The Larkin Papers: Volume 4 1845–1846 [Reprint 2020 ed.] 9780520347014

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v Business; ¿m^ Official Correspondence of Thomas Oliver Larkin, Merchant and United States Consul in California j^Edited P Hammond\ Director of the Bancroft —

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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

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LONDON, ENGLAND

COPYRIGHT I 9 5 3 , BY T H E REGENTS OF T H E UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

PRINTED IN T H E UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

PREFACE

F

OLLOWING the expulsion of Governor Manuel Micheltorena by unhappy and disgruntled Californians and the selection of a native son, Don Pio Pico of Los Angeles, in his place, political controversies took a decidedly different turn. This incident showed how

little desire the people had to be governed from Mexico. Home rule suited the foreign residents also, for both groups were glad to be freed from the " t a x " gouging that had always gone on with Mexican troops in their midst. The selection of a local citizen as governor, though it might be for only a short period, gave the leaders of North and -South an opportunity to bury their jealousies and to show whether they could get along together; and it gave the American consul, Thomas O. Larkin, a marvelous chance to emphasize how much more fortunate they would be if freed from the apron strings of Mexico, which, though their mother country, had treated them so shabbily for so long. While the Californians went about their routine affairs in that autumn of 1 8 4 5 , took part in an occasional cock fight or "baile," or speculated on the possible arrival of troops and a new governor from Mexico—for not much else seems to have disturbed them at the moment—demands on Larkin's time and energy grew steadily. Early in October—it was on the 1 1 t h — a nasty street brawl took place between the night patrol of the Village of San Francisco, then still called

Yerba Buena, and a group of sailors from the American Bark Tasso, then stationed in the Bay and engaged in trade. It seems that some of the Tasso's men had shore leave, and somehow or other had run afoul of the local police. Shortly thereafter, Captain Elliott Libbey, master of the Tasso, and Nathan Spear, a merchant of San Francisco, met the patrol and demanded the re[v]

[vi]. lease of the sailors, but were instead knocked down and beaten. Captain Libbey was stabbed and cut about the head, breast, and back and left in the street for dead. Spear, though also manhandled, escaped with less serious wounds. Immediately there were cries for arrest and punishment of the guilty. Henry Melius, supercargo of the Tasso, wrote to Larkin on the I2th, as did James Alexander Forbes, the British consul, giving further details and reporting that protests had been lodged with the local authorities. Larkin, informed of the scrape, became alarmed. He sensed that a fight between the Californians and the Americans, now arriving in great numbers over the mountain passes, would do no one any good. There was even danger that hotheads on either side might inflame the public and bring on a controversy that would undo his carefully laid plans to woo and win California by kindness and friendship. Conscious of the need for vigorous action, Larkin wrote Don José Castro, the commandant general of California, and expressed the fear that justice could not be expected from the local officials of Yerba Buena since they were related to the perpetrators of the assault. Without waiting any longer than was necessary to receive a bundle of depositions from those involved, Larkin left Monterey on the ship Levant with Captain Hugh N. Page and reached San Francisco on the 21st, where he took personal charge of the case for his fellow Americans. At first he urged that the accused be taken to Monterey for trial, but this proposal got nowhere. The sub-prefect, Francisco Guerrero y Palomares, in whose hands the case lay, had his difficulties. He didn't want to be pushed around, and so, though he began to take depositions and hold hearings, the case dragged on interminably. Larkin patronizingly flattered the prefect that he would not permit such an aggravating offense to go by without "prompt and condign punishment" of all concerned, but it was no use. For a month Larkin remained in Yerba Buena, to the neglect of other duties. Indeed, he was finding it embarrassing to press the case further, as he confided to Talbot H. Green, his business associate. Mr. Melius of the Tasso, a chief figure in the case as representative of the injured men, stated the case plainly when he said that he might lose the hide business of his California customers, or that they might not pay their bills. Other plain-

{vii} tiffs were sick of the whole business and wanted it over with. As a consequence, Larkin returned to his office in Monterey after four or five weeks, though for some time he still continued to press for action. The violence that had flared in San Francisco in the Libbey-Spear case, the protracted delays that followed in seeking justice, and the need of the whalers and other shippers for a representative in Yerba Buena, led Larkin to appoint his friend, William A. Leidesdorff, as vice consul for that port. Though this appointment was recognized by General José Castro, the legality of the action was questioned by others. Later, Larkin himself admitted that he might have exceeded his powers. Of Leidesdorff, we have a delightful characterization from an old acquaintance and trader who had sailed the California coast for several years. This was John H . Everett of Boston, who on December 1 2 queried Larkin about their mutual friend: "Is Leidesdorff married yet ? He will be one of the leading men in the country before long —does not want for bronce." In other words, he had plenty of brass! For a year, Leidesdorff carried on as vice consul, and then came the war with Mexico that made such questions merely academic. At Sacramento, the Lord of New Helvetia was in a happy mood that winter of 1845-1846. More immigrants were arriving, and all of them came first to his post at the end of their cross-country trek. Here there were friends and food and supplies. For his part, Sutter was almost as glad to see them as they were to see him. He needed well-broken oxen to pull his plows, competent men to direct his numerous enterprises, and manufactured supplies of all kinds, especially medicines and other products of an industrial society. It was therefore with much pleasure that Sutter wrote to Larkin on October 2 and sent him a list of some newly arrived immigrants, a list that has not been preserved, saying: " I t will no doubt be gratifying to You to learn that they are in better condition then any other Emigrants who have ever come to this Country." Some had families, others were young men, and all were well provided with funds and equipment. From Sutter's New Helvetia Diary, we learn details not given in his letters, including the names of some of the newcomers. First of these arrivals in the autumn of 1845 was the Swasey-Todd Company of about a dozen young men. Some days later came William L. Sublette of St. Louis, with fifteen men, described by the practical Sutter as

[viii] men with plenty of cash and well-broken oxen. Leidesdorff did not share Sutter's enthusiasm for Sublette, whom he met in Yerba Buena and described as a rowdy and "Blaggard." From these arrivals Sutter enlisted a clerk and a doctor, the latter Dr. Wm. B. Gildea, and some blacksmiths and gunsmiths. "If I have a little luck this next year the people will be astonished of my farming business," he wrote with unfeigned optimism. And he made exaggerated predictions of the great numbers of immigrants expected the next year. Still more pioneers came across the mountains before the snows closed the passes for the winter. There was the Grigsby-Ide Company, whose members drifted in by twos and threes during October, about a hundred all told. Then in December came two smaller groups, one of which was Fremont's two-pronged exploring party, totaling sixty men, and the other Lansford W. Hastings' company of about ten men. Hastings, after his visit to California in 1843, had gone back East to lecture and to write a book advocating the advantages of California over Oregon. For his own government, Consul Larkin, on July 10, 1845, had written an interesting report. Intensely devoted to the cause of acquiring the province for the United States, he drew a picture for the Secretary of State, painting in dark colors the dangers that threatened it from England and France. It was the former that he held in greatest fear. Mexican troops and a new governor, soon to be sent to California to replace the exiled Micheltorena, were to be paid with British funds, he informed the Department. Indeed, the appointment of a British vice consul in California, where there was no English commerce, could have no other meaning. In Washington, this communication was read in the light of the growing threat of conflict with Mexico over Texas and of the determination of the American people to acquire not only Texas but the rest of the West to the Pacific Ocean. Texas had voted for annexation to the United States, an act that was completed by a proclamation of President Polk on December 29, 1845. Seen in this light, Buchanan's instructions to Larkin of October 17, 1845, an important state paper in the annals of California, fits into the pattern of national expansion. " I feel much indebted to you," he wrote, "for the information which you have communicated to the Department from time to time in relation to California. The future destiny of that

[ix] Country is a subject of anxious solicitude for the Government and people of the United States. The interests of our Commerce and our Whale fisheries on the Pacific Ocean, demand that you should exert the greatest vigilance in discovering and defeating any attempts which may be made by Foreign Governments to acquire a control over that Country." In any contest between Mexico and California, Secretary Buchanan continued, the United States could not interfere unless Mexico "should commence hostilities." If California should declare her independence, Larkin was assured that she would be given "all the kind offices in our power as a Sister Republic." But the United States had no aspirations to acquire more territory by conquest. "The President will make no effort and use no influence" to win California, yet "if the People should desire to unite their destiny with ours, they would be received as brethren, whenever this can be done, without affording Mexico just cause of complaint." While the use of force was thus ruled out, the Secretary of State declared that his government "could not view with indifference the transfer of California to Great Britain or any other European Power." This statement of American policy was clear and explicit. To implement it, the Secretary of State, on behalf of his government, gave Larkin a new appointment. "In addition to your Consular functions, the President has thought proper to appoint you a Confidential Agent in California.... The confidence which he reposes in your patriotism and discretion is evinced by conferring upon you this delicate and important trust." This message was carried to California by Lieutenant Archibald H. Gillespie of the Marine Corps, also a confidential emissary; Larkin was specifically requested to keep his government informed of the progress of events and of the attitude of the Californians toward the United States. There is little direct evidence to show how pleased Larkin was with this new commission, but it must have gratified him immensely. The policy of peaceful annexation, of winning the influential Californians to accept the United States as their mother land of their own free will, lay close to his heart, and to this purpose he devoted himself with tact and energy, as he had already done for many years. That such a policy would cost him dear in case of failure he had been clearly warned by such close friends as John Coffin Jones of Santa Barbara and others. Undaunted by this possibility, he

[x] persisted in his plans. Now, as the Confidential Agent of his government and with its expressed approval, he applied himself with greater vigor and attention to his official mission, encouraged by such comments as this from Sam. J. Hastings of Boston: "California must belong to the Americans. So say the knowing ones in Washington & even Mr. Polk thinks it must come to p a s s . . . . I was in company with him & he questioned me closely abt. the Country and asked me if I knew you. I told him I had that honour & he was pleased to say that he considered you a very efficient and patriotic man. So put that in your pipe & smoke it." With so many things to be attended to, Larkin had much less time for his own business interests. This was clear from the weeks consumed by the Libbey-Spear case. He needed, moreover, to help the recently arrived immigrants get settled and adjusted. Their greatest desire was to get land, but this could not be had without the favor of the local authorities. In this respect, no one had as much influence as Larkin, in view of his long and close association with them. The many arrivals and the friction that had occasionally been aroused required the hand of a master diplomat. These considerations had led Larkin to turn over his business in Monterey to Talbot H . Green, who had been with him since x 842, first as a clerk and then as business associate and had earned his full confidence. By an agreement of January 1, 1846, Green took over the management of the Monterey store for a three-year period, relieving Larkin of many responsibilities and giving him more leisure hours for his patriotic pursuits. Reports and news from California played their part in shaping the views of the American public in regard to the acquisition of the Rocky Mountain West. Such news was conveyed by traders, sailors, supercargoes, by crosscountry travelers, and by letters sent home by the pioneers who had settled on the Pacific Coast and made their homes on its shores. Early in 1843, Larkin had begun to send reports to James Gordon Bennett's New York Herald. These were appreciated, but the little detail of thanking the sender for his efforts seems to have been overlooked, and when he did not even receive copies of the papers with his California news, due partly to loss in transit no doubt, and pressed as he was by other duties, Larkin failed to keep up the correspondence. Bearing in mind the heated political campaign

(xi) of 1844, with its slogans of "Fifty-four Forty or Fight" and " T h e Reannexation of Texas and the Reoccupation of Oregon," and the controversy over adding more slave territory to the Union, one can understand how California matters took second place in the mind of a newspaper editor. By 1845, the situation had changed. Now the Eastern papers wanted California copy. Said the editor of the Herald to Larkin: " W e have several times recieved letters from you dated Mazatlan, giving us intelligence of some interest, but lately your letters have fallen off in number. This we regret very much, and I now write at the request of Mr. Bennett to get you to renew your valuable correspondence." If Larkin's letters to the Herald had dried up for want of encouragement, here was a nice pat on the back. The Herald wanted his communications, news of all kinds—commercial and political—from the entire Pacific Coast. Not only the Herald but the New York Sun, too, wanted to be on Larkin's mailing list. It was operated by M . Y . Beach & Sons. In a letter of December 24, 1845, Mr. Beach thanked him for sending some Sandwich Island papers and several communications, adding: " W e should feel under deep obligation if you would continue the same f a v o r s . . . . News from your quarter is looked for with deep interest here. Just now there are strong opinions that California will be joined to the United States." Mr. Beach believed also that negotiations to that end were presumably under way at that very moment. " A letter which you wrote us some time since describing Monterey & harbor we think seemed to have acted strongly on the public mind." His paper, continued Beach, had urged the purchase of California, including the idea of diverting the terminus of the contemplated Oregon railroad to Monterey, a point on which he cleverly solicited Larkin's opinion. A couple of weeks later, Mr. Beach wrote again, fearing that his letters might have gone astray, renewing his appreciation of Larkin's communications and his desire to effect some arrangement whereby he might continue to receive them. Beach assured Larkin that his letters were read with great interest in the East, even though they might not seem of much importance to him. That Larkin was pleased at these overtures is clear. When he replied, he admitted that he had never dreamt that his letters would be printed, much less copied from one newspaper to another. He promised to

[xii], send what information he could, but since he could not get any clerical help to do his copying, he requested that his letters be carefully corrected in style and grammar and that only the substance be used, not actual quotations. Larkin thus modestly admitted his lack of formal schooling, but he had the courage to do his best in spite of this disadvantage. Larkin felt that the best thing Beach could do for him would be to keep California before the public. " W e must have it, others must not." The Californians themselves wished to be free from Mexico, he observed, but which way to turn they knew not. Some wanted to be independent, others under England, others under France, and there was a party favoring the United States. In fact, they did not know what course to pursue. The authorities in Monterey, he said, had become so careless and indifferent about their allegiance to Mexico that the United States consular flag was the only one to fly daily in Monterey. T o him, the signs portended success in his plan to bring about peaceful annexation by the wishes of the Californians themselves, an event that he predicted would come to pass unless it should be torpedoed by some precipitate or unfortunate action. Not till April 17, 1846, did Lieutenant Archibald H. Gillespie reach Monterey with his confidential message for Larkin. He had come across Mexico, destroying his official dispatch after committing it to memory, and had then come on the United States warship Cyane to Monterey, via Honolulu. Larkin, having already disposed of his business to Talbot H. Green, accepted the new appointment with unfeigned satisfaction and made preparations to compile the reports desired by his government. These reports, printed in full in this volume of The Larkin Papers, give detailed accounts of California, her geography, government, commerce, customs duties, climate, inhabitants, and intimate notes on the chief citizens of different parts of the province. In a short reply to Secretary Buchanan, written within a few hours of receipt of the dispatch, Larkin expressed the opinion that the officials in power in California would soon fall into line and accept separation from Mexico provided their salaries were assured and they were given some hope that they would not be thrown among the common crowd. As to their lack of affection for Mexico, he had no doubt whatever. Moreover, immigration to California, he estimated, would climb to a thousand in the fall of 1846;

[xiii] if it should continue at that level in 1847, California's destiny would be set. In his relations with the officials of California, Larkin had for years supplied every governor and commanding general with most of their merchandise and provisions, and was still doing so, and had every reason to believe that he was on terms of friendship with them. Thus positively he replied to Secretary Buchanan in a thumb-nail sketch of the situation in California. His more detailed reports were sent some weeks later. At the time of Larkin's reply to Secretary Buchanan, he wrote to three influential Americans in California, Jacob P. Leese at Sonoma, John Warner at San Diego, and Abel Stearns at Los Angeles (who also became his confidential correspondent), summarizing Polk's message of December 2, 1845, and United States-Mexican relations. In effect, he made these men his confidential agents. No two neighboring nations, he wrote, could continue for long on the uncertain basis then existing. A decision would have to come, and since the Californians had given up hope of relief from Mexico, he reminded his friends that the natives were looking elsewhere for release from their political woes. "The President," he explained, would not in his opinion, "under any circumstances" interfere between Mexico and California, but would "with the voice, will and substance of twenty five millions of the freest citizens of the world vigorously interpose to prevent this country from becoming a European colony." In this situation, he bespoke the hope that the Californians themselves would assist and cooperate, and that, if they should determine upon a course of independence from Mexico, the United States would "be ever ready to spill her best blood and spend her best treasures in supporting those who by nature should be friends." Americans in California sympathized "very decidedly" with this view, Gillespie informed Larkin after a visit to the Pueblo of San José, and many of the native Californians also were dissatisfied with the present state of affairs. And from Los Angeles, Abel Stearns sent word that the desire for some kind of change was almost universal, and he added the startling information that overtures had been made by British agents to the government of California to declare its independence, promising "guaranties" if the province should request the protection of that government. This Larkin found hard to believe, and he asked for full particulars, as it was a "propo-

[xiv} sition that I was not prepared f o r . " A little later Stearns was to give it as his opinion that the majority of the people in the south would prefer annexation to the United States if they could be certain of protection against Mexico. " I often hear them say, Ojala que toma està los Americanos." (Oh that this province would be taken by the Americans!) During the administration of Don Pio Pico, last of the governors under Mexican California, internal dissension prevailed everywhere. Governor Pico, a southerner, was at odds with José Castro, the military head, who was a northerner ; they quarreled over location of the capital in Los Angeles, whereas it had normally been in Monterey; over administrative matters, with Governor Pico having the assembly in the south, whereas Castro controlled the collection of customs and the treasury department in the north; over civil versus military control of the governmental machinery of the province. Pico was confident of finding a solution to the people's difficulties through civilian action; Castro equally sure that the chief problem was protection of California against foreign aggressors, and that was of course a military matter. Only a part of the documentation of this long drawnout dispute is found in Larkin's papers, but enough to show its intensity. Both groups were still fulminating against each other when news of the capture of Sonoma in June by the Bear Flag Party changed the face of everything. Lieutenant J. C. Frémont's expedition to California in the winter of 1845-46 and his conduct toward its people have been the subject of both praise and criticism. Many of the original documents relating to this episode appear in this volume of The Larkin Papers. After Frémont's arrival at N e w Helvetia at Christmas with fifteen men, by way of the Truckee, he started southward into the San Joaquin Valley with supplies for the rest of his party, nearly fifty in number, who had skirted the mountains to the south and were to meet him on Kings River. But this group mistakenly camped and waited on the Kern, and so Frémont finally returned to Sutter's Fort, where Sutter entertained lavishly. Then, accompanied by Leidesdorff, Frémont went to San Francisco, San José, and Monterey, where he visited Larkin on January 27th. That these men talked over the current political situation in California is most likely, but we do not know what actually took place except that Manuel Castro, the prefect, a few days later asked

[XV]

Larkin for an explanation of the presence of United States troops in the province without permission of the authorities. Frémont's explanation, which has long been famous, was that he had come as an engineer to survey a practicable route from the East to the Pacific, that his men were hired help, not troops, and that he had left them on the frontiers of the province to recruit both men and horses, and that he had come to Monterey merely to procure funds and supplies so that he might continue on his way to Oregon. To this the prefect made no reply, thus tacitly accepting the intruder's explanation. Eventually Frémont's men on the Kern River discovered that they had not gone far enough north to meet him. This they then did, and Frémont led them to the Salinas Valley, via San José and Santa Cruz, and southward to Hartnell's ranch of Alisal near Salinas. When Castro discovered that Frémont had brought an armed force to the coast instead of leaving his men "on the frontiers," he peremptorily ordered him to leave on the ground that he had invaded a friendly country with armed troops without authorization. Frémont, instead of complying, defied the order and retired to a peak in the Gabilan Mountains and erected a log fort for protection of his force. Now followed a barrage of communications between the California officials and Frémont, Larkin, ignorant of Frémont's instructions from his government and anxious to prevent an open clash, acted as peacemaker. General Castro, in the meantime, rallied his people and gathered a force of about two hundred men at San Juan to attack the invaders. At that point, Frémont suddenly chose to abandon camp and to start northward on his way to Oregon. Reaching New Helvetia late in March, he rested there while he obtained supplies and bought horses from the Indians, some of which were stolen property, it was later claimed. Then he went to Oregon, where he was overtaken by Lieutenant Gillespie on May 9th. Whether it was the import of the latter's message, or the snow and the forbidding mountains that induced Frémont to turn back, this is what he did, with the result that he was back in California in time to stand by during the Bear Flag uprising in June. The summer of 1846 approached with many signs of increasing tension, though hardly of a climactic break. Business and life in general went on

{xvi} much as usual. Hides were still the chief article of commerce and therefore much sought after by merchants. Tallow, wheat, beans, etc., were important, too. When John Coffin Jones of Santa Barbara was about to sail for the United States in January on the Admittance, he wrote Larkin that the ship had 33,500 hides on board, and that the California, due to sail a fortnight later, would carry 3,000. The usual value per hide was $2.00. Every California trader sought to get his share of the year's slaughter. Wheat and other foodstuffs were always in demand. In October, Alpheus B. Thompson of Santa Barbara wrote Larkin that the wheat crop in the Santa Clara Valley had failed and that he did not know how he was going to get along with the Russian American Fur Company, which wanted wheat more than anything else. On one occasion he could report the receipt of more than 25,000 pounds of tallow and plenty of other goods. Sutter on the Sacramento badgered Larkin for heavy iron for making plows. He felt he could supply the entire Sacramento Valley with them if Larkin could only send him the right kind! In March, 1846, Sutter boasted of having sowed 1,200 acres to wheat, xoo to barley, that he was seeding peas and potatoes and getting ready to plant corn, cotton, and vegetables.'' Onions at least for about $ 1 , 0 0 0 . " Earlier James McKinlay of Los Angeles informed Larkin that he was sending him 200 barrels of whiskey and some wine, which he would sell cheap I Others were just as eager to purchase the stuff, to judge by Charles M . Weber's promise of prompt payment for "six barrels of Catalan liquor." Other sidelights on life in California emerge now and then and permit a glimpse of its social conditions. It might be John H . Everett of Boston sending a quantity of novels (the titles are given) for Larkin and Green, with a request that they send them to Hugo Reid of Los Angeles when through with them. Or Alfred Robinson, who had been in California many years, writing from New York that his book, " L i f e in California," would be out the next week. Everett, in return for his books, asked only for a supply of "those large pine cones & also some of those petrified oysters or oyster shells found near San Luis Obispo." The gadgets of the California tourist trade are nothing new! Sartorial elegance may not have been great in 1846, but for one man, William A. Leidesdorff, the new American vice consul in San Francisco,

[xvii} it was important. T o adorn himself properly, he requested Larkin to have a suit made for him: " D o me the favour to hurry the taylor with my clothes. I have not got a decent suit to put on in case a man of war arives." A couple of days later he again urged haste with the suit of clothes, "as I am verry much in want of them." The Sloop of War Portsmouth had just put into Monterey harbor and would soon go to San Francisco, where LeidesdorfF wanted to be ready for the formal calls that would follow. He got the suit a month later, coat, pants, and two vests of different colors, all for $ 1 0 5 . 5 0 , which, said Larkin, was the usual price. When the Portsmouth, Captain John B. Montgomery, reached Monterey in April, there were some tense moments between Mexican and American officers, owing to the recent presence of Frémont's armed force in the Salinas Valley, but the tension melted in the customary exchange of courtesies. These over, General José Castro and some of the chief Mexican and California families in Monterey invited Captain Montgomery and his officers to a picnic in the country. When the day came, a large part of the population gathered at the American consulate (it seemed the entire citizenry wanted to go), and by 9 o'clock the fortunate ones were in the saddle. In small groups they rode the 1 2 to 1 4 miles to the pleasure grounds. All officers who could leave the ship went along. The fatted calf was slain, and there were sheep, and fowl, and turkeys, as well as cakes, dried fruits, frijoles, mussels, "and the prickly pear cook'd in a variety of ways." It must have been a sprightly sight to see the whole party, a hundred strong or more, riding past Carmel Mission at a trot or gallop, some of the women riding double (the woman in the saddle, the man behind), and a file of soldiers out in front with banners flying from the tips of their lances. Not even Frémont's indiscretion could dampen the ardor of the Californians for a good time. Larkin, on occasion, entertained, too. His fees as consul, he said, would not even pay for his Fourth of July ball, to say nothing of the other balls that he gave when American ships of war anchored in Monterey Bay. This was life on the lighter side in California in 1846. The picture of the five men which appears as the frontispiece of this volume is one of the most famous photographs of early California pioneers. It was probably taken in 1850, before Larkin's departure for the East. He left in March of that year, and Howard in April, 1853, before the former's

[xviii} return. When Howard came back to California in 1855, he was a very sick man, "so emaciated as hardly to be recognized." In our photograph he is the very picture of health, so it must have been taken earlier. The picture is from a daguerreotype in the possession of Mrs. H. W. Toulmin of Monterey. For her courtesy in permitting its use in this series, I am greatly in her debt. Every Californian will prize it as a precious contribution to the record of the pioneers of the Golden State. Volume IV of The Larkin Papers brings the series to the end of May, 1846, a scant fortnight before the outbreak of the Bear Flag Revolt at Sonoma on June 14. That event crushed Larkin's hope of peaceful annexation to the United States and would have made war inevitable had it not already broken out on the Texas frontier a few weeks earlier. In a sense, this was the high point of Larkin's career, though the fruits of his work were still to be gathered in..

CONTENTS # Preface Alexander G. Abell to Larkin, February 2 1 , 1846 José Abrego. Certificate of indebtedness to Larkin, March 28, 1846 Joseph H. Adams to Larkin, October 13, 1845 Guy R . C. Allen to Larkin, October 1, 1845 José de Amesti to Larkin, October 7, 1845 George Anderson. Receipt for consular aid, December 3 1 , 1845 William Anderson and Larkin, February 2 1 , 1846 Francisco Araiza to Larkin November 12, 1845 May 14, 1846 James P. Arther to Larkin, February 4, 1846 Faxon Dean Atherton to Larkin March 4, 1846 March 18, 1846 Moses Yale Beach 81 Sons to Larkin December 24, 1845 January 12, 1846 Josiah Belden to John Bautista Rogers Cooper, November 29, 1845 John Bidwell to Larkin, March 2, 1846 Susan Biggerton to Leidesdorff, December 31, 1845 N. & W. W. Billings to Larkin, December 1, 1845 José Antonio BolcofF to Larkin, December 4, 1845 . . . . Albert Braley. Affidavit, October 25, 1845 James Buchanan To John Black, October 27, 1845 [xix]

v 205

.

263 20 1 9 141 204 98 376 190 224 257 128 159

.

109 219 135 114 115 66 69

James Buchanan T o Larkin October 1 7 , 1845 October 27, 1845 October 3 1 , 1845 November 1 , 1845 . April 1 7 , 1846 May 14, 1846 . John Carter. Receipt for consular aid, December 3 1 , 1845 . . . José Castro To John Charles Frémont, March 5, 1846 To Larkin October 15, 1845 November 1, 1845 December 20, 1845 Proclamation, March 8, 1846 José Castro, et al. Proceedings of military junta, April 1 1 , 1846 Manuel de Jesús Castro T o John Charles Frémont, March 6|_5_j, 1846 To Larkin October 17, 1845 January 29, 1846 March 8, 1846 April 24, 1846 •Henry P. Chace to Talbot H . Green, February 22, 1846 . . Betsey (Larkin) Childs to Ebenezer Larkin Childs, February 1 2 , 1846 Ebenezer Larkin Childs to Larkin, October 14, 1845 . . . . George Edwin Childs to Ebenezer Larkin Childs, November 1 1 , 1845 John Bautista Rogers Cooper to Larkin, January 18, 1846 . . Thomas Cummins to Larkin, February 2 1 , 1846 Benjamin Cushman. Affidavit, October 25, 1845 . . . . . . John Calvert Davis to Larkin, April 2 1 , 1846 William Heath Davis to Larkin, April 24, 1846

. .

44 69 81 82 291 376 141 228

.

33 82 125 237 282 229

.

41 185 238 343 209 193 30

.

94 167 206 64 335 345

{xxi} William Heath Davis to Larkin May 6, 1846 May 12, 1846 Nicholas Augustus Den to Larkin, February 10, 1846 Manuel Diaz to Larkin, March 10, 1846 Don Quixote. List of supplies, March 16, 1846 Ethan Estabrook to Larkin, February 2 1 , 1846 John H . Everett to Larkin December 1 2 , 1845 March 26, 1846 April 23, 1846 April 26, 1846 Joseph R . Farwell to Larkin, October 1 2 , 1845 William T . Faxon to Larkin, December 9, 1845 Charles William Fliigge To John Charles Fremont, March 26, 1846 To Larkin, March 26, 1846 James Alexander Forbes Certified statement of protest, October 1 2 , 1845 To Larkin October 2, 1845 October . . , 1845 October 1 3 , 1845 October 14, 1845 October 15, 1845 February 24, 1846 March 1 7 , 1846 April 2, 1846 John Charles Fremont to Larkin March 5, 1846 March 9, 1846 May 24, 1846 Joel Giles to Larkin, December 27, 1845 Archibald H . Gillespie to Larkin April 17, 1846

.

.

.

.

362 368 191 246 255 206 118 266 342 349 19 116 265 264 18 3 4 21 25 34 210 256 277 227 245 390 132 290

[xxii} Archibald H. Gillespie to Larkin April 25, 1846 May 24, 1846 Thomas Goodsell to Larkin, April 19, 1846 Hiram Grimes to Larkin, February 23, 1846 Pablo de la Guerra to Larkin, December 20, 1845 Francisco Guerrero y Palomares T o Larkin October 23, 1845 October 24, 1845 October 27, 1845 T o William Alexander Leidesdorff January 2, 1846 April 30, 1846 T o Hugh N . Page, October 24, 1845 Thomas Harding Receipt for consular aid, December 31, 1845 Receipt for consular aid, May 30, 1846 Lansford Warren Hastings to Larkin, March 3, 1846 Samuel J. Hastings to Larkin November 9, 1845 January 22, 1846 William Sturgis Hinckley to Larkin, January 5, 1846 William Davis Merry Howard T o Larkin November 19, 1845 December 28, 1845 January 25, 1846 April 8, 1846 April 24, 1846 T o William M. Rogers, February 5, 1846 Frederic Hudson to Larkin, October 14, 1845 William Brown Ide to Larkin, February 20, 1846 James Jackson Jarves to Larkin October 4, 1845

346 393 301 209 124

54 58, 59 71 149 353, 354 55

. . . .

142 40 x 220

.

91 177 156

.

.

.

102 133 183 281 345 191 24 204 8

{xxiii} James Jackson Jarves to Larkin January I, 1846 . . Eli Jones to John Bautista Rogers Cooper, April 28, 1846 . . John Coffin Jones to Larkin October 14, 1845 October 20, 1845 November 3, 1845 November 30, 1845 January 24, 1846 January 26, 1846 Ricardo Juan to Talbot H. Green, December . . , 1845 . . . Carlos Krieger to Larkin, December 17, 1845 Thomas Oliver Larkin To Joseph H. Adams, October 12, 1845 To Administrador de Correos, Mazatlan, May 20, 1846 . . Auction, notice of, and report of sale, January 15, 1846 . . To Moses Yale Beach & Sons April . . , 1846 May 19, 1846 May . . , 1846 To James Gordon Bennett May 20, 1846 May 30, 1846 To James Buchanan October 17, 1845 . November 4, 1845 April 17, 1846 May 14, 1846 California, opinion of state of affairs in, April, 1846 . . . . To captain of bark Nuevo Repullicano, October 3, 1845 . . To José Maria Carrasco. Agreement with Milton Little, December 31, 1845 To José Castro October 15, 1845 . October 30, 1845

.

.

147 352 27 48 85 1x1 181 185 135 122

. .

17 381 163

.

355 379 404 .382 402 36 86 292 358 297

.

7 136 32 76

[xxiv} Thomas Oliver Larkin To José Castro December 22, 1845 March 14, 1846 May 29, 1846 To José Castro and Manuel de Jesús Castro, March 6, 1846 To Manuel de Jesus Castro October 17, 1845 January 29, 1846 May 4, 1846 To James Clyman, October 29, 1845 To Commander of any American Ship of War in San Bias or Mazatlán, March 9, 1846 To Collector of Custom House, Monterey, May 10, 1846 Consular fees, July x to December 31, 1845 Consular returns, July 1 to December 31, 1845 To Manuel Crespo, October 14, 1845 To William Heath Davis, April 4, 1846 To Joel P. Dedmond, January 25, 1846 Description of California, April 20, 1846 . . . . . . To Manuel Diaz, March 10, 1846 To F. M. Dimond, March 1, 1846 To E. H. Dunn, January 22, 1846 To Emigrants recently arrived, November 12, 1845 . . . To Charles H. Forbes, October 8, 1845 To James Alexander Forbes October 16, 1845 October 17, 1845 To John Charles Frémont March 5, 1846 March 8, 1846 March 10, 1846 May 31, 1846 To Joel Giles, March 6, 1846 To Archibald H. Gillespie, April 23, 1846

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

126 250 400 231 39 186 360 74 243 367 144 143 26 280 184 303 247 215 174 97 12 34 38 228 239 248 409 235 340

{xxv} Thomas Oliver Larkin To Archibald H. Gillespie May 31, 1846 To Nicholas Gordon, January 1, 1846 And Talbot H. Green. Agreement and transfer of business, January 1, 1846 To Talbot H. Green, October 30, 1845 . . . . . . . . To Talbot H. Green or William T . Faxon, October 30, 1845 To Hiram Grimes January 13, 1846 January 22, 1846 To Francisco Guerrero y Palomares October 22, 1845 October 24, 1845 To William Sturgis Hinckley, October, 1845 To B. B. Howard, October, 1845 Instructions to courier, March 8, 1846 To Jacob Primer Leese, et al. April 17, 1846 May 2 1 , 1846 To William Alexander Leidesdorff October 29, 1845 January 20, 1846 April 13, 1 8 4 6 . April 19, 1846 May 26, 1846 May 28, 1846 To Francis Melius, November 26, 1845 To Henry Melius, October 17, 1845 To William Mervine, April 17, 1846 To John Berrien Montgomery April 23, 1846 . May 2, 1846 May 31, 1846 . To Mott Talbot & Co., October 8, 1845

407 146

.

145 78 77 162 179 52 56, 57 15 67 241

.

295 386

73, 75 170 284 302 397 399 .104 43 . 29 X 339 356 406 13

[xxvi] Thomas Oliver Larkin To Mott Talbot & Co. March 2, 1846 March 5, 1846 March 6, 1846 April x, 1846 May 20, 1846 Notes on personal character of principal men, April 20, 1846 [?] To Hugh N . Page October 24, 1845 October 2[5?], 1845 October 30, 1845 To John Parrott, March 9, 1846 To Parrott & Company May 22, 1846 May 25, 1846 To John Paty March 18, 1846 April i, 1846 To Pio Pico December 1, 1845 . . . . . . . . . . . . May 4, 1846 To Rafael Pinto, October 27, 1845 To Benjamin T . Reed November 28, 1845 November 30, 1845 March 3, 1846 To Alfred Robinson, May 8, 1846 To William M. Rogers, November 28, 1845 To William M. Rogers or Joel Giles, March 6, 1846 . To San Jose justice of the peace, February x, 1846 . To Santa Cruz justice of the peace, November 19, 1845 To the Secretary of State December 31, 1845

217 226 236 273 380 322 60 67 76 244 388 395 257 274 .

. . .

.

. . .

113 361 72

. . .

106 no 222 365 107 233 188 101

138-140

[xxvii] Thomas Oliver Larkin To the Secretary of State January 4, 1846 January 6, 1846 February 27, 1846 March 5, 1846 March 6, 1846 March 9, 1846 March 27, 1846 April 2, 1846 To James Smith, October 24, 1845 To Abel Stearns March 19, 1846 May 2 1 , 1846 May 23, 1846 May 24, 1846 May 26, 1846 To John Augustus Sutter November 12, 1845 January 20, 1846 To Henry Frederick Teschemacher, October 17, 1845 . . . To Alpheus Basil Thompson, March 14, 1846 To Uhde & Pini, October 8, 1845 To United States Minister of Legation, Mexico, April 3, 1846 . To Miguel Zines, October 3, 1845 Cesáreo Lataillade to Larkin, March 3, 1846 Jacob Primer Leese To William T . Faxon, October 24, 1845 To Larkin January 12, 1846 May 8, 1846 William Alexander LeidesdorfF To Talbot H. Green, January 6, 1846 To Francisco Guerrero y Palomares, January 1, 1846 . . . . To Larkin, October 29, 1845

153 157 212 230 232 242 270 275 61 260 385 389 391 396 98 168 42 250 14 278 5, 6 223 62 160 364 159 148 75

[xxviii] William Alexander Liedesdorff T o Larkin November 18, 1845

100

November 29, 1845

107

December 22, 1845

127

January 3, 1846

149

January 4, 1846

152

March 19, 1846

261

April 23, 1846

341

April 25, 1846

348

May 7, 1846

363

May 26, 1846

398

May 30, 1846

401

Readding McCoy Receipt for consular aid, December 31, 1845

142

Receipt for consular aid, January 31, 1846

187

James McKinlay to Larkin December 28, 1845

134

January 23, 1846

180

Charles G. Mallett to Larkin, January 21, 1846

171

E. J. Mallett to Larkin, January 22, 1846

172

Alexander Manchester. Affidavit, October 25, 1845 John Marsh to Larkin, February 15, 1846 John Marsh, et al, to Larkin, April 15, 1846

65 199

.

288

Henry Melius to Larkin October 12, 1845

16

October 14, 1845

26

May 10, 1846

366

Henry Melius, et al. Statement regarding prices, March 24, 1846

263

Hugh Melville Affidavit, October 25, 1845 T o Larkin, February 16, 1846

63 199

William Mervine to Larkin, April 17, 1846

292

Mott Talbot & Co. to Larkin, December 18, 1845

123

[xxix] Mott Talbot & Co. to Larkin May i i , 1846 367 Frederick W. Myrick, et al, to Larkin, October 27, 1845 . . . 70 Pedro Narváez to Larkin, December 12, 1845 118 Dolores Pacheco to Larkin, March 10, 1846 249 Francisco Pérez Pacheco to Larkin, January 19, 1846 168 Hugh N . Page to Francisco Guerrero y Palomares, October 2 1 , 1845 52 Parrott & Company To Larkin, February 25, 1846 211 To A. B. Thompson, December 16, 1845 201 John Parrott to Larkin, December 16, 1845 122 Paty & Co. to Larkin, October 15, 1845 31 John Paty To José Castro, March 26, 1846 269 To Larkin, March 17, 1846 256 Manifest of Don Quixote cargo, March 16, 1846 251 Pío Pico T o José Castro, April 4, 1846 279 To James Alexander Forbes, April 22, 1846 337 To Larkin, December 27, 1845 131 Proclamation, May 1 3 , 1846 370 Rafael Pinto to Larkin, October 27, 1845 71 Stephen Pleasonton to Larkin, November 3, 1845 83 "Polynesian" to Larkin, December 3 1 , 1845 . 1 3 7 Benjamin T . Reed to Larkin, October 1 3 , 1845 23 Stephen Reynolds to Larkin February 15, 1846 197 May 20, 1846 384 300 William P. Reynolds to Larkin, April 18, 1846 William Antonio Richardson to Larkin, October 13, 1845 . . . 20 Alfred Robinson to Larkin November 4, 1845 88 January 16, 1846 165 William M. Rogers to Larkin, October 20, 1845 51

•[xxx] Charles Roussillon To Talbot H. Green, November 5, 1845 To Larkin, October 20, 1845 José María Sánchez to Talbot H. Green, December 20, 1845 [?] . Florencio Serrano and Francisco Arias to the Monterey Ayuntamiento, April 13, 1846 John Drake Sloat to Larkin, May 18, 1846. . . . . . . . Nathan Spear to Larkin, January 3 1 , 1846 Abel Stearns to Larkin October 4, 1845 November 27, 1845 January 22, 1846 February 4, 1846 May 14, 1846 Antonio María Suñol to Larkin, April 6, 1846 John Augustus Sutter to Larkin October 2, 1845 October 8, 1845 November 5, 1845 November 12, 1845 November 14, 1845 December 22, 1845 January 13, 1846 March 2, 1846 Henry Frederick Teschemacher to Larkin, October 16, 1845 . . Alpheus Basil Thompson To Talbot H. Green February 16, 1846 April 2 1 , 1846 To Larkin October 13, 1845 October 18, 1845 November 25, 1845 February 16, 1846 20x, March 6, 1846

89 48 125 286 378 187 7 105 175 189 374 281 4 10 89 98 99 127 163 218 36

203 335 22 47 103 202 236

[xxxi] Alpheus Basil Thompson T o Larkin March 20, 1846 April 2 1 , 1846 May 13, 1846 Joseph P. Thompson to Larkin, May 28, 1846 John Tierney to Larkin, January 1, 1846 George W. Vincent to Larkin October 8, 1845 April 27, 1846 Charles Maria Weber to Larkin, November 17, 1845 . . . . William Mark West to Larkin, December 27, 1845 James Williams to Talbot H. Green, November 4, 1845 . . . Ann Rogers (Larkin) Wright to Larkin, October 30, 1845 . . .

262 336 369 398 147 12 351 100 130 88 79

VOLUME IV 1845-1846

(I)

The Larkin Papers 1845

-1846

[GUY R . C. ALLEN TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 1 1 : 3 0 7 . ]

Morgantown ist October 1845 Dr Sir

^liiouR kind Letter to Dolly Harner was received. She has been in to see me and has left your Letter with me in order that I may attend to the business for her. She is indigent and the provision made for her by her Son Joseph if she be able to realize it will no doubt add much to her comfort. I suppose no money has yet been recieved by you as by the Will Josephs friend Mr Little was to pay the $ 1 1 0 for the Lot in two years after the death of the Testator. And if he took the personal property it appears that he was not to pay any part of the price under a year. I presume this 3d Clause in the will gives to Mr Little all the debts as well as Store goods to be paid for "in four annual instalments beginning one year after the death of the Testator". Mrs Harner cannot even write her name and is therefore under the necessity of having the correspondence conducted through others. On her behalf therefore I hereby express to you her gratitude for the interest you have taken in the matter especially for the attentions bestowed on her deceased Son who died far from home in a land of strangers; in calling to see him when sick seeing that he was attended by a Minister of Christ at his death and burial and as we hope previous to his death encouraging the Soul in its last extremity to rest its hope on the "Lamb of God who taketh away the sin of the World."

[ 2

]

It was through you I presume that he was induced to make a Will, and the assurances you give that the provisions of the Will shall be carried into effect have carried gladness into the heart of one who no doubt feels though she cannot express it to you gratitude both to the living and the dead. The anxiety expressed in your Letter that the Mother should be found out with the particular directions about writing, all shew that you are not indifferent to, or unworthy of the trust confered upon you by the deceased. The PostMaster in whose hands your Letter was left until yesterday tells me he has written and enclosed Letters according to the direction contained in yours but without being able to elicit a reply. I conclude his Letters or yours in reply have miscarried. And I now address you again as required in your Letter and also directly to Montery, California.1 Please let me hear from you as soon as you conveniently can. The old Lady is a Widow and poor. She and her son have just left me with a promise on my part that this matter should be faithfully attended to. Respfy Y r Obt Servant G. R . C. Allen P S

The Deeds for the Indiana Lots mentioned in your Letter have

never come to hand. [Cover bears notes: Recvd Oct 8 / 4 5 & fwd by yr O. S. B T Reed. Rec'd May 8, 1846 pr Barstable.] •This second letter is also in the collection of "Documents for the History of California" (111:309). The letters are similar through the sentence: "The anxiety expressed in your Letter that the Mother should be found out with the particular directions about writing, all show that you are not indifferent to, or unworthy of the trust confered upon you by the deceased." From that point on the second communication reads as follows: "Your Letter has been too long neglected. It was left in the hands of the Post Master and only came to mine yesterday. The old Lady brought it in company with her Son whom she was about to start to Indiana to see about the Lands. The Post Master having been informed that one of the Lots had been sold for delinquent Taxes. I conclude it was best for her son not to go at present but for me to write to the Recorder of Wills in the several Counties & Towns in which the Lands lie to get information of their condition as to Taxes &c and have them paid as soon as practicable. The son would probably not be able to affect an advantageous sale if he were to go, and without a regularly authenticated copy of the Will & power of atto under it could convey no title I presume. At any rate I shall wait your Answer to be direct to me Morgantown Monongalia County Virginia. With great respect Yr obt Servt. G. R. C. Allen."

[3] [JAMES ALEXANDER FORBES TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 1 1 : 3 4 0 . ]

Yerbabuena 2nd Oct 1845 Thomas O. Larkin Esq My Dear Sir I HAVE not had an opportunity to inform you of the refusal of the Hon John Gordon to take your despatch for Mr. White to the Columbia. It remains wh me. I am hourly awaiting the arrival of one of the Compy vessels when I shall send it. You have had awful intelligece of the state of affairs at this place; I don't know how much distorted and exaggerated, respectng myself; but be careful to defer your opinion or belief, until you shall hear particulars. I have not been able to send them by the Quijote. I disdain to notice the galling criticism which although it agitates my spirit still finds me impassabe. I am entirely innocent of any act that has tended to the detriment of any other individual: although I have used violence against a man who most grossly insulted me in public, where I appeard in my official character, and where I should have died before I would have sufferd it with impunity. In fine I shall send you a document from the Authorities of this place or I shall have it from the Govr for the object of exonerating me from any misconduct. Three American Whalers are here: as usual they have some trouble. I have done every thing I can for them, as far as my influence goes. If you choose, I will act for you; and you can do the same for me at your place. Please tell D. Pedro Narvaes, that I shall send him some documents relative to an arbitration, and that I beg him to suspend his decision until he shall have reed my letters. Remember me kindly to Madam L. & Mr Green & excuse haste. Yours truly J A. Forbes [Rubric]

[4} P. S Present your a/c to Man' Dias for the small balance due you for mde. by me. I have requested him to pay y. [Cowr bears note: Rec'd Oct 9, 1845.]

[JAMES ALEXANDER FORBES TO THOMAS OLIVER LARK1N. 111:308.]

[October, 1845] Thos O Larkin Esqr Dr Sir

PLEASE receive an order upon D Manl Dias for one hundred and sixty Dollars and place the same to credit of Your Obt Serv. Jas. Alex. Forbes [Rubric]

[JOHN AUGUSTUS SUTTER TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I l l : J 1 0 . ]

New Helvetia 2d Oct. 1845 T O. Larkin Esqr Dear Sir

^ENCLOSED I hand You of List of the Emigrants, Arrived to this Country from the United States this Month. It will no doubt be gratifying to You to learn that they are in better condition then any other Emigrants who have ever come to this Country. As You will preceive by the List, there are quite a number of Families, and all those without family are Young Men with but one or two exceptions. They are generally well provided with all the necessary Articles usefull in keeping house, Farming,

(5} And also in a Number of Mechanical branches. T h e Majority of them are also provided with Money to a greater or less extent. They have also brought upwards of Five hundred head of Cattle with them the Majority of which are well broke working Cattle. There are also a number of good Mechanics with them of different discriptions. There is also expected (soon to arrive) a Company larger by at least half then this. And mostly comprized of Young Men. O n their arrival Y o u shall immedeately be Apprised of it. I Remain Respectfully Your O b t Sevt. J. A. Sutter [Rubric] P. S. Accept of M y regards for Yourself And family.

[THOMAS O L I V E R LARKIN T O MIGUEL Z I N E S . 1 COPY. 1 1 1 : 2 5 2 - 2 5 3 . ]

Monterey October 3 1845 Don Miguel Zines Sir

" Y o u r favor dated Mazatlan Aug 15 1845, informig me that you have chartered your vessel Republicano to M r Francis Cook and consigned her to me, was rec'd withn the present hour. I have no letter or advices from Mr Francis Cook on this subject. M r John Parrott from San Pedro wrote to me on the 10 of Sept last that the Republicano was charted by M r Cooke & destined to Monterey and requested me to inform the Captain on his arrival at this port that there was no freight and set the vessel immediately at liberty which I have done this day. In the possession of your Captan and also in the hands of M r Charles Reeger I have seen copies of the contract you mention but have not the contract myself. I have this day informed the Captain of the Brig Re' A translation into Spanish of this document is given immediately below (111:311).

£6} publicano (I do not know his name) that I have no freight for him on a/c of Mr Cooke or any other person in Maz. and placed the vessel at his own disposition. He can therefore proceed to sea when he may see proper.

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO MIGUEL ZINES. TRANSLATION. III ¡ 3 I I A.]

Monterey 3 de Octubre de 1845 Sor. D. Miguel Zines Muy Sor. mió

E I n este momento acabo de recibir la muy grato de V . fha. Mazatlan 1 5 de Agosto del presente año, en qe me avisa haber fletado su Bergn Republicano á D. Franco Cooke y consignado á mi. Nada he recibido del Sor. Cooke sobre el asunto; pero D. Juan Parrott me escribió de San Pedro con fha. 1 0 del po po qe el bergn Republicano se habia fletado el Sor. Cooke y destinado á Monterey, y mi suplica diga al Capn á su llegado á este Puerto qe no habia flete ninguno para él, y qe dispongo como guste del buque, lo qe hoy mismo he virificado. He visto en posescion del Capn como también en manos de D. Carlos Krieger copias del contrato qe V . me cita pero yo no lo tengo. Hoy he dichp al Capn del Republicano (cuyo nombre ignoro) qí no tengo flete para el por cuenta del Sor. Cooke ni otra persona alguno en Mazatlan, y le he puesto el buque á su disposición; por tanto él podrá dar á la vela cuando le convenga. Soy de V con toda consideración &c.

M [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO CAPTAIN OF BARK "NUEVO REPUBLICANO." COPY. 111:311.]

Monterey Octubre 3 de 1845 Sor. Capitan del Bergantín N . Republicano Muy Sor. mia C^ON f la. 10 del mes po po me escribe Sor. D. Juan Parrott desde San Pedro diga á V a su llegada á este Puerto, que no tiene ningún flete para V y q¿ su buque quede en entera libertad para qe disponga V . a su arbitrio de él, lo qe le noticio para su gobierno. Por su dho. buque he recibido hoy una comunicación de D. Miguel Zines f la. en Mazatlan á 15 de Agosto del corrte año en qe me dice qe ha fletado el bergn Republicano á Don Franco Cooke y lo ha mandado á Monterey á mi consignación y sugeto á mis ordenes; y ahora debo decir á V . que no tengo flete alguno para el Sor. Cooke ni otra persona alguna en Mazatlan y por consiguiente qe desde ahora quede el buque á la disposición de V . Soy de V . con toda consideración, su muy atento Servidor Q. S. M. B.

[ABEL STEARNS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. ILL ¡3 1 2 . ]

Angi. Oct. 4th 1845 Mr T . O. Larkin Dr Sir 'YOURS relative to four Ranchos was rec'd yesterday, and I immediately spoke to the govr respecting them, and he ordered the Secry to hunt them up for approval, but as there is but 2 Sessions more of the Assembly it is doubtfull he said whether they could be dispatched this Session.

[8} The Asemblea close their Sessions for 3 months on Monday 6th inst. If they are dispatched I shall advise you of it. As yet we have no news of the Mexican Expedision. Yours &c. Abel Stearns [Rubric]

[jAMES JACKSON JARVES TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 1 1 : 3 I 3 . ]

Honolulu Oct 4, 1845 T . O. Larkin Esq Dear Sir

vessels have arrived here of late from your place, but I have not had the pleasure to hear from you by any of them. Your order for notes etc. with bill was forward 5 ms since pr Fama. As it has been long due, and we had to pay cash for the paper & work for your job, I again enclose a bill, begging you will oblige me by a settlement. Very Respty Yr Obt Servt. J. J. Jarves T. O. Larkin Eqr U. S. Consul SEVERAL

to Polynesian Office 1844 Sept 14 Aug 1/45

x yr. Subn. to Polynesian Aug 1/44 to Aug. 1/45 1 " " " " Aug 1 / 4 5 " " 1/46 Advertising 1 square—1 year Nov 20/44 to Dec-45 1 sqr. old advt—10 times pd for 2 Reams paper for job of "Notas" to printing—do—2000 in Spanish Subscriptions for Mess. Melius & Howard—to Jan 1846

Dr

$6.00 6.00 18.00 5.50 13.00 25.00 12.00 $85.50

(9} Contra Cr By cash

Oct/44

8.00 $77.50

Red Payment Honolulu Oct 4 Mellus & H

X2.00 65.50

Brewer & Co

41.66 107.16

\Cover bears note: Pr Lion Capt Bonnet.]

[losé DE AMESTI TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 111:314.] Corralitos Octrí 7, de 1845 Sor. Dn. Tomas O. Larquin Muy Señor mió E k contestación á la grata de vm. del 4 del corriente digo; que dejando todos mis trabajos abandonados he hecho el mayor sacrificio en mandarle á vm. las 4 Carretas con 87 Aros, de Carne Seca y en otra ocasion le mandare el poco qe queda. V a la adjta el romaneaje de la dha Carne qe vm. puede ver si esta completo, pues pienso qe ira de mas, mas bien qí de menos. Suplico á vm. me haga el fabor de mandarme 4 Baquillas buenas, y la quarta parte de una Suela, ó si no media Baqueta qe sea buena con el mismo portador de la Carga, qe es Juan Salasar. Lleba también 1 4 Cueros de Cuenta del Barril de tajamanil, y en otro viaje le mandare los dos qe faltan. Páselo vm. bien y mande á su afmo. Segro Servor Q B. S M . José de Amesti [Rubric]

[JOHN AUGUSTUS SUTTER TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 1 1 : 3 1 5 . ]

Nueva Helvetia 8th October 1845 Thomas O. Larkin Esqre Dear Sir

' Y e s t e r d a y Mr. Sublette from St. Louis arrived here with his party consisting out 15 Men, he passed both of the Company's of Emigrants. They have crossed the most difficult passes and are close by, so soon they arrive here I shall send you a list of the second Company. Mr. Sublette is a brother in law of Mr. Grove Cook and a Man of considerable property. He intends to establish himself here when he likes the Country. A good Many of this Emigrants have Cash more or less. Some of them have several thousand Dollars in Gold. Not one Company has arrived before in this Country, which looked so respectable as this. I have now a great chance to buy plenty of well broken Amer. Oxen and Wagons from the young Men, which prefere horses that they can travell in the Country. My Establishment will gain a great deal by this Emigration. I employe a good many necessary Mechanics. A first rate Doctor will remain here, who is well provided with Medecines and instruments, likewise a Clerk. I have now 3 Blacksmiths at Work and will have so many Gunsmiths. I have plenty Work for them, only I wish you would not forget me with iron and files, likewise one Anvil and a Vice more should I like to get more. I think it will be difficult for the Emigrants to obtain Lands for them under the present Circumstances, therefore I spoke with some of the persons who have good titles for Land to let have the Emigrants some small pieces of their Grants, say a mile or 2 for a family, and nearly all are willing to divide a part of their Land with them. I shall give likewise a good Exemple. I think you will give a small part of yours to occupy it. I hope the same of Dr. Stocks and Messrs. Thomes, Thumes, Shard, etc. It will be our greatest interest and will make our Lands valuable, because industrie will go on in this Valley to a considerable extend.

[ „ ] To Oregon was a powerfull Emigration this year consisting out about 3000 Souls with 800 Wagons and 6000 Cows. No doubt the next Month of July we will have a great Number of them here, and the next year in this Month we shall have 1000 and thousands of Emigrants here. The best what the Government could do would be to give these Emigrants the San Joaquin and the whole tular Valley, and they would no more losse their Horses by the Horsethiefs. Nothing more can stop this Emigration. In Case of Opposition they would fight like Lyons. They are all well armed, better as all the former Emigrants. The have all superior Rifles and Pistols etc. After the rainy Season the new City will be founded and no doubt will increase rapidly. Mr. Prudon is leaving the Court of Sonoma and will be here in a few weeks. He is preparing to build the hotel in the new City which will be a good and profitable business. I have now 20 splendid Ploughs made here by the best kind of Mechanicks. The look so well as ploughs made in Boston. Some are very large prarie ploughs to break up new ground. If I could only get iron large enough to get 20 ploughs more made, I should like to have 40 Amer. Ploughs going at once. I have a good Saddler who make me now 20 paires or spans of Harnesses for Mules, which have to harrow and plough the ground etc. If I have a little luck this next year the people will be astonished of my farming business. I hope you will be in possession of my letter by Mr. Hensley. I remain very respectfully Your Most Obedient Servant J A Sutter [Rubric]

[ » ]

[GEORGE W. VINCENT TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 1 1 : 3 1 6 . ]

San Francisco Oct. 8t, 1845 Dear Sir

D UE Me the favour to forward the Enclosed to Mazitland so soon as an oppertunity May offer. Will settle with you for the poastage on My Arival in Montery. Nothing New. Shal leave in about ten days for Montery. Should Capt. Walters wish for his Mony, you will pleas pay to him, on account sixteen 16.00$ Dollars and take his Receipt for the same. Wishing You health I Remain Your Moast Obt Servent G. W. Vincent [Rubric] To Thomas O, Larkin, Esq. Monterey

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO CHARLES H. FORBES. COPY. 1 1 1 : 3 1 7 . ]

Monterey, California October 8, 1845 Sir

O N the 29th of March 1844 I executed in this town a power of attorney of your brother James A. Forbes empowering you to settle the estate of your late Father, Since which time I have heard nothing from you of your having rec'd the paper. Your brother was owing me and informed me that he had requested you to pay, to my Correspondent, Mr. William M. Rogers, of Boston, two thousand dollars on my Account as soon as you had funds sufficient for the

[•3] purpose. Since this period your brother has not heard from you. In May 1845 Mr Rogers informed he knew nothing from you on the subject.1 Should you have funds in your posseen of Mr Jas A. F. please pay the amt of 2000 to Mr Rogers, as pr your Brother order, or in his absence from B. Joel Giles Esq and advise me of the same. Should you not be able to pay this sum at present you will please inform my Boston Correspondent and myself what sum if any you are to pay and when. Yours letters sent to Vera Cruz pr your N . Y packets will reach me directng via Mexico & Mazatlan. I am Sir, Your Most Ob't. Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] To Charles H. Forbes Esqr City of New York

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO MOTT TALBOT & CO. COPY. I H : j l 8 . ]

Monterey October 8, 1845 Messrs Mott Talbot & Co Merchants Mazatlan Gentlemen

P r Schr Julian I rec'd your favor of [August 11]. On board the U. S. Ship Portsmouth, by Mr Fra[n]cis Johnson of Oahu, I forwarded to you draft three of Four hundred and thirty Eight dollars (438$) in my favor, on Walter R. Jones Esq New York. I now enclose the second Bill of •Here are deleted the words: Should you have funds in your possession of M r James A . Forbes although less than two thousand dollars, you will oblige me by paying it to M r Rogers as pr order, and advise me of the same. Y o u will also oblige me by informing M r Rogers or in his absence from Boston, Joel Giles Esqe what expectation you have of paying this sum of two thousand dollars, or what part of it, and inform me of the same. I am waiting for the answer to settle with your brother, and as interest in California is 1 2 pr ct (and even more) it is an object to settle the debt.

{ i

4

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exchange of the same, which you returnd unindorsed by me. I am sorry vexed that I should have been so careless as to forward this draft without indorsmnt. I hear nothig from you for the first bill which I sent to you in 1844. I am Gentlemn Your Most obt.

