The Larkin Papers: Volume 5 1846 [Reprint 2020 ed.] 9780520321298

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The Larkin Papers #

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THE

Larkin Papers Personal\ Business, and Official Correspondence of Thomas Oliver Larkinf Merchant and United States Consul in California J^ Edited by George B Hammond\ Director of the Bancroft Library —

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#

VOLUME

V

1846 #

Published for

UNIVERSITY

the Bancroft

OF

Library

by the

CALIFORNIA

B E R K E L E Y AND LOS

1955

ANGELES

PRESS

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA P R E S S B E R K E L E Y AND LOS ANGELES -o CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY P R E S S LONDON, ENGLAND

COPYRIGHT 1 9 5 5 B Y T H E REGENTS OF T H E UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

PRINTED IN T H E UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

PREFACE

T

brought a spectacular end to California's quiet and romantic pastoral life. It marked the outbreak of the unexpected Bear Flag Revolt, upsetting Larkin's well-developed plans for peaceful annexation. It ushered in a struggle between the Americans, now arriving by the overland route in large numbers, and the Mexicans, for possession of California, a struggle in which many Californians, sharply divided in their allegiance to Mexico, supported the United States—or attempted to remain neutral and to guard their horses and cattle from the roving commissary departments of both sides. Lieutenant John C. Fremont, who had arrived in California in December, 1845, and had returned from Oregon, after Archibald H. Gillespie had brought him special messages and a packet of letters from his distinguished father-in-law, Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri, had gone into camp on the Sacramento River near the Marysville Buttes. Since Gillespie was a confidential agent of his government, and since the nature of Senator Benton's letters has never been completely divulged, it has always been easy to assume that they went further in revealing the plans of his government than the official written instructions from the Secretary of State. At the Sacramento, Fremont wrote Senator Benton that he intended to return home soon via the Colorado River, but he actually made no such move. Whether Fremont really intended to return to the United States or whether this was a statement to cover up his real motives is one of those questions that can never be determined with certainty. Hubert Howe Bancroft, followed by many others, was convinced that Fremont had no intention to leave California immediately but that he already had revolutionary schemes in mind. Fremont's admirers, on the contrary, insist that his HE MONTH OF JUNE, 1 8 4 6 ,

[v]

[vi] prompt and fearless action in a great crisis was instrumental in saving California for the American Union. Clearly, fate had cast him in a major role, one that he was willing to assume and which he played with his usual bravado. At the moment Frémont went into camp on the Sacramento, he knew from Gillespie that his country was on the brink of war with Mexico. General Zachary Taylor, he was informed, had advanced to the R i o Grande, and fighting might be expected at any moment, if indeed it had not already broken out. At Mazatlán, the Mexican authorities, in expectation of a blockade of the port by Commodore John D . Sloat's squadron, had fled inland to Rosario, a couple of hundred miles farther south. Frémont knew, too, that Larkin was momentarily expecting news of a declaration of war. With all these signs pointing toward war, would Frémont not be charged with cowardice or neglect of duty if he left California at such a crisis ? As a man of action, his natural choice was to remain ; and as the policy of his government seemed to require his presence in California, he remained in camp on the Sacramento, listening to the local gossip and talking with the settlers, new and old. While waiting for something to happen, Frémont made his preparations. Larkin and Sloat must both know of his whereabouts, so Samuel Neal was sent to Monterey with dispatches. He reached there the night of May 3 X, 1846. Larkin in turn sent back a batch of N e w York and N e w Orleans newspapers, in order to relieve Frémont's camp " o f some of its loneliness." Frémont needed some supplies, which could be obtained only at the coast ports. Fearing to go in person, in view of the animosities aroused by the affair in the Gavilan Mountains, he sent Gillespie to visit Captain John B. Montgomery, of the warship Portsmouth in San Francisco Bay, to obtain supplies and ammunition. By June 13 Gillespie had returned from the trip via Sutter's launch, and that same night went on to Frémont's camp. The Californians, during these early months of 1846, were in a ferment of internal jealousy and rivalry. When Governor Manuel Micheltorena was expelled in February, 1 8 4 5 , Pío Pico of Los Angeles had become governor and moved the capital from Monterey to Los Angeles, reviving old feuds over control of the government and division of the spoils of office. Chief rival of Governor Pico was General José Castro of Monterey, who con-

[vii] trolled the treasury and military departments and therefore most of the political plums. Embroiled in this manner over domestic issues, the Californians were unable to agree on any concerted program of action on either domestic or foreign affairs. There were, it is true, loud denunciations against the increasing number of American immigrants and demands for restrictions against their admission, but no action followed these bombastic outcries. To deliberate on these and other problems, a junta of the chief government officers had been called to meet at Monterey in April, 1846, but those from the south ruined its effectiveness by failing to attend. In May a similar conference met in the south, passed some resolutions, and laid plans for electing delegates to a general consejo or assembly to meet at Santa Barbara on June 15. Between sessions, Castro and Pico, representing the two sections of the region, thundered denunciations at each other, but such verbal barrages did little harm. Indeed, whatever had been planned for the Santa Barbara meeting was of little consequence, for time had now run out and events were about to explode that made the actions of the California officials obsolete and changed the entire course of California history. The explosion was the outbreak of hostilities between Mexican and American forces on the lower Rio Grande in April and May, 1846, news of which was slow to reach the Pacific Coast. At Mazatlán, Commodore Sloat had received fairly convincing information as early as May 17, though no actual proof, that a clash had taken place and blood had been shed. Cautious to the point of timidity, however, and sick as well, he vacillated for weeks and did not sail for Monterey until June 7, when he learned of the blockade of Vera Cruz by American naval forces. If Commodore Sloat had been a hardhitting man of action and had seized California at the first news of war, there might have been no such thing as the Bear Flag Revolt. But whether or not the Bear Flat Revolt was unnecessary and bootless, it was the most spectacular incident of the war in California and has traditionally been looked upon as the episode that "saved" California for the United States. The Bear Flag Revolt had its beginnings deep in the past. In California, Mexicans and Americans, especially newcomers, often nourished strong prejudices against each other, feelings that may perhaps be traced back to the days of Queen Elizabeth's freebooters. In the Southwest there had been

[viii] a record of conflict along the border for half a century ; and in California, where so many immigrants arrived without passports or other authorization, some officials denounced this rising tide and issued warnings against them, but nothing more came of it. These warnings excited the immigrants and led them to demand action to protect their own interests. Under the circumstances some of the newly arrived immigrants, fearful that they might not receive land grants or other concessions, were ready to join any movement that promised them a share in the resources of the new country. While events were rapidly approaching a crisis, Frémont waited and watched. He had not much longer to wait. Early in June, General José Castro had arranged to get a herd of horses from Vallejo at Sonoma ; these were being driven toward Sutter's Fort into the San Joaquin Valley on the way to San José under Lieutenants Francisco Arce and José Maria Alviso and a few men. In the absence of specific knowledge, rumor spread in the Sacramento Valley that this was the beginning of the much-feared attack on the Americans. At Frémont's camp, where news of the herd of horses had been carried, a party of about a dozen men led by Ezekiel Merritt set out to intercept and capture it, which they did on June 10. The Mexican soldiers were not otherwise molested; they were, however, informed that if General Castro wanted the horses he could come and get them, but that the Americans planned to take Sonoma and the rest of northern California! Almost immediately the move to capture Sonoma was launched. Since it was the stronghold of Spanish power in the north and the home of its most influential citizen, Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, it was a strategic point. From Frémont's camp, and possibly with his full sanction, the small party of Americans, still under Merritt's leadership and numbering only about twenty men, set out for Napa Valley, gathered some additional followers there, and early on Sunday morning, June 14, surrounded Vallejo's home in Sonoma, roused the family, and placed the chief persons under arrest. These were Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, his brother Salvador, Victor Prudon, and the American Jacob P. Leese. The situation looked bad for the prisoners, but it was finally agreed to send them to Sutter's Fort, much to their relief. Here they were imprisoned until long after the first phase of the military campaigns in California had ended, not being freed till early August, 1846, and then only at the solicitation of Larkin and others. At

[ix] Sonoma, the actors in the Bear Flag scene played their parts to the very end, drew up articles of capitulation, improvised a flag—the famous Bear Flag —chose a new leader, William B. Ide, and then settled down to consolidate their victory. Reinforcements streamed in, including Frémont, who resigned his commission in the United States Army and openly joined the revolt. Neither Ide nor his companions wanted to be known as desperadoes. On June 15 Ide issued a high-sounding proclamation in which he gave "his inviolable pledge to all persons in California not found under arms" that they would not be disturbed in their persons or property, and invited them to join him in Sonoma in establishing and perpetuating a Republican government. "He further declares," the proclamation read, "that he relies upon the rectitude of his intentions, the favour of heaven, and the bravery of those who are bound to and associated with him by the principles of self preservation, by the love of truth and the hatred of tyranny for his hopes of success." There was substantial popular support for such an independence movement as Ide and his party had launched. Jonathan T. (Juan José) Warner wrote Larkin from his ranch in southern California on June 16 that there was a growing aversion to Mexico, though he disclaimed any right to interpret the political currents of the day. "I have no doubt but that in case of war between M. & U. S. a vast majority of Californians would be glad 8c anxious to throw themselves into the hands of the U. S. This opinion I believe to be almost universal." And Larkin, on reporting to Secretary of State Buchanan on the Sonoma uprising, stated that the Californians believed Frémont and Gillespie to be at the bottom of it, and that Larkin, as the United States Consul, "was fully informed of all that has happened, a month ago." This view was quite erroneous. The Bear Flag Revolt occurred without the knowledge of Larkin or other leading Americans in California. Larkin's program had been to win the prominent citizens to peaceful annexation, and he had been very successful in gaining the confidence, friendship, and good will of many. To him and his program, the Bear Flag Revolt was a catastrophe. It ruined the work he had done, undermined the friendship of Californians for the United States, stirred up bitterness and bloodshed, and

M embarked the province on an uncertain and precarious course, the end of which was dubious. "Why this affair has happened, how or by who I cannot imagine. I am not sure its true, but presume it is," Larkin wrote to Mott, Talbot & Company of Mazatlan on June 18. Larkin would rather have relied on the increasing immigration to determine California's destiny. He estimated that two thousand would come in the autumn of 1846, and surmised that if a like number came in 1847, "we cannot tell the state of the Country by 48." He meant, of course, that the arrival of so many Americans would inexorably swing the balance in favor of annexation to the United States. After the Bear Flag Revolt, the United States warship Cyane reached Monterey on June 19, on a thirty-one-day trip from Mazatlan, bearing news from Commodore Sloat that he expected to reach the California capital as early as the Cyane and that, according to advices from his government, he was to confer wjth Larkin about future measures. From this letter Larkin concluded that a government dispatch to him had been sent overland, and that apparently it had gone astray; he was much concerned about its failure to reach him. As a matter of fact, no such dispatch had been sent, the government considering its orders to Sloat sufficiently clear to give him a free hand. Nor did Commodore Sloat put in his appearance, as promised, leaving Larkin in the dark about what was happening. He felt certain, on the basis of reports from Mexico, that fighting had begun; yet he and other American officers in California, such as Captain Montgomery of the Portsmouth, were starved for news of what was happening in the world. As late as July 2, Montgomery wrote to Larkin, "Were I enlightened respecting the future designs of our Government—or concerning the actual condition of affairs with Mexico; I could probably do m u c h . . . My neutral position, while all is stirring and exciting about me, renders us quiet spectators of passing events." To which one might add, "Quiet, but impatient spectators." The uncertainty of the international situation was dispelled when Commodore Sloat in the Savannah finally arrived in Monterey Bay on the afternoon of July 1 0uly 2 by Navy reckoning) and went into lengthy conferences with Larkin. That these came to a satisfactory conclusion is proved by Sloat's action on the morning of July 7 when he ran up the Stars and

[xi} Stripes over the Monterey customhouse, fired appropriate salutes, and issued a proclamation to the inhabitants announcing that California would henceforth be a part of the United States and assuring the people that they would' enjoy the same rights and privileges as other citizens of the United States. In San Francisco and Sonoma the flag was hoisted on the 9th, and at Sutter's Fort on the n t h . The entire northern area, with exception of the Santa Clara Valley, where Castro had his headquarters, was now under American control. Fears of British interference in California were dispersed when Admiral Sir George Seymour arrived at Monterey a few days after Sloat, exchanged the usual courtesies with him, and sailed quietly for the Hawaiian Islands. The Bear Flag Revolt and Commodore Sloat's occupation of Monterey and San Francisco marked the first phase of the War with Mexico on the Pacific Coast. Immediately thereafter new spirit was injected into the campaign to subjugate the rest of California when Commodore Sloat resigned and Commodore Robert F. Stockton, on July 23, took command of the American naval forces in the Pacific. Stockton, a man of action, soon effected the conquest of the entire province. In preparation for his work, Larkin on the 24th wrote him a report on the general state of affairs and recommended that he send a force to the south to ascertain whether Governor Pico and General Castro (who had retreated in that direction) were still in arms against the United States. If they were not, he felt that Stockton would have little difficulty in effecting peaceful and satisfactory arrangements with them for the reestablishment of amicable relations pending the outcome of the war. Without delay, Stockton launched a campaign to establish control over the south. Fremont, Gillespie, and the rest of the Bear Flag soldiers were recruited as a battalion of volunteers in the United States Army and sent to San Diego, Fremont being commissioned as major and Gillespie as captain. Stockton himself sailed for San Pedro and Los Angeles to take personal command. In the south, the Californians were in a state of complete demoralization. Governor Pico, whose rivalry with General Castro had prevented any cooperation between the two, first heard of the Bear Flag Revolt on June 23 at Santa Barbara. He was then making preparations to compaign against

[xii) Castro in order to establish unity of command in his own back yard. Now, all was changed. Issuing proclamations right and left and calling on the citizens to come forward with men and munitions, Pico swallowed his resentment against Castro, agreed to forget their past quarrels, and attempted to organize a force to be sent north against the Americans. Near San Luis Obispo, however, he learned that virtually the entire northern area was in the hands of the enemy, whereupon he and Castro, deeply discouraged, returned to Los Angeles, the capital. In Los Angeles the situation was bad. Many of the people, both natives and foreigners, were in sympathy with the American cause. The local militia had been organized to resist an invasion by Castro, not to fight the Americans. When Fremont and his battalion landed at San Diego on July 29th, he found no opposition. Stockton fared equally well when he disembarked his marines and seamen at San Pedro on August 6, accompanied by Larkin, who was still intent on winning the Californians by peaceful means. Through Abel Stearns, one of the most influential Americans in Los Angeles, Larkin urged the local civil and military officers to form a government under Stockton's authority. Castro, his men without arms or fighting spirit, informed Governor Pico on August 9 that he had resolved to leave California. Pico, unable to see any light anywhere, having failed to arrange a truce, adjourned the Assembly and also determined to flee. Both men left on the 10th. Their only alternative had been to surrender, and as Mexican officers they sought to save their honor by flight, Castro going to Sonora and Pico to Lower California. Stockton's men, reinforced by Fremont's battalion, which had come up from San Diego, marched into Los Angeles on August 1 3 , 1 8 4 6 , ran up the Stars and Stripes, and took possession without the firing of a shot. For the moment the conquest of California was complete, the Californians accepting the situation as best they could. After making arrangements for the election of local officials, Stockton determined to withdraw from active participation* in administration of the province, leaving these matters to Fremont, who was named military commandant, and to Gillespie, who was placed in charge of Los Angeles with a garrison of fifty men. The ease with which the conquest had been effected was deceiving. Neither Stockton nor his lieutenants correctly understood

[xiii] the smoldering resentment to foreigners that lay beneath the surface. But little irritation was needed to bring this out, and the provocation was not long in coming into the open. The chief trouble spot proved to be Los Angeles, where a combination of turbulent spirits among the populace and Gillespie's lack of tact soon brought soldiers and citizens into open conflict. Chief troublemaker was a hothead named Sérbulo Varela, who became a sort of outlaw and soon attracted others of like nature. On the morning of September 23, this group swooped down on Gillespie's post in an attempt to surprise and capture it, but were repulsed. The movement caught the popular fancy, however, and became widespread. Several of Castro's old officers broke their parole and took up arms against the United States. Among these were José María Flores, José Antonio Carrillo, and Andrés Pico. Their hope was to reap some profit or glory by maintaining California as a Mexican province until the war ended and its fate was determined by a treaty with Mexico. First striking success won by the Angelenos was the capture of a party of some twenty Americans at Chino Rancho, twenty-five miles east of Los Angeles, the home of Isaac Williams (one of the early Santa Fé traders). In the group were Benito D. Wilson, later first mayor of Los Angeles, and some hunters who had run out of ammunition on a hunting trip. Meanwhile, Gillespie was kept under heavy attack at his post in town. The nearest source of reinforcements was Monterey, four hundred miles away, and the intervening country was hostile. In an attempt to get help, John Brown (Juan Flaco—Lean John) volunteered to carry a message to Stockton at Monterey. Flaco made the ride successfully, without stopping to rest. At Monterey he learned that Stockton had gone to San Francisco; changing horses, he rode on, making the grueling trip of five hundred miles in five days. It was a brilliant exhibition of devotion and endurance, although help for Gillespie arrived too late to be of significance. In the meantime, Gillespie's position had become untenable, and on the 28th or 29th of September—the date is uncertain—he surrendered with the honors of war and marched to San Pedro, to the accompaniment of flying flags and beating drums. A few days later he embarked on the merchant ship Vandalia, but it remained at San Pedro until the U. S. S. Savannah, which had been delayed by fog in San Francisco Bay, arrived with Captain Mer-

[xiv] vine and 550 men on October 7. At six o'clock the next morning (October 8) some three hundred men set out for Los Angeles, harassed by the mounted Californians and plagued by sand underfoot and clouds of dust and stagnant, suffocating air overhead. That night the Californians brought up a little four-pounder (jiedrero)—the famous Old Woman's Gun from the Plaza used for firing salutes—and fired it into the American camp. More of the same followed the next day, and no hope of relief was in sight. Discouraged and outmaneuvered, the commander decided that it was futile to continue ; instead he returned to San Pedro to await help. Several of his men had been lost, and even more had been wounded. It was a signal victory for a mere handful of Californians who had most effectively used their meager resources. All southern California now slipped back into the hands of the local citizens. As the revolt continued to spread, regular government of a sort was organized and Flores was elected governor by a rump assembly in Los Angeles. In the north, Frémont was gathering men and supplies at Monterey to be sent against Los Angeles. By chance, a force of some sixty or seventy men under Captains Charles Burroughs and Bluford K. Thompson reached San Juan Bautista with several hundred horses on Sunday, November 1 5 . News of this event was carried to the camp of the Californians under Manuel Castro on the Salinas River. On the same day, Larkin left Monterey with one attendant, William Matthews, for San Francisco, to be with his wife and children after learning that the youngest daughter, Adeline, was seriously ill. That night he stopped at the ranch of Joaquin Gomez, near Salinas, while Matthews went on to San Juan to ask José Thompson to wait until morning for Larkin. Somehow or other, news of Larkin's presence was carried to Castro's camp, where someone thought of taking him captive and holding him as a hostage. About midnight Larkin was captured in his bed and carried on horseback to Castro's camp. Larkin was treated kindly throughout his imprisonment, but he refused to become a tool in the hands of his captors by writing misleading letters to the Americans about the real objectives of the Californians. The next day (Monday the 16th), as the entire military force moved north, the famous captive was taken along, closely guarded.

[XV} Larkin's capture revealed the presence and location of the Californians and alerted the Americans to send out scouts. Some of these scouts met the enemy vanguard and exchanged shots. Then, during the afternoon, the main bodies of troops came up and engaged in a general encounter, marked by reckless charges of the Americans and superior horsemanship of the local patriots. After the fight, which was costly to both sides, Larkin was taken to Santa Barbara as the Californians retreated. On November 25 he was able to write to his wife in San Francisco and tell of his capture. He was soon taken to Los Angeles, the stronghold of the California forces, where he wrote again, describing in greater detail his capture and experiences. Everywhere he was well treated. " I rec'd every treatment I could expect. Whether it was the only thing to eat, or the only bed, I always had it." In gratification for the many personal courtesies extended him by Dr. Nicholas Den of Santa Barbara and General José María Flores of Los Angeles, he asked his wife to send their ladies " a Ring of your best remembrances." Larkin recognized that the Californians meant to hold him as long as he would be useful to them, and that a stray or angry bullet from either side might readily find its mark. Happily, he escaped and was restored to his family, but little Adeline had died of her illness. During November and December, 1846, the last phases of the war for California drew to a close. Most important were the arrival of Kearny, the Battle of San Pasqual, the final capture of Los Angeles, and conclusion of a treaty of peace. The Battle of San Pasqual was a most unexpected incident. It grew out of the expedition of General Stephen W. Kearny which had been sent into the Southwest to capture New Mexico and to assist in the conquest of California. Kearny's force, known as the Army of the West, left Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in the spring of 1846, defeated the Mexican forces in New Mexico with surprising ease, occupied Santa Fé and the Rio Grande area, and then left for California. Enroute, Kearny met Kit Carson, who brought the latest news from the Pacific, including the information that the fighting was over, that the Californians had submitted with little resistance, and that Americans were in possession everywhere. Clearly, there was no need of Kearny's taking all his troops to the Pacific; so he sent most of his dragoons back to Santa Fé and continued toward San Diego with only

(xvi} about a hundred. Unfortunately, Carson had left before the uprising of September in Los Angeles, and therefore knew nothing of the precarious conditions that had developed there. Kearny's march from New Mexico down the Gila to the Colorado was a difficult one. Many animals were lost or consumed for food, and the rest were in bad condition. Near the Colorado, Kearny met a small party of Californians herding horses into Mexico. Although these men told conflicting stories about themselves, they were straightforward in telling of what had happened in California after the expulsion of the Americans from Los Angeles and other towns in the south. Duly alerted, Kearny and his men plunged into the Colorado Desert, where they suffered cruelly; they reached Warner's Ranch at Agua Caliente on December 2, with both men and horses in poor condition. Here they were among friends. One of their first visitors was Edward Stokes, an English rancher of the region, who volunteered to carry a message to Stockton in San Diego. On December 5, about thirty-five Americans under Gillespie and Lieutenant Edward F. Beale, who had been scouting the country for California horses, joined Kearny's little force and told of the political situation. Kearny learned, too, of a party of Californians near by, at the Indian pueblo of San Pasqual, and determined to surprise it. Early on the morning of the 6th, amid a cold and drizzling rain, the Americans attacked in somewhat disorganized formation. As the forces clashed, the wily Californians retreated in the face of the American onslaught, then suddenly wheeled and with their long lances and superior tactics cut down the enemy, who had short sabers and wet powder. Nearly a score of soldiers were killed, and many wounded. Kearny himself received two severe lance wounds. The next day the Americans continued on their way to San Diego, with a watchful eye on the enemy, and reached there safely on December 12, 1846. Then came the last campaign of the war. In this maneuver, Stockton and Kearny pushed northward from San Diego, which had been reoccupied by Stockton's forces since October 23, while Fremont's battalion from Monterey continued slowly southward. The tactics of the Californians consisted mostly in a scorched-earth policy—crippling the enemy by running off the cattle and the horses, as had already been done in September. This time, however, the invaders were better prepared and such tactics could not prevail against the foe, now well armed and well equipped.

[xvii} The southern column, about six hundred strong, led by Kearny and Stockton, left San Diego on December 29, 1846, determined to recapture Los Angeles. They met but little opposition, crossed the San Gabriel River on January 8 without loss in the face of General Flores' troops, and watched the Californians scatter safely out of range. This skirmish, known as the Battle of San Gabriel, followed by the Battle of La Mesa the next day, actually ended the reconquest of California. On January 10, the Americans reoccupied the Plaza of Los Angeles, and Gillespie once again hoisted the flag that he had lowered the previous September. The culminating event of the war was the formal surrender of the Californians under Andrés Pico (General Flores had left for Mexico), not to Kearny or Stockton, but to Frémont, who had arrived in the San Fernando Valley with his northern troops. Further resistance was indeed useless. At Cahuenga, in an old ranch house in the hills overlooking the site of Los Angeles, the surrender known as the Cahuenga Capitulation, was signed on January 13, 1847. By its terms the Californians were left to return to their homes. There were to be no punishment, no discrimination, no restriction of their usual liberties. The Californians had merely to surrender their artillery and guns, and promise not to take up arms again. The peace followed the pattern laid down by President Polk in his instructions of October 17, 1845, to Larkin and others. Never again were the Californians to fight their new nation, whose citizenship had been sought by many of their leading men for some time. It is proper to note here the key position of Larkin in the conquest of California. His intimate knowledge of the country, acquaintance with its leading citizens, and close relations with the governor and other officials in Monterey gave him an accurate grasp of the political situation and vastly increased his importance. Naturally endowed with courage, industry, and a shrewd business insight, Larkin was better informed about California matters than any one, and stood highest in general esteem. His business activities had frequently taken him to all parts of the province, as well as to the west coast of Mexico. In Monterey, he had often provided supplies for the needy central government, and had even acted as its banker. When he became the consul of the United States, destiny pointed to him as the most important single foreigner on the coast. If we had an intimate record of the conversations between Commodore

[xviii] Sloat and Larkin during the first week in July, 1846, it would probably reveal that it was the consul who convinced the wavering commodore to take possession for the United States without further ado. Larkin's instructions of October 1 7 , 1845, were virtually the same as those given Sloat and Gillespie ; but while Sloat hesitated and waited for more proof of war or more specific instructions, Larkin was the one who clearly interpreted the President's views. True, the letters of Larkin show his desire for peaceful annexation to the United States and his concern at the outbreak of the Bear Flag affair, but they show also his acceptance of the ie facto situation. The part Thomas O. Larkin played in the history of California is reminiscent of what other Larkins had done in the American Revolution seventyfive years earlier. At that time the Larkins lived in Charlestown, Massachusetts. Several had been active against the importation of foreign tea. On November 24, 1 7 7 3 , five Larkins, together with 39 other Charlestown residents, signed a resolution, calling for a Committee of Correspondence to oppose the importation of tea by the East India Company. Throughout the period leading up to the Revolution the Larkins of New England were active in the colonial cause. Indeed, the horse ridden by Paul Revere on that fateful night of April 18, 1 7 7 5 , on his ride to warn the minutemen of Middlesex belonged to Dean John Larkin. For their devotion to the cause of independence many of the Larkins suffered heavily. The losses incurred by Thomas Oliver Larkin of Monterey after the conquest of California offer an interesting parallel to those of his forebears in the winning of independence for the United States. Volume V of The Larkin Papers brings the documentary story to the end of December, 1846. Subsequent volumes will chronicle the stormy days of the discovery of gold and the resulting Gold Rush. The frontispiece of the present volume shows the Larkin house in Monterey as it was in the decade of the 1880's. The photograph is reproduced with the gracious permission of Mrs. Alice Larkin Toulmin, granddaughter of Consul Larkin, to whom I have become indebted for many favors during the preparation of these Papers. The well-preserved Larkin House still stands on Monterey's Calle Principal, a striking memorial to its builder, the man who helped to shape California's destiny and to guide it into the fold of the American Union.

CONTENTS #

Preface Juan Abeya to Larkin, July 27, 1846 Juan Bautista Alvarado to Larkin July 9, 1846 December 15, 1846 José de Amesti to Larkin, July 3, 1846 . Angola. Manifest of Cargo. June 10, 1846 Francisco Araiza to Talbot H. Green, June 20, 1846 James P. Arther to Larkin, June 29, 1846 Faxon Dean Atherton to Larkin December 3, 1846 December 13, 1846 Moses Yale Beach & Sons to Larkin, September 25, 1846 N. and W . W . Billings to Larkin, June 16, 1846 James R. Bolton to Larkin, July 24, 1846 James Buchanan to Larkin July 14, 1846 August 19, 1846 José Castro To Larkin, July 9, 1846 To Pio Pico, June 8, 1846 Proclamations, June 17, 1846 Betsey (Larkin) Childs to Larkin, December 5, 1846 Ebenezer Larkin Childs to Larkin June 24, 1846 June 26, 1846 August 21, 1846 [xix]

v 170 123 3x7 100 11 60 83

.

.

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290 307 251 34 163 135 205

121, 122 9 39» 4 ° 294 73 75 210

Ebenezer Larkin Childs to Larkin December io, 1846 December 1 1 , 1846 December 30, 1846 Isaac Childs to Larkin August 17, 1846 September 23, 1846 November 16, 1846 Ruth Childs to Larkin, November 13, 1846 Manuel Diaz. Safe-conduct for courier, July 7, 1846 Joseph B. Eaton to Larkin, August 8, 1846 William T . Faxon to Larkin, September 22, 1846 Thomas Frazer to Larkin, August 27, 1846 Jessie Benton Frémont to Larkin, July 24, 1846 John Charles Frémont to Larkin, September [ ? ] , 1846 . . . . Archibald H. Gillespie to Larkin June 7, 1846 November 29, 1846 Isaac Goodwin and William Glover. Agreement, October 2 1 , 1846 [ ?] Talbot H. Green To Larkin June 30, 1846 August 10, 1846 To William Alexander LeidesdorfF, September 3, 1846 . . . To Abel Stearns, August 10, 1846 . To Joseph P. Thompson, September 3, 1846 William Edward Petty Hartnell to Larkin, September 30, 1846 . Samuel J. Hastings to Larkin, November 9, 1846 William Dana Merry Howard to Larkin July 2 1 , 1846 July 24, 1846 Frederic Hudson to Ebenezer Larkin Childs, December 5, 1846 . . William Brown Ide To Larkin, December 7, 1846

301 303 321 201 246 280 276 109 189 249 225 166 255 6 289 263

85 192 230 191 230 255 270 150 162 294 300

{xxi} William Brown Ide Proclamation June 15, 1846 30 June 18, 1846 53 James Jackson Jarvis to Larkin, August 13, 1846 199 John Coffin Jones to Larkin, September 26, 1846 252 Rachel (Hobson) Holmes Larkin to Larkin, December 14, 1846 . . 3 1 5 Thomas Oliver Larkin To Juan Bautista Alvarado, July 8, 1846 114 To Moses Yale Beach, July 29, 1846 171 To Moses Yale Beach & Sons, June 30, 1846 87 To James Gordon Bennett, July 26, 1846 168 To José Antonio Bolcoff, July 20, 1846 147 To James Buchanan June 1, 1846 2 June 14, 1846 22 June 15, 1846 26, 28 June 18, 1846 41 June 19, 1846 57 June 22, 1846 67 June 24, 1846 71 June 28, 1846 78 July xo, 1846 125 July 18, 1846 139 July 20, 1846 143 July 26, 1846 168 July 20 [29], 1846 180 August 19, 1846 204 August 22, 1846 2x1 August 23, 1846 214, 2 1 6 August 27, 1846 223 September 8, 1846 232 September 22, 1846 246 To James Buchanan and John Drake Sloat, July 29, 1846 . . 173 To José Castro, July 8, 1846 113

(xxii} Thomas Oliver Larkin T o Manuel de Jesús Castro and José Castro, June 14, 1846. T o William Heath Davis, October 22, 1846 To F. M. Dimond, July 29 [28], 1846 To Samuel F. Dupont, August 16, 1846 T o John H. Everett June 17 [18], 1846 July 26, 1846 To James Alexander Forbes, June 12, 1846 To John Charles Frémont July 7, 1846 July 12, 1846 July 24, 1846 T o Archibald H. Gillespie June i, 1846 September 16, 1846 To John Hames, July 20, 1846 T o Samuel J. Hastings, November 16, 1846 T o R. C. M. Hoyt, September 25, 1846 To William Brown Ide, July 7, 1846 T o Rachel (Hobson) Holmes Larkin November 9, 1846 November 25, 1846 December 14, 1846. To Cesàreo Lataillade, July 24, 1846 To Jacob Primer Leese July 29, 1846 September 21, 1846 T o William Alexander Leidesdorff June 22, 1846 July i l , 1846 To William Mervine, July 16, 1846 To John Berrien Montgomery June 11, 1846 June 19, 1846

.

.

20 262 171 201 47 167 18 Ill 129 158 I 238 147 279 250 110 271 287 310 159 178 242 64 128 137 13 58

[xxiii) Thomas Oliver Larkin June 20, 1846 June 22, 1846 To John Berrien Montgomery July 1, 1846 July 7, 1 8 4 6 . July 16, 1846 . To Mott, Talbot & Co. June 18, 1846 July 27, 1846 To New York Herald, June 30, 1846 To William Paty, September 20, 1846 To William Dane Phelps June 22, 1846 August 28, 1846 . To Pio Pico, July 5, 1846 To William M. Rogers June 28, 1846 July 24, 1846 July 29, 1846 August 26, 1846 August 30, 1846 To William M. Rogers or Joel Giles, June 18, 1846 To Moses Schallenberger, November 14, 1846 To Several Americans, July 8, 1846 To John Drake Sloat July 2, 1846 July 8, 1846 July 10, 1846 To Nathan Spear July 13, 1846 September 2 1 , 1846 To Abel Stearns July 8, 1846

58 65 94 112 136 51 169 88 242 66 225 104

. . . .

77 161 174 220 228 44 278 119

97 xi8 124, 125 131 244 115

[xxiv} Thomas Oliver Larkin To Abel Stearns July 14, 1846 August 6 [ ?], 1846 August 7, 1846 To Robert Field Stockton July 17, 1846 July 24, 1846 September 17, 1846 October 2 1 , 1846 To James Stokes, July 17, 1846 To James Stokes and Charles Maria Weber, July 7, 1846 . To William F. Swasey, June 18, 1846 To Anthony Ten Eyck, September 19, 1846 To Anthony Ten Eyck and Joel Turrill June 2 1 , 1846 July 4, 1846 To Joel Turrill, June 22, 1846 To Uhde & Pini, June 18, 1846 To Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, July 29, 1846 To Charles Maria Weber, June 1 1 , 1846 To Daniel Webster, June 24, 1846 Thomas Oliver Larkin, et ah, to Robert Field Stockton October 8, 1846 Thomas Oliver Larkin, Jr., to Larkin September 2 1 , 1846 December 6, 1846 Cesareo Lataillade to Larkin, June 8, 1846 Jacob Primer Leese to Larkin June 1 1 , 1846 August 12, 1846 William Alexander LeidesdorfF to Larkin June 8, 1846 June 17, 1846 June 19, 1846 June 2 1 , 1846

132 184, 185 187

.

.

138 159 240 261 139 110 49 240 61 100 63 50 179 15 73 257 245 297 xi 14 195 8 36, 38 54 60

[xxv]' William Alexander LeidesdorfF to Larkin June 22, 1846 June 30, 1846 July 12, 1846 July 21, 1846 November 2, 1846 John Oliver E. Macondray to Larkin, October 19, 1846 . . . Archibald MacRae to Larkin, September 5, 1846 William Matthews to Larkin, June 30, 1846 . . . . . . . John Berrien Montgomery To Larkin June 16, 1846 July 2, 1846 November 1 1 , 1846 November 12, 1846 To William Mervine, November 25, 1846 I. Thomas Mott to Larkin, October 9, 1846 Mott, Talbot & Co. to Larkin, July 24, 1846 Bonifacio Olivares to Salvador Vallejo, September 6, 1846 . . . Parrott & Co. to Larkin, July 23, 1846 William Paty to Larkin July 20, 1846 October 14, 1846 Henry August Peirce to Larkin, August 12, 1846 William Dane Phelps To Talbot H. Green, December 2 1 , 1846 To Larkin, August 29, 1846 Pió Pico To Larkin, June 29, 1846 Proclamation, June 23, 1846 Stephen Pleasonton to Larkin June 15, 1846 July XI, 1846 Victor Prudon to Larkin, July 23, 1846 156, Benjamin T . Reed to Larkin June 29, 1846 . .

68 86 130 149 266 260 231 84

35 94 273 274 287 259 163 232 151 149 259 195 320 227 81 69 31 129 157 84

[xxvi] Benjamin T . Reed to Larkin August 18, 1846 September x, 1846 September 14, 1846 October 2, 1846 Stephen Reynolds to Larkin June 28, 1846 August 16, 1846 November 8, 1846 William P. Reynolds to Larkin June 6, 1846 August 2, 1846 Charles E. Rittenhouse to Larkin, November 6, 1846 William M. Rogers to Larkin November 2, 1846 November 16, 1846 November 17, 1846 December 3, 1846 Charles Roussillon to Larkin June 14, 1846 Contract with Larkin, September 22, 1846 Pierre Sainsevain to Larkin, November 1 1 , 1846 Florencio Serrano Families with boys in Monterey public school, September 17, 1846 School expenditures, September 23, 1846 Florencio Serrano and Francisco Arias to Larkin, July 3, 1846 Mariano Silva to John Drake Sloat, July 7, 1846 John Drake Sloat General order July 7, 1846 July 14, 1846 To Talbot H. Green, July 23, 1846

203 229 234 257 78 199 268

. . . .

6 183 267 263 281 283 293 21 248 273

239 250 99 109

107 134 152

[xxvii] John Drake Sloat T o Larkin July 2, 1846

96

July 5, 1846 July 7, 1846

103 113

July 10, 1846

128

Proclamation, July 7, 1846

. . 1 0 5

Lewis Warrington Sloat to Larkin, July 2, 1846 Nathan Spear to Larkin July 30, 1846 August 30, 1846 Abel Stearns to Larkin June 12, 1846 June 14, 1846 June 27, 1846 July 8, 1846 Edward Lapham Stetson to Larkin, September 28, 1846. Robert Field Stockton T o Larkin August 11, 1846 August 13, 1846 October 1, 1846 To Larkin and James Findlay Schenck, August 7, 1846 Proclamation, July 29, 1846 John Augustus Sutter to Larkin September 8, 1846 November 12, 1846 November 24, 1846 William F. Swasey to Larkin, June 23, 1846 Anthony Ten Eyck to Larkin, July 20, 1846 Alpheus Basil Thompson to Larkin, August 10, 1846 . Uhde & Pini to Larkin, August 8, 1846 Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo to Larkin

98 182 227 18 22 76 117 .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

253

194 198 256 188 175 233 275 286 68 148 190 188

July 23, 1846

153, 154

September 15, 1846

235, 236

{xxviii} A. Hamilton Waring to Larkin, December 15, 1846 Jonathan Trumbull (Juan José) Warner to Larkin, June 16, 1846. Charles Maria Weber to Larkin, June 12, 1846 Alfred Wilbur to Larkin, December 20, 1846 Ann Rogers (Larkin) Wright to Larkin July I, 1846 November 17, 1846 December 7, 1846 George F. Wyman to Larkin November 4, 1846 December 1 1 , 1846

.

317 32 16 319 92 284 298 266 306

VOLUME V 1846

w T h e Larkin Papers June - December, 1846

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO ARCHIBALD H. GILLESPIE. COPY. OFF. CORR. I I I I O . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, June ist, 1846 A. H. Gillespie Esqr Dear Sir

Courier Mr. Neale arrived here last night. From the sailing this morning of the Portsmouth, despatching Mr Neale &c, I can say but a few words and it is of little importance, as I have written you a long letter before, and now send duplicates. From the Officers of the Portsmouth you will obtain all news. You have had some narrow escapes. If not pleasant at the time, the telling of them hereafter, may be. I paid Mr. Neale the 25$ you requested. I send Captain Fremont, N . O. Pic, N . Y . H. and J of Commerce, of Nov. Dec. and Jan. I wanted to keep them for Com. S. but cannot resist the opportunity of relieving the Camp of Captn. F. of some of its loneliness, by the perusal of the last news. I may be on the 5th, at the Pueblo to see the quick silver mines (keep this to yourself). When you can, write to me, if there is any thing of importance to communicate. Sr. Castro I believe to have gone North to raise a party against Pico. He finds but few adherents there. I wish to start for Santa Barbara about the x 5th to see what is to be done. Should you like to go ? I may not go, but wish to. I am inclined to think it will not be a full meeting. Some will remain at home from indifferance, others knowing the meeting to be illegal, and that they may be blamed for their attendance. The boat waits. I can say no more. I remain Sir, Yours respectfully, ^jOUR

(Signed) Thomas O. Larkin

[

2

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[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES BUCHANAN. 1 COPY. OFF. CORR. NO. 4 4 (il 144).]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California June the 1st, 1846 Sir

i^.FFAlRS within my Consulate are as I had the honour to apprise you of in my despatch of the 17th of last April. We have during the last month expected the Congress, Commodore Stockton. Mr A. H. Gillespie left here about the 21 April for the Sacramento River to communicate with Captn. Fremont. On his arrival there the latter had left for the Oregon. Under the idea of overtaking him in a few days, Mr. Gillespie with six men, followed the Camp, but did not reach it untill they arrived at the Snowy Mountains, three to four hundred miles from New Helvetia, by which time from hunger & fatigue he was completely worn down. Having despatched two of his best men on good horses ahead to stop Captn. Fremont, the latter returned with ten of his men, and joined him. That night some Indians supposing the Camp had but four men attacked them, killing two men, tomahawking one, putting six arrows in another. While charging on the tent of nine Delawares, their principal Chief was killed. At day light he was found to be one of a few Indians who in an apparent friendly manner had given Mr. Gillespie and six men some salmon & put him over their river in a canoe some days before. I last night received a Courier six days from the Camp of Messrs. Fremont 8c Gillespie, who have with the whole party returned to the Sacramento and Captain Fremont now starts for the States. By the Courier I received a letter for Hon. Thomas H. Benton which I enclose in this. The "Portsmouth" being under orders to day for the Bay of Sn Francisco, I sent the Courier on board with N . O. & N . Y . papers, to February 1st, and such information as I was possessed of, for the use of Messrs. Fremont & Gillespie. From a dread of something they hardly know what, and to devise some means to reinstate the deplorable affairs of this Country, the towns, by •From a duplicate copy in the National Archives, Washington, D. C. The original document does not appear in the file of Larkin papers.

b) order of Governor Pico 8c the Assembly, on the 30th ultimo elected 18 members, who with the seven members of the Assembly 8c five Military Officers, are to convene in the Town of Santa Barbara on the 15th instant. Four members are chosen for Monterey. There are many opinions on what ought or in fact what can be brought forward, for this meeting to act on. Some wish to call on some foreign Nation for protection. Others wish to declare themselves Independent, and trust to future circumstances to support themselves in the act. Another party wish affairs to remain as they are. In private conversation with those in power or of influence, I advise the plan, for this "Junta" to make a strong Memorial to the Supreme Government, setting forth the desperate & deplorable political and domestic state of the Country 8c Inhabitants, ask once more or for the last time protection from the President, which if it cannot be granted or attended to, to humbly offer their candid advice to sell California and save the Inhabitants. There is no probability of Mexico acting on this proposition, but it might be a preparatory step to advance at some future day other measures proving to the world, that every means in their power had been adopted for protection to themselves and property; which being denied or unheeded by those who should afford that protection, leaves them with no other means or plan, than to pursue what their critical situation may some day imperatively call for. The opinion I advance, appears to those concerned so unpatriotic, that they cannot listen to it at the first hearing and view, yet time 8c their situation may produce that same opinion among themselves, and a constant revulsion of feeling is the order of the day. Being withdrawing from Mercantile pursuits, now only settling up my former business; I am preparing myself to meet the coming events as best I can, placing myself in readiness to proceed to any part of California that occation may require. I have among the Generals residing in the Capital of Mexico who formerly commanded this Department, some acquaintance intimately so with General Micheltorena the last Mexican Commander in California. Should the Department perceive any benefit from my going to that Capital 8c remain there some months, I would proceed directly there, and could if necessary go on a plea of private business, say to collect some 10 to 15,000$ this local Government is indebted to me. I have a relation Eben L. Childs many years in the P. O. Department

(4) City of Washington, one of my chief Correspondents in the United States, who (should it be ascertained that he is a proper person and competent) I would recommend to the State Department, that during the progress of events connected with this Country, should there be a necessity of dispatching any special Messenger from Washington to California where there may be a dislike to draw public attention, to send Mr Childs, as he could leave for this Country on family affairs & to pay me a visit, which would to all here and any one elsewhere who enquired into it, appear as purely a private business. At the same time, should there be a reason for for sending thro' Mexico any important information to me, that ought not be known to others, should the communication fall into wrong hands, Mr C. could forward the same in his own handwriting, even without his name or his initials. Having a perfect knowledge of his writing my whole life time I could not be deceived & would be as well acquainted with the views or wishes of the Department, as if I received it the regular way. I have been led to this idea by my very important despatch of October 17, 1845, which I rec'd by Mr. A. H. Gillespie, and in his handwriting, he having destroyed the original Duplicate in passing thro' Mexico. The original, I am informed by him is on board the Congress, which is now passing her time to arrive here. In the mean time I am giving full faith to Mr. G's copy of the Duplicate, and acting up to it as if I had actually the Original from Commodore Stockton. Mr. Gillespie was at once known here as an Officer, or fully so supposed to be & could not pass for a Merchant. He was in my house but 3 or 4 days & proceeded at once to the Sacramento. As far as I have been able to judge from so short an acquaintance, a more capable person could not be chosen. In fact as long as it is not correctly known, I prefer that he should be supposed to be what he actually is. It is many years since I was personally with Mr. Childs, therefore cannot on my own knowledge recommend him for this or any business. All this can be ascertained in Washington when there is occasion for it. As far as I can give my opinion, it is in his favour. His residence in Washington, in Government employ, has during my Consulship, been of much service to me. I have within a few days had a private conversation with H. B. M. Vice Consul, Forbes, who resides at San Francisco. From him I learn that his

[5} instructions are not to have any thing to do with the politics of California, as his Government cannot interfere in its local affairs. At the same time he is informed that Her Majesty's Government will view with the greatest dissatisfaction any interference on the part of any other Government. Mr Forbes has married a Lady of this Country, has seven children, with but a very moderate property. He candidly told me, that his public employ & private interest, clashed, that he was convinced that California would & must by emigration, if by no other means, belong to the United States. In fact there was no other feasible method for these people & that the interferance of any other power would make affairs worse by prolonging their uncertainty, that if he was not in government employ, he should strongly advise the Californians to look only to my Government. As he was situated he would not act or advise in any manner, but merely ask the Governor for more land (he by naturalization being a Mexican Citizen) and enrich his children, though he expected changes. Of course this Gentleman could try to deceive me by this conversation, but as he has conversed the same with an influencial Englishman settled here, and I know his interest calls for a change of flag I am persuaded he was sincere. I have the honor to subscribe myself, your most obedient servant. Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] Hon. James Buchanan, Secretary of State Washington City [Top margin bears note: Rec'd 28 Sept. '47. 2 ] 2 A note on another copy of this document indicates that it was received by the Department of State on August 1 7 , 1 8 4 7 .

[6) [WILLIAM P. REYNOLDS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : i 4 3 . ]

Santa Barbara June 6th 1846 To Thomas O. Larkins Sir "^OUR letter of 20th ultimo was received in due time, from the hands of Mr Tushmeaker. At present there is no one in Santa Barbara on whom I could with convenience to you give a Draft. It is my intention to wait till Wm. Davis arrives from San Pedro, which will be in a week or ten days, and request the amount you permit me to draw. The unfortunate circumstance of the Shipwreck has embarresed Mr Thompson so that I have not called on him for assistance in money matters. I shall leave here for Monterey with Mr Davis. Feeling grateful for the favor you have granted me, beleive me to be Your obdt Servt & Friend Wm. P. Reynolds

[ARCHIBALD H. GILLESPIE TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : I 4 4 . ]

Yerba Buena 1846 Sunday Night June 7th 1 1 o'clock My Dear Sir ^^iouR favour of this day's date has just been received. I am very much obliged for your attention. Dr Marsh was correct in supposing it to be myself who passed his landing. I stopped there in Sutter's Launch to land some thirteen Indians, who had been on a visit to the Fort. I arrived here this morning, having been ashore in all some eighteen hours.

{7} Upon my arrival I had the pleasure to recieve your letters sent by Mr Neale, for which please accept my thanks. Cap't Fremont's party being very much in want of Supplies before starting for home, and he being desirous not to give the authorities of the country any cause to complain of his traveling to the Sea Coast, induced me to come to this place to make a purchase of them for him. I am now here on this business, and am very sorry I cannot accept your polite invitation to visit you as soon as you desire; however, I beg you will not delay your excursion on my account, but on the Contrary, make as much dispatch as the circumstances of the case may require. After I have delivered the supplies I am about to purchase I will join you with all speed. The views you [have on?] the business referred to are very good, yet I would not place to much reliance upon the opinions of the Agent you mention—he, I think, would blind you all he can for the benefit of his employers, and would do every thing to advance their interests, while he might lead you to suppose him favorable to your views. I put not the least Confidence in his assertions, or his expressed wishes. I will go up the Sacramento in a double banked boat on Wednesday, and will be down again as soon as my horses will carry me. I am used to hard riding and do not chafe in the saddle. I write you in haste. I am very sleepy—having been up every night for a week. Believing you will fully understand what I have written, I remain Very truly Yours Archi H. Gillespie [Rubric] T . O. Larkin Esqr &c &c, Pueblo de San José

[8] [WILLIAM ALEXANDER LEIDESDORFF TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 1 4 6 . ]

Yerba buena June 8th 1846 T . O. Larkin Esqr Sir T h h bearer of this arrived here at half past nine last evening and leaves here at this morning. He does not require other horses therefore he returns with the ones he brought here. Mr. Gillispie being at my house at the time of his arival emediately received your letter and returns the answer. The Portsmouth lays at Sau Salito. I shall consequently not be able to deliver your compliments until I se the Captain, which will be tomorrow, as he promised to dine with me. There is no news here of any consequence. Every thing appears to be quiet. Mr. G. returns to the Sacramiento tomorrow with some nessesary supplies for Captain F. About my horses for Monterey, I received one by Pinto badly used, and the other one he says he was oblidge to leave on the road as he is so badly lamed that he was not worth bringing, nor could he walk if he had wished to do so. Please to inform me what is best to do about it. You wrote me a few days ago to send you some paper. I am sorry that I cannot do so, as I have only a half ream on hand. The suit of clothes came to hand for which I am much oblidge. Wishing you pleasant trip to the Pueblo, I Remain your Obt Servt. Wm. A. Leidesdorff

[9} [JOSÉ CASTRO TO p f o PICO. 1 COPY. OFF. CORR.]

Comandancia General of Upper California [June 8, 1846]

W T H astonishment this Comandancia General, has seen a lible aborted from the Govement house in the city of Los Angeles the 13 th day of May last, with the title of Bando or Edict solemnly published. Never did the insane hydra of discord dart a more active & destructive flame than the species sent forth in this most abominable scrawl: and are Mexicans its authors ? and does it emanate from a Junta entitled Honourable ? and are the consecrated names of Mother Country, and Liberty there invoked to destroy the one and the other? Oh execrable profanation! Unheard of unfaithfulness. And has this illiberal and anticonstitutional plan the sanction and approbation of the Constitutional Governour of the Department, who with his right hand on the holy gospel swore, and with false veneration before the Saviour of the world to hold and cause to be held and defended our institutions ? Oh Perjury! Oh sacrifice! T o rend the bosom of his mother country under the pretence of liberating it from the evils with which it is surrounded, he assassinates it under the pretence of saving it ! Who authorized the assembly of the Government to determine the creation of an assembly of magistrates of the united towns of California ? Would not this meeting be a club, dangerous and contrary to sound reason and condemned as proceeding against our laws and institutions ? What law unless that of Magog. What maxim if not that of Machiavel, could authorize such illegal and unbridled abuse 1 1 tremble with horror at sight of this volcano, which after having with its lava consumed the affections that watched over all public and individual security, our constitutional cast, our solemn contracts, our sacred and inviolable rights, our consecrated liberty will be converted into an unfathomable abyss of evils, into which we shall inevitably be drawn by these authors of the Edict. Consequently it is my duty as Commandant General of this Department to defend it against all dangers, it is my duty as a Mexican solemnly to protest, and I do protest before 'From a copy in the National Archives, Washington, D. C. This document is No. 27 of the report which Larkin sent to the Department of State with his letter of July 20, 1846 (Off* Corr. 11:54). In Larkin's copy of the report, however, the document is No. 25.

{io} God and the Nation against the Edict of the 13 th of last May, it being as I have before stated Illegal, subversive, anti constitutional, and illiberal. I protest in the name of the armed force under my command, against all subsequent acts that may proceed from the clandestine Junta denominated by the edict General council of the united towns of California and I protest to oppose by all the means in my power the realization of the object contained in the aforesaid edict. It being now high time that Your Excellency should try to dissipate this cloud which presages nothing but dissolution, and prevent through your powerful influence in the Assembly the progress of the evils which have been the cause of the suggestion of this Government Committee, which might and ought to have been rejected and condemned by him in whom resided sufficient legal power to dictate measures of salvation more adapted to our actual circumstances without compromising his high representation and which now more than ever calls for the Government of the Department to take such steps as are within the orbit of its attributions to save the integrity and independence hourly threatened from a foreign invasion. I hope Your Excellency will recognize your error, and I invite and beg in the name of the nation and the people that you will retire from such a dreadful undertaking and return to the order of the Constitution, thus giving an example to the honourable assembly, that may be followed, and to the Nation a proof that an error is not a crime when it is corrected and desisted from, on its fatal transcendency being known. This Commandancia General has repeatedly embraced the opportunities that have occurred of representing to Your Excellency the dangerous situation of the country and the necessity there is of taking measures for its defence, and I am sorry to say that up to the present time I have not been able to reckon on the cooperation of Your Excelly for that sacred object ; and besides as the integrity of this part of the Republic is exclusively under my protection I shall find myself under the indispensable necessity of declaring the Department under a siege, and maintain in all its vigour a martial law as a legal resource to which all nations repair under such circumstances as those under which we are at present situated. I hope I shall be able to continue with homage to Your Excellency, my esteem and consideration. God and Liberty, General Head Quarters in Santa Clara June 8th 1846.

(Signed) José Castro

His Excellency the Governour of the Department Don Pio Pico

[il] [CESÁREO LATAILLADE TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V ¡ 1 4 5 . ]

Vice-Consulado de España Sta Bárbara, Junio 8/846

E L infrascrito V. Cónsul de S. M. Católica, tiene el honor de participar al S. DH. Tomas O. Larkin, Cónsul de los Estados Unidos de N. Ama, que desde el dia 4 de este mes, ha tomado posesion de su empleo, en él que se ofrece á su disposición. Cesáreo Lataillade [Rubric] V. Cónsul Al Señor D. Tomas O. Larkin Cónsul de los Estados-Unidos de N. A., Monterey

[MANIFEST OF CARGO OF THE " A N G O L A . " R V : I 4 7 . ]

Monterrey Junio 10 de 1846

del cargamento abordo de la Barca Americano, Angola, de Salem. Capitan Samuel Varney cargado en Salem y destinado a Sitka y consignado a Samuel Varney para vender. M

LANIFIESTO

4 Cajones de Manta azul. Nos 4536, 4537, 4538, 45 39, conteniendo tres mil dos cientos y cuarenta 3241 yardas y uno yardas 3 Cajones de Manta blanca conteniendo dos mil tres cientos y setenta yardas y tres cuartas. Nos 132, 133, 134 237024 " 25 Fardos de Manta cruda. Nos 757 hasta 781, conteniendo dies y nueve mil y cincuenta y tres I yardas 9°53 "

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1 2

]

10 Fardos de Manta cruda. Nos 4954 hasta 4963 conteniendo siete mil siete cientos y treinta y cinco yardas y tres cuartas 14 Fardos de Manta cruda. Nos 8873 hasta 8883, y 8885, 8886, 8887, conteniendo dies mil ocho cientos y cincuenta y nueve yardas 10 Fardos de Manta cruda. Nos 802, 1053, 1 1 4 5 , hasta 1 1 5 2 conteniendo ocho mil y cuarenta yardas 15 Fardos de Cordellata bruno. Nos 2 1 7 5 hasta 2182, y 2953 hasta 2959, 2951, conteniendo ocho mil ocho cientos y treinta y dos yardas y una cuarta 20 Fardos de Manta cruda. Nos 2 1 1 4 , hasta 2 1 3 2 , 1884 conteniendo dies y seis mil un ciento y cincuenta y dos yardas y media 5 Cajones de cordellata azul. Nos 2660, 2662, 2664, 2666, 2667, conteniendo tres mil y ochenta y seis yardas 1 Cajón de Manta blanca. No. 7093 conteniendo un mil tres cientos y setenta y dos yardas 1 Cajón de cuarenta piezas de Indiana conteniendo un mil tres cientos y setenta y cinco yardas y tres cuartas 1 Cajón de 56 piezas de Indiana conteniendo un mil siete cientos y nuventa y ocho yardas y una cuarta 1 Cajón de 40 piezas de Indiana conteniendo un mil tres cientos y nuventa y una yardas y una cuarta 1 Cajón de Indianas de Ajuar 60 piezas conteniendo dos mil y cincuenta y tres yardas y media 1 Cajón H de Cambray blanco 80 piezas conteniendo un mil dos cientos y dos yardas y media I Cajón de 98 piezas de Pañuelos conteniendo nuventa y ocho docenas de Pañuelos 17 Cajones y 15 medios cajones de Asucar fino conteniendo seis mil seis cientos y cincuenta libras 8 Barreiles de Arroz conteniendo dos mil libras

773 5 %

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10859

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16152K

"

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"

1372

"

1375K

"

1798 J4

"

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"

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"

1202^

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6650 2000

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{'3> 5 Costales de Pimiento conteniendo seis cientos y seisenta libras 66o 20 Atados y 57 Barras de hierro conteniendo tres mil libras 3000 5 Cajones conteniendo cinco docenas de sillas de mano 5 2 Barreiles de aceyte de linazo conteniendo sesenta y ocho galones 68 x Fardo de Pita conteniendo un ciento y veinte libras X20 700 4 Ruidas de chicote conteniendo siete cientos libras 5 Zurones de Bacalao conteniendo quinientos libras 500 9 Cajones de Bacalao conteniendo cuatro cientos y cincuenta libras 450 2 Cajones de Tabaco conteniendo un ciento y ochenta libras l8o

it

docenas galones libras « (t

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H

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOHN BERRIEN MONTGOMERY. 1 OFF. CORR. NOT NUMBERED ( i : i I 2 ) . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey California June n t h 1846 Sir

B y the American Bark "Angola," now twenty two days from Oahu, I learn that the day before she sailed a large Frigate was going into Hilo, which was supposed to be the Congress. The following is an Extract from the "Polynesian's" Marine Journal at Oahu May 13 th 1846. "Arrived American Ship Mariposa, Spalding, New York Via Valparaiso and Callao 45 days." "Left at Callao the U. S. Ship Congress Commodore Stockton, to sail in a few days for this place." The Captain of the "Maripas" said in Oahu, "that he and the Congress had had very bad weather before reaching Callao." 'From the original in the Naval Records Collection of the National Archives, Washington, D. C.

[14] I presume Commodore Stockton must have reached Oahu about the 20th or 22cL of May, giveing him eight or ten days to remain there (as he is so late he will now hurry). He ought to be here about the 20th or 25 th of this month. If nothing detains you in San Francisco, I should think you would meet Commodore Stockton by leaving there about the 20th of this month. H. B. M. Ship Juno brought no letters or papers from Mazatlan. The Mexicans had Eight thousand Troops on the "Rio del Norte." Five hundred were ordered to cross over to see if General Taylor would attack them. If he did, they were all to pass over and try to drive the Americans off. I Remain Sir Your Obedient Servent Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] Captain John B Montgomery United States Ship "Portsmouth" San Francisco2

[JACOB PRIMER LEESE TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV ¡ 1 5 0 . ]

Yerba Buena June n t h 1846 Thos O. Larkin Esqr My D. Sir I AM this far on my Journy down South but Cine my arivail at this I have changed my mind and do intend to return back home. I do here inform you that I did receave your various Letters of last month. You ask me of my opinion about matters. All I can say to is that it is of the Same as G. Vallejo. The farm you do ask me to let you know about, all I can Say is that it is a good farm and cheap at 2000$. Excuse my hast. With respects to your Wife & familey and am Dear Sir yours and Truley Jacob P Leese [Rubric] 2

T o his own copy Larkin added the note: " A copy sent to H . Gillespie, Yerba Buena.

[15] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO CHARLES MARIA WEBER. COPY. IV ¡ 1 4 9 . ]

Monterey June i x , 1846 Dear Sir .HERE is TH

a possibility tomorrow or the next day that I can use the order the Governor gave the Alcalde of your town. There are every few days opportunities of purchasing government papers at four rials in the dollar. In fact last week I only offered two & a half rials in goods when I was at your place. I told Dr Marsh I would not give 3000 for the value of 6000. There is a cargo here that I can enter, if I can purchase paper to please me. If I do not enter it, the Vessel goes to sea. I wish you to see the Alcalde of your place, and know if he will take three thousand dollars in goods from Mr Spence Store or from the Cargo of this Vessel, or a part from each for his paper of six thousand dollars. That is providig the paper is well made out to pass here, and he indorses it to me as rec'd from me. You can assure the Justice that there is no disposition here to pay this paper, nor will they like to take it, but if any man in C. can pass it I can. After this week I would not give 1000$. There will be no need of his coming to town in the hopes of doing better, as all the duties will be in my hands or I will not enter the Vessel & in 3 or 4 days it will be to late. If the Alcalde indorses the paper to me give it to Rose well sealed up. The Alcalde you or his clerk can come in any time withen a week you giving him an order on me for the 3000$ in goods at current hide prices payable as long as this cargo is in my hands, in case I make his debt pass. Should you come in by his order bring his order on me. For this business if succesfull I will allow you in the same cargo at cost one per cent and it may open to you other business. [Unrelated note:] 1 2 3 2

Box Tobacco BBls Rice Box Sugar Coils Rope

600 870 lb 300 lb[?]

18.10 42.00 108.75 27.00 195.85

{,6} [CHARLES MARIA WEBER TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 1 5 2 . ]

Pueblo de San José 12th June 1846 Thomas O. Larkin Esqr Dear Sir

I

your Comunication this day 9 o'clock & found an Opportunity the same moment, to forward the included Letter for Mr. LeidesdorfF. After reading your confidential Letter I went to the Alcalde to negocíate about the Affaire. I explained to him & some others of the principal persons present, the very little prospect the Pueblo has, of ever getting a Cent on Account of the Governor's Order. The exelent Opportunity there was on hand to have for immeadiate use, according your proposition, 3000$ segured. I entered into a long Explaination, how, withen the present Circumstances, 3000$ must be considered the full Value of the Governors paper, & by refusing your Offer, there was no prospect of ever getting anything, &c &c &c. RECEIVED

I am sorry to informe you, I found no Chance to negocíate the Buisness. I employed all the little Influenze I have here, but could not forward your Object. The conclusive Answer I received from the Alcalde & Citizens present, was—The Pueblo consider itsself at present incompetent to draw on the public Funds. But at the same time were determined, to have the full Amount of the paper or nothing. As yet, the Alcalde has received no other Comunication but one from the Governor, in wich he, (the Governor) included a Copie of his official Orders directed to the Prefecto del 2 do D. & to the Customhouse. From this Document I extract below a few Linnes. All the hope for you, is to enter into Comunication with D. Manuel Castro 8tc. &c. & make the best of a Bargain. Excuse my 111 success on the present Occassion & dispose of the smal Capacity & Influence of Your humble St. Chs. Ma. Weber

(•7) N . B. Including I send a Receipt for 75 hides, wich you will please credit to my Account. The Lanch arrived five days before Agreement & I could not complete the 100. Don Antonio Osio wishes me to pay Twenty eight hides on the Mission Libranza I have bought of you. Please inform me soon if those hides may be paid to him or not. You have the receipt from Mr. Wm. Howard for the same Amount in hand. The Minning feaver is getting stronger every day. Two more Quiksilber mines, besides the one unther Operation have been found. Both are rich & one probably richer than the first belonging to the Padre. Let me know how farr you interest yourself in those Speculations. It may of use to you & myself. V[a]le Rose well delibered $25.0 in cash. A part of a Copie of a Document dirrected by Pio Pico to the Prefecto del segundo Disto. Angeles Abril 30 de 1846 S. Juez de Paz del Pueblo de San José: " Y al efecto ordeno a V . S. que de los fondos que haya recibido de Cuenta del Gobierno, conforme a lo dispuesto en la comunicación que con ícha 1 5 del que finaliza se le paso a V . S. insertándole la que se dirigió a la Aduana marítima de ese Puerto, entregue al Juez imo de Paz de San José de Gpe la Cantidad de Seis mil pesos, de la cual eligirá el correspondiente recibo; cuidando V . S. de que la inversion que se dé a esta cantidad no sea otra que para solo el objeto a que esta destinada, a cuya fin exigirá V . S. que se le pase por aquella autoridad la cuenta documental a que lo acredita y con la misma quederá conosimiento a este Gobierno. &c. &c. Pio Pico

{18} [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES ALEXANDER FORBES. COPY. OFF. CORR. I : i l 8 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, June the 12th, 1846 Sir T h e "Congress" has not yet arrived. This in connexion with the information I receive from the General, that there will be no meeting, will prevent me from being in Santa Barbara, this month. I regret this, as at a large meeting of people, I could have found many with whom I had some private business to transact with. I am Sir, yours respectfully (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin James A. Forbes, Esqr H. B. M. Vice Consul, Santa Barbara

[ABEL STEARNS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 1 5 1 . ]

Angeles June 12th 1846 Thomas O. Larkin Esqr Dr Sir "^KjOurs of May 21st and also that by Dm. Pablo April 27, & another May 1st have all been rec'd. I wrote you by Dn. Rafael Pinto in answer, not so fully as I should have wished, but gave you some idea of affairs this way. The "Asemblea" by act have defered the Junta that was to take place at Santa Barbara on the 15th. The cause of this, was the act passed by the Said to be, junta dt Guerra held at Monterey, in which they declare the decrees and acts of the goverment of Sor. Herrera relative to California to be null; thus indirectly declaring against the Govr of this Department and

[ 19] other acts or decrees of the genl govt, favorable to the Civil list, which probably does not verry well coincide with the interest of the Military gentlemen your way. The object of the promovers of the junta that was to take place at S. B. had various objects in view—one particularly was to take into consideration the evil that has lately existed in Monterey of Squandering away in a most Scandalous manner the publick funds without any benifit to the publick and much to the injury of the people. Another undoubtedly was to consult and advise what step California might or ought to take under presant circumstances to secure the peoples rights, remidy eviles and better her condicion in a political point of view. Some no doubt would have promoved independance, other Independance under the protiction of England, and another party under the protiction of the U. S. For my part I think the shortest way would be for the people at once to declare it one of the United States, which would at once throw themselves under the protection of that govt. That is if the yankees would admit us to become yankees. There is no doubt that the majority of the people in this quarter particularly the land holders and most respectable part would willingly and anxiously join the U. S. if they were sure of immediate proteccion against the Mexican govt. I often hear them say Ojala que toma esta los Americanos. They appear to be inclined to any kind of Change that will free them from Mexico. The govt, men are of the Same opinion generally. Would in your opinion the U. S. admit C. into the Union and give immediate protecsion? If war takes place it will of course be taken, and would it be given up again by treaty ? are questions in the minds of some that are doubtfull. The Governour is to leave verry shortly for your place and the north to visit the pueblos, and if the people will assist him he will undoubtedly remedy many evils that exist or at least try to do so. The grant of land given to your children by Micheltorena has not been aproved by the asembly—on account of the law not authorizing the naturalizing minors. I could not persuade them to the measure. The Expediente of Franro Job Dye was not be be found in the archives, nor even a copy of the title, therefore he should send a Certified Copy of

[zo] his title and other papers that he may have, (if posession has been given,) and especially a plan or Diseño that it may be archieved. I have in my possession the approval by the Asemblea of the grant to Dna Josefa Sota (wife of James Stokes,). It will be forwarded by Mr. Howard or first safe opportunity. I am waiting Mr. Grimes Diseño as there appears to be no records of his grant. When the documents are to be found in the archives and are according to law (or approximating it) they are generally approved by the Asembly. Many have been dispatched this Session. Quite an interest has been taken by the members to secure to the Citizens their titles of grants of land before any change might take place which might impede that measure. As it is a verry essencial step to legally consolidate the titles, no one who has rec'd the favour of a grant of land should be indifferent to getting the appoval by the Asembly. If I could posibly leave I should accompany the govr to the north. Please continue to give me the news as opportunities may offer. I think the delay of news from Mexico is indicative of no war which is rather to be regretted by the Californians. Yours verry truly & [remainder and signature cut out.]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO MANUEL DE JESUS CASTRO AND JOSÉ CASTRO. COPY. 1 OFF. CORR. 1 1 1 1 3.]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, June 14, 1846 Sir

T H E undersigned Consul of the United States of America, for California, has been verbally informed, that Leiutenant Francisco Arce ' T w o additional copies of this communication may be found in Larkin's report to the Department of State which accompanied his letter of July 20, 1846 (Off. Corr. 11:54) under, document N o . 26. In Larkin's copy in the Bancroft Library it is N o . 32.

with eleven men under his command, belonging to the Commandant General of this Department, while travelling from the Town of Sonoma to Santa Clara, were met by twelve men, Englishmen and Natives of the United States, who took from him about One hundred and seventy horses and mares. This being the case, the undersigned would with pleasure assist the Authorities in the recovery of these animals, if any feasible method can be pointed out to him. The undersigned improves the opportunity of signing himself, your most obedient servant. (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin T o D. Manuel Castro, Prefect of the 2nd District, and Comte. General D. Jose Castro Monty. California—Head Quarters Santa Clara

[CHARLES ROUSSILLON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : I 5 4 . ]

Ste cruz 1 4 juno 1846 Sr Dn tomas Larkin Mi apresiable Sor M E Mando V uno carte que N o toubio Lonor De Lér Porque se perdio ét N o sé el contenide De Elle si aguale se ofrese Algoune cose poide V Mandarme Abisar por el portador de éste. Soupio que V benie con un bouque Prounte por St cruz. Si V quire me aser el favor de Ber el capitane Del Bouque porque traiye unes Pipe de gáyete et autre basie que están en la Case del Capitane Walter li pagaré El flètè. Es un favor que li agradesere mounche, et me dise si tiene Chicote at Borde de este Bouque Et M V A S D Ch Roussillon [Rubric]

[ 2 2 ]

[ABEL STEARNS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 1 5 3 . ]

Angeles Junio 14 de 1846 Sor. Dw. Thomas O. Larkin Muy Sor Mió j E l portador de esta es el Sor. Dti. Agustín Olvera Secretario de la Exmo Asemblea, y quien ha tomado el empeño en qe la Asemblea aprueba las concesiones de Ranchos Cuyos documentos ya remití á V. que eran Cuatro, y otro qe tengo en mi poder, de Dna Josefa Soto de Stokes, y será remitido como V. me ha dirigido. Como el Sor. Olvera ha tenido el trabajo sacar las Copias y demás, espero qe como V. me dijo en una de las suyas (anteriores,) que será gratificado con unos cuatro ó cinco pesos por cada uno. El Sor. Olvera puede informar á V. de las pocas noticias de aqui. Soy de V. Su afmo S. S. Q. b. S. M. Abel Stearns [Rubric]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES BUCHANAN. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 4 6 ( i 1 : 4 6 ) . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, June 14th, 1846 Sir ' J L h e following is a copy of the message of Governor Abernethy of Oregon. As it may not have reached the State Department, I forward it. I have the honour to be your most obedient Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] ' F r o m the copy in the N a t i o n a l Archives, Washington, D . C .

