoeco logy .

C ambr idge : G e t ty ,

1 978

R ecyc l ing

o f

C a rbon

S up r i jo & W id ia smo ro 1 994 Age o f t he E a r l ies t

2 98 -301 . o fK ranz G ra sses i nS ou th A f r ica .

P l e is tocene

H om in id

F orma t ion ,

S i te

i n t he

a F o re s t

V oge l J .C . a nd F u l s A . 1 978 T he G eog raph ica l D i s t r ibu t ion

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P lan ta rum 1 3 (1) , 8 9 -94 .

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A .

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E a r ly

J .C .

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a n

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a n E a r ly P l iocene V er teb ra te F auna , K nox C oun ty ,

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U n ive r s i ty o f Wyom ing P re ss .

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d e

S cha rcz , C . Yonge , J .d e Vos , & R ink W . 1 995 E a r ly Homo a nd a s soc ia ted a r tef ac t s f r om A s ia .

l a

Na ture , 3 78 , 2 75-278 .

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1 884

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P a leon to log ique s s u rQ ue lques F orma t ions

e t

D 'eau

D ouce d e L 'A lge r ie . Memo ire s S .G . F . 3( 2 ) , 1 151 . T ob ia s P . V .

1 991

O lduva i G o rge . V o l . 4 : T he S ku l ls ,

E ndoca s t s , a nd T ee th o fH omo H ab i l is . C amb r idge : C amb r idge U n ive r s i ty

P re ss .

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D isser ta t ion ,

U n ive r s i ty

B e rke ley . T o th N . 1 985 A rchaeo log ica l R igh t -Handedne s s

i n

o f

C a l if orn ia ,

E v idence f o r P ref e ren t ia l t h e

L owe r

a nd

P l e is tocene , a nd i t sP os s ib le I mp l ica t ions .

M idd le J ourna l

o fH uman E vo lu t ion 1 4 , 6 07 -614 . T o th N . 1 985 T he O ldowan R ea s ses sed : A C lose L ook a t E a r ly S tone A r t if ac t s . J our na l o f

A rchaeo log ica l

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A .

U n ive r s i te

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2 eme E d i t ion , A lge r : e t d e l ' Ene rg ie e t

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3 85 , 3 33 -336 . S emenov S .A . 1 964 P reh is to r ic T echno logy . L ondon : C ory , S ep tJ .1 992 A rchaeo log ica l E v idence a nd

E l -Eu lma , l ' Indus t r ie

1 987 B ehav io ra l I n f erence s F rom E a r ly S tone A r t if ac tA ssemb lage s : a n E xpe r imen ta l J ourna l o f H uman E vo lu t ion 1 6 , 7 63-787 .

Mode l .

T o th N . a nd S ch ick K . 1 986 T he F i r s t M i l l ion Y ea r s : T he

1 62

CA MBR IDGE M ONOGRAPHS I N AFR ICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

