The League of the Aitolians 9004109110, 9789004109117

Citation preview

THE LEAGUE OF THE AITOLIANS

MNEMOSYNE SUPPLEMENTS SUB SERIES

HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY EDITORS JOHANNES S. BOERSMA • WILLEM M. JONGMA.\I • IAN MORRIS

VOLUME CC

JOHN D. GRAINGER

THE LEAGUE OF THE AITOLIANS

THE LEAGUE OF THE AITOLIANS BY

JOHN D. GRAINGER

BRILL LEIDEN · BOSTON · KOLN 1

999

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Grainger, John D. The league of the Aitolians / by John D. Grainger. p. cm. - (Mnemosyne, bibliotheca classica Batava. Supplementum, ISSN 0 169-8958 ; 200) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 9004109110 (cloth : alk. paper) I. Aetolian League 2. Greece-History-281-146 B.C. I. Title. II. Series. DF236.G73 1999 938'.08-dc21 99-37196 CIP

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme [Mnemosyne / Supplementum] Mnemosyne : bibliotheca classica Batava. Supplementum. - Leiden ; Boston ; Koln : Brill Friiher Schriftenreihe Teilw. u.d.T.: Mnemosyne / Supplements Reihe Supplementum zu: Mnemosyne 200. Grainger, John D.: The league of the Aitolians. - 1999 Grainger, John D.: The league of the Aitolians / by John D. Grainger. - Leiden ; Boston ; Koln : Brill, 1999 (Mnemosyne : Supplementum ; 200) ISBN 90-04-10911-0

ISSN 0 I 69-8958 ISBN 90 04 10911 0 © Copyright 1999 by Koninklijke Brill .NV, Lei,den, The Netherlands

All rights reseroed. No part of this publication mqy be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval .rystem, or transmitted in any form or try any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission .from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted try Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drwe, Suite 910 Danvers 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS

CONTENTS List of Maps ......... ...................................... ........................ .. .. .... Maps ..........................................................................................

vu 1x

1. Introduction ... .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... ..... .. .... ... .... .. .... ...... ...... ......

xv

PROLOGUE

2. A Pirate State? .......................................................................

3

PART ONE ORIGIN AND SURVIVAL

3. The Beginning of the League (Before 335) .......................... 4. Survival (330-300) ..................................................................

29 54

PART1WO GROWTH AND POWER

5. 6. 7. 8.

Expansion: The First Phase (300-278) .................................. 87 Expansion: The Second Phase (278-260) ............................. l 05 A Generation of Peace (270-245) ......................................... 130 The Challenge from Achaia (245-239) ........ ................ ......... 14 7 PART THREE STUDIES

Introduction ................................................................................. 9. The Constitution ................................................................... 10. Ai tolian Wealth .. ... .. .. .... .. .. ... .. ... ..... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ..... ..... ...... ..... .. 11. The Armed Forces ................................................................

167 169 188 202

PART FOUR THE MACEDONIAN WARS

12. The First Macedonian War (The War of Demetrios) (238-228) .. ..... ...... .... ...... .. ...... ......... ........ ... .. ... .... .. ............ ... ... 21 7

Vl

CONTENTS

13. The Second Macedonian War (The Social/ Symmachic War): 1. The Causes (228-220) ......................... 14. The Second Macedonian War (The Social/ Symmachic War): 2. The Fighting (220-217) ...................... 15. The Third Macedonian War: 1. The Causes (21 7-211) ... ... ... ...... ....... .. ... ... ......... ....... ..... .... 16. The Third Macedonian War: 2. The Fighting (211-206) ..................................................... 17. The Social Problem, and the Causes of the Fourth Macedonian War (206-199) .................................................. 18. The Fourth Macedonian War (199-197) ..............................

244 269 297 311 338 363

PART FIVE THE ROMAN PROBLEM

19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

The Break with Rome (197-192) .......................................... The Roman War: 1. The Seleukid Alliance (192-191) ....... The Roman War: 2. Aitolia Alone (191-189) ...................... The Roman Client (189-167) ............................................... Roman Subject: The End of the League (From 167)

407 435 463 499 531

PART SIX CONCLUSION

24. The Achievements of the League ......................................... 549 APPENDIX

Magistrates of the Aitolian League ..... ... .... ......... .. ... ...... ....... ... ... . Abbreviations ............................................... ................................ Bibliography ................................................................................. Index ............................................................................................

555 561 563 569

UST OF MAPS I.

Aitolia.

II. The Growth of the Aitolian League. III. Aitolian Proxerwi. IV. Greece 220-21 7. V. Aitolia and the Peloponnese.

. .

·. · .E PE t_R 6 •

•

•

s: · .·: ·: ·: ·: ·: ·:

Ambrakia 0

. I•

~

.

.

.. .

0

Pharsalos

I. AITOLIA

·• ·: Land over 500 metres

Thebes 0

I

I

/

/

I

/"

' \

'

AMBRAKIA \

/

* I

~ -~'· h ~ ~ -- -:: .- / /

.,,,

,;

I

AMPHILOCHIA J

'lip

\ ~ ~ ---..J/

o:ill /