[ »3 ] To Hon. James Buchanan, Secretary of State City of Washington Oregon The Governor's Message. To the Hon. the Legislative Assembly of Oregon. Fellow Citizens: Allow me to congratulate you on your return to this place, again to enter upon the important duties assigned to you by your constituents. By the latest dates we have from the United States, we are informed that the affairs of Oregon still remain unsettled, no arrangement having as yet been entered into between the United States and Great Britain, fixing the boundary lines between the two governments. In my last message, I suggested several alterations in the militia law, and would again call your attention to the subject. At present, all is peace and quietness, but should any thing occur requiring the aid of the militia, every thing should be ready for immediate and prompt action. The currency is another subject on which you will be called to act. That a legal tender should be provided for the payment of liabilities, besides gold and silver, we are all well aware. The precious metals are very scarce in this country, and by most persons not to be had. What shall be the legal tender, is an important question for you to decide. If all the articles produced, raised and manufactured in the country are made legal tenders, no person will sell any thing he has to dispose of, unless there is a special contract drawn up, designating how and in what manner, the seller is to receive his pay. This will cause much inconvenience to both parties. Wheat, in my opinion, should be the only article used in this country as a legal tender in addition to gold and silver. It is at present the staple article of our country, can be procured by all the settlers in abundance, can be readily disposed of by the Merchants and others and is not a perishable article. The next question is where shall the article or articles made a legal tender be delivered ? If the debtor is allowed the privilege of delivering wheat at any point on the navigable rivers, and thereby discharging his debts, it will throw all the trouble of getting it to market on the receiver. This should not be. The trouble should devolve on the one who by delivering his produce is relieved from his liability. Oregon City is at present the business

[24] place, and for the convenience of all parties, would in my opinion be the best depot for the country. Other articles and other places of deposit can be agreed upon between parties who are transacting business together. Our business is to provide for a man who being in debt to another, is pressed for silver, and informed that nothing else will answer in payment. We must in some way provide to relieve him from this difficulty, but in doing this we should be cautious not to throw the door too wide open, for in doing so, we may break down all confidence and do more injury than good. We are visited occasionally by vessels for trade and other purposes. I think it would be well to have an officer appointed to reside at the mouth of the River, whose duty it should be on the arrival of any vessel, to board her and deliver the Captain a copy of the Law, relating to the sale &c. of Ardent Spirits. Many complaints have come from the residents at the mouth of the river, stating that spirituous liquors have been distributed among the Indians, causing much excitement among them, and in one case leading to a war between two parties of them. It cannot be expected that a stranger on his arrival should be acquainted with the law on this subject, and he may deal out to Indians and others enough to do a great deal of mischief, before he becomes acquainted with the law on this subject, unless some steps are taken by you to inform him. The officer so appointed could inform the proper authorities should the Captain then persist in selling liquor, and the necessary steps to enforce the law could then be taken. There should be a sealer of weights and measures appointed, and no weights or measures used in this colony, excepting such as are stamped by him. By this means a uniformity in our weights and measures would be brought about and one source of complaint removed. The boundary lines between some of the Districts, have not been defined, and persons living near the borders of such districts, do not really know in which district they reside. I would call your attention to this subject that you may examine into it, and define boundaries. It will be necessary to decide upon and locate the seat of Government the present session. I would recommend that a committee be appointed by your body at an early day to take this matter into consideration. A large emigration has this year crossed the Rocky Mountains, and the

individuals who composed it, are now in our midst and make one with us, after passing through many scences of difficulty and privation. There has been more suffering than usual among the emigrants, the present season, perhaps, in some measure owing to the largeness of the party, which numbered over two thousand persons, but principally in attempts made by some of them to shorten the way. They failed in their object and many of them perished in consequence of the difficulties they encountered, encumbered as they were with their families and cattle in an untried rout. Something should be done by us to facilitate the arrival of emigrants among us. Nearly all the difficulties they encounter, occur between Walla Walla and the settlements, and perhaps I may bring it still nearer and say between the Dalies and this place. If there can be a remedy provided for this, it should be done at once, and an easy and safe conveyance provided for the emigrant who may hereafter seek to make this land his home. Two plans have suggested themselves to me; one is, to employ one or more of the old settlers who profess to be acquainted with the pass leading through the mountains from Fort Boisy, or thereabouts, to the upper settlements in the Williamete, to take charge of a party, whose duty it shall be to examine the route, mark it out, and report to a committee appointed by you. All the particulars of the route should be carefully noted down, particularly the distance between camps, where water can be procured, and the quality of the water, together with the quantity of grass lands, that may be in the route; whether there are sandy deserts to cross that would be difficult for cattle to pass over for want of water and proper food. The other plan is to complete the road that has been commenced by Mr. Barlow and others, South of Mount Hood. Either of these plans will require funds, and I would recommend that a committee be appointed by you, whose duty it shall be to enquire into the possibility of either of the plans and to obtain subscriptions from the settlers of the colony to carry the one fixed upon, into operation. The amount required, I have no doubt can easily be raised. I have made the following appointments during the recess of the Legislature. W . H. Wilson, First Judge of the District of Champooig, in place of E. E. Parish, who refused to accept the appointment. Also, Robert Moore, Judge for the Twality District, in place of H. Higgins, resigned.

[ a 6

]

There is a vacancy in the Clatsop District, occasioned by the refusal of R. Shortness to accept the office of Judge for that District. As there was no Court to be held in that District previous to the meeting of the Legislature, I have left the office to be filled by you. I received a letter from Jesse Applegate resigning his seat in your body as Representative from Yam Hill District. That District will therefore not be fully represented, as the notice was not received in time to order a new election. I am happy to say that the emigrants who have come in this year, appear well pleased with the regulations we have entered into for our Government, and natural protection, and express themselves willing to be found on the side of law and order. We consider them a valuable acquisition to our little colony and find that we are already one people. I cannot close without uniting with you in expressions of gratitude to that Being who has so graciously protected our infant colony, preserved it from a war with the savages that surrond us, and from internal commotions, and enjoying all the blessings that health can bestow, we may truly say that we are a favored people, and I trust that we may continue to merit the Divine favor, by acknowledgeing our dependance on him and endeavoring to keep his law in view, while making laws for our own Government. (Signed) Geo Abemethy Oregon City, December 2, 1845

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES BUCHANAN.1 OFF. CORK. NO. 45 (il 145).]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California June the 15 th, 1846 Sir

U

NDER this date the undersigned has the honour to forward t o the State Department two documents2 containing sixty-five pages relative to the past and present state, and developements of California, comprising, •From the copy in the National Archives, Washington, D. C. See footnote No. I under Larkin, Description of California (Off. Corr. Not numbered (II :66b), April 20, 1846. 2

its revenue, agriculture, exports, imports, number of inhabitants, occupation, history of the Missions and their property, and a compendium of the principal men of wealth, talents or influence, the whole compiled by him, and with the belief of its correctness. As time permits, the work will be reviewed and if there is a necessity shall be enmended; also accompanying this, the Department will receive a Map of the Coast, 3 which although in the main correct for the Navigator, is forwarded for the Hon. Secretary's use to see the roads in the interior from one Mission to another, and when occasion may demand it, to point out any particular part of this Country by land or sea. The undersigned also accompanies with this despatch, the late treaty between England, France and the Hawainian Islands, signed in Honolulu, March 26th, 1 8 4 6 / and the message of Governor Abernethy, December 2, 1 8 4 5 / Oregon, which will prove to our Government, that the Oregonians are assuming form and substance in their self Government. Also is forwarded the rate of the Thermometer in the undersigned's Corridor for the year ending February 1846, the lowest rate being 44, the highest 86, the temperature in general being 60 to 65. This and the Map are the second copies forwarded to Washington this year. 6 During this summer a history of the arrest, imprisonment, and shipment of near fifty English subjects, and American Citizens from this Port to San Bias in 1840 will be collected from documents in this office, and forwarded to the Department of State, also copies of the representation of the American sufferers, to the President of the United States of America in 1 8 4 1 , on the subject. I remain Sir with the highest consideration and respect, your most obedient servant Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] Hon. James Buchanan, Secretary of State City of Washington [Top margin bears note: Rec'd 1 7 Augt. '47.] 'The map, a simple line drawing, adds nothing to the cartographic history of California, and has been omitted from this volume. There is a copy on file in the Bancroft Library. 4There is no copy of the treaty with this document. 'See Larkin's letter of June 14, 1846. 6 I have placed the thermometer readings at the end of the volume in order not to interrupt the reports relating to the Bear Flag Revolt. See pp. 3 2 2 - 3 3 3 .

[ 2 g

]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES BUCHANAN. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 4 7 ( 1 1 : 4 7 ) . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Port of Monterey, California, June 15th, 1846 Sir

T H E undersigned has the honor to acknowledge the receipt of the Hon. Secretary's Despatch of the 17th of last October (rather a Copy of the Duplicate by Mr. Gillespie) and as he mentioned in answer dated, April 17th 1846, No. 42, accepts with pleasure the situation offered, and is now following the plan laid out, and shall so continue untill the accomplishment of events have been fullfilled. Relative to the per diem, he has to make some objection to the sum offered, which he founds on the amount & value of his Commercial business heretofore conducted by him in Monterey, having from this, received an average yearly income of six thousand dollars, clear of expences of Store & House. The latter now amounts to three thousand dollars per year. He therefore begs leave to propose to the Department of State, that his Salary be affixed at Three thousand dollars per year, commencing the first day of 1846, exclusive of his Expences of Office, Rent, Stationary, Clerk hire, Couriers to carry correspondence thro' this Country (there being no Mails) Purchase and Hire of horses, for himself & any Messenger who may arrive here from Washington, to pass through California and for Road Expences, when from his Consular House; making the entire yearly expence of this Agency about five thousand dollars. There will be no present occation for passing that amount. The undersigned would also request that he be assured of this Agency at least during the term of President Polk's administration, as in accepting it he must withdraw from a Commercial business that lays completely within his power, to continue as before conducted or to increase it. Before the reception of the Despatch of the [17] of October, the undersigned both in his public and private capacity at his own expence, was so conducting his affairs, as to bring himself, the Civil & Military Authorities of this Country into the closest intimacy of friendship, and with the expectation of abrogating any influence sought for by European Agents in 'From the original in the National Archives, Washington, D. C.

[29] California. H e has felt certain, that from the almost certain train of events now in a course of production in California, that he would be called from his own private business, to attend to other affairs. By a withdrawing from his commercial pursuits he has been preparing himself, and the Department of State by his numerous and voluminous Correspondence in 1 8 4 4 and 1845 to meet the ensuing events soon to be consummated, from a favourable disposition on his part to aid what he saw was inevitable. There has been no reluctance to some expence and personal inconvenience, which as began would have been continued. It therefore affords a sincere pleasure in being able by the new proposal to have more power & room to carry out that already began. This will call for no remarks from Natives or Foreigners residing here, as the parties and entertaining of company, and several extra Consular expences has been attributed to the fancy or advancement of a position in life of the Undersigned. The extra hiring of a Clerk, will be supposed a desire to wind up some commercial business of former years. The Undersigned wishes to be informed if the correspondence of this Agency is to be directed to the Secretary of State, as the Consular despatches of the Office, also Bills & Vouchers of Expences & letters of advice relative to any drafts that may hereafter be drawn, or whether they should be endorsed confidentially. The undersigned improves the opportunity of observing, that in his opinion, when circumstances may require it, that there cannot be brought forward by the President against Mexico, any claim or demand so strong and impetuous, as the unjust & cruel arrest, imprisonment & shipment in irons of so many Americans from this Port in April 1 8 4 0 (see Consular despatch No. 45). Californians in California, committed this most outrageous act, and they and their Territory should be held responsable for the deed. Their Governor who planned and carried it out, two years afterwards admitted to Captain Jones, of H . B. M . Ship, Coragoa, the justness of Mexico making restitution. I am Sir, yours most respectfully Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] Hon. James Buchanan, Secretary of State City of Washington [Top margin bears date, probably of receipt: February 1 8 4 7 . ]

[ 3° ] [WILUAM BROWN IDE. PROCLAMATION.1 COPY. OFF. CORR.]

Head Quarters, Sonoma June 15 th 1846

A PROCLAMATION to all persons and citizens of Sonoma requesting them to remain at peace, and follow their rights and occupations without fear of molestation. The Commander in chief of the troops assembled at the fortress of Sonoma gives his inviolable pledge to all persons in California not found under arms, that they shall not be disturbed in their persons, their property or their social relations one with another, by men under my command. He also solemnly declares his object to be, first to defend himself and companions in arms, who when invited to this country by a promise of lands on which to settle themselves and families who were also promised a Republican Government, when having arrived in California were denied the priviledge of buying or renting lands of their friends, who instead of being allowed to participate in, or being protected by a Republican Government, were oppressed by a military force of despotism and were even threatened by proclamation by the chief officer of the aforesaid despotism with extermination if they should not depart out of the country leaving all their property arms and beasts of burthen, and thus deprived of the means of flight or defence, we were to be driven through deserts inhabited by hostile indians to certain destruction.

To overthrow a Government who has seized upon the property of the missions for individual aggrandizement which has ruined and shamefully oppressed the labouring people of California by their enormous exactions on goods imported into this country is the determined purpose of the brave men who are associated under his command. He also solemnly declares his object in the second place to be to invite all peaceable and good citizens of California who are friendly to the maintenance of good order and equal rights, and [he does] hereby invite them 'From the copy in the National Archives, Washington, D. C . This document is No. 28 of the report which Larkin sent to the Department of State with his letter of July 20, 1846 (Off. Corr. 11:54). I» Larkin's copy of the report, however, the document is No. 26.

[3.} to repair to his camp at Sonoma without delay to assist in establishing and perpetuating a Republican Government2 which shall encourage virtue and literature, which shall leave unshackled by fetters agriculture, commerce and mechanism. He further declares that he relies upon the rectitude of his intentions, the favour of heaven, and the bravery of those who are bound to and associated with him by the principles of self preservation, by the love of truth and the hatred of tyranny for his hopes of success. He furthermore declares that he believes that a Government to be prosperous and happy, must originate with the people who are friends to its existence, that the Citizens are its Guardians, the Officers its servants, and its Glory their Reward. (Signed) William B. Ide

[STEPHEN PLEASONTON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV:I55.] Copy

Treasury Departt, 5th Auditor's Office June 15, 1846 Sir

Yc

.OUR account from 1 July to 31 Dec. 1845 has been adjusted at this office and transmitted for the decision of the Comptroller of the Treasury thereon. The following is the result of the settlement, viz.: Balance claimed per your draft of 31 Dec. 1845 yet outstanding Balance due you by my Statement

303.43 126.05

Difference Dolls.

177.38

Which difference arises as follows viz. For Balance due from you on a settlement of your accounts to 30th June 2

In Larkin's copy of the report with his letter of July 20, 1846 (Off. Corr. 11:54), No. 26, there here follow the words: which shall secure to all civil and religious liberty which shall detect and punish crime.

[32] 1845» °f which you were informed by my letter of Nov. 3d 1845 which I have charged to you—not credited in your last accounts 148.22. For this sum charged on your said account for clothing furnished John Carter, which I have suspended from your credit for want of the Seaman's receipt for the same $22.50 Commission thereon $ 1 . 1 2 is 23.62 and 15 per cent for loss in Exchange thereon 3.54 27.16 And error of overcharge by you in your said Account in charging 15 per cent for loss on $262.12 2.00 As Above Dolls.

177.38

The above sum of $27.16 will be brought to your credit in a future settlement on your transmitting to me the receipt of the seaman for the clothing supplied him—or, in lieu thereof, the Certificate, or oath, of your Clerk or other person who was a witness to its delivery. I have the honor to be Very Respectfully Your Obt Sert. (Signed) Stephen Pleasonton Tho. O Larkin Esqr U S. Consul at Monterey California

[JONATHAN TRUMBULL (JUAN JOSÉ) WARNBR TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV : 1 5 6 . ]

San José del Valle, 16 June 1846 Tomas O. Larkin Esq U. S. C. Sir " Y o u r Esteemed favour of May 20 was handed me by Mr Techmaker in San Pedro on the xo Inst. Mr Stearns informed on the 8 th that he had forwared a letter for me to San Diego but could not inform me from whom it was. I had previously been informed of Presidi Polks message and that he had a copy ; I was anxious to see it but it was lent out. I of course was entirely ignorant of yours of April 27 untili my return home on the 13, where I found it awaiting my arrival. I cannot flatter myself that I ever was capable of advising or giving information on the subject of

[33) yours and at the present time much less so. The time was when I knew perhaps as well as any person in the Department, the opinions of the inhabitants on political points, but for the past year I have traveled none, been almost exclusively on my farm which is so much out of the way that I have but little opportunity to see my adopted Countrymen and consequently have but limited means of giving you any advises, or any thing more than my own personal feelings on the subject. Still I think that within the last two or three months there is a growing aversion to Mexico or the Mexican Goverment. The remark is frequently made "would that the Americans would take this Country that we might be secure in our persons & property," "would that any nation able would take possession of this Country." I am not aware that there is generally any partiality in favour of the U. S. or its countrymen. The reasons for which are natural and obvious. California has suffered from men passing for Americans. Californians are more intimately acquainted with Americans than any other people and as is universaly the case, the more intimate the acquaintance the more we see those faults & failings inherent in man, wheras the bloody Tyrant and grinding Despot when observed at a distance are most sure to have many admirers. I have no doubt but that in case of war between M & U. S. a vast majority of Californians would be glad & anxious to throw themselves into the hands of the U. S. This opinion I believe to be almost universal. There are many who prefer England from the reasons before given, but they (those of information) are aware that to put themselves under Britis[h] protection it must be done before a declaration of war between M & U. S. There are reasons of much weight why if California changes hands that it should go to the U. S. In spite of all the powers here below, a few short years hence & a large proportion of its inhabitants will be either Sons of America or those who look to America as the land of their ancestors, and as belonging partly to that mighty people. In case its belonging to any other power and that power at war with America we should be left exposed on the whole extent of our North and East frontier to not only the American but to the numerous hordes of Indians that surround us & who ever have been better disposed to Americans than to Mexicans. Add to this the disunion that would arrise among ourselves, the American feeling and influence here

(34} and sorrowfull would be the situation of California. I have not time to arrange and dispose my answer as I have to forward it to day to S. Diego but at more leisure or when I am possessed of any information or ideas of my own I will communicate the same. Remember me to your family and accept the regards of Sir Y r Mst Obdt Servt. J . J. Warner [Cover bears note: Reed., July 9th 1846.]

[N. AND W. W. BILLINGS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 1 5 7 . ]

New London June 16 th 1846 Thos O Larkin Esqr U S Consul of Monterey Dear sir

reed your letter & caused your card to be published in the N . Bedford shipping list for nine months & have sent you two papers also written you directed as you requested. We should be glad to hear from you often giving us such commercial intelligence as is daily developing in your interesting country. We of course expect to have California 8c new & profitable opportunities for investment of capital must constantly be opening advices of which we should receive from you with pleasure & it may be the means of our entering into mutually profitable speculations. Should any of our ships come with in your precincts you will please give them such information as will further their pursuits. We have written our Captains they may approach St. Franceso & Montery in safety. Please to put them in the way of obtaining cargoes if you know any thing that can aid them. The Oregon question is settled the senate advising to accept of the offer of England by a vote of 38 to 12. Prices are now low in this country. Genl Taylor is (up to the present time) driving all before him in Mexico.

{35} We send this letter by a messenger sent by the whaling people to carry letters to the whale ship at Sandwich Islands & else where & the information which he communicates is to keep on whaling without any regard to war as we think there is no danger. Our ships are fitting out & sailing daily. V y respectfully yrs. N & W W Billings

[JOHN BERRIEN MONTGOMERY TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 1 5 8 . ]

Vice Consulate Yer Buena June 16 th 1846 My Dear Sir

T h i s moment hearing of a courriar about to start for Monterey I hasten to inform you of the receipt of your letter announcing the arrival of the Congress at the Islands on the 13th May—and of H. B. M.t's Ship Juno at Monterey. Within the last two or three days there has been a popular movement among the foreign residents of this country in the vicinity of the Sacramento and Sonoma is now occupied by a company of the Insurgents commanded by Mr. Wilm B. Ide an American from the U. States. The two Vallejo's and several other officrs of note have been sent prisoners to the Sacrament, with every assurance of protection & humane treatment from their captors who profess to have been moved to this seeming act of violence only with a view to their own safety and by a proper regard to the success of their future operations whatever they may be. I understand also from good authority (having been visited by couriers from both sides) that the strongest guaranties have been given by Proclamation—by the Insurgent's for the security of life, property & priviledge to the families of ther prisoners, and to all other persons remaining quiet and inoffensive in their conduct through out the Country—under denunciations of the severest punishmnt upon offenders in this respect—and also I am told that strict orders has been given to deal kindly & humanely with the prisoners in charge. This I have from a Mr. Todd the Messenger sent to me by Mr.

(36} Ide. The other Messenger alluded to was Don Jose de la Rosa from Genl Vallejo, both of whom left me this morning in one of my boats for Sonoma. I am happy to find there is a probability of Commodore Stoctons arrival on the Coast very soon, and in accordanc with the purpose I expressed before leaving Monterey hope to leave here about the 25th Inst, for that port. We are all well on board. Make my respectful Salutations to Mrs. Larkin and believe me Sir Your Obt Servt. Jno B. Montgomery, Commander [Rubric]

To Thos O. Larkin Esqr Consul of the U. States at Monterey Calafornia Written in haste. Consulat [Monterey] June 19 Sir The Cyane arrived here this afternoon 31 days from Mazatlan. She will remain here for the present. I have to to request of you that you will remain at your presnt anchorage untill you again here from me. There is now mail for the P. The Am Bark Moscow Capt Philips arrived here to day from St B. leaves to morrow or the next day for Y B.

[WILLIAM ALEXANDER LEIDESDORFF TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : i 6 o . ]

Yerba buena June 17th 1846 Sir is to inform you of what has taken place in Sonoma. It appears that on the 14th instant about forty men, said to be Americans, entered the town of Sonoma and took charge of the arsenal (if it may so be cald). A person by the name of Ide is in command. They have taken as THIS

prisoners Dn. G. Vallejo, S. Vallejo, V . Prudon, and J. P. Leese. It apears veny strange to me that they should take Mr. Leese prisoner when he is known to be an American and a Freind. I Suppose that there is a something going on that we know nothing of. As Captain Montgomery has written you, I shall not say anything about what message he has received, and what answer he made. We are now in a critical situation, and if the Portsmouth was not here I am sure things would not go on as easy as they do. You must thinck it strange that you have not received this news from me sooner, but it is not my fault. Ever since the news came here I have been trying to get some one to take you a letter, but with out success until my backaro returned here who takes a pass port from this place for Santa Cruz, so that he may not be waylaid. Weather I am Justifiable in sending you this courier I do not know, but if such news is not of enough account to send one, you will oblidge me by informing me. It is not my fault every one that I have tried to get, have refused, for, or in, fear of being prest by J. Castro, and made soldiers of. I have agreed to pay the boy $30 and have allready paid him part. He will return by the way of Santa Cruze, unless you wish him to return direct. Mr. Gillispie left here a few days since with supplies for Captain Freemont and acording to what he said when he left ought to be back in three or four days. I was told to day that DM. Jose Castro is at Santa Clara prepairing to go up the Sacramiento to put things to rights. It is a great pitty for the Mexican nation that they have not got some more such patriotic oficers as Captain Hinckley pretends to be. I caled on him yesterday at the request of Capt Montgomery to pay him a visit which Capt M. wished to make. In the course of conversation, he mentioned the Calafornians were fools if they did not emidiately take as many Americans prisons as were taken in sonoma by the Americans, and keep them until the others were given up. I then mentioned, that I thought that he would have some difficulty to find so many real Americans in the place. He then answered that they might posible take me for one to commence with, and so on. Captain Montgomery merely told that he should be verry sorry to se any thing of the kind take place, for it would only be putting him to some trouble. The answer however was to the point and Captain H. haled in again. I realy wish that Captain Hinckleys ofice would be taken from him. He only does all the injury he can here, and is the greatest enemy that

{38} Americans have in this country. He is continually making disputes between those that arive here and the authorities. Yesterday there was a Mr. Lasaros Everheart who applied to the Alcalde for a passport to Monterey and was refused. He emidiately caled on me to assist him in getting one. I caled on the Alcalde and he said that as he had come from Monterey without one that he might return without one and that at Sanches's farm there were men placed to se that no one passed, so he had better not attempt to go without one. He wishes you to get him one from Monterey so that he may return. I am sure that it is from Hinckleys advice that he was refused for I heard him say that he thought that he was one of the same gang at sonoma. About the knife you wrote, I send you one and wish you to accept of it. I have picked it out, and it is one I would carry myself. No more at present. Hoping to hear from you soon I Remain Your Obt Servt. Wm A. Leidesdorff [Rubric] T . O. Larkin Esqr U. S. Consul, Monterey

[WILLIAM ALEXANDER LEIDESDORFF TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 1 6 . ]

Yerba Buena California June 17th 1846

Ï ^ e c e i v e d from Thomas O. Larkin U. S. Consul thirty six Dollars and twenty five Cents—for a courier to Monterey—giving him information of the rising in Arms of several Americans at Sonoma against the Californians. Wm A. Leidesdorff [Rubric]

{39} [JOSÉ CASTRO. PROCLAMATION.1 COPY. OFF. CORR.]

Head Quarters Santa Clara June 17th 1846 ( C I T I Z E N José Castro, Lieutenant Colonel of Cavalry in the Mexican Army, and acting Commandant General of the Department of California. Fellow Citizens! The low policy of the agents of the United States of the north in this Department has got up a portion of adventurers that boldly and without respecting the rights of men have begun to invade it, having taken possession of the town of Sonoma, surprising the military commander of that frontier Don Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, Lieutenant Colonel Don Victor Prudon, Captain Don Salvador Vallejo and Mr. Jacob P. Lease. Fellow countrymen, the defence of our liberty, the true religion possessed by our fathers, and our independence obliges us to sacrifise ourselves, rather than lose these inestimable blessings. Banish from your hearts all low ideas of resentment, turn your faces, open your eyes and behold those families and innocent children which have unfortunately fallen into the hands of our enemies, snatched from the bosom of their fathers who are now prisoners amongst the foreigners and calling loudly on us for assistance. It is yet time for us to form one solid mass which shall be impregnable and full of justice. Doubt not but the Divine Providence will dictate to us the way to glory, and at the same time you ought not for one moment to doubt that in this General Quarters, notwithstanding the smallness of the garrison of which it is composed, that the very first who sacrifises himself will be your fellow citizen and friend.

(Signed) José Castro This was published in Monterey by order of the Alcalde on the 2zd June.2 •From the copy in the National Archives, Washington, D . C . This document is N o . 2 9 of the report which Larkin sent to the Department of State with his letter of July 2 0 , 1 8 4 6 (Off. Corr. 1 1 : 5 4 ) . I n Larkin's copy of the report, however, the document is N o . 2 7 . 2 Another copy of this document was sent by Larkin to Buchanan with a letter dated June 2 4 , 1 8 4 6 (Off. Corr. N o . 50b). On it the following note was added to the proclamation: " A n d that this may reach the notice of all persons, I command that it be published and circulated, and fixed in the customary conspicuous places. Monterey, June 2 2 , 1 8 4 6 . (Signed) J . S. Escamillo, Alcalde."

—

[4 o ]

[JOSÉ CASTRO. PROCLAMATION. 1 COPY. OFF. CORR.]

Head Quarters, Santa Clara June 17 th 1846

(CITIZEN José Castro, Lieutenant Colonel of Cavalry &c. &c. All the foreigners pacifically residing amongst us, occupied in their business, may rest assured of the protection of all the authorities of the Department, always admitting that they mix in no revolutionary movements. The Comandancia General under my charge will never lightly proceed against any person whatever, neither will it be carried away by mere words wanting proof to support them. There shall proper declarations be taken, proofs exacted and the liberties and rights of the laborious which is always commendable shall be protected. Let the fortune of war take its chance and those ungrateful persons who with arms in their hands have attacked the country, without remembering that at some former time they were treated by him who subscribes with all that indulgence of which he is characteristic. The impartial inhabitants of the Department are witnesses to the truth of this. I have nothing to fear, my duty must conduct me to death or victory. I am a Mexican Soldier, and I will be free and independent, or die with pleasure for these inestimable blessings. (Signed) José Castro This was published in Monterey by order of the alcalde on the 22d June. 1 'From the copy in the National Archives, Washington, D. C. This document is No. 30 of the report which Larkin sent to the Department of State with his letter of July 20, 1846 (Off. Corr. 11:54). I n Larkin's copy of the report, however, the document is No. 28. 2 With a letter dated June 24, 1846 (Off. Corr. No. 50b), Larkin sent another copy of this document to Buchanan, with the following note added: "And that this may reach the notice of all, I command that it be published and circulated, and posted up in the customary conspicuous parts. Monterey, June 22, 1846. (Signed) J. S. Escamillo, Alcalde."

[ 4 t] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES BUCHANAN. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 4 8 ( 1 1 : 4 8 ) . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterrey California June 18th 1846 Sir

T H E congress not yet having reached this Port I am unable to forward several documents relative to the information ask'd for in the dispatch of October 17th 1845. I am not willing to forward by the present opportunity. April 3 Commodore Stockton was in Callao about sailing for Oahu, having met I understand with bad weather off the Cape. I think he must have reached Oahu about the 20th of May. I expect him here by the 25 th inst. The Portsmouth is at San Francisco. I have informed Captain Montgomery of the notice I have received of the Congress. H. B. M. Ship Juno 24 guns arrived here but left yesterday for Santa Barbara to see the English vice consul, who is there on a visit to the Governor. The Juno landed a german Botanist in the employ of an English society. There is on board this vessel a Mr Macnamara a catholic Irish Priest. He was twelve months in Mexico. I understand he proposed to President Herrera to establish several thousand Irish in California. Sr Herrera approved of it. When Mr. M. called on President Paredes to converse on the subject the latter objected at once saying the Irish would join the Americans immediately that he wanted no emigrants whose native language was English. This gentleman has now gone to Santa Barbara with correspondence for the Bishop who lately died. He also intends to call on Governor Pico. From a friend of mine in the Governor's vicinity I shall know the motive of the visit in proper time. Captain Fremont left California for the Oregon. From the snow being so deep, or some other cause he returned and is now two days ride from new Helvetia. From Mr Gillespie's letter of this month in San Francisco I learn Captn F is on his departure for the U S. I expect Mr G here next week. General Castro has for two months back had his barrack with under fifty 'From the original in the National Archives, Washington, D . C .

(42) men at Santa Clara 18 leagues this side of yerba buena. I was with him last week. The first of this month he ordered Lieutenant Arce and twelve men from Sonoma to Santa Clara thence to Monterrey with upwards of one hundred Government horses. As the Sacramento River was high Lieut. Arce crossed near new Helvetia. One morning while seated round their camp fire (their muskets laying about) they received a visit from twelve foreigners on horseback who calmly ordered them to stack their guns and give up the animals, which they did. The foreigners then gave the soldiers a fresh horse each from the drove and their guns saying, years ago when some of us were your prisoners and victims you made us go on foot. Senor Arce asked their motives for taking his horses and was answered that they supposed the californians wanted these animals to come to the river to drive off the foreigners. From the information received I believe I know one English man and one American of this party. Yesterday the Commandant of Monterrey received information from General Castro at Santa Clara (two days ride from Sonoma the latter being more North) stating that on the 14th instant sixty Foreigners took Sonoma, carried off the horses made prisoners M. G. Vallejo Lieut. Colonel, Don Salvador Vallejo Captain Victor Prudon and Jacob Leece and carried them up the sacramento river leaving 25 of their party in possession of the town. Verbal information reaches us that the foreign settlers on the valley of the Sacramento have taken Captain Sutters establishment or Fort new Helvetia and retain it in their hands. General Castro is collecting his soldiers and the citizens of Monterrey, Mission of Santa Clara and the Pueblo (town near by). The Commandant and Prefect of Monterrey are leaving to day to join the General with a few people of this town, supposing the General will not stop until he reaches new Helvetia, the Fort. Although I have seen the oficial letter respecting this latter transaction I am not certain it is true (taking the first horses from Lieut. Arce is a fact). I am fully induced to believe the whole story little more or less to be true as we have it stated to us. The reason I can neither give nor imagine. Whether it is a personal affair to redress some past wrongs and insults, or a robbery to carry to the United States, Oregon or Santa Fe the horses, or that these foreigners expecting two thousand more over the mountains in September are taking Government horses to go and meet these emigrants

{43} and then change the Government I cannot tell. Captain Sutter is said to be engaged in it. The other names I have heard of are O'Fallon an Irishman, Swift and Merritt Americans. There is not at present two hundred foreigners on the sacramento valley or one thousand in California. General Castro will perhaps obtain from three to four hundred men and may reach Sonoma. I do not think he will go up the river any farther and in all probability never see the aggressors. Altho' this news is not certain it may be made public through the Newspapers. I therefore forward it to the State Department who should have a knowledge of transactions of this kind. If true I am two years behind the time in my supposition of affairs to come. My opinion of 1847 and 1848 is anticipated by the year we are in. Captain Fremont and Mr Gillespie being the last month in the Vicinity of New Helvetia are supposed by the Californians to be at the springing of this business and fanning it on in a private manner while many believe this office was fully informed of all that has happened, a month ago. There are of course hundreds of reports.2 By the Congress to Mazatlan I hope to give further information on this subject which the Department may receive twenty days after this despatch. I have this year sent to the Department a map of California shewing its different Ports Towns and Missions. By the next conveyance another copy will be sent. I have Captain Fremonts last letter for the honourable Thomas Benton which will be forwarded by next mail. The writer wishes it not to be intercepted. This despatch goes to Mazatlan in a Mexican vessel. In addition to the above information of yesterday I have since received the following (under date June 17th) Extracts of a letter from the yerba buena from the U S vice consul June 19th 1846 "From verbal information received here we learn that the Foreigners in the Sacramento Valley have rose, giving the transaction the name of a 'popular movement.' That on the 14th instant forty of their number took possession of Sonoma, made Prisoners Don Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, Don Salvador Vallejo, Mr Jacob Leece, and Don Victor Prudon who they 2

Larkin's copy (Off. Corr. 11:48) here adds the words: that have no foundation of thruth.

[44] have carried up the river leaving a party in possession of Sonoma. They have given the prisoners every assurance of protection and humane treatment and profess to have taken them for their own safety and a proper regard to the success of their future operations. A proclamation has been issued by the party stating that the strongest guaranties have been given for the security of life property and privileges to the families of the prisoners and will be to all other persons remaining quiet and inoffensive in their conduct throughout the country. A messenger from the party (as he said) brought to Captain Montgomery of the U. S. Ship Portsmouth, information that every thing would be conducted in the best order that circumstances would permit. Don Mariano G Vallejo sent Don Jose de la Rosa to Captain Montgomery informing him where he was. Both messengers left the vessel in the same boat to go up the river." The whole of the circumstances are not understood here. Consequently no explanation can be given of the intention of the party of foreigners who have rose. For myself I can only suppose that the foreigners now on the Sacramento are determined with the assistance of those expected in September over the mountains to overturn the Government. I am Sir with the highest consideration, Your most obedient Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] Hon James Buchanan, Secretary of State

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO WILLIAM M. ROGERS OR JOEL GILES. COPY. I V : 1 6 2 . ]

Monterey, California, June 18, 1846 Revd William M. Rogers or Joel Giles, Esqr. Gentlemen

u

NDER date of the 16 of this month I have drawn on you for Two thousand dollars (2000$) in favor Elbridge G. Kimball of Salem at thirty days sight. It was not my intention to draw for any of the funds of mine

{45} in Mr. Rogers hands, but having purchased a cargo of N . E. domestic goods, and not with the present opportunity being able to use another draft that I supposed would come into my possession I am compelled to act as I have done. I shall endeavor during next month to forward to you for collection a draft of One thousand, five hundred dollars (i 500$) which although I expect to do it, you will not depend on. With this you have my order on B. T . Reed Esqr of your City, for the proceeds of the two thousand two hundred & fifty one hides a little more or less I consigned to him for sales & returns, in his Ship California, James P. Arther (now about arriving in your Port). Mr. Reed had orders to insure for me. I do not know as there is a necessity of the order I send, as W. D. M. Howard, Supercargo of the Ship California, informed Mr. Reed, or should have done it, that the sales of the hides were to go to Mr. Rogers. Respecting the fitting out of the Vessels for this Coast, I am making out directions, remarks, and invoice of goods. The U. S. Ship "Congress," should be here in 15 days, bound to Mazatlan. By her I shall send them. For the present I can only say, 1st. That I will put all my Boston funds in the concern, and take the interest of one third, paying 6 pr ct interest on the difference, untill I remit home funds to cover it. 2nd. As I cannot remain on board the Vessel on this Coast, and the Supercargo now here whom I would choose, will not enter into any arrangement, before the Vessel arrives, I must point out Mr. John H. Everett of your City (enquire for him at Messrs Hodges, Emmons & Weld) to come out in the Vessel. He was Supercargo of the Bark "Tasso," for Mr. Eaton, and made a bad voyage. He was at all times, one of the most industrious of Supercargoes, yet coming here without cash, no funds or debts on shore, badly assorted cargo, and not well sorted with his Captain, and both too close, they made a voyage without profit. Mr. Everett must have a good clerk, not too young, a Captain active, willing to be allways obliging, and put up with many things he is not accostomed to, act solely as Captain, under the Supercargo's orders when in Port. 3rd. The second vessel in twelve months, must follow the first. If the voyage proves a good one, the next twelve months, the third vessel must

{46} follow, or the second one reach home in time to make the third voyage. A single vessel is of no use, profit or benefit, nor does the business begin to work well, before the second vessel begins her sales. 4th. Although I shall send you a list of goods wanted for this Coast, yet Mr. Everett or Mr. Thomas Shaw, could pick out a cargo adapted for California. Should Mr. Et. take the charge, he had better invest 5 to 10,000$ in the voyage, which amount he has. Neither Captain, Supercargo, Clerk, nor any other person in or out of the vessel, should have one dollars worth of goods on board to sell, unless it is invested in the whole and common stock. There are many reasons for this being closely observed. The Commission should be offered according to what Messrs Melius & Howard obtain, about 6 or 7 pr. ct. on the proceeds of the return Cargo in Boston. These are the prominent conditions I can name in this letter; should the vessel come out, and Mr. Everett not like to remain here, he could be engaged for one year on this Coast, to return via Mexico; in this case he should bring out another person besides the Clerk to take his place. This person should be active, industrious, obliging, more talkative than taciturn, patience, willing to stop 4 or 5 years, and expect to learn the Spanish language immediately. Such a person in one year would be equal to any old Supercargo. The Vessel should have a list of stores, rigging &c for 3 years, but laid out, double or more what might be supposed to be used, as this list pays no duties, and the surplus can be sold as cargo. The Invoice should be well made out, the quantity in numbers and letters, of Boxes, Bales, Pounds, Yards 8tc, not naming the prices. If convenient on the Voyage out, the Supercargo should put it into Spanish. The one in English, should be headed as going to the Columbia River and a Market, not naming California; therefore this should be the only one to show in Port, one or two days after arrival here & shewn only in English, but at first the Store list need not be presented. The Vessel had better not come direct to an anchor, but lay outside for the Custom House boat. If not sent out in a reasonable time, send in a boat. The Supercargo should convene with some shore Merchants before anchoring. He could say to the Boarding Officer, he put in for news, for wood & water, in distress, or to land despatches for the U. S. Consul and others, (by informing the Secretary of State that such can be carried out, some may be obtained). Private letters may do, public

are better. The object of not coming to an anchor, is, that the Collector often tries to make a vessel enter after once dropping her anchor, and at his own terms. As there are many terms and mode of paying the duties, the best bargain is obtained by the authorities, supposing its a chance vessel and not bound direct to California, and therefore can enter or not, as the Supercargo sees fit. The more distant as first he may be, the more willing they may prove, and with all, if nothing is gained, nothing will be lost by the plan. Mr. Everett can explain all this. Should he come into the voyage, this letter can be shewn to him, otherwise not, nor to no person who is not to have the principal interest in the concern, nor to the Captain while in the United States. T h e Hides in the California being shipt from San Diego, I am not sure of the number. A bill of laden was sent to M r Rogers, with a letter of advice from M r Howard the Supercargo. On receiving the list of goods to be sent out, it will be understood that you will be guided by it in a measure only, should Messr Shaw, Everett or any proper person select the cargo. [The copy bears note: Original sent by Brig Maria Terese.]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOHN H. EVERETT. COPY. I V : i 6 l . ]

Monterey June 1 7 , [ i 8] 1846 M r John H . Everett Sir

I

HAVE this day wrote to my Relation M r William M . Rogers

respecting the opening of a new concern for this coast, and have reccommendd you as the Supercargo, if you are not otherwise engaged and will enter the concern. M y letters will be shound you. M r Rogers has nothing to do with the business of the Vessels or cargo—only has to pass my letters of instructions & informations over to the Person who has. This letter goes to Mazatlan in the Maria Teresa (owned by Capt W m Fisher, an A m who

married at Cape San Lucas, lived there many years, bought Juan Alveres's Rancho, near the Pueblo of San Jose, now lives there and at the Pueblo having bro't five famales). As War or the thoughts of it may prevent this Brig reaching Mazatlan, I shall forward my views, instruction and information by the "Congress," who should be here from Oahu in 10 or 12 days, thence to Mazatlan. Mr Howard has wrote to Mr Reed not to send him another Vessel, the latter having much disapointed him and me too. In fact his proposals to me drew my funds to Boston to invest in his Vessel. I have now withdrew my offer as his Vessel should now be on the Coast. Mr Melius has rec'd two letters from Appleton & Co. informg him that they shall not send another Vessel. Still he believ he will. The times are fast changing here. Whether the Vessels in 1847 may pay duties or not I can not fortell. The Vessel should have her Manifest made out for the Columbia River and our Market. On arrival here lay off untill boarded or you communicate with some one. When with deap water 8c a broad sea Don Pablo can not say you must & shall enter whether you will or no. Last week arrived here Salem Bark Angola Samuel Varney Master, owned by Elbridge G Kimball. She had been sellig cargo at the Islands, had a 10,000 left at prin[ ?] cost consistig of N . E. Domestic Iron & Soap Sugar. I bot the whole—payable in Santa Cruz & Montery about 4000$ lumber Shingles & Soap, 2000, draft on Boston, ballance put next June in U. S. Duties 18,000 to 19,000$. I was with General Castro & other at Santa Clara whn Mr Green sent a Courier to me saing Capt Varney had unexpectedly arrived, Don Pablo was trying to hamper him and I must come in. I called on Alvarado & Castro at once, told them so & so, came in with A. Castro followed. In 26 hours from the time Mr Green wrote he had my answer. 180 miles I cane in in 8 hours. In two days had a written Contract with the Gen that he would take the duties in at less than 2000$ cash, ballance V2 goods V2 Govt paper. I have a plenty of it—bot the cargo— entered it. When done Don Pablo shut up the C. H. 1 —refused to give the Merchandise or a list of the duties, unless I would promise to obey all orders of the Administrador and give him the Cash and Securty for the ' T h e reference is to Don Pablo Guerra, who was administrator of the customhouse at Monterey at this time.

(49} whole amt—that all contracts of mine with Gen or Govr was null. In the mean time Sr Castro went to Santa Clara. I last night sent to him a statemnt of the case requesting his presence. My answer should come to night. Alvarado remanig here. To day many supposes that Don P. & Mr H. would to morrow be removed. When this fornoon Don[ ?] gives up the cargo and does not choose to wait the Couriers arrival. This afternoon or tomorrow the goods will be in my ware house and the dutes paid for. The whole not copied.

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO WILLIAM F. SWASEY. COPY. I V : 1 6 3 . ]

Monterey June 18 1846 Mr William F. Swasey Y O U will take charge of the goods as mentioned in the Invoice. On your arrival at Santa Cruz in the "Angola" with these goods, you will after having delivering to Captain Varney the forty Six thousand feet of lumber delivered by the Williams of which you will carry the account from Mr Green purchase 100,000 feet inch Boards, planks, Beams and scantling and 100 to 200,000 Shingles, from whoever will sell them, paying from the goods you carry with you at the prices Mr Green will give you, taking the Shingles at not over five dollars pr thousand. Boards are worth there 30 to 35$ pr M ft., thick stuff 25 to 30 pr M. feet board measure. I sell to the Bark at 30$ thick & thin, but to be at least half one inch Boards. Buy in large lots where you can. Mr John Williams owes me about 10,000 f t one inch, Mr Hames 600$—One inch Boards in Monterey at 50$. If the latter chooses to pay over the amt at St Cruz prices you can receive his boards at the beach. All you purchase have it hauled to the water. The lumber of Williams you will have to hire some one to haul from the bank to the beach with Horses. I formerly gave for this 6 or 8 rials pr 1000 f t or 50 or 60 boards. If you are sure of the hauling, you can purchase some in the woods. Mr Garner or Mr Dye should they go over, will ride round

[ 5° ] to look up those who have shingles or lumber to sell and otherwise assist you. Should any sellers desire it, you will draw on Mr Green for other goods. You must take care that one man does not take all of one article, exceptin Don Carlos Rossoullon who may want all the rope. You will purchase good cheese, fair size and not cracked at four rials, good yellow Butter at four rials pr lb, up to 150 @ potatoes at 6 Rials pr 100 hard head Cabbages at two rials each. After loading the Bark, you will purchase fifty thousand feet lumber V2 inch boards, the other half any other stuff, and have the Sellers put it there in July. This should be purchased of good Men and from but a few. It is for W. Davis. See that Mr Hames has some Joust 19 to 20 ft, 3 by 4, for Mr Davis. Should your purchases go on well, you will continue. Should anything prevent and you need me, send in a Courier directly for me. Havig good horses and Cole I shall be there 24 or 30 hours afterwards. Should your go on well I should like to hear from you Monday gving me particular of yr business and tuesday mornig I will decide about going out, according as the news from the North may be, or the arrival of the Congress. I have not to assist Capt Varney in raftig—only to put the cargo at high water mark—you delivrg him all he may want, he not to purchase from others while you can supply him. He is bound to take 100,000 ft stuff, half one inch little more or less and 100,000 Shingle, tho' I wish to sell him more if he will take it. The lumbr of Mr William was measured by Mr Garner by Mr Green orders. 'Tis suppose it will overrun. The Captan can measure it or not as he pleases. As it will detain him and the measures is good he had better take it as it is.

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN(5) TO UHDE & PINI. COPY. IV: 164.]

Monterrey June 18th 1846 Gentlemen

I

paid four hundred and three dollars on accounpt of that sum you received for me from Messrs Haas and Denghaules & Co on acct HAVE

Ì5'} of Gerhard Hilges as pr your receipt in my hands. From the balance in your hands in my favour please pay to Messrs Parrott & C o my Postage bill, some forty dollars and the remainder pay over to Messrs M o t t Talbot & Co. Udhe & Pini, Mazatlan

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO MOTT TALBOT & CO. 1 COPY. I V : 1 6 5 . ]

Monterey June 18, 1846 Messrs Mott, Talbot & Co. Mazatlan Gent.

T h e

"Portsmouth" and "Juno" bringing no N e w s we are rather

in the dark respecting the political state of Mexico and the U . S . — n o t even being able to say what country we belong to. T h e state of present affairs at San Francisco and the River Sacremento appear to fortell what one we shall belong to in a very short time. 20 or 25 days back General Castro ordered a Leiut & 12 men to bring over the River over one hundred Government Horses and some Mares, which were to be brought to M o n terey. Some where near N e w Helvitia, while the Soldiers were eating breakfast at their camp fires, 12 Foreigners, English and Americans, rode up to them, made them rise stack their muskets and give up all their Horses, excepting one each, saying the General only wanted these horses to enable the Soldiers to drive the Foreigners out of the Valley of the Sacremento, and to burn their wheat, which they said Castro had hired the wild Indians to do. T h e y then rode off. Yesterday news reached Monterey that 60 Foreigners on the 14 of this month took possesion of the town of Sonoma under charge of Commandte Vallejo. They drove off all the Government Horses, also those of Sor. [MS. cut\ is one of the most active, interprising and best informed of his countrymen, took Sor. Vallejo and Brother, L t Col. Prudon and J. P. Leace, Brother in law to the Vallejos Prisoners— 'According to a note on this document, the letter was directed also to "John Black Esqr."

[ 52 ] leaving 25 men in charge of the[m] went up the Sacremento with the four prisoners. These men are I suppose mostly Americans. I prehaps know a few of them, but do not know that I do. Why this affair has happened, how or by who I can not imagine. I am not sure its true, but presume it is. The People in Monterey are mustering to go North to enquire into the business. Whether this transaction is a personal affair for plunder or satisfaction for past insults, or to change the whole California Government I can not say. The Governor and Assembly appointed the 15 of this month for a junta for themselfs in Santa Barbara ordered the differnt towns to send 18 members, and invited the the clergy and the military to each send five of their class. The General in very strong language has protested against it. I suppose it will all drop. The object in view is supposed to be a diclaration of independence. There is expected in Sept. & Oct near 2000 Emmigrants in C. If so many come in 46—and in proportion in 47—we can not tell the state of the Country by 48. Business in trade goes on as usual, some increasing. I this week purchased the first cargo of goods ever sold at one time in California. They were N . E. Domistics, duties 18 to 19,000$, made half in the same goods half in Government paper, which the exception of a ninth in Money. There is every appearance of a large trade in quick silver mines of the ore being lately found. One in opperation. I believe there is one gold mine opened. Its my intention to engage in a quick silver mine, soon as I can obtain a new one if it can be discovered, or in the one at work if I can enter. You will please inform in duplicate the whole quick silver trade of your port, its highest and lowest price, quantity imported and consumed, cargo and retail price, duties, Expences, commission Etc, Etc, where the article entering your port is used and the principal dealers. You will farther oblige me by purchasig for me up to 100 quick silver jars, or 200 if they are cheap, and send them by first Vessel, or send even 25 if no more can be obtained pr the first Vessel. Capt Fisher returns directly, also a Schooner now building here—to leave under charge of Capt C. Wolter in July. Your particular attention to this will much oblige and I hope open a large trade between us. Capt Mervine rec'd from me a small piece of ore and a quill of quick silver to show you by the Maria Teresa. I will send more. Drop some of the red Ore in powder on a red hot iron. Hold a tea cup close down on it,

[53] which will be smoked as from a lamp. With your finger run this smoke on a dollar, which becomes whitened, or rub with the finger a few minutes all the smoke together, and you form a drop of the quick silver. 12 ozens of the ore pounded in peces of the size of beans—put in a air tight gun Barrel, one end open in a Kettle of Water, 2 or 3 inchs under, with the gun Barrel in a hot fire 30 minutes will produce two ozens of the metal. A white plate had better be in the Kettle to catch it. If its comes out dirty strain it thro a silk Hff. This opperation is simple and very interestig.

[WILLIAM BROWN IDE. PROCLAMATION. 1 COPY. OFF. CORR.]

June 18th 1846

I ^ O C L A M A T I O N . All persons residing in California who will remain peaceable, shall in no wise be molested or injured. The Commander of the company of soldiers now in possession of the town of Sonoma, promises on his word of honour to all the Californians who do not take up arms against him, peace and security, and in case any of the said Commanders people should in any wise injure any person not concerned, on application being made to the above mentioned authority, the offender or offenders shall be punished, the party injured not having taken up arms. The Commander wishes to establish a good Government, for the prompt administration of justice and with strict attention to individual rights and liberties, and not with the intention of molesting or permitting to be molested any person on account of their religious opinions. The new Government will work indefatigably to the end of acquiring everything that may be beneficial to the country.

This Government will reduce the marine duties, three or four parts in a thousand. It will defend its rightful intentions with the favour of God, and the valour of its adherents. The Government of this country has ordered 'From the copy in the National Archives, Washington, D . C. This document is No. 31 of the report which Larkin sent to the Department of State with his letter of July 20, 1846 (Off. Corr. II :54). In Larkin's copy of the report, however, the document is in two parts, Nos. 29-30.

{54} us to retire the same way we came, and as this is impossible on account of our poverty, we have determined to make this country independent, and to establish a system of government that will be more favourable to us, than such a long and dangerous road back. I order that this be published with a translation, likewise that of the 15th Inst, in English and Spanish. (Signed) William B. Ide, Commander in Sonoma The 14th day of the present month, the present Commandant took possession of the town of Sonoma, and up to this date there has not been the least disorder, there having been taken nothing but arms, ammunition and horses, and for whatever else they may have required, they have solicited it of individuals under a promise of payment in full value the moment the Government is properly installed in the Republic of California, which they are determined to do. (Signed) José Berreyesa, Alcalde 1st in Sonoma The above proclamation was found posted up on the morning of the 27th June 1846 in the Port of Monterey.

[WILLIAM ALEXANDER LEIDESDORFF TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 1 6 7 . ]

Vice Consulate of the United States Yerba Buena June 19th 1846 Thomas O. Larkin Esqr Dear Sir

H,

L AVING the means of sending you a communication as far as the "Pueblo, " I deem it not improper to enclose you a copy of a "Proclamation" which reached us yesterday from the Camp at "Sonoma;" and also

(55] to inform you of such other information as can be entirely relied upon, it being from the only authentic sources. Sonoma was surprized on Sunday morning last by 34 men—thier present force it is impossible to give, as no one pretends to know how many they now have at thier camp on the Sacramento and in the surrouding country. They took prisoners Don Guadalupe and Salvadore Vallejo, Col. Prudon and Mr. Leese. These they escorted to thier camp on the Sacramento. They also arrested the "Alcalde" but he accepted a Commission under the new Commandant of Sonoma, and now continues his duties under that Commission. The Prisoners were assured that no injury to thier persons or property should be permitted, when Genl. Vallejo at once placed at thier disposition fifty horses, and all the provisions they might require in the Garrison. The Commander in Chief assured him that the horses should be well cared for, and an exact account kept of all stores consumed by necessity and no waste permitted. And that to thier utmost ability they would pay full value for evrything required. Before Don Guadalupe left under his escort he directed Don Jose de la Rosa to proceed to Capt. Montgomey (if he could leave the place) and request him to send an officer or otherwise use his influence with the Garrison to prevent any injury to the defenseless inhabitants. He did not ask Capt Montgomey to take any part in the matter, or even to intercede for his own release, which Capt. Montgomey also assured de la Rosa that he could not do—but if he thought the presence of an officer would calm the fears of the inhabitants he was disposed to send one—although for himself he considererd from the messengers own statement no danger to unarmed people could be apprehended. However before the Officer left, Capt. Montgomey received a messenger from the Commander in Chief William B. Ide, informing him of the change in the political condition of Sonoma, and the Valley of the Sacramento. The messenger hoped the officer would go up that the Capt. might learn for himself that all had been done in good order, and that no injury had been, or would be done. Lieut. Missroon went up taking with him both messengers. He found all quiet, the place in the most perfect order; under strict Military discipline; and on asking the "Alcalde" the question, he assured him, that except in

[56] the Capture of the Officers no act of violence to person or property had taken place. M r , Missroon witnessed the following scene, (or rather the trial which occurred). A Young man of the garrison went to the "Corral" to "lasso" a horse, a horse kicked him violintly injuring him and giving him much pain; in his anger, he picked up a rifle and killed the horse on the spot; wherupon he was at once arrested by the Commander in Chief, carried before the "Alcalde," a jury summoned and the Culprit put on his trial for the offence. He acknowledged the act, and the Jury assessed the horse to be worth $30 and that he must pay that amount to Genl. Vallejo the owner. The man now proved that Genl. Vallejo owed him over $50 for monthly labor and he would give a certificate that $30 of the debt was paid; the "Alcalde" admitted the plea, gave the certificate to Madam Vallejo, and dismissed the Prisoner who resumed his duty in the garrison (certainly this was prompt and equal justicehave you ever heard of such dispaitch in a law suit in California before?) There is no doubt but the most determined and Chivalric spirit, actuates the men now under the command of "Ide" as thier elected chief, and that they are actuated by a spirit which forbids them to commit any act of violence, or injury upon any one. They have three hundred stand of arms, including Rifles, Muskets, Carbines and Pistols in thier garrison of "Sonoma," with eight pieces of Cannon—and plenty of ammunition; and Its supposed they will use them with terrible effect if they are attacked. It is impossible to say how many men they have, but I think the "Proclamation" will call many to thier "Banner," 1 which is A white "field," with a red "border," a large "Star" and a Grisly Bear! Such is the flag of Young California. Mrs. Vallejo was permitted to send her brother with an open letter to Genl. Vallejo, (on the 17th) and also an account of the interview of de la Rosa, with Capt. Montgomery; the messenger had a passport given him to go to the upper camp and return. (The "Proclamation seems to please many who have read it. I have no idea what the Californian officers intend to do in the premises. I have nothing further today, but should be glad to hear from you: hop:

Here are deleted the words: What is that? you may ask.

[57} ing that there is not so much excitement with you as we have here.) I remain sir your obt. Svt. W m A Leidesdorff [Rubric] Thos. O. Larkin Esqr. U. S. Consul Monterey

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES BUCHANAN. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 4 9 (11:49).]

Consulate of the United States Monterey June 19 1846 Sir

I

I OHN PARROTT Esq. our Consul in Mazatlan, informed me in April last, that he was giving up business and removing to the United States, and that I must name another Agent in that port to take charge of my Correspondence. I have therefore requesting Messrs Mott, Talbot & Co. Merchants in Mazatlan, the best and principal American House there, to take charge of all letters, Dispatches and papers of mine for California or the United States. I would beg leave to reccommend Thomas Mott, Esq. Native of New York partner in the above name House, to be appointed U. S. Consul of Mazatlan, in case there is to be an appointment. Should the office still remain in the house where it now is under any of the members of that house I can not obtain a more proper person than than Mr Mott to attend to my Correspondence. I believe that all Americans Citizens or officers visiting Mazatlan would be pleased to see Mr Mott have this appointment should there be a vacancy. I should be thankfull to receive a copy of my dispatch Number forty, 40—as in making up the mail at the time no copy was taken.2 I am Sir Your most obedient 1 • m t_ -1 T Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric]

Hon James Buchanan, Secretary of State City of Washington 'From the original in the National Archives, Washington, D. C. There is no letter No. 40 addressed to the Secretary of State in the Larkin file in the National Archives. 2

{58} [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOHN BERRIEN MONTGOMERY. 1 OFF. CORR. NOT NUMBERED ( 1 : 1 1 4 ) . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey California June 19, 1846 (night) Sir T H E "Cyane" arrived here this afternoon thirty one days from Mazatlan. She will remain here for the present. I have to request of you that you will remain at your present anchorage untill you again here from me. There is no mail for the "Portsmouth." The American Bark Moscow Captain Philpes [Phelps] arrived here to day from Santa Barbara, leaves to morrow or the next day for Yerba Buena. I am Sir Your most Obt. Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] John B. Montgomery Esqr, Commander U. S. Ship "Portsmouth" San Francisco*

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOHN BERRIEN MONTGOMERY.3 OFF. CORR. NOT NUMBERED ( 1 : 1 1 5 ) . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey California June 20, 1846 Sir I YESTERDAY sent you a letter by a Courier requesting you to remain at your present anchorage untill you could hear from me. As the letter 'From the original in the Naval Records Collection of the National Archives, Washington, D.C. 2

Larkin's copy, now in the Bancroft Library, bears the notation: "Duplicate. Original sent by a Courier." 3From the original in the Naval Records Collection of the National Archives, Washington, D. C.

[59} may not reach, from the uncertainty of travelling, I gave you no reason, and supposed you would so understand me. From a confidential letter dated May 18, 1846 Mazatlan, I learn from Com. Sloat that he expected to be here as soon as the "Cyane" and will have all his vessels on this coast. He is informed from our Government that I shall be prepared to give him the necessary information, consult and advise with him relative to future measures. From this I must suppose there are dispatches sent to me that I have not rec'd. The misfortune is that our Mazatlan consul was not aware of the sailing of the "Cyane" for this port. Therefore I am deprived of my mail, yet the information desired could hardly come via Mexico. I must believe they are on the road over the mountains. Com. Sloat adds that supposing I shall understand him he does not write more particulars. I presume he only calls off this port and then proceeds to San Francisco. The officers are not aware of the squadrons coming to California the Commodore wishing it to remain a secret. H e was in expectation of reaching here before Captain Melvine. I therefore look for him daily. I believe he expects me to go on board for San Francisco. Y o u will see into the affair as you can, as I can not explain it. I presume you will under the curcumstances of the case remain where you are, as each port should have one of our Vessels there at least for a time or untill the arrival of the Congress. The Origon and Texas affairs remains as by our last dates. Y e t there is reason to believe the two encamped armies on the R i o del Norte have met. Should you be asked you will not admit it to be the case. I am your respectifully. Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] Captain John B. Montgomery U . S. Ship "Portsmouth" San Francisco [In the margin: Extract sent to Captn Fremont.]

[6o] [FRANCISCO ARAIZA TO TALBOT H . GREEN(?). I V : l 6 g . ]

Anjeles Junio 20 de 1846 Señor Don Gregorio Grim Muy Señor mió

L / E mando a Vd las hobligasiones que traje con ojeto de cobrar pero todos me disen tienen pagado y como yo no puedo egsijir, me bisto presisado a darle parte a Vd porque se ban fuera del departamento algunas de los que deben á la casa que hes mi suegro, conque para que disponga lo que guste a su zimo Q. B. S. M . Franco Araiza [Rubric] P. D. Con Pancho Rico mande ochenta y un peso que consta por el resibo qí le suplique mucho a D Antonio Agiré pusiera en sus manos. Vale [Rubric]

[WILLIAM ALEXANDER LEIDESDORFF TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : i 7 I . ]

Yerba buena June 2 1 s t 1846 T . O. Larkin Esqr Dear Sir

^ Y o u r s of the 19th inst came duly to hand this morning. I emediately dispatched a boat to Capt. Montgomery, who has written an letter to Como Stockton which I forward to you. You say that I dont give you information enough or as much as the Capt. gave you. The fact is that I waited for the Captain to write first and then wrote my letter in a hurry. I have had a long one ready for you for 3 days. I have not been able to get a courier either for love, or money. One man asked me $50 cash, and so

on. I now send you the letter I have had ready for some days. Sutter has Joined the rebels, (so called) which you will se by a copy of Capt. Montgomery's letter to me. I am told that some of the Calafornians has driven all their horses of to the sea cost so that Castro will not get them. If you will sell me some of your goods, cheap, as you say on time I will take them, but not to be paid this year, for I fear that their will be verry small collections, on account of this affair. You mention for me to say what I will pay. It is imposible for me to put the prices down, as I have not seen the goods. However I will leave it to your generosity to put the prices. Send me x or 2 bales of wide brown cotton, one of white cotton, one of blue prints one of fancy prints, one of blue drill one of blue cotton & I or z dozen chairs. If the prices dont suit me, you will loose nothing. I will pay the freight, and it will allways sell here, allthough I would prefer purchasing. Send them pr first opertunity and I will not make any purchase until I hear from you. I Remain your Obt Servt. Wm A. Leidesdorff [Rubric]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO ANTHONY TEN EYCK AND JOEL TURRILL. COPY. OFF. CORR. I : i l 6 . ]

Confidential

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, June the zist, 1846 Sir

F r o m reports that have reached this Town, and from letters I have received this past week from Vice Consul Leidesdorff and Commander Montgomery, U. S. Ship "Portsmouth," I learn that some Foreigners supposed to be chiefly Americans, have taken from Lieut Arce an Officer under the Comt. General of California, over one hundred horses and mares, and that on the 14 instant they or other foreigners took possession of the Town of Sonoma on the bay of San Francisco, made prisoners of two Californian

[6z} Officers & two Citizens, whom they have carried away, also many horses of the place, leaving a portion of their party in possession of that Town. I also understand that these Foreigners have issued a Proclamation, promising good treatment to the prisoners they have taken & to all others in this Country who will only attend to their own private business at the same time denouncing all who may act against them. During these transactions, there is on the Sacramento, Captain J. C. Fremont, who had remained in this Country a few months to recruit his men and animals. There is also Mr. Gillespie, who the Californians suppose to be an U. S. Officer, and know that he went 3 or 400 miles into the Country and returned with Captain Fremont. Their returning a few days before Sonoma was taken, and the presence of the Cyane and Portsmouth, has led the Natives to believe, that these two Gentlemen and myself are at the head of the insurrection. I know that I have no knowledge of the aifairs or the people concerned, and do not believe Messrs. Fremont and Gillespie are. From all the circumstances there are many Californians who intimate that I as United States Consul, should be arrested and carried into the interior. This belief may gain strength and induce the Authorities to take me from my House by force. I have therefore for protection to my Wife and three children concluded, to send them to Honolulu, Oahu, in the American Barque, "Angola," Samuel Varney, Master, to remain there for the present. I take the liberty to call your official & personal attention to Mrs. Larkin and children during the time they may remain within your official jurisdiction & your kindest attention to them, drawing on me for any expence that they may cause you. Whatever may transpire between my Government and the Supreme Government of Mexico, or the Authorities of California, or between the Natives of this Country and my Countrymen, I must and shall within my Consulate act as a Consul of the United States according as circumstances and my judgement may dictate from time to time, regardless of consequences to myself, putting my family under the charge of yourself and the United States Consul of the Sandwich Islands. I shall attend to whatever business my Government may call me to, and should my property be lost or injured, myself or heirs will look to that Government for recompence

[63} of injuries that may be sustained by me or them. Mrs Larkin has a letter of the same import as this to the United States of the Sandwich Islands. It may be proper to say, that in my opinion Mr. Gillespie like all Travellers in California, went up to New Helvetia. Having received in Monterey, several letters sent to Captain Fremont and his hired men, from their relatives, he supposed he had to travel at an extra speed, two or three days to overtake the Company, and being fond of seeing the interior he done so, but the party ahead travelled nearly as fast as he did. By the time they were overtaken, Captn. Fremont had found he could not reach the Oregon in time to arrive in the United States by September, so he returned to the Sacramento Valley with Mr. Gillespie, and is now preparing to go home, or is actually gone. I expect Mr. G. here next week. I am your most obedient servant (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin Anthony Ten Evck, Esqr, U. S. Commissioner, Sandwich Islands Joel Tuerill Esqr, U. S. Consul, Sandwich Islands

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOEL TURRILL. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 1 7 - ]

Consulate of the United States of America Port of Monterey, California, 22nd of June 1846 Sir

Wn

ITH this I forward to your care an Official Document for the Secretary of State, which with any other you may receive at present from this Office, please forward to Washington by the first safe opportunity, understanding that they must not go through Mexico. I have the honour to send you some documents with this respecting the actual state of California, and affairs at this time, for your own perusal. Was those received in March or April, per Vancouver, in your Office, a dispatch of mine. Your most obedient servant. , ^ _ T ,. Signed—Thomas O. Larkin Joel Tuerill, Esqr, U. S. Consul, Oahu, Sandwich Islands

{64} [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO WILLIAM ALEXANDER LEIDESDORFF. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 2 0 . ]

Confidential

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, June 22nd, 1846 Sir

I T is possible that an overland "Courier" may have been sent from the United States to me, and I am afraid that such has been the case & that it has miscarried on the road. Should you hear of one, you will shew this letter to who ever may have it, as your authority to advise & assist the bearers in reaching me. By no manner of means allow it to come to me by any conveyance that may have a risk of miscarrying on the way. The proper way to send any important despatch to me, will be to have it brought down by Captain Montgomery in the Portsmouth. He was to leave his present anchorage on the 25 th inst. for this Port. I wrote to him two days back & requested him to remain where he is. The receipt of an overland Mail one or two days later is not of as much consequence as its actual reception by me. Should the Portsmouth left by her Commander not receiving my letter, you may expect the Cyane to take her place 8C anchorage immediately. I wish you to write to Mr. Reading & Mr Bidwell and any other proper and responsable man, to aid any courier arriving at New Helvetia in reaching me. I should pay them any expences they may be at, in coming to me on business of this kind. You will say to them that I have wrote to Captain Sutter respecting a thing of this kind. On second thoughts he being a Mexican Officer, I think I ought not require him to do it, as he may dislike it, although be willing to oblige me. You will therefore write to them to look out for a Courier & should they hear of one being high up, to go to him at my expence. It is my wish that you send a boat up on receiving this that Messrs. Bidwell & Reading may receive a letter from you. You can also write to Messrs. F & G, if they are yet up the river, on this subject & be particularly carefull in speaking of the contents of this letter to any one, but the two latter named Gentlemen & the Commander of the Portsmouth to whom

[65] you will shew it. I will perhaps with this send you a letter for Messrs. Reading 81 Bidwell which you will forward. Direct only to them if they are about New Helvetia. Be extremely carefull of sending any more than the news of the day, by land. I am with respect Your most obedient (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin William A. Leidesdorff Esqr, U. S. Vice Consul Yerba Buena, San Francisco

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOHN BERRIEN MONTGOMERY. 1 OFF. CORR. NOT NUMBERED. ( 1 : 1 1 9 ) . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Port of Monterey California June 22 1846 Sir

F r o m the tenor of Commodore Sloat's letter I am led to believe that a Government Dispatch to me has miscarried or been delayed on the road, and I am inclined to think it was sent over land. The dispatch that I ought to have is to Com. Sloat of the utmost importance. I refer you to my letter of today to Vice Consul Leidesdorff, respecting the question before us, and must ask of you to cooperate with him in this business. I may be mistaken, but it appears to me that the action of our Vessels are to be delayed from the want of proper Instructions. I am however in expectation that the Commodore has copies of any dispatch forwarded to me. Captain Melvines letter came ashore to late for my last mail. There is a mail on board the Cyane for your Vessel. It goes in the Moscow. I am Sir your Most Obedient Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] Captain John B. Montgomery U. S. Ship "Portsmouth" 'From the original in the Naval Records Collection of the National Archives, Washington, D. C. In Larkin's copy in the Bancroft Library it is N o . 21.