*N o 1-BAR S 75 , 1 980 T he N iger D e l ta A spec t s o fi t s P reh i s tor ic E conomy a nd C u l ture b y Nwanna Nzewunwa . I SBN 08 6054 0 83 9 *N o 2-BAR S 89 , 1 980 P reh is tor ic I nve s t iga t ions i n t he R eg ion o fJ enne , Ma l i AS tud y i nt h e D eve lopmen t o f U rban i sm i nt h eS ahe lb y S usan K eech Mc In tosh a nd R ode r ick J . Mc In to sh I SBN 08 6054 1 03 7 *N o 3-BAR S 97 , 1 981 Of f -S i te A rchaeo logy a nd Human Adap ta t ion i n E as tern A f r ica A n A na ly s i s o f R eg iona lA r tef ac tD en s i ty i nt h e Ambose l i , S ou thern K enya b y R obe r tF o ley . I SBN 08 6054 14 2 *N o 4-BAR S 114 , 1 981 L a ter P le is tocene C u l tura l Adap ta t ions i nS udane se Nub ia b y Y ou s if Mukh ta r e l Am in . I SBN 08 6054 1 34 7 *No 5-BAR S 119 , 1 981 S e t t lemen t P a t terns i nt he I ron Age o fZ u lu land A n E co log ica l I n terpre ta t ion b y Ma r t in H a l l . I SBN 08 6054 1 43 6 *N o 6-BAR S 139 , 1 982 T he N eo l i th ic P er iod i nt he S udan , c .6 000 -2500 B .C . b y A bba s S . Mohammed -A l i . I SBN 08 6054 1 70 3 *N o 7-BAR S 195 , 1 984 H i s tory a nd E thnoarchaeo logy i n E as tern N iger ia A S tud y o fI gbo -Iga la r e la t ion s w i th s pec ia lr ef erence t ot h e A nambra V a l ley b y P h i l ip Ad igwe O guagha a nd A lex I k echukwu O kpoko . I SBN 0 8 6054 2 49 1 *No 8-BAR S 197 , 1 984 Mero i t ic S e t t lemen t i nt he C en tra l S udan A nA na ly s i s o fS i tes i nt h eN i le V a l ley a nd t h e W e s tern B u tana b yK h id i r Abde lka r im A hmed . I SBN 08 6054 2 52 1 *N o 9-BAR S 201 , 1 984 E conomy a nd T echno logy i n t he L a te S tone A ge o f S ou thern N a ta l b y C ha r les C ab le . I SBN 08 6054 2 58 0 No 1 0 -BAR S 207 , 1 984 F ron t ier s S ou thern A f r ican A rchaeo logy T oday e d i ted b y M . H a l l , G . Avery , D .M . Ave ry , M .L . W i lson a nd A .J .B . H umph rey s . I SBN 08 6054 2 68 8 .£ 23 .00 . *No 1 -BAR S 215 , 1 984 A rchaeo logy a nd H i s tory i nS ou thern N iger ia T he a nc ien t l i near e ar thwork s o fB en in a nd I s han b yP . J . D a r l ing . I SBN 08 6054 2 75 0 *No 1 2 -BAR S 213 , 1 984 T he L a ter S tone A ge o fS ou thernmos tA f r ica b yJ ane t te D eacon . I SBN 08 6054 2 76 9 *No 1 3 -BAR S 254 , 1 985 F i sher -Hunter s a nd N eo l i th ic P as tora l i s t s i n E as t T urkana , K enya b y J ohn Webs te r B a r the lme . I SBN 08 6054 3 25 0 No 1 4 -BAR S 285 , 1 986 T he A rchaeo logy o f C en tra l D arfur ( Sudan ) i n t he i s t M i l lenn ium A .D . b y I b rah im Musa Mohammed . I SBN 08 6054 3 67 6 . No 1 5 -BAR S 293 , 1 986 S tab le C arbon I s o tope s a nd P reh is tor ic D ie t s i n t he S ou th - We s tern C ape P rov ince , S ou th A f r ica b yJ ud i th S ea ly . I SBN 08 6054 3 76 5 . * No 1 6 -BAR S 318 , 1 986 L 'ar t r upe s tre p reh is tor ique d es mass if s c en traux s ahar iens b y A lf red Muzzo l in i . . I SBN 08 6054 4 06 0 No 1 7 -BAR S 321 , 1 987 S pher iods a nd B a t tered S tone s i n t he A f r ican E ar ly a nd M idd le S tone A ge b y P ame la R . W i l loughby . I SBN 08 6054 4 10 9 *No 1 8 -BAR S 338 , 1 987 T he R oya l C rowns o f Kush A s t udy i nM idd le N i le V a l ley r ega l ia a nd i c onography i nt h e i s tm i l lenn ia B .C . a nd A .D . b yL äz lö T örök . . I SBN 08 6054 4 32 X No 1 9 -BAR S 339 , 1 987 T he L a ter S tone A ge o ft he D rakensberg R ange a nd i t s F oo th i l l s b yH . O pperman . I SBN 08 6054 4 37 0 *No 2 0 -BAR S 350 , 1 987 S oc io -Econom ic D if f eren t ia t ion i n t he N eo l i th ic S udan b y R and i H aa land . I SBN 0 8 6054 4 53 2 No 2 1 -BAR S 351 , 1 987 L a ter S tone A ge S e t t lemen t P a t terns i n t he S andve ld o f t he S ou th - We s tern C ape P rov ince , S outh A f r ica b yA n thony Manh ire . I SBN 08 6054 4 54 0 No 2 2 -BAR S 365 , 1 987 L 'ar t r upe s tre d u F ezzan s ep ten tr iona l ( L ibye ) Widyan Z reda e t T aru t (Wad i e sh S ha t i ) b yJ ean -Lo ic L e Q ue l lec . I SBN 08 6054 4 73 7 *No 2 3 -BAR S 368 , 1 987 A rchaeo logy a nd E nv ironmen t i n t he L ibyan S ahara T he e xca va t ions i nt he T ad ra r t A cacus , 1 978 -1983 e d i ted b y B a rba ra E .B a r ich . I SBN 08 6054 4 74 5 No 2 4 -BAR S 378 , 1 987 T he E ar ly F armer s o fT ranske i , S ou thern A f r ica B efore A .D . 1 870 b y J .M . F ee ly . I SBN 08 6054 4 86 9 No 2 5 -BAR S 380 , 1 987 L a ter S tone Age Hun ter s a nd Ga therer s o f t he S ou thern T ransvaa l S oc ia l a nd e co log ica li n terpre ta t ion b y L yn Wad ley . I SBN 08 6054 4 92 3 No 2 6 -BAR S 405 , 1 988 P reh i s tor ic C u l ture s a nd E nv ironment s i nt he L a te Qua ternary o fA f r ica e d i ted b yJ ohn B owe ra nd D av id L ube l l . I SBN 08 6054 5 20 2 No 2 7 -BAR S 418 , 1 988 Z ooarchaeo logy i nt he M idd le N i le Va l ley A S tud y o ffo ur N eo l i th ic S i te s n ear K har toum b yA l i T igan i E l Mah l . I SBN 08 6054 5 39 3 No 2 8 -BAR S 422 , 1 988 L 'Anc ienne Me ta l lurg ie d u F er ä Madagascar b y C han ta l R ad im i lahy . I SBN 0 8 6054 5 44 X No 2 9 -BAR S 424 , 1 988 E l G e i l i T he H is tory o f aM idd le N i le E nv ironmen t , 7 000 B .C .-A .D . 1 500 e d i ted b y I . C aneva . I SBN 08 6054 5 48 2