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO UHDE & PINI. COPY. Ill ¡3 19.] "Republicano" Monterey October 8, 1845 Messrs Uhde & Pini Merchants Mazatlan Gentlemen

B y the "Portsmouth" I had the pleasure of informig you of the arrival of the Iron & receipt of your favors pr "Julia." Enclosed you have Tornaguia No 46 for the guia of the Iron. The Iron I have rec'd does not make a variety. You will please send pr first opportunty 2000 to 3000 lbs of round & square Iron 3A of an Inch in diameter, down to spike & nail Iron includng som flat (any width) Vs to % inch thick, say from the size of a wheel barrow tire upwards, with 3 Kegs of wrought Nails 1V2 2 & 2V2 inch. Should you have German or English Blistered steal, send about 200 lbs. We have plenty of the small milan steal, such as you in general have in Mazatlan, but need large bar steel 1V2 to 2 inch wide. I am Gentlemen Your Most.

[ X5 ]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO WILLIAM STURGIS HINCKLEY. COPY. 1 1 1 : 3 6 1 . ]

Mont. &c Oct 1845 Capt William S. Hinckly Sir " Y o u r letter of the fourth instant was rec'd this morning. I have requested Mr Faxon to wait some time on your sending little by little any kind of grain, fat or Dry Beef to me. I know with this range of articles you can pay the debt if you choose. As to your puting your property into judical hands to be distributed equally among your Creditors in case you are sued I think the plan a good one, as you then would know what you could pay, and they would know what they would receive. I am sorry to say I can please little dependence in your expected assistance from Boston or your Father in law. It with pain I say it but you must certainly be aware that I can not believe all you have seen fit to write to me respectig my demands. When Mr Watson & mysef years back advanced you cash for hides you postively said the hides where in you warehouse and sent up orders for Capt Paty to receive them, when there was none to be rec'd. Some of your letters have informed that such and such hides had before your eyes been put into such a lanch to go to on board the Vessel I dissignated, when in a month afterwards I was informed that the Ranchers had deceved you & had no Matanza or that the Boat did not go for the hides as was promised. Again I was informed that Mr Rea had been the cause of my not being paid. (I have no doubt but much misunderstanding with me on Mr R's part was caused by you in these debts.) Your excuses have not only been too numerous, but so badly made out in one following the other, that you can not suppose I place much faith in them. 'Tis true you may "pay me before some of the Californians", but I do not expect so much from "some of them" nor do they promise so much as you do. To conclude, knowing that your necessities does not arise from want of

{16} talants or knowledge of business, both of which you possess far beyond the most of your Countrymn in California, nor from sickness, domistic distress, or large family to support, I know not why I should lay out of the use of my funds while you take no precaution to provide for your debts. I shall however wait a time, expectng to receive by every Vessel a little flour, Wheat, Bean, Corn Etc. I am Your most obt.

[HENRY MELLUS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. III:320.]

American Barque Tasso Sn Francisco October 12, 1845 Thos O Larkin Esqr. Consul U. S. A. Sir

T H E object of this is to ask your immediate attention to the melancholy assault upon Capt. Libbey of this bark, and for the particulars of the case, I would refer you to the accompanying declarations taken before James A Forbes Esqr V . Consul to H. B. M. at this port. The excitement caused by this event is very great. There appears to be a general hatred of all American citizens, and in my opinion, if energetic steps are not soon taken, neither our lives or property will be much longer respected. I remain with respect Your Mo Obt Svt. Henry Melius [Rubric]

[ '7 ] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOSEPH H. ADAMS. COPY. OFF. CORK. 1 : 5 1 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Port of Monterey California October 12, 1845 Sir

^ ( j O U R favour of this morning I have received. There is no difficulty whatever respecting the articles you mentioned, as whenever landed I shall pass them through the Aduana, and pay the duties. This was not the expectation of Mr Hiram Grimes but I cannot help that. For two or three years Mr Hiram Grimes has sent to his uncle near the same articles in our Ships of War who immediatly sells them at market prices thereby saving the duties. By the "Don Quixote" now going out, I informed Mr Hiram Grimes that he must not send any more in this manner. By the "Portsmouth" there came the same which I put onshore openly and paid the duties. From the receipt of my letter in Oahu there will come no more. The officers of the Aduana are well aware that Mr Hiram Grimes takes the privilege of asking an officer in a friendly manner to do the favour, and the latter hardly knows how to refuse or supposing it a matter of no consequence obliges him. I am not sure but that Mr Grimes of Oahu supposes his uncle uses these articles himself and sends them to California supposing he cannot purchase them here, but such is not the case. By the Schooner that came in yesterday the elder Mr Grimes orders me to sell the things I received ten or twelve days back by "Portsmouth." I can assure you niether to yourself or to me will there be any trouble or opinion formed by any one onshore respecting the Box of Tea and coffee, as the thing is perfectly well understood by Mr Hartnell and myself why Mr Grimes ships in this way. Any hour you choose to send on shore, re-

{ i 8 } quest the men to lay the articles inside of the Custom House, and I shall know of it in time and attend to them. I am Your Most Obedient Signed—Thos. O . Larkin Lieut Joseph W . Adams U . S. Ship Levant

[JAMES ALEXANDER FORBES. CERTIFIED STATEMENT OF PROTEST. I V : 3 0 1 . ]

British Vice Consulate San Francisco 12th Oct. 1 8 4 5

I , JAS. ALEX. FORBES, Vice-Consul to H . B. M . for Californias

do hereby certify that Henry Melius Esq. of Amn. Barque Tasso, personally appeared at this vice consulate and solemnly protested that on Saturday 1 ith Octr 1845, Capt. Elliot Libbey master of said Barque Tasso was assaulted in this village by a number of armed individuals, who after severely wounding him, left him lying in the street, weltering in his blood, that he, the said Henry Melius Esq. gave the necessary information to the local authorities of this place, relative to this outrage, and he now solemnly protests against all and sundry who committed this outrage upon the person of the aforesaid Captain Libbey for the damages and losses that he will sustain by the loss of the services of his Captain, inasmuch as his mercantile transactions in this country will suffer great detriment and injury thereby. In testimony wherof I have hereunto placed my hand and affixed my seal of office the day and date above spesified. James Alex Forbes Vice Consul to H B M [Rubric] [Sidi:] H . B. M . Vice Consul, California Henry Melius [Rubric] [Cover bears note: Rec'd in this Consulate Oct. 1 7 , 1 8 4 5 . ]

{ i

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[JOSEPH R . FARWELL TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V ¡ J C ^ . ]

Boston October 1 2 1845 Hon Sir I WRITE to you respecting a Brother which I have in California, M r Edward Augustus Farwell. The last accounts from Him, He had had granted to him by government a parcel of Land situated on the river Sacrimento. That was so long a time since I feel rather anxious respecting him. He was formerly Printer by trade. From that He became a Sailor, and having enjoyed a Sailor Life as long as he wished He took to Printing in Honolulu, Sandwish Isles. From thence He went to California. Should you see Him you can report the good Health of His Father, Mother Sister, & Brothers, and other relatives. His Aunt Mary Rust is troubled with a Cancer which will cause Her Death in the space of two years we think. I have been in this City 2V2 years in a large Grocery Store, N o 330 Washington Street. Miss A M Rust called in a few Days since reported Salem Friends all well. Amos Gardner of Dixfield died two months since. Mahala Barnard is dangerous. Other Dixfield Friends well. Boston is rapidly growing now. Buildings are being erected in all parts of the City. Business is very good. We have a Short crop of Potatoes which is rather discouraging to the Farmers. Other kinds very good. From England news of Short crop of Grain which affects our Flour Market some. Flour from 5V2 to 6 Dollars a Bbls. Owing to the short crop of sugar in Havana our market continues high, good Brown 10. cts. Should you receive this Sheet you will please let me know if you know where my Brother is. Yours with Respect Joseph R . Farwell 330 Washington Street Boston, Massachusetts U. S. America T o the Honerabble Thomas O Larkin United States Consul at Montery Upper California \Cover bears note: Reed May 8th 1846.]

[ *>] [JOSEPH H. ADAMS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 1 1 : 3 2 , 3 . ]

U. S. Ship Levant Bay of Monterey Oct 13 th /45 Sir your polite letter of this date and was happy to hear the explantion therein. I could not have supposed that Mr. H Grimes would have committed things to my charge in a Government Vessell thinking that the duties would have been avoided. Such however I am convinced was his intention, and I shall take the first opportunity to inform him. He told me those things were difficult to be procured in California and as his Uncle was not in good health that they would probably be of great benefit to him. I did not hesitate to take them under such circumstances, and shall know better how to act under similar cases in future. My acquantance with Mr. Grimes was very limited, and I may add that this act of his is not favorable to a farther extension. I am Sir Yours Very Truly I

RECEIVED

Jos. H. Adams, Lieut. P. S. I will send the articles to the Custom House at xo O'clock tomorrow.

[WILLIAM ANTONIO RICHARDSON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 1 1 : 3 2 1 . ]

San Francisco 13th Octr 1845 T . O. Larkin Esq. D. Sir the oppertunity of informing you that Capn. Liby of the Tasso was almost murderd in the yerba buena last night by a gang of drunkards under the cloak of ronda, such proceedings as was never herd beI

EMBRACE

[ 2,] fore. I hope you will take the most vigorous steps you can to have them brought to justice and compel them (the Gov.) to execute it without delay. Every thing is in a bad state and if not look'd into we must take the law in our own hands. If in case the Levant Capn Page is in the port please comunicate the above in my name. I am Dear Sir Yours truly. W . Richardson [Rubric]

[JAMES ALEXANDER FORBES TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 111:322.]

British Vice Consulate Sn Francisco 13 th Oct 1845 Sir

I HAVE to inform you, that on the night of the 1 ith inst, Capt. Elliott Libbey of the American barque Tasso now lying in this port, was nearly assasinated by a party of villains sent hither, from the neighbouring Mission of St. Francisco, for the ostensible purpose of seeking for deserters, but without the knowledge of the Commandant of this place, from which functionary should have emanated any order empowering armed persons to patrol. Capt. Libbey was attacked in company with Mr. Spear, by seven or eight ruffians. Mr. Spear was knocked down by a number of blows, and Capt. Libbey was stabbed in the breast and back, his head cut open by a sabre his face mutilated &c &c and he was left lying in the street for dead. He now lies in a very precarious state at Mr. Spears house. At the request of Mr Melius I have commenced taking depositions of several persons whose testimoney will be of importance in this case, particulary as the perpetrators of this outrage are all of the Sanchez family, & as the persons in authority here also belong to that family, there can be no hope of impartial hearing. The time is now arrived for an energetic remonstrance to the Departamental Govt, for redress for the many outrages committed by this family,

and I hope that you will second a representation that I have already sent to the Departamental Govt, requesting the removal of the Subprefect at least, and ample reparation for such insuferable outrage. N o person can move here without being armed. I shall send you the depositions I am taking, and hope that you will take energetic measures to obtain redress. I am Sir Your Most Obt Sert. J Alex. Forbes, V Consul Thomas O Larkin Esq U S Consul, Monterey

[ALPHEUS BASIL THOMPSON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 1 1 : 3 2 4 . ]

Santa Clara Oct 1 3 / 4 5 Tomas O. Larkin Esqr Sir ^ i o u R draft for Eighty dollars in favor of Mr. Rodrigues was duely honored. I have only a moment to say to you that the Russian Barque has arrived and Mr. Fisher has arrived from the Bordego and I am on my way to the Yerba Buena to deliver to him the Tallow which I have on hand which is to a considerable amount. I have been thus far succesful in my collections here and shall persevere until there is no more hopes of obtaining more this season. I cannot say how I shall succeed with the Rissian A Fur Company this year, as the Wheat crop failed here which is the principal that is wanted by said Company. I have on hand Beans, Peas, Corn, Manteca Tallow, Soap and other Articles for the Company independent of Wheat. Should you receive any News relative to War betwixt Mexico and the U States, you will please (as a representative of the U States) give timely notice to the American Shipping at San Francisco. In great haste Your Obt. A. B. Thompson [Rubric] [Covif bears note: Rec'd Oct 1 5 . ]

[ 23 ] [BENJAMIN T. REED TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 1 1 : 3 2 5 . ]

Dup pr Barnstable—Original via Vera Cruz Boston Oct 13 1845 T O Larkin Esq Dear Sir " Y o u r fav of June 17th came to hand a fortnight since & duplicate this day. Mr Howard will inform you that owing to the uncertain state of our political relations with Mexico, and constant & contradictory reports which we get of the state of affairs in California, the gentlemen interested with me in the Ships Vandalia & California have concluded not to despatch a ship this fall to the Coast. If your hides arrive in the ship which Mr Howard sends home in December I shall sell them for your a/c charging you usual freight & Corns of zV2%, but shall not guarantee the sales unless you order it. If however I send a vessel away & interest you in the Cargo & I advance the value of the Notes before their maturity I shall then as is customary charge a Guarantee of 2V2. Hides are extremely dull here not one of the Barnstables cargo yet sold. Mr Rogers sails for Europe next week—he has $ 1900 in his hands which he offered to pay me if should send a ship to be invested for your a/c. If I had sent one, I should have interested you in her to the amount of this sum & the $3000 you speak of in Mr Howards hands. Yrs Very Respy B T Reed Nov ioth/45 Since writing above Mr Hooper has sold his hides per Barnstable to go to N York @ xo cts. [Cover bears note: Rec'd May 8/46.'] •The original letter, postmarked "Veracruz Diciembre 1 0 , " did not reach Larkin until M a y 1 6 , 1 8 4 6 . It is N o . 3 2 6 of Vol. Ill of The Larkin Documents.

[24] [FREDERIC HUDSON TO THOMAS OUVER LARKIN. XV: 306.]

Duplicate1

Herald Office New York Oct 14^/45

Dear Sir

w

.

have several times recieved letters from you dated Mazatlan,

giving us intelligence of some interest, but lately your letters have fallen off in number. T h i s we regret very much, and I now write at the request of M r . Bennett to get you to renew your valuable correspondence. Intelligence from California, Oregon, and the Sandwich Islands, is now looked for in this country w i t h a good deal of interest, and we are anxious to obtain the latest accounts by every conveyance, whether by vessel, or overland via Vera Cruz. W e would like to have you send to the Herald Office through Mexico and via Vera Cruz, and by vessel to any port of the United States whenever an opportunity offers, and we will cheerfully reciprocate, in any way you think best. W e will forward you the Daily or Weekly Herald or both 2 ; w e will gladly pay all postages that you may have to pay to get our packages through Mexico; we will, indeed, pay all expenses attending the forwarding of news from California, Sandwich Islands, and Oregon to us. W e desire the correspondence, and throw ourself upon your kindness in this matter. W e want ship news and markets as well as political news. W e would like to have, for instance, such shipping intelligence as you have previously sent to us. Y o u r early attention to this will greatly oblige us and if we can favor you in any way by refering to you in the Herald please call upon us. I am authorised by M r Bennett to offer his services to you. Truly Yours F. Hudson T o Thomas O Larkin Esq U S Consul, Mazatlan, Mexico 3 ' T w o copies o f this letter were received by Larkin, this one, according to a notation which it bears, on M a y i o , 1846, the other ( I V : 3 0 7 ) on M a y 16, 1846. 2 T h e words, " w e will forward you the Daily or Weekly Herald or b o t h , " are omitted from the copy of the letter received on M a y 1 6 . 3The address, "Monterey, Upper California," is deleted, and "Mazatlan, M e x i c o " substituted.

[JAMES ALEXANDER FORBES TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 1 1 : 3 2 7 . ]

British Vice Consulate San Francisco 14th October 1845 Sir

H

EREWITH I accompany the depositions taken before me at the request of Henry Melius Esq. Supercargo of the Amn Barque Tasso, relative to the outrage committed on the night of the n t h instant upon the person of Capt. Elliot Libbey, master of the Said vessel by a mob of ruffians sent into this village, from the neighboring mission of San Francisco, by the Subprefect, without the knowledge of the Capt of the Port, (who is also military commandant) or of any of the Subordinate civil authorities of this place. The rascals composing what was called a patrol were lounging about this place during the day and at the hour of ten o'clock in the evening were all drinking and carousing at a grog shop, (see deposition of Jim, the Islander.) from whence they sallied forth and attacked Capt. Libbey's boat's crew, two of whom escaped and giving notice to Captain Libbey he naturally went to examine into the case, when he was assaulted and nearly assasinated by the Same individuals who had attacked his boat's crew and severely beaten two of them. The arbitrary proceedings of the Subprefect and Subordinate authorities of this place encourage a sentiment of animosity towards foreigners which has now arrived at such a pitch that no person is safe from attack from the very immoral people in this vicinity. I am Sir Your Humble Svt.

James Alex Forbes, V Consul [Rubric] Thos. O. Larkin Esq. U. S. Consul Monterey

[26} [HENRY MELLUS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I l l ¡ 3 2 8 . ]

Yerba Buena Octo 1 4 '45 Thos O. Larkin Esqr Sir

E n c l o s e d please receive a protest noted by me befor J. A. Forbes Esq. relative to the outrage upon Capt. Libby of the Bark Tasso. I remain with Respect Yr. Mo. Obt. Svt. Henry Melius [Rubric]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO MANUEL CRESPO. COPY. I l l : 3 3 o . ]

Monterey á 1 4 de Octubre de 1845 Sor. Don Manuel Crespo

U remito á V . en el Bergantín Republicano su Capitan Machado, los siguientos, por cuenta de Don Juan Cooper 6 seis fanegas de frijol á seis pesos 6 Costales á peso Son cuarenta y dos pesos

36.0 6.0 42.0

La causa de qe el frijol está tan subido en el precio es la falta de agua c\e hemos tenido, y no se lo puede comprarles menos. Los qí remito le compré de Don José Amesti, y pagué los mismos seis pesos. Soy Su Servidor Firmado—Tomas O. Larkin

[JOHN COFFIN JONES TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 1 1 : 3 3 1 . ]

Santa Barbara, October 14th 1845 Thomas O. Larkin Esqr Monterey Dear

Sir

M

leaves to day for Monterey by land. I embrace the opportunity to continue our correspondence. Your letters of 25 th & 27th with bundle of papers I have receved. On the back of one letter you write, "accompanied with four letters for you and others from Robinson." These did not come to hand. The Pueblo Alcalda who brought the others said there was no more, that he received all the letters from Castro which he brought and if there was any other one, the Comidante must have kept it. Do make inquiries about this. I should not like to loose any letter from the U States. I am very much obliged to you for the newspapers. The one of april contained a great deal of interesting information in regard to the Origon and Texian affairs. To me it appears that war with England is inevitable, both nations have taken a stand in regard to the Origon from which, in my opinion, neither will budge. To judge from the speech of Lord Aberdeen & Lord John Russel I can see nothing to prevent a cause of war betwen England & America arrising speedily. England must act or own defeat for to pospone a final settlement, is to permit American citizens, to possess the now disputed territory. She cannot remain quiessent and retain her honour, but she cannot proceed without the probable loss of territory, loss of commerce and risk of revolution. Depend upon it England will never give way. She has resolved to go to war rather than to yield an inch, and I doubdt if there will be any retraction, any backing out, any recession from the position, bold, independent and resolute as it is, which has been assumed by the New President. R HOWARD

In regard to Texas, there can be no doubdt of its annexation to the U States, and as Mr Parrott writes me, in a letter, recevd from him yesterday from San Diego, that war has already been declared by Mexico, he has hurried off in the Matador, in order, if possible, to secure some of his

[28] property in Mazatlan, as Mexico has declared, if the U States march troops into Texas, she will seize and condemn every American Vessel in Port and all American property on shore and such orders have been dispatched to every department in the Republic. The moment it is known that war has been declrd, you may depend upon it, this Government will seize every vessel they can, unless we have some naval force here to protect them. Look out for trouble. You give a melancholly picture of Consul Parrott's conduct in Monterey and especially his treatment to you, after accepting your hospitality and engaging your services in the transaction of his business. He has proved himself quite a different man from what I had judged him, altho' I was well aware, that he was most excentric in his feelings and rather slack in his moral principles, I always conceved howevr, that he possessd honour and a feeling of liberality. You are aware that he was paid to quit the firm of Parrott, Scarborough & Co. Howland & Apenwall, the patrons of that house would make no more consignments if Mr P. continued. I advise you to leave him to his own feelings; you will gain nothing by geting into an open rupture with him. Let the "Stricken deer go wheep, the gauld jade wince". If you have conducted honorably towads Mr Parrott, all he can say will not injure you. Let him prate. Your "withers will be unwrung." The complaints he made against you, I have not treasurd in my memory. If you are anxious to know any of them, I will endeavour to call them to my recolection. This I recollect however, that he told me, he had twice to your face told you his opinion of you, which was not very flatering to be shure, and that you turned about and made no reply. More, at present the deponent say'th not. By the way, the story about his writing to Mrs S. and endeavouring to seek an interview with her in her chamber, I have learnt, he denies, says it is all fabrication. Mr Howard is the bearer to you of letters from the Govenor in answer to your communication respecting the murder of the Indian Chief by an American in Sutters fort. The Secretay of Dispatch shew them all to me here. The letter of Doctor White appears to me to be well intended, but it is badly put together, a great deal of unnecessary matter in it, and altogether too much fanaticism about it. I know the Doctor well. He is a very good fellow. The letter from the Govenor to him is very good and very

[29] proper, so is that to you, but the order to the Prefecto is very lame and rather obscure. The man who committed that foul and cowadly murder, I understand is somewhere about Monterey. The Prefecto should have been ordered to arrest him immediately. The moment he gets wind of it, he will be off. It is no duty of yours howevr to take any steps in the affair whatever; all you have to do, in the event of the man charged with the murder, (an American) be arrested, is to see that he has a fair trial. I should like to see the wretch brought to justice, and all who ware implicated in defrauding these indians of the Oregon. Why did you not give me some account of the Sloop of War lately in Monterey, where was she from what was her business. We do not here even know her name. I person here [received a letter from Monterey, which states that you told the writer that you ware expecting an American squadron daily, and that there was iooo Americans arrived at the Sacrimento, settlers I presume. Is this true. What news was there by the vessel from Accapulco. What was Ricker after in the Bull. I am seriously thinking of going in the admitance. It would be dreadful to be caght here and detained during a war with England or even Mexico. I shudder at the very thought. Deputy Congress Alvarado Suplente Recana [Requena] Assemblea Bandini, Abrigo, Santiago Aguelia [Argüello] Do keep me advised by every opportunity and send me letters (to any of your friends) of introduction and I will certainly delivr them. If there is any loaf sugar in Monterey, I wish you would get me two or three loaves and send here with the price & I will pay it to Robbins also iooo Tepic Segars if to be had. Dont forget to forwd my letters you have for Mazatlan & U Stats. Very truly yours. J. C. Jones]1 [Cover bears note: Mr Howard.] 'The last page of this letter, here given between brackets, is in the Vallejo collection of "Documentos para la Historia de California," ( X X X I V U 5 8 ) in the Bancroft Library.

[ 3° ] [EBENEZER LARK1N CHILDS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 111:329.]

Washington City Octr 1 4 1845 My dear brother

M Y last letter to you was commenced in this City about the 5 th of August & finished in Boston on the 6th or 7th Sept, & sent via N Y k & Vera Cruz. I had previously sent letters June 7, May 3 1845 & Deer 18, '44 by Capt Smith. M y previous letters you appear to have ree'd except one of Jan. 4 '44 which, however, you may have acknowledged before. The P. M . Gen'l has recently authorized the P. M . of Independence Mo. to send mails for California & Oregon by travellers going overland, & I intend to start this by that route, tho' having many fears as to its safe arrival. It seems a very uncertain mode of transportation, but a letter costs only the labor of writing, & if it never reaches you the loss will not be great. I will soon send another by Vera Cruz & perhaps one or both may reach you. Yours of May xo—finished June 18—I ree'd via Norfolk Sept 16, & its receipt releived my mind of much anxiety, for it told me of the welfare of yourself & of John. M y apprehensions had been excited in behalf of both of you on account of the revolutionary state of things about you, & of John in consequence of the fears expressed by you that he had been wrecked. I rejoice to learn that he has returned to his home in safety, tho' it seems he has been aflicted & troubled. I wish you were both out of the country and living where there was more security for life & property. I mentioned in my last a project which has often crossed my brain & which the present discontented state of my mind makes me attach much importance to, & that is, that you come home & enter into business with me in Boston— that city is going ahead with wonderful strides, & money can be made there, in any kind of business, with as much ease pleasure 8i safety as in any place on the earth. I am sick of office & mean to leave it whenever I can—not hastily, nor until I can see my way clear to provide bread for myself & family by other means, but quit it I will. If I had 3 or 4 thousand dollars I would go at once—but this I have not & see no prospect of getting. While

[

]

at Lynn father attacked me twice on the subject of the old debt due him, which when contracted it was [MS. torn] distinct understanding should nev[M5. torn] be paid, but be a part of my claim on his estate. I have explained to him a dozen times why I cannot pay, still he "wonders"—he seems to think that I should have no use for money but to pay him. It is so disagreable to go there that I doubt if I ever make another visit, certainly not except as a matter of duty not of pleasure. The old gentleman is very feeble & his decease at any moment would not be surprising. I saw W m R. in Boston. He is going to Europe soon on a visit. He seems to be flourishing—has a fine Church & a full Society. My son has lately graduated with high honors—has recovered his health entirely. When I was in Boston Capt Phelps of the Moscow sailed for California but I did not hear of him until three days after he had gone, much to my regret. I shall very soon write again, for the present adieu. E L C [iCover bears note: Reed Oct 26th 1846. Mr West.]

[PATY & CO. TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 111:333.] Honolulu Oct. 15th 1845 T. O. Larkin Esq. Dear Sir

W b have the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your favour dated Aug 26th covering a bill of Lading for $2000, which was duly received. W e owe you many thanks for your kind attention to our affairs as also for the loan of the 280 57/100 Dollars. By this conveyance we have forwarded a letter to Capt. J. Paty, directed to your care. Should Capt. P. not be at Monterey will you please forward

t3*} it by the first convenient opportunity to him, or in case he should have left the coast, please have it returned to this place. We shall have much pleasure in reciprocating you kindness by any thing that we can do for you here. We are Your Obt. Serts. Paty & Co [Rubric]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOSÉ CASTRO. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 5 3 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Port of Monterey California October 15, 1845 Sir

U

NDER date of the fifteenth [thirteenth] ins't San Francisco the Undersigned has just received a letter from H. B. M. V . Consul, giving the information that Elliot Libbey Cap't of the American Bark Tasso and Nathan Spear Merchant of Yerba Buena both citizens of the United States of America were on the night of the eleventh inst attacked by the rondo or patrol of Yerba Buena. Mr Spear was knocked down by a number of blows, Capt Libbey stabbed in several places his head severely cut and left on the ground supposed dead, and that he now lies in a very dangerous state. The undersigned is also informed that the persons in authority at Yerba Buena are of the same family as those persons who attacked Messrs Spear and Libbey and that there can be no hope of j L i s t ice being obtained in this case from them. The injury sustained by Cap't Libbey is not only great to him, but may be very serious to his vessel, cargo and owners for want of a Captain. The undersigned from his knowledge of your constant wish to do justice in every case to his countrymen, hopes you will take immediate measures to inquire into this assault on Messrs Spear & Libbey and act as in your

(33} wisdom may appear requisite. The undersigned has the honour to assure of his kindest esteem &c. Signed—Thomas O. Larkin To Don Jose Castro Comandant General of the Caiifornias

[JOSÉ CASTRO TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 1 1 : 3 3 4 . ]

Comanda GenZ de la Alta California [Octubre 15 de 1845] CZ/ON el mas profundo sentimiento se ha impuesto esta Comandancia del notable acontencimiento susedido el dia once del presente mes, según se sirve informarme en su nota de hoy, en los Ciudadanos de los E. U. Capitán de la Barca Americana, Taso, y Natan Spear. Al efecto, y para poner pronto remedio a tal crimen, se manda instruir la correspondiente aberiguacion, dándole parte de su resultado; ofreciendo al mismo tiempo en q. subscrive toda su atención y aprecio. Dios y Libertad. Monterrey de la Alta California Octc 15 de 1845. José Castro [Rubric] Sr. Cónsul Dn. Tomas O Larqin

{34} [JAMES ALEXANDER FORBES T O THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I l l : 3 3 2 . ]

British Vice Consulate San Francisco 15th Oct 1845 Sir I AM requested to direct to your care the accompanying document, for the commander of the U S. Ship Levant or for any other vessel of war at Monterey. I am Sir Your Most Obt Servt. Jas. Alex. Forbes, V Consul [Rubric] Thos O Larkin Esqr U S Consul Monterey P. S. Please advise me of the hour you receive this communication in your Receipt. J. A. F. \Covcr hears notes: Forwarding Memorial to Captain Page of U. S. Ship Levant. Rec'd Friday afternoon V2 past 4. Oct 17.]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN T O JAMES ALEXANDER FORBES. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 5 2 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Port of Monterey California October 16, 1845 Sir

I

to acknowledge the receipt of your official letter of the thirteenth instant respecting the disastrous and outragous affair of the Sanchez family on my countrymen Messrs Spear and Libbey. I am very HAVE

[35} sorry that the Supercargo, chief mate, or clerk of Captain Libbey's vessel has not made to me a formal representation on this subject, that I could invoke immediate assistance from the Comandante General with a statement of the facts as far as they were then known in my possession. As it is I have wrote to the Comandante that Justice cannot be hoped for by the parties concerned from the authorities of your place and to take immediate measures in the business. I have to thank you for the information afforded me in this case by yourself, and for the trouble you have taken and offers made me in other cases and shall be happy to reciprocrate official or privately at any time. I have received pr Don Quixote a seaman from American Whale Ship Hibernian now in your port, discharged from his vessel without any funds, only with a half made out order on "Mr Fitch" of I do not know where for his pay. I would not allow a Captain of a Whale Ship to discharg a destitute man in that way, but to pay him in cash the home value of the oil and bone, or a draft with the difference of exchange. If any come in this way you will please take them in charge, board them until you can send the man to me and I will cash thier draft at fourteen or fifteen per cent discount for the seamens benifit. The U. S. Ship Levant is now at anchor here, leaves within four days for Mazatlan. Could it be of any sirvice I would proceed in her to your port tomorrow, but the affair in question being on shore and no complaint from the parties concerned being made to this consulate, I do not think it advisable to call on Captain Page. I expect the "Savannah" here soon. In her I will go up if it is necessary. I am Sir Yours respectfully Signed—Thomas O. Larkin James A Forbes Esqr. H. B. M. V. Consul, San Francisco

{36} [HENRY FREDERICK TESCHEMACHER TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 1 1 : 3 3 5 . ]

Sta Clara October 16 1845 Thos O Larkin Esq U S Consul Sir I H A V E just received a letter from Mr Henry Melius with the accompanying documents, which he wishes me to forward as soon as possible to you and in compliance with his orders I send them by the bearer. I believe that an answer is requested, and you will be so good as to despatch the bearer as soon as possible; he is to return to the Yerba Buena. I have the honour to remain Your Obt Svt.

Frederic Teschema [MS. torn]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES BUCHANAN. 1 OFF. CORR. NOT NUMBERED, (il ¡ 2 7 ) . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Port of Monterey California October 17th 1845 Sir T H E last information the undersigned had the honour to forward to the Department was under date of the 29 th of September 1845. There has been no correspondence received in this consulate from the Department since December 28th 1844. From so many months in the interval there has probably been some mislaid. By the bark "Tasso" sent here from Boston, by Messrs William Apple•From the original in the National Archives, Washington, D . C .

[37] ton & Co. there has been recieved a flag and coat of arms, but no press as mentioned in the accompanying letter. There has for some six or eight years past been on this coast and between here and Oahu trading merchandize for California produce, the Bark Don Quixote formerly of Boston Mass. This vessel was condemned eight or ten years since at Oahu, bought and put in repair by some citizens of the U. S. then sold to the King of the Sandwich Islands and used as his ship of war. She is now owned by Messrs John and William Paty, Merchants of Oahu, the former being Captain, both citizens of the State of Mass. Although this Bark under our flag has been several times in this port, I have never been able to prevail on the Capt to bring ashore his papers until last week, and when I at two different times charged the fees to him he always gives for answer that this consulate had nothing to do with him, his vessel or crew. Last week on producing his papers, they proved to be only a sea letter given in the time of President Van Buren for a voyage from Boston to the Sandwich Islands. This sea letter was only produced by an especial order for the last time from this office. Upon going to sea the Capt called for it and carried it on board refusing the payment of his fees, saying he only brought it to the office through compliment not by right, upon which he was informed he would be reported to the State Department. He has now sailed for Oahu to return with cargo to this port. The undersigned begs leave to ask for information respecting this vessel or any other of her class. Information has previosly been given from this consulate to the Dep't. that all homeward bound vessels on this coast touched at San Diego 500 miles south of this, to finish their load and invariably refuse to take home destitute seamen from this consulate under the plea that they are not bound directly home. These vessels are on this coast two years trading, from San Francisco to San Diego before they take their final departure hence for Boston via San Diego and at times bring from different parts of Upper California destitute seamen for which they charge ten dollars. Is this sum to be paid from this office. The amt is not an overcharge but there is no specified order on the subject. American Whale Ships at San Francisco and other ports are in the habit of sending to this consulate their destitute seamen, with a discharge and an order on the owners for the amt due the seamens lay, which is a very

[38} imperfect mode of doing business, and no known value can be put on the paper. A sick and destitute seaman arrived here this month from Whale Ship "Hibernian" Capt Smith from San Francisco without one dollar extra pay, and an order on "Mr. Fitch" for his lay, no am't named nor name of port or State where "Mr Fitch" belongs. This man has a U. S. protection but can not write or speak from an impediment. Consequently cannot tell where he belongs. I recieved no letter from his Captain and he may be a very great expense to Gov't before any Boston vessel will take him home. The Don Quixote recieved ten dollars from this office for his passage to this port. If it is convenient to the Department it would be of much service to this consulate and different U. S. Ships of War touching here if five or six of the naval register could be sent here soon as published yearly via New York, Vera Cruz & Mazatlan. I am Sir with the highest consideration Your most Ob't Serv't. Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] Hon. James Buchanan Secretary of State City of Washington

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES ALEXANDER FORBES. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 5 4 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Port of Monterey California October 17, 1845 Sir

^ Y o u r communication of the 15th instant conveying a petition from several Captains of American vessels and other citizens of the United States of America, of your port to the Commander of the U. S. Ship Levant respecting the late affair at the Yerba Buena was received at this office this (Friday) afternoon, at half past four. The man will return by orders tonight

139] at 8 o'clock. The memorial I carried immediately on board. I had before its arrival requested Captain Page to proceed to your port but as I had no note from the persons interested before today I could not insist on it. From my official request that I shall make tomorrow the Levant will weigh anchor Sunday forenoon (wind permitting) for your port. I shall proceed in her to do in the premises what I can though I have kept my bed the last two days from sickness and may have cause to regret my voyage. You will please inform Captain Libbey Messrs Spear and Melius of my proceedings and movements. In my official letter to night to the Prefect Don Manuel Castro, I have offered to bring down to Monterey or make application for Mazatlan the six persons charged as attacking and wounding Captain Libbey, or to carry up an officer for him. Don Jose Castro's answer to my official letter of yesterday and two letters of mine you will receive by the Russian officer who left this morning. Don Jose has sent his orders by the same to Captain Silva and promises to be at your place next week with troops. I have again to thank you for attending to my countrymen so promptly. I am Your Most Obt Serv't. Signed—Thomas O. Larkin James A. Forbes H. B. M. V Consul, San Francisco

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO MANUEL DE JESUS CASTRO. COPY. OFF. CORR. I '-S7-]

Consulate of the United States of America Port of Monterey, California October 17, 1845 Sir

T„

.HE undersigned Consul of the United'States for this port, would inform you that he recieved from San Francisco thirteen depositions signed by Captain Elliott Libbey, Captain Peter Peterson, Captain William Richardson, Nathan Spear, Robert T . Ridley, Miguel Pedrorena, Henry

[4o] Bishop, William Fisher, Tamataje, Mahu, Francis Melius, Captain Peter Peterson and William Fisher, dated the 13 th instant, that on the night of the 1 ith instant, at the village of Yerba Buena, Captain Elliott Libbey Master of the American bark Tasso and Nathan Spear, Merchant of said Yerba Buena both citizens of the United States were attacked by Francisco Haro 2d Ramon Haro, Ysidro Jose Sanchez, Jose Feliz, Rafael Linares, and Felipe Soto, citizens of this Department, said Spear being knocked down by some heavy weapons and Captain Libbey cut in his head, face and body, and left in the street apparently dead. He now lies at the house of Mr. Nathan Spear in a dangerous state. The undersigned is also informed that no attention has been paid by the authorities of Yerba Buena to a representation respecting this affair, and that the perpetrators are still going at large unmolested in any manner. The undersigned now calls on you as Prefect of this district to give immediate orders that the said persons may be apprehended and imprisoned without delay, and that a cause may be formed against them soon as it can be conveniently done and justice done the aggrieved parties for so high handed and cruel assault. The undersigned will proceed on the morning of the 19 th instant, day after tomorrow on board the United States Ship of War Levant, for San Francisco, to inquire into the question now brought forward, and should you need the service of the said frigate to bring the prisoners to this port or carry them to Mazatlan, application will be made to the Captain from this Consulate for that purpose. Any despatches, or officer you may choose to send to Yerba Buena can also go to San Francisco in the Levant. The undersigned begs leave to add that he believes that this cause cannot be carried on at Yerba Buena by impartial judges on account of relationship, and that the perpetrators will never be kept in confinement at that village, therefore requests and hopes that you will immediately give orders to have them brought to Monterey. The undersigned as Consul of the United States of America, for himself, Captain Elliott Libbey, the Supercargo of Bark Tasso, and in the name of the owners of the said American Bark Tasso do by these presents make protests for one and all against said Haro Sanchez, Feliz and Soto, likewise the authorities of said Yerba Buena for all wounds and false arrests com-

[40 mitted on the persons of said Elliott Libbey and Nathan Spear and for all damages that may have occurred or may hereafter occur against them or thier property, the said bark Tasso, her cargo or owners. Sir, I take the opportunity of assuring you of my highest consideration Thomas O. Larkin To the Prefect of this district

[MANUEL DE JESUS CASTRO TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 1 1 : 3 3 6 . ]

Prefectura del 20 Distrito [Octubre 1 7 de 1845]

infrascrito Prefecto de este Distrito há recibido la nota de V . fha. de hoy, en que le da conocimío que en el lugar de la Yerba Buena ha sido derribado con alguna arma pesada Dn. Natan Spear y herido Elliot Libby Capitan de la Barca Tasso ambos Ciudadanos de su Nación por varios hijos del paiz, y que las autoridades de aquel punto no han dado paso á asegurar á los presuntos reos ni á la evacuación de la Causa corresponda, y en contestación dice a V . que sí há susedo ese acontecimío de la manera que se le há informado a V . y lo manifiesta, aunque ignora cual fué el principio de la pendencia, esto es quien la provocó ó sí los que perpetraran las heridas lo hizieron en su defensa, comviene en que aquellas autoridades debieron proceder á la aprehencion de los acusados y á la averiguación de la verdad del hecho; pero sí como V . dice tienen parentesco con ellos y no espera que obren en la causa imparcialmente, há creido el infrascrito prudente ir perzonalmte á aquel partido, como lo verificará lo mas pronto que pueda, para serciorarse del mismo asunto y hacer que sí fueren recusables las referidas autoridades conosca en la causa que se ha de formar el Juez que corresponda, y que se imponga á los que resultaren reos y cómplices el condigno castigo, dando a V . las gracias por los auxilios que le

[ 42] ofrece en su mencionada nota, por tener los necesarios para lograr que se administre la debida justicia en el Distrito de su cargo. Protesto a V . las seguridades de mi aprecio y consideración. Dios y Libertad. Monterrey Octubre 17 de 1845. Manuel Castro [Rubric] Sor. Cónsul de los E. U. del Norte Dn. Tomas O. Larkin

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO HENRY FREDERICK TESCHEMACHER. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 5 5 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Port of Monterey, California October 17, 1845 Sir

' Y o u r s of yesterday I received today between four and five o'clock and carried the memorial on board. I shall tonight or tomorrow request Captain Page of our Ship of War "Levant" to receive me on board Sunday morning the 19th instant and shall proceed direct for San Francisco in her to do what we can in this outrageous affair. I am Your most Ob't. Signed—Thomas O. Larkin Mr Frederick Teschmacher Santa Clara

[43 ] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO HENRY MELLUS. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 5 6 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Port of Monterey October 17, 1845 Sir

^^OUR letter of the 12th instant by your brother with protest against certain six persons at Yerba Buena, I have received this day. I had before this receipt informed Mr Forbes H. B. M. V. Consul of my writing to Don Jose Castro and his answer. Today I have also received the memorial signed by yourself and others to Captain Page. Before its receipt I was trying to have Captain Page sail for San Francisco. I shall now officially in writing request him to take me on board day after tomorrow. You may therefore expect to see us in all next week as the wind may favour us. I must refer you to Mr Forbes for information of my movements, at the same time must candidly assure you, Captain Libbey and Mr Nathan Spear, that Captain Page nor myself, expect to be able to render any Present benifit in this case. My only view and hope is that the prompt movement we are making in starting a ship of war in the business may show the people we can command such assistance and that officers are ready and willing to be called on. My plan is to make application to the Sub-prefect of Yerba Buena to institute immediate measures and have the persons arrested, and to give to me account of their proceedings. After this promise is obtained the Levant will leave the coast as Capt Page says he has no time to delay. You and others will have however matured your plans, and we will consult on my arrival of which or what is best to be done as you are better informed in the premises than I am. I have kept my bed a day or so and rather fevered myself going on board this afternoon but hope to proceed on Sunday as I mentioned. I am Your most Ob't. Thomas O. Larkin Henry Melius Esqr. Supercargo of American bark Tasso Port of San Francisco

[44] [JAMES BUCHANAN TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 111:337.]

Department of State Washington Oct 17th 1845 Thomas O. Larkin Esqre Consul of the United States at Monterey, California Sir much indebted to you for the information which you have communicated to the Department from time to time in relation to California. The future destiny of that Country is a subject of anxious solicitude for the Government and people of the United States. The interests of our Commerce and our Whale fisheries on the Pacific Ocean, demand that you should exert the greatest vigilance in discovering and defeating any attempts which may be made by Foreign Governments to acquire a control over that Country. In the contest between Mexico and California we can take no part, unless the former should commence hostilities against the United States; but should California assert and maintain her independence, we shall render her all the kind offices in our power as a Sister Republic. This Government has no ambitious aspirations to gratify and no desire to extend our Federal system over more Territory than we already possess, unless by the free and spontaneous wish of the Independent people of adjoining Territories. The exercise of compulsion or improper influence to accomplish such a result, would be repugnant both to the policy and principles of this Government. But whilst these are the sentiments of the President, he could not view with indifference the transfer of California to Great Britain or any other European Power. The system of colonization by foreign Monarchies on the North American continent must and will be resisted by the United States. It could result in nothing but evil to the Colonists under their dominion who desire to secure for themselves the blessings of liberty by means of Republican Institutions; whilst it would be highly prejudicial to the best interests of the United States. Nor would it in the end benefit such foreign Monarchies. On the contrary, even Great I

FEEL

(45) Britain by the acquisition of California would sow the seeds of future War and disaster for herself; because there is no political truth more certain than that this fine Province could not long be held in vassalage by any European Power. The emigration to it of people from the United States would soon render this impossible. I am induced to make these remarks in consequence of the information communicated to this Department in your Despatch of the ioth of July last. From this it appears that Mr. Rea, the Agent of the British Hudson Bay Company furnished the Californians with arms and money in October and November last, to enable them to expel the Mexicans from the Country: and you state that this policy has been reversed and now no doubt exists there, but that the Mexican troops about to invade the Province have been sent for this purpose at the instigation of the British Government: and that "it is rumored that two English Houses in Mexico have become bound to the new General to accept his drafts for funds to pay his troops for eighteen months". Connected with these circumstances, the appearance of a British Vice Consul and a French Consul in California, at the present crisis, without any apparent Commercial business, is well calculated to produce the impression, that their respective Governments entertain designs on that Country which must necessarily be hostile to its interests. On all proper occasions, you should not fail prudently to warn the Government and people of California of the danger of such an interference to their peace and prosperity—to inspire them with a jealousy of European dominion and to arouse in their bosoms that love of liberty and independence so natural to the American Continent. Whilst I repeat that this Government does not, under existing circumstances, intend to interfere between Mexico and California, they would vigorously interpose to prevent the latter from becoming a British or French Colony. In this they might surely expect the aid of the Californians themselves. Whilst the President will make no effort and use no influence to induce California to become one of the free and independent States of this Union, yet if the People should desire to unite their destiny with ours, they would be received as brethren, whenever this can be done, without affording Mexico just cause of complaint. Their true policy, for the present, in regard to this question, is to let events take their course, unless an attempt

{46} should be made to transfer them, without their consent, either to Great Britain or France. This they ought to resist by all the means in their power as ruinous to their best interests and destructive of their freedom and independence. I am rejoiced to learn that "our Countrymen continue to receive every assurance of safety and protection from the present Government" of California, and that they manifest so much confidence in you as Consul of the United States. You may assure them of the cordial sympathy and friendship of the President, and that their conduct is appreciated by him as it deserves. In addition to your Consular functions, the President has thought proper to appoint you a Confidential Agent in California : and you may consider the present Despatch as your authority for acting in this character. The confidence which he reposes in your patriotism and discretion is evinced by conferring upon you this delicate and important trust. You will take care not to awaken the jealousy of the French and English Agents there by assuming any other than your Consular character. Lieutenant Archibald H. Gillespie of the Marine Corps will immediately proceed to Monterey and will probably reach you before this Despatch. He is a Gentleman in whom the President reposes entire confidence. He has seen these instructions and will co-operate as a confidential agent with you, in carrying them into execution. You will not fail by every safe opportunity to keep the Department advised of the progress of events in California, and the disposition of the authorities and people toward the United States and other Governments. We should, also, be pleased to learn what is the aggregate population of that Province, and the force it can bring into the field: what is the proportion of Mexican, American, British and French Citizens, and the feelings of each class toward the United States; the names and character of the principal persons in the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Departments of the Government, and of other distinguished and influential Citizens ; Its financial system and resources, the amount and nature of its commerce with Foreign Nations, its productions which might with advantage be imported into the United States, and the productions of the United States which might with advantage be received in exchange.

It would, also, be interesting to the Department to learn on what part of California the principal American settlements exist, the rate at which the number of Settlers have been and still are increasing, from what portions of the Union they come and by what routes they arrive in the CounayThese specifications are not intended to limit your enquiries. On the contrary it is expected that you will collect and communicate to the Department all the information respecting California which may be useful or important to the United States. Your compensation will be at the rate of Six dollars per day from the time of the arrival of this Despatch or of Lieutenant Gillespie at Monterey. You will also be allowed your necessary travelling and other expenses incurred in accomplishing the objects of your appointment; but you will be careful to keep an accurate account of these expenditures and procure vouchers for them in all cases where this is practicable without interfering with the successful performance of your duties. For these expenses and your per diem allowance, you are authorised to draw from time to time on the Department. I am, Sir, Respectfully Your obedient Servant James Buchanan

[ALPHEUS BASIL THOMPSON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 111:338.]

Yerba Buena Oct 18, 1845 Thomas O Larkin Esqe Sir I ENCLOSE you Mr. Fisher's Receipt for One thousand and twenty one Arrobas of Tallow which you will please have noted on the back of the obligation. The balance of the account I hope to be able to satisfy on my arrival at Monterey. I cannot yet tell how I shall make out with the Russians as they appear rather shy being Strangers, however they cannot transact any business until after Entering the Vessels. I have about every

[ 4 8] thing on hand that they will require except Wheat which cannot be had. I am now on the Eve of starting for Sonoma and Napa. For particulars I beg to refer you to Mr. Fisher. I am Sir Your Obt Servt. A. B. Thompson [Rubric]

[CHARLES ROUSSILLON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 1 1 : 3 3 9 . ]

St cruz 20 8V 1845 Sr. Dn. tomas Larkin Ï^ECEBI La De V feche 9 del Corienta A donde me pide v taque A Manilhe. No li Mandé at v Por que no me entregaren La carte Que anoche et en esto momento No ay Caretere que quiere ir pronto. Me an prometido de Salir por El Sabador de esta Semana Si madese Los 16000 que v me pide en Sou Carta. Los dies mile pies de table Que v me digites de dar al Capitane Beti No quise tomarles. Aye unos Caretéres de La Salina que me prométieron De trehela. La Semane que entra Débe enpesar at levales. S D Q B M Ch Roussillon [Rubric]

[JOHN COFFIN JONES TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 1 1 : 3 4 1 . ]

Santa Barbara Oct 20th 1845 Thomas O Larkin Esqe Dear Sir

I

you a fiew days by Mr Howard, since when I have receved, on the 16th yours of 28th of September with Newspapers, by the hand of Jose Carrillo. I am greatly obliged to you for the papers, and have read with interest the article on the California revolution. I think correct, as far as it goes, WROTE

'That is, the 20th of the 8th month, which under the old Roman calendar was October.

{49} with fiew exceptions, but I am sorry you had not gone into a more lengthy narration of incidents which have transpired within the last two years, which I think might be made interesting to the publick. You ask, if our Goverment would make any remunerations to you, provided you ware compelled to leave on account of a war with Mexico, thereby suffering losses. I answer you, decidedly not. You accepted the office with all its advantages (to be shure precious fiew) and you must of course abide by its disadvantages. How much greater claim would an officer, who looses his all, in fighting and sheding his blood in defence of his country, have on the Goverment of the Country but yet he has none. He must submit to the fortunes of war. If hostilities commence, and Mexico puts in force the threat she has publicly made known to the world, and the order reach this Department, you may rest assured, that every dollar of American property here, either on shore or afloat, if this people have the force, will be seized, and that will be last ever heard of it. They will be upon you and me and others, like blood hounds, and gorge themselves on our very vitals ; do not trust to their friendship. In California, that feeling is but a name. The moment war is declared, your functions as Consul cease, and you had better be prepared to take up your bed and walk at a moments warning from the merciless office holders who surround you. I am in hopes howev, that a sufficient naval force will have to protect us all. If not our chance is small. Hostilities have undoubdtedly commencd before this. I do not see a chance to hang a doubt upon, except that Mexico should forget her boasted honour, and prove recreant to her word. She has proclaimed to the world, that the annexation of Texas to the United States, shall be followed on her part by a declaration of war, and Congress has empowerd the President to make good that threat. Texas has undoubdtedly been admited into the Union, and American troops have been marched into that state. If that be the case, it requires no declaration on the part of Mexico. We are at war with her the moment the American Flag waves over that Department, which, she so tenaciously claims as her own. Wether England and France will look quietly on and see the United States extend their jurisdiction over such an emens country remains to be proved. They have certainly used every intrigue to prevent the annexation,

[ 5° ] and with their gauled feelings, may be disposed to say to Uncle Sam, thus far hast thou gone, but thou shalt go no further. Such an event, would place our country in a frightful position. She would either have to draw her head within her shell, or keep it out for decapitation. Mr Indaret reports an American Sloop of war going into Monterey as he was coming out. I presume it was the Levant. If so, I hope you have pursuaded Captain Page to remain till the Commade arrives. He cannot be going home in the present state of affairs, because the time of his people is up. If so, I hope he casshierd the moment he arrives. Do you know what squadron we have in these seas. Is there a new Commedore expected out and an additon to the fleet, or are we to be left to the mercy of this people, protected only by a single Frigate and one or two sloops. Do give me what information you have on the subject. I place such little faith, on the energy and promptness of our Government, that I sometimes feel asshamed to thnk that I am an American. We have no internal news here of any name or nature. The Civil and Military apartments appear to me to in open war. Even the miserable wretches we have, in this place, who strut about with a strap on the shoulder, headed by one of the most abandoned miscreants in the land, bid open defiance to the laws, and commit acts of violence with perfect impunity. It is time, that the people should rise, and they would do it, if they had an ounce of spirit, and crush at once, this military despotism which is fast growing up and gaining strength in this disordered Department. If it is not soon put a stop to, I shall expect nothing but to hear that marshal law has been proclaimed, and California justice inforced at the point of the bayonet. Mr Indart stoped here but one day and landed his cargo. He was terribly affraid of the war. Fisher and Dalton I should thnk would be in haste to dispatch their vessels also. Have you any Island newspapers. Do you know if the new Commissioner and new Consul had arrived, and if it was from any difficulty that Mr Johson was carry dispatches to our Governmnt? You will have frequent oppotunites now to write by ships comeing down the Coast, and I shall be disappointed if you do not keep me advised by every opportunity. With best respects & best wishes Very truly yours J. C. Jones

1 5 i }

[WILLIAM M. ROGERS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V ^ I I . ]

Boston O c t 20th 1845. My dear Cousin

I

AM on the point of sailing for Europe to be gone about 10 months.

I expect to return say Sept/46. I have constituted, as I informed you by Capt. Phelps of the Moscow Joel Giles Esq. of Boston my attorney, and placed all your papers in his hands. Y o u may have entire confidence in his integrity and ability. I have reed semi-annual dividends on your granite— and Tremont Stock at 6 pr. an. say $51. I have stopt the Courier. I have reed yours of June last and another, I think, of July, containing your hospital bonds for $494.8o.E.E. which I have forwarded to Washington for acceptance and the net proceeds will be passed to your credit. I have duly honored your directions, w i t h respect to M r . B. T . Reed, and informed h i m that I hold your money at his call. H e does not know whether he shall send a vessell to California this year or not. If he does not, the proceeds of the Hos. bonds will be invested for you by M r . Giles. I hope you will receive M r . Hardy's proposal for a business arrangement sent you in my last by Capt. Phelps, and will be ready to return us a favorable answer. Uncle and A u n t are well. Yours Ever W m . M . Rogers [Rubric] P. S.

Any letters or business wh. you have sent or may send me will

reach the hands of M r . Giles and be duly attended to. W m . M . R . [Rubric] [Cover bears notes: Barnstable, O c t 22d/45. Reced & ford by yr O . S. B T Reed. R e c ' d M a y 8, 1846.]

[ 52 ] [HUGH N. PAGE TO FRANCISCO GUERRERO Y PALOMARES. COPY. 1 1 1 : 3 4 7 . ]

U. S. Ship "Levant" Port of San Francisco Oct 24 [i.e., 21], 1845 Sir arrived here for the purpose of landing the United States Consul, who will proceed to investigate the affair respecting the assault on the night of the 1 ith instant on two American Citizns. It being impossible for this Vessel to remain here as her presence is required in other parts, I shall leave this port but I shall leave information for the Commander of the U. S. Ship "Portsmouth" now on her way from Mazatlan to this coast who will therefore be informed of this heinous offence on my Countrymen and be able to render any assistance to the U. S. Consul. I am Your Most Obt. [Hugh N . Page] I

HAVE

To the Sub Prefect Yerba Buena

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO FRANCISCO GUERRERO Y PALOMARES. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 5 8 . ]

On board United States Ship of War Levant San Francisco October 22, 1845 Sir f V o M depositions taken from thirteen Citizens of this country and Foreigners before H. B. M. Consul James A Forbes Esqr. in this port the undersigned Consul of the United States of America for California has been officially informed that on the night of the eleventh inst in the village of Yerba Buena, Elliott Libbey Captain of the American Bark Tasso then at anchor in this port and Nathan Spear Merchant of said village both

(53} citizens of the Government which he represents were attacked and in a most violent manner assaulted in the streets by Francisco Haro Second, Ramon Haro, Ysidro Jose Sanchez, Jose Feliz, Rafael Linares and Felipe Soto, Citizens of the Department of California. That said Spear was knocked down, and by a timely retreat escaped with life. That said Libbey was beat and cut by knives or swords, receiving several dangerous stabs in his head face and body and left apparently dead on the ground. Robert T. Ridley Second alcalde of the village coming to the assistance of the wounded man at the time ordered them to desist which order they disobeyed and from thier threats said Second Alcalde and other persons present were forced to leave said Libbey for a time on the ground, afterwards carrying him to the house of Mr Nathan Spear. The undersigned has arrived at this port for the purpose of making inquires into this most violent assault on his countrymen, and calls on you as the person in authority in this place, (having made known to your superior officers in Monterey his intention of coming here) to take immediate measures in arresting the said Haros, Sanchez, Linares, Feliz and Soto, and proceed with all possible dispatch in conducting thier trial and awarding punishment where it may be found deserving, and asks the favour that the proceedings may be passed to the United States in Monterey. The undersigned flatters himself that the authorities of California will not permit so aggravating an offence as is now brought to your notice to be passed by without prompt and condign punishment on all whom may be concerned in it, and begs leave to inform you that should you wish the passage of these six persons or any of them in this vessel "Levant" to be carried to Monterey or elsewhere he will make direct application to the Commander of the frigate to that effect. As the Levant cannot remain but a short time at her present anchorage, the undersigned begs to request from you an immediate answer to this communication. At the same time he formally protests all act or acts of damage committed by the before mentioned six persons on any part of them, likewise the authorities of Yerba Buena on the persons of said Spear and Libbey, that may come to them in their persons or property or to the supercargo and owners of the American Bark Tasso now or hereafter by reason of said attack and assault on the said night of the eleventh instant at

{54} Yerba Buena. The undersigned improves the opportunity of offering his respects and consideration. Thomas O. Larkin To The Sub Prefect or person in command at Yerba Buena or San Francisco

[FRANCISCO GUERRERO Y PALOMARES TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN.

111:343.]

Sub-Prefectura del 20 Districto [Octubre 23 de 1845]

J E N vista de la comunicación que V . se sirbe pasar á esta sub Prefectura de mi cargo: respecto de haver sabido oficialmtó por las declaraciones qe trese diferentes indibiduos, han prestado ante el Sor. V . C. de S. M. B. sobre lo acaisido el dia 1 1 del corriente en la noché; de donde resultó herido el Capn. de la Barca Tasso y de haver sido derribado el Sor. Spear en la misma noche: en contestación diré; que se están tomando las probidencias nesesarias pa la haveriguacion de lo acontesido; pero como las autoridades de este punto, tienen parentesco con los declarantes, he puesto una comunicación al Sor. Prefecto de Monterrey sobre la inobediencia de los Jueses del Pueblo de S. José, para que estos actúan, como pa dio. efecto nombré al Sor. inckley, como alcalde q? fué el año pasado, y no quiso admitir el encargo dando sus disculpas. Pues si V . gusta se le pasará una copia de todo lo actuado, a pesar de no estar concluida, por falta de las declaraciones qe un jues inparsial debe tomar conforme la Ley. Pues hasta esta f ha. están contenidos los indibiduos qe se hallaron en esa noche (aunq¿ no conforme al titulo 20 Arts 7 y 8 de las Bases organicas de la República, po ha sido por no haver una autoridad pa la conclucion de la causa. También puede V . decirme si gusta pasar á esta p a informarse de lo actuado.