{66} [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO WILLIAM D. PHELPS. COPY. I V ¡ 1 7 3 . ]

Monterey, California, June 22, 1846 Captain William D. Phelps Sir

will please sell the within Invoice of Goods to the best advantage at the prices named (a little more or less as you may think best) to responsable persons, taking their Notes from Nine to Twelve months months after date, that they may fall due, from July to September, 1847, with interest after that date, if not paid; for hides on delivery, you will discount, twelve and a half per cent; for cash on delivery, twenty five per cent. You can take Aguardiente at Market prices for some of the goods at Invoice prices. All hides and proceeds you may receive for these goods, you will send to Boston, consigned to some responsable person, with orders, to pay over the proceeds to Mr. William M . Rogers, for the use and benefit of my Wife, Rachel Larkin, deducting fifty cents per hide, freight, and five per cent, your commission. Given in Triplicate. Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric]

Monterey, 22nd June 1846 Invoice of Merchandize shipped by Thomas O. Larkin on board the American Barque Moscow, Captain William D. Phelps, for sales and returns, on account and risk of the Shipper. 15 20 19 2 2

Pieces blue Domestic cottons Pieces blue drilling Bales 475 pes. domestic cottons Bales 40 pes. 40 yds domestic cottons Bales 50 pes domestic cottons

$16.00 $17.00 $14.00 $14.00 $12.00

240.00 340.00 6650.00 560.00 600.00

{67} 25 10 2 3

Dozn cotton handkfs Boxes sugar 100 @ 2500 lbs Coils of Rope, 162V2 lbs Dozn cane bottom chairs

$ 5.00 125.00 $10.00 1000.00 20 cts. 32.50 $50.00 150.00

Rec'd the above Packages. Contents of Bales & Boxes unknown. Wm D Phelps [Rubric]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES BUCHANAN. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 50A.]

Consulate of the United States of America Port of Monterey California June 22 1846 Sir

J- HE accompaning document2 was wrote by me in April last (partly from another paper) and translated into Spanish for the purpose of its being read by Californians in authority. No copy was given them nor signature attached to the one showed. I have in every case of any persons reading it given it as my opinion of the state of affairs in this country. I am with the greatest respect your most Obedient Servant Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] Hon James Buchanan, Secretary of State City of Washington 'From the original in the National Archives, Washington, D . C . 2

See Larkin's "Opinion of state of affairs in California," following documents dated April

17, 1846.

{68} [WILLIAM ALEXANDER LEIDESDORFF TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN.

Copy. IV:i74.]

Yerba Buena June 2zd

1846

My Dear Sir

B y

Don Antonio Osio, I write in haste to say that we have no

news of any kind today. The "Portsmouth" still at Sausolito. Can you not give me some items of news from the "Cyane" ? W e are all in the dark here as to the news from the leeward coast. Yrs Very Truly Liedesdorff T . O. Larkin Eqr Monterry

[WILLIAM F. SWASEY TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV ¡ 1 7 6 . ]

Santa Cruz 2 3 d June 1846 Sir

M

R. THOOMES has just arrived. I am also happy to inform you

that I shall succeed in making up the cargo of the Angola; but in so doing shall have to pay 6$ per thousand for Shingles. I think Capt Varney is disposed to act a little contrary in regard to a number of things. He has not shown the least spirit of accommodation durring the whole time since he left Monterey, but I think I shall be able to get along with him. H e says he hardly thinks his vessel will carry more then 75,000 M feet of Lumber, but I shall have it ready for him, if he will take it, so he can have no excuse against you, for it is my opinion that he intends to do a little trading on his own hook, just before he goes away. H e wants to take the lumber at his own measure, and will not measure it only as it goes on to the raft which makes things work very bad. H e grumbles a good deal about the Shingles being bad, and says he does not

[69] have the Stub short measured in the lumber. I tell him it is the custom of the country, that you have to buy so, and must sell so. Still I think with Mr Thoomes I shall be able to manage him. Mr Blackburn has sawed the Pillars you spoke of in your letter to him. I shall also get about 10 to x 2,000 M feet of boards from him. Mr Hames will deliver some 6 or 8000 M feet. Mr Williams has already delivered 9000 shingles and between 9 and 10,000 M feet of lumber. It is doubtfull about my getting lumber you spoke of, after loading the Bark. I'll do so if I can. I have had a severe attack of the Fever and Ague since I have been here. It lasted but a day, and I am now fully recovered. It is rumored that the Foreigners have killed Salvador Vallijo. I Remain Your Obt. Sevt. W. F. Swasey [Rubric] Thomas O. Larkin U. S. Consul, Montery

[ p i o PICO. PROCLAMATION. 1 COPY. OFF. CORR.]

Santa Barbara, June 23d 1846

T H E Constitutional Governour of the Department of California to its inhabitants addresses the following Proclamation. Fellow Citizens, wounded grieviously and compromised to the utmost as the national honour at the present epoch is I have the glory to address you in the firm persuasion that you are Mexicans and that there glows in your veins the blood of those venerable Martyrs of the country, and that you will not fail to use it in defence of your country and independence. 'From the copy in the National Archives, Washington, D . C . This document is N o . 3 2 of the report which Larkin sent to the Department of State with his letter of July 20, 1 8 4 6 ( O f f . Corr. 1 1 : 5 4 ) . I n Larkin's copy of the report, however, the document is N o . 3 5 . The copy indicates that the proclamation was sent " T o the sub Prefect of the district of Angeles for publication."

—

[7o]

Compatriots, your Departamental Government has received at this moment, the unhappy news communicated officially by the political authorities of Monterey, dated four days ago, that a band of adventurers of North America with the blackest treason that the genius of evil could invent have invaded the position of Sonoma, displaying their flag and carrying off prisoners four Mexican citizens. Yes fellow citizens, which of you at hearing such fatal perfidy will not abandon the domestic hearth and fly with gun in hand to the field of honour to avenge the outrages of the country ? Will you be insensible to the oppression under which such vile dominators wish to place us? Will not the afflicting groans of the country move you? Will you see with a serene front destroyed the fundamental part of our sacred and dear institutions ? No, no, far from me all such suspicion. No. I believe in your civism, your blind love of country, and that you will not leave to be profained in any way the fruitful and benificent tree of holy liberty. The North American Nation never can be your friend. She has laws, religion, language and customs totally opposed to ours. She failing to the most loyal friendship that Mexico lavished upon her to the law of nations, and to the most sound policy, putting in execution her piratical views has stolen the Department of Texas, and wishes to do as much with that of California to dismember thus iniquitiously the Mexican territory, tarnishing its flag of the three guarantees and displaying its own, with the fatal number of her stars augmented. Fly quickly Mexicans after that traitor enemy, follow him to the most remote woods, punish his audacity, and in the contrary event, let us form a cemetery where posterity may call to mind the glory of the Mexican history, the heroism of her sons, as is remembered the glory gained by the death of that handful of citizens detached to the pass of Thermopylae under the command of General Leónidas. Hear this strange motto placed on their monument, "we have died in obedience to our laws." Shall we not imitate this noble example? Shall we consent that the Republic of the North shall bring to our soil of liberty, the horrible slavery which is permitted in the United States? Shall we suffer to see human blood sold at the price of vile interest? Shall we permit finally the august effigy of the Crucifix and the dogmas of our sacred religion to be profaned?

{71} Foreign citizens who tread this soil, the Departamental Government will consider you under the protection of the laws and treaties. Your property shall be respected, and none shall molest you and as you are likewise proprietors interested in the peace and interiour security, the Government invites you to the pursuit of the bandits who have invaded the north of this Department. Compatriots, run quickly with me to crown your brows with the first laurels of unfading glory, in the fields of the North they are spread, desirous to leap to our noble fronts. Correspond, Mexicans joyfully to the wishes of your fellow citizen and friend. (Signed) Pio Pico

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES BUCHANAN. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 50B ( 1 1 : 5 0 ) . ]

Consulate of the United States of America California, June 24th, 1846 Sir ' J . h e four accompanying "Proclamations" 2 have been issued at the Towns of Yerba Buena, Sonoma, and the Pueblo (Town) of San Jose. The first of this month a party of twelve foreigners met an equal number of soldiers near New Helvetia, and took from them without any resistance, about 1 7 0 horses 81 mares, the majority of the former belonging to the Government of California. On the 17th [14th] inst., they or other foreigners took possession of the Town of Sonoma on the Bay of San Francisco, carried off Dn. M . G. Vallejo, Dn. Salvador Vallejo, Dn. Victor Prudon, a Native of France, Citizen & Officer of Mexico, and Mr. Luis Leese. Senr. M . G. Vallejo, was Military Commandant of Sonoma ; Prudon, Cap'From the original in the National Archives, Washington, D . C . See: ( 1 ) Francisco Guerrero y Palomares to William Alexander LeidesdorfF, April 30, 1 8 4 6 ;

2

(2) William Brown Ide, Proclamation, June 1 5 , 1 8 4 6 ; (3) José Castro, Proclamation, June 1 7 , 1 8 4 6 ; (4) William Brown Ide, Proclamation, June 1 8 , 1 8 4 6 .

tain & Secretary. These four persons are now on Feather River, a branch of the Sacramento, held, as supposed, as "Hostages," to enable their captors to further their designs. Some thirty of their party remain in charge of Sonoma, having to this time respected the property in the place, with the exception of taking the Commandants horses. In the mean time Commandant General Castro, with two hundred or more Soldiers & Citizens, under his command, remain at Santa Clara, two days ride or less, from Mr Ide's party. The Town of Monterey has sent but a few Citizens to Sor Castro, and the most of them have stopt at the Mission of San Juan (less than half way). I understand that Mr. William B. Ide, who signs the Proclamation, to be a man of about forty five years of age, born in one of the Western States; an active, energetic and well informed man, came to California with a Wife and five children in September or October 1845. They now reside on the Sacramento River. From our last notices from the North, his party had not increased, and they were expecting a large party in July from the Oregon, and in September several parties from the States. Mr. Ide and party have a White Flag, red Border, with one Star, and a Bear.3 In all probability General Castro will not go North to meet the other party. He has however issued two "Proclamations" on the rising of the foreigners. The General & Governor had each a party against each other, each denying the Authority of the other, although both held their commission of Mexico. Perhaps their actual difference may consist in the Laws of President Herrera, appropiating two thirds of the Custom House duties to the Governor, while the decrees of President Paredes, places the whole at the disposal of the General. I presume they will now join their influence and parties together. Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] 'Larkin's copy (No. 31 of the report sent with his letter of July 20, 1846 [Off. Corr. 11:54]) here reads: Mr Ide and party have a white flag, red fly end with one star a bear in the union. I give you this information as I receive it and believe it to be correct.

{73} [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO DANIEL WEBSTER. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 2 2 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Port of Monterey, California, June 24th, 1846 Sir

S U P P O S I N G you may not have in your Law Library, the Constitution and Laws of the Hawaiian Islands, I have taken the liberty of forwarding a Copy as translated into the English language. You will find them as primitive as you could have imagined. Yet they are far in advance of anything of the kind we have here. As we have neither Publishers, Printers, nor Binders. The Book, also some California Ore of Quick Silver for your inspection, I shall send in the Salem Barque, "Angola," Samuel Varney, who should arrive home in January 1847. The mine from whence I took this Ore, will cause quite an excitement among the monopolizers of this article in Europe. I am Sir, with respect, your most obedient

(Signed) Thomas O. Larkin Hon. Daniel Webster City of Washington

[EBENEZER LARKIN CHILDS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : i 7 5 . ]

Washington City 24 June 1846 My dear brother

M Y last to you was of the 27 Feb enclosed to Mr Parrott of Mazatlan. I had previously written Jan 15 & 21 by the same mode of conveyance, & also sent a package by Ship Brooklyn for New York. One of my friends at Boston sent a package last winter, I beleive by the Ship Xylon. Your letters of April 18 & 19 I have rec'd—that of the 19th

came first—on the 12th—the other on the 16 th—it having been handed by the Secy of State to the P M Ge who forgot it 8c kept it in his pocket for several days. Getting yr second letter first it excited my curiosity 8c anxiety exceedingly. I feared some calamity had overtaken you 81 set my brain hard at work to guess what it could be. You said "in my letter of yesterday I mentioned that my situation was somewhat changed" 8cc—of course when I got that of "yesterday" I opened it eagerly, but it threw no light on the subject. It spoke of a "new position" 8c referred to letters to 8c from the State Dept but these despatches you requested me not to examine & I have not. I was at the State Dept yesterday 8c took from Mr Chew's memo book the enclosed list of despatches rec'd from you, but he did not offer to show them to me 8c as you had desired me not to ask for them I did not. I have read both your letters over a dozen times 8c confess that I can gather nothing from them only that you have made three thousand dollars by chartering a brig for General Don Jose Castro. What the difficulty is (if any) growing out of the transaction I do not understand 8c I wait patiently for further developements. I also understand that you have given up mercantile pursuits 8c are to devote your attention to banking, brokering 8cc 8cc. I hope your future operations may be as successful as the past have been. Your letter of Feb 2 7 I rec'd on the 1 ith May—but those of 1 March 8c 1 April 8c that dated " 1 5 or 20 days back" (from April 19) I have not rec'd. It appears that your despatches of 5, 6 8c 9 Mar 8c 2 April arrived safe. I wonder therefore that I did not get mine. I have not heard of the arrival of your sons in Boston. M r Gould was here a few days since—he had not heard of them. I trust I shall see them this summer, as I expect to go on in Septr. They will be objects of very great interest with me, so much so that I shd be disposed to make a journey on to see them if I had no other object. I mentioned in my last the death of father which occurred Jan. 20 8c that he had left a will. I have not seen a copy of it, but have understood that he directed his property to be divided equally among the children, deducting what each had received, leaving a particular account of his advances. I expect nothing for my share, tho' I shd have had something if I could have settled with him in his life time, a thing which he urged upon me so frequently, knowing well my utter inability to comply,

[75] that it was painful for me to visit the paternal mansion, 81 instead of deriving pleasure from being there I always escaped as soon as possible. Sophie & Elizabeth are soon to be married, I beleive. Rebecca Wiley was lately married. This war with Mexico I expect will result in the conquest of California, & that you will hereafter live under the stars & stripes—that banner I have no doubt is now floating over your town. I hope, by the way, you have before this time seen my good friend Speiden of the Congress & also Capt Wyman of the Columbus, a friend & neighbor at Portsmouth. It was in the ship of the latter, then a Commander (& of the John Adams) that my brother in law Edward died some six or seven yrs ago. Mr Parrott is on his way here & is in failing health. I shall try to see him when he gets here. I do not know what you mean by supposing that "some of the employees here have lost name & employ by informing" &c. I know of no such cases. Mr. Chew has always been in the Consular bureau & is there now. I shall leave this with him to go with despatches via Chagres. For the present good bye. Yrs. E. L. C.

[EBENEZER LARKIN CHILDS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 1 7 7 . ]

Washington June 26/46 Dear Bro.

' J . HE enclosed was prepared as you see, two days ago. To day I rec'd yours of Nov 25 by the California at Boston, by which ship I suppose your two boys arrived. To see them will be one great inducement for me to visit Mass this summer, tho' I must go as far as N York in Sept to enter my son in the Theo. Seminary. You do right to invest funds in the U. S. to secure your family from the chance & hazzards of trade. I firmly beleive however that California will be ours & that property there will be valuable. Of course you shd not sacrifice your real estate. I had intended to see Mr Parrott, but his ungrateful talk of you after sheltering him & so many of his retinue for 3 or 4 months rather sickens me of him.

[76] I mentioned in one of my late letters that I would be much gratified to obtain $500 on loan, to be repaid soon as I had the power, the interest quarterly, 81 to have security against death by a policy on my life (I have one now of $ 1 5 0 0 & another of $500. The latter I intend to drop & take one for $1000). Such an arrangement would be the greatest favor I ever received from any one. It wd clear me of debt & I could then go ahead & lay up something yearly. I do not want to put a cent of your hard earnings at any risk—but I think this small sum would be safe & I would gladly do the same thing for you or any friend. Think of it & do as you please. $500 will do, but $700 will do better. I must now close. I say nothing of the war and Mexican affairs, but you can be much better informed of public affairs thro the newspapers. My wife & son are both in N Y C & I am living alone. Very truly Yrs. E L C

[ABEL STEARNS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 1 7 8 . ]

Angeles June 27th 1846 Thomas O. Larkin Esqr Dear Sir letters by Mr. J. A. Forbes were duly ree'd, and all previous letters which you mention have been ree'd. I have not replyed sooner for want of safe conveyance. In yours of the 23d of May you propose a confidencial correspondance and say that you require a person with whom you can rely upon in the Conducting and negociating of any buisiness you may have now or hereafter. In reply to which I would observe that if the buisiness is of a nature that I can attend to, and of a private Character and that you think I can

[77} be of any service to you, I shall be pleased to accept your offer. Any thing publick would not be desired, and as regards Confidencial, I shall observe strictly that part of the buisiness to the extent you require. I must refer you to Mr. Howard for the particular news of the day in this quarter. Verry respectfully Yours &c. Abel Stearns [Rubric] [Cowr bears note: Reed July 9th 1846.]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN T O WILLIAM M. ROGERS. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 2 1 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, June 28th, 1846 Sir

I

HAVE taken the liberty to forward to your care by the Barque

"Angola," a Box about twelve inches square containing California quick silver ore. I am under the idea that these specimens will be objects of curiosity in the United States. Should it prove so, you will oblige me by directing three or four of my letters with some of the Ore, to such appropiate societies in Salem, City of N e w York and City of Boston, as you may deem most proper to receive specimens of the class. I also wish you to send some of the Ore with the letters, to Hon. James Buchanan, Secretary of State, Hon. Daniel Webster, Hon. Thomas H . Benton, City of Washington, and my sons, Thomas O. and Frederic H . Larkin, Lynn, Mass, and retain some yourself. This letter was intended for another person. I now thought it best to send it to you. I am Sir, Yours respectfully (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin Revd. William M . Rogers Boston, Mass.

(78) [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES BUCHANAN. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 5 1 (il 1 5 1 ) . ]

Consulate of the United States Monterey June 28 1846 Sir B y American Barque "Angola" Samuel Varney—Master of Salem Mass. Gilbridge G. Kemball—Owner—I have shipt a small Box of California quick silver Ore (or rock) consigned to my Relation Rev. William M . Rogers Boston Mass. who has my orders to forward specimens to three different Societies Yourself Hon Daniel Webster and Hon Thomas H . Benton with each specimen a letter containing directions how to prove the ore. Captain Fremont was at the quick silver mine and has some of the ore. As he is yet at New Helvitia Sacremento River I forward by present opportunity. The "Angola" should arrive in January 1847. I am with the highest respect your most obt. Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] Hon Secretary of State James Buchanan [Top margin bears note: Rec'd 1 7 Augt. '47.]

[STEPHEN REYNOLDS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : I 7 9 . ]

Honolulu June 28th 1846 T . O. Larkin Esq Montery, Cala. Sir had short notice of Congress getting away so suddenly— but knowing the Mexican (Sandwich Island) Brig Fazio—Indart—would sail soon as she hoisted Island colors—Quere, was it because of fear of 'From the original in the National Archives, Washington, D . C .

U. S.'s Guns—Congress & Shark? Also, ship Brooklyn—with her "Mormon Colony," by which I forward this; would follow the Congress. The Mormon Govr or head, has said Com. Stockton would render them assistance in case of need, but what the need—or what way or manner the assistance—is more than I know. The Mormon Co. talk as tho' they had nothing to do but go on to California take such lands as they please, and No One to say boo! .' ! I wish you to give me a brief, little, fact History of the Doings of Com. Stockton, Mormons, Mexicans, &c &c. It is Reported Stockton is more on a Political Cruise—than Naval—Commercial—ProBono—of Citizens of U. S. Residing abroad, or war with an open Enemy! The grand object, here, was, & is to flatter the Missionaries—to their faces—commend them to His Majesty—and exalt the little they have done—into an immense magnitude—laying great obligations of gratitude upon His Majesty for His Kingdom's progress in the Arts, Sciences, Religion, and particularly the Science of Government. You may ask, what has all this to do with Polk's Re-Electing? It will give great Swell to the Missionaries Vanity. They will write to the Board at home. They will sound the great advantages of a Pious President to send Pious, pretending, Commodores, as Messengers of Peace to the poor heathen! The Board will give it extensive Circulation among the Enthusiasts who are foolish enough to support the Bigots & Incendiaries abroad. The Enthusiasts will vote from their Enthusiasms —not their Patriotism—for that will be lost in Bigotry. Thus will a great mass of the voters be bro't over, from the Lamblike appearances—while in reality the Wolf is in the Skin!! Nor is this all. IJ Com. Stockton does attempt to sustain the Mormons in settling in St Francisco—& succeeds all the Mormons in U. S. will vote for Polk. What think you? Brig Fazio Indart is now under Island flag. It is rumored W m Paty the Collector, has bought her! It is not known that the Capt or any of the Mexicans forming the Brigs Crew, have any of them left her. Do not know but that they were sold with her! Now, I have just heard a Surmise that all this is done to keep Uncle Sam, from making prize. Wonder if it be war, with Mexico, whether U. S. Men-of-war will take the Register as proof of Property? Capt John wrote to Brother Wm, who is Collector—who can do all that may be requisite, and no doubt get a bonus!! There is a tide in in the affairs of men &c—

[8o) We are waiting patiently the movings of our New Commissioner, new Consul—and the Ministers of Government. As yet nothing has been done. Fair promises were made to Stockton—that every thing should be settled promply—without delay—Equivocation—or hesitation, made. You must recollect all these promises were made Missionarily—never to be tho't of afterwards. Whether Com. Stockton will ever inquire about matters, is doubtful. Especially if thinks it will be the loss of a Single doubtful vote for Polk. If anyone applies for any thing here, which interferes with the feelings of the Government "organs" or with the Interests of Govt Gentry—all their groveling malignity is set to work to carry out measures of Revenge! Magnanimity is a quality unknown among them. All the Hope the Citizens of U. S. have now no Hope but the English Government. What ever may be done for protection to British Subjects may, at a very late hour, be noticed by President Polk—so that the next generation may be slightly protected. . . This Government will soon be in hands of Foreigners. Perhaps some Foreign Power may take possession—but more probable the white Kanakas will work the Rightful owners & proprietors of the Sovereignty out of place, power, interest & every thing belonging to the Aboriginal .'! The loss of the Fama will fall heavy on A. B. T.—unless insured. If she had arrived here safe, she would have made a good thing, and if he wished, the ship could have been sold for a fair price. The Brooklyn sails sooner than I expected. I have so many letters to write I must stop here. Your Obt Sert. Stephen Reynolds NB. Your letter by the Portsmouth last Sepr went to U. S. came out in the Brooklyn.

(8.) [ p f o PICO TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 COPY. OFF. CORR.]

[June 29th, 1846]

T h h undersigned constitutional Governour of the Department of California has the deep mortification to make known to Don Thomas O. Larkin Consul of the U. S. of North America, that he has been greatly surprised in being notified by official communications of the Comandancia General of this Department and the Prefecture of the 2d District, that a multitude of foreigners of the U. S. of America, have invaded that frontier, taken possession of the fortified town of Sonoma, treacherously making prisoners of the Military Commandant D«. Mariano G. Vallejo, Lieut. Colonel Victor Prudon, Captain Salvador Vallejo and Mr. Jacob P. Leese, and likewise have stolen the personal property of these individuals. The undersigned can do no less than make known to the Consul of the U. S. that acts so extraordinary and alarming have caused very great grief. Until the present the Departamental Governour is wanting the least positive information that would give him to understand of a declaration of war between Mexico and the U. S., and without such information, he judges the course pursued at Sonoma, the most atrocious and infamous that can be imagined, so much so, that the like is not seen even among barbarians. They have attacked the rights of the people, breaking the established social compacts, profaning the sacred soil of another nation, indeed scandalously usurping an integral part of the Mexican Republic, and what is more provoking still as an ignominious libel is the folly of the principal of this multitude of foreigners, W m . B. Ide, the seperation of the Mexican Union. This act tends to excite the mind of the undersigned and causes him to suspect that the Government of the U. S. is concerned in this matter, which certainly would increase his regrets. Don Thomas O. Larkin will permit the undersigned to say to him frankly, that he has witnessed with extraordinary coolness the invasion of the Department and that he has failed to note the general movement of 'From the copy in the National Archives, Washington, D. C. This document is No. 33 of the report which Larkin sent to the Department of State with his letter of July 20, 1846 (Off. Corr. 11:54).

(8z) all the inhabitants in defence of their country and liberty; he has not been known to make any arrangement that might make the invaders recede from their abominable designs, and prevent the misfortunes which they can cause by the means of hostile provocation: misfortunes which the Departamental Government will place to the responsability of the chief authors, before God and the entire world. Such base management as observed on this occasion highly compromises the honour of the United States, and if it shall have such a stain upon itself, there is no doubt that it will be graven eternally in the remembrances of all nations, and will cause it to be despised. The undersigned believes that the Consul of the U. S. will agree with him, that the acts committed by this party of foreigners, americans, has the appearance of actual and downright robbery: also that the Consul will agree with him that his indifference to prevent such fatal results, seeing that they were subjects of his own nation who are violating this part of the Mexican Republic comprises [compromises] more and more both nations. The undersigned in fulfillment of his duty sees himself obliged to recommend to the Consul Don Thomas O. Larkin that he make declarations of the occurrence which happened at Sonoma, to exact full satisfaction from him, hoping that he will use all the means in his power to escape in time such terrible consequences, and finally protest solemnly in the name of the Departamental and Supreme [Government] of the Nation, that it is decidedly opposed to all aggressions, defending to extremity its independence, liberty and unalienable rights: repeating that the principal authors are responsable to the representative of the United States near this Department for these abuses and results of corrupt designs from which they are not deterred. The undersigned hopes that the prudence and judgment of the Consul of the U. S. at Monterey, admitting the justice that assist him will answer this letter (and imploring that it may sone come) in accordance with his benevolent desires. The undersigned has the honour to renew to the Consul of the U. S. Don Thos. O. Larkin the assurances of his attentions and regard. God and Liberty, Santa Barbara June 29th 1846. (Signed) Pio Pico To Don Thomas O. Larkin Consul of the United States North America

{83} [JAMES P. ARTHER TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV:i8o.]

Boston June 29/46 Thomas O. Larkin Esq Dear sir

I H A V E had hardly time to look round since I have been it home. I arrive here the 24th ult. in good health, likewise Thomas & Friderick. The were hard customers to deel with, boys like the pleased me. Mr. Faxon is no gentleman. I had the pleasure however of bundling him out of the after Cabin, on account of his vulgar discourse & swearing, saying that he no lest seduce thirty marred women in Monterey during his stay there, which discourse hort my fellings & in the present of the three boys. Mr. Mellot, of course those boys the would take notice of every word which was spoking. Your sons lives with Mr. Childs in Lyn. I have not seen them since I arrive & deliverd them to Mr. C. I only heard about thise chance of writing a few hours ago. Mr. Reed has writing you likewise, well writ you all about business, I presume. I am in great haste, you must excuse me for this time. Nex time I well write you all the particulars about my passage home. Please remember to your good lady & all other inquiring friends, Mr. Spence, Mr. Watson, &c. Your truly James P. Arther

P. S. The before mention Mr. F. the time when I told him he was doing wronge in rising such reports, he told me he did not care a damn about anny one, that he had eigty dollars in posestion, on account of passage mony due the ship, bud for the act which I under took so taking he would keep his eigty Dollars & for me to look after it if I chuse. I belive it to be a lie.

[8 4 } [BENJAMIN T . REED TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : i 8 l . ]

Boston June 29, 1846 T . O Larkin Esq Dear Sir I HAVE your several favours of 5, 6 8c 8 Feby & March 6th. Your sons arrived safely per Ship California on 24th & have gone to their kinsman at Lynn. I regret that your hides have not arrived at a better market. I hope to get 9V8 cts per lb for them, at which price I have made a begining to sell from the Californias cargo, & we commence discharging her this day. In the present unsettled state of our relations with Mexico it is out of the question to send a ship & Cargo to your part of the world. I shall therefore pay over the proceeds of your hides to Mr Giles in the absence of Mr Rogers. Mr Giles is I doubt not a very safe & prudent man to entrust your funds with. I Am Sir Very Respy Yrs. B T Reed

[WILLIAM MATTHEWS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : l 8 6 . ]

Monterey California June 30 1846 Thomas O. Larkin United States Consul California To William Matthews

Dr

To boarding the following American distressed Seamen Between January 1, and June 30, 1846 Individuals

From what

Names

Vessel

No of From

To

days

DolRate

John Carter Barque Tasso Jan 1 May 14 134 50 cents Reading McCoy Ship Dromo Jan 1 Jan 30 30 50 cents Eighty two dollars

lars

Cents

67 15

00 00

$82

00

[85} Received from the United States Consul of California the sum of Eighty two dollars, the amount of the above Bill. his William + Mathews mark Talbot H Green

[TALBOT H. GREEN TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 1 8 8 . ]

Monterey June 30 th 1846 Thomas O Larkin U. S. Consul California To Talbot H Green To Clothing for the following American Seaman Between January 1st and June 30th 1846. Date

Class of Clothing

January February March

1 2 2 I 1

pair Pantalooms Cotton Shirts Woolen Shirts pr Shoes Jacket

Individual

John Carter " " " " " "

Thirty two dollars & twenty five cents

Dollars

Cents

8.25 6.00 6.00 2.50 9.50 $32.25

Receved of Thomas O Larkin Thirty two dollars & Twenty five cents the amount of the above bill. Talbot H Green [Rubric]

{86} [WILLIAM ALEXANDER LEIDESDORFF TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV ¡ 1 8 9 . ]

Yerba buena June 30th 1846 Sir

j A . s Doctor McKee is kind enough to take a few lines to you, I make use of the opertunity, allthough I doubt his being allowed to pass. The last news I sent you was that Sonoma was taken, now San Rafael is taken. In Sonoma there is fifty of the insurgent party and in San Rafael 150 men, weather to call them insurgents or Americans I hardly know. All I can say is, that you have seen Some of the party before especially the commander. General Castro was to of crossed yesterday with his last party from San Pablo to San Rafael. If he has I am afaired it is all up with him. De la Tores with 50 men was to of attacked Sonoma yesterday. If he has I exspect he will be minos, as I am told that they are a determined set of men; shot on the day before yesterday by the insurgents, three men, to viz Chico, Arros, one Bariesa, and a sergant from Monterey by the name Manuel Castro. On the first attack that the Calafornians made, they lost two men one by the name of Ruis and one Cantoor.1 The Portsmouth is here still, and if she was not here, I ashure you that I would have to run away, as Captain Hinckley advised to take me prisoner, and was it not for fear of the man of war R . Ridley and Capt H. would cut a great figour here, in the mexican line, as they pretend to be more mexicans than the Mexicans themselves. However they will get their Just due one of these days. I have written about the letters you exspect. Mr. Bidwell is in command at Sutters fort. Reading, Hensley and all others are comming down to San Rafael to Join the others. Write me soon and let me know all your knews. I hope you received my long letter by your courier. No more at present. In haste I Remain your obt Servt. Wm A. Leidesdorff [Rubric] Tos. O. Larkin Esqr U. S. Consul Monterey ' H . H . Bancroft discusses these events in History of California, V , pp. 1 6 6 and 1 7 1 - 1 7 2 . The three killed were José de los Reyes Berreyesa and the brothers Francisco and Ramón de Haro. Manuel Castro was not killed, though the rumor was current at the time. T h e other two were Manuel Cantua and Agatón Ruiz.

[87} [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO MOSES YALE BEACH & SONS. COPY. I V : 1 8 3 . ]

California 30 June 1846 Sir

B y your paper and a few others that occationally reach the Farest West, I find Texas had had her day & say Origon is having hers—& California is to have and that before Mr Polk's present term is expires. By the way the Mexicans and Californias on reading Mr Polk annual message of Dec 1845 say he comes strong on England France and Mexico, to much so for the latter to have much to say on the question in hand. That its better to pay up give Texas and California too. Turn over a new leaf, and begin again. That the assistance Mexico may receive from Victoria well be rendered when she pays her Magistys subjects some score of millions— and thats never. This country to show the world she goes ahead of Origon in other things besides producing five fold to the acre more grain and cotten by & by to suit customers—is now discoverg mines of every discription. Near the town of the Angels there is a large sandy plain at the foot of some mountains where a common Labourer can pick up plaser gold to the amot of ten[ ?] dollar & upwards a day—onze pc have been found. The whole process to shake up the sand with water in a plate or flat basket—this gold is worth as it comes from the sand 12$ to 15$ in C, 17$ in the U. S. per ozn. Then there is said to be gold & silver mines, coal and slate mines. Bitumenous Pitch, and salt are taken from many Rancho by the cart loads. Some part of the coast the sea is oily and Coloured by this pich runig from the banks. There is lead with the appearance of havig melted and run among the shells and pebbles of the beach in the bay of San F. The owner of the Rancho has not seen fit to trace it, nor look for the mine. There is near Monterey a metal obtaned by pounding the orre and meltig it in a pot. It has the appearence of pewter. 80 miles North of Mont, on in Sonoma on the bay of San Frano there have quick silver mines been opened. One of them is now occupied by a Natve of Mass, another by a person from Mass. The only method used is

{88} to break the orre (or rock) on the surface up by crow bar & pick over—and heat it in an oven. The Vapour derivd passes tho' some clay pipes into water—condesig into the prsent quicksilver yieldig 15 to 25 pr ct. Paisano

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO T H E EDITOR OF T H E "NEW YORK H E R A L D . " COPY. IV ¡ 1 9 0 ;

182.]

California 30 June 1846 Sir

I N your paper which sometimes winds its way from your city to Vera Cruz—thence through the city of palaces and anarchy to Mazatlan thence to this the Farest West I often see notices of the speed and mode of traveling from Maine to Texas. In return I will give a Californian Journey of four hundred miles. Left the Pueblo de los Angels (town of the Angels) on Monday morning. Our party besides the writer was an officer of the civil department of C. a Captain and the Surgeon of the Army the latter fresh from Mexico, where according to his own story he had rode horses of all classes for years. Still we advised him to continue on shipboard untill he reached Monterey. With two vacaros and six or Eight Horses we started leaving the Captain to compleat the requisite number of Animals from the Cavalada of his amigos. The first 4 or 5 miles brought sad complaints from the Doctor of a bad horse, when one of the V. changed with him. A few miles farther more complaints and another change. Two or three hours ride brot us to a large farm house, built of adobies, with few doors and no windows. The Family a host in number had therefore spread some dry hides as a carpet in front of the house to sun themselfs and say "Quen sabe" to passing travelers. Here the Surgeon who had traveled so much confessed himself done up, and took our advice to return to the Angels again. This Rancho has since our visit become cerebrated by the hard fought Micheltorena Battle, who againt the Natives with somethig like 300 on a side

{89} and several Cannons disputed the ground two days, and after seig six horses bit the dust in place of grass magnanimously surrened to General Jose Castro and Pio Pico Eldest Member of the legeslature who thus became Governor, who kindly at there own expense agreed to shipt him and his to the place from whence he came (San Bias) an American Sea Captain for an obligation payable with preferencia and primera opportunidad coming into the Contract, for which he afterwards took mostly in German goods at 25 pr ct above market price. The mere thought of the these gallant deeds and splendid contrats have enticed me from my road. After detaching the surgion from our party & shiftig saddles we proceeded on our journey over hill and dale in break neck gait untell 2 or 3 in the afternoon when our Horses showed symtoms of blowig. Our guide and his animals had no animated Californian to urge him on. A Californian actually does show animation when in the saddle lazzo in mano, and song in mouth. About 3 when tumblig over a mountainous road, comparable only to a flight of som thousand stone steps with here and there one or two broke and there & here three or four missing—our Californian Captain with a drove of Horses come down on us like an avarlance. We beig tired & disspireted both Man & Beast did not or hear him untill he gave our horses repeated cut & blows with his yards lazzo or realto. We brot up by his command and told him we could travel but a few miles farther and hoped there was a Rancho near by. We knew better as from the great eminenc we had reached we could see leagues beyonds us. His only anser was Veremos We will see, and a pie dismount. His voyce immedeatly difuse will 81 alacrity into our guides. Our saddles were off in a trice, and in a trice were the[y] on fresh horses—when with a loud & clear Vamanos y otra doce leguas (We go another 12 leagues) we started down hill, puting to shame any former run or gallop we had practiced durig the day. The horses beig indifferent whether the road was steap, stoney, or turflike. We had now several Horses a head of us—who on leavig the road would be brot in by load or end snap of the rialto. The darkness of the night soon made our ride more unpleasant but no less swift. We passed one Ranchoers house which our Captan would not stop at. Langueded 8c unwillig I left it behind & even its scene of barkig curs—from the size of a cat to a calf. 9 or ten o clock found us at the house of a primo's (cousin) where we dis-

[9o] mounted and before I could unspur and crawl into the corydor all the saddles were laid away and the whole cavalado appead poco poco. A first rate supper was placed on the table surrounded by a healthy, happy & rosy cheekd family who in the meantime were preparg beds for us. In this home we were all knew for years at least by name & charater, therefore the conversation was not confined to veremos and quen sabe, but all, at least half, talk'd at a time—and as I could feal the china plant ouzg tho' evry vien I too could speak. All ended pleasantly. All sleept soundly—and mornig broke on us altogether to soon When Vamanos was the word. The only thig of note occurrg1 at supper when I found it impossible to drink the tea and requested some hot water to be poured in the tea Pot, which was repeated two or three times, always findig it yet to strong. When on enquirig I found that my whole quantity for a week journey had been fairly boiled up, as the Servant suppose the whole for supper. They were famous for making good chocolate but entirely too strong in tea line. With every Bone aching we started early, the Captain & the guids beig equally at home on a chair or saddle. By 12 or i o clock tuesday we were in Santa Barbara 81 safely lodged in a Countrymen's house where everythig looked ship shape & home fashion. We had now covered 120 miles of our journey. Wednesday morning we were a horse back. At night found us 60 miles farther North at one of the ex mission, now fast decaying, yet showing remains of great splender. The Missions of C were built under the suppersition that they would endure for ages—and for ages afford would afford protection to the poor Indian. What has been the result after spending the ten of thousands and hundreds of thousand left by pious people in Spain for the erection of the Missins. They are fast crumblig to the dust and the Indians disapearig at this day there not beig sufficent living to clean up the houses. The roofs are fallg in, the walls breakig down, the doors 81 windows used for fuel. The administrador gave us the assistance & accommodation he could, only wantig in return the news of the day. Thursday night we lodged at a decayed and ruined mission—takig supper in a Hall so large that from the table neither end could be seen with our poor & half made tallow candles. An adjoing Hall and antirooms wher in like proportion. Evry thig was extensive and had been grand. Half of 'Here are deleted the following words: I always carry my own tea with me, as the Rancheros mostly use chocolate. On preparing for supper I gave the Servants a large quantity.

[ 91 ] the houses wre roofless, the others hopeless—many of them occupied by loafers or People who owned some of the Mission lands in the vicinity. Even these had houses of the size of palaces—once magnificent in appearance & even now verry extensive in size. Here we had plenty of sleapig apartments and some little accommodation. Tis a sad sight to see the rooms formerly occupied by the good old pious Spanish Padres now used by Men who a quarter of a Centuy ago wher now worthy of deang the shoes of the Priests. Next morng our horses were missing. As our Captain and Lieuts had mucho primos (many cousins) located here by 2 in the afternon of Friday we were ahorse back again. Friday night we encamped on the banks of a river in sight of a large Mission which occupied acres of lands in its buildings. Now the entire roofs stript of its tiles by Farmers for thre own houses at differnt Ranchos— the doors windows and frames carrid off or burnt up. Here we saw less indians than there had been thousands. Here had been grazed Horses, Cattle & sheep to numerous to count, here had been planted and carefully cultevated durg the reighn of the Spansh Padres, gardens for use & for show, Ochards & Vinyards of the greastest extent. Now (less than 80 years) not an animal, fruit tree or Vine is flourishig. With the grass for our bed saddle leather for Blankets & a good fire to warn off the Bears we sleept it out untill mornig dreaming of the arrows of the wild Indians. Saturday night brought us to a small adobe house on a farm of 10 leagues 60,000 acres where by the consent of the owner we passed the night—and lost most of our horses—as we supposed by the wild Indians. They left us by mistake a horse apiece for which amid many curses we were sufficiently thankfull. Sunday noon placed us in Monterey—havig in six and a half days traveled overe 400 miles. 2 half days of the time we laid by. Every morning on starting I could hardly get on my horse from stifness and bruised bones—every day after travelig 30 or 40 miles and havg evry bone reknocked into its place—I was in the best of plight and humour for going on. Not one night sleap ever brought presnt relieaf. With the best of Horses and with everythig the Country afforded at my disposal, know by every one and a very accommadatig companion—if I sufferd so much pain and trouble you may imagine the realities of the journey of Mr Kendall & his companions among the same kind of people. If you can not you may believe it is fully understood by your Piasano

[

9 2

]

[ANN ROGERS (LARKIN) WRIGHT TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : I 9 I . ]

Neponset July i, 1846 My

dear

Brother

I NOW commence a letter to you, yet think it uncertain about your recieving it. It is with most sincere pleasure, that I can inform you of the safe arrival of your two Son's. They arrived in Boston the 25 of June, after a passage of four months, and a half. They have been out and spent a few days with us, and are now with Isaac. It was to me a most interesting meeting. It seemed almost impossible that we had two children of my long absent Brother with us, yet the pleasure of meeting with them gave me a melancholy feeling, when I considered how far the Father was from us but, next to seeing you, was seeing your children, and as I looked at them when with our children, the remembrance of the years of our childhood came up before me with peculiar force. There is much in Oliver that reminds me of you when a boy. He is very social, amusing & intelligent. Though Fredric says less, he has as much thought, and knowledge according to his age as his Brother. He speaks english very well, having learnt it on the passage. Oliver is to attend the Accademy in Lynn. Fredric goes to a smaller school for a short time, untill he is prepared to go to the other. I think they will soon get a head, as fast as any Yankee boy we have amongst us. It must have been a great sacrifice to you and your Wife to have parted with your boys and sent them so far from you. I hope their lives will be spared, and you will again meet them, and find them just what you would have them to be, an ornament to society, and a blessing to their parents. Isaac's wife says she is much pleased with them. They appear much better than she thought they could. I think both she and Isaac will take care of them, and treat them kindly. I expect they will spend thier vacations with us. They have had a suit of new cloths. They had almost out grown there best suit. Isaac has written you by the ship Lexington (I believe). He has probably told about these cloths, better than I can. I hardly know of any news to write. Will mention Father Childs death, as you may not have heard of it. He died last Febuary, was sick but a few days. Sophia is to be mar-

[93] ried in the course of a few months. Caleb Wiley is married, also his sister Rebecca. Uncle W m Rogers is quite smart for an old man, yet he fails in strength, and cannot live many years. Rev W m M . R . is now in Europe. Expect him home in September. W e have left the Tavern, and have bought a place next to it. Otis is still much out of health. I hope he will yet enjoy his health, but it will be some time past. He has not done any business since last Fall, and will not untill he is better. W e are very pleasently situated. Our children are all well. The youngest is about the age of your son Francis. I feel encouraged now part of your family are here and believe you and all the rest of them will in the course of one or two years settle in this part of the world. I cannot stop to fill my paper as I am going to send it to N e w York, to M r Alfred Robinson, and have a opportunity to send it by private conveyance in the morning if I get it early. I shall write by the first vessel that leaves Boston for your place, if I know of it. Remember me to Brother John and more particularly to your Wife. Tell her I will see her dear boys often, and have them with me all I can. These are dearer to me than any other children, (my own of course excepted). I live in hopes I shall yet see her. I must write a few lines to M r R . to send with this letter. Otis desires to be remembered kindly to you and yours. Adieu, my dearest Brother for the present. Your affectionate Sister Ann [Cover bears note: Forwarded by your ob svt, July 8/46. A R . ]

[94} [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOHN BERRIEN MONTGOMERY 1 OFF. CORR. NOT NUMBERED ( 1 : 1 2 3 ) . ]

Monterey July i , 1846 1 Sir B y Captain Mervine I have the opportunity of writing to you. The "Levant" arrived here last night. I have no farther information than per Cyane. From Captain Mervine you will learn the last news from Mazatlan. M y last to you was per Moscow when I requested you to remain some time longer at your present anchorage. M y object was that during the present excited times a Ship of War should be at San Francisco. As the Cyane now sails for San Francisco you will act as you may see proper in leaving or remaining there. Should there be any safe opportunity please give me the news of the day. About the x 5 of this month I expect an opportunity of sending letters to Mazatlan in a schooner now launched at St Cruz. Have you any letters to send. I am yours Respectfully Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] John B. Montgomery Esq, Commander U. S. Ship "Portsmouth"

[JOHN BERRIEN MONTGOMERY TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV : 1 9 2 . ]

U. S. Ship Portsmouth Yerba Buena, July 2nd x 846 Dear Sir

I

received your several communications by the Moscow, and feel very desirous to learn something more definitely concerning the mysteries refer'd to in them. Were I enlightened respecting the future designs HAVE

'From the original in the Naval Records Collection of the National Archives, Washington, D. C. 2 Larkin's letter book reads: "Consulate of the United States of America, Monterey, California, July 1st 1 8 4 6 . "

[95] of our Government—or concerning the actual condition of affairs with Mexico; I could probably do much, in the present crisis, towards accomplishing objects in view. My neutral position, while all is stirring and exciting about me, renders us quiet spectators of passing events. I am looking for the arrival at this Port of both Commodores; as this must be the point of all important operations. Captain Mervin will give you the news of this region to whom I have written fully. De la Torre who was sent on the 23 rd Inst to retake Sanoma, was chased by Fremont (who is operating with the Insurgents) from before that place to San Solito; when he fortunately found a Large Freight Boat, affording him the means of escape to the main body under Castro on the opposite side of the Bay; the Insurgents pressing close upon him, so; that but for the Boat; they must have been entirely cut off. Be pleased to make my respects to Mrs. Larkin. Respectfully Your obt. Servt. John B Montgomery, Commander [Rubric] To Thos. O'Larkin Esqr Consul of the U. States, Monterey N . B. Yesterday Fremont with 20 Men crossed the entrance of the Bay from Sausoleto and spiked all the cannon, eight brass pieces, mounted there and returned without interruption. J. B. M. De la Torrees men Seventy in Number had a brush with fifteen of the Insurgents on the 24th Ulto, the day after passing the Narrows on their way to Sonoma, comeing upon them by surprise. They had just dismounted and put their horses in an enclosure when the Calafornians rushed on them—the fifteen presented their Rifles killed & wounded four when the whole force retreated leaving them to resaddle their horses—and return to Sonoma. It was a scouting party from that place. JBM Since closing my letter, Several of the Insurgents have come up to Yerba Buena at Mid day and taken Mr. Ridley a prisoner from his house so you will perceive that they go where they please—and none to oppose. I predict,

[96] when they get in sight of Castro that a general Rout will take place. The country is undoubtedly theirs without much more trouble and in less than fifteen days they will be in your Midst. Captn Hinkley died two days since. A letter was intercepted on the the person of Manuel Castro (Brother in law I believe to the General) addressed to De la Torree from Castro, directing him to kill every American & Englishman that fell into his hands; this was while he was advancing upon Sonoma—from which He afterward retreeted in so much haste. The Men are exceedingly irritated against Castro for whom I think there is little chance of escape if they get him within Rifle distance.

[JOHN DRAKE SLOAT TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V ¡ 1 9 3 . ]

Thursday Evng 2d July [1846] My dear Sir

A s MY men have been many months without haveing been on shore I am anxious to give them liberty for twenty four hours if there is no particular objections to it. They will go in squads of about one hundred. They may (as you know sailors will) make some noise in the place but they will not do any harm, and will spend some I poo or 1JOO dollars which will compensate for any annoyance they may occasion. Be pleased to let me know by return of the Boat if there is any objections as I wish to send a party on shore in the Morng. Very Respectfully your Obt Svt &c &c. John D. Sloat [Rubric] To Thos O Larkin Esq U S. Consul, Monterey

[97} [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOHN DRAKE SLOAT (?). COPY. OFF. CORR. 1:124.]

Consulate of the United States of America Port of Monterey, California, July 2nd, x 846 Sir I HAVE the pleasure of forwarding to you a specimen of California Quick Silver Ore from a mine 70 miles North of Monterey 8c 10 miles from the Pueblo of San José discovered in 1845 to have quick silver in it. The place was known for eighteen years & supposed by the Californians to be a silver mine, they in 1828 having with some foreign quicksilver extracted the other metal. In 1845 a Mexican being in the vicinity, heard that the mountain contained rock different from any other, went to examine it, and immediately denounced the place before the nearest Alcalde, and then made known what it contained. The owner with a Priest in a small & imperfect manner has commenced extracting the metal. The mine is on the top of a steep mountain, a mile or more from the plain, to which it is brought down on a mule, piled up with a whalers pot covered over it, well cemented with clay, some six or eight cords of fire wood placed over & fired. In 14 or 16 hours the quicksilver is found below in a small wooden tank of water. Though much of the rock is thrown away afterwards that has not been well heated, they obtain about 15 per cent of the metal. The specimen I send can be proved by droping a single pinch of the pounded stone (the red is preferable) on a red hot iron, holding a tea cup over one or two minutes in such a manner that the vapour shall be caught. Then with the finger rub the smoke on a piece of silver money, or with the finger for five minutes rub all the smook in the cup together, which produces at first hundreds of almost invisible globules, brought by contact into one globule of quicksilver. Second operation. Take a tube, a common gun barrel air tight is very convenient, fill it with the ore (pounded to the size of beans) to within 4 or 6 inches of the end, which end immerse in a pot of water, with a plate to catch the production. Keep the gun barrel red hot for 30 or 40 minutes,

i9«} and from the condensed vapour you have from 20 to 30 per cent quicksilver. Should the latter be dirty from the ashes falling into the water, squeeze it through a silk handkerchief. On receiving the ore, should it be dirty from its own dust, wash it. When dry, the quicksilver can be discovered without a glass. The yellow part of the rock is the least valuable. Care should be taken that the vapour does not exhale in the mouth, thereby producing salivation. Mines of pure Sulphur & mines of lead, copper, silver & gold, have been lately discovered in California, but not one is yet in operation. I am with the highest respect your most obedient servant (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin

[LEWIS WARRINGTON SLOAT TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN ( ? ) I V : 1 9 4 . ]

Flag Ship Savannah July 2d 1846 Sir

F a t h e r desires me to say that he will come on shore tomorrow morning between nine and ten oclock to take a ride with you, if it is Convenient to you to do so. He also desires me to present his thanks to you for the books and the quicksilver ore. I am very respectfully Your Obt. Sert.

L. W. Sloat [Rubric]

{99} [FLORENCIO SERRANO AND FRANCISCO ARIAS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V t i g Ó A . ]

Translation

[July 3, 1846] There is no Sealed Paper. I N the Port of Monterey, Upper California, this third day of July in the year one thousand eight hundred and forty six, before me Joaquin S. Escamilla 2d Constitutional Alcalde of the same Port, appeared the Señores Florencio Serrano and Francisco Arias, residents of this place, and said: that in their own names and in the name of their heirs and successors and of whomsoever through them might have title, voice and fame in any manner, they sell to Don Thomas O. Larkin, the House lot which belongs to them, of one hundred and three varas in front, and one hundred in depth, for the sum of four hundred dollars, which they have received to their entire satisfaction; which Lot is situated on the back of the Custom House and in a line towards the North with the house of Señor Olivier Delessegues, as is shewn by the Original Title which accompanies this writing. In consequence the[y] cede in favour of said Señor Larkin his heirs and successors the rights of dominion, property, possession and any other they may have. The[y] renounce the laws in their favour and defence, and the general one of right, in all form; for the firmness and validity of which they signed it with me and two witnesses. (Signed) J. S. Escamilla, Florencio Serrano, Francisco Arias, Ambrosio Gomez Secretary; assisting Witnesses (signed) J. de Castañares, A. G. Toomes. The foregoing is a correct translation of the original. W. E. P. Hartnell [Rubric]

[ioo] [JOSÉ DE AMESTI TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V . I 9 6 B . ]

Corralitos Julio 3 de 1846 Sor. Dn Tomas O. Larquin Muy Señor mío

SUPLICO á vmd tenga la bondad de mandarme á decir si correremos algún riesgo en esta con los Americanos del Norte, pues se habla tanto en esta de las atrocidades qe están haciendo qe no sabemos que hacer, y yo creo que todo lo que dicen es mentira; pero la familia esta sobresaltada, y quisiera saber alguna cosa cierta para poder apaciguar algún tanto á la familia. Espero me haga vmd el fabor de decirme algo sobre el particular, y no ofreciendo otra cosa y recibiendo saludes de toda esta familia vmd mande á su zimo. Servor Servor [ííc] Q. B. S. M . José de Amesti [Rubric]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO T H E UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER AND T H E UNITED STATES CONSUL, SANDWICH ISLANDS. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 2 5 - ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, July 4, 1846 Sir

M Y last news from New Orleans is May the 4th, Mazatlan, June 8th. Both houses in Washington have authorized the President to give notice to Great Britain. The act has also passed to build Forts & Stockades to the Oregon, named Agents, Justices & established a Mail from Fort Leavenworth to Astoria, and $100,000 to pay expence. There is only four or five Senators in favour of the line, at 54,40. N o doubt but 49 is now the line, or soon will be.

{ IOI } United States grain is now admitted in England, almost free, the Importers giving bond to pay, the sliding duties of the act, does not actually pass. The English in the Indias took from four to five thousand men in fighting 80,000 of the Natives (20,000 of these Cavalry). The latter lost 25 to 30,000. The two English Generals have received thanks from Parliment & from the Queen, letters of Nobility. The news of this date, is, that: From Monterey, Santa Cruz, Pueblo de San Jose, the Ex Mission of Santa Clara, Yerba Buena, and in the surrounding ranchos, Lieut. Col. Jose Castro (Com. Gen. of California by treaty with Gen. M . Micheltorena) has collected at the Ex-Mission of Santa Clara 350 to 400 men, now expecting the arrival of Governor Pico from Santa Barbara with 2 to 300 more. A few days past, Gen. Castro ordered Cap. Joaquin de la Torre, with 50 to 60 men, to cross at San Pablo, rancho de Castro, over to San Rafael, promising to send two other parties of equal number, over other parts of the Bay. The three parties were to be joined by the Natives near Sonoma, when at some certain night, Commandant Ide & his party of 40 or 50 men, were to be caught asleep and destroyed. The whole 300 were then to take up their line of march for the Sacremento & finish the war. This was the plan & route laid down. De la Torre on marching from San Rafael to Sonoma driving ahead extra horses, suddenly came on 1 2 or 1 5 men of Ide's party. Both fired & parted, the foreigners carrying off the extra horses, losing one a Native of Canada, English subject named Francis Young & one American. The Natives lost Serjeant Cantua, one R u i z & a Mexican named Isidoro, with 3 or 4 wounded. De la Torre by sending an Indian with a letter that should be intercepted by the Americans, led them astray, crossed over to Yerba Buena & arrived at Head quarters in Santa Clara. He returned in so few days that the General had not supposed it time to send out the parties to cooperate with him. Since this affair Castro with his 300 men marched to San Pablo where he endeavored to obtain boats to cross over, found that Mr. Ide with over 1 0 0 men had taken possession of San Rafael, and was waiting to receive him. H e therefore concluded to return to Santa Clara, and send a dozen men under the Prefect and Captain Villa, to escort the Governor up from Santa Barbara. Then the 600 will make another attempt. W e have reports that the Americans have shot 3 Native couriers who ran past & refused

[ 102] to stop. The Natives had two imprisoned Couriers, who they say they discharged. Perhaps as they were near the first fight, they discharged themselves. The great Ball has been rolled. What can stop it ? The Californians are at home know every road & tree, and 3 to I in the field, and the whole country to back them. Yet the results can be anticipated. Even should the Californians now succeed, there may be 2000 more foreigners armed in October. We have the Portsmouth at Yerba Buena, the Savannah, Cyane and Levant here. I have just received a long letter from the Governor in Santa Barbara, June 30th. Very sorrowfull he is for the circumstances before us & is informed that as I am the American Consul I have not put them down, or drive them out of California. The most I could do would to act like his Excellency & the General, issue a Proclamation, and it would have a Proclamation effect, nothing more. I closed my Oahu Mail last night supposing some 15 Soldiers sent in from Castro last night might have carried me off. I suppose however they did not think of it, although two days back they had it in contemplation. In the meantime I am dreaming of trying to persuade the Californians to call on the Commodore for protection, hoist his Flag & be his Countryman, or the Bear may destroy them. (Ide's flag is white field, red border, a star & a bear.) As I take it, Castro has certain objections to bringing his 600 men against the foreigners, as the latter do not fight in the style he is accosted to. At the same time he cannot with much honour, surrender, and still keep untarnished the National honour, interests, &c. 8tc. He expected Troops in the Quixote. As Mazatlan, San Bias & Acapulco, have all declared against Paredes, they would not allow the troops to leave for California, even if the President so ordered it. As he is short of about 2000 Soldiers, by a certain affair on the "Rio del Grande," he cannot spare any for California. General Taylor is making other uses of these. 'Tis said, that all his Atlantic Ports are closed by our Vessels, yet he keeps the honour, integrity 8ic. entire without declaring "War." I suppose the Columbia will be at your Port in August. I should like the Californians to see a Vessel of this size & hope Como. Biddle will visit

[ IOJ ] this Port. I expect we shall see the Collingwood before this month is out. She will look down on the Savannah, unless the Columbia is alongside, as a shew off. From Mr. Reynolds you can obtain some information respecting proclamations I cannot find time to send to you. I am Sir's Your's respectfully (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin To the U. S. Commissioner and the U. S. Consul Sandwich Islands

[JOHN DRAKE SLOAT TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 1 9 8 . ]

Sunday Morg. [July 5, 1846] My dear Sir

to find an express to Capt Montgomery. Will you ascertain from the man that his letter this morg. if he considers it safe to send without writeing in cypher. If it is it will save me some trouble and I can write more fully. Please let me know as soon as you can. Very truly &c. I

WISH

John D. Sloat [Rubric] T o T. O. Larkin Esq Consul of the U. S. Monterey

[104] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO p f o PICO. COPY. 1 OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 3 2 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, 5 th July, 1846 Sir

T H E undersigned Consul of the United States of America for California, has the honour to acknowledge the reception of His Excellency's letter of the 29th of last month, which was received yesterday afternoon. His Excellency may be well assured that the undersigned is duly sensible of the great importance of the subject brought before him, and is compelled to say that he cannot alone enter into any mode for the expulsion of the foreigners who have taken possession of Sonoma. He is bound not only to protect his Countrymen in California from any unjust oppression & settle in an amicable manner any disputes in which they may be concerned, but firmly to refuse them support when they have been willfully guilty of any infractions of the Laws of this Department, giving aid to the Authorities in such cases, which aid has been refused by the General & Prefect. The undersigned must assure his Excellency, that he was wrongly informed when told he made no exertions to aid the proper authorities, and your Excellency can learn that the undersigned has used the only means in his power as a Consul, and that his Consular services had not been accepted. His Excellency is pleased to say, that the Americans engaged in this affair are responsable to this Consulate. The undersigned must observe that he knows not where this responsability exists, and will not underrate the good sense of his being in the idea that he believes Consular letters would have effect on the persons in" question, or that the authorities would have given him soldiers to bring into Monterey an equal number of Americans, when General Castro with three times their force did not see proper to expel those who took Sonoma. The reasons brought forward by his Excellency as proofs that the Governx Two

additional copies of this communication may be found in Larkin's report to the De-

partment of State which accompanied his letter of July 20, 1846 (Oif. Corr. 11:54), under document No. 34.

[io5] ment of the United States is concerned in this matter, not being sustained, will, being by the undersigned proved erroneous, it requires no farther assertion on his part, to convince his Excellency on the subject. The undersigned has the honour to renew to H. Ey. the Governor of California assurance of his deepest respect & consideration. (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin His Excellency Don Pio Pico, Governor of California

[JOHN DRAKE SLOAT. PROCLAMATION. 1 COPY. OFF. CORR.]

United States Flag Ship Savannah Harbour of Monterey July 7th 1846 To the Inhabitants of California

T h e Central Government of Mexico having commenced hostilities against the United States of America by invading its Territory & attacking the troops of the United States stationed on the North side of the Rio Grande with a force of seven thousand men under the command of General Arista which army was totally destroyed & all their artillery, baggage &c. &c. captured on the 8th & 9th of May last, by a force of two thousand, three hundred men, under the command of Gen. Taylor & the City of Matamoras taken & occupied by the forces of the United States and The two nations being actually at war by this transaction, I shall hoist the standard of the United States at Monterey immediately & shall carry it throughout California. I declare to the inhabitants of California, that altho' I come in arms with a powerfull force, I do not come among them as an enemy to California, but on the contrary, I come as their best friend, as henceforward California will be a portion of the United States, and its peaceable inhabitants will 'From the copy in the National Archives, Washington, D. C., sent with Larkin's letter of July 10, 1846 (Off. Corr. 11:52). Another copy of the document is No. 36 of the report Larkin submitted to the Department of State with his letter of July 20, 1846 (Off. Corr. 11:54).

(io6) enjoy the same rights and priviledges as the Citizens of any other portion of that Nation, with all the rights & priviledges2 they now enjoy, together with the priviledge of choosing their own Magistrates & other Officers for the administration of justice among themselves & the same protection will be extended to them as to any other State of the Union. They will also enjoy a permanent Government under which life and property, the constitutional right & lawfull security to worship the Creator in a way most congenial to each ones sense of duty; will be secure, which unfortunately the Central Government of Mexico cannot afford them, destroyed as her resources are by internal factions and corrupt Officers, who create constant revolutions to promote their own interests & oppress the people. Under the Flag of the United States, California will be free from all such troubles & expence, consequently the Country will rapidly advance & improve, both in Agriculture & Commerce, as of course the Revenue laws will be the same in California as in all other parts of the United States, affording them all manufactures & produce of the United States free of any duty & all foreign goods at one quarter the duty they now pay, a great increase in the value of Real Estate and the products of California. With the great interest and kind feelings I know the government and people of the United States possess towards the citizens of California, the country cannot but improve more rapidly than any other on the continent of America. Such of the inhabitants of California whether Natives or Foreigners, as may not be disposed to accept the high privileges of citizenship and to live peaceably under the free Government of the United States, will be allowed time to dispose of their property and to remove out of the country, if they choose without any restrictions, or remain in it observing strict neutrality. With full confidence in the Honour and integrity of the inhabitants of the country, I invite the judges, Alcaldes and other civil officers, to retain their office, and to execute their functions as heretofore that the public tranquility may not be disturbed, at least untill the Government of the territory can be more definately arranged. 2

In the copy sent with the letter of July 20 and received in Washington on August 1 7 , 1 8 4 7 , the words "as the C i t i z e n s . . . with all the rights & priviledges" are omitted.

— [

io7 ]

All persons holding titles of Real Estate or in quiet possession of lands under a colour of right shall have those rights and titles guaranted to them. All churches and the property they contain in possession of the clergy of California shall continue in the same rights and possession they now enjoy. All provissions of every kind furnished by the inhabitants for the use of the United States Ships and Soldiers will be paid for at fair rates, and no private property will be taken for public use without just compensation at the moment. (Signed) John D. Sloat Commander in Cheif of the United States Naval Forces in the Pacific Ocean The above is a true copy of the Original. W. F. Swasey [Rubric]

[ J O H N D R A K E S L O A T . G E N E R A L O R D E R . 1 C O P Y . OFF. C O R R . ]

Flag Ship Savanah 7th July 1846 General Order W b are now about to land on the Territory of Mexico with whom the United States is [at] War, to strike their Flag and hoist our own in place of it is our duty. It is not only our duty to take California but to preserve it afterwards as a part of the United States at all hazards. To accomplish this, it is of the first importance to cultivate the good opinions of the inhabitants and reconcile them to the change. We know how to take care of those who oppose us, but it is the peaceable and unoffending inhabitants whom we must reconcile. I scarcely consider it necessary for me to caution American Seamen and Marines against the detestable crime of plundering and maltreating unoffending inhabitants. 'From the copy in the National Archives, Washington, D. C., sent with Larkin's letter of July xo, 1846 (Off. Corr. 11:52). Another copy of the document is No. 37 of the report Larkin submitted to the Department of State with his letter of July 20, 1846 (Off. Corr. II :54).

[ . o 8 j That no one may misunderstand his duty the following regulations must be strictly adhered to as no violation can hope to escape the severest punishment. 1st. On landing no man is to leave the shore untill the commanding Officer gives the word to march. 2nd. N o gun is to be fired or other act of hostility committed without express orders from the Officer commanding the party. 3rd. The Officers and Boat keepers will keep their respective Boats as close to the shore as they will safely float, [taking] care they do not lay aground and remain in them prepared to defend themselves against attack and attentively watch for signals from the Ships, as well as from the party on shore. 4th. N o man is to quit the ranks or enter any House for any pretence whatever, without express orders from an Officer. Let every man avoid insult or offence to any unoffending inhabitant, and especially avoid that eternal disgrace which would be attached to our names and our Countrys name by indignity offered to a single female, even let her standing be however low it may. 5th. Plunder of every kind, is strictly forbidden; not only does the plundering of the smallest article, from a prize forfeit all claim to prize money, but the offender must expect to be severely punished. 6th. Finally let me entreat you, one and all not to tarnish our hope of bright success by any act that we should be ashamed to acknowledge before God and our Country. (Signed) John D. Sloat Commander in Cheif of the U . S. Naval Force in the Pacific Ocean A true copy of the Original. Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric]

[ io9 ] [MARIANO SILVA TO JOHN DRAKE SLOAT. COPY. I V : I 9 9 . ]

Cómante Militar de Monterey [Julio 7 de 1846] E L que subscribe Capitan de artillería del Ejercito Mexicano y Commandante Militar de este puerto dice al Señor Comodoro de las fuersas Navales de los E. U. en esta bahia no estar facultado para entregar la plasa por no tener ordenes para ello pues este asunto lo puede arreglar el Señor Comodoro con el Señor Comandante General a quien se le remití la comunicación que me fue entregada para dio. Señor, retirándose el que subscribe y dejando el Pueblo pacifico y sin un Soldado no existiendo tampoco según noticia del tesorero intereses públicos y municiones. Con lo que queda contestada la nota del Sor. Comodoro, y ofreciendole sus respetos. Dios y libertad. Monterey Junio 7 de 1846. 1 (Firmado) Mariano Silva Señor Comodoro de las fuersas Navales de los E. Unidos en esta bahia

[MANUEL DÍAZ. SAFE-CONDUCT FOR COURIER. COPY. I V : 2 0 0 . ]

Monterrey Julio 7 de 1846

M E consta que el pliego que conduce el portador es para comunicar a D W Yde, que el Comodoro Sloat ha tomado posecion de California en nombre de los Estados Unidos, y que en él se le recomienda suspenda por ahora sus hostilidades contra el pais. Por lo que es importante se llegue lo mas pronto posible a su destino. (Firmado) Manuel Dias A las Autoridades y particulares del transito ' T h i s should read "Julio 7 de 1 8 4 6 . " T h e error was probably made by the copyist.

[ I,o } [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO WILLIAM BROWN IDE. COPY. OFF. CORR. I . " 1 2 6 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, July 7th, 1846 Sir

(COMMODORE John D. Sloat, Commander in Chief of the United States Naval Forces in the Pacific Ocean, has this hour (10 o'clock A. M.) hoisted the Flag of the United States, and in the name of that Nation taken possession of California, to which act he has been induced from the circumstance of the Troops of Mexico having attacked General Taylor on the Rio del Norte, thereby causing actual War between the two Countries. From the change of Government having taken place in California, I presume you will be inclined to desist from any contemplated movements you may have against the Natives of California, and remain passive at least for the present. I would recommend you to communicate immediately with the Commodore, informing him of your stituation & future intentions. Hoping the present state of affairs may eventually prove a benefit to California, I am your most obedient servant. (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin William B. Ide, Esqr., in command of the Town of Sonoma

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES STOKES AND CHARLES MARIA WEBER. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 2 9 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, July 7th, 1846 Sir

T h e enclosed I have wrote to Mr. Ide under the expectation of its preventing any farther hostile movements in the North.