No 3 0 -BAR S 445 , 1 988 T he E thnoarchaeo logy o ft he Z aghawa o fD arfur ( Sudan ) S e t t lemen t a nd T ransc ience b y Na ta l ie T obe r t . I SBN 08 6054 5 74 1 No 3 1 -BAR S 455 , 1 988 S he l lf i sh i n P reh is tor ic D ie t E lands B ay , S .W . C ape C oas t , S ou th A f r ica b y W .F . B uchanan . I SBN 08 6054 5 84 9 No 3 2 -BAR S 456 , 1 988 Hou louf IA rc Ho log ie d e s s oc i&j sp ro toh i s tor ique s d uN ord -Cameroun b y A ugu s t in Ho l l . I SBN 08 6054 5 86 5 *No 3 3 -BAR S 469 , 1 989 T he P redynas t ic L i th ic I ndus tr ie s o f Upper E gyp t b y L iane L . H o lmes . I SBN 0 8 6054 6 01 2( two v o lumes ) No 3 4 -BAR S 521 , 1 989 F i sh ing S i te s o f N or th a nd E as t A f r ica i n t he L a te P le i s tocene a nd Ho locene E nv ironmen ta lC hange a nd Human Adap ta t ion b y K a th lyn Moo re S t ewa r t . I SBN 08 6054 6 62 4 *No 3 5 -BAR S 523 , 1 989 P lan t D ome s t ica t ion i nt he M idd le N i le B as in A nA rchaeoe thnobo tan ica lC a se S tud yb y Anwa r Abde l - Mag id . I SBN 08 6054 6 64 0 No 3 6 -BAR S 537 , 1 989 A rchaeo logy a nd S e t t lemen t i nU pper Nub ia i n t he i s t M i l lenn ium A .D . b y D av id N . E dwa rds . I SBN 0 8 6054 6 82 9 No 3 7 -BAR S 541 , 1 989 P reh is tor ic S e t t lemen t a nd S ub s i s tence i n t he Kaduna V a l ley , N iger ia b y K o lawo le D av id A iyedun a nd T hur s tan S haw . I SBN 08 6054 6 84 5 No 3 8 -BAR S 640 , 1 996 T he A rchaeo logy o f t he Mero i t ic S ta te N ew p er spec t ive s o n i t s s oc ia l a nd p o l i t ica l o rgan i sa t ion b y D av id N . E dwa rds . I SBN 08 6054 8 25 2 No 3 9 -BAR S 647 , 1 996 I s lam , A rchaeo logy a nd H is tory G ao R eg ion (Ma l i ) c a . AD 9 00 -1 250 b y T imo thy I n so l l . I SBN 08 6054 8 32 5 No 4 0 — BAR S 651 , 1 996 S ta te F ormat ion i n E gyp t : C hrono log y a nd s oc ie ty b y T oby A .H . W i lk in son . I SBN 0 8 6054 8 38 4 No 4 1 -BAR S 680 , 1 997 R echerche s a rchio log ique s s ur l a c ap i ta le d e l ' emp ire d e Ghana E tud e d 'un s ec teur d 'hab i ta t äK oumb iS a leh , Maur i tan ie . C ampagne s1 -1 1 1 -1V -V ( 1975 -1976 ) -( 1980 -1981 ) b y S .B e r th ie r . I SBN 08 6054 8 68 6 .£ 33 .00 . *o u to fp r in t