{55} A l comunicar a V . el qe subscribe reproduse la oportunidad de ofreser las consideraciones de mi aprecio y respeto. Dios [AíS. torn] [Franco Guerrero] Sor. Cónsul de E. V . D . Tomas O . Larkin abordo de Fraga de E. V . Levant, Yerbabuena

[FRANCISCO GUERRERO Y PALOMARES TO HUGH N. PAGE. 111:342.]

Copy Sub Prefecture of the second District San Francisco O c t 24th 1845

I

RECEIVED yesterday your communication of the 21st instant, rel-

ative to your arrival in this port for the purpose of bringing the Consul of the United States to investigate the affair of Captain Libby of the American Barque Tasso, and of Mr. Nathan Spear; but as the communication was in the English language I was compelled to have it translated in order to acquaint myself with its contents, and being informed of its purport, I have to say, that I will cause everything to be done that is in the power of and in conformity with the laws for the investigation of the truth of the charge and the punishment of the criminal. Signed—Franco Guerrero God and Liberty. T o the Commander of the Levant, Hugh N . Page, Yerbabuena.

[56] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO FRANCISCO GUERRERO Y PALOMARES, COPY. 1 1 1 : 3 4 5 . ' ]

Abordo de la Barca Americana Tasso S. Franco Odre 24 de 1845

E I L infrascrito Cónsul de los Estados Unidos de America ha recibido la comunicación de V de ayer; y se alegra al saber que V ha comenzado ya a tomar las declaraciones relativas al asunto de los Sres Libbey y Spear. Como el infrascrito ha puesto en conocimiento de V . las personas que cree cometieron el asalto en la noche del dia once del actual, se lisongeba que aquellos individuos habrian sido incarcerado imediatemiente. Y se ve precisado ahora a exigir, que esto se verifique a la brevidad posible, para que puedan ser presentados cuando convenga. Respecto de la obsevacion de V . que el proceso no puede continuase ante las autoridades de Yerbabuena por razón de parentezco con las acusados debe decir, el infrascrito, por si mismo y los Señores Libbey y Spear que nada importa esta escusa; y demanda que V . vuelva á comenzar desde hoy á tomar las declaraciones en el pueblo de Yerbabuena en la pieza donde se comenzo dicho proceso y que sean citados los testigos que V . juzgue necasarios y que el infrascrito presente para que se continúen las averigueciones diariamente hasta su finiquito. El infrascrito desea asistir personalmente á estas averiguaciones y procurarar el ausilio de un secretario é interprete imparcial. El infrascrito debe decir á V . en conclucion que ya han pasado doce dias desde que este ultrage fué cometido; y que aun ninguno de los individuos culpados ha sido aprisionado por dicho crimen; y vuelve á instar que todos ellos sean incarsirados mientras se concluya el proceso. El infrascrito aproveche esta ocasion de ofrecer á V las consideraciones de su aprecio. T . O. L. I A copy in English of this document is recorded in Larkin's "Official Correspondence," I : 6 o . It appears immediately below.

(57) [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO FRANCISCO GUERRERO Y PALOMARES. COPY. OFF. CORR. l : 6 o . ]

On board the American Bark Tasso Sn. Francisco, October 24th 1845 Sir

T H E undersigned Consul of the United States of America has received your communication of yesterday, and is happy to find that you have already commenced taking depositions in the case of Messrs. Spear and Libbey. As the undersigned had brought to your notice the persons whom he believed committed the assault on the night of the n t h instant, he was in hopes that those individuals would be immediately arrested and placed in close confinement, and must now call on you, that this may be done; otherwise when these persons may be wanted, they may not be found. The undersigned notices your observations, that the case cannot be conducted at present, because the persons in authority at Yerba Buena, are relations to those who committed the crime. For himself and for Messrs. Spear and Libbey, he waives his excuse, and demands that you will this day commence the declarations at the room already used the present week for this purpose, in the Village of Yerba Buena, and command the attendance of such witnesses as you may deem necesary and the undersigned may bring forward, and continue the examination day by day, untill completed. The undersigned wishes to attend personally these examinations and will endeavour to have an impartial interpreter and secretary to aid in the proceedings. The undersigned must call to your notice, that twelve days have already passed since the assault was committed, and he is informed that not a single person is yet imprisoned for the offence, and would again request of you to order their imprisonment to await in confinement their trial. I am Sir Your obdt. servt. Signed—Thomas O. Larkin To the Sub Prefect, San Francisco

(58) [FRANCISCO GUERRERO Y PALOMARES TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 111:346.]

Sub-Prefa del 20 Districto ['Obre. 24 de 1845]

S E ha resibido en esta Sub-Pref > a a

- 85} [JOHN COFFIN JONES TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V ^ O . ]

Barque Tasso Sandiego 26 Januy 1846 Thomas O Larkin Esq My dear Sir this letter to say to you that Mrs Stephens is now on board the Admitence, and we sail this afternoon for Boston. She has assured me that you very generously oiferd to pay half her passage money, so also you wrote me several times. I have therefore payed Mr Melius one half the amount of her passage mony, one hundred dollars, and have assurd Mr. M . that you by your promise will pay the other hundred. That I have guaranteed, which I have no doubdt you will approve of, if not I shall have to assume it. In great haste Yours, very Truly, I

WRITE

J. C. Jones [Rubric]

[MANUEL DE JESÚS CASTRO TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 3 5 B . ]

Prefectura of the 2nd District [January 29th 1846]

T h e undersigned Prefect of this District, has the honor tó direct to the Consul of the United States of the North, by means of this Note, asking him to please inform this Prefectura under his charge; the object and commission with which an Officer (lodging in your house) came to this District with Troops of the same Republic, which have advanced to the 'From a copy in the National Archives, Washington, D . C .

[

l 8 6

]

River Sacrament, that he may inform His Excellency, the Governor of the Department. The undersigned takes this opportunity to renew to the Consul of the United States, the security of his highest respect and esteem. God and Liberty, Monterey January 29th 1846. (Signed) Manuel Castro To the Consul of the United States of the North Thomas O. Larkin, Esqr. A Copy of the Original, translated.

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO MANUEL DE JESUS CASTRO. COPY. 1 OFF. CORR. 1 : 7 6 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, 29th January, 1846

T H E undersigned Consul of the United States of America, has the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of this morning, requesting information respecting the motives Captain J. C. Fremont of the United States Army, has in visiting this Country; the undersigned is informed by Captain Fremont, that he has been ordered to survey the most practicable route from the United States to the Pacific Ocean, that he has left his Company consisting of fifty hired men (not of the United States Army) on the frontiers of this Department, for the purpose of resting themselves and animals. He has come himself to Monterey to obtain clothing, and funds to purchase animals and provisions, and when his men are recruited, intends to continue his journey to the Oregon Territory. "There are, in the National Archives, several copies of this document. It was labeled No. 2 in the report Larkin sent to the Department of State on July 20, 1846. In addition, another may be found at the end of Volume II of the Letter Books in the Bancroft Library containing Larkin's Official Correspondence.

[ i 8 7

]

T h e undersigned has the honour to offer to the Sor Prefect, his highest esteem and consideration. (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin T o the Sor Prefect of the 2d District D. Manuel Castro T h e General was at his own request officially informed by Captain Fremont of his motives in coming here, which motives were accepted by Gen. Castro in not answering the letter.

[READDING MCCOY. RECEIPT FOR CONSULAR AID. I V ! } I . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, January 31 1846

I READDING MCCOY late third Mate of the American Ship "Dromo" Austin Steele, Master, of New London, hereby certify that I have received board from January x to January 3 1 1 8 4 6 in this Port by order of the United States Consul, being destitute of means of supporting myself during this time. As witness my hand, Readding McCoy

[NATHAN SPEAR TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV13 2 . ]

Napa Jany 31st 1846 T . O. Larkin Esqr Dear Sir ' Y o u r s of the 14th Deer was duely received but you do not say whether you have reed one frome me of a previous date respeting powder Zerappe &c. It is singular what has beccome of that powder. I think it must have been left in your store.

[,88] I don't remember that you mentioned any thing to me concerning doctor Bales a/c while you was in Yerba Buena. Mr Bales says that when he took the goods of you in Monterey it was understood between you that he took them on a/c of an order on the coustome house which order he left in your hands for collection & he expects you to settle his accounts with you in that way. I will take however any pay from him on your a/c that he may offer that will answor my purpose, but no doubt he will object giveing me anything on account of the goods he took from you, depending upon the coustom house order as your pay for the same. Will you have the goodness to have my a/c current made out and sent to me? I have mislaid the one Mr Green gaive me. Has Mr Spence given you the pump & table yet ? How dose the busniess of [MS. £orn]nor of Ls come on. Have you done anything about? it if so please let me know. I think you have done wisley in sending your children to the U. S. for education but not have them brought back [MS. torn] California untill thay have received a good one. It is the greatest bo[MS. torn\ a father can bestow; I feel the want of it. Mrs Spear joines me in rememberances to Mrs Larkin. Say to her I have not forgot the kindeness I received while at your house. Yours truly Nathan Sp[ear] [Rubric] [Cover bears note: Reed May 23 1846.]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO THE JUSTICE OF PEACE, PUEBLO OF SAN JOSE. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 7 7 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, February ist, 1846 Sir

T h e undersigned Consul of the United States of America has been in expectation for the last two months of receiving information from your office, respecting Francisco Haro, Junr. Ramon Haro, Isidro Jose Sanches, Jose Felis, Rafael Lenares and Felipe Soto, who were sent to the prison of

[,88] I don't remember that you mentioned any thing to me concerning doctor Bales a/c while you was in Yerba Buena. Mr Bales says that when he took the goods of you in Monterey it was understood between you that he took them on a/c of an order on the coustome house which order he left in your hands for collection & he expects you to settle his accounts with you in that way. I will take however any pay from him on your a/c that he may offer that will answor my purpose, but no doubt he will object giveing me anything on account of the goods he took from you, depending upon the coustom house order as your pay for the same. Will you have the goodness to have my a/c current made out and sent to me? I have mislaid the one Mr Green gaive me. Has Mr Spence given you the pump & table yet ? How dose the busniess of [MS. £orn]nor of Ls come on. Have you done anything about? it if so please let me know. I think you have done wisley in sending your children to the U. S. for education but not have them brought back [MS. torn] California untill thay have received a good one. It is the greatest bo[MS. torn\ a father can bestow; I feel the want of it. Mrs Spear joines me in rememberances to Mrs Larkin. Say to her I have not forgot the kindeness I received while at your house. Yours truly Nathan Sp[ear] [Rubric] [Cover bears note: Reed May 23 1846.]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO THE JUSTICE OF PEACE, PUEBLO OF SAN JOSE. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 7 7 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, February ist, 1846 Sir

T h e undersigned Consul of the United States of America has been in expectation for the last two months of receiving information from your office, respecting Francisco Haro, Junr. Ramon Haro, Isidro Jose Sanches, Jose Felis, Rafael Lenares and Felipe Soto, who were sent to the prison of

[ I89] the Pueblo of San Jose to await their trial for the wounding of E. Libbey, Captain of the American Bark Tasso of the Port of Boston. T o this day no information has been received by the undersigned relative to this affair; he has been informed that those prisoners are at large having given security, which he believes is contrary to the Laws of the Mexican Republic, they being liable to corporeal punishment. The undersigned wishes to be informed of the state of this trial, and what are to be done with the prisoners; and why they are going at large. I remain Sir Your Obdt. Servt. (Signed) Thomas O . Larkin T o the Justice of Peace Pueblo de Sn Jose

[ABEL STEARNS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 3 3.]

Angi Feby 4th 1846 Thomas O Larkin Esqr. Dr Sir S O M E days since I wrote you by Dn Igno Valle and enclosed a draft on the Aduana at your place and Endorsed in your favour with instruccions tb collect it if possible out of the "Moscows" derechos. The Barnstable will probably arrive soon and I think out of the two if not out of the first you will be able collect it. If Sor. Valle has arrived and not delivered my letter please reclaim it. Mr Dalton and other gentlemen will give you all the news if any more than when I last wrote. I did not receive any News papers from Mr Jones. The Ship Califa. was loaded at S. Diego and should have sailed last Saturday but she was discovered to be in a leaky condicion and they have to discharge part or the whole of her cargo to discover and Stop the leak. Yours verry truly &c.

Abel Stearns [Rubric]

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[JAMES P. ARTHER TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 3 4 . ]

San Diego, Feby 4 ^ / 4 6 Thomas O. Larking Esq Sir

I A C K N O W L E G E the receipt of your letters Deer 5 t h / 4 5 with the inclosed draft for two hundred dollars drawn by Captn Steel of the whale ship Dromo. You inform me likewise of Mr. Howard was to deliver me $200 more in cash, on account of yours sons, but as yet I have not receive it, but I expect it will be all right, when I am gone to sail, which well be the seven or eight of this month. I would have sailed on the first Ult. but on account of the Ship leaking, when all the hides where imbark I was compelled to discharge part of my cargo to stop the leak which it present time the Ship dont leak.

Thomas & Friderick your sons the wishes that I would remember them to you & there mother Sisters & Brother. The are happy & in good health, full of contentment, playing from morning till night. In the Evening the drawing Ships & C. somtimes wrighting. I have & other little boy, Mr. Pryer son. He is gone to stop with me in Boston. I have purchase two pr of stout shoes & @ Figs for your sons & there wash bill here, which is charge in your account with Mr. Howard. I thought it would be better this way, then to pay the cash for it. I have to buy some wrighting paper for them before I leave. Please wright me by the first chance. I shall due the same & give you all information about you children. My complements to Mrs. Larking. Wishing you prosperity Your Obedient &C. James P. Arther [Rubric]

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[WILLIAM DAVIS MERRY HOWARD TO WILLIAM M . ROGERS. COPY. IV : 3 5 •]

San Diego 5 th Feby 1846 Rev. W . M . Rogers

I n accordance to Mr Larkin's instructions, I beg leave to inform you, that I have shiped on board the California 2 2 5 1 Hides, consigned to Mr B T Reed. I refering to M r Larkin's letters which you will receive per California, you will see there are 7 5 1 more Hides then he anticapated sending. I Am Sir Very Respectfully Your Obt. Sevt. (Signed) W . D. M . Howard [Rubric]

San Diego, 5th February 1846 Invoice of Hides Shiped by W . D. M. Howard on board the California bound to Boston for a/c and risk of Thomas O Larkin of Monterey, California, and consigned to B. T . Reed. 2 2 5 1 Salted Bullock's Hides

$4502.00 W . D. M . Howard [Rubric]

[NICHOLAS AUGUSTUS DEN T O THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 3 6 . ]

Santa Barbara ioth Feby 1846 Thomas O Larkin Esqr Sir I o u r letter of the 21 Jany per A. B. Thomson I received in due course, and I will endeavor as far as in my power lays, explain why I have been so backword in regard to payment, and also not answering some of

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your letters. It is true that I promised you in 1844 to give you a draught on Goverment, for a part of your act, but as My Brother went He took it for recovery. I endevored in many ways since to get some of the Shipping, to settle the amt with you and could not do it. I even once send you five Barrils of aguardiente in part payment, but found to my great surprise that the Ship who took it gave me credit for it in my act with them, as I was also owning the concern, but realy to tell you the thruth I was very much in debt after Building my House and founding my Rancho, and realy you debt was one of the many that caused me many a sleepless night, and Nesesity alone oblidged me to act so ungratful to you who I owe many favors. Now Mr. Larkin if you can forget the past, and only look to the future I will be more punctual, that is to say I will pay you half of your act viz 563$ this year in Hides and tallow, or if you wish to receive Cattle, I will pay the whole this very Month, at the alive price but I will pay no interest. Now I repeat again if you want one Hundread and thirteen Cows I will the very day your order arrives, deliver them and we will Square acts. Also if you wish to take Horses you can have any number from xo to 40 at a fair prise. With regard to not answering many of your letters I plead guilty and beg you to pardon this want of common atention, and attribute it to indolance more than any other cause, but I must mention here that one of your letters I answered by Captn Coper another by Dn Andres Pico, and a third by a false Friend who went up to San Francisco and returned after three months and again returned mi your letter. I will no his motive in dooing so and will at some future period bring it to light. I write this in a hurry. Hope you will forget all that has past even your letter to Captn Robbins &c &c. On my part I shall ever be gratful for your kindness and subscribe myself yours cincerely Nicolas A. Den

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[BETSEY (LARKIN) CHILDS TO EBENEZER LARKIN CHILDS. I V : 3 7 . ]

Lynn Feby 12th 1846

I HOPE my Beloved Children you will excuse the delay in answering your kind and affectionate letters received two weeks since. My mind has been so much occupied on the recent visitation of my Almighty Father and Friend in removing so suddenly from me my Dear Husband that I have this far neglected my duty to some of my Friends who have so kindly sympathised with me in the hour of affliction, and whose dear remembrance afford me so much comfort. You my dear Eben and Sarrah are among those kind and sympathiseing Friends and I beg you to accept my warmest love and thanks. Yes God in His holy and all wise Providence has removed from our Family the Head. The kind and affectionate Husband the dear and indulgent Father the beloved and only Brother, and from a numerous circle of relatives and Friends one who will long be rememberd by the kindest feelings and with the most tender emotions of gratitude and affection. And well does he deserve to be thus cherished in the memory of all his numerous Family and Friends for truly he was there Friend and Benefactor. But he is gone and we shall see his face no more on earth. The places which once knew shall know him no more. And he will not return to us but we must follow him into the Eternal World. I feel my dear Children that I have met with a great lose and I realize it more every day. I feel a loneliness which I never experienced before and it seems to increase. Oh you can have no Idea how much I miss my dear Husband. Go where I will something reminds me of him and it seems as though he must be about the House as usual. And there is the easy Chair which he has for so many years exclusively occupied and his seat at the table now left vacant and indeed every thing in doors and out seems identified with him in some way or another and so will it be for a long time. It appears to me like a dream from which I am just awaking when I think of the' events of a few past weeks. I am just begining to realize the change which has come over this Family and which has left me a Widow and

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Children Fatherless. But oh thou Kind and Merciful Parent. Thou who doest not willingly afflict nor grieve thy Children. Such was thy will and Oh may we be enabled to say in sincereity Thy Will be done. I know it will be gratifying to you to have some particulars relateve to your Fathers sickness and death. He had been in comfortable health with the exception of his lame hand all through the summer and fall and very often said that he felt quite well. His appetite was remarkably good and he rested for the most part well at night. He generally rode as far as Charlestown once a week but has not often ventured into Boston scince he was so disabled. The last time but once or twice that he went to Charlestown I accompanied him. It was in December and a very cold day, and I noticed that it was with difficulty that he could hold the reins and I observed to him on our return that I should not be willing for him to go again or to drive himself and I believe he did not. Mr Breed went with him the last time. About ten days before his death he was not as well as usual his hand had been more painful and it seem to make him more feeble then he had been though I think he had been gradualy failing for some weeks. On this monday morning to which I allude he ate his breakfast as usual and did not complain of feeling more unwell. He went out as he was wont to do to take his morning ride and how little we thought it would be the last but so alas it proved. He returnd in about half hour and as soon as he came in I thought he looked pale. He said I feel very cold and chilly and he trembled very much. I told him he would soon be warm. I help off his coat and drew his chair close to a large fire but he continued to shake from head to foot and his countenance altered so much that I begun to be alarmed. I wrapt him in a blanket and put a jug of water to his feet and gave him some hot drink but it was of no avail. He seem to be in a dreadful state and was allmost exhausted. I sent directly for the Docter. He approved of all I had done but it was not untill he had given him some powerfull stimulants that he was at all relieved and then he some helpless as an Infant. We soon got him into a warm bed and he seemed more still and quiet but extreemly weak. I kept him quite still and warm all day and towards evening he was apparently much better and continued to be comfortable through the week came down stairs every day. I could not persuade him to keep his room. The Children and other Friends came in every day and he appeard quite

[195] cheerful and glad to see them. I did not persieve any alteration in him untill the Sabbath following which was an uncommonly cold stormy day. He was so feeble in the morning that I thought he would not go down but he thought he should feel better below but I noticed all day that he was extreemly weak and feeble but he kept up untill early in the evening when I help him up stairs and into bed for the last time and yet how little I was aware of it. While I was warming his bed he began to be very chilly but I got him warm in bed and he felt better. He had a very restless night and slept but little. In the morning he complaind of cold. I had the chamber warmed as soon as possible and got him some hot Coffee which he relished very much but it was the last he drank. He continued weak and inclined to sleep all the morning and about noon I perceived an alteration in. I was sitting near him and thought he breathe louder then usual. I spoke to him. He did not answer. I went to bedside and found there was a change. His face was flushed as if by fever and his breath short. I sent again for the phycian who had left him only an hour or two before and he seemd very much surprized and intimated the complaint was in his head or there was a tendency to it. And now for the first time I began to fear my dear Husband would not recover. He continued to fail through the night. Leeches were applied to his head and very powerful medecines administered but without effect. He was now evidently sinking fast. He still retaind his senses and seem to know us all. The Children were all in to see him except Ruth and Rebecca. We sent for them tuesday morning and got here in the eveng. Oh how gratifiing it would have to me if all the others could have been present to have once more looked upon their dear Father and taken leave of him but it could not be. He continued to lay apparenty free from pain of any kind except laborious breathing from midnight of Tuesday untill Wednesday morning about eight o clock when his eyes closed on all things here and his spiret was with God who gave it. Oh Solemn thought and Solemn scene to witness the departure of a dear Husband and Father. It was indeed solemn and deeply affecting. But God has done it and shall we murmer or repine. Oh no surely not. We have cause to thank our Heavenly Father that He was pleased to spare our dear Friend so long even to a good old age and that he enjoyed so much health and especially that He dealt so kindly and mercifully with him in his last sickness that he suffered so little and he was

{i96J exempted from those dying agonies which so many experience. Oh how mercifull our Heavenly Father is even in the midst of afflictions. He is better to us then our fears. He was very kind and compassionate to my dear Husband and dealt very gently with him through his sickness for which I desire to bless His holy name. And I pray that He would sanctify this bereavement to me and to all the Family for our eternal good. I think your Father retained consciousness untill a few hours before he died. When I found he was failing and probably could not continue long, I stood by the bedside. He seemed to be asleep but he soon opened his eyes and looked at me very earnestly. I said do you know me ? He said with a smile know you Oh yes. I said are you aware that you must soon leave me. He answered I think I am. I then asked him if he was willing to go if it was Gods will to take him. He answered I hope I am. Then he fell asleep again but would arouse up for a minute if any one spoke. He never conversed much on the subject of Death but I believe he thought much of it and his mind was on such subjects more perhaps then his Friends were aware of. But there was One who knew all his thoughts and all his desires. And how often have I heard him say God knows my heart better then any one here, and how true that is. God does indeed know our hearts far better then we do ourselves. I hope you will write again soon and I shall try to do the same. Your dear Father came to us on the mournful occasion and your Brother Sam which I considerd friendly indeed and which was a source of much comfort to me. Oh how dear is the sympathy of Friend in time of trouble and surely I have had sweet experience of Friendship and sympathy in this my time of need. My love to your Sisters and dear Wentworth and my kind regards to my beloved Friends Mr and Mrs Bacon and Mrs Porter. Hope I shall be rememberd by them. Yours truely and affectionately BC

——[ 197 ] [STEPHEN REYNOLDS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV ¡ 3 8 . ]

Oahu Feb 15 th 1846 T . O. Larkin Esq Montery Sir I T is some time since I wrote you. Last fall I was afflicted with sore Eyes—so that I could not do anything. I suppose you have not seen your New General—and his large Army intended to keep you in order—if not in Awe!! I have just reed yours of March 1845, by a whale ship—the News was good but old. You must learn the way in which things go here. Politics run high with the Editor of the Government Newspaper. He has every thing his own way—as nobody thinks of laughing at his Nonsense or contradicting him—as for attempting to convince him with Facts as large as the Mountains of Haawaii, would be as useless as to say to the said Haawaiian Mountains—go to—London!!! When our New Commissioner and our New Consul arrive, and they cannot arrive to soon, the sky will not fall for us to catch Larks—but I hope they will be able to do a little taming among the Heathen—ish white skinKanakas. Great anticipations are more than tiptoe among our Country Dignitaries—who will be very soon no doubt—Ex-Comr, Ex-consul.'! I shall be almost on equal footing—as I am Ex-Coml agt!! Carter is carrying on his Hotel—doing well. He & F. W. Thompson dissolved 1st of January. Hiram is doing a great business—makes money faster than he can count it. I have done nothing the last year—hardly made two ends meet—no prospect of doing better this year! I have writing all the last week to go to U. S. by way of Mexico—Canton & Manilla—Columbia River—and last, not least—California. I hope you have had Rains so as to give your Country a new feature & a new start—that you may have good Crops—good season, for good Hiding. Mr. Hiram Grimes is anxiously waiting for his Uncle Eliab Grimes to visit Oahu. I suppose he will come when it suits his convenience. Messrs Paty & Co did not feel inclined to engage with Mr Wm

[•98) H. Davis in their present voyage—on terms to meet the views of Mr Davis. I will give you an Account of sales of five Hides which you put on board more than belonged to me. 5 Hides—freight in Fama @ 1.25 Duties on value @ 1.50—7.50 @ 3% Permit & Blank Wharfage 100 r/1000 Salting 12V2 Labor Storing on landing & Salting Storage April to Oct 1 1 - 8 / 1 0 cts

6.25 0.22V2 0.25 0.01 0.62V2 0.12V2 0.59 8.07V2

By Sales 5 Hides @ 13 lbs each—65 lbs

7 3/4

cts

4-55 3250 1625 Commn 5%

5-°375 25

4.7875 Bal. due S. Reynolds

4-783A 3.28%

Now I am willing to own I picked out more than twenty small hides—out of which twenty I pickd out the five smallest for YOU! Now it is honest, is it not to own it ? I think as you sent the hides you will have to abide the loss—rather than I—as I had too many small ones after yours were picked out. Hiding, such as this is not so profitable after all. I hope you get along well in your Political matters. Keep the Mexicans away and manage the affairs of Government by your own people. Such men knowing the wants of the country and people will do better than strangers. Give my Respects to all who inquire after your Obt. Sert. Stephen Reynolds

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[JOHN MARSH TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN(?). I V : 3 9 . ]

Alvirez Farm Feby 15, 1846 Dear Sir

T h e distant rumors of mighty events has made me leave the retirement of my farm to learn something of the truth & I have come to this place on a visit to Capt Fremont. It appears that the present year will bring great changes over the face of California. I have nothing in the way of news that you have not already heard, but in common with others I am very anxious to learn what news comes by the late ship from Boston which we suppose is now in Monterey. At the same time I beg to give you my thanks for the many favors I already owe you. I wish you would send you would send me by the bearer any letters, newspapers, periodicals or literature of any kind which may have arrived. Please give my compliments to Capt Phelps, & ask him to send me what he can spare in the way of news. I am dear Sir very truly Your friend & Servt. John Marsh [Rubric] P. S. Please remember me to Mr Green.

[HUGH MELVILLE TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV :4c).]

Valpariso. Febry the 16, 1846 Thomas O Larkins Dear Sir

I

this oppertunity to inform you as I was discharged by you about four months ago in the Port of San Francisco in Calafornia from the Ship Morea of New Bedford Captin Cushman Master and sat on board by TAKE

[200] You the Barque Fame of New London under the care of Captin Mitchel Master of the same to be sent to your Hospital in Monterey being unable to do duity on board the ship from whence I got my discharge and perhaps you do not know the reason whiy the ship did not go to Monterey as was expected. I will let you know, when we sailed out of San Francisco and having the wind from the Southerd and Easterd geting considerable distance of shore the Captin said it was imposable for him to make the harbor and as he did not make the port I of course came to Valpariso with him and sir as you have the order of my Voyage in the Ship Morea and as I have no opportunity from here of sending for it and in order that I shal ever receive it sir you will be oblidged to send it to the Unieted States. I have from here onley a chance to send down by the United States Ship Congress to let you know that I shal have no other means of receiving it and as it is of some amount at least to one that is I may say almost destitute I hope sir you not fail to use your endeavors to send it to the United States as soon as an oppertunity shall offer and sir as there is no one in any of the seaports the home of my Parents being some hundreds of Miles in the Country I know of no one to send it to unless to the Post Master in New Bedford and request him to keep it until I shal call for it when I shall go to the United States which will be as soon as I can. I know not whether this may be the correct way or not but sir I know of no other way for me do and sir I know of nothing else which will be of any benefit to write to you about it and I think that will be the safest way that I shall receive it to you to write to the post Master and to tell him my name and hold it in his possession until I shall call for it. Yours with respect "Hugh" Melville To the American Consul in Monterey

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[ALPHEUS. BASIL THOMPSON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV.-43.]

Monterey [Santa Barbara] Feby 16, 1846 T O. Larkin Esqr Sir

T h e Bearer of this Don Gregorio Ajuria is Supercargo of the Brig Hannah from Mazatlan. To you I have refered him respecting the balance due from me to Parrott 8c Co which you will not do anything about until you receive a letter from me per Mr. Melius per Barque Tasso in which letter you will find the particulars; Mr. Melius leaves this place this Evening for Monterey. Respectfully Yours A. B. Thompson [Rubric] [Cover bears note: Rec 28th February five days after the arrival.]

[ALPHEUS BASIL THOMPSON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 1 1 : 3 9 6 - 3 9 7 . ]

[February 16, 1846] Mazatlan December 16th 1845 Mr A B Thompson California Dear Sir

W h are without any of your favors to reply to. Some time has elapsed since Mr. Fisher arrived with a quantity of Tallow onboard his Vessel the "Maria Teresa", part of which say One thousand arrobas he stated was sent by you for us. With this understanding we authorized him to sell it, and he did so at the rate of 1 2 R per @ promising to settle with us for it before leaving Mazatlan. Nevertheless, he left here on the 14th

[202} inst without rendering any Account or funds. We are dispatching the Brig Hannah for your Coast, in charge of a Supercargo, Don Gregorio Ajuria, to whom we will thank you to pay the balance of our Account of which we are very much in need. We are dear Sir your most Obt. Servants Parrott & Co. (Signed) p.p. James R Bolton

Santa Barbara Feby 16, 1846 T O Larkin Esqr Sir The foregoing Copy of a letter received from Parrott & Co. (by one of the clerks of the House In Mazatlan) you will please notice. He says on the onset that he has none of my favors to reply to. In the 2d place he states that Mr. Fisher had left without rendering any accounts or delivering any funds &c. By the Brig Oajaca I wrote Mr. Parrott in full and again on this coast a number of letters passed betwixt us with his acknowledgment of and payment on account, and an Order to deliver to Mr. Fisher any amount that I could on account of his House in Mazatlan. The Supercargo of the Brig Hannah Don Grigorio Ajuria was the Bearer of the Letter of which the foregoing is a Copy, which was a sealed letter, on reading which I asked him for his power of Atorney or doccuments Authorizing him to settle the Account as he demanded from me. He replyed that he had none more than the letter he had delivered me, to which I answered that the letter was not satisfactory of itself, that I had obeyed the Order of Mr. Parrott by delivering property to Mr. Fisher and that the Clerk would wish to make it appear that that property is still at my risk. The Supercargo then stated that he would obtain from you a letter or your power of Attorney from Mr. Parrott for the recovery of the Amount, to which I replyed that I should honor any doccument from you as far as it lay in my power to pay at this time, that I have a small lot of Tallow on hand which I can deliver and will use my exertions to collect all I can

[203] previous to his departure from the Coast provided I can deliver it in a safe way. It appears from information I received from San Diego that this Supercargo has since his arrival made you and myself what we are not, and is determined to injure us as far as talk goes; but after he found he had no authority to collect from me, more than a private letter to my address, which was please pay &c, he became very polite and wrote me on the subject, to which I politely answered him that with authority from you I would use every exertion to pay him all in my power previous to his leaving the Coast. Please write me by first opportunity your opinion on the subject. I have delivered your letter to Mr. Den, who confessed he he owed about the amount and should be able to arrange all his affairs this season &c. I shall not do any thing about it until after I dispatch the Fama, then I will have it settled as directed. I hope you will recover something for me from the Duties of the Moscow. I send two Mill Saws by the Tasso to Mr. Green which he will please keep for further orders. In great haste Your Obt. A. B. Thompson [Rubric]

[ALPHEUS BASIL THOMPSON TO TALBOT H. GREEN. IV ¡ 4 2 . ]

Santa Barbara Feby 16, x 846 Mr. T H Green Sir B y the Barque "Tasso" I remit you the Trypot for Ortega which you will have the Kindness to receive and deliver the same to him. I also send you a small package containing thirty six brass Castors which you will dispose of for the best price or prices you can obtain. The Fama will leave here in four or five days for Oahu. Very truly yours A. B. Thompson [Rubric]

0°4] [WILLIAM BROWN IDE TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 5 2 . ]

Upper Valley of the Sacramento Feb. 20th 1846 Mr Larkin Dear Sir

^I^OUR kind letter is this day reed. I am from home and therefore cannot consult either my wife or daughter in relation to the proposition you have made in relation to my daughter, but am inclined to the opinion that my wife will oject to being separated so far from her only daughter. Mr. Belden, the bearer of this, is on his way to Monteray. I intend going to the settlements as soon as the traveling will permit and expect to be engaged in surveying some time in the neighborhood of Monteray and should be pleased on my part (if my wife can be persuaded to part with Sarah) that Sarah shoud except Mrs Larkin's kind offer. I am in haste, Your friend &c. William B. Ide Thomas O Larkin Esqr Monteray Upper California P. S. I hope you will except as sufficient apology for this broken sheet that I am from home. W . B. Ide

[WILLIAM ANDERSON AND THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. CONTRACT. IV ¡46.]

[February 21, 1846]

JA.GREEMENT made this 21st day of February 1846, between Thomas O. Larkin on the first part and William Anderson on the second part. The said Larkin agrees to pay said Anderson, the sum of Four hun-

[205] dred dollars for his services for one year, in the Soap Factory on the Farm of Jose Maria Sanches, from the first of April 1846, to the first of April 1847, one half payable in Cash, one half in orders on board Ships trading on the Coast in which said Larkin may have accounts, the said Anderson to dedicate his whole time and attention to the Soap making business, and not to leave off under the expiration of one year, under forfeit of one half of his wages, one half payable in the course of the year, the Ballance at the expiration; fourteen dollars received in advance. In witness whereof we hereunto sign our names, this day and date above written. William Anderson [Rubric] Witness, Geo. W. Allen [Rubric]

[ALEXANDER G. ABELL TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV ¡ 4 4 . ]

Consulate of the U. States Honolulu, 21 Feb. 1846 Dear Sir

M R. HOOPER handed me your letter of Oct. 30, last, dated at San Francisco, & I have procured the printing of the blanks therein requested. They are something different from the form you sent, but an improvement upon it I think. You had a blank of but one kind, whereas it requires one for each—the Articles and Crew List. They are done in very handsome style & I hope will suit you. Mr. Jarves' bill for printing, or rather a copy of it, is enclosed, amounting to $30. I send you also with this a printed list of the whale ships at the two ports of this Consulate during the last half year of 1845. I shall be most happy to hear from you the California news, occasionally, & will with pleasure reciprocate any favor of that kind. Very Respectfully Your Obt. Servant Alex G. Abell [Rubric] Thos O. Larkin Esq U. S. Consul, Monterey

[ 2o6] [THOMAS CUMMINS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 4 5 . ]

Oahu Sandwch Isands Febuery 2 1 , 1846 Mr T O Larkin Dear Sir I^EASE receive fron Capt J. Paty five Barrels of Sweet Potatoes. I have tried hard to get you some Coco nuts but there all too young but the next chance you may depend on some. I thought I shoud have the pleasure of seeing Mrs Larkin at Oahu are now and I thing Mrs Larkin would enjoy hersef very much for a few months as the Society here is much improved. I have giving up business and made up my mind to never leave Oahu again. Give my kind respects to Capt Cooper Mr. Watson Mr. Dye and all freinds. Yous Thomas Cummins [Rubric]

[ETHAN ESTABROOK TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V 1 4 7 . ]

U. S. Ship Constitution Mazatlan Feby 21st 1846 Dear Sir W b anchored at this port near 6 weeks ago. On our passage from the Islands it was our intention to visit Monterey, but adverse winds did not permit. We were driven nearly up to the latitude of Cape Mendocino. We entered Monterrey bay on the 31 Deer and I really expected to take my New Years with my old friends of Monterrey. Pero la Mala Fortuna me lo prohibio. The winds were adverse for the ship. I was despached in a boat with a lood of letters and other encargos from the Islands. I had progressed until Point Pinos bore directly south; when the wind commenced blowing fresh and signals were made from the ship to return. We remained

[ 207] off the coast south of Point Pinos all the next day. Our Commander thinking he had had quite enough of California coast for one season, made sail for this place. There are now anchored in this port The U. S. Frigates Savannah & Constitution, the Sloops of War Cyane, Levant, and Portsmouth, the Schooner Shark and the Store Ship Erie. The Sloop of War Warren has been despached to Panama and is expected every day; The Frigate Congress is on her way from the U . States and will be here or at the Islands sometime next month. It is also rumoured that the Ship of the Line Columbus now in China will pay a visit to this coast during the ensuing summer. Why all this force is concentrated here I cannot conjecture. It cannot be from any apprehensions from Mexico. Whether it has any reference to future operations on the N . W . Coast time will tell. It is even rumoured that the Squadron is to be increased by the addition of the Ship of the Line Ohio. Our last news from the U. S. is to the 26th Deer last. Texas is undoubtedly admitted as a State and has her representatives in Congress. Our difficulties with Mexico appear as far as ever from adjustment. Négociations were on the eve of being commenced but they were frustrated by the late revolution in Mexico. The Oregon question has no appearance of any amicable adjustment. Each party has offered terms and each offer has been rejected. Whether John Bull and Uncle Jonathan will ultimately have another boxing match or whether like relations that sometimes differ about each others pigs and fowls, trespassing on the premises of the other, after calling each other hard names, finally shake hands and agree to be friends and instead of fighting go to work and make better fences in order to prevent a recurrence of difficulties—remains yet to be seen. But really the political horizon does look warlike. Mr. Polk in substance declines any further négociation on the subject and recommends that notice be given to the English Government of the termination of Joint occupancy—according to the provisions of the convention. The question rightly understood is not between the U. States & England. It arises from the Avarice of the Hon. N . W . Hudson Bay fur Company. I apprehend that Hon Company will gain nothing but a total loss by a war. Our ship has been a cruise around the world. We sailed from N . York in May 1844 doubled the Cape of good Hope visited several places on the Island of Madagascar and East coast of Africa ; crossed the Indian Ocean to

[ 208 ] — Sumatra touched at Gualah Battoo and other places in Sumatra, went down the Straits of Malacca touching at the City of Malacca and stopping some weeks at Singapore the Southern extremity of Malay. Thence we crossed the China Sea and visited the Island of Borneo at Sambas and Borneo at both of which rivers expeditions were sent to explore the interior for 30 or 40 miles up the river. From Borneo we recrossed the China Sea and Visited Cochin China where we got into much trouble with the Natives for trying to save the life of a Catholic Bishop who was under sentence of death for coming to the Country as a missionary. Our exertions no doubt saved his life although we did [not] succeed in getting him in possession. On our arrival at Macao a French Ship was despached and succeeded in bringing the Bishop to Macao. We remained at Canton 3 month. After leaving Canton we visited Manila and some other Islands in the Pacific and arrived at the Sandwich Island in Novr last. Instead of going from thence home as we all expected we found Commodore Sloats order to repair to the coast of California and Mexico. We suffered much from sickness and excessive heat during the cruise and although our cruise has been anything but pleasant it has been accompanied by many interesting incidents. We expect to return soon to the United States, that is if our gruff old Commodore will give us permission. It would have gratified me much to have been able to visit you and in person return my acknowledgement for the kindness I received during my years residence in California. The St Louis returned home about x 5 months after she left California. I found my family in good health. Give my kind remembrance and best respects to Mrs Larkin, to Thomasito, Francisquito and the other Larkinitos of your family. Remember me also to Don Guillermo Hartnel, Don Diego Watson, Doctor Don Diego Stokes, Mr & Mrs Cooper, little Anita, Juanito and others of the family, also to Don Pedro, Capitan del puerto y a otros amigos y amigas en Monterrey. Remember me also to Mr. Thompson Mr. Spear and other friends of Santa Barbara & Yerba Buena when you see them. Excuse this scrawl as I write by candle light aided by a bad pair of Spectacles. Very Respy Yours &c. E. Estabrook [Rubric] T . O. Larkin Esq

[209} [HENRY P. CHACE(?) TO TALBOT H. GREEN. I V : 4 8 . ]

Angeles 22 feb 1846 Mr Green Sir " Y o u r friend John wishes me to inform You that he is a doing a Good business in the Baking & Dry Goods Line with a plenty of hard work to keep him in Good health. He would like to here from You and Mr Little as Regards Your health and future prespects. H. P. C [Rubric]

[HIRAM GRIMES TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN(?) IV .-49.]

Honolulu Feby 23/46 Dear Sir Y a . favor datd Octr. 12/45 came duly to hand pr. Quixote. Please accept my grateful thanks for writing me & hope you will continue to do so. I was not aware that my Uncle had even disposed of any of the stores that I had ever forwarded him. All we sent pr. "Fama" was clothing for the nativs & men. Mr. Reynolds wites Mr. A B Thompson and puts all unpleasant feelings at rest betwen them. Mr. R thot, I pack up goods for Mr. Dunn. The soap was duly reed. We have purchased the Brig Euphemia & Mr. Wm H Davis is now interested with us. I was not able to obtain but very few Try Pots last fall. I am happy to hear that our farm is doing so well. Mr. D. will give you the news. Yr. Obt. Sevt. H. Grimes

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[JAMES ALEXANDER FORBES TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. W : 5 0 . ]

San Franco 24th Feby 1846 Thomas O Larkin Esqr Sir

" Y d u r s of the 17th came duly to hand with accompanying letters, for which please accept my thanks. My letters bring me intelligence of the death of my brother in New York, to whom my power of Attorney was sent. He died on the 1 ith of April 1844 and my letters are dated 20th May of that year. In consequence of this melancholy event, I am deprived of a much prized friend, and the power of Attorney I sent has been of no avail. I shall take immediate measures for arranging the payment of my a/c with you according to the customs and laws of this Country. With respect to my drawing bills upon Mr. Barron, It is impossible for me to comply with your request at present but I repeat to you that my agent in London receives my salary. Herewith I send the Certificates of identity of those Am Citizens who received your passports. I am Sir Yours Respectfully J Alex Forbes [Rubric]

[211}

[PARROTT & CO. TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 5 I.]

Mazatlan Feby 25 th 1846 Thomas O Larkin Esq Monterey Dear Sir

W b

are without a line from you to reply to. T h e present is merely

to state that the tallow sent by Mr. Thompson pr Fishers Vessel was sold on board at 12 Ri. W e send you enclosed a letter for Mr. Thompson with the account sales of Tallow showing Nett proceeds 975$ which we have credited to him in account although we have not received a single dollar as yet of the money, Fisher having very imprudently left this for Cape St. Lucas without settleing with us. And now informs us that he will sail for California about the 1st proximo, from that place. W e send this over to the Cape by a Small Schooner to go up by him also a lot of letters and Newspapers for you. Our relations with this country are not yet settled. The Minister who arrived out for the purpose of settleing matters was not received. H e consequently left Mexico for Vera Cruz where he is waiting for further orders. They will have ere this been received, and the Contents known. Mean time the Commodore with the whole of the squadron is still here. It is impossible to say what will be the decision of our Government after it shall have been informed of the non reception of Mr Slidell. W e send you enclosed a letter for Mr. A B Thompson which after reading seal and send it to him. W e remain your O b t friends Parrott & Co [Cover bears note: R e e d M a y 1 6 , 1 8 4 6 . ]

[212} [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO THE SECRETARY OF STATE. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 3 4 ( 1 1 : 3 4 ) . ]

Consulate of the United States Monterey, California, February 27th, 1846 To the Hon Secretary of State Washington City Sir

T h e undersigned during this month, received from the State Department a letter dated June 13 th, 1845 (being the only one received since one of the 28th of December 1844) in which information is given this Consulate, that the Consular Draft for seven hundred and twenty four dollars, twenty two cents, of December 31st, 1844, for Hospital expences, is protested and but one hundred and sixty dollars, sixty two cents is allowed by the Fifth Auditor, and that seventy cents per yard is allowed for thirty five yards of bunting, being twenty four dollars, in place of ninety six yards as charged at seventy two dollars, seventy five cents was charged, the undersigned supposed the Certificate was for that sum. Bunting of this class is worth one dollar per yard in California, but being in his Store at the time, the price was put at a less sum. Ninety six yards was actually sent on board the United States Ship Levant, Captain Page, and the Flag made on board. Captain Page said the whole amount was used, except the Stripes (one third of the width) which he retained to make medium flags for the Levant, and that the Quarter Master informed him that the Flag was worth one hundred dollars in this Country. In the name of the Collector of this Port, the undersigned offered Commadore Kearney one hundred dollars for a Mexican Flag of this size, which of course the Commadore could not sell. The Government Flag of this Port of far less size cost eighty dollars. The undersigned can form no opinion why his charges of 1844 for seven hundred and twenty four dollars, twenty two cents is cut down to one hundred and sixty dollars, sixty two cents, having received no information from the Department on the subject. At the time he was a Merchant and took 'From the original in the National Archives, Washington, D . C .

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part of the clothing from his own Store, and did not know how to send a Bill of sale, but sent vouchers of its value, and he begs leave to inform the Hon. Secretary of State, that he must pay fifty to seventy five cents per day for boarding distressed seamen, or not receive them from their Captains; and that he has paid several hundred dollars within two years for boarding his Labourers and Workmen (building a Wharf and Ware Houses) at the rate of fifteen to eighteen dollars per month, that being the lowest price of board in Monterey for Workmen or men of any class. Clothing is of the same proportionate price. The undersigned has during this month, purchased for Captain J. C. Fremont's party clothing at these prices, or his people could not proceed. There now remains in this Consular Hospital but one American Seaman, a cripple, from the Bark "Tasso," of Boston, whose boarding is fifty cents per day. This man will so continue untill farther orders, whether his bill is paid or not by Government, as he cannot be turned into the street. The undersigned has seen the Consular returns of the Sandwich Islands, where board was paid for, by Government at fifty to seventy five cents per day. He has also been informed (verbally) by Consul Parrott of Mazatlan, that his uniform payment was fifty cents per day, though he never has many applications from distressed seamen. Not knowing any specified price allowed by Government, the information from Oahu and Mazatlan was thought sufficient. As he has been mistaken, and finds his charges cut down over one half, this Consulate will be obliged to refuse to receive any more sick American Seamen, untill the price of the country for their expences can be paid by the United States Government. This resolution is a going to cause some vexatious questions between Captains of American vessels and the Consulate, but no present remedy can be seen for it. The trouble of collecting information for the Department, Clerk hire and the expences of Stationary for correspondance (there is in the Office six Books worth in Monterey, One hundred and ten dollars) had been cheerfully borne, also expences attending suits at court in behalf of American Citizens, (in one case near one hundred dollars and twenty eight days spent, one hundred and fifty miles from this Office). As the Department can be satisfied by enquiries, that a Consul in California, the dearest place in the world where Government has an Agent, cannot clothe or board Seamen at nothing near

[ 2 I

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the same rate as they can be boarded in England or France; so it will readily be understood that he cannot board them at all under present circumstances. As it requires near two years to answer this letter and the one to follow the answer, it occurs to the undersigned the best method, that he should be ordered at once, not to take any destitute seamen, under any circumstances, as they cannot be boarded in Monterey under fifty cents per day, and at that, he found house rent and beds, nor can they have clothes at prices less than the Merchants sell them at. A positive order to this effect (supposing Consular prices cannot be paid by the United States Government) would prevent much ill feeling hereafter from American Captains who may want to land sick men, in particular Whale Ships from the N . W . Coast, who have many sick and wounded men. I shall request J . C. Jones, Esqr, who was fifteen or sixteen years United States Consul at the Sandwich Islands, and now living in Boston to inform the Department respecting the prices of this Country and the utter impossibility of any more seamen coming into the Consular Hospital, under present circumstances, as the office cannot make good so heavy a difference. I forward to Mr. Jones above mentioned a copy of this letter that he may correspond with the Department on the subject, as for the last few years he has resided in California and is acquainted with the country. I am Respectifully Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] [Top margin hears date, probably of receipt: May, 1846.]

[ 215 ] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO F. M. DIMOND. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 7 8 . ]

Consulate of the United States Monterey, California, March the 1st 1846 F. M. Dimond, Esqr. U. S. Consul, Vera Cruz Dear Sir

" Y o u r esteemed favor of the 14th of August, I received last month with a Government letter. The letter you mentioned as having forwarded the week before, with a public document, I regret to say has miscarried; this is the more unfortunate as my Consular Draft in 1844 for my first semi annual returns of Hospital Expences and Disbursements, has been returned, protested (expences near fifty dollars). I was in hopes the miscarried letter would arrive to throw some light on this affair. I only know, that in my Bill of Disbursements, I charge Seventy two dollars, for ninety six yards of Bunting for a Flag. These ninety six yards was made into a Flag on board the United States Ship, "Levant." Captain Page informed me there was only strips remaining, that he would use for medium flags. The Department allows thirty five yards at twenty four dollars, fifty cents. Now this Flag is worth in California one hundred dollars, the bunting being very good, one dollar per yard. For my Hospital expences they cut off over half. Now I have no knowledge what sum is allowed by our Government for the board of distressed American Seamen. Here the lowest rate of board of Labourers is fifteen to eighteen dollars per month. I charge Government fifty cents per day. Common striped shirts sell on board from thirty to thirty six dollars per dozen; I this week offered in vain, ninety six dollars for four dozen, to a Captain and Supercargo direct from Boston. I this month purchased for Captain J. C. Fremont and party of fifty men, now traveling in California, common shirts at over three dollars each, common heavy jackets twelve to fourteen dollars. I am now informing the Secretary of State, that untill further orders, I must refuse receiving any destitute American Seamen. This may be a premature resolution but I know of no

{216} remedy. My yearly fees may be three hundred dollars, my clerk hire on occastions, books and stationary have cost me more. My fees do not pay my fourth of July ball, to say nothing of other balls when our Ships of War are at anchor in Monterey. I have a jurisdiction of one thousand miles, have sent to the Department much information, and have many calls from our Countrymen Via, Rocky Mountains, all of which trouble and expence I do not mind, but pay for my own Flag, feed and clothe sailors for nothing, cannot afford it. I am aware that our Consuls of Oahu and Mazatlan, receive four rials from Government per day for Seamen's board. From a Consular letter, in Hunts' Magazine this week I see twenty cents per day is only allowed; as I shall be long waiting an answer from Washington, will you inform me something on the subject. The Californians are quietly waiting for the New General and one thousand soldiers that were to be in Acapulco. If the General is supplied with sufficient cash from Mexico to pay off his Troops in Monterey, I suppose their presence will be tolerated. As this may not happen should they ever reach California, they are pretty sure of following the same march others have taken. Over three hundred men, women and children arrived at the River Sacramento last October and November, and some since. This Spring many are expected from the Oregon. Some of these Emigrants are already settled. They say the Mormons will be here this year. Some of the Californians hardly know who to choose, Mexicans or Americans for Emigrants. We are at present governed by the Sons of the Country, in the mean time the wild Indians are carrying off thousands of horses, and have shot with arrows, several people. Government appears to be doing nothing. If Mexico would command California as she ought to do, or let the people do it, sending this Government sixty or eighty thousand dollars a year (but in dollars) affairs would improve. As it is, every body and every thing is waiting for the New General. When he comes, he will wait a year or so for certain advices from Mexico. By the time those reach him some vessel may be chartered to carry him to San Bias. I am sorry you had to pay the one hundred and thirty three rials postage. The package I gave to Don Carlos Baric, a French Supercargo bound to Acapulco, with the money. He is I believe chartered to bring on some of

[

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the Troops. Enclosed you have my Draft of seventeen dollars, on my relative and correspondent, Reverend William M. Rogers, Boston, which please forward for collection, and accept my thanks for your kindness. I remain Sir your most obedient servant. (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO MOTT TALBOT & CO. COPY. I V : 6 o . ]

Monterey March 2, 1846 Messrs Mott, Talbot & Co, Merchants Mazatlan Gentlemen

W T H the letter of advice in Russian, Enclosed you will receive the first and third of a Set of Drafts, No 48, in favor of A. B. Thompson (by him indorsed to you) for two thousand Spanish dollars (2000$ drawn in New Archangel 2 / 1 3 December 1845, by M. Tebennoff Governor of the Russian American Colonios, on the Directors of the Russian American Co. St. Petersburg) which amount with its premium in your port, please pass to the credet of Mr A. B. Thompson. The ballance (under 300$ three hundred dolls) I hope to send you with the second Bill of Exchange first opportunity. I am happy to find my opinion in 1845 of the payment of this debt has proved correct. I am Gentlemen Your Mot Obedient Servant Wrote.

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[JOHN AUGUSTUS SUTTER TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V ¡ 5 3 . ]

New Helvetia 2d March 1846 Thomas O. Larkin Esqre Dear Sir I AVAIL myself of the present Opportunity to write you a few lines. I wish you would be so good and send me our acct. Current. Mr. Williams has received till at present the Amount of $1626.56. I wish to settle our old account entirely. Mr. Williams will be in need of great many articles which he can get nowhere else than here. I received the two bars of iron which you was so kind to send me by Mr. Davis. Please give me the account of them. One of them they let fall overboard, but I bought another of Mr. Davis. It is english iron and will answer for a many purposes, but not for ploughs. If you could procure me some good iron of all Dimensions it would be not only a great service for me; but for the whole Sacramento Valley. I could supply them all with ploughs as I have the best kind of Mechanics to make them and we can stock them just so pretty and good, like in Boston. I am in great Distress for blanc Books for my Office. If you could let me have a few you would bestow a great favour on me. Writing and letter paper, I am likewise nearly out of and dont know where to procure me some. I have the best prospects for a good Crop this year. In the 7 Winters which I have passed here, only two was so good as this. At present it is so that we can depend with certainity of a good Crop. 1200 Acres are sowed in Wheat and well done, 100 Acres in barley, (smooth and pointed). Now I am sowing peas, pataetos, preparing for Corn and Cotton. Vegetables I will have likewise a great quantity. Onions at least for about $1000. A good many of the inhabitants of the Valley sowed a good Deal of Wheat. P. Lassen is building a Water Saw and griss Mill. He have already a good Horse Mill. He will be rich in a few years. He is a very industrious Man.

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Some of the Emigrants which arrived the last fall are preparing for Oregon, and likewise a party for the U. States, Capt. Hastings is going one Way or the other. The next fall will be a powerfull Emigration here. It is started from 10 to 20,000 which hardly I can believe. I think if 2 or 3000 would come it would be a great many. It is good when I have plenty to eat for them. Therefore I am building a floating Mill in the Amer. fork, to furnish plenty of flour. Doctor McLaughlin intends to establish himself here in California. He retired from the Service of the H. B. Comp. We are entirely out of all News here, and I would be very much obliged to you for the Comunication of. I remain very respectfully Your Most Obedient Servante Jn. A. Sutter [Rubric] P. S. Cast Steel (for some Edge tools) I stand in great Need of. A few Dozen of Shovels and Spades would be of great Service to me, and strong Hows. When a new Ship arrives you will have a chance in Monterey. When the come to Yerba buena the have all sold. Therefore you would do me a great favour to procure me some. This year I shall be able to pay for all such things. JAS supra

[JOHN BIDWELL TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 5 4 . ]

New Helvetia 2nd March 1846 Thos. O. Larkin Esq Dear Sir

^^OUR esteemed favor of the 22nd Jan. was reed about three days since, and I should have started immediately for Monterey, but my engagement with Capt. Sutter will not permit until the first of April. Having

(220} many accts. to adjust it would be impossible for me to leave before that time; and as I understand your letter there will be no certainty in getting the school unless I come immediately. I must postpone further calculations until I hear from you again. I will therefore say that if the first of April will answer, I will accept of the School and set out for Monterey as soon as my time expires. But I am apprehensive that it is already too late, and if not that it will be uncertain whether I should be able to receive your letter by the first of April. However if you are in possession of this in time and it is not too late I would be willing to pay a reasonable price for the conveyance of a letter to this place. In the mean time I beg you accept of my grateful acknowledgments for your interest in my welfare. I remain Dear Sir Your Obt Svt. J . Bidwell [Rubric]

[LANSFORD WARREN HASTINGS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V ¡ 5 5 . ]

New Helvetia March 3d 1846 Dear Sir

I GLADLY avail myself of this opportunity of addressing you, but did circumstances admit, I would much prefer to communicate to you personally. To see you at this particular cricis, and converse with you, in your own propari personi, I assure you, would afford me the greatest pleasure, but as I have determined to make anothe in-land tour, I shall not find it convenient, until I shall have returned. I design to set out for Oregon, by land, early in the month of April, and shall not return to this country, until August or September next, when I shall endeavour to visit your place at the earliest opportunity. The tide of emigration to both, this country and Oregon, is unparalleled in the annals of history. The eyees of the American people are now turned westward, and thousands are gazing with the most intense interest and anxiety upon the Pacific's shores, with a full determination to make one

[221} more, one last more move, to the "jar West" then to make a final, a permanent location. The emigration of this year to this country and Oregon, will not consist of less than twenty thousand human souls, a large majority of whom are destined to this country. Our friend Farnham, and many other highly respectable and intelligent gentlemen will accompany the emigration of this year. Among them are also many weathy gentlemen, and capitalists, who design to make large investments in California, in both agricultural and commercial pursuits. The house of Bensons 81 Co. is about to establish an extension commercial house, in some portion of this country. One of the ships of that house is expected in a few weeks, and another will arrive in the month of May or June, both of which, are bringing out large cargos of merchandise, suitable to the trade of this country. Such arrangements are now made, by that house, that its ships will sale annually, for this country, one in June, and another in November of each year. By these ships also, thousands of emigrants will find their way thither, especially, as that house proposed to bring all emigrants to this country, and to Oregon, free of charge, they furnishing their own provisions. Here I will remark, (but I wish it to be understood that it is confidential,) that this latter arrangement is a confidential, governmental arrangement. The expense thus incured is not borne by that house, but by our government, for the promotion of what object, you will readily perceive. Thus Sir, you cn not but observe, that a new era in the affairs of California, is about to arise; these now wild and desolate plains must soon abound with all the busy and intresting scenes of highly civilized life. And what a change, what a scene, to behold such a vast amount of dorment intelligence, inert energy, and dead and buried enterprise, as the Mexicans and Californians here possess, bursting forth in a day, as it were, into brilliant intelligence, commendable activity, and unbounded enterprise! I am not aware that I am in possession any news, which you have not received from other sources.- You will, therefore, allow me to conclud by requesting you to present my compliments to your Lady, and Mr. Spence and Lady. With the highest respect, I remain Dear Sir, Yours truly, L. W . Hastings [Rubric] T . O. Larkins Esq, U. S. Consul

[222]' [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO BENJAMIN T . REED. COPY. I V : 5 6 . ]

Monterey California, March 3d 1846 B. T. Read Esq. M Y last to you was in [November 30, 1845] in which I informed you I had one thousand five hundred Bullock hides on board Ship California, James P. Arther Master also money, drafts and clothes to amt of 600$, which I wishd you to have insured. By Mr Howard receupts from St Diego I find I have 750 hides more on board. Unless your policy of insurance covers my whole amt on board so as to secure me from loss, please insure for me. I understood that the last of Jan. it was found the Ship C. leaked, that 5000 hids were taken out the leak found in her upper works, and was stopt. The hides or part of them were on board again. Captan W . D. Philps informs me that he was on the survey of the ship, that she leaked about one Eight of an inch an hour, that had he been the Captan he would not have taken out any of the hides. I suppose she sailed 6 to 10 of Feburary for Boston. There is on board two young men, Mr W. T. Faxon Boston, Chs. G Mallett, of N . C. and my two eldest sons passingers. Will you pleas inform in my name Edward Mallett Esq. Post Master Providence R. I. that in Nov. I informd him him I had in my Consular care his Nephew, and that he is on board yr ship. I suppose he will give you an order on him for the passage. I understand you have wrote to Mr Howard that ypu had sent out no Vessel, nor should do so at presnt. I was in hopes you had done so as I expected on the arrval of the C. in Boston to have 9 to 10,000$ to pay over to you for the investment I supposed you had made in my name. I expect Mr. H. here daily. I have in the house a supercargo of a Salem Brig here for tallow for Callio. I am trying to have him wait longer to enable Mr H. write by her. If you have not sent out a Vessel, and do not expect to at presnt, you will please pay over to Mr William M. Rogers the value or proceeds of all the hides I have on board the ship California. Should Mr Rogers not be in Boston when you have the funds from the hids plase pay to Joel Giles

[ 223 } Esq of Boston, to who I have wrote to—if there is no Vessel comes to M r Howard by Jun when he dispatches the Vandalia, I should think he would via Mexico go home. I wish to go myself in the winter of 46 & 4 7 . Capt Phips was 1 3 6 days to C. His cargo is very small and has not sufficent to obtain the trade of those who anticipate the Barnstables arrival. On again reading M r Rogers letter I can not understand whether I am to remit home funds to M r Joel Giles or not. As I do not know this Gentleman I must request of you to pay over to him my funds only in case of his being of sufficient responsibility to account for them. Of this fact I have no doubt from my correspondent intrustng him with business, yet our distance is so great and means of information so uncertain, I must make this provision altho. by this conveyance I remit funds to M r G . Yrs 8tc.