The news will come unexpected to you, but I hope & trust you will be willing & ready to cooperate in calming the minds of those people around you, and hope that affairs will become satisfactorily settled. The inhabitants may depend on my doing all for them I can that comes within my power. You will please without an hours delay despatch this to Sonoma or wherever Mr Ide may be charging the expence to me. You will also at the moment despatch a person to Doctor Marsh. I prefer that you go to Sonoma. If impossible, have a trusty person. I should think Cook or Bellamy would go. You will seal the enclosed when you know the contents. I am Sir Your obedient servant (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin Mr. James Stoaks, Mr. Charles M. Weber Pueblo de Sn. Jose

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOHN CHARLES FREMONT. COPY. 1 OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 3 3 - ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, July 7th, 1846 Dear Sir

I V o m the circumstances of the Country of which you will soon be informed, you may be induced to send to the States a few men to carry despatches, in which case you will please give the Commodore and myself timely notice. I by all means recommend it. No vessel will, I presume, leave here under 30 days for Mazatlan, making 90 to 100 days to reach Washington. Even under present circumstances, she may not sail, and if she does, the letters are not safe going through Mexico. It is of every importance that letters go to our different Departments immediately. You are better aware than 'Two additional copies of this communication may be found in Larkin's report to the Department of State which accompanied his letter of July 20, 1846 (Off. Corr. 11:54), under document No. 38.

[uz] myself respecting the time of year, and whether a few men can travel or not. Should you not feel justified in detaching the men from your company, if its of service or necessary, I will make the demand on you for them. The Commodore wishes you at once to cooperate with him under the new state of affairs, and inform him immediately, calling on Captain Montgomery for a Launch if you need it, to bring him information of your willingness to do so. By land you can immediately send me a Courier with a letter in your handwriting without either of our signatures, merely saying you will fall into the plan offered. You will please shew this to Mr. Gillespie. I am Sir your most obdt. servt. (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin Captain J. C. Fremont

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOHN BERRIEN MONTGOMERY. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 3 0 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, July 7th, 1846 Sir

you have an open letter for Captain J. C. Fremont, which when you have read, you will please seal & forward to him immediately. Should Mr. Gillespie be in your neighbourhood, please show him this letter. Should there be occasion to send the launch I would recommend him to come to Monterey in it, that the Commodore & myself may better understand the state of affairs at the North and any contemplated movements. Should you or Captain Fremont, by land receive any letters or writings not signed but in my writing, you will take them as authentic. I am, your most obedient servant (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin ^ENCLOSED

Commander John B. Montgomery Comdg. U. S. Ship Portsmouth, Sn. Franco

{.13} [JOHN DRAKE SLOAT TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 2 0 I . ]

Flag S. Savannah July 7th 1846 My dear Sir

D O you not think it would be well to have some persons you can rely upon stationed some miles out of town on the different avenues to give information of any force that may be approaching. It should not be known that they have any thing to do with us. Towards evening I will send a boat for you to come onboard for a few minutes. Very respectfully Your obt Sert &c. John D. Sloat [Rubric] To T. O. Larkin Esqr U. S. Consul, Monterey

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOSÉ CASTRO. COPY. 1 OFF. CORR. 1 : 5 9 6 . ]

Consulate of the United States Monterey Cai., July 8, 1846 Don Jose Castro Commandant General, Alta California Sir

T h h Commodore of the Naval Forces, of the United States, being animated by the most benevolent intentions toward your person as well as all the peaceful inhabitants of California wishes to have the pleasure of an interview with you in this Port for the purpose of amicably regulating many things which are yet pending and for the accomplishing the tranquility of the Country. 'Another copy of this communication is recorded in Larkin's Official Correspondence (Off. Corr. 1:142). Two additional copies may be found in Larkin's report to the Department of State which accompanied his letter of July 20, 1846 (Off. Corr. 11:54), under document No. 39. The wording varies somewhat among the different copies, but the meaning is the same.

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You will be at perfect liberty to use your own discretion as to whether you wish to come accompanied by some of your own people, for which you have the Commodore's and my own word of honor that both your person and those accompanying you, in case you do not wish to abide by our propositions, to return without further molestation to any place you may think fit. I am with much respect Your obt sevt. (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN T O JUAN BAUTISTA ALVARADO. COPY. 1 OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 2 7 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, July 8th, 1846 Sir

H

wrote to our mutual friend Don Jose, I wish to say a few words to you. Although we appear as enemies, I hope you two have known me a sufficient time to believe I would in the present as well as in other cases do all I could for you. I believe Don Jose can with all honour to himself enter into a convention with the Commodore, that would be approved of by his Countrymen. I am Sir, your obedient servant AVING

(Signed) Thomas O. Larkin Don Juan Bta. Alvarado 'Two additional copies of this communication may be found in Larkin's report to the Department of State which accompanied his letter of July 20, 1846 (Off. Corr. 11:54), under document No. 41.

[ "5 ] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO ABEL STEARNS. IV : 2 0 2 . ]

Monterey July 8, 1846 Sir

John D. Sloat yesterday at seven O clock in the morning, sent to the House of Don Mariano Silva (the highest Military Commandant at the time in town) Captain Mervine of the Cyane with two or three officers, demanding the surrender of the Country. By eight Señor Silva contested the latter saying he had no orders nor anything to give up, property, soldiers, or Flag (the Commandancia of this port has had no Flag this two months). At ten O clock the forces were landed and they hoisted the American Flag. The Custom House is now fitted up with accomodations for over one hundred men (with beds, tables, &c). Over one hundred marines with thier music paraded the town to day, to which will be added next week sixteen more musicians and soon after eighteen more making forty in the "Band". An orderly and strict guard patroll the streets. The Citizens at night are not hailed at the Barracks, only they use the watch word where people need not go after dark. For a few days the stores that sell spirits are closed. For a short time the people must use the beach as formerly the wharf being under Military use for the time. Señor Alvarado left Santa Clara for San Juan a week ago. Señor Castro left yesterday for the same place before he heard of the Commodore. Don Joaquin de la Torre's Company of sixty men were all (out of Castro's four hundred men) who reached the other side to take Mr. Ide and fifty men (34 at first). The remainder reached San Pablo. De la Torre between San Rafael and Sonoma heard (by his out runner) of some Americans coming on him who he immediately saw. Both fired. The Captain cried out adentro, and turned round on his horse. On stopping on a small hill he found 46 of his men with him there. He called them all towards him, started in a run, brought up at Captain Richardson's, took launch and considered himself safe half a mile from the shore when they say he fired a salute or discharged his guns. The foreigners were 12 or 15 men who started back in surprise on seeing the 60 men, and ran into a stick corall (COMMODORE

( u 6 ) to defend themselves alone. The Natives lost two or three men. The other party none. Y o u will hear of a thousand cruel stories. They are false. It may be true that de la Torre shot two or three American courriers after taking them and the foreigners three other courriers when on a run. Castro and Alvarado received de la Torre at Santa Clara and are now coming to San Juan to make a new start on Mr. Ide. They say de la Torre when he saw he had only sixty men to fight the fifteen and thought more was behind him he tore off his shoulder straps in the run. T w o hours after he took Richardson's launch 60 or 80 English, Germans and Americans reached the landing. Such are the reports of the day. Report says on the person of a courrier was found a letter from the General to his Captain de la Torre to kill all English and Americans. Last week 1 5 men crossed over to Yerba Buena took the fort and spiked the guns. T o day or tomorrow from the Pueblo Santa Cruz, Sacremento and Sonoma 300 foreigners may have mustered at the R i o San Joaquin to march on Castro. Tomorrow they ought to have my courrier informing them of the new state of affairs, otherwise I think Castro and party would have been destroyed in twenty days. As Castro's men left him, Ide's received additions. I hope the General and Commodore will now settle affairs satisfactorily. I Remain Your Most Obedient Servant Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] M r Abel Stearns Angeles [ C o w bears note: N o t Sent.]

( n

7

)

[ABEL STEARNS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V ¡ 2 0 3 . ]

Angeles July 8th 1846 Mr. Thomas O. Larkin Dear Sir " Y o u r s of the 2zd June is at hand, and in answer to your offer of mantas &c. at market prices payable in 1847 is all very well as regards time—But should like to know your prices of the 28 8c 36 inch mantas, No. of varas & quality, whether stout or light—and then if the prices correspond with my ideas of market prices then I will send you an order for some, as also please say something about your Indianillas, price, quality, cols, &c. Mr. Macnamara, the Irish clergyman is here and leaves for Montery. He has presented to the govt, asking for 2000 leagues of land in the interior and on the River San Joaquin commensing North at the arroyo "Cosomnes" and South or S. E. as far as the interior of S. Gabriel. The "asemblea" has recommended favourably to his plan of Colinizacion. The Govr will probably decree in his favour. He obligates himself to bring 2000 families, and total number of souls 10,000—wh[MS. torn] if carried into execution will be quite an addision [MS. torn] our population. I will give you more on this subject hereafter. Although Messrs Scott & MKinley have arrived at Sta Barbara from Mazatlan, yet we have rec'd no Comunications at this place from th[MS. torn] quarter. Consequently I can give you no news in particular. How gets on the Sonoma affair. Have they become quiet? Did you or Mr. Melius [MS. torn] thing on the order I sent you on th[M5. iora]Seria ? Should you wish to Consign a lot of your Mantas & Indianillas I can sell some. Should you do so put your lowest prices & terms of pay Yours verry truly &c. Abel Stearns [Rubric]

[ " 8 ] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOHN DRAKE SLOAT. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 2 8 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, July 8th, 1846 Sir

M

R S . G E N E R A L C A S T R O has requested me to call and see her. Of course I done so. I found her very uneasy respecting her husband, some people telling her he has gone off, others that he will, that he was selling the Country to Captain Montgomery, then again that the latter had him for a prisoner. If the latter, she supposed I knew. As I did not, she is satisfied he is not on board the Portsmouth. Mrs. Castro believes the General will be here in a day or two, to enter into a treaty with you. She feels confident he neither intends to run out of California or show resistance to your force. Report says Genl. Castro will be at San John's tonight. All meetings or proceedings of his or others will soon be known by me, of which I shall constantly inform you. The families one by one are fast becoming calm and in fact those I have visited denied having had any fear of danger. The Monterey Schoolmasters were paid from the State Treasury. The last was a Mexican, the one before him a subject of France who also had charge of the Printing Press. I would recommend that you appoint him school master from next Monday at 1000$ dollars a year or 70$ per month, paying him from your funds. I recommend for the following very urgent reasons: First, it will be the first step towards some one in the Country taking office under you. You will bring forward others. Second. Opening a school as the first act of your administration must be placed to your credit and honour as a thing of a primary importance to the welfare of California, shewing not only to the men of the Country, but even to the Mothers & children, that our Government seeks their welfare, and intend that even the youngest in the land shall immediately experience a benefit from the change of flags. This act will & must be of much importance in bringing affairs with us & the natives to a prompt and happy conclusion. Should you feel not justified in going to this expence, can we not do it from private recourses. I will myself pay one tenth of the salary.

[u9) If you will oblige me with a Boat tomorrow at nine, I will pay you a visit with David Spence Esqr. & Doctor McK.ee. Mr Spence invited D. Manuel Diaz. He prefers waiting a few days. I am Sir, your most obdt. servt. (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin Commodore John D. Sloat Commander in Chief of the United States Naval Forces in the Pacific Ocean and in Command of California

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO SEVERAL AMERICANS. COPY. OFF. CORR.

l'.l^l.]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, July 8th, 1846 T h e foregoing proclamations* have been issued at the Towns of Yerba Buena, Sonoma, Pueblo de San Jose, and Monterey, some being put up at one town, some at another. Two other proclamations in March 8c April were sent North by the General & Prefecto against Captain Fremont and other Americans, one in March calling him a Highwayman, when at that time he could not leave the Country untill his animals were recruited, and all private persons spoke well of him. In January Captain Fremont accompanied me to the different Authorities of Monterey & was well received, the General from him, the Prefect from me, receiving official communication relative to his object of visiting the Country, to which they acquiesed. In March they officially ordered him while encamped near the Mission of San Johns, to leave this Department, which in his proper time he left for the Frontiers. From April to June the foreigners in the Sacramento Valley, were continually harassed by verbal reports & written proclamations, that they must leave California. The first week of June, Lieutenant Francisco Arce, with eleven soldiers in bringing 170 horses & mares belonging to his General, Castro, then at Headquarters, Santa Clara *See above, pp. 30, 39-40, 5 3 , and The Larkin Papers, I V , 2 3 7 and 3 5 4 .

[ IZO ] Mission, had to cross the Sacramento near New Helvetia. One morning while eating at their camp fires at the house of Martin Murphy of Ireland, was visited by one Merritt an American, one O'Farlen (Irish) and ten other foreigners, who demanded their guns & horses, which without resistance were given up. Lieut. Arce & party were then allowed their arms, the horses under the saddle & a fresh horse each. On Arce complaining of being surprised, Merritt told him (so said) to take his men armed & with a good horse, each choose their distance, make their signal, and he & his men would try them again. As the trial was not agreed to, the parties then parted; the foreigners carrying off 80 to 100 saddle horses & mares. On the 14th of June, thirty four foreigners took the Town of Sonoma on the Bay of San Francisco without resistance, made prisoners of Don Guadalupe Vallejo, Lieut Colonel in the Mexican service & Commandant of Sonoma, his brother Salvador, his brother in law, Jacob P. Leese, of Ohio, and Captain Victor Prudon, of France, both Citizens of California. These with many horses, they carried to New Helvetia or that vicinity, leaving some of the party in possession of Sonoma, with other horses, eight pieces of cannon, three hundred muskets & carbines, and much ammunition. The Alcalde a respectable Californian resumed his duties under the Captors. On the 15th, the foreigners found they must choose a new Commander. The lot fell on William B. Ide f r o m . . . Western States, who with a Wife & five children, left the States in May 1845, and reached the Sacramento in October, same year. Mr Ide is said to be a man of about 45 years of age, of good family, active, energetic and of sound sense & information. The first week of his administration, he ordered one of his men before the Alcalde for killing one of Lt. Col. Vallejo's horses. He was ordered to pay its value at appraizment, 30$. The same week he informed all sellers of spirits that he should not fine them, but roll into the street & break up all liquors found in a store, where proof was made of any spirits being sold. This had the desired effect. On Señor Vallejo leaving Sonoma as a "Hostage", he received the word of Commander Ide, that all provisions used by him, should be paid for if they succeeded, and to the last notices we have, receipts are always given for every thing used or taken. Señor Vallejo sent one of the inmates of his house to Yerba Buena, with

[

" I }

a letter to John B. Montgomery, Commander of the U. S. Ship, Portsmouth, requesting that one of the Officers of that Ship should visit Sonoma, to see the new Commandant & his men, also the Inhabitants of the Town, for the purpose of conversing with the two parties & calming the minds of the people. Captain Montgomery also received a Messenger from the garrison. Lieut Missaroom took both Messengers in a Boat and visited Sonoma, found all quiet & in good order, called on the Alcalde who had continued his Magisterial functions, learnt from him of the good order in town & that the Inhabitants were pursuing their usual avocations. Up to June 24th Commandant Ide was said to have forty men with the expectations of as many more, that General Castro was yet at his Head Quarters at the Ex-Mission of Santa Clara having collected between Monterey & Yerba Buena over 400 men, half of whom in three parties were leaving for the Bay of San Francisco, to cross at San Pablo, Yerba Buena & the Straights of Karninas, to cut off any stragling parties of foreigners, and on meeting & rejoining each other near Sonoma, to receive a reinforcement from the farmers in that vicinity, and attack the foreigners in the night, as report had reached the Natives that neither Ide nor his men kept a good look out. General Castro with all the men he could add to his remaining 200, at the same time was to march immediately for the Sacramento Valley and drive out the settlers. I am, Yours &c. (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin A Circular to several Americans

[JOSÉ CASTRO TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN.1 IV:204.]

Comanda. Gral. de la Alta Califa Cuartel Gral. en Sn Juan Bata Julio 9 del 1846 L A nota oficial de V . S. fecha en Monterey el dia de ayer, fue en mi poder á la una de la mañana de hoy: Visto su contenido y las razones 'For a translation into English of this document, see immediately below.

— [ 122 ] con que esplica sus conceptos para inspirar confianza á mi persona y demás havitantes del Departamento. Con respecto á la invacion hecha por las fuerzas navales de los E. U. sin otra causa que la mera congettura de considerarse en guerra, debo decir á V. S. en contestación, que con esta misma fecha me dirijo al Sor Comodor D. John D. Sloat lo que es peculiar á mi honor y obligación, á cuyo Gefe sírvase V. S. ocurrir por el resultado de mi ultima determinación con respecto á este negocio. Dígnese V . S. admitir las consideraciones de mi distinguido aprecio. José Castro [Rubric] Sor Dn. Tomas O. Larkin Consul por los E. U. del Norte

[JOSÉ CASTRO TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 TRANSLATION. OFF. CORR.]

Comandancia General of Upper California Head Quarters, San Juan Bautista, July 9th 1846 ""Your official Note dated at Monterey yesterday, was in my possession at one o'clock today. Considering its contents and the reasons with which you explain your views, in order to inspire confidence in me, and the other inhabitants of the Department, with respect to the invasion made by the Naval Forces of the United States, without other cause than the mere conjecture of considering itself at war ; it is my duty to say to you in reply that with the same date I addressed to Commodore John D. Sloat that which is proper to my honour and obligation, to which chief you will please to refer for the result of my ultimate determination with respect to this business. Accept the consideration of my distinguished esteem. (Signed) José Castro Don Thomas O. Larkin Consul of the U. S. of the North •From a copy in the National Archives, Washington, D . C . This document is N o . 4 0 of the report which Larkin sent to the Department of State with his letter of July 20, 1 8 4 6 (Off. Corr. 1 1 : 5 4 ) , and is a translation from the Spanish of I V ¡204.

[ 123 ]

:

[JUAN BAUTISTA ALVARADO TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 I V : 2 0 5 - ]

San Juan Bautista Julio 9 de 1846 Sr. Dn. Tomas O. Larkin Muy Sor. mió y de mi aprecio jA.GRADESCO á V . como debo la atención que ha tenido en dirigirse a mi particularmente, pr las razones que espone en su favorecida de haller. Desearía coinsider con sus insinuaciones, y lo haria si pudiera disponer de mi indibiduo; pero ligado militarmente bajo las ordenes del Sor. Comanda Gral. del Departamto, siento no poder hacerle indicaciones con respecto á entrar en convenios con el Sor. Comodoro de los Estados Unidos. Por otra parte, la historia del paiz de V . recuerda hoy los esfuerzos del inmortal Washington pr hacerlo independí« de toda la rula estrangera; y aunque me conosco incapaz de compararme con aquel heroe, desearía que V . tubiera la bondad de ser el Juez y desidir que haria en mi caso en circunstancias como las presentes. N o obstante, seré en todas ocaciones, como V . se sirve decirme su affmo. servidor que atento B. S. M . Juan B. Alvarado [Rubric]

[JUAN BAUTISTA ALVARADO TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 2 TRANSLATION. OFF. CORR.]

San Juan Bautista July 9th 1846 T o Don Thomas O. Larkin Respected Sir I AM pleased as I ought to be for your attention in addressing to me particularly [for] the reasons given in your favour received. 'For a translation into English of this document, see immediately below. From the copy now in the National Archives, Washington, D. C., received by the Department of State on August 1 7 , 1 8 4 7 . This document is No. 42 of the report which Larkin sent with his letter of July 20, 1846 (Off. Corr. II: 54), and is a translation from the Spanish of I V :205. 2

[124] I should wish to coincide with your insinuations, and I would do it, if I could dispense with my obligations, but bound militarly under the orders of the Commandant General of the Department, I feel that I cannot make indications with regard to entering into agreement with the Commodore of the United States. On the other part, the history of your country holds in remembrance the efforts of the immortal Washington, to make it independent of all foreign rule, and although I know myself incapable to compare with that hero,1 I would desire you to have the goodness to be the judge and decide what you would do in my case, in circumstances like the present. Nevertheless I shall be on all occasions your affectionate Servant. . (Signed) Juan B. Alvarado

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOHN DRAKE SLOAT. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 3 4 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, 10 de July, at night 1846 Sir

this writing for your perusal.2 I do not know but you have allready in your proclamation the same meaning. Should it not be so, I would advise the publishing of it. Don Pedro Narvaiz, Captain of the Port, Captain Mariano Silva, the Military Commandant, and two or three others have returned to their families, leaving Castro at a distance this morning of 14 leagues, going South, over 50 men leaving him this morning. Narvaiz and Silva, thro' a friend have to night informed me they shall tomorrow present themselves to you. I have sent them assurances of safety. They say some of Castro's paid soldiers will come in tomorrow, having run from him. Yours ever Thomas O. Larkin To Commodore John D. Sloat I

SEND

'In another copy of the report which reached Washington on September 2 8 , 1 8 4 7 , and in Larkin's letter book now in the Bancroft Library, the words "great man" appear in place of "hero." 2

See document immediately following.

:

[ I25 ]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. SUGGESTED PROCLAMATION TO BE ISSUED BY JOHN DRAKE SLOAT. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 3 5 . ]

[July

, 1846]

T H H Commander in Chief of the United States Naval Forces in the Pacific Ocean, and of the Territory of California, can have no desire to use any but honourable steps to influence the Inhabitants of this Country to join his Standard, and should his forces in collision with the troops of General Castro capture any of the latter, they will be protected from every injury while under his charge. The people of California (many of whom have been compelled into the ranks, even whipt and tied, to urge them on) shall remain in arms from patriotic principles, their families shall in every instance be protected by those under his command whenever the occasion offers, and no one shall be injured or disrespected by reason of his relation having taken up arms. At the same time the Inhabitants must understand that those who may live under the protection of the United States Government, that shall be found in correspondence with, aiding or assisting directly or indirectly those who are in arms gainst the Commander in Chief in Monterey, will make themselves liable to be sent out of the Country as prisoners, and their property confiscated.

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES BUCHANAN. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 5 2 ( 1 1 : 5 2 ) . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Port of Monterey July ioth 1846 Sir

B y my No. 48 dated [June 18, 1846] the Department was informed the Foreigners on the Bay of San Francisco had rose against the Government of California. The last of June General Castro had 400 men ' F r o m t h e original i n the N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s , W a s h i n g t o n , D .

C.

{126} at Santa Clara. Only 60 of them crossed the Bay and were attacked and drove off by 15 foreigners, killing two or three on each side. The General and party by small detachments reached the Mission of San John 30 or 35 miles north of Monterey by the 8th instant, retreating from the Foreigners at the north said now to be over one hundred people. One half of Castro's men left him before his arrival at San John. The day after their arrival the General received a despatch from Commodore Sloat demanding the delivery of this country. The Military Commandant of this town having received the same early in the morning the answer of the latter was, he had no orders, soldiers, arms nor property, and then suddenly left town. The General has informed the Commodore that he can do nothing untill he has seen the Governor and State Legislature at the town of the Angels, to which place he started yesterday, forcing many of his countrymen to go with him, very many refusing to take up arms, but the dread of the General has forced many to follow him. Some had to be tied and whipt to compelí their services. I am of opinion that the Govenor will not cooperate with the General. They have no chance of succeeding, and the cooperation will only destroy the Country/ Mr. Ide had in Sonoma about 60 men. Himself or Captain J. C. Fremont is expected in Monterey with two or three hundred people to cooperate with the squadron. Very many of the Californians will soon come into the new state of affairs, when the few officers who rules them are put down. Over one thousand emigrants are expected in October. Commodore John D. Sloat arrived here on the 1st of July. The Cyane and Levant he found at anchor in this port.3 On the 7th instant at 7 O clock in the morning, the Commodore sent to the house of Don Mariano Silva (the highest Military Commandant at the time in town) Captain Mervine of the "Cyane" accompanied by Lieutenant Higgins, Purser Price, and Midshipman Tollar4 demanding the surrender of the town and country. By eight O clock Señor Silva contested the letter, saying he had no orders nor anything to give up, property, soldiers, or flag (the Com2 In Larkin's letter book now in the Bancroft Library and the copy sent with his letter of July 20 and received in Washington on August 1 7 , 1 8 4 7 , the words " & their resistance only distracting the Country" replace "and the cooperation will only destroy the Country." 3In the above copies the words "the Portsmouth at San Francisco" are here added. 4In the above copies this reads "Captain Melvine of the Cyane with two or three Officers."

[ «7 ] mandancia of this port has had no flag these two months). At ten O clock the forces were landed and they hoisted the flag of the United States. The Custom House is now fitted up 5 with beds, tables &c. &c. Over one hundred marines with music paraded the town this day. An orderly and strict guard patroll the streets. The citizens at night are not hailed. A t the barracks only they use the watch word where people need not go after dark. For a few days the stores that sell spirits are closed. For a short time the people use the beach as formerly, the wharf being under military use for the time. The Commodore left Mazatlan the. 8th or ioth of June, where it was understood by all that Matamoras was taken by General Taylor on the last of May, having been in action on the 8th or 9th with seven thousand Mexican Troops and destroyed over half of them. On his arrival here for seven days he continually heard of distracting reports of the foreigners and Californians collecting people at San Francisco and preparing to fight. The foreigners having hoisted a new flag with the insignia of the bear and star, white field & red border, in this state of affairs (perhaps fearing some other6 officer might do it) he hoisted the flag of the United States in this town, and I presume Captain Montgomery yesterday done the same in San Francisco. W e have H . B. M . Ship Juno here and expect the "Collingwood" soon. Commodore Sloat does not wish to intercept if possible Mexican vessels belonging entirely to California. It is impossible to fortell how the present state of affairs may terminate. I am of the opinion the inhabitants unawed by the chiefs 7 will soon be contented. I Remain Your Obedient Servent Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] Hon. James Buchanan, Secretary of the State City of Washington [Cover bears note: Enclosed to E . L . Childs, Post Office Dept.] 5

In the above copies the words "with accomadations for over 100 men" are here added. In Larkin's copy now in the Bancroft Library and the copy sent with his letter of July 2 0 and received in Washington on August 1 7 , 1 8 4 7 , the word "foreign" is inserted here. -The above copies read "their Chiefs." 6

[128] [JOHN DRAKE SLOAT TO THOMAS OLIVER. LARKIN. I V : 2 o 6 . ]

ioth July/46 My dear Sir

I

your letter from Mr. Stearns. Is the date correct ? If the date is correct, it is almost imposible they could have heard of the battle of the 8th and 9th of May, at that date. Very truly yours 8tc. RETURN

J. D. Sloat [Rubric] To T . O. Larkin Esq U. S. Consul, Monterey

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO WILLIAM ALEXANDER LEIDESDORFF. COPY. I V : 2 0 7 . ]

Monterey July 1 1 , 1846 William A Leidesdorff Esquire Sir IIÍNCLOSED you have an Invoice of goods that by your request I have shipt to you. You will find a little more than you wrote for. I have put them at the prices Mr Green gave Mr Melius, and shall ask the pay in 1 2 or 15 months in hides. Should there be more than you want, I wish you would look up some Rancheros of property and sell all you may not require for present use, taking his or their Note payable in hides, August 1847. I do not want the goods under my charge as I before informed you, wishing to be entirely free from trade which wish I have had 8 or 10 months. Owing to the great change goods must in 1847 fall but I do not think we shall experence much difference before that time. Whether we shall or not, you will to those who the trade are in the habit of trusting sell on 1 2 month credit all you may not want taking the Purchasers Notes, having the Note under the main Note also signed if possible. I am &c &c.

—

[

129 ]

[STEPHEN PLEASONTON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 2 o 8 . ]

Treasury Department Fifth Auditor's Office Washington City July 1 1 , 1846 Sir

u

NDERSTANDING that you have not been in the regular receipt of documents transmitted to you from this place, and apprehensive that you may not have received my letters advising you of the different settlements of your Accounts at this office, I herewith enclose to you copies of my letters of June 12 and Nov. 3d, 1845 and June 15th 1846; and also a copy of my circular of 20th September 1844, referred to in two of said letters—and Have the honor to be Very Respectfully Your Obt Sert.

S. Pleasonton Thomas O Larkin, Esquire United States Consul at Monterey, California

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOHN CHARLES FREMONT. COPY. 1 OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 3 6 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, July 12th, 1846 Sir

FROM the route you have taken I presume you did not receive my last letter (of this past week). Commodore Sloat is very anxious to see you, waiting for your cooperation. I have given him to understand that jointly with you, his business will become light in comparison to what he now has on hand. I presume you to have entered the Pueblo today. The Como. wishes you to reach Monterey with all the men you can bring, or with a 'Another Copy of this document was included in Larkin's report to the Department of State with his letter of July 20, 1 8 4 6 . In the Bancroft Library copy it is No. 4 3 .

[ !3o ] few come in, and have the others follow directly. He wants to form a Company under pay to cut off the horse stealing, crimes in general throughout the Country that requires a force or bear arms against any body of soldiers who may be met to fight him. General Castro has wrote to the Como. that he must go South to see the Governor & Assembly. I hope they will settle the business peaceably. You can promise men to take up arms in the name of the United States at fifteen or twenty dollars per month. They can in a great measure choose their own officers. Should you be able to purchase any horses or saddles before you come in, funds are here for payment. I strongly recommend a few of your former men to carry home despatches. Of this more when we meet. Hoping to see you tomorrow I am your most obedient servant (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin Captain J. C. Fremont

[WILLIAM ALEXANDER LEIDESDORFF TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV:2C>9.]

Yerba buena July 12th 1846 T . O. Larkin Esqr Dear

Sir

I YESTERDAY received your letters for the Portsmouths launch, and it appears that at the time that they were written that Monterey was not taken. I suppose that our cervice will no longer be wanting in consul line, however I hope they will give us some other office, so as to make up for exspences as consul. No news here of consequence. The Yankee flag is flying on the square in front of my house, &c &c. The Juno arrived here yesterday from Santa Barbara. She is laying at Sausalito, the big man Forbes, passenger on board. About the goods you mention of on board of Capt Phelps, I have not been able to do any thing as the ship lays at Sausalito. However I shall se what he says tomorrow. If he will let me have some I will try to dispose of them for you in the best way, as I am

[ 13' ]

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sure you would not like to have them onboard any more than I would like to make purchases about this time. I exspect we shall have several cargoes from home in a short time, and then our goods that have allready paid duties will make a poor show. If you want to speculate in lots here, now is your time, before the large party arrives that is exspected next month from the States. If I can do any thing for you in that line write me, and in case that you can do any thing for me with the comodore, as regards some office here, so that I may be able to make up for some of the exspenditures I have had as vice consul, what I mean is, that in case he in conversation with you should require your advice on the subject, &c &c. N o more at present. W i t h compliments to Mrs. Larkin I Remain Your O b t Serv. W m . A . Leidesdorff [Rubric]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO NATHAN SPEAR. COPY. I V : 2 I O . ]

Monterey California July 13/46 Friend Spear

B y

your letter of the 2 June to M r Green, this day rec'd I find

you did not receive my letter by Sr Prudon, in which I made offers to you to start the mine you owe. I wish you would come to Mont, or receipt of this, bringing some of the ore. W h e n together we can I am confident make agraingement to push the silver to the quick. I expect Iron flasks in August. Should we not agree I will pay your expences here. If your mine is equal to the one at the Pueblo, that I have seen, I assure you we will so arrange our business that you will be in any state of affluence you could wish in two or three years. D o by all means leave home for Mont 2 or 3 days after recvg this letter. Let not a trifle prevent you. I presume I shall settle with M r Melius on his arrival. If not, I can in Oct. Dr Bale did not give me the Govt order for his debt for the simple reason that the debt was old when he ask me to take the order and recover it if I could. I plainly told him I could not depend on his word.

[ I32 ] Of course you know under what flag we eat sleap & have our beig. All is quiete here. People are askig for pasports evry hour—all tho' they do not need them I am &c.

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN T O ABEL STEARNS. COPY. I V : 2 I 1 . ]

Monterey July 14, 1846 Mr Abel Stearns Sir i ^ T the proper time the 7 instant I had letters and the Proclamation and general Orders, seal'd up and ready to forward to you and others, but the unexpected1 retreat of the General and people to the South precluded all hopes on my part of your hearing from me for the time. Since the 7 instant affairs are finding their proper level. The fear, dread, and excitement have gone by. People have not been forced from their homes as they expected and they are now looking round to see what part of the Several hundred hard dollars that is daily spent in M. should come to them.2 If the Farmers would from a distance bring fruits Eggs, Fowls Vegetables &c, double the money now spent would find its way into cerculation.3 Your letters by Mr Howard & Davis were rec'd—thanks for the same. I like the contents. Particular the one by Mr Davis. The Como on reading took a copy, without signature howevr. From these letters I find a large proportion of your respectible people were preparig for what has now made its appearance—the national feeling and excitement over I anticipate they will be pleased with the change—and be benefited by it. Surely all reasonable and respectible persons should have looked with sorrow on the policical state of C. as it was before last June. The Gov. at the South, the Gen 'Here are deleted the words "and disorderly." Deleted: "Some little shops take 20 to 30$ in a morning for Bread & Coffee. Watson rakes in the dollars." 3Deleted: "Selling of Spirit by retail is not to be allowed for a short time. Prehaps some is drank off. All this is small affairs to my subject on hand." 2

[ '33 ) at the North raising troops to fight aganst each other. One night in June I havig traveled 60 or 80 miles durig the day in company withe one of Californian stateman we heard by a very vague report on the road that one of his compeers was on the river to way lay him and suite. We therfore stopt at a Ranchio and he proveided his 5 or 6 men with extra arms. We came rushig on towards the River—he givig order to pick off such 8c such a man, as if they had been his cattle. Yet 18 months back they all were together in turng out M M and are this day again together—runig from the Bear flag—standig only one fight—and that a runig one, 15 chasig 60, under de la Torre. Under such miserable curcumstances has not Como Sloat come in good time for all who maintain themselfs and family by their own talents and labour. Whether he has or has not he has come—the step is taken, the stars and stripes now fly or wave, or soon will waive over all California. It therefore behoofs Californian to see after the excitement is over what part they are to take in the present acpect of affairs. I believe many will rejoice in the deed, and by degrees 4/5 join in the cry. I do not to you endeavour to show any presnt or future advantages under another flag—you are well aware of the results—and prehaps only lean on a doubt that Como Sloat is premeture, and may not be sustained by our Govert. I have no such doubt—our flag has been unfoldede over the soil of C. and will so remain. Future ages will say how could it be otherwise. To you or any other who hesitate and disbelieve the full and cordial cooperation of the supreme Govt I would say—it would plunge C in the same state she has just escaped from—plunge Mexico in a deaper disgrace—as the moment the stars fell by suprem orders the Bear would take their place, backd by thousands in June 1847—to the hundred in June 46—and Mexico—what would Mexico do. Proclame agan and agan to the world she would die to a man, or call agan & again on the symetathes of the univerce. We may feel for Mexico—but does she feel for herself. Apperenty no. Presumig you saw the policical horizon as I observe it, I think you and those of your class should endeavour to devert the Govenor of any Bumbastic proclamation. I belive him in meang a good man—and have him invite the Com to a meetig at San Pedro not the town or at Santa Barbra and come to a treaty, reapg evry desireable adventege for C. and forget M.

— [ 134 ] as Mexico has forgot C. One great advantage would be the paymnt of debts. Should there be any detractig from his digity in the Gen makig this invitation, understand the affairs his mind and his reasons. Give me any information and I will endeavour to brig all to a happy Conclusion, by askig the Como to go south, if consistnt and conveniet to him or go there myself to hasten the desired events. This requires our presnal [personal ?] attention. We must not halt but brig all to a comsumation before many days pass over us—or the state of the country become more and more reduced and destracted.

[JOHN DRAKE SLOAT. GENERAL ORDER. 1 COPY. OFF. CORR.]

Flag Ship Savannah, Bay of Monterey July 14th 1846 General Order T h h Commander in Chief has the satisfaction to announce to the Officers, Seamen & Marines under his command, that he has received official information, that the flag of the United States is now flying at Yerba Buena—Sutters Fort on the Sacramento—Sauzalito—Sonoma2 and Bodega, and that the forces of the U. S. have quiet possession of the magnificent Bay of San Francisco and all the country within a hundred miles around to the manifest satisfaction of the inhabitants, many of whom have enrolled themselves under our Flag and officers, for its protection. In taking possession of these places, many fine pieces of brass ordnance have been acquired. He congratulates each one under his command, that it has fallen to his lot to have participated in the Honor & Glory of placing this country 'From a copy in the National Archives, Washington, D. C. This document is No. 45 of the report which Larkin sent to the Department of State with his letter of July 20, 1846 (Off. Corr. 11:54). Larkin's copy of the report now in the Bancroft Library, however, the document is No. 46. 2 In Larkin's copy "Sonoma" is omitted.

[ '35 } under the flag of the United States, and in a position to be governed by their equitable and impartial laws. (Signed) John D. Sloat Commander in Chief of the United States Naval Forces in the Pacific Ocean & of the Territory of California

[JAMES BUCHANAN TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. W . 2 I 2 . ]

Department of State Washington July 14th 1846 Thomas O. Larkin Esqre U . S. Consul, Monterey Sir "^(jOur despatches to No. 4 2 inclusive, No. 40 excepted & Nos 14, x 5, 1 7 & 19, referred to in a letter addressed to you on the 3 1 s t of October last, also excepted, have been received. The Despatch Agent of this Department at N e w York, upon being informed that the Press which he was directed to send you, had not been received, replied that he had overlooked the order, but that it would now be sent to you, care of Messrs William Appleton & Co. Boston. In relation to the celebration of the rites of matrimony, between Citizens of the U States residing in California, respecting which you ask for instructions, I have to inform you that there is no law in existence which authorises Consuls of the United States to perform the marriage ceremony. The contract of matrimony is local in its nature and the manner in which it shall be entered into is regulated by the laws of the place. The general principle in this subject, as laid down by Chancellor Kent, is that "the ley loci contractus, prevails over the ley domicilii, as being the safer rule & one dictated by just and enlightened views of international jurisprudence. " H e adds, "as the law of marriage is a part of the jus gentium, the general rule

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undoubtedly is, that a marriage valid by the law of the place where it is celebrated, is valid everywhere." I enclose herewith for your information and guidance copies of the opinions of Attorney Generals John Nelson & John Y. Mason, dated ioth July 1843 & n t h June 1845, the former relating to the transportation of destitute American Seamen to the U States, and the latter to the deposit of Ships papers. Also is enclosed a letter from the 5th Auditor of the Treasury upon the subject of your accounts. I am, Sir, Respectfully Your Obedient Servant James Buchanan

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOHN BERRIEN MONTGOMERY. 1 OFF. CORR. NOT NUMBERED ( 1 : 1 3 7 ) . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, July 16, 1846 Sir

letters to the Commodore were received. We are all quiet here. Every thing goes on as well as we could expect. Captain Mervine is Commander on shore, lives at the former Custom House, Captain Page at the Government house in the center of the Town. Purser Fontleroy lives on shore has charge of a horse company now forming. They are now in the country on an excursion. Purser Price & Doctor Gilcr[ist] are Alcaldes for the present. Affairs here will soon be regulated. About 100 people have asked for passports to go in or out. Altho' there is no demand or law to that effect been made, they prefer having them, having been accostomed to use them. The Congress from Oahu arrived yesterday. Como. Stockton, Officers & Crew all well. There is no vessel yet up for Mazatlan. 'From the original in the Naval Records Collection of the National Archives, Washington, D. C. Copies of this communication were also included by Larkin in his report to the Department of State which accompanied his letter of July 20, 1846 (Off. Corr. 11:54). I " the Bancroft Library copy it is No. 4 4 .

['37} A new Schooner now at Santa Cruz will be here in a few days, and may be chartered. I am Sir, your most obedient servant Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] Captain John B. Montgomery, Commander of the U. S. Ship Portsmouth, Sn. Franco

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO WILLIAM MERVINE. COPY. 1 OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 3 8 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, July 16th, 1846 Sir

I N answer to your enquiries relative to the transaction in front of the house of the French Consul on the morning of the eleventh, I have to say, that a b o u t . . . o'clock that morning, Captn. Page of the Levant, met me in the street & informed me he was looking for an Interpreter to call on the French Consul & requested my company for that purpose. On our arrival within 50 yards of the house of the latter, we were met by him, who requested an explanation concerning the placing of a centinel near his house. He was informed by Captn. Page that the centinels had been doubled that morning to catch a man who in company with 8 or 10 others, had robbed Como. Sloats courier that night, and that the robber had said he was carrying letters for the French Consul. At the moment Don Rafael Sanches came towards the Consuls door. When the centinel beckoned to him to retire, the Consul enquired if persons were forbid entering his house. Captn. Page directly answered, by no means, and I at the moment told Señor Sanches he was not forbid to enter, and to go in if he saw fit. He and the Consul then proceeded towards the door, and Captn. Page 8c 'Two additional copies of this communication may be found in Larkin's report to the Department of State which accompanied his letter of July 20, 1846 (Off. Corr. 11:54), under document No. 44. In the Bancroft Library copy it is No. 45.

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myself retired from the place. The centinel & others from different points were within an hour or so, called in. I am Sir, your most obedient servant (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin Captain William Mervine, Esqr Commanding the U. S. Forces in Monterey

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO ROBERT FIELD STOCKTON. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 4 3 . ]

Confidential

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, July 17th, 1846 Sir

M

R GILLESPIE will visit you this forenoon, and I presume explain to you his views and future intentions. I am afraid he has imbibed local views respecting this country and its people, and may be governed by such impressions. In my views of affairs before us, we should so continue what has been begun, without having our minds, or views prescribed by the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. The world at large and posterity will only look for National and extended views, for the good of our Country in common. I as a long Resident in California for many years may be prejudiced against some (which I am not) yet by no means would remember any thing of the past, in conducting my future operations, and hope Mr Gillespie may be of this way of thinking. Should you find he is, as I have supposed, I hope from your conversation he will change his opinions. I am Sir Yours Respectfully

(Signed) Thomas O. Larkin Commodore Robert F. Stockton U. S. Ship Congress

['39} [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES STOKES. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 3 9 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, July 17th, 1846 Sir

T h e Commodore desires that the Inhabitants of your town should be called together to name one or more Alcaldes. You will receive his notice to that effect. Don Antonio Sunol as one of the principal men will receive a copy. I should advise you on receipt of this to publicly notify the People to meet the 4th or 5 th day after (not Sunday) and choose two Alcaldes to serve untill January 1st, 1847. Should you wish to continue you can with all ease procure your own election. In the time do not make too many new Laws. Licenses in Monterey are now granted for the sale of spirits, by the Store Keeper giving a bond of 200$ to obey the Laws as they may be enacted from time to time. Doctor Gilcrist & Purser Price are named Alcaldes, W. R. Garner, Secretary. I am Yours &c. (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin Mr. James Stokes Pueblo de Sn. Jose

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES BUCHANAN. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 5 3 ( 1 1 : 5 3 ) . ]

Consulate of the United States Monterey 18 July 1846 Sir

I N the first week of June this year Lieutenant Francisco Arce with eleven men, having by orders of General Castro crossed the river Sacramento near New Helvetia for the purpose of bringing to the General Head I

From the original in the National Archives, Washington, D . C .

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Quarters at Santa Clara about a hundred and fifty horses and mares, was visited while in camp by twelve Americans and English who ordered him to give up his arms and animals, which was done without resistance ; the Foreigners having taken the horses out of the corral, returned to the Lieutenant and soldiers their arms, the horses under saddle and a fresh horse each, and seperated, the foreigners proceeding up the river and the soldiers returning to Santa Clara. I on receiving verbal information of this affair officialy offered my services to the General and Prefect to enquire into the business, but received no answer. On the 14th June at sun rise, thirty four foreigners, some of them Americans, took possession of the town of Sonoma, made prisoners of four of the principal men of the place, and under an escort sent them to New Helvetia, then took charge of the barracks containing eight pieces of cannon, three hundred stand of arms, and a large quantity of other munitions of war, and took likewise many of the horses belonging to the Commandant D. Guadalupe Vallejo, and forming themselves into a company under the command of William B. Ide, of the United States, fortified the town. On the following day, Commander Ide issued a Proclamation to the people and hoisted a new flag, having a white field with a red border, and a Bear and a Star in the middle; they continued in possession until the l oth of July (never having more than fifty or sixty men), when they lowered their flag and Lieutenant Revere U. S. Navy, having read the Commodore's Proclamation, hoisted the U. S. Flag under a salute in presence of a large concourse of people. A few days after Sonoma was taken by the foreigners, General José Castro assembled at Santa Clara, a distance of two days journey from Sonoma, four hundred soldiers and citizens, ordered three parties, of sixty or seventy each, under the command of Captn. Joaquin de la Torre, Major General José Antonio Carrillo and Volunteer Francisco Rico to cross at different places the bay of San Francisco and meet another party of Californians near Sonoma for the purpose of attacking Commander Ide. The party of de la Torre only, crossed over, between San Rafael and Sonoma. His advanced guard rode back and informed him that the Americans were on the road and by the time the Californians were prepared the foreigners came on them at a gallop, but started back in surprise at the sight of so many men of whose vecinity the Foreigners were not aware and

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entered a stock corral close by, to defend themselves. De la Torre immediately retreated with his whole party excepting two or three killed or wounded, and did not stop until he reached Sauzalito a distance of twenty to twenty five miles, where taking a launch he reached Yerba Buena and proceeded to Santa Clara, a distance of eighteen leagues. The Americans, fourteen or fifteen in number returned to Sonoma, and with a reinforcement gave chase to de la Torre, but reached the landing two hours too late. On the arrival of de la Torre General Castro proceeded to San Pablo with the intention of crossing over to Sonoma with upwards of three hundred men, but on hearing of the increase of Ide's party, he returned to his own Quarters and despached Colonel Alvarado with a hundred men to the mission of San Juan near Monterey. On the 7th July he prepared to evacuate Santa Clara with all his party to join Senor Alvarado, and that night received a communication from the Commodore that the U. S. Squadron had possession of Monterey; stopping a few hours at San Juan he informed Commodore Sloat that he must hold a convention with the Governour of California and legislature before he could make any arrangement; at the same time he informed the Commodore by letter, that Captn. J. C. Fremont had seized on Sonoma, assassinated the people, stolen property and committed many excesses, requesting the Commodore to inform him who this party was, or if he had any connexion with the Squadron, adding that he and the last Californian would not permit such excesses, and that he waited the Commodore's answer, to know how to act against Fremont. All this gasconade was made at the very time that he & three hundred men were running away from an unknown number of americans (and when he expected to be joined by two hundred more who were supposed to be on the road) who up to that date had never been able to gather more than a hundred at a time, and Captain Fremont was not actualy known as one of the party. During the thirty days skirmishing between the parties of Castro and Ide, two or three men on each side were killed in the act of carrying expresses. Commodore John D. Sloat arrived here on the 1st July and found at anchor the Cyane and Levant, the Portsmouth being at San Francisco. On the 7th at seven o'clock in the morning the Commodore sent to Don Mariano Silva, Captain of Artillery, and the highest military commandant at the time in Monterey, Captain Mervine of the Cyane with two or three

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officers, demanding the surrender of the town and country. By eight o'clock Captain Silva answered that he had no orders, nor any thing to give up, neither property, soldiers nor flag (the comandancia of this port has had no flag these two months past). At xo o'clock the forces were landed and the American flag hoisted. The Custom House is now fitted up with accomodations for more than a hundred men, with beds, tables &c. &c. On the loth over a hundred marines paraded the streets with a band of music. An orderly and strict Guard patrolls the town. The citizens are not hailed at night. At the barracks only they use the watch word, where people need not go after dark. For a few days the shops where spirits are sold have been closed, and a heavy penalty has been imposed on those who at any time may sell spirits to the soldiers or sailors of the Squadron. The wharf is at present under military use, and therefore in the meantime produce will have to be embarked at the beach as formerly, before the wharf was built. The Commodore left Mazatlan about the 8th June when it was understood by all that Matamoros had been taken by General Taylor on the last of May. On the 8 th or ioth of said month the Mexican troops to the amount of some seven thousand had been completely routed, by some two thousand and odd American ones under said General. On the Commodores arrival here he for several days heard nothing but distracting reports of foreigners and Californians collecting people and preparing to fight. In this state of affairs, and with the knowledge of the Bear Flag having been hoisted, fearing perhaps that some other foreign officer might hoist a flag he hoisted the U . S. Flag in this town on the 7th July, and Captain Montgomery did the same in San Francisco on the morning of the 9th. H . B. M . Ship Juno is at San Francisco and the Collingwood is here. Commodore Sloat does not wish to molest if possible any Mexican vessels belonging entirely to persons established in California. It is impossible to foretell how the present state of affairs may terminate, but in my opinion the inhabitants unawed by their chiefs will soon be contented. I am Sir with much respect Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] Hon. James Buchanan Secretary of State City of Washington [Top margin hears note: Reed. 1 5 Nov. 46.]

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[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES BUCHANAN. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 5 4 ( 1 1 : 5 4 ) . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey California July 20th 1846 2 Sir T H E undersigned has the honor to forward to the Department of State Duplicate copies of No. 4 2 , 43, 44, 48, 52, and 53 of letters3 that have been sent to Washington by other conveyances, also two doccuments one of thirty-five pages the other of thirty-one pages containing a discription of California its resources and of its principal people Foreign and Native. 4 Also a doccument of [fifty-seven pages] containing copies of letters and proclamations, appertaining to the political affairs of California during this year.5 •From the original in the National Archives, Washington, D. C. Although this letter reached Washington on November 15, 1846, the enclosures and a copy of the letter did not arrive until August 17, 1847. Meanwhile Larkin had another copy of his reports prepared. Dated May 1, 1847, it was sent to the Department of State with his letter of April 29, 1847, and was received there on September 28, 1847. 2 Both this letter and Off. Corr. No. 5 5 (see under date of July 29) bear the date July 20, 1846, although July 29 is the day they left Monterey on Sloat's vessel. The preparation of the correspondence probably was begun on July 20 in anticipation of Sloat's departure soon thereafter. 3See letters from Larkin to Buchanan under the following dates: April 17, May 4, June x, June 18, July 10 and July 18, 1846. 4See under date of April 20, 1846, Off. Corr. Not numbered (II :66b) and Off. Corr. Not numbered (II :66c). 5 The documents sent with the letter o f July 20, 1846, are: January 29,1846, Manuel Castro to Larkin, Larkin to M . Castro; March 5, 1846, J. Castro to Fremont, Larkin to Fremont; March 6[5], 1846, M. Castro to Larkin; March 6, 1846, Larkin to J. Castro and M . Castro; March 8, 1846, M . Castro to Larkin, Larkin, Instructions to courier, Larkin to Fremont; [March 9, 1846], Frémont to Larkin; March 9, 1846, Larkin to the commander of any American ship of war in San Bias or Mazatlán, Larkin to Parrott; March 1 0 , 1 8 4 6 , Larkin to Frémont, Manuel Diaz to Larkin, Larkin to M . Diaz; March 14, 1846, Larkin to J. Castro; March 19, Larkin to Stearns; [April 11, 1846], Proceedings of military junta; April 17, 1846, Larkin to Leese, Stearns and Warner; April 23, 1846, Larkin to Gillespie; [April 30, 1846], Guerrero y Palomares to Leidesdorff; April, 1846, Larkin, Opinion of state of affairs in California; May 13, 1846, Pío Pico, Proclamation; May 2 1 , 1846, Larkin to Stearns; May 29, 1846, Larkin to J. Castro; June 8, 1846, J. Castro to Pío Pico; June 14, 1846, Larkin to M . Castro and J. Castro; June 15, 1846, Ide, Proclamation; June 17, 1846, J. Castro, Proclamation, J. Castro, Proclamation; June 18, 1846, Ide, Proclamation; June 22, 1846, Larkin to Montgomery; June 23, 1846, Pío Pico, Proclamation; June 29, 1846, Pío Pico to Larkin; July 5, 1846, Larkin to Pío Pico; July 7, 1846, Sloat, Proclamation, Sloat, General Order; Larkin to Frémont; July 8, 1846, Larkin to J. Castro, Larkin to Alvarado; July 9, 1846, J. Castro to Larkin, Alvarado to Larkin; July 14, 1846, Sloat, General Order; July 16, 1846, Larkin to Montgomery, Larkin to Mervine; [July 29, 1846] Stockton, Proclamation. Since Sloat did not leave Monterey until July 29, 1846, Larkin was able to include this last document in his report.

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The Hon. Secretary must understand that under any circumstances in California it is almost impossible to obtain the services of any one clerk or writer for any length of time. Therefore the different copies now produced cannot be revised and corrected, and the undersigned has barely an hour at a time these past weeks to attend to the duties within his Office. He has not supposed that all the doccuments now forwarded will be of much service to the Department but may be of some little use, in refering to from time to time to understand the actual state and situation of different affairs in California. The undersigned had anticipated the pleasure of following up the plans partially laid down in the dispatch to this Office of October 17th 1845, and bringing them to a conclusion in the latter part of 1847 and that through the will and voice of the Californians. He had confidential agents throughout the country, who would have aided in bringing the minds of the different Government men to the desired object. From doccument No. 22 in the Book on the state of affairs in California will be found one of the modes of persuasion used. Many people were taking out tracts of lands to enable them to have property well secured on the exchange of Flags. The undersigned had several conversations with the General on the propriety of haveing land secured to himself and family before it was too late. In the last conversation with him and a few other principle men, the General drew up in writing a short history of his plan of declareing California independent in 1847 or 1848 soon as the country had sufficiant number of people from abroad to carry out the intention. This was put into the undersigned's hands for approval, and when agreed to, was returned. The General was informed as a Freind that he must expect to lose his Office, and among men of more talents he would lose his present influence and finally be lost in the crowd. Stamping his foot on the ground he said will this after so many Revolutions find rest and receive a benefit? When answered in the affirmative, he said then that is all I ask, and the profits of his mine must support him. Some may place no faith in assertions of this kind from these people. The undersigned does:—from twelve years experience he beleives he knows them, and cannot on paper bring out his many reasons but feels perfectly satisfied, that with the assistance of the talents, energy and energetic man-

[ i45 } — ner of Commodore Stockton, the Californians would have come into any required measure and by their spontaneous wishes our Flag would have been the future destiny of this fair region in 1847 or 48. During the last month when the party under the flag of those who took Sonoma were in operation, the undersigned had no expectation that Mr Gillespie would commence operations of any kind in California without his knowledge. He however, and Captain Fremont obtained by the 17th of June two hundred men & had taken New Helvetia and Sonoma raising a flag with the insignia of a Star and Bear and issued two proclamations, all of which during the month of June was conducted under the name of William B. Ide. This Office nor the people of California had no official or correct knowledge that Messrs Fremont and Gillespie had any cooperation in the business although all could preceive that they did have. It is not now, to say that this country could have been placed under our flag by other means, that would have been more approved off by our Government. That question now comes too late. The step is taken, the Flag is flying! And the United States should hold California in prefference to England being its owner, or should even in mercy to the Californians themselves (who will never be again under the Mexican Flag, that they do not anticipate) & who must hereafter have the Stars of the United States, the Cross of Great Britain or the Bear and the lone Star. Should the former come down, one of the other goes up. Should the latter succeed, it in time revolves into our flag, bringing the country into a state of distraction during the change. Under the flag of England the Californians do not expect any change for the better, and it would prove destructive to our hopes of the Bay of San Francisco. Although the undersigned regrets that a farther time could not be had to produce our flag in this country in another form, being confident of its success, yet he would say that the deed being done (by the act of Commodore Sloat) the views of the United States are fully opened to the world, who will take no excuse or palliation for this act, the flag should henceforth remain where Commodore Sloat has placed it, now and hereafter. Could the Natives have their Vote on the subject two years hence they would adhere to it. It is their only hope of safety and protection from the Native Cheiftains and Mexican Soldiers. At this moment the Natives are

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highly exasperated, at the sudden act, and that only on conjecture of War. The actual hatred however is caused by the act of those who are called adventurers who took Sonoma. Soon as the price of goods fall, as they must one half or two thirds in value, and their property receiving United States protection then by degrees they will become satisfied. Should by any policy of our Government the flag in California be lowered, the Bear seizes the Country, and should England not directly or indirectly render the Natives assistance, that party will rule California, but should several English Ships of War remain here and at San Francisco and in an open or a scecret manner render assistance, the people would declare in their favour and we lose the Country. All this will happen because the will of the people has not been consulted in declaring it independent when the Flag at Sonoma the 14th of June was hoisted. Of this there is as much certainty as there can be in any act not yet brought forward. The undersigned is a loser to a large amount in debts against this Government, and in other respects, yet would advise that the act of Commodore Sloat should be supported, or we may lose San Francisco. Loseing that Oregon is worthless to us. In the mean time without regard to personal consequences, he will render to Commodore Stockton who will now take command in California all his means, his power and his advice to aid in carrying out what is begun, relying on the idea that his Government will support the transaction whether talked to by Mexico or frowned on by England. I Remain Sir with the highest Respect and consideration Your Obedient Servent Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] Hon. James Buchanan, Secretary of State City of Washington [Top margin bears note: Reed 1 5 Nov. '46.]

[ 147 ] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOSÉ ANTONIO BOLCOFF. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 4 0 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, July 20th, 1846 Sir

I am requested by the Commodore to inform you, that as you was Alcalde of the Village of Santa Cruz, he wishes you would continue so. Should you be pleased to continue in office, by informing him of your intention, he will send you a commission. Should you object to hold the office alone, do so with Mr. John Hames who receives a commission to act until the people will choose another, which they can do any day they please. I am yours respectfully (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin D. Jose Bolcoff Santa Cruz

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOHN HAMES. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 4 1 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, July 20th, 1846 Sir

' J . HE Commodore forwards to you a Commission as Justice of the Peace of Santa Cruz. He prefers that Sor Bolcoff should continue his services for the year, yet should he be disinclined to do so, you will please accept the commission untill the people may choose another. If you & D. Jose Bolcoff please, you had better both act. Please call & see him. I am yours respectfully (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin Mr. John Hames Santa Cruz

[ I

4

8 ] -

—

[ANTHONY TEN EYCK TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV:2I4.]

Honolulu July zoth 1846 My dear Sir

I HAVE only time to say to you that I am very much obliged to you for your kindness, in giving me so much of the news of the day, in your now very interesting country. The quick silver ore also came duly to hand. We should have been delighted to have seen Mrs. Larkin & children, 8c would have made them as comfortable as possible. Should they find it necessary yet to come, they may rely upon a hearty welcome, & shall share our hospitality to the extent of our ability. There is little or no news here. I have been here but a few weeks, & hardly know where to find news. In fact I judge that is a commodity not much known as originating here.We all look now, most anxiously, to your quarter for news. The last was very good, we hope the next may be better still. I have my feelings very warmly enlisted in the success of the Anglo Saxon effort to make something of your beautiful country. Write me fully by every opportunity that offers. Tell me all that is going on. In my despatches sent off by the " E r i e " to day I have asked for leave of absence to visit you one of these days. Tell me about yr country, the people, climate, soil, what the result of the efforts of the "Independents" (God prosper them!) is to be, & whither it all tends. I lope to annexation, but will that be the end of the thing, or will some other power interfere & prevent it ? How much encouragement would there be for a tolerable good lawyer with some gift of speach & a disposition to do right & "go ahead," to emigrate to California? I merely ask for information. I am pressed for time & will close by reiterating my request that you will write by every opportunity & keep me advised of all that's going on. With kind regards to Mrs. L. I am Yours truly A. Ten Eyck Thos. O Larkin Eqr

[ i

4 9

]

[WILLIAM PATY TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 2 I 5 A . ]

Honolulu July 20th 1846 Sir " Y d u r s of June 22/46 requesting me to settle your ^ccts with Mr. Jarves and Messrs C. Brewer & Co. was duly received. I have paid to Messrs Brewer 8c Co the sum of $41,830 their receipt for which I have enclosed to Jarves. In regard to Mr. Jarves's Bill being somewhat short of cash at present I have assured him that I will pay it (say $ 1 2 0 ) at my convenience with which he is satisfied. I am very much obliged by your kindness in furnishing Jarves with a copy of your very valuable report upon the mines and I trust that you will excuse me for having it published. I am Your very Obt. Sert. W m Paty [Rubric] To T . O. Larkin Esqr U. S. Consul, California

[WILLIAM ALEXANDER LEIDESDORFF TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 2 l 6 . ]

Yerba buena July 2 1 , 1846 T . O. Larkin Esqr Dear Sir B y Mr. Murphy I received yours of the 16th and by Mr. Davis your several letters as well as invoice. The moment I receive the goods I will inform you which I take on my own account. It will not be many at those prices. The farmers will not make many purchases now, as they have been told that goods will be cheap in verry short time. However if any one can sell them, I think I can, and shall do my best. In doing so, how-

[ .5o ] ever, I wish you would inform me weather the prices fixed in your invoice is the lowest selling prices, and weather I am permitted to lower the price in case of any new goods comming in the market. There is no news here. Everything quiet. This letter I send by Captain Montgomerys' courier, who is one of Mr. Howards' boys. Mr. Howard received a letter yesterday from Mr. Forbes at Santa Clara, where Mr. F. says, I am off for Monterey, as I have received orders from the English Admiral, who is now in monterey, and four other english man of war going in to port, and god only knows how it will end &c &c.—this about the strain of his letter to Mr. Howard, trying to frighten him, or make him think that the English have come to whip the Yankees. About the Indian girls I can not do any thing as all Sacramento folks are with Capt Freemont, and the launch has not been here for a month. I dont know what we shall do here this year in making collections. No one appears to be able to make their matanza, as Castro has left them all on foot. We must call this year a lost one all together. No more at present. I Remain yours &c. W. A. Leidesdorff [Rubric]

[WILLIAM DANA M E R R Y HOWARD TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV ¡ 2 1 7 . ]

Santa Clara, Tuesday evenig July 2 1 , 1846 T O Larkin Esq Dear Sir I SEND my Boy to Monterey expressly to get some news. He also takes Cap. Montgomery's despatches to the Commodore. I reed a letter yesterday from Mr. Forbes written here at his Rancho stating that the Admiral had arrived with his fleet at Monterey. Every thing is quiet up here and I hope it is the same down your way. I wish you would write me by the Boy on his return and give me your opinion as regards my going down the Coast, with the Ship. I have cal-

[ i5I ] culated upon leaveing about the last of next week, but should there be any new troubles, or if you aprehend the slightest danger please inform me and oblige Yours very truly W . D M Howard [Rubric] I Shall wait here untill the Boy returns so I hope you will despatch him " m u y pronto." \Cover bears note: Reed July 22d 1846.]

[PARROTT & CO. T O THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV :Z 1 8 . ]

Mazatlan, July 23d 1846 Thos O Larkin Esqre Monterey Dear Sir

SINCE

we had this pleasure on the 25th May, we have reed your

esteemed favor of 22d same month. Messrs Uhde & Pini have paid us $35.63 for a/c of postages to date. Supposing that you have requested them to forward your correspondence, should we receive any despatches for you we will send them to those gentlemen. N o w we have nothing at all for you; the mails from the other coast having been intercepted, some time has elapsed since we reed advices from the U . S. Y o u are still owing us a small balance of a/c arising from the difce between the charge for Cologne Water $400, and the amot reed from Sor. Patino for proceeds of your Invoice Produce 290.06 = $109.94. W e think Sor. Patino an irresponsible person, and regret that you left h i m the power to take a mean advantage of you. W e send to you herewith Thirty nine Tornaguias for the Guias N o s 14, 18/24,

26

>

2

7> 34. 35. 37. 4 5 / 4 7 . 53. 57/59. 7 o / 7 9 . 80/82, 84, 85,

{ "52 } 92/95 from yr Aduana, and beg the favor that you will present them. We have not paid the Tonnage dues of the "Hannah," as she brought from the Islands a Govt officer on Govt, service, we claimed the privilege of her exemption from that charge. We trust that on the same ground you may be able to escape the duty there, where she went expressly to obtain documents required by this Govt, at a heavy expense to us, imposed by the bad faith of its own authorities. We remain your most obt servants Parrott & Co. p. p. James R. Bolton [Rubric]

[JOHN DRAKE SLOAT TO TALBOT H. GREEN. I V : 2 2 0 . ]

July 23, 1846 Sir

I

ENCLOSE a dispatch for Capt Montgomery which I wish you to dispatch to him as soon as posible, by Courier. Very respty &c.

John D. Sloat [Rubric] To Mr T . H. Green1

Send by Bellimy. L. •This note was addressed to " J O Larkin Esqr, Monterey," but the words were crossed out and Green's name substituted.

—

[ '53 ] [MARIANO GUADALUPE VALLEJO TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 I V ¡ 2 2 3 . ]

Fortaleza de N . Helvecia en el Sacramto Julio 2 3 / 8 4 6 Sor. D . Tomas O. Larkin Muy Sr. Mió .^\.NOCHE, por conducto de Juan Murphy recibi su apreciable que contesto. Por ella veo que V . se interesa en nuestra suerte, y por sus buenos oficios le viviré spre. reconosido dándole ahora las gracias. E l Sor. Murphy que trajo el correo está nuevamíe convenido conmigo para volver hta. este lugar con la contestn de unos despachos del Comodoro. Por ellos espero que quedaré en libertad tanto yo como mis compañeros de prisión, pues ha sido injusta á causa de que sin resistencia alga se nos arranco del hogar domestico de ora. del Capn Frimont el 1 4 del mes pasado, y se nos condujo á su campo de donde nos mandó presos ó incomunicados á esta fortaleza donde permanecemos sin saber nuestro final destino. H e visto al f i n tremola el pavellon N . Americano y ntra. situación no cambia aun: hemos oido hablar de las proclamas del Comodoro q. se han publicado en todo el pais (menos en este lugar quisa malisiosate) y nuestra situación no cambia, ni hemos podido conseguir que se nos manifieste, sin embargo se nos habla de seguridad de garantías &c. Al tomarnos presos en nuestras casas, se nos ecsijio por escrito un documento en que prometimos bajo ntra. palabra de honor vidas é intereses no hacer armas contra la causa de los que nos tomaron, ecsibiendo estos otro de que serian respetadas nuestras vidas, fams y propiedades quedando en ntras, casas; po antes de secarse las firmas se quebrantó lo escrito y por la fuerza se nos condujo hasta este lugar: ambos documtoí tengo en mi poder para justificarme en todo tpo. y para hacer patente á todo el mundo que no merecimos ser tratados de la mana que llebo referida. En fin la bandera Nación/ N . Americana tremola en esta parte del pais, ella proteje á los habitantes, y sus propiedades y hace justicia á todos igualmt« la que espero se nos imparta, poniéndonos en libertad.

A translation of this document is given ¿mmediately below (IV ¡219).

1

— [ 154 ] Lo mismo q. V . crei luego que vi enarbolado el pavellon Americano, es decir, que seriamos puestos en libertad; po nada de eso á sucedido, antes al contrario permanecemos lo mismo q. antes sin el menor motivo de sospecha se lo juro a V . á fe de hombre de honor. Nuestras famí desde la fha. indicada, se hallan abandonadas absolutamt« en Sonoma, pues al tiempo de sorprendernos en ntras, casas no habia mas hombres que nosotros mismos; considere V . cual será ntra. situación y congoja. Posteriormtí á ntra. prisión se han estraido grandes partidas de ganado bacuno y caballar de mi propiedad y otras, en términos que no hay ni un solo caballo en q. montar en los ranchos. Y o le supro á V . en nombre de la amistad se interese con el Comodoro pa q. se nos ponga en libertad de volver á nuestras casas, protestando como lo hemos hecho ya de someternos á las determinaciones y garantías que se otorgan al común de los havitantes en la proclama que se dice se publico ya en el pais &c. Le agradesco a V . infinítame la remisión de cartas de mi hijo venidas en la Congress. Soy como spre. con toda consideración su mas attto Segó S. Q. B. S. M . M . G . Vallejo [Rubric] [Covíf bears note: Recd July 29th 1846.]

[MARIANO GUADALUPE VALLEJO TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. TRANSLATION. IV ¡ 2 1 9 . ]

Fort new Helvetia on the Sacramento July 23rd 1846 Mr. Thomas O Larkin Sir I

LAST night through the hands of Mr. John Murphy received your

much appreciated communication which I answer. I perceive the interest you take in our misfortunes and for your good offices shall forever recognize the obligation, and do now most sincerely thank you. M r . Murphy

t '55 ) who brought the courier has newly arranged with me to return to this place with some despatches of the Commodore in which I hope to find orders for the liberation of myself and fellow prisoners. The deprivation of our liberty has been most unjust as without the least resistance we were dragged from our domestic hearths by orders of Captain Fremont on the 14th of last month. We were conducted to a camp from whence we were sent without any communication to the Fort where we still remain without knowing for what we may be destined. I have at last seen the standard of North America hoisted and our situation is still the same. We have heard tell of some proclamations published by the Commodore in all parts of the Country (excepting at this place perhaps maliciously) and our situation does not change neither have we been allowed to see any of them although we hear people talk of security and guaranties &c &c. At the time we were made prisoners at our houses a written document was exacted from us in which we promised on our words of honor, on our lives and interests not to take up Arms against the cause of the persons who took us, and another was written by them in which they promised security and respect to our lives, our families and our property ourselves remaining in our houses, but before the signatures were dry this treaty was broke up and they conducted us to this place. I have both these documents in my possession to justify myself at any time, and to prove to all the world that we ought not to have been treated in the manner I have related to you. The National Flag of N America fly's in this part of the country. It protects the inhabitants and their property, it distributes equal justice and I hope we shall share a part of that equal justice by receiving our liberty. This is what I believed the moment I saw the American Flag flying, that we should be set at liberty but nothing of this has happened. On the contrary we remain just as we were without ever having given the least motive for suspicion of any kind. I swear it to you by the faith of a man of honor. Our families have been absolutely abandoned since the date abovementioned, in Sonoma. At the time we were surprized in our houses there were no men in them but ourselves. Consider to yourself our situation and anxiety.' Since our imprisonment quantities of Cattle and horses belonging to myself and others have been drove off in parties of such magnitude that there is not a single horse left on the farms to saddle.

[ >56 } I hereby do most heartily beg of you in the name of Friendship to use all your kindly influence with the Commodore for our liberty and for our return to our houses protesting as we have before done that we will immediately submit and come under the determination and the guaranties of the Commodore such as he offers to the inhabitants in common in the proclamation which it is said he has published in the country. I am infinitely obliged to you for haveng the kindness of forward'd to me some letters sent by my son in the Congress. I remain as always yours most affectionately (Signed) M G Vallejo

[VICTOR PRUDON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 I V : 2 2 I . ]

Cárcel del Sacramfo Julio 23/846 S. D. Tomás O. Larkin Muy Señor mió y aprble Amigo

C ^ o n indecible placer he recibido la grata de V . de 16 del corrtí en la qe he visto con reconocimío el interés qe Vd se sirve tomar á nuestra desgraciada suerte y tan injusta como severa y prolongada prisión; y nos proporciona Vd el único medio de recobrar nuestra libertad. Con el mismo conductor de las cartas de V . despachamos una representación al Comodoro Sloat qe sin duda ignora los iniquos proce-dimtos qe le han usado p a con nosotros y no dudo qe el resultado será nuestra libertad, mayormte si, como no lo dudo, interpone Vd su influjo á nuestro fabor. Nuestra prisión y todo lo qe se le ha seguido, forma una historia demasiado larga pa ponerla aquí, y solo diré qe es lamentable nuestra situación, pues qe se ha aumentado el horror de la prisión con una incomunicación absoluta, de suerte qe ni nosotros sabíamos lo qe pasaba fuera de aquí, ni nadie sabia lo qe había sucedido con nosotros. ' A translation of this document is given immediately below (IV:222~).

Tengo formado un diario qe oportunamente saldrá á luz, ahora el correo está apurado, y nosotros también lo estamos prqe salga inmediatamtf y vuelva luego, pues así se ha convenido. En la carta del Sor. Vallejo, y en la representacn del Comodoro, qe sin duda verá Vd se impondrá algo de nuestras aventuras. Yo le escribiré mas largo otra vez. Su negocio con Castañeda se ha suspendido á causa de mi prisión, y el primer uso qí haré de mi libertad si la consigo, será concluirlo. Soy de V . affmo Seguro Ser\¿or y Amigo q. b. s. m. Victor Prudon [Rubric]

[VICTOR PRUDON T O THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. TRANSLATION. I V : Z 2 2 . ]

Prison of the Sacramento July 23rd 1846 Mr. Thomas O Larkin My Dear Sir and Appreciated Friend

W T H inexpressible pleasure I received your gratifying letter of the 16th inst; I have seen, and recognize the interest, that you are kind enough to take in our unfortunate lot, and our unjust, as severe, and prolonged imprisonment, and the proposition you make to us as the only means of recovering our liberty. By the same person who brought your letters, we send a representation to Commodore Sloat, who, without doubt, is ignorant of the iniquitous proceedings, that have been made use of, towards our persons, neither have I the least doubt, but the result will be, an order for our liberation, especially, as I doubt not of the kind interposition of your influence in our favour. Our imprisonment combined with what has followed, would form a history too large to be inserted here, and I shall only say, that our situation is most lamentable, and the horrors of a prison are augmented, by our absolute incommunication, so that we could not know what passed outside, and others could not know what we were suffering within.

I have written a journal, which at some proper opportunity will come to light. The Courier now is in a hurry, as we likewise are, that he may start immediately and return according to your wishes. In Mr. Vallejos letter, and in his representation to the Commodore, which no doubt you will see, you will be able to imagine something of our adventures. I shall at another time write more at large. Your business with Castañeda is suspended on account of my imprisonment and the first use I make of my liberty if I obtain it will be to conclude it. I am Sir Your affectionate Servant and Friend (Signed) Victor Prudon

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOHN CHARLES FREMONT. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 4 4 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey California July 24th 1846 Sir B y verbal orders of Commodore John D Sloat, I wrote you on the 7th and 12th instant on certain affairs. Since your arrival in Monterey you have verbally informed me that you did not receive the letter of the 12th and you have not sent me any Official answer to either. Commodore Sloat has since informed me verbally that he has concluded not to keep up the cavalry, nor any other force for the interiour of the Country, and therefore will not act on the subject of my letters. Therefore as I have acted only on verbal orders, you will please consider all requests or instructions of mine in any former letters I have writen to you as countermanded and not to be further acted on from this date. I am Sir with great respect, Yours very Truly (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin Captain J. C. Fremont United States Army, Monterey

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO CESAREO LATAILLADE. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 4 5 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey California July 24th 1846 Sir

Official communication of the 8th instant giving the undersigned information of your appointment as vice Consul of Spain has been received. In offering his congratulations on the occasion, he would say it will be a pleasure to him to render any service that may come within his power. Acknowledging your Official communication the undersigned improves the oppertunity of signing himself Your Most Obt. Sevt. (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin Al Sor D. Cesario Lataillade H. C. M. Vice Consul, Santa Barbara

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO ROBERT FIELD STOCKTON. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 4 7 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, 24th, July 1846 Sir

A s you are to take command of the United States Naval Forces in the Pacific Ocean and the Territory of California, I think it my duty having become well acquainted with this Country and its inhabitants, to give you some information relative to the state of affairs in this Territorial Department. By the act of Commodore John D. Sloat on the 7th, instant, Monterey, San Francisco, Sonoma, New Helvetia, and lastly the Pueblo of San Jose, are now under the flag of the United States of America, and under that flag the inhabitants of those towns expect protection. By merely

keeping up a force of marines and seamen in the Towns of Yerba Buena and Monterey, protection cannot be given to the natives and foreigners on the farms. In fact the country in this manner cannot remain subdued. It will require a force of horsemen, who are accustomed to the Rifle and to the Saddle. Commodore Sloat under the impression that the fight between General Taylor and Ariste on the Rio del Norte, was equivalent to a declaration of war, and was sufficient authority for him to take possession of this part of the Mexican Republic, hoisted his flag in this town and the other places above mentioned; but he has by no means possessed himself of all Upper California. The towns and country, south of this Port and the place known as the Capital of California, where the Governor resides, where the sessions of the Legislature are held, and the highest judicial tribunal is convocated, yet remains under the Mexican flag. I consider it of the utmost importance for you to proceed to San Pedro, as being the Port nearest the Capital, for the purpose of ascertaining if General Castro and Governor Pico of this country, are in hostile array against the United States, as it is well ascertained that the latter received a despatch from the Mexican Minister Tornel, dated about the 14th of March 1846, ordering him to put California in a state of defence, and look on American vessels as enemies. On your arrival there should you find them in arms against our country, you know the step to take against them. Should you on your arrival in the vicinity of the Capital be convinced there is no war, you can with the highest authorities of California enter into such pacific arrangements as you may consider most conducive to the honour and interest of the flag you support. Be the state of affairs, Peace or War, you will be near the Governor and General to arrange affairs accordingly, which cannot be done in Monterey with the same convenience. In the meantime from the actual hostile state of different parties in California, I would recommend that you order a company of men to be placed immediately a t . . . to aid our Countrymen in that vicinity and protect their property. The actual fact of one Government having the sovereignty of one part of the Country, and the other part being subjected to another power, distracts the country, and places the persons lives and property of both Californians and Americans in jeopardy, which your presence only

[ I«I} can alter for the better. Whatever course you may take as Commander in Chief for the honour, interest and integrity of our Country, you may rest assured of the cordial and cheerfull cooperation of Your most obedient servant (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin Robert F. Stockton, Commander in Chief of the U. S. Naval forces in the Pacific Ocean, and the Territory of California

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO WILLIAM M. ROGERS. COPY. IV ¡ 2 2 7 . ]

Monterey July 24th 1846 Dear

Cousin

no time to give you the particulars of Commodore Sloat's taking California. It is done, and you will understand twenty one cents duty on a Yard of Common Sheeting worth six cents in Boston is done in California, and all duties on other articles in proportion. Also there will be a great change in the quantity of different articles sent from Boston to California. I

HAVE

As soon as you learn that California is to remain as Commodore Sloat has placed it, or you think it will so continue all 1847, ask your freind to send out the Vessel you spoke off, and invest all my funds in it. I before said you must have a person well aquanted with the Coast for the Supercargo. Now it matters not. The English language, and a strange Supercargo will do. Should there be orders from Government to haul down our Flag (I hope not) the success of the voyage you are to get up will be more uncertain. The reason I make so little mention of the takeing of Monterey, is that you will have the whole account in the papers. I shall try to send with this a doccument on the subject. W e are all quiet and in hopes of better times. Should Mr . . . send out a Vessel, let it be done soon. On arriving here it will be better to send in a Boat, before the Vessel comes to anchor.

[i6z] It would be better for M r . . . to go to Washington, call on the Secretary of State and say w i t h me he is fitting out a Vessel for California, and try to obtain freight, also apply to other Officers and Department on the subject. Perhaps M r Buchanan might for me interest himself in obtaining a freight of Naval Stores. I Remain Affectionately And Truly Yours Thomas O . Larkin [Rubric]

M r W i l l i a m M . Rogers, Boston Mass. In conclusion California and all belonging to it, is in a state of uncertainty as regards commerce. If our flag continues business will increase astonishingly. Should the subject remain in dispute the will be less trade yet considerable. In the mean time the Country will continue to fill up with people.

[WILLIAM DANA MERRY HOWARD TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV12 3 8.]

Pueblo de San José July 24, 46 T . O Larkin Esq Dear Sir

Yo,

.OUR favour of the 2 2 d was reicd last evening, and I am very

happy to learn everything goes on so well at your place. There are so many flying reports here that it keeps a person continually alarmed. I shall leave next week for the leeward, as it will be impossible for me to leave before the Barnstable. I think I shall touch at Santa C r u z and see if I can get some Potatoes. Y o u r letters for the U . S. I forwarded by the "Juno" as mine, and they were directed to the care of the E. Consul at Vera Cruz. So their is but little doubt of there reaching home very soon. There is a box on board the Brookline for me. She ought to arrive very soon, according to letters I have reed from the Islands. I have W i n e and Agte on board, should the officers be in want. Yrs Truly

W D M

Howard [Rubric]

[ I«J ] [JAMES R . BOLTON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN.

lV.ZZ^..]

U. S. Consulate Mazatlan, July 24th 1846 Sir

I HAVE to acknowledge receipt of your letter of March 9th with the various documents which accompanied it. There being no vessel of war of the U. S. in this port, I return the despatch addressed to any Commander of any such. The despatch for the Hon. Secretary of State will go forward in a day or two. By the latest advices from the U. S. the Government was occupied in making preparations for the vigorous prosecution of the war with this country. I am, Sir your most obt servant

James R Bolton, Actg Consul [Rubric] Thos O Larkin Esqre U. S. Consul, Monterey

[MOTT, TALBOT & CO. TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 2 2 5 AND 1 7 0 . ]

P. Maria Teresa Mazatlan, July 24, 1846 Thos. O. Larkin Esq Monterey Dear Sir

W b have the pleasure in owning the receipt of your favours of 20 May & 19 June, the contents of which are duly noted and we return thanks for your interesting information. In reply to yours of the 20th May requesting us to receive and forward your despatches and letters, we can

[I64] assure you we shall take great pleasure in doing so, and of being useful to you in any and every way in our power. For receiving and forwarding correspondence we make no charge of commission, the pleasure of serving our friends being an ample remuneration for the very slight inconvenience occasioned, and we can assure you we shall take the greatest care of any correspondence directed to our care by yourself or any of your friends. The rates of postage are, from this port to Vera Cruz direct 50 cents per Single letter, and 1.25 cents per ounce—newspapers of usual size 12V2 Cents. Your letter for our Post Master is duly recv'd but there was no necessity for this document, as that functionary is but too glad to deliver any foreign letters to any one who will pay the postage; and correspondence from here for Vera Cruz, for "Ultra Mar," must be franked when presented at the post office. In the present position of political affairs, with the ports in the gulf blockaded, and a revolution in the country which cuts us off from communication with the interior, it costs us treble the usual postage to get letters to the U. S. as we are obliged to send them to Durango under cover to some English friends, and thence to Mexico & Vera Cruz in the same manner, and so to Havana, by the British steamers, which are the only vessels permitted entrance to the ports of Vera Cruz & Tampico. You will please notice this, and advise us when you forward us correspondence, if you are ready to pay this high rate of postage for letters to be sent by this route which at present is the only safe one, or if they are to be forwarded by the usual route, and take their chance of getting to their destination. We regret to learn the misfortune of Mr. Thompson. We may now, of course, abandon all hope of recovering the balance of our acct. Your account of the newly discovered quicksilver mines is very interesting, and we wish you every success in your adventure. It will prove a great benefit to all Mexico if the Mines should prove abundant, and will be a sure fortune to the proprieters. The quicksilver sold in this port is from 5 to 600 quintals annually, and the price ranges at $ 1 3 0 to $ 1 5 0 quintal 6 mos. Credit. We speak of the article from the mines in Old Spain, which is preferred to all others. If you should get out a large quantety, we fear you will have difficulty in getting it to a market, for want of proper vessels to contain it. It will be difficult if not impossible to procure here empty iron flasks at a reasonable price as the freight from the places in the interior

(.65) where the article is consumed would be enormous, and as the iron of which they are formed, is of necessity of excellent quality, the mineros use them for their more important manufacturers. You might perhaps get empty flasks from the U. S., meanwhile we would suggest the use of strong porter bottles, and stone gin jugs, which might perhaps answer the purpose. By the Don Quixote we mentioned that Capt Paty had deposited with us for your acct the ist & 3rd setts of Bill of Exchange on Washington for $ 1 0 0 0 . Those we have duly forwarded to our friends in Newyork for collection, by different routes, and trust they reach in safety. W e regret, and cannot understand the reason why Capt Paty would not give us the 2d bill, which we explained to him it was important should also be forwarded, to increase the chance, in these times of confusion & disorder, of one or the other coming to hand. We fear the want of a letter of advice may prevent this bill being duly honored, and we would respectfully suggest the importance of accompanying documents of this nature with the corresponding letters of advice. The "Warren" will have given you the news of a declaration of a "state of war" between this country and the U. S. by the latter. The same declaration has been made by Mexico, both Republics seeming studiously to avoid an actual "declaration of W a r . " Since the Warren sailed we have not recvd any important news except some particulars from a New Orleans paper, of the loss of the Americans in the battle of the 8 & 9 May on the banks of the Rio Bravo. Gen. Taylor had but 1500 men in the field, and lost 30 killed & 140 wounded; among the former were 1 7 Officers, the gallant Major Ringbold of the artillera of the number. We have also had news that the entire Squadron assembled at Pensacola destined to blockade & bombard Vera Cruz & Tampico, had suddenly recvd orders to sail for the Pacific—this may have some connexion with the Origon question about which we have various and contradictory rumours. One report says that the British govt are very indignant at the publication of the year's notice, and that orders had been sent to Mr. Packenham at Washington to insist upon an immediate settlement, and a fleet of 1 4 Ships of the line, 7 frigates & 6 Steamers sent to the Coast of America. Another report, which reached us at the same time, and from a respectable source, the British Consul at Tepic, is, that this question has been finally

[,66] and satisfactorily settled. If Corrw. Sloat or any of the squadron should be near you when this comes to hand please communicate this intelligence, which may not perhaps have reached from other sources. We remain Dear Sir Your mot ob Sert. Mott Talbot & Co [Rubric] We send a small box for Mr. Dalton, which please take charge of for him. It contains z doz Bombas for extracting milk.

[JESSIE BENTON FREMONT TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN(?) I V : 2 2 6 . ]

Washington City July 24th 1846 My Dear Sir

I AM very happy that a safe opportunity has presented itself, for sending you my warmest thanks for your hospitality and kindness to Mr. Fremont. Mr. Buchanan sent me all your private despatches, which shew me how much you risked in your generous kindness to him. It is hardly possible to tell you with how much gratitude his family & mine especially my Father and myself we think and speak of you. We afe daily looking for some news of him although we cannot expect his return until September ; and as the new duties which his promotion will bring him, may again carry him into Oregon, I hope that I may succeed in my intention of going also, & then I shall assuredly extend the journey a little and make a visit to Monterey, that I may thank you in person. That you may not forget Mr. Fremont in the meantime, I send you a copy of his report on the past Expeditions, which have made me very anxious to see the beautiful country lying around you, although I am not brave enough to risk as much as he did in reaching it. With sincere thanks for your kindness to my husband I am very truly yours Jessie Benton Fremont

[i«7] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOHN H. EVERETT. COPY.

IV122$.]

Monterey July 26 1846 Dear friend

last letter was in Janury. You must excuse my short letters. We call ourselfs a part and parcel of the U. S. A. Como. Sloat havig on the Sevnth taken possession of M. and Capt Montgomy of St F. on the 10—the particular of which I give you in the accompang sheet. My last to you was in May or June, and a long letter it was. I then informed you that my Cousin Willim M Rogers could inform you of a Voyage I was engagig in with a Boston Merchant and reccommed you as the Supercargo. I now send Mr R. a duplicate and via Panama the triplicate with a letter of this date. Should you engage in the voyage as I want you to do, call on Mr R to see my letters. You had by all means better come out. The getting up the Voyage depnds on whather Presidnt Polk keap up our flag in C. Should he hurry out the Vessel could brig out a large quantety of good and common clthig, for Gentlemen, Soldiers and Farmers, Boots, Shoes, Groceries, cloths, Flour Furniture, Iron from nail iron to 13 inch square & 8 or 10 inch wide a large quantaty, good german & Blister Steele, some tin ware, much crockery 100 to 150 American Saddles, and head stalls for bridles—C. Bridls will still be used. Rolls of tin in sheets, some sheet copper, some good & heavy rifles, pistols & Holsters, in fact your cargo must fitt besides the Ranchor both the Emigration and the Squadron. I shall write to you agan soon. I am Mr John H. Everett, Boston Care of Messrs Hodges, Emmons & Weld

{168} [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES BUCHANAN. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 4 6 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey California July 26th 1846 Sir

I HAVE in expectation of entering into arrangements with Mr . . . of Boston Mass. to partly load a vessel in the latter Port with a cargo of Merchandize for California. Should Mr . . . get up this voyage he will be desirous of bringing out some United States Navy Stores on freight. You will confer a favour on me by giving the vessel (we may purchase for this voyage) such U. States freight as can be taken and agreed upon to the satisfaction of Government. I am very Respectfully Your Obt. Sevt.

(Signed) Thomas O. Larkin Hon. James Buchanan, Secretary of State City of Washington

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES GORDON BENNETT. COPY. r V : 2 J O . ]

Monterrey July 26 1846 Sir

I

HAVE these last few weeks forwarded to you some correspondence and now send you several proclamation—and a history of the Campagn in C. for the last and present month. By Com Sloat, via Panama you will a very long history of C. I am afraid it will not reach by the present conveyance thro Mexico. In one of your letter dated. . . you make me very liberal offers to correspondin—and offer your services and influence. In my answer [a] month back I hinted that we in C. might do something to astonish the world, and then your good will to us in C. will be in requisition.

[ >69 ] Y o u will find Com Sloat has supposed Gen Taylor & Ariste fight was sufficent grounds to take possession of C. Whether it was or was not, our flag waves over C. and I am in the U. S. A.—as well as yourself. Therefore you must come to the rescue. Your paper is a host, and I want its service.1 I am by no means benefited by the great change as 25000 or 300,000$ goods of mine in a friends hands will fall lA in Value, and some

2

A—but

I am for my Country whose boundries are now the Atlantic and the Pacific —and do you lend a hand in keepig them so.

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO MOTT, TALBOT & CO. COPY. I V : 2 3 2 . ]

Monterey July 27th 1846 Gentlemen W t h

this I send to you a packet of letters. It is of much im-

portance that they go thro Mexico, at least those writen by myself. Should you beleive they will go thro safe, please forward them to your correspondent in Vera Cruz and inform me of haveing done so and of his haveing received, when it comes to your knowledge. The Postage you will charge to me. Should these letters be opened in Mexico, they will not injure the writers, being mostly family or business letters, having duplicates sent V i a Panama. Therefore the risk to the writer need not prevent your mailing them in Mazatlan, but should you be confident they can not reach your Vera Cruz Agent, you can then return them to the Levant, as she proceeds to Panama, which alternative I shall regret. I Remain Yours 8tc. (Signed) T . O . Larkin Mess M o t t Talbot & Co Mazaltan 'Here are deleted the words: "Com Sloat from some former kind remembrances of yours to him and his, believe you will be glad to aid the seizing of C . "

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[JUAN ABEYA TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV:23I.]

Méjico Julio 27 de 1846 Señor D Tomas O. Larkin Monterrey de Califo Mi apreciable Amigo C O N D. Pepe Castañares le hé escrito á V . con anticipación y en ella le hago á V . el encargo de qe arregle V . nuestro asunto del mejor modo pocible, y qe con alguna brevedad pí estoy algo nececitado de reales; y a la ves le encargo qe si le remite alguna cosa al Gral. de lo perteneciente a su cuenta le he de merecer me lo comunique pí me há prometido satisfacer la cantidad de qe me es deudor tan luego como V . le remita. Nuestro Amigo Limantour qe es el dador de esta sabe como me hallo y pr lo mismo lleba el encargo de traerme lo qe le entregue en caso de qe no me halla remitido nada pr las circunstancias de modo qe puede V . arreglar con dicho mis dos cuentecitas ó relaciones advirtiendo á V . qe lo qe haga Limantour es como si lio lo hiciera ps lo hé autorisado pa este negocio, y el lo puede concluir. Le hé noticiado á V . mi nuebo Estado y le remito con Castañares entre mi carta varios avisos pa V . y los amigos y á V . en particular le ofresco de nuebo y me pongo a su dispocicion. Dentro de dos ó tres días marcho de esta Capital p a la campaña qe es adonde sé halla mi Regio y no se cuando volveré pero creo será pronto; desde mi llegada á esta Capital el año pasado á poco tiempo marché pu Tabasco donde hé permanecido, hasta hace un mes qe hé regresado pr cuya causa no le hé escrito á V . una letra, en fin Limantour le dirá á V . pí casi es testigo ocular prqe siempre lo veo y esta al alcanse de lo qe hé permanecido aquí. Póngame V . á los pies de su Madama, y demás familia dándole mis espreciones y abraso á cada uno de los niños y niñas é igualmente á Grem y a todos los amigos qe se acuerden de mi no eseptuando á los carpinteros a quienes dirá V . me alegro de su buena salud. Entretanto V . reciba con las mas finas espreciones de su Ato Amigo Q. B. S. M . Juan Abeya [Rubric]

[ '7. ] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO F. M. DIMOND. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 4 8 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, July 29th, [28th] 1846 Sir T h e annexed is a statement of the times in this Country. You can, when you have read it, give the four pages and proclamations to the Commodore on your station, and send a copy of the whole to some Editor, for publishing. Commodore Sloat leaves here tomorrow in the Levant, Captain Page, for Panama. The Congress, Commodore Stockton, remains here, he now being Commander in Chief. Captain Dupont takes the Cyane, Captain Mervine, the Savannah, Captain Montgomery, the Portsmouth, which four vessels remain on the coast. The Columbus, Commodore Biddle, may be here in August from Oahu. The Erie, store ship, and the Shark also, in August. The natives are beginning to pursue their usual occupations in California. They will not take up arms alone, against our flag. I am in haste, your obedt. servt. (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin F. M. Dimond, Esqr. U. S. Consul, Vera Cruz

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO MOSES YALE BEACH. COPY. I V ¡ 2 3 5 . ]

Confidential Monterey July 29 1846 M. Y . Beach Esq Sir to you such papers as I can get together for the moment. Comr Sloat leaves here to day in the Lavant for Panama. This package will I

SEND

I'72} be mailed at Mazatlan. 50 days after the receipt of this you will on the Como arrival home receive other packages from me. I sent to you some correspondence six weeks back via Mexico. Answers also to your two letters (at the same time). California including the Bay of San Francisco if not ours is under our flag, and it must so remain. The deed is done. Being done we must not stand on trifles—therefore help to bring the changes and produce the desired result, the will of the people. The Eng. Ship of War "Juno" left this Country two weeks back for San Bias with the News. The Collinwood— Sir George Seymour—left last week for Oahu. He nor the Eng. Consul made any protest but gave and rec'd salutes on board with Como Sloat & Stockton. I visited Admirral Seymour on board his Ship (74 gun) on the 21 inst. On levng he partly acknoweldge our flag ashore, by saying to me not now beig in office he could not give me my Consular Salute as usual. We have at anchor the Congress—Como Stockton who takes Command as Comr in Chief of C. today. The Savannah Capt Mervine remains here. Como Sloat & Son, Lt Waine of the Lavant unwell. Lt Tappiern [Trapier ?] & Forrest from the S, go in the Levant bound home. The Cyane, Capt Dupont (from the Congres sail on the 27 for San Diego—with Capt Fremont & Lt Gillespie—with 160 American Riflemen on board—aid and keap the South part of C. in quietness, as Gen Castro is in that latitude, distractig the country by tying & beatig the Inhabitants, to force them to give him horses arms & their sons for soldiers. The latter leave him as fast as he collect them—beng tired of his Government. We have on the Coast the Vandalia, Barnstable, Sterling, Moscow, & Tasso of Boston Don Quiote, Eupremia 8c Jueneta of Oahu.

[ 17} ] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES BUCHANAN AND JOHN DRAKE SLOAT. COPIES. I V : 2 3 7 . ]

Consulat of U.S &c July 29th/1846 Sir

B Y Como. John D Sloat U.S.N. I have the pleasur of sending to you a Cal Sea Otter Skin, which just at this time I hope will be accepted by youself as an article of this country. I am &c. Jas Buchanan Monterey July 29th 1846 Sir

Wishing to make to to Hon Jas Buchanan a present belonging to this Country, I have taken the liberty to ask of you the fav to take charge of a Sea Otter Skin to be given personally to Mr. B. by youself. The O. Skin will requre som care to preserve it and I shall have to put you to the troble to see to it youself and carry it home via Panama. Having no camphor, I have not done it up in shirting as it ought to be. Wishing you a speedy voyage And safe return to your Family I Am Yours Comdo John D Sloat

[ i74 ]

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[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN T O WILLIAM M. ROGERS. COPY. I V : 2 j 6 . ]

Monterey July 29 1846 Mr William M. Rogers Sir you have the first of exchange of a consular draft drawn in my office by myself on the 30 of June 1846 on the Hon Secretary of State City of Washington at thirty days sight payable to yourself for one thousand and two hundred dollars. (1200$) Also the Second of Exchange of a Consular draft drawn in my office by me July 29 1846 on the Hon Secretary of State City of Washington at thirty days after sight in your favor for two thousand and six hundred dollars. 2600$ Also the first of exchange of a draft drawn Jan 28 1846 by Brevet Captan J. C. Fremont on Col J J Abert Chief of the Topographical Bureau Washgtn City at thirty days after sight in favor of Gorham H Nye indorsed by him and myself to you for one thousand and two hundred dollar. 1200$ Do not sell these drafts unless you know they are accepted. Should either of mine be protested, merely have a simple protest added and retain them in your hand advicig me at the time. Should Capt Fremont draft be protested send me the second, havig it go through the legal forms—on his arrival home try again for the payment. I am yours respectfully E/NCLOSED

Consulate U S A

Mont June 30 1846 Sir I have this day drawn on you at thirty days sight in favor of William M Rogers Boston for 1200$—which please honor and chrge to account of your most Obedient Servant Do do 2600$ July 29/46.

[ '75 ) [ROBERT FIELD STOCKTON. PROCLAMATION. 1 ]

[Monterey July 29, 1846] Address to the people of California by Commodore Robert F. Stockton, Commander in chief.

' J l h k Mexican Government and their military officers, have without cause, for a year past been threatening the U. S. with hostilities. They have recently in pursuance of these threats, commenced hostilities by attacking with 7000 men, a small detachment of United States troops, by whom they were signally defeated and routed. General Castro, the Commander in chief of the military forces of California, has violated every principle of international law and National hospitality, by hunting and pursuing with several hundred soldiers and with wicked intent, Captain Fremont of the U. S. army, who came here to refresh his men (about forty in number) after a perilous journey across the mountains, on a scientific survey. For these repeated hostilities and outrages, military possession was ordered to be taken of Monterey and San Francisco, until redress could be obtained from the Govt, of Mexico. No let or hinderance was given or intended to be given to the civil authority of the territory to the exercise of its accustomed functions. The officers were invited to remain, and promised protection in the performance of their duties as magistrates. They refused to do so, and deserted, leaving the people in a state of anarchy and confusion. On assuming the command of the forces of the United States on the coast of California, both by sea and land, I find myself in possession of the ports of Monterey and San Francisco, with daily reports from the interiour of scenes of rapine, blood and murder;2 and there are no Californian offi'From a copy in the National Archives, Washington, D . C . This document is N o . 4 6 of Larkin's report to the Department of State with his letter dated July 2 0 , 1 8 4 6 , carried by Sloat when he left Monterey on July 2 9 . From the note at the end of the document it is evident that Larkin had access to a copy of the proclamation before it was published. 2 In a copy of the document received in Washington on September 2 8 , 1 8 4 7 , the words "Three inoffensive American residents of the Country have within a few days been murdered in the most brutal manner," are added here.

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cers, who will arrest and bring the murderers to justice although it is well known who they are and where they are, and I must therefore, and will, as soon as I can, adopt such measures as may seem best calculated to bring these criminals to justice, and to restore peace and good order to the territory. In the first place however I am constrained by every principle of national honor as well as a due regard for the safety and best interests of the people of California, to put an end at once and by force to the lawless depredations daily committed by General Castros men, upon the persons and property of peaceful and unoffending inhabitants. I cannot therefore confine my operations to the quiet and undisturbed possession of the defenceless Ports of Monterey and San Francisco, whilst the people elsewhere are suffering from lawless violence, but will immediately march against these boasting and abusive chiefs, who have not only violated every principle of National hospitality and good faith towards Capt. Fremont and his surveying party, but who unless driven out, will with the aid of the hostile indians, keep this beautiful country, in a constant state of revolution and blood, as well as against all others who may be found in arms, or aiding or abetting General Castro. The present General of the forces of California is an usurper, has been guilty of great offences, has impoverished and drained the country of almost its last dollar, and has deserted his post now, when most needed. He has deluded and deceived the inhabitants of California, and they wish his expulsion from the country. He came into power by rebellion & force, and by force he must be expelled. Mexico appears to have been compelled from time to time to abandon California to the mercies of any wicked man who could muster one hundred men in arms. The distances from her capital are so great, that she cannot even in times of great distress send timely aid to the inhabitants; and the lawless depredations upon their persons and property go invariably unpunished. She cannot or will not punish or control the chieftains who one after the other have defied her power, and kept California in a constant scene of revolt and misery. The inhabitants are tired and disgusted with this constant succession of military usurpers, and this insecurity of life and property. They invoke

[ 177] my protection, therefore upon them I will not make war. I require however officers, civil and military, and all other persons, to remain quiet at their respective homes and stations, and to obey the orders they may receive from me, or by my authority; and if they do no injury or violence to my authority, none will be done to them. But notice is hereby given that if any of the inhabitants of the country either abandon their dwellings, or do any injury to the arms of the U. S. or to any person within this territory, they will be treated as enemies and suffer accordingly. No person whatever is to be troubled in consequence of any part he may heretofore have taken in the politics of the country, or for having been a subject of General Castro, and all persons who may have belonged to the Government of Mexico, but who from this day acknowledge the authority of the existing laws, are to be treated in the same manner as other citizens of the U. S. provided they are obedient to the laws, and to the orders they shall receive from me, or by my authority. The Commander in Chief does not desire to possess himself of one foot of California for any other reason than as the only means to save from destruction the lives and property of the foreign residents and the citizens of the country, who have invoked his protection. As soon therefore as the officers of the civil law return to their proper duties, under a regular organized government, and give security for life, liberty and property alike to all, the forces under my command will be withdrawn, and the people left to manage their own affairs in their own way. (Signed) R . F. Stockton Commander in Chief, &c. 8tc. &c. Note. July 28th. This Proclamation has not yet been made public.

[178] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JACOB PRIMER LEESE. I V : 2 3 3 . ]

Monterey July 29 1846 at Night Mr Jacob P. Leace Sir

T H I S morning I rec'd letters from Don M. G. Vallejo and Sen Prudon also the representation of the former to Como Sloat, which in a Boat I carried out to sea some miles, the Como having left the Port in the Levant for home. On reading the letter to him I returned with it to Commodore Stockton and did not have the tranlation before Sun set—encluding the two letters to myself. During this time I hurried Mr John Murphy off to inform you that two days past a Courier was dispatched to Captain Montgomery with orders to have you released, and I wanted Mr Murphy to return here immediately in case the orders of Como Stockton was not complied with—that others may be forwarded. As the first orders may not reach, or the Person in charge may not act as directed, I now send the Como orders again to Captain Montgomery to give immediate release to you all. Also the Como letter to Don Guadelupe, which goes first to the Portsmouth thence direct to you by my Courier engaged by me for the purpose, having no other business but see Don G. and return to me with the result of his mission. Should you not be clear before you receive this I can rest assured you will from the second orders. You may believe I commiserated your situation. I engaged Mr Murphy on Don G. expence to go direct to your place of confinement to know your state and whether releived or not, as I suppose on raising our flag you would all enjoy its protection. The letter of Sor Vallejo was well wrote, mild, firm and respectfull and fully to the purpose. The Como rec'd the English copy on board at sun set, and by 9 this night sent his Secretary to me with the letters I now send. As he was to sail tomorrow and myself to be gone 25 or 30 days, I asked him to answer Don G. letter before we left. You will see his anxiety by his dispatch. Should things not go as they ought Mr Murphy can first return to Capt. Montgomery then to Capt Mervine

[179 ] in command of Monterey. I think yourself and Don G. would do well to see Commodore Stockton soon. It is not for me to question the motives of those who made you Prisoners, as I know nothing about them, nor did I say more to Messrs. Fremont and Gillespie than I could not understand your imprisonment, and thought you would be put at large at the time. You will show this letter to Don G. and those interested. The safety to your persons and vast increase of property hereafter to you, I hope will in a manner compensate for the actual amount in property you may have lost by your absence. Your personal sufferings is another thing. The where and the wherefore of it all I suppose the Authors will in proper time give with their reasons 8c motives. As you have not seen the proclamation I now send it. That you all may safely return and find your Families well is the wish of your 8tc &c. Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO MARIANO GUADALUPE VALLEJO. I V : 2 3 4 . ]

Monterey 29 de Julio de 1846 Muy Sor. mío

U nota de V . para mi, y carta para el Sor. Comodoro se recibieron esta mañana. Dos dias hace despaché al Capn Montgomery una orden del Comodoro Stockton (quien ha tomado el mando del Comodore Sloat que salió esta mañana en la Levant para Panama y los Estados Unidos) para poner a V . y demás prisioneros en libertad. El portador lleva ahora otra orden al mismo efecto y comunicará á V . la conversación que tuvo con el Comodoro Stockton. Acabo en este momento de conseguir la traducción en ingles de la Carta de V . al Comodoro, y como el portador sale inmediatamente, no podrá V . recibir por este conducto su contestación. Soy de V . 8cc. T . O. L. Sor. D. Guadalupe Vallejo Sacramento

[ i8o ] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES BUCHANAN. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 5 5 ( 1 1 : 5 5 ) . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, July 20th [29th] 1846 2 Sir

leaves this Port to day in the Levant Captain Page for Mazatlan thence to Washington Via Panama. Lieuts. Tappier [Trapier ?], Waine, and Forrest go home in the Levant, the two latter unwell. Commodore Stockton has assumed the command of all the United States Forces on this Coast in the Congress, having also the "Savannah" here, Portsmouth in San Francisco and Cyane under Captain Dupont now on her way to San Diego, having on board Captain J. C. Fremont and Lieut Gillespie, with one hundred and seventy five men (cheifly Americans) accustomed to the Saddle and Rifle. These men are to be landed at San Diego for the purpose of compelling General Castro, Colonel Alvarado and some two or three more California Officers to give up their arms, enter into some convention and disband their Soldiers and half armed Farmers most of whom are compelled by Castro to go with him. This once done the people of California will soon be more calm respecting the change of flags. By the Proclamation I now send, intended to be put forth in a few days by Commodore Stockton the Hon. Secretary will preceive that his plan and view is to instigate the Californians to have their own Government by choosing their own Officers. C O M M O D O R E SLOAT

The taking of Sonoma and imprisoning at a distance of sixty to eighty miles from their homes the four principal inhabitants of the town, by an unknown party of men called now the Bear Party supposed to be put in motion by Messrs Fremont and Gillespie, is yet so harsh on the feelings of the Californians that for the present they will not enter into any arrangement with the Commander in Chief of the American Forces on this coast. •From the original in the National Archives, Washington, D . C . A duplicate copy of this document was received in Washington on August 1 7 , 1 8 4 7 , and a triplicate on September 2 8 , 1847. 2 See note N 0 . 2 , under date of July 20, 1 8 4 6 (Off. Corr. N o . 54), supra, page 1 4 3 .

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The undersigned leaves this Port to day with Commodore Stockton in the Congress for the purpose of seeking a personal interview with the Governour and Legislature of California with the view of entering into some arrangement with them as the constitutional Authorities of the country to settle the present state of affairs around us. This once done the people will become calm and submit to the existing state of things lately brought about. From Monterey to the North affairs in general appear quiet. From the South there is no information for several days. The undersigned although he wished Commodore Sloat to postpone his proceedings two or three weeks assisted in drawing up the Proclamation so that he might modify it to the wants of the people. The Proclamation now to be issued by Commodore Stockton the undersigned knows nothing about, not even knowing where Commodore Stockton obtained the statements it contains. He shall however proceed south in the "Congress" and endeavour to be of service to the Commander in Cheif, and knowing no difference in his views, and those of the Commodore on the subject in hand, he will at all times endeavour to keep in view the welfare and prosperity of the Californians, to calm their agitation and interest their feelings favourable to the new Government they will live under; not under the idea that their good will or services will aid in establishing our flag, which is not the case, but from motives of Freindship and humanity to the former owners of the country. The undersigned was very anxious to proceed to Panama in the Levant and proceed direct to Washington, but Commodore Sloat would not admit his being absent, nor will Commodore Stockton agree that he shall leave the coast untill affairs are happily arranged. The undersigned assures the Hon. Secretary that immeadiately the Californians and Foreigners in the Country are assured by Government in Washington that our Flag shall remain where Commodore Sloat has planted it on the 7th instant then every one will with double energy pursue his usual avocations and will have no thoughts relative to what the Government of Mexico3 may order. The undersigned has drawn on the Secretary of State, in favour of William M. Rogers Boston Mass. for Twelve hundred dollars 1200$ under 'The copy of this letter received in Washington on September 28, 1 8 4 7 , erroneously reads "Goverment of California."

[

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date of June 30th 1846 and for Two thousand and six hundred dollars 2600$ under date of July 29th 1846. Three of the people who were carrying expresses for the Natives or General Castro, were shot by some of those who took Sonoma, and two of the Foreigners being taken in the same act, by the Californians were in retaliation most cruilly cut, shot, stabed, riped open and their throats cut by the Californians, all before the 7th. 4 In consequence of this, Commodore Sloat had much trouble to forward his communications from place to place. The undersigned therefore had to engage in it paying couriers enourmously, vouchers for which have in part been taken, others will be when the parties can be seen. Untill an answer is received to a question made previous to this the undersigned does not wish to forward vouchers under his new orders. With the highest respect and consideration, I am Your most Obedient Servant Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] Hon. James Buchanan, Secretary of State City of Washington [Top margin bears note: Reed 1 5 Nov. '46.]

[NATHAN SPEAR TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV ¡ 2 4 0 . ]

Yerba Buena July 30th 1846 T . O. Larkin Esqr My dear Sir " Y o u r s of the 26th Inst I received last night & I will not send you a very long letter this time for I have only two minutes to wright in. Every thing is going on just right in this place. The man I spoak or • T h e copy of this letter received in Washington on September 2 8 , 1 8 4 7 , here reads: "Three of the p e o p l e . . . being shot by some of those who took Sonoma, and two Americans being taken and most cruelly butchered having their throats cut, being ripped open and much mutilated. This was all done by the Californians before the 7 t h . "

[ i83 ] reather wrote to you about is in compenney with me in the mine bussness & I think we shall do well with it. I will wrighte you more tomorrow or next day about it. Thank you for the interest you take in my affares. Shall not forget it. My house papers are all right & all my a/cs with W . S. H. all made out but not desided; excuse hurrig. Yours truly N . Spear

[WILLIAM P. REYNOLDS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 2 4 I . ]

Monterey August 2nd 1846 Mr. Larkin Sir

I SHALL be obliged to tax your generosity by allowing me to give you another Draft of one hundred dollars at any per centage you require, as I am unwilling to leave the coast without liquidating my debts. I shall esteem it a great favor. If you can grant me the favor, I beg you will Pay to Mr. R. H. Thorns, at sight of his order the sum of Sixty dollars ($60.00) and to Mr Montgomery Martin, at sight of his order the sum of Twenty dollars, and keep the remaining twenty till my arrival in Monterey again, which will be in a month from this date—or at the most six weeks, when I will finish the account and give you the Drafts. Your sudden departure in the Congress was the reason I did not call on you sooner or before you sailed, and acquainted you of my wishes, and to receive your approbation of them. I remain Your Obdt Servt.

W m P Reynolds [Rubric] To Thomas O. Larkin Esqr Monterey, Consul, U. S.

[ i83 ] reather wrote to you about is in compenney with me in the mine bussness & I think we shall do well with it. I will wrighte you more tomorrow or next day about it. Thank you for the interest you take in my affares. Shall not forget it. My house papers are all right & all my a/cs with W . S. H. all made out but not desided; excuse hurrig. Yours truly N . Spear

[WILLIAM P. REYNOLDS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 2 4 I . ]

Monterey August 2nd 1846 Mr. Larkin Sir

I SHALL be obliged to tax your generosity by allowing me to give you another Draft of one hundred dollars at any per centage you require, as I am unwilling to leave the coast without liquidating my debts. I shall esteem it a great favor. If you can grant me the favor, I beg you will Pay to Mr. R. H. Thorns, at sight of his order the sum of Sixty dollars ($60.00) and to Mr Montgomery Martin, at sight of his order the sum of Twenty dollars, and keep the remaining twenty till my arrival in Monterey again, which will be in a month from this date—or at the most six weeks, when I will finish the account and give you the Drafts. Your sudden departure in the Congress was the reason I did not call on you sooner or before you sailed, and acquainted you of my wishes, and to receive your approbation of them. I remain Your Obdt Servt.

W m P Reynolds [Rubric] To Thomas O. Larkin Esqr Monterey, Consul, U. S.

[I84] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO ABEL STEARNS. I V : 2 6 8 . ]

On Board U. S. Flag Ship Congress Port of San Pedro, August [6 ?] 1846 Sir

B y request of several Inhabitants of Monterey (including Mrs General Castro) and my own regard for the Californians I have left home for this port under the hope and desire of preserving peace to California and its Inhabitants. Commodore Stockton has sent the Cyane to San Diego, where are now landing Captain Fremont and two humdred men (not belonging to the Cyane) prepared with saddles Rifle and small arms to march into the Interior. There are as many more of this class left at the North, with the forces of the Congress, Savannah Portsmouth and Cyane. Near 2000 men are to be put into motion to march though C. and should curcumstances compell in a hostille manner. (Added to this there is the Origon Emmigration now arrivd, the 170 passingers of the Brookline, to say nothing of the October Emmigration.) I am therefore anxious that you should persuade the authorities of the Country to proceed immediately to San Pedro and have a conferance with Como Stockton—and without fail yourself be here within 12 or 14 hours to give information of the views and intention of the General Govener and others in your City. You certainly will see the strong necessuty of immediate action and that should the People show fight or even pretend to, that the loss of life and destruction of property will be immense. I believe that Com Stockton with or without horses will be on the march within 24 hours. This force, with that from the North and from San Diego, will certainly unless measures of a pacific nature are immediatly produced cause much bloodshed. I have reason to believe that Com. Stockton wishes no war measures in C. no shedding of blood or loss of property, and prefers that the the present Civel and Military officers of the Country should continue in office and

[ I85] form a new Goverment under his protection, or take passage one and all out of C. He is determined to settle the fate and peace of the country without farther loss of time and have no half way way measures. Therefore if the people in power are wise we shall soon live tinder a Governmt firm and happy—be the opinin of your Neighbour as it may be. You will please be heree with 12 or 14 hours; before the forces marche. Every person in or out of Authoraty who may visit the port or ship with you will return when and and how they may see fit. I am your respectfully Abel Stearns Esq Angells

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO ABEL STEARNS. COPY. I V : 2 . 6 l . ]

[August 6(?) 1846]

j A - S the flag now raised at the North has been hoisted from a conjecture of War between Mexico and the United States (which conjecture may, and I believe will prove erroneous) it is possible that it may be lower'd. This all Foreign Residents in California and very many of the Natives will regret. Knowing that Mexico will lend no assistance—and that the party who took Sonoma will by Oct have an addition of prehaps 2000 people (see Notices of Emmigration now on the way) and their passage in a hostile manner though California must be avoided if possible and the country be in peace before their arrival, I propose that you on receipt of this possess yourself of the views and wishes of the Governor and Assembly—the General and his principal officers also of some of your influencial citizens—and endeavour to persuade them that the time for declaring California free and independent has come—and that under Com Stockton they proceed without delay to so declare the country—themselves holding their present employs and immediately prepare a code of laws for California and all who live in it. This and this only can save the country. If the principal Natives do not openly—freely frankly—and without preju-

[.86) dice to foreigners or fear of Mexico for whom they have no sympathy now come forward and proform this great and nobel act—gather honour for thenself peace and securaty for their countryman, then they are woefully blind to their own honour and interest and will permit the day to pass forever from them. Como Sloat having subjected California at the North & from the deplorably situation of the whole of this Department, Como Stockton who succeeds to the command is obliged to go though the Country and subdue the remainded yet would not willingly follow up the course already laid down, being very anxious to prevent the shedding of blood, loss of life and destruction of property, would be happy to assist the Californians in forming for themselfs a Government that shall preserve theire property and make themselfs free and happy hereafter, whether the flag of the U. S. shall by war with Mexico continue in this country or by from want of cause be hauled down in 1847. He is of the opinion that the Inhabitants can now so place themselfs that in either of the above cases they will succeed in their efforts to form a new Governmnt, and in all future time be free from revolutions, and continue more and more prosperous. Could this proposal be acted on in the pueblo without delay—war within the department is at end—but there is but few hours to consider on. As this subject has for months been canvassed on in C. it does not require long to come to a conclusion. I wish yourself with one or two others of note Natives or Foreigners would be here in 12 or 14 hours, which time the Como will occupied in the objects that brought him here. By no means fail coming—as the subject requires your attention as a person of note, and information of the place you live in, in preference to all all other business and your immediate attention.

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:

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO ABEL STEARNS. COPY. I V : 2 4 2 . ]

On Board United States Flag Ship Congress August 7 1846 Sir

" Y o u r answer to my communication has just been rec'd. I am sorry that it amounts to nothing and it is much to be regretted that you did not come to San Pedro yourself. Commodore Sloat on takin possesion of Monterey sent a communication to Gen Castro respectig entering into terms of Caputilation and was informed that the General must go to the Capital and make araingmnts with the Govr and Assembly. You now say the Govermt intermate that communication must be addressed to the Gen. You can not therefore suppose that the Com can enter into any farther corresp. The present Com in Chief has done all he can do to advert the sheddig of blood. He has made a great diiferece in his proceedig here from what is doing by his Brother Officers on the Atlantic side of Meixico. He did not wish to look opon C as a part of Mexico. He now can do [no] more and is determned to have no more correspondenc on the subject. The U. S. & M are at war.1 You will bear in mind that I have done all I could to prevent the visit of 800 Soldiers to your City and to advert the evils that must necessully attend a Campagn by such men thorg[?] the Country from St D. to the Sacremento. The Commo intends to proceed at once to hostilites and deal with this departmnt as a part of R. Mexico. •Here are deleted the words: "and he intends now to fight it out, to carry on hostility at once."

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[ROBERT HELD STOCKTON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN AND JAMES FINDLAY SCHENCK. IV ¡ 2 4 3 . ]

U. S. Frigate Congress Bay of San Pedro August 7th 1846 To Thomas O Larkin, Lt. J. F. Schenck, &c &c. Gentlemen

Y O . are hereby appointed to receive the Commissioners named in the enclosed letter, with all the kindness and courtesy due to a Flag of Truce. You will receive from them the object of their visit, and make report to me of the same. Faithfully Yr obdt Servt. R . F. Stockton [Rubric] Commander in chief, &c &c &c.

[UHDE & PINI TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 2 4 4 . ]

Mazatlan 8th August 1846 Thomas O'Larkin Esqre Monterey Dear Sir

W b are in possession of your kind favor 18th June & in compliance with your orders we have paid over the balance in your favor to Messers Parrott & Co. & Messers Mott Talbot & Co. vizt. to the former —$35.63 and to the later $39.17, your account with us thus remaining balanced. Enclosed you will find the corresponding receipts. Political matters remain in a very unsettled state here. As you will have learned long ere this reaches the garrison of our place pronounced against the government some months ago, but the only place where the plan has been seconded is Guadalajara, which place is now beseiged by the govern-

[ I89] ment troops. Against our port no measures have as yet been taken & the roads being by this time almost impracticable on account of the continued rains, government will have great difficulty in sending any forces against the pronunciados here. While thus the interior of the country is lacerated by party spirit, the American troops approaching from the frontier of Texas are daily gaining more ground, without meeting any forces to resist their progress. Geni. Paredes, the actual president, is now going to march against the same, but on the other side it is apprehended that as soon as he leaves the city of Mexico, a new pronunciamento will brake out there, while he can neither depend on his troops with any confidence. In short matters are in such a state that a serious crisis must soon follow, the result of which it is still impossible to foresay. The ports of the gulff of Mexico are blockaded since a length of time, while no American vessels have till now interrupted the traffic on our coast. But as it is generally believed that the Americans have already taken possession of your port and others in Alta California, we fear that soon a squadron will make its appearance here and likewise blockade our ports. Hoping to hear from you ere long, we remain Dear Sir your obdt servts. Uhde & Pini [Rubric]

[JOSEPH B. EATON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V I 2 4 5 . ]

Boston Aug 8, x 846 Thomas O. Larkin Esq Sir

I N conversation with Capt. James P. Arther I have just learned that you did me the favor to write me a letter, or letters, concerning the affairs of the Ship Sterling at or about the time Capt. Vincents sickness was at its greatest severity. Such letters have never been received; nor do I now recollect ever having reed a line from you on any subject. I hope however that when this reaches

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you the affairs of both Ship Sterling & Bark Moscow will be in such a train as to render the information conveyed by those unnecessary to me; but deem this acknowledgement necessary lest you should suppose your favors treated with neglect. I tender to you my thanks for any assistance you may have rendered the Sterling in the prosecution of her voyage; & also for many letters reed from Monterey which I perceive by the stamps were sent forward by you. Soliciting a continuance of you favors as opportunities may offer I remain Respectfully Yours Joseph B. Eaton

[ALPHEUS BASIL THOMPSON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 2 4 7 . ]

Santa Barbara Aug 10/46 Respected Sir

the pleasure of stating to you that this District remains quiet, and have heard of no outrageous having been committed from any quarter. We are anxiously waiting the result of the Corn's, doings at San Pedro, or at the Pueblo. I Am Sir With great respect I

HAVE

A. B. Thompson [Rubric] To Thomas O Larkin Esqr San Pedro

[ 191 ] [TALBOT H. GREEN TO ABEL STEARNS. COPY. I V : 2 4 6 . ]

Monterey August ioth, 1846 A. Stearns, Esqr Sir

W«'HEN Mr Larkin left home he informed me that you wished a

lot of mantas. I send you by the Ship Vandalia Ten Bales, brown manta and Three Bales brown drill, which if you have not made any arrangements with Mr. Larkin at the Pueblo, you will please receive them & sell them on his account for cash, hides & tallow, or aguardiente at the current rates. When Mr. Larkin left home, it was his intention to see you, which if he has and any arrangement he has made with you, you will please be guided by. Below you will find a list of the Bales & Marks. S.

4 Bales

LMC-E

S.

4 Bales

J-B

S.

2 Bales

MM-C

S.

3 Bales

BM-A

4938, 4960, 4962, 4956, 36 inches wide containing 25 pes each, manta. 21x7, 1884, 2120, 2 1 2 1 , 32 inches wide, containing 25 pes each, manta. 1149, 1148, 30 inches wide contg 20 pes each of 40 yards manta. brown drill, 2 1 1 8 , 2953, 2x75. Respectfully Yours, Talbot H. Green [Rubric]

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[TALBOT H. GREEN TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV:248.] Monterey August ioth 1846 Mr T O Larkin Sir

T h e Barnstable will sail tomorrow and I wish to inform you that Mr Sweasey left for Sta Cruz on the 3d Inst but from what Mr Howard says he will not get any great quantity of lumber. I have sent out to Gilroys & Ortegas for soap but how much I will get or if any in time I am as yet not able to say. However if I can make no other arrangmt with Davis I suppose I had better agree to ship what ever the balance may be in soap in the Don quixote when she goes, if he will not agree to wait. I have paid Mr Melius 100 hides on your ac/t also 19 hides you gave Mr Watson a due bill for. I also paid him three hundred dollars on ac/t of N Spear for you as to have paid him at Diaz would have taken that much of the hide note. I also exchanged three bales of Manta with Melius for other goods @ 12$ pr. I have sent Mr Stearns the following list of goods 4 Bales 36 Inch Manta 4 Bales 30 Inch 2 Bales 32 Inch 40 yds peices 3 Bales Brown Drill I have also given Mr Howard a duplicate of the above to sell putting them at a certain price and he charging no commissions all he gets more to be his, to sell to good men for hides & Tallow or aguardent. The building at the beach the doctor talks of leavng it evry day but as yet has not done so. I told him I understood how that Commodore Sloat had rented it from you. I did not get any boards for the floor as Melius sold all the lumber he had on board to Capt Mervine. I have asked Capt Mervine to exchange xooo feet or let me have it at the same price. As yet he will not consent. If he dont I will have red wood put down the full width so they will be no loss here after when the floorng is changed. I

[ 193 )

will have the adoabies ready by to morrow for the Gable Ends. The Brooklyn arrived at San Francisco on the 1st. What the Intentions of the Passengers are as yet we have not learned. A Mr Ward was here a passenger on board with a small Invoice of goods. I believe his Intentions are to settle about the bay. H & M are going to open largely at the Yerba Buena and I should not be supprized if not all along the coast. I sell nothing scarcly exept the dayly supply to the ship. I recieved your note by Escobar on the 8th. I have been down in bed four days with the bloody flux, but to day feel well and have been about most of the day and if I should not have a relaps will be well in a few days. On Saturday next the first Number of a weekly paper will be Issued In this place. I understand that the Mormons have also brought out a printing press. In Mr Robisons letter dated January 16th 1846 By the Brooklin he says that a ship leaves Boston March ist, also another from Newburyport both for this part of the world. I shall keep this secret as it may Interfere much with the sale of the Mantas. A letter here from E J Mallet Dated N York Janry zzd. He says the drafts by his Nepew will not be honored. Also one from Mr Reynolds. A copy to Stearns Inclosed. I send a Copy of this by Howard also The prices I put the goods to Howard are 36 Inch Mantas 30 Inch do 28 Inch 40 yds Brown Drill

9$75 8.75 9.75 8.50

Mr Little says if you can buy the house he ocupyes for trade he will pay you 500$ cash & 500$ in 12 mos. Yours T H Green [Rubric] 12th. 1 The Barnstable sailed yesterday also arrived the British Schooner Spy 36 days from San Bias bringing news of the death of Lous Pilippe King of France and that Gen Tailor had again defeated the Mexicans and was proceedig for the Capital of Mexico & that Sant Ana was agan in Mxico & Vera cruz very strictly Blockaded. Mr Sweasey Returned 'This postscript appears only on the copy of the letter sent by Howard (TV .'249).

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yesterday and all the lumber of every kind amt to 23,000 feet not quite V2. I sent Moses out to Gilroys Ortegas & Pacheco this morning for soap. T h e Warren arrived to day and brings Notice of the declaration of war. Enclosed I send you a copy of the Presidents proclamation and copy of Section 8th. All well. Mr Price will be able to give you all the news. Respectfuly yours T H Green [Rubric] I am still quite unwell. Y o u will arraing the prices with Stearns. [Cover is addressed: Thomas O Larkin Esqr, Coast of California. Should you not meet M r Larkin please Return this to Montery.]

[ROBERT FIELD STOCKTON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 2 5 0 . ]

U . S. Frigate Congress Bay of San Pedro August 1 xth 1846 Sir

Y o u will proceed with a Flag of Truce and deliver the accompanying letter to General Castro, which is a reply to one sent by him to me yesterday. Y o u will say nothing more than that you are ready to receive any explanations he may see fit to make of his letters. Y o u will be especially careful not to commit me in anything for the future, or to say anything of our movements or Fremonts. Faithfully Y r obdt Servt. R . F. Stockton [Rubric] Commander in Chief, &c &c &c. Thomas O Larkin Esq &c &c.

[ 195 } [JACOB P R I M E R LEESE T O THOMAS O L I V E R L A R K I N .

TVIZ^Z.]

Sonoma August xzth 1846 Thomas O Larkin Esquire My Dear Sir I HAVE the pleasure once Moor to pass you a few lines to inform you that I am in the Bosom of My familey, after having been seperated from them by the and unjust cause and for which reason I am not able to inform you as yet. I received your kind Letter to Me of the 29th of last Month, and through which I am Perfectley sattisfyed that you hav been My Liberator in this cause and for which, all i can say in a Declaratition to you that (Proven Friends is never to be Forgotten). I Should be happey to say Moor to you but have hopes to see you shorteley. Dear Larkin you know you have a friend here and Moor so know than ever at your Command, also the same with my familey which will never be for gotten. I do hin[in]close to you say excuse the few lines and receav the b9«} copy of your letter to C B & Co, dated Nov 4, 1844 has been sent me— in this you assert that there is nothing due from you to Peirce & Brewer. Your version of our transactions reduced to an a/c stand thus Dr

T . O. Larkin

To Note Spences hands of

By Hides reed by me from

Dec 1 8 4 1 due 8 mo $ 2 8 4 2 . 5 5

Paty

less 10 pctdisctfor immediate pay

Cr

165

Hides reed by me from 284.25

$2558.20

To your debts in Mazatlan paid by me p agreement

898

Scott

5368.64 7926.84

125. $ 8 0 5 1 84

200 @ $ 2 ea 1263

By Cash at Santa Barbara "

To Freight on '500 hides to be pd by you by agreement 2 ri ea

Everett Hides reed by me from

Hides 500 pd to C B & Co $ 2

$2526.00 4300.00 1000.00

" Amt pd Spence

62.39

"

32-55

do do

do

$7920.94 Balance due unpaid

130.90 $8051.84

If however the 500 hides were deld by you at Oahu. freight free then there is due from you by your own statement only $5.90. There does not appear to be any dispute as to the amt property paid & received in settlement of our transactions—but the difficulty arises as to the appropriation of a part of that property to the payment of a particular debt. That is whether the whole of 1263 hides should go towards the payment of your note in Spences hands or whether 575 of the number should go towards the payment of my a/c against you for debts paid of yours in Mazatlan. That a/c current I sent you from Mazatlan, & you must have reed it—although you have kept the matter entirely in the dark from Mr Brewer & attempt to mistify & avoid the real point at issue. According to our conversation & agreement at Santa Barbara I felt myself at liberty to place as many of the hides received by me from M r Everett at San Diego as would cover any amount I should pay out for you at Mazatlan over & above the sum of $4300 reed in cash—& also to charge you 25 cents a piece freight on the hides. I have no doubt it was understood by you when we parted at Santa Babara that in case I took from Everett the 898 hides they were to go on

{ i 9 7 } a/c of your note in Spences hands, & for the iooo or thereabouts which I was to pay in Mazatlan on your a/c, you agreed to repay by shipping in the ensuing month of March to Oahu Hides to the number of 500 & deliver them freight free or allow 25 cts each for the carrying. I consented to this agreement solely on the condition as to the time—and supposing the hides would reach Oahu about the same period I could remit there from Mazatlan & thus not be obliged (without consideration therefor) to lay out of the $ 1000 or more I should pay for you at M . Y o u must recollect if willing to see the truth that you yourself proposed to me at Santa Babara that I should take at San Diego hides sufficient to pay your balance of Mazatlan debts, & I to be allowed 25 cts piece for the freight, precisely in the same way I did appropriate them—although not exactly the way in which it was finaly arranged the debt should be paid—but I thought myself justified in the former from our conversations, & the circumstances of the case & which could make no pecuniary difference to you provided you sent the 500 hides in March to Oahu 8t paid the freight on same according to contract—or rather the only difference to you in such case could be the difference between paying freight on 500 & 575 hides. N o w for the sake of coming to some settlement of our a/cs I am willing that your version of the matter so far as regards payments made & the particular a/cs on which they were made should be taken as you have made it. But when you assert that nothing is due, we are entirely at issue. I demand as my or Peirce & Brewers just due, damages for your forfieture of contract in not sending the 500 hides in March as agreed upon. These hides were not paid by you until December following—a lapse of nine months—the amt of damages on which can not be less than the interest of nine per ct on $ 1 0 6 2 3 9 / 1 0 0 . It is rediculous, nay entirely dishonest in you to avoid for nine months the payment of the 500 hides & then afterwards intimate as you do in your letter to M r B. that the 25 cts consideration for freight was an equivilent for non fulfillment by you of contract & loss of nine months interest by us. It appears that two dollars a piece cash for your hides to be paid in March, was not sufficient, but you must take nine months time in addition to pay them. Y o u will pay to M r Spence on a/c Peirce 8c Brewer the sum of $ 9 5 . 6 1 being interest on $ 1 0 6 2 . 3 9 / 1 0 0 for 9 months, & which I consider as a compromise & not fully covering what is justly due from you to me or

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P &B. If this is not paid I shall take such measures as may secure it to me. A loss of your office is a consequence which ought to follow any refusal to comply with my just demand. Yours Henry A. Peirce [Rubric] Copy of a/c sent you from Mazatlan. Mazatlan, Feby 6, 1842 Dr

T . O. Larkin

Freight 575 hides $25 p Maryland

By Cash &c Santa Babra $ 143.75

Note fav. Machado Mazatlan

Cr

2x80.21

Note fav. Parrott 8c C Mazatlan 3188.43

$4300.00

" 575 hides at S. Diego

1150.00

" Balance charged you by Peirce & Brewer

62.39

$5512.39

$5512-39 EE

H. A. P.

[ROBERT HELD STOCKTON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV .'254.]

Ciudad de los Angeles August 13 th 1846 Know all men by these presents.

T H A T I Robert F. Stockton, Governor and Commander in Chief of the Territory of California: Reposing special confidence in the ability and patriotism of Thomas O. Larkin, do hereby appoint him to be Navy Agent for the Territory of California. To have and to exercise all the powers and privileges of that office, until the President of the United States shall otherwise direct. Given under my hand on this thirteenth day of August—Anno Domini One thousand eight hundred and forty six.

R. F. Stockton [Rubric]

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[JAMES JACKSON JARVES TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 2 5 3 . ]

Honolulu—Aug 13/46 T . O. Larkin Eqr Dear Sir Y , . favors pr. late vessels have been received. I am sorry to be obliged to refer again to your account, after you have taken so much trouble relative to it, but Mr. Wm Paty declines paying the debt as you requested until he hears again from you more fully upon the subject. As the account is now running on for the third year, perhaps you will oblige me by writing him again & making some arrangement by which he will be induced to settle it on your account. California, now under the Am. flag will increase vastly in importance & before long I look forward to an extensive business between the two places. I am expecting Hastings daily from Boston. People here generally have the Californian fever & are anxious to join you on the Coast. Yrs resply. Jas. J. Jarves

[STEPHEN REYNOLDS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 2 5 5 - ]

Honolulu August 16th 1846 T . O. Larkin Esqr Montery Sir ^ i o u R S of April came safe to hand. I got nothing from you by last opportunity—the Collingwood. Admiral Seymour is here. Everything is very still. He has made no movements except closely with Consul Gen. Miller. The Grampus arrived on 14th from England by way of Valparaiso 8c Lima. No News—or none has transpired.

[200} Govt folks here, were in quite a stew, on the arrival of the Collingwood —but they are now quite calm—but how long things will remain as now —is very uncertain. Our U. S. Stockton had opportunity of achieveing much, when he was here, by settling all, and every dispute, and difficulty—but he left it to he done, trusting to the promises of the officers of the Government. Nothing has been done which was promised. If the Admiral settles matters for British Subjects, Com. Biddle with Mr Ten Eycke may do something for U. S. Boys. Otherwise We must hang up our fiddles—for we shall not be able to dance!! What effect U. S. getting so near this most Potent Kingdom will have on the Political atmosphere here is yet to be learned. Hope it not cost too dear!! Building has been, all this year, more than any year for some time. E & H Grimes have built a large stone warehouse a good cellar—two stories —80 by 40 feet. Jones & Makee have built another 50 by 30. Stephen H. Williams, Wm. H. Boardman's partner, one of wood—one story 40 by 20, Jas Austin one of wood, one story 30 by 20. Capt Meek is waiting to get lumber to build a two story stone building—60 by 32—with a cellar. Doct. Judd is getting materials to build an house (or Palace) in the valley, estimated at 8,000 to 10,000. I wish I could get off from the Islands— with a clean sweep of what I ought to claim, as honestly mine. I would leave & make room for others. We hear by the Grampus, that in May the Oregon Question had not been settled—but that it was tho't it would be. We learn nothing of the state of affairs in Mexico and the United States —whether War or Peace, stripes you have over you—and stripes you may perhaps always have. Some of the Allegiance Subjects think of removing hence to California—that they may once more enjoy the benefit of stripes. Nothing to write, as you take the Newspapers. Look there for News. Your obt St. S Reynolds

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[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO SAMUEL F. DUPONT. COPY. I V : 2 5 6 . ]

Angeles August 16, 1846 Sir

T h e Bearer Mr James Scott is one of the principal owners of the Brig "Juaneta." Commodore Stockton has requested me to inform you that it is his desire that you should give up the Brig to Mr Scott, on his presenting himself to you. I am respectifully Your Most Obt. Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] Commander Samuel F DuPont U. S. Ship "Cyane" Port of San Pedro

[ISAAC CHILDS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : Z 5 7 . ]

Lynn August 17 1846 Dear Brother

T H E U S. Ship Independance is about to sail from Boston for the Pacific Ocean. I avail myself of the opportunity to write a few Lines to you. I wrote about the 1st July by the Lexington. Your 2 Sons Oliver & Frederic reached here the 24th June in pretty good health. Frederic was subject to a bad Cold & Cough for several days after reaching here though quite rid of it now. His Eyes also were sore but they are much better now. I find he is not so rugged as Oliver. They appeare to be quite happy 8c contented & as fond of Play as most Boys, much more so than they are of Books, though they make as good proficiency as could be expected in their studies. They go with my Son, at present, to a Womans School. I sent Oliver at first to the Academy, but the preceptor thought it woud be best for him for the present to go to some other school. They are present very good Boys, kind and obedient. They had a vacation last week & spent it with their Aunt Wright in Dorchester.

[ 202 ]— We find that a great many of the clothes you sent with them will be entirely useless, owing to there being so small & entirely out of the Fashion here & presume you would not wish for them, to wear only such as are good & Fashionabble. I shall as you requested return them by the first opportunity, when that will be I cannot tell, as there does not appear to be any Vessells bound for California at present. I would occasionally write you by overland conveyance but in consequence of the War that mail does not run now. I receivd of Capt Arthur 12 Gold Piecees on which there was a loss 45 Cts or rather I sold them for $15.55 each 8c one of the Silver Dollars was Counterfiet. I have passed to your Credit nett Amt from Capt Arther net of Amt of Steele Draft

193.60 198.00 $391.60

Short[?] on Specie 6.40 Counterfiet Dollr 1.00 Collection Steele Draft 2.00

$9.40

I receved 2 little Bags of Spending of the boys which I keep separate & give them as I think proper. You have given me no directions as to how much spending money you would allow them to have. I tell them they may have 12V2 Cts per Week, which I think is a great plenty, double what I give my son. I could wish when you write you would mention any of those little things you would wish me to do for them. They frequently ask me for things which I do not know whether you would wish them to have—for instance Oliver asks me to git him a sett of Carpenters tools. Therfore I wish to know what is your pleasure about it. I beleive I mentioned Father' death in my last. He died after an illness of about 10 Days, on the 22nd Jany Aged 80 yrs. He left a will & gave his property pretty much as the law would have done & appointed brothr Danl Breed & myself as executors. Sophia is to be married next Thursday morning to Wm Wallace Webster, of this town, doing business in Boston. George is on here from Tennessee & will return in about a fortnight. He is doing bussiness in Jackson.