[CESÁREO LATAILLADE TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV ¡ 5 7 . ]

Sta Barb a Marzo 3/46 S. D . Tomas O. Larkin, Monterey Mi estimado Amigo

G

cuando

me obligué en esa á situar 300 trescientos cueros de rez,

en podér del S. Howard por cuenta de V . fué porque creí que aquí podría completar mi llegada, mas solo mandé á San Diego 2 5 1 Doscientos cincuenta y uno. Escribí al S. Howard que completase por mí mas no le fué posible. Hagame V . el favor de mandarme un tanto de mi cuenta con su Casa para mi govierno. Salúdeme V . a su Señora de parte de mi esposa y de V . me repito afino. amigo S. S. Q. S. M . B. Cesáreo Lataillade [Rubric]

[224] [FAXON DEAN ATHERTON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 5 8 . ]

Valparaiso March 4th 1846 Mr. T . O. Larkin Monterrey Dear Sir

I FORGET whether I have answered your favour pr "Pacific" or not but beleive that I have. Since that vessels arrival we have had the Bark Fame from St Francisco, but I received no letter from any one by her. I heard from the Capt that you was in St Francisco or had been there he was uncertain which. We had news from Mazatlan yesterday that Paredes had declared against the Goverment and was marching from San Luis Potosi for the Capital, with about 6000 men, and that the former president Bustamante was appointed to the command of about an equal number of Troops to oppose him. Consequently there is little fear of their troubling you Californians very soon. The whole of the American squadron was in Mazatlan awaiting some definitive settlement of the difficulties between the U. S. & Mexico, a Mr Slidell agent of the U. S. Govement had arrived and was to push matters to a close as soon as possible, but the present and prospective state of Mexican affairs gives little hope of settlement even supposing the Govement of Mexico disposed to it, which I beleive they are not and that they will not be for a long time, as they only way they can annoy the U. S. is by keeping things in their present state as long as possible. Why do not the Californians declare their absolute independence from Mexico. There is certainly no great good will existing on either part towards each other, and there is little fear of Mexico doing them much harm, however much they may desire it. Are there not wild Yankees enough in California yet to take the management of Affairs into their own hands ? If they continue to go to Oregon from the U. S. as fast as they have done along back you will soon be overrun in California as I am certain few will remain in the Oregon country whilst California is so close at hand. Let me know what the prospect is, political and otherwse. Do the cattle increase or are they

[ 225 ) killing them off. Do they grow wheat in greater or less quantities. Are there any good Mills established yet ? Where is the Wheat shipped to now. What is the price. Tallow & Hides of course remain the same. This market offers but little inducement for a shipment of your soap, although the quality is very good. It would probably net about 8$ pr quintal, if put up in cakes of about five ounces each. There is an immense consunption of the article here, and it would now bring more than the price quoted but there is every prospect of opening the trade across the Andes very soon, from whenc there is large importations, at low rates. Tallow has been selling here these last two or three months at equal to I o & 11 $ quintal on board, and although now falling a little, the Matanza this year is so very small that Tallow will be up again in about 8 months as high or higher. Last Winter was a very severe one. It is estimated that 60,000 head of cattle perished in the provine of Concepción alone. California Hides will bring about 8 @ 8V2 c pr lb on board. Lumber about 4 5 $ pr M . The French and English have their squadron combined in the River plate againt Rosas the Governor of Buonos Ayeres, and at the last account had forced a passage up the river above B. A. haing destroyed all the fortifications on either bank. It is supposed they will be able to whip Rosas but as yet the result is very uncertain. The British have a large land force in addition to their naval. What their ultimate object may be is very uncertain. You must not be surpised at a visit from Admiral Seymour with a British squadron, as it is reported here that he is going to California to take possession. They took on board the different vessels large quantities of Picks Shovels &c &c, and have sailed for Callao, where no doubt the will await the news of the Presidents message to congress on the subject of Oregon and than act according to circunstances, and should M r Polk come out very decided on that question I should not be surprised if they took possession until definitely settled. The English act in these cases much more decided than the Americans, and when they once get hold dont give up very easy. I see no use of the U . S. taking farther north than 49 o and that I would take whether or no, and likewse spread a little to the southwd of 4 2 o , if there was any reasonable excuse for so doing, as our Territory on the Pacific is too narrow altogether. The outlet is not sufficient for the back country.

[226] Do you suppose that Paredes is working for your friend Almonte. I sometimes think so. Padre Short is well. Arthur White contrary to advice bought out a Grog Shop and in i o days lost all his money. He has now shipped on board of our vessel and going whaling. Dont omit to give me all the information about California as she is looking up in the world. Yrs. F. D. Atherton [Rubric] P. S. Have two young ones instead of one.

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO MOTT TALBOT & CO. COPY. I V 1 5 9 - ]

Monterey March 5 1846 Gentlemen

I N my sealed package to Messrs Parrott & Co delivered this day to Don Gregorio Ajuria Supercargo of Brig Hannah, I enclosed letters for you, in which you will receive the first Draft for two thousand dollars, dated New Archangel 2 / 1 3 December 1845 in favor of A. B. Thompson, (by him indorsed to you) drawn by M. Tebennoff, Governor of the Russian American Colonios—on the Directors of the Russian American Co., St. Petersburgh with letter of advice. This amount with its prenium in your port please pass to the Credit of Mr A. B. Thompson. I was sorry I had not the pleasure of hearing from you pr Hannah. I presume her sailing for California was not made known in your port. I understand she came for Tallow, but will not carry any—there is none on the coast. Mr Dalton has the German Barque Alfred. He will ship pr her to Callio about 200 tons Tallow. Pr Mr C Kriger I sent to you some fruit. The Californians I suppose are ready to receive the new Troops and in

[227] two years will be thinking about sending them back. I am Gentlemen Yrs Obedient Messrs Mott, Talbot & Co Mazatlan

[JOHN CHARLES FREMONT TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 6 l . ]

In Camp, March 5 th 1846 My dear Sir

I T would have afforded me pleasure to thank you personally for the kindness of your late letters, but I am unwilling to leave my party and the presence of my little force might be disagreeable to the authorities in Monterey. I therefore practise the selfdenial which is a constant virtue here and forego the pleasure I should have found in seeing some little of society in your capital. Having seen nothing, what shall I say now to those who ask me of Hastings' accounts ? The bearer is one of my trustworthy men and I send him to you for any intelligence you may have received from the States, and beg you to give him the newspapers you spoke of in your last. As you may judge, your letter woke up some strong memories and since then my occupations here have lost something of their usual interest. But I shall soon be laboriously employed; the spring promises to be a glorious one, and a month or two will pass quickly and usefully among the flowers while we are waiting on the season for our operations in the north. This evening I encamp on the Monterey river, where I will expect the return of my messenger tomorrow afternoon. If Mr. Hartnall could conveniently find the astronomical positions of Mr. Douglas which he mentioned, they would be of use to me now in my journey southward. I need hardly say that it will afford me pleasure to be of any service to you at home and I shall always be glad to hear from you. Can you tell me

[228} at about what time the letters I left with you will reach Washington? In May perhaps? Please offer my regards to Mrs. Larkin; I must certainly endeavor to see you again before leaving the country, and in the mean time am, Yours truly J. C. Frémont Thomas O. Larkin Esqre Consul for the United States at Monterey

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOHN CHARLES FRÉMONT. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 8 1 . ]

Monterey, March 5 th, 1846 Sir

I

HAVE just received two letters from the Commandant General of California, and Prefecto of this District, who inform me they have sent you official letters, enclosing me the copies. The following is a translation, which with my answer I will send to you in English. See No. 79 [March 6, 1846]. I remain, Dear Sir, Yours sincerely

(Signed) Thomas O. Larkin To Captain J. C. Fremont, U. S. Army

[jOSÉ CASTRO TO JOHN CHARLES FRÌMONT. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 3 6 B ( H ^ Ó B ) . ]

Commadant General of Upper California [March 5, 1846]

W T H this date I say to Captain J C Fremont the following—At seven o clock this morning the Commadant General was given to understand that you and the party under your command have entered the towns 'From the translated copy in the National Archives, Washington, D . C .

[229] of this Department, and such being prohibited by our laws I find myself obligated to advertise you that on the receipt of this you will immediatly retire beyond the limits of this same Department such being the orders of the supreme Goverment and the subscriber is obligated to see them complied with. And the undersigned has the honor of transcribing the same to the Consul of the United States of America for its knowledge of the same. God & Liberty. Monterey March 5th 1846. (Signed) Jose Castro Mr Thomas O Larkin Consul of the U. S. America In this Port

[MANUEL DE JESÚS CASTRO TO JOHN CHARLES F R Í M O N T . 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 3 6 c ( 1 1 : 3 6 c ) . ]

Prefect of the Second District Monterey March 6th [5 th] 1846 Captain J C Fremont Sir

I

HAVE learnt with surprise that you against the laws of the authorities of Mexico have introduced yourself into the towns of this Departmental district under my charge with an armed force under a commission which must have been given you by your goverment only to survey its own proper lands. In consequence this Prefectura now orders that you will immediately on receipt of this without any pretext return with your people out of the limits of this territory. If not this office will take the necessary measures to cause respect to this determination.

I have the honor to transcribe this to you for your intelligence that you 'From the translated copy in the National Archives, Washington, D. C.

[ 2

3

o ]

may act in the case as belongs to your office and that he may comply with the expressed order. God & Liberty. Monterey March 5th 1846. (Signed) Manuel Castro M r Thomas O Larkin Consul of the U . S. of America

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO THE SECRETARY OF STATE. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 36A ( I I ^ Ó A ) . ]

Consulate of the United States of America March 5 th 1846 Sir T h e undersigned has the honor to forward to the Department the accompanying translations of letters2 this day received in this consulate. Capt. J C Fremont has for near one month been slowly traveling and encamping within this district (say within eighty miles of this town). Last week information was received by the Prefect from some Alcalde respecting a horse or mule of Captain Fremont claimed by a Californian (I understand that the animal came from the States). Last night notice was received that some of Captain Fremonts party has offerd some insult to some Person or persons on a farm. The Gen. has this day sent out ten or fifteen men with letters to Captain Fremont ordering him away. I am not aware that any of the party have committed any excesses and do not suppose such to be the case. The General I suppose will soon forget the whole. I am Respectifully Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] Hon Secretary of State City of Washington [Top margin hears date, probably of receipt: 1 0 May 1846.] I

From the original in the National Archives, Washington, D . C .

2

See José Castro to John Charles Fremont (Off. Corr. N o . 36b) and Manuel de Jesús Castro

to Fremont (Off. Corr. N o . 36c), both under date of March 5, 1 8 4 6 .

[ 23* ] — [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO J O s £ CASTRO AND MANUEL DE JESUS CASTRO. COPY. 1

OFF. CORR.

1:79.]

Consulate of the United States Monterey California, March the 6th, 1846 Sir

T h e undersigned Consul of the United States, has the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your Official Note of yesterday containing a Copy of your letter and orders to Captain J. C. Fremont, United States Army (now encamped near the Salinas River) with his men, to leave this country immediately. The undersigned understood that your letter was yesterday carried to Captain Fremont, by an Officer, having some eight or ten men under his charge, and that at this moment there is a large number of armed men collecting in this Town for the purpose of going to the Camp of that American Officer; he would therefore take the liberty of saying that although he is well aware that you, as a Mexican Officer and a Patriot, are bound to take every step that may redound to the integrity and interest of your country, he would further observe that his countrymen must not be unjustly or unnesesarily harassed from causes that may arise from false reports, or false appearances; and would recommend, that if any party are going to the Camp of Captain Fremont, that it may be commanded by a trustworthy and experienced Officer, which may prevent affairs, on the meeting of the two parties, from being brought to some unhappy conclusion. The undersigned has the honor to subscribe himself as your most obedient servant (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin To Senor D. Jose Castro, Commandant General, and D. Manuel Castro, Prefecto of the 2nd District, California 'Another copy of this communication is document No. 6 of Larkin's report to the Department of State which accompanied his letter of July 20, 1846.

[ 232 } [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO THE SECRETARY OF STATE. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 35A ( l l : 3 5 ) . ]

Consulate of the United States Monterey, California, March the 6th, 1846 Sir

T h h undersigned has the honor to inform the Hon. Secretary of State, that Captain J. C. Fremont arrived within this Department in January last with his party of fifty men, and was at the house of the undersigned a few days during the last month, for the purpose of procuring funds for refitting and clothing his party, which he received as far as could be procured. He is now in this vicinity surveying, and will be again at this Consular House during this month. He then proceeds for the Oregon, returns here to Monterey in May, and expects to be in Washington about September. T o this Gentleman is due from Government unqualified praise, for his patience, industry, and indefatigable perseverance in the attaining the objects he is engaged in. Mr. Hastings, Author of the History of California, arrived at New Helvetia, Sacrament River, from the United States in January, with eight or ten men. There is a company of Emigrants expected here this Spring from the Oregon. Many of the three hundred from Independance who arrived in September or October, have purchased cattle, and are settling. The Commandant General went to the Sacrament to see them, and bade them welcome to California.2 There has a report reached here, that the Mormons are breaking up in the States, for the purpose of removing to this Country, which has caused some excitement and fear among the natives who are also expecting the Mexican Troops from Acapulco. Unless the Supreme Government supplies the New General with funds sufficient to pay his men while in California, and the General has them under good discipline, they will in all probability have to leave for San Bias or Acapulco, in two or three years. •From the original in the National Archives, Washington, D. C. a duplicate copy of this letter sent to the Department of State this paragraph and the one following were omitted. 2 In

[ 233 } Captain Fremont passed three degrees South of Fort Hall, having taken a route supposed to be a desart, which made his distance to California, eight or nine hundred miles less. He considers the distance from Independance to Monterey, about one thousand nine hundred miles. H e describes the new route he followed as preferable, not only on account of the less distance, but less mountainous, with good pasture and well watered. The second day of his arrival in Monterey, he visited the Commandant General, Prefect and Alcalde, and by verbal requests of the General, informed him officially his object in visiting California. The undersigned forwards with this the two annexed letters' respecting Captain Fremonts arrival. I am Sir with the highest respect, your most obdt. servt. Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] T o the Hon Secretary of State City of Washington [Top margin hears date, probably of receipt: 1 0 May 1846.]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO WILLIAM M. ROGERS OR JOEL GILES. COPY. I V : 6 2 . ]

Monterey California March 6 1846 M r William M . Rogers or Joel Giles Esq. Sir

M

Y Cousin Rogers's letter of September per Captain Philps I

have received. H e informed me that during his absence you would attend to my business. Enclosed you have the first of two drafts for One thousand, and for Eight Hundred dollars, drawn in Monterey January 28, 1846 by " J . C. Fremont, Bt. Capt. Topi Enginers, U . S. Army, on Col J . J . Abert, 'See Manuel de Jesús Castro to Larkin (Off. Corr. No. 35b) and Larkin to Castro (Off. Corr. 1 ¡76), both under date of January 29, 1846.

|>34} Cheif Topographical Bureau, Washington City." These were given for dollars advanced Captain Fremont to provide for his company, otherwise prehaps they could not proceeded. Should their be any trouble about them have them protested and act as may be proper. You need not return them to me at present. In July I sent Mr Rogers my Consular drafts on the Department of State for 494880 dated June 30/45. By the present conveyance I send directed to him and to you my consular drafts for 303$43'/2 and 255$38, which if paid invest in funds or stock for me. I have as yet not full instructions respecting simi annual returns and may not have my papers correct. Whatever sum is offered on the drafts you will receive, I shall be charged only the amount so paid by Government and it a will take a year or two to rectify the matter as pr receipts of W. D. M. Howard, Supercargo of Am Ship California, James P. Arther, Master. I have on board two thousand and two hundred and fifty one Bullock Hides, (Frieght Fifty cents each), which go to the owner of the Vessel B. T . Read Esq. the proceds of which I expected to invest with other funds of mine in Mr Rogers's hands, in a Vessel I thought Mr Read would send with cargo to this country last year. I am informed that Mr Read has wrote to Mr Howard that he will not in x 845 or 1846 send him any Vessel. If this is the case I wish the value or proceeds of these hides to be paid to you and invested in some safe way for my benifit. I shall see Mr Howard in a few days, and per next Vessel shall write to you again on the subject. Unless Mr Reads present policy will cover my hides, I wish him or you to have them insured. 1500 were on hand in this port in November 1844 also 6oo$oo money clothing and drafts which at the time I wrote to Mr Read to have the amount insured—the 751 where put on board in St. Diego in January last. The last of Jan. the Ship was in St Diego. I suppose she sail'd about the 6 to 10 of last month for Boston. My two Sons go passingers in the Ship California for Boston. Please direct via Vera Cruz Mexico y Mazatlan care of John Parrott Esq U. S Consul, Mazatlan. I am Respectifully

[ 235 ] [THOMAS O L I V E R L A R K I N T O JOEL G I L E S . COPY. I V ¡ 6 3 . ]

Monterey California March 6 1846 Joel Giles Esq. M Y Cousins Rogers letter of September pr Captain Philps I have rec'd—he informs he was in November to leave Boston for ten months and that you would in the meantime attend to my money affairs. I last year forwarded to him a draft of my own on the Secretary of State for 494$8O. It appears my accounts in Deer 3 1 / 4 4 were not in form so I suppose those of June 30/45 were not, in which case the 494880 may have been protested. By this conveyance I send in a letter directed to you and Mr Rogers my two Consular drafts for 303$43V2 and 255$38. If they are paid please invest the amount for me. I now enclose you a drafts third drawn in Monterey January 28, 1846 for one thousand and for Eight Hundred dollars by J. C. Fremont Bt. Capt. Topi Enginers U. S. Army, in my favor (indorsed to you) on Col. J. J. Abert, Chief of the Topographical Bureau, Washington City. Please collect and put at interest for me, or safely invest in funds or stock. Per Ship California, James P. Arther, Master, who I suppose left San Diego about the 6 of February for Boston, I order'd the Supercargo to send to B. T . Read Esq. all the Hides he could receive for me. He has since December sent to me from San Diego his receipts for Two thousand Two hundred and fifty one. I supposed there was 2500. I may see this Supercargo before I have to dispatch this letter but am afraid he will not arrive in time. Therefore can send no receiupt of his or the Captains. In 1845 it was my intention to invest up to ten thousand dollars in a Vessel supposed coming here from B. T . Read. The hides were intended for this purpose. Rev. William M. Rogers in 1845 had my orders to pay over all my funds to Mr Read for this purpose. I now understand Mr Read is not decided about continuing up the California trade. A transient business will not pay therefore you will receive from Mr Read the value or proceeds of these Hides and invest to the best advantage for me. I am sure of seeing Mr Howard the Supercargo soon. From him shall learn Mr

[236} Read's intentions and will write to you in 40 to 60 days by next Vessel bound to Mazatlan. Captain J C. Fremont rec'd cash from me for his drafts, otherwise his party might have broke up. In /43 or /44 I sent to Washington drafts of his, which I presume have been paid. Should these not (by chance) you will retain them in your hands after the protest is noted untill your advice as they are of no use here. Capt F. will be home in Sept or October. Address me Via Vera Cruz, Mexico, y Mazatlan care U. S. Consul Mazatlan. I am Yours Respectifully

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO MOTT TALBOT & CO. COPY. IV164.]

Mont. March 6 1846 Messr Mott Talbot & Co Gent.

I^-EASE forward this1 enclosing drafts to Vera Cruz a month after you reed it that it may go to Boston by a different Vessel from the one which may take the original now sent to Mr Parrott. Yrs &c Respectifull

[ALPHEUS BASIL THOMPSON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V ¡ 6 5 . ]

Santa Barbara March 6, 1846 T O Larkin Esqr U States Consul, Monterey Sir

' XHE Am Ship Fama was wrecked near this place on the 26th of last Month. The Cargo will probably be saved or nearly all, a part in a damaged state. 'Larkin here refers to his letter of March 6, 1846 (TV¡63), to Joel Giles.

[ 237 ] The Goods on Freight I believe have all been landed. The Wreck, and Cargo belonging to the Owners of the Fama will be sold for the benefit of whom it shall or may concern. Please inform me in your official capacity with respect to the Goods on freight, whether they can be delivered to the Shippers or Consignees with the expense of landing, Cartage Storage &c charged, or whether they must also be abandoned and sold. I am Sir Your Obt Servt. A. B. Thompson [Rubric]

[JOSÉ CASTRO. PROCLAMATION. 1 COPY. OFF. CORR. II.]

Head Quarters San Juan March 8th 1846

T H E citizen Jose Leitenant Colonel of the Mexican Army and Commander in Chief of Department of the Californians. "Fellow Citizens" a band of robbers, commanded by a Captain of the United States Army, J. C. Fremont, have without respect to the laws and authorities of this department daringly introduced themselves into the Country and disobeying the orders both of Your Commander in Chief and the Perfect of the District by whom he was commanded to march forthwith out of the limits of our Country and without answering their letters he remains encamped at the Natividad, from which he sallies forth, committing depredations and making scandalous skirmishes. In the name of our native Country, I write you to place Yourselves under my immediate orders, at Head Quarters where we will prepare to tame the ulcer, which should it not be done would destroy your independance and liberty which you all always sacrifice Yourselves, as will Your friend and fellow Citizen. (Signed) Jose Castro Mr Larkin obtaind this copy but not from the authorites. 'This document is No. 15 of Larkin's copy of the report which he sent to the Department of State with his letter of July 20, 1846.

{2J8J

[MANUEL DE JESUS CASTRO TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 3 7 B . ]

Prefecture of the Second District [March 8, 1846]

T h e undersigned Prefect of this District has received the note of the consul of the U. S Mr. Thomas O Larkin dated 6 Inst and in answer thereto has the honour to say that far from replying in it that he will order the captain of the U. S. army Mr J C Fremont to leave immediatly with his force of Armed Troops (according to the acceptation of the word camp which he uses in his communication) the limits of this Department trangressing the principles established amongst civilized nations he defends his unjust introduction. The undersigned when he orderd capt Fremont to march back founded himself on repeted orders & decrees from the Supreme Goverment of the Mexican Republic which prohibits the introduction not only of troops belonging to any power but even that of Foriengers who do not come provided with legal Passports and not on False Reports and False appearances as the Consul of the U. S says in his said note. The undersigned promises the Consul of the United States that as far as lays in his power Those persons who are subject to the laws of the cofuntry] and may harrass the subjects of his nation who are under the protection of said laws shall be punish[ed] according to the same, after the nessesary prooffs shall be given, and the customary formalities gone through. The undersigned makes known to the Consul of the U. S. that if he desires to avoid that the force of Capt Fremont may come to an unfortunate end meeting with the force of the Department, he ought to inform said captain Fremont that since he entred this Department with an armed force wether through Malice [or] error, he must now either blindly obey the authorities or on the contrary experience the misfortunes which he has sought by his crime. "From the translated copy in the National Archives, Washington, D. C. Larkin's copy of this document is No. 7 of the report which he sent to the Department of State with his letter of July 20, 1846.

[^39] The Undersigned subscribes &c &c God & Liberty Monterey March 8th 1846. (Signed) Manuel Castro Consul of the U. S. of North America Mr Thomas O Larkin

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOHN CHARLES FRÉMONT. COPY. 1 OFF. CORR. 1 : 8 o A . ]

Consulate of the United States Monterey, California, March the 8th, 1846 Sir

W T H this you have my Consular answer to the General and Prefecto's letter to you of last week, of which I had the honor to receive copies from them. I also add the Señor Prefecto's second letter to me of this day. By your Messenger of last week, I forwarded some United States Newspapers, a Spanish Grammer, some Magazines, and English copies of the General's and Prefecto's letter to you on the 5 th instant. I then informed you that there was an American Brig (Brig Hannah, of Salem) at anchor in this Port, bound to Mazatlan, whose Supercargo I had requested to remain here untill the third day to enable you to send letters to the United States if you were so inclined; I cannot tell whether my letter reached you, but heard of your man being almost at your Camp, the day before yesterday. I have now to inform you (and my information is derived from the current reports of the day) that General Castro was on the plain last night with about sixty people. Many more from the Ranchos joined him today. At this moment some forty men are preparing to leave Monterey to join the party. I should think tomorrow he might have two •Another copy of this communication is document No. 9 of Larkin's report to the Department of State which accompanied his letter of July 20, 1846.

j>4°} hundred men perhaps more. Many of the common people will join through choice. Others by being so ordered by the General. Among the other class, there are some looking on the affair with indifference, some perhaps with favor to either side as their friendship to the present authorities or their own interest may govern them. Respecting the result there are various opinions. It is not for me to point out to you your line of conduct. You have your Government Instructions. My knowledge of your character obliges me to believe you will follow them. You of course are taking every care and safeguard to protect your men, but not knowing your actual situation, and the people who surround you, your care may prove insufficient. You are Officially ordered to leave the Country; I am sure you will use your own discretion on the subject. Your danger may remain in supposing that no uncommon means will be taken for your expulsion. Although the expressions of the common people under the passions of the moment, breathe vengeance in every form against you, I cannot conclude that so so much will be put in force, should they succed in overpowering you. I therefore only wish you to suppose yourself in a situation where you must take every measures to prevent a surprize, from those you may consider partly friends. Should my ideas be correct, the act perhaps will originate, not from the heads, or the respectability of the Country, but from those of a more headstrong class, who having fought so many (called) battles, may consider themselves invencible. Your encamping so near Town has caused much excitement. The Natives are firm in the belief that they will break you up, and that you can be entirely destroyed by their power; in all probability they will attack you. The result either way may cause trouble hereafter to Resident Americans. I myself have no fear on the subject, yet believe the present state of affairs may cause an interruption to business. Should it be impossible or inconvenient for you to leave California at present, I think on a proper representation to the General and Prefecto, an arrangement could be made for your Camp to be continued, but at some greater distance; which arrangement I would advise, if you can offer it. I never make to this Government an unreasonable request, therefore never expect a denial, and have for many years found them well disposed to me. You cannot well leave your people.

[241} Should you wish to see me, I will immediately visit your Camp. Please answer directly by the Bearer. I am Yours, very truly in heart (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin Captain J . C . Fremont United States Army, Alisal

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. INSTRUCTIONS TO COURIER. 1 COPY. OFF. CORR. ( l : 9 2 A ) . ]

Memorandum or directions to the Courier Consulate of the U . S. of N . America Monterey 8 th March [1846]

Y

O U

will proceed as quick as possible, by all means to Capt

Fremont tomorrow. Y o u will show your passport and the letter to any person who as an officer may demand to see them. Should you by force have to deliver up my letter, do so but endeavour to know the person who takes it. Should the letter be taken from you, endeavour to see Capt. Fremont and tell him I sent you with the letter and who took it from you. Y o u will tell him to guard himself against acts of treachery at night, and not to place any faith in having a regular warfare, should there be any regular fighting, and by no means depend on the natives. Note. One copy given to a native and another to a foreigner, the latter being two days on the road, fell into the hands of the General and gave him the letters on the latter promising to forward as directed. On the second day Capt. Fremont had left. General Castro, twenty days afterward informed me that he had forwarded the letters the man gave him to Capt Fremont, when he had actualy sent them to Mexico, where they were published. He at the same time informed his Government that Capt. Fremont was driven away and that in May all other americans would be. (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin 'From the copy in the National Archives, Washington, D . C . This document is N o . 8 of the report which Larkin sent to the Department of State with his letter of July 20, 1 8 4 6 .

[242} [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO THE SECRETARY OF STATE. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 3 7 A ( 1 1 : 3 7 ) . ]

Consulate United States Monterey, March 9 1846

Sir

you have a copy of my answer to the general and prefecto of this place ; also one to captain Fremont, and the second letter from the prefecto.2 Captain Fremont is encamped eight or nine leagues from this place, intending to move as soon as the state of his horses will permit. There will be from two to three hundred people collected together tomorrow with the intention of attacking the camp. Captain Fremont has about fifty men—all men of confidence and remarkably well armed. Neither himself or men have any fear respecting the result from the present state of affairs. Yet the result for or against him may prove a disadvantage to the American residents in California. I have, at some expense, despatched out two couriers to the camp with duplicate letters. This letter I send to St Barbara with the expectation of finding a vessel bound to Mazatlan. Having had over one half of my hospital expenses of 1844 cut off, and know not why, even my bill for a flag, I do not feel disposed to hazard much expense for government. Although the life of captain Fremont and party may require it, I hardly know how to act. I have received only one letter (of June) from the Department for the year 1845. In the month of February captain Fremont, in my company, visited the general, prefecto and alcalde of this place, informed them of his business, and there was no objection made. Within twenty days, the general says he has received direct and specified orders from Mexico not to allow captain Fremont to enter California, which perhaps accounts for the change of feelings with the people. I am Sir with every respect your most obedient Servant E/NCLOSED

Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] Hon Secretary of State City of Washington 'From the original in the National Archives, Washington, D . C . z

See Larkin to José Castro and Manuel de Jesús Castro (Off. Corr. 1 : 7 9 ) under date of March

6. Also Larkin to John Charles Frémont (Off. Corr. 1:80a) and Manuel de Jesús Castro (Off. Corr. N o . 37b), both dated March 8.

[243] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO THE COMMANDER OF ANY AMERICAN SHIP OF WAR IN SAN BLAS OR MAZATLAN. COPY. 1 OFF. CORR.

1:82.]

Consulate of the United States Monterey, California, March 9th, 1 846 Sir

J. C. Fremont with a party of fifty men has been within the limits of California about two months. Within a few days encamped about eight leagues from this town, resting his men and animals, he has received two letters from the General and Prefecto, wherein he is ordered to leave this Country, or they will take immediate measures to compel him. They sent me copies of the same, which I have sent in English to Captain Fremont. I have not heard from the Camp since. This morning I wrote to Captain Fremont in duplicate, one by a Native, the other by a Foreigner. By tomorrow there will be collected together nearly three hundred men with the intention to drive out the Strangers, and if required, there will be by the next week a much larger body collected. Should this force be used against Captain Fremont, much blood will be shed. His party though of only fifty in number have from three to six guns, rifles and pistols each, and are very determined, both Commander and men having every confidence in each other. CAPTAIN

It was the intention of Captain Fremont to leave this week if his animals were in good condition. Perhaps he may not now be willing, as the people wish to force him. He was at my house alone in February [January], and in company with me, visited the General, Prefecto, and Alcalde, informed them of his orders to survey the nearest route to the Pacific, and had come into California to purchase provisions, clothes and horses. No objection was made at the time. Since then the General states, that he has received by the "Hannah," positive orders from Mexico, to drive Captain Fremont from the Country. I shall send this letter open to Consul Parrott of Mazatlan, with copies of this week's correspondance. If there is a fight between these people and 'Another copy of this communication is document N o . 1 7 of Larkin's report to the Department of State which accompanied his letter of July 2 0 , 1 8 4 6 .

[244} Captain Fremont be the result for or against him, the American residents are under some apprehensions of their safety hearafter. I would therefore request you, if in your power, to dispatch a Sloop of War, to this Port, from Mazatlan, on the receipt of this. I understand there were in December, five of our Ships of War, then in that Port. Should this be the case, I hope it will not be inconvenient to comply with this request. I have looked for the Portsmouth over two months. Captain Montgomery informed me he was to return. I remain, Sir's your respectfull servant (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin To the Commander of any American Ship of War, in San Bias, or Mazatlan

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOHN PARROTT. COPY. 1 OFF. CORR. 1 : 8 3 . ]

Consulate of the United States Monterey, California, March gth, 1846 Sir ^ E N C L O S E D with this, you will receive several copies of correspondance in this town, for the present week, also an official letter for the Captain of any of our Ships of War, you may have in your Port on your receiving this letter. It's impossible to say whether Senor Castro, the Prefecto, and the General will attack Captain Fremont. We expect such will be the case. I am just informed by Senor Arce, the General's Secretary who has just came in from the General's Camp (Saint John's) that the whole country will be raised to force out Captain Fremont, if they require so many. Senr Arce farther says, the Camp of the Americans are near Mr. Hartnells Rancho, on a high hill with his Flag flying. Of the latter I am not sure. As you are acquainted with this Country and its people, you will advise 'Another copy of this communication is document N o . 1 8 of Larkin's report to the Department of State which accompanied his letter of July 20, 1 8 4 6 .

[245 ] with our Naval Captains on the subject of sailing immediately for this Port. If the Vessel is not actually obliged to go elsewhere, it is my earnest desire she sail for Monterey on the receipt of this, although every thing may end peacably amoungst us. Believe me to be yours sincerely (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin To John Parrott Esqr. United States Consul, en Mazatlan

[JOHN CHARLES FRjsMONT TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. COPY. OFF. CORR. I:8OB.]

[March 9, 1846] My Dear Sir

moment received your letters and without waiting to read them, acknowledge the receipt which the Courier requires instantly. I am making myself as strong as possible in the intention that if we are unjustly attacked we will fight to extremity and refuse quarter, trusting to our country to avenge our death. No one has reached my camp, and from the heights we are able to see troops (with the glass) mustering at St. Johns and preparing cannon. I thank you for your kindness and good wishes and would write more at length as to my intentions, did I not fear that my letter will be intercepted. We have in no wise done wrong to the people or the authorities of the country, and if we are hemmed in and assaulted here, we will die every man of us under the Flag of our country. Very truly yours I

THIS

(Signed) J. C. Fremont P. S. I am encamped on the top of the Sierra at the head water of a stream which strikes the road to Monterey, at the house of Don Joaquin Gomiz. Thomas O. Larkin, Esqr. Consul for the United States at Monterey

[246} To which was added on giving the Alcalde a Copy. Consulate of the United States Monterey, March ioth, 1846 This letter wrote in haste by Captain Fremont with his pencil, I received last night at 8 o'clock. I permit the translation at the request of Don Manuel Diaz, Alcalde of Monterey (he having given yesterday a passport to my Courier to go to the Camp and return to me) with the hopes of it's allaying the present sensations, bringing affairs to a better understanding, and, that the authorities may not suppose I have any improper correspondence with Captain Fremont. (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin

[MANUEL D f A Z TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 1 OFF. CORR.]

Your House March ioth 1846 Mr Thomas O. Larkin My dear Sir

H

AVING learnt that the courier which you sent to the camp of Capt Fremont has returned, do me the favour if possible to send me a translation of the answer which he has brought, hoping that it may contribute to allay the present excitement. I remain your most obedt. Servant

(Signed) Manuel Diaz 'From the copy in the National Archives, Washington, D. C. This document is No. 14 of the report which Larkin sent to the Department of State with his letter of July 20, 1846 (Off. Corr. 11:54). Larkin's ^ p y Qf the report, however, the document is No. 11.

'[>47}

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO MANUEL DÍAZ. COPY. 1 OFF. CORR. 1 : 8 6 . ]

Consulate of the United States Monterey, March the ioth, 1846 Sir

I AM not confident that Captain Fremont may approve of my giving you a translation of his hasty wrote letter. As you allow the Courier to travel to the camp and return, and hoping the letter may on being known, bring affairs to some better understanding, I send you the translation you request. It may be that the Authorities of this Department expect something from me as United States Consul under the present state of affairs; yet I know nothing that I can do. I have verbally offered my services whenever required, and now do the same in writing. Captain Fremont has his own instructions, and has not to be ordered by this Consulate, yet I would with pleasure allay the present sensation, if in my power. I can only add, that I would respectfully advise that you would, in your letter to the General today say, that I would take the liberty to propose, that he should send a letter to Captain Fremont requesting one hour's conversation before any extreme measures are taken, as I am of the firm opinion, should that Officer be attacked, much bloodshed will ensue, that may cause not only loss of life to many of the present parties, but cause hereafter much expence, trouble, and perhaps further loss of life to many of our respective Nations, and I am satisfied that no present or future advantage will be obtained by the Country from the circumstances as they now appear. I have reason to believe that Captain Fremont only waits a few days to rest his horses (having purchased his provisions) and intends to remove immediatly from California. Yet it may be impossible for him to do so while surrounded by people with hostile intentions towards him. Will you please 'There is also a copy of this communication in the National Archives, where it is No. 15 of Larkin's report to the Department of State which accompanied his letter of July 20, 1846.

[ 2 4 8 ] — send a copy of this letter to the Commandant General, Don Jose Castro. I have the honor to remain Yours respectfully (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin To Don Manuel Diaz, 10 Alcalde de Monterey

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOHN CHARLES FREMONT. COPY. 1 OFF. CORR. 1 : 8 4 . ]

Consulate of the United States Monterey, California, March loth, 1846 Sir

Yo

UR letter of yesterday I received last night at eight o'clock. Thank you for the same. It took from me a weight of uneasiness respecting your situation. The Alcalde of Monterey has requested from me a copy in Spanish of your letter. Not knowing what you might approve of in the case, I had some objection. On second thoughts I considered that the Alcalde having given the Courier a passport (without which he would not go) carrying of the letters both ways were made public, and people might put a wrong construction on our correspondance. I gave it to him with the following addition (see No. 80 [March 9, 1846]). I also considered the letter contained nothing of importance to keep secret, and now annex my letter of this morning to the Alcalde. As you may not have a copy of your letter, I send one. My Native Courier said he was well treated by you, that two thousand men could not drive you. In all cases of Couriers, order your men to have no hints or words with them, as it is magnified. This one said a man pointed to a tree, and said there's your life. He expected to be led to you, blindfolded, says you have sixty two men well armed. Etc. Etc. 'Another copy of this communication is document No. 13 of Larkin's report to the Department of State which accompanied his letter of July 20, 1846.

[249} You will without thought of expence or trouble, call on me, or send to me, in every case or need, not only as your Consul, but your Friend and Countryman. I am Yours truely (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin To Captain J. C. Fremont, United States Army

[DOLORES PACHECO TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 6 6 . ]

Juzgado de 10 Nominacn del Pueblo de S. José Guadalupe [Marzo 10 de 1846]

( C O N S E C U E N T E a la nota oficial qe V. me dirije en segundo reclamo pr saber de la causa qe se practica en este Juzgado contra los presos que han herido al Capn Libber, debo decir q¿ con fha. 18 de Jno. é dho. pr conducto del Sr. Estor, lo que estubo pr contestación a su reclamo, y pr la presente reiterada digo qe me conviene decir según dro. qe nada tiene su consulado directamtí qe entenderse con este Juzgado en negocios de esta naturaleza, pues median los reclamos pr dro. a mis autoridades de quien depende mi responsavilidad y dar parte al tiempo determinado del encarcela) e numero de presos y en qe estado se hallan sus causas Según Ley de 37 Gubernatiba en este Juzgado. Dios y Libertad. Pueblo de S. José Guadalupe, Marzo 10 de 1846. Dolores Pacheco [Rubric] Sr. Cónsul Americano residí« in Monty

—

[

2

5° ]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOSÉ CASTRO. COPY. 1 OFF. CORR. 1 : 8 7 . ]

Consulate of the United States Monterey, March the 14th, 1846 Sir

T h e undersigned has been verbally informed that a Proclamation1 issued from your office has been put in the Billard Room of this Town, respecting Captain J. C. Fremont of the United States Army. A copy of this paper for the use of this Consulate is respectfully solicited. With all due respects I remain Yours &ct. &ct. (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin To Don Jose Castro Commadant General of California

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO ALPHEUS BASIL THOMPSON. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1:89.]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey 14th March 1846 Sir

^ Y o u r letter of the 6th requests information relative to the disposal of the freight of the late American Ship Fama, I received yesterday. I have to inform you that in my oppinion in every practable case freight should be forwarded to its' destination. The late Captain is now agent for the owner of the property, unless the latter are present, or can immediately be communicated with. Should there be any freight that can be detained without detriment, untill an opportunity offers of reshiping, I would advise its storage, but, should the freight be of such a nature that it would 'Another copy of this communication is document No. 16 of Larkin's report to the Department of State which accompanied his letter of July 20, 1846.

[

]

suffer by detention, I would advise the Master to make public sale of it, for the benefit of all whom it may concern, and that he in each case act in what he may in good faith consider for the benifit of the absent owners. I remain Respectfuly Your Obt Sevt. To A. B. Thompson Esqr. Santa Barbara

[JOHN PATY. MANIFEST OF CARGO OF THE "DON QUIXOTE." I V : 6 7 . ]

Monterey 16 de Marzo de 1846

M

del cargamento que conduce la Barca Sandwichiana "Don Quijote" de porte de 270 toneladas procedente de las Islas de Sandwich á la consignación de su Capn Juan Paty. 1 1 1 1 2 1

1 2 1 1 18

ANIFIESTO

Cajón uno, Manta cruda con 666 yaí seiscientos sesenta y seis id uno Indiana, X 382 yaí mil trescientos ochenta y dos Fardo uno Iden, 100 pzas. cien (2400 ya*)1 id uno Manta azul 1800 yai mil ochocientos (35 pí)1 Cajones dos Manta blanca 3020 yaí tres mil veinte (35 pulgs)1 id uno con Indiana 1087 yaí mil ochenta y siete Pañuelos de algn 17V2 doz. diez y siete y media Medias de algn 4 doz. cuatro Merino 28 yaí veinte y ocho (40 pulgí)1 id uno Manta blanca 1033 ya* mil treinta y tres id dos Indianas 3631 yaí tres mil seiscientos treinta y una id uno Vasos de cristal (25 lbs)1 Barril uno Id Id (148 lbs)1 Cuñetes Clavazón diez y ocho (i8q q)1

' T h e notations within parentheses are written in pencil on the original document. Perhaps they represent memoranda noted at the time the cargo was entered at the Custom House at Monterey.

í 252 } i Cajón uno Sierras grandes 6 seis 5 peroles grandes cinco (chicos fondos)1 13 yas Paño trece (59 in)1 1 Cajón uno Hachas 1 doz x Id uno

Munición 5 Costalitos cinco

25 Puntas de arado veinte y cinco x Cajón uno con Camisas rayadas 2 doz, dos Chalecos de terciopelo 7 , siete Hilo de Lino 18 lbs diez y ocho Id de algn

1 2 lbs doce

Id

52 doz de carretillos, cincuenta y dos

Id

Medias de niño y Calcetines 8 doz ocho Medias

2 doz dos

Toallas de lino

8 doz ocho

Anteojos chicos

1 doz una

Franja de algn

4 pzas. cuatro

Botones de metal 2 4 grs veinte y cuatro Gorros de dormir 1 doz una Percala 6 / 4

1 2 0 yzs ciento veinte (40 in)1

Muselina 5 pzas. cinco (38 in)1 Ataderas elasticas d doz dos Muselina

120 ya* ciento veinte (37 in)1

I Cajón uno Dril azul 6 1 0 yas seiscientos diez 1 id uno Pipas 10 grí diez 1 5 0 lbs Sal de Inglaterra ciento cincuenta 200 Costales dos cientos Azúcar 80 qq. ochenta 25 barriles veinte y cinco Miel de caña 800 galí ochocientos 4 Cajones cuatro T é (36 lbs)1 6 Cuñetes seis Pintura verde (6 @)' 15 id quince Id blanca (15 a)1 2 doz dos Sillas (de bejuco)1 15 Cajones quince Vidrios planos (7V4 qq.)1 'The notations within parentheses are written in pencil on the original document. Perhaps they represent memoranda noted at the time the cargo was entered at the Custom House at Monterey.

[ 253 } x Baúl uno con Raso 3 3 pzas. treinta y tres \ Mascadas 85 pzas. ochenta y cinco I Chales 10 diez (,

>(XOI

1 10 4 2, 2 3 1 1 1

,,

lbs)

Tapalo 1 uno I Seda torcida 2 lbs dos j Raso 18 yas diez y ocho / Cajón uno Mascadas 25 pzas. veinte y cinco (29 lbs)1 xo id diez Gaugau [cacao?] 7 2 ( 1 0 qq)1 Bombas de Hoja de lata cuatro Barrí dos Arroz 5V2 qq. cinco y medio ollas ballenera dos ollas de fierro tres (25 gal*)1 Saco uno Café 1 2 4 lbs ciento veinte y cuatro Baúl uno Indiana 736 yas setecientos treinta y seis Fuelle de fragua uno

Lo siguiente á consignación de D. C. W . Flügge. 1 0 bultos diez Botellas vacias 76 doz setenta y seis 1 Java [?] una Loza 1 5 doz de pzas. quince 1 Caja una Bisagras chicas 100 pares cien Tornillos 4 grs cuatro 1 Id una Faroles I doz una 1 Id una Vidrios de farol 1 doz una 1 Id una Fosforos 2 grc de papeles dos 1 Id una Pinturas viejas 1 2 doce Lamparas id 1 4 catorce 1 Id una Palo Brazil 5 lbs cinco Crémor 10 lbs diez Alcaparosa 10 lbs diez Alcanfor I lb una Atincar 10 lbs diez 1 Id una Vidrios de aumento 1 2 doce Id de lamparas y de aceyte (15 lbs)1 'The notations within parentheses are written in pencil on the original document. Perhaps they represent memoranda noted at the time the cargo was entered at the Custom House at Monterey.

[ 2 54 } 1

Id una Petates 9 nueve Pies de mesa 4 juegos cuatro Corchos 7 grí siete Papel de lija 3 manos tres

2 Atados dos Petates 1 5 quince x Id uno Id 1 uno y Bastidores 1 2 doce 1 Cajón uno Varias frioleras de Quinquillería 1 Baúl uno Pañuelos de algn 6 pzas. de á 20 seis (Seda 53 lbs)1 Mascadas 1 7 id de a 7 diez y siete Tapalos de lana 9 nueve (54 in)1 Hilo de algn 4 lbs cuatro Camisas 2 doz dos Medias de muger 3 doz tres Calcetines 1 doz una Mascadas 2 pzas. de á 1 0 dos Calzados 8 pares ocho Chalecos 8 ocho Rasa 18 pzas. diez y ocho 2 Cajones dos Vidrios planos (90 lbs)1 1 Baúl uno Corbatas de raso xo diez (Seda 5 lbs)1 Tapalos de crespón 3 tres Mascadas 5 doz cinco Botones amarillos 3 grí tres Pañuelos blancos labrados 6 seis Tapalos de Seda 2 dos Platillas de lino 70 yas setenta Hilo de algn 6 doz seis 5 Cajones cinco Gaugau (5 qq.) 1 John Paty [Rubric] 'The notations within parentheses are written in pencil on the original document. Perhaps they represent memoranda noted at the time the cargo was entered at the Custom House at Monterey.

í»55}

[LIST OF SUPPLIES FOR THE "DON QUIXOTE." R V : 6 8 . ]

Monterey 16 de Marzo de 1846

Lista del Rancho de la Barca Sandwichiana Don "Quijote." I Cajón Copitas 2 Cuñetes y x Cajón Clavos I doz Hachas 4 Costalitos Munición 600 id Sal id Azúcar y x barril 45 3 1 Cascos de Galleta 1 Costal Pimienta 10 barrj Miel de Caña 8 Cajoncitos Té 1 id Soy Costales Café 4 1 barril Vinagre 2 id Arroz 9 id Harina 27 Cuñetes Pintura 4 Cajoncitos Id

1 Barril Aceyte de linaza 11 Cuñetes Polvora 1 Cajón Vidrios planos 5 Id Gaugau [cacao?] 1 Id Tabaco 2 Id y 2 Canastas Aceyte de comer x Id Papel de estraza 1 Barril Cerveza 17 doz botellas de Vino 1 Atado Vaqueta 1 Cajón Pipas 4 doz Camisas de algn y lana 10 M. Puros Una cantidad de Brin y Jarcia Una cantidad de Fierro para lastre

056) [JAMES ALEXANDER FORBES TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV ¡ 7 0 . ]

Yerbabuena 17th March 1846 Thos O Larkin Esqr Sir herewith a bill drawn by Capt W. Hinckley for One hundred and forty three 50/100 Dollars upon the Commissary of Monterey, and desire that you will if possible collect the same and place the amount to my credit. Another Communication will be handed to you with this, which was to have been sent by the Sterling, but as that vessel did not go I was of course deprived of the opportunity of writing you sooner. The HBC Barque Vancouver Arrived here last friday night and after landing two Gentlemen pursued her voyage to the S. I. I am Sir Your Obt Servt. J Alex. Forbes [Rubric] I

enclose

P. S The bill is for 150$ and if it should not be pd immediately send it back to me.

[JOHN PATY TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV ¡ 6 9 . ]

Bk Don Quixote March 17, 1846 Sir

H

A V I N G noticed that the Mexican Flag is hoisted on shore at the fort this morning, I wish you would do me the favour to enquire on what account the same is set, and inform me, as I know it is not customary to set it every day. Your Humble Servt. John Paty, Senor Captain and H. H. M's Naval Super-viser

To T . O. Larkin Esq, U. States Consul

[ 2 57 } [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOHN PATY. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 8 8 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, March 18th, 1846 Sir

T h e information this Office can give you respecting your Note of yesterday, is, that the National Flag of this Country is hoisted at 8 O'clock in the morning at the Government House, each day there is a Ship of War at anchor in this Port. Although the Don Quixote has a cargo of merchandize, the National Flag is now daily hoisted at the usual time and place in honor to yourself as a Flag Officer of His Hawaiian Majesty. It would afford the undersigned a sincere pleasure to be of any service to you as the first Naval Officer of His Hawaiian Majesty who has visited this Consular jurisdiction or to any other Officer of your Government who may hereafter visit the Coast of California. With the highest respects, I remain Your Obedient Servant. To John Paty Esqr, Senior Captain and His Hawaiian Majesty's Naval Supervisor

[FAXON DEAN ATHERTON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 7 I . ]

Valparaiso March 18th 1846 Mr Thomas O. Larkin Monterrey Dear Sir

mine of last month sent via Mazaltan, I have nothing whatever from you, neither have I anything of importance to communicate now, but as the "Congress" offers so good an opportunity I have concluded to SINCE

{258} say a few words. The Presidents Message to congress has been recieved here, but I have not yet been able to get a copy which if I had would send you. It is looked upon as a very superior document, and sustains our rights to the Oregon to their full extent, recommending the establishment of Military posts from Missouri to Oregon, a monthly mail, the extension of our laws over our citizens in that country, and that a years notice be given to England that the joint occupation treaty be annulled. This it is supposed will cause quite a commotion in England and by the first news from that quarter we expect either war, or rumours savouring strongly of it. However many beleive that some arrangement will be made to settle the affair without proceeding to such an extremity, but it is to say the least very uncertain. The people of the U. S. it is very certain will not recede one jot or tittle from the 49th parallell, and it is hard to beleive that England will agree to that boundary after all they have said about their superiour claims to the whole Territory. So you see there is every probability of an interesting little row between us and our particular friends over the Water. I yesterday received a letter from Capt John Paty, containing a great deal of interesting Californian News. He likewse says that there were about 1000 Troops expected there from Mexico. This from the News we have from Mexico there is little fear of. They are too busy with their own revolutions to think of California for the present. The president in his Message appears to think there is little fear of a war with Mexico, with which I disagree, for if Paredes gains (as it is here said he has gained) he will be sure to cause difficulty if he can, more especially if we have any difficulty with England. Write me all the news from California and what the prospects are for that country. When will She ask for Annexation ? Are there many Americans coming over the mountains ? Is the number of them likely to increase. What is the feeling of the natives towards them. How would they like annexation, for instance Vallejo, Pio Pico, Alvarado, Bandini, &c &c. If there was a fair prospect of annexation within some ten years I should put myself in California before a great while. I have given to Capt Du Pont of the "Congress" all the information I could in relation to California, as it is reported here that he is going to that place and Oregon on special service.

[ ^59 } I have found him a very superiour man, just such a person as it gives me pleasur to see in command of our Men of War and one from whom good service may be looked for in case of emergency. He has given me a copy of Lieut Fremonts report which to me is a prize of exceeding value. I have rarely seen any Document of greater interest or public utility, and it would give me great pleasur to be able to send you a copy and if I had been able to finish the study of it, I dont know but I should have sent it to you by this conveyance, as I know you would have prized it so highly. It is really an excellent work, one of the right Stamp, no high flown words or attemps at showing off a little superiour knowledge which is not possessed, but a plain matter of fact sterling narrative, written by a man of superiour talent and sound sense. Depend upon it Lieut Fremont is a man of whom we shall hear more before many years. I endeavourd to procure a passage on board the Congress for young Vallejo but they are so full of passengers it is impossible. If his Father should be in Monterrey have the goodness to tell him that he must send some funds to pay his debts. Already I have advanced him over three hundred Dollars and the poor devil of himself has no means of paying. He is homesick, and well he might be as he has received nothing whatevr from home since he has been here. Yrs in haste F. D. Atherton [Rubric] \Cover bears note: Favour Capt Du Pont, U. S. Ship Congress.]

[26o]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO ABEL STEARNS. COPY.1 OFF. CORR. 1:90.]

Consulate of the United States Monterey, March 19th, 1846 Sir

. A C C O M P A N Y I N G this you have a true translation of Captain J. C. Fremont's letter to me on the ninth. The morning after I received it, Mr. Hartnell by request of the Alcalde made the translation, a copy of which was that day forwarded to the Governor. A few hours afterwards I found that Mr. Hartnell had translated "I will refuse quarter," into I will not give quarter, this making Captain Fremonts' statement the very reverse of what he intended it. The Alcalde Senr Diaz has promised me to send a true copy to the Governor, and recall the one already sent. This he may forget. I therefore wish you to make it your particular business to exchange this one with the Governor, and have the other erased. Should the Governor wait advices from the Alcalde, you will request him not to allow it to go out of his hands or have it copied untill he hears from the Alcalde. You will please see if the copy now in the Generals possession is in Mr Hartnell's hand writing, if not, in whose writing it is. Your attention to this and immediate answer will oblige me. From Captain Fremont's visit, I am under the idea, that great plans are meditated to be carried out by certain persons. I remain Yours respectfully

To Abel Stearns, Esqr Pueblo de los Angeles 'Another copy of this communication is document No. 17 of Larkin's report to the Department of State which accompanied his letter of July 20, 1846.

[26l]

[WILLIAM ALEXANDER LEIDESDORFF TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 7 2 . ]

Vice Consulate of the United States of America Yerba buena March the igth 1846 Sir

o N the 14th instant I received an official document from the Sub Prefect relative to Captain Freemont's having hoisted the American flag &c. I herewith forward you my answer to the sub Prefect, as also a copy of my letter to the consul at Oahu. I hope that I have not done wrong in having forwarded your official letter directed to Mazatland, to Oahu. My reasons for doing so, is on account of Captain Phelps advising me to do so, he mentioning that when you gave him the letter, that he understood it was to call a man of war here, and in consequence of his not going leward, and their being a good opertunity for Oahu I sent it, supposing what he mentioned to be true. I hope all the difficulties have been aranged. Please to send me all the news, by some safe opertunity, as I have -not received or heard a word from you, since I was at Monterey. The news here at present is that Captain Freemont ran away at night leaving several articles in his camp to viz, a green cloak 3 or 4 axes some cash and some cooking utensals. However I do not vouch for its correctness. I am also told that at Monterey Castro has taken 15 American prisoners. I have reasons to beleive that all my letters are stoped on the road. Therefore please to send my letters by sea. I Remain Your Obt Servt. Wm A. Leidesdorff [Rubric] The U. S. Consul, T . O. Larkin Esqr Monterey

{262}

[ALPHEUS BASIL THOMPSON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 7 3 . ]

Santa Barbara March 20, 1846 T O Larkin Esqr Sir

" Y o u r s per the Hannah came safe to hand. The Supercargo was a great talker, but nevertheless he was a fair man. He gave me more time for the payment of the balance after admitting the Amt delivered to Fisher. Captain Freemont has not yet arrived, look for him daily but without any late advice. The Cargo of the Fama is all on Shore and much will be saved from the Wreck. I shall have the Crew to pay here which will anoy me some, but will be able to get through without a great deal of trouble. The Ship was underway to come inside the Kelp to receive fifty Horses onboard when an order was given to remain outside until the Weather should appear better. The next day at 2 P M the Chain was slipped and the Ship went to Sea in Company with the Sterling and at 12.30 A M She was on Shore at the Salt Ponds a Wreck, the Crew all Saved, the Captain and Family not onboard. If the Barque belonging to Mr. Dalton has not a full Cargo I shall be glad to Ship by her. Please keep me advised of the proceeings in Monterey both as respects Govt and commercial affairs. I Am Sir Yours truly A. B. Thompson [Rubric]

{ 263} [HENRY MELLUS, WILLIAM DANA MERRY HOWARD, THOMAS B. PARK. STATEMENT REGARDING PRICES. IV .-74-76.]

Monterey, California, 24th of March 1846 W * the Subscribers (of Boston, Mass) hereby certify, that for many years in California we have paid from fifteen to twenty dollars per month for boarding seamen from our vessels when the Captain had to board them on shore from sickness. We farther certify that bunting is worth on this coast one dollar per vara, (thirty three English inches) at which price some of us have purchased for the vessels in our employ. Henry Melius [Rubric], Agent for the vessels on this Coast for William Appleton and Co. Boston. W. D. M. Howard [Rubric], Agent for the vessels on this Coast for Benjamin T . Read and others—of Boston. Thomas B Park, Agent for the vessels on this Coast for Joseph Eaton and others—of Boston.