[ 203 } My wife is much pleased with the Boys. They are a great deal of Company for her, expecelly Oliver, who is the greatest talker. We live directly opposite Otis Johnson. They are in there a great deal. I presume you are aware that I have a great aversion to writing Letters or you would be troubled with more of mine. I have mentioned to the family about writing to you by this opportunity. If they do you will probably gain more information than I give in this. I remain your brother Isaac Childs [Rubric]

[BENJAMIN T . REED TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 2 5 8 . ]

Boston August 18, 1846 Thos O. Larkin Esqr U. S. Consul, Montera Dear Sir

I BEG leave to introduce to you the bearer, James C. Ward Esqr of New York City, who embarks for California to establish himself in business. I have not the pleasure of a personal acquaintance with Mr. Ward but his friends, at whose suggestion the present is addressed, speak of him in the highest terms as a very gentlemanly, deserving young man and well qualified for business anywhere, and I do not hesitate to recommend him to your friendly attention. Asking for Mr. Ward your kind assistance, as you may have occasion, I am Sir Very Respy Yours, B T Reed

[204]' [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES BUCHANAN. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 56. (11:56).]

T o w n of the Angeles 2 California August 19 1846 s Sir

M

R. MACNAMARA an Irish4 Priest, after residing in the Capital

of Mexico near a year, having several conferences with President Herrera and Paredes, came to Monterey in April or May in H . B. M . Ship Juno —having documents to the Governor and Bishop of California. H e obtained from Governor Pio Pico, and the State Legislature of California on the fourth day of last July, their approval that Mexico should grant to him three thousand square leagues of land on the San Joaquin River in California—he engaging to place there within a specified time T e n thousand Irishmen. This approval was in Mexico to be confirmed and made into a grant and title of land. Mr. M . informed me that the Governor and Legislature gave him a deed for the Land dated July 4 1846 and he applyed to me for my opinion of his rights now our flag was over California. I replyd that a Governor of California had no power to grant over eleven leagues in a single deed. This act shows a new feature in English policy to obtain a title to California, although M r M . informed me that he was commissioned by a private company in London. He left here in July on board the Collenwood—74—Adm. Sir George Seymour—for Oahu, Sandwich Islands. Consul Black in Mexico was well acquainted with these plans of emigration and I presume has given the proper information to the State Department. I am with much respect your Obt. Thomas O . Larkin [Rubric] Hon James Buchanan, Secretary of State Washington [Top margin bears note: R e c ' d N o v . '46.] 'From the original in the National Archives, Washington, D. C. a copy which reached the Department of State on September 28, 1847, and in Larkin's own letter book, now in the Bancroft Library, the words "400 miles South of Monterey" are added here. 3The copy received in Washington on September 28, 1847, bears the date August 22, 1846. 4In the copy which reached Washington on September 28, 1847, and in Larkin's copy the word "Catholic" is here inserted. 2 In

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[JAMES BUCHANAN TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V . - 2 5 9 . ]

Department of State Washington Aug 19, 1846 Thomas O Larkin Esqre Consul of the U States, Monterey Sir

o N the 4th instant, the Hon. George Evans, U. S. Senator from Maine, referred to this Department a letter addressed to him by Alexander S. Chadwick, covering a Deposition made before him by George Reed, upon the subject of information derived by the said Reed at Monterey, from William Jones, one of the crew of the Brig "Helen": from which it appears that this Vessel was taken by "Mexican pirates" in the fall of 183 3 & her crew put in irons and sent to work in the mines of Mexico. I transmit herewith copies of these papers, and request that you will use your best efforts to ascertain the truth of the facts set forth, and to obtain, in regard to this subject generally, all the information which can be procured: the result to be communicated to this Department, with the Deposition of the said Jones under your official Seal. It will be perceived by you that the account of this very mysterious affair given in Reed's deposition is rendered exceedingly unsatisfactory by the absence of all reference to the manner in which Jones was transferred from the Island of Cuba to the Mines in Mexico where he was detained & kept at work a little more than three years, when he effected his escape to California. According to Reed's deposition, Jones represented the Brig to which he belonged as having been captured when "some days out of port": (Norfolk, Virginia) "and taken to a port" (Mr. Chadwicks letter says, not a "port," but a place on the Coast) "near Cape St Antonio, in the brig." Then "he was taken out & put on board a boat and taken up a river for two or three days journey; from thence travelled by land three or four days more; he was then taken to the Mines. Cape St Antonio (a place noted as the resort of pirates) being on the Island of Cuba, and no mention being made of any Sea voyage from the time they reached there, Jones must agreeably to this account have been

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taken up a river in that island. H o w then did he get from Cuba to Mexico ? It is manifest, that if the statement made by Jones be true, he cannot possibly have omitted so important a link in the chain of his narrative. O n the supposition that it has any foundation in truth, the story as given in Reeds deposition must therefore be inaccurate. T h e version of the matter presented in the enclosed article from the Baltimore Sun of the 17th inst, copied from the Bath (Maine) Inquirer, will be seen to be free from this defect, and to differ in other respects also, from the one given in Reed's desposition. I am, Sir, Respectfully, Y o u r obedient Servant James Buchanan

Senate Ch., A u g 4. 1846 1 Hon. James Buchanan, Sec. of State Sir

T h e enclosed papers have been forwarded to me, without any explanation of the purpose sought to be attained by them. I presume however it was intended to have them transmitted to the Department of State, in order, that in any adjustment of our difficulties with Mexico, efforts might be made to ascertain the truth of the facts set forth; if true, to regain our countrymen from the slavery in which they are held, as well as to obtain indemnity for the injury sustained. I have the honor to be, very respectfully your O b ' t sev't.

gyans

[in top margin;] Copies sent U S Consul Monty per letter to h i m dated A u g 19. '46.

Gardiner July 31, 1846 2 Hon. Geo. Evans Sir

Enclosed is the deposition of George Reed of W o o l w i c k in relation to the loss of the Brig Helen in the fall of 1833. T h e statement is second 'From the original in the National Archives, Washington, D. C. the original in the National Archives, Washington, D. C.

2 From

[ 207 ] hand from one William Jones made to Reed at Monterey, California, in 1844. Reed bears the first rate character for truth and veracity, and is remarkably intelligent. The reason why he did not write at the time, or take other measures for the information of the friends of the unfortunate individuals on board the Brig Helen was on account of some family troubles for which he, (Reed) had been induced to leave home, and his unwillingness to give information of his own existence. There are some points in his deposition which require explanation. From the phraseology as first stated by him, it would appear as though the Brig was taken into port. This, as afterwards explained, was not the fact. She was taken in to land, or near the land, where the boats mentioned came off and took Jones as afterwards stated. Reid was a little uncertain also as to the time occupied in ascending the river which might have extended to four days in all; also, as to the time in crossing the country by mule conveyance to the mine in which he was confined. Jones' statement as to crossing the country to the pacific ocean, his travels north among indians to head the gulph of California, which Reed could not pretend to give verbatim, was so graphic and true to nature, and his story so consistent, three times repeated, as to leave no doubt on the mind of us as to its truth. T h e Brig Helen sailed from Norforlk in Nov. or Dec. 1 8 3 3 . The crew with the exception] of Jones, who shipped in New York, were all from Kennebec river, young men of good fam[ily] and character, and of steady habits. This precludes the supposition of a mutiny. She was never heard from untill twenty months afterwards, when she drifted ashore at Bermu[da] bottom up and scuttled; at the time supposed to be for the purpose of getting at her cargo. She was loaded with staves, and her hold was fu[ll] or nearly so when found. The most reasonable supposition is this; that she was seized for the purpose of making slaves of the crew for the mines; that she was then taken into the gulph stream, stripped of her rigging and every thing valuable to the pirates, and scuttled to avoid detection. In this state she became water logged and capsized, and by the counter-current of the stream drifted north to Bermuda. There is one other point in Jones statement worthy of remark and which does not appear in the deposition, viz. That these pirates in their progress up the river and across the country avoided all towns or villages. They were

[208 ] in fact acting as smugglers. This, with the mode of farming out the mines to speculators of all nations, and generally to seem devoid of character or principle, will in some degree relieve the Mexican government of the odium of this nefarious business. The fault is wholly of a negative character on the part of the government, and good policy would seem to dictate, that it should so be treated in any efforts to be made for the release of the sufferers thus enslaved in the mines. That Brittish subjects are among these is also evident. The cooperation of the Brittish government would be all important, at the present juncture, to effect this object. Very Respectfully Your Obdt Servt. Alex S. Chadwick [In the top margin:] Enclosed in Hon. Geo Evans's note of Aug. 4, '46. Copy1 I, George Reed of Woolwick in the County of Lincoln and State of Maine, mariner, do testify and say, that in January, 1844, I was at Monterey on the coast of California, and there saw a man who said he was an American, and called himself William Jones. He was then at work in a blacksmith shop. Said he was a hand on board the Brig Helen, Capt. Eben Brookings master, which sailed from Norfolk, Va, in the fall of 1 8 3 3 , bound for some port in the West Indies, that some days out of port was boarded by Mexican pirates, and the crew put in irons, and taken to a port near cape St. Antonia in the brig, where they were (he was) taken out and put on board a boat with several other men, but not one of them of the crew of the brig Helen, and taken up a river for two or three days journey; from thence travelled by land, the baggage transported by mules three or four days more. He was then taken into the mines where there were several englishmen) and americans kept at work as slaves; and there (detained) a little more than three years; That he never saw Capt. Brookings, nor any of his crew from the time he left the vessel by the boat, but has no doubt they were put to the mines in some place or other in Mexico. Attached to the mines where he, Jones, was confined was a yard or enclosure strongly piquetted, except on one side which was a precipitous 'From the copy in the National Archives, Washington, D . C.

[zo9] mountain, at the foot of which was a lake. The prisoners were allowed one hour in this yard after dark, but never in the day time. The (Yard) was on high ground, and the mountain side a precipice falling (off) from the enclosure. On this side the piquetting was not so secure, and finding an apperture he forced himself through, and clambering down by the rock was enabled to leap into the lake, and thus effected his escape. From this his object was to cross to the pacific and travelled for several weeks, sometimes with the indians, and sometimes with the country people, and finally reached Monterey, where he had lived about six years up to that time, January 1 8 4 4 ; said he was married and had two children. Said Jones is about five feet six or seven inches in height, stout made, red face, some pitted with the small pox, light hair, and blue eyes. I, (deponent) personally knew two of the crew on board said Brig. Said Jones voluntarily named (all) of the crew, and these two were amongst them; viz. John, or Jack Kyle and Warren Myers, both of Dresden, Me. I have no doubt but stated the facts from his knowledge of the names of the crew. Jones was dissipated in his habits, and would be likely to be known by any person then living at Monterey. A t that time there was an American Consul at Monterey, or a deputy. Jones told me the story in the presence of several other persons, residents, who appeared to have heard it before. I conversed with him on this subject three (several) times, and he remained consistent in his story. I returned by the way of Valparaiso, via Boston, and reached home, at Woolwich, on the fourth of this month. Dated at Woolwich this thirtieth day of July A. D . 1846. (Signed) George Reed Sworn to before Alex S. Chadwick Jus. of the Peace &c.—July 30, 1846. A true Copy. Attest. Alex S. Chadwick, Jus. of the Peace [Top margin bears note:] Enclosed in Mr. Alexr. S. Chadwicks of July 3 1 , '46 to Hon. Geo. Evans.

[ZIO]. [EBENEZER LARKIN CHILDS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 2 6 o . ]

Washington City 2 1 Aug 1846 My dear brother

SEEING a notice in the paper to day that an opportunity was presented of sending to the Pacifice by way of Chagres from N e w York I propose to prepare a few lines for you, tho I am induced to beleive that the ship already has one of my letters. I sent one to Boston two or three weeks ago to be forwarded by the Independence; but Purser Waldron to whom I sent it has been here since, & says he gave it to an officer who was going express over land—very likely by this conveyance. I have now no news of consequence to give you. Public affairs you will get a better idea of from the papers than I can give you. There seems to be no prospect of peace with Mexico, or of War either as far as fighting goes, but there appears to be no question but that California is to be ours. What effect these events are to have on your interests I cannot form an idea. I hope it will be favorable, and presume it cannot be otherwise, especially if you hold any lands, of which I am not informed. This day at 1 0 A M my sister Sophia was married, I presume; they sent me a bidding to the Wedding but I could not go. M y wife was there, that is, she so intended. M r Webster is highly spoken off, tho' I never saw him but once, & then for a few minutes only. George is to be there also. H e came on to N York on business & goes to the Wedding from there. I presume he comes, partly, to look after his share of the paternal estate. M y W i f e writes me that she hears father left from 45 to 50 thousd dollars. Take either of these sums & divide them into eleven parts, take of one third for the widow & they are small. Take from one of these small shares more than $2000 which is charged to me, & my part is a small one—just nothing. It is exceedingly unfortunate that I cd not 2 or 3 years ago have raised $ 1 0 0 0 to settle with f. but I never had friends, or what the world calls luck. Think of me, Oliver, at the age of 47—5 or $600 worse than nothing

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& dependant on office for a living & in times too when heads are but blocks to be cut of at the sport of men no better than myself, but armed with power & then think of my prospects & expectations when I started in life. The lesson I know is given to me for good, but it is hard to bear. My last to you previous to the one above named was June 24—thro State Dept. I have rec'd yrs of Apr 18 & replied. Very truly, Yrs. E L C

T . O Larkin This was written early this morning in my solitary chamber—two negroes being my only household. On reveiwing it I feel some regret that I indulged in so much despondency. I gave nothing but a transcript of my thoughts & out of the fulness of the heart the mouth speaketh—but We shd indulge in more cheerful thoughts & We should not annoy our friends with our troubles. Let it pass this time. Give my best wishes etc to John & his and your wife.

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES BUCHANAN. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 5 7 ( l l : 5 7 ) - ]

City of the Angeles,2 California August 22, 1846 Sir

M Y first information to you relative to the taking of Monterey by Commodore Sloat was about the 10 of July. My second dispatch was by the Como. himself via Panama, with duplicates for him to leave at Mazatlan. As my first went as a private letter directed to Mr E. L. Childs 'From the original in the National Archives, Washington, D . C . Copies which vary somewhat one from another were received at the Department of State on November 1 5 and December 2 5 , 1 8 4 6 , and July 2 2 and September 28, 1 8 4 7 . 2

In the duplicates received at the State Department on December 2 5 , 1 8 4 6 , and September 2 8 , 1 8 4 7 , and in Larkin's own letter book, the words " 4 0 0 miles South of Monterey" are here inserted.

(212} of the Post Office Department,3 I had an opportunity of sending it by an English Ship of War, directing to care of an English house in Vera Cruz. 4 I am in hopes you will receive early in September.5 I rec'd by a chance opportunity the act of Congress declaring War, and the President Proclamation of the 15 of May on the 19 inst.6 Our flag now waves quietly and .peacable over all [Upper] California. Our Western Coast will now without a doubt extend from about Lat 3 2 to 49 North, comprising near all on this part of the Pacific worth owning. Could our Government with Mexico arrange a satisfactory Treaty, our line will 7 run up the Rio del Norte to the paralel of the River Gila, thence to the8 Red River, thence to or near a small port called San Francisco9 a degree or less south of San Diego about lat 32 No. Commodore Stockton is now in this town, 2 7 miles from San Pedro (where lays the Congress, Cyane and Warren) and 400 miles South of Monterey.10 A t the time of his arrival it was necessary to arrange the" holding of California in such a manner that the possession might be permanent even should there prove no declaration of war. Now the country is held in a more firm and secure mode by the Declaration. I shall remain here for such time as I can be of service to the Commodore. 'In the copy received in Washington on November 15, 1846, the words "directed to Mr. E. L. Childs of the Post Office Department" are omitted. ••The copies received by the State Department on December 25, 1846, July 22 and September 28, 1847, here read: "direct to an English house in Vera Cruz." 'The words "directing to care of an English house in Vera Cruz. I am in hopes you will receive early in September" are omitted from the copy of this letter received in Washington on November 15, 1846. 6 Larkin's copy and the copies received in Washington on December 25, 1846, and September 28, 1847, add the passage: "Without the knowledge of actual Proclamation of War, Monterey was taken on the 7th of July, and this Town on the 13th instant." T h e words "or should" are here inserted in the copy received in Washington on November 15, 1846. 8 In Larkin's own copy and the duplicates received in Washington on December 25, 1846, July 22 and September 28, 1847, the words "Rio Colorado" are here inserted. 9In the copy which the State Department received on December 25, 1846, the words "or San Miguel" are here inserted. Larkin's own copy and the copy received in Washington on September 28, 1847, have instead the words "or all Saints." The consul evidently refers here to San Miguel on All Saints Bay, the Bay of San Francisco being farther south, almost at latitude 30. IO The copies received in Washington on November 15, 1846, and July 22, 1847, insert the words " I came with him." The July 22 copy adds also "by his request 8c my own desire." " T h e words "taking and" are here inserted in the copies received by the State Department on November 15, 1846, and July 22, 1847.

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Should by Government policy in any treaty with Mexico (which policy I presume it will not be thought of) California be given up, it would be an advantages method to hold it a sufficient time for some thousands of Emigrants to obtain a footing here, and for Como Stockton to arrainge a Government and the result would be that the Mexican flag would never waive one hundred days again in California. There are among those who enjoyd salaries and possessed power in this Dept. and among some others deap feeling respecting the exchange of flags. On the other hand many are contented, and are making application for justice in many petty domestic cases, that from their own Alcaldis they never thought of obtaining. This speaks volumes of their opinion of the political change of the Country. Commodore Stockton and his officers labour constantly, with a will and desire to have a new Government in California and make the People contented with the change. Not an article of food or of any thing is taken without permission from the owners who are immediately paid and satisfied. Not only so, but they are obtaining better prices than they formerly received and in dollars.12 Prehaps no Officer in our Navy is more adapted for the charge and care of California than Commodore Stockton, who acts not only firm, but attentive and kind towards all the Natives who are brought into contact with him. By Como Sloat the Dept. of State will receive many documents from me which contain some account and history of California, its recources, and of the principal Inhabitants, foreign and Native, also copies of correspondence and proclamations from January to July respecting Captain Fremont and others and the raising of the Bear flag in Sonoma and the taken of California by Commodore Sloat. Many of the documents may never be of service to the Department, but are sent as papers of reference from time to time as they may be required. In July I drew on the State Department for three thousand, six hundred dollars. Vouchers could not at that date nor can they now be forwarded, but will be in time'3 Although our flag is yet but a few weeks protecting I2 In the copy of this letter received in Washington on July 2 2 , 1 8 4 7 , the words "where formerly they received goods in payment" are here inserted. 1 'The passage "By Como Sloat the Dept. of S t a t e . . . but will be in time" is omitted from the copy of this letter received by the State Department on November 1 5 , 1846.

[214} California, there is already a Newspaper commenced in Monterey. I hail this as a sign of the times, and the march of American principals. The Brookline with 186 Mormons have arrived at San Francisco. I believe they are preparing to settle there.'4 As the receipt by you of this letter is uncertain and there is much probability of its being intercepted on the road I do not sign it, and although I am from Monterey you will know the writer. Should you not, M r Childs can assure you of the handwriting. 15 [Top margin bears note: Reed. Nov. '46.]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES BUCHANAN. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 5 8 ( 1 1 : 5 8 ) . ]

Consulate of the United States of America City of the Angels August 23 rd, 1846 Sir COMMODORE STOCKTON with about two hundred & fifty men from the Congress, left San Pedro for this town, on the 1 ith, inst. On the 13th, he entered the place & hoisted the Flag of the United States. Major Fremont with about one hundred and fifty mounted riflemen having landed at San Diego from the Cyane, arrived here at the same hour the Commodore did. The soldiers & farmers collected together in this place by the General, Governor & Prefect of Monterey, amounted to about five hundred men. They had sufficient powder, many very handsome pieces of brass artillery, in good order & an incredible number of carbines & muskets all over the the copy received in Washington on November 1 5 , 1 8 4 6 , the words " T h e Brookline . . . preparing to settle there" are omitted. ' ' T h e copy received in Washington on November 1 5 , 1 8 4 6 , reads: " A s there is much doubt of this reaching you and it may fall into other hands—you will receive it without signature— refering if there is need to M r E . L . Childs, P. Office Dept. for prove of the handwriting." In all other copies of this letter the closing paragraph is omitted. •From a duplicate in the National Archives, Washington, D . C . There is no original copy of this letter in the Larkin file in the National Archives.

[ ziS ] country, with as many horses & bullocks as they chose to take from the farms; the Officers & principal friends of the Genl. & Govr., were well provided with pistols & swords, and most of these people had a full knowledge of roads, mountains & country. On the landing of Como. Stockton at Sn. Pedro Genl. Castro had within four hours ride, double the number of the Commodores forces, but made no demonstration of resistance. The Genl., Govr., and some other principal Officers, taking parties of from twenty to sixty men each, on the 9th to the 1 ith inst. disappeared (some of whom have since returned & given themselves up) and on the arrival of the United States forces in this town on the 13th inst., not an armed soldier was to be found. So completely subdued were the people, that on the day before I arrived with Midshipman Baldwin and one sergant2 took possession of the Government House & had it in order for the forces on their arrival. Mr Macnamara, an Irish Priest on the 4th of July, 1846, received from Governor Pio Pico and the Legislature of California, three thousand leagues of land, on the San Joaquin River. He engaged to introduce into California, ten thousand3 Irishmen, within a specified time. This Gentleman came to California in H. B. M. Ship, Juno, 24 guns and left in the Collingwood, 74 guns for Oahu. After our flag wove in Monterey, Mr. Macnamara Called upon me to obtain my opinion respecting his grant right; this demand for land shews a new feature on the part of England to colonize California & is but a change of 4 plans. Commodore Stockton has made a good selection in appointing Major Fremont, Governor California. If his appointment is confirmed by the President, resources should be immediately put at his disposal; thousands of Emigrants will soon enter the Territory. The furnishing of Government troops & fortifying the Country will enable these Emigrants to sustain themselves. Should the Country prosper, as I think it must, hundreds of our Whalers will after 1846 visit the different ports & obtain their sup2 A copy received in Washington on September 28, 1847, and Larkin's own letter book here read "a Servant." On another copy received at the State Department on December 25, 1846, the words "the Commodore's Steward" appeared, but they were deleted and "one servant" substituted. 3 The copy received in Washington on September 28, 1847, here erroneously reads "three thousand." •The word "other" is added here in the copy received in Washington on December 25, 1846.

[216] plies.5 California is now to come forward and show to the world her resources. I am respectfully, Sir, Your Obdt. Servt. Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] To the Hon. James Buchanan, Esqr Secretary of State, City of Washington [Top margin bears note: Rec'd 2 2 July '47.]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES BUCHANAN. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 5 9 ( 1 1 : 5 9 ) . ]

City of the Angeles, California August 23, 1846 2 Sir

M Y first information to you respecting the possession of Monterey and San Francisco by Commodore Sloat on the 7th of last July, I sent inclosed in a letter to Mr E. L. Childs, P. Office Department, Washington. In that manner I had the opportunity of forwarding by one of H . B. M . Ships. In June I forwarded information with some proclamations relative to the Foreigners rising at San Francisco. On Commodore Stockton leaving Monterey in the Congress,3 I came with him, and shall remain here while I can be of any service to him. Commodore Stockton with about 2 5 0 men from the Congress left San Pedro for this town on the 1 1 inst. On the 13 he entered the place and hoisted the flag of the United States. Major Fremont with One hundred ' T h e copy received in Washington on September 2 8 , 1 8 4 7 , here reads: "visit our ports and obtain here supplies." 'From a duplicate copy in the National Archives, Washington, D . C . , there being no original of this letter in the Larkin file in the National Archives. 2 In Larkin's letter book, now in the Bancroft Library, and in the copies received by the State Department on July 2 2 and September 2 8 , 1 8 4 7 , the words "Consulate of the United States of America" are added preceding the date line.

' T h e copies received in Washington on July 2 2 and September 2 8 , 1 8 4 7 , here add the words " f o r the Port of San Pedro, twenty seven miles from this."

[ «7 ] and twenty five Men mounted Riflemen having landed at San Diego, from the Cyane, arrived here at the same hour the Commodore did. The Soldiers, Farmers and Volenteers collected together in this place by the General, Governor and Prefect of Monterey amounted to about Five Hundred Men. They had sufficient powder, many very handsome pieces of brass Artillery in good order, and an increable [incredible] number of Carbines and Muskets all over the country, with as many Horses and Cattle4 as they choose to take from the Farmers. The Officers and principal Friends of the General and Governor were well provided with pistols and swords. Added to this number of people many other Citizens were at the command of the General and Governor by force or their own will and they had a full knowledge of the roads, Mountains, and country. On the landing of Commodore Stockton at San Pedro, General Castro had withen four hours ride, double of the Commodores forces but made no demonstration of resistance. The Californians soon after began to disperce. The General, Governor and some other principal officers taking parties of twenty to sixty men each, on 9th 10 and 1 1 instant disappeared. Some of them have since returned and given themselves up and in all probibility not one will succeed in geting out of California, as some of Major Fremont's company are yet on the pursuit. On the arrival of the U. S. Forces in this town5 not an armed Soldier was to be found. So compleatly were the People subdued the day before I arrived here with an Officer6 and the Commodores Steward, [I] took possesion of the Government house, and had it in order for the forces on their arrival, many of the Inhabitants answering my calls for the loan of Furniture &c. &c. Our Flag now waives over all California. Our western coast on the Pacific,7 now extends from Lat 32 to Lat 49 North (if no farther). Our line will be from the mouth of the "Rio del Norte" to the latitude of the River Gila thence to the red river, thence too or near a small port called 4

Larkin's copy and the July 2 2 and September 28, 1 8 4 7 , copies here read "bullocks." 5 " O n the 13 th inst." is here inserted in Larkin's copy and in those which reached Washington on July 2 2 and September 28, 1 8 4 7 . 6 The copies which reached Washington on July 2 2 and September 28, 1 8 4 7 , and Larkin's own copy here read: "The day I arrived with Passed Midshipman Baldwin." 7 The words "by discovery, and conquest" are inserted here in Larkin's copy and in those received by the State Department on July 2 2 and September 28, 1 8 4 7 .

[218] San Francisco a little south of the Port of San Diego near Lat 32 North.8 Should the Government of the United States by any policy (which appears that such policy would be impossible for anyone to entertain) in a Treaty with Mexico deliver up California, it would be an advantage to retain it untill 1848 when there would be so many Americans within the Territory that the country without an effort would still be a part of the United States. Even in 1847 at San Francisco and the Sacremento should the Mexican Flag be again unfolded, that same hour it would give place9 to an Independent flag. In Ninty days the same would happen all over California. Mr Macnamara an Irish priest on the fourth of last July, received from Governor Pio Pico and the Legislature of California Three Thousand (3000) Leagues of land on the San Joaquin River, he engaging to introduce into California Ten thousand Irishmen withen a specified time. This gentleman came to California in the "Juno" 24 guns, and left in the "Collinwood" 74 guns for Oahu. After our flag waived in Monterey Mr M. called on me to obtain my opinion respecting his grant and rights. This demand for land shews a new feature in the policy of England to colonize California, and is but a chainge of other plans. There is not a doubt but the Californians before three years, having seen the protection afforded their Persons and property in such a manner as before they could not comprehend, and knowing the demand for their produce and the great reduction in the value of Importations will be contented and satisfied under the flag they are to live under. Even now very many can forsee these great advantages. Those who formerly enjoyed salaries and power have deep feeling for their loss but they are but a small proportion to the great body of Native Inhabitants, and even the latter will soon be outnumbered by Emigration. Commodore Stockton and Major Fremont and their Officers labour in the cause before them, with a will and desire, to advance the honour and interest of their country and cause peace and contentment among the Natives. No Horses (who where formerly at the mercy of every Revolter) nor 8

See note No. 9, Larkin to Buchanan, August 2 2 , 1846 (Off. Corr. N o . 57). «Larkin's copy and the copies received in Washington on July 2 2 and September 28, 1 8 4 7 , here read "would still be a part of the U . S. and in 1849 the Mexican Flag if again unfurled would at Sn. Fran. & the Sacramento at the same hour give place."

[2I

9

}

any one article, is taken from the Californians without permission of the Owners, and receiving immediate payment at fair market prices. Prehaps no officer in our Navy is better adapted for the capture, "charge and care of California than Commodore R. F. Stockton. While in every case being firm and decided his proclamation has answered the expectations of the People and his deportment has been kind and conciliating towards all visitors, Natives or Foreign, who may have seen him from business or otherwise. He is attentive to their wants and happy to oblige them, without personal interest or ambition to gratify. The satisfaction showed by the Natives in the Commodores Government can be proved in no better manner than the fact of many of them bringing forward to be examined and adjudged cases of a domistic and commercial nature, that before their own Alcaldes they never expected attention or Justice. Commodore Stockton has made a good selection in appointing Major Fremont Governor of California. If his appointment is confermed by the President, resources should be put immediately at his disposal. Thousands of Emigrants will soon enter this Territory. The furnishing of Goverment troops, and the fortifying the country will enable these Emigrants to sustain themselves. Should the country prosper,"and I beleive it will, hundreds of our Whalers will after 1846 12 visit the different Ports, and obtain their supplies. California is now to come forward and show to the world its resources. The Commodore has shown me what he calls "The Organic Law of his Empire" and asks my opinion in regard to its applicability to the present condition of this country. I have given him my opinion, that it can not be altered for the better, and I reccommend by all means its adoption for the present, because no one not acquainted with these people could frame laws so well adapted to their condition and a little mistake in such a paper under the curcumstances in which this country is now placed (Nine tenths of the population being Mexicans and Californians, who cannot IO

The copies received by the State Department on July 22 and September 28, 1847, and Larkin's own copy here omit the word "capture." "Larkin's copy and the copy received in Washington on September 28, 1847, substitute the words "be held" for "prosper." 12 Larkin's letter book and the copies which reached the State Department on July 22 and September 28, 1847, give this date as 1847.

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{ 220 ]

comprehend any more liberty than is contained in that document) might cause disastrous circumstances.13 I am Sir with much respect. Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] Hon. Secretary of State James Buchanan City of Washington

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO WILLIAM M. ROGERS. COPY. IV : z 6 z . ]

City of the Angeles 400 miles South of Monterey California August 26, 1846 My Dear Cousin

I C A M E here from San Pedro (27 miles) with Como Stockton and the United States Forces—after assisting in the change of flags in Monterey July 7 by Como Sloat—and Com Stockton in St. Barbara. The flag of our country now protects California. California is free. Revolutions within the Territory are ended. Agriculture revives. Commerce will flourish; and the country proves to the world its resources. I continue here a few days then return to San Pedro and in the Congress hope to reach home in September. Via Mexico and via Panama I wrote to you sendig an Invoice in July, last week again via Mexico. As her mails are stopt you may not receive the last. I again request you to use my Name as my Attorney in puting into the ship and cargo we have wrote about all my funds in your hands. I this summer drew on you for 2000$ in favor of a Mr Kimball of Salem.1 I have also sent to you my two drafts (by Como Sloat via Panama) on the State dept. for 1200$ and 2400$ and one of Captain Fremont on Col Abert Washigton for 1200$ and have drawn on you for 54$ in some ones name of Mass and 500$ for E. L. Childs. '¡Larkin's copy and the copies which arrived in Washington on July 2 2 and September 2 8 , 1 8 4 7 , omit this paragraph but have a closing passage which reads: " I t is possible that several of my letters written since July may contain the same kind of information and repetitions. This is caused by my being on the roads, or in quarters from home and having Copies left all over the country." 'Here are deleted the words: " I shall in June 4 7 owe him 4 0 0 0 $ . "

[221) California being taken before we know their was an actual declaration of War between the States and Mexico, I was fearfull for the result—but now—all is right—and I see (excepting War with England) no prospects of the U. S. ever given up California. In this case it is of much importance that your friend dispatches out his Vessel2 ask the aid of Messrs Shaw or Everrett— to purchase goods. The cargo should be somewhat changed from former ones, having a large quantity of tea, Sugar, French Brandy, some Whiskey, Coffee, Flour, ship Bread, groceries in general, saddles, good Rifles, Hostels & Pistols, Boots, Shoes, Hat, clothing, Blankets, much Broadcloth fine & middling besides the good in general sent out. There now circulates considerable money. A very large amount of Government drafts in 1847 will be in Market, and more money by far than ever. All foreign goods from Boston should come out duties paid, then with the Am manifactures all would in C. come in duties free. Foreign Ships now pay 50 pr ton, and 15 pr cent on the value of the goods when landed. One Oahu Brig entered this week her rice (bad) was priced at 1 0 $ 100 lbs, Coffee at 32$, Sugar 24$, on these prices was paid 1 5 pr ct. These prices will fall. This day I do not know of 2000$ worth of Rice, Coffee, tea or sugar for sale in this country. Next year they may be plenty. I am in hopes to obtain a part of a quick silver mine, and wish you to have shipt for me by the vessel I have been writing about, if anything prevents her beng sent out, then by some other vessel, direct to Monterey or via Oahu, say up 300 to 400 Iron jars for quick silver, wrought or Iron, the stoples to screw on—say a part of each. These jars are much wanted by me, even one hundred—also 1 0 to 20 cast iron tubes 4 to 8 inches in diameter in the clear, 10 to 1 5 feet long made to screw and unscrew into each other, perfectly airtight, that the vapour can not pass through. As I am not a judge of these things I should prefer that you have some person conversant in mining obtain them for you as he may know the kind, size, class of Iron &c &c. I am afraid you will not obtain such a person in Boston. I also want 150 to 200$ worth of building bricks and bricks for building ovens for smelting and baking, also a gig, carraige, carry all or something on four wheels (the fore ones low)—for one Horse, having good showing Harness—the whole to cost 250 to 3 50$—and about 150$ worth 2

Deleted: "depending on my forwarded list of goods or"

[222] of rings, ear rings, and other Jewelry for Mrs Larkin. All these things can come out in the vessel on freight for me after you have purchased them or they can come as cargo—I paying Monterey prices (for them) on their arrival. Should this vessel not come, only send the jars and tubes—the cast iron well packed and Secured. Should your Friend (I forgot his name) conclude not to send out the vessel we have wrote about it would be a great loss to me, havng disposed of my Boston funds for that purpose—I should like the use of them. Should by a chance my last draft not be paid by the Secretary of State, you will not have much funds of mine. I do not see how he can avoid payng them, as I have his special order to draw for certain expences—even if I had no opportunity of sendng vouchers—which I had not.

If they are

protested—write there three lines to him as part of my letter. Prehaps I may in this letter send you a draft for 3600. If I do you will only present it in case the two drafts of June & July of 36 or 3800$ (I forget which) do not reach you. T o add to my other advantages in the vessel I wrote for I am now U . S Naval Agent for C. and shall have very great demand for flour, Bread, Whiskey, Sugar Tea Coffee, Rice, Broadcloth, Shoes, grayed and other hats—with small stores for the offices—again—the Governor that is to be in C. has wrote to the Secretry and his Washington Friends that you are my correspondent in havng another person send to me a vessel and has wrote for some things. I have before informed you respectng your Friends applying to the Secreaty of State & to know if he can point out any freight. I would now advise the Merchant to call in Person on the Secretarys of State, Navy, & of the Treasury or other proper persons in W . respecting one or even two loads of freight for C. but you will understand that before you give your Friend so much opportunity to make mony by my means— you will have my interest fully secured in all his C. speculation & busness to the amt of H or V2 of the whole, I payng him 6 pr ct on all I may owe him from the investment of the money. He nor myself I prefer should rec'd anything as commissin should by accidnt this voyage not be got up. Could you not write for M r . A. Robinson N . Y . to come and see you or some other Merchant, as I want the business began soon as possible. Should M r Everett not come out, and he could invest 5000 to 10,000—have some

[ 223 } other person take charge and have a good clerk not a Boy—never mind their knowng the Spanish language tho' it an object.3 Have this vessel dispatched soon as possible. To forward your letter Send one within one or two days after you receive this to the Secretary of State or the Navy, requested that it may come in Capt F. Better to write me by this conveyance, staying when the ship may possible start—and if you have made a begin[nin]g send me some a/c of the invoice. [In the margin: Sperm Candles, One Horse Carts with Harness, Some paper for a Newspaper, Stationary.

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES BUCHANAN.1 OFF. CORR. NO. 6 0 (ll:6o).]

City of the Angeles, 400 miles South of Monterey August 27, 1846 2 Sir ( 3 u r conquest of this country being compleated, and my official capacity as U . S. Consul having expired by the new state of affairs in California the Hon. Secretary of State will please command my services in any business or service he may believe conductive to the interest of our cause in California. Should there be appointed a Minister to Mexico or commissioners to settle any convention, which may aim at the securing to the United States, this Territory, and my knowledge of California should be required, I should be happy to meet in the convention, in Mexico or any appointed place. In the meantime untill our Relations with Mexico are fully settled and understood, 3 1 hope to continue in my confidential Agency. Commodore Stockton appoints me Naval Agent for the coast of California, and recommends the confirmation to our Government. Having 'Deleted: "Should you know of any steady men steadey now and intend to remain so who are Taylors, Tinman, Carpenter, Blacksmith & Shoe Maker." 'From the original in the National Archives, Washington, D . C . O n the copy received in Washington on July 2 2 , 1 8 4 7 , and on Larkin's own letter book,

2

now in the Bancroft Library, the words "Consulate of the United States of America" precede the date line. 5 Larkin's copy and duplicate copies received in Washington on December 2 5 , 1 8 4 6 , and July 2 2 , 1 8 4 7 , here add: " b y Treaty, securing California to the Union."

[224} houses and warehouses in Monterey, and am preparing others in San Francisco, and other Ports in California, I am anxious to have this appointment. It being solely commercial and its profits or proceeds in commissions with only its actual expences paid it will not interfer in any situation I may have under Government. You will confer a favour on me by giving your approval of the appointment. Should any curcumstances of Government employ cause me to leave California for a few months my Agents here will faithfully attend to my business.4 Having some acquaintance with you from my Consular business, and being unknown to the Hon. Secretary of the Navy, I have taken the liberty of troubling you on this private business of my own, and must also trespass on your time and friendship, to have by the Bearer of this (over the Rocky Mountains) my instructions and proper blanks sent to me. If I am empowered to draw for large sums this information through some New York house should be given to the principal Merchants of Mazatlan, or letters not addressed sent to me that I could forward to them. For want of this kind of information, the last Draft of Captain Fremont I sent to Mazatlan could not be cashed.5 The change of Flags in California, opening a great extent of business, and my anxiety to participate in it, and continue6 in Government Employ, will I hope be considered sufficient excuse for this first letter to you, for my own personal benifet.7 I am respectifully Your Obedient Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] Hon James Buchanan, Secretary of State City of Washington ^Larkin's copy and duplicate copies received in Washington on December 2 5 , 1846, and July 2 2 , 1 8 4 7 , here add: "during my absence." 'Larkin's letter book and copies of this letter received in Washington on December 2 5 , 1846, and July 2 2 , 1847, here read: " I f I am empowered to draw for amounts of money of consequence through some House in New York, information of the fact should be communicated to some Commercial Houses of Mazatlan [the December 2 5 copy here adds: 'and New York'] or letters not addressed be sent to me, that I could forward to Messrs. Mott, Talbot & Co., Mazatlan. A draft from Captain J. C. Fremont on Government, as his power to draw not being known there, the Draft could not be sold; this ignorance causes much expense & confusion in business for want of this kind of information." 6 Larkin's copy and the copies received in Washington on December 2 5 , 1846, and July 2 2 , 1 8 4 7 , here add: "in California." 7 A closing paragraph which is the same as the closing paragraph of Larkin's letter of August 2 3 , 1846, to Buchanan (Off. Corr. N o . 59) is added in Larkin's letter book copy of this communication and also in the copy which arrived at the State Department on July 2 2 , 1 8 4 7 .

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[ 22 5 ] —

[THOMAS FRAZER TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 2 6 3 . ]

Los Angeles, August 27th 1846 Thos. O. Larkin Esqr My dear Sir

I N a few days Commodore Stockton will return to Monterey having made a clean sweep of this part of the country. Pio Pico, José and Manuel Castro stole the twenty odd thousand dollars they had belonging to the people and run away to Sonora. I think the country is ours. The only man to be feared is José Antonio Carrillo and we don't know where he is. The Castros and Pio Pico acted like robers and cowards. Their stock in trade were bombastic proclamations and fast legs. I hear some rumors to the effect that Fremont is going to compel Stockton to nominate him as Governor. Such is the current rumor in this town, of which I have already informed Lieutenant Revere. The pretensions of the Major run high because old Benton will stick to him through thick and thin. This part of the country is not so rich as the northern part of this territory. I would therefore advise you to try and get some land for our use north of Monterey. Hoping soon to see you I remain Yours truly Thos. Frazer [Rubric]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO WILLIAM DANE PHELPS. COPY. IV -.264.]

Angeles August 28, 1846 Captain W . D. Philps Sir I EXPECTED to hav see you again before you left this town, to have a more definit understanding respecting the comtemplated Voyage which I was in expectation of making up. Still I am afraid to conclude as it em-

[226} braces nothing certain, not being able to make a contract. The Commodore can not postively engage any thing—not knowing what the two Store Ships may bring—and I can not engage to deliver, not knowing whether the article can be obtained where you may go—and am some fearfull there are Oahu ships on the way here with cargo. I however propose to you, that if during a few days I make up my mind to try the speculation in the Moscow I will give you One thousand dollars pr month for the Bark from the day you leave the coast on your voyage until you arrive at San Francisco' afterward you coming to Monterey immediately from San Francisco if requested by me. I would also pay you two and a half per cent commissions on purchasing my goods—and taking charge care Etc. I also paying you One thousand dollars in Oahu, as part of the contract. You will not bring cargo to sell or barter for yourself or others, nor freight only for me and I not being liable for your Vessel, or for any time she may spend by danger of the sea or otherwise in refilling or supplying that your insurers must pay. In purchasing my cargo, I chould give you not much of a list, depending on your character and Judgement to spend all my funds in such a cargo as may be best for this coast in November 1846. You will please answer this by the Bearer saying how long you remain at San Pedro and San Diego— and what day of September you could leave San Diego after you may receive my Courir. In the mean time do not disarange your business on account of this letter. I wish it was so that you was agoing to remain here while the Moscow went to San Diego. 'Here are deleted the words: "and four hundred per month while I may have my cargo on board."

[22 7 ] [WILLIAM DANE PHELPS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V ¡ 2 6 5 . ]

Off St Pedro Point Sat Morng Aug 29th T O Larkin Dr Sir

I

AM now under weigh for Santa Barbara, and have just reed your letter. As there is nothing definite in it, I shall proceed. As to the proposal you have in contemplation to make, I will say that if you make up your mind to do as you speak of, I accept the proposition, with this exception, (i e) that the charter commence from the day on which you engage the vessel, as from that day and hour, I shall be engaged in your business & not my own. I will wait at Santa Barb, untill the 9th of Sept. After that time I will not promise to be at liberty. If I do not hear from you then I shall proceed to St Luis. I am Sir Yr Obt St. „ , rr> , . W m D. Phelps [Rubric]

[NATHAN SPEAR TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : z 6 6 . ]

Yerbabuena 30th Aug 1846 T O Larkin Esqr My dear Sir ^ W l L L you be so good as to send by Mr Howard or some other safe convancethe note of J P Leeses. We have a lawyer & prehaps he might colectit. Every thing is quiet here. The mormons are sacttering themselfs around the town & work for any body that will pay for it. Thay have devine servise every Sunday & now & then a marreag takes place. One of the familey lives in my house & seem to be good sort of folks. Please ask Mr Green to send my pump & trowel. Yours truly Nathan Spear [Rubric] Bad pen.

[228] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO WILLIAM M. ROGERS. COPY. IV ¡ 2 6 7 . ]

City of the Angeles 30 August 184$ Sir

concluded to advise you that should my former drafts be paid in full by the State department, that you indorse the one I now send and have your Friend or his Agent go to Washington call on Hon Secretary of State, and say that this Draft was only given to cover the amount of the two given about June and July in case they did not arrive—but although I do not now demand it the present change, before we was well aware of the actual declaration of War, has caused me very large Government Expences and should the Secretary choose to pay it—he would oblige me and put me in funds before I could obtain any by drawing at some future period and prevent any more drafts this year and enable me advance the interest of the Voyage to California. This can be showed personally to him—which I place at his disposition to pay as he may consider best. I am Respectifully Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] I

HAVE

Mr William M. Rogers Boston, Mass.

(229} [BENJAMIN T . REED TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 2 7 6 . ]

Boston Sept 1 ,

1846

. ^ ^ . c c o u n t Sales of Hides, reed per Ship California from California, and Sold for a/c of T. O. Larkin Esqr. Date 1846 July 1 a

10

*< tt

Purchasers

Time

Mdse

Price

Amounts

Bates & Co

30 ds

880 Hides wg 22.743 lb

9% 3 % off

2,189.01 65.67

Robt. Upton

6,78c 8 ms

580 Hides wg 14,481

9%

Bates & Co

50 ds

579 Hides wg 14,4» 1

9% 3%off

Aug 1 2 Abel Proctor

60 ds

2 1 1 Hides wg 5,010

2.123.24 1,393.80

1,393.80 41.80

6 95%

1,352.00 348.47

loo

2,251

5,217.51

Charges Duty $230.69 Freight $ 1 , 1 2 5 . 5 0 Whfge $ 1 2 . 2 5 I n s $76 Whing $ 2 1 . 1 0 Guarantee zlk% on $ 5 2 1 7 . 5 1 Commission 2V2% on $ 5 2 1 7 . 5 1

1,356.19 109.35 130.44 130.44

1,726.42

Dollars

3,491.09

Errors Excepted B T Reed

{2

3

o]

[TALBOT H. GREEN TO JOSEPH P. THOMPSON. COPY. I V : 2 6 9 A . ]

Monterey Septenber 3d 1846 Mr Joseph P Thompson Sir ^ENCLOSED you will receive an order from Mr Howard for to send me all the flour you may be able to collect and send this month. I wish you to use every Exertion to get the flour and send it down first vessel coming down. Please dont let it be known that you are getting flour for me. T H Green

[TALBOT H. GREEN TO WILLIAM ALEXANDER LEIDESDORFF. COPY. I V : 2 6 9 B . ]

[Monterey, September 3, 1846(5)] Capt Wm A Liedesdorff Sir I HAVE been waiting some time for an answer from you to say what amount of the goods sent you were taken by you on your own account. The balance you will dispose of to the best advantage and as soon as possible, taken notes as before directed. I wish you to buy all the Merchantable flour you can procure provided you can deliver it here at 2$ pr aroba on account untill further notice. Should I want funds in the Yerba buena would you be willing to cash your note as you proposed. If you can buy any good Ship bread from Whalers, at a price not to Exceed 9 cents I will allow you five percent commission. The Ship Bread must be of xst quality and have it well examined before making purchace. You will please write to me by first oppertunty.

[ 23I ]

—

Write in duplicate how much flour you can have in all this month (according to your oppinon) what the prospect is of getting Bread from whalers and at what price. If you agree to the terms I want all you buy. Write in all haste to me. I have given Capt Paty an order on you for 150$ which if it is convent to you to pay please pay. [T. H. Green]

[ARCHIBALD MACRAE TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 2 7 2 . ]

Mexican Brig "Republicano" Off Santa Barbara Sept 5th '46 Sir

W u , you oblige me by informing Commodore Sloat that Despatches which left Washington on the 16th of May, and have come by the way of Panama and Mazatlan, are this far on their way towards him. I am Sir very respy Your Obt Servt. Arch MacRae Passd Midsn U.S.N. Thos O. Larkin Esq U. S. Consul Monterey, Alta California

[232} [BONIFACIO OLIVARES TO SALVADOR VALLEJO. I V : 2 7 4 . ]

Los Cuervos Setiembre 6 de este año [1846] Captian Salvador Ballejo S u amigo Cantua y yo hemos pensado dar riatazos a los marineros que tomaron los Angeles. Ya viene el capitan Noriega también viene Flores. Si también viene Y i todos los botaremos para que Vd mande todos y castigue los marineros. Aqui tenemos lanzas y riatas. Bonifacio Olivares [Rubric] Toldo lo dice mi compadre es vedad y ya que manda mas que también lo digo del ruego de M Cantua. Dionisio Reyes [Rubric]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES BUCHANAN. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 6 1 ( l i : 6 l ) . ]

Frigate Congress, Santa Barbara, September 8 1846 2 Sir

just arrived from San Pedro. Como. Stockton has hoisted our flag at every commanding point3 in this territory. Captain J. C. Fremont receives the appointment of Major and has raised or will raise three hundred men. The Commodore has reccommended him to the President as Governor of California. These and other particulars yourself and Hon. Secretary of the Navy should received about fifty days from this by Mr. I

HAVE

'From the original in the National Archives, Washington, D . C . 2

In Larkin's letter book and the copies received in Washington on July 2 2 and September 2 8 , 1 8 4 7 , "Consulate of the United States of America" precedes the date line. 3 Larkin's copy and the copies received in Washington on July 2 2 and September 2 8 , 1 8 4 7 , read "convenient point."

[ 233 ]

—

Christopher Carson, who Major Fremont has dispatched via N e w Mexico or Santa Fee, touching at Bent's fort for animals. M r Carson has fifeteen men w i t h him. 4 I am ashore to deliver some civel commissions from the C o m o and take on board the men who had been left here in August. I have not a moment to write, and only forward this to advise you of the departure of M r Carson and of the arrival here on the 5th of Midshipman Macree [McRea] with dispatches from the Secretary of the N a v y . By him I received your printed Circular of May last enclosing the Proclamation and Message of the President. This is the only dispatch I have had the honour to receive from you since October 1845. Affairs in California are in a quite state, without having any thing new. M r Bancrof dispatches of May to the Como had been anticipated and fully acted on in August. I am with much respect your most Obedient 5 Thomas O . Larkin [Rubric] H o n Secretary of State City of Washington [Top margin bears note: Reed Novr. 16.]

[JOHN AUGUSTUS SUTTER TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 2 7 5 . ]

N e w Helvetia September 8th 1846 Thomas O . Larkin Esqre Monterey Dear Sir

I

HAVE the pleasure of introducing to your kind and polite Notice

Col W i l l i a m H . Russel late United States Marshall of the District of 4This sentence is omitted from the copies received at the State Department on July 22 and September 28, 1847, and from Larkin's own copy. 5 Larkin's copy and the copies received in Washington on July 22 and September 28, 1847, read: " . . . in a quiet state, without having anything new. Midshipman McRea's despatches to the Commodore from the Secretary of State were fully anticipated. I am Sir. . . . "

[234] Missouri, who is highly recomanded to me, from some distinguished Gentlemen which are my friends in the United States. Col. Russel visits California with a view of locating in it provided he should be pleased. Allow me to request your friendly attention while at Monterey; assuring you it will be considered as a personal favour by Your Most Obedient Servant J. A. Sutter [Rubric]

[BENJAMIN T. REED TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV : 2 7 7 . ]

Boston Sept. 14, 1846 T . O Larkin Esq Dear Sir

I ^ e f f e r i n g to my last respects of June 29th I avail myself of the conveyance by Capt Arther to forward your a/c Sales of your hides1 per Ship California, $3,491.09 net proceeds to your credit. We are so long without any advice from your side & so uncertain are we as to effect which the proceedings of our Government will have with you that I can not now determine what course to pursue. If I send a vessel to the coast I shall forward you the Amt of these sales by her, but if not I shall pay them over as directed to Rev W m M Rogers who has lately returned from Europe. Your children were quite well a short time since when I heard from them with your relatives at Lynn. Hides are very dull. None of the Admittance yet sold. I Am Sir Respy yr. B T Reed 'See under date of September 1 , 1 8 4 6 .

[ 235 } [MARIANO GUADALUPE VALLEJO TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 I V : z 8 l . ]

Sonoma 1 5 de Setó de 1846 Sr. D. Thomas O. Larkin Muy Sr. mió y de mi particular apo

C / O N mucha satisfacción recibí su faboresida de 24 del po po Agosto. En mi casa ya de regreso de mi prisión en el Sacramto, puedo ofrecer á V . mis serví si en algo pueden valer, asi como mi persona. Sali del Sacramto medio muerto y llegué aqui casi sin vida; po ya estoy muy restablecido en tanto grado que pude dias pasados visitar al Cap« Montgomery en Yerbabuena, y aun he pensado ver á Monterey cuan pronto sea posible, despues de arreglar algún tanto mis negocios y mi casa que están cual V . se puede figurar. El cambio político ha cortado mucho á mi persona y espíritu, y tambn á mis propiedades. He perdido mas de mil reces en pie, seis-cientos caballos mansos y muchas otras cosas de valor que se tomaron de mi casa aqui y en Petaluma. Mis cosechas de trigo se perdieron todas porque el ganado se las comio en las sementeras, y yo le aseguro á V . que de 200$ de sembradura bien dadas, como estaban es una perdida de alga, entidad. Se perdió todo y no hay esperanza de resarcir ésto si no volviendo á trabajar de nuevo. Estoy buscando algs arts de prima necesidad para mi casa y fama, y luego visitare á V . para darle personalmte las gracias de cuantos fabores he recibido de V . El solar que tengo en Yerbabuena es para fabricar casa en él tan pronto como pueda, esto es, si me dejan; sin embargo si V . gusta arreglaremos la cosa de manera que V . y yo tengamos una parte igual en el, ya formando compa ó ya fabricando casa por cuenta de ambos, según el objeto á que V . piense dedicarse en Yerbabuena. Por mi parte solo soy, ahora, un ranchero ó negociante ó como V . quiere llamarme de suerte qe estoy listo pa todo. En el estrecho de Carquines me parece que será dentro de muy poco tpo, la ciudad grande y comerciante por mil razones; y como tengo allí una ' A translation into English of this document is given immediately below.

[

2 3

é ]

propiedad de tierra, deseo ahora le ofrecer allí un solar competente sin que cueste un real. V . mismo me lo dijo en Monty cuando nos vimos la ultima vez, y en fin saldrá cierto su vaticinio. Tengo deseos muy grandes de ver á V. y hablar de todo. N i deceo, ni quiero, no soy capaz de obtener, como V . me índice, un empleo en la organización del gobo q. se va á establecer, aunqí ayudaré cuanto pueda en hacer la felicidad del pais, como hombre privado. Las noticias ultimas sobre los Gualagualas fueron demasiado abultadas; á pesar de esto estamos aun sobre las armas por si fuera un ardid lo que ellos han querido aparentar. Lo q. yo creo es que la bandera Americana los intimido y por eso la cosa cambió, y tambn por la actividad con qc se ha conducido en ese negocio el Capn Montgómery y sus ofs. Hace cinco dias que llegaron al Sacramento 200 carros con emigrantes de los E. U. y pronto llegaran muchos mas. Deceo se conserve V. bueno como lo apetece su mas attvo Servr y amo q. b. s. m. M. G. Vallejo [Rubric]

[MARIANO GUADALUPE VALLEJO TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV ¡ 2 8 0 . ]

Translation

Sonoma 15 th Septr 1846 Thos O. Larkin Esq. My very esteemed Sir

W t h great satisfaction I received your favour of 24th last August. Being now in my house on my return from my prison at the Sacramento, I can offer you my services if they may be of any use to you, as well as my person. I left the Sacramento half dead and arrived here almost without life; but I am now much better, so much so, that the other day I paid a visit to Captn Montgomery in the Yerba Buena, and I have even thought of going to Monterey as soon as possible after settling my affairs a little which are in the state that you may imagine. The political change has cost a great deal to my person and mind, and

[237} likewise to my property. I have lost more than a thousand live horned cattle, six hundred tame horses, and many other things of value which were taken from my house here and at Petaluma. My wheat crops are entirely lost for the cattle eat them up in the fields, and I assure you that 200 fanegas of sowing in good condition as mine was is a considerable loss. All is lost, and the only hope for making it up is to work again. I am seeking for some things of the first necessity for my house and family, and then I will pay you a visit to thank you personally for the many favours I have received from you. The house lot which I have at the Yerba Buena is to build a house upon as soon as I may be able, if they will let me; nevertheless if you wish it we can arrange it so that you and I may have an equal share in it, either by forming a company or by building a house on joint account according to the views that you may have in forming a settlement at the Yerba Buena. For my part I am now only a farmer or merchant as you may please to call me and therefore ready for every thing. I expect that within a short time the Straits of Carquines will be the site of a large and mercantile city for many reasons; and as I have there got a quantity of land, I now offer you a competent house lot without it costing you a rial. You yourself told me so when we last saw each other in Monterey, and your prophesy will ultimately turn out true. I have a great desire to see you and speak about every thing. I neither desire, nor wish, nor am I capable, to obtain any situation for the organization of the Government which is about to be established, as you indicate, although as a private individual I will do what I can for the prosperity of the country. The last accounts respecting the Wallawallas were too exagerated; we are notwithstanding still under arms, lest their conduct should prove to be a stratagem. What I believe is, that the American Flag intimidated them and that therefore the affair took another turn, and likewise on account of the activity with which Capt. Montgomery and his officers conducted the affair. Five days ago 200 waggons with emigrants arrived at the Sacramento from the U. S. and shortly many more will arrive. Wishing that your health may continue as I desire I remain your obedt Servt &c. (Signed) M. G. Vallejo

[z

3

8]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARXIN TO ARCHIBALD H. GILLESPIE. COPY. I V : 2 8 3 . ]

Monterey Sept. 16th 1846 Capt. A. H. Gillespie Sir

w , arrived here in the U. S. Flag Ship Congress yesterday making a passage of seven days from Santa Barbara. Found all well here. Mr Colton chaplain of the Congress, was yesterday chosen first Alcalde for the year, Mr Milton Little chosen second. There were also chosen four councilers Viz. Mr David Spence, Mr W E P Hartnell Don Juan Malarin, and Don Manuel Diaz. Enclosed you have your discharge Roll which I forward to you at the request of Capt. Jacob Zeilin. None of the others but the two would sign, saying their accounts were not right, or that the charges were exorbitant. I Am Yours Respectfully (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin

[ 239 } [FLORENCIO SERRANO. LIST OF FAMILIES WITH BOYS IN T H E MONTEREY PUBLIC SCHOOL. I V : 2 8 2 . ]

Monterrey Septiembre 17 de 1846 L/ISTA

de los Padres de familia que tienen niños en la escuela de

mi cargo. Juan Malarin Santiago Watson Gabriel de la Torre Antonio Osio Tomas Larkin Juan Cooper Pedro Narvaez José Castro Luis Pomber Olibie Deleisegues Juan Alvirez Juan Romie Lazaro Soto Francisco Arias José Anto Mendez Carlos Walter Nicolas Dodero Guillermo Garner Manuel Jimeno Rosa Linares Agustina Romero Maria Antonia Pico Petra Vazquez Dionicia Jerman Silberia Lara Guadalupe Jimeno de Vargaz

2 i 2 2 X i i i i i i i i i 2 2 2 2 3 i i 2 i i X 2 37 F. Serrano [Rubric]

[ 2 4°! [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO ROBERT FIELD STOCKTON. COPY. IV ¡ 2 8 4 . ]

Monterey Sept 17th 1846 Sir

O n my arrival here, I found that Mr Talbot H. Green had received from Captain Mervine the appointment of Collector of this Port, to remain so untill your arrival. I am anxious that Mr Green should receive this appointment from you, and that you would in your next dispatch to the home Government reccommend his approval. Mr William E. P. Hartnell informs me that I would oblige him by saying to you that he should be pleased to receive from you the office of Surveyor and appraiser to the Custom House, as that was the situation he formerly held (at fifteen hundred dollars per year and another sum as Interpriter). You will find Mr Hartnell's character for rectitude of conduct as an Officer of the Custom House, all you would desire. I do not know what salery he would expect, but think he can not support himself and family under 1500$ per year. I Am Very Respectfully Your Obedeint Servent Commodore Robt F. Stockton Commander in Cheif 1 and Governour of California

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO ANTHONY TEN EYCK. COPY. I V : 2 8 5 . ]

Monterey Sept 19th 1846 Sir

^ i o u R favor of the 20th Inst [July] came to hand and should have been answered sooner, but I was at the South on Board the Congress. For your kind offers to Mrs Larkin accept my thanks. 'Here are deleted the words: " o f U S Naval Forces."

[24I} Comd. Sloat arrived here July xst and in consequence of information being received of hostilities haveing commenced in Mexico concluded to take possesion of the Country, which he did by landing his Forces upon the 7 July and hoisting the U. S. Flag. Shortly after Comd. Stockton haveing arrived and assumed the command Comd Sloat saild for the U. S. Com. Stockton immediately commenced the most vigorous measures for secureing possesion of the Country. A few Days after hoisting his Pennant on Board the Frigate Congress, he sailed accompanied by me for Santa Barbara & San Pedro. Stopping only long enough at St. B. to hoist the Flag, we proceeded to San P. and landed a Force to take possesion of the City of the Angels the Capital of California where Genl Castro had taken a position defended by double our Force with several pieces of Brass Cannon. Upon our approach they retreated and we took peaceable possesion of the Town. The U. S. Flag now floats throughout the whole extent of California without an opposer, Genl Castro it is supposed haveing retreated to Sonora. The Country is gradually becomeing quiet and the Inhabitants already display there confidence in the new Government. This is but a brief outline of affairs but really I have so much to attend to that you must excuse my [not] entering more into detail. To Your question in respects to The prospects of A Lawyer, I think there will be numerous openings for a young man but I would not advise any one to give up a certainty for an uncertainty. We are to have a large emigration this year yet larger in 47 I think. You will oblige me by writeing whenever you have the opportunity and may depend on hearing from me. The Congress & Savannah sail for S. Fran, the Erie for Panama to land a Bearer of dispatches. The Cyane & Warren are Blockadeing San Blaz & Mazatlan &c. (Signed) T . O. L. A. Ten Eyck Esqr Honolulu Oahu

[242} [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO WILLIAM PATY. COPY. I V : 2 I 5 B ]

pr Brookline Sept 20 1846

of 19 J u l y 1 1 have rec'd. I thank you for your paying the two small debts. Three times I had tried to pay Mr Jarves. The money was the last time on board the Fama returned within a month to me. I enclose a Draft dated July 10/46 at 5 days sight drawn upon Sten. Reynolds in my favour for Two Hundred & Forty Dollars, which when collected pay to A Johnstone, about 20$—it may be 25$—for some cloths Mr Larkin rec'd from Mrs Kinlock. Any ballance in your hands send me in Sugar or as you like. "^(jOurs

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JACOB PRIMER LEESE. I V : 2 8 8 . ]

Monterey Sept 2 1 , 1846 Mr Jacob P. Leace Dear Friend O n my arrival from the South I found your letter with many kind expressions—you, and your Brothers, will only look on my exertions in your behalf as a mere act—done for old Friends. I am on reflection sorry I did not urge the subject with more force to Como. Sloat. He agreed with me to send the discharge, but was I think pursuaded by Mr Gillespie not to do so for the present. When I sent up Mr Murphy it was to know where and how you was. I told him he should have One hundred dollars for the journey which payment I knew Don M. G. V . and yourself would pay with pleasure. Two or three days after Mr Murphy departure from my conversations with •This date should read "20 July."

[243] Como. Stockton, I obtained his orders for your discharge. A week or two afterwards not hearing from you, I began to be uneasy and told Como. Stockton that prehaps the Person in charge at New Helvetia might not consider himself bound to obey his orders and asked of him another order, which was given me. M r Murphy says he has been very handsomely repaid for his two journeys. While at the Pueblo de los Angeles I wrote to Don Guadelupe to sell me the lot of land at Yerba Buena where he began a house. You will oblige me by mentionig this to him as he may not have my letter. I am very anxious to have a front lot in Y . Buena and this lot suets me. I will give any fair price for it, and do not at present wish it known I offer to purchase. Should Don G. have no title in his own hand, I consider his long possession sufficent—at any rate I wish him not to give it up to any one untill we meet nor say that I want to purchase it. Como. Stockton will be at Y . B. by the first of October to remain there some time, myself near the same time. I have sent up letters to Messrs Teshmecher and Thompson to have the H . B. Co's house in order for Como. Stockton. If you or Don Guadelupe could send down to Capt Richardson two very good Horses to lend the Como it would oblige him —though I am afraid you are not well off for good or bad Horses. I have no doubt of seing you and your two Brothers in law at Y . B. It will afford me a pleasure to introduce the three to the Como. I have no doubt but you all chafe at your late treatment and I want you to inform Don Guadelupe that I have of late had many conversations with Major Fremont (who is to be Governor if the President approves of it) respecting him—and that out of seven Legislatures [Legislators] that are to be appointed, Don G and D. Juan Bandina may recieve a commission. I am determined if possible to have those two Gentlemen in the new govermnt. There is no fear but all California will be willig in one year to take a part.

—[>44] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO NATHAN SPEAR. COPY. IV ¡ 2 8 9 . ]

Monterey Sept 21st 1846 Sir

I send you Mr Jacob P. Leese's note for Three Thousand Dollars dated Nov. 21st 1839. I would advise you to take no steps in the matter for the present as I intend starting for the Yerba Buena in a few Days and from thence to Sonoma, and I will see what can be done about collecting it. Mr Murphy will hand you this personally, he starts from here to Day. Yours &c. (Signed) T . O. L. E/NCLOSED

Nathan Spear Esqr Yerba Buena

Copy of Note

Monterey Nov. 21st 1839 Value Received nine months from date I promise to pay to Wm. S. Hinckley and Nathan Spear to their order the sum of Three Thousand Dollars in the usual merchantable produce of this Country at the Market prices, this sum being in full of all claims and demands whatever and an entire and full adjustment of all commercal affairs existing between myself and the above mentioned up to the date above written. $3000

(Signed) Jacob P. Leese

[245] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN, J R . , TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. ISAAC CHILDS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 2 9 0 - 2 9 I . ]

Lynn Sept. 2 1 , 46 My dear paarents

I AM very well at preseint and should be pleased to hear at thir time the same from you. Frederick is in health. He is leaarning his books very well. I am now studying Geo, Arith Besides writing and spelling, beside Wednsday I attende A Drawing class. I had a very good time on our passage her. I like L. very well. Have not bee homesicck yet. I think it as pleasiak here as at Monterey. Aunt Saphiia was married a short time since. I and Frederick saw thin married. I have seen almast all my relatians. I have been to Darchester and Marblehead. I want to see you all father, and mother, brather and sistere, But dont expect to. I now I have no more time to Write to you. I must leave friend for the pressant. You dear son, Thomas Larkin 23 Sept. We live near Mr Otis Johnsons. We have a fine time over there at play very often. They have a very nice flower and fruit garden. Mr Johnsons says he used to attend school with you. We are very happy here in Uncles house. Uncle and Aunt are so kind to us. We have all we wish. We could be no happier if you were our protector here. Uncle has one litte boy his name is Isaac Herbert Childs and a good little fellow he is to. Dear Father Since I have been writing this I have had the pleasur of receiving a letter fom you. I am glad to hear from those I think so much about. How pleased we shall all be to see you in Lynn if you should come. Now I shall stop writing wishing much love to you all. Thomes

[246} Lynn Sept 23 1846 Brother Oliver As Oliver has left one page unwritten on I will improve it by filling it up. Olivr has been severall days in bringing forth epistle. I presume you will be pleased to receive even so much. He is very fond of Play more so than of his Books, yet I am in hopes now after received yours & my making him & Frederic give more attention to their studies in future. Frederic is of two the best schollar & gets his Lessons best. They appear to be quite contented & happy & not Homesick any, that we have noticed. Their Heath has geneally been good espeicilly Olivr. Frederc grows taller & fatter. I have written to you severall Letters since they arrived. I gave a Letter of Indroduction a few days since to a Mr. DeWitte as expecet will find his way to California also sent a Letter by him. This I expect will be carried out by Mr Melius, if he has not already sailed from New York. W e are all in Healthe & I remain your Brother Isaac Childs [Rubric] P. S. I have written you before that Father died the 21st Janury last.

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES BUCHANAN. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 6 2 (11:62).]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, September 22nd, 1846 Sir

I ARRIVED here on the 15th, in the Congress, after seeing our Flag raised in every commanding point in California. The Commodore is now dispatching his vessels on a cruise. He will himself visit San Francisco next week. Como. Biddle should be here this month. I do not know, whether he has received his orders to take command. •From a duplicate copy in the National Archives, Washington, D. C. There is no original of this document in the Larkin file.

{247} I have spent several hundred dollars in sundry "Couriers," throughout California, during June & July, that in part sho' have been bourne, by Como. Sloat, but being incurred by me, I paid them, altho' some were for the benefit of the Navy operations, in bringing about peace in California, my expences for Clerks have been heavy up to this time, and have paid for fitting up an Office. I presume my expences for Couriers will now cease, and Clerk hire be less; as I may have not much to communicate; but what can be obtained from the Secretary of the Navy. I shall however communicate to you, during the uncertain state of affairs, arising from the War, or other circumstances. By order of Como Stockton, an election of Town Officers, was held in every town in California, the 1 5 Sept. In Monterey there was an unusual large number of Voters, who choose a better set of Officers, than the town ever had, 2 being two Natives & two Foreigners, old residents in Monterey. T h e Inhabitants are becoming reconciled to the N e w Government, and the state of the Country is only in some excitement from the expectation3 of too many Mormons. I am Sir respectfully Your obedt. servt. Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] T o the Hon. James Buchanan Esqr., Secretary of State City of Washington [Top margin bears note: Rec'd 2 2 July.] z Another copy of this letter, received in Washington on December 2 5 , 1846, here adds "four of five." 3Larkin's letter book and the copy which reached Washington on December 2 5 , 1846, here read "expected arrival."

(248} [CHARLES ROUSSILLON AND THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. CONTRACT. I V : 2 8 6 . ]

[22 de Septiembre de 1846]

E K el Puerto de Monterey de la Alta California, á los veinte y dos dias del mes de Septiembre del año de mil ochocientos cuarenta y seis, ante mí Walter Colton Juez de Paz en esta demarcasion y ante los dos testigos testigos qe subscriven, fué presente D. Carlos Rousillon y dijo: qe en virtud de la presente escritura se obliga á entregar á D. Guillermo Spieden Contador de la Fragata de Guerra el Congreso ó á la persona qe sea encargada, la cantidad de veinte y seis mil seiscientas sesenta y seis libras doce onzas de buena gayeta como se hace en el pais, poniéndola en el punto que llaman Yerbabuena en tres meses contados de esta fecha ó cuando mas hasta el fin de Diciembre; á cuyo fin ha recivido Rousillon mil cueros de res al pelo y mil pesos en moneda de plata corriente qe tiene recividos á su entera satisfacción y se hace responsable á los perjuicios qe pueda causar siempre qe falte al plazo estipulado. En cuyo testimonio asi lo otorgó y firmó conmigo y los testigos. Advirtiendo qe la gayeta deberá ser de la mejor qe se puede hacer en el pais y qe la cantidad de cueros y la de dinero qe ha recivido Rousillon la entregó D. Tomas O. Larkin de este comercio. Tomas O. Larkin [Rubric]

Ch Roussillon [Rubric]

Testigo Benito Diaz [Rubric], Florencio Serrano [Rubric], Walter Colton [Rubric] Monterey 8 de Mayo de 1847 La presente contrata queda ya Chancelada con la escepcion del flete de lanchas que ha ocurrido. Ch Roussillon [Rubric]

— [ 249 ] — [WILLIAM T. FAXON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV ¡ 2 9 2 . ]

Boston Sept 22, 1846 Thos. O. Larkin Esqr Sir B y the hands of Mr Melius I send you a few lines although without having anything in particular to say. In fact the only probable way to interest you will be to speak of your boys. I saw them at Lynn three days since at the house of Mr Childs where I went to see them as soon as I heard of the opportunity of writing to you. The boys are in good health and very contented and appear to enjoy themselves very highly. Frederick has had one slight attack of what the Doctor calls "spasmodic Asthma" but nothing serious. The Doct says that although disposed to that complaint he will outgrow it with a little care as regards his diet, and that care and all other attention that is requisite I think he will be certain to recieve from the hands of Mr Childs and lady. Judging from appearances I think I may congratulate you upon having placed your sons with as fine a family as this or any other country contains, and your boys 'though seperated from thier own family have found a home in every sense of the word. Frederick progresses faster in his studies than Oliver, with the exception of drawing in which branch Oliver has made suprising progress. He evidently possesses a fine talent for that branch and I told Mr Childs I thought you would be pleased to have it cultivated by all possible means. Oliver told me should write to you himself, but told me to say to you that he was very happy and contented and had a great many friends. Both boys send their best love to you and thier Mother as well as thier little sisters and Francisco. As you will learn more of political news and national affairs from the papers of the day than I could write you I shall not attempt it. With my best regards to Mrs Larkin, I am your Most Obedient W. T . Faxon [Rubric]

[ 2 5° ] [FLORENCIO SERRANO. SCHOOL EXPENDITURES. I V : 2 9 3 . ]

Monterey Sepère. 23/846 erogados en la hechura de cinco mesas p a la Escuela de primeras letras q« es á mi cargo. G A S T O S

A saver P. Pagado á D. Anto Osio pr 270 piez de tabla a 50 pesos el mil A D. Patricio Durik pr hechura de tres mesas A D. Juan Tierney pr hechura de dos mesas Por dos tablones de á dos pulgadas

Centavos 13 36 40 6

50 00 00 00

95 50/xoo La suma qe antecede Juro haberse imbertido del modo espresado. F. Serrano [Rubric]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO R . C. M. HOYT. I V : 2 7 3 . ]

[September 25, 1846] j A - R T I C l e of Agreement made and concluded this twenty fifth day of September 1846. By and between Thomas O. Larkin on the first part and R. C. M. Hoyt on the second, said Larkin leases and rents to said Hoyt all the house and yard Known as the Hospital (with the exception of the back corner room in said house, the blacksmith's shop occupied by Nicholas Gordon, and also reserves the right of occupying the yard for the purpose of baking, and the priviledge of putting up any Kind of building he may want for the purpose of carrying on the baking business in said yard, also the wells to be under the controul of said Larkin, said Hoyt having the priviledge to use them for his own purposes. The said Hoyt to pay or cause to be paid unto said Larkin, the full and just sum of One

[ 251 ] hundred and twenty five dollars for the term of six months rent, and the said Larkin agrees to lease said property on the same terms for six months longer, provided he does not need it for purposes of his own. In testimony whereof Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric]

R. C. M. Hoyt

[MOSES YALE BEACH & SONS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V ¡ 2 9 5 . ]

"Mount Vernon" Office of the New York Sun New York September 25/46 Thos O. Larkin Esq Sir

W s beg leave to acknowlege the receipt, a few days since, of several letters from you dated from the 1st of April to July 25 th. We desire to thank you for your attention to us, and to assure you that whenever occasion offers we shall be happy to be at your service. Since the commencement of the Mexican blockade we have been unable to send you anything over land, but previously we sent regularly. It appears, however, that since the first commencement of difficulties with the Mexicans, yet before any thing serious took place, you have received nothing. But we sent as long as possible. We send now by the ship Mount Vernon, around Cape Horn. Whenever the blockade is raised we shall send regularly via Vera Cruz. If you could send us Sandwich Island papers occasionally, you would oblige us very much. We send you with this letter several files of papers, magazines &c. Your advertisemt is still inserted regularly. There is nothing new here. People begin to think the Mexican War is great humbug. Very Respectfully Yours M. Y . Beach & Sons per A E Beach [Rubric]

[

}

[JOHN COFFIN JONES TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV ¡296.]

Boston Sept 26, 1846 Dear Sir

I HAVE written you once since my arrival in this Country, (via Panama), God knows if you will receve it or not. You will have heard of our pasage to Boston in 107 days shortest on record. W e have had the news here of the taking of California by our Naval Forces in the Pacific. I presume there was not much resistence; our Government are determined never to relinquish it on no consideration whatever. Your Consul functions will have closed of course. You had better pay your attention to speculating in lands, in a very short time they will be of great value near the Coast. Emigrants will go out by thousends. The Troops in the expedition of Col Stevenson are intended by our Government as pioneers. They are never to return.

Melius and Howard concern will send no more vessels to California. That business on the old scale is done up. Hides will not now sell for 8 cents. Mr Reed told me a fiew days since that his concern would make a most looseing business. They are all sick of the hide business. There are now in this country (it is calculated) more then will be consumed in the next four years. I have seen your boys once since their arrival in this Country. I heard however six days since that they ware well and improveing fast. Mr Rodgers returned a fortnight since from Europe & I am proposing to go with him and see them together, when I will give you a faithful report of their situation. I wish you had sent them to the care of Mr R. as he feels a great interest in their welfare and happiness. I have taken a small house in the town of Newton for the present, but do not be surprized if you see me again in California next year. Perhaps I may apply to Mr Polk for a commission. My wife was confined three weeks since with a girl and is doing well. I fear howevr she will hardly be able to endure the severity of our horrible climate.

[ 253 } The political state of country is melancholly indeed. Mr Polk has proved himself totally incompetent for the duties of his office. He is a man of no stability, no honour or integrity, the tool of a corrupted cabinet; he will never be re-elected. General Taylor, it is presumed by all parties, will be the next chief magistrate of our land. Will you forward the enclosed by first oppertunity and very much oblige, yours Very truly J. C Jones T . O Larkin Esq Monterey P. S. Our Government dispatch a mail to California next month Via Panama, I shall write you then at length.

[EDWARD LAPHAM STETSON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV . ' 2 9 7 . ]

United States Ship Warren Bay of Pichilingue, Septr. 28, 1846 Dear Sir B y the sailing of the "Julia" I have merely time to say, that we arrived here last eveng from Mazatlan after a passage of four days. We were unable to negotiate for any money with Mess. Baron Forbes & Co. at San Bias, from what cause I know not, & therefore returned again. Some arrangements have been made for the Frolic to get it at that port, altho' I believe there is a doubt as to the certainty of so doing. If she succeed's we shall see her at Mazatlan on our return, 8c but little time will be lost in taking it on board & then starting for the North. The Cyane has taken six or seven small Vessels since she has been here, among which is the old cruiser "Julia"—Leidersdorff's favorite. She is a capital vessel & will prove a valuable addition to our squadron, should the Comr. retain her, which I do not doubt. Capt. Dupont sails this eveng for Guaymas & the "Julia", shortly direct for San Francisco. By the "Malek Adhel" I wrote you all the news of importance also enclosed a copy of the letter sent to Bennett, as you wished me to do. That

{^54} I copied from my copy of the letter, in great haste, & I know that some alterations ought to have been made, but I have had no time & therefore I leave all until I see you. T h e incidents of the "cutting out the Brig" which I wrote you is not a correct copy of the one I sent Bennett but I will show you all of them when we meet. I was hurried to death at the time & I know not scarcely what I did write you, but patience & perseverance conquer all things, & with the first in your hands & the latter in our's the old "Warren" will in time convey me safe to California, where I shall have an opportunity of showing you all the important documents. I wrote you that St. Anna had arrived at Vera Cruz 8i had published his manifesto. This has given rise to great speculation as to the effect it will have upon the pending difficulties. There is also I think great reason to fear that overtures of peace from the Mexicans will deprive us of the pleasure of drubbing these fellows in the manner they deserve. T h e arrival of Capt Karny at Santa Fe & the capture of New Mexico & the apparent determination of Genl Taylor to advance into the interior of the country [MS. tor«] the sickly season & the rains are over, all contribute to create the b[MS. torn]. W e heard at Mazatlan that the U S. Brig Truxton was lost in a gale at Tampico & that all her Officers & crew had been sent to the mines. How much reliance can be p u t upon this peice of information I know not although all are inclined to beleive it. W e have no other news of importance from the U States. Please give my regards to M r Green, & say to him I hold myself in readiness to plead my cause before an "Alcalda" or "Justice of the peice" for wilfully pilfering a new Bushel Basket from off the premises of T . O. Larkin Esqr. U. S. Consul Monterey, & that I hope I shall be able to make it appear—the sailing of the Warren in a hurry—was an accomplice. H e will know what I mean & he must then inform you. As the time for the sailing of the Schr is drawing near, I must bring this letter to a close. Give my kind regards to your good lady & my respects to all inquiring for me 8i beleive me I remain Yours in haste Edw. L. Stetson [Rubric] T o Thos O. Larkin Esqr Monterey, California

{ 255 } [WILLIAM EDWARD PETTY HARTNELL TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 2 9 8 . ]

Monterey 30th Septr 1846 My Dear Sir

O N the same day that I received your note p Ambrosio Gomez I received a letter from Jimeno enclosing the bond unsigned. He says that he can come under no such an obligation to pay 5000$; that he as sold you his farm and that you can dispose of it, and that as soon as circumstances will permit you shall have a regular deed of it. I wrote him again, explaining your motive for wishing to have some document, and desired that if he could not give it on your terms, that he would at least least send some kind of a one that might be agreeable to him & satisfactory to you. The other document that you mention given by Serrano & Arias is concluded. Mrs. L & family all well, and desire to be remembered. Yours truly W . E. P. Hartnell [Rubric]

[JOHN CHARLES FRÉMONT TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV ^ 9 9 . ]

Mission of San José [September (?) 1846] Dear Sir

I

HAVE examined carefully the business of which we were speaking, approve your intentions, and enter into the agreement with you accordingly. This is a pretty place, this mission. The gardens or orchards might be made handsome places but, to render them valuable, whoever possesses them in the new state of things should possess also the water which no [w] supplies these vineyards and which comes from a ravine or arroyo in the hills

[256] behind. A handsome plain of good land extends from the hills towards the bay and could be well watered and highly cultivated. There are some valuable bodies of land from this around the bay towards the Mountain Diavolo and lying under it. T w o of these are between Pinole and Marsh's, one, next and adjoining Pinole belongs to the Welch family (a brother in law of Forbes) and the other to the mother in law of T o m Bowen, a drunken vagabond about the Pueblo San José. These lands lie upon the bay. I shall be glad to hear from you at any opportunity and should like to see you at an early day. Call upon me when necessary. Yours truly J . C . Frémont I understand that one of the orchards here belongs to Alvarado. Thomas O. Larkin Esqre Naval Agent for the U . States in California

[ROBERT FIELD STOCKTON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV: 3 0 0 . ]

U . S. Frigate Congress Harbour of San Francisco, October 1st 1846 Sir

I

REGRET the bad news from the South. I have but little water on

board. As soon as I get it filled up, shall be off if I can for the " C i t y of the Angeles." The Savannah and Portsmouth will leave for San Pedro, as soon as the wind and tide will permit. Faithfully Y r obdt Servt. R . F . Stockton [Rubric] Commodore &c. T o Mr. Thomas O. Larkin San José

[256] behind. A handsome plain of good land extends from the hills towards the bay and could be well watered and highly cultivated. There are some valuable bodies of land from this around the bay towards the Mountain Diavolo and lying under it. T w o of these are between Pinole and Marsh's, one, next and adjoining Pinole belongs to the Welch family (a brother in law of Forbes) and the other to the mother in law of T o m Bowen, a drunken vagabond about the Pueblo San José. These lands lie upon the bay. I shall be glad to hear from you at any opportunity and should like to see you at an early day. Call upon me when necessary. Yours truly J . C . Frémont I understand that one of the orchards here belongs to Alvarado. Thomas O. Larkin Esqre Naval Agent for the U . States in California

[ROBERT FIELD STOCKTON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV: 3 0 0 . ]

U . S. Frigate Congress Harbour of San Francisco, October 1st 1846 Sir

I

REGRET the bad news from the South. I have but little water on

board. As soon as I get it filled up, shall be off if I can for the " C i t y of the Angeles." The Savannah and Portsmouth will leave for San Pedro, as soon as the wind and tide will permit. Faithfully Y r obdt Servt. R . F . Stockton [Rubric] Commodore &c. T o Mr. Thomas O. Larkin San José

[>57} [BENJAMIN T . REED TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 3 0 2 . ]

Boston Oct 2, 1846 T O Larkin Esq Dear Sir to my letters of Sept 1 4 by Ships T H Perkins & Loochoo, I am still without any advices from your side since April. Altho the wife of one of Mr Hoopers ship masters last week received letters dated in July, no other person has received any advices for a long while, and we are extremely anxious to know what the prospects are for trade & collections under the present state of things. Hides are very dull indeed, the most so of any article in market. PREFERRING

I may the next season send out a vessel to the Coast & if so shall consult with your friend Mr Rogers 8c if with his approbation invest your funds in goods &c for your account, but in a state of war as at present it is impossible to say what we shall do. I yesterday saw your kinsman at Lynn. He informed me that your sons were very well quite happy attending school & good boys. Hoping very soon to hear from California I am Sir Very Respy Yrs. B T Reed [Cover hears post mark: U S Naval Lyceum.]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN, ELIAB GRIMES, AND WILLIAM HEATH DAVIS TO ROBERT FIELD STOCKTON. COPY. I V ^ O J . ]

[October 8, 1846] T o His Excelency Robt. F Stockton Governour and Commander in Cheif of California

Yo

UR Memorilists having formed a Company in this Town under the name of the Yerba Buena Wharf Company with a Capital of Ten thousand dollars,

(z

5

8]

Beg leave to represent to your Excelency that the Commercial Community of this Port, are under great disadvantages in landing Merchandize, and Shipping produce, on the beach, that at half tide or low water it is impossible to land goods, or take off produce. The Commerce of the Town increasing, these disadvantages daily become appearent, and with it the impossibility of facilitating business, with only the beach for a landing. We your Memorilists beg leave to ask of your Excelency, that a peice of land, fifty Yards wide, and extending out to the Channel, being at some convenient place, on the Sea side of Montgomery Street, be surveyed and laid off, for this Company, on which to build a Wharf, and any buildings on said Wharf that may be required, and that they be put in possession of the same, on the following conditions. 1st. That the Company within weeks organize themselves, and form their by laws, and commence the building of the Wharf as soon as possible. 2nd. That the Company shall receive a fair Compensation for Wharfage and Storage, from all those who hereafter may use said Wharf. 3rd. That the grant of the land shall be subject to the approval of the General Government in Washington, and should our Government disapprove of it, the Wharf and all belonging to it shall be given up to Government on the Company receiving its valuation, which shall be appraised by three disinterested persons chosen by the Government. As Witness our hands Yerba Buena California this 8 day of October one thousand Eight hundred and forty Six. Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] Eliab Grimes William H. Davis [Rubric]

( 2 59 ] [i. THOMAS MOTT TO THOMAS OLIVER LARXIN. I V ^ C t y . ]

P. Julia San Jose, Lower California, Oct. 9, 1846 Thomas O. Larkin Esq Monterey, or Angeles My Dear Sir " Y o u will have heard ere this comes to hand of my being obliged to leave Mazatlan, in consequence of the blockade of that port. I beg now to advise you, that my house continues in Mazn, its business as usual, my partners being Englishmen, and that I am about forming a tempory establishment in this place, with an agency at La Paz where I shall be happy meanwhile to receive your orders, and will forward with pleasure any correspondence for the U. S. you may find oppy to send me. The Bills of Cap Fremont deposited with my house, have been ordered to be paid over to your friend in Boston. Therefore the amt taken for your acct by Capt Paty will fall in Feb. and if you find still at that time difficuly in remitting to Mazl in consequenc of the war still Continuing, you can send the amt to me here. Please advise our friends of my location & offering my services generally I am, My Dear Sir Truly yours I. T . Mott [Rubric]

[WILLIAM PATY TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 3 o 8 . ]

Honolulu Oct 14th 1846 T . O. Larkin Esqr Dear Sir ^ Y o u r favor of Sept. 20th pr "Brooklyn" was received yesterday together with the order, (herein enclosed) for $240.

[260} Mr. Reynolds refused in toto to pay this or any similar orders, in fact he informs me that he had already refused to pay a similar one in favor of Messrs E & H. Grimes. As Mr. Reynolds will himself write you on the subject more from me is unnecessary. With many thanks for the papers which you were so kind as to send me I am Yours very truly W m Paty [Rubric]

[JOHN OLIVER E. MACONDRAY TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 3 IO.]

Dorchester Monday Oct 19th 1846 Thomas O Larkin Esq Monterey Respected

Sir

Y O U may think from my long silence that I am among the dead or passed away but such I am happy to inform you is not the case. The object of this is to make enquiries respecting the Matriculados, for services rendered during the Revolution of 1837 at Monterey and other parts of the Coast and of retaking the Fort at Monterey by the American Voluntiers thinking this a good time to make and substantiate the Claims the Voluntiers have for Land, while the American Flag flies over the Californias. I left with you the papers in regard to the same but now send full powers of Attorney to Act for me in getting my claims allowed which are three Square Miles of land to be selected in any part of California, not previously ocupied or disposed of. Please write my brother F W Macondray at Boston in regard to the same who will pay all charges in order to get my claim admitted and located. I am now about to leave for China on my return home shall probably procede to California. Your Uncle Capt Rodgers is still living but quite infirm and cannot probably hold out much longer. Please give my best Respects to all friends. Sir Yours with Respect J O E Macondray

[

2 6 i

] . — Dorchester, Novbr 9, 1846

Thomas O Larkin Esq Monterey Dear Sir

Should my Brother have any valid claim to land in California for services rendered during the revolution of 1837 and you can get possesion of the same you are at liberty to value on me for the expences of obtaining the same. Your Obt Sert. F. W. Macondray

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO ROBERT HELD STOCKTON( ?) COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 2 o 8 . ]

Yerba Buena, October 2 1 , 1846 Sir

I T appears as if the circumstances of the country will never allow me to attend to my private business. Having attended you during your stay in Monterey & this place, I at last reached Sonoma. The 3rd day after I was preparing to go up the River to see some lands of mine came letters from Capt. M informing me of the state Monterey was in & I found my family had left for this place. Now beleiving Monterey is quiet, I am again starting for New Helvetia & hope to be in Monterey by the 3rd or 4th of November, when I shall expect to hear from you. You will oblige me by sending a special courier by land, on receipt of this, giving me information of the state of war or peace, and whether you will winter in Monterey. To me it appears the best place for the present. I can then assure you a house or houses. You was thinking of going to Mazatlan. I take the liberty of strongly advising you not going there, or why not charter the Barque Don Quixote to go down. There is a very reckless spirit among our new comers, and as I told Major Freemont, he will need you for a time. Having accompanied you through the wars of the summer & seeing every

[262} thing established by you, & I cannot but be pained to think of any reverce to your name as a Warrior. Therefore hope you will soon be north to settle officers of the Government after causing peace at south. It appears to me important to have double the number of enlisted men contemplated and have three or four hundred at the south. I always told you, you could with all ease take California, but it would prove much care perp[l]exity & trouble to keep it. Our countrymen and even our enemies will give you great credit more & more as time goes by, for your great mercy, kindness & clemency to the natives at the commencement. Their late conduct must now change your manner & actions towards them. I would with much pleasure give my opinion on other subjects but think I have not the right. Whatever I may have done in this way, you will attribute to my wish for your welfare & that of the country. With much respect, I remain Your Most Obdt. Svt. (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO WILLIAM HEATH DAVIS. COPY. I V : 2 7 8 . ]

Yerba Buena 22 Oct 46 Mr William H. Davis in your charge Several letters, some of them very valuable. Please send them by proper persons, taking a memo of who carry those to Messrs Revere and Leace & Vallejo. I

LEAVE

Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] 1 Set of Russian Bills 500$ No 66 New A. 1 2 Sept 46 Cash Note of deposit agant W H Davis " for goods " LeisdedorfF

500$ 500

[ 2 6 3 ]

[ISAAC GOODWIN(J) AND WILLIAM GLOVER(?). AGREEMENT. IV ¡ 3 1 2 . ]

[October 21, 1 1 0 0 yds of dirt Main wall 6402 feet partitions 803 do

1846?]

4 f deep 1 4 2 f long 52 f wide 6 f high 2 f 9 in thick 1 f 6 in do 1 f xo in do

7205

W S the undersigned propose to dig the cellar of M r Larkins according to the above dimentions build the walls furnish stone &c prepareing it for the Adobies all to be done in a good workman-like manner for the sum of $1686.00 [portion of MS. cut away]. [Penciled in:] (Signed) Isaac Goodwin W m Glover

[WILLIAM M. ROGERS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V ^ I J . ]

Boston Nov 2nd 1846 My dear Cousin

I AM happy to announce to you my return to Boston in good health after having visited Egypt, Mt. Sinai, Jerusalem, Italy, Switzerland, Brussels, Paris, England and Scotland. I have reclaimed your papers from the hands of J. Giles Esq. who I believe has managed your affairs with integrity. The following is the state of your affairs as reed from his hands viz.— Certificates of two shares Old Colony Rail Road, ten of Granite bank, seven of the Tremont Bank, all wh. I left with him at my departure. The Cash ac/t of Mr. Giles with you as by his books is a follows.

[ 2 6 3 ]

[ISAAC GOODWIN(J) AND WILLIAM GLOVER(?). AGREEMENT. IV ¡ 3 1 2 . ]

[October 21, 1 1 0 0 yds of dirt Main wall 6402 feet partitions 803 do

1846?]

4 f deep 1 4 2 f long 52 f wide 6 f high 2 f 9 in thick 1 f 6 in do 1 f xo in do

7205

W S the undersigned propose to dig the cellar of M r Larkins according to the above dimentions build the walls furnish stone &c prepareing it for the Adobies all to be done in a good workman-like manner for the sum of $1686.00 [portion of MS. cut away]. [Penciled in:] (Signed) Isaac Goodwin W m Glover

[WILLIAM M. ROGERS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V ^ I J . ]

Boston Nov 2nd 1846 My dear Cousin

I AM happy to announce to you my return to Boston in good health after having visited Egypt, Mt. Sinai, Jerusalem, Italy, Switzerland, Brussels, Paris, England and Scotland. I have reclaimed your papers from the hands of J. Giles Esq. who I believe has managed your affairs with integrity. The following is the state of your affairs as reed from his hands viz.— Certificates of two shares Old Colony Rail Road, ten of Granite bank, seven of the Tremont Bank, all wh. I left with him at my departure. The Cash ac/t of Mr. Giles with you as by his books is a follows.

[264} Giles Dr.

Giles Cr.

1845 Oct. 9 to money left by me $ 89.23 1846 May 4 Dividend Tremont Bk 21.00 " " " Granite Bk. 3 5.00 June 20 Draft on Sec. of State 303.43 July 8 Capt Fremonts two drafts on Top. Dep. 1800.00 July 1 7 Div. Old Colony R. R . 6.00 July 22 Draft on Sec. of State 255.38 Oct 27 To draft of J. Horton agt. for Josiah Thomas, being money to be pd. his son in Monterey 50.00

1846 May 28 To Dexter, district attorney for certified copy of my power of Attorney to send to Washington $1.50 June 20 Merchants Bk. for collecting draft .76 July 8 Merchants Bk. for collect1.00 ing Fremonts two drafts July 22 Merchants Bk. collect draft on Washington for 255.38 .38 Sept. 22 Postage .20 Postage pd •56

$2560.04 —4.40

$4.40

$2555.64

This balance of 2 5 5 5 . 6 4 , I have reed from Mr. Giles, and my ac/t with you is as follows. Reed 1846 Oct 15th On your Consular draft " Dividend Tremont Bk. " '* " " Granite Bk. " Oct 23 Balance from J. Giles Esq.

$ 494.80 21.00 35.00 2555.64 3106.44

Paid 1846 Oct 15 For ac/t Book Oct 23 To cash refunded J. Horton, on my seeing your letter, that he had returned to America, before the draft on you in favor of Thomas reached Monterey Oct 23 Bill of exchange in favor of Elbridge G. Kimball, Monterey, June 16, 1846 Oct 28 For nine shares of the Old Colony R . R d Oct 23 Mr. Giles for Services Oct 29 Postage

00.16

50.00 2000.00 900.00 20.00 .10 $3106.44

Nov 2nd Dr. to cash balance

$136.18

2970.26

[ *«5 ] Mr. Giles had not invested the monies collected on your various drafts, so that I was able at once to meet your bill of exchange in favor of E. G. Kimball. Besides the cash balance above, I hold as yours this day—Certificates of stock viz—Tremont Bk. 7 shs.—Granite 9 shs.—Old Colony R. R. 2 shs.—Old Colony R. R. 9 shs. I reed Oct 29th a letter from Harland and Aspinwall of New York, informing me they had reed a draft from Mott Talbot and Co of Mazatlan, the net proceeds of wh. if collected, were to be placed at my disposal on your ac/t. They have collected it, and I have drawn for the net proceeds $987.40, wh. when reed I will pass to your credit. Mr. B. T. Reed has placed in my hands a mem. that there is due you on time for the hides—$3491.09. I directed him to guarantee the sales, and he tells me that he has sent you, his ac/t of sales. I have reed this day, care of L. W. Sloat, your letter with your draft for 1200$, dated Monterey June 30th 1846, also Fremonts exchange for 1200$, also, your draft for 2600$—all on the Government. I shall put them in process of collection and follow you letter respecting them. These are all the drafts Mr. G. or myself have reed. If you have sent others they have not come to hand. The war would have interrupted all thoughts of business with California on the part of Mr. Hardy, if your plan did not. It is too extensive for him with his other business. I have not seen your children yet. I go to Lynn this week to see them. If they want money am I to advance it. I presume so. Uncle and Aunt are well, and so is Ann and family. I shall advise you immediately of the fate of you bills of exchange just reed and my next may reach you before this, as I know of no present conveyance. Love to all Wra M. Rogers [Rubric] Your exchange on Government for 2600$ is dated July 29th 1846— and Fremonts for 1200$ Jany 28/46. P. S. We understand Monterey is in the hands of the American navy. Capt Montgomery of the Sloop of War Portsmouth or Plymouth, I know very well. How is John. You have enemies, who malign you here. I will send in my next an attack on you and the reply I caused to be inserted, both in the Boston Post.

[266} [WILLIAM ALEXANDER LEIDESDORFF TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : J I 4 . ]

Yerba Buena Novbr 2nd/46 T . O. Larkin Esqr Sir

. A c c o r d i n g to your order we send you all the things we could procure, one cross cut saw, Spades, drawing knives was not to be had for cash. Mrs Larkin and family are well except the two little girls wich were a little indisposed this morning. I suppose it is nothing but a cold they caught. Capt. Leidesdorff could not write himself on account of having very sore eyes. Yours Respectfully W . A. Leidesdorff pr Ch. Meyer [Rubric] [Cover is addressed: T . O . Larkin Esqre, New Helvetia, Sacramento.]

[GEORGE F. WYMAN TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 3 I 5 . ]

Fort New Helvetia Sacramento The 4 of November 1846 Mr Thomas O Larkin My Dear Sir

W„:

HEN you left the fort i think you left in moste to great a hurrey and my reasons for thinking so is by your going off and leaving your cloak with Mrs. Montgomery, i hapned inn their the next day and she told me she did not know what to do with it, and i took it and paid heir for the repairs which amounted to onley 25 cents. Now what shall i do with it. i have it under lock and key. whither i shall keep it or not you can let me know by writing and let me know how much the value of it is

[267} and if it is not to much i will keep it for my wife and if i donte like the price i will send it down by the first opertunity. No more at present i hope you will excuse my poor writing. Remain your Obedient Survent G. F. Wyman [Rubric] Mr. Williams forgot to tell you to send a Dutch oven and lid to bake bread inn.

[CHARLES E. RITTENHOUSE TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV ¡ 3 1 6 . ]

Washington City. 6 Nov. 1846 $1200 I ^ e a s e to take notice, That a draft for Twelve Hundred Dollars drawn by you on "the Hon. Secretary of State City of Washn D. C." dated Consulate of the U. S. A. Port of Monterey California June 30th 1846 Thirty days after sight is Protested for non-acceptance and that the holders look to you for the payment thereof. Yours, &c.

Charles E. Rittenhouse, Notary Public Bank of the Metropolis, Washington City, D.C. To Thomas O Larkin Esq

[CHARLES E. RITTENHOUSE TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. r V : J 1 7 . ]

Washington City, 6 Nov. 1846 $2600 to take notice, That a draft for Twenty Six Hundred Dollars drawn by you on "the Hon Secretary of State City of Washgn D. C." PLEASE

[268} dated Consulate of the U. S. A. Port of Monterey California July 29th 1846 Thirty days after sight is Protested for non-acceptance and that the holders look to you for the payment thereof. Yours, &c. Charles E. Rittenhouse, Notary Public, Bank of the Metropolis, Washington City, D. C. To Thomas O Larkin Esq

[STEPHEN REYNOLDS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 3 l 8 . ]

Oahu Novr 8th 1846 Hr. M. Sec. O. 15. 30. T O Larkin Esq Montery, Cala Sir

I ^ A Y tell me how you manage on California, since the great (if not good) Lady Mrs Nye has left you? So kind—So Charitable—So Loving!! We could have got and spell longer without her. Mmn! The Danish Treaty—made by Capt Steen Bille and R . C. Willie—gives the Subjects of Denmark some advantages over English, French & Jonathans. They have a Treaty Stipulation, to Bond their goods without paying anything more than the Transit Duty—whereas before all Duties were— CASH—and no mistake before you could get your goods!! You will have the "News," to go against the "Polynesian." Look at them all! The Arbitration between Ladd & Co & Government goes on slow. How it will terminate is uncertain—yet those who have attended the sittings 8c heard the Evidence say how it ought to be decided. Arbitrators may not agree. It is tho't they will not agree in that case—if Com. Stockton does not arrive within three months after their award. If they differ he is to settle it—if not it is to go to N York to the Chief Justice. Mr Ricord

[269} the Atty General is anxious he says, to settle it, because there is—and will be, a great field for him—Such as Drafting a Constitution, Laws, Lex Fori, &c. None here believe he can be hired to go away. Our Countrymen, of our Navy, who visit here stop a week or two— are the best judges in the world of all internal matters—in this or any other Country. Intuitively they arrive at—wild—what happy people—to have the gift of interpreting—for every body except themselves ! ! ! Capt King, Brig Elizabeth, wishes me to give him a letter of introduction—to my Friends!! Only think! My Friends!!! Well! One to you— that's all ! Only do as well by him, and jor him as you would wish him to do for you. Now you are Yankified again—I suppose you go ahead Rail Road speed. What chance for a yankee, singed & burned, by the sun at Sandwich Islands? Can he elbow thro' the crowd on California? Will Mormonism suffer any but Mormonism to stay in California? Enthusiasm, the offspring of Bigotry is blinded by self importance—makes itself, unconsciously, I hope, miserable, and all around uncomfortable. What is your Mormon K I N G about? Has he taken formal possession of all California, selected the best spots for the Church, ordered all original possessors to give up and be off? Let them go— What will be the result of Uncle Sam's ships, Sailors, Soldiers, taking California? Who will be Govr is a grand Question. What part do you expect to perform, in the Drama ? I need not caution you to look—you are up—so quiz[ ?]— Tell John R . Cooper not to be too proud now he lives under what he has so long wanted—Stripes ! I presume his landed estate will make Rich as a Nabob, so that he will leave ploughing the deep. Give us good History of your Country, and its prospects. Mrs Ten Eyck wife of the U. S. Commissioner Died on friday mornig was buried yesterday afternoon. Funeral very large. She was about 31 years of age. Probably the most Superior Woman ever upon the shores of Oahu. Your Obt Sert. Stephen Reynolds

— [ 270 ] [SAMUEL J . HASTINGS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V I J i g . ]

Honolulu Nov 9/46 Friend Larkin I WAS somewhat disappointed at not finding letters from you on my arrival at this place, as I wrote by the Barnstable requesting some little information. Since then you have had an importation of Mormons & there is still another cargo on the way out from New York. I was at Nauvoo just before I left Boston & find they are all bound West & will fill up the Country as fast if not faster than you want. When I left Boston (the 20/April) the impression was that no more vessells would be sent out except a small one to wind up with. Since then the war & other occurrences may cause some change in their views & feelings. I stopd at Valparaiso on my passage here & saw some of your letters to Atherton which gave me a good idea of how things were going on. Atherton has made $40,000 since he has been there & is still doing a first rate business. At this place a cargo might be selected that would answer well for the coast & at very low prices. The brig Elizabeth is chartered by J B McClurg & Co of this place & I only say to you keep your weather eye open, that is enough for you to know. I want you to write me at the old address in Boston, to reach me abt next June & let me know as much abt the business &c of the Coast as you feel inclined to. By So doing you will much oblige me. I shall probably come round again as soon as I get through with this voyage & come more on my own a/c & without doubt find my way to the Coast. This will be handed you by Mr Holbrook of Boston, a Son of the Ship Carpenter of that name & any attention you might show him would be appreciated by his friends here & at home. The Brooklyns lumber sold for $45 I beleive. Mr Pelly is said to have bought it. The islands will take a great deal from you as soon as the price comes down a little more. I sold my pine lumber planed for $ 5 1 cash rather a low price but in connection with another item sold together consider it a good Sale. I expect Capt Cooper is now all right with rigard to his farm. I should think some of you had fine pickings from the missions if what Nye tells me is correct. Am sorry to hear that Park is so far gone. The Sterling will

[ »71 ] make a poor voyage. I do not have much pity for Eaton. Everett has gone to China so say the papers. I am going from here to Hong Kong & from there home direct. Hope to get home in May or June. The Xylon from New York will be with you in 6 or 8 weeks. I think no cargo unless they put it on board here. I cannot say more as I am terribly driven by Carpenters Sailors &c &c. Have to heave out & copper &c. W i t h my best respects to Mrs Larkin & also to other friends I remain Yours Truly Saml. J. Hastings [Rubric] [Cover bears note: Pr. Mr Holbrook.]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO RACHEL (HOBSON) HOLMES LARKIN. I V : 3 2 0 . ]

Monterey 9 November 1846 My Dear Wife I HAVE arrived at home and am waiting to hear from the South. I left with you two letters, one for the Commodore, the other for Mr Green which you was to give to Captain Paty. Captain Montgomery promised to send them by the prise Brig. I suppose they still lay where I put them. If so I shall wait in vain for a letter from Como Stockton. It was my wish to have heard from him and be now ready to go North. There is a report here among the Natives that two or three miles from San Pedro the Como formed his men thus—V—with the Cannon behind them, then sending ahead about one hundred men who on meeting the Californias retreated back on the main Body, losing a few seamen when the main Body opened and gave fire—which killed and wounded about one hundred people, many being also taken Prisoners. The report appears consistent, and is believed here. If its true I hope the Californians are satisfied. Col. Fremont is here preparing waggons and cannon. He will have a large quantity of munitions of War, and 400 to 450 able men. The only danger apprehenden in this town is that when the Forces leave the place under Mr Maddox and his company the Natives may return from San Luis

[272] to Monterey. I myself do not beleive they will yet the town may not be called safe. Mr Talbot and his ten men in Santa Barbara refusd to surrender to the Californians, and among the 100 or 200 walked out of town and continued within three miles 4 or 5 days, each day having a call and shot from the other party who at last burnt them out by putting fire to the grass and woods. They reached San John's on foot. I am dispatching the Quixote to Oahu to return in 60 days with cargo —prehaps Mr Hartnell will go in her as passinger to return in her. Don Pablo and his Brother Meguel and 3 or 4 others are in prison here for roaming about the country too much. No travelling is allowed the Natives— on horse or with Carts. I am sorry you did not have a letter for me at Mr Stokes as I told you to do, to inform me how you and the Children were. Altho' I told you to remain at Yerba Buena, untill you heard from me, yet you packed up to come with Mrs Paty and Capt Paty expected to stop a week at Santa Cruz I have no doubt you did not find yourself at Mr L. as well situated as you was at home but if our children are always to be with you, and you can be no wheres but at home you know they will in time be the sufferers. There is no need to say you will as you will not believe it. I understand by Mr Teshmecher that you have now two rooms, and that Mr Brown has charge of the house. You will therefore bear in mind that as you pay for all you use, and the rooms you occupy, you will call for & order all you and the children may require, and consider that a Hotell is the home in every respects of everyone and all who pays for their accommodations and the trouble they make the Landlord. You will call on Mr Grimes or Mr Howard for any advice or assistance you may require, and write to me by the Bearer, William Matthes. I think of leaving here a few days after Matthes returns (and may stopt at the Pueblo a few days) as I want a letter from Mr Howard first. Did you receive 2 or 3 Indian girls. With my love to the children and yourself I am your affictionate Husband Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric]

[ 273 } [JOHN BERRIEN MONTGOMERY TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 3 2 I . ]

U. S. Ship Portsmouth San Francisco Novr n t h 1846 Sir I FEEL it to be all importent to the public interests for me to sail from this port at the earliest practicable moment—which I cannot do until supplied with bread, for which as you are aware I am wholly depending upon you. The Warren has arrived entirely destitute, & Captn Hull is endeavouring to purchase from Vessels in port one or two thousand pounds to supply the immediate wants of his crew. I have therefore respectfully to call your serious attention to the contract, which I understand you have effected in behalf of the government and request that you will use your utmost efforts to have forwarded to Yerbabuena with the least posible delay all the bread which may be now ready for delivery. I am Sir Your Obt Servt.

Jno B. Montgomery, Commanding Northn Dept. Cala. & U. S. S. Portsmouth To Thos. O Larkin Esqr U. S. Navy Agent, Monterey

[PIERRE SAINSEVAIN TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 3 2 2 . ]

Peuble de St Josefs le xi Nobre 1846 Monsieur Larkitt

E * reponse a Votre honoreé de hiér, Je dois Vous dire que le Jour que nous nous Vimes ici, ma goelete était deja desarmée, parée pour doubler et par conséquant, Je ne pus envoyer le biscuit, et c'est pour cela,

[274} que J'envoyés dessuite eun Courier à Mr le Commandant Montgomery, lui exposant mes motifs, et le priant d'envoyer, une de Ses Chaloupes— dans le cas ou il en aurait de disponible. Je ne pus rien obtenir, Comme Vous le verez par Sa reponse que Je vous envois incluse. Dans une Couple de Jours J'irais à la Yerba buena faire touts mes efforts, pour me procurer une embarcation et livrer le biscuit au plus Vite. Je Suis Monsieur Votre très heumble Serviteur P Sainsevain [Rubric]

[JOHN BERRIEN MONTGOMERY TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV ¡ 3 2 4 . ]

U. S. Ship Portsmouth San Francisco Novr 12th 1846 Sir

letter of the 9th is just reced by Courier. I wrote you by courier yesterday stating our immediate want of bread or sea supply for the Portsmouth & for the immediate use of the crew of the Warren now entirely destitute. I wish you would inform me immediately what quantity you can supply at Monterey, as I can, if there is any ready call on my way down & take it in, the 10,000 lbs. now ready to be sent from the Pueblo falling far short of the quantity I shall require. I reced an application from the Baker at the Pueblo for my boats to bring the bread to the Ship which I informed him were wholly unfit (being open & exposed) for that purpose. I understand the Commodore to say that the bread contracted for was to be delivered by the agent or contractor. This would not prevent my sending for it however if I had the means. There is no boat here at present that can be safely employed for its transportation without exposure to the daily rains. I wish you Sir to give your immediate attention to this matter & write me respecting the quantity I can obtain at Monterey.

[ W

]

The Warren has not a dollar except a remnant of the Ships funds, & I am reduced to a few hundred dollars only still owing a large amount on account of the Department to obtain which I have negotiated bills on the U. States for ten thousand dollars. Letters are reced here by several persons giving an account of a collision between the Commodore & the Californians to which you did not allude in your letter to me. I am Sir Your Obt. Serv't. Jno. B. Montgomery, Military Commandant of the Northern Dept. of Calia. & Comdg. U.S. Ship Portsmouth To Thos. O. Larkin, Esqr Navy Agent, Monterey

[JOHN AUGUSTUS SUTTER TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 3 2 3 . ]

New Helvetia 12th Nov. 1846 Thomas O. Larkin Esqre Dear Sir I N C L O S E D I send you two letters, your ploughs and other Articles I shall send by Water on my farm Hock where Mr. Williams will receive them. The two little Girls are here. The Authority's would not allow them to go down in the Launch before they have asked permission by the Superior Authority's. I shall take care of them for you. I hope you will be so good and send me the Articles for which I wrote to you in my last letter by Captn Burruss by the first Opportunity and you will oblige me very much. I should like to get a Dozen of good Padlocks with the other Articles. We have the best prospects for a good year, and it is a great pity that the Wheat is not already all in the Ground. It rained a great deal here. I remain very respectfully Your Most Obedient Servant

J. A. Sutter [Rubric]

(276) [RUTH CHILDS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V 1 3 2 5 . ]

Lynn Nov 13, 1846 My Dear Brother

A s an opportunity offers of sending to California I have taken my pen (though with a bad headache) to write and so you must excuse all defects as you will find many occasioned by the state of poor head. Since I last wrote you we have been called to part with our dear parent. Though he had been feeble some time his death was sudden. I was from home at Middleboro and only arrived a few hours before his death. As letters have been sent since his death you have probably heard the particulars and I need not state them. We have reason for gratitude that he was spared to us so long. Very few live to the age that he did four score years, but he was a great loss to me. Situated as I am it was very great. I feel at times a sense of loneliness that I never felt before, but I know that all these dispensations are for our good. They wean us more from this world and lead our thoughts to that glorious state to which we are hastening. We have had so much to remind us of the uncertainty of life, and the importance of a preparation for death that it seems to me the height of folly and madness to neglect it. We have had a great deal of sickness and many deaths among us this autumn. The typhus fever has been and still is very prevalent. Uncle John Larkins oldest daughter was buried this afternoon. She has always been a poor afflicted child and we consider it a mercy that she is taken to her rest. Your two boys are in good health and spirits. They appear to enjoy themselves very much. They have made many friends. I believe they have never been homesick since they have been in Lynn. Bro Isaac and his wife are both very kind to them and have very good management with them. They are I understand by their teacher making good progress in their studies. She thinks Frederic gains faster than Oliver because he is not quite so fond of play. We thinke Oliver resembles his Father and presume Fred his mother. You have heard before this of Sophia's marriage. I suppose Elizabeth will follow her example by next spring. Thus you see I shall be left quite alone. You mention in your letter that your boys were not like you in re-

[277} gard to trading. They have now a little shop with their cousin Daniel. Last evening they were in here to their Aunt Breeds making candy to sell. I asked Frederic how much they had made. He said eight cents in one day. At that rate I don't know how long it will be before they realize a fortune. They appear very much interested in it. Our annual thanksgiving occurs the 26 of this month. They will spend it at their Aunt Wrights. They are anticipating a great deal of pleasure. We hope you have not given up the idea of returning home another year. We should be very happy to welcome you and the rest of your family to the quiet town of Lynn though by the way it is not what you left it. You would scarsely recognize some parts of it, such have been the improvements. Several new streets have been laid out, and a great many handsome houses and cottages built and many more in progress of building with handsome gardens. For a few years past they have turned their attention to the cutivation of fruit and flowers. Your old friend Otis Johnson has one of the finest gardens in town. He raises a great variety of fruit which is a source of considerable income. He has no other business. He has paid great attention to your sons since they have been here for your sake. They visit there very often. Give my love to Bro John. Say to him we should be happy to see him and his wife in Lynn. Dont he ever think of returning this way ? As this letter must go to day I must abruptly close with kind remembrances to your wife and family. I remain as ever your affectionate Sister Ruth Bro and Sister Breed send much love. Catharine say she has not forgotten you. Hope we shall hear from you every opportunity.

[278] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO MOSES SCHALLENBERGER. I V : 3 2 6 . ]

Monterey Nov 14/46 Mr Moses Schallenberge now arriving from the United States has a waggon: and Harness for 3 mules, which the owner Mr Lippencott (now in Yerba Buena) agreed to sell to me. You will find Capt. Dickerson, and tell him we want the harness immediatly at San Johns, the waggon to be sent to Monterey now or as soon as he can send it here (I prefer it now). You will also purchase harness for 2 or 3 other mules, and hire some one to put it at San Johns. Give orders on Mr. Green for the Cash or promise to pay it yourself. You must be sure to have as many of these Harness' immediately at San Johns as you can, hireing any one on the spot to carry them there as you purchase them. Say to Mr Dickerson, I hope he will move to Monterey. He will find house room, and plenty of work. Make enquiries respecting the whereabouts, of Wm. Matthes. I prefer that you have the waggon also sent to San John's, as it may be wanted. Yours &c. Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] (_>apt.

Dickerson

— [ 279 ] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO SAMUEL J . HASTINGS. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 4 9 . ]

Monterey, Novr. 16, 1846' Capt Samuel J. Hastings Sir you to be at Oahu I drop a line or so, that you may not conclude that the many and astonishing events of these days in California have swept your name from memory. Your last was from Boston November or December when you spoke of the supposed reasons of Commodore Stockton being ordered here, and of a certain description of affairs in California that you saw in the journal of Commerce—that and some others, but that, in particular, to the people, and something of the kind to the Honorable Secretary opened the eyes of many both in and out of Office. You observed well in saying, I must, from my situation, be well aware of affairs more than you could tell me and could improve my knowledge and opportunies—the latter I did not. I purchased at the time no lands—made no speculations. I even purchased a Salem Cargo in June, and paid $18,000 duties after I knew Sonoma had the Bear Flag. I had from three to five months credit; but the General offering to take half Goods if I would pay on such a day I agreed and did so. I was careful to do nothing that should give people hereafter cause to say I improved my Consular knowledge to better my pocket. Our Flag once up and in the face of all, I then could have done what all could do. Yet even that, the times and my office did not allow me to do. Since July I have been at home only twenty days being away on U. S. business. The Cargo I purchased I gave to Mr Greene. The Vandalia and Moscow to sell on twelve months credit, selling mantas as low as $8 so I hardly know whether I obtain my own again. SUPPOSING

Monterey is about the same. It will not increase fast. It will I think be a good moral, gentle town for California, more so for five years than any other on the coast. Yerba Buena and other places in and about San Francisco will be the busy, bustling uproar of places. Don M. G. Vallejo's lot of ' T h i s date apparently was erroneously copied by the clerk, for on the night of November 1 5 Larkin was taken captive by the Californians at the ranch of Joaquin Gomez, some twenty-five miles northeast of Monterey.

[280} fifty varas square joining Hinklys I have purchased at $500 with no buildings. A fifty vara square lot behind it I offer the same for—Price asked $1000. I think of Building on my lot four two-story houses 32 front by 50 back—with cellars for stores and dwelling houses. Leidesdorff has a very large house, which he has rented at $2000 per year. I do not think the renter can pay it. M y family are there paying $ 1 2 0 per month board. I start for Yerba Buena next week. M r Greene has the full management of my Monterey business. Since '45 I have attended to no mercantile business. I suppose I shall settle North. I am trying to screw myself up to building a Town, thirty or forty miles up the Sacramento (the straits of Kaukins). I have views and plans sufficient to amass a dozen fortunes. Time will tell. If I do nothing else I will make a bustle. Respecting the Political state among us, you will learn by Capt Paty the bearer. After 1847 California will start ahead and great the start will be thereof. I remain Your Obdt Servant (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin

[ISAAC CHILDS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 3 2 7 . ]

Lynn Nov 16 1846 Dear Brother M R ROGERS was at our House a few days since and informed that a vessell was about to sail for Montery &c this week from New York & would forword any Letters we might wish to send. I embrace the opportunity to write a few lines 8c perhaps but a few, as I have written some 6 or 8 times since the arrival of your Boys in June last. The are still in good Health and appear to be Happy & Contented. They go regularly to School, togethejr] with our Son. Frederic & Herbert are very fond of each other, they being nearer of an age. Oliver also tends a Drawing School on Wednesday afternoons. He seems to have a good taste for Drawing & makes good proficiency in it. Much more so than in his other Studies, though I am in hopes he will soon see the importane of giving more attention to

[ *8i ] them. Frederic I think will make a good Singer & soon as he has more knowledge of English, shall send him to school to learn that art, which I presume you will wish to have him do. The Boys received your Letter of last June which is all that we have heared from you since they have been here. I have been expecting to hear from you for sometime, expeccially since you have been taken by our Navy, so you now form a part of our Country. Mr Rogers said he receved a Letter, a short time since by Com. Sloat. Ruth I see has written by this conveyance and I hope & presume she has told you most every thing about the Town & family better than I could do, so I will will close, with tendering the sincere regards of myself & wife & remain ys. Isaac Childs [Rubric]

[WILLIAM M. ROGERS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 3 28.]

Boston Nov 16 th 1846 My

dear

Cousin

you in reply to your favor of July 29^1/46 by Sloat reed Nov 2nd or Nov 3rd and sent it to Capt Roland Gelston, a good friend of mine, who wrote me in return that he sh. sail from New York on or about the 20th and would take any other letters I might wish to send you. On receiving the kind proffer of Capt. G. I visited Lynn, at once to see the boys and to inform Isaac that an opportunity offered of writing you. He promised to do so, and I expect a letter from him and one from the boys to go in the same package with this. The boys are well and hearty, and express themselves with ease in English, tho* they are dropping their Spanish very fast. They have ceased to converse with each other in Spanish. They attend School regularly, and their copy books look very well. I advised Isaac to put them in flannels, as children from a warm climate are very sensitive to the harshness of our East winds. I shall send them from time to time, books wh. may interest them as reading books, as my chilI

WROTE

[282} dren have a store of them, and the next summer shall bring them up to my house for a vacation visit. They seem to be content and and happy. Isaac charges you 3$ pr. wk. for each for board and general care, their schools bills will amount to 32$ for the two, exclusive of books, and the additional expense will be clothing. If you have any directions to give me about the boys, I will meet your wishes as far as I can. I urged Oliver to write you, and I think he will. In relation to your affairs, I wrote you fully in mine of Nov 3, and only add what has transpired since. I reed Nov xoth the nett proceeds of the draft from Talbot and Co. for 1000$ sent to Harland and Aspinwall and by them passed to your ac/t. payable to my order, amounting to $987.40 —and I have bought you 10 shares in the stock of the Western Rail Road —5 at % and 5 at 1 pr ct advance, 100$ being par. Six months dividend is due on it Jan xst so that is actually tinder par, and the Road has earned not less than ten per ct the year past, tho' they will not divide more than six at present. I placed your drafts including Fremonts in the Merchants bank for collection. The two drawn by yourself, dated severally June 30^1/46 for 1200$ and July 29^1/46 for 2600$ were not accepted and as I had directed the usual steps to be taken in such cases, the protest for non acceptance came back to me. As no protest came on Fremonts, I presume it was accepted, and is to be paid at maturity. The reason assigned for non acceptance of your drafts is, "the accounts are not yet received." I do not believe you can have drawn on the Government without sending your ac/ts. Have they miscarried, or do the drafts depend on accounts to be returned by other persons. The Government may get their accounts before the maturity of the drafts, if not I shall retain them having them protested for non payment, and informing the Government where they are to be found. I send you two Nos. of the Post. The first contains a servere attack on you. On reading it, I called on the Editor, and after our interview, he inserted the retraction you will find in the second. You have enemies in California, and let me advise you to place no dependence whatever on the continuance of office. The politicians of the country have only 7 principles 5 loaves and two small fishes, and if the Consulate at M. is worth any thing you will lose it. I have not reed any inventory of goods fit for your market

[ 283 ] as you promised in one of your letters. The war I suppose has driven it out of mind. Capt R. Gelston is a friend of mine, I believe a Christian and warm hearted man. If you can be of any service to him, I shall deem it a personal obligation. Uncle and Aunt Rogers are well. Ann is well. Kind rememberance to John. I will write you by the next opportunity. Yours W m M . Rogers [Rubric]

[WILLIAM M. ROGERS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 3 29.]

Boston Nov 1 7 A / 4 6 My dear Cousin

I H A V E this morning taken from the Post office your letters, by Mazatlan dated July 29th/46, an invoice of cargo fit for your market, July 29^/46, copy of letter reed by Sloat, July 29^/46, letter to Buchanan, July 24th letter to myself, June 18 letter respecting voyage to the coast, June 18, copy of order to B. T . Reed to pay over the avails of hides to me. I have nothing from Lynn, and must send off my package without. Should any letters come to morrow I will send them at a venture.

W m . M . R. [Rubric]

{284} [ANN ROGERS (LARKIN) WRIGHT TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V ¡ 3 3 0 . ]

Neponset Nov 17, 1846 My dear Brother

just seen Uncle William. He called here, to let us know Mr Rogers was going to send a package to you tomorrow morning and would enclose a letter if I wished. It is but a short notice, but I will not let the opportunity pass unimproved. We recieved your letter of May 30, which is all we have heard from you direct since the arrival of your Sons. I am extreemly anxious to hear from you, to know what effect the war in Mexico, and the taking of Upper California, by the Americans has upon you. I have been told that it will result in your good, that business will be better, and property more valuable with you. Still I am very uneasy about you. You say in your last letter you think some of visiting Mass. in /47. I trust you will, but I dare not expect it. It seems next to impossible, for me to think of seeing you again. Yes to think fifteen years has passed away since you left us. I dare not look forward to a reunion, but I will still hope, and I do hope that not only you, but your whole family will before many years, return to New England, not to visit, but to live. You say I must not think so much of your living so far away. That we are happy as it is, granted, but would we not be happier, nearer each other, and I do beleive now you have part of your family here, you will not rest untill you are again all together, and I do know my sister Rachel cannot be as well contended now as when she had her children with her. I know a Mothers feelings, her anxiety and her deep solicitude, for her children, when from home, as well as when at home, to believe she will let you spend all your days where you now are. I shall write nothing concerning the children, or the friends in Lynn as Uncle tells me William has been to see them, and they will write by this opportunity. Oliver & Fredric have been out here twice upon a visit. We have requested them to spend their vacations with us, and Isaac says they will see that they come out. Next week is Thanksgiving, we shall send for them to spend it with us. It is very gratifying to me that they are so well contented, and so happy. They progress well in their studies, and are much beloved by all that know them. It must be a I

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great relief to you & their Mother, that they are so well, and so much at home. I think Oliver is exactly what you was at his age, and I seem to be carrid back to the days of our childhood when he is here. They talk a great deal about "brother Francis" coming when he is old enough. Our Uncle, Aunts, & cousins are well as far as I know. You recollect Catharine Goodwin. She has been to see us lately. She married a Widower in Maine, but she is now a Widow, having buried her Husband and three children in three years. Uncle Willian appears as wel as he did ten years ago. He rides over to see us every week. His W i f e fails, her health is very poor, yet still she is able to keep about. W e l l know it is time to say somethng about my own family. W e are all in good health except Otis. He is better than when I wrote, but his health is poor. He has not able to do much since he sold the Tavern. He bought the house next to it. It is a very pleasent place, and he has some other Land in the place, which he cultivates. I hope by Spring he will be able to attend to business of some kind. Brother George has been at home this Summer. He is married in Jackson, and I expect doing very well. I suppose he will have about Three thousand Dollars as his part of his Father's property, which will give him a good start, and if he is prudent he ought to make money. He is a fine looking young Man. I think he resembles Mother, if I recollect he[r] looks aright. It was a grea[MS. obscured by seal] to me to see him. I have so few near relitives, except my own family, that I highly prize a visit from them. M y children Ann Maria, Harriet, & Helen Frances, are all well, the two eldest as large as their Mother. I should have written to John, had I know of this convayance sooner. I wish he would sometimes write to us. I have not forgotten him, thoug[h] years have gone bye since I saw him. As you will have other letters to read with this, I suppose I have witten enough for this time. Remember me kindly to your Wife, and children. Otis send love to you, and yours. Hope you will write every opportunity, Your afft sister Ann

[286] [JOHN AUGUSTUS SUTTER TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 3 3 X.]

New Helvetia 24th November 1846 Thomas O. Larkin Esqre Dear Sir the Liberty to draw an Order on you for the Amount of $38.50 in favour of W m Daniels or Order. The man is a volunteer and will need a good many things out your store. By honouring this Order you will do me a favour. You did receive 8 or xo ploughs of which two are stocked, which I have forwarded to Mr. Williams, the others are laying here in the Yard unstocked. What a pity to see this, and I am so much in want of them, and can get no more. When Mr. Williams can start 4 ploughs it is a great deal. I hardly believe that he will be able to start so many. I have no Orders neither to stock them. Could you not sell me 4 or when you could 5 of them, or lent them to me. I am willing to pay you something for the use of them, or when you sell them to me I pay you the cash for imediately. I

TOOK

I hope you will be so good and send me the other necessary articles of which I stand so much in need of, and for which you will receive payment in cash. I remain very respectfully, Your Most Obedient Servant J. A. Sutter [Rubric]

[ *87] [JOHN BERRIEN MONTGOMERY TO WILLIAM MERVINE. COPY. I V : J 3 2 . ]

Extract "U. S. Ship Portsmouth San Francisco Novr 25th 1846 Sir

I HAVE this day received the ballance of bread from the Pueblo, making upwards of Twelve thousands pounds in all received. . . . I am Sir Your obdt. Servt. (Signed) Jno B. Montgomery" To Capt. W m Mervine Commanding, Naval officer present A true Copy. T Goodsell C. C.

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO RACHEL (HOBSON) HOLMES LARKIN. I V : 3 3 3 . ]

Santa Barbara, November 25, 1846 House of Dr Nicholas A. Den Mrs Rachel Larkin My Dear Wife

^(jOU are I presume aware that the receipt of your letter of the 12 instant announching the severe sickness of our youngest Child Adiline caused me to be on the road the same afternoon—arriving at Don Jouquin Gomez' in the night. I sent on William Matthus to San John's to request Mr Jose Thompson to wait for me until the morning. That night I was made a Prisoner, and such remain. I was Monday afternoon on the action gr[o]und and six days thence to this place. My treatment has been always very good, and made better each day as curcumstances would permit. Don Manuel Castro always took care that I was well attended to. From San

[288} Antonio I came here with Don Francisco Rico 8c Jose A. Noriega jun 8c four men—from whom I was not only well treated but respected, my Horse and self always attended to without any trouble to myself. I have been in this house four days and hope to be able in time hereafter to prove to Mr 8c Mrs Den my thanks for their treatment to me. Tomorrow I start for the town of the Angeles. I suppose those in Command are in hopes I can be of service to them in some treaty—at least in some future Exchance of Prisoners. M y situation is and must be a critical one, yet the officers and all who are of information are perfectly aware that any wrong or mishap to me would cause much trouble and bloodshed to them and theirs. Without all this knowledge or forethought, I beleive the Californians who have known me so many years know that their interest is mine—and we having been friends twelve years past must from old acquantance sake so continue. Accepting accidents I have no fear but I shall again be with you. Should God order otherwise all my property real or personal belongs—One third to you, and two thirds to our children— Oliver, Frediric, Francis, Caroline, and Adiline—and the child you may have within you. I however do not consider my situation so bad or critical as to now dictate this to you, but only to show you I think only of my Family. You will remain at Yerba Buena if you can be contented there other wise return to Monterey. I prefer your remaining at Yerba Buena for a short time. You will call on Mr Grimes 8c Mr Howard for any advice or assistance, or Captain Philps, and Mr Melius, and write to Mr Green when have occation. With my love to the Children I am with every hopes of again seing you in peace and happiness Your affectionate Husband Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] Do not deliver any of my papers out of your own hands, as many are Notes and accounts and most all of consequence. L

[289 ] [ARCHIBALD H. GILLESPIE TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 3 3 4 . ]

Head Quarters U S Troops San Diego November 29th 1846 My Dear Sir

I HAVE this day drawn upon you two drafts, the first, in favor of John Howell (discharged as worthless from the C Battalion) for Fifty two 49/100 dollars; the second in favor of William Macdonald (for the same) for Thirty 80/100 dollars, which please duly honor. These two fellows have been the cause of a great deal of trouble and difficulty, consequently the[y] are shipped off, and there are no two greater scoundrels in the country than these said fellows Howell & Macdonald. In consequence of the great want of Animals, every horse being driven away, Commo Stockton has landed here with all his force, and intends to maintain this position until we can get horses & oxen to proceed upon the march to the Pueblo. We hear nothing from Major Fremont, but suppose that he must be near the pueblo. Some few of the Enemy show themselve now and then upon the hills opposite to us, beyond the reach of our Guns upon the hieghts commanding the town, and above the Old Presidio, where there is a fine rampart and Block House in the course of building. We muster now on shore 450 men and altogether have a fine Camp. The Congress is safely moored within pistol shot of the Hide Houses, where she will no doubt lie until the winter is passed. The Malek Adhel has saild for San Pedro. Upon her return she is to proceed to Mazatlan with Despatches. Hoping yourself and family are well, I am, Very truly Yours

Archi H. Gillespie [Rubric] Thomas O. Larkin Esqr U S Navy Agent, San Francisco

[29°! [FAXON DEAN ATHERTON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. W : 3 3 5 . ]

Valparaiso December 3d 1846 Friend Larkin

of July 20th was received by "Levant" some 1 0 days since, and although the fact of the annexation of California was known here for some days previous, the particulars which you had the goodness to send me were very interesting indeed. I had long since supposed this would take place, but was fearful that Capt Sloat would not act so promptly as he has done. I only regret he did not make a 4th of July celebration of it. His proclamation is much liked, but that of Capt Stockton is looked upon here as a step backwards and has given great dissatisfaction to all the Amercans here, without I misapprehend the views of the people of U. S. as to be gathered from the public papers. Capt Stockton will find he has made a "faux pas" and so far as I can see, without any need whatever of having opened his face on the subject, he should hav let all well alone. However I console myself with the idea that very soon after his foolish proclamation was launched into existence he must have received orders from home which will have placed affairs on their proper basis. Capt E. R . Shubrick is daily expected here in the "Independence" from Boston to take charge of the Pacific Squdron who I hope will not commit himself by fulminating any unwise proclamations. Of course your "occupation" gone which probably you consider no loss, considering what you obtain in exchange. By the way I have a "petit morceaux" for yourself which is that Capt Hastings was in here in August last on his way to the Sandwich Islands, who before leaving home had been in Washington where he met with Amos Kendall Esq. who learning that he had been in California took him to see M r Polk who kept him in talk some two hours, and among other things told him he considered Mr T . O. L. one of the most efficient consuls the U. S. possessed. I rather think you must have been giving Goverment an insight into the length 8c breadth of California together with a minute description of its inhabitants. ^(jOURS

I suppose Don Guadalupe will feel rather sore at being taken prisoner and then on being released finding himself without his host. However if

— • [ 291 ] he has not been too much excited in the matter, I think he knows too well which side his bread is buttered to kick very hard against the fates, especially if he is left with the semblance of a little authority which it might be good policy to do, supposing he would accept it. Him I consider superior to the rest of his countrymen in many things, and as he has sense enough to know the increased value his Rancho &c will acquire, I think his interest will serve as an emollient to what will probably be his exasperated feelings. This however is all speculation. Who the devil made J. A. Carrillo Major General ? I have tried hard to procure a passage in the "Lexington" for Vallejo who is really homesick but although the officers (Army) offered to take him into their mess Capt Bailey refused to permit it for what reason is best known to himself. It appears to me the young man could not have done him much harm. However he may learn before his voyage is up, people in California are not so independent of each other as they are here, and when a man can do a favour without injury to himself it is always well to do it. The Lexington has on board a company of artillery and armament for a Fortification for Monterrey or San Francisco. You will find the officers very gentlemanly men indeed, and much more liberal than many of our navy officers. There were some three large Transports to sail from New York some time in September under convoy of the "Preble" with about one thousand men under Col Stevenson for Califonia, which will be an interesting arrival for you Californians. I suppose we must call you fellow citizens for the present at least. If you meet with Capt Dupont tell him I am greatly oblidged to him for the Book he had the goodness to give me, and that it is not from men of his calibre that we look for proclamations "a la Stockton." I am told he has the "Cyane." If so I wish him a successful and pleasant cruise. Should you meet with Capt Fremont tell him that when he is nominated to a higher command he can count upon my vote as well as the votes of every one of his countrymen here. Capt Dupont made me a present of his two reports published by order of Congress and really I have never been so delighted with any Book in my life. I have already read it three different times and although I have the whole story nearly by heart, I can read it again with pleasure. When I have not been reading it myself my friends have, and I really

[292} beleive it is being read all the time by some one of them. I see he agrees with me in his fondness for good coffee and for fear his rations should have given out I send a parcel of real "Yungas" said to be superior to Mocha, which if he is with you have the goodness to give him in my name, and tell him nothing would give me greater pleasure than to camp out with him for a day or two to partake of it. Should he not be there with you, keep it for your own use together with the other parcel I send for youself. I send you a package of papers but none very late as we have none here, although we have Letters from Boston to September 28th. Nothing new of importance from the army at that date. Santa ana had returned to Mexico in company with your friend Almonte. Their success was uncertain. The American Brig "Truxtun" Capt Carpender was lost on the coast of Mexico the crew taken prisoners. Genl Taylor was about making a move towards Monterrey. England had offered her mediation between Mexico and the U. S. I see by the S. I. papers that you ha a newspaper published in California. Have the goodness to subscribe for me from its commencement and forward the paper by every opportunity which I hope will be more frequent now than formerly. Since writing the above the Columbus has just come in 64 days from Oahu and the Independence from Rio Janeiro in 3 3 days. I send you the package in charge of Lieut Orde who will deliver them to your order. I will write you more by the Independence and shall endeavour to procure a passage for young Vallejo. Meantime remember me to all old acquaintanes and dont forget to inform me of the state of affairs with you by every opportunity. Perhaps I may find myself there with you one of these days; cannot we not get up some business betwen the two places? We are always getting out Amn. Goods adapted to your Market and this place is always full of English French & German Goods. Yrs. F. D. Atherton [Rubric]

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[WILLIAM M. ROGERS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 3 3 6 . ]

Boston Dec 3rd 1846 My dear Cousin

reed your letters of June 18th July 19, 24, 29, Aug 23, Aug 30th 1 8 4 6 . 1 have reed your drafts on the Sec. of State for $ 1200, and for $2400, also Fremonts in favor of Nye & Co for $1200. They are due at Washington today; the two first have been protested for non acceptance because they have not reed the accounts. I believe the Fremont draft is accepted because no protest has come back to me from Washington. I have also got $987, the net proceeds of a draft forwarded Howland & Aspinwall by Mott Talbot 81 Co. Reed promises to pay the proceeds of the hides when due. The amount of your funds in my hands after paying Kimball's draft for 2000$ is 1 1 shares Old Colony, 7 shs Tremont, 9 Granite, 10 sh Gr. 10 shs Western R . Road. There will be also Reeds funds about 3400$, possibly your drafts on Washington for 4800$. I have sent you by Capt Gelston, who sailed a few days since from New York for California, a detailed account of yr. affairs, with letters from the boys, from Ann, and from Isaac. I have reed your draft on the Sec. of State for 3600$ to be used if it arrived before the two drafts for the same amount. I wrote you by Capt Gelston that your sketch of a voyage or voyages to California is too extended for my friends. They are inclined to look favorably of the plan on the reduced scale of your recent letters, and will in a few days determine whether to send a vessel or not. If they do you shall hear immediately. If not, I shall submit your offer to B. T . Reed. Your wishes for carriage &c. shall be attended to, and dispatched by the first vessel. I will try and look up a proper person to act as your agent and meet yr. wishes in the matter of Mr Hobson. I send yr. letters to the boys. They are well. When you write, will you read over your letters. I am often puzzled to make out the meaning from the omission of words. I sh. think you were taking aim at a flying Mexican when you write, holding at once the pen, and the rifle. Kind love to John and your family. Yours I

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Wm. M. R. [Rubric]

[294) [FREDERIC HUDSON TO EBENEZER LARKIN CHILDS. I V : 3 3 7 . ]

Herald Office New Yrk, Dec 5/46 Sir I

RETURN

Mr Speidens letter to you with our thanks for your

kindness. I send a package of the Heralds for California to your care. If you desire it I will send the Daily Herald to you. Then you can tell when the Californians would like copies. When you write to Mr Larkin or Mr Spieden please say to them that so far as we can we will take care of Californiea. We have always been in favor of the acquisition of that territory. Tell Mr Larkin that hereafter I will save all the newspapers that speak of California and send them to him. Truly Yours F Hudson for J. G. Bennett To E. L. Childs Esq Washgtn City

[BETSEY (LARKIN) CHILDS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V ¡ 3 3 8 . ]

Lynn Dec. 5th 1846 My Dear Oliver I AM just informed that an opportunity now offers to send direct to your place. I therefore with pleasure avail myself of it to send an answer to your kind and very interesting letter received a number of months scince dated Nov 27. I thank you for that letter and likewise for the one to my Dear Husband at the same time. There were both so full of expression of kindness and affectionate feeling for your Dear Father and myself that I could not forbear weeping while peruseing them and then the thought that

|>95} that Dear Husband Father and Friend was no more with us that long before the letters reached us he had gone that way whence he shall no more return was to me indeed a melancholy one. Yes dear Oliver he is gone. The Father and Friend of your Childhood and Youth will no more read or listen to your letters nor express his anxiety for your wellfare as he has often done. I feel that I have met with a loss which I realize more every day. He was a kind and affectionate Husband and an indulgent Father and many too out of the Family miss him as a kind Friend and Neighbour. But we ought to feel thankful that he was spared so long. It pleased God to protract his life to an age which few comparitively attain and untill the last year of his life he enjoyed uninterupted health which was a great blessing. I would write you Dear Oliver all the particulars of his sickness and death but Eben informed me that he had sent the letter I wrote him respecting it to you so of course you will be apprized of it. There was one remark in your letter to your Father and me which struck me as very singular. You observed that if any thing happened to Isaac or if he should not be living you wish some others of the Family to take charge of your Children. I thought it seemed remarkable that you should say if Isaac should be removed by death you hoped we should see to them. Perhaps you little thought that Father was the one removed by death but so it is. I have often thought scince your Dear little Boys came how much care and interest there Grandfather would have manifested for them and how much pleasure he would have felt in takeing them in his carriege and driving them around the town and showing them all the attention he could in his way. I often speak to them of there Grandfather that they may have some Idea of him though they could not have priviledge of seeing him. But I must now speak more particularly of your little Sons who are now become quite familiar with us and who I must say are gaining fast upon my affections and for whom I feel most deeply interested. The very idea that they are at such a distance from their Parents and all the associations of home render them dear to me and creates a kind of Maternal feeling for them and I hope you and their dear Mother will rest assured that I shall allways esteem it a pleasure and a duty to do all in my power to promote their happiness and to make them quite at home. I requested Isaacs Wife to let them come and see me often though their School takes a great part of there time. They

love to learn and they do love to play and enjoy it much. And now Oliver let me tell you and your Wife that we all think them good Boys. There are gentle and pleasent in there manners and I think them very agreeable especially Thomas O. He is very entertaining and inteligent. I admire much to hear him talk. He has given me considerable information about his country and seemes pleased to talk about home. Frederick is quite a timid Boy at first but when he gets acquinted he is more social. They appear very fond of each other which I think is very delightful. They seem to have so much confidence in each other which in my opinion is an excellent trait. I sent for them to spend Thanksgiving day with us and they enjoyed it very much. Oliver said they had no such day at home but they kept the fouth of July for a great day. I think you have selected a very good home for your Sons. Mrs Childs I think will do well by them and is quite interested for them. They are allways dressed very neatly and they have new Sled and Oliver has a pair of skates and they are quite aquipped for the season. I think Isaac and his Wife will do every thing in their power for their comfort and happiness and grant them every indulgence which judicious Parents would think proper for their Children. I understand they are makeing as much proficiecy in there Studies as can be expected in the time. I think Oliver resembles his Father. I mean when you was of his age though he is not quite so handsome. Perhaps you are not aware that you was thought a very beautiful boy from your birth and through your Childhood and youth. How you look now I cannot tell but if the likeness which your Sons have of you is correct you must be the exact image of your Father as I recollect him and if so you have altered amazengly. I wish to know if you have heard that your Sis Sophia has changed her name from Childs to Webster. If you have not give me to inform you that on the 21 st of August 1846 at half past ten in the morning at her Mothers residence was married by Rev Thomas Driver Baptist Minister, Mr William Wallace Webster to Miss Sophia Lincoln Childs. Perhaps you will say this accounts for her remissness in writing. But let me ask you if you have not received a long letter from her within ten or twelve month? If not it must be now on the way and you will get it. The new Married Couple reside in Boston are very pleasently situated and will be extreemly happy to see you at any time. Wallace is a very fine

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young Man and I think Sophia has a first rate Husband. Oliver said he should write you that he saw Aunt Sophia married. We had quite a large Family party at the Wedding and quite a number of juvennile spectators and they were all in high Glee. I should liked to send you a peice of Wedding Cake if it was practable. Should like you and your Wife to tast it. Give my love to Mrs L and tell her I antisepate her acquaintance should our lives be spared. I felt much for her in the sacrifice she made in parting with her dear Children but hope she will meet them again in due time and I hope you will both realize your fondest wishes concerning them. We shall all be happy to welcome you to your native land and hope the time is not far distant when we shall have that pleasure. Oliver has just come in to see if my letter is ready and he is waiting. It is a very cold morning but he looks quite well and appears to brave the cold weather very well. He says he wrote you last evening so I sepose he has told you all the news. Do write soon. I am allways glad to receive a letter from you. We had a paper here thankgiving day in which you were highly complimented which gave us much pleasure. I shall expect soon to hear that T O Larkin is Governor of the place. Indeed we shall be prepared to hear of your advancement if your life is spared. I have much more to say but time and paper will not allow. Our Family are all well. Elizabeth is in Boston makeing Sophia a visit so I am quite alone. Ruth is on a visit to her Sister. Yours truly B Childs

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN, J R . , TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 3 3 9 . ]

Lynn, 6th Deer, 1846 My dear Father

W . are all well, and I hope you ar all well, I do enjoy myself very much, I attend school and study the following brances, Arithmetic, Gegra with the Atlas, and first & 2d Mt. Vernon reader, first exercise in the Morning, we read the Testament. Thanksgiving day, we dined at Grand-Ma' Childs and in the evening at Aunt Wiley's to a party.