[JOSÉ ABREGO. CERTIFICATE OF INDEBTEDNESS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV .-77.]

Translation

Monterey March 28th, 1846 J o s e A b r e g o Treasurer of the Department of Upper California: I Certify that in the Book of Accounts of this office on page 48 and "over" there is recorded as follows.

" A record of one thousand seven hundred and fifty dollars ($1750) paid to Mr. Thomas O. Larkin on account of three thousand seven hundred dollars loaned by him to His Excellency the Governor and Comdt. General of this Department on the twenty first of November one thousand eight hundred forty four, according to the certificates Nos. 22 and 23, observing

[264} that three hundred dollars of this loan bear an interest of one per cent per month, and that the payment now made is one thousand dollars on account of said three thousand dollars: and that this payment has been made by a bill of exchange against the Bark Quijote to be paid in one hundred and thirty days from this date, having entered through the custom house that amount on the twentieth of the present month. Tomas O. Lakin

Jose Abrigo"

And for his security I give this certificate. Jose Abrigo [In the margin;] Note. It is three thousand dolls, in stead of 300—so stated in Mistake. Abrego.

[CHARLES WILLIAM FLUGGE TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. COPY. IV : 7 9 A . ]

Monterey March 26th 1846 T O. Larkin Esqr Dear Sir I HEREWITH take the liberty of handing to you, a letter adressed to J. C. Fremont Esqr. U. S. Army, and request the favouer of your forwarding the same. Be pleased to act in this business affair know to you, and pending between the above Fremont, and me for me and in my behalf. Mr Fremont has been put in possession of the duplicate of his draft for $ 1 2 9 1 . 9 3 cts by me, I haveing endorsed the same, and he binding himself to remit immeadiately in specie to this Coast. Not having received anything I now claim interest on this Amount, and if it should be necessary for me to take other drafts, I claim likewise the usual discount on the whole. This Amount to to specified in a [rejgular set up Bill of exchange drawn in my favour. Please act in the above affair, as if it were your own. Respectfully Your Obedient Servent (Signed) C. W . Flugge [Rubric]

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[CHARLES WILLIAM FLÜGGE TO JOHN CHARLES FREMONT. COPY. W : 7 9 B . ]

Monterey March 26th 1846 J C Fremont Esqre U S Army Sir

i^ETURNED on this coast from the Sandwich Islands, I have been informed of your visit to California which gives me an opportunity of writing to you, and of reminding you of your business transaction with me when last we saw each other on the Sacremento. I at that time had no idea that I in vaim should have to wait two years, without seeing fulfilled a promise given, and made by you to me, that is: to remit the amount of $ 1291.9 3 cts in specie, immeadiately to this coast, as amount of your draft, for that amount on Colonel J. J. Albert Cheif of the Topografical at Washington City D. C. The offer was made by you spontaniously at the time when you thought it to be derogatory to the Credit of the U. S. and when you felt much offended at my chargeing a discount on Bills drawn by you on the Government. Even to my letters adressed to you, and Colonel J. J. Albert which I sent by way of Mazatlan and Mexico, I have not received the shortest answer. Under these circumstances I have seen proper to consult T . O. Larkin Esqr U. S. Consul at this place, and have requested the favour of his acting for me in this affair. According to this Gentlemans views on the subject I am entitled to add interest of I per cent a month from the time the money might have been received here and add to the discount usual on this Coast, in case I should be obliged to wait longer for the money. In such case I should request the favour of your delivering into the hands of the said T . O Larkin Esq, a regular set of Bills of exchange in my favour lawfully drawn, and for such sum as would be produced by adding to the princapal a/c $1291.93 cts. The interest at X per cent per month, and the discount on your draft for $237.25, I have been obliged to loose $30. A long serious illness which brought me near the grave, and later compelled me to seek medical aid in another part of the world, has made me feel the want of this money greatly, but now live in hopes you

[266} will bring the matter to a final close. It would be very difficult to dispose of your drafts, if not drawn in the above mentioned manner, and I therefore request the favour of your according to my wish. I Remain Sir W i t h much respect Your Obedient Servent (Signed) C . W . Flugge [Cover hears note: The original sent this day to Capt Fremont. June 1st 1846.]

[JOHN H. EVERETT TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 8 o . ]

Boston March 26 1846 Thos O. Larkin Esq Amigo mio

the moment this comes to your hand I shall probably be on my way to the Eastern Indias, having recently determined to let that portion of this globe rejoice in the light of my countenance. Since my last date to you I have heard nothing from your friends but as I notice the arrival of the ship, which Hastings is going Master of to the Isld's I will notify them, that they may give an a/c of themselves. There is also a ship at N York, up for Valparaiso, California & Oregon, to sail 10th of next month & by her I shall write again & send you or M r Green some of those pamphlet novels, which are now so much read. By the California or Vandalia or Admittance I hope to hear from you next May & as soon as I get a/cs & remittance from M r Howard on Tassos a/c I am off, for Canton in the first boat to be absent Heaven knows how long. I have recently heard from Faucon, who is doing very well out there & wishes me to join him. W e have no particular news stirring in the city at present, our papers are mostly occupied with a "capital trial" before the S. I. court—a case of arson & murder. The late election in N Hampshire caused some talk— to revolutionize so completely that stronghold of locofocoism was not ex-

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pected and the great freshets on the rivers at the north are attributed to the "tears of the party" shed for the loss of power. The Senate (as you will see by the papers) will not second Mr Polk's move to embroil us with England & most probably he will abate his pretensions somewhat & agree to take "up to 49 0 " altho he was pledged to go to 54.40. In proportion as the prospect of war diminishes in that quarter, clouds begin to over the S Western horizon & Mexican affairs are again brought up. Apl 6. Our political foreign news is like the old nursery rhyme "Now we go up, up, up—& now we go down, down, down—the chances for war with England are again on the rise & those with Mexico on the decline. So goes the bubble. The House have passed the subtreasury bill with a clause in it about payments in specie, which will prove either a humbug or the cause of another hard times—to refuse bills of specie paying banks & oblige the merchants to cart about the hard money, is hard, to say the least of it. It is now sometime that we are without news from California & for all that I know you may have declared your independence or have had your throats cut by the brave soldiers of Mexico. By the papers I see that several parties are about starting from the West, for California, these with the Mormoms (if they reach) will increase the "foreign influence" & hasten the time when another annexation will be asked for. How did you settle that affair between Capt Libbey & the people at Yerba buena? With a man of war at y'r back, you, at least had a chance to have justice done you. The trial for murder & arson, alluded to, resulted in a verdict of "not guilty" although ninety nine in a hundred of the citizens of Boston are as firmly convinced of the truth of the charges, as that the woman he murdered is dead—but still the evidence being wholly circumstantial was not strong enough to convict. Perhaps had the punishment been "imprisonment for life," in place of "death by hanging" he would have been convicted. There is a strong feeling among a portion of the community against "punishment by death." Had this affair occurred in California or Mexico we should no doubt have said that the laws were only played with & that justice was not done. Why should not the same remark apply here. Experience teaches me each day that the Net of the law was only intended to catch small rogues; all the big fish break through or jump over. Very fre-

[268] quently the law is stronger than common sense & a quibble saves a man who deserves the states prison for life. In your part of the world a man escapes by means of his wealth or connexions ; here by picking a flaw in the indictment. I ith. I see in the papers the arrival of the John Q Adams from Canton & as passengers Mr & Mrs Chas Brewer & Mr Avis—from the Sandwich Islds. I am in hopes the California will arrive in season for me to take passage in this same J Q A on her on her return to the East Indias. The Xylon is now advertised to sail i May & by her I shall send you some books & a few lines. Mr Webster has been making a speech in the Senate defending the Ashburnham [Ashburton ?] treaty & the way he lashed Dickinson of N York & Ingersoll (a member of the house) is a caution. Lucky is it for the U States that the "Democratic party" in the Senate is somewhat divided. Calhoun & his friends help to hold Bobadil Allen & the other blusterers in check. Allen is the greatest bag of wind they have had in the Senate for many years. He outherods Herod at times & roars like a wild bull. The last news from Mexico is rather Squally. They refuse to receive Mr Slidell & have marched troops towards Texas, but they mutinied as usual, & refused to "go ahead" probably not having a peculiar fancy to meet the army of the U States. An expedition had started also for California, so Alvarado, Castro et als will have the pleasure of turning out another set of the picaros. Among the military names in the Mexican papers I never see any thing said of "Our California heroes." Remember me to all whom you think would care to hear me & with respects to Mrs Larkin I remain truly Yrs ever John H . Everett [Rubric] [Cover bears notes: Care of Mess Brewer &. Co, pr Gen. Harrison. For.d by J. B. McCling & Co, Honolulu.]

[269} [jOHN PATY TO JOSÉ CASTRO. COPY. I V : 8 l . ]

Monterey 26 de Marzo de 1846 Sor. D. José Castro Comandante Gral. del Departamto de Califa Muy Sor. mió

H ABIENDO fletado el buque de mi mando "Don Quijote" para llevar al Puerto de Acapulco dos pasageros enviados por esta Comandancia Gral. con la obligación de quedarme en dho. Puerto veinte días despues de mi llegada, con el objeto de esperar las contestaciones que tenga que mandar el Supremo Gobierno y el regreso de los mismos pasageros ú otros dos que quiera dho. Supremo Gobierno poner ábordo. V . me ha dicho que en toda probabilidad querrá el Gobierno fletar dho. mi buque para conducir acá alguna carga de municiones de guerra, y desea saber en que términos quiero yo comprometerme á recibir dha. carga abordo y conducirla aquí. En este supuesto hago pues á V . la siguiente propuesta. Si el Supmo. Gobierno tuviese por conveniente mandar alguna carga en mi buque para California yo me obligo á permanecer en el puerto de Acapulco otros veinte dias á mas de los veinte ya estipulados con el Sor. Larkin bajo las condiciones siguientes. 1 a. Por cada Tonelada de peso, de carga pesada, como balas fierro &c, ó de medición, por otros efectos, el Gobierno deberá pagarme en Acapulco la cantidad de cuarenta pesos por tonelada en efectiva. 2a. Por cada día de estadías de los veinte últimos mencionados, pagará igualmtc el Gobierno la cantidad de cincuenta pesos diarios en los mismos términos si la carga que se embarque pase de cincuenta toneladas ó cien pesos diarios si no hubiese carga ninguna ó si no llegare á las cincuenta toneladas. 3 a. Se entiende qe aunque el buque traiga ó no traiga carga de vuelta, el Sor. Comandante Gral. D. José Castro asegura al que suscribe que su buque no deberá pagar derecho de toneladas ni otro cualquiera ni en Acapulco ni de regreso á Monterey.

{270} 4«. También se entiende que si el Supmo Gobierno no notificase al que suscribe su intención de embarcar carga dentro de los primeros veinte dias, que el buque no tendrá obligación alguna de permanecer por mas tiempo y qe si una vez dispusiese que permanezca con el objeto de recibir carga entonces será responsable á pagar las estadías en los términos mencionados en la condicion segunda. Tengo el honor de suscribirme su muy ato y Segó Serv. Q. S. M . B. Juan Paty Al Sor. D. Tomas O. Larkin y recibido de él satisfacción el pago de dio. flete.

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO THE SECRETARY OF STATE. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 3 8 ( 1 1 : 3 8 ) . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey 27th March 1846 Sir

(CAPTAIN J C FREMONT of the United States Army, arrived at the United States Consular house in Monterey on the 27th of January 1846, being very anxious to join his party of fifty men at the second place of rendezvous without the Settlement, they having missed the first place by mistake. He remained but two days, in which time with myself he visited the Commandant General, Prefecto, Alcalde and Coin Alvarado, informing them that he was surveying the nearest route from the United States to the Pacific Ocean. This information and that his men were not United States Soldiers was also by myself officially given to the Prefecto. Haveing obtained funds and supplies from myself, he returned to his camp, it being well known in Monterey that he was to return when he collected his men. Some fifteen or twenty days after this Captain Fremont with his party enJ From a duplicate copy in the National Archives, Washington, D. C., there being no original on file.

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camped at a vacant Rancho belonging to Capt Fisher (about ninety miles from here) to recruit his men and animals. From there he proceeded towards Santa Cruz, making short journeys. On the third of March he encamped on the Rancho of Mr E. P. Hartnell, where he received letters from the General and Prefecto ordering him out of the country, and to obey the orders without any pretext whatever, or immeadiate measures would be taken to compell him to do so. This not corresponding with assurances received at Monterey, it was not answerd, and he gave orders to hoist the United States Flag the next morning, as the only protection his men was to look to. From the seventh to the tenth of March, they fortified their camp with a breast work of logs, encamped on a high hill which commanded a view of the surrounding country, they could see (with the use of Spy Glasses) the General and his troops numbering about two hundred men at their camp in the Mission of St Johns preparing their Cannon. On the ninth inst I sent duplicate letters one by an American who lost his papers, and the other by a Californian to Captain Fremont informing him of the movements of the Californians. The California Courrier returned to the Consulate in about nine or ten hours, bringing a letter from Captain Fremont, haveing traveled in that time Sixty miles. He reported being well treated by Capt Fremont and his men, and that two thousand of his Countrymen would not be sufficient to compell him to leave the country although his party was so small. At the earnest request of the Alcalde for a translation of Capt Fremont's letter it was given and immeadiately despatched to the General's at St. John's, and one also to the Governor of the Pueblo of los Angeles. The General informed the Alcalde on the night of the tenth inst that Captain Fremont had left his encampment and that he (the General) should pursue and attack him the first opportunity, and chastize him for hoisting a foreign Flag in California. In the postscript of the same letter, the General stated that Captain Fremont had crossed a small River and was then about three miles distant from them but the General made no preparation to follow him. On the morning of the eleventh, General Castro sent John Gilroy an Englishman long resident in this Country, to make offers of arrangement to Captain Fremont. On his arrival at the Camp ground he found Capt Fremont had left with his party that morning. The camp fires were still burning. He found in the camp the

(2 7 2} Staff used for Flag, tent poles (cut on the spot) some old clothes and two old and useless pack Saddles, which the Californians have magnified into munitions of War. General Castro informed his party that he had received various messengers from the camp of Capt Fremont, threating to extirminate the Californians Etc (but will hardly name his messengers) nor did they put any confidence in it themselves. From the eleventh to the thirteenth, the natives had returned to their respective homes to resume their customary occupations. A few people that were ordered to march from San Francisco to join the General at his camp, returned to their homes. On the twelvth a Proclamation was put up by the General, in the Billiard Room (not the usual place) informing the inhabitants that a band of Highwaymen "Bandoleros" under Captain Fremont of the United States Army had come within the towns of this Department, and that he with two hundred patriots had driven them out and sent them into the back Country. Some of the Officers of the two hundred Patriots (and more were expected to join them) arrived in Monterey and reported that the cowards had run and that they had driven them to the Sacremento River. Some added that they drove them into the Bull Rushes on the Plains of the Sacremento and that in their haste they had left some of their best horses behind. The horses proved to be those belonging to the Californians themselves, and had strayed into Captain Fremont's Band (being an every day occurrence in California) and on raising camp, they were turned out and left behind. Instead of the Americans being driven out of the Country, they travled less distance for three or four days than the Natives did in returning to Monterey, moveing from four to six miles per day in order to recruit. One of the complaints made by the General was, that three men when drinking went to the house of Angle Castro (an Uncle of the General's) to purchase some Beef for the camp, and insulted his family. On the 7th I personally called upon Don Angel for the truth of the story, and was informed by him (the Father himself) that he was frightned by one of the ammericans insisting on his daughter drinking with him. On ordering him to leave the house he resisted but was put out by his own companions, he drawing a pistol while they were putting him out. Don Angel mounted a horse and rode off to Capt Fremont's about one mile distant, who on hearing the case came to the house immeadiately, called up the family to enquire into

[^73] the affair. On the examination he asked the Father what he should do with the men. He requested them to be punished, which was promised, and was told if he would send a boy, a fine of five Dollars should be sent to him (he. being Alcalde). The boy returned with ten Dollars from the camp, which settled the buisness. Although there had ben nothing of consequence transacted yet Captain Fremont was anxious not to let the people of the country have any cause of complaint against him. The undersigned has the honour to subscribe himself Your Most Obt Sevt. To the Hon Secretary of State City of Washington

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO MOTT TALBOT & CO. COPY. I V : 8 4 A . ]

Montery April ist 1846 Messrs Mott, Talbot & Co Merchants Mazalan Gentlemen

I HAVE none of Yours favours to answer. My last to you was enclosed in a package to John Parrott Esqr in which I forwarded to you two letters one enclosing a Russian Draft of two thousand Dollars $2000 from A. B. Thompson to be credited to his account with you. This package I gave to Don Gregoria Ayuira, Supercargo of Brig Hannah. I sent the first and third of Draft No 48 New archangel 2 / 1 3 December 1845 payable to A. B. Thompson (endorsed by him to you) signed by M Tebennoff Govr of the Russian Ams. Coes. on the Directors of the Russian Am. Co St Petersburg with letter of advice. The second I do not send per this opportunity expecting a more direct one. Gentlemen I remain Yours Most Obt Sevt.

(Signed) Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric]

[^73] the affair. On the examination he asked the Father what he should do with the men. He requested them to be punished, which was promised, and was told if he would send a boy, a fine of five Dollars should be sent to him (he. being Alcalde). The boy returned with ten Dollars from the camp, which settled the buisness. Although there had ben nothing of consequence transacted yet Captain Fremont was anxious not to let the people of the country have any cause of complaint against him. The undersigned has the honour to subscribe himself Your Most Obt Sevt. To the Hon Secretary of State City of Washington

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO MOTT TALBOT & CO. COPY. I V : 8 4 A . ]

Montery April ist 1846 Messrs Mott, Talbot & Co Merchants Mazalan Gentlemen

I HAVE none of Yours favours to answer. My last to you was enclosed in a package to John Parrott Esqr in which I forwarded to you two letters one enclosing a Russian Draft of two thousand Dollars $2000 from A. B. Thompson to be credited to his account with you. This package I gave to Don Gregoria Ayuira, Supercargo of Brig Hannah. I sent the first and third of Draft No 48 New archangel 2 / 1 3 December 1845 payable to A. B. Thompson (endorsed by him to you) signed by M Tebennoff Govr of the Russian Ams. Coes. on the Directors of the Russian Am. Co St Petersburg with letter of advice. The second I do not send per this opportunity expecting a more direct one. Gentlemen I remain Yours Most Obt Sevt.

(Signed) Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric]

[274} [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOHN PATY. COPY. IV : 8 4 s . ]

Montery California April 1st 1846 Captain John Paly Sir W T H this you receive a Draft drawn in this town under date of Jan 28, 1846 by J. C. Fremont U. S. Army on Col J J Abert Chief of the Topographical Bureau Washington City, in favour of Jose Abrego and by him endorsed for which I have received your Note, for one thousand dollars being the face and amount of the Draft. On your arrival in Mazalan you can dispose of this draft if not under the loss of five per cent, bringing a certificate from Mazalan of its value, and I will be responsable for said loss—your paying all over par on its face it may bring in said Port, to me on your return to Monterey. Should this draft not bring in Mazatlan within five per cent of the amt it calls for you will please make it payable to Wm. M. Rogers Boston Mass, and send it to him via Mexico and Vera Cruz, (if you find Mexico in not too unsettled state to mail letters) requesting him to collect and retain the funds for me untill further orders, bringing to me a copy of your letter, and the second bill of the set of exchange. In case this draft does sell as above, you will call on Mess Mott Talbot & Co to supply you with the same amount for which I will pay them. I am Yours Respectfully (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] Handed to Capt Paty—1 package 14 oz for Washington with 7 $ . i r pr U. S. Minister Mexico.

[>75] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO THE SECRETARY OF STATE. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 3 9 ( 1 1 : 3 9 ) . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey April 2d 1846 Sir

I N giving my first information to the Department respecting Captain Fremont's arrival in California I did not anticapate such an extensive correspondence as it has now reached. Captain Fremont was well received in this place and to the last day we heard of him, by the natives individually who sold him provissions and liked his presence. During his encampment thirty or forty miles from here dispatches were received by the Commander General Jose Castro (Native of Monterey) from Mexico ordering him to drive Captain Fremont out of this Department, which order with one hundred and seventy or two hundred men present and over one hundred more d[a]ily expected, he pretended to exicute. Capt Fremont left his camp a few hours after he received the undersigned letter of the ninth [fifth] of March2 (not from fright of General Castro) as he had been preparing the week before to travel. 'Tis supposed he has gone to Sta Barbara where an American [vessel] was sent by the undersigned in Febuary with funds and provissions for his use. From there he proceeds on his journey according to his instructions from his Department in Washington. Although from the correspondence it may appear that in the center of a strange Country, among a whole people with real or apparent hostile intentions towards him, that Capt Fremont was in much danger, it can be believed that he was only anoyed. Whether he will visit Monterey after this unexpected affair or not is uncertain. The undersigned has not supposed during the whole affair that General Castro wished to go after Captain Fremont, and was very confident that with all California he would not have attacked him even had he ben sure of distroying the whole party, as five times their number could have taken •From the duplicate copy in the National Archives, Washington, D . C . , there being n o original on file. 2

See José Castro to John Charles Frémont (Off. Corr. N o . 36b) under date of March 5, 1 8 4 6 .

[ 276 ] their place before the expected Battle. Captain Fremont received verbal applications from English and Americans to join his party and could have mustered as many men as the natives. He was carefull not to do so, although he discharged five or six of his men, he took no others in their place! On the return of General Castro he published a flaming Proclamation1 to the citezens informing them that a band of "Bandeleros" (Highwaymen or Freebooters) under Captain Fremont of the United States Army, had come into this district, but with the company of two hundred patriots he had driven them away and exorted his companions and countrymen to be always ready to expect2 others of the same class. This Proclamation was missing from the place where it was put up on the third day. The undersigned has writen to the General for a copy. To this day there has been no answer received. Duplicate copies of consular letters to Captain Fremont, and in the hands of General Castro, he haveing taken them from one of the Consular Couriers promising to forward them as directed. Those copies he promised to return but has not done so. This Government are about sending a Commissioner to Mexico (as the undersigned believes) to report the Country in danger of Revolution from the Americans. By this we understand in California (Foreigners) that some Americans (who left Capt Fremont) are joining the Indians to attack the farms and others were about to take possession of a Town in the upper part of the Bay of San Francisco and that L. W. Hastings (Author of the History of California) is laying off a Town at New Helvetia for the Mormons. None of this information (in the oppinion of the Undersigned can be relied upon) is to be given to the President to urge upon him the necessity of given General Castro two hundred men (he prefers not many men nor any Mexican General) with sufficient funds to protect the country. As a general thing Hastings Book is very untrue and absurd. He brought a number to this Country, which do his country no good and perhaps injures them. No general English reader will read one quarter of the Book. The arrival of Captain Fremont has revived the excitment in California respecting the Emigration, and the fears of the Californians losing their Country. The undersigned believes that if a new Flag was respectfully planted it would receive the good will 'Under date of Match 8, 1 8 4 6 . Larkin's copy (Off. Corr. 1 1 : 3 9 ) reads: to repell.

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[277} of much of the wealth and respectability of the Country. Those who live by Office and the absence of Law, would faintly struggle against a change. Many Natives and foreigners of wealth and pursuits are already calculating on the hopes, fears and expectations from the appearent comeing change now before them, from the great influx of strangers. In the meantime the undersigned has the pleasure of saying that with every department of Office in this Country he is on the best terms of Friendship as far as appearances are before him. With the highest Respect and esteem I Am Your Obt Sevt. (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin To the Hon Secretary of State City of Washington

[JAMES ALEXANDER FORBES TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 8 5 . ]

Yerbabuena 2d Apr 1846 T O Larkin Esq Sir of the 21 st has been reed. I am not aware of any ambiguity in my last. I meant to say to you that your bill shall be paid in hides, tallow &c &c and that at the ensuing killing season I shall commenc pay thereof. I am Sir Your Obt Sert. J. A. Forbes [Rubric] ^KjOURS

[278] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN T O UNITED STATES MINISTER OF LEGATION, M E X I C O . C O P Y . OFF. C O R R . 1 : 9 1 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Port of Monterey, California April the 3rd, 1846 Sir

D ON ANDRES CASTILLERO, formerly Member of Congress from this Department, leaves this Port in a few days for Acapulco, on board the Hawaiian Barque, Don Quixote as commissioned to Mexico from General Jose Castro, Military Commandant of California. He will arrive in Mexico, by the twenty fifth or thirtieth of this month. I am under the impression that the President of Mexico is to be informed from Don Andres, or the correspondence he carries, that there is a danger of invasion from Americans, (I am confident there is not) in this country and to give some information relative to what they call driving Captain J. C. Fremont out of California. He is yet I believe surveying or resting his horses in the interior. When a translation of Captain Fremont's letter was first given to the Authorities, the words, "and refuse quarter," was wrote I will give no quarter. The translator informed the Alcalde of the mistake. It may be so printed, in which case you have a copy that should immediately follow in the Mexican papers, for which purpose and that you may be well acquainted with all the circumstances, I send you copies of this Consular correspondance on the subject. About four hundred Emigrants arrived in California in 1845. At the Town of San Jose, eighty miles from Monterey, Don Andres Castillero had discovered a quicksilver mine. The ore produces from fifteen to sixty per cent. I have seen him from an old gun barrel in thirty minutes, run out about twenty per cent in pure quick silver. This must be a great advantage to California. I remain Sir Your most obdt. servt. To the Hon. Minister of Legation of the United States of America City of Mexico

[279} [ p i o PICO TO JOSÉ CASTRO. IV ¡ 4 1 . ]

Translation Pio Pico, Constitutional Governor of the Department of Californias [April 4, 1846] Govt Seal.

W H E R E A S Don José Castro, Lieut. Colonel of Cavalry, a Mexican Citizen, has solicited for his personal benefit and that of his family a spot of land for the rearing of cattle, on the margin of the River of San Joaquin, composed of eleven Sitios (square leagues) the measurement of which shall commence at the edge of the Snowy Mountains, down the river ; the necessary investigations having previously been made, I have by a decree of this day granted to said gentleman the eleven Sitios which he asks for, declaring to him the ownership thereof by these present letters, agreeable to the law of the 18th August 1824 & the Regulation of the z i s t Novr 1828, in virtue of the faculties with which I am authorized by the Supreme Govt in the name of the Mexican Nation, subject to the approbation of the Most Excellent Departamental Assembly, and on the following conditions. 1st. He may fence them round without injuring (or prejudicing) the thoroughfares, highroads & particular privileges ; he shall enjoy them freely and exclusively, destining them to the best cultivation and use which he may see fit. 2nd. He shall request the respective Magistrate to give him juridical possession in virtue of this Title, by whom the boundary shall be laid off with the respective landmarks, planting besides some fruit trees or others of known utility. 3rd. The land of which donation is made, consists merely of eleven Sitios of large cattle, on the margin of the River of San Joaquin, and the measurement thereof shall commence at the edge of the Snowy Mountains. The Magistrate who gives possession shall have it measured entirely agreeable to law, and in view of the map or topographical plan which the grantee shall present. I consequently command, that holding the present Title to be firm &

[280} valid, it be recorded in the corresponding book and be delivered to the party interested, for his security and other ends. Given at the Government House, in the city of los Angeles, on common paper, for the want of sealed paper, on the fourth day of the month of April of one thousand eight hundred and forty six. (Signed) Pio Pico ,* (Signed) José Matias Moreno, Secretary ad interim This Superior Despatch has been recorded in the respective book. (Signed) Moreno Monterey, February 16th 1 8 4 8 The foregoing is a faithful translation of the original. W . E. P. Hartnell, Govt Translator [Rubric]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO WILLIAM HEATH DAVIS. IV ¡ 8 6 . ]

Copy Monterey April 4th 1846 $ 1500.00

Three Months after date, I promise to deliver to W . H . Davis

or order, on the Bank of Santa Cruz Beach One Thousand five Hundred dollars in Lumber—at thirty dollars per one thousand feet—to consist of one half in one inch Boards, the other half in plank and Joist, for value Received to be the risk of said Davis after three months. Should I be prevented from delivering of any of this lumber I A m to pay the Amount wanted in Soap at Monterey beach packed in Boxes at five ceilts per Cake. (Signed) T . O . L[MS. torn]kin Written across tie texti\ Settled.

[

]

[ANTONIO MARÍA SUÑOL TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV ¡ 8 7 . ]

Pueblo de San José Abril 6 de 1846 Señor D. Tomas Larkin Muy Señor mió

Í ^ e m i t o á Vste treinta y dos Costales de Arina con peso de Siento Setenta y Seys @ (176 @) las qe me a encargado de entregarle D. pedro Sansibain, ban en el Esterlin, pues Don pedro Se fue para abajo. N o ofreciéndose otra Cosa mande á Su Serbdor qí B. S. M . Antonio Suñol [Rubric]

[WILLIAM DANA M E R R Y HOWARD TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 8 8 . ]

Yerba Buena 8th Apl 1846 T . O Larkin Esq Dear Sir I EXPECTED to have reed a few lines by the return of Mr Forbes "Coreo"—it is strange I have no letters by Davis. Several here have received letters you have forward. If I have any please send them up by first safe conveyance. The French Whaler leaves tomorrow direct for Sandwich Islands. There is nothing new here. Spear is going to Napa to work a mine. Please hand the enclosed to my Wife and oblige Your Obt Servt. W . D M Howard [Rubric]

[282} [JOSÉ CASTRO, " E T A L " . PROCEEDINGS OF MILITARY JUNTA. 1 COPY. OFF. CORR.]

[April i i , 1846]

I ^ O C E E D I N G S of a military Junta held in Monterey on the n t h April 1846 respecting the pretended invasion of Capt. Fremont. In the Port of Monterey on the n t h day of April 1846 united in the Hall of the General Comandancia, the officers of this garrison and other points of the Department in unity with the Prefect of the District for the purpose of proposing measures for security against the dangers which threaten the country. The Commandant General having shewn the imminent risk of an invasion founded on the extravagant designs of an American Captain of the U. S. army Mr. N . Fremont, which individual although he has retired to the interior of the Department towards the north, we have according to notices received, sufficient foundation to fear that his object is to strengthen and provide himself with a superior force capable of making resistance, and carrying forward his views, which he has not thought proper to discover, either at the time he found himself insufficiently prepared on the mountain of the Gavilan, or since from the latter place he sent a letter to the American Consul in which he did not chose to explain himself for fear of a discovery. All this gives good ground for suspicion which obliges this General Comandancia to keep in view the interest of the northern frontiers. I likewise inform you that by means of the Commissioner Don Andres Castillero, application has been made to the Supreme Government for prompt assistance, but notwithstanding whatever confidence we may have in the energy and efficaciousness of the Supreme Government, or in the zeal and activity of the Commissioner, I believe it indespensable in the measure to take such providential steps as may be necessary as far as possible to defend the northern frontiers from the imminent danger which threatens them, and by this means save the national integrity. I likewise manifest an invitation I received from his Excellency the Governor of the Department in which his Excellency invites an inter1

From the copy in the National Archives, Washington, D. C. This document is No. 19 of the report which Larkin sent to the Department of State with his letter of July 20, 1846.

[283] view in Santa Barbara. I conclude by expressing my wish that each & every person in this Junta will emit his opinion and hope through his patriotic deliberations, his prudence and his judgement, which he owes to his country in this dangerous crisis, and taking advantage of his advice in the following timely foresighted indications as that of guarding the northern points, establishing General Quarters at Santa Clara, the same being the resolution indicated to the Supreme Government. The word being past in succession by each person, the Junta after a long discussion determined on the following. Article 1st. That with the melancholy situation of the Department in view, and until the danger of the invasion which threatens is distanced, the presence of the Commandant General is indispensably necessary in the northern points, these being the points most threatened by the enemy, and the only ones where the danger is positive. Consequently they must have the preference of being first attended, fortified and covered. Article 2d. That this shall be made present to His Excellency the Govr. inviting him to come to this Port, that by his presence and cooperation the necessary assistance may be more efficatiously resorted to for the salvation of the Department and the integrity of the nation. Article 3d. That if (against all probability) His Excellency should not find it convenient to comply with this invitation, the Commandant General may proceed with the most just and best regulated provisions, establishing General Quarters in Santa Clara, this being the most convenient point for military operations, as being the nearest contact with the northern points. The General being in good understanding with the Superior authorities of the district and their subalterns on whose well disposed and patriotic sentiments he may rely, will find sufficient force for the present defence of the territory. Article 4th. The propositions made and determined on in the foregoing article will stand good until we obtain from the Supreme Government its resolutions and assistance by the aforesaid Captain Andres Castillero, and solicited by the principal authorities of these parts. Article 5 th. There shall be made an act of these presents signed by the Commandant General and all the individuals of the Junta by him accepted; there shall be one copy remitted to the Supreme Government, another to

{284} His Excellency the Governor of the Department, and the original shall remain in the archives of the Comandancia General. (Signed) José Castro, Comanda General—M. G. Vallejo, Colonel of cavalry—Juan B. Alvarado, Colonel of Cavalry—V. Prudon Lieut. Colonel —Manuel Castro, Captain of cavalry and Prefect—Jose Anto Carrillo, Comanda de Escuadrón.

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO WILLIAM A. LEIDESDORFF. LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES.]

Monterey, April 13, 1846 Sir

last was giving me information respecting the Fremont news to Oahu. I hope by the French whaler you informed the Consul there that the affair had ended, which information should have without fail have followed. I suppose from Lassen's farm Capt. F. will forward to you letters for me, which please forward when rec'd by you. W e have Senors Castro, Castro the prefecto, Carrillo, Vallejo, Alvarado, & Pruden here acting as a council of war. They may hold sessions for a month to see what good can be done for the country. I hope they may find out and act on it—when found. For some weeks the Williams and Graham & Naile have had a dispute respecting the mill. On Saturday the 1 x, Williams & Naile met at St. Cruz with Arbitrators binding themselfs under a Bond of 2000$ each to abide by the decision. During the day (so said) Naile often drew his Pistol on James W . and was prevented from firing. On the Ws. leaving the place on Horse back, Naile followed, stopt him, pulled off his coat & drew on W . a six Barreled pistol. Mr. Martin prevented his using it. Naile then and at the Mission told Jas. Williams, that if he came that tomorrow he would take his life, calling Witnesses to hear his words, adding that he was not drunk, but cool and sober. Told W . accordingly to bring his Rifle. Yester-

[

]

day all the parties again met at the mission. Williams was there before Naile. When the latter rode up he jump'd off his horse, and under the horse's neck presented his gun, or Rifle. Jas. Williams at the moment presented his Rifle and fired. His Ball went thro' Naile breast who immediately fell. Not one word before or afterwards past between them. In 15 minutes W. & his Brother John left for Mont. They tell the story as you now have it and say Naile laid dieing where he fell. * At 5 or 6 this morning W. gave himself up to me, requesting a trial for the murder. I called at the moment on the Alcalde and took W. to the prison, where he is now confined. Should the case prove as he represent it, he will have but little trouble. They say on Saturday the Alcalde of Sta. Cruz tried to curb Naile, and from the bad Language of the latter, had to let him alone. We 'are looking for Bessie and Father — I am anxious for news. The Barnstable is expected here next week from St. Diego. Capt. Paty not liking to take Gov'ts words 6c paper for proof to go to Alcupulco, took my word 6c dollars for under 4000$ and sailed. Don Jose has given me proof on Mr. Davis, as he said he would. So you see my Week's work in having faith, and risking a few thousands on a pinch. Capt. P. offered me 5 pr. ct. to be Security for Govt. Could not think of it. So he told me to give him so much, and make the ballance which of course to oblige all parties I do so, and thereby fixed it. I am yours &c Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric]

Apr. 14/46 I have taken from Captain E. Grimes your cash note for 726859, drawing from last year one per cent. Should you not like the transfer, Mr. G. is to have the note again. Should my having it suit you, please inform me, and when you want to take it up. If you wish you can send down by different vessels sums to suit yourself. I shall be much in need of it in July and August. If you can send me good drafts on home at 20 pr. cent discount I should like to take them. L. *Since dead.

[286] [FLORENCIO SERRANO AND FRANCISCO ARIAS TO THE AYUNTAMIENTO OF MONTEREY. IV ¡ 8 9 . ]

Translation

Monterey April 13 th 1846 Very Illustrious Ayuntamiento

and Francisco Arias, Mexican citizens by birth, before your Worshipful Body, in due form appear and say; that there being a vacant House lot, situated on the side of the one occupied by Don Olivier Deleisegues towards the north, and in front of the wharf, which consists of sixty odd varas in front (a little more or less) and a hundred in depth, and being desirous of possessing it, for building a house on it and destining it the use which may best suit them, they request that Your worshipful Body would be pleased to grant them the said lot, ordering it to be measured, and granting them the corresponding Title, the duties of which they will satisfy; a favour which they hope to obtain, swearing not to act through malice, and that which is necessary, they likewise request that you will admit this writing on common paper, for there is no sealed paper of the proper kind in this place. FLORENCIO

SERRANO

(Signed) Florencio Serrano, Franco Arias Let it pass to the special committee of House lots. (Signed) Diaz

Very Illustrious Ayuntamiento

Monterey April 21st 1846

The lot which is asked for being vacant, it having been renounced by Don William Hinckley, and not being comprehended in the lot asked for by the Custom House, the undersigned find no obstacle to its being granted to the parties interested. (Signed) ManZ Diaz, J. S. Escamilla

[ z87] On the 23d of the present April, the Illustrious Ayuntamiento granted to Citizens Florencio Serrano & Francisco Arias, in virtue of the foregoing information, the Lot expressed in this petition; in consequence let them go with the respective Justice, that he may give them possession thereof; and let this document be returned in order to be duly registered. (Signed) Escamilla Monterey April 23 d, 1846 In fulfilment of the foregoing decree, the lot solicited by the parties interested was measured to them, and it consists of 103 varas in front and 100 in depth, whereof they have taken juridical possession; in consequence let them return with this document to the office of the Secretary of the Ayuntamiento, in order to have it duly registered. (Signed) J. S. Escamilla Registered in the respective Book folio 5 3. (Signed) Ambrosio Gomez Secretary The foregoing is a correct translation of the original. W. E. P. Hartnell [Rubric]

[288] [JOHN MARSH " E T A L " TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV .-90.]

Pueblo of St. Joseph Aril 1 5 , 1 8 4 6 Tho's O. Larkin Esq Cosul of the United States Sir

W b

have just learned with feeling of the deepest regret that M r

Henry Nale, a respectable American citizen was yesterday murdered at Sta Cruz by another American. In consequence of the well known laxity & want of energy in the laws of the country we are aprehensive that the murderer will go unpunished without your intervention in this affair; we therefore respectfully request you take such steps as you may deem most likely to ensure the due execution of justice. W e look to you Sir, as the representative of our Country here, in full confidence that you will efficaciously use your authority & influence to prevent the repetion of such horrible crimes. W e are Sir very Respectfully Your Obt Servts John Marsh, David A Davis, Vincent C Calvin, Benj Washburn, George Frazer

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES BUCHANAN. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 4 1

(11:41).]

Consulate of the United States of America Port of Monterey, April 17th 1846 Sir

M,LY last (but one) was No. 39 under date 2d of this month re-

specting Captain J. C. Fremont with some correspondence relative to his affairs. Since that period I have received a letter from him wrote March 'From the original in the National Archives, Washington, D . C .

[289} 3 ist, about 60 miles above New Helvetia but contained no news whatever or any mention respecting his journey from this vicinity, merely applying for funds which was forwarded in gold by his courier. From the latter I understood that Captain Fremont quietly took his way from his fortified camp to the place where he now is not seeing a single Californian on the road. The affair and exitement relative to the Californians being called together by General Castro to go against Captain Fremont has subsided and within a few days the cheifs of the country have publicly declared that they never intended to go to the fortified camp but only made a show of resistance to form a report to the Supreme Government of Mexico having very positive and preemptory orders to drive Captain Fremont from California should he again enter after his visit of 1844. General Castro has showed the orders to several here and said his countrymen would not blame him for calling them together if they were aware of these orders. I have no doubt that they did not intend to meet the party they went in request of but only to give effect to their despatches to Mexico which they have sent by a Commissioner at an expense of $6000 for the vessel to take him to Acapulco. Captain Fremont intends to return to the States in September. I am confident that he could if he pleases present himself in Monterey (without his party) at any time. Mr Rea agent for the Hudson Bay Co. for their Establishment in San Francisco shot himself soon after the Californians rose against General Micheltorena of which event the department was at the time informed. Last March the H. B. Co. ship Vancouver landed at San Francisco Mr Mactavish who comes as agent in place of the late former Gentleman. Mr Mactavish has been at my house this week and informs me that he has orders to ship hides and furs as he may find in the Company house at San Francisco, collect thier debts, and sell thier house at $5000, and by next vessel return to the Origon with the body of the late agent, his wife and children. Mrs Rea is a daughter of Dr. McLaughlin principal Factor and agent at the companys Establishment at Fort Vancouver. Mr Mactavish informed me that Dr McLaughlin and all the Company officers, factors and servants have quietly submitted themselves to the rules Regulations and local Laws of the Government made by the Americans at

{29°} the Origon and that both parties are on very good terms with each other. He appears to know or care but a little about the Boundary line and thinks the americans on the spot are deciding the question among themselves and speaks well of them. I am Sir Your Most Obedt Servt. Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] Hon. James Buchanan Sec of State City of Washington

[ARCHIBALD H. GILLESPIE TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V ^ I . ]

U. S. Ship Cyane Monterey April 17, 1846 Dear Sir

I send you a letter of introduction, which I doubt not you will understand; and as I have an important dispatch for you, as also, other sealed packages, I will be obliged by your coming on board as early as possible. I am, Dr Sir Very truly Yours ENCLOSED

Archi H. Gillespie [Rubric] Thos O Larkin Esqr, U. S. Consul

[2

9

l}

[JAMES BUCHANAN TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN.

DUPLICATE. IV : 3 0 g . ]

[In the Larkin Documents in the Bancroft Library, here follows an exact copy, with a few minor changes in orthography, of Secretary of State James Buchanan's letter of October 1 7 , 1 8 4 5 , to Larkin. See above under that date. The duplicate copy does, however, have an endorsement by Gillespie, and a notice of the day of receipt.]

N . B. The original of this Duplicate was destroyed by order of the President, upon my entering Mexico. The Original Despatch is on board of the Frigate Congress. Archi H. Gillespie [Rubric] Received from Archabold H. Gillespie 17 April 1846 who arrived that day in the U. S. Ship "Cyane" from Oahu. C.

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO WILLIAM MERVINE. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 9 2 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey 17th April 1846 Sir Y o u have informed me to day, that to follow the orders of the Comodore, you will be obliged to leave this Port tomorrow, for Mazatlan. I have information that has ben forwarded via Acapulco to Hon. James Buchanan Secy, of State but requires that duplicates should be sent by another vessel. I have this day by the Cyane received a letter from the Hon. Secretary of State, that requres some time to answer. As your orders of Sailing are so urgent, I must only request of you the favour to remain in this Port untill the fornoon of (Sunday) the 19th to enable me to answer of only a part of the letters just received. I am Sir with Respect Your Obt Sevt. (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin To Capt Melvine of United States Sloop of War Cyane

[292]' [WILLIAM MERVINE TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 9 2 . ]

U. S. Sloop of War Cyane Monterey, April 17th 1846

Sir I N reply to your letter of this days date requesting me "to remain in this port until the forenoon of (Sunday) the 19th inst." I have to state that, the circumstances under which you make the request, would seem to justify a departure from my instuctions, and I have therefore concluded to remain with the express understanding that the sailing of the Cyane cannot be delayed beyond the time specified in your letter. Very Respectfully Your Obedient Servant W m . Mervine, Capt. U. S. Navy Thomas O. Larkin Esq, Consul of the U. S. of America for the Port of Monterey California

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES BUCHANAN. 1 OFF. CORR. NO. 4 2 . (11:42).]

Consulate of the United States of America Port of Monterey, California April 17th, 1846

Sir T H E undersigned has this day received from the hands of Lieutenant Archibald H. Gillespie who has just landed from the "Cyane," twenty eight days from Oahu (a long passage) the communication of October 17th, 1845 (wrote 1846) from the Department of State, and is much gratified in finding that his several communications have been favorably received by the Hon. Secretary of State, as he began to fear that so much IFrom

the original in the N a t i o n a l Archives, W a s h i n g t o n , D . C .

[ 293 } bulky correspondence from one Consular Office, was encroaching on the time of our Government Officers. It has always been a source of pleasure to the undersigned in having any information to impart, but still supposed he was departing from his Consular duties in giving notices not strictly within his line of office, is therefore agreeably surprised by the highly flattering acceptance his letters have received. With the view of having a wider field to move in, and more power to act and cooperate for Government, the undersigned accepts with unfeigned satisfaction the appointment now offered in the communication this day received from you, and shall at once employ a Clerk to aid him, and proceed to collect and forward the desired information, per first opportunity which cannot now be done, as Captain Mervine insists on sailing within thirty six hours, and only by particular request remains here to morrow; the "Congress" should be here in forty days from Oahu, which opportunity shall be improved. The chief Californians who now wield the destinies of this Territory, do so under the Mexican Flag; Governor Pio Pico at the Town of the Angels near San Pedro, and General Jose Castro in Monterey; the latter will no doubt soon displace the former and rule supreme, always apparently under the orders of the President, to whom constant communications and Commissioners are sent, to most of whose demands Mexico gives her consent, probably to amuse or quiet the Natives, or because she has no other choice. Duties by the Mexican Tariff are laid if the article can be found there, otherwise thirty per cent on its value here is collected. These chiefs would if in their power, rule this Country under the present flag, as they know they are and must be for years too weak by themselves to form a Government; respecting their inclination to be ruled by others, their opinions are vacilating, guided in some measure by the State of Mexico and that of other Nations. At the time, there is but trifling communication, between themselves and the English and French Agents, the latter a Gentleman of about fifty five, and of much respectability in appearance, lives very retired, and in the only communication he has as yet had (relative to one of his Countrymen, a School Master, being imprisoned for insults offered to the Señor Prefecto) with these Authorities, they denied his interferance and became somewhat dissatisfied with him. The English Vice

{>94} Consul is not a man to exert himself in Government affairs, or with his funds in any Government agency. The undersigned is of the opinion that those in California in power, would soon come into measures to separate from Mexico, if their salaries were secured to them, and they had reason to suppose they would not hereafter be thrown into the ranks of the comunality, and has no opinion whatever of any affection they have for Mexico. There is no doubt but near one thousand Emigrants will arrive at N e w Helvetia next October. Should the number in 1847, correspond with this, in the increased stage of Emigration, the destiny of this Department in 1848, is decided. General Castro is now thinking of taking up to the Sacramento in July, some two to three hundred men, with the ostensible purpose of opposing the Emigrants expected. Yet it can hardly be supposed he is in earnest in his intention. Should he be, he only hastens the crisis. Heretofore the undersigned has conversed but a little with these Authorities respecting affairs not immediately connected with his Consulate. His new orders and present aspect of affairs will now permit a more extended line of conduct, and report accordingly. The undersigned gave up his commercial business in Monterey, the first of this year. As far as regards purchases and sales of Merchandize, from the year 1 8 3 7 , he has supplied every Governor or General here with most of their Merchandize and Provisions, which business is yet carried on by the person who has taken the Store and business. Y e t in loans, advances, and money transacting still continues to be on intimate terms with the General and different branches of the Californian Government, and has every reason to believe he is on friendly terms with them publickly and privately. I have the honor to remain Sir, Your Obdt. Servt. Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] T o the Hon. James Buchanan, Secretary of State, City of Washington [Top margin hears note: Reed June 1846.]

[ 295 } [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JACOB P. LEESE, ABEL STEARNS, AND JONATHAN TRUMBULL WARNER. COPY. 1 OFF. CORR. I:lOO.]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey California April 17th 1846 Sir

W t h this conveyance you have the President's Message of Deer. 2d 1845. From this document, you will preceive that Mr Polk has taken a high stand, respecting the Oregon, from which he will not decend. Mr Tyler had before said, the Oregon is ours, and we shall people it. This operation is now in the full course of experiment. Mr Polk in December i846[5] objected to do anything with Mexico, relative to our many demands against that Nation, untill one more Minister should have been sent to Mexico. Mr Slidel (of La) has now been there, and from my Mexican papers to March 12th or 14th and New York to February 25 th I find that Mr Slidel Ministry has been refused. General Paredes has put out Herrera, the people are now puting him out. The northern Departments of Mexico wish to seperate and become two Nations. The Portsmouth was on the xst waiting for the last Mexican Mail (the Commandant General of Mazatlan had a very late one, an express) when Commodore Sloat heard of the situation of Captain Fremont, and at once dispatched her for this Consulate jurisdiction. When the Portsmouth sailed the Commandant General of Mazatlan had published a Bando informing the Inhabitants that the Commodore would on the morrow declare the Port in a state of Blockade, thereby giving the Americans reason to suppose that there was war, and the Commodore had the news, which he had not, but was expecting it. The Government Officers had left Mazatlan for Rosario taking the archives Etc. The United States in January or February were determined to declare war against Mexico, unless she herself declared the war or came •Two additional copies of this communication may be found in Larkin's report to the Department of State which accompanied his letter of July 20, 1846 (Off. Corr. 11:54), under document No. 20. A rough draft, directed to Abel Stearns alone, also appears in the Larkin "Documents for the History of California" (IV:io7). It is dated April 27, 1846.

[296] to terms. No two adjacent Nations can continue long, as Mexico and the United States have been of late. War or better terms is the only alternative. Should the former now be the case, I beleive that the stars would shine over California before the 4th of July! blessing those who see them and thier posterity after them. Should peace continue, and it cannot as it is, it must be peace, and Freindship, then the fate of this Country may be defered. It must (in my opinion) change by some means. Should my ideas be right, I hope the Natives of California will improve the opportunity. Rancharoes may be bettered by the change, perhaps not the Merchants. I myself as a trader prefer everything as it is. The times and the Country are good enough for me. I am partial to the people, and flatter myself they return my good will. At least appearences are to that effect. You have much at stake in the appearent coming events. You have your property, family, and feelings from a long residence among the Californians, may and should be interested in their favour, and what is their favour? Their patriotism points them still to belong to Mexico, but that feeling is constantly leaving every one who has his farm and cattle to take care of, and will be but as a thing of other days, unless the supreme Government lends California a helping hand in good faith, and for the actual good of the Inhabitants. As many beleive this will not happen, at least untill this generation has passed from the scenes before us, they after dispairing of seeing their own Statesmen come forward, and save a sinking people, have and are looking abroad for succour, and assistance. Some look to England, some to the United States, and a few to France. The last is a "denier resort." Those who look to Europe know nothing of an Europian Colonist's life, or the heavy tax and impositions he suffers. The idea of Independence is from his mother's breast, implanted in every Native of the American Continent. Then where should he under imposition or a state of distrust look to for assistance? only to the United States of America. He will there find a fellow feeling, with those who can participate in all his ideas, and hail him as a Republican and citizen of the land of Freedom. Be all these things as they may, from the time of Mr Monroe the United States have said, that no Europian Government should plant colonies in North America. Mr Polk reiterates this assertion, and his Government will make it good and the day that the Europian colonists by purchase, or the

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Europian Soldier by war, places his foot on California soil, that day shall we see the hardy sons of the west come to the rescue! I have thus given my opinion on the state of California and her affairs, to you as a freind and countryman of mine, and as a freind of California, as in saying I care not who hears you read this letter, I must insist on its not going out of your hands, or of a copy being taken by any one. You will oblige me by carefully reading, and with the same care giving me an answer. As I know you have always pfefered excitment to indolence, and a name and character, to being one of the common class, (and have been much in the political vortex of California) I must ask of you, if you will inform me, by a safe conveyance? from time to time? of any wish on the part of the people in your vicinity to change or better their condition. Should circumstances, require it, I shall visit the north and south this summer. I Remain dear Sir Your Obedient Servent. (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin One to Abel Stearns, Pueblo de los Angeles; John Warner, San Diego; Jacob P Leese, Sonoma.

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. OPINION OF STATE OF AFFAIRS IN CALIFORNIA. 1 COPY. OFF. CORR.]

[April, 1846]

F r o m the many reports constantly reaching California, the inhabitants are continually in a state of excitement, and at times hardly knowing which way to turn their eyes for a better view of their own affairs. With the hopes of allaying the excitement, the writer would bring forward to the view of those interested, his opinion on the chief political topics of the day. In any disagreement or serious contest between Mexico and California, the United States of America can take no part unless the former nation 'From the copy in the National Archives, Washington, D. C. This document is No. 22 of the report which Larkin sent to the Department of State with his letter of July 20, 1846 (Off. Corr. 11:54). Larkin's copy of the report, however, the document is No. 13.

[298] should commence hostilities against the latter, or the existing circumstances between the two nations produce a declaration of war by either of them, in which case without a doubt California would be taken possession of by the U. S. immediately. This circumstance would cause an immense augmentation in the value of real estate, and a safety to persons and property beyond all former precedent would inevitably follow, and justice and honour would dictate that those who had toiled and spent their best days in advancing the welfare of this Department should reap their reward from those who would be benefited by their labor. Should California assert and be able to maintain her independence, the Government of the U. S. would render all the kind offices in her power as a sister Republic. The Government of the U. S. has no ambition or aspiration to gratify, and no desire to extend her federal system over more territory than she now possesses, and that by the free and spontaneous wish of the independent people of adjacent territories. The exercise or exertions of improper influence to accomplish such a result, would be repugnant both to the policy and the principle of that Government, but even while those may be the sentiments of the President, he would not (in the writers opinion) view with indifference the transfer of California to any European powers; the system of colonization by foreign powers on the North American continent must and will be resisted by the United States. It can result in nothing but evil to the colonists under their dominion, for they should desire to secure to themselves the blessing of person, property and conscience by establishing republican institutions, and it would be highly injurious to the best interest of the U. S. and would not in the end benefit such foreign monarchies; on the contrary even Great Britain by the acquisition of California would sow the seeds of future war and disaster for herself and the country in question. There is no political truth more certain than that this fine province could not be held long in vassalage by any European power, while her sons were growing up, becoming more informed, feeling their own strength, and knowing the heavy colonist tax that would grow from year to year upon them. While the President neither can nor will make or use any influence to induce California to become one of the free and independent states of that Republic or of the world at large, yet if the Californians desire to unite their destiny with that of the great northern Republic, they may be

[299} received as bretheren whenever it can be done without affording Mexico just cause of complaint. The true line of conduct for the present is to permit events to take their own course, unless an attempt should be made to transfer the country (without its own consent) to any European power. This the Californians ought to resist by all the means in their power, as against their own interest and destructive of their future independence and all their just rights. The writer would respectfully warn the Government and people of California of the danger of any influence from foreign power, as dangerous to their future peace and prosperity, and impress them with a jealousy of European dominion, and to arouse in their breasts the love of liberty and independence. The free exercise of their religion, safety of persons & property, and of all which they most cherish, which is a natural desire in the breast of every native on the great American continent. The writer would again repeat that in his opinion the President does not under any circumstances intend to interfere between Mexico and California, but that he will with the voice, will and substance of twenty five millions of the freest citizens of the world vigorously interpose to prevent this country from becoming a European colony, and in this he may truly expect the assistance and cooperation of the Californians themselves, for the day the European Colonist by purchase, or the European soldier for conquest plants his footstep on the soil of California, that day thousands of freemen will rush to the rescue. Although times past and even now by the machinations of some political demagogues the two Governments have been on very unhappy terms, yet let their national difficulties be amicably settled, national and individual friendship will immediately ensue, and the Government of the U. S. from her adjacent boundaries, close connection in form of government, and republican principles from her being the first nation in the world who held forth the hand of friendship to Mexico, and openly and boldly declared to the universe that she was thenceforth to be her sister Republic ; from all these circumstances the U. S. will be ever ready to spill her best blood and spend her best treasures in supporting those who by nature should be friends, and who from force of circumstances the circulation of free and liberal opinions; from the self same principles actually engrafted in both nations (which at some future day will be brought to light) from connected boundaries, from growth of education, and the advance of human

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happiness now drawing on the western hemisphere, from the same interests and mutual defence from foreign foes, they must and will be friends. T o conclude, whether the opinions and observations now offered in these sheets may be favourably received or not, the writer can form no idea; he can only advance rectitude of principle, willingness to give information, and great desire to aid, advance and bring forward the best interests and prosperity of those who for many years have laboured in the fields and the council chamber for the benefit and welfare of California, and they carry the opinion and good will of the writer to every Californian. Note. T h e foregoing document was written by me in April 1846 and translated into Spanish, for the purpose of shewing it from time to time to different Californians in authority; no copy has been given and no signature attached to the one shewn. I have in every case of any person reading it, given it as my opinion of the state of affairs in this country. (Signed) Thomas O . Larkin

[WILLIAM P. REYNOLDS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V ^ . ]

Santa Barbara April 18 1846 Sir

BEING

in want of a sum of money; I beg leave to k n o w : i f you

would oblige me by taking a Draft on my father, at the Sandwich Islands; to the amount of one hundred to one hundred and fifty dollars; at twenty four per cent—and allow me to draw on you at this place; for any amount within the above mentioned sums. O n my arrival in Monterey I will present you the Bills—which w i l l be in a month or 6 weeks. I remain Y o u r obt Servt. W m . P . Reynolds

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P. S. By delivering the enclosed you will confer a great favor and obige W . P. R . T o Thomas O Larkins Esqr U . S. Consul, Monterey [Cover bears note: Reed May 1 6 1846.]

[THOMAS GOODSELL TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV

-.94.]

U . S. Ship Cyane Bay of Monterrey April 19th 1846 Sir

" Y o u r note of this Evening has just been Reed, and Captain Mervine being quite ill and confined to his bed has requested me to make answer. Captain Mervine regrets exceedingly that he had not earlier intimation of the dance to be given by Dn. Juan B. Alvarado this evening which would have enabled him to make the necessary arrangements for the temporary absence of his officers; under present circumstances, the Ship lying at single anchor, it will be impossible for them to leave. Your samples of Quicksilver and ore were thankfully received, and Captain Mervine assures you that the request pertaining thereto shall be complied with. Very Respectfully Y o u r obdt Servant T . Goodsell T . O Larkins Esqr, U . S. Consul

[302} [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO WILLIAM ALEXANDER LEIDESDORFF. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 9 3 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey April 19th 1846 Sir

I HAVE given to Archibald H. Gillispie Esqr. (of New York) a letter of introduction to you, and now inform you that Mr H. Melius and myself have received from the States letters of introduction by Mr Gillispie recommending him on buisness to some of the Pacific Ports, and asking our attention to him. I have to request that you will do me the favour to have your best room and accommodation for him. He has not enjoyed good health, and wishes to travel through your part of the California to enjoy the climate &c. I beleive he has some personal aquantance with Captain Fremont, and may wish to see him if the trouble and expense is not too much. Should Mr Gillispie wish for Boat, Horses, or Men to travel you will please provide him at his own expense. I know not whether he carrys with him sufficiant funds. Having a small sum on deposit of his, you will supply him with Money to go up the River or to return here, or elswhere if he wishes it, and take his draft on me for the sum sufficiant for that purpose. You will find Mr Gillispie a Gentleman of much information and well aquanted with the countries he has passed through, as he is well aquanted with the Spanish language. Perhaps he has done buisness in some Spanish Port. You will oblige me by paying to him every attention in your power. As Mr Melius is informed that he has done some buisness, with his owners, I suppose he will expect Mr Tashmaker to attend to him. I am Sir Your Obt. Sevt. Signed—Thomas O. Larkin W. A. LeidsdorfF Esqr. U. S. Vice Consul, San Francisco The above was given (with letters of introduction to the following persons) to Mr Gillispie.

[ 3°3 } Mr " Mr " "

Nathan Spear W . A. Leidsdorff Esqr. Dougald Mactavish Jacob Leace Charles M. Weber Timothy Murphy Capt John A. Sutter Dr John Marsh Mr Peter Lassen Theodore Cordua William Richardson Don Juan Anzar " Antonio Sunol

Yerba Buena

Sonoma Pueblo of San Jose San Rafael New Helvetia At his Rancho u

tt

a

a

u

it

Pueblo de San Jose

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. DESCRIPTION OF CALIFORNIA. 1 OFF. CORR. NOT NUMBERED (H:66B).]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey California April 20th 1846

u

PPER CALIFORNIA is situated between the 32nd and 42nd degrees of north latitude, and the part which borders on the Pacific is between the 117 and 123 degrees of west longitude. Its bounderies on the east have been considered the Rockey Mountains although the part that has hitherto been settled is a very narrow strip of land on the shores of the Pacific, not exceeding twenty leagues in width. The first mission

•From a copy in the National Archives, Washington, D. C. The date on this document evidently indicates when Larkin began preparation of the report. In his letter to Buchanan of June 15, 1846 (Off. Corr. No. 45), Larkin says he is forwarding such a statement. However, according to a marginal notation, the copy of the document which is here reproduced reached Washington on August 17, 1847, the date on which his letter of July 20, 1846 (Off. Corr. No. 54) also arrived. A somewhat rearranged copy, dated May 1, 1847, and noted as being the third one sent, is the only other transcript of the report on file in the National Archives. It was received at the Department of State on September 28, 1847. Larkin's own copy (Off. Corr. II :66b), preserved in the Bancroft Library, follows the latter document.

[304} settled was in San Diego, the south west of upper California, which took place in 1769. San Carlos de Monterey was settled one or two years afterwards, and gradually the rest amounting in all to twenty one. The last San Francisco Solano was established in 1822. Some of these missions were built much larger than others, yet they were all built on nearly the same plan, Viz, the principle side of a large square was occupied by the Church, a suite of buildings for the habitations of the Preists, apartments for travelers, and a Guard House. The other three sides of the square consisted of graineries, work shops of all kinds,1 Cellars, wine presses and seperate apartments for the Indian Boys and girls. At a short distance from them were the habitations of the adults. In each mission there was a large Garden and Orchard and (in those which were capable of producing grapes) extensive Vinyards. Besides the missions there were four Presidios San Francisco, Monterey, Santa Barbara and San Diego, two villages the Pueblo de los Angeles and the Pueblo de San Jose, likewise a hamlet called Villa de Branciferte. The garrison of each Presidio was composed of about eighty Cavalry, with a very few Infantry and Artillery! The Commandant of each Presidio was the Captain of the respective company of Cavalry, and formerly decided all disputes, for before the year 1822 there were no Alcaldes or any other civil authorities. The residence of the Governour (who up to 1822 was generally a Captain or Colonel, sent from Mexico) was in Monterey. Formerly all the land in the Country belonged to the different missions for although they were situated at an average distance of about fourteen leagues from each other their respective bounderies always joined. In the year 1825 the missions may be considered at the height of their prosperity. At that time they consisted from two to three thousand Indians each, and from six, to one hundred thousand head of black cattle, an equeal number of sheep, and such an immense number of Horses, that large numbers were killed, in order to avoid the distruction of pasturage. Before the year 1822 the only trade of the missions was with vessels from San Bias and Callao to purchase Tallow. In the year x 822 an English House established in Lima (through their Agent, W. E. P. Hartnell of 'Here the May 1, 1847, and the Larkin copies of the document parenthetically add: Carpenters, Weavers, Blacksmiths &c. &c.

[ 305 ] Monterey) made a contract with a greater part of the missions to receive all the Hides at one dollar Tallow at two dollars arroba (25 pounds) grease at three dollars arroba, that they could produce. In the same year an American Ship arrived from Boston, and prepared the way for the future trade which since that day has been carried on almost exclusively by New Englanders. The present export of 1846 amounts to about eighty five thousand Hides, sixty thousand arrobas of Tallow, ten thousand Fanagas of Wheat, one million feet of Lumber, some staves and shingles, ten thousand dollars worth of Soap, twenty thousand dollars worth of Beaver, land and Sea Otter Skins, one thousand barrels wine and aguadente, two hundred ounces of Gold worth seventeen dollars per ounce. The missions are now almost entirely distroyed. Some that had formerly from two to three thousand Indians have not now above one hundred, others none. But few of the Missions have any Cattle. About the year 1835 a law was made to take away the management of the temporalities of the Missions from the Preists, and give it to secular administrators, who in a very short time managed to completely ruin the establishments, without in general benefitting themselves, even takeing the tile off the roofs of the houses. The land has been divided out (in a great degree) among private individuals. Although the Cattle of the Missions have disappeared, there are as many if not more Hides shipped from California at this period than there was when the Missions were in their prosperity, arrising from the increase of private Farms. Exclusive of countless wild Indians and some Neophytes California has perhaps some fifteen thousand Inhabitants, decendents of Spanish and Mexican Fathers but mostly from Native Mothers. The baptised Indians now released by the demolishing of the different Missions, are engaged by the inhabitants as servents while many of the inhabitants are hired by each other to do the more superiour work of the Farms. The Indians who were taught by the Spanish Padres the different mechanical arts are now dead, and no more of their Tribe will ever take their places. Foreigners are now doing all the work of this class in California. The Farms now occupied are owned by Mexicans, Californians and naturalized Foreigners, who become such by signing a simple memorial (some even by proxy) stating that such

[3°6 ] was their wish, when a letter of citizenship was immeadiately filled up for the petitioner without any form, oath, or cerymony on his part the Farms are given to any petitioner (who is a citizen) from one to eleven square leagues, as he may ask for, with little or no expense. The land joining the Sea Coast is principally taken up, also that immeadiately on the Bay of San Francisco, and a portion on the River Sacremento, none on the River San Joaquin. Taking the whole extent of the country, but a small portion is devided into Rancho's haveing owners. A part of the mission lands still belong to Government, and all other unclaimed lands. Some few farms are being vacated by the Californians, from fear of further depredations of the wild Indians, who yearly steal thousands of Horses, even out of the enclosed yards near their dweling houses. They are now (almost every week) committing depredations of this kind. The whites seldom follow them to regain their property; the Indians are losing all fears of the Inhabitants and with their arrows have shot several of them during the years 1845 and 1846. There is from one thousand to twelve hundred Foreigners (including their families) in California, a majority of them residing in the Bay of San Francisco and on the Sacremento River. One third of the men are Citizens of this Country. Many of them never expect to speak the prevailing language of the Country. At this early period a knowledge of the English language is to a Merchant of more importance, then the Spanish. In 1832 there was in the whole department two or three hundred Foreigners. There is now some eight or ten, who have resided here twentyfive yers. They were sailors, now Farmers, entraped from there vessels by the former Spanish Government. The first arrival of American settlers on the Sacremento, has been since 1840. Three fourths of the whole number of Foreigners in this country are Americans. Of the remaining fourth the subjects of Great Britain predominate. Of this fourth a majority are in expectation of being under the Government of the United States. Probably all are willing in prefference to remaining as they now are. For the last five years the largest proportion of the Emigrants have arrived at New Helvetia (Captain's Sutter's establishment). Excepting a few of them from "Oregon," they left Independence (Missouria) which is the starting point every April or May, arriving on the Pacific in September or October. Soon

[ 3°7 } after their arrival at New Helvetia, they scatter over the River Sacremento and the Bay of San Francisco, asking for Farms from the Government, or settleing on private grants by the owners consent. Some have arrived at the Pueblo de los Angeles (Town of the Angels) near San Pedro, Via Santa Fe, some of whom had married at the latter place. A few arrive by water from Valparesio, Callao and the Sandwich Islands. A person traveling from San Diego to San Francisco, or Bodega can stop at a Foreigners farm house almost every few hours, and travel without any knowledge of the Spanish language. Among the Emigrants from Independence, there are several German families, who have resided in the United States, and are attached to her institutions. A majority of them are from the Western States, Farmers, Mechanics and labourers. Others are young men from the New England or Middle States who left home seeking a fortune in the Western States, and from thence to this country. The Emigration in 1845 amounted to from four to five hundred. From the United States Newspaper reports of 1845 from one to two thousand are expected to arrive this August or October. Many Foreigners now hold land under the expectation of being under the flag of the United States. This idea already enhances the value of land. N o one league has yet brought one thousand dollars. On the Sacremento four fifths of the farms are unoccupied, would not bring two hundred dollars per league (five thousand seven hundred and sixty acres). An unoccupied peice of land, of average quality without any Horses or Cattle on it, sixty miles above New Helvetia of four leagues on the River, by two leagues back (twelve miles by six or forty six thousand acres) sold this year under one thousand dollars by a Californian to an English purrchaser living in Monterey. The latter now value it at two thousand dollars. A considerable portion of the Californians are well aware, that their land and property would increase in value, by change of Flags! Some are quietly waiting the result. Some are indifferent on the subject, and others against it. Two years after the safe and sure possession by the United States, giveing the Inhabitants an opportunity of knowing their own safty of person and property the extreem cheapness of goods to counter-balance the extravagent prices now paid, an increased and constant market for their produce, circulation of Gold and Silver to supply their wants and sales, they would

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object to returning to their present state and situation. The present deplorable state they are now in arrising from the robbery of their Horses, will hasten the result. They are convinced that a proper administration of affairs would put down the Indians. There are sufficant Californians to drive them out, but the aid and energy of the present Government is requisite, which they cannot have. When General Micheltorena met the Californians near the Town of the Angels, there was six hundred men in the field one fifth being Foreigners. Many of the latter joined Micheltorena at the suggestion of Captain Sutter, under the General's promise of land.1 They soon left him in disgust. At present General Castro has his freinds at the North, and General Pico at the South, both against each other. In a popular cause the two could bring into the field from eight hundred to one thousand men, who would continue under arms a month, some of them a longer time, whether paid or not. Could these two Officers be on terms of freindship, they could bring this number against any body of Mexican Troops introduced into California. Should the Mexicans be too numerous the Californians would remain quiet two years, by which time the new comers from a dislike to the people, from mutual enmety, and disgust to the service from want of pay, provissions, and clothing, would be glad of any occasion to return to Mexico. Pico and Castro could at present collect some three or four hundred of their countrymen to join the Mexican Army to expell the Emigration. Should the Army not arrive untill the Emigrants have had possession two or three years, the Californians would see the advantages of their new neighbours, and could not be brought out against them. By a law of September 1845 President Herrera allowed the Governor of California two thirds of the duties. By Paredes law of January 1846 General Castro was to have the whole. This adds more fuel to the enmity before existing between the two (Castro and Pico). A continual dread will always exist here, from the apprehensions of some commander arriving from Mexico to take the command from the present cheiftains. The arrival of this class of people, their expulsion2 from the Coast, and in send'Here the May I, 1847, and the Larkin copies of the document parenthetically add: Genl M gave to Capt. Sutter a Public Document, granting him power to grant "Land" to those who took up arms at that time. 2 The May I, 1847, and the Larkin copies of the document here read: their fears of expulsion.

[ 3°9 } ing Commissioners to Mexico to explain their views, and define their positions leaves the country in a continual state of disturbance, and always in debt. The General and the Governor wish to pay all the Merchants whom they may owe, but hardly consider the arrears due their Officers, as debts, nor do the latter look for more pay than they occasionally obtain by the entry of vessels. Emigrants leaving Independence for the Pacific should furnish themselves (if a family of five or six persons) with one good Waggon, four or five Yoke of Oxen, three, or four Cows, three Horses, and to each grown person two hundred and fifty pounds of Flour, one hundred and fifty pounds of Bacon, thirty pounds Coffee, fifty pounds Sugar, twenty pounds of Rice, two good Blankets, and a few Cooking utensials. Every male person over fourteen years of age should have one good Rifle, ten pounds of Powder, thirty pounds lead, two thousand precusion caps, and a good Horse. On arriving on the banks of the Sacremento and finding a convenient peice of land that the Emigrant can occupy, he should begin sewing Wheat from December to February, Beans, Peas, and Corn in April or May and should also procure himself Cows two years old, worth from four to five dollars, Young Bulls at two or three dollars, thirty or forty Mares at from five or six dollars, a Stallion at fifteen or twenty dollars, and a few sheep at two dollars each. One hundred young cows will produce from seventy to ninety calves between the second and twelth month's. From one thousand to fifteen hundred dollars in Gold or Silver money will start an enterprising man in breeding animals for a Californian Farm. For a few years the settler may find purchasers for his surplus provisions among the Emigrants, and throughout the country. In time he will find a Market in the Sandwich Islands, North West Coast, San Bias, Mazatlan and elsewhere. Wheat produces from forty to fifty fold under the most imperfect cultivation. The Spanish Padres many years obtained a hundred fold at some of the Missions. One hundred and eighty fold was once gathered near the Mission of San Jose. Wild Oats and mustered cover the country, the former from three to four feet high, the latter so high and compact that it is most impossible for a traveller to find his Horses when they stray among it. Rye and Buckwheat has not been proved. Hemp was raised by the former Padres. Cotton has been proved to advantage. N o quantity has

[ ,IO ] been planted. Every kind of vegetable yet planted has produced well. Apples, Pears, Peaches, Quinces are common all over California. In parts of the country there are Limes, Oranges, Almonds, Figs and Walnuts. Plums and cherries have not been planted. Grapes of the very best quality and in the greatest abundance in different districts of the country. Latitude south of 34 produces the best. With imperfect success Wine and Brandy are distilled.1 The climate of California is supassed by no other. The lowest rate of the Thermometer in the shade in Monterey in 1845 was 44, the highest 86. From 60 to 70 is the common rates throughout the year. From the uncertainty of Government affairs but few Whalers visit the Ports.2 Under another Government the Port of San Francisco would be the most available place for them in the Pacific, for provisions and supplies, and for shelter and protection in time of War, from whence the crews could return home by land. From the forth comeing facilities that a change would and must produce the distance would not be considered. A Vessel propelled by sails is from this Port to Mazatlan (fifteen hundred miles) from ten to fourteen days, return in twenty to thirty days,5 to Columbia River in ten to twenty days, returning in four or five days. Some of the vessels have a consort on the Coast, who entered and paid their duties in 1844, each eighteen or twenty months and are then releived by another from Boston.4 Their Hide Houses are in San Diego at which place each vessel proceeds two or three times during the year to land such Hides and Tallow as they may have collected from nine or ten Ports between San Francisco and San Diego, the Customer being expected to pay a part of his debt in Produce every time the vessel anchors in his Port. 'The reading in the May I, 1 8 4 7 , and the Larkin copies is: With imperfect means, good wine could be produced. 2 The portion of the document beginning "From the uncertainty of Government affairs" and continuing through "relieved by another from Boston" is omitted from Larkin's copy, now in the Bancroft Library.

3The May x, 1 8 4 7 , copy here adds: to Oahu, Sandwich Islands (eighteen hundred miles) from fourteen to twenty days, returning in twenty or thirty days. •The reading in the May 1, 1 8 4 7 , copy here is: The regular Boston Traders have generally two vessels upon the coast at the same time, often collecting in company for periods varying from 1 2 to 18 months. One of them returns home, leaving the other until a fresh ship relieves her, by this means constantly keeping the work of collection going on.

[ J "

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There are no Mexican vessels in California owned by Mexicans or Californians. They belong to Foreigners naturalized in the Country. The laws of Mexico are but little respected and observed only when they are for the interest of this country. Not much regard is paid to the Tariff. The Collector of Monterey imposes such duties as he considers requisite at the time. Although against the laws of Mexico the Governours and Generals of California since their Independence have allowed the coasting trade from San Diego to San Francisco to all Foreign Vessels who have paid their duties in Monterey. In 1844 and 1845 General Micheltorena levied a Tax of fifty Dollars per month on Foreign Vessels for this licence of coasting. Five thousand dollars was collected in this manner (March 28th 1846 Governour Pico annuled this law). He was promised by President Santa Anna in addition to the receipt of duties in Monterey eight thousand dollars per month, to support the Army. During his command in 1842, 1843 and 1844 he issued drafts upon the Custom House of Mazatlan for about one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, a part of which was paid by the Collector, the balance protested by contrary orders from the Capital. The whole revenue of California is derived from the Custom House in Monterey, which for the last seven years has averaged eighty six thousand dollars per year (in 1845 one hundred and thirty eight thousand dollars). The Bishop and Padres throughout the country claim from the Farmers one tenth of the increase of their Stock, of which tenth not one quarter is collected, many farmers never haveing paid it a single year. On two or three occasions the Commandant General (when a Native) has received the amount collected. The payment of duties received at the Custom House are made in about Ninety, one hundred and thirty, and one hundred and eighty days. The Supercargoes in general agree on the second payment, payable in Cash, and Hides at two dollars each—and all Cash should the vessel pay less than six thousand dollars, from six to twelve thousand dollars two thirds Cash and one third Hides, from twelve to eighten thousand dollars half Cash, over eighteen thousand, one third Cash and two thirds hides. On the Collectors arranging the amount, the mode of payment, and taking two securities, he retains sufficiant for the salaries of his Officers and passes the remainder to

— [ 3« ] the Treasurer. They both then draw in sums of from five to five thousand dollars on the Supercargo or Agent payable at the specified time, some orders for Cash, others for Hides, the Creditors and Officers of Government receiving a draft on the prorate system as far as the duties of the vessel thus entering may suffice. By the laws of Mexico, the revenue of this Custom House should two thirds of it be paid over to the Commandante General for the Military Chest, the other third to the civil list. As the Govenour choses to live only in his native Town, four hundred miles from Monterey, the General allows but a small proportion of the funds to reach there, although they are both responsible to the Supreme Government for these funds but few impartial accounts ever go to Mexico from the present authorities, perhaps none whatever. Should the Minister of Mexico draw on this Treasurer for any sum, large or small, it would not be paid or noticed. Not a real is ever sent to Mexico, nor does the Supreme Government ever make requisitions on this department for funds to be sent to the general Treasurer. The Supercargo or Agent has a store fitted up on board ship with shelves, show cases, drawers, and scales, selling from one pound of Tea, Shot &c. to a box or bag, and a Yard of Silk or Calico, to a bale. From Boston Cargoes consist of Groceries, Furniture, Dry Goods, Crockery, and Hard Ware, from which Cargo the holder of the draft can chose the amount drawn for in his favour or a part of it, taking the Supercargo's due bill for the balance. Both drafts and due bills being negotiable, they are some times cashed at a discount of two per cent a month. In many cases the Supercargo has debts against the holder of the draft, which is always accepted as payment for his or any other claim or demand. The duties of the principle Vessels amount to from five to twenty five thousand dollars. They also pay one real (12V2 cents) per each large bale for storage in the Custom House and half that sum for Wharfage, and have the use of the Custom House and Ware Houses for storage and sales untill the arrival of the next vessel who may require the buildings. The tonage duties are one dollar and fifty cents per ton to all Foreign Vessels and all Mexican Vessels from Foreign Ports. There are no other port charges, no Wharfage, Pilotage or Light House fees, nor any Health or

[ 3*3 } Quarintine regulations. There is no one article of goods prohibited by the customs of this country—no prohibitions or restrictions of any class, nor bounties or Navigation acts, no drawbacks on Shipping or their Cargoes, no board of Trade or other establishments relative to Commerce in California. Coins, Currencies, weights and measures of England and the United States are in common use here. By long custom Whale Ships are allowed to enter the Ports of Monterey and San Francisco by paying from ten to twenty dollars Port charges, and a certain percentage on such goods as they may barter for supplies. The Imports from San Bias, Mazatlan and Acapulco consists of Rice, Sugar, Panoche, Nox Vomica, Saddlery, Silk and Cotton Revosas (a Scarf) Cotton and Woolen Zarapies, Shoes, and some English, American and German goods. Imports from the United States and elswhere are Domestics in very large quantities, Shoes, Hats, Furniture and Farming utensials cheifly of New England manafacture, Groceries, China goods, Iron, Hard and Crockery Ware which are sold to the Merchants and Rancheros (Farmers) on the Coast on a Credit of from one to two years, payable in Hides, Tallow, Dried Beef, Fat, Lumber, Soap, Etc &c. The Vessel obtains a Coasting licence to trade and collect produce until she is filled, which occupies from twelve to twenty four months. The Vessels consort the next year, taking balance of Cargo and debts for collection. The Boston Vessels return to that Port with from twenty to forty thousand Bullocks Hides, the owner expecting about one Hide to each dollar invested in Cargo, disbursements, wages, and value of Vessel. The tallow is exchanged for Hides with Vessels bound for Callao. In former years considerable Fur was exported (prime Sea Otter Skins for the Canton Market being worth here as high as forty dollars each). There is now some Fur and Gold Shipped. Within a few years there will be Gold, Lead and a large quantity of Quicksilver exported. There are Shingles, Lumber, Spars, and Horses shiped to the Sandwich Islands; Beef, Fat, Wheat and Beans, to the Russian settlements on the North West Coast in exchange for drafts on Saint Petersburgh. From 1836 to 1845 about twenty five thousand dollars of the duties have been expended in building a Custom House, Houses for Legislature,

[314} Alcaldes and Civil Officers, and a Wharf. During this time several bloodless Revolutions have taken place, and almost every Mexican Commander and his Troops have been expelled. Accompaning this are the names of the principle persons (Natives and Foreigners) of wealth, information or influence in California.1 There are others now dormant who would bring themselves forward in a time of great change and would occupy a cons[p]icuous situation. On the other hand some now eminently known would retire before the less passive or sedentary, who would be brought into business, and activity. The present state of affairs is now fast weakening any patriotism the people may have to their own Flag! 2 Those only who live by the absence of law flourish under the present aspect of affairs. There are many in Office and enjoying a salary, who are convinced that a favourable change would enhance the value of their lands in such a manner that their salary would be a secondary object. Those who have but little or no property would make exertions to continue as they are.3 It would be sound policy to pension some of those high in Office, and influence, or give them a sinecure. They would thus gently and quietly carry many of their countrymen into their new circumstances, as they might (on viewing a prospect of succession from the present state to another) excite the people and array themselves4 a few weeks to obtain their object, when the whole succession could for an equivelent be amicably settled. Once passed one or two years, and viewing the advantages, no power could pursuade the natives to return to their original condition. As they are but a weak and ignorant people, their feelings and situation should be at once protected by those who cause the change. At the present period Senors Castro, Vallejo, Alvarado, Pico, and Carrello are the men of most note and standing. The Inhabitants of Monterey and the Pueblo de los Angeles wish to have ' T h e portion of the document beginning "Accompaning this are the names" and continuing through "any patriotism the people may have to their own F l a g " is omitted from Larkin's copy. 2

T h e M a y 1 , 1 8 4 7 , copy here reads: O n the other hand, some now eminently known would

retire before those less passive or sedentary, for there is no doubt on a change of affairs the majority of the people in a year or two would see the advantage of purchasing their necessities (at one quarter of the present prices) in such a light, that they would object to this department returning to the state in which it was. ' T h i s sentence is omitted from the M a y I, 1 8 4 7 , and the Larkin copies. 4Here the M a y 1 , 1 8 4 7 , and the Larkin copies add the words: against a new Government.

[ 3-5 ] their respective towns the Capital, each aiming to have the Custom House in their vicinity thus making two parties in California, and untill the Governour and General live in Monterey it will continue so. But a few years must pass (even under the present routine) before the Capital and Port of Entry must be in some part of the Bay of San Francisco. Under a better state of affairs, with a thriving race of Inhabitants, Upper California could supply all the "Polyenesian" Islands, San Bias, Mazatlan, Acupulco, and the North West Coast, with Wheat, Beans, Peas, Flour, Fat, Tallow, Butter, Cheese, Pork, Beef, Bacon, Salmon, Sardines, Horses, Mules, Spars, Boards, Shingles, Staves and Vessels! and with suficiant Capital and labourers, will have from her own mines Gold, Silver, Lead, Sulpher, Coal, and Slate, and has perhaps the largest Quick Silver Mines in the world, actually having mountains with veins extending for leagues of the very best Ore, produceing over twenty per cent of pure Quick Silver, with but very little expense for outfits. The magnificant waters of San Francisco! could harbour all the vessels this day afloat in the world (many whale ships already visit it for supplies, and more would do so were it not for the vacilliating Laws, and desertions of the men from their vessels, favoured by those on shore) and the Anglo Saxon race would soon send their exports over the whole Pacific Ocean. It must and will be the medium stoping place from New Orleans and New York to the China Ports now open to the whole Commercial world. The present Inhabitants of California are naturally very hospitable and have good natural abilities. They have no Establishments of education beyond common day schools for the first rudiments of learning. Again many Foreigners of different Nations are Married in this Country.1 Annexed is a Table of Duties received at this Custom House, for the last seven years, a review of the Shipping, Schedule of Public debts, and list of Public Officers with their salaries &c 8ic; a biographical sketch of the principle Natives and Foreigners of the present day in California. The amount of debts are those entered in the Books of the Treasurer of the Department of California, and acknowledged by him on the 1st day of January, one thousand eight hundred & forty six. There are probably other debts due, but of not much amount. There is an error of calculation in the 'The words "who have wealth and influence" are added here in the May I, 1 8 4 7 , copy.

[ ,

I 6

]

duties of the year 1845 of about eight hundred dollars. These tables are as correct as the present mode of regulating and keeping public accounts will admit of, the whole of which is most respectfully submitted to the Hon. James Buchanan Secretary of State By his Most Obedient servant. 1 Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] U . S. Consul California Names of Missions & dates of their foundation. Year

Missions

1769

San Diego

1770

San Carmelo or San Carlos (Monterey)

1771

San Gabriel

"

San Antonio de Padua

1772

San Luis Obispo

1776

San Juan Capistrano

1777

Santa Clara

1779

San Francisco

1782

Santa Buenaventura

1786

Santa Barbara

1787

La Purissama Concepcion

1791

N a Sa de la Soledad

1794

Santa Cruz

1797

SanMaguel

"

San Jose

"

San Juan Baptista

"

San Fernando

1798

San Luis Rey de Francia

1817

San Rafael

1822

San Francisco Solano Santa Ines

[Here follow copies of reports previously submitted to the Department of State by Larkin: "Review of the shipping, foreign and coastwise entered in the Port 'This closing paragraph and the list of missions following are from the May I, 1 8 4 7 , copy. They do not appear in the other report sent to the Department of State.

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[ 3i8 ] of Monterey, California, for the year ending December 31, 1844" [Off. Corr. No. 17 (II: 18) under date of January 1, 1845]; "Amount of duties from foreign and national vessels received in the Custom House of California in Monterey from 1839 to 1845" [Off. Corr. No. 32 (11:32) under date of January 4, 1846]; "Classification of duties received in the Custom House of California in Monterey, 1844" [Off. Corr. No. 32 (11:32) under date of January 4, 1846]; "Review of the shipping foreign and coastwise entered in the Port of Monterey, California, for the year ending December 31, 1845, being from thirty different vessels of six nations"' [Off. Corr. No. 32 (11:32) under date of January 4, 1846].

P U B L I C DEBTS OF C A L I F O R N I A — J A N U A R Y Namcs of Crcditors

Where Born

1ST 1 8 4 6 Dollars

Cents

4,856

00

190

00

u

162

00

Jose Bernal

"

48

00

Fernando Sepulveda

II

210

00

17.474 697

00

3,169

00

1,349 848

00

4,204

00

Antonio Ma Lugo Eusebio Boronda

California (i

Luis Arrena

Mariano G Vallejo Mariano Soberanoes

"

Spain

Miguel Pedrorena

u

Jose Anto Aguerre

England

Henry Dalton James McKinley

II

John Foster Stephen Smith Abel Stearns Thomas O . Larkin W . D. M . Howard J. R. B. Cooper George W . Vincent Luis Vigne Henry Vermond

United States

50

00

1,623

25

935 912

75 00

a

a

II

t!

12,750

00

II

II

6,819

00

II

II

II

II

3.845 1,250

00

France

908

00

Denmark

375

00

$62,625 •To this copy Larkin adds the note: Thirty vessels making fifty-eight arrivals.

00

50 cts

[319} Names of Officers Civil and Military in California up to January 1st 1 8 4 6 and Amount Due each Officer at that date. Gross Amount Nanus of Officers in Service

Where

By Whom Appointed

Born

Monthly Pay

in California Governour

Due for Wages up to J any 1st 1846

Pio Pico

California President Herrera

416.75

took office April 1 8 4 6

Secretary's Office JoseMa Cavarrubias Removed by Pico Manuel Jimeno Resigned

. . France Mexico Peru

Juan Bandine

Govr Pico Genl Micheltorena

268.33

1335.61 1143.62 Ji 808.22

Govr Pico

Clerks Transfered Resigned 2nd Clerk

JoseMa C a v a r r u b i a s . . . France Govr Pico Pedro Estrada California Micheltorena Francisco Lopez Govr Pico

304.10 229.50 25.00

211.15

333-33 K

7604.66 1995.641

Tribunal Juan Malaren

Peru

Adjourned

Jose A Carrello and dissmised by Antonio M Osio Legislature Jose A Estudillo N . Bonillo

Micheltorena a

California

"2

a "

Mexico

333-33K 333-33K 333-33K 125.00

2x03.89 3091.89 708.47

Prefect's Office Jose R Estrada

Dead First D i s t r i c t . . . Santiago Aguello

California

Micheltorena

it

tt

Second District . Manuel J. Castro Secretary R o m a n o Aguello Resigned Narcisio Bonello it Antonio Sunol " Florencio Serranno

. . . Mexico

S u b Prefect . . . . Francisco Guerrero

...

"

Pico

tt

125.00 125.00 75.00

Mexico Spain II

41.62

"

1696.50 977.00 58745 452.37 372.56 462.50 249.72% 180.40

Schools Enrique C a m b u s t o n

. . France

Francisco G o m e z

Genl Castro

183.33

Mexico

Micheltorena

40.00

California

By t h e People

125.00

12x9.75

State Legislature First M e m b e r , . Pio Pico • L a r k i n ' s copy h e r e r e a d s : 1 9 7 7 . 0 0 . L a r k i n ' s copy here r e a d s : P i c o .

2

2058.87%

{

2 O }

3

Names of Officers Civil and Military in California up to January ist 1846 and Amount Due each Officer at that date (Continued). Gross Amount Names of Officers

Where

By Whom

Monthly

Due for Wages

in Service

Bom

Appointed

Pay

up to fany 1st

in California

1846

State Legislature (Conti nued) Second Member Third " Fourth " Fifth " Sixth Seventh " Secretary

Francisco Figueroa.... Narcisio Botello Carlos Carrello Francisco de la Guerrero Jose Abrigo Ynacio Valle Augustin Obrera

Mexico

By the People a

"

California 1»

Mexico California a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

By the Members

125.00 125.00 125.00 125.00 125.00 125.00 »3-33

2058.87^ 2058.87^ 1389.03 706.71 2058.8714 476.71 726.00

Custom House Collector Contador Interpreter Captain of Guard Guard

Pablo de la Guerra.... California Micheltorena a WmEPHartnell . . . . England II

Rafael Gonzales Rafael Pinto 11 Bonito Diaz II Antonio Chaves II Jacinto Rodriguez II William Hartnell, Jr.. II Mariano Fernandez . . . [Patron of Boat] Mariano Silva Four Marinas1

a

a

Mexico President California Collector a

a

Mexico California «1

a

Mexico Chilli Oahu

a

a a

a a

208.33 125.00 30.00 150.00 58.33 58.33 58.33 58.33 58.33 58.33 25.00 60.00 in all

Military Company of Monterey California Formed by Castro a Artillery of Monterey Company of Santa a Barbara Company of San a " Francisco Mexican Govt. Colonel of Militia Juan B. Alvarado Leiut Colonel Acting as a a Comt. Genl. . Jose Castro a a Leiut. Colonel. Mariano G Vallejo . . . a a San Bias Capt. of the Port Pedro Narvaiz Mexico Bustemento Juan Castanada 'The May 1, 1847, and Larkin copies read: Tomas Maranasio.

1000.00 500.00

6590.00

2993.75 9106.00

150.00 150.00 129.89 117-75

447.00 5649.15 560.00 791.00

[321} Names of Officers Civil and Military in California up to January ist 1846 and Amount Due each Officer at that date (Continued).

Ñames oj Officers in Service in California

Where Born

By Whom Appointed

Monthly Pay

Gross Amount Due for Wages up to J any 1st 1846

Militaiy (Continued) Gomecindo Flores . . . . Grade of Lt. Col. Victor Prudon Jose Me Flores Jose Ma Seguro Jose Ma Villa Egnacio Montenegro . . Salvador Vallejo Felipe Butrón Jose A. Carrello Jose Lugo Mariano Silva Edward Baie

Mexico France Mexico

Mexican Govt.

«(

California Mexico California

Geni Castro

"

« "

Mexico England

Mexican Govt. Micheltorena

Alferd Arcelin

France

Jose de la Guerra Santiago Aguello Ynacio Soto Jose Peña M Verdugo Sebastian Rodríguez . . Electerio Villa Juan Zalazar Jose M . Estrada Damaso Rodríguez . . . M Rodríguez Jacinto Zabalate Doña Lugosa Aguello .

Spain Mexican Govt. California Mexico "

California «

94.21 94.21 94.21 94.21 94.21 94.21 94.21 94.21 94.21 94.21 not in service not in service bb.bzyi 66.62 >4 32.50 32.50 16.87 yi 16.87K 8.00

ti «

tt

45.20

"

16.87H 16.25

"

257.00 1419.73 996.68 518.00 471.00 1989.00 413.00 847.00 463.50 670.00 158.00 1860.00 2034.68 991.00 1289.50 700.00 396.96 298.50 1211.62 J i i257.37>i 1396.96

37-5°

325-35 1360.00 1533-62 yi

62.623-2 45.84 45.84 62.75 62.75 62.75 45.84

1517.00 2030.00 225.62 1183.23 591.84 372.00 82.56

"

Mexico for Micheltorena's Regiment

Antonio Somoza Mexico " Jose Ma Ramines . . . . « Nacisio Fabrigat » Macedonia Padillo . . . Andrés Pico California Geni. Castro " Jose J. Pico " Jose de la Guerra Mexico Mexico Mariano Villa

(322} Names of Officers Civil and Military in California up to January 1st 1 8 4 6 and Amount Due each Officer at that date (Concluded). Gross Amount Names of Officers

Where

By Whom

Monthly

Due for Wages

in Servici

Born

Appointed

Pay

up to Jany 1st

in California

1846

Military (Continued) Leiutenants . . . Ygnacio Esquer « Jose Aio Estrada Valantin Gareolo " Manuel Castro " Sub Leiutenants Ygnacio Servin Manuel Garcias Rafael Sanchez Francisco Arce Juan Soberanoes Gaudeloupe Soberanoes Jose Ma Soberanoes . . . Bautista Castro Ensigns Jose M« Correrà tt Miguel Castro Damasio Rodriguez . . . " Amesto Zabalate Sargents M. Rodriguez u Jose de la Rosa

California Genl. Castro II

a

a

II

a

••

II

a

a

Mexico

Micheltorena a

"

a Mexico California Genl. Castro 11

"

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

" a

a

Mexico Mexico a California "

"

"

"

a

" a

45.62 45.62 45.62 45.62 36.41 36.41 36.41 36.41 36.41 36.41' 40.21 40.21 40.21 40.62J4 36.41 11.25

587.84 1257-37 43.00 288.62 1143.58 179.00 206.84 227.54 247.50 266.62 247.54 1359.12 1360.00 325-35 390.84

$4344.81^ $ 6 4 , i i 9 . 3 9 # 2

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. NOTES ON PERSONAL CHARACTER OF THE PRINCIPAL M E N . ' OFF. CORR. NOT NUMBERED ( l l : 6 6 c ) . ]

San

Diego

Henry D. Fitch, formerly Sea Captain, now Trader and Farmer. Born in N e w Hampshire. Aged 4 8 years, over twenty a resident of this country. N o w citizen. Married in one of the principle families of California. A 'In the May I, 1847, and Larkin copies this figure is $40.21. The office of Treasurer, omitted from this copy, is given in the May I, 1847, and Larkin copies. José Abrigo [Abrego] is named as appointee, his place of birth, Mexico, and his nominator, Micheltorena. N o salary is listed. 3From a copy in the National Archives, Washington, D. C., prepared, as was a later transcript, to accompany the copies of Larkin's "Description of California." See the first note of the preceding document. 2

[ 323 } man of wealth, some influence, of medium information, not of a political character in general. Has held for a short time a subordinate Custom House situation. Jose Antonio Aguerre formerly Merchant and Ship owner, now the same. Born in Spain. Aged 56 years, a man of wealth and information, correct and formal. Has much influence among the Spaniards in this Country, the same with the Clergy. Converses but not connected in politics. John Warner, formerly Merchant, now Farmer and Trader. Born in Conneticut United States. Aged 3 5 years, a resident of this country fifteen years, now citizen. Married in California, has much land, and some Cattle. A man of active life, good information, some influence, will have more. Addicted to politics. Well adapted to keep the Saddle and a life of exertion. Pueblo de los Angeles

Abel Stearns, formerly manufacturer now Trader and Farmer. Born in Massechusetts, aged 54 years. Residence in this Country sixteen years, now citizen, married in a principle family. A man of information, property, and influence and of good standing, and moral conduct, and fond of political life. Has ben engaged in expelling the Mexicans, on two or three different occasions. Juan Bandine, formerly Farmer, now Trader and Farmer. Born in Lima. Aged 5 5 years, residence in California thirty or thirty-five years. Married in a large family. A man of wealth, information and influence, of good standing and studious disposition. Many years Secretary for Governour or Legislature. Always in Government employ. Has belonged to the Mexican Congress as deputy from California. Governour Pio Pico, Ranchero aged 45 years. Born in California. Married. A man of wealth, good local information, of great influence standing and popularity. Always engaged in the politics of his country, many years in Office. From being the oldest member of Legislature became Governour, now confirmed by the Supreme Government. A well meaning person, of quiet disposition not anxious for salary. Owes his influence more to his Office then actual abilities. Jose A Carrello, Army Officer, born in California. Aged 55 years. A man of small property, of one of the oldest Californian families. Has a

[324] great number of relatives in the Country. Was some years member of Congress in Mexico. Always in public life. Of good information, particular in Law, of much influence, of a buesy, restless and reckless disposition, more feared for his satirical manner then otherwise. Rather loose in his habits, not choice of his company, yet associated with the highest. Manuel Requene, Trader and Farmer. Born in Yucatan. Aged 45 years. Married, a man of property & much general information and influence. Much consulted on the politics of the country by the Californians. Most of his time in the judiciary department of this Country. Of much correctness and morality. Not anxious to be in public life unless strongly urged. Not anxious for salary. Henry Dalton, formerly Merchant in Lima, now Merchant and Farmer. Born in England. Aged 40 years. Not married. A resident of California two years. A man of property, good information and may have local influence. Luis Vigne, owner of a large vinyard. Born in France. Aged 65 years. A resident of California fifteen years. Not married. A man of standing and good conduct. Santa Barbara

Jose de la Guerra, Captain in the Army. Born in Spain. Aged 70 years. Has always continued in Office. Has brought up a large family. A man of much wealth, great respectability, and probity, of the greatest influence in Santa Barbara. Somwhat retired from public life. Of the strongest influence with the Catholic Clergy. Independent of Government pay. Holds Office from the hopes of benefiting his country. Carlos Castro, one of four Brothers, all of them conspicuous characters, and all in public life. Has brought up a large family, married five daughters to citizens of the United States. A man of wealth, respectability, and probity. Has been a member of the Mexican Congress and once was appointed Governour of California by the President but was prevented from acting by Alvarado. A man of influence but not much brought forward. Joaquin Ortigo, born in California. Aged 45 years. Married in one of the oldest families in California. Not wealthy. Of some influence, medium information, and fair respectability.

{3*5} Ex Mission of Saint Luis

Mariano Bonillo, Farmer, born in Mexico. Aged 40 years. Married. Much in public life, in Office of a subordinate class. Little property. Respected for his knowledge and his advice sought for. Secretary to the highest court of Justice in California. William Dana, formerly Sea Captain, now Farmer. Born in Massechusetts. Aged about 50 years. Over twenty years a resident of California. Married in the Carrello family. A man of some wealth, of much respectability of character, of good and honest intentions, often Alcalde of Santa Barbara. Well versed in the general information of the day. Much looked up to by the poorer people, and of influence with them. Never connected with the political characters of the day. Isaac Sparks, Luis T Burton and Joseph Branch, Farmers. Born in the United States. Over ten years residents of this country. Owners of large Ranchoes with many cattle. Married, honest, active, and respectable. No political name of note. Monterey

Manuel Jimeno, Farmer and graizer. Born in Mexico. Aged 40 years. Fifteen years a resident of California. Connected by marraige with the principle family of California. Has for many years been Secretary of the Governour or General. A man of wealth, good information, well versed in the tittle deeds of the country, of gentle and retired habits, not inclined to politics, well respected, advice taken in civil affairs.1 Pablo de la Guerra, born in Santa Barbara. Aged 26 years. Not married. Has been from his sixteenth year attached to the Custom House, now the Collector. Speaks English. Has for his age more information then his companions. Never comes actualy into politics, in no manner in the field. Open, correct, and honourable in his life. Much attached to a Kingdom (his Father from Spain), would prefer to belong to England then the United States. Knowing it impossable would prefer this country belonged to the latter then remain as it is. Like many others imbibes prejudice against Americans from observing the first Emigrants who came to California from 'The paragraph on Manuel Jimeno is omitted from the transcript of May I, 1847, and from Larkin's own copy now in the Bancroft Library.

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the Mountains. Anticipates always continuing in public life. His advice or influence not wanted by the Military Officers. William E. P. Hartnell, born in England. Aged 46 years. A resident of California twenty four years, now citizen. Married in an influential family. Of little wealth. A linguist and mathematician of much scholastic talent. Timid, retired, honourable, religeous, and inanimate in his habits. Not addicted to politics. Of but little influence. Haveing no expectation of seeing California under his own Government, would choose that of the United States. Manuel Diaz, Merchant and Alcalde for 1846. Born in San Bias. Aged about 3 5 years. A resident of California six or eight years. Of some property, good general information, advice, note, and influence in Monterey. Quiet and retired. Is aware that his country cannot remain as it is. Prefers the United States to any Europeian Nation. Jose Abrigo, Merchant. Born in Mexico. Aged 34 years. A resident of California twelve years. Extensively connected here by marriage. Eight years Treasurer of California. Open, active, honest, upright and well meaning. Much inclined to political conversation. Never taken part in a Revolution. A well wisher of his country, but convinced there is no hope of advancement in California under the present circumstances. Inclined to Americans. Wants only the language to be much with them. Esteben Monras, Salvardor Monras and Jose Amisti, born in Spain. Many years citizens of this country. Men of family, property, probity, and character. From disgust retired from any part in the political affairs of the day. Living in hopes of seeing the end of the present Government to obtain security for their property by another. Antonio Osio, of California, Merchant, Juan Malarin of Lima, Farmer, and Rafael Gonzales of Mexico, third Officer of the Custom House, and Pedro Navarez of Mexico, Captain of the Port of Monterey, four men of landed property and cattle. Married, and have lived over ten years in Monterey. Of some note, and influence, quiet and unobtrusive in their inclinations. Inclined to politics, or Government affairs only in canvassing its merits. Francisco Pacheco, Juan Anzar and Joaquin Gomez, all of Mexico where they married. Have lived in this district from twelve to twenty years. Men

'[>7} of large landed property and cattle. They of worth, note and character. Held Office under the old Mexican Government of California. Not having any hopes of protection from the President, nor affection for the Native Government of California, would have their interests and views advanced by admission into the Union. Manuel Castro, born in Monterey. Aged 25 years, single. Cousin to General Castro. Now Prefecto of Monterey. Of little property, some information, insiduous, ambitious, but shuns observation. Great influence among the Farmers and Youths of his own age and class. For two years actively engaged in Revolutionizeing the country against Mexico. No known affection for Foreigners. Has hopes of his party continuing the command of the country by some fortuitous circumstances. Francisco Rico, born in Monterey. Aged 25 years, single. A man of small property, good standing. Has been an Officer in the Custom House, gave up in disgust. Assisted in a great measure in expelling Micheltorena. Refused a Captain's Commission from General Castro, prefering to be free from restraint. Would have some influence with those of his age. Honourable and correct in his deportment. James Watson, Merchant. Born in London. Aged 40 years. Married. Owns and keeps the largest retail store in Monterey. A resident 'of California twenty two years. Now citizen. Of little education, no ambition, honest, correct, and of fair character. Has nothing to do with Government in form or manner. Of no note out of his business. Jose Castro, born in California. Aged 36 years. Of a medium family. From his Youth up been in public life, rising from a subordinate situation to Leuitentenant Colonel by appointment from the President. Having driven General Micheltorena from California, he became acting Commandant General. Now tacitly acknowledged as such by Mexico. A partisan Officer, not of much talent or general information. Of much influence among many and among all the lower classes. Respected by many of his countrymen, feared by others. Of quick inventive, intriging and natural talents. Able to endure much fatigue in a Campaign or forraging party. Could collect and keep together more of his countrymen in an opposing state, then any other Californian. Has a strong and decided dislike to haveing Mexican Rulers or Soldiers in his country. Of little property, fond of

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fame, not avaricious, nor particular in appropriating the public funds, generous, willing to oblige, but it is hard to understand him. Juan B. Alvarado, born in California. Aged 34 years. When under twenty years of age was Secretary to the State Legislature, with some influence over the members. Then Clerk of the Custom House, with full influence over the Collector. Before he was twenty years of age he assisted in driving the Mexican General Victoria out of California. In 1837 with Colonel Castro and others shipped General N . Guteres with his staff and Troops out of California, named himself Governour, M G Vallejo (his uncle) Commandant General, and Castro higher in Office, which appointments were all confirmed by Bustimente. By Santa Anna's order on the Military principle, he was superceeded by General Micheltorena as Governour of California, securing at the same time the commission of Colonel, with a salary but no service. In 1844 he with Castro shipped Micheltorena with his Staff and Soldiers to San Bias, and is now cheif adviser and counceller to General Castro. For a Californian a man of the best general knowledge, information, and talents, mild in demeanour but violently disposed when under the effect of inebriation. Himself and Señor Castro are able to influence much of the country, with Carrello and Pico of the Pueblo of the Angeles all of it. David Spence, Merchant. Born in Scotland. Aged 48 years. A resident of California eighteen years. Married in one of the principle families in Monterey. A man of wealth and some influence, abstemious and very regular in his habits. Not connected in politics in its first stages. Of bold and perservering manner. Often Alcalde. Has been of the Legislature. Is a man with but few intimate freinds, but respected by all, and feared by some, who can influence in a great degree the political Natives of the day, but seldom exerts himself to that effect. Has a decided tendency towards the United States in preference to any other Government. Of fair general intelligence and information. Has always been the most proper person in California for British Consul. Jose Juan Pico, Partisan Officer of General Castro. Born in California. Aged 42 years. Of little property or knowledge. Could assist or retard the movements of Castro considerably by his influence among the lower classes. Charles Wolter, born in Germany. Aged 50 years. Many years a Captain

[329} of a Mexican Vessel on the coast. Married in Monterey. Of some property, little note, no influence, good character. Not engaged in any business. Waiting for a change of Flag and Government to engage in business again. Santa

Cm^

Jose Bolcroff, born in Russia. Aged 45 years.1 A resident of this Country twenty two years. Married, a man of small property and little influence, most of his time acting as Alcalde or some subordinate civil employment. Would always belong to the Government of the day. Rafael, Juan Jose and Gaudeloupe Castro, Three Brothers, born at Santa Cruz. 30 to 40 years of age. Owners of some land and cattle. Little information. Of some local influence, honest, active and attentive to their own interests. Refuse to interfere in Government affairs or permit their sons to hold Office. Have no expectation of seeing their country improve under the Mexican or Californian Rulers, nor have they any friendly feeling towards them, placing no reliance in their activity, perserveance or honourableness. Pueblo de San Jose

Antonio Sunol, Merchant and Farmer. Born in Spain. Aged 55 years. A resident of this country over twenty years, now citizen. Married here. A man of property, note, and character, a counseller to his Neighbours and of influence. Often Alcalde or Sub Prefect. Not known to what Government inclined to. His interests in lands would be advanced by the Union. Carlos Castro, Antonio M. Pico and Juan Bernal, Californians of medium property, class and talents. Of some importance among their neighbours. Honest and upright in their way. Perhaps are biased towards a union with the United States, having no hopes of California improveing as she now is. John Marsh, Farmer. Born in Massechusetts. Aged 42 years. A resident of California twelve years, now citizen. A man of more knowledge of this country than most any other. Of talents and general information. Inclined to politics (has been engaged in sending the Mexicans to Mexico, by apearently being in their favour). Argumental, hermitical and parsimonious. Power of influence contested. 'The May 1, 1 8 4 7 , and the Larkin copies here add: citizen of California.

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William Fisher of the United States, James Stokes of England, and Charles Weber of Germany, Merchants. From two to fourteen years residence in California. Not citizens. Own land, some local influence. Mr Stokes much inclined to hurrying events towards a union with the United [States] Mr. Weber has lived in the States and is inclined towards them. Ycrba

Buena

William A LeidesdorfF, Merchant and Farmer. Born in Denmark. Aged 33 years. Citizen of California. Single. Active, bold, honourable, passionate, and liberal. A linguist of medium talent. Formerly Sea Captain of New York. Influence contested. Decidedly partial to the United States. William S. Hinckley, formerly Sea Captain. Born in Massechusetts. Aged 45 years. Fifteen years a resident of California, now a citizen. Married. Acting as Captain of the Port. Of no property, much in debt. Active, bold, presumingly capable of performing many of the affairs of life if properly directed. Of honour and generosity in prosperity. Morally bad in adversity, of general vitiation of character. Of a high family in Massechusetts. Of great general talents and intelligence, worthy of being a better man.1 William Richardson, formerly Sea Captain, now Pilot of San Francisco. Born in England. Aged 48 years. Twenty years a resident of Callifornia. Now Cittizen. Married. Of common capacity. Of influence in his own circle. Kind, honest and generally beloved. Francisco Guerrero, born in Mexico. Aged 40 years. Many years in California, continually holding Office as Secretary, Alcalde, or Sub Prefect. No property. Some respectability for talents. Influential among his family connexions. Bay of San

Francisco

Timothy Murphy, Farmer, born in Ireland. Aged 50 years. Fifteen in this country. Now a citizen. Has been in Government charge of Ex Mission of San Rafael. Single. Supplies Whale Ships. A man of property, probity and some standing and influence. Indolent and unambitious. Antonio, Juan Jose, Joaquin, Victor, Jesus and Alvino Castro, all Broth'The paragraph on William S. Hinckley is omitted from the May I, 1 8 4 7 , and the Larkin copies.

[ 33> ] ers of a large family. Married. Men of intellect rather above the commonality. Depend much on Whale Ships to sell their produce. Have a dislike to Mexico. Care but little about the Native authorities from the excessive Custom House duties. Would influence their neighbours. Sonoma

Mariano G. Vallejo, born in Monterey. Aged 36 years. Named a Cadet when fifteen or sixteen years of age. Holds now the Commission of Lieutennant Colonel which he received from Bustimento. His Father a Spanish Sergeant equeal in power to a Captain of the present day. A man of very large property. Married. Very studious for a Californian, of much knowledge and general information. Anxious to improve himself and country. In 1837 assisted Castro and Alvarado in expelling the Mexicans. From that time he has gradually retired from active Military life, though he has always some command at his place of residence. He has been formal, stiff, pompous and exacting, towards his countrymen and Foreigners of the lower or middle classes. Within a year has become pleasant and condecending, anxious for popularity and the good will of others. In Sonoma he has immense tracts of land, herds of cattle and Horses, and extensive Houses. Is hospitable to those highly respected or recommended to him, ostentatious and for a Californian a close observer of every passing event. As a private person has but little regard for Mexico, as an Officer more. Is confident that Mexico will not assist or protect California, and that his own countrymen have not the capacities to do so. Has given much work and employment to the labouring American Emigrants, always speaking in their favour. Has no wish for Government pay (it owes him twenty or thirty thousand dollars). Speaks English indifferently. Would always prefer rank, perhaps Office after affairs were well settled. Has much influence over all the country. Has his part of California the most free from Robbery or insubordination, with more safety of life and property then any other Town in California. Salvador Vallejo, Brother to Dn. M G Vallejo, Farmer. Born in California. Aged 32 years. Married. Of good property, some influence, medium standing. Jacob P. Leese, Farmer and merchant. Born in Cincinnati, United States.

[332 ] Aged 36 years. Married a sister of the Vallejo's. Thirteen years a resident of California, now a citizen. A man of large landed property, of some information, fair standing and respectability. Influential among his countrymen and some influence among the natives. Bold active and enterprising. Is at times Alcalde for the year. Has nothing to do with the politics of the country, out of his own district. Victor Prudon, born in France. Aged 38 years. Married. Ten years a resident of California, now a citizen. Has been much employed as Secretary of different Offices. Four years back was by Colonel Vallejo sent bearer of dispatches to Mexico. Returned under General Micheltorena as Captain of the Army, since which time has lived at Sonoma under pay and as a writer, is some respected for his talents and his influence with the Vallejo family. Is inclined towards the United States. Can converse in English. Sacremento

River

Eliab Grimes, born in the United States, aged 60 years, Theodore Cordua of Germany, aged 52 years and John Sinclair of Scotland, aged 35 years, all citizens of California. Some years in the country. Of property and respectability. Would influence those around them. Charles W Flugge, born in Hanovdr Germany. Aged 3 3 years. Several years a resident in the United States. Attached to her form of Government. Four years a resident of California. Not married, nor a citizen. Has a Store in the Pueblo de los Angeles, and a Farm on the Sacremento. A man of good information, enthusiastic disposition, somewhat politically inclined. Of some property and influence. Both may increase with the advance of the country.1 John Bidwell and P. B. Reading of the United States. Young men, single. Have uncultivated land, holding it like many others in expectation of a change. Writers and Traders for Captain Sutter. Men of worth and respectability. Have some influence in their settlement. John A Sutter, born in Switzerland. Family in Switzerland. Aged 44 years. Many years a Captain in Charles the Tenth Swiss Gaurds. Resident of California six or eight years. Now citizen. General Micheltorena ap'In the May I, 1847, and the Larkin copies Fliigge's place of residence is listed as San Jose.

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pointed him Alcalde and Commandant of the Sacremento settlement. He continues to hold the same by the tacit consent of both Californians and Foreigners. Of good information and improving talents. Holds large tracts of land. Cattle on the decrease from overating his means of paying labourers. His Establishment consists of Farmers, Blacksmiths, Carpenters, Shoemakers, Saddlers, Hatters, Tanners, Coopers, Weavers, and Gun Smith Shops, which is now beyond his means of keeping up, but anticipates better times under a new Government. Is of the utmost importance to the Emigrants on their first arrival in California, and willing to assist them. In 1844 mustered over one hundred armed Foreigners to assist Micheltorena. Has influence over a greater part of the people of the Sacremento. Active, well informed but too sanguine. Lives but in expectation of this country belonging to the United States. A capable man for many different Offices. Now much borne down by debt from the loss of two or three Harvests, by dry weather, and from too largely extending his business. Captain Sutter has a quadrangular Square of one hundred and sixty yards long by one hundred yards wide, built entirely of Adobes and protected by bastions, haveing some fourteen or sixteen cannon mounted. This square encloses all the Houses and work shops of himself and people, with large gates which when closed, render it impenetrable to Indians or any common forces. He has some armed Indians, with a large stock of Arms and ammunition. This Establishment the first on the Sacremento, was begun in 1839 and fortified against the Indians. It would now be used against others who might attempt to attack it. General Castro sometimes talks of building another Fort on the Sacremento, but has no funds and but little energy to do so. Captain Sutter owes the Russian American Company on the North West Coast, Thirty thousand dollars. The Mexican Government have proposed to assume this and other debts, and take Captain Sutter's Establishment. In 1845 when the United States Consul conversed with the Russian Governour, he was convinced that Captain Sutter was the best and surest debtor, and objected to any arrangement that the Mexican Government could make and Captain Sutter would not vacate the place for any sum that could be obtained.

[ 334 ] Bodega, Now Called New Baltimore

Stephen Smith, born in Baltimore. Aged 60 years. Married in South America. Four years a resident of California, now citizen. A merchant, owner of the first and only Steam Saw Mill built in California. A man of property, bold and enterprising in Trade, of good commercial information, of no political note or influence, more then wealth may produce. On board Ship

Henry Melius of Boston. Aged 30 years. Ten years a resident of California. Five years Agent and Supercargo for the vessels of William Appleton & Co. of Boston, Trading on this coast. Single, not a citizen. Of fair general information, fully informed of all the commercial advantages of California. Close, punctual, and attentive to his business. Generally correct, moral and upright character. Guided solely by his own and employers interest in trade, and the common transactions of life. From his situation as Supercargo, trading and visiting throughout the year almost every person of property on the coast, he could exercise some influence among the Natives. William D. M. Howard, of Boston. Aged 26 years. Ten years a resident of California. Five years Agent and Supercargo of the vessels on this coast of B. T . Reed and others of Boston. Married out of the country. Not a citizen. Of a well known family of Boston. Fair and general information. Well aquanted with the different branches of Trade here. Attentive and punctual in his business. General habits and character correct, obligeing disposition, generally esteemed by both Natives and Foreigners throughout the country. From his situation as Supercargo, could have some influence with each class.

[ 335 ] [ALPHEUS BASIL THOMPSON TO TALBOT H. GREEN. ^ 9 6 . ]

Santa Barbara April 2 1 , 1846 Mr. T . H. Green Sir Y o u a favor per Pancho Rico was duely received, since which I received advices from Mr. Larkin respecting the Flour and the two hundred dollars paid to Mr. Spence, to all of which I have replied to him by the Bearer of this (Captain Castinairo). If you can ship your Wheat to this place in all next Month it will sell for three dollars per fanega, After which the Bakers will not purchase as the Wheat Crop will be off in June and the small lots coming in from the Pueblo de los Angelos serves to intimidate People from purchasing any Amounts at high price so late in the Season. I am still hard at Work getting in the Cargo, after which I shall visit the North, am at this time preparing to go to the Pueblo. Have the Kindness to request Mr. Larkin to use all fair Means to recover the Amt from the Barnstable duties pomised me by Don Jose Castro— as I am much in want of it. Very truly Your Obt. A. B. Thompson [Rubric]

[JOHN CALVERT DAVIS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV ¡ 9 7 . ]

San Francisco Aprill 2 1 , 1846 Mr. T . O Larkin Sir you those few lines by Capt Vincent from whome I Have been obliged to Receive 1 Bar of flatt Iron as I was in much want of it and Haveing used all I Had on Hand. Should you Have any V2 inch or H I

SEND

[ 336 } Square or Round I should like you to Send me the Ballance of the other Bar by the First Conveyance. Also Please to Pay to Capt Vincent $10.50 Freight of Flour 167 @ 21 lbs at V2 Real Per arobe. Hopeing this may find you in Better Health than it Leaves me at this Preasent time. I Remain Your Humble Servant John C Davis [Rubric]

[ALPHEUS BASIL THOMPSON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV ¡ 9 8 . ]

Santa Barbara April 2 1 / 4 6 Dear Sir

^ i o u R S of the 12th came safe to hand, the two hundred dollars to Norieaga shall be paid on my return from the Pueblo where I am bound for a few days, as I have scraped up all the Cash at this place that I can collect. I have taken Mr. N A Den's Obligation in your Name for five hundred and sixty three dollars payable in Hides or Tallow on the July the 20th next. He would not allow any Interest and a law question here would not obtain it, therefore you can draw for the Amt of the Note on the day it will be due as the pay will be certain if the Doctor lives. You will charge me with the Flour at two dollars per arroba in Hides. The Mice have injured my bags very much, would have started it but was expecting the owner to call for it daily. My acceptance for the five hundred dollars I hope you have in your possession. Mr. Den's Note will be left with Captain Robbins in case of my absence. I hope to be in Monterey in all June. Mr. Fisher is here with a small amount of Goods, a little Panocha, no Sugar. Yours truly A. B. Thompson [Rubric] To T O Larkin Esqr

[ 337 ] [pio PICO TO JAMES ALEXANDER FORBES. I V : l 1 7 . ]

Copy, Translation

The citizen Pio Pico, constitutional governor of the Department of Californias [April 22, 1846] (Seal) Mr. James A. Forbes has solicited of this government the concession of fifty varas of land on the beach immediately adjoining Yerba Buena, for the purpose of building a warehouse—In the exercise of the powers with which I am invested, I have conceded the said land to him in the name of the Mexican nation; and by these presents declare him to be the proprietor thereof. In consequence, the respective judge will give him the corresponding juridical possession in virture of this tide and take an account of the same in his office; receiving from the party interested, the customary municipal duties. Given in the City of Angels, Capital of the Department of Californias the twenty second day of April, one thousand eight hundred and forty six. Pio Pico

Yerba Buena May 13 th, 1846 An account was taken of this title in the respective book of this office.

Francisco de Haro, Secretary

Yerba Buena, 14th of May, 1846 Mr. James A. Forbes having presented a title conceded by the Departamental government for a grant to him of a lot of land on the beach of this place, I requested Mr. Forbes to designate to me the situation of

[ 337 ] [pio PICO TO JAMES ALEXANDER FORBES. I V : l 1 7 . ]

Copy, Translation

The citizen Pio Pico, constitutional governor of the Department of Californias [April 22, 1846] (Seal) Mr. James A. Forbes has solicited of this government the concession of fifty varas of land on the beach immediately adjoining Yerba Buena, for the purpose of building a warehouse—In the exercise of the powers with which I am invested, I have conceded the said land to him in the name of the Mexican nation; and by these presents declare him to be the proprietor thereof. In consequence, the respective judge will give him the corresponding juridical possession in virture of this tide and take an account of the same in his office; receiving from the party interested, the customary municipal duties. Given in the City of Angels, Capital of the Department of Californias the twenty second day of April, one thousand eight hundred and forty six. Pio Pico

Yerba Buena May 13 th, 1846 An account was taken of this title in the respective book of this office.

Francisco de Haro, Secretary

Yerba Buena, 14th of May, 1846 Mr. James A. Forbes having presented a title conceded by the Departamental government for a grant to him of a lot of land on the beach of this place, I requested Mr. Forbes to designate to me the situation of

[ 33« ] the said lot; and he informed me, that the lot he had selected, was that which is situated immediately in front of the lot known as that of Mr. Vallejo ; and I proceeded to give him possession of the same, according to orders ; when Mr. William Hinckley appeared as a claimant, alledging that he had his papers of concession of the said lot, and that in fifteen days he will present them. It belonging in consequence, to the superior authority to decide; let this be presented to the subprefect, who will decide according to justice. In the understanding that the said lot of land is unoccupied. José de la Cruz Sanchez, Second Alcalde

Yerba Buena 15 th of May, 1846 You may admit the proposition of Mr. Hinckley for the time that he asks ; and compare the dates of their titles of concession, according to the rule observed with respect to those lots ; and if he should not present his title, you will give possession to this party, according to the orders by superior authority : leaving to both parties, the right of manifesting all their claims hereafter. F. Guerrero

Yerba Buena, June 4th, 1846 D. José Ma. Santa Maria having presented himself in this office, with a power of attorney from Mr. James A. Forbes, manifesting his title to a lot of land of fifty varas on the beach at this place, granted by the Departamental government on the 22d of April, 1846, requesting that he should be put in possession of the said lot of land; and as Mr. William Hinckley has not presented the documents that he promised, to substantiate any right whatever to the property; in consequence, I the Alcalde before whom this claimant presents himself, seeing that the title to said lot is granted by the proper and legal authority, give the said D. José Ma. Santa

[ 33« ] the said lot; and he informed me, that the lot he had selected, was that which is situated immediately in front of the lot known as that of Mr. Vallejo ; and I proceeded to give him possession of the same, according to orders ; when Mr. William Hinckley appeared as a claimant, alledging that he had his papers of concession of the said lot, and that in fifteen days he will present them. It belonging in consequence, to the superior authority to decide; let this be presented to the subprefect, who will decide according to justice. In the understanding that the said lot of land is unoccupied. José de la Cruz Sanchez, Second Alcalde

Yerba Buena 15 th of May, 1846 You may admit the proposition of Mr. Hinckley for the time that he asks ; and compare the dates of their titles of concession, according to the rule observed with respect to those lots ; and if he should not present his title, you will give possession to this party, according to the orders by superior authority : leaving to both parties, the right of manifesting all their claims hereafter. F. Guerrero

Yerba Buena, June 4th, 1846 D. José Ma. Santa Maria having presented himself in this office, with a power of attorney from Mr. James A. Forbes, manifesting his title to a lot of land of fifty varas on the beach at this place, granted by the Departamental government on the 22d of April, 1846, requesting that he should be put in possession of the said lot of land; and as Mr. William Hinckley has not presented the documents that he promised, to substantiate any right whatever to the property; in consequence, I the Alcalde before whom this claimant presents himself, seeing that the title to said lot is granted by the proper and legal authority, give the said D. José Ma. Santa

[ 339 ] Maria juridical possession of the said lot of land which is situated immediately in front of that known as belonging to Mr. Vallejo. José de la C. Sanchez, Second Alcalde Candelario Valencia, Assisting Witness ; Jesus Valencia, Assisting Witness; Francisco de Haro, Secretary. Received $15.5 ri Municiapl duties. Francisco Ramirez

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN T O JOHN BERRIEN M O N T G O M E R Y . 1 OFF. C O R R .

NOT NUMBERED (1:94).]

Consulate of the U. S. A. Monterey April 23, 18462 Sir

^ L s it was late yesterday when Lt. Bartlett came on shore and I wished to read the papers he brought, I proposed going on Board the Portsmouth this fornoon. Should you have any farther dispatches or other information that Mr Gillespie should be made acquanted with, please inform me or send for me on receipt of this, as I may have to dispatch a Courier 80 miles to day to that Gentleman, he tomorrow being prepared to go to the camp of Captain Fremont. I am Sir, Your most obt. Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] John B. Mon[t]gomery Esq U. S. Ship3 Portsmouth 'From the original in the Naval Records Collection of the National Archives, Washington, D.C. copy, now in the Bancroft Library, reads "April zzd, 1846." 'Larkin's copy reads "Sloop of War."

2 Larkin's

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[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO ARCHIBALD H. GILLESPIE. COPY. 1 OFF. CORR. 1 : 9 5 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey April 23d 1846 Sir C A P T A I N M O N T G O M O R Y of the Portsmouth being under sailing orders (the xst or 2d instant) at Mazatlan, was waiting for the Mexican Mail. When Commodore Sloat heard per Brig Hannah of the situation of Captain Fremont near San John's and immeadiately dispatched the Ship. She was twenty one days from Mazatlan to Monterey. I send to you four or five New York and one Mexican News papers, the former to 5th of February, the latter of March. New York papers of Febuary 25th was in the hands of the Commodore. Captain Montgomory has not any certain information of Mr Slidel's situation in Jalapa, in March. He says that the Commandante General of Mazatlan had later News by Six days, then Commodore Sloat, that all Custom House and other Government Officers had left Mazatlan, taking away the archives, and Government property Publishing in the street, that Commodore Sloat would in all probability declare a state of Blockade the next day (thereby giving reason to suppose they were aware of the cause). Mr Parrott private letter to Don Pablo Salguire [de la Guerra(?)] has an oppinion that there will be no War. that some of the Mexican Northern States were declareing for the United States, others forsaking, and most all against Paredes, the whole Mexican Country being in a deplorable state. Captain Montgomory is of the oppinion that Commodore Sloat may by the next Mail (Six or eight days) have a declaration on the part of the United States against Mexico in which case we shall see him in a few days to take the Country. The English Corn Laws are repealed. Peal was out ten days. Lord Russel in his place not being able to form a Ministry, Sir Robert Peal was recalled. Mr Packingham has the second or third time made Oregon prepositions to Mr Buchanan, even to offering to leave the buisness to other Nations or the Prusians. Mr Polk will have none of it. He is for our own Territory (of which Oregon is a •Two additional copies of this communication may be found in Larkin's report to the Department of State which accompanied his letter of July 20, 1846, under document No. 2 1 .

[341] part) without arbitration on the part of any one. The Portsmouth will remain here and in San Francisco some weeks, perhaps a month according to circumstances. I have (as my oppinion) said to Seneors Castro, Carrello and Vallejo that our Flag may fly here in thirty days. The former says, for his own plans, War is prefferable to peace, as by War, affairs will at once be brought to a close, and each one know his doom. I answerd, without War he could make certain Officers, and secure to himself, and his freinds, fame, honour, permanent employ and pay. He and others know not what to do or say, but wait advices from Mexico per their Commissioner, by Don Quxote. She ought to be here by the first of July. The letters I sent to Mazatlan on the ioth or eleventh of March respecting Captain Fremont, I suppose did not reach Mr Parrott. The people here are astonished at the appearence of this vessel in Forty two days, to look into the buisness, which astonishment I am glad to see. I have had many of the leaders at my house to inquire into the News, and believe they are fast prepareing themselves for the comeing events. The Shark has sailed from Mazatlan to Oahu for repairs. I know nothing of Commodore Stocton. In fear of my forgetting some verbal News, I have requested Mr Melius to write to you. Please return the English papers. I Remain with Respect Your Obedient Servent (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin Archibald H. Gillespie Esqr. Yerba Buena

[WILLIAM ALEXANDER LEIDESDORFF TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV ¡ 9 9 . ]

Yerba Buena April 23d 1846 T . O. Larkin Esqr Dear Sir " Y o u r last giving me information of H. Nails death came duly to haiid. I also find by the same, that the cash note that Grimes held of mine is in your possession. My agreement with Capt Grimes was, that he

[342} should not transfer it, nor should I be pushed for the payment, as I was merely doing him a favour in taking the goods off his hands. The story is thus. When captain G. arived here in the Fama, he had a large lot of smugled goods. After getting them onshore he requested me to buy them. I told him that they were unsalable, but if he would let me have them cheap, that I would take them on the condition, that if I did not sell them priveous to his leaving this coast that I should return what I had on hand and pay for what sold. Previous to his leaving, he caled me in his room, and told me that he was going, and wished me to give him my note for the Amount and that it should be understood, that I should not be forced or rather hurried to pay it as the greater part of the goods were still on hand, that he merely wanted my note in case any thing should befall him, on his voyage. However as you have got it keep it, and I will try to settle it during the year, but I asure you that it will be the last transaction I ever have with him. Please to forward me my first note which has been paid. I am happy to hear you made something by the charter of the Don Quixote. Do me the favour to hurry the taylor with my clothes. I have not got a decent suit to put on in case a man of war arives here. I received a letter from Captain Freemont requesting me to send him an oficial account of our Jurney to Monterey and what his object was in going there. I shall do so by the return of the launch. I also forward you a letter from him. No other news at present. Yours truly Wm. A. Leidesdorff

[JOHN H. EVERETT TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V U O O . ]

Boston Apl. 23d 1846 Friend

Larkin

I

you herewith a quantity of novels which will help to amuse you, in your leisure hours. After you & Mr Green are done with them please send them along to Hugo Reid with my complts. SEND

—[343] In return I would ask you to send me some more of those large pine cones & also some of those petrified oysters or oyster shells found near San Luis Obispo. I may not be here when they arrive, but shall leave directions concerning them. As soon as the "California" arrives I am off for the East Indias. I shall write you, to go by this vessel in a day or two. Yrs with respect Everett [Rubric] List of books on other side: Only a fiddler & O. T . , Whiteboy, Siege of Vienna, Queen of Denmark, The Albion, Sister Anne, Windsor Castle, Love & Mesmerism, Mabel, Mysteries of N e w York, Mysteries of Boston, The Traduced, Indiana, The Royal favorite, Lady of Milan and a Philadelphia paper as the inside wrapper. J H E [Rubric] [Cover hears note-] Pr " X y l o n . "

[MANUEL DE JESÚS CASTRO TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V Í I O I . ]

Prefectura del Segundo Distrito [Abril 24 de 1846]

E

L

infrascrito Prefecto de este Distrito acaba de recibir en este

instante la nota del Sor. Cónsul de los E U de America Don Tomas O. Larkin fecha 1 0 del presente, en que pide una información del estado en que se halla la causa que se comenzó á formar en virtud de las heridas perpetradas al Capitan de la Barca Tasso Don Elliot Libbey en el Puerto de la Yerbabuena en Octubre del año procsimo pasado. El infrascrito está impuesto que el agrabiado en auto formal que consta en la misma causa, retirando espontaniamente cualquiera derecho que le pudiera asistir para querellarse, pidió que el Juez de oficio y sin esperar pruebas por su parte, hiciera las pesquizas necesarias para averiguar la

[344} verdad del hecho, y que en virtud de esto para satisfacción de la vindicta publica y morijerar las costumbres, ha hecho por sí cuanto ha estado á su alcanse para la aclaración del mismo suceso; pero no prestando el sumario sino la idea, que andando de patrulla los individuos que se acusan en persecusion de desertores de Buques valleneros á las once de la noche, hora en que no es permitido el tráfico en Puerto alguno de la República, encontraron varios marineros que no atentos á la voz de alto que se les impuso la desobedecieron, y que aprehendidos dos de ellos en el acto de conducirlos á detención, el Capitan Elliot Libbey, incógnito por la obscuridad, asiendo violentamente á los individuos de la ronda, estos obraron en su defensa personal y de su puesto, en cuyo lance recibió las heridas leves de que á pocos dias se vio en completa sanidad, resulta que no teniendo el cabo y demás Ciudadanos que compusieron la patrulla, una responsabilidad tan grave por la cual merezcan pena corporal, no es contrario á la ley que se les haya puesto en libertad bajo la fianza correspondiente. El infrascrito estima de su deber recordar al Sor. Cónsul de los E. U. de America, que habiendo ya desistido de su derecho el Capitan Don Elliot Libbey, ha quedado rescindido el que á él le pudiera competir, como Agente de su nación, para hacer requerimiento ó reclamación alguna sobre el negocio referido, y que no obstante vigilará que se proceda en él de una manera que el que aparezca verdaderamente culpable, se castigue con arreglo á justicia. El infrascrito también ha advertido que el Sor. Cónsul de los E. U. de America, acaso por descuido ó insulto á su autoridad, no le dá en sus comunicaciones oficiales el tratamiento que le conceda la ley de 20 de Marzo de 1837, y espera que en lo sucesivo cumplirá con esa vigente prevención. El infrascrito reproduce al Sor. Cónsul de los E. U. las espreciones de su aprecio. Dios y Libertad. Monterey Abril 24 de 1846. Maní Castro [Rubric] Sor. Cónsul de los E. U. de America, Don Tomas O. Larkin

[345] [WILLIAM HEATH DAVIS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : I 0 2 . ]

Santa Cruz Apl. 24th 1846 Thos O. Larkin Esq. Dear Sir start this evening for Sta. Clara, by land, the Brig also leaves for Yerba buena this evening. I have been detained longer here, than I anticipated on a/c of having some bad weather, and had a narrow escape with the Brig. Had it blowed heavy from the S. W. the Brig probably would have gone a shore, and there would been an end to the voyage. I have done tolerably well here. Don Carlos the Frenchman has spoken to me about getting out some joist for me on your a/c 3 by 4. I requested him to have it ready by July on the beach. As yet I have not decided whether I shall touch in at Monterey, on my way to the South. If Mr. Melius has any good riding gloves on board the Barnstable, please purchase me couple pairs. I shall write you from San Franco. Capt. Grimes wishes to be remembered to you Mrs. L. & Mr. Green. Please remember me to Mrs. Larkin & Mr. Green. I remain Yours in haste William H Davis [Rubric] I

s h a l l

[WILLIAM DAVIS MERRY HOWARD TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV:IC>3.]

Yerba Buena Apl 24th 46 T . O Larkin Esq. Dear Sir X o u r favour of the 14th was duly received, and I am glad to hear you were so fortunate in recovering your 6,000$. I hope my turn will come soon. How are you to finish your Wharf now ? I suppose howeve they will

[346] clap on someother tax to the Boston vessels. Melius has been very lucky in getting so much of the duties of the B. I suppose she is now in Monterey and you are all hard at it. I hope they will not send out a vessel for me, although it would assist greatly in my collections, and how I shall get m y Govmn debts in with out one I can not tell. I intend leaveing here in all next week by land for Monterey. T h e ship will not leave yet awhile. M y collections here have been very good better than any of the other vessels. I send you a package which I found here on board from the Boys. A s it was not directed on the outside accounts for its being mislaid. I hope you will excuse it. Please hand the enclosed to my W i f e & beleive me Y r s truly W . D . M . Howard [Rubric]

[ARCHIBALD H. GILLESPIE TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. 111:134.]

[SfaZ:]

LEROUX EN MEXICO.

Yerba Buena April 25 th 1845 [6!] My Dear Sir

^ Y o u r favours of 226. & 23d came to hand early this morning. I am very much obliged for the attention, in thus sending me so late news from U States & England. I arrived here last evening at about V2 past 7 odock, after a very disagreeable ride from Pueblo. T h e horses from M o n terey were so poor, I was obliged to change, and saved five dollars by the operation, & for myself, obtained a much better horse; but Ben's & the baggage horses were very poor. Consequently do not pay the first man any thing more! M r Leidersdrof will pay the twenty-five. M r Stokes was very kind and hospitable. Sunol was away. Weber asked me to come & see him, and returned my call, nothing further. Hearing that Cap't Fremont is at Lamson's farm, 1 I tho't of going across the country, but could not buy horses, without paying an extravagant price—for horses worth ten, they 1

T h a t is, Lassen's farm.

[347] asked me forty dolls, which of course, I would not pay. I came here in consequence, & will go off to day in a Whale Boat; it being now still more necessary for early information to reach Cap't Fremont. A Mr Talbot of the party was here ten days since, for supplies; and Leidersdorf is of the impression that I will meet him & Fremont at Sutter's. It was very gratifying to me to see the feeling evinced by the Americans around Pueblo, toward their Countryman—they came into to town to see me, to learn what news I had brought from home; and without my introducing the subject or encouraging the conversation, they expressed themselves very decidedly in favor of a change. Stokes is circulating the Constitution of Texas; many persons had read it already, and had approved of it—even some of the natives (Californians) are very much dissatisfied with the state of affairs; and the feeling in relation to the duties, emmanating from what source it may, is very strong among them. I have not much worth writing about. I stand the travel well; knocked up Stokes, and the Boy who came with me yesterday. Capt Leidersdoff is very polite—and shows a willingness & activity to serve very agreeable to a stranger. Mrss. Howard & Teuchmaker came to see me this morning. They send letters I think by the same Courier. I will write you by the first oppy from the Camp. Do think to caution the officers about talking or saying who I a m ! ! They did not know I had come here. If you tell Capt Montgomery the importance of the necessity to keep quiet, he will direct his officers to respect my request. This is to you. Do not say to any one I advised the above. Finding it so troublesome to travel with luggage, I shall send back by the Tasso my traps, which please take charge of. I will send the pack saddle belonging to the Monterey man. My best regards to Mr. Melless, & say I would write him but that the Courier is desirous to be off. Conque, hasta la vista—I am, very truly Your Mo ob't Serv't Archi H . Gillespie [Rubric] Thos O Larkin Esqr Consul of U States, Monterey

(348}

[WILLIAM ALEXANDER LEIDESDORFF TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV:IC>4.]

Yerba buena April the 25 th 1846 T . O. Larkin Esqr Sir

to your request, I have done every thing in my power for Mr. Archibald H. Gillispie. He leaves this place in a few hours for the Sacramento. As I do not know exactly what funds he will require previous to his leaving this, I cannot inform you by this opertunity. However in my next I shall forward you my private account. Glorious news for Capt Freemont. I thinck I se him smile. By your letters it appears that this news was not generally known. However here they must have some news as the Sub Prefecto is buissy dispatching couriers in different parts of the country, and Capt. Hinckley has been heard to say that Guirera had received a courier yesterday, advising him of the exspected war with Mexico. How he got his news I cant say. If Mr. Swasey has no employ yet send him to me for I am all alone, and have great deal to do. Mr. Basham has left me on account of its being to cold here for him. .ACCORDING

I hope you will do me the favour and hurry the taylor with the suit of clothes I requested Mr. Green to have made for me, as I am verry much in want of them. No news here of any importance. I Remain Your Obt. Servt. W m . A. Leidesdorff [Rubric]

[349] [JOHN H. EVERETT TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 9 5 - ]

Boston Apl 26 1846 D . Tomas O. Larkin Atnigo mio

B y

the Genl Harrison via Sandwich Islds I wrote you a few days

since which I trust will arrive safely. By this ship I send a bundle containing some papers & books which may help you to pass away the dull winter days when it rains and after M r Green & yrself have done with them please send them to Reid at the Pueblo. Since my last to you, we have nothing new from our armey in Texas & the new revolution in Mexico which was talked of, in favor of Sta Ana has been indefinitely postponed. The house has passed a resolution in favor of "giving notice" on the Oregon question which does not agree with the Senates resolution & unless one or the other back out, the notice will be deferred ad interim. C . J . Ingersoll has made charges in the house agst M r Webster, (while he was Sec of State under Tyler) of using the "Secret fund money" improperly, also of dishonesty, buying up papers etc, etc, all of which M r W pronounces to be "a lie" & M r C J I, not being able to prove his sayings, stands in the character of a convicted liar. They requested the Pres to communicate the items of this "secret fund money" spent during M r Ws. time—he gives them the amt, five thousand & odd dollars in two years but declines telling any more, as he says the precedent is bad & would lead to bad results hereafter. H e says however that this 5000 was paid &. that the vouchers of Prest Tyler are there to answer the amt & that the Sec of State only can expend by & with consent of the prest. So M r Polk proves M r Ingersoll to be a liar. The Subtreasury bill if it passes to be a law under its present shape will bring back to us the "hard times", in fact the money market is somewhat tight now, as the banks wish to prepare themselves for the day of specie payments. The Tariff was also conduce to bring on the crisis—importations from abroad will increase, specie must be sent out to pay for the goods & the blessed Govt, will have what little is left in its sub treasury while the

[35° ] "dear people" can get along as they best can. How strange that the "Loco foco" party cannot learn wisdom by experience—they have tried a subtreasury scheme before & caused the election of Genl. Harrison & now it will tumble Mr Polk out as it did Matty Van. I am now awaiting the arrival of the California & as soon after her arrival as possible I shall be on my way to land of "the Celestials" where the women have small feet & the man wear long quees. Heard from Capt Faucon by the last steamer he was well & doing well—does not expect to return to the United States for some years he says; not 'till he has made a fortune. Are you still the Baron Rothchild of California ? Does the Govt of the time being use your purse as free as ever? Perhaps when you die they will erect another monument like to that of "Figueroas" in memory of your good deeds & place your portrait en la Sala consistorial. If Mr Green would procure me a few more of those large pine cones & send them to me, he would confer a favor & in fact pay the a/c, of books sent to him. An Oyster or two or more of those found near San Luis Obispo would also be very acceptable. Did you notice my "broad seal" on the package of books; it is one Faucon sent me from Canton made purposely to seal up such bundles. Report says that Mrs Park (T B Ps divorced wife) is about to marry again—to a Mr Sumner who is now in Cuba on a / c of his health. I hope she will not be disappointed this time b u t get a little something. Congress has

passed the resolve authorizing Mr. Polk to give notice of the termination of the joint occupancy in Oregon. The notice will be given no doubt forthwith & then we shall expect Great Britain to make the next move on the chess board of diplomacy. Has Watson filled up his garrett with dollars yet. At last a/cs his cellar was overflowing. Give my regards to him & his family. How do your wells at the beach answer? Can you supply the shipping with water enough. Do any of the Whalers water casks ever contain anything when they come on shore. I wrote yesterday to Washington to let yr bro Childs know of this vessel & you will probably hear from him. Please say to Mr Howard that I have written him various times but have not had the pleasure of hearing from him yet. I trust he has made good collections on the old voyage of the Tasso. I shall write him as soon as the California arrives. Capt Everett's

[35.) wife has gone out overland to meet him; with a party of the Mormoms from Illinois. If W m Faxon is still with you say to him I have advised his folks of this vessel that they might write. M r Avis who was on the coast (from the Islds) while I was there, has lately arrived home in company with Mr Brewer & family via Canton. Report says Avis has made abt ten thousand dollars at the Islds & could have made a fortune had he remained. Penhallow is doing well at the Islds it is said. I saw a letter from him the other day. The papers say Capt. Fremont was out your way again, had left his party at Sutter & gone to Monterey himself. Have you seen him? I wish I had a cable attached to the California that I might hurry her along, so as to leave here in the Ship J. Q. Adams which will sail about the last of May. I am afraid the C wont arrive in time for me. Giv[MS. torn] respects to all my friends in Monterey and particularly to y[MS. torn] lady & Mr Green & I remain sincerely Y r Obliged friend John H . Everett [Rubric] Please direct any letters for me to care of my Brother Otis Everett Jr. [Cover bears note:] Pr "Xylon."

[GEORGE W. VINCENT TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : I 0 5 . ]

Monterey 27th April, 1846 Dear Sir

" Y o u will please du me the favour to send The four Men which are now on shore and belonging to the Ship Sterling. Direct to the Ships boat that is now on the beach. And not allow them to been at large Any longer.

[352 ] By Attending to this You will Mutch oblige Your Obt Servent G. W. Vincent [Rubric] To Thomas O. Larkin Esq U S. Consul, Montery

[ELI JONES TO JOHN BAUTISTA ROGERS COOPER. I V : i o 8 . ]

Honolulu April 28 1846 Sir

the liberty to address a fue lines to you as i have ben absent from here for these last 16 months & have Just returned. There is some things that i cannot understand. In my absence i left Mr Raynolds as my agent. In the mean time the Fama came down & Capt Nye told my Pardener that you had sent me down a lot of hides but they ware not delivered to my Pardener Capt Makee, but to Mr Raynolds. He after ward sent Capt Makee a lot of soap saying it came from you for me. When i arrived i went to Mr Raynolds & askeed him if you did not send me any letter or hides. He told me that you did not send me eather, but that you had sent me some soap, which is not according to Agreement. You agreead to send me hides or Cash, & i think there must have ben some unfare play one way or the other. You would oblige me very much by informing me how it was the first opportunity & furthermore by sending me down the balence of the fund this fall as i am very much in want of the money or hides to remit to the states as you are well awair that it has ben long due, & also the note that i hold against you and Andrews i have not received one Cent on yet & i think that i am not used well atall. i hope you will see Mr Andrews & tell him that i am much in need of it. If you ever intend to pay it it will very acceptable as i want to close up my affairs & go home for good. Yours Obient survent I

TAKE

Eli Jones

[ 353 ] [FRANCISCO GUERRERO Y PALOMARES TO WILLIAM ALEXANDER LEIDESDORFF. COPY. I V : 1 0 9 . ]

Sub-Prefectura del 20 Distrito [Abril 30 de 1846] C^ON este he recibido del Sor. Prefo lo qe á la letra copio.1 "Impuesto qe una multitud de Estrangeros abusando de nuestras circunstancias locales sin haber venido con los requistos qe previene la ley, residen en ese partido, y que varios de ellos, no debiendo ni aun ser admitidos en el Pais, se han echo de bienes raizes siendo este derecho conocidos, he tenido a bien disponer q¿ V . ordene á los Jueses de los Pueblos de encargo que no podran bajo en mas estrecha responsabilidad, permitir, ni autorizar venta ó secion alguna de terreno ó de dicha clase de vienes, si no es con arreglo ó dro, y en fabor de los Ciuds Mejicanos advirtiendo á los Estrangeros qe no están naturalisados y legalmente introducidos q¿ qualquiera compra ó adquisición qe hagan de ellos será nula y de ningún valor, y que están engetos [sujetos] si no se retiran voluntariamt« del Pais á ser espulsos de el cuando el gobierno lo encuentre por conveniente." Y lo transcribo a V . pa su conocimto y observancia en el uso de su deber, hasiendose los conoser á los persones qe correspondan á la nación de la que V . obtiene ser V . Consul, los que no se rijan por los leyes establesidos en la república Mejicana; y en virtud de ser bien sabido esto no tengan lugar á reclamo. Espero de V . acusarme el recibo correspondiente de esta nota, ofresiendole los consideraciones de mi distinguido apresio. Dios y Libertad, Yerba buena, Abril 30 de 1846. Sor. B. Consul de E. U. del N . [Larkin's notation:] Write to the V . Consul not to answer important papers without advising me before hand—May 2 4 / 1 8 4 6 , as it possible such Bandos are only sent to obtain answers for some specified purposes hereafter. ' T h e translation of this communication which Larkin had prepared for the Department of State in Washington is given immediately following.

{354 } [FRANCISCO GUERRERO Y PALOMARES TO WILLIAM ALEXANDER LEIDESDORFF.1 COPY. OFF. CORR.]

Copy of an order sent by Dn. Manuel Castro, Prefect of Monterey, to the Sub-Prefect of San Francisco, and forwarded to the U. S. Consulate here by the Vice Consul of that Port. Sub-Prefecture of the 2d District [April 30th 1846]

WA^T this time I have received from the Prefect a communication which I copy to the Letter. "Being informed that a multitude of strangers abusing our local circumstances without having come with the requisites provided by law, are residing in this district, and that many of them that had not ought to be admitted into this country have made themselves owners of fixed property, being a right only belonging to naturalized citizens, I have concluded to order all Justices of towns under their charge, that they cannot under the most strong responsability, permit nor authorize sale or cession whatever of land or of said class of property, without regulation by right, and in favour of Mexican citizens, advising those foreigners that are not naturalized and legally introduced, that whatever purchase or acquisition they make will be null and void, and will be subject (if they do not retire voluntarily from the country) to be expelled from it whenever the government finds it convenient." God and Liberty, Yerba Buena, San Francisco, April 30th 1846. (Signed) Franco Guerrero T o William A. LeidesdorfF Esqr, U. S. Vice Consul Yerba Buena, San Francisco 'From the copy in the National Archives, Washington, D. C. This document is No. 18 of the report which Larkin sent to the Department of State with his letter of July 20, 1846 (Off. Corr. 11:54). In Larkin's copy of the report, however, the document is No. 23.

[ 355 } [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO MOSES YALE BEACH & SONS. COPY. I V 1 1 8 4 . ]

California April 1846 Messrs M . Y . Beach & Sons New York Sir .^^.FTER. several very dry Winters, we have now had a wet one to our almost satisfaction. We therefore may expect the Ranchors will have a good harvest and the hide & Tallow traders a good hiding and well greased. The deserve no less—after 3 or 4 indifferent years. For two years the Californians have been expecting another a la moda de Jones—but with a longer duration in the exchange of flags. It does appear to us that after Uncle Sam has allowed Mexico to chafe fume and baffle so long even refusing the last Minister, that something more serious would be done and California would conspire so in consequence. Be it as may the U S Natives will not fret when they time comes. We can not suppose they will do so in anticipation. The fate of California is one of the surest affairs yet in the womb of time. Its accomplishment to be affected by one of four modes—which I place as the Inhabitants would wish to see them accomplishd. First a fair sale of the Country to the U. S. and quik and honorable transfer into the hands of proper Rulers. Second, by War, to end the suspence at once, knowig that would bring peace & hopes of prosperity one week afterward. Third. By Emigration by land—as the first Pioneers over the Mountains were no improvement on the character of that class of people in other days—along the borders of the far West—& they reache the "Farest West" with no visible object—and saw but one kind of People in the Indians and the dessedent of Spanard they took then all to be Parenties in general, but few of the second band Pioneers have as yet made thier appearence. In them the Natives can see some improvemnt but not sufiicent to plase them. Fourth 8c last—not the least but the Worst the Mormons. We understand that Narvoo is vacuated and the whole Mormonery is in motion, havig found out that C. is the promised land. Will they not expell the whole Boffeloe tribe from the prairies. The Californians with ther fleet horses and

[ 356 ] long lazzo could master the Animal better than Man and fear him less— knowing him but an Animal—while they can not imagine what the other is. One tenth of the able bodied men of C. are this day foreigner another tenth will be added in Sept And is fair to imagine two tenths more in 1847. Make your calculation how fast the increase of the Natives must progress by the ordinary rules of Nature, and that of the Foreigner by Emigration then strike a ballance you find the result any where—poco mas o menos. Paisano

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOHN BERRIEN MONTGOMERY. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 9 6 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey California May 2d 1846 Sir

I N answer to your request for information respecting the mines lately found in California, I have to say, that ninety miles (by Sea) south of San Diego there are some very extensive Copper Mines, belonging to Don Juan Bandine. I am informed by Don Jose Rafael Gonzales that on his Rancho sixty or eighty miles south of Monterey there are coal mines. At San Pablo there are others. At the Mission of San Juan twenty five miles north of Monterey there are Sulpher beds, or mines. Fifty or eighty miles north of Monterey there is said to be several silver mines. There are several place throughout California where the people obtain a bituminous pitch to cover the roofs of their houses, some make a floor of it, by mixing eath with it. I have at these places seen many Rabbits, Squarrels, and Birds half burried in the pitch, where they soon die, even horses and Black cattle are lost there. A few miles north of Santa Barbara the sea for four or five miles is coloured by the pitch osing from the banks, and runing several miles upon the coast. Five or six miles from the town of San Jose, and near the Mission of Santa Clara, there are mountains of Quick Silver ore, discovered in 1845 by Don Andros Castillero of Mexico, which I have twice seen produce twenty per cent of pure quick silver, by simply putting the

[ 356 ] long lazzo could master the Animal better than Man and fear him less— knowing him but an Animal—while they can not imagine what the other is. One tenth of the able bodied men of C. are this day foreigner another tenth will be added in Sept And is fair to imagine two tenths more in 1847. Make your calculation how fast the increase of the Natives must progress by the ordinary rules of Nature, and that of the Foreigner by Emigration then strike a ballance you find the result any where—poco mas o menos. Paisano

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOHN BERRIEN MONTGOMERY. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 9 6 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey California May 2d 1846 Sir

I N answer to your request for information respecting the mines lately found in California, I have to say, that ninety miles (by Sea) south of San Diego there are some very extensive Copper Mines, belonging to Don Juan Bandine. I am informed by Don Jose Rafael Gonzales that on his Rancho sixty or eighty miles south of Monterey there are coal mines. At San Pablo there are others. At the Mission of San Juan twenty five miles north of Monterey there are Sulpher beds, or mines. Fifty or eighty miles north of Monterey there is said to be several silver mines. There are several place throughout California where the people obtain a bituminous pitch to cover the roofs of their houses, some make a floor of it, by mixing eath with it. I have at these places seen many Rabbits, Squarrels, and Birds half burried in the pitch, where they soon die, even horses and Black cattle are lost there. A few miles north of Santa Barbara the sea for four or five miles is coloured by the pitch osing from the banks, and runing several miles upon the coast. Five or six miles from the town of San Jose, and near the Mission of Santa Clara, there are mountains of Quick Silver ore, discovered in 1845 by Don Andros Castillero of Mexico, which I have twice seen produce twenty per cent of pure quick silver, by simply putting the

[ 357 ] pounded rock in an old gun barrel, one end placed in the fire, the other end in a pot of water for the vapour to fall into, which immeadiately becomes condensed. The metal was then strained through a silk Hakf. The red ore produced far better then the yellow. There appears no end to the production of the Metal from these Mountains, working of the quick silver is but now commenced. Near the town of Sonoma about sixty miles from the entrance to the Bay of San Francisco there are other mines. This rock or ore appears of a grayish cast. I have never seen it proved, but am informed that it is equal to the others. Near the same town there is sulpher mines. The peice I saw (about a pound) was perfectly pure, without rock or dirt mixed in it. At the same place there is said to be lead mines. Some Indians have brought a blanket full of lead ore to the Mission of San Juan's refusing to tell from whence they brought it. On the Rancho of Captain Richardson, one side of the entrance to the Bay of San Francisco there is lead. I have seen two or three pounds said to be from that Rancho. This peice was full of peble stones, which when taken out by nail or knife left the lead entirely pure, and indented like honney comb. Twenty miles from Monterey there is a mine of Silver and lead, which have been got out, but not seperated. I have reason to beleive, there is much slate of the best quality at the Sacremento River. I understand there is Black lead in the country. At San Fernando near San Pedro by washing the sand in a plate, any person can obtain from one to five Dollars per day of gold, that brings seventeen Dollars per Oz in Boston. The gold has been gathered for two or three years, though but few have the patience to look for it. There is no doubt in my mind but that gold, Silver, Quick Silver, Copper, lead Sulpher, and coal mines are to be found all over California, and I am very confident, they will under their present owners continue as they are. The Indians have always said there was mines, but would not show their location, and the Californians did not choose to look for them. On the south east end of the Island of Catalina is a Silver mine, from which some silver has been extracted. I Remain Your Obedient Servent. (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin Captain John B Montgomory United States Ship Portsmouth

[35» ] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES BUCHANAN. 1 COPY. OFF. CORR. NO. 4 3 (11:43).]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey California, 4th May, 1846 Sir T H E undersigned has the honour to forward to the Department, the following information respecting the mines of California, most of them discovered within six or nine months. For many years previous to this, the inhabitants have supposed the places in question contained metal of some kind. Ninety miles (by sea) South of San Diego there are some very extensive copper mines belonging to D. Juan Bandini. The undersigned is informed by D. Jose Rafael Gonzales, that on his Rancho, sixty or eighty miles, South of Monterey, there are coal mines. At San Pablo in the Bay of Sn. Francisco, there are others. At the Mission of Sn. Juan's, twenty five miles, North of Monterey, there is Sulphur beds or mines. Fifty to eighty miles North of Monterey, there is said to be silver. There are several places throughout California, where the people obtain a bitumenous pitch to cover the roofs of their houses. Some make a floor of it by mixing earth with it. At these places, rabbits, squirrels & birds, often get half buried in the pitch & soon die. Even horses & horned cattle are lost there. A few miles North of Santa Barbara, the sea for several miles upon the coast is coloured by the pitch oozing from the banks. Five or six miles from the Town of San Jose & near the Mission of Santa Clara, there are mountains with veins of quick silver ore discovered by D. Andres Castillero (of Mexico) in 1845 which the undersigned has seen twice produce twenty per cent of pure quick silver, by simply putting the pounded rock in an old gun barrel, one end placed in the fire, the other end in a pot of water for the vapour to fall into, which immediately becomes condensed. The metal was then strained through a silk handkerchief. The red ore produces far better than the yellow. There appears no end to the production of the metal from these Mountains. Working of the quick silver is but now commenced 'From the duplicate copy in the National Archives, Washington, D. C. The original document does not appear in the file of Larkin papers.

[359] under great disadvantages, from not having any of the materials generally used in extracting that metal. Near the Town of Sonoma, about sixty miles from the entrance of the Bay of Sn. Francisco, there are other mines, the rock or ore of which appears of a greyish cast, and to be equal to the others. Near the same Town, there are Sulphur mines. The piece the undersigned has in his possession is perfectly pure, without rock or dirt mixed with it In the same place there is said to be lead mines. Some Indians have brought a blanket of lead ore to the Mission of Sn. Juan's, refusing to tell from whence they brought it. On the Rancho of Captn. Richardson, one side of the entrance to the Bay of Sn. Francisco, there is a lead mine. The undersigned has two or three pounds said to be from that Rancho, that is full of pebblestones which when taken out by a nail or knife, left the lead entirely pure & indented like honey combs. Twenty miles from Monterey, there is a mine of silver & lead which has been taken out, but not separated. There is also slate of the best quality, at the Sacramento River. There is said to be black lead in the Country. At San Fernando near San Pedro, by washing the sand in a plate, any person can obtain from one to five dollars per day of gold, that brings seventeen dollars per ounce in Boston. The gold has been gathered for two or three years, though but few have the patience to look for it. On the South East end of the Island of Catalina, there is a silver mine from which silver has been extracted. There is no doubt but that gold, silver, quicksilver, copper, lead, sulphur and coal mines are to be found all over California, and it is equally doubtfull whether under their present owners they will ever be worked. The Indians always have said there was mines in the Country but would not show their location, and the Californians did not choose to look for them. By the laws & customs of Mexico respecting mining, every person or company, foreign or native, can present themselves to the nearest authorities and denounce any unworked mine. The authorities will then after the proper formalities put the Denouncer in possession of a certain part of it, or all, which is I believe according to its extent. The possessor must hereafter occupy & work his mine or some other may denounce against him. In all cases the Government claims a certain proportion of the products. Up to the present time there are few or no persons in California with sufficient energy & capital to carry on mining. Although a Mexican Officer of the

Í3«o} Army, a Padre and a native of New York, are, on a very small scale, extracting quicksilver from the San Jose mine, it is considered doubtfull whether a foreigner can hold a mine in this country. I remain Sir with the highest consideration, your obedient servant Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] Hon. James Buchanan, Secretary of State City of Washington

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO MANUEL DE JESUS CASTRO. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 9 7 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey California May 4th 1846 Sir

T h e undersigned has the honour to acknowledge the Note of the Señor Prefecto of the 24th ultimo, and is sorry to find that he has been supposed wanting in Courtesy [in] the mode of addressing his correspondents. As the mode of useing the second personal pronoun is the same to almost every person, and the letter in its translation was not altered to meet the proper mode, (unknown to him) he hopes the explanation made, be deemed suficiant. The undersigned was not aware that Captain Libbey had given up his right to complaint in the cause in question. He remembers that at the final of the examination at Yerba Buena Captain Libbey was asked by the Justice present, if he would still carry on the trial, or have the authorities do so as a matter of course. He agreed to the latter proposal. There was no alternative known, or wished for, as the authorities of the Country must try all causes within its jurisdiction. They are competent to do so, and no others can be. The undersigned does not waive any right for himself, or the complanant in this trial, as he by no means ever had such intentions. The undersigned from the opinion he received from the Señor Prefecto, (at the

[ ,6, ] time they left Monterey for Yerba Buena, and after their arrival there), never hesitated in believing that those who committed the deed would be punished, and is now supprised to find that those who where aprehended are still going at large, and in the Prefecto's last letter but little hopes are held out, that they will be punished,—and would again ask, are those men considered guilty ? (proved guilty he beleives they were) and are they to be punished ? or is the trial yet in progress 1 The undersigned does not admit, that Seamen cannot come on shore, late at night for their Captain, or that any proof has been found that Captain Libbey used any weapon, or had any when he met the persons who cut him, nor does he admit, because as the Señor Prefecto brings forward that the Captain soon recovered, therefore the offence was trifling. He was confined to his room thirty days, which time his services was lost to the Barque Tasso and owners. I Remain with Much Respect Your Obedient Servent (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin Señor Don Manuel Castro, Prefecto of the 2d District California.

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN T O p i o PICO. C O P Y . OFF. C O R R . 1 : 9 8 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey California May 4th 1846 Sir

T H E undersigned Consul of the United States of America for California, has the honour to acknowledge the receipt (this day) of the Note of your Excellency, of the x 8th ultimo, in which information is giving to this Consulate, of your appointment by the Supreme Magistrate of Mexico as Governor of California, and your acceptance of the Office in presence of the State Legislature. The undersigned improves the opportunity, by offering his congratulations to Govourner Pico for the honourable appointment he has received from the City of Mexico, and of the high consideration he

[ 362 ] — has for his Excellency. I Am with the highest Respect Your Obedient Servent (Signed) Thomas O Larkin His Excellency D. Pio Pico, Govourner of California

[WILLIAM HEATH DAVIS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : i I O . ]

Yerba buena May 6th 1846 Mr. Thos O. Larkin Dear Sir " Y o u r favor of the 28th of the last month, was duly receive and in reply I can only say, that I am extremily oblige to you for your kind offers. Should war be actually declared between the U. S. & Mexico perhaps their will be some employment for my Brig being under a neutral flag. Should you see any thing of the kind please advise me immediately. I am momentarily & anxiously looking for the Brig. It is now xi days since she sailed from Sta. Cruz. If she is not in by tomorrow evening I shall give up ever seen her again. I have already lost about 1500$ in the sales of my goods in the Brig's not being here. If I can realize any amount of Cash during my Stay at this place I shall in all probability touch in at Monterey. Any thing new of importance please write me. Respects to Mrs. Larkin & Mr. Green. I remain Yours Sincerely William H Davis [Rubric]

[ 363 } [WILLIAM ALEXANDER LEIDESDORFF TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. W i l l i . ]

Yerba buena May 7th 1846 T . O. Larkin Esqr Dear Sir . A l c o r d i n g to your request I forward you by Mr. Howard all that I have against you in my books. The amount I have paid for Mr. Gillespie I shall forward you by himself on his return. I have allready paid about $75 for him. Should you recomend all our man of wars that call here from Monterey to get there bullocks and other supplies from me it will assist me a great deal in those exspences you mention in your letter, and also enable me to pay you that cash note of mine much sooner, as it is the only way I have any hopes of getting bills or cash. I am oblidge to you for getting the cloth. You will oblidge me more by pushing him on to finish the suit, and forward them by first opertunity, as I have no clothes to appear decent onboard of a manofwar should one come here.

As regards the hopes of a change, and the coming events, I can hardly express my pleasure. I only hope it will take place soon, as it will be a few thousands in my pockets. You may depend on my forwarding to Monterey any person, that may want to se you. I shall also be verry garded in any thing apertaining to my office. About my being on good terms with persons in office, you may depend I shall do so, and hope that I shall allways have it in my power to fill my office in such a manner as to be an honour and not a dishonour to the country of which I have the honour of representing. Captain Russom arived here last evening 1 x days from Monterey. Mr. Howard has bought out the H. B. Co house, and I have been apointed there agent to collect there outstanding debts. By getting one or two more agencis I shall be able to make a living. I only wish you would send me some one that you can recomend to do my writing. Her Britanic Majestis vice consul has not made his appearance in these parts for some time. I am told he is on the other side of the bay, spunging on his wifes relations. I hope what you say about Mr. Spece may turn out true, all though it is to good news to be so. I send you by Capt Libby one corned salmon. You

[364] will find it verry good in the morning for breackfast, broiled with a little butter over it. No more at present. Hoping soon to hear from you I remain your Obt Servt. W m . A. Leidesdorff [Rubric] P. S. I wish you would do me a favour to send me an account in general of all I owe you as also the note paid Mr. Melles. Yours &c. W . A. L.

[JACOB PRIMER LEESE TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN(J) I V : 1 1 2 . ]

Upper California Sonoma Saturday 8 May 1846 Sir

I DO here notify you as folows for itts Pulication. Died. In this Town of Sonoma on the 5th instan Captn William Smith Angel Americano of Princ Georges Countey, Virginia, by Birth (and on the Banks of the River Potomac (Born) Novr 14th 1768, Agd 7 7 years 5 Months and 22 Days. Cine his last arivail at home from of a visit at the Yerba Buena 22d of the present, he has been complaining with the Doppsey, But which had left him in all appearanc Three Days previous to his Death, And became Weak and lost all appetite for eating. The Night previous to his Death I discover he was a loosing his Speach. I spoke to him and asked him if he has consulted with himself to leav this world. He said not, but said to me god bless you and all the Children, and requested I should take care of him which was all and the last he spoke. He appeard the next morning the 5th to be some what easy but speachless and about 4 oclock P.M. he left this World in a Dream, Sound a Sleap, and parfectley as natural as if he had life in him. I Enterd him with all the formalteys of his Church the (Episcopal) on

[ 3^5 ] the South Cide of the Sonoma Mountain North of the Town in a verry Noted Place. The old Man has I beleav no propertey what ever in this Cunterey, but what I hav here of his the onely thing worth mention is his Quadrent and Sextant and Nautickle Booh & Maps. His clothing is not worth while mentioning as it is of no youc to aney one but Indians. I hav offten heard the old man say that Mr W m Daney of Santa Barbara is owing him Three hundred Dollars, and that he has also a valt in the Boston Church Yard, which is worth Conciderable and the oneley relativ he has in it is his wife and filled up with a parcel of hir friends. I hav not any thing moor in particular to inform you of relativ to the old Gentleman. In which I hav thought myself Dutey bound in so dowing in Your official capacitey a U . S. Consul. With Respects I am Dear Sir yous 8c Truley Jacob P Leese [Rubric]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO ALFRED ROBINSON. COPY. I V : 11 3.]

Monterey May 8 1846 Friend Robinson "T JL R E C ' D this moment your kind letter of "Nov 4 . " I have not not much of any thing to say now, and will write you a long letter pr Vera Cruz." "Give my respect to your Wife and remember me to all enquiring friends." "Yrs & c . " Larkin [Rubric] N . B. I pay for as much as I have rec'd, at a 4 R . expence Mexican postage.

[366]

[HENRY MELLUS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV:II4.]

Monterey May 10 1846 Sir

T H E manner In which I am called upon by the officers of this Custom House to pay the duties of the American Ship Barnstable now laying at anchor, and recently from Boston U. S. A. obliges me to notify you in the form of protest of the Circumstances of the case. It is a well known fact that since the 1st day of February 1846 a new Tariff has been in operation in all other Mexican ports, and should legally be used here; a printed copy of this document is actually in my possession, and is manifestly more advantageous to merchants than the former one, by which the authorities insist on entering this Ship. I now protest against such proceedings, and wish you to notify the Administrador, that an examination may be made by both Tariffs and that I shall be given a document with the usual interest of the country till such time as this new Tariff may be acknowledged by the Custom House, and the owners of said Ship be indemnified for such losses as they are now obliged to sustain. I have the honour to remain Respectfully Your Mo Obt Svt. Henry Melius [Rubric] Thos O Larkin Esq, Consul to the U. S. A.

[367] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO THE COLLECTOR OF T H E CUSTOM HOUSE, MONTEREY. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 9 9 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey California May ioth 1846 Sir

this, you have a copy of a letter this day received from Mr Henry Melius, Agent and Supercargo of the American Ship Barnstable, respecting the duties of said Ship; also a copy of his protest this day archived in this Office. The undersigned has the honour to subscribe himself Your Most Obedient Servent (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin .^ACCOMPANYING

To the Collector of the Custom House Monterey Upper California The above is called back by Mr Melius not acting upon it.

[MOTT TALBOT & CO. TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : I I 5 . ]

Port of Mazatlan, May 1 1 , 1846 T . O. Larkin Esq Monterey Dear

Sir

O N the ist of April, we wrote you a few lines by the U S. S. "Portsmouth," of whose destination we were uncertain, advising you of our receipt of your letter of 2 March, enclosing Bill for $2000 on St Petersburg. This we send by H.M.S. "Juno, " altho uncertain of her destination, but we desire to loose no oppy to return you our thanks for your kind attention in the Collecting of Mr Thompson's debt, and we trust you will

[ 3 68] find an oppy to remit to us the balce of this long Standing acct. Mr. Thompson promised to pay interest. We shall be content with i % per month, altho' the usual interest here is 1V2 & 2%. You need not fear any expedition from this Coast to your quarter. Iniestra, the Commander in Chief is dead, and the Ships engaged to take the troops have been paid the false freight and discharged. There is much danger of a rupture with the U.S as by last acct by the Mexican & American forces at Matamoras, on the borders of Texas were in sight of each other, the Mexicans having sent notice to the Americans to quit, but the latter refused to do so, and the former are threatening to drive them away by force. We are, of course, anxiously looking out for further news from that quarter. The letter you enclosed in yours of 4th March for Boston we forwd according to your request on the 1st of this Month. We remain, Dear Sir, Your most ob. Sevts. Mott Talbot & Co [Rubric] [1Cover bears note: Reed June 9^1/46.]

[WILLIAM HEATH DAVIS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : i l 6 . ]

Yerba Buena May 12th 1846 Thos O. Larkin Esq Dear Sir

I N consequence of our late detention here caused by the length of the passage of the Brig from Sta Cruz to this place I shall not be able to stop at Monterey on my way down the Coast, as I feel anxious to visit as soon as I can the leeward ports. I shall probably be at Monterey some time in June and hope then to have quite an amount of Cash to pay and Endorse on the notes you hold against me. I have not been successful in

[369] getting much money as yet. If I had I would stop on my way down and let you have it. Any letters you may receive for me or anyone belonging to the Brig, please retain in your possession till we arrive. Should you wish for my hides on account of the cash notes at $ 1 . 8 7 ^ Each I will deliver them to your order at Sta Pedro. Kind remembrance to Mrs. Larkin & M r . Green. I remain Yours truly W i l l i a m H . Davis [Rubric] [Cover bears note: Reed M a y 23, 1846.]

[ALPHEUS BASIL THOMPSON TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V U l 8 . ]

Angs M a y 13, 1846 T O Larkin Esqr Sir

X ARRIVED here last Evening from a V i s i t to the neighbouring Rancho's of four days, therefore I did not have the pleasure of seeing D o n Pablo. I am much obliged for the Contents of your letter of the 27th last, but the one of the day previous has not yet come to hand. T h e President's Message is mild, sensible and very much to the purpose. Y o u r draft in favor of Don Jose Noriega was by me accepted payable on m y return to Santa Barbara, as I had scraped up all the Cash at that place that I could for the payment of the Crew of my late Ship Fama. I offered D o n Gregorio the Tallow I had on hand but he did not wish to receive it. H e only asked of me Security for the payment in October next which I gave him, and he left to all appearances satisfied. M r . P. appears a miserable man without feeling or any good principles. I shall return to Santa Barbara in five or six days when I will write you more fully. I am Sir Y o u r O b t Servt. A . B. Thompson [Rubric]

[ 37° ]

;

[pío pico, proclamation. 1 copy. off. c o r r . ]

[May 13, 1846]

Pico, constitutional Governour of the Department of California to the inhabitants, says. That the most Excellent Departamental Assembly having unanimously agreed and come to a determination on the 22d day of April last, and having approved in all its parts of the opinion of the commission of the Government admitted on the same day, the session of this day has ordered the publication of the above mentioned suggestions, and decreed the observation of the following articles from the first to the contents of the last inclusive. The Government Commitee recommended to lay open the opinions and suggestions on the proposals presented, one by His Excellency the President of this Illustrious Assembly, as recommended by the Government of the Department on its opening the ordinary sessions, and the other by Señor Bandini sustained by its author as conformable to the very grave circumstances manifested by the Government, and as such is passed in to the commitee to whom is confided this matter of such great importance, and who is afraid of his insufficiency. Seeing that in it are confided labours of the greatest difficulty, more grave than the first, and of such a formal character for discussion and examination in the Department, he wishes to strike the right point, and for this commission promises all the means in its power but if unfortunately he should not strike the right object, that is most necessary for the exigencies of the public, it shall not be through negligence or the want of good faith in the proceedings that it does not reach the victory entrusted and recommended to the wise illustration of this Honourable Assembly of the Departamental Government. The first preliminary part shews the apprehensions of the Government with regard to the introduction of foreigners, and the non effect produced by the Su'From the copy in the National Archives, Washington, D. C. This document is No. 23 of the report which Larkin sent to the Department of State with his letter of July 20, 1846 (Off. Corr. 11:54). In Larkin's copy of the report, however, the document is No. 24.

[ 37i ] preme orders recommended to prevent this introduction. If it were possible to consider this point in an ordinary way, the commi [tee] would not now be under the obligation of seeking a remedy. This would then be easily found, and we should not have to form indications which in that case would not be necessary. T h e committee now sees the circumstances in the same light in which it is represented by Government in the proofs and data which it gives. There is no doubt that the principal object of the introduction of foreigners in the Department is to fill it with a sufficient number of people, and separate it f r o m the Mexican Union. This then is the question to be kept always in view as the most important and in which the committee sees extraordinary difficulties for explanation. Nevertheless the committee will use its energy and feeling, leaving to public judgement the events of its decree. T h e Government has said the national integrity is threatened and under these fearful circumstances the only resource it finds is in the naming a commission to the General Government (which although it may not have time to return here) is an efficatious fore-sight. But the committee does not see the flattering advantages that such a commission may produce, though all these incidents, cautions and manoeuvres that are invented towards this Department are with sufficient anticipation in all probability within the knowledge of the whole nation, and even within the knowledge of most foreign powers. By remitting the commission to the newspapers of the Government and other public papers commonly posted up, on which we find the questions of Oregon and California. Thus then it may be well said on reflexion, without fear of adventuring too far, that if the Supreme national government wishes (as it ought) to forward the necessary assistance for preventing the progress of the events announced and which are already even in practice, we may doubtlessly suppose that she cannot do it in consequence of the agitation it is now under, in the interior of the Republic, and the great scarcety of funds necessary to provide for the payment of any force she might send to this Department. The sorry example of which in our way of thinking we have before us, and which is the non arrival of the expedition announced in August of last year, and which up to the present time we have not seen. There are some who even maintain doubts that it will ever arrive. The committee would be most happy under the certainty of the ingress of these troops into California, but at the same

(372] time is most heartily sorry in having to observe that the situation of the Department would be deplorable in the extreme, should this force be sent without at the same time bringing with them sufficient funds for their maintenance and security for the whole time it would be necessary for them to remain here; and as there is no doubt but this would be for a serious length of time, should there be a scarcety of supplies for the troops, the result would be that of placing the inhabitants of the country in a condition the most bitter, full- of sufferings and driving them to despair, and now taking into consideration the indefensibleness of this Department, the committee presents two circumstances the most likely to happen. First, that if as with some foundation it is said, this country should be invaded by a large number of foreigners, as is already announced, and the General Government should send the necessary forces to repel them, in the state in which we at present find ourselves; what would be the measures we should be able to oppose ? and if after having united the number of troops which we may consider necessary, and these should should be short of the necessary supplies; what would be the consequence to the inhabitants of the country? The committee finds no means of resolving the problem, and acknowledging its defect, leaves the problem to be resolved by some greater capacity. The national honour is our interest, and it is impossible we should feel indifferent towards it. Such is the lamentable state in which we are situated according as it is presented to us; we have no administration of justice, supreme orders are not respected, without any public funds on account of their badly regulated inversion, without any military force to assist and sustain the dispositions of the authorities and defend the interests and properties of individuals which are constantly attacked, with the interior administration (we may say) in complete disorganization, and everything in the greatest state of abandonment, and in this conflict, so distant from the mother fountain of resources, everything announcing a most deplorable future. Such, and this it is distinctly observed by the Departamental Government, and the Committee having a knowledge of these points besides those presented by Señor Bandini, on which is founded his proposition these being the faculties conceded by Departamental assemblies, judges most conformable to the representative system in such urgent circumstances, and at the same time being aware that the general Govern-

[ 373 ] — ment does not possess the opportunity of facilitating the remedies; consequently it must be allowed the towns conformable to their sovereign liberties to take such providential steps as may be necessary to their interests and to put themselves under a cover of defence from the evils which threaten them, and to secure for the honour of the mother country the welfare of their future fortunes. Under these principles the committee presents to the deliberation of this Illustrious Assembly the following propositions. ist. On the 15th day of June in the present year shall be assembled a General Junta made up of elected deputies by the towns as expressed in continuation. 2d. The 30th day of May these members shall be elected in the following order, Sonoma 1, San Francisco 1, San Jose 2, Monterey 4, Angeles 4, and San Diego 2. 3d. The election shall be nominal by public concurrence and before the first local authorities of each town above mentioned each of these naming two individuals as acting secretaries. 4th. To the persons elected shall be sent an official document signed by the respective authorities and the secretaries, these documents to serve as credentials to be presented to the General Junta; and to the Departmental Government shall be given notice of its verification. 5 th. The General Junta mentioned in the first article, shall unite in Santa Barbara and settle the time of its duration and the order of its sessions. His Excellency the Governour of the Department shall preside and in case of absence whomever the Junta shall name. 6th. By the Government shall be solicited the incorporation of the military and ecclesiastical classes in such number as the authorities of the Junta shall find most convenient, not exceeding five. 7th. The object of the general Junta shall be conformable to the very grave circumstances in which the Department is situated, and for the Govt, to regulate all that which may be found most convenient and necessary to prevent the most fatal effects exteriorly and interiorly of the dangers with which it is threatened. 8th. To the aforementioned Junta shall be given the name of the General Council of the United Towns of California. Its title shall be most excellent, and Senoria (lordship) that of each individual.

[374} 9th. The members of the Illustrious Assembly shall meet as individuals appertaining to the Junta, and shall have voice and vote in all its deliberations. 10th. The 15th day of June as mentioned in the first article the Junta shall open its sessions, if there be twelve individuals present of those elected by the aforementioned towns. His Excellency the Governour shall be informed hereof for its publication and the fulfilment of all its parts. Hall of Sessions of the Illustrious Assembly of California in the city of the Angeles 13 th May 1846. (Signed) Pio Pico, President; Agustin Olvera, Deputy Secretary And that this may reach the notice of all I command that it be published, and that it be posted up in the customary conspicuous places, and that it be circulated to all whose duty it is to see it punctually attended to. Given in the city of Los Angeles, Capital of this Department of California the 13 th day of May 1846. (Signed) Pio Pico; Jose Matias Moreno, acting secretary for the government. Published in Monterey by the Prefect of the District, Don Manuel Castro.

[ABEL STEARNS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 1 1 9 . ]

Angeles May 14th 1846 Mr Thomas O. Larkin Dear Sir

I

RECEIVED yours dated April 27th with the Presidents Message and Constitution of the State of Texas, for which I am extremely obliged to you. The message appears to be a verry determined State document. Your opinion coincides with my own with regard to the posicion in

[ 375 ] which California stands at the presant time. The idea among the Californians for independance has for a long time been cherished here at the South, more so than at the north. Such a measure I have always been opposed to, and think it a wild Scheme as there is neither people nor means to support it. Other plans by some have been spoken of respectively, to ask protection from the English Govt; and others from the U. S. Some time since a proposision was made in the Asemblea to call a convention of deputies elected by the puellos to take into consideration the lamentable State of affairs of the Department. Yesturday the Assemblea decreed in favour of calling a convention, the deputies to be elected the last of this month and to meet by the middle of next. It is sancioned by the governor. The desire for some kind of change is almost universal, particularly so as its certain that no protection can be expected from Mexico under her presant State of revolusionary troubles. Should a Seperation of the Mexican States be attempted or take place, California will not be one of either party. Her location is Such that She will look for friends in another quarter. Overtures have been made by British agents to the goverment of California, to declare Its independance, and at the same time requesting to declare itself under the protecsion of that goverment—and offering garantees. This I am certain of. Dn. Pablo's visit to this place was a mision from the Comandte Gral. to the Govr to request an interview with him at San Luis Obispo and also to inform him of the presant Critical State in which California is placed. One would suppose that the gentleman at the north supposes that the govr and others are not as well informed as he on the state of publick affairs. I believe there was no other particular object of the mision. I write in haste and will write you no more at this time, requesting that you will only make use of this for your own private purposes. Whenever a safe conveyance offers I shall write and you will please do the same. Yours verry truly. A. Stearns [Rubric]

[376] [FRANCISCO ARAIZA TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : I 2 0 . ]

Angeles Mayo 14 de 1846 Señor Tomas O Larquin Muy Señor mio

CZ/ON D .

le remito a V . Ja cantidad de ochenta y dos pesos en plata efectiba para que me habone en cuenta de la asucar que me dio el Capitan Poti pues el resto cuando benga el Buque por esta cera satisfecho el total. Si por algún ebento se presenta alguna dificulta para dicha entrega escríbame V . que yo tengo su resibo y se lo mandare, y no apresiendose mas disponga de su affmo B. S. M . Franco Araisa [Rubric] FRANCO R I C O

[JAMES BUCHANAN TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 1 2 1 . ]

Confidential Circular Department of State Washington, May 14, 1846 Sir

to you, herewith, a proclamation of the President, of yesterday's date, declaring that war exists between the United States and Mexico. Congress adopted the measure with unprecedented unanimity. On the passage of the "Act providing for the prosecution of the existing war between the United States and Mexico," there were but fourteen dissenting voices in the House, and two in the Senate. The truth is that we had endured so many insults and grievous wrongs from Mexico, with such unexampled patience, that at the last she must have mistaken our forbearance for pusillanimity. Encouraged, probably, by this misapprehension, I

TRANSMIT

[ 377 ] her army has at length passed the Del Norte,—has invaded the territory of our country,—and has shed American blood upon the American soil. The vote in Congress will serve to convince the world, that, in this country, at a crisis, when it becomes necessary to assert the national rights, and vindicate the national honor, all party distinctions vanish. You will observe from the President's message, a copy of which is enclosed, the extreme reluctance with which the United States have engaged in this war. It is our interest, as it has ever been our inclination, that Mexico should be an independent and powerful Republic, and that our relations with her should be of the most friendly character. The successive revolutions by which she has been afflicted, and the avaricious and unprincipled men who have placed themselves at the head of her Government, have brought her to the brink of ruin. We feel deeply interested that she should establish a stable Government sufficiently powerful and pacific to prevent and punish aggressions upon her neighbors. For some years, in our intercourse with her, we have incurred much of the expense, and suffered many of the inconveniences of war, whilst nominally at peace. This state of things had at last become intolerable. We go to war with Mexico solely for the purpose of conquering an honorable and permanent peace. Whilst we intend to prosecute the war with vigor, both by land and by sea, we shall bear the olive branch in one hand, and the sword in the other; and whenever she will accept the former, we shall sheath the latter. A strict blockade of the ports of Mexico, both on the Atlantic and Pacific, will be immediately established. In conversing on the objects and purposes of the war, you will be guided by the sentiments expressed in the President's message and this despatch. I am, Sir, respectfully, Your obedient servant, James Buchanan Thomas O. Larkin Esqre U. S. Consul, Monterey

[378] [JOHN DRAKE SLOAT TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : 1 2 2 - 3 . ]

Confidential J

,

Flag Ship Savannah Mazatlan May 18th 1846

R O M information I have received from Metamoras it appears certain that hostilities have commenced on the North bank of the Rio Grande. It is said the Mexicans crossed the River with twelve hundred Cavalry and four hundred Infantry and fell in with a reconnoitering party of our troops, of fifty men which they attacked; killed and captured the whole. It was expected in Metamoras that Genl Taylor would bombard the town the next day. It is my intention to visit your place immediately, where from the instructions I have received from my Government I am led to hope that you will be prepared to put me in possession of the necessary information, and to consult, and advise with me, on the course of opperations I may be disposed to make on the coast of California. When my force arrives there I shall have the Savannah, Congress, Portsmouth, Cyane, Warren, Levant, and Schooner Shark—of course you will keep all this a profound secret until my arrival, as no officer of my Squadron has any knowledge of my intented movements. They however are aware that some collision has taken place on the North Side of the Rio Grande between the American and Mexican troops, and should this report get into circulation, you will make as light of it as possible, saying that it has been only a mere skirmish between the reconnoitering parties. I shall call off Monterrey first and hope to be there as soon as this which goes by the Cyane—her Commander has instructions to advise with you whether it is best for him to remain there or to proceed to San Francisco. I do not think it necessary to write more particular as I am confident you will understand my object. I have the honor to be Your obd Sert. &c. John D. Sloat [Rubric] Commander-in-Chief of the U. States Naval Forces in the Pacific Ocean T o T . O. Larkin Esqre U. S. Consul, Monterrey, U. C.

[ 379 ] [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO MOSES YALE BEACH & SONS. COPY. I V : 1 2 4 . ]

Monterey May 19 1846 California Messrs M. Y . Beach & Sons New York " Y o u r letter of January 12 and two papers I rec'd this month. The two others via Cape Horn I suppose will reach me by the first Vessel from Oahu—the surest and quickest conveyance is by your New York packates to Vera Cruz. There our consul will forward to Mazatlan or without his care they will there be mailed by the Mexican postmaster for Mazatlan thence by my Agents to me. The first of 1845 I rec'd your "Sun" very often for six months past not as regular. My Letters will reach you about 60 to 70 days from the time they leave here yours to me accordig to the sailing of vessels from Mazatlan to this port, which may be monthly or half yearly. It is not a common thing for me to have the oppertunty of forwarding to you Oahu papers at the time I receive them and when I do have they are often too old. Our means of communication to or from any other port is very uncertain, to or from N . Y . to Mazatlan constant & certain. I therefore can not eifect any arrangmnt that you can depend on in sendig Oahu Newspapers. California has not yet a prenting office more than to badly print a Ball Ticket. My former communications to you was in return for recing your paper. (I do not want any with Advertismets) and I now do not know what I wrote never havig seen one of my letters printed nor know that you publised them. I am under the idea that my most intended copie of the "Sun" has been loaned and lost in Mazatlan of late as there was so large a squadron there this six months past. My agentcy is now changed to the N. Y . house of Mott Talbot & Co. Marzatlan. You will observe "the communicatin sent appeard of no importance here" and I never dreant they would all be printed or any of them copied from one Newspaper to another, and hardly know why I sent them. My time is much occupied in closng my former succesfull Commerce in this port. Altho my fees of office will not pay my Annual Ball on the 4 of July

[38O) I am still pressed for time by its duties—which comprises a District of iooo miels & nothig but a passion for a busy & troublesome life would cause any one to bold it. I have no constant nor sober assistance in writng —and the letters I may send will require you carfull correctig in stile or grammer. Yet I will from time to time write to your office—and in additin to your weekly or semi weekly papers when without advertismnt I should like 2 or 3 copies of any one contang my writings. The postage of a paper in Mexico is 12V2 cents, a letter 50, with envelope 1$—with prehaps some commissin on that. This and any actual triflg expeence I may draw for. I do not know that I can employ any one to write as you requet and will therefore some myself and have it copy of as I can. You will only publish extract from the without name not the letter as I write it. My Correspondent at home are Alfred Robinson Esq N . Y., E. L. Childs Esq. Washington City.

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO MOTT TALBOT & CO. COPY I V ! 1 2 7 . ]

Consulate of the United States Monterey May 20 1846 Messrs Mott, Talbot & Co Gentlemen

u

NDER date of 31 March 1846, my former Agents Messrs Parrott & Co inform me that they are closing their business and wish me to select some other Agency for forwarding my Dispatches. I had for some months past wished to make this selection but had some objection to changing. I have now to request of you the favor to myself, my correspondents in the States and many Americans here who receive letters to my care to receive and forward all letters or packages that may come to your post office for me, and to receive and mail those I may forward to you. With this you will receive my request on your Post Master to deliver you my letters. As many of my letters contain others for different Persons please

[ ?8< ] inform me your commission and the rates of postage single or by the onze. I often do up a package directed to our Consul in Vera Cruz, having the postage paid in your Post Office. I have this year lost many of my Newspapers, caused I suppose by loaning them and in most cases papers respecting California that I was most anxious to see. Should this agency be inconvenient to you I must beg of you to continue it untill I can have some other firm to attend to it. * I am Gentlemen Your Most obedient Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric] *I have to acknowedge the receiupt of your favor of April i on the 22 same month per Portsmouth 21 days from your port, and received quite a repremand from Parrott & Co because I did not send the drafts to them. They receive more than sum in tallow, and Mr Thompson wished to divide his collections between your two housas—which I judge to be correct & the draft could not be altered. Mr T . I am sorry to inform he lost his ship Fama a few miles so. of Santa Barbara, having with the Vandalia beig drove out of the latter port in a gale, and stood too far on shore durig her night tacks—crew & cargo (damaged) save. A great loss to Mr. Thompson. I am

[ t h o m a s o l i v e r l a r k i n t o a d m i n i s t r a d o r de c o r r e o s a t m a z a t l á n . copy. i v : i 2 5 . ]

Consulado de los Estados Unidos Americanos Monterrey California Mayo 20 de 1846 Señor

D

ESDE el recibo de esta carta me tendrá V . obligado entregando a los S S Mott Talbot y Compa de vuestro Puerto todas las cartas, gazetas, despachos o paquetas que podran arrivar a su oficina, por correos ó por cualesquiere otra conducción, siendo dirigidos a mi, ó a mi encargo; ó siendo dirigidos a mi directamente, ó al encargo del Señor D Juan Parrott, Cónsul de los Estados Unidos del Norte. El porte de todas estas cosas serán pagados por los S. S. Mott Talbot y Compa.

[j82] Abraso la oportunidad de ofrecer a V . el servicio de esta oficina y mi mas alto consideración. Administrador de correos Puerto de Mazatlan

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES GORDON BENNETT. IV ¡ 1 2 9 . ]

Monterey California May 20 1846 James G. Bennet Esq New York Sir

" Y o u r letter of October 14/45 and Duplicate via Vera Cruz 8c Mazatlan I received the tenth instant. In 1844 and 1845, without any object in view but to beguile away the time I addressed some notices of this country to you. Although I subscribed for your paper and its arrival at Mazatlan I believe is regular, I received but one with any letter of mine and no direct communication from you. I therefore supposed that some of them might be worth publishing but hardly worth noticing by letter— from this idea I am convinced to the contrary by your letter now before me. The Shipping list of California is but a small object as we have so small commerce. The Sandwich Islands papers come to me at distant inteval and at the moment of receiving them its rare that I have a direct opportunity of forwarded them to you via Mazatlan. We have but little communication from Origon by Water and seldom by land, the latter by Emigrants who arrive at the Sacremento River. Since the receipt of your letter I have endeavourd to engage a Person to write. Have not succeeded. I myself am much engaged in winding up my former and succesfull mercantile business, & am also constantly engaged in the duties appertainig to this consulate which although with barely any fees occupies much of my time, and take me ofte from home being differnt from any other Consular juricdiction of our Goverment. I have

[ 3«3 ] never been able to engage a Secretary and have depended on casual writers. I do not make so many Statemnts to prove that I can not Correspondent with your office, but to prove its uncertantey. With the large emigration on the road I may anticipate more Assistance. I will however from time to time give you some information and scetchs of this new and interesting country. As for want of competent writer my letters must go very imperfect and must depend on your assistances for correction in the grammatical Errors. Pages on pages would not give you sufficent information of California its presnt and future situation and standig in the World. We are but in the shell, but the notice of the country lately so much brought forward to the World is causing our enlargement and showng our Vast recourcers. With this I will endouvour to give you a history of the C. mines. For Your offer of reference to me in your paper and services otherways I have to present you my thanks. I am not since 1845 in trade, havig give up my Merchantule Establishmnt to an Native of Penn. and know not how I may be benefated by your kind offer unless in requestig you to keep this country (prehaps my hobby) continually before the public which I belive is already your aim. We must have it, others must not. I can not say to what result this country and people will come. I should suppose that neither Eng or Francee would intrude there interferences when the moment they commenced thousands of our Western Country men would come to the rescue. The Californian themselfs wish to be free from Mexico—some would be Independnt, others would ask protection of Eng, othe of France. Then there is a party for the U.S. In fact they know not what cause to persue. There is a possibility that there is great change to take place in C—, and before the half century is out, another flag will fly here (in fact of late the Authoriats have become so careless and indiffirnt that the U. S Consular flag is the only one now hoisted daily in Monterey. In bringing about these events I may be brought into the whilwind and political Vortex and rise or fall according to Curcumstances or what Nation gains the country, if my own, what party. In which case my character now fair, my name now unknown, my movments motives and prospects now blest, may be assailed by the firce partys of the day or demagouge of the times, for pur-

{384} posies purely selfish and mercenary. I do not anticipate all this, yet can not say it may not be the case—as our changes are to be great and to be well rung by the torsion of the world. I may then be sought out for a handle for others. Should this prove so, you then can be of advantage to me and mine, as your paper so strongly and able weilded [ ?] as it is can do much. Untill this time comes and it may never come I ask nothing for my personal Services in your behalf. For the Mexican postage which is heavy and for any actual expence I may draw on you for which will be triffling. This letter is not for your paper. If you can gather ideas from it its well, but do not publish it whole. My address is Monterey California—care of Messrs Mott Talbot & Co Mazatlan. * Send your letters and papers via Vera Cruz & Mexico & Mazatlan. I do not wish for daily papers—the Mexican postage beig 12V2 cents a paper. I only want those without advertismnt. Should like 2 or 3 of each paper that may contain much matter relative to C— and if you can bear it mind one to my relation E. L. Childs Washngton City, whenevr you may publish any writig of mine. *My References are Alfred Robinson, New York, E. L Childs, City of Washington.

[STEPHEN REYNOLDS TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. W : I 3 I . ]

Honolulu May 20th 1846 T . O. Larkin Montery Sir I HAVE had little to write because I have but little time to write in. We have heard of the loss of the Fama, which is a sorry thing. We have not heard any particulars. If She had lumber on board it would have sold well—and I think ship would sell for a fair price—if here now.

[ 385 ] Congress Frigate, Com. Stockton, is .expected every hour, no doubt is at Hilo. A New U. S. Commissioner & a New Consul are on board. We hear they come strongly prepossessed against Foreigners particularly so against Yankees—more strongly in favor of the Sandwich Island Government. We are a great people—We of U. S. A Free Government!—a Free People!! Government too Free to take any tho't or care of its Citizens abroad—People Free to look out & take care of themselves, until they get old enough, & large enough, and worth enough to be worth having—then. The only Hope Yankees have, is, to get under the Shadow of the English Governments movements—if there be nothing there we must quit—if they will let us go. We may call ourselves lucky. I would write more, but is breakfast. I Remain, (until next time) Your Obt. Sert. Stephen Reynolds P. S. The City of Bremen has made me consul, or, the Authorities have made me Consul for the City. Judd intends to take away the Exequatur!

[THOMAS OLIVER LARXIN TO ABEL STEARNS. COPY. 1 OFF. CORR. I i l O I . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey California May 2 1 s t 1846 Sir

I HAVE just learned from the Prefect that the Governour, and Legislature have named the 15th of June for the Meeting of an especial assembly, for what purpose I am not aware. It is surmised that there is a wish to declare this Country Independent and that some are labouring under the idea of asking protection from France or England. I have reason to beleive that the Vice Consul of the latter Government has been repre:

T w o additional copies of this communication may be found in Larkin's report to the Department of State which accompanied his letter of July 20, 1 8 4 6 (Off. Corr. II:54)> under document N o . 2 4 .

[386) manded for writing on political subjects of California, and will not try the subject again. There is a probability of Mr Spence taking the Office of the present incumbent. England is tired of the Oregon question, having givin step, by step to the Washington Cabinet. She will never want to meddle in any such disputed lands, as California would prove to her. I know there are others who fondly anticipate joining our Union therefore opinions are devided. I wrote you a long letter by Don Pablo and Captain Vincent. I hope you received them, and answered the first by Don Pablo. I said in my second that I might not write to you again untill I heard from you. This new meeting has altered my opinion. I wish you could attend this junta as a member. Mr Melius thinks you will. Should circumstances allow it, I shall be in Santa Barbara at the time. Business of a mercantile character will not prevent me. I hope to meet you there. From the idea I have of Don Juan Bandine opinions of the country, and its almost certain chances of change, I hope he will be at the junta. I Am Very Respectfully Your Obedient Servent (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin Abel Stearns Esqr Pueblo de los Angeles

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JACOB P. LEESE. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 0 2 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey California May 21st 1846 Sir

B Y SOME passing Traveller, I sent to you the Presidents Message, a letter—by Don Gaudeloupe, a newspaper on California—by Señor Prudon, two letters which I want your opinion on. By this conveyance you will hear of a Deputation or Commttee, to meet in Santa Barbara on the 15 th of June next, to be composed of the seven members of the Legislature, five Military

[387] men, five Clergymen, two Members from San Diego, four from the Angels, four Santa Barbara, four Monterey, two Pueblo de San Jose, one Yerba Buena, one from Sonoma. This Deputation is ordered by the Governour and assembly. It would please me very much if you could arrainge it in your town to be a member, and that Don M. G. Vallejo should also attend. He was one in deed or thought, who sent Don Pablo to invite the Governour to Monterey to a junta. The latter now proposes the meeting in Santa Barbara on a large scale, and Don Gaudeloupe should attend. I am aware that he was disgusted with many affairs in this town, but as perhaps he helped bring up this business, he should attend the meeting to ward off anything bad or assist in anything good, for the benifit of this Country. Give him this to read, and urge on him all in your power to attend. I hope you will attend as member. If not can you not have business this way? and I will go to Santa Barbara with you. I know not the object of this meeting. It may be to declare themselves Independent, or to ask the protection of France or England. I hope not. If either of those Governments should presume to interfere with the affairs' of California, we may for years have contending Army's here for the conquest, and ourselves ran over, or crowded down by either or both parties. Don Gaudeloupe can better then myself inform you of the intentions and projects now comeing into to minds of his countrymen, and the object of this junta. Should you be able to leave home for this place, I should be extreemly glad to have some hours conversation with you, and can convince you that you lose nothing by the journey. I Am Respectfully Yours (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin Jacob P. Leese Esqr Sonoma

{388} [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO PARROTT & CO. COPY. I V 1 1 2 6 . ]

Monterey May 22 1846 Messrs Parrott & Co Mazatlan Gentlemen

" Y o u r letter of March 31 I reed April 22 per Portsmouth. As you requested I have selected another Agency for the forwardng of my dispatches—and thank you for your attention to these for the last three years and will remit the amount due you for the last bill of postage. I do not understand why you have made no collection from Sen Patino from the small invoices of produce I sent by him. If he is unworthy of confidence and not to be trusted, I do not know why Mr Charles Krieger recommended him and knew not of his unfaithfullness untill informed by Sor. Aguria, and promised to collect the bill of 400$ for Cologne Water, and whatever proceeds might accrue from the shipmnts. The invoice price here was 271 $2 free of expence which certanly should pay Mr Kregher for the Cologn. I strongly object to your remarks respectig the Russian drafts of Mr. Thompson's being remitted to other parties. I do not know why you should expect I should attend to the further collection of your debt. When yr late Agent D. Gregorio Ajuria ree'd frome me copies of all your papers in the case (& demanded the originals) and an order of mine on the debtor for payment who informs me "Don Gregorio gave me more time for the paymnt of the ballance after admitting the amt delivered to Fisher." It was immetereal to me who collected the tallow so that it was collected and delivered or the proceeds to the Creditor. The first and last time Mr Thompson & myself mett on the subject of your demand he told me how much he had paid you and his future expectation. At the same time gave me indorsed drafts to Messr Mott Talbot & Co. I saw about 5000$ paid—the larger part to you which was right as your debt was the largest & the choice was not from the unpleasant recollection apart from our

{389} pecuniary affairs your residence in my house caused me my family and those in the house at the time. In your leavig here I supposed you expected no more business from me and have continued in that believf untill the receipt of yours last. As you still expect I shall collect for you & I will endeavour to receive the amt from Mr T . if Don Gregorio transaction with him has left room for me to act. I am in expectation of several Torneguea of the Matadors cargo and receiupt for the Hannah & tunage duties pd in Mazatlan for which I am security here. I am Your Most obt Servant

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO ABEL STEARNS. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 0 5 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, May 23, 1846 Sir

FROM various circumstances I consider it of sufficient importance to me to have a confidencial Correspondent in your place of residence, one with whom I can correspond with safety, one with whom I can rely on in the conducting and negociating of any business I may have now, or henceforth. From a Knowledge of your character and belief in your patriotism towards the land of your birth, I now offer you this situation ; its character I cannot well define, more than I have observed above. I shall expect from you constant and confidencial communication, whenever there is sufficient of note to communicate, the conducting of which you will have my authority to forward by a special "Courier," when you believe the subject warrants the expence, which must be done as low as possible. Should you accept, our correspondence must be strictly confidencial, unknown to any, and our papers carefully disposed of. You are aware I have for some time been in Public Employ, without any pecuniary remuneration, and therefore cannot offer you any. I can only say the offer cannot be of much trouble or expence to an active and energetic

[ 39°] man like yourself, who would find a pleasure in what others would call, labourious business. I cannot even promise you that my offer holds out any future inducement to you or your interests, but believe both may be advanced at some future day, not far distant. Therefore the end may justify the means, at least in the result. You must only look for recompence at present in an extended knowledge of affairs. On your acceptance of this offer (let no one know it at present) I will send you a written authority to take charge of any communication arriving at the South for me, and if Government papers, despatch them up to Monterey, should they appear of consequence. I remain most respectfully Your Ob'dt Servt. (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin Abel Stearns Esq Angelles

[JOHN CHARLES FREMONT TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : I 3 2 . ]

Sacramento river; May 24, 1846 My dear Sir

N OT being able to detain a present opportunity to write to you, I will beg you only to forward the enclosed through some of your friends in Mazatlan, so that it may not he interrupted. Please see to this for me. I will write you soon more at length and acknowledge all favors. Yours truly J. C. Fremont Thom. O Larkin Esq Consul for the United States at Monterey

[ 39 1 ] — [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO ABEL STEARNS. 1 COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 0 3 . ]

Monterey, May 24th 1846 Abel Stearns Esqr Sir " Y o u r letter under date of the 14th ultimo [instant], I received yesterday from D. Rafael Pinto, and am obliged to you more than you can imagine. Since my letter to you by Don Pablo, I have wrote by Captain Vincent & this week by Mr. Teshmacher. I also sent you the Secretary's letter to Com. Jones, and the "Journal of Commerce" containing a long article on this Country. Should you not receive it, please inform me. If you do, you may find some statements that may startle even one of us who belong in the country and should know its passing events. You may believe them. I think the letter must have surprised many at home. Now the affair of the late Agent may have been and probably was, an accidental business, yet the telling of it, puts the subject forward largely. You say "Overtures" have been made by British Agents to the Government of California to declare its Independence, and at the same time requesting to declare itself under the protection of that Government and offering "guaranties. " This you say you are certain of. I have never received so much startling information in so few words, and must again call your attention to this paragraph. You will serve me and those who are unknown to you, by informing me in particular requesting this proposition, naming time dates, plan, persons who made the offer, and who received it, the answer if any from the latter, the remarks and feeling expressed on the occation. It is a proposition that I was not prepared for, and if followed up, will cause destruction to many and woe to more. Should England continue to carry out any plan of this kind, she must and will be met at the threshold. With this you will receive my private opinion of affairs of the day. You can read it to who you like, but not give any one a copy. I also send you the duplicate of my letters by Mr. Teshmecher. 'A rough draft of this letter appears in the Larkin "Documents for the History of California"

(IV.-I33).

(392 } I look daily for Com. Robert Stockton in the Congress, who left Norfolk, October 30. Com. S. was in command of the Princetown when the great gun burst. He is a man worth from 25 to 30,000 dollars, per year, with yet larger expectations. In the Clay and Polk canvass of 1844,1 understand he spent 20,000 dollars in the New Jersey election. Inclosed you have his address to Commander Dupont, Officers and Crew. The Congress had to touch at Rio, Valparaiso, then to Oahu, to land a new Consul and Commissioner. She was detained in Norfolk in building a new poop deck for these two gentlemen. In Oahu after taking in supplies, she sails for this. On board this Frigate I expect dispatches of October 17, having the duplicates on hand by other conveyance. Com. Stockton was called to Washington a day or two before he sailed. He is a man I believe much in the confidence of Mr. Polk. I believe the Emigration will exceed one thousand this year perhaps two. The accounts I see of the expedition to meet at Fort Smith on the Arkensaw the first monday of April bound for some part of California near Latitute 32 or 33 North, under a Mr. Leavett, I cannot vouch for. The Legislature of Misso. in 1845 offered cannon to the Emigrants for the Oregon. If they strike the Pacific more South it may make a mistake in the road or not, I cannot say. I have no official information respecting the Emigration or the "Congress." Now when you understand all this, and see the signs of the times, knowing what we do of this and affairs here, what object can you suppose a Commodore of Capt. Stockton's wealth rank and prospects had in leaving all, and coming to the North Pacific. Hardly to take charge of a squadron to see to Whalers and some merchants ship. Captain Hastings, late of the Tasso in his last to me, says, "our Californian hide droughers do not need a Frigate and Sloops protection on the coast." In my letter by Mr. Teshmecher, I requested you to meet me a few days in Santa Barbara at the meeting of the Deputation. I have wrote to Mr Leease to know if it is possible that he may have some business there in the middle of June. From your letter of the 14th, I am now more anxious to see you. The circumstances of the times are such and the growing importance of this Country so great, that I was induced to write the letter of yesterday to you and hope you will approve of it. I am respectfully yours (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin

[ 393 ] P. S. My object in having the appointment unknown, is to prevent comments on my movements. As I have to pay even my own bill of Stationary, I do not want it known that I give any money from my own private purse. You can say I wish to meet the Governor in Santa Barbara about several Government papers of mine, as his being there, shortens my distance to him.

[ARCHIBALD H. GILLESPIE TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : I 3 4 . ]

At Peter Lassen's May 24th 1846 My Dear Sir

"'You will perhaps, long ere this, have been expecting my arrival with you, & I had no idea of being absent so long. Upon arriving here on 1st inst, I found Capt Fremont had left eight days previous; yet the general impression seemed to be, that three days travel would easily ovetake him. As I considered it important to communicate with him, & the correspondence I carried important, I hastened after him on the 2d, with a party in all six. We were misinformed however, & did not overtake him until upon the Northwestern border of Clamette Lake, and having undergone hardships, narrow escape from dangerous Indians, & want of food. We were forty hours without anything to eat, and then the Indians brought a Salmon & some dried fish. They were a party of some ten men & three Squaws. This was at Clamette River, just as it leaves the Lake, where we could not find the ford. These Indians put us across in their Canoes & appeared very friendly. I had sent two of the party on ahead to stop the Camp, which left us four only—Old Peter Lassen, one of Fremont's men Step, who was going to join him again, Ben & myself. We left the River at 12 o clock, & traveled up 81 over the mountains. At about Sunset we came up with a party of the Camp & Capt Fremont, who had come to meet us some twenty five miles, Neal & Sigler having been followed by the Indians, & having entertained

[394} fears that we would be in danger. This was eight days from the Sacramento. We went to our beds (soft stones) quietly, but about twelve the Indians made an attack, by killing two men while they slept—Tomahawking one & shooting six arrows into the other. They then charged upon the tent of nine Delawares & killed one, shooting a second. Their principal Chief was shot fighting bravely—upon looking at him at daylight, he proved to be the principal man of the party which had put us across the River, & no doubt came after us for the purpose of killing us four. We joined the Camp the next day and have journey'd regularly until last night. Fremont & I came here leaving the Camp very much worn out, fifteen miles above. We have been living upon Horsemeat for some eight days without flour. There was too much snow upon the mountains to cross. He now goes home from here. I send this messenger to get such news as you have & to give us some information in relation to the vessels of war—where they are & whether the Congress has arrived. I enclose a note from the Commodore, which please lock up, if he should have sailed. Neal will be able to give you all the news about our travel, to whom I must refer you, as time is pressing & my ink so bad I can scarcely write. Your letter by Neal please address to A. H . G., absent, Cap't Fremont. I shall go immediatly to Yerba Buena to obtain supplies for the Camp, 81 by so doing prevent any further trouble. This you must not say anything about. Do me the favor to send me a Courier to Yerba Buena, when you dispatch Neal, & send by the former some articles of summer clothing which I name in the enclosed list. I have been without a change scarcely. I give Neal an order for Twenty ($25) Dolls to supply him in the event of accident of if he should want money. Yours very truly Archi H . Gillespie T . O Larkin Esqr &c 8tc Monterey [In the margin:] Fremont is well but very much fatigued like myself but will be all right tomorrow.

[ 395 ) [PARROTT & CO. TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. IV:135.]

Mazatlan, May 25 th 1846 Thomas O Larkin Esqre Monterey Dear Sir

S I N C E we had this pleasure on the 31st March, we have been favored with your letter of the 19th ulto, of which we take due note. You observe that, "you do not know the amount he (Ajuria) received from Mr. Thompson." If you can ascertain, we would thank you for the information, for Ajuria has not reported any payment whatever. The only alteration in that a/c since the return of our prior from Monterey is a credit through Fisher of $456.50 leaving the balance of $3,397.67. Mr Scott has had the kindness to undertake the recovery of this balance for our a/c, and we would feel extremely grateful to you for any assistance that you may be able to afford him. The above mentioned sum of $456.50 was received as the product of a quantity of Potatoes left here by Fisher and is deducted from the charge for 1,000 @ Tallow. By this conveyance we forward to you all the despatches reed since the departure of the "Portsmouth." On reference to our letter-book we find that you were correctly informed by Mr. Gillespie; we did send to you a letter dated Feby 20th, and a lot of letters and newspapers from the U. S. by Fisher. You may depend upon our forwarding everything that comes for you through our Post Office, as well as anything you choose to send thro' us. We enclose to you an A/Sales rendered by D. Vte Patino, net proceeds $290.06 passed to your credit in A/current. Two Tornaguias accompany the A / S . Our prior left here on the 30th ulto bound for the U. S. At the time of starting, his health was so precarious that he did not expect to return again to this place, but he has experienced a very favorable change since then. The continuance of our establishment here, is therefore not so very doubt-

[ 396] ful as when we last had the pleasure to subscribe ourselves your most obt servants Parrott & Co. p.p. Santgo R. Bolton [Rubric]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO ABEL STEARNS. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 0 4 . ]

Monterey, May 26th, 1846 Mr. Abel Stearns Sir A. F o r b e s , H. B. M. Vice Consul has reached here in the Vandalia bound to your City as he says to ask for eight leagues of land, North of Bodega. This I suppose to be the case, though he may have ulterior objects. From conversation I have had with him, and he has had with others, I believe he prefers that our Government to any other should possess this country. As his public capacity clashes with his private opinion and interest, he may not while below wish to express himself. I have therefore wished him to say, that its lost time, to send Commissions to the Court of St. James. He believes it entirely false and so does D. Spence, respecting any offer made this Government by English Agents. I told him it was a common idea as Sr. Garfias I believe spoke of it in Monterey. Its possible that the Governor may obtain sufficient from Consul Forbes to give up any idea of looking to England. The latter has in his English Government letters authority to think or say, that she will not interfere in any Californian affairs, but will view with much dissatisfaction any other nation that does it. Should the latter take place, she is welcome to the view, for events will and must have their natural way, without any referance to England or any other European power. I am respectfully yours. J[amhs

(Signed) Thomas O. Larkin

[397]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO WILLIAM ALEXANDER LEIDESDORFF. COPY. OFF. CORR. I : i o 6 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, May 26th, 1846 Sir

B Y private favour I have received Copies of certain "Bandos" that were sent to your office by the Sub Prefect of Sn. Francisco respecting foreigners holding real Estate, of which I have no official information from you. T o these official letters or any other of importance from Government officers, you will make no reply without addressing me as some of these may be sent to your office merely to draw forth a reply for future contingencies. I am daily expecting the Congress, but should the Vancouver arrive before her and have any documents or despatches from Commodore Stockton for me, you will despatch a Courier with the papers. You will have them sent by a proper person, one that will not deliver them to any person on the road. Should there be any papers come to you by other conveyance, you will not mention the circumstance to any one, but quietly hire a Courier to bring them to me as if on some commercial business, making your bargain low as possible, payable here half in money and if convenient to me, half in trade, and the Courier returns to you if I require it, which you can say will not probably be the case. Should you ever have suspiciones that the "Courier" may be stopped on the road, you can enclose them to Mr Watson, but not unless you have reason. I remain yours respectfully (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin William A. Leidesdorff, U. S. Vice Consul Yerba Buena, San Francisco

[398] [WILLIAM ALEXANDER LEIDESDORFF TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : i 3 6 . ]

Yerba buena May the 26th x 846 T . O. Larkin Esqr Dear Sir

B y the Hudsons Bay Co ship I received a bag of letters for the Portsmouth as well as a lot of others, and as I dont know when the Portsmouth will be here I have taken the responsability, of sending them to you hoping at the same time that I will not have to pay for the courier as I have no interest whatever in forwarding them. I merely do so, as there may be some letters relative to the Congress. The news the Vancouver brings are old. The captain says that they are a little uneasy in the Islands about the congress, but I thinck that she has gone to some other port. As I could not get a safe person here to carry the letters, I have sent them by J. P. Thompson as far as Santa clara, to the Priest to be forwarded by a safe person as far as Monterey, and to be delivered in your hands. As Mr. Thompson is in a hurry to leave I can give you no more news at present. Hoping to hear from you soon I remain your Obt Servt. W m A. Leidesdorff [Rubric] [Cover bears note: Reed May 28, 1846.]

[JOSEPH P. THOMPSON TO THOMAS O. LARKIN. I V : 1 3 8 . ]

Santa Clara May 28/46 Sir

B y The bearer of this I send a number of letters that have come in the H . B. C. Ship Vancouver from the Sandwich Islinds for different individuals in Monterey. I have agreed to give him (the bearer) forty dol-

[ 399 } lars, or rather have told him that you will pay him the forty, but he has required of me to promise that if you do not pay him that I am to be responsible ; pray see that he is paid for really I have no sort of inclination to fork out forty dollars for "Uncle Sam's" offercers. Leidesdorff gave me these letters to see that they are forwarded and as the thing done "de buena {¿" I do not question but that the Courier will be paid at once. Compliments to Mrs. L. I am, Sir, Your obt. svt, Joseph P. Thompson T o Thomas O. Larkin, Esqr

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO WILLIAM ALEXANDER LEIDESDORFF. COPY. I V : I 3 7 . ]

Monterey May 28th 1846 W . A. Leidsdorff Esqr Dear Sir

B,

>Y this conveyance you will receive a bundle of Clothes, as per following Bill. W . A. Leidsdorff T o Thomas O Larkin May 28th 1846 T o " " " " " " "

Bill of clothing Dr

4V2 Varas Blue Brod Cloth @ 12$ 54.00 x yd Vesting 5.50 74 Vest Buttons @ 9.00 Paid Taylor for making Coat 22.00 " " " " Pantloons 4.00 " " " " 2 Vests ©5.50 $11.00 105.50

I wish you to send me by the first opportunity 2 Reams of blue Foolscap Paper ruled and x Ream of blue Letter paper ruled, if it is good and not to high. With one vest you have 95$ for a suit of cloths. The cloth is very

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fine. The Taylor prices are what I have paid this two years back. I ordered the other Vest that you might have one of each colour. I believe Mr Gleason has 4 or 5 more yds of cloth left. If you want a dress coat let me know. I know not why the taylor made a frock coat but supposed that was your orders. Should you wish the other coat, let me know and I will save the cloth. I wish to take the ballanc myself. I can order the Making but must wait for you send the large Buttons. I have spared you the 36 againt my wish (having but one set left) but there was no remedy—as you said you had no good clothes on hand. Whenever you can, purchase a groce of large Buttons and two or three y of lace. My large Buttons cost me 50 pr cent more than their Value. I have requested Purser Watmough to forward your clothes by the first boat. I am &c yrs.

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOSÉ CASTRO. COPY.1 OFF. CORR. 1:107.]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California May 29th, 1846 Sir

I

you thanks for your kindness in allowing one of your soldiers to bring my mail that was landed at Yerba Buena from the English Ship Vancouver. I have not received any official communication nor any news more recent than of the date you are aware of. The U. S. Frigate Congress that I expected here this month, had not arrived at the Islands on the first, perhaps she went direct from Callao to Mazatlan. I am Sir, with much consideration your obedient servant. GIVE

(Signed) Thomas O. Larkin Don Jose Castro, Commadant General of California ' T w o additional copies of this communication may be found in Larkin's report to the Department of State which accompanied his letter of July 20, 1846 (Off. Corr. 11:54), under document No. 25.

[

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[WILLIAM ALEXANDER LEIDESDORFF TO THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN. I V : I 4 I . ]

Yerba buena May the 30th 1846 T . O. Larkin Esqr Sir

^Kxjurs of May the 24th came duly to hand yesterday. You mention that you got your news by private coveyance, about the official letter I received from the sub Prefect. In his official letter to me he mentions that he received those orders from Monterey therefore I supposed that you must of had the same news, previous to my getting it. This will be handed you by one direct from Captain Freemonts camp, who it appears has returned. Mr. Gillispie is expected here in a few days. No other news at present. The bearer of this goes on two horses which I procured for him. I Remain yours &c. W m A. Leidesdorff [Rubric]

[THOMAS HARDING. RECEIPT FOR CONSULAR AID. I V : I 4 0 . ]

Monterey California May 30 1846

J L h i s may certify that I, Thomas Harding of—Philadelphia—Seaman, discharged sick from the American Ship Vandalia of Boston, T . Everett, Master, in November 1845, with three months extra pay, have received Board and medical advice from the United States Consulate of Monterey, from the 15 November 1845 to December 31, 1845. Thomas Harding

{402} [THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JAMES GORDON BENNETT. COPY. I V : l 39.]

California May 30 1846 Mr James G. Bennett Sir

" \ A ^ t h o u t an opportunity of forwarded this to Mazatlan, I write with the expectation of Com Stockton's arrival here in a few days who may be bound for the Mexican coast. Do not confound that with the California Coast. They are no more one and they same place than their Inhabitants are the same people. By our President message of December 2/45 I perceive that he has taken a high stand respecting Texas and Origon from which he will not decend. Mr Tyler has before said the Origon is ours and we shall people it. This is now in the full cource of succesfull experiment. Another Minister has visited the gran Capital but even Mexican politeness could not abide him. 1 W e suppose Mazatlan ere this is blockaded by Com Sloat & C soon will be. Should this be the case the Starrs will shine over C before the 4 of July, blesing those who see them and their posteraty after them. Should peace continue then is the fate of this country defered, not prevented. It must change by some means and I hope the Californian will improve by the curcumstances. All here have much at stake in thé Comig events and should now feel an interest in the Result. You ask what is the result— patriotism urges these People to still belong to Mexico but that Patrotism is fast evapariting, leaving in the mind all who have property only in remembrance of it as a thing that was. Unless the Supreme Govermnt lend C. a promt and helping hand2 as all believe she will not and believe not in the presnt natve Govment they will look for other succour and assistance. Some look to Eng. a few to France, havg a strange and vauge idea of National protection (i e. cash these drafts no more is wanted). Many look to the U. S. & almost all in C are convinced 'The words, "The little affaire of Capt Fremont has passed over and all goes as it where with us," are deleted here. 2 Deleted: she will be run over by Wild Indians.

[403] that they are to belong to the latter Nation in a few years. Many are therefore quietly waitig for the accomplishmnt of events here to happen. The internal distractd state of Californian caused by the Gov and Com Gen. havng two parties—each wishng to be at the head of affairs or rather have full sway of the Custom House, from whence arises all troubls. Break up that establishmnt and stop its 80,000$ a year of Revenue and all revolution would be ceased, and patriotism would sink to dea[t]h in the hearts of its possessors that we should hear no more of it add to the desensions of these two cheaf. The wild Indians aided by those formerly baptisehd and belonged to the Mission are earring off the Rancharos Horses, leaving them so very distitute that they begin to break mares for the saddle, an unknown of thing in former days tho' they had been told that Foreigner was accostomd to it. While the Gov & Gen are spendig all their time and recoures in their own petty affairs, the Wild Indians are stealig Animals from both of them. Then one arrival brings us information that a Mexican Genearal & troops are fittig out at Accupulco. Another arrival bring notice that the whole Mormonery are leavig Narvoo for California. The Natives are devided in opinion respectig the Virtues & vices of the two races, therefore know not which to choose. In the mean time they are growing jealous of the Emigration here in the Country, shrug up their shoulders a la moda Espaniol and say "no hay remedio," Vaga me Dios, strike a light and smoke another paper cigar then talk about Horses or Cattle. On the other hand the Foreigners living here are some trading some farming, others workig at trades or some daily employ—looking about them, eyes open pockets closed, seaking out for good tracts of lands, buying young Cows at two or three dollar each. More 4 or 5$—leavg them with their original owners untell they may call for them—building houses for themselfs or the Native Farmers pay in Heifers for want of dollars all for a Consideration—and with a Consideration and anticapation of the times that are to be when they will rise in that might and show what they long have aimed at. Be it for fame profit or sport, the Anglo Saxon is ever the same—born in Maine or Missorio he is ever going ahead, ever seaking and gasping some thing he has not. The fair house keeper of C. have a Novel way to distinguish him from any other Foreigner. They say their own primos (Cousins) will take a seat in the mornig and remain untell the night. Any Foreigner

[404} but a Yankee will set a reasonable time in the chair that is handed to him, and depart. But a Yankee O los Yankes—he will move from chair to chair all round the room, spendig the intervals in lookig at the pictures, out of the door & window, talk away wheather understand or not, tellg how this or that article in the house could be improved and how his Paiseanos do in his Country. Any thing but set still—and away he good—so green & young so kind and condesendig—soft in appearance hard in realality. As he is described as thus the Ladies find him in the house so will their Lords & cheutans find him in the field or council chamber—ready for any, be it only a change—leavig the consequences to the future curcumstances not troublig himself but the result or presnt opinion of the lookers on. Paisano

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO MOSES YALE BEACH & SONS. COPY. I V : I 4 2 . ]

Monterey California May 1846 Sir

I T appears that some or all of my communications to you have found favour in your eyes. I say some because I was so informed not having seen one of them. There must be a gulp of the largest demensions in Mazatlan, beyond which papers pass not. At any rate the "Sun" is there eclisped for it has shined but seldom on me of late months. However, with or with out it we are progressing. Our little town has for the last four weeks been much excited from the arrival of the "Portsmouth" from Mazatlan. This fine Sloop was but 21 days from port to port and ran 3200 miles (from head winds) when the distance is but 1200. On her arrival we had information that the 1st of April the Com. Gen of Mazatlan had with all his officers removed into the interior, and that every Mexican Vessel in that port had disappeared in one night. For a week or two after the arrival of this news the prevaling tenor of man's ideas in this place, set something against our countrymen. Thanks to many who hoped for war that this

country might change, and others who carred naught about it, affairs are now fair to prime. A few days after Gen Jose Castro has repaid the customey return of visits on board, he with a few of the principal Mexican and C. family of Mont, invited Capt Montgomery and his officer to or picnik party 12 or 14 miels into the country. As the whole ridig population of the town expected to be invited, saddles became scarce, and it appeard as if many must enjoy the only in imagination. Howevr by Eight o clock on the appoint day Horses, Saddles Officers and lookers on augmented largely before the house of the U. S. Consul. By nine all was in the Saddle and leaving town, collectig together by dozens and half dozens increasing in numbers as the approched the desired pleasurre grounds. Before the party reached the place they connected by the Gen. & staff, with the principal of M . and ther ladies, and all who could leave the Ship. The place choosen was a delighfull one for the occation, where a small house of pine bough has been fitted up and the fatted calf slain. Here the party spent the day very pleasantly. The Horses were all turned loosed to grass—giving some of the Riders reason to fear they might have to foot it back, from which fearr in the afternoon they were agreeblely disapointed by seeg the Horses drove up by the soldies and dexterously bro't up to ther respective Saddles by the thro' of the lazzo. The refreshmnt of the day consisted of the fattend calf & sheep fowls, turkeys, cakes, dred fruits, Freejoles, Muscles—and the prickly pear cook'd in a variety of ways. Ail was happy, and all in the highest spirits on startig for Monterey. The mode of the ladys ridig formig rather a contrast to what a N . Y . calvacade would assume, as some of the Ladys who rode with 1 a Brother or Cousin for fear of ridig alone, sat on the saddle with the Gen behind, she on the reversed side from where you woud place her. In a gallant stile the whole party of a hundred swept on by the old Mission of San Carlos towards M in a trott, gallop and at times a run, a file of soldies in front with colours fast to there lances. On their arrival in town Capt M & his officers were escorted with the Consul to his house where the were left that the whole party might prepare themslfs for a party the same night given by the Consul to wind up the days pleasure which lasted 20 hours. A few days after the "Portsmouth's" gave the Inhabitants a splenden "Here are deleted the words: a Gentleman.

[406} "vaile" in the Govmnt Hall which was with flags and flower beautifully decorated, over two hundred people beig presnt. The Viale began at 8 and ended at 6 in the Mornig. 20 day previouse there was a suppositin hazared that dancing with the Yankees was not to be thought of—but on the nights in question those who did not attend had but one of two excuses—want of a ticket to the Ball or permission from their attendig Phisisian. The Portsmouth now gentle lays at here achorage waitig for the Comodore who will on his arrival give a Ball of some discription or other according to the finale of Mr Slidel 8c mission last Feb 8c March in the "gran Capital." Be his Ball and party as it may, it will end pleasantly and to the satisfaction o f many as they can not long endure the present state of self gorvernmnt. Verely we are a strage people and live in a strange country—in the finest region in the world, of The most temperate climate—mines of evry discription descoverig around us, as if to urge us on to exertion but no—we shall do nothig, only quietly wait for some one to discover and take possesion of the whole, man, gold 8c land which will be before the present half century expires. From your Paisano

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOHN BERRIEN MONTGOMERY. 1 OFF. CORR. NOT NUMBERED ( i : 1 1 1 ) . ]

Monterey May 31st 18462 Captain John B Montgomery Sir T h e bearer Mr Samuel Neale is sent to me by A H Gillespie who I presume will be at San Francisco within two or three days waiting for him. You will oblige me by giving Mr Neal a passage to San Francisco, and on your arrival at Captain Richardsons place, send a boat to Yerba 'From the original in the Naval Records Collection of the National Archives, Washington, D.C. copy, now in the Bancroft Library, reads: "Consulate of the United States of America, Monterey, California, June 1st, 1846." 2 Larkin's

[407] Buena to know if Mr Gillespie is there, that they may meet soon as possible. Captain Fremont was half way to the Columbia when Mr Gillespie overtook him. He has returned to the Sacremento. Mr Neal can give you some interresting news respecting their Travel. I am with much respect your obdt Servant Thomas O. Larkin [Rubric]

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO ARCHIBALD H. GILLESPIE. COPY. OFF. CORR. 1 : 1 0 9 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey, California, June xst, [May 31], 1846 A. H. Gillespie, Esqr no direct communication from you since you left Captain Leidesdorff. I this week understood that on your arrival at New Helvetia, Captain Fremont was some days in advance of you, bound for the Oregon & that you had with eight men started to overtake him. The Portsmouth sails to day for Sn. Francisco, to remain there twenty days or more, unless called here. Some of her Officers will visit Captain Sutter's Establishment. H. B. Co. Ship "Vancouver," left Oahu 28 or 30 days back. She is now at Sn. Francisco, bound to the Columbia, with the Family of Mrs. Rea. The Shark was the only one of our Vessels, on the first of May, in Oahu. She left Mazatlan the same day with the Portsmouth and had the same passage to her respective Port, 21 days. She is repairing. The Congress had not that day reached Oahu, nor did they know any thing about her. I can only suppose, troubles in Callao detained her in that Port. She can therefore hardly be here before the 15th or 20th instant. Don Jose Castro and Companions who you left in Monterey, sent a Messenger to Governor Pio Pico, to convene a Junta. The latter with the Legislature ordered an election to take place the 30th of May, for 28 members by the people. The 7 Legislators, 5 Military men and 5 Clergymen were invited. The four for Monterey were chosen Saturday last. Santa I

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Barbara & the Angeles both send four. Castro is now on his way to Sonoma. I do not believe he will attend the "Junta," which takes place on the 15 th instant in Santa Barbara, nor will Vallejo in my opinion although called for. Before General Castro left Monterey, he and his, pronounced in favour of Paredes & putting aside all Herrera had done. The actual appointment of Pio Pico as Governor in September 1845, was one of his acts, with two thirds of the revenue. By the decree of Paredes in January or February, the Commandant General has the whole in certain cases, and California comes in as one of those cases. That of course widens the breach between Pico and Castro. I am of the opinion, that the 30 or 35 Members will dwindle to 15 or 20 actually present on the x 5th instant. One of my confidential letters from the Angeles, says, that the people there are more desirous of declaring their Independence, than those of the North, and that a wish has been expressed to Government by an English Agent, that they declare their Independence and then ask protection of England, the latter offering guaranties. I have talked with Vice Consul Forbes. He says he does not believe in any such offer, that in his instructions, his Government say, they can take no part in Californian affairs, yet would be very dissatisfied to see any other Nation do so. Mr. Forbes, English Vice Consul, has gone to the Pueblo of the Angeles to ask for land North of Bodega as he says. He told me that he would neither while below, publicly or privately advise the Goverment to look to England, that if he was a private man, he would advise them to look to the United States, that his public employ and private interest clashed very much, too much for the latter, therefore would say nothing. I have no doubt but he hopes the United States will have California. He says he knows it will so turn out, and he shall obtain more land and prepare for events that must happen. He wished me to meet him in Santa Barbara. I think I shall be there. I as a private person told him, Castro, Vallejo & Prudon that if they were confident that Mexico would do nothing for California, to make one more effort, and present from a large Junta a respectable memorial representing the state of California, and if Mexico cannot afford protection, they humbly offer their advice of selling the Country. Mr. Forbes told me he could not mention such a thing. I told him I would, and my Government could displace me if they saw proper. As I had no

[409} pay, there would be no risk or loss, that as a private man and land speculator, I would agitate questions for my private ends, benefit and account. T o do this, he wishes me to be there. I have no reason to suppose this Junta is more, than to do something for the benefit of California. What that may be, the members themselves do not exactly know. I remain, Sir yours respectfully (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin

[THOMAS OLIVER LARKIN TO JOHN CHARLES FREMONT. COPY. OFF. CORR. i : i o 8 . ]

Consulate of the United States of America Monterey California, May 31st, 1846 Captain J. C. Fremont Sir

" Y O U R letter of a few lines I have just received, also one for Col. Benton. I was very happy to hear from you. I did expect to have a long letter from you a month back and supposed it must have miscarried. I have never been able to tell whether you received my Newspapers while you were at Sn. John's, or package of letters by Mr. Neale. Did you receive a duplicate of the letter the Californian gave you when entrenched near the Sn John's Mission, also a copy of my letter to this Alcalde. Mr Step gave them to Castro, who told me he forwarded them to you. "Quien sabe." By two conveyances I forwarded to Hon. James Buchanan all my correspondence respecting your affairs near Sn. John's. Your letter to me was badly translated by saying, you would give no quarter, in place of asking none. The same day I had a new one made and sent to the Governor and General. For fear the latter should by mistake, send the wrong one, I sent one with Mr. Hartnells certificate of the mistake, to our Minister in Mexico. As he is not there, Consul Black should have it. With it went my request to publish it in Mexico, if the wrong one was made public. Your Californian business shall not suffer if I can prevent it.

[410] I have been keeping some N . O. & N . York papers for Come. Stockton, but cannot resist the opportunity of sending them to you. In one you will find a pretty Bee story for your published Books of Travels. In another paper you will read of a visit paid by some Indians with a long name to Col. Benton. Had a talk with Mrs. Fremont, and tried to make acquaintance with your child, but the little one declined an introduction to his Father's Mountain Friends. One of the papers contained a long story of a Governor, who it appeared married a Miss Frances, one of Col Benton's Kinsfolks, which caused some trial, where Mrs. Freemont and two sisters attended Court as witnesses. All the Herald's and other papers have something to say about California, half of them relative to the gallant Capt. Fremont and Lady. I really think when I see Washington, I shall become acquainted with one I hear so much of. I thank you for your former kind offer of services when you may arrive at Washington, yet know not how I can claim them at present. I have neither demands nor favour to ask of our Government, nor odds, to use a Western expression. What time may require, time must bring to light. You are aware that great changes are about to take place in a country we both are acquainted with. T o aid this, I am giving up business, holding myself in readiness for the times to come and the results, therefore drawing myself into the political vortex. This in time may bring my name too prominent forward, that I may be assailed by others at home for their own purposes. Should this ever happen, you may render me service. I have a relation in Washington, Mr. E. L. Childs, P. O. Department, who writes me in January, that he ordered one of your Books from Boston to be sent to me, but could not obtain it. I presume you have it. If so, please let me have it, sending it to W . A. Leidesdorff. Your Messenger arrived late tonight. I have many letters to write, and am tired. By my letter to M r . Gillespie wrote this morning, you have the news of the day. If I had time I would enclose you a letter of introduction to my Friend and Correspondent, Mr. Childs, and should like to have you call and see him. Although you did not mention it, I suppose you, M r . Talbot and others of your company, received the letters, and yourself the public documents I forwarded by Mr. Gillespie. I received M r . Talbot's receipt for the 500$ I sent by Mr. Neale.

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With this I send to you a letter I have had some time in my hands from Charles W. Flugge. He went to Captain Sutter's to meet you, says you ought to have sent him out his money, Etc. He has vexed me twice on the subject. I always told him you can make your part of the affair correct, and I only have one side of it from him. If the story is as Mr. Flugge makes it and the money is still due him, and should you approve of it, you can send to me by carefull conveyance, a sett of drafts in his name for the amount due him, and he shall receive them from me. Respecting the interest due him from the time it could have reached here via Cape Horn, and the discount on a draft, you will decide for yourself. Of this I know nothing. Respecting his small draft he sold, he lost nothing, as the owners of drafts in California, know they are not in Cash, worth their face. Should the discount suit me and you send Mr Flugge a draft, perhaps I may send him, to the Pueblo de los Angeles, the cash for it. Wishing you a speedy, safe, and pleasant journey to our Capital, and that from there, I may here from you, I am Sir, your most obedient. (Signed) Thomas O. Larkin

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