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Uncle Isaac went to Boston, with us the day after Thanksgiving, cousin Daniel C . Breed, Herbert Frederic, & myself he bought us a sack, pair of skates, and a sled, we have good fun skating on the ice, I am learning, and have a good many falls. W e live in Federal St, house next to George Johnsons, and Otis Johnsons, opposite, we go there to see his son Eliott, almost every day, Father, we all thinking you are to be first Governor, of Californias & I should like that. Aunts Childs, says we must learn faster & be industrious boys if we are to be the Sons of of Governor Larkin. Kiss my brother, & sisters; and dear Mother, ten kisses for her. Tell Uncle Cooper, I should like to know when Rogers, & John, are coming, they will have a better time here than they do there, tell the boys I can walk on stilts. I seems here that you have been fighting pretty hard at Monterey, the boys do not plague Frederic, any, as you thought they would. W e have been to Church, all day, & to Sabbath school. Dear Father, we have recieved two letters from you, the last, giving an account of the taking of Monterey, & this will be our 2d, too you. The American Flag, was waving on Lynn Common the day we recieved the news of the victory at Monterey. Frederic, says I have written all the news & he dont know what to tell, I hope you will come here soon & Mother, with you. Good-Bye my dear Father, Thomas O . Larkin

[ANN ROGERS (LARKIN) WRIGHT TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 3 4 I . ]

Neponset Dec 7, 1846 My dear Brother I

HAVE been informed by Cousin W m this afternoon, if I will write

this evening, I can have it forwarded to you. H e had a letter from Eben saying we had better send them to him, and he would deliver them to the Gentleman that is in Washington, as a special messenger from your coun-

try. I wrote you a few weeks since, but this will probably reach you first, as it goes more direct. We were very glad to hear about you, though we had no letter. I have been extreemly anxious to hear from you since the American Squadron, have taken possession of California, not knowing how it might affect you. We hear you are now acting as Navy Agent, for your Country and hope that you may still be prospered. It is but little satisfaction to me to hear that you are an inhabitant of our United States, unless the distance between us can be lessened. Perhaps it is wrong in me to think so much of your being so far from me, but I cannot help it. When I reflect that next to my husband & Children, you are the nearest & dearest friend I have, I do wish most sincerely that we could live at least in New England together. I have always had a great desire that our families might be near enough together to see each other if it could not be but seldom. It is some time since I saw your boys, but I hear from them often. We have been expecting them out. Suppose they have no vacation yet since they were here in the Summer. It affords us great satisfaction to have them visit us, and I feel greately attached to them. Oliver is presisely what you was when a boy, in looks and actions, but if the portrait he show me of [y]ou is a correct one, you have altered in looks amazingly. I wish when you have a good opportunity, you would just your own and your wife's portrat taken, and send them to me. You probably know when any vessel is coming to Boston, but we scarse ever hear of one going to Monterey untill it is to late to send any thing. I believe I mentioned in the letter I wrote last, that Brother George had been at home but as it is uncertian when you get it, I mention it again. He appears to be very well. He is married to a Southern Lady. We have never seen her but she is highly spoken of, by those that know her. He has promised to bring her on in the Spring. Maria's eldest daughter is married, and lives in Jackson. It is now a year since we left the Tavern. We live in the next house. Otis' health is better than it was then, yet he is far from well. He has not yet got able to do any business. We have a very good house, with a fine garden, and plenty of fruit trees. Property is rising in this place, since the rail road was finished. It goes close to us, and may new buildings are going up. This makes our place much more valuable and will sell well at any time, should

[ 3 oo ] — we wish to go any whare else, but we shall remain as we are untill Otis regains his health. Our children are all well, and at home. Ann Maria thinks of going back to Bradford, to school in the Spring. Our friends are all well, I believe. Aunt Gibson lives with her Son-law M r May. Aunt Cooper is with her grand daughter Martha Dunn (now Mrs black) in Illinois. Our cousins are scattered in every direction. Uncle Lincoln's family are all marrid but the yungest. Three of the Sons are Baptist Ministers. Sophia Childs, you have heard before this is marrid, her prospects are very good. Elizabeth and her Mother live together at the old place. Father left about Forty Thousand dollars, to be divided amongst his own children. I am glad for George, as it will help him along in Business. I have almost filled my paper, but do not know as you have been able to read it, as I had to write [MS. obscured by seal] taking much time, that it might be ready in Season. You may be sure I let no opportunity pass, without improving it. I wish you wold say to John, I wish he would write us, if but a few words. I hope you will write soon, as I am anxious to hear from you. Remember us kindy to our Sister Rachel, and accept the same for yourself. Your ever affectionate Sister Ann

[WILLIAM BROWN IDE TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV :34c).]

Upper Sacramento Dec 7th x 846 Sir

I

WOULD

inform you that by sickness I have been detained at home

since I saw you but I hope to be able to go below in a few days with M r Lawson by water. I have enclosed a paper to Commodore Stockton. You will be so kind as to see if it be proper, and if so to obtain the appointment for me.

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I have sent by M r Dye a packet of papers which I wish you would see, that they are sent to the U . States by the first opportunity. I have requested my Brother to send me a full sett of sawmill irons, a pair of French burr millstones, bolting cloths, [MS. obscured by seal] and gearing for flouring mill, glass, nails and so fourth for mill house and dwelling house. I am anxious that he should get the papers I send him before the next emigration leaves the states. Respectfully Yours William B. Ide Thomas O Larkin Esqr

[EBENEZER LARKIN CHILDS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 3 4 2 . ]

Washington D C 1 0 Dec 1846 My dear brother I

REC'D information to day from M r Chew of the State Dept that

despatches would be sent "in a few days" to the Pacific, & offering to enclose letters if sent to him. I hasten therefore to prepare a package for you acknowledging several letters rec'd since I last wrote. M y last to you was of Aug 2 3 , thro' the State Dept by way of Chagres. I sent one thro' the same channel June 24, & Aug 3. I prepared one to go by Ship Independence from Boston which was forwarded overland by Purser Waldron. I beleive you have acknowledged all my mine of & prior to that of Feb 2 7 , excepting that by way of Independence Mo. Oct 1 4 1845, & the one by M r Johnson Dec 4, same year. I have received from you letters dated 1 0 March 1846 rec'd 1 0 Oct 30 April

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2 5 July

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23 Aug 2 7 & 30

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rec'd 2 1 Sept " 1 6

Nov

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16 Nov

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30

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The package, under a blank envelope, for M r Buchanan came Nov. 1 9 & was immediately sent to him, but it remains unnoticed.

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I have so many things to write about 8c so much to say on each that I hardly know how to begin. One matter has given me so much pain & uneasiness that I cannot refrain from at once alluding to it & having it off my mind. In the paper sent herewith marked private you will find several articles cut from newspapers containing a vile & infamous attack on you, published in a St. Louis paper, signed by "John Armstrong;" & a reply prepared by M r . Rogers for the Boston Post, & a letter sent by me to the Revielle. T h e article by Armstrong bears the evidence on its face of bitter malignity & hate, so that it in a great measure defeats itself. N o sensible man w d beleive statements uttered with so much apparent anger. In my letter to St. Louis I met & refuted every charge one after the other, except that about the passports which I could of course ascertain nothing about. M y information I derived from M r Robinson, the State Dept, the. documents you sent me some years ago, & my own knowledge. I requested the Editors to prepare a full article from the materials I sent them, giving them references in their own city as to my own veracity, but they only published M r Rs. letter as you see; to avoid the trouble of writing I suppose. They have subjected themselves to liability for an action for a libel ; but I do not think it worth notice. A t the State Dept they regarded the matter very lightly—the Chief Clerk said newspaper complaints against Consuls were of common occurrence & were never noticed. N o complaint agst you were on file & they refused to preserve & file a copy of this newspaper wh some one sent to the Secy. I feel very sensibly your kindness in proffering the loan of $ 5 0 0 ; which will be a great accommodation to me in enabling me to consolodate several small liabilities & liquidate them gradually. I suppose I have received as many favors & accommodations from others in the course of my life as I deserve, but instances of disinterested friendship in my experience are somewhat rare. I have ever been disposed to assist, & encourage others to the extent of my ability, & have often done so to my own inconvenience & injury, but I have met with but few returns of the kind. O n receiving the money from M r Rogers I will send him my note & will repay at the rate of $ 5 0 every six months. I have already applied for a policy on my life for $ 5 0 0 which I shall keep sacred to secure this debt in case of my decease. This will cost me $ 2 0 a year—the interest being $ 3 0 . The loan stands me

[ 3°3 } at the rate of 10 pr ct. I have also a policy for $1500, which is for the benefit of my family on my death. These policies are in a company on the mutual principle, the profits going to the insurers, so that it is in fact an investment. A policy of 15 or 20 years standing is usually worth more than double its face. I shall try to write one, two or three more letters by this conveyance. Ever yrs EL C T . O. Larkin Esq

[EBENEZER LARKIN CHILDS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V ¡ 3 4 3 AND PART OF 3 4 2 . ]

Washington xi Dec 1846 My dear brother

one letter for you last evening & propose now to get a second ready for the same conveyance. I have been looking over your letters & find in them so many matters to write about that I do not know which is most important & very probably shall forget some of them. I have had much talk with my wife touching emigration to California, & tho' she thinks we are rather old to become pioneers of a new state & encounter the perils of long sea voyages yet she would not interpose any obstacle if I could see my way clear to make the trial. I have thought the matter over & over until my brain has wearied with the task, & the result is I would resign the position I now hold at once & prepare to be one of you could I see any feasible mode of completing the education of my son & providing a comfortable provision of my wife until the one should be able to take care of himself & the other to follow me. It will require nearly or quite $ 1000 more to fit Wentworth for his profession—he entered the Theological Seminary of our Church, New York, in October last, where he must remain three years before he can receive ordination. He can then have a pastoral charge but cannot receive full orders until the age of 24 & he is not now 19. In three years he can provide for himself & his mother; but I

FINISHED

[304} if I should leave them now I ought to leave behind 18 or 20 hundred dollars, & where is this to come from? I have no friends, & should I be removed from office I should have no place to shelter my wife but her fathers house, & he is but little able to sustain any additional expenses—he has a large & noble heart, & would share all he has with his children; but tho' now in excellent health 8c active & capable of business as you or I, yet he is old (73) and there is no knowing how soon his strength may give way & then he may need the aid of his children instead of helping them. I have always had one of my wifes sisters in my family & in the event of any change in my situation she would be thrown back on her father. I consider that my official life hangs on a mere thread—& may be snappd at any moment—long services, ability 8t exemplary character are as nothing when weighed against political heresy or even the suspicion of that great crime. I may therefore be thrown from office at any moment, in the depth of winter, in an hour when I think not. In the event like this I shd be compelled to take my boy from his studies, tho' it wd break his heart, & seek a living somewhere, & that somewhere I now think would be California— but at present I must hold on to what I have got, tho' in so doing the door of fortune may be closed against me forever. A brilliant career seems to be before you & I rejoice at it. I had an agency in sending you where you now are, & in that I also rejoice—may you live long to enjoy the results of your enterprise, talent & energy. I think you would be unwise to accept Mr Speidens offer of Washn lots for your Californian domain—property here is valuable & becoming more so every year—but so must it be with your lands, & the exchange would be a very unequal one. I hope the Government here will confirm & sanction the office given you by Com. Stockton & probably it will—but do not be surprised if you have notice to quit within a year. Should some hungry politician fix his eye on the office, your head would be off before you could wink. Military exploits are of value, but Civil Services count as nothing unless accompanied by the genuine political faith. I have not the most remote idea of the project proposed by you to the Secretary of State in my behalf—I have never enquired for I well knew it would be of no use & they have never told me. I sent the package enclosed to me by Mr Speiden to the Herald with his letter & they were published Dec. 6. I have some papers prepared to send

[ 3°5 } to you which Bennett sent to me, but for fear I may not be able to send them I cut out some slips. Respecting a contract for conveying the mail as you propose—mail facilities must of course be granted to the country, but before mail service can be ordered routes must be established by Act of Congress, as the P M Gen'l has no power to order the mail to be carried or make Contracts until this has been done—except that he may make Contracts to furnish a mail to offices for the proceeds of postages collected at such offices. That is, the Contractor to receive the proceeds of such Offices for his services be it more or less. In the States however the pay is limited to the usual rate paid for similar service on public routes. Contracts of this kind however, would not do in your country, & the action of Congress must first take place & the routes then be thrown open by public advertisement to competition. It is very probable, nay certain that the services of an agent may be required, & I will try to be sent, but with what success I cannot predict. I will write further on this subject hereafter. Fathers estate proved to be worth about $43,000—which leaves the widow the income of say $14000 & divides $2500 each to eleven children —the debts of the children to the estate were, some of them, Eliza Maria Rebecca Ruth E L C Isaac Sam Cath (D. N. B.) George Sophia & Eliz

$1242 223 714 Small 2236 811 2412 2500 619 Small

My debt was a note of $1000 with interest & two of $50 each given in my non-age. Two or three years ago I could have taken up all of the above for $1000 & thus saved a thousand. I have received $ 1 0 0 from Daniel, who settled the estate—whether I get any more is uncertain, as some law suits have been commenced respecting the title to the mill property & flooding the salt marshes above the mills, wh must first be settled.

[ 3O6 ] I saw your boys at Lynn in Septr & was pleased with them. I send several letters which I hope will give a good a/c of them. Mr Speidens family all well & I suppose will write by this opportunity. I will send him a letter soon. He is a good man & I love him. Very truly Yrs. E L C T O Larkin Esq

[georgb f. wyman to thomas Oliver larkin. iv:344.]

Bute Creek Dec the n t h 1846 Mr. Thomas O Larkin My Dear Sir S I N C E i have taken this opertunity to write to you i thought i would let you know how things are a going on up in the valley. W e are now in bute creek a doing but very little or nothing, i consider itt nothing to your advantage for soon after we arived their he bought a plaice here and we have binn to work on it ever since you have binn gone. He keepes me and smith to work making coralls ploughing &c. Your plaice i have not seen as yet and know not when i shall. Inn all proberbility not untill spring as the weather is now very bad. Over one month gone and not the first purson seen your farm as yet. Please not let mr Williams know that i have writen to you on the subj[M5. torn] because it might make enemys and that would be bad in the family. Now i bought a time piece and was to pay 40 dollars for it and the man warented it to keep good time and i gave him an [order] on you for forty one dollars and a half. Now if that order comes to you you will do me a great faivor not to pay it jest write on the back of it not valed for the time piece i mean to return. No more at present. Send us up all the news you can. I Remain your Moste Obedient Survent Cj. K Wyman

P S Mr. Smith wishes you to send him a monkey jacket by the first opertunity. G R w

[307} [FAXON DEAN ATHERTON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 3 4 6 . ]

Valparaiso December 13 th 1846 Thomas O. Larkin Esq Monterrey Dear Sir S I N C E my last pr Ship Lexington, nothing of yours has come to hand. The "Columbus" from Oahu and the "Independence" from Boston have both arrived within these last few days. It is supposed the "Columbus" will go hence to Callao, thence to Mazatlan and possibly to California, although I dont see the use of such a large force up in your part of the World. I was in hopes of getting a passage on board the "Independence" for young Vallejo, and as I had such ill success with the Capt of the Lexington, I got the Amn Consul here to speak to Capt Shubrick thinking there would be no difficulty whatever, but Capt Shubrick made so many objections and finally said he would think it over and let him know. As he evidently wanted coaxing into it, and I have neither time nor patience to humbug with such great characters I have said no more about it, as such great favours are not to be granted without so much difficulty. It will be some time before I put myself out to render them many little favours which I have heretofore taken pleasure in doing. However I have still hopes of soon procuring him a passage, in one of the Vessels which are taking out Volunteers to your place as I am told both Capt Hatch and Arther are coming out in command. It is said they were to leave N . Y . in September (three transports) accompanied by the "Preble" Sloop of War. It is likewise reported here that the "Ohio" is coming out to the Pacific, but I look upon it as very uncertain, as I don't see the use they can put so many ships to. A ship called the "Mount Vernon" was to leave New York in September but whether with a cargo for your place or not I dont know. At the last advices from home the[y] were still unaware that California had been taken by the U. S. forces, although the[y] had a report to that effect via Mexico and it was looked upon as an event sure to take place sooner or later. In one of the papers I send you will see an article written by our friend Alfred Robinson in which he argues strongly the policy of

the U. S. taking possession of California. There is some talk here yet of France & England interfering between the U. S. and Mexico, but I dout their nerve to do such a thing. I am told that Capt Sloat had some difficulty [with] the French Consul in Monterrey. I doubt of its being of much importance or you would have mentioned it in your last, although some people here are trying to talk the affair into something of great consequence. What will our friends Vallejo, Alvarado, Pio Pico, Carrillo &c &c do under present circumstances ? Will they kick against the pricks or will they take hold and try and make something of their country now they have an opportunity? Of Vallejo I have great hopes, of the others not much. Our other friends Spence Scott & Wilson &c will of course side with the strongest. Opinion in the U. S. seems to have settled down into the conviction that California must be annxed to the Union sometime or other and that it may as well be done now as ever. I anticipate that Capt Sloat will be well received at home. Capt Stockton may not fare so well. You will have your hands full of business with so many Men of War and I should think would run short of supplies, and when the wild volunteers reach there it should make business brisk so long as Uncle Sam foots the bill. I anticipate that many Whalers will frequent your port now and should they do so and not have funds you can take their drafts on their owners with safety. They are usually drawn at ten days sight. During the last five years we have probably taken 3oo,ooo$s of their Drafts which have all been paid. I send you a blank form of a Draft which is the most secure of any. We will take their Drafts here at par, & pay Cash at sight. English Whalers Bills we will take at 48 pence to the dollar, Amn. consular Bills and other Bills on U. S. Goverment at par. Hides are low at present, would sell at pr lb, Tallow 8^. Sperm Oil will always bring 75 £ to 87V2 i, Whale about 3 off sometimes 37V2 California Pine at present would not sell for more than 30$ pr M although 6 months since it would have sold for 50$. Lumber goes up and down here very much. American Brown Cottons 36 inch are worth p yard, 28 in 7fi (this last will soon be lower) Blue Drills Denims 14^, Brown Drills loji, Nails Loaf Sugar io£ White Havanna 8^, Brown do do 6¡i Rum in Bbls 37V2 Hams 9ff Lard 9^ Prime Beef 9$—Bll Mess I2(i[?]—Prime Pork 10$ Chile Flour 6$—Amn 8$4, Chile Biscuit good quality 4 $5, French Vinegar 3Off, Claret

[ 3°9 } Wine i.75>f 8c 2.00, Olive Oil 3 $4 doz, White paint 8 ^ Linseed Oil 7 5 Spts Turpentine 70& Eng Prints, 2 $ to 4 $ 4 p peice, Hard Ware and ship Chandlery at low prices, Eng Canvass 9$ p Bolt. If you want any Goods of this desciption just send us word (Rope 9^.) I have given a Letter of introduction to a Brother of mine who by my advice goes to California to seek his fortune. May I ask of you the favour to put him in the way doing something when you can do so without too much inconvenence, and should he unfortunately get into distress for want of employment or otherwse any assistance you may be pleased to render him (in the way of money or othewse) will be repaid to your order by me. Dont forget the newspaper you are to send me when opportunity occurs. The Govermnts of Chile Peru & Ecuador are at p[r]esent in a " S t e w " in consequenc of a report that Flores (former president of Ecuador) and Santa Cruz (former pesident of Bolivia) were fitting out an expedition in Old Spain to come out here and revolutionize these countries, and to place a prince of Spain on a Throne they were to set up for him, on the ruins of the present republics. Even the usually prudent Goverment of Chile appear to beleive that some such mad project is under way as the Executive has asked powers from Congress to prohibit all commercial intercouse with Spain or any other European countries which may take part in any such project, and they are likewise arming a rotten Frigate of 44 guns, and it is said are about buying some small vessels to fit out as men of war. There are very few people here who put any faith whatever in this story, but all are anxiously awaiting the arrival of the next steamer with news from Europe. The difficulty between Buenos Ayres and France and England still continues with as little prospect of a difinitive settlement as ever. The Amn Sloop of War "Saratoga" started from R i o for this arrived off Cape Horn lost her sails and put back, a thing never heard of with a Man of War before, and is looked upon here as doing little credit to our service, already below par in comparison the that of France and England. If our N a v y dont get a hell of a stirring up soon, it will go the devil altogether as it is far gone in that direction already. Allow me to again bespeak your good offices towards my brother, and should you find him realy hard up and nothing for him to do, give him what necessary assistance he may require and draw on me at sight. When

[ 3-O ]

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young Vallejo leaves here I shall have a long account to collect from his Father, who I hope will pay it, as the young fellow is well deser[v]ing of what his eduication has cost him. Dont forget to write me a full account of the state of affairs in California, and dont by any means omit to send me the newspapers by every opportunity. Your &c. F. D. Atherton

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO RACHEL (HOBSON) HOLMES LARKIN. IV ¡ 3 4 7 . ]

City of the Angeles December 14/1846 In the Government House Mrs Rachel Larkin My dear Wife

is one month since I have received your letter informing me of expected death of our youngest child—and of the disagreable situation you found yourself in a Hotell. From sorrow I could hardly read it and now my eyes water to think of it. I still have it in my pocket and have often read it and weap at its contents. In an hour from its reaching me my Horse was saddled—that night I could with ease gone with William Matthus to San John's—but I was sad and not carefull. About midnight I was made Prisoner in my Bed at Don Jouquin J Gomez by Ten men, and carried to the Salines River. On the afternoon of the 16 I was in view of the action. One side was my Countrymen, on the other those who I had known and traded with over twelve years—a fall of either appeard sad and disagreable to me. During the action one man in anger rode full speed to me with his gun pointed at me. When within 10 or 20 yards I put myself behind another person—and he lowered his musket. That night I made a long, cold, and disagreable travel, and encamped far in the mountains. My first few nights sleaping out was bad and cold. After the fourth or fifth I sleapt in some house. I had by chance a little tea & sugar, and found in Camp a small Copper pot. So with the exception of two mornings I TOMORROW

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always had tea. From Don Manuel Castro and in particular from Don Francisco Rico I rec'd every treatment I could expect. Whether it was the only thing to eat, or the only bed, I always had it. They were even afraid I might fall in riding in the night, partly from friendship of old and partly that my Countrymen may not find me dead in their possession, which might lead to retaliation. In Santa Barbara I remaind four days. On the moment of my arrival at the Commadants house Dr Nicholas Den began and continued his exertions untill he had me at his house (in two hours)—to him and to his Wife I am truely gratefull. I also rec'd from them cloths for the road to this place, and provission. From Every person of Note Native or Foreign in Santa B. I received a friendly Visit. Immediately on my reaching my present room Don Jose A. Carrillo called on me and made me every offers—and soon sent supper Bed & Bedstead. The 2 or 3 day after he was a prisoner—when the General of these forces, Don Jose MA Flores, called on me and offered me food, clothing, and money. From his Lady I have ever since rec'd four times a day tea & bread, or food more substancial, from Sen. Celes— Breakfast at Nine as Mrs Flores breakfasts at one at Noon. Very many stories I heard at the North respecting what was done here I find false. In fact both North & South have been prolific in falsehoods of late. There is liberty for any one here to call and see me, but only to converse in Spanish so its a month since I have talked in English. My room is well fitted up. I go into the front or back Corrydor with an officer as I feel inclined. I have now been here 12 or 14 days—and although I have wanted to ask for permission to write, I did not like to, untell to day—when thinking I may have to march tomorrow or some time with the troops I requested Mr Flugge to obtain the consent. He done so, and brought me pens &c. I have found Mr Flugge more willing to assist me than all other Foregners in the place. The Americans here are afraid of compromisig themselfs. Those of other nations care nothing about it—except Mr E. Celis, who has been very friendly not only to me but other Prisoners before me. I hear from many of the People of the country that had Dr Gilcrist, Lt. A. Grey, or any proper and prudent person been left here by the Como all this disturbance would not have happend. It appears even from the Americans that Captan A H G punishd fined and imprisoned who and

[ J „ ] when he pleased without any hearing. I always told the Como he should have granted the Mexican officers their request to be sent to Mexico. He would not that, and his cheap way of conducting—with Capt Gillespie's harshness has brot the country to its present pass. Its done, I am a Prisoner, and God only knows the result. Whether you and I ever meet again I know not nor can I even devine. The thought is dreadfull. You have many little children and hardly fit to buffet the times and stormes of this world. From the time you left your parents you have been under my care and do not know what it is to stem the current of life alone. God grant that you never may, for your own sake and for the children. I am kept Prisoner in hopes that I may be of some available use in Exchange hereafter should we hear of peace I should then be free. Untell then or I can be exchanged I remain as I am. I suppose they may keep me in camp when all the Troops are on the march. This will be disagreeable and dangerous to my health only. My only fear is in action wher I may by chance receive a ball from my Countrymen, or in anger from a California. Could I always be under charge and the eye of an officer I should not fear this. Should I ever be in the heat of battle my danger will be great in particular should this party lose and I have no Californian or Mexican offercer with me to keep off the lower class in their moments of anger at their loss. Should it prove that these People lose and their chief escape I may be carr[i]ed to Mexico. If I happen to survive—in Mexico—from the higher the officer I may be delivered to the better the treatment I expect. My rank and office will protect me from ill or common treatment. I do not look on the Mexicans so ill as many foreigners do—I have lived to longwith them not to have some good feelings for them, and belive they return that feeling towards me. I have to day done all I could to make your future life easy by making my will leaving you one third of all I have. I cared not if you had more or the whole, could I be sure it would at your death fall to our children but there are so many risks, so many arts, so many designig People, who would take it from you. I leave two thirds to the children—and I know that should I die first, you would expect to give your part to the children— yet very many curcumstrance may prevent you. I have left you in connexion with Messrs William D. M. Howard and

[ 313 } Talbot H. Green to carry out my conditions of the will. I suppose they will do the business for you as I look on them as my most confidencial frinds in this country, and trust in their honesty and God's grace, that they may prove so to our children. Its my desire as soon as you can obtain enough to live on that you return to Mass. with the children. Do not wait for all the property. By all means reach the state that give you birth. There live, and their bring up your children. California would do for you if with me. The Ladies of Monterey know you, and esteem you but California is no place for you as a Widow. Now when prehaps these are my last words to you as your best frind and Husband I feel at moments that you will not follow my directions. In May or June I saw that trouble was coming on California, by that bad acted affair at Sonoma, began and ended in wrong and thè expectations of War between Mexico and the States (with the former I could have nothing to do, with the latter yes). I saw trouble ahead, then I asked and most beg'd you to leave for the Islands. You would not, and now by following my family from place to place I in Sept. & October neglected my buisness and in November became a Prisoner of War. I do not wish in my last words to abraid my Wife who I value as my life, but only to assure you you should not be governed by your own opinion at all times. Your own opinion about leaving Monterey proved better than those who advised you, as the result showed. Had you remained at home I suppose I should now be with you and the children. You will continue to live in Monterey if its peaceable, untili you can have enough to go home with. The amount I have with my cousin Rogers and in Captain Philps hands which he can have next year in hides if there is peace—will support you and the children for a time. You have Captain Philps receipt. You will look on him as as a good and honest man as there is in this country. Should Mr Rogers not have sent out a Vessel, and have received 3600$ on my draft on Goverment, and the hides have reachd him he will have 10,000$ or 12,000$ in his hands. There will be many charges I have against the State department that will not be found, making that account less than it ought to be. My first Consular draft in 1844 still remain at Washinton unsettled. That particular letter you will carry home with you or send to Mr Rogers, by safe opportunety. The duplicate by some other Vessel. Mr Henry Dalton says he rec'd all the goods or that those he did not

[314} remains at his loss. He owes me 2800$. W. A. Leidesdorff one Note in the Store of 1300$ one in your hands of 800$. Lt Revere should have sent you a draft on his uncle for 1 1 2 0 $ for which I left 500$ in W. Davis' hands in Cash & 500$ in Leidesdorff in goods. My Book a/c with the latter is closed. Vice Consul Forbes owes me over 1200$ by Note. In my Ledger at the last pages can be found my yearly list of real and personal Estate every December for twelve years. As soon as you receive this letter ask Mr Green to give you under his signature a list of all the debts due me, and by me as far as he knows the latter. Among the papers you have a few Notes, including one from Leidesdorff a draft on A. H. Gillespie for about 600$. All the debts due me is prehaps over 50,000$ fifty thousand dollars— mostly good. Mr T . H. Green can give you our Copartnership agreement, under which I am under no responsibility but the 10,000$ Capital, which I put in in Jan 1, 1846 which with two thirds of the profits is to be returned in three years from that time. I owe in Salem about 4000$, in California I think under 2000$ unless Mr Green used Eight five hundred drafts—giving them to Captain Paty on a joint speculation in which case I shall owe for them something. The Paty contract should end soon as his Vessel comes to anchor on this coast, and the goods sold. Prehaps Messrs Howard and Melius had better take them, paying W. M. Rogers one and two years afterwards—this would be better than trusting it to others at less time. Cash or good drafts would be better. You and Mr Green may think it strange I should write so much business matter to you. Its because in your hands hereafter I wish the letter kept, and you will of course have Mr Green read it, and note the contents. If I remain in this house two or three days I shall write to him, Cousin Rogers, Sister Ann, the Boys and Mr Howard. Altho' Mr Melius and myself for a year has appeared on not good terms—you will find him friendly and always very correct in his papers. Mr Howard will be more dispose to put himself to trouble or expence for you, also Captain Grimes and Philps. You should soon as possible send home 300$ to 400$ to Isaac for the Boys schooling. I shall endeavour to write to you again. At Dr Dens I wrote to you, and to Mr Green. D. M. Castro says he sent the letters to D. Jose Jesus Pico to forward them. At Capt. Dana I barganed with him to write to Mr. Green. D. M. Castro

[ 3i5 } said he gave a passport. I hope you heard from me, as your fears and anxiety regarding my safety must have been great—in particular on first knowing my misfortune. I have often thanked my Maker that I have gone thro' the whole not only with safety but with health, and should we again meet I hope we shall ever give thanks. I presume our three younger children with you hardly know what my imprisonment was. By the Monterey and Oahu papers Oliver and Frediric will soon be aware of it. And now my dear Wife, with love to you and all our children, I must close hoping and trusting we may again meet in health and happiness. I shall expect you will send a Ring of your best remembrances to Mrs Den of Santa Barbara and to Mrs Flores of this place for their kindness to me in sendng food and clothing, while in their Neighborhood. You can ask Mr Hartnell to write for you. I wish the rings to come from Boston. Once more I am your affectionate Friend and Husband Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] To Mrs Rachel Larkin Monterey

[RACHEL (HOBSON) HOLMES LARKIN TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV 1 3 4 8 . ]

Montrey December the 14 1846 My Dear Husband

I T is with most painful fealings I now adrass you. The mear thought of your being a Prissoner makes me Shuder and by people I thougth ware your friends. Your letter of the 25 of November I received which gave me unbunded pleasure and hope. I heard so varey maney Reports I was almost in dispair of ever hearing or Seeing you again. I hope it may not be long before I Shall meete you or heare from you again. I feal vary thankful to them for thair kind treatiement to you. You will Se by this I have once more the enjoyment of my own House. I was varry unhappy in Yerba Buena. I arived at this place on the 1 1 . Our passage was torable good for the Brig Euephema. My Dear Husband I am pained to anounce the death of our dear little Adelaide. She expired November the

[JI6 ] 28 after a long Illness of over four weeks with a Seavere fevor and dierear. She had every attention which wich was in my power to do with a Skillful Doctor to attend her but nothing Could paliate the rapid disease. God had destind it otherwise. Tharefore we must be reconcild to Gods will and Heavens dispesations. When I think of of the ills of this life and the uncertinty we have of reaching another heavenly world I feal Reconciled athough the loss is vary grate and I fear Canot be Repaired as She was a sweete little Child. I Canot express my fealings at the time She died you a prisoner at the same time and I fare from home. How many times did I wish I had never left home. I think I will not tak other peoples advice again to leave Montarey. It has releived me of a vary grate anxiety of mind on returning to my house. Now I have Returned and am in good heath and our Children are likewise. I hope you will think onley of your Self and keep up your Spiriets and hope before long we Shall meete again. I wish you ware neaer whare I Could Come and See you. I feal at times I Could undertake the Journey to visit you if it would be of any use. Perhaps this my reach you and it my not. I hope it may as I send you a trunk of Cloths. You must be in a miserable Condision without a Change unless Some kind friend has favoured you with a Change. If I thought it nessessary to send you Some Tea and Sugar I would do it. Mr. F Turshmaker has ofred to furnish you with Some and aney thing you wish for your Comfort. The Euphemia and the Brig Elizebeth has arived from the Islands with a full Cargo. The Elizebeth Still Remains Yerba Buena most likeley be here in two weeks. With this I send you Some Sandwich Islands newspapers for you to wile away the teagous dayes of imprisonment. Poor Dear Soul it is harde to endure. I think onley of your health and fear you my get Sick as your health is delicate and you are not accustomed to such hardeships. I have no news to write you as I do not go out and Shall not untill you are Liberated. Untill then I Shall not be happy. You are never out of my mind both by night and day. Francis feales vary much for you. Caroline frenquntley makes the remarks poor papa. They are vary Sad and the Servents to. You will receive this by Tasa. Mr. Turshmaker he will give you all information you reqir Conserning your Familey. The Children send thair love and many kisses to you. Good by from your ever loveing and Afflicted Wife Rachel Larkin

[ 317 ] [JUAN BAUTISTA ALVARADO TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 3 4 9 . ]

Monterrey Diere 15 de x 846 Sr Dti Tomas O Larkin Muy Sor. mió y amigo E L Sr Davis conductor de esta carta há deceado Chancelar una cuenta que tiene conmigo, de cuyo asunto se halla V. impuesto, en virtud de lo que hablamos poco antes de su separación de este punto. Ajustando nuestro trato respecto de las tierras de Sn. Joaquín, como única esperanza para pagarle ciento diez pesos que le devo me ha obligado á dirijir á V . esta carta. Yo decearia mucho que V . escribiera al Sr Green sobre estos asuntos á la vez que se halla V. ausente. Siento molestar á V. en esta ocasion: le deceo el pronto regreso al lado de su amable familia é intereses y vea en que le puede ser útil su amigo affimo y Segro Seror q. b. s. m. Juan B. Alvarado [Rubric]

[A. HAMILTON WARING TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV : } 5 0 . ]

Charleston So. Ca. U. S. of America December 15 th 1846 Thos O. Larkin Esqr Dr Sir

C

with a friend removing from the Atlantic States to Calafornia I find myself induced to presume upon your obliging disposition even so far as to seek (if agreeable & convenient) some advice which can not be obtained from any other source entitled to the reliance that your word & opinion carries; Moreover which information will be most highly valued if it can be granted. CONTEMPLATING

[ 3,8 ]

—

—

The liberty taken I am aware is of no inconsiderable extent—as it is to be availed of your long experience & judgement; also of interruptions to your pursuits and valuable time. But in making this acknowledgement I would include the hope of possibly being able at some future day (as your friendly neighbour) to render in far more hearty manner the wishes expressed here merely in avowal. Let me then state to you the points I take to be of the first importance and ask upon each your opinions as full in detail as you wish to favor me. xst. In whose hands is the best land? The Government or Individuals —and what is the current value in Cash of such land per Square League. Also how perfect are the present holders' titles to their land. 2d. In what locality would you advise purchasing land for Grazeing and Farming combined. 3d. Which part of the country will be in your opinion the chief seat of business generally & which the nearest and most convenient Seaport to the best pass & is the South pass the best overland route to Calafornia. 4th. What are the Means, facilities and terms of obtaining laborers. 5 th. Would it be preferable to commence with all ones Means in Cash or a part brought out in Merchandise. 6th. What comparison does the expence of building in Calafornia bear to that in the U. S. & can all the Materials for building a plain frame House be obtained. The above queries are submitted, but not with the conviction that they embrace the numerous items of importance readily suggesting themselves to you who are well acquainted with all the local knowledge to be desired. Repeating earnest assurrances of highest respect & regard entertained for you through your numerous friends in the Navy who remember your hospitalities & attentions, I am Very Respectfully Your Obt Servt. A. Hamilton Waring P. S. Should you be kind enough to answer this direct to me—Care of Ingraham & Web[MS. obscured by seal] Charleston So. [M5. obscured by seal].

[ 3 ' 9

]

[ALFRED WILBUR TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 3 5 J . ]

Dundas Canada West Dec 20th 1846 Mr Thos O Larkin Dear Sir I N looking over the New York Sun I noticed your advertisement as a dealer in foreign merchandise & California produce &c. As I have no acquaintance in that remote regeion I take the liberty of writing to you for information. As I have a strong notion of going to the far west and I would as soon go as far as where you are as to stop short of it if I can better my condition. I am a mechanic Fanning Mill Maker Grain cradles scythe sneaths rakes &cc &cc, or any other articles that is used in agriculture. You advertise for produce. You will confer a favour on a stranger if you will give me a detailed account of the produce of the country & whether there would be sale for such articles in that region. I have bin in buisness here for severaul years past but I am closeing up now as fast as I can. It will probaly take me about eighteen months to settle my buisness. I think I shall be able to take away with me about six thousand dollars. I am formaly from York State. I can do as the most of the yankees do turn my hand to a most any kind of buisness either in wood or iron. I wish you to give me a General Idea of the country climate &c and all other particulars that will be interestng to a person here. We have exalted Ideas of that country here & I should be induced to beleive more of what I should hear direct from one that is living there than I would from what I can gather from the news papers. If you should see fitt to write to me you will please to direct me which will be the safest & most expeditious rout for one to get to you from New Orleans. Please inform me whether there is actualy a chance for making a fortune there in a few years as is represented here. If there is I think there is no doubt but you will hear from me by my fetching you the next letter you get from me. There is severall of your name here one in particular by the name of John Larkin a Merchant a wholesale dealer in dry goods & groceries. You will please inform me whether watter power can be obtained there easyly.

[ 320 ]

—

N . B. You will confer a great favour on me by answering this letter as soon as you may read this sooner or later. Yours Respectfuly Alfred Wilbur [Cover is postmarked: Dundas [remainder illegible]; Hamilton C. W . De 2 1 1846; Queenston U. C. Dec 2 2 1846; Lewiston N . Y . Dec. 22.]

[WILLIAM DANE PHELPS TO TALBOT H. GREEN. I V : 3 5 4 . ]

Sausalito Deer 2 1 s t 1846 Talbot H Green Esqr Dr Sir

I HAVE in my possession a draft on the U S Ship Warren by Lieut Gillespie and signed by Com Stockton for $1000—payable to the order of Thos O Larkin, accompanying which is a letter from Mr Gillespie to Mr. Larkin requesting him to receive the above money and pay to the Ship Sterling $523.0 and place the balance to his credit. Mr. Larkin of course cannot be expected here for some time. The amt to the Sterling was for provisions supplied at San Diego—of her own stores—and which would not have been spared him but for the certainty of being paid for it here. The Sterling will sail from here for Boston the xst of Feb, and I am sadly in want of cash to replace her stores. Therefore I request that as M r Larkins agent you will please do the needful in the case. I will deposit the draft to your order, or do with it as you choose. I am Sir Yours truly W m D Phelps [Rubric]

-[ 321 ] — [EBENEZER LARKIN CHILDS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. i v : 3 5 5 . ]

Washington City 30 Deer 1846 My dear brother

YoUR letter of Sept

18 by Mr Norris I ree'd a few days since thro' the post office. I have occasion to go to Boston on the 1st & as Mr N wrote me he shd not return from Phila, where he has gone, until that day I fear I shall not see him. I regret this much, for I should be pleased to show him the hospitalities of my house & hear from him details of your welfare. But my business will not wait & I suppose he will be gone before I return. I prepared some letters for you twenty days ago to be sent thro' the State Dept. which it is very probable may reach you by Mr N . I have nothing new to communicate. We remain in good health & have Wentworth with us to pass the holidays. Another year is about to close, bearing on its history many memorable events. To me it has been one of the most unhappy of my life—& yet nothing has occurred which to others would seem singular. I have to day received from Wm Rogers $500 & have sent him my note. A policy of insurance on my life makes this safe in case of my decease, & unless I receive different directions from you I shall send him $50 on the first of July & January of each year. When I first mentioned the loan I was thinking of paying interest only for a few years, but it is of no great consequence. I shall write by each 8i every opportunity. Yours truly E L C T . O Larkin Esqr My best respects to Mr Speiden. I wd write to him if I had time. Will write by next conveyance.

{322} R A T E OF T H E T H E R M O M E T E R I N M O N T E R E Y , CALIFORNIA, IN T H E S H A D E O F A C O R R I D O R S E C O N D S T O R Y . 1 OFF. C O R R . N O . 4 5 8

1

6

8

1

6

55 57 5°

N.W. N. S.W. N.W. N.W W. N.E. W. W. W. N.W. N.W. N. S.W. S.E. S.W. N. N.W. N.E. E. E. E. N.E. N. W. N.W. S.W. N.W. W. N.W. S.W.

N.W. N.W. N.E. W. N.W. W. N.E. W. N.W. W. N.W. W. N.W. S.W. N.W. W. W. N.W. N.W. S.W. N.E. W. E. E. W. N.W. W. N.W. W. N.W. S.W.

W. N.W. W. N.W. N.W. N.W. N.E. W. W. W. W. W. W. W.

8

I

6

1845 March 1

64

61

2

60

66

3 4 5

62

62

5o

56 45 5i 5o 56 63 52

6

7 8

46

53 5i 54

9

60

10

47 63

11

12

13

67 66

61 60 70

48

43 46 48

44 55 56 58 54 58 57 54 58

14

65

68

15

66

73

16

63

67

17

62

50

18

9

57 56

20

48

21

46

58 56 58 56 56

22

62

70

50

23

60

50

24

5o 5°

62

25

62

68

54 54

60

63 56

50

62

50

56 50

39

60

52

J

26

27 28 29

3° 3i

58 57 58 56 49

50 50 50 50

50

50

S.

w. s. N.W. N.W. W. E. W. s.w. S.

W. S.

W. N.W. N.W. W. W.

Cid. C. C. Cid. Cid. c. Cid. c. Cid. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. Cid. c. Cid. Cid. c. Cid. Cid. c. c. c. Cid. Cid. Cid. Cid.

Cid. c. c. Cid. Cid. c. Cid. Cid. Cid. Cid. C. C. c. c. c. c. F. cid. c. Cid. c. c. Cid. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c.

c. c. c. Cid. Cid. c. Cid. Cid. cid. Cid. c. c. Cid. c. c. c. c. Cid. Cid. Cid. c. c. cid. c. c. c. c. c. c. 2 c. c.

"In the margin Larkin notes that he made his observations at 8 o'clock in the morning, and at 1 and 6 o'clock in the afternoon. The abbreviations he explains as follows: C, clear; Cld., cloudy; F., foggy; R., rain; H., hail; T., thunder; L., lightning. "Rain," he says, "as marked in the night was intended for the 24 hours." 2 Larkin's notation in the margin reads: Rain.

(3*3) RATE OF THE THERMOMETER IN MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA, IN THE SHADE OF A CORRIDOR SECOND STORY (Continued). 8

1

2

60 60

3 4 5

62 60

66 70 60 67 62 60 60

6

3

1

6

8

I

6

s.w. w. w. w. s.w.

c. c. c. c. c.

Cid. Cid. c.

s.w. w.

F. R. F.

c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c.

1845 April 1

58

6

56

7

52

8

64

9

5i 54 5*

10

11

12

64

13 14 15

50 5i 5i

17

49 54

16 18

20 21 22 23

24 25

26 27

28 29 3°

49

57 56

64 61 62 5i 57 5i 54 56 63

61

60

56 58

57 57 56 58

5i

60 60 63 56 56 55 59 58

64 61 5i 55 56 56 57

58

N.E.

w.

54 54

w. N.E. N.E.

52 52

N.W. S.W. W. S.W. S.W. N.W.

54 52 55 55

N.W. S.W. N.E. N.

53 53 50

S.W. S.E.

62 56

52

48 54 54 54 54 45 48 5i 54 5i 52

46 46 52 55

S.W. S.W. w. w. s. N.W. W. W. W. N.W.

N.W. W. N.W. W. w.

N.W. N.W.

s.w. s.w. w. w. w. s.w. s.w. s. N.W. s.w. s.w. N.W. s. w. w. w. w. w.

N.W. N.W. W. W. W. W. N.W. N.W.

s.w. w. w. s.w. s. s. w. w. N.W. w. s.w. w. w. s. w.

N.W. w. s.w. w. w. w. w. w.

Cid.

F. Cid. Cid.

R. R. R. Cid. Cid. Cid. c.

F. c.

R. C. C. C. C. C. C. Cid.

C.

F. c.

R. c. c.

Cid. c. cid. Cid.

Cid. c. Cid.

R.

R.

Cid. Cid. cid. Cid. Cid. Cid. Cid. C.

c. Cid. Cid. Cid. Cid. Cid. Cid. C. Cid. c.

R. Cid. c. c. c. c. c. c. c.

Cid.

c. c. c. c. c. c. c.

{324} RATE OF T H E THERMOMETER IN MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA, IN T H E SHADE OF A CORRIDOR SECOND STORY (Continued). 8

1

6

8

54 54 56 56 58 5i

62

56 50 52 56 50 52 58 52 52 52 50 52 50 52 56 54 53 52 5i 52 54

W. W. N.E. W. S.W. W. W. N.W. N.E. N.E. N.E. N. N. S.W. N.W. N.W. N.E. N.W. N.E. W. N.W. N.W. N.W. S.W. N.W. N.W. W. N.W. N.W. S.W. S.W.

1

6

8

I

6

W. S.W. N.E. W. W.

F. C. C. F. Cid. C. C. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c.

c. c. Cid. Cid. Cid. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c.

c. c. Cid. Cid. Cid. C. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c.

c. Cid. Cid.

c.

1845 May I

2

3 4 5 6

7

58 60 64 60

56

60

66 60

21

50 54 57 54 54 54 54 55 58 56 58 56 58 63

22

60

3

67

8

9

10 11 12 J

3

14

15 16 17

18 r

9

20

2

24

25 26

27 28 29

30 3i

52 52 58 5i 58 65 50 49

62 64

63 64

58 58 58 59 60 62 61

63 62

57 56 56 58 66

58 59 60

56 56

48

50 5° 53 53 50 5° 54 5i 5i

w.

S.w.

N.W. W. W. W. W. W. N. N. N. W. S.W.

s.

N.

w. w.

N.W. N.E. N.W. N.W. N.W. W.

s.w.

N.

W. W. N.W. N.W. S.W. W.

w.

S.W.

w.

N. N.W. N.W.

w. w. s. w.

N.W. N.W. W. N.E. W. W. N.W. S.W. W. W. W. N.W. N.W. N.W. S.W. W.

F.

F. F. C. F. C. F. C. F.

F. C. F. C.

C. Cid. Cid.

c.

F.

F. c. c. c. c.

Cid. Cid.

[ 325 } RATE OF THE THERMOMETER IN MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA, IN THE SHADE OF A CORRIDOR SECOND STORY (Continued).

1845 June

1

2

3 4 5 6 7 8

9

10 11 12

13

14

15

16

17

18

20 21 22

23 24

25 26

8

1

6

5i 58 52 5i

60 62 60

55 50 52 52 55 56 57 57 50 55 55 56 65

61

58

64

55 52 54 53 57 54 55 58 57 56 54 53 54 53 57 56 55 52 54

56

62

63 66 60

57 59 63 60

73

70 69 66 64

63

62 61 62 60 61 62

63

28 29

68 64 60

62 68 69 68

3°

59

65

27

60

57

60

58 56 55 54 54 56 55 50

60

56 56 63 57 56

8

W. W. W.

S.W. S.W. N.E. N. N.W. N.W.

S.W. S.W.

N. N.W. S. N.E.

S.W. S.W. S.W. W. W. W.

S.W.

W. W. N. N.W. W.

w.

N.W. N.W.

1

6

S.W. w. w. S.W. w. w. w. w. s. s.w.

W. S.W. S.W. s.w. s.w. w. w.

N.W.

s.w. s.w. s.w.

N.W.

s.w. w. w. w.

N.W.

s.w. s.w. w.

N.W.

W. W.

w. w. N.W.

W. W.

N.W. N.W.

S.W. S.W.

W.

w. w.

s.w. W. W. w. w.

W.

N.W. N.W.

N.W.

W. S.W.

W.

N.W. W.

W.

8

1

F. C. F.

R.

c. c. c. R.

C. C. C. F. F. C. F. C. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. C. F. C. C.

C. C. C. F. F. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. F. C. C. C. C. C. C. C.

6

C. C. C. Cid.

c. c. c.

F. F. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. F. C. C.

.

c. c. c. c. c.

{3*6} RATE OF THE THERMOMETER IN MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA, IN THE SHADE OF A CORRIDOR SECOND STORY (Continued).

1845 July 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 xo 11 IZ 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22

23

24 25 26 27 28 29

3° 31

8

1

6

8

63 7i 60 59 58 57 65 56 56 57 57 56 57 58 59 .56 57 60 60 60 7i 62 62 61 60 64 55 58 57

66 67 66 69 69 64

57 58 56 58 56 55 54 56 55 54 53 50 52 51 54 55 56 57 56 54 56 59 60 59 60

N.E. N.W. W. N.W. N.W. W. S. S.W. S.W. S.W. N. N.W. N.W. N.W. W. N.W. S.W. N.W. N.W. N.W. N.W. N.W. S.E. W. S.W. S.W. N.E. N.W. N. N.E. N.W.

56 55

63

60 60 59 60 61 62 59 63 64 60 65 63 66 72 66 78 70 74 64 64 64 69 65 62

59 58 60 59 57

56

1

W.

w. N.W. N.W. N.W. W. S.W. S. S.W. S.W. N.W. W. w. w. N.W. N.W. N.W. N.W. N.W. N.W. W. S.W. E. W. W. W. W. N.W. W. N.E. S.W.

'A notation in the margin reads: R in the night.

6

8

1

W. S.E. S.W. N.W. W. W. S.W. S. S.W. S.W. N.W. N.W. W. W. N.W. S.W. w. w. N.W. N.W. N.W. W. S.W. W. W. W. W. N.W. N.W. N.E. N.W.

Cid. C.

Cid.

c. c. c.

Cid. Cid. Cid.

c. c. c.

c. F. F. c.

c. c. c. c.

F.

c.

Cid. Cid. F. F. F. F. C. C. C. F.

6

Cid.

c. c. c. c.

c. c. c. c.

Cid.

Cid.1

C. C. C. F. C.

C. C. C. c. c. c. c.

R.

c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. cid. Cid. Cid. C.

c.

F.

c. c. c.

F. C.

R.

c. c. c.

c. c. c. Cid. Cid. Cid. F. c. F. F. c.

c.

F. C.

( 327 } RATE OF T H E THERMOMETER IN MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA, IN THE SHADE OF A CORRIDOR SECOND STORY (Continued). 8

1

6

8

1

6

56 55

64

63

57 57 54 54 56 54 54 56 56 55 54 53 55 56

N.W. W. N.W. W. N.E. N.W.

N.W. W. N.W. W. W. W. W. N.W. N.W. W. N.W. W. W. S.W. S.W. w. w. N.W. N.W. W. N.W. N.W. S.W. w.

N.W. N.W. N.W. N.W. S.W. S.W. N.W. W. W. W. W. N.W. W. S.W. W. W. W. W. S.W. w.

8

1

6

F. F. F. F. F. F.

c. c.

c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c.

1845 August

1 2

3 4 5

62

64

6

56 55 56

63 65

64

7

61

70

8

65 63 54 56 57 58 59

68

9

10

11 12

13 14 15 18

60 62 64 68

20 21 22

67 64 62 62

16

17

2

3

24

25 26

27 28 29

3° 3i X

56

67

65 65

66 67 68 69

70

7i 7i 72 68 64 66 69

60 62 64 68 68

72

67

70

65

67 66

66

67 70 69 70

62

58 59 65 64

63 61 60

65 63 61

59

61

63

64 60

59

S.

W. W. S.W. N. S.W. w. N.W. N.W. N.W. W.

W. N.W. S.W. N.W. W. N.W. N.W.

S.W. S.W. S.W. S.W. S.W. S.W. N.E.

w. w.

w. s.w.

C. c. c. c. F.

C. F.

C. C. C. F. F. F.

C. C. C. c.

N.W.

w.

F. F.

W. W. W. S.W. S.W.

w. w.

C. C.

N.E.

A notation in the margin reads: R at night TOL.

w. w. s. N.W.

F. F.

Cid. C.

F.

C. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c.

c. c.

c. c.

c. c. c. c. c.

c.

c.

c.

c. c. c.

c. c. c. c. c. c. Cid. c.

c. c. c.

c.

cid. 1 c.

{32«} RATE OF THE THERMOMETER IN MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA, IN THE SHADE OF A CORRIDOR SECOND STORY (Continued).

1845 September I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 2.7 28 29 30

8

1

6

8

1

6

8

1

6

68 58 60 58 60 62 58 54 52 70 66 64 67 58 56 60 57 58 56 57 60 66 64 65 56 63 52 81 7i 57

86 73 68 69 68 66 62 60 61 70 74 72 66 63 64 66 66 68 66 66 75 68 60 70 73 63 64 86 82 66

75 62 59 60 59 58 57 54 53 59 58 5i 63 57 56 54 54 58 61 58 60 58 64 58 56 5i 56 7i 66 56

N.W. E. W. N.W. N.W. N.E. N.W. W. N. E. E. N.W. W. N.E. N.E. N.E. N.E. N.E. N.E. N.E. N. N.E. N.E. N.E. S.E. N.E. W. W. w. E. S.E.

N.W. N.W. N.W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. N.W. N.W. E. E. E. E. E. E. E. N.E. W. E. W. N.W. N.W. W. W.

S.W. W. W. S.W. S.W. S.W. W. S.W. N.W. W. S.W. s.w. s.w. E. W. W. W. W. N.W. s.w. S.W. W. W. N.E. W. W. S.W. S.W. N.W. S.W.

C. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. C. C. C. C. F. C. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F.

C. C. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. F. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c.

c. c. F. c. F. c. F. F. F. F. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. R. c. F. C. C. c. c. c. c.

[ 329 } RATE OF THE THERMOMETER IN MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA, IN THE SHADE OF A CORRIDOR SECOND STORY (Continued). 8

1

6

56 56 60

64 61 66 61 66 66 61 62

60 62 61

8

I

6

8

1

F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. R. C. Cid. C. C. C. C. C. C. c. R. R. C. C. C. C.

c. c. F. F. F. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. R. C. Cid. C.

6

1845 October

1

2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12

3 14 x5 16

x

17 18 l

9 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 3i

59 56 50 5i 52 49 48 47 5i 53 66 53 56 53 62 56 57 51 52 53 52 5i 56 54 60 55 62 52

59 61 62 62 68 69

7o 56 64 63 62 65 64 62 63 61 67 58 60 64 61 60 62

59 54 54 56 54 53 52 5i 59 54 55 54 53 5i 5* 53 54 52 53 5i 56 54 52 54 55 52 53 54

N.E. N.W. W. S. N.E. S.W. N.E. W.S.W. W. N.E. S.W. W. S.W. S.W. W. s. W. W. s. w. S.W. N.E. w. W. N.W. N.W. w. w. N.W. W. N.W. S.W. N.W. N.W. N.W. S.W. W. N.W. S.W. S.W. N.E. N.W. S.W. S.E. S.E. S.W. S.E. S.W. N.E. N.E. S.W. N.W. W. S.W. W. W. S.W. W. S.W. S.W. S.E. W. s.w. S.E. W. w. W. s.w. S.W. W. s.w. S.W. S.W. W. s.w. S.E. E. S.W. S.W. N.E. S.W. S.W. S.W. w. N. N.W. w. S.W. N.W. W.S.W. S.W. W. w.

c. c. c. c.

c. c. R. R. C. C. C. C.

F. C. C. F. F. C. C. c.

c. c. c. c. c.

c. c.

R. C. C. c. c.

c.

c. c. c. c. R. C. c. c. c. c.

{ 33° } RATE OF THE THERMOMETER IN MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA, IN THE SHADE OF A CORRIDOR SECOND STORY (Continued). 8

1

6

8

i

6

8

1

6

62

76

54 53

W. N.E. W. N.W. W.

W. N.W. W. N.W. N.W. N.W. S. N.W. S.

C. Cid. C. C. C.

s.

S.W. S.W. W. N.W. N.W. N.W. S.E. S.W. W. S.

N.W. N.E. N.W. N.W. N.W. S.W. W. N.W. N.W. N.W. N.W. N.W. E. N.W. N.W. N.W. N.W. N.W. N.W. N.W.

N.W. S.W. W. N.W. W. N.W. W. S.W. S.W. S.W. N.E. N.E. W. W. S.W. S.W. W.

C. C. c. c. c. c. cid. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c.

c. c. c. c. c. c. Cid. c. c. c. c. c. c. cid. c.

1845 November

1

2

3 4 5 6

7 8

9

10 XI

12 13 14 15 l6

17 l8 20 21 22

2.3 24 25

26

27 28 29

30

52

60

58 59 54 57

60 66 64

65 67 68

60 60 62 66

7i 65

58 59 55 53 57 5i 52 5o 58 58 56

62 66 62

60 60 60 68

63 52 66

65

64

78

57

60 61 60 68 66 60

65 69 68

74 72 73 70 68 69

52

53 54 55 59 55 55 55 62 61 61

58 52 54 53 52

53 54 54 52 50 5i 56 54 56 57 52

53

w.

S.W. S.E. S.W. S.W.

w.

N.E. N.W. N.W. N.E. S. N.W. W. N.W. N.E. W. W. W. N.W. W. N.W. W. S.W.

w.

N.E.

w. w. w.

C. C. C.

C. C. C. C. C. c.

F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F.

F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F. F.

[ 33i ] RATE OF THE THERMOMETER IN MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA, IN THE SHADE OF A CORRIDOR SECOND STORY (Continued).

8

1

6

8

1

6

58

62

56

N.W. S.W. S.W. S.W. W. N.E. W. W. N.W. W. W. N.W. N.E. N.W. W. S.W. W. N.W. N.W. W. S. S. S.W. S. N. S. E. S.W. S.W. S. S.W.

N.W. S.W. S.W. S.W. N.E. N.W. N.W. N.W. S.W. W. N.E. N.W. S.W. N.E. N.W. W. N.W. N.W. N.W. E. S. S.

w. s.w. w.

8

1

6

c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. R.

C. C. C.

1845

December I

2

48

3 4 5

56 56 5° 48

6

7

8 9

10 11

12 13 H 15

48 45

46

45

48 53 52

62 56

16

46

17

56

18

60

19

58 5° 5i 52 5i 56 63 58 56

20 21 22 23

24 25

26 27

28 29 3° 31

60 57 56 54

56

60 63 56 5i 57 56 57 54

60 56 57 65

60 55

60 61 66 61 60 60 57 58 63 57 58

64 58 57 58

50

56 53

52 50 50

49 53

52 50 52 51 52 52 50 51 51 54 54 54 53

52 56

51 56 57 56 54

52 52

s. s. s.w. s.w. s. s.w. s. s.w. s.

•A notation in the margin reads: R in the night.

N.W. N.E. W. W. W. W. S.W. W. W. W. W. S.W. N.E. N.W. W. N.W. N.W. S. S. S. S. S. S. S.W. S. S.W.

s. s.w.

F. F. F.

c.

F. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C.

R.

Cid.

Cid.

R.

R. R.

Cid. Cid. Cid.

Cid. C.

c.

c. c.

Cid. Cid.

Cid.

c.

Cid.

c.

1

c

'

c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c.1 c. c. c. c. c. c. R.

Cid.1 Cid.1

R.1 c. c. c.

Cid. Cid.1

c. 1 c.

{332 } RATE OF THE THERMOMETER IN MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA, I N THE SHADE OF A CORRIDOR SECOND STORY (Continued).

1846 January 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

8

1

6

8

1

6

8

1

6

52 53 53 58 51 56 64 60 58 60

58 57 57 62 60 58 64 64

53 54 56 54 54 56 57 55 57 49 48 52 5i 5o 5i 50 44 50 50 5i 50 49 5o 5i 52 52 5° 44 5i 50 49

N.W. W. S.W. N.W. N.W. N. S.W. N.W. W. S.W. N.W. N.E. S.W. S.W. S. s.w. s.w. N. S. S.W. N. w. s. N.W. S.W. N.E. S.W. N.W. W. S. S.

w. s.w. s.w. N.W. W. W. w. N.E. W. N.E. N.W. N.W. S. S. S.W. S. S. N.E. S.W. S. w. s.w. s. w. N.E. E. S.W. S. W. S. s.

s. s.w. S.E. W. W. W. N.W. N.W. S.W. S.W. W. W. S. W. W. S. s. N.W. S.W. S. S. W. s. N.W. N. S.W. s. N. N.W. s.w. s.

C. C. Cid. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. cid. Cid. c. R. R. c. Cid. Cid. c. c. Cid. c. c. c. R. R. C. C. R.

C. C. Cid. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. R. c. c. R. R. C. Cid. R. C. C. Cid. c. c. c. R. R. C. c. R.

C. C. R. 1 C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. c. R.1 c. C. R. z R. C. R. R. C. C. Cid. C. C. C.1 Cid.1 Cid. c. c. 3 R.1

49 5i 62

63 5° 53 67 60 58 5i 53 42 57 54 54 53 54 54 59 59 60

53 5° 54 60 47

54 52 58 62 48

5i 5o 55 53 52 5i 50 47 47 5° 49 48 48

'A notation in the margin reads: R in the night. A notation in the margin reads: Heavy R in the night. 3A notation in the margin reads: Light R in the night.

2

{ 333 ] " RATE OF THE THERMOMETER IN MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA, IN THE SHADE OF A CORRIDOR SECOND STORY (Concluded).

8

1

6

8

47 49

5o 52

49 49 52 54 52 5i 53 5° 5i 5° 5i 52 54 55 52 58 55 54 54 56 53 50 50 5i 50 52 53 51

S. W. N.W. S.W. W. S. N.W. S.W. W. S.E. S. N.W. S.W. S.W. N.W. S. E. W. W. N.W. N.W. N. N. N.E. S.W. S.E. S.E. S.E.

1

6

8

1

6

w. w. w. s.w. s. w. s.w. w. s.w.

N.W. W. W. S.

S.E. S.W. W. W. W.

R. C. C. C. Cid. R. C. C. C. R. Cid. c. c. c.

Cid. c. c. c. R.1 Cid. c. c. c. R. Cid. C. C. c.

N.W. W. N.W. S.W. S.E. S.E. N.W. N.W.

c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. R. R. R. C.

R. C. C. C. Cid. Cid. c. c. c. R. Cid. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. c. R. R. R. C.

1846 February 1

2

3 4 5

6

7

8

9

10 IX 12

14 15 16 17 18 *9

20 21 22 23 24

25

26 27

28 J

48 60 46

47

48

5o 49 43 45 47 57 58

60 58 54 55 56

60 58

42 43 47 45

48 55 56

60 62 52 56 58 58 56 52 52

60 59

62 56

62 60 58

62 73

60 58 54 53 52 58 54

60

S.

N.

w. w. w. N.W. N.W. N.W. N.E. W.

s.

N. N.E. S. N. S. S.E. S. S.W.

w.

s. w. S.

w.

w. w. w. s.w. s. w.

c.

c. c. c. c. c. c.

c. c. c.

c.

R. 1 R. 1 Cid. C.

A notation in the margin reads: R in the night. Rate of the Thermometer in this Consular Office for twelve months

ending February 1 8 4 6 . Consulate of the United States Monterey California June 1 8 4 6

T h o m a s q . Larkin [Rubric]

P R I N T E D ON L I N W E A V E T O W N C R I E R

TEXT.

D E S I G N E D BY A . R . T O M M A S I N I . SET BY M A C K E N Z I E & H A R R I S , I N C . I N E N G L I S H M O N O T Y P E C E N T A U R D E S I G N E D BY B R U C E R O G E R S . P R I N T E D AND B O U N D BY T H E OF C A L I F O R N I A P R I N T I N G

UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT