The Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry: Volume 2 Research Tools 9783110944518

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The Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry Volume II: Research Tools

Andrew Sunshine, Uriel Weinreich ®7"T, Beatrice S. Weinreich and Robert Neumann

The Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry is based on an investigation entitled Geographic Differentiation in Coterritorial Societies. The investigation was designed by Uriel Weinreich and directed by him until 1967. Since 1967 it has been directed by Marvin Herzog. The principal researchers were: Vera Baviskar V'T, Marvin Herzog, Steven Lowenstein, Mordkhe Schaechter, Beatrice S. Weinreich and Uriel Weinreich V'T.

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YIVO INSTITUTE FOR JEWISH RESEARCH

New York 1995

The Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry Prepared and published under the aegis of an Editorial Collegium Marvin Herzog (Editor-in-Chief), Vera Baviskar V'T, Ulrike Kiefer, Robert Neumann, Wolfgang Putschke, Andrew Sunshine and Uriel Weinreich V'T.

Volume II: Research Tools Andrew Sunshine, Uriel Weinreich V'T, Beatrice S. Weinreich and Robert Neumann

Max Niemeyer Verlag Tübingen 1995

The preparation of this volume was made possible, in part, through a grant from the Program for Research Tools and Reference Works of the National Endowment for the Humanities, an independent Federal agency, and through grants from the Atran Foundation, the Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture, the Lucius N. Littauer Foundation, the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, the American Council of Learned Societies and the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst.

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme The language and culture atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry / prepared and publ. under the aegis of an ed. collegium Marvin Herzog (ed.-in-chief) . . . - Tübingen : Niemeyer. Vol. 1 prepared and publ. under the aegis of an ed. collegium Vera Baviskar . . . - Parallelt. in hebr. Schrift ISBN 3-484-73013-7 (Gesamtwerk) NE: Baviskar, Vera [Hrsg.]; Herzog, Marvin [Hrsg.] Vol. 2. Research tools / Andrew Sunshine . . . - 1995 ISBN 3-484-73004-8 NE: Sunshine, Andrew

© Max Niemeyer Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, Tübingen 1995 Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. Printed in Germany Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier Druck: Guide-Druck GmbH, Tübingen. Buchbinder: Sigloch Buchbinderei GmbH & Co KG, Künzelsau.

i s n s t p - ^ s g -η ρρη ujppuj iutipj u-] vfrm Itp-in u^nr-'N pS ^ s i » dntt vn ]m -INT 150—100 *Ί TN TIN rrjQ τ© ,οηΊΝηι iis„ τ^ ιρτοιγ'? Β ,Ο-ΙΙΤΡΉ-ΕΠΪ' ΓΝ ρ - π υ ; τ τ r ^ s unh Ding iin y^nt? ,υρ^πρ r n -ip^su? yiö TN -ηΝ-isif -iiw^-rr -tin ",D3 ΓΝ in^PJ TT r^S UND .TN^j-iDDinnsiS DDi^uSNiwD-n osn r:r ηΊΝτ D N ^ - m u ^ p - Ql^D PN "ll^Q-OJ Dp-'UIS! l>DgQ "Ί 11)ηΐΠ lS^PH Π31Ν UD11 DN11 "Ι1Π .-lirj© -IPD^-IJ "11Π TT UND "Τ "pS ONH (11:1960b Τ-ΓΗ-Π 'τνήίν) . i ^ n r dj

An important respect in which the new Yiddish atlas departs from established methodology is that the field research is to be conducted entirely among emigrants. In the villages, towns and cities of Europe where Yiddish-speaking Jewry grew and prospered, there are generally no native Jews left. Those that accidentally survived while six million of their brethren were murdered have as a rule been dislocated from their former homes; they, too, are emigrants—in their own countries (Uriel Weinreich 1962: 5).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Record of Support. While the materials in this volume were being developed and revised, the Atlas project was supported by major awards from the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), and the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH).1 Exploration of the potential uses of computers for filing and classifying data was conducted from 1961-1963 with the added assistance of the American Philosophical Society (see Chapter II ). The preparation of this volume per se was made possible by renewed support from the Atran Foundation and the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. An award from the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS) and the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) facilitated the requisite travel between the U.S.A. and Germany. We are grateful for the support of all of these institutions. The primary editor of this volume also gratefully acknowledges post-doctoral awards from the Lucius N. Littauer Foundation and the Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture which permitted the successful completion of the volume. Personnel. Uriel Weinreich, Atran Professor of Yiddish Language, Literature and Culture at Columbia University, and founder and director of the LCAAJ until his untimely death in 1967, is the principal author of 1 NSF Research Grants G-8685 and G-16,497; NIMH Research Grant MH-08106; NEH RO-767773-213, RT-29065-78-569, and RP-20437-83.

the research tools collected in this volume. He was aided in their creation and development by Beatrice Silverman Weinreich who evaluated folkloristic and other ethnographic materials for inclusion in the questionnaire, which she helped compile, edit, and index. Between 1967 and 1972, Beatrice Weinreich assisted in designing early versions of the base-map which, in its final form, was created by Vincent Kotschar, a cartographer for the U.S. Geological Survey; she prepared the place-name index in consultation with Theodore Shabad, Steven Lowenstein, and Mordkhe Schaechter, and, she constructed a master version of the questionnaire (the SMQ) by incorporating the addenda, corrigenda, and regional abbreviations introduced during its use in the field. The interviewers, whose insights and discoveries in the field prompted such revisions are further acknowledged in Chapter VII. The basic materials for the construction of the Western Questionnaire (WQ ) and its Ethnographic Supplement (ES) were provided by Dr. Florence Guggenheim-Grünberg of Zürich. Dr. Meyer Wolf's contribution spans more than two decades. In the early and mid-1960s, Dr. Wolf helped create the programs for processing data and generating the indexes. In the late-1980s, as Associate and Executive Editor of the Great Dictionary of the Yiddish Language, he created "Vortnik," a Yiddish-Hebrew-English text-editor which he placed at the disposal of the project.2 "Vortnik" subsequently permitted the input of the Stabilized Master Questionnaire. 2

During this time, major funding for the Great Dictionary of the Yiddish Language, was also provided by the NEH.

Mrs. Wita Ravid also contributed to the early programming effort. Other contributions to the development and refinement of the research tools are acknowledged throughout this volume. Many other hands and minds contributed to the actual preparation of various components of this volume. Dr. Paul Glasser worked on many of them at various stages of their preparation. In the mid- and late-1980s, he input the Numerical Location Index and sorted the "official" location names for the Alphabetical Location Index; he input the Index to the Dialectology and created the foundations for the Subject Index to the Dialectology; he input the Indexes to the Questionnaire and copy-edited the Stabilized Master Questionnaire which had already been input, in its entirety, by Donna Wolf. Aided by Laurence Lang, he created the initial version of an informant database which was then supplemented by Elinor Robinson. Ms. Lang and Ms. Robinson are doctoral students in Yiddish Studies at Columbia University. More recently, Dr. Glasser verified the accuracy of many of the names in the Location Indexes. Ms. Enid Pearsons, Senior Editor at Random House, Inc. and Phonetics Editor of The Random House Dictionary of the English Language, provided valuable advice on transcription. Dr. Bella Hass Weinberg, Professor of Library and Information Science at St. John's University (Jamaica, NY) and Consulting Librarian at YIVO, gave expert advice on indexing and book design. In acknowledging her contribution, we must also express our regret that we were unable to follow more than a few of her valuable suggestions. VII

Dr. Mordkhe Schaechter patiently responded to questions about the field work and certain lexical data. Cantor Sam Weiss of Ner Tamid Congregation, Baltimore, MD, elaborated an interpretation he made some twenty years ago of Western Yiddish ludic place names (see Chapter VII). Mr. Mendel Hoffman provided information about the development of Uriel Weinreich's interest in computational approaches to dialectology and about his own role in the computerization of the project in the 1960s. Professor Steven Lowenstein of the University of Judaism in Los Angeles provided information about his role in the design and use of the the Western Questionnaire and its Ethnographic Supplement and helped interpret some of their features. We thank all of the above for sharing their knowledge and skills with us. The undersigned also gratefully acknowledges the help received from his editorial colleagues. All of them consulted on important aspects of the design of the volume. In addition, Professor Dr. Wolfgang Putschke of the Forschungsinstitut für deutsche Sprache of the Philipps-Universität in Marburg provided access to the computer facilities under his jurisdiction. Dr. Ulrike Kiefer (Mannheim) and Beatrice Weinreich, Research Associate in Yiddish language and folklore at YIVO, proofread the SMQ; Ulrike Kiefer also proofread the Western Questionnaires as well as the manuscript in full. Robert Neumann of the Institut für deutsche Sprache (Mannheim) created the computer programs described in Chapter III.

He transferred the SMQ and a large corpus of other materials from a variety of obsolescent programs into current, integrated software, and thereby redeemed hundreds of hours of work by keypunchers. He also digitized the maps in this volume and put the finishing touches on the entire volume in preparing photo-ready copy for submission to the publisher. Marvin Herzog fulfilled the role of Editor-in-Chief throughout. As this volume was going to press, we learned, with regret, of Wilhelm Haferkamp's passing. Together with Dietrich Oppenberg, Wilhelm Haferkamp, a former Commissioner of the EEC, was a Trustee of the Stiftung Pressehaus NRZ, in Essen. We gratefully acknowledge the recent help we have received from the Stiftung Pressehaus, and particularly the active support of its Trustees, and we take this opportunity to honor Wilhelm Haferkamp's memory. The undersigned wishes to record his personal gratitude to Dr. Herzog, his mentor for more than a decade, for the opportunity to work with him on this project. He also dedicates his part in this work, with love, to his wife, Mara Heiman, and his son Jacob. AS

SYNOPTIC TABLE OF CONTENTS

ANALYTIC TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.3

Interview Questions

1.31 The Stabilized Master Questionnaire

SYNOPTIC TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Record of Support Personnel

ANALYTIC TABLE OF CONTENTS

SYNOPTIC TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.322 The Ethnographic Supplement

ANALYTIC TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.33 The Relationship of the SMQ to the WQ/ES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ABBREVIATIONS

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTION

II.

ON MACHINE AIDS IN THE COMPILATION OF THE LCAAJ (Uriel Weinreich)

III.

1.311 Regional Abridgments of the SMQ 1.32 Western Yiddish Questionnaires 1.321 The Western Questionnaire

ABBREVIATIONS Varieties of Yiddish Countries and Regions Subsections of the Research Regional Abridgments of the Questionnaire Grammatical Terms Institutions and Languages

THE COMPUTERIZATION OF THE LCAAJ (Robert Neumann)

1.4

Indexes to the Questionnaire

1.41

Contents of the Questionnaire

1.42 Dialectological Index to the Questionnaire 2.

Sources of the Data

2.1

The Base-Map and the Locations

2.11

Map 1: The Base-Map and the Regional Abridgments of the Questionnaire

2.12

Other Maps

2.121 Map 2: The Fieldworkers

IV.

TRANSCRIPTION AND NOTATION

CHAPTER

2.122 Maps 3 and 4: Coterritorial Non-Jewish Languages

V.

TOPICS IN YIDDISH DIALECTOLOGY

I. 0. 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1. 1.1 1.2 1.21 1.22

2.13 The Locations

VI.

INDEXES TO THE QUESTIONNAIRE

VII.

THE BASE-MAP AND THE LOCATIONS

VIII.

THE INFORMANTS: SOME GENERAL NOTES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CONTENTS OF THE YIDDISH SECTION

INTRODUCTION General Overview Background Limits The Future The Yiddish Section The Dialectology Transcription and Notation Topics in Yiddish Dialectology Index to the Dialectology Subject Index to the Dialectology

2.131 Symbolization of Locations 2.132 Numerical Index of Locations 2.133 Alphabetical Index of Locations 2.14 Cumulative Indexes to the Maps 2.2

The Informants

2.3

Bibliography

3.

The Volumes of the LCAAJ

II.

ON MACHINE AIDS IN THE COMPILATION OF THE LCAAJ (Uriel Weinreich)

III. 1. 2. 2.1 2.2 2.21 2.211 2.212 2.213 2.22 2.221 2.222 2.3 2.31 2.32 2.33 3. 3.1 3.2 IV. 1.

THE COMPUTERIZATION OF THE LCAAJ (Robert Neumann) Background Computerization of the Publication of the LCAAJ The Assumptions The Data Processing Concept Outline of the Problems The Texts The Map Legends The Maps The Solution The Text and Legend Processing System for the LCAAJ The LCAAJ Mapping System Execution The Maps The Map Legends The Text Computerization of the LCAAJ Archive The Premises Outlines

TRANSCRIPTION AND NOTATION System of Transcription and Notation Used in the Field (1975) 1.0 General Remarks 1.1 Transcription 1.11 Vowels 1.111 Segments 1.112 Diacritics for Vowels 1.12 Consonants

Map 3: Coterritorial Languages M a p 4: Ρ Τ υ gojis

3.

Symbolization of Locations

4. 4.1 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.2 5. 6. 6.0 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.1 6.2

Numerical Index of Locations Introduction Design of the Index Limitations Yiddish Place Names Interviewer Codes Regional Questionnaire Codes WY Playful Place Names Index by Location Number Alphabetical Index of Locations Cumulative Indexes to the Maps Introduction Design of the Indexes Ad hoc Use of ID Numbers Map Titles in the Indexes A Correction Map Number Index ID Number Index

VIII. THE INFORMANTS: SOME GENERAL NOTES 1. Contacts 1.1 Finding Informants 1.2 Criteria 1.3 Number of Informants 1.4 Sites of Interviews 1.5 Compensation 2. Background Information 2.1 Gender

2.2

Year of Birth

2.3

Education

2.4

Occupation

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CONTENTS OF THE YIDDISH SECTION Abbreviations N.

Concerning a New Jewish Language and Culture Atlas (Uriel Weinreich)

1.

The Questionnaires

0.

Notes on the SMQ

0.1

Ivrit (Modern Israeli Hebrew)

0.2

Revisions and Supplements

0.3

Subject Matter

1.

A Table of Contents for the Questionnaires in Typescript

2.

The Stabilized Master Questionnaire

3.

The Western Yiddish Questionnaires

3.1

The Western Questionnaire

3.2

The Ethnographic Supplement

3.3

Appendixes to the

WQ/ES

3.31 Page-locations of SMQ Questions in the WQ/ES 3.32 WY Questions in the SMQ

ABBREVIATIONS (N.B. Abbreviations used in the questionnaires are listed in the Yiddish section of this volume.)

Varieties of Yiddish CY EmY

= = (= EY = (= NCY = NEY = PEY = PY = SEY = STY = SY = (= WTCY = WY =

Central Yiddish Easternmost Yiddish NEY + NCY + SEY) Eastern Yiddish CY + NEY + NCY + SEY) North Central Yiddish Northeastern Yiddish Proto Eastern Yiddish Proto Yiddish Southeastern Yiddish Standard Yiddish Southern Yiddish CY + SEY) West Transcarpathian Yiddish Western Yiddish

Countries and Regions Al = Bg = Br = Ca = Ga = Hu = Mo = Po =

Alsace Burgenland Belorussia Carpathorussia Galicia Hungary Moldavia [Central] Poland

Ba = Bessarabia Bo = Bohemia Bu = Bukovina Co = Courland Ho = Holland Li = Lithuania Pd = Podolia Ru = Rumania

SI = Slovakia Sw = Switzerland Uk = Ukraine

Su = Sudeten Tr = Transylvania Vo = Volhynia

Subsections of the Research CoQ = Contents of the Questionnaire DIQ = Dialectological Index to the Questionnaire DVG = Dialect Variations in Yiddish Grammar ES = Ethnographic Supplement (to WQ) HI = A Handbook for Interviewers = ΊΙ^Ο&Τ -psD TQU]£>n Β ID = Index to the Dialectology LCAAJ = Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry LIQ = Lexical Index to the Questionnaire OYD = Outlines of Yiddish Dialectology OYDD = Outlines of a Yiddish Descriptive Dialectology = 8 ITS -ριΛνττ -iiw-rr -ιυπηκτΊροιπ lTJtfTNU OY(D)D = OYD and OYDD PQ = page-question [number] pre-SMQ = pre-stabilized Master Questionnaire SID = Subject Index to the Dialectology SMQ = Stabilized Master Questionnaire WQ = Western Questionnaire Regional Abridgments of the Questionnaire A = Alsace C = Northern Belorus

D G Η J Ρ Τ V W

= = = = = = = =

Lithuania Eastern Galicia Western Galicia Courland (Northern) Poland Transcarpathia Northern Ukraine Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany,

Holland, Switzerland X = Southern Ukraine and Rumania PQ

= page-question [number]

Grammatical Terms accus. aux. dim. gen. masc. nom. prep.

= = = = = =

=

accusative auxiliary diminutive genitive masculine nominative preposition

appl. dat. fem. inf. η. pi. sg.

= = = = = =

=

applied to dative feminine infinitive noun plural singular

Institutions and Languages HA IDS ΙΡΑ

= Hebrew-Aramaic = Institut für deutsche Sprache = International Phonetic Alphabet/ Association MHG = Middle High German STG = Standard German YIVO = -iiai^uSiüiPJD-n nuip-ir Nur — uitruD]^

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 0.

explaining the function and design of the tools themselves. Similarly, the main headings in the Table of Contents are intended to characterize the purpose of the tools.

GENERAL 0.2 BACKGROUND

0.1

OVERVIEW

This second volume of the Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry (hereafter: LCAAJ) contains research tools, particularly those used and developed in the course of collecting, processing, and analyzing the data. Their publication will make explicit the rationale or research design of the LCAAJ and will help the user to unearth findings which might otherwise remain buried in the data published in the other volumes. Language and culture geography may be simply defined as the representation of variation within a language and a culture across space. Accordingly, the research tools presented here fall into two basic groups: those used to discover systems of variation in the phenomena of Yiddish language and Ashkenazic culture; and those treating of sources, i.e., locations and informants. The main sections (§§1 and 2) of this introduction correspond to this conceptual bipartition. However, the internal organization of these sections does not exactly reflect the order in which the volume presents the research tools, because the volume is divided into an English and a Yiddish section. The names for the tools which compose this volume have been sanctioned by usage over many years and occasionally in publications. Although several of them are unfortunately opaque, it would be confusing to change them now. This introduction will attempt to demystify these names by

The research tools are a product of the computer methodology that Uriel Weinreich introduced into the project in 1961. By this time he had already devoted several years to bibliographic research, outlining dialectological problems in the Outlines of Yiddish (Descriptive) Dialectology (OY(D)D) and the Index to the Dialectology (ID), and conducting preliminary field interviews with a "prestabilized" questionnaire. The possibility of using computers in the construction of a dialect atlas appears to have crystallized in Weinreich's mind as a result of his frequent discussions with Mendel Hoffman, a specialist in the use of computers in the social sciences and at that time a computer consultant at the Institute of Psychological Research at Columbia University's Teachers College. (Hoffman would also come to serve as a consultant to the Atlas on questions of program design.)1 Chapter II of this volume is a reprint of Weinreich's report to the American Philosophical Society explaining the purpose of using computers in creating the LCAAJ and enumerating accomplishments during two grant periods (U. Weinreich 1963b). It is the clearest and most concise account that we can provide of the use of computers at a relatively early 1

Mendel Hoffman personal communication, February 2, 1993. (In 1962, Hoffman founded Abacus Associates, a consulting firm in the area of computational statistics.) Weinreich relied on Dr. Meyer Wolf and Wita Ravid (both Atlas staff) and the technicians of the Watson Computing Laboratory at Columbia University for programming and data processing.

phase of the project; it only suffers, as reports to funding agencies tend to, from having smoothed over uncertainties and technical difficulties. In the years that followed the publication of Weinreich's report, the project continued to pursue and extend the computer methods described therein. In particular, it increased by about tenfold the number of computer-processed interviews (i.e., approximately half the interviews await this form of processing) and generated working versions of the Indexes to the Questionnaire. 0.3

LIMITS

This is the current state of these materials; its implications for the present volume are explored hereafter. The Standardized Master Questionnaire (SMQ) is organized not only by overt topics, such as cooking, holidays, and the like, but also by the (frequently) "covert" dialectological problems that constitute the ID. Perhaps the chief purpose of the Indexes to the Questionnaire is to make explicit the relationship between the SMQ and the ID. However, in the course of the research, both the SMQ and the ID were constantly being updated. Questions were added to or deleted from the SMQ, or they were revised or supplemented. And new dialectological problems, derived by LCAAJ staff while processing interviews, were added to those in the ID. This is all in the nature of research, where there is always more to be done, but never enough funds. In the late 1960s, when research priorities had to be strictly ordered, the project set aside the comprehensive indexing of the questionnaire, as well as the computer processing of the balance of the interviews. 1

Thus, with some exceptions, the Contents of the Questionnaire (CoQ) and the Dialectological Index to the Questionnaire (DIQ), as they appear in this volume reflect only the preconceived relationships between the SMQ and the ID topics that originally served as its foundation; i.e. only the questions in the original version of the SMQ were explicitly indexed to the categories of the ID and, only the original categories of the ID were explicitly linked to the first version of the SMQ. Neither the links between subsequent SMQ addenda to the ID problems, nor the links between ID addenda to the questions of the SMQ are made explicit here.2 In this respect, several of the tools are published here "as is" (with only some unsystematic augmentation and the correction of some inconsistencies and obvious errors) and the volume as a whole can be said to document one of the earliest attempts to enlist computers in dialectological study. 0.4 THE FUTURE

The prospect of generating all manner of comprehensive indexes (and, in effect, of fully realizing Weinreich's intentions) is one facet of Robert Neumann's farsighted plan to transform the LCAAJ archive of tapes, transcripts, and maps into an on-line electronic archive. Neumann discusses this plan in Chapter III. This look into the workshop of a master craftsman of linguistic programming is an exciting glimpse into the future of the LCAAJ. 2

Even those ID numbers that were actually used to index the SMQ may not have been used as exhaustively as possible; moreover, the meaning of certain ID problems or the reason for assigning a problem number to a particular question may sometimes be obscure.

2

0.5

THE YIDDISH SECTION

The centerpiece of this volume is the SMQ, the Yiddish language questionnaire administered throughout the EY language area and in certain regions and locations in the West (it is also the point of departure for the supplementary WY questionnaires). If it seems strange to discover that it has been consigned to a separate section "at the back of the book," it must be borne in mind that the notion "the back of the book" is a relative one: a Yiddish book begins where an English book ends, and conversely. The SMQ is a lengthy document (running over 220 pages in typescript) and is therefore more comfortably read when laid out as a Yiddish book ("back" to "front", right to left). We have thus sought to minimize the typographical anomalies and innovations that abound when distinct writing systems come in contact. Still, we have not been able to eliminate these problems altogether. The two WY questionnaires (the Western Questionnaire [WQ] and the Ethnographic Supplement [fiS]) are also included in the Yiddish section, even though they are (principally) in German and in Latin letters and the pages on which they are set appear to have been bound into the volume in the "wrong way." This was done because, in the typescript, the three questionnaires— SMQ, WQ, and ES — are paginated consecutively and the original page and question numbers are central to the system of indexing (see §1.4).3 The Yiddish section may 3

Thus, we have created the very problem we sought to avoid with the SMQ. going against the grain of typographical convention. However, the inconvenience to the reader of the WQ and ES is sustained for a mere 26 pages, rather than for the 221 pages of the SMQ. Perhaps it is fair to note with respect to the Yiddish section that although the primary language of this publication is English, the LCAAJ's nrpri-n-QT 'raison d'etre' is Yiddish.

therefore be regarded as a section devoted (mainly) to the questionnaires. In addition to the questionnaires, the Yiddish section reprints, by way of introduction, Uriel Weinreich's article N! pDYL "DN^UN-nu^ip iK --rtisip ltpnr αυ^] (1960b). This article, which originally appeared in w y VJVl'PNJ, is a clear and succinct introduction to the (at times) abstruse theory, aims, and methods of the LCAAJ, and its place in the history of modern Yiddish dialect study. With its emphasis on Yiddish and its illustrations of the kinds of discoveries to be made about Yiddish through research of its dialects, it is the perfect complement to Weinreich's report, in Chapter II, on computational methods in dialectology. 1. THE DIALECTOLOGY Dialectology has traditionally studied individual features of language and culture as they are found at different locations. By contrast, the structural dialectology delineated by Uriel Weinreich in his landmark essay of 1954(a), "Is a Structural Dialectology Possible?", studies "diasystems," i.e., it is concerned with the place of features relative to other features within linguistic and cultural systems as they may be observed at different locations. 'Dialectology' is therefore a fitting rubric under which to discuss this first group of components intended to delineate diasystems in Yiddish. The Dialectology, as presented here, is composed of the following: 1. transcription and notation (Chapter IV) 2. topics in Yiddish dialectology (Chapter V) 3. interview questions (Yiddish, Part 3) 4. questionnaire indexes (Chapter VI)

Here, we discuss briefly the contents of each of these parts, and the ways in which they have been organized and linked to one another. Additional information is provided, when necessary, at the beginning of individual chapters and sections. 1.1 TRANSCRIPTION AND NOTATION

Transcription and notation (Chapter IV) is the key to a reading of the data and of the variables in this and other volumes of the LCAAJ, as well as in the LCAAJ archive. Several systems of transcriptions are provided. The most important of these is the system of transcription and notation used by Atlas fieldworkers and transcript editors (see IV §1.1-2). It was drafted by Uriel Weinreich and Marvin Herzog in 1961 to replace a more conventional-looking system as part of a plan to introduce computer methods into Yiddish dialectological research. The transcription proper is a transposition of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) into a set of characters which could be produced on the "primitive" computer keyboards that were then available (cf. Chapter II). The system as a whole was often supplemented and updated thereafter. We reproduce, slightly modified, the last of the series of updates, dated 1975. In this volume, we avoid the fieldwork notation system as far as possible. We use instead a system that bears a close visual (as well as structural) resemblance to the IPA (see IV.2). 1.2 TOPICS IN YIDDISH DIALECTOLOGY

The set of topics in Yiddish dialectology that has guided Atlas research in its design, methods of data collection, and dataanalysis is presented in Chapter V in two

forms: the Index to the Dialectology (ZD) (§1.21) and the Subject Index to the Dialectology (SID) (§1.22). 1.21 Index to the Dialectology. The Index to the Dialectology {ID) is the list of research topics in Yiddish language and Ashkenazic Jewish folk culture that Uriel Weinreich constructed in the late 1950s and used as a plan for (and index to) his exploratory surveys of problems in Yiddish linguistics: "Outlines of Yiddish Dialectology" (OYD), g Τ© 'irJN^NUpP^NP-r -HWTT imrusnpoin (OYDD), and "Dialect Variations in Yiddish Grammar" (DVG).4 The ZD served as a basis for constructing and indexing the SMQ as well; it therefore provides access to the Indexes to the Questionnaire (see §1.3-4). Each ID topic is identified by a three-digit index number and is assigned to a variety of questions in the SMQ. Conversely, every question in the SMQ is assigned to one or more of the ID topics. 4 The OYD, supplemented by translations of sections of the OYDD, both of them unfinished essays by Uriel Weinreich, appears in LCAAJ I, where section headings are cross-referenced to issues in the ID. The OYD covers topics up through ID 201, while the OYDD extends to ID 491, although the Introduction and the Table of Contents of the dittographed version of the OYDD mistakenly suggest that the essay extends only to ID 382. The complete Yiddish text of the OYDD, has been published separately ( U. Weinreich 1991). Its preface perpetuates the aforementioned error. We cite the composite essay in LCAAJ I as OY(D)D. The DVG, Weinreich's tentative attempt to introduce the theory and notation of early transformational grammar into the study of Yiddish dialectology, exists only in the form of a rough draft. Excerpts may appear in a later volume.

The ID topics are implicitly organized according to a number of themes: Phonology, Vocalism, Consonantism, Morphology and Morphophonemics, Vocabulary, Various. 1.22 Subject Index to the Dialectology. The Subject Index to the Dialectology (SID) reshuffles the topics in the ID into alphabetical order to make it easier for readers to "browse" among them. By looking up a topic in its alphabetical position, the reader can find the ID number which will provide access to the Questionnaire Indexes. Thus, for example, archaisms *874 comes before articulation of r 305 in the SID; junctures 002 (the very first item in the ID) comes much after both of these topics. Unlike the ID, the SID contains some cross-reference and parallel entries. An asterisk is prefixed to numbers which appear in the Addenda to the ZD. 1.3

INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

The significance of the ID (i.e., the set of issues in Yiddish dialectology) for the construction of the interview questions is explained by Weinreich in the following extract from his application for a Guggenheim Fellowship (dated October 14, 1958): The structural tenor of the present study makes it possible to compile a questionnaire which will strike directly at the relevant features of the dialects, rather than merely providing a corpus of forms in which later analysis would, with luck, have to find these features. To quote but one instance, there seem to be areas (e.g. around the city of Grodno) where the Λ sound occurs, but in non-phonemic function (as a hiatus breaker or in free variation with zero). In the pre-phonemic partial atlas of 1931 [i.e., Vilenkin 1931], the problem of fluctuating h in Ukrainian Yiddish gave only blurred, inconclusive results; in the present study, specific minimal pairs (such as ^uau entl 'duck' : ^tMun hentl 'handle') will be tested point-blank, assuring unambiguous findings.

3

In other words, interview questions were designed to elicit responses relevant to ID topics, as well as to follow the usual arrangement by cultural domains.5 In 1959, Weinreich developed a battery of some 3245 such questions culled from a pool of approximately 7000 questions. (The specific relationship between the ID topics and the questions is provided in the Questionnaire Indexes, discussed here in § 1.4). These questions evolved into the Stabilized Master Questionnaire {SMQ) and its regional abridgments, the Western Questionnaire (WQ), and the Ethnographic Supplement {ES), all described below (§1.31-2).6 In §1.33, we discuss the relationship of the contents of the SMQ to the contents of the supplementary WQ and ES, and the complications that may arise because of their non-congruence. Each question is uniquely identified by a six-digit number which serves as its "address" in the questionnaires. The first three digits locate a question on a page of the questionnaire, while the second three digits locate it within the sequence of questions on the page.7 For example, PQ [i.e., page-question number] 015050 ?SNp TN PtUPO Ί1Π usin dnjh

[What is inside a person's head?] is located on page 15 of the questionnaire (015) between questions numbered 040 and 051: 5

The manifest thematic arrangement was used not merely to sustain the informant's interest, but also to collect folkloric and ethnographic data. In fact, the two principles of organization —according to the ID or to an outline of Ashkenazic Jewish cultural domains—are fused in the higher ID numbers which cover non-linguistic problems. 6 The Ethnographic Supplement was, in fact, administered at relatively few locations. 7 Some special problems of question-numbering in the WQ and ES are discussed below in §1.33.

4

,

UJNTDJ 11)Q UNH

015 040

?OD u c r n ONTi ? " y ^ m p PN'D.,

?DNP TN tPUUDQ Ί1Π UND ΟΝΠΊ 050 η"ΝΊ83ΙΡ : ηΐΧΩ rDNTU) ?ηΐΝΩ Ξ 051 ([ist ΤΩ] The question-numbering reflects a hierarchical relationship between a main sequence of questions and subsequences of follow-ups. To the main sequence belong all question-numbers ending in zero (010, 020, ... 110, etc.) Also belonging to the main sequence are questions with the number 009 or below which were inserted at a later date to precede the first main sequence question (010) on the same page.8 All other question-numbers belong to subsequences. In the last example, after the main sequence question ?SS!p ΓΝ Ί1Π UNH DNH 015050 comes the follow-up (subsequence) question 1N3W : ηικ>ο c s m ) ? Ίίνω Ξ 015051 ([IS Τα] TM Some questions, like 015050, are onomasiological; i.e., they ask how do you call this thing? Others are semasiological; i.e., what does this word mean? Thus, Was heisst ?1PQ1N!1P uctti ONii 036030 schormen? There were also words and texts to be translated from the informant's second language (English, Hebrew, Rumanian, Hungarian, or French). These were the primary and most frequent question-types. Follow-up questions took the form of yes-or8

On the additions to and revisions of the SMQ, see the Notes on the SMQ in the Yiddish section under Π.

no prompt questions (cf. PQ 015051, above). If the response was "yes," the informant's rendition of the form was frequently recorded, as well. Less frequently used, but also represented in the questionnaires, are questions that required descriptive answers, filling in blanks, and the performance of texts (songs, proverbs, blessings, stories, and anecdotes). In posing certain questions about material culture, interviewers presented informants with illustrations or sample objects. They would, for example, show them the rough sketches of geometric shapes, simple material objects or cat'scradle (string game) patterns which accompany certain questions in the text of the SMQ itself. E.g., T© *H]i:s u^p-ii pq οντι ι/?υρυτ ν 070012 The other types of ancillaries used are described below. While they are omitted from this volume, the text of the SMQ indicates where they would have been introduced into the interview. (i) Detailed colored illustrations of berries, vegetables, and geometric shapes. The SMQ includes bracketed instructions to the interviewer to introduce a particular illustration, identified by an English word (and sometimes also a number). E.g., on page 092, where the interviewer is instructed to introduce a set of numbered photographs of berries, [1 ττττη]

p n p j IDO UNH -η 010 [ currants]

(ii) Material objects, including pieces of textiles, buttons, beads, zippers, and snaps, and a cardboard clock. A given object—such as a piece of colored cloth with a zipper

and a fringe—may lend itself to a series of questions. Near the pertinent question(s), the SMQ includes a bracketed instruction to the interviewer to have a given object handy. Each question about the object is accompanied by a bracketed English term for the focus of the question. E.g., SMQ page 047 begins with the instruction ltr-un π υ π - α lira lrrvuN] lis Ϊ?ΝΤ ηι^ρρη ΙΊΝ -ρΛ®ΐΗρ Ή TN ,-ΊΤΝ [.]3S!

Γ;Τ

ZRVUΝ

There follows a series of questions: [button] ? D $ R R Γ Ν O N T I [buttonhole] ?D$n 11N [to button] ? t n iu 0ΝΠ [to unbutton] ?u:tn TN iu osm

010 020 030 040

Etc. In addition, many questions include directions to the interviewer to gesture or demonstrate behavior toward eliciting the Yiddish word for the act. The English word for the act, in brackets, accompanies the question.9 E.g., [hiccough] [ιτ_ηι] ?ΟΝΠ o t m Ί Τ Ν > -η 022050 The existence of three LCAAJ questionnaires is one reflection of the continuing state of development, refinement, and growth which the fieldworkers' tools underwent during the years of interviewing. The three questionnaires are sometimes spoken of as one, since they are paginated in a single consecutive sequence and also since many of the questions in the WQ and ES derive from the SMQ (cf. the example of PQ 036030 cited above).10 On the languages used in the questionnaires, see §1.31-2. 10 A list of page locations of the SMQ questions occurring in the WQ/ES is included in the Yiddish section of this volume (Part Π, §3.31). 9

1.31 The Stabilized Master Questionnaii-e. The Stabilized Master Questionnaire (SMQ), completed in mid-1961 and periodically revised and supplemented thereafter during the years of interviewing (1959-197211), consists of some 3245 questions, on 221 "pages" of considerably unequal extent. 12 To provide interviews with a semblance of conversational coherence, the questions are arranged by topics ranging from cuisine to festivals to human nature. It took an average of fifteen hours to interview each informant with the unabridged SMQ. The final form of the SMQ, including dated emendations, is reproduced in the Yiddish section of this volume. It is prefaced by a table of the conversational topics and the pages of the SMQ typescript which cover them.13 By and large, the questions are in Yiddish and appear in the Yiddish alphabet. The Yiddish questions are frequently accompanied by supplementary text in Latin letters—i.e., transcription or English equivalents of the sought-for words; e.g., PQ 021070: URSTP

1DQ ΟΝΠ Ο Ν Π

UD"Π

"ΊΤΝ

[saliva] ?CHN However, questions requiring translation from an informant's second language into Yiddish were prepared especially in English and Hebrew, but also in Rumanian, Hungarian, and later, French. In so doing, the object was to elicit a desired Yiddish word 11 One further interview (for location 49061, Hayange in Lorraine) was conducted in August 1974. 12 While the texts of some pages were quite brief, filling perhaps as little as a third of a page, others spilled over onto a second physical page of typescript. 13 The bibliographic sources for the questions in the SMQ will be presented in a later volume in conjunction with the Lexical Index to the Questionnaire (LIQ, concerning which see §1.4n.)

or phrase, even if this came at the expense of idiomaticity in the second language. For example, PQ 155020 provides the informant with either of the following Hebrew and English texts to translate, each designed to elicit a Yiddish sentence in which the first position is almost invariably occupied by either ojsdrejsn zix or zix ojsdrej9IT, i.e. ID 710: place of the (unstressed) reflexive pronoun ~ρτ Czdx] with infinitives. Thus, PQ 155020: turn it couldn't

'n^O" it?—rm€V

1.311 Regional Abridgments of the SMQ. The comparability of dialectal data depends on the use of a standardized questionnaire for all areas surveyed; the SMQ was designed with this in mind. At the same time, the phenomena of language and culture variation exert an opposite force on the data collector toward creating a complete and accurate record of the language of a given region, including idiosyncratic phenomena. "Thus," writes Weinreich (1958:5), the geographic distribution of words of the Slavic component of Yiddish—a central issue for the dialects of, say, Rumania—is irrelevant to the westernmost variety of Yiddish in Alsace. The details of the h6ulekra:s naming ceremony, significant for Western Europe, have no meaning for Poland, where this custom complex is unknown.

Accordingly, the Atlas fieldwork involved the use of "flexible regional sub-questionnaires" instead of a single "all-inclusive type of questionnaire" (ibid.) In effect, dialect variation across the vast Yiddish language map led to a certain degree of "questionnaire variation." Thus, toward collecting data on the remnants of WY in Alsace, Holland, and Switzerland, the earliest working version of the SMQ included questions to be ad5

dressed to WY informants only, some scattered throughout the questionnaire and some collated on a special page (221). At a later phase, the distinctiveness and the limitations of the WY data warranted construction of a separate Western Questionnaire to be supplemented subsequently by the Ethnographic Supplement (see § 1.32). Similarly, the SMQ contains questions to be addressed only to informants from Rumania, or Latvia, or other Eastern Yiddish localities. Such "site-specific" questions, marked in the SMQ with an asterisk (*), foreshadowed the more specific regional abridgments of the SMQ which were subsequently made as interviewers discovered that particular SMQ questions were either irrelevant for a given region or could not be expected to elicit any new information about Yiddish in that region. Thus, e.g., PQ 036050 [l>n]

?]viwp"> uD^n

oism

is included only in the G and Η abridgments (for Eastern and Western Galicia respectively). Whenever appropriate, maps will indicate where questions were not asked. Regional abridgments were prepared for Northern Belorussia, Lithuania, Eastern Galicia, Western Galicia, Courland, Northern Poland, Carpathorussia, Northern Ukraine, and Southern Ukraine and Rumania (see Chapter VII, Map 1). Each of the more than 600 locations listed in the location index (see §2.13) is coded for the regional questionnaire that pertains to it in principle. Note, however, that before the introduction of the regional abridgments, the full SMQ was employed regardless of location. The abridged questionnaires reduced the average interviewing time to as little as 2-2.5 hours in the case of the 6

WQ/ES and to 8-12 hours for other abridgments. 14 1.32 Western Yiddish Questionnaires. 1.321 The Western Questionnaire. In 1949-50, Uriel Weinreich visited Metz, Colmar and Strasbourg (in Alsace-Lorraine) and Endingen and Lengnau (in Switzerland) and recorded on a wire-recorder remnants of WY dialects. During the latter half of 1962, Max Weinreich, a member of the faculty of The City College of New York, learned from Steven Lowenstein, then an undergraduate, how much could still be gleaned about Western Yiddish from German-speaking emigrants in New York City. Consequently, Uriel Weinreich drafted a special Western Questionnaire [WQ) which was "presented to virtually all western informants (outside Alsace)," first by Steven Lowenstein himself and, subsequently, by Marvin Lowenstein (Steven Lowenstein, personal communication, 1992).15 The WQ consists of some 396 questions on sixteen pages numbered 222-237. Its principal language is German. In addition, it includes WY forms, many of which are of Hebrew or Aramaic origin, and some English words and expressions for translation. The text is entirely in Latin letters, except for the letters of the Yiddish alphabet on page 234.

1.322 The Ethnographic Supplement. The Ethnographic Supplement (ES) was added to the WQ in August of 1965 after the range of the data that had already been gathered from WY informants was discovered to be far greater than originally anticipated. The source of the ES is a sixpage questionnaire in German entitled "Minhagim" ('Customs'). A note in Uriel Weinreich's hand, dated August 4, 1965, affixed to the copy of the Minhagim questionnaire in the LCAAJ archives explains that This questionnaire, used by Dr. F. Guggenheim [-Grünberg (Zürich)] for some years, was given to us by her on June 14, 1965, and became the basis of our LCAAJ Western Questionnaire— Ethnographic Supplement' of August 1965. . . . An important source for Dr. Guggenheim's version was *-τίγρ ^u? -nnn iö„ , ο ρ π η τ π 16 .94-91 ,(1948/1947) III rn~rv " . η ν η

The ES, used together with the WQ "for only a small number of informants" (Lowenstein, op. cit.), consists of some 209 questions on ten pages numbered 238-247. Like the WQ, its principal language is German, and its text is in the Latin alphabet. 1.33 The Relationship of the SMQ to the WQ/ES. The SMQ is the source of many of the questions in the WQ/ES, which appear there in German, but otherwise unchanged;17 cf., e.g., SMQ 036030 UD"n Om 16

14

Some of the unanticipated problems that arose as a result of the introduction of regional abridgments are discussed in §1.33 below. 15 Lowenstein worked on the Atlas first while an undergraduate at C.C.N.Y, and later while in graduate school at Princeton University. He is now Levine Professor of Jewish History at the University of Judaism, Los Angeles.

Dr. Guggenheim-Grünberg enclosed a photocopy of this article in a letter to Weinreich dated June 24,1965. 17 See the list of these PQ numbers and their page locations in the WQ/ES in the Yiddish section, Part H, §3.31. The SMQ questions that were originally addressed solely to the marginal WY areas are listed in the Yiddish section, Part Ü, §3.32. Only fourteen of these were included in the WQ/ES.

? ivanNP with WQ 036030 [on page 233] "Was heisst schormenT In addition, the WQ and the ES contain many questions which are not part of the SMQ. Complications sometimes arise as a result of non-congruence between the SMQ and the WQ/ES. Some questions in the WQ are virtually identical to differently numbered questions in the SMQ; thus, the following sequence of questions on SMQ page 163: "VIΠ ΓΙ) ΓΡ "ΤΓΡ TIP 120 ? ]Β1Ί8ΠΩ1Ν . . . Ξ 121 ? ivmpNjQiN . . . • 122 is much the same as WQ 233005: "Ein hübsches Kind, unbe..." This problem has been resolved by means of cross-referencing from the WQ/ES to the SMQ. More complicated are cases like SMQ 186010 and WQ 229013/014 where each questionnaire elicited a different part of the verb "p:(ΐ>)ΠΝΠ däv(s)n3n 'to pray\ The SMQ elicited plural variants: davnan/ davdndn; the WQ elicited the singular forms: dävnt/dävndt. How do such grammatically disparate responses relate to one another? Can they be meaningfully displayed on the same map? Volume III will attempt to resolve some of these questions. To take another example, in the case of 220031 IWQ p. 225], which elicits the feminine forms of Dtzn ross 'evil person; antisemite', a particular variant, npunn marsa(:)s, was prompted all over the East, and not at all in the West, leaving the possibility of under-representation (and in other situations of over-representation). Non-congruence is also implicit in certain instances where Yiddish words of German origin are involved: in the West the specifically Jewish terms or expressions

which the inquiry sought were often elicited by requesting translation of a German word which was itself "irrelevant" to Western Yiddish.18 In the East, however, the same variable, prompted mostly in English, Hebrew or Rumanian, could turn up related, but entirely relevant Yiddish items of Germanic origin. Thus, for example, in designations for 'Christmas Eve' (SMQ 193040, WQ p. 227), lUD^n väjnaxtn sometimes appears as a Yiddish term in the East; however, Weihnachten was used by interviewers of German-speaking WY informants to elicit specifically Jewish terms, such as nitl. It could not itself be regarded as a WY word because it cannot be distinguished from German Weihnachten. Sometimes standard or regional German terms were the only responses offered at many locations in the West, as in 081100 IWQ p. 230] 'wick', thereby making the Western data even more than usually distinct from that of the East. 1.4 INDEXES TO THE QUESTIONNAIRE

The two Questionnaire Indexes, the CoQ and the DIQ, are described here only briefly (§1.4.1-3). For the reader's convenience, they are described more fully in the introductions to the Indexes themselves (Chapter VI, §§1 and 2). The main purpose of the Questionnaire Indexes is to show the links between the questions in the SMQ (§1.31) and ID problems (§1.2), especially those used in 18

Since the western informants were German speakers, not Yiddish speakers, and the interviews conducted in German were usually intended to elicit only words or phrases, we generally have to consider as relevant only those items that we "know" to be Yiddish/Jewish.

the construction of the SMQ.19 These indexes enable the researcher to access detailed Atlas data on a given ID problem. 20 1.41 Contents of the Questionnaire. The Contents of the Questionnaire {CoQ) provides the dialectological rationale for the interview questions by relating them to ID problems. PQ numbers are listed in sequence and identified by the pertinent ID topic numbers. 1.42 Dialectological Index to the Questionnaire. The Dialectological Index to the Questionnaire (DIQ) essentially rearranges the information in the CoQ. In the DIQ, ID topic numbers are listed in sequence; under each ID number are provided all of 19 A few of the problems which were introduced into the ID after the creation of the SMQ and the initial generation of the Questionnaire Indexes have been incorporated into the version of the Questionnaire Indexes presented here. 20 Weinreich also projected a Lexical Index to the Questionnaire (L/C?) which he describes as a "dictionary of dialectal curiosa" (see Chapter II). He did not make explicit his reasons for including certain items while omitting others from the LIQ; and the original drafts of this index seem like an arbitrary lexical list. Rather than adhere to the undefined criterion of "curiosa," the editors have decided to redefine the LIQ as an alphabetically arranged index of projected responses to all the questions in the questionnaire. This redefinition involves significant expansion of the index, the creation of many new entries to reflect all the facets of interest presented by a response (as indicated by ID numbers), and the introduction of material that Weinreich presumably intended to have in the index (e.g., English glosses). Also, it implies two alphabetical orders—Latin- and Yiddish-letter—as well as PQ number order. Ideally, the index will also be linked to the published maps. The LIQ, embracing all of these features, will appear later, perhaps as an independent volume.

7

the PQ numbers designed to elicit data pertinent to that topic. 2. SOURCES OF THE DATA The real sources of Atlas data were Yiddish speakers who used the language actively. Each of these speakers existed at a particular time and place, factors which help to form him or her culturally and linguistically. These are regarded as part of the speaker's "background," and for many kinds of linguistic research are matters of secondary interest, if not of indifference. However, in studying variation in language and culture, such factors are foregrounded and become of paramount importance. Thus, for our purposes, the informant's place of origin can be regarded as a source, inasmuch as it serves to identify his or her variety of Yiddish, and is linked to local factors that serve to define it. Of necessity, the Atlas emphasizes the geographic aspect of its informants' speech over idiolectal and (perhaps) other socially-determined features. For that reason, the Atlas always refers to its sources in terms of locations. Indeed, of the two sources of Atlas data, locations and informants, the locations receive the more thorough treatment in this volume. The "necessity" to which we refer above is occasioned by the same circumstances which compel the use of emigrant informants rather than native speakers in situ. The Yiddish-speaking communities and the vast majority of their inhabitants were annihilated during Hitler's war against the Jews, and the survivors have been scattered among speakers of other dialects and other languages. We are rarely given the choice of selecting among old and young, male and female, better and lesser educated. 8

Given such constraints on the realization of sociologically relevant criteria in the selection of informants, and reliance on only a single informant from each sampled location, how can we be sure of the adequacy and reliability of our data? This question loomed large from the outset of the investigation although it had been partly put to rest by the experience of Jean Jofen (1953) who demonstrated that reliable information concerning the distribution of variants could still be established on the basis of information gathered from emigrant informants. Equally important was the evidence of the earliest maps drawn on the basis of the accumulating data of the LCAAJ. Had informants' responses been impaired by memory failure or as a result of dialect contact, the resulting maps would surely have shown a degree of randomness in the distribution of variants, rather than the sharpness of the borders that did, in fact, appear. The maps are, in a sense, selfconfirming. 2.1 THE BASE-MAP AND THE LOCATIONS

2.11 Map 1: The Base-Map and the Regional Abridgments of the Questionnaire. The base-map encompasses the full extent of the historical Yiddish language area: from Alsace at the Franco-German border in the Southwest and Holland at the English Channel in the Northwest eastward through Germany, southeastward through Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania and Ula-aine, northeastward into the Baltic States, Lithuania and Latvia, and eastward through Poland and Belorus into Muscovy. Yiddish-speaking communities in Estonia and Russia and in Safed and Jeru-

salem are represented in an inset. Political boundaries are suppressed. To identify systematically the locations to be investigated, a grid was superimposed on the map. In any given area, the mesh of the grid might be looser or finer depending on such factors as settlement density and linguistic heterogeneity. The design of this grid is explained in detail in VII.3 (see §2.131 below). Generally, the investigation sought to interview one informant native to a location in each quadrant of the grid, so defined. A glance at the base-map reveals that the search, often extensive, was sometimes in vain. Some of the gaps are surely accounted for by the sparsity of Jewish settlement; others, by the absence of survivors. Map 1 also shows the approximate areas for which the regional abridgments of the questionnaire were designed (§1.311). It also displays a boundary between areas where the SMQ was administered and where the WQ (and ES) were used. (Secondarily, this boundary distinguishes between regions of extant and of fragmentary Yiddish respectively.) The SMQ, or one of its regional abridgments, was employed at all Eastern locations, as well as in Alsace, and at several other western locations. Thus, Alsace can be set off from the rest of the West where the WQ (and ES) were administered. Therefore, Alsatian locations which, by virtue of location, are incorporated in WY maps will, in order to permit systematic comparison, appear in an inset on EY maps as well. The "questionnaire boundary" between the SMQ-zones and the WQ/ES-zone is a fundamental one because non-correspondence between the two questionnaires

often creates a considerable barrier to representing data from both regions on the same map (see above §1.33). Hie theoretical implications of this will be considered in LCAAJ III: The Eastern Yiddish-Western Yiddish Continuum (see, below, §2.4). In the Numerical Location Index (§2.132) each location is coded for its regional abridgment. However, whether a regional abridgment of the SMQ or its full version or even a prestabilized version of the questionnaire ("pre-SMQ ") was used for a given location can be determined only by consulting the cover sheet in the transcript of that location's interview.

2.12 Other Maps. Chapter VII also includes three other maps of special relevance to the materials in this volume.

2.121 Map 2: The Fieldworkers. Linguists and ethnographers have long since come to recognize that the fieldworker is not a neutral presence, and much less a neutral medium of recording, transmitting, and interpreting data. But rarely has the fieldworker's influence on the interviewing process and on the data and their interpretation been studied to discover whether there are significant patterns in his or her behavior or interpretations. With no pretensions to having done more than recognize the possibility and value of such inquiiy, we offer here a map which identifies each location in terms of the fieldworker who covered it. Perhaps the borders it reveals can profitably be compared to the borders

of varying features on our linguistic maps.22 To pursue the problem still further would require the collection of a considerable amount of information. The assumptions and interests of the interviewers are of course relevant; so too are such factors as their training in linguistics, and their physical endowments— particularly, their hearing and the facility with which they can interpret what they hear. Moreover, we would need detailed accounts of what happened (in general, and in the course of specific interviews) in the field and at other stages of processing. 2.122 Maps 3 and 4: Coteiritorial Non-Jewish Languages. Maps 3 and 4 are the only maps in this volume that derive from actual responses to interview questions. Map 3 is based on responses to the first and third of the interview questions cited below. Ή στιπιυ ρ κ π ^ -η 001040 = WQ p. 225: Welche Mundart haben die Bauern Ihrer Gegend gesprochen? i s r r u El 001041 iWDVtyn • (muarO* 001042 The term IPriJ gojis, offered in response to 001040/1 apparently as a designation for Ukrainian and Belorussian dialects, is treated on Map 4. We stress that these are maps of responses elicited from Ashkenazic Jewish

informants concerning the languages of their non-Jewish neighbors. They therefore reflect the informants' perceptions of these languages and are not offered as maps of these languages defined by any other criteria. These maps are offered here in anticipation, as it were, of the succeeding volumes of the LCAAJ in which problems of languages in contact and of bilingual dialectology are sometimes among the uppermost concerns in the authors' minds, and otherwise remain the constant bass line for the music of Yiddish. 2.13 The Locations. Interviews were conducted for some 603 locations. WY is represented by approximately 137 of them, EY by the balance. The index of place names was prepared in tandem with the base-map by Beatrice Silverman Weinreich in consultation with Theodore Shabad. 23 The Yiddish place names derive largely from the interviews themselves. The Numerical Index of Locations (§ 2.132) has served as the working location list for many years24 and is the source of the Alphabetical Index of Locations (§ 2.133). 2.131 Symbolization of Locations. Section 3 of Chapter VII reproduces a dittograph prepared by Uriel Weinreich, dated 1961, that explains both the "geographic grid" (or, Yiddish, yi)]öN>~UNns progrämnec) that

22

The inclusion of the fieldworker map is perhaps consistent with the metadialectological note struck above (§§0.2 and 0.3). We there discussed the unfinished status of some of the research tools published here and suggested that this volume is not only a reference work, but also documentation of the style and state of computerized structural dialectology in the mid-1960s.

23

Dr. Shabad served on The New York Times as both editor and Moscow correspondent and was an adjunct professor of geography at Columbia University. 24 During that time it has been continually refined. Even so, we publish it with no pretensions to its definitiveness.

9

was superimposed on the base-map (§2.11), as well as the system of numbering locations (§2.132). 2.132 Numerical Index of Locations. This index (Chapter VII, section 4) lists, in numerical order, each location number, as defined by the program grid (§2.131), with its official place name, its Yiddish name (especially for EY), the interviewer for that location, and the regional questionnaire zone into which the location falls. The brief introduction to this index provides a fuller description of the design of the index itself, as well as abbreviations for the interviewers and for the regional questionnaires. It also provides some guidelines for interpreting the various columns of information and treats of some of the problems in finding both official and Yiddish place names. It concludes with a brief sampling of ludic place names for WY locations. 2.133 Alphabetical Index of Locations. The Alphabetical Index of Locations (Chapter VII, section 5) is an alphabetical list of the official names and the Yiddishnames of interview locations with their location numbers. It is intended to provide access to the Numerical Index (with its fuller store of information) as well as alternate access to the base-map. 2.14 Cumulative Indexes to the Maps. These indexes (Chapter VII.6.1-2), which will be updated in each succeeding volume of the Atlas, link the numbers of published maps to ID numbers wherever possible. The first index is in map number order; the second is in ID number order.

2.2

THE INFORMANTS

In Chapter VIII, we provide a brief general characterization of the pool of informants in terms of dates of birth, gender, and interview sites. Some additional notes on education and occupation are also included. 2.3

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A bibliography of works cited appears at the end of the English section. 3. THE VOLUMES OF THE LCAAJ The previously projected volumes of the Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry (see Volume I: 16) have been renumbered and retitled as follows:25 1. HISTORICAL AND THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS 2. RESEARCH TOOLS 3. THE EAST-WEST CONTINUUM: EASTERN YIDDISH-WESTERN YIDDISH 4. THE EAST-WEST CONTINUUM: EASTERN YIDDISH-GERMAN 5. WESTERN YIDDISH 6. EASTERN YIDDISH: PHONOLOGY 7. EASTERN YIDDISH: MORPHOLOGY AND MORPHOPHONEMICS 8. EASTERN YIDDISH: LEXICON 9. EASTERN YIDDISH-SLAVIC BILINGUAL DIALECTOLOGY 10. FOLK CULTURE 11. INDEXES

25

The extent of the materials projected for inclusion in Volumes 5 and 8 may compel the presentations of each of these volumes in two or more parts.

CHAPTER II: ON MACHINE AIDS IN THE COMPILATION OF THE LCAAJ1 Uriel Weinreich Grants No. 2986 (1961), $1,400 and No. 3194 (1962), $500. Machine aids in the compilation of linguistic atlases. Hie grantee, who is serving as the director of the Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry, wished to explore the possibilities of utilizing electronic dataprocessing machinery for the storage, filing, sorting, and searching of the accumulating field materials of the atlas. Compiling a linguistic atlas involves the accumulation and confrontation of a vast amount of factual data of a typically nonquantitative nature. For the characterization of the speech of a particular informant, items scattered throughout his interview have to be compared in a "longitudinal" analysis. In addition, the records of large numbers of interviews have to be compared with each other, not only for the various answers obtained to concrete questions, but also for speech characteristics abstracted from the longitudinal analysis of each interview. The effectiveness of research in linguistic geography therefore depends on the accessibility of the field records to rapid search and on the possibility of high-speed reclassification of the data from researcher's curiosity in the course of his 1

[Reprinted from Year Book of The American Philosophical Society, 1963, 622-625 with permission. To bring the information in the article up to date, we have added some bracketed footnotes.] 2 For details, see Uriel Weinreich (1962,1963a).

developing investigation. Moreover, since valuable evidence is contained not only in the informant's answers to prepared questions, but also in some of his spontaneous utterances, it is important to retrieve this information, which is scattered randomly in the transcript of the interview, by filing it under relevant headings. The Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry, the preparation of which is supported in part by the National Science Foundation, contemplates an interview program of about 500 subjects 3 by means of a questionnaire of roughly 3,000 items.4 The sheer size of the expected file—about IV2 million answers—requires that every means of rationalizing the handling of the data be considered. None of the procedures so far published for the application of computers to linguistic problems5 could be used automatically for the problem at hand. A fresh approach therefore had to be made. The electronic machines receive their instructions, as well as the raw data, by "reading" cards punched in a special code, in which a particular arrangement of holes in a vertical column corresponds to one of the letters of the alphabet, one of the digits, or one of 11 punctuation marks. The transcription in which linguistic interviews are normally recorded, on the other hand, includes a considerable number of diacritic symbols and special phonetic characters which have no equivalents on the keyboard of the card-punching machine. The first problem was therefore to devise a code for converting phonetic writing into 3 [Actually more than 600 subjects were interviewed; see below, Chapter VIII.J 4 [See the introduction to this volume where we report approximately 3245 questions.] s E.g. Sydney Lamb (1961); Henry Kucera (1962).

the IBM alphabet. In this code, digits and punctuation marks not needed for the representation of sounds were utilized to indicate modifications of the sound expressed by the preceding. Thus, while the η sound is naturally coded as N, the palatal η sound which is in Spanish written h is coded as N8. Correspondingly, L8, T8, S8, etc., represent palatalized 1, t, and s. Although adapted specifically to the study of dialects of the Yiddish language, the code can, of course, be utilized for the transcription of any language; thus, the French word cochon "pig" would in this code appear as K0S+0,+ (the first plus indicates the hushing nature of the preceding S, the second plus indicates the nasality of the ο vowel, and the comma indicates the place of the stress). The field workers for the atlas, trained in conventional phonetic notation, easily learned to use the new transcription theme in their interviews.6 The next problem was the coding of unexpected answers and of spontaneously offered materials for filing under headings to which they might be relevant. For example, one of the items in the questionnaire seeks to determine the local Yiddish term for "water well." In addition to the regional distribution of the synonyms brunem and ki'enice (in several variant forms), the answers to this question are planned to be consulted by the future researcher for 6

[Regarding this transcription system, see Chapter VI, section 1. Computing has advanced far enough since 1963 that it has proven possible for us to transpose this special transcription into the widelyknown IPA-based system described in Chapter IV, section 2. However, the software that is readily available for certain purposes (e.g., the sort of simple database Weinreich describes here in particular) still does not accomodate "extended" Latin characters, much less the letters of the ΓΡ3-«Τ?Ν.]

information on such matters as the quality of the r sound in the dialects in question, or, in bn;/je/77-territory, for evidence of a regional shift of the vowel u to i. But suppose an informant, in describing wells, casually happens to use the phrase bajn stub "near the house." The alert interviewer will write it down, for it illustrates at least two regional features of great dialectological interest: the use of a masculine form of the definite article (-n) with a feminine noun (stub) and the choice, in particular, of η (rather than m or rn, as in other dialects) as the form of the definite article which is fused with the preposition, baj. The questionnaire of the atlas, to be sure, contains questions designed to throw light on these points as well. However, bonus evidence is welcome, especially for recessive dialectal traits which informants might be embarrassed to admit to when questioned more directly. And yet, if these items of grammatical information remain irrelevantly hidden in a discussion of wells in a file of IV2 million items, there is little hope of their ever being utilized when they are needed. Herein lies the advantage of the coding system which has now been developed. According to it, the editor in the present case inserts two cross-filing symbols in the interviewer's transcript. The sequence "(/074041" constitutes a request that a duplicate record be made of the phrase in question (bajn stub) which can later be filed near question 074041, a question that deals directly with the

alternation

bajn

vs.

bajm.1 The

se-

quence "(680" is a request for a triplicate of the record, to be filed subsequently under paragraph 680 of the study, which deals in general with the syncretism of masculine and feminine articles in prepositional phrases. (There are several hundred 7

[The phrase that actually appears in the SMQ is i r n bajn stejnj

such topical paragraphs in the plan of the study.)8 Further cross-reference instructions are introduced for material relevant to other geographic locations to be filed with the appropriate interview) and miscellaneous lexical material to be filed in a cumulative dictionary of dialectal curiosa.9 Under the present grants, thirty interviews from the Atlas files were edited according to this system and keypunched on IBM cards. Hie cards were then fed into an IBM 1401 machine, which transfers information from punched cards onto magnetic tape. Instead of a routine conversion, however, a special program was commissioned according to which the machine, coming across cross-reference symbols like (,(/, etc., automatically makes duplicate records of the card it is "reading." Hie magnetic tape thus obtained was then fed into an IBM 7090 computer with various sets of sorting instructions. On the first run, the computer sorted all the duplicate records under the appropriate crossreference headings. When the new, sorted tape was printed out, an extended version of the interview transcripts became available in which all the randomly elicited material appeared classified under relevant headings and was thus fully retrievable. On another run, all thirty interviews were merged, so that the answers to each of 3,000 questions given by informants from thirty different locations were displayed together in appropriate geographic order. The computer thus 8

[The topical paragraphs Weinreich refers to constitute the ID, concerning which see Chapter I; the ID topics are provided in full in Chapter V.] 9 [This "dictionary," expanded considerably to include more than the patently curious, will appear in a later volume of the LCAAJ. For a description of the design of the projected LIQ, see Ch.I §1.4, fn.20.]

produced, free of clerical errors, 10 a worksheet for the cartographer. When one tries to visualize the editing of an atlas of many hundreds of maps, with up to 500 locations on each, it becomes clear what advantages are gained by the electronic filing and sorting of the data. 11 Although most of the "bugs" have been removed from these procedures and they are now in routine use by the grantee and his staff in the processing of fresh interviews, various ramifications of these experiments continue to be explored. For example, it appears that it will in the long run be more efficient to convert the punchedcard data to magnetic tape by a standard 1401 program and to produce the duplicates, as well as sort the data, on the much faster 7090. Numerous possibilities of printing out only parts of the data (selected according to various principles) and of sorting them in special orders for the study of particular dialectological questions are also being experimented with. This study could not have been completed without the assistance of Mr. Meyer L. Wolf and the facilities of the IBM Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory (1961-1962) and the Columbia University Computer Center (1963), directed by Dr. 10

[Apart from those introduced in the process of keypunching.] 11 [Approximately half of the 603 interviews were processed in the manner described here by Weinreich; printouts of this material, housed in the LCAAJ "archive," have been an important resource for Atlas researchers for several decades. 185 of the interviews so processed had been conducted with the SMQ, 115 with the Western Yiddish questionnaire(s). This leaves most of the EY interviews still awaiting processing. In Chapter III, Robert Neumann lays the foundation for this work and for increasing the accessibility of LCAAJ records.]

Kenneth King. The programs for the 1401 were developed by Mr. Harris Hyman. While the publication of the Atlas is still many years away, regional studies of specific problems are already in the works. Mr. Marvin I. Herzog, of the Atlas staff, is completing a book on the Yiddish dialects of Northern Poland12 which, without benefit of the processes developed under this grant, would have required at least a year of additional work of the most tedious nature.

12

[Herzog 1965.]

13

CHAPTER III:

THE COMPUTERIZATION OF THE LANGUAGE AND CULTURE ATLAS OF ASHKENAZIC

JEWRY1

Robert Neumann

of the short range effort will constitute components of the electronic archive.3 The realization of the most cogent computer design is ultimately dependent on funding. While it has so far been possible to accomplish considerable work toward manuscript publication with the modest funds available,4 it is evident that the balance of publication and the electronic archiving will require additional significant funding from a variety of sources in the United States and Europe. The plans to computerize the publication of the Atlas have now been implemented, 5 and the computerization of the LCAAJ 3

1. BACKGROUND The computerization of the LCAAJ involves a two-pronged effort: a short range plan to computerize the publication of the first volumes of the series, and a long range plan to produce a knowledge-based, retrievable database by computerizing its archives of taped interviews and transcripts, published and unpublished maps, indexes, etc. 2 Both plans are being pursued simultaneously; moreover, there is overlap between them in that at least some of the by-products 1

Acknowledgment is due to Gerald Dannett for his translation of the initial version of this chapter. 2 The informatic and organizational data processing problems to be solved in the LCAAJ lie in precisely those areas where the author's interests and knowledge are focused: from the point of view of the information scientist, the data processing problems of the LCAAJ may be considered a special case of the computerization of large linguistic data archives and thus are largely compatible with the linguistic data processing the author is conducting at the Institut für deutsche Sprache in Mannheim.

The author's interest in the LCAAJ was engaged in 1988 by Ulrike Kiefer, who was at that time in search of a computer methodology to faciliate the preparation of her own dissertation (Kiefer 1990) and the publication of the LCAAJ. The idea for the creation of such a comprehensive electronic archive grew out of their discussions of Putschke and Neumann (1982), a description of automatic dialectological cartography. Subsequently, during frequent discussions in Mannheim and New York, the problems of publication and of archiving merged and eventually evolved into the two-track plan to be described hereafter. 4 Comprised of jointly-awarded travel grants from the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS) and the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD), generous gifts from the AtranFoundation and the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, and post-doctoral awards from the Lucius N. Littauer Foundation and the Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture. 5

Toward this end, Professor Dr. Wolfgang Putschke, a member of the Editorial Collegium, has provided the Atlas with access to the graphical peripherals of the Philipps-Universität of Marburg (large-format digitizer, high-performance plotter, projection table system); he has also engaged the interest of the Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tiibingen, whose director, Robert Harsch-Niemeyer, has undertaken publication of the LCAAJ, from camera-ready copy, without subsidy.

archive has been initiated on the basis of a conceptual framework which builds upon the foundation for a dialectological database established by Uriel Weinreich, Marvin Herzog and their colleagues in the 1960s (U. Weinreich 1963b = this volume, Chapter II). With the technology now available, this early work lends itself to full exploitation.

2. COMPUTERIZATION OF THE PUBLICATION OF THE LCAAJ The aim of the short range plan is to ensure the technical production of the publication of the Atlas; the accomplishment of this goal is also a phase in the establishment of a uniform and homogeneous programming tool and a standardized archive database. 2.1 THE ASSUMPTIONS

Over the last ten years, the division of labor has shifted in the production of academic publications between the publishing house on the one hand, and the author and editor on the other. The old notion that the author delivers a barely legible manuscript which the publisher transforms into a book no longer applies. Publishers are increasingly coming to expect authors and editors to use the means of electronic desk top publishing to create camera-ready copy. These expectations extend even beyond typesetting, layout and page make-up to the prepration of camera-ready maps. This forms the background for the plan to computerize the publication of the LCAAJ. In order to meet these preconditions, the LCAAJ would have to overcome many hurdles. Much of its material had long ago been processed by computer with an odd assortment of off-the-shelf and in-house programs in non-standard formats. All of

it would now have to be integrated into a single system. The source maps themselves were in various formats. The maps of Volume I had been hand-drawn on a printed base-map template. Most of the maps for Volumes III and V are inventory sketches using the point symbol technique. In addition, the hand-drawn maps used all manner of cartographical representation: isolines, equal-area mapping and point symbol mapping. In part, color had been used as a discriminating feature. For the most part, all maps and legends still require editing and revision. Even those maps which are technically publishable, as in the case of the maps for Volume IV, require further revision to ensure harmonization throughout the Atlas project. 2 . 2 THE DATA PROCESSING CONCEPT

2.21 Outline of the Problems. In view of publishers' expectation of cameraready copy from authors, and of the linguistic, multialphabetic, and cartographic dimensions of LCAAJ manuscripts, the system used for producing texts, maps, and legends would ideally meet the varied criteria described below. 2.211 The Texts. The text-processing system must yield manuscripts which conform to the standards for camera-ready copy of the publishing house, i.e. printed copy that is acceptable in terms of its depth of blackness, sharpness of edge, resolution, and so forth. It must be possible to meet the normal aesthetic requirements for the printed image. Precise justification with good distribution of the spaces between the words must be achieved, and line spacing must be expandable in order to achieve precise column length. An appropriate font such as Times must be easily available

in various sizes. Page-oriented footnotes are an obvious requirement. Furthermore, the system must be easy to use and must operate on the principle of "what you see is what you get". Thus, even inexperienced users will be able to do much of the text-formatting and font design. The word-processor must be capable of "writing" English, Yiddish (from right to left), and a phonetic character set developed specifically for the LCAAJ, not to mention cartographic symbols, as all these symbols are also used in the text. The system, including both hardware and software, which is to be installed at least six times, in the workplace of each author and editor in New York and Germany, must therefore be relatively inexpensive. 2.212 The Map Legends. The LCAAJ map legends contain all the symbol forms usual in linguistic cartography. The computer system for producing manuscripts should not restrict the linguist's freedom to choose the appropriate type of symbols for the problem under analysis. Furthermore, editors and authors should be able to edit the legends, which include texts in English, Yiddish, and phonetic alphabets, just as they edit text during the stage of manuscript creation. Production methods that require complex programming skills may lead to undesirable delays in publication. Because of the highly interpretative nature of the maps in Volumes I and III, for exemple, the legends in these volumes alone take unpredictables forms. This makes the algorithm-controlled generation of legends impossible and requires software that incorporates word-processing features such as free placement of text on a page, etc. 2.213 The Maps. Since the map legends have many of the characteristics of text, the requirements for the software used to generate

and update maps are similar to those found in Computer-Aided Design (CAD): The maps are drafted by typical editing methods on the computer screen using algorithmic procedures (e.g., curve interpolation). For instance, if it is necessary to draw an area, it is first drawn "manually" with the pen, according to the author's criteria. However, the exact path of the line, any hatching, and any cut-outs for overlaps should be generated algorithmically and automatically. It is clear that objectoriented graphics is required to obtain satisfactory solutions. Pixel graphics is inadequate here. It must be possible to insert cartographic entities into maps automatically, whether by taking them from files and databases or computing them (e.g., lines from the basemap, lines from maps already edited). It must be possible to import "locations" from files and databases into the map and to give them graphical entities (e.g., symbols) as attributes, the form and selection of which is also controlled by means of external files. The existence of manuscript maps demands an electronic means to transfer mapped data to the computer.

2.22 The Solution. There is no one software program, now available, which permits the manipulation of all three types of data mentioned above; for that matter, none is on the horizon. It was therefore necessary to build a system out of hetergeneous components. For text-editing, we installed a commercial PC word-processing system that has so far also been used to create map legends. This will certainly remain the case for Volume III as well.

The maps are drafted and managed using a CAD program which the author developed some time ago especially for use in linguistic cartography.

Two systems of this type have now been installed in New York, and two in Germany.

2.221 The Text and Legend Processing System for the LCAAJ. Given the above criteria for the text-processing system, we selected the SIGNUM word-processor developed by Application Software of Heidelberg and installed it on the Atari ST used in conjunction with a laser printer (Canon Laserbeam 4) to produce the LCAAJ texts as camera-ready copy. The deciding factors in this choice were SIGNUM's graphical qualities, the complete freedom it allows in the design of character sets, and its consistent application of the "what you see is what you get" principle. However, this text-processing solution has its disadvantages as well. SIGNUM is hardly known outside of Germany and, while the Atari ST is available on the US market, it is used mainly as a music computer; few people concerned with text-processing in the academic humanities are familiar with it. With respect to the creation of map legends, SIGNUM also affords both advantages and disadvantages. It allows us to edit map legends, as we did in Volumes I and II and will probably continue to do in III and IV but, the map symbols have to be edited twice, once in the CAD system and again in the word-processor. In the process, the editor must ensure the optical identity of the map symbols in the legend and the map, an exercise that requires considerable skill. Benefits of this solution are that components of the legends with the characteristics of running text can now be freely manipulated and edited in the legends and that the alphabets defined for and installed in the legends are available for use in the text.

2.222 The LCAAJ Mapping System^ For the creation of the maps, program modules which satisfy the requirements mentioned above had already been created by the author of this report; it merely remained for him to collate them under a uniform user interface. The hardware platform for this software is a VAX 711 computer located at the University of Marburg Computer Centre. We abandoned PCs at this point because access to peripheral devices (large format digitizer, high performance plotter, photo-composition table) could be had cheaply by means of an interface to the Computer Center's peripherals pool. Moreover, the program modules were originally conceived to run on a larger computer and were actually resident there. Implementing the entire system on PCs would have required much more programming. As a result, however, the maps can only be produced and manipulated in Marburg. This is not an acceptable long term arrangement. After the completion of LCAAJ III and IV, we will integrate functions of linguistic cartography into our commercial PC-based CAD system, so that an affordable PC-based system of map production will be available for use in both New York and Germany. At that point, the interface to the peripherals pool would be necessary only for the production of definitive camera-ready maps. Data could then be transferred from PCs through the interface to the high-performance plotters and the photo-composition table by means of international data links.

2.3 EXECUTION

2.31 The Maps. There were no particular surprises in the production of the maps for LCAAJ I. The fact that more than half of the maps were already available in manuscript was of considerable help. About half the time devoted to map production was used to digitize the existing map manuscripts; the rest of the time was spent tailoring the maps on screen to the intentions of the author (Marvin Herzog). Most of these modifications were made using the building-block principle: recurrent lines were saved as building blocks and re-used. Line patterns based on identical factual evidence can thus truly be made optically identical, a significant improvement over handdrawn maps. All the work associated with computational map generation for LCAAJ I was carried out at the Marburg University Computing Center.6 6

Robert Neumann Jr. customized the CAD program for the project's needs and digitized the maps for LCAAJ I. With exemplary patience, he coped with weaknesses in his father's programs and rectified their troublesome behaviour. Throughout, he executed his work with forbearance and unfailing precision in spite of the impulsive, ever-changing, and seemingly unsystematic and contradictory demands of the linguists. Due to dialectological and computational errors (some discovered at the last minute), each map was definitively plotted onto film at least twice, as camera-ready copy, using the photo-composition table. The photo-composition table was thus used for about 35 hours, instead of 10-15 hours, i.e., more than twice the amount of time originally anticipated. We are grateful to Walter Rhiel, the operator of the photo-composition table, at the University of Marburg Computer Center, for facilitating this work and enabling us thereby to present the first printed copy of LCAAJ I to the Fourth International Conference on Yiddish Studies, in Jerusalem, in June 1992.

The predominant format for the maps for Volume III (currently in preparation by Robert Neumann Jr.) is point-symbol mapping. Consequently, further improvements to the programs may be necessary to allow mapping to be completed more quickly and with special consistency checks on the assignment of the survey locations. In addition, work has begun on the maps of Volume IV utilizing in a commercial PC-based CAD package some map-making features that have so far been used only on a mainframe. This will permit Dr. Kiefer to do the map work for LCAAJ IV at her own desk.

2.32 The Map Legends. The SIGNUM word-processing system was used to create and update the legends. Preliminary work involved using a text-editor, incorporated into the system, to create the necessary map symbols. The main problem in symbol design was to ensure that the proportions between symbols occurring together in a legend were the same as those found on the face of the corresponding map. It was also necessary to create phonetic and Yiddish character sets. 7 The legends for Volume I were created by the author of this report from typed and handwritten drafts. The Yiddish-letter spellings were inserted by Ulrike Kiefer and, for a period, by an assistant with knowledge of Hebrew working under her supervision. The legends for LCAAJ III and IV are being prepared in SIGNUM by the authors themselves.

7

Ulrike Kiefer designed the Yiddish character sets for Volume I and proofread the legends to ensure that they were formally attractive and technically well-designed.

2.33 The Text. The only adventure in the preparation of the first volume was the need to restore text which was accidentally lost while working in SIGNUM. Yiddish-letter spellings which did not appear in the source text files (created in early versions of WordPerfect on the Victor 9000) had to be keypunched. It was also necessary to intervene "manually" to get this text, which is highly complex in layout, into suitable graphic shape. We accomplished this task in two joint computer sessions, in New York and Marburg, each of eight 14-hour days. By the end of these "forced marches" through the text, we finally felt confident that we could supply the publisher with the camera-ready manuscript of LCAAJ I within our deadline. After the last corrections to the text had been made, the present author completed the necessary formatting and produced the camera-ready copy during December 1991 and January 1992. The text was then sent to the publishing house for further processing. The present Volume was processed by Andrew Sunshine. At the outset, we worked together to overcome considerable difficulties with the SMQ. This questionnaire, some 221 pages of typescript in the Yiddish alphabet, had been input in the late-1980s in "Vortnik," a Yiddish-Hebrew-English text-editor designed by Dr. Meyer Wolf 8 for use on the 8

Dr. Wolf, created "Vortnik" for the Great Dictionary of the Yiddish Language of which he was Associate and Executive Editor. He had previously been a key figure in the earlier work of Atlas computerization (described by Uriel Weinreich in Chapter II of this volume) and participated in both the interviewing and the coding of interviews. His 1968 dissertation was based on Atlas data (see Wolf 1969). The actual keypunching of the SMQ was done by Ms. Donna Wolf. Dr. Paul Glasser made an editorial review of this first electronic version of the questionnaire.

Victor 9000. Because it had been input in an in-house program on a non-IBM compatible machine, some programming was necessary before it could be imported into SIGNUM on the Atari. The information technology work involved in the creation of the text for Volume II centered on the indexes it incorporates. Some of these indexes were generated from dBase tables, some from tables created in WordPerfect. These were fed into an Oracle database, corrected there and then output in files again, in the sequence required for further processing. A number of algorithmically described code translations required during the course of integrating the indexes were completed through ad hoc programming. The indexes are designed so that they can eventually be incorporated into the computerized LCAAJ archive as structures and access paths. The text for Volume III did not require any further manipulation; it has been written and processed in SIGNUM from the outset. The text for Volume IV also existed in a well-printed hardcopy. It was scanned in and processed by an OCR program, so that it is now available as an ASCII file. At the same time we are converting a version of the text prepared in WordPerfect into ASCII files. The author will then be able to decide which text source the SIGNUM word-processing system can use to best advantage. No particular problems are anticipated with this text. 3. COMPUTERIZATION OF THE LCAAJ ARCHIVE 3.1 THE PREMISES

With the publication of the ten volumes of the LCAAJ, the possibilities for research and discovery contained in the LCAAJ archive will have merely been sampled. The

purpose of these volumes is to argue for and to implement both a structural and a bilingual dialectology, and to provide a basis for historical studies as well. Certainly the Atlas data will lend themselves to study from these and numerous other viewpoints or theoretical positions. To date, access to the LCAAJ archive has been expensive and difficult for anyone living at any great distance from New York City. Moreover, for each occasion of use, it has required the consent and presence of LCAAJ staff on the premises where tapes, transcripts and maps are housed. Even if these external obstacles can be overcome, access is still difficult because of the internal structure of the archives. Only a fraction of the linguistic themes noted in the Index to the Dialectology (see the ID, this volume, Chapter V) has been transcribed. Even in such cases, transcription is restricted to the immediate subject, isolating it from the context of the interview. At the same time, the magnetic tapes on which the interviews were recorded—the very core of the archive—are aging and suffering loss of quality; the possibility that entire recordings may perish is very real. And in losing recordings, we risk losing forever not only research material for linguists, but fragments of the precious legacy of Yiddish and yidishkayt to which the archive was intended to be a monument. For all these reasons, the Archive of the Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry should be conserved in a new form, so that it may continue to exist and become more easily, efficiently, and inexpensively accessed. The following proposal aims to fulfill these desiderata.

3 . 2 OUTLINES

Taped interviews will be digitized, transferred to a computer storage medium, exhaustively indexed by entities of meaning (location, question, subject), and organized in a database. This spoken language material will be given an alphabetical embodiment by assigning the existing phonetic transcripts to it or by supplying missing transcripts. The indexes of the spoken language will be imported as indexes to the transcripts. All classifications already prepared for the archive material (for example, the CoQ and the DIQ, see this volume, Chapter VI), as well as any new ones will become secondary indexes to the indexes of the transcripts and the spoken language. They will thereby permit structured and "guided" access to selected materials. In this way a knowledge-based database will have been created in which knowledge of the archive materials is used to offer targeted access to the data. For example, once the ID is incorporated as a secondary index, it will be possible to query the database for all materials which pertain to ID 160 — vowel vs. 0 in pretonic position (i.e., the responses to PQ 010021, 010030, 015053, and nineteen more interview questions), or for all responses to a particular interview question. These will be generated through a loudspeaker, or recorded onto a cassette, while transcripts of the corresponding responses are displayed on screen or printed out. Computerization has even greater ramifications: all publications using archive data or making reference to this data will also be incorporated into the computerized database. This literature will be indexed by its lexicon. The lexicon will be given attributes according to functions in the text (e.g., quotation, linguistic object, etc.). The database user will now also be able to obtain informa-

tion of the following sort for ID 160 (cited above): "Map 45 in LCAAJ I covers this subject" ; "Distinctive items appear on page 34 of the text to this Volume." Should s/he wish, the user may view the maps on screen and print out the sections of the publication. Alternately, s/he may proceed from a linguistic item cited in secondary literature that draws on LCAAJ data to the instances of it in the interviews. This plan is an excellent way to make archive materials, and publications based on them, accessible to the authors of LCAAJ Volumes VI-X. More importantly, an archive of this type will be an incomparable resource for the student of Yiddish and of Ashkenazic Jewish culture. Once we have electronically reorganized the internal structure of the archive, and made it more easily accessible, it would be a pity if the user still had to make special arrangements to use this facility in New York. The electronic archive therefore ought to be incorporated into the international data network so that researchers in Philadelphia, Jerusalem, or Trier can use it without leaving their homes or offices. There are no scientific unknowns in realizing this plan.The necessary components already exist, or are in development, so that the actual tasks are to select the components and to design and develop the environment in which they will operate. Planning and preparation have been completed and funding is being sought. Should we succeed in financing this long range plan, the first components of this computer archive would be available in about three years. Thereafter, the installation of an archive of this nature could be completed in about seven years. The fields of linguistics, dialectology, folklore, Yiddish studies, Judaica, and Germanistics, among others, will then have user-friendly and

powerful access not only to the LCAAJ archive itself, but also to the fruits of the research conducted by other users on these archival materials.

19

CHAPTER IV: TRANSCRIPTION AND NOTATION

3 = I.P.A. [a] 1 = I.P.A. [ r ] (slightly retracted open i)

1. SYSTEM OF TRANSCRIPTION AND NOTATION USED IN THE FIELD (1975)

6 = I.P.A. [A]

We reproduce the system of transcription and notation used in the field for the historical record and to provide access to the LCAAJ archive of handwritten field notes as well as computer-generated material. Insofar as possible, the published volumes will avoid this transcription, using instead a system that bears a very close visual (as well as structural) resemblance to the IPA (see IV §2). However, some traces of the notation system do appear in the questionnaires, especially the SMQ. For some discussion of the history and purpose of the transcription and notation system described below, see Chapters I §1.1 and II.

1.1 TRANSCRIPTION

1.11 Vowels. 1.111 Segments. The following vowels have their conventional IPA values (except for capitalization):

Ε

A

The following slightly centralized, (schwa-like) vowels:

length extra length especially short syllable division

VA.N VA..N

IPA Equivalent va-n va:n

BI94N

bin

TA95J3X ΚΑΡΟ/Γ3

4

stress extra or primary stress nasalization lowering

ta- jax (* taj- 3x) ka'pota

5 7

raising backing

8

fronting

Symbol Value

1.0 GENERAL REMARKS

I

1.112 Diacritics for Vowels.

Ο

U

symbols designate usually unstressed

94 95

5 55 +

Example

0.„SLU,DN U+KIM3+ ZE4N3N ZE44N3N FLE5G FI7S VA7LD FU8S F08S

'o-s.ludn ukimS zenan zaenan flelg fuis vald fys

Clarification: Since 7 and 8 denote, respectively, backing and fronting, they imply no change in lip position; hence E7J = IPA [aj], 08J = [0j]. 1.12 Consonants. 1.121 Segments. The following consonants have their conventional IPA values (except for capitalization): Μ Ν Κ Ρ Τ Β D G Η F X S Ζ V

c L Symbol L5 92

R

J

W

Value Slightly fricative, L of Courland and Zamet Glottal stop

Generalize concerning the quality of R, e.g., Y9* R = retroflex r. 1.122 Diacritics for Consonants.

f0S

Use only I [i] and 1 [r] for the high front vowel contrast. Restrict 15, 14 to unusual instances. Restrict the use of numbers wherever a generalization will permit, e.g., Ε is E4 [ε], Ο is 04 [ο]. The raising of A, i.e., A5, should be accompanied by an indication of backing (A57) or fronting (A58).

Symbol

Value

Example IPA Equivalent

length

VAS.3R

vas-ar

,

syllabicity

VELN,

vein

+

(with S Ζ C) Z+UK 3 uk hushing C+ES+3N t/e/gn

(with Ρ Τ Κ XAP+ Β D G F V) VART+ nasal release LIG+T LOJF+ OJV+

xaprp varfi? lifflt lojm) ojvfi)

preceding sound weak or indistinct

kim3n

KIM3N-

(with Μ Ν Β VALD2 vald D G VΖ L R J W) unvoicing (with Ρ Τ Κ F 1X2 i* S Χ Η C) voic- OP23R opar ing (but fortis) degree of (un)voicing not clear

2-

retraction, velarization (need not be used in sequences NG/ NK) S7 C7 Z7

\

FIM7F firrjf LAXN7 laxr) LIT7E life KR7EL7N kRetn

semi-hushing sibilants in NEY palatalization

S78 etc. palatalized, semi-hushing

1.2 NOTATION

-$

no, but doubtful

This notation was used, in both the process of interviewing and of editing interview transcripts, to provide information about the context or special circumstances in which a response was made. A few examples: The notation QM/Y indicates that the response came from the informant's husband or another male bystander to the interview; QOF indicates that the expression provided is considered old fashioned; = (i.e. the "equals" sign) indicates that the informant here corrects him/herself. (In the SMQ, WQ, and ES, the symbol = is encountered almost always with the meaning 'means the same as' or 'sounds the same as'; regarding this, see IV.2.4.) Note that below PQ numbers sometimes appear with a separator between page and question number, replicating the usage found in the LCAAJ archive's computer printouts (elsewhere they are usually cited in the form of unbroken six-digit strings). In some instances, the separator is a decimal point or period, in others the digit 0. Thus, a number cited below as 097.020 is the same as PQ 097020; and, a number cited as 1170201 is the same as PQ number 117201.

DRWG QB QT QBF QTF QFR = Q a Q

drawing in protocol book yes, text in protocol book 1 yes, on tape 1 yes, fragment in book yes, fragment on tape yes, fragment on tape self corrected (replaces earlier «) separates the direct answer to a question from any other comments that follow. Unless otherwise indicated (e.g., QGLE, QENG, QGLY, QYID), the text that follows a Q is both verbatim and phonetically accurate.

QP

return to verbatim phonetic transcription. Example: XREMZL3X QGLE KIND OF PASSOVER DISH QP KI.X3L3X

QM/Y

response of husband or other male bystander response of wife or other female bystander

Y9* Special symbols for the interview explained in the introduction. L8AL8K8E ÄaXkje N04N81 nojir

+

yes, known no, unknown + BUT... yes, but... - BUT... no, but... $ query +$

yes, but doubtful

QF/Y * QU Q-U QUU QR QRR QH

QFQM usual(ly), common not usual very common rare very rare heard in same locality, but not used

QS

said by... NOGL/QS CHILDREN

QW

used by... GARTL/QW XSIDIM

Q-W

not used by...

For narrative materials.

QAP

applies to ...

Q-AP

does not apply to ...

QN

new, modern

QNN

very new

QOF

old-fashioned BOB3/HEJVM7 QOF

QOOF

very old-fashioned

QK

known

Q-K

unknown

LEXT/LIXT QN

QLIT QV QEM QVL QDG QAMER

literary proverb, saying emphatic vulgar disgust American Yiddish development; cf. QANG QHUM amusing [Editor: please note that QAM in older transcripts sometimes used for "amusing," sometimes also for newer QAMER] QELSW elsewhere QRTR rather QSMT sometimes QOTW otherwise QNEX object did not exist (was not used) QET etymology supplied by informant (includes folk-etymological information) QPOL, QRUS, QRUM, QHUNG, QGERM, etc. QSYN

synonym

Informant's statement that word is 'not Yiddish but' Polish, Russian, etc.

1) (plus Yiddish) gloss, means . . . in Yiddish verbatim and phonetically accurate; 2) (plus English comment) in older interviews is equivalent to newer QI GL

QZT

informant's explanation in Yiddish, but not necessarily verbatim or phonetically accurate.

QVB, QADJ, QINF, QNOUN etc.

informant's explanation in English BOB3 QGLE midwife

/ /

parenthesis: indicates optional element whose ' inclusion gives alternate form, e.g., ICT/3R/; L/8/EXT for ICT, ICT3R; LEXT, L8EXT

/

separates multiple answers, e.g., 130 010 KARTOFL CM FLOM3N/ BRIK3F

CM CLN SC XX QQ Ο

comma colon semicolon sic! (replaces earlier @) check answer on tape question not asked

interviewer's summary (in English or Yiddish) of informant's lengthy comments anglicism

097.020

QETC

T3ME, JT3S

1) Interviewer's comments follow (e.g., QI$ Interviewer's query) 2) Interviewer's prompt, to which informant gives+/- answer prompted (replaces pre-computer • , Q) prompted and accepted prompted and rejected prompted and replaces preceding response is identical with (in respect to some significant point, e.g., quality of stressed vowel) is different from (as above) interviewer's comment: compare interviewer's comment: not elicitable

QNT Q-T QLAT QTA QNP

interviewer's comment: taboo, not elicitable omission, abbreviation etc.

verb, adjective, infinitive, noun, and similar grammatical information

• not on tape

tape audited unprompted answer to prompted question

QMEMX informant's surprise at own recollection

relevant to a previous question; or, answer has already been given spontaneously relevant to a subsequent question Notes 1. Do not use .... extensively, e.g. correct: MIS+TEJNZ G... mistejnz gazokt incorrect: ...MIS+P0X3... PEJSAX INBEK3RAJ,... S+TIPL3R... VAS3R GIS3R... REDL3R... EJN3R G3KNOT+... G3S+OT+... instead use: / / / or CM and QETC. 2. If a question is preceded by a • in the questionnaire, ) is redundant in the answer. 3. The use of Q in front of the informant's main response is redundant. 4. When a question includes a series of alternate forms, e.g., 006021 (polonks, etc.), a single - (minus sign) indicates a negative answer to all and a single response (e.g., porembld) implies that the rest have been negated. 5. XX should be placed after the word to which it refers rather than in the middle of it. If necessary, repeat the sequence to be emphasized. Example: ZIX83RNODL/ X8 XX

6. If the answer to a prompted sub-question (.041) is volunteered in response to the main question (.040), cross out the number of the sub-question. If the answer to a later question (e.g., .060, .061, etc.) is volunteered (in .040, .041, etc.), do not cross out its number; use arrows instead (.040 .060

For use by editor QED QEDS (/ ( ($ (( QEDN OVRPMP MISPMP MISTD

editor's comments follow editor's query cf. question number cf. paragraph number cf. other geographic location reference to dictionary editor disagrees overprompted misprompted misunderstanding, informant's response does not apply to question

Examples of use of symbols as found in printouts

1170110 53252 DICENTES+O (/117070 [response is also relevant to another question] 1170110 56276 CE.NTER (022 [response is relevant to problem number 022 in the dialectology] 1140500 50239 VI S+PEJT 1Z QF)VlFL/3/DE ZAJGE ($50219 [response of QF is relevant to another location] Some instructions on how to read the printout (i) Column headings PAR = paragraph number in the dialectology that the question refers to. (Though space was left for this number, it actually was not included in the printouts as we have them.) LOCREF = part or all of the answer refers to a location other than the interview location point; most often this came about because the husband or wife of the informant responded to the question and it is the location of the town that the husband or wife was born in that is listed here.

1170201 51237 / AL3 FERD3 MUNT1K (/ 209 030 [relevant information taken from response to another question]

PAGQUNO = page and number of question in the questionnaire.

52261 1150600 51258 Y -/QF+ ($51258 [location on extreme left is in sequence, and only what follows QF is relevant to it]

INTVN = interview number (the first 2 digits refer to the latitude number of the informant's home-town, the second two digits to its longitude

R =

number, and the final digit to the sub-quadrant on the grid).

(ii) Some examples of complex responses and how to interpret them:

two symbols are used in this column to indicate that the response has a special aspect to it: / means that the reply was from another question in the questionnaire and brought here because it sheds light on this question, too.

LOCREF

PAGQUNO

INTVN R

48249

0070800

49245

Y means that someone other than the informant was in the room during the interview and responded to the question. The location of this other person is given under the LOCREF column.

Y

RESPONSES QF)BOJB3RIK * ($49245)

Read: In interview 49245, the wife of the informant interrupted to say that she (her hometown is at location 48249) knew the expression referred to in question 0070800; subsequent to her saying "ρ"'Ίΐη ν α.,, the informant (i.e., he—at 49245) agreed that he knew this too. Thus, at locations 48249 and 49245 the form is known, and the coding should reflect this. LOCREF

PAGQUNO

INTVN R

49266

0070800

49279

Y

RESPONSES -/QF + QHOCIKLOC

*** = the response; some frequent symbols in this part of the printout follow. (/ = cf. question number in the questionnaire. ( = cf. paragraph number in the dialectology lID]. ($ = cf. other geographic location. * = answer continued on another line. (N.B.: sometimes the lines are inverted in the printout; this is easy to unravel, because the line that begins with * is the second line.) $ = informant unsure. )- = prompted and rejected. )+ = prompted and accepted as known.

($49279)

Read: During interview 49279 at question number 0070800, the informant responded that he didn't know the expression; his wife who is from town number 49266 responded that she did know the expression HOCIKLOC. Thus, two answers should be coded here: a negative one for 49279; and a positive one for HOCIKLOC for 49266. PAGQUNO

INTVN

R

0070800

48296

/

RESPONSES *BEC+UC+ $ (/127901 (270

Read: At question number 127901, the informant at location 48296 responded BEC+UC+ which is applicable to question number 007080, and should be mapped there. The * means that the answer is from a second (continuation) card at ques-

tion 127901. The symbol / in column R indicates that this answer was brought here from another question, viz. 127901. (270 does not interest the coder; it refers to the paragraph in the dialectology [ID] to which the question is relevant. Symbols found in "blue book" interviews (early interviews recorded in .Yiddish and pre-computer phonemic transcription) V

known

Λ

not known

A

probably not known

—

not asked

Θ

prompted

HI

self-corrected

A

no, but

Δ t

usually

it

very rare

c

heard, not said

=

not differentiated

*

in contrast to

i

answer below

τ

answer above

//

folklore

)

rare

·

degree of vowel length

2. MAIN TRANSCRIPTION IN THIS VOLUME

dz λ

2.0 GENERAL REMARKS

The main system of transcription used in this volume, as well as Volume I, of the LCAAJ is a modified version of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), concerning which see, e.g., Pullum and Ladusaw (1986). The modifications are described below. Latinized names and proper nouns begin with initial capital letters. While the transcription system found in Uriel Weinreich's typescripts of the OY(D)D (published in LCAAJV. 5-45; see also U. Weinreich 1991) is clearly based on the IPA, the author did not make explicit the idiosyncratic nuances of his use of it. Moreover, there are some identifiable inconsistencies in the way given phenomena are represented (see editor's note, LCAAJ 1:16-17).

η

for IPA d3 (voiced palato-alveolar affricate). for IPA Ä (voiced palatal lateral approximant). N.B. In the location indexes (Chapter VII. §4 and §5), 1' is used instead of λ. for IPA ji (voiced palatal nasal).

2.3 DIACRITICS

Length: Long vowels are distinguished from short vowels by the use of a colon (:) after the vowel: a: (= long a) vs. a (= short a) Generally, degree of vocalic length is not distinguished. Where it seems necessary to do so, ' (raised period) after a vowel indicates length, : (colon) after a vowel indicates extra length. The breve symbol C), although sometimes used over a short vowel, is redundant.

Raising: raising.

after a vowel sign, indicates

2.4 OTHER

+ ('plus') indicates an internal open juncture. = ('equals') between two lexical items means either 'means the same as' or 'sounds the same as'. Cf. the following examples: from the SMQ: ΓΝ T-N U^SICPJ 1PQ UND ^ 168010 ^ rr^N-ltMNp ,ΝΓ ΙΓΚ) ? iPUJN'PJ ('Wnsn' » ΓΝ ONI from the WQ (page 229): 218010 'er ist auf mich böse' 229001 Ξ berooches? 229002 = Brooches 'Segen'?

2.1 VOWELS

The LCAAJ uses: ü for IPA y (high front rounded) ö for IPA 0 (upper-mid front rounded) j for glide (in diphthongs) 2.2 CONSONANTS

Stress: acute accent ( ' ) = primary stress grave accent 0 ) = secondary stress Accents appear over the stressed vowel or the initial vowel of a stressed diphthong. Generally, only primary stress is indicated. Furthermore, stress marks are frequently omitted from transcriptions of polysyllabic lexical items where the stress falls on the penultimate syllable.

The LCAAJ uses: s

for IPA S (voiceless palato-alveolar central laminal fricative).

ζ

for IPA 3 (voiced palato-alveolar central laminal fricative).

c

for IPA t j (voiceless palato-alveolar affricate).

Palatalization: To represent a palatalized consonant, the LCAAJ uses ' for IPA J after the pertinent consonant symbol, e.g., d\ t', s' z' and (in VII.§4-5 only) Γ (elsewhere λ). (Note, however, the special symbols for palatalized consonants described above under §2.2 Consonants.)

: ('colon') between two lexical items indicates that the interviewer is to ascertain whether the items rhyme or to otherwise compare and contrast the items in whole or in part. For example, in 173050, the interviewer is given the following instructions with regard to the sought-for word muu: • i n γγ^νπϊηνρ ,tojss -n mr^p nwa =πν ... ,tu:(3)s τι mr^p nwa ztin -.jiivj nwa g n u INJ ·. J1WÜ DNU Din Ι-Γ^ΝΠυ^ρ ( ) (parentheses) enclose optional segments or lexical items. E.g., in our previous example, SMQ 173050, tu:(a)s ('error') expands into tu:as, tu:s. Similarly, in SMQ 009022, the form ((u)-il?)ir^(ii) expands in principle as follows:

u-iinrzsB -iinrsisi "ΓΓ^ΝΙ •rrs

ivirx tninr:* / distinguishes between lexical or phraseological variants, as in, e.g., SMQ 001100: ?l)pODJ/l)'?DDl>J ^NQIP T^p & ~ is used occasionally in the same manner. Frequently, to distinguish between alternating segments or bound morphs within a single lexical item, we bracket the relevant segments or morphs and separate them with a slash, as in, e.g., SMQ 095011:

? (ov)

N/ -]ϋ(η)κ>[ι/ρ] Ξ

Or consider SMQ 063040 in which the following form ]ΐΡ&ιι[νχ/Ctm] occurs. This expands into HPNICHN and llPNim.

'Yiddish" names in the bibliography and bibliographic citations (e.g., Shpilreyn 1926); and

Where, however, the alternating segments or morphs occupy an optional position within a given lexical item, we generally omit the brackets and use only the parentheses, as in the following two examples.

personal names which occur in English texts-for-translation in the SMQ (e.g., PQ 160130 Moyshe is the poor aunt's son).

SMQ 085051:

?v(n/j)ivtt>ü$p Ξ

I.e., ιπΐ)Β>υ$ρ, i;:nDtf>u$p, and prrawu&p.

DlT^UNp OlT^SNUfcip ^S-U-lfcJp ^δΝϋΙίϋΡ DlT^U-INp OlT^SNUiBp ^D'-UfcjlJ OlT^CrUNU DIT^DNUNU ^DNIHNU DP^Snui^J

zh for ζ kh for χ

SMQ 063030:

?

DVN/rw) ...

I.e., iiPsm, iwnr-'N, and itiwrcnN. The square brackets are occasionally used within parentheses when a sequence of segment positions within a lexical item occur optionally and one of these optional positions is occupied by alternating segments, as in, e.g., SMQ 081060:

?C?)xvj(ü[j/n])&p s PN DNm This expands in principle as follows:

The main differences from the transcription described in §2 are as follows: sh for s

This expands, in principle, into the following: flNNinSp riNNu&p ^lNNJ&p

y for j Palatalization is indicated by an accent after a consonant. 4. YIDDISH-LETTER TRANSCRIPTION With rare exceptions, Yiddish-letter text in the LCAAJ is rendered orthographically. The following, however, are occasionally used to convey information which the orthography conceals: ' indicates palatalization of the preceding consonant, e.g., 044050 [doXma] S, Ν, 1, ί,-1 5 ·5 nS * >

3. USE OF THE YIVO SYSTEM OF ROMANIZATION The YIVO system of romanization, described by U. Weinreich (1954b:vi-vii), is used for:

vowels with primary stress

- 5

Ν, N, >1 i| 5

D

-

?

vowels with secondary stress

For other general non-orthographic "resources", see §2.4 above. Where the pronunciation of a HebrewAramaic component lexical item is at issue, we accompany the STY spelling with a Latin-letter transcription of the entire lexical item (as in the first example below) or of the relevant segment (as in the second example): (i) SMQ 220020 UNn ΊΙ. n^N r n UJNTLU 1ΪΏ UNH ^ ?"[jadas] /7Γ7#Τ8 »Uli» fc? (ii) SMQ 220080 VrjD :DTlfc? "TO UJNT "ΊΤΝ ηΐ rxjsu InvNi vjitf? ΊΠΏΏΌ (-a:- / -a:-) InriPVD Sometimes in addition to or in place of a Latin-letter transcription, n m p j nekiidss (Hebrew vowel points) may be inserted into STY spellings (of Hebrew-Aramaic component words especially) where they will help to clarify vocalism, as in, e.g., SMQ 016080-081:

?T_N

IJINT ipq UJP^D "ΊΤΝ "ιη 080 "...rn-on .•twi-on.. ? [xolejls] r t r t n Β 081

In rare instances, traditional spellings of Hebrew-Aramaic words have actually been modified. This has been done, for example, in SMQ 036062 to alert the interviewer's attention to possible realizations of the diphthong as - oj- (where - ej- is anticipated): ? ΠΩ1ΪΡ-ΠΝ15Ί t? 0 Occasionally, a nekiida is introduced the spelling of non-standard forms forms that do not occur in the written guage, especially when these include

into (or lanHe-

brew-Aramaic component morphemes), as in, e.g., SMQ 094032: ? pDtf Ξ 5. TRANSCRIPTION IN THE WQ AND ES There is some inconsistency in the representation of WY words and phrases in the typescript of the WQ and ES. "Sometimes," according to Steven Lowenstein (personal communication, 1992), "Weinreich tried to use a phonetic transcription and other times he presented a version of German spelling of the words." Thus, e.g., on page 228 of the WQ, we find two spellings for the holiday rnmaiP 'Pentecost': 198080 "Wer gut oomert, bekommt ..." (Sc/jwues-Speisen) 228001 Schwuess- Bräuche There is no significance to the different spellings. Where the ES is concerned it is possible to trace some of the inconsistency to the liberal use made of Dr. Florence Guggenheim-Grünberg's "Minhagim" questionnaire (concerning which see I §1.322); however, this is only to beg the question inasmuch as Guggenheim-Grünberg herself alternates between transcriptions and spellings. Other things being equal, it would be desirable to make these representations consistent. The difficulty is that the line between transcriptions and spellings is fine—or rather, it seems to zig and zag— so that it is not always clear whether a given form is a transcription or a spelling— or a bit of both. Sometimes word-initial [s] before a vowel is rendered Ss-, as on, e.g., page 223 of the WQ : 151020 Ξ Ssuss?

At other times, a single 5- is used, as on page 226 of the WQ : 226009 Simchastorre-Bräuche Under the circumstances, it did not seem wise to prejudge the question of the interpretation of WY words and phrases in the WQ and ES by "normalizing" the text of these questionnaires. A few additional guidelines may assist the reader. Long vowels are sometimes represented by double vowels, e.g., WQ page 225, 189050 Ros ch-Haschoone, (but cf. WQ page 225, 189080 Rosch-Haschone-Nachmittag) and sometimes by a vowel followed by a colon (cf. §2.3 above), e.g., ES 246007 Simchas To:rs. The apostrophe in such recurrent forms as Schul' and Bub' is (according to Steven Lowenstein) "merely a reflex of the fact that [they] can be seen as ... shortened version[s] of German Schule [and Bube]." The transcription described above in §2 is also occasionally used in the WY questionnaires (e.g., xazn in WQ 229013). 6. PROTO VOWEL NOTATION For the reader's convenience, we provide here a summary recapitulation of the system of Yiddish Proto Vowel notation discussed in LCAAJ 1:11-12. Α, Ε, I, O, U broad vocalic proto-qualities subscript l

short vowel which remained short. 2 long vowel which remained long (except where phonemic length has been lost) short vowel which became 3 long

4

5

diphthong whose first vowel was short (only in the Ε-series:) "at its outset, ... a short open e, as a rule in open syllable" (M. Weinreich 1980:696).

Thus, Ai is historically short a which remained short. An alternate way of representing the Proto Vowels involves the use of two digits, the first corresponding to one of the uppercase vowels and the second to one of the subscripts, as described above. Thus, Proto Vowel 11 = Ai. The double digit representations of Proto Vowels may themselves be subscripted to a vowel (or a lexical item) to show that the vowel is a reflex of a particular Proto Vowel. Thus, in CY, Proto Vowel 44 converged with /oj/42,43: /rojt/42 'red', /ojvn/43 'oven', and /bojm/44 'tree'.

28

CHAPTER V: TOPICS IN YIDDISH DIALECTOLOGY 0. INTRODUCTION This chapter consists of two main sections: (§1) the Index to the Dialectology (ID), a numerically-ordered list of the topics in Yiddish dialectology which provided the rationale for the questions in the SMQ\ and (§2) the Subject Index to the Dialectology {SID), an alphabetically-arranged list of these same topics. For additional information about these indexes, see I § 1.2. Section 1.1 of the ID lists those problems which were actually used in the construction of the SMQ. (These problems are also, in effect, the outline for Weinreich's essays OY(D)D and DVG\ concerning this, see 1.1.21.) In several cases, the problems, although illustrated in the DIQ (Chapter VI), remain undefined. The ID topics, in Weinreich's original list, are implicitly organized according to the following themes: Phonology, Vocalism, Consonantism, Morphology and Morphophonemics, Vocabulary, and Various. These topical headings have been introduced into the ID merely to orient the reader. At the outset, each ID topic was assigned a three-digit index number; e.g. "junctures 002", "stress system 005". Some numerical positions were skipped to permit the subsequent insertion of new topics. In ID numbers 403-410, 465, and 470, Weinreich used the abbreviations G ("general") and L (Litvis) to encapsulate the important difference between varieties of Yiddish with a three-gender system ("general") and varieties with some other type of gender system (Litvis) (see U. Weinreich

1991:53f. where the terms ΙΡΤΓ and tP'W1? are used). The latter has often been characterized as a two-gender system; however, Weinreich (1961) showed this to be an oversimplification. Indeed, the problem of gender in Yiddish turns out to be far more complex than anything that can be encompassed by these two terms. Meyer Wolf, in his dissertation (see Wolf 1969), also deals with this issue. Yiddish morphology will be treated in a later volume. Section 1.2 of the ID contains problems added to the ID list during the interviewing and coding process, i.e., after the construction of the SMQ. (The date of each addendum is given if available.) These addenda therefore do not usually figure in the CoQ and DIQ in Chapter VI. The task of linking these newer problems to interview questions is open to new generations of Yiddish scholars. The SID (§2) contains all of the ID problems in §1 in a single alphabetical sequence; however, those problems which are listed in §1.2 (Addenda) are identified here by an asterisk before the ID number.

1. INDEX TO THE DIALECTOLOGY 1.1 ID PROBLEMS USED TO CONSTRUCT AND INDEX THE SMQ

Phonology Vocalism 002 junctures 005 stress system 008 stress in particular bisyllabic words 009 stress in particular trisyllabic words 010 stress in particular polysyllabic words 013 syllabicity of the sonants m, η, 1, r 016 syllabicity of i 017 syllabicity of υ 021 distinctive features 022 length 025 frontness-backness 027 nasalization 028 vowel patterns 045 neutralization under stress before r 046 neutralization under stress before χ 047 neutralization under stress before η 048 neutralization under stress before vowels 050 neutralization in pretonic open syllables 051 neutralization in pretonic checked syllables 054 neutralization in posttonic word-final position 056 neutralization in posttonic checked syllables

058 neutralization in posttonic nonfinal open syllable

113

PY 32 33 sporadic lexical variants

207 voicing neutralization of word-initial s, ζ

117

PY 34 (I4) typical development

208 voicing neutralization of medial clusters

060 posttonic interconsonantal epenthesis

118

PY 34 before vowels, r, and finally

210

voicing neutralization—external sandhi

065

PY 11 (Ai) before s, c, j, k, x, r

119

PY 34 before at

212

066

PY 11 before ng, nk

124

PY 41 (Oi) typical development

voicing neutralization in absolute wordfinal position

067

PY 11 in other stressed positions

126

PY 42 43 (02,3) typical development

215

labial affricate

068

PY 11 unstressed

127

PY 42 43 prevocalic

217

neutralization of affrication after 1, η

069

PY 11 sporadic lexical variants

128

PY 42 43 before r

219

fricativity of ν

072

PY 12 13 (A2,3) typical development

129

PY 42 43 before a:

220 fricativity of g

073 PY 12 13 prevocalic

131

PY 42 43 sporadic lexical variants

235 timbre of 1

074 PY 12 13 before V

135

PY 44 (O4) typical development

240 palatality feature: 7 vs λ

075

PY 12 13 sporadic lexical variants

136

PY 44 before a:

242 palatality feature: η vs η

080

PY 21 (Ei) typical development

137

PY 44 sporadic westernisms in the East

244 palatality feature: t vs f and d vs d'

081

PY 21 before r

140

PY 51 (Ui) typical development

246 palatality feature: s vs s' and ζ vs z '

084

PY 21 before Α-

141

PY 51 before r, Α-

248 palatality feature: χ vs ς

087

ΡΥ 22 23 (E2,3) typical development

143

ΡΥ 51 sporadic lexical variants

249

other palatality features

088

PY 22 23 before r

146

PY 52 53 (U2,3) typical development

250

contextual palatalization of 1 before i

089

PY 22 23 before a:

147

PY 52 53 prevocalic

251

contextual palatalization of 1 after /, j

092

PY 22 23 sporadic lexical variants

150

PY 54 (U4) typical development

252

contextual palatalization of 1 after k, g

095

PY 24 (E4) typical development

151

PY 54 prevocalic

255

contextual palatalization of η after k, g

096

PY 24 before at

152

PY 54 sporadic lexical variants

256 palatalization of apicals by i

097

PY 24 sporadic westernisms in the East

160

vowel vs 0 in pretonic position

259 palatalization of k, g after i, j, ng, nk

098

PY 24 sporadic lexical variants

162

choice of vowel in pretonic position

100

PY 25 (E5) typical development

265 point of articulation of t, d

170

vowel vs 0 in posttonic position

101

PY 25 before r

268 hushing and hissing: s vs s

172

choice of vowel in posttonic position

103

PY 25 sporadic lexical variants

105

PY 31 (Ii) typical development

106

PY 31 before r

107

PY 31 before at

108

PY 31 sporadic lexical variants

200

glottal action-trichotomy of features

285 functional status of η

110

PY 32 33 (12,3) typical development

201

glottal action-extreme simplification

287

111

PY 32 33 prevocalic

204 aspiration as concomitant of fortisness

269 hushing and hissing: ζ vs ζ 270 hushing and hissing: c vs c

Consonantism

275 hushing vs palatalized 280 point of articulation of syllabic nasals assimilation of point of articulation

290 syllabicity of nasals

293 296 299 302 305 306 320 325 330 332 335 340 343 345 350 355 360 365 366 370 372 374 375 378 380 382

syllabicity of r functional status of h voiced vs voiceless h functional status of j before / articulation of r postvocalic r alternation: Λ vs 0 alternation: -am vs -η alternation: word-final -n vs 0 alternation: preconsonantal n vs 0 alternation: word-final syllabic -p/-an vs -3 alternation: ρ vs b alternation: ρ or f vs pf vs alternation: b vs ν alternation: ν vs 0 alternation: ν vs f alternation: -rsm vs -rbm alternation: t vs d alternation: final -t vs 0 alternation: hushing vs hissing alternation: c vs s alternation: k, g vs t, d alternation: k vs g vs χ alternation: g vs j alternation: x vs 0 alternations in palatality

Morphology & Morphophonemics 385 metanalysis of indefinite article 386 metanalysis of definite article

401 gender systems in general 403 general: masculine or feminine — Litvis: neuter 404 general: masculine or feminine — Litvis: masculine 405 general: feminine — Litvis: masculine 406 general: masculine—Litvis: feminine 407 general: masculine or neuter— Litvis: neuter 408 general: masculine or neuter— Litvis: masculine 409 general: masculine or neuter— Litvis: feminine 410 general: masculine or neuter— Litvis: material 411 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 428 430 431 432 433 435 436 437

miscellaneous (gender problems) 0 vs - dr with vowel change -sn vs -sr with vowel change -s vs 0 with vowel change ~dn vs 0 with vowel change -s or -as vs -n -ax vs -an -9s vs -s -9x vs -ar -im vs -n miscellaneous (plural formation) inflection of proper nouns inflection of common nouns morphophonemics of oblique suffix morphophonemics of possessive suffix number of diminutives and suffix type stems in 1 stems in n

438 other special stems 439 440 441 443 444

vowel changes in stems feminine derivatives strong vs weak inflection syncretism of cases in the plural syncretism of cases in the singular masculine 445 syncretism of cases in the singular feminine 448 suffixes of surviving strong-weak inflection 450 -n suffix after stems in ng or nk 451 -n suffix after stems in m, n 452 -n suffix: stems in consonant plus 1 453 -n suffix: stems in consonant plus n or m 454 -n suffix after stem in vowel or diphthong 455 flexibility of adjectives in unstressed-9 456 flexibility of geographic adjectives in -sr 457 flexibility of possessive adjectives 458 flexibility of i i m s ändor and ΊΐτηιτΝα bazundsr 459 flexibility of Ί Ι Π Ι Γ jedor 460 comparison: vowel changes 461 possessive third plural 462 augmentation 463 derivation in -dik vs -ik vs 0 464 other adjective derivations 465 definite article system in general dialects 466 definite article: dropping of initial d467 definite article: dropping of vowel

definite article: elision of vowel before vowels

numeral compound

555

alternations in stem form

470

definite article inflection in Litvis dialects

numeral substantivization

557

vowel change in stem

numerals: ordinal

560

imperative plural suffix

472

definite article: fusion with preposition

adverb superlative formation

562

irregular verb Ή zajn: second singular

475

indefinite article: case inflection

prefix a-

563

irregular verb Τ1ΓΤ zajn: third singular

476

indefinite article: prevocalic alternant

suffix -t or -st

564

irregular verb l^T zajn: second plural

478

negative article: number inflection

suffix -s vs 0

565

irregular verb TJT zajn: first and third plural

566

irregular verb ϊ!ΓΤ zajn: imperative

568

irregular verb PND hobn: general

numeral adverbs for clock time

569

irregular verb ΡΝΠ hobn: infinitive

suffix -ik

571

irregular verb p i ) J gebn

suffix -st

572

irregular verb 1NU ton

adverbs from prepositions

573

irregular verbs TUtP stejn and T J gejn

second person singular suffix

574

irregular verb l^NT zoln

restressing of enclitic π du

575

irregular verb l^Pll vein

third person singular suffix with stems in t

576

irregular verb inn miizn

third person singular -t vs -at after j

577

irregular verb Η i n redn

578

irregular verb Ρ"Ί1 visn

579

irregular verb "ρρτί vem

580

irregular verb: future auxiliary—1st singular

581

irregular verb: future auxiliary—2nd & 3rd singular

582

irregular verb: future auxiliary—1st & 3rd plural

583

irregular verb: future auxiliary—2nd plural

586

irregular verb ^m

587

irregular verb 1ΓΝ1? Ιόζη

468

480 personal pronouns: case syncretisms 482 personal pronoun: first plural 483

personal pronoun: second plural

484 personal pronoun: third plural 485 personal pronoun: first singular 487 personal pronoun: second singular 488

personal pronoun: third singular masculine

489

personal pronoun: third singular feminine

490 personal pronoun: third singular neuter

suffix r:n- -vajz numeral adverbs in m ^ g r zalba or "^-ιυ-srlej

491

personal pronoun: third singular indefinite

493

reflexive pronoun: person inflection

494

reflexive pronoun: repeated enclitics

496

stressing of personal pronoun after prepositions

third person plural -n vs - a

498

interrogative pronoun inflection

third person plural stems in nasals

500

indefinite pronoun

502

inflection of r ^

504

demonstrative pronoun

507

interrogative proadjective

509

demonstrative proadjective

512

indefinite proadjective

515

pronumeral inflection of I)1?« aid

516

pronumeral inflection of irr"Q

third person singular: alternation 0 vs ί first person plural suffix -mr vs -n second person plural suffix

third person plural stems in ng, nk third person plural stems in unstressed 9

ale

third person plural stems in consonant plus η third person plural stems in consonant plus 1

bejda

third person plural stems in ram third person plural stems in stressed vowel or j

volt, cf. 631 & 633

590 past participle: strong vs weak 591

past participle: vowel change or no

592 past participle: -idn vs -ign

593 594 595 597 599 601 605 606 610 612 620 621 624 627 631 633 635 640 642 644 650 653 660 661 662 670 671 680 681 684

past participle: -orn vs -ojrn past participle: -ndn vs -nan past participle: miscellaneous past participle: weak alternations past participle: dropping of - Ρ J gsverbal noun in punctual aspect present participle: general form present participle: transposition of "ρτ zix remnants of preterite remnants of conditional as principal verb past auxiliary: pND hobn vs Γ_τ zajn past auxiliary with periphrastic verbs periphrasis with ]NU ton formation of pluperfect formation of conditional in conclusions formation of conditional in conditions iterative past first person imperative singular first person imperative plural third person imperative alternations in reflexivity alternations in periphrastic conjugation perfective aspect auxiliary with punctual aspect other aspects verbal themes in PD- -sen nominalization of verbs sandhi forms of baj sandhi forms of π cu compound prepositions with pun- -vegn

695 700 701 710 715 723 726 729 730 731 734 735 738 739 742 750 752 753 755 757 767 768 770 771 772 774 776 779 780 784

interjections: plural inflection word order place of infinitive and particle place of TT zax with infinitives place of IT] nit with imperatives deletion of impersonal DD es word order in subordinate clauses consecutive order interrogative sentences indirect questions place of adverbial complement conditional sentences; cf. 631 & 633 negation correlatives with double comparative infinitive vs past participle with lPQip kümsn relative clauses time clauses object clauses purpose clauses purpose clauses of warning use of article with proper names use of article with profession names uninflected possessive adjective transposition of adjective adjective inflection in predicate conjunction with comparative adjectives place of Π cu 'too' choice of dative vs accusative after verbs genitive quantitative construction noun plus noun

786 787 788 789 791 793 794 798 799

periphrasis for objective case syncretism of dative and accusative prepositional phrases use of negative article number of nouns after low numerals use of Π cu with infinitives place of Π cu with infinitives constructions with gerund constructions with modal auxiliaries

Vocabulary 805 810 812 820 825 830 832 833 834 835 836 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 849 850

distribution of proto doublets overall differences: Yiddish vs German distribution of recent Germanisms regional Hebraisms specific function of Hebraisms in WY Slavicisms vs Germanisms Polish vs East Slavic g vs h ζ vs r mazurzenie dz vs ζ a vs ο i vs ο e vs ο e vs i prefix calquing, etc. t vs c pleophony Russian elements Czech and Slovak elements

Laaz Lithuanian Latvian Rumanian Hungarian Arabic Judezmo regional differences in religious vocabulary 872 radiation of localisms 854 855 858 861 864 867 868 870

Various 899 900 901 981 982 983 986 988 994 995 000

memory illusions narrative material Whole Hebrew samples songs, if any tales, if any proverbs other forms customs lexical index place names lexical

1.2 ADDENDA

057 vowels of diminutive suffix 059 vocalism of reflexive pronouns 061 pretonic interconsonantal epenthesis (December 1966) 085 PY 21 sporadic lexical variants 120 PY 34 sporadic lexical variants

PY 41 sporadic lexical variants PY 50 series PY 52 53 sporadic lexical variants (January 1975) vowel vs 0 word final (January 1967) miscellaneous consonantal problems unvoicing of r other voicing alternations 1 vs 0 1 vs r (January 1969) st vs sc (December 1966) hissing vs palatalized consonantal epenthesis between η and 1 (October 1966) dissimilation (October 1966) nasalized vowel vs vowel plus η alternation m vs η (September 1970) alternation ζ vs dz (October 1966) alternation s, ζ vs 0 in verb complements (August 1966) alternation p, b vs 0 in verb complements (August 1966) alternation: d vs 0 (January 1967) alternation: c vs k (January 1967) alternation: c vs s (January 1967) alternation: k vs c alternation: χ vs s (January 1967) metanalysis miscellaneous (August 1966) noun prefixation (October 1966) noun formation: miscellaneous (October 1966) noun suffixation (October 1966)

425 434 446 447 473 474 477 479 495 521 525 527 534 622 625 636 645 649 651 654 655

-n vs -dr (December 1966) diminutive vs 0 form (August 1966) nominalization of adjectives superlative in lieu of comparative (January 1967) definite article: collapse of masculinefeminine distinction (May 1970) indefinite article vs 0 (December 1968) negative article: form ..J^p kun~ kajn... negative article vs indefinite article (December 1966) alternation ~|Nrr dox ~ f r zdx adverb vs prefix (November 1969) suffix -n (August 1966) suffix t r m i ; - -arhejt (December 1968) adverb miscellaneous (August 1966) past miscellaneous (May 1972) periphrasis with other verbs (January 1967) habitative (January 1967) other mode formations (October 1966) causative verbs (October 1966) alternations in derivation by affix (May 1969) separable vs inseparable prefixes (December 1966) nominal derivation (December 1966)

656 various suffixes (May 1969) 657 verb formation miscellaneous (May 1969) 663 verbal prefixes miscellaneous (January 1967) 664 - 3 $ op- vs -Ehn 0/-/-3N op- vs - J $ t on- (December 1966)

665 666 667 668

669 672 673 674 675 676 685 694 696 697 711 724 725

cd- vs -"UTHSJiS funändar(December 1966) - NQ ba- vs - - ι ρ τ ν ibsr(December 1966) ajrt- vs - SN όρ- vs - Π cu- vs -INS far- (December 1966) - D-iN/ - t n u (ar)ojs-, - nm-N/ - ίγιγίν! (aijibsr-, --iPUJiN/-nPU]nN! (ar)üntgr- (December 1966) verbal themes in i t - -irn, ΐυηΐ)-9vdn, ΐΐΛ>- -73/7 (December 1966) metathesis (August 1966) haplology (August 1966) contamination (August 1966) redundancy (January 1967) contracted forms (January 1967) conjunctions (August 1966) interjections (August 1966) onomatopoeia (December 1966) augmentative (January 1967) place of TT zsx with other verb forms (December 1966) deletion of sentence subject (December 1966) deletion of copula (January 1967)

769 deletion of definite article (January 1967) 775 deletion of Π cu 785 quantitative construction adjective plus noun (September 1970) 790 prepositions: miscellaneous 800 nominal vs verbal (December 1966) 801 noun vs adjective (December 1966) 806 German component

811

overall dialectal differences (January 1967)

813 language dynamics (January 1967) 824 specific function of Slavicisms in EY (December 1966) 826 specific function of Hebraisms in EY (January 1967) 828 829 831 847 848 851 852

Hebraisms vs Germanisms (May 1969) Hebraisms vs Slavicisms (May 1969) recent Slavicisms (January 1971) Belorussian elements (August 1970) Ukrainian elements (August 1966) international elements (August 1966) English/American elements (December 1966)

853 Spanish elements (January 1967) 860 characterization of areas by lexicon 871 social & stylistic variations (August 1966) 873 WY forms in EY (January 1967) 874 archaisms, obsolescent speech (January 1967) 875 neologisms (April 1969) 893 etymologic consciousness (September 1970) 897 language aesthetics (August 1969) 898 informant or town characterization 902 semantic problems (August 1966) 903 Gentile vs Jewish (August 1966) 904 popular etymology, back-formation (August 1966) 905 euphemisms, linguistic taboo (January 1967) 906 emphatic distortions (September 1970)

980 children's folklore (December 1966) 984 similes, metaphors, idioms, curses, blessings (August 1966) 985 anecdotes, puns, humoristic formations (December 1966) 987 coins, currency (December 1966) 989 popular medicine; pharmaceutical and chemical terms (August 1966) 990 non-medical popular beliefs (August 1966) 993 material culture (December 1970) 996 personal names; nicknames (August 1966) 997 names of synagogues, buildings (August 1966) 998 names of plants, animals (August 1966) 999 English-Yiddish dictionary (August 1966)

2. SUBJECT INDEX TO THE DIALECTOLOGY a- (adverbial prefix) 522 a vs ο (in words of Slavic origin) 838 At

(= PY 11) before ng, nk 066 before s, c, j, k, x, r 065 in other stressed positions 067 sporadic lexical variants 069 unstressed 068

A2

3

(= PY 12 13) typical development 072 before äpn l? 074 prevocalic 073 sporadic lexical variants 075

suffixes -arhejt *527 -srlej, numeral adverbs in 529 -9t 532 -ik 531 -ρ *525 -s vs zero 526 -t or -st 524 -vajz 528 aesthetics, language *897 affix see prefix, prefixation, suffix, suffixation, and see under verbs affricate, labial 215 affrication, neutralization after 1, η 217 äjn- vs op- vs cu- vs far- *667 als, inflection of 515

adjective comparative, conjunction with 774 derivations, miscellaneous 464 geographic, in - a r 456 inflection in predicate 772 nominalization of *446 vs noun »801 plus noun, quantitative construction *785 possessive, flexibility of 457 transposition of 771 uninflected possessive 770 in unstressed -9, inflection of 455

alternations in verb derivation by affix *651 American/English elements *852 anddr, flexibility of 458

adverbial complement, place of 734 prefix a- 522

habitative *636 iterative past 635 perfective 660 punctual auxiliary with 661 verbal noun in 601 other 662 aspiration as concomitant of fortisness 204 assimilation of point of articulation 287 augmentation 462 augmentative *697 auxiliary with punctual aspect 661 b vs ρ 340 or ρ vs zero in verb complements *339 vs ν 345

ale, inflection of 502

accusative vs dative after verbs 779

adverb miscellaneous *534 numeral 529, 530 vs prefix *521 from prepositions 533 superlative formation 520

aspect

anecdotes *985 animals, names of *998 apicals, palatalization of by i 256 Arabic 867 archaisms *874 areas characterized by lexicon *860 aribsr- or arojs- or ariintsr- *668 article see definite article, indefinite article, negative article articulation of r 305 syllabic nasals 280 t, d 265 anintar- or arojs- or aribdr- *668 Ashkenazic Whole Hebrew samples 901

ba- vs ibdr- *666 back-formation *904 backness—frontness 025 bazünddr, flexibility of 458 bejdd, inflection of 516 Belorussian elements *847 blessings *984 buildings, names of *997 c vs c 270 vs k *371 reflex for initial s 372 vs s 372 c vs k *376 s*313 ς ws χ 248 calquing of prefix 842

case dative vs accusative after verbs 779 genitive 780 objective, periphrasis for 786 oblique suffix, morphophonemics 432 possessive suffix, morphophonemics 433 syncretism of dative and accusative 787 in personal pronouns 480 in the plural 443 in the singular feminine 445 in the singular masculine 444 causative verbs *649 CP- vs funandar- *665 chemical terms *989 children's folklore *980 clusters, medial, voicing neutralization 208 coins and currency, names of *987 comparative adjective, conjunction with 774 double, correlatives with 739 superlative in lieu of *447 comparison, vowel changes in 460 components German *806, 812, *828, 830 Hebrew 820, 825, *826, *828, *829 Laazic 854 Slavic *824, *829, 830, *831, 832, 838, 849, 850 compound numerals 517 prepositions with -vegn 684 conditional in conclusions, formation 631 in conditions, formation 633 as principal verb, remnants 612 sentences 735 conjunction with comparative adjective 774 conjunctions *685

consecutive word order 729 consonantal epenthesis between η and 1 *281 problems, miscellaneous *199 constructions with gerund 798 modal auxiliaries 799 contamination *674 contextual palatalization see palatalization contracted forms *676 copula, deletion of *725 correlatives with double comparative 739 cu (particle) deletion of *775 place with infinitives 794 use with infinitives 793 cu 'too', place of 776 cü- vs äjn- vs op- vs far- *667 currency and coins, names of *987 curses *984 customs 988 Czech and Slovak elements 850 d vs d' 244 zero *367 dative vs accusative after verbs 779 definite article (see also gender systems) collapse of masculine-feminine distinction *473 deletion of *769 dropping of initial d- 466 dropping of vowel 467 elision of vowel before vowels 468 fusion with preposition 472 inflection in Litvis dialects 470 metanalysis 386 with profession names 768

with proper names 767 system in general dialects 465 deletion of definite article *769 copula *725 cu *775 impersonal es 723 sentence subject *724 demonstrative proadjective 509 pronoun 504 daχ ~ z9x alternation *495 diaphonemes see proto-vowels differentiation language *903 -dik vs -ik vs zero 463 diminutive number 435 suffix type 435 suffix, vowels of *057 vs zero form *434 dissimilation *288 distinctive features 021 doublets lexical *903 proto 805 dox [unstressed: dsx] ~ zix [unstressed: z3x\ alternation *495 dynamics, language *813 Dzudezmo see Judezmo e vs i 841 vs ο 840 Ei

(= PY 21) typical development 080 before r 081 before χ 084 sporadic lexical variants *085

E2j3

(= PY 22 23) typical development 087 before r 088 before χ 089 sporadic lexical variants 092 E4 (= PY 24) typical development 095 before χ 096 sporadic lexical variants 098 sporadic westernisms in the East 097 E5 (= PY 25) typical development 100 before r 101 sporadic lexical variants 103 East Slavic vs Polish vocabulary 832 -sen (verbal theme) 670 -sm vs -i? 325 -3/7 or -i) postconsonantal, word-final vs -3 335 emphatic distortions *906 enclitics du 536 reflexive pronoun 494 English/American elements *852 English-Yiddish dictionary *999 epenthesis consonantal, between η and 1 *281 posttonic interconsonantal 060 pretonic interconsonantal *061 es, deletion of 723 etymologic consciousness *893 etymology, popular »904 euphemisms, linguistic taboo *905 -3van (verbal theme) *669 f or ρ vs pf vs ph 343 far- vs äjn- vs op- vs cti- *667

feminine derivatives 440 first person imperative plural 642 imperative singular 640 plural suffix -mi' vs -n 542 folklore, children's *980 fortisness, aspiration as concomitant fricativity of g 220 i/ 219 frontness—backness 025 funänddr- vs cs- *665 function of Hebraisms in Eastern Yiddish Hebraisms in Western Yiddish Slavicisms in Eastern Yiddish future auxiliary first singular 580 first and third plural 582 second and third singular 581 second plural 583

of 204

*826 825 *824

g fricativity of 220 vs j 378 vs h 833 vs k vs χ 375 gebn 571 gejn 573 gender, miscellaneous problems 411 gender systems in general 401 general feminine—Litvis masculine 405 general masculine—Litvis feminine 406 general masculine or feminine— Litvis masculine 404 general masculine or feminine— Litvis neuter 403

general masculine or neuter—Litvis feminine 409 general masculine or neuter—Litvis masculine 408 general masculine or neuter—Litvis material 410 general masculine or neuter—Litvis neuter 407 genitive 780 genres of traditional text 981-983, *984, *985, 986 Gentile vs Jewish lexical doublets *903 geographic adjectives in -sr, inflection 456 German component *806 vs Yiddish vocabulary differences 810 Germanisms distribution of 812 vs Hebraisms *828 vs Slavicisms 830 gerund 798 glottal action extreme simplification 201 trichotomy of features 200 h functional status of 296 vs zero 320 habitative *636 haplology *673 Hebraisms function in Eastern Yiddish *826 function in Western Yiddish 825 regional 820 vs Germanisms *828 vs Slavicisms *829 Hebrew samples 901 hissing and hushing c v s c 270

s vs s 268 zvs ζ 269 see also mazurzenie 835 vs hushing 370 vs palatalized *276

hobn general 568 infinitive 569 humoristic formations *985 Hungarian 864 hushing and hissing c v s c 270 s vs s 268 ζ vs ζ 269 vs hissing 370 vs palatalized 275

i vs e 841 vs ο 839 syllabicity 016 Ii

l

2,3

(= PY 31) typical development 105 before r 106 before AT 107 sporadic lexical variants 108 (=

P Y

3 2

3 3

)

typical development 110 prevocalic 111 sporadic lexical variants 113 I4

(= PY 34) typical development 117 before vowels, r, and finally 118 before A- 119 sporadic lexical variants *120

ibsrvs ba- *666 or ojs- or üntar- *668

idioms *984 -ik vs -dik vs zero 463 imperative place of nit with 715 plural first person 642 suffix 560 singular, first person 640 third person 644 impersonal es, deletion of 723 indefinite article case inflection 475 metanalysis 385 vs negative article *479 prevocalic alternant 476 vs zero *474 indefinite proadjective 512 indefinite pronoun 500 indirect questions 731 infinitive and particle, place of 701 vs past participle with kümsn 742 place of cu with 794 place of zax with 710 use of cu with 793 inflection of adjectives in unstressed -9 455 ale 502 aid 515

bejdQ 516 common nouns 431 geographic adjectives in - s r 456 interjections 695 interrogative pronoun 489

jedar 459 possessive adjectives 457 proper nouns 430 informant or town characterization *898 inseparable vs separable prefixes *654 interdialectal vocabulary differences *811

vowel correspondences see proto-vowels interjections *694 plural inflection 695 international elements *851 interrogative proadjective 507 pronoun inflection 498 sentences 730 -im (verbal theme) *669 irregular verbs see future auxiliary, gebn,

gejn, hobn, Ιόζη, πιύζη, redn, stejn, ton, vein, vem, visn, volt, zajn, zoln iterative past 635 j before i, functional status of 302 jedsr, flexibility of 459 Jewish vs Gentile lexical doublets *903 Judezmo 868 junctures 002

k or g vs f o r d 374 k vs c *371 c *376 g vs χ 375 kajn ~ kun... *477

1 vs λ 240

vs r *237 syllabicity of 013 timbre of 235 vs zero *236 Laaz 854 labial affricate 215 language aesthetics *897 dynamics *813

Latvian 858 lshävdl losn *903 -ten (verbal theme) *669 length, vowel 022 lexical doublets *903 index 994 lexicon 000 characterization of areas by *860 linguistic taboo *905 Lithuanian 855 Litvis gender system see under gender system localisms, radiation of 872 Ιόζη 587 m vs η *326 syllabicity of 013 maledictions *984 material culture *993 mazurzenie 835 (see also hissing and hushing) medial clusters, voicing neutralization of 208 memory illusions 899 metanalysis definite article 386 indefinite article 385 miscellaneous *387 metaphors *984 metathesis *672 modal auxiliaries 799 mode conditional in conclusions 631 conditional in conditions 633 imperative 640, 642, 644 other formations *645

morphophonemics of oblique suffix 432 possessive suffix 433 πιύζη 576 η vs m *326 vs ή 242, 382 pre consonantal, vs zero 332 syllabicity of 013 -p adverbial suffix *525 vs -9m 325 or -3/7 postconsonantal, word-final vs -9 335 word-final, vs zero 330 //, functional status of 285 names personal *996 place 995 profession, use of article with 768 proper, use of article with 767 narrative material 900 nasalization 027 nasalized vowel vs vowel plus n »300 nasals syllabic, point of articulation of 280 syllabicity of 290 third person plural stems in 547 negation 738 negative article form kun ~ kajn... *477 vs indefinite article *479 number inflection 478 use of 789 neologisms *875 neutralization of affrication after 1, n 217 in posttonic checked syllable 056

nonfinal open syllable 058 word-final position 054 in pretonic checked syllables 051 open syllables 050 under stress before η 047 r 045 vowels 048 A: 046 of voicing in absolute word-final position 212 external sandhi 210 in medial clusters 208 in word-initial s, ζ 207 nicknames *996 nit, place of with imperatives 715 nominal derivation *655 vs verbal *800 nominalization of adjectives *446 verbs 671 non-medical popular beliefs *990 noun (see also case, number, plural suffixes of nouns, and see under stems, suffixes) vs adjective *801 formation, miscellaneous *413 plus noun, quantitative construction 784 number after low numerals 791 prefixation *412 suffixation *414 number of diminutives 435 inflection of negative article 478 of nouns after low numerals 791 numerals adverbs for clock time 530

η vs π 242, 382 s vs s' and ζ vs z' 246 t vs t' and d vs d' 244 χ vs ζ 248 other 249

adverbs in zälbz> or -drlej 529 compounds 517 ordinal 519 substantivization 518 ο vs a (in words of Slavic origin) 838 vs e 840 vs i 839

01

(= PY 41) typical development 124 sporadic lexical variants *125

°2 3

(=

'

04

P Y

42

43)

typical development 126 before r 128 before χ 129 prevocalic 127 sporadic lexical variants 131 (= PY 44) typical development 135 before χ 136 sporadic westernisms in the East 137

object clauses 753 obsolescent speech *874 ojf- or on- vs op- *664 ojs- or üntQr- or ibsr- *668 on- or ojf- vs op- *664 onomatopoeia *696 op- vs äjn- vs cü- vs far- *667 ojf- or on- *664 ordinal numerals 519 Ρ

palatalization of apicals by i 256 1 after i, j 251 after k, g 252 before i 250 k, g after /', j, ng, nk 259 η after k, g 255 palatalized vs hissing *276 hushing 275 participle see under past and see present participle past auxiliary hobn vs zajn 620 with periphrastic verbs 621 miscellaneous *622 participle -ndn vs -nsn 594 -isn vs -ign 592 -om vs -ό/rrj 593 dropping of ga- 599 miscellaneous 595 strong vs weak 590 vowel change or no 591 weak alternations 597 with kiimsn vs infinitive 742 perfective aspect 660 periphrasis for objective case 786

vs b 340 or b vs zero in verb complements *339 or fvs pf vs ph 343

palatality feature 1 vs X 240

periphrastic verbs conjugation of 653 past auxiliary with 621 with ton 624 with other verbs *625 personal names, nicknames *996

personal pronoun first singular 485 first plural 482 second singular 487 second plural 483 third singular masculine 488 third singular feminine 489 third singular neuter 490 third singular indefinite 491 third plural 484 case syncretisms 480 es, deletion of 723 stressing after prepositions 496 pf νs ρ or f vs ph 343 pharmaceutical terms *989 place names 995 plants and animals, names of *998 pleophony 844 pluperfect, formation of 627 plural (see also number) case syncretism in 443 miscellaneous problems 428 suffixes of nouns -3/7 vs -sr with vowel change 417 zero with vowel change 419 -as vs -s 422 - 9 X VS

-3/7 421 -3r 423 -im vs -n 424 -n vs -ar *425 stems in consonant plus 1 452 consonant plus η or m 453 m, η 451 ng or nk 450 vowel or diphthong 454

-s

separable vs inseparable *654 miscellaneous problems *663 vs adverbs *521

or -as vs -n 420 vs zero with vowel change 418 zero vs - s r with vowel change 416 surviving strong—weak inflection 448 point of articulation of syllabic nasals 280 t, d 265

preposition adverb from 533 fusion of article with 472 stressing of personal pronoun after 496 with -vegn 684 miscellaneous *790

Polish vs East Slavic 832

prepositional phrases 788

popular beliefs, non-medical *990

present participle general form 605 transposition of zix 606

popular etymology, back-formation *904 popular medicine, pharmaceutical and chemical terms *989 possessive adjective flexibility of 457 uninfected 770 suffix, morphophonemics of 433 third plural 461 posttonic interconsonantal epenthesis 060 position neutralization in 054, 056, 058 vowel in 172 vowel vs zero 170 postvocalic r 306 predicate, adjective inflection in 772 prefixation, noun *412 prefixes adverbial, a- 522 calquing of 842 verb äjn- vs op- vs cit- vs far- *667 (ai')ojs- or (ar)imter- or (ar)ibsr- *668 ba- vs /bar- *666 C3- vs funandar- *665 op- vs ojf- or on- *664

preterite, remnants of 610 pretonic interconsonantal epenthesis *061 position neutralization in 050, 051 vowel in 162 vowel vs zero 160 proadjective demonstrative 509 indefinite 512 interrogative 507 pronoun demonstrative 504 impersonal es, deletion of 723 indefinite 500 interrogative 498 reflexive pronoun alternation with dox *495 with infinitives 710 person inflection 493 with present participle 606 with other verb forms *711 repeated enclitics 494 vocalism of *059 pronumeral inflection of al9 515 bejdd 516

proto doublets, distribution

805

proto-vowels 11 (A^ before ng, nk 066 before s, c, j, k, x, r 065 in other stressed positions 067 sporadic lexical variants 069 unstressed 068 12 13 ( A ^ ) typical development 072 before ajan 1) 074 prevocalic 073 sporadic lexical variants 075 21 { E J typical development 080 before r 081 before * 084 sporadic lexical variants *085 22 23 (E 2 > 3 ) typical development 087 before r 088 before χ 089 sporadic lexical variants 092 24 (E 4 ) typical development 095 before χ 096 sporadic lexical variants 098 sporadic westernisms in the East 097 25 (E 5 ) typical development 100 before r 101 sporadic lexical variants 103 31 (I,) typical development 105 before r 106 before χ 107 sporadic lexical variants 32 33 (I ? > 3 ) typical development 110

108

prevocalic 111 sporadic lexical variants 113 34 (I4) typical development 117 before vowels, r, and finally 118 before χ 119 sporadic lexical variants *120 41 (Ot) typical development 124 sporadic lexical variants *125 42 43 (0 2 > 3 ) typical development 126 before r 128 before χ 129 prevocalic 127 sporadic lexical variants 131 44 (0 4 ) typical development 135 before χ 136 sporadic westernisms in the East 137 50 series *139 51 (U,) typical development 140 before r, χ 141 sporadic lexical variants 143 52 53 (U 2>3 ) typical development 146 prevocalic 147 sporadic lexical variants *148 54 (U4) typical development 150 prevocalic 151 sporadic lexical variants 152 Proto Yiddish see proto-vowels proverbs 983 punctual aspect auxiliary with 661 verbal noun in 601 puns *985 purpose clauses 755 of warning 757

PY (Proto Yiddish) see proto-vowels quantitative construction adjective plus noun *785 noun plus noun 784 questions, indirect 731 r articulation of 305 vs 1 *237 postvocalic 306 syllabicity of 013, 293 unvoicing of *205 radiation of localisms 872 -rbm vs -ram 360 redn 577 redundancy *675 reflexive pronoun zix [unstressed: zsx] alternation with dox *495 with infinitives 710 person inflection 493 with present participle 606 with other verb forms *711 repeated enclitics 494 vocalism of *059 reflexivity of certain verbs 650 regional differences in religious vocabulary 870 regional Hebraisms 820 relative clauses 750 religious vocabulary, regional differences in 870 -ram vs -rbm 360 remnants of conditional as principal verb 612 preterite 610 restressing of enclitic du 536 Rumanian 861

Russian elements 849 s vs c 372 s' 246 s 268 zero *338 sandhi forms of baj 680 forms of cu 681 voicing neutralization in 210 sc vs st *271 second person singular suffix 535 plural suffix 544 semantic problems *902 separable vs inseparable prefixes *654 similes, metaphors, idioms, curses, blessings *984 Slavicisms function in Eastern Yiddish *824 vs Germanisms 830 vs Hebraisms *829 recent *831 Slovak and Czech elements 850 social variation *871 sonants m, n, 1, r, syllabicity of 013 songs 981 Spanish elements *853 st vs sc *271 stejn 573 stems noun in consonant plus 1, -n plural suffix 452 in consonant plus η or m, -n plural suffix 453 in 1 436 in m, n, -n plural suffix 451

in η 437 in ng/nk, -n plural suffix 450 in vowel or diphthong, -n plural suffix 454 other 438 vowel changes in 439 verb alternations in form 555 in consonant plus 1, third person plural 551 in consonant plus n, third person plural 550 in j, third person singular -t vs -9t 539 in nasal, third person plural 547 in ng, nk, third person plural 548 in ram, third person plural 552 in stressed vowel or j , third person plural 553 in t, third person singular 538 in unstressed 3, third person plural 549 vowel changes in 557 stress in bisyllabic words (selected) 008 polysyllabic words (selected) 010 trisyllabic words (selected) 009 stress system 005 stressing of personal pronoun after prepositions 496 strong vs weak inflection 441, 448 past participle 590 stylistic variation *871 subordinate clauses, word order in 726 substantivization of numerals 518 suffixation, noun *414 suffixes (see also case, enclitics, number, plural suffixes of nouns) adverb -arhejt *527

-srlej, numeral adverbs in 529 -9t 532 -ik 531 - ζΐ *525 -s vs zero 526 -t or -st 524 -vajz 528 noun *414 diminutive type 435 vowels of *057 feminine derivatives 440 oblique, morphophonemics of 432 possessive morphophonemics of 433 third plural 461 verb first person singular future auxiliary 580 imperative 640 plural future auxiliary 582 imperative 642 -mr vs -n 542 zajn 565 second person singular 535 future auxiliary 581 zajn 562 plural 544 future auxiliary 583 zajn 564 third person imperative 644 singular future auxiliary 581 of stems in j (~t vs -dt) 539 t 538 zajn 563

plural future auxiliary 582 of stems in consonant plus 1 551 consonant plus η 550 nasal 547 ng, nk 548 rom 552 stressed vowel or j 553 unstressed a 549 zajn 565 imperative plural suffix 560 zajn 566 superlative formation of adverb 520 in lieu of comparative *447 syllabicity of / 016

nasals 290 r 293 sonants m, n, 1, r 013 u 017 synagogues and buildings, names of *997 syncretism of cases in personal pronouns 480 the plural 443 the singular feminine 445 the singular masculine 444 dative and accusative 787 t vs c 843 d 365 t' 244 -t, word-final, vs zero 366 taboo, linguistic *905 tales 982

third person imperative 644 plural -n vs -9 546 plural stems in consonant plus 1 551 consonant plus η 550 nasals 547 ng, nk 548 ram 552 stressed vowel or j 553 unstressed s 549 singular suffix with stems in t 538 -t vs -st afterstems in j 539 zero 541 timbre of 1 235 time clauses 752 ton 572 toponyms 995 town characterization *898 transposition of adjective 771 U-series proto-vowels (= PY 50 series) *139 u, syllabicity of 017 U t (= PY 51) typical development 140 before r, χ 141 sporadic lexical variants 143 U2 3 (= PY 52 53) typical development 146 prevocalic 147 sporadic lexical variants *148 U4 (= PY 54) typical development 150 prevocalic 151 sporadic lexical variants 152 Ukrainian elements *848 uninfected possessive adjective 770

untar- or ojs- or ibsr- *668 unvoicing of r *205 ν vs b 345 vs f 355 fricativity of 219 vs zero 350 -vegn in compound prepositions 684 vein 575 verbal vs nominal *800 noun in punctual aspect 601 prefixes äjn- vs op- vs cii- vs far- *667 (ar)ojs- or (arjiinter- or (ar)ibsr- *668 ba- vs ibdr- *666 cd- vs funanddr- *665 miscellaneous problems *663 op- vs ojf- or on- *664 separable vs inseparable *654 suffixes, various *656 themes in -den 670 -dvsn *669 -im *669 -lan *669 verbs alternations in derivation by affix *651 causative *649 formation miscellaneous *657 nominalization of 671 periphrastic, past auxiliary with 621 stem form alternations 555 vein 579 visn 578 vocabulary differences interdialectal *811 religious 870 Yiddish vs German 810

vocalism of reflexive pronouns *059 voiced vs voiceless h 299 voicing neutralization in absolute word-final position 212

external sandhi 210 of medial clusters 208 of word-initial s, ζ 207 other alternations *213 volt 586, 631, 633 vowel see also a, e, i, o, proto-vowels, u change in noun stems 439 change in verb stems 557 in comparison 460 of diminutive suffix *057 length 022 patterns 028 in posttonic position 172 in pretonic position 162 vs zero in posttonic position 170 in pretonic position 160 word-final position *174 Western Yiddish forms in Eastern Yiddish *873 Whole Hebrew samples 901 word-final position voicing neutralization in 212 vowel vs zero *174 word-initial s, z, voicing neutralization of 207 word order 700 adverbial complement 734 consecutive 729 cu 'too' 116 cu with infinitives 794 infinitive and particle 701 nit with imperatives 715 in subordinate clauses 726 zdx with infinitives 710 zsx with other verb forms *711

X vs ς 248 k vs g 375 s *381 zero 380 Yiddish vs German vocabulary differences 810 ζ vs z ' 246 ζ 269 zero *338 dz *337, 836 r 834 ζ 269 zajn first plural 565 second singular 562 second plural 564 third singular 563 third plural 565 imperative 566 ζälbnumeral adverbs in 529 z9x see zix zix

[unstressed: ZQX] alternation with dox [unstressed: dsx] *495 place with infinitives 710 present participle 606 other verb forms *711

ζόΐη 574

CHAPTER VI:

PQ

INDEXES TO THE QUESTIONNAIRE

001010 000

1. CONTENTS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE

001020 110 302

In the first column of the CoQ, the PQ numbers of the SMQ are listed in sequence; in the second column are listed the numbers of the ID problems that pertain to each of the PQ numbers insofar as these could be determined at the outset of the investigation. For example, the first column lists PQ 001020 identifying the question ?υ~ηπΐ):) p r p a n yip1? -IUDNTI which was designed to elicit some form of the word IP-ir STY jidis. In the second column ID numbers 110 and 302 are listed, representing the following topics:

ID

001040 056 268 001041 124

002011 117 872 002020 067 861 002021 009 050 054 067 250 269

001042 072

110 PY 32 33 (b,3) typical development 302 functional status of j before i

001060 900

In the original indexing, Weinreich assigned ID number 000 to those items he wished to include in the LIQ. Since we have decided to use the entire questionnaire as a source for this index (see Chapter I, § 1.4, fn. 19), ID 000 has been eliminated except for PQ numbers which had been indexed only for inclusion in the LIQ.

ID

PQ

ID

001070 056 080 208 268 296

002022 855 872 002023 855 872 002030 000

001081 110 355 001082 141 830 849

003011 642

004005 119

004061 635 793

003012 087 573 842

004006 246

004070 000

006051 830

840 875

004071 833

006052 296

003013 050 095 546

004007 269 830

004072 000

006060 212

005010 900

830 834 844

812

004010 000

003014 842

004011 119 417

003020 118 830

126

268

465 470 488

003041 105

002043 855 872

003042 072 268 280

002050 268

003050 000

001090 000

001101 000 001102 386 830 002010 350

002060 088 212 988 002070 140 235 268

ID

006050 217 235 296 476

003040 092

002051 000

PQ

003080 000

150

001100 000

ID

003070 000

002040 000

002042 100 212 830

PQ

003010 087 573 642

003030 072

001080 000

ID

003063 000

002031 152 839

002041 268 832 841 843

PQ

002070 830

001030 825

001050 098 117 270 484 546 577 789

Hie first of these concerns the realization of the stressed vowel in jidis, while the second concerns the j which precedes it: jidis or idis?

PQ

003060 075

081 126

484 003061 270 531 003062 842

004060 100 280 484 635

006040 259 405

005011 000 006061 420 005020 855 006070 000 004012 072 419 004013 830

005030 000 005040 022 105

110

004020 119 005050 840

006080 060 129 212 296 306 476

004021 000 004022 270 834 841

005051 172 212 810

006090 069 152 280 296

005052 249 004030 119

006010 128 004031 246 840 875 004032 269 830 004033 028

305 306 593 653 842 006020 000

004040 995

006021 832 855

004050 075

006030 849

004060 072

006040 105

006100 081 416 006110 462 006120 832 007010 072 235 007011 417 007012 000 007020 060 124

PQ

ID

007021 045 081 306 007030 382 830 007040 117 242 332 366 405 524

PQ

ID

008040 366 487 524 562 620

007070 103 460

ID

008110 595 830 850 008120 000

009080 431 482 542

008042 256 483 564

009010 124

008043 483 564

009012 000

010010 119 248 484 565

009013 994 009014 994

008050 095 296 488

007083 872 007084 872

008061 522

007085 872

008070 117 235 320 482 542

008080 000

008040 332

008090 000 008091 000 008100 000 008110 365

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

015030 000

016010 008

012050 235

013051 988

012051 268

013052 994

015031 008 050 056 830

016020 050 455 832

012030 000

010063 902 994

010011 820

010071 994

012061 000

014021 000

010072 902 994

012070 072 296 306 810

014022 000

009020 000

010021 106 160 424

009021 524

010022 000

009022 522

010030 106 160

009030 100 332 378 405 009031 067 095 100 405

010031 275 531 832 010040 051 072 296 461 786 010041 531 820

009040 820

010042 524

009050 131 009051 074 009052 872 009060 100 110 143

010050 060 212 010051 830

015051 060 014030 087 428

011020 000

014040 117 212 528

011021 108 170

012081 050 832

014050 268 280 593

011022 855 904 994

012090 805 842 013010 000

011040 128 131 306 408

013011 000 013012 419 013020 832

016021 832 015040 872 015050 000

012080 050 067 150

011030 140 143 296 524

ID

012040 000

010062 058 103 370 500 620

014020 000

009024 000

PQ

015090 259 407 448

012060 000

009023 902

ID

015021 219 653 872

012020 405

011010 072 212 405

PQ

013050 072 219 280 350 590

010061 842

014010 000

008011 000 008020 067 072 140 268 458 476

ID

012052 000

008010 110 008071 320

PQ

010070 522 830

009011 000

008051 872

008060 072 110 146 296 487 535

007090 779 872

009060 210 431 009070 842

008052 812

007082 872

ID

008121 000

007080 900 007081 332

PQ

008041 562

007050 995 007060 073 332

PQ

015052 056 129

016030 484 553 573 575 016050 000 016051 150

015053 106 160 280 296

016060 072 212 405

015054 089 235 370 372

016070 830 838

015055 201 207

016080 050 054

015060 000

016081 113 872

016071 830

014051 867 014060 087 101 255 268 270 280 810

013030 140 268 830

014061 140

013040 000

015011 117

015061 832 872 015070 000

017010 988

015080 000

017011 009 146 820

015081 000

017012 988

015090 084 117 135 212 248

017013 988

015010 000

011041 128

010052 372

012010 092 268 405

013041 000

015012 988

010060 000

012020 100

013042 000

015020 000

017020 416 417

PQ

ID

017030 000

ID

PQ

018031

140 280 296 650 842

019020 867

020030 417

019021

020031 000

017031 000 017040 000 017050 000 017060 128 131 306 408 017070 072 124 210 280 290 485 488 017080

117 137

017090 048 147 268 320 430 017100 101 296 306 488 017101 000 018010 135 212

018040 022 150 296 018050 000 018051 047 056 268 018052

118 252

018060 081 160 832 018061 201 018070 140 208 988 0 1 8 0 8 0 072 100 235 306 340 439 018090 095 018096 050 081

018011 088 825

019010 000

018020 872 985

019011 434 830

018030 000 018031

101

ID

PQ

019012 830 840

212 404 590 994

019030 050 072 210 235 285 306 810

PQ

ID

020040 405 487 0 2 0 0 4 1 832

020060 092 416

020081

160 350

020090 056 020091 812 994 021010 000 021011 081 455 021012

020012 000 020020 140 150 212 259 268 285 405

020021 794

021040 830 832

021060 553

020080 000

020010 027 217 370 420 830 832

021030 812

020043 000

019040 126

019070 423

021022 060 462 509

021050 592

020070 072 330

019060 022 436

ID

020042 820

019031 045 047 212

019050 150 235 407

PQ

305 455 525 994

021013 455 525 904 021020 060 235 509

021021

509

021061 000 021070 000 022010 146 296 366 022020 798 022021 798 022022

798

022030 072 075 100 107 547 805 830 832 0 2 2 0 4 0 137 269 275 370 830 022041

137

022050 306 670 830 022060 988

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

022061 075 779

024011 483 544

022070 069 555 832 838

024020 095 560

022080 555 670

024030 256 483 544

023010 100 670

024021 715

024031 483 544

023020 820 023030 555 670 023040 084 670 023041 370 555 830

024040 103 024041 087 820 0 2 4 0 5 0 162 539 665

023051 832

023070 000

024070 067 212 217 296 406

023071 000

024080 000

023072

024081 000

023073 555 670 872 024010 046 089 483 544 810

025021 000 025030

136

025040 067 072 268 491 025050 100 140 491

PQ

ID

026030 140 212 296 340 026031 000 026040 075 290 360 026041 000

025051 000

026042 832

025059 594 830

026043 411 812 994

025060 000 025061 000 025062 050 069 025063 009

024061 000

296 832 842

ID

026050 002 060 087 293 488

024060 904

023050 000

023060 592

PQ

024090 009 305

025064 008 009 067 025065

146

025070 000 025080 060 830 025090 418

024091 305

026010 065 805

024100 436

026011 000

025010 089 555

026020 000

025020 000

026030 060 126

026060 002 296 027010 443 027020 443 027030 008 056 140 027031

150

027040 126 330 418 027041 418 027050 000 027060 000 027061

103

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

027061 459

028102 087

029060 360

810

028110 087

029070 100 306 405 779

027062

027063 000 027070 000

028111 452

028010 000

028112 087 150 551

028011 830

028120 774

028012

830

028020 140 830 028030 072 252 385 028040 092 259 028050 424 810 028060

150 406

028121 774 029010 072 220 280 029020 416 418

029071 872 030010 386 872

030012

030020

100 417 146 406

107 830

030033 000

029030 000

030050 000

028071 435

029031 000

030051

028080 423

029032

101

259 296 555

028090 000

029040 000

030052 000 031010 000

031011 028100 000

029051 000

028101 075

029060 124 141

ID

032021 650 793

033090 428 820

032022

555 669 994

033100 000

032030 000

034010 000

031050 000

032040 000

034022 000

031051 067 249

032041 000

034030 830

032042 000

034031 830

032071 098

034040 000

033010 000

034041 000

031052 000

140 549 555 830 839

031061 072 355 031062

031070

031071

772 994

034021 000

107 108 136 150 302 485 136 150 532

032010 000 032020 000 032021

101 140 152 296

033011 000

034050 000

033020 000

034059 066 994

033030 129 033040 060 033050 047 066 033051 067 033060 048 069 075 147 650 820 842

PQ

ID

034060 067 150 832 034070 092 126 140 150 410 805 034071 410 770 034072 410

0 3 3 0 7 0 772

034080 000

033080 000

034081 000

033081 000

034082 000

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

034083 000

035070 000

036070 872

034084 000

035071 000

034090 095

035080 000

036080 095 135 210 296

034100 000

035090 000

034110 000

035091 009 050 240

033101 593

034020 000

031060 000

548 590

028070 119 435

029050 988

PQ

032031 150 832 840

030031

030040 067 365

028092 854

ID

031041 084 830

031053 000

030032

029041 000

031030 255 256 411

030030 000

029022 072 385

028091 000

031020 255 256 418

PQ

030011 022

029024 832 902 994

028061 028

ID

031040 000

029021 000

029023 140 832

PQ

034111 050 054 087 034112 066 140 212

036010 988 036011 988

036081 107 108 036090 000 036091 050 240 036092 050 100 340

034113 066 212 285

117 988

036013 988

036100 000

035010 000

036014 048 050 087

036101 050 067 068

036020 988

037010

035011 842 035020 000 035021 988 035030 660 854 988 035031

549 820

035050 067 096

036012

036021 988 036030 000 036040 000 036041 000

035061 832

037020 140 296

0 3 6 0 5 0 832

037021 419

036060

037022

126 200 820

036061 048 050 147

172 271 902 994

037030 000 037040 000

036062 035062 000

037011 302 421 994

036042 000

035051 902 994 035060 000

105 235 296 421

131 904

037041 056

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

037042 000

038120 436

039060 418

037050 000

038130 000

039070 000

037060 000

038140 478 489

039071 268 812

038141 478

039072 268 812

037061 832 037062 830 038150 000 037070 000 038160 000

039080 488 490

037071 000 037080 080 037090 000

038161 056 126 252 268 524

037091 000

039081 000 039089 772 994 039090 000

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

040052 820 870

041071 045 461

040060 000

042011 000

044040 000

042020 000

044050 000

042030 000

044060 000

042040 000

044070 000

042050 000

044080 000

046010 056 128

047010 000

042060 000

044090 000

046011 000

047011 255

042061 268 832

046020 075 100 490 509 595

047012 374

042070 000

044100 067 072 451 454 475 489

040092 084 631

042080 000

044101 000

046030 000

040093 994

042085 000

044110 124 150 335 488 489 572 644 805 842

040061 902 040070 000 040071 000 040072 000 040080 633 040081 633 040082 084 633

039101 772

038030 900

039021 143 268 812

040010 235 296 810

039028 403 812 994

040020 555

040094 984

042090 000

040030 170 270 296

041010 009

043010 000

041020 170

043020 000

041030 000

043030 000

041040 269 270 340

043040 000

039031 117

040040 056 106 268 812

039032 551

040041 000

039040 056 146 269 325

040049 994

039030 000

038080 000 038090 000 038100 000 038110 092 162 270

039050 000

040090 631 042062 000 040091 631

041050 463

043050 106 043060 000

041060 524

040050 000 040051 820 870

ID

045050 812

039020 407

038070 101 235 268

PQ

044030 832 849 861

038020 000

039029 403 994

ID

042010 126 296

039100 056 065

038060 150 296 439

PQ

045040 000

039010 170 212 296

038050 000

ID

044020 900

038010 131 833

038040 270

PQ

041070 067 069 515

044010 056 067 146 268 820

044111 644 830 044112 644 045010 054 065 240 045020 838 045030 849

045060 101 235 045070 411 594

PQ

ID

046080 483 493 544 572

047080 054 058 100 296

046090 482 493 542 572

047090 100 296 830 047100 000

045080 126 685

046100 493 535 572

047101 405 048010 000 048011 832 048020 000

046040 000 046050 056 065

047020 000

048021 217 419

047021 002

048030 000

047030 146 240 830 842

048031 000 048040 000 048041 000

046051 106 434

047031 667 830 842 994

046052 000

047040 842

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047041 000

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047042 162 665 904

048081 000 048082 000

047050 000 046070 068 126 482 493 542 572

048090 000 047060 000 832

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PQ

ID

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ID

049030 072 235

050011 268 372

051021 117 306

052070 067 255

049031 000

050020 046 306

051022 370 872

052090 000

050021 124 411

051023 050 872

049032 998 049040 000 049041 072 325

050030 830 849

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050031 054 067 830

051030 025 146 380

052100 000 052110 000 052111 428

PQ

ID

055009 409 994

055090 416 418

057020 000

055010 129 146 150

056010 081 872

057030 000 140 458

056020 000

057040 493

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057043 126 140 417

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212

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051050 100 306 410

053010 000

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050050 050 106 830 832

051051 106 302

053021 058 270 296 835

055030 117 151 296 332 491

049070 000

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050052 549

051060 332 366

049072 000

050060 067 252 463

049060 150 235

049073 842 049074 372 873 994

050032 830 050040 072 332

049080 000

050070 127 268 380 830 840

049090 000

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051010 100 366 810 842 872

050010 000 050011 045 054 128

051020 000

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052010 095 457 052020 000 052021 000 052030 000 052040 000 052050 050 126 268 830 052060 051 830 052061 000

053020 000

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ID

057010 482

053009 994

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PQ

055080 325

055020 000

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ID

054020 000

052120 110 830 849

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PQ

055031 151 873 055032 046 296 306 417

056039 000 056040 000 056041 126 268

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PQ

ID

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058011 118 518

059020 067 170

058012 428 518

059030 850

058013 529 058020 067 259 058021 000 058022 830 832 058030 100 810 058031 847 994 058040 830 832 058041 830

059040 830 059050 830 059060 095 306 059070 405 059080 988 059090 000 059100 050 830 832 060010 000 060011 081 060012 000

057081 000

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060014 664

056050 067 126 268 410

057090 000

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060020 256

053041 343

055041 150 306 404

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056060 000

053060 009 056 370

055051 118

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055052 081 872

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058060 000 058061 830 058062 855 059010 009 051 058 830 832

060013 000

060030 832 841 861 060040 000 060041 067 240 060050 256 755 060051 755 060060 832

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PQ

ID

072030 000 072031 832 072040 000

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ID

073031 855 073040 832

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

072050 000

073042 000

071030 212

072051 832

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ID

075010 100 128 210 408

077011 137 842

078030 150

077012 994

078031 107 270

075020 417

077020 590 591

073041 000

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PQ

075021 405 077030 872

072052 832

073051 259

071050 867

072060 000

073052 119

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075040 325 411 772

077040 100 269 325

078040 095 098 407

072062 000

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072063 050 350

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072070 056 296 408 994

071080 000 071090 000

074011 126 296

076011 832

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074021 212 355 434

076013 009 830

074030 437 072080 000

071100 436 805

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071120 868

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078050 000 078051 440 872

077050 000

076020 146 210 406

074041 150 994

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ID

PQ

ID

079030 000

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079031 832

081040 000

082050 072 268

079040 275 370

081050 000

079050 832

081060 009 832

082051 370 902 082060 000

079060 410 448 489 590 080010 000

077051 140 244 832 077052 370 832 077060 101 208 077070 832

078061 103

080011 270 810

078070 065 067 268 410 448

081070 830 870 988

082061 047 066 555

081080 269 370

082070 000

081090 000

082071 117

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080020 000

081100 126 255 401 411

082090 000

078071 410 772

080022 022 872

081110 002

083010 000

078080 095

080023 994

082010 107 409 842

083020 832 833

078090 000

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080012 812

080021 830

074040 000 076030 022

PQ

078060 000

076010 000 071070 146

ID

812

075030 067 071040 126

PQ

077071 131 212 410

082100 452 551

083021 405 082011 046

071130 000 071140 095 406

072091 140 325 335 405

072010 867

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072020 405 072021 401 830

073010 000 073011 555 073012 140

074042 103

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078091 832

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077073 830

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076060 867 076070 000

077080 000

074070 095 330 484 553 573 680

076071 065 069 830

077081 268

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073020 296 810

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073030 000

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076050 000

078010 051 054 140 832

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083040 009 830

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081010 405 594

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078094 855

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078095 872

081020 119 650

082023 820

083070 832

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082040 482 542

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079010 095

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078021 098

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083081 374 553

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

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ID

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ID

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ID

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ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

083081 650

084070 000

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084071 085

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093051 832

095031 832

084080 269 832

086060 000

088021 056 072

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083090 126

087040 466 480 482 484 542 571

090040 106 370

092014 861

093052 832

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0 9 3 0 5 4 101

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095035 898

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095040 000

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083100 408 650 083101 830 083102

832

083110

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083120 830 872

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126

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086021 810 086030

437

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088050 000 088060

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089040 081 170 269 296

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150

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126 170 340 810

094032 000

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093030 000

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093031 830

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096020 065 296

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096030 000

830 832 855

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093040 009 830 832 855 858 867

087100 830 834 088010 424 831

095051 008 830

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089060 428

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091030 000 091031

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212 252 830

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0 9 4 0 3 0 587 590 591

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PQ

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096042 832

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100062 861

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096050 009 830

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PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

103100 087 493 753 810

104090 270 482 542 582

140 787 800

103110 738

104100 069 280

103020 141 370

103130 574 755 103140 140 217 484 680 681

103010 296 562 103011 562

255

099023 832

100064 867

102010 000

097110 000

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100070 075

102011 242 830

097111 095 255

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100080 998

096060 000

099041 872

096061 832 855

097120 095 437

101010 000

242 832

099042 868

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103021 100

0 9 6 0 7 0 832

098010 010

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097010 103 406

098011 832

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101012 009 832

102030 000

098020 000

099061 320 832

101020 830

102031 069 838

103023 072 820

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102032 832

103030 000

099063

106

101022 855

102040 000

103031 988

099064 867

101030 009 240 830

102050 000

103040 000

104010 050 210 320 730

102060 000

103050 000

104020 210

105021 135 601

102061 830 834

103060 988

104030 000

105022

103070 988

104040 988

097101 096051 000 096052 000

097020 000 098021 855 097021 000 097030 830 855 097040 056 100 097050 000

098022 830 098023 832 098030 428 098039 988 998

099065 832 998 100010 419

097051 051 097060 000

098040 075 832 868

097061 370

098050 000

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098051 861

097071 463 097080 000

097081 009 140 170 296 830

100020 404 100029 998 100030 000 100040 000

098052 868 098060 000

102012

101013 000

101040 000 101041 832 101050 124 242 411 472

100041 000

1 0 1 0 6 0 117 212 403

100042 000

101070 000

098061 832 984

100050 000

101071 555 832

099010 000

100060 000

099020 553

100061 832

101080 000

102070 861 102080 830 102090 096 830 998 102091 420 830 832 998

103012

103141 681

103024 779 103142 680

104110 065 160 162 104120 117 842

ID

105031 983 105040 408 466 571 105050 072 408 466 571 810 105051 000 105060 832

104130 901 105070 000 105010 988

105080 000

105011 988 105090 000 105012 984 105020

140 601

210 601

105023 601

105100 491 533 105101 533 105102 101 487 790 105110 212 409

103071 988

104041 988

103072 988

104042 984

103073 287

104050 825

103080 575 842

104060 095 872

105027 601

106012 455 830

103081 244 485 571

104070 830

105028 601

106020 000

104080 140 269

105029 601 810

106021 653 832

103090 491 575

104090 050 126

105030

102092 998 103010 140 259

103120 627

PQ

105024 601

106010 210 409

105025 601 105026 601

110 382

106011 101

106030 000

PQ

ID

106040 000 106050 000

PQ

ID

107100 832 841

PQ

ID

109021 830 109022 830

107110 000 106051 820 875

108010 150

109023 830 109030 000

106052 095 366 106060 830

108020 000 1 0 8 0 2 1 137 410 873

106061 067 100

108022

107010 000

108030 000

107011 832 841

1 0 8 0 3 1 137

832

108040 000

109031 904 994 109040 140 146 212 419 434 109041 212 434 994

107020 417 108041 000

109042 419

107030 000 107040 022 117 410

108050 539 842 108060 590

107050 784

108070 988

107060 087

108071 988

107061 092

108080 118

107070 000

108081 000

107080 110 250 268 306 445

108082 830

109050 832 109060 000 109061 081 269 109062 087 434 109063 832 109070 000

107081 000 107082 000

108083 009 830 108084 832 108085 832 109010 000

107090 306 445

109020 830

109071 434 832 109080 110 436 109090 832 110010 000

110020 000

PQ

ID

110021 067 100 110030 000 110031 106 830 843 110040 009 081 832 110050 000 110051 050 242 830 110052

832

PQ

ID

ID

111021 000

112033 994

111030 152 832

111050 095 117 140 306 810 111051 101 904

112041 000

113030 000

114030 842

112042 000

113040 000

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113041 830

114041 524

112044 000

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114050 000

112050 000

113050 000

114051 350

112051 832

113051 010 830

114060 095

112062 000 112070 060 738

111091 000 111092 000

112110 832

112010 595

112120 072 296 410

110058 000 110059 864 110060 021 067

112020 000

110070 435

112021 835

110080 436

112022 832

111010 000 111011 872

111020 832

855

113061 832 840 841

114070 118

113070 100 212

115071 081 117 118 115072 000 115080 103 115081 081 320

115090 060 296

114080 110 113080 830 861 113090 850 113100 081 988

114081 110 530 114090 000 114091 431

115010 060 105 530

112130 060 151

113111 009 050 170 830 840

113010 000

113112

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113120 010 050

113021 010 832

115061 000

115082 114071 118 530

114092 994

112031 650 830 112032

113060 000

114061 095 530 532

113110 000

112030 000

115060 000

115070 000

112080 060

112100 830 832 833

110057 861

ID

115050 067 530

112061 000

111090 750 810

PQ

114020 000

112090 000 110056 830

ID

112040 000

111061 994 995

111080 067 504 738

PQ

115040 000

112060 000

110054 000

ID

114011 000

111060 872

111070 081 830

PQ

113022 009 106 830

111040 832

110053 067 437

110055 437

PQ

115020 080 530

116010 117 332 519 116020 081 332 519 116030 140 332 519

115021 081

116040 084 332 519

115030 105 280 290 .

116050 105 332 519

830

114010 000

115100 060 219

PQ

ID

116060 067 332 519 116070 117 332 519 116080 067 219 519 117010 081 332 519

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

117090 296 524

119022 904 994

117100 462

119030 723

117101 462

119040 000

118010 140 240 385 118011 140 240 385 118020 000

119050 000 119051 060 296 904

PQ

ID

121090 000

123040 000

121100 520

123050 000

120060 100 423 435

121101 520

123051 126 212 830

120070 098 438 476

121103 296 489

121011 000

122010 141

117030 098 219

118022 332 524

120012 010 832

121021 644

117031 411

118023 111

120013 010 832

121022 524 684

117040 101 296 306

118030 000

118033 994 117051 517 994 117060 140 382

118040 000 118041 137 118042 812

117070 074 830 117080 000

119010 072 212 791

ID

125021 100 812 872

121020 410 644 684

123060 087 872

121031 101 739 121032 087 739

128040 872 904

125051 160 994

126080 000

129011 425

126081 994

129020 900 988

125060 000 127010 140 410 590

128050 366

127020 000 125080 830 127030 000

125100 117

122040 830

124022 087

125109 994

122050 830

124030 000

125110 832 833

122060 151 296

124040 000 124041 087 366 124050 101 212 259

129030 408 129031 067

125070 269 124010 140 410 472 590

124021 000

121040 100

126061 101

126071 000

124020 000

122072 067 151

128030 374

125050 599

122031 119 235 408

122071 000

126060 000

129010 072 235 332

125090 101 150 280

122070 000

ID

126070 000

121024 072

120022 098 127 407

PQ

125040 046

121023 684

121030 095 096 739

ID

126062 126 820

125061 830

122020 000 122030 009 065 833

PQ

125030 126 212

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PQ

123052 000 123053 832

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121102 081

121010 000

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120020 096 126 210

ID

120050 117 423 435

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PQ

123030 345

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117050 060 069 210

ID

121080 000

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117011 994

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PQ

127040 832

129032 067 820

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129040 574 476 489

127050 000

129041 574

127051 988

129050 571 776

127060 000 129060 000

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127081 810

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124060 000

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PQ

ID

PQ

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129101 653

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PQ

ID

132030 839 841

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

138080 000

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140070 000

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142050 983 143010 000 140090 000

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134040 000

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133041 000 133042 000

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ID

142022 000

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PQ

140020 830

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ID

142020 000

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PQ

140010 146 330 409

133090 100

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ID

137060 095

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PQ

135050 000

129120 056

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ID

133080 100

132031 401 994

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PQ

133051 830 133052 832 133060 000 133070 000

137010 832 138011 872 137011 067 069

138012 590 994

137020 000 138013 994

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137040 000

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137032 994

138040 375 138050 000

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137050 000

139030 296 590 139040 275 833 834

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137041 000 135041 000

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143070 008 299 320 144010 419 144020 146

PQ

ID

144030 825 144040 117 306 411

PQ

ID

145050 050 056 087

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144060 000

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PQ

ID

147030 000 147031 140 836 147040 000 147041 000 147042 000

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PQ

ID

149020 087 419 149030 126 252 405 149040 092 435 436

PQ

ID

151051 000

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154010 106 269 296

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ID

156071 280 285 591

PQ

ID

157020 465 787

152030 000

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156100 000

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582

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153042 844 154094 861

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PQ

157021 100

154040 000 149061 555 832

ID

151050 000

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PQ

155010 710

147051 981

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ID

153051 101 160 296

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PQ

153050 000

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PQ

ID

158012 483 812 158020 095 454

PQ

ID

159030 087 484 516 159040 285 302

158021 000 158030 832 861 158040 000 158041 375 994

ID

159180 000 159190 000 159200 000 159210 836

159010 126 146 ?68 159011 117 146 332 159012 117 146 332 159013 287

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PQ

ID

162049 087 681 162050 408 870 994

PQ

ID

163050 106 385 832 163051 832 899 994

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PQ

ID

163170 489 661 163171 661 163180 000

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ID

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PQ

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ID

160130 433 445 780

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PQ

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ID

159430 100 820

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PQ

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ID

179020 060 072 296 179021 842

177071 009 177072 067 208 280 177080 988 177081 000 177082 067 208 280 290 177090 988

179030 101 472

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ID

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PQ

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185080 022

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184062 994 184063 092 841 994 184064 072 075 994 184070 000 184080 000 184081 000 185010 000 185020 072

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185071 832 840

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ID

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186070 118 825 186080 201 186090 000 187010 056 128 160 187020 820 187021 162 820

187100 825 187110 000 187111 825 187112 988 187120 045 118 187130 000 187131 056 065 067 212 188010 549 188020 549

187030 825 187031 208 825 187040 820 875 187041 820 187050

126 820 875

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PQ

ID

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188110 101

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190081 988

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PQ

ID

192051 340 988 192052 072 092 405

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ID

195090 000

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200010 428

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ID

200101 000

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199071 000

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ID

197050 982

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193030 988 191023 000

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197061 981

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PQ

ID

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PQ

ID

203030 000

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203040 000

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205050 072 212 205051 861 205060 000 205061 050 832

PQ

ID

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214040 106 832

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211082 072 117

213030 000

211083 106 150 212

206061 375

208040 000

210060 056 129

206070 496

208050 050 072 160

210070 054 113 160

206080 002 207010 118 592 207011 000 207020 080 207030 000 207031 117 207040 087

208060 050 072 162

210080 126 549 830

208070 730

2 1 0 0 9 0 162 424

208071 151 904 209010 050 105 212

207070 146

209031 872

207080 825

209032 060 904

204070 113 2 0 4 0 8 0 212

204090 000

207090 000

206031 355

206040 000

ID

210040 830

206010 050 143

206030 056 212 375

PQ

208023 468 574

204020 000

204060 000

ID

206050 067 162

209030 988

204050 000

PQ

215060 842

207060 000

206022 072 820

ID

214030 832

205071 152

204040 579

PQ

213011 844

209020 000

206021 092 366

ID

211080 000

207050 000

204030 000

PQ

2 1 0 0 3 0 162

205070 904

206020 000

ID

208022 428

204010 027 117 332

204021 113 212

PQ

206041 000

205010 150

203050 000

203062 000

PQ

207100 590 207101 590 208010 048 074 825 208020 087 842

208021 050

209040 000 209050 000 209060 069 209070 067 551 210010 000

211084 861 867

210111 555 836 210112 000 210120 900 988 211010 000

213040 000 213050 832

211100 820 B25

213070 000

212010 000

213071 812

212011 000

213072 830 855

212012 000

213080 000

212020 000 212021 832 212030 000

211011 117 211020 000

212032 065 861

211030 000

212040 424

211040

212050 440

211050 000

213032 832

213060 000

212031 151

110 235

213031 831

211090 000

210100 000 210110 555

213021 832

212060 100 200 212

210020 000

211060 022 105

213010 000

210030 087

211070 000

213011 832

213081 009 830 213090 000 213091 370 830 213100 268

214050 590 214051 832

216011 141 830

214052

268

216030 590

214060 000

216031 590 805

214061 841 214062 000

216032

590 805

214070 000

216033 590

214071 126 832

216040 855

214072 000 214080 798 214081 798 215010

103 812

215011 150 215020 000

216050 100 280 378 216060 000 216061 000 216070 437 839 216080 000 216081 152 805

213110 000

215030 054 072 160

216082 000

213111 832

215040 000

216090 000

213120 370

215041 834

216091 855

214010 074 126 212

2 1 5 0 5 0 117 172 332

216100 729

214020 830

215060 552 575

216101 729 830 216102 000

PQ

ID

216103 994

PQ

ID

218040 551 872

PQ

ID

219030 000

217010 581

218050 551 872

217011 000

218060 872

217020 000

218070 872

219050 081 106 219060 872

217030 000

218080 872

219061 072 350

217031 000

218090 670 872

219070 820 872

218100 150

219080 000

218110 670 872

219081 140 320 365

217041 723 217050 855 217060 000 217061 000 217062 087 407

ID

220050 072 820

219040 832

216110 640

217040 087 124 280

PQ

218111 080 306 670 218120 670 872 218130 820 872

219082 151 375 463 219090 000 219091 000 219100 000

217063 417 217064 855

218140 072 872

217065 867

218150 000

218010 050 126 160 162 212

218160 069 152

219110 051 428

220060 872 220070 126 872 220080 027 330 220090 002 022 048 220100 208 296 220110 296 779 220120 000

2. DIALECTOLOGICAL INDEX TO THE QUESTIONNAIRE In the DIQ, the PQ numbers of the SMQ are arranged according to ID numbers. Under ID 002, for example, which identifies the topic of juncture problems in the ID (Chapter V), are listed 026050, 026060, etc. A PQ number may be listed in the DIQ under several ID numbers. 1 For example, under ID 110 "PY 32,33 (h,3) typical development", we find001020 [JidisYiddish'], 001081 ItfisQ 'prison'], 005040 [tif 'deep'], and fifteen more PQ numbers.2 Again, under ID 302 "functional status of j before i ", we find not only 001020 [jidis Yiddish'], but also four other PQ numbers including 031070 Ί'], 159040 [jingsrn '(the) younger one'], and 186010 [jidn 'Jews']. There are 14 ID numbers to which no questions in the SMQ were formally linked: 017, 204, 251, 265, 441, 512, 557, 563, 624, 662, 671, 700, 701, 734. These numbers are therefore not represented in the DIQ. Reasons for the original oversight are not apparent, since the importance of the features in question is attested by their very inclusion in the ID. Most are amply represented in every interview, and examples are easily retrievable from the transcripts.

219120 000

218161 000

220010 872 220020 069 332

219010 428 218020 650 805

220030 825 219020 366 404

218030 060 451 491

219021 428

218040 072

219022 464

220031 022 440 220032 419 220040 162

1

Sometimes the reasons for the original assignment of particular ID numbers to PQ numbers are opaque. These assignments have been left unchanged. In cases where it appears that assignments may have been made in error, corrections have been made. Some apparent miscategorizations may be due to the dual function of Max Weinreich's system of Yiddish proto vowels as both a historical reconstruction and a system of interdialectal correspondences (see LCAAJIA1). 2 The bracketed material indicates that to each question cited in this paragraph by PQ number the projected response is some realization of the word here rendered in STY.

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

000

001010 001080 001090 001100 001101 002030 002040 002051 003050 003063 003070 003080 004010 004021 004070 004072 005011 005030 006020 006070 007012 008011 008080 008090 008091 008100 008120 008121 009011 009012 009020 009024 010022 010060 011020 012030 012040 012052 012060 012061 013010 013011 013040 013041 013042 014010 014020 014021 014022

000

015010 015020 015030 015050 015060 015070 015080 015081 016050 017030 017031 017040 017050 017101 018030 018050 019010 020012 020031 020043 020080 021010 021061 021070 023050 023070 023071 024061 024080 024081 025020 025021 025051 025060 025061 025070 026011 026020 026031 026041 027050 027060 027063 027070 028010 028090 028091 028100 029021

000

029030 029031 029040 029041 029051 030030 030033 030050

000

036030 036040 036041 036042 036090 036100 037030 037040 037042 037050 037060 037070 037071 037090 037091 038020 038050 038080 038090 038100 038130 038150 038160 039030 039050 039070 039081 039090 040041 040050 040060 040070 040071 040072 041030 042011 042020 042030 042040 042050 042060 042062 042070 042080 042085 042090 043010 043020 043030

000

043040 043060 044040 044050 044060 044070 044080 044090 044101 045040 046011 046030 046040 046052 047010 047020 047041 047050 047060 047070 047100 048010 048020 048030 048031 048040 048041 048050 048070 048080 048081 048082 048090 049031 049040 049042 049050 049070 049072 049080 049090 049100 050010 050051 050071 051020 051052 052020 052021

000

052030 052040 052061 052090 052100 052110 053010 053020 053022 053023 053030 054011 054020 055020 055021 055040 055070 056020 056039 056040 056060 057020 057030 057050 057051 057060 057070 057080 057081 057082 057090 057110 057130 058021 058042 058060 059090 060010 060012 060013 060040 061010 061030 061072 061080 062011 063011 063020 064051

000

064052 064070 065031 065040 065041 065090 065091 065111 066010 066090 066100 067070 068020 068050 068060 068061 069010 069020 069030 069031 069091 069092 069102 069103 069130 069131 069160 070010 070012 070013 070020 071060 071080 071090 071130 072030 072040 072050 072060 072061 072062 072080 072081 072090 073010 073030 073041 073042 073050

000

074010 074040 074072 076010 076012 076040 076050 076070 077010 077050 077072 077080 078020 078050 078060 078090 079030 080010 080020 080030 080040 081030 081040 081050 081090 081091 082020 082021 082022 082030 082060 082070 082080 082090 083010 083030 083050 083080 084030 084040 084050 084051 084052 084053 084060 084061 084070 085010 085020

000

085021 085030 085040 085050 086010 086020 086040 086050 086060 086061 086070 086071 088020 088030 088031 088050 089010 089011 089012 089020 089030 090010 090020 090030 090050 090060 090070 090080 091030 092010 092011 092013 092020 093010 093020 093030 093050 094010 094031 094032 094070 095010 095030 095034 095040 095050 095060 096010 096030

030052 031010 031040 031050 031052 031053 031060 032010 032020 032030 032040 032041 032042 033010 033011 033020 033080 033081 033100 034010 034020 034021 034022 034040 034041 034050 034080 034081 034082 034083 034084 034100 034110 035010 035020 035060 035062 035070 035071 035080 035090

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

000

096040 096051 096052 096060 097020 097021 097050 097060 097070 097080 097100 097110 098020 098050 098060 099010 099021 099030 099040 099050 099060 099062 100030 100040 100041 100042 100050 100060 100063 101010 101013 101040 101070 101080 102010 102030 102040 102050 102060 103022 103030 103040 103050 104030 105051 105070 105080 105090 106020

000

106030 106040 106050 107010 107030 107070 107081 107082 107110 108020 108030 108040 108041 108081 109010 109030 109060 109070 110010 110020 110030 110050 110054 110058 111010 111021 111091 111092 112020 112030 112040 112041 112042 112043 112044 112050 112060 112061 112062 112090 113010 113020 113030 113040 113050 113060 113110 114010 114011

000

114020 114040 114050 114090 115040 115060 115061 115070 115072 117080 118020 118030 118040 119021 119040 119050 119060 119070 120010 120024 120030 121010 121011 121050 121060 121080 121090 122020 122070 122071 123010 123040 123050 123052 123070 124020 124021 124030 124040 124060 124070 125020 125060 126020 126040 126050 126060 126070 126071

000

126080 127020 127030 127050 127060 129060 130011 130020 130030 130040 130060 130070 130090 131010 131013 131020 131021 131030 131031 131050 132010 132011 132050 132060 132061 132070 132071 133012 133030 133040 133041 133042 133043 133050 133060 133070 134010 134020 134021 134030 134040 135041 135050 135051 135060 136070 136080 136090 136100

137020 137040 137041 137050 137080 137090 137110 137120 137130 137150 137170 138020 138030 138050 138060 138070 138080 138101 138160 139020 139050 140050 140070 140071 140080 140090 140091 141010 141020 141030 141060 141090 142011 142020 142021 142022 142030 142031 142040 143010 143040 144060 144070 144071 144072 144073 145010 145020 145040

000

145060 146011 146021 146030 147030 147040 147041 147042 147043 147060 148080 149060 151050 151051 152020 152030 152040 152050 153030 153040 153050 153052 154020 154030 154040 154050 154070 154090 154092 155041 156010 156100 156101 156110 156161 157040 157050 157071 157090 158021 158040 159120 159160 159170 159180 159190 159200 159220 159260

000

159290 159310 159350 159360 159380 159390 159410 159420 159450 159480 160030 160040 160060 160070 160150 160160 161010 161021 161030 161032 161040 161080 161090 162010 162030 162091 162100 162101 162110 162120 162121 162130 162131 163121 163180 163250 164030 164081 164082 164121 165021 165030 166020 166050 166052 166053 166060 166061 166062

000

167060 167090 168021 168030 168031 168040 168041 168050 168060 168070 168071 168080 168090 168100 168110 169030 170010 170050 170090 171030 171040 171050 171090 174021 174053 174070 174080 174100 175050 175051 176031 177020 177070 177081 177110 178020 178050 178060 178070 178071 178080 178090 179110 180020 180060 181040 181060 182033 182035

000

182040 183010 183021 184031 184040 184070 184080 184081 185010 185040 185041 185060 185070 186090 187090 187091 187110 187130 188052 188070 190060 190080 191023 192061 193011 193012 193034 193040 193042 194052 194062 195090 195091 195092 197071 197072 198030 198031 198050 198071 199011 199040 199071 200020 200050 200060 200061 200062 200070

ID

PQ

000 200080 200100 200101 201010 201012 201040 202050 202080 202100 203010 203030 203040 203050 203060 203061 203062 203070 203090 204020 204030 204050 204060 204090 204100 204110 205020 205030 205040 205060 206020 206040 206041 206060 207011 207030 207050 207060 207090 208040 209020 209040 209050 210010 210020 210050 210100 210112 211010 211020

ID

PQ

000 211030 211050 211070 211080 211090 212010 212011 212012 212020 212030 213010 213020 213030 213040 213060 213070 213080 213090 213110 214060 214062 214070 214072 215020 215040 216060 216061 216080 216082 216090 216102 217011 217020 217030 217031 217060 217061 218150 218161 219030 219080 219090 219091 219100 219120 220120 002 026050 026060

ID

PQ

002 047021 081110 175053 206080 220090 008 015031 016010 025064 027030 070050 074060 095051 137030 143070 154060 174040 175030 009 002021 017011 024090 025063 025064 035091 041010 053060 053070 059010 066060 069120 076013 081060 083040 085041 085051 092012 092030 093011 093021 093033 093040 096050 097081 101012 101030 108083 110040 113022

ID

PQ

009 113111 122030 125111 127070 131070 147020 152021 177071 187060 195021 203041 213081 010 098010 113021 113051 113120 120012 120013 160110 189021 190020

ID

PQ

025 051030 154072 159014 027 020010 204010 220080 028 004033 028061 159014 159320 172020 173030 178030 045 007021 019031 041071 050011 160020 174050 187120

013 171060 016 200063 021 110060 022 005040 018040 019060 030011 053040 076030 080022 081022 107040 156051 157080 163060 163080 173050 185080 188021 211060 220031 220090

046 024010 050020 055032 081022 082011 125040 047 018051 019031 033050 064010 064020 082061 156060 048 017090 033060 036014 036061 118021 173050 208010 220090 050 002021

ID

PQ

050 003013 012080 012081 015031 016020 016080 018096 019030 025062 034111 035091 036014 036061 036091 036092 036101 050050 051023 052050 056022 059100 061040 065020 067051 070040 072063 087060 090090 104010 104090 110051 113111 113120 145050 145051 157100 161051 187060 203100 205061 206010 208021 208050 208060 209010 218010 051 010040 052060

ID

PQ

051 059010 078010 097051 219110 054 002021 016080 034111 045010 047080 050011 050031 061040 066060 069080 078010 135030 145051 159440 183040 210070 215030 056 001040 001070 015031 015052 018051 020090 027030 037041 038161 039040 039100 040040 044010 046010 046050 053060 065010 066020 067051 072070 088021 097040 129110 129120 130110 134031

ID

PQ

056 145050 159140 159150 160090 163130 173020 181080 187010 187131 194050 200030 200031 200063 206030 210060 216010 058 010062 047080 053021 059010 066060 060 006080 007020 010050 015051 021020 021022 025080 026030 026050 033040 112070 112080 112130 115010 115090 115100 117050 119051 120023 130130 159019 161031 171020 171100 172011 173060

ID

PQ

060 179020 181080 200021 209032 218030 065 026010 039100 045010 046050 067090 076071 078070 092030 096020 104110 120021 122030 134011 144090 187131 191010 212032 066 033050 034059 034112 034113 064020 069060 082061 146050 163140 067 002020 002021 008020 009031 012080 024070 025040 025064 030040 031051 033051 034060 035050 036101 041070

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

pq

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

067

044010 044100 050031 050060 052070 056050 057010 057100 058020 059020 060041 062040 065020 065050 065110 067050 068010 069050 069090 069100 071071 075030 078070 086062 106061 110021 110053 110060 111080 115050 116060 116080 122072 129031 129032 134011 135030 137011 138010 138100 141070 144080 146020 146040 149010 156040 156111 159440 160100

067

161041 162051 164022 171064 173020 174030 175010 177072 177082 186010 186030 187131 206050 209070

072

004060 007010 008020 008060 010040 011010 012070 013050 016060 017070 018080 019030 020070 022030 025040 028030 029010 029022 031061 044100 049030 049041 050040 056021 062050 062080 065080 068052 082050 087060 088021 103023

072

176032 178072 179020 181011 181020 181041 181050 183040 184060 184064 185020 186021 186060 189020 189021 190020 192052 192062 194051 199041 205050 206022 208050 208060 211082 215030 218040 218140 219061 220050

075

033060 046020 058010 065101 098040 100070 119020 138150 160010 161022 168020 170080 174030 175060 179050 179111 183100 184064 188021 195050 199042

081

121102 129080 131061 134012 135030 143060 155010 159280 159400 160020 171020 172010 172040 219050

087

136060 143041 145050 145061 148060 149020 153020 158050 159030 159150 161051 162049 174010 177041 179050 190020 196031 197010 199012 207040 208020 210030 217040 217062

095

003013 008050 009031 018090 024020 034090 036080 048071 052010 059060 071140 074070 078040 078080 079010 087080 089021 095041 097111 097120 104060 106052 111050 114060 114061 121030 130120 132020 137060 142010 158020 162040 162060

098

120022 120070

100

002042 004060 009030 009031 009060 012020 018080 022030 023010 025050 029070 030012 036092 046020 047080 047090 051010 051050 058030 068051 075010 077040 097040 103021 106061 110021 113070 120060 121040 125021 128010 133080 133090 137100 146020 149070 157021 159230 159430 171010 174052 176060 179111 183030 190010 197021

068

036101 046060 046070 070050 145061

069

006090 022070 025062 033060 041070 068030 070050 076071 102031 104100 117050 117090 120011 137011 145011 159060 163040 171063 174030 200051 209060 218160 220020

072

001042 003030 003042 004012

105050 112120 119010 121024 129010 130110 138130 139060 147070 150011 154071 155040 159110 159320 162040 167081 174040

073

074

075

007060 137140 170081 171031 173050 009051 117070 117081 208010 214010 003060 004050 022030 022061 026040 028101

080

001070 037080 061020 115020 207020 218111

081 003060 006100 007021 018060 018096 021011 055052 056010 060011 089040 109061 110040 111070 113100 115021 115071 115081 116020 117010 117020

084

015090 023040 031041 040082 040092 056042 116040 172040 184030

085

084071

087

003010 003012 014030 014060 024041 026050 028102 028110 028112 034111 036014 064050 069080 103100 107060 109062 121032 123060 124022 124041 131060 134022

088

002060 018011 174050 196041

089

015054 024010 025010 166051

092

003040 012010 020060 028040 034070 038110 107061 149040 161050 161070 184063 192052 206021

096

035050 064030 066070 102090 120020 121030

097

164031 168042

098

001050 032071 078021 078040 117030

ID

pq

100 202070 211081 212060 216050 101 014060 017100 018031 029032 032021 038070 045060 065030 077060 089061 093054 094012 105102 106011 111051 117040 121031 124050 125090 126061 143061 146020 146022 151010 153051 159100 172010 172040 179030 186040 188110

103 007070 010062 024040 027061 074042 078061 097010 115080 171011 172010 215010

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

105 003041 005040 006040 037010 066070 115010 115030 116050 148030 170040 188030 209010 211060

107 159330 160110

106 010021 010030 015053 040040 043050 046051 050050 051051 088040 090040 099063 110031 113022 137030 138161 154010 160080 163050 163181 166010 200021 204091 211083 214040 219050

110 001020 001081 005040 008010 008060 009060 051040 052120 067030 105030 107080 109080 114080 114081 148010 170040 179090 188040 211040

107 022030 030032 031070 036081 057140 078031 082010 087030 159240

108 011021 031070 036081 057140 065071 068030 087030 159090 165050 179060

111 067051 118021 118023 184061 113 016081 068030 165010 204021 204070 210070 117 001050 002011 007040

ID

PQ

117 008070 014040 015011 015090 017080 036012 039031 049061 051021 055030 066020 069110 082071 086011 087041 090081 091040 094020 101060 104120 107040 111050 115071 116010 116070 120050 123020 125100 125112 128010 131011 134031 144040 146050 159011 159012 159270 163070 173051 204010 207031 211011 211082 215050 118 003020 018052 055051 058011

ID

PQ

118 083110 090072 108080 114070 114071 115071 131032 182042 186070 187120 202030 207010 119 004005 004011 004020 004030 010010 028070 073052 081020 122031 130110 124 001041 007020 009010 017070 029060 044110 050021 053040 101050 163120 189021 199060 200063 217040 126 003030 003060 019040 026030 027040 034070 036060 038161 042010 045080

ID

PQ

126 046060 046070 052050 055080 056041 056050 057043 058050 063010 071010 071040 074011 081100 083090 084010 091031 104090 120020 123051 125030 126062 132020 135010 135020 135040 148070 149030 159010 159100 161070 162040 170030 182041 186020 187050 187060 189020 190090 197032 197070 210080 214010 214071 218010 220070

127 050070 120022

ID

PQ

128 006010 011040 011041 017060 046010 050011 065050 065060 075010 172010 183090 187010 203020 129 006080 015052 033030 055010 210060 131 009050 011040 017060 036062 038010 072022 077071 135 015090 018010 036080 087090 105021 136 025030 031070 031071 156160 137 017080 022040 022041 077011 108021 108031 118041 159340 159370 160180

ID

PQ

137 168042 140 002070 008020 011030 013030 014061 018031 018070 020020 025050 026030 027030 028020 029023 031011 032021 034070 034112 037020 056031 057010 057030 057043 061040 061070 064050 066050 069140 072091 073012 077051 078010 078092 086080 097081 103010 103012 103140 104080 105020 109040 111050 116030 117060 118010 118011 124010 127010

ID

PQ

140 139010 139021 147031 151020 156130 157080 163130 175030 176060 185050 185051 188051 190100 191011 191060 219081 141 001082 029060 062012 066091 103020 122010 133100 200030 216010 216011 143 009060 011030 039021 046060 186040 206010 146 008060 017011 022010 025065 030020 039040 044010 046060 047030 051030 055010 057010 063030 064010

ID

PQ

146 064030 070011 071070 076020 109040 140010 144020 154072 156130 157080 159010 159011 159012 159140 163140 174010 187061 193060 194050 195050 207070 147 017090 033060 036061 198040 150 003030 012080 016051 018040 019050 020020 027031 028060 028112 031070 031071 032031 034060 034070 038060 044110 049060 055010 055041 062010 062041 074041

ID

PQ

150 078030 079020 082041 087070 091040 094020 095041 108010 125090 139022 146010 168120 177043 203020 205010 211083 215011 218100 151 055030 055031 112130 122060 122072 208071 212031 219082 152 002031 006090 032021 062041 088060 089050 111030 159060 159070 159300 163070 163080 170070 173010 183050 186011 203011 205071 216081 218160

ID

PQ

160 010021 010030 015053 018060 020081 064050 069080 104110 125051 150010 153051 157110 172030 187010 193060 195070 197032 198040 208050 210070 215030 218010 162 024050 038110 047042 069080 095011 104110 150010 172030 183040 187021 197032 206050 208060 210030 210090 218010 220040 170 011021 039010 040030 041020 056061 059020 062012 089040

ID

PQ

170 091031 097081 113111 155050 173050 186010 172 005051 037022 200030 200031 215050 200 036060 196081 212060 201 015055 018061 186080 196080 207 015055 208 001070 018070 067050 067080 077060 120021 134011 175010 177072 177082 187031 191011 196031 220100 210 009060 017070 019030 036080 065110 075010 076020 104010 104020 105022

ID

PQ

210 106010 117050 120020 141080 146050 151030 151040 157101 212 002042 002060 005051 006060 006080 010050 011010 014040 015090 016060 018010 019021 019031 020020 024070 026030 034112 034113 039010 055010 062050 065080 071030 074021 076080 077071 086062 095052 101060 105110 109040 109041 113070 119010 123051 124050 125030 129080 132020 139022

ID

PQ

212 141070 144080 145041 146010 147070 149010 151010 151030 151040 156070 160090 161050 163130 168120 173051 174020 186020 187131 188021 195050 197021 197070 204021 204080 205050 206030 209010 211083 212060 214010 218010 215 196081 217 006050 020010 024070 048021 061050 064050 087032 087042 103140 141070 219 013050 015021 061020 064050

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

219 115100 116080 117030

242 159130 176051 185061

220 029010

244 077051 103081 154093 176051

235 002070 006050 007010 008070 012050 015054 018080 019030 019050 021020 037010 038070 040010 045060 049030 049060 051040 061020 064010 064030 066020 068030 122031 129010 151030 165010 211040 240 035091 036091 045010 047030 060041 101030 118010 118011 202060 242 007040 101050 102011 102012 110051

246 004006 004031 248 010010 015090 130130 130140 175010 200021 249 005052 031051 118032 185071 250 002021 107080 252 018052 028030 038161 050060 062050 095052 131032 149030 155030 158050 174052 255 014060 031020 031030 047011 052070 081100 097101 097111 131040

ID

PQ

256 008042 024030 031020 031030 060020 060050 259 006040 015090 020020 028040 030051 058020 073051 103010 124050 129080 268 001040 001070 002041 002050 002070 003030 003042 008020 012010 012051 013030 014050 014060 017090 018051 020020 025040 038070 038161 039021 039071 039072 040040 042061 044010 050011 050070 052050 055010 056041 056050

ID

PQ

268 058010 061020 062041 064010 064030 064050 065010 065080 065101 077081 078070 082050 086012 107080 127082 159010 159100 160050 174010 183030 186030 199042 213100 214052 269 002021 004007 004032 022040 039040 041040 061040 063040 068010 077040 078093 081080 084080 089040 104080 109061 125070 154010 204091 270 001050 003061 004022 014060

ID

PQ

270 038040 038110 040030 041040 053021 067030 067090 078031 080011 086062 104090 159130 159250 163160 164010 271 037022 164112 197031 275 010031 022040 065011 066102 079040 093021 139040 144090 148081 154051 280 003042 004060 006090 013050 014050 014060 015053 017070 018031 029010 057010 058010 058050 065101 104100 115030 125090 154071

ID

PQ

280 156051 156071 177072 177082 216050 217040 285 019030 020020 034113 156071 159040 178040 287 103073 159013 290 017070 026040 115030 154071 177082 293 026050 296 001070 006050 006052 006080 006090 008050 008060 010040 011030 012070 015053 017100 018031 018040 022010 023072 024070 026030 026060 030051 032021 036080 037010 037020

ID

PQ

296 038060 039010 040010 040030 042010 047080 047090 049020 053021 055010 055030 055032 058050 061081 065110 066040 072070 073020 074011 087010 089040 096020 097081 103010 112120 115090 117040 117090 119051 120021 121103 122060 131060 139010 139030 139060 140060 143030 143050 143060 153051 154010 156080 158060 159230 160020 163181 167010 167080

ID

PQ

296 173061 179020 182041 220100 220110 299 143070 302 001020 031070 037011 051051 159040 186010 305 006010 021012 024090 024091 306 006010 006080 007021 011040 012070 017060 017100 018080 019030 022050 029070 050020 051021 051050 055032 055041 059060 107080 107090 111050 117040 125112 143060 144040 159080 170060 178051 218111

ID

PQ

320 008070 008071 017090 065039 090081 099061 104010 115082 143070 163120 219081 325 039040 049041 055080 072091 075040 077040 181081 330 020070 027040 074070 138150 139060 140010 148010 148030 157080 164090 170040 220080 332 007040 007060 007081 008040 009030 050040 051060 055030 116010 116020 116030 116040 116050 116060 116070 117010

ID

PQ

332 118022 129010 130120 130130 137070 137140 143041 159011 159012 173010 174051 178072 204010 215050 220020 335 044110 072091 340 018080 026030 036092 041040 091031 192051 343 053041 345 058050 065080 123030 203020 350 002010 013050 020081 072063 114051 219061 355 001081 031061 051040 074021 181081 206031 360 026040 029060

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

360 131061 216010

370 213091 213120

365 008110 030040 166010 192062 219081

372 010052 015054 049074 050011 065020 190100 197010

366 007040 008040 022010 051010 051060 106052 124041 128050 206021 219020 370 010062 015054 020010 022040 023041 051022 053060 053070 065071 066070 077052 079040 081080 082051 090040 097061 103020 144090 153010 154051 159130 163170 166051 174052 186021 186030 190100 197010 204091

374 047012 069100 069111 083081 128030 196042 375 095011 138040 158041 195021 206030 206061 219082 378 009030 068030 216050 380 050070 051030 067030 382 007030 105030 117060 149070 159050 385 028030 029022 118010 118011 137140 161041 163050 386 001102

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

386

030010 183060 186060

405

409

082010 105110 106010 140010

417

037010 037011

431

079060 160152 163140

461

010040 041071 156030

056021 062080

024100 038120 049061 071100 109080 110080 149040 165040

448

422

009080 114091 146022 156020 156021 156030 156050 156060 156070 157020 157070 158060 182036 184050 184060

436

065110 069139 072021 081100 087090 132031

017020 020030 030012 055032 057043 064040 065081 075020 107020 159061 159071 200041 217063

421

401

089063 148070 149030 183052 192052

450

163140 175040

462

451

044100 056030 056031 065101 160152 218030

006110 021022 117100 117101

463

041050 050060 097071 130120 163030 164050 170030 170040 184061 196031 219082

464

090072 219022

465

003030 067060 157020 157070

466

065030 065101 087030 087031 087032 087040 087041 105040 105050 158060

467

065030

468

087042 208023

470

003030 067060

472

061070

403

404

405

039028 039029 101060 149070 175053

410 406

407

019021 055041 100020 148030 151010 151040 155040 174010 200040 219020 006040 007040 009030 009031 011010 012010 012020 016060 020020 020040 029070 047101 059070 061020 064030 065080 072020 072091 075021 081010 083021

408

024070 028060 030020 070040 071140 076020 086063 097010 015090 019050 039020 053050 055010 065100 065110 067060 068032 068033 071071 076080 078040 120022 120023 160151 171020 202070 217062 011040 017060 061060 066020 072070 075010 083100 105040 105050 122031 129030 162050

411

055009

026043 031030 045070 050021 072023 075040 081100 101050 117031 144040 144082 177040 188100

414

176041

416

006100 017020 020060 029020 055090 071072 159110 200041

417 409

034070 034071 034072 051050 056050 077071 078070 078071 079060 107040 108021 112120 121020 124010 127010 179130

004011 007011

418

025090 027040 027041 029020 031020 039060 055090 061050 066080 154080 157120

419

420

004012 013012 037021 048021 074020 081021 100010 109040 109042 117081 144010 147010 147071 149020 159050 220032

006061 020010 102091 137030 191060

066080 074060 084020 202060 423

019070 028080 120050 120060

424

010021 028050 088010 133020 190090 191060 210090 212040

432

433

434 425

129011

428

014030 033090 052111 058012 067100 082012 086072 088041 089060 098030 154060 159019 169010 200010 208022 219010 219021 219110

430

431

435

017090 160120 009060

436

437

160110 160120 160100 160101 160130 019011 046051 062041 069140 074021 089051 096011 096041 109040 109041 109062 109071 135042 160041 160042 028070 028071 069050 110070 120050 120060 137160 149040 019060

066101 074030 086030 097120 110053 110055 139070 216070

438

120070

439

018080 038060 055050 069040

452

028111 082100

453

061070

454

044100 158020

455

016020 021011 021012 021013 064053 106012 159110 177050

071020 071021 159400 440

078051 202020 212050 220031

456

183070 183071

027010 027020

457

052010

444

158060

458

445

067060 107080 107090 156020 156030 156060 160130

008020 057010 057030

459

027061 159020

443

448

015090 065101 078070

460

007070 156080 160170 160171 181041

ID

PQ

472 061071 061081 065101 065110 065120 067090 068030 068040 101050 124010 149010 156050 167080 179030 475 044100 476 006050 006080 008020 057010 087010 087020 120070 129040 143050 478 038140 038141 480 068031 068033 087032 087040 087042 157030 482 008070 009080 046070 046090 057010 064020 068031 068032 068033 082040 087040 104090

ID

PQ

483 008042 008043 024010 024011 024030 024031 046080 087041 156150 158010 158011 158012 484 001050 003060 004060 010010 016030 063050 074070 087040 087041 103140 121110 159030 485 017070 031070 063030 087030 103081 156162 157030 159020 163080 164010 202040 487 008040 008060 020040 087031 105102 159020 165010 488 003030 008050 017070

ID

PQ

488 017100 026050 039080 044110 065030 065050 065070 087030 164070 183101 489 038140 044100 044110 079060 121103 129040 157030 163170 164020 164021 490 039080 046020 491 025040 025050 055030 065Ö70 103090 105100 164070 218030 493 046070 046080 046090 046100 057040 063030 063040 103100 165010 494 063070 496 164070 176010 206070

ID

PQ

498 156090 156091 500 010062 502 069100 069101 504 111080 135010 157120 171070 507 120023 509 021020 021021 021022 046020 515 041070 127080 516 064050 159030 517 117051 518 058011 058012 519 116010 116020 116030 116040 116050 116060 116070 116080 117010 117020 520 121100 121101

ID

PQ

522 010070 524 007040 008040 009021 010042 011030 038161 041060 114041 117090 118021 118022 121022 138010 143020 143030 525 021012 021013 526 067010 528 014040 529 058013 171060 171061 171062 171063 171064 530 114061 114071 114081 115010 115020 115050 531 003061 010031 010041

ID

PQ

521 065039 522 008061 009022

533 087060 087061

PQ

533 087062 105100 105101

549 188010 188020 210080

535 008060 046100 087032 087060

550 172041 186010 187061

536 087063 087064 538 166070 539 024050 108050 541 173070 173071 542 008070 009080 046070 046090 064020 082040 087040 104090 544 024010 024011 024030 024031 046080 546 001050 003013 087041 547 022030 156131 548 030031

532 031071 065121 114061

ID

549 031011 035031 050052 127082 161092

551 028112 039032 082100 209070 218040 218050

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

555 186052 187062 210110 210111

574 103130 129040 129041 208023

560 024020 087042

575 016030 103080 103090 176010 215060

562 008040 008041 103010 103011

577 001050

564 008042 008043

578 173070 173071

565 010010 063050

579 204040

552 215060 553 016030 021060 074070 083081 099020 149050 555 022070 022080 023030 023041 023073 025010 030051 031011 032022 040020 049051 068010 069090 073011 082061 086063 101071 149061 155040 161060 162051 170020 172011 173061 174060

580 156160 568 065050 569 176010 571 087020 087030 087031 087032 087040 087041 087042 103081 105040 105050 129050 175053 572 044110 046060 046070 046080 046090 046100 160152 573 003010 003012 016030 074070

581 156120 156140 217010 582 104090 156130 156131 583 156150 586 065060 587 094030 590 013050 019021 030031 048091 065072 068030 077020 079060 081021 094030 108060 124010 127010 131040 132020

ID

pq

ID

138012 139030 144050 161050 161070 163150 166070 177051 177052 202070 207100 207101 214050 216030 216031 216032 216033

595 129090 129091 172110 172111 172112

077020 094030 095020 129100 131040 156070 156071 163060 021050 023060 163122 207010 006010 014050 033101 132020 183090 025059 045070 070030 081010 008110 046020 064020 064050 068030 112010

PQ

597 065060 165040 599 125050 145061 601 105020 105021 105022 105023 105024 105025 105026 105027 105028 105029 166040 605 063061 172041

ID

PQ

621 156040 156111 627 103120 183083 183090 183091 183092 631 040090 040091 040092 065060 065061 183080 633 040080 040081 040082 183080 183081 183082 183084 635 004060 004061 157010

606 063060

ID

PQ

650 146051 165010 218020 653 006010 015021 106021 120025 129100 129101 160161 162051 660 035030 063030 174130 661 163170 163171 166030 166040

ID

PQ

680 074070 074071 103140 103142 156050 681 061073 103140 103141 162049 684 121020 121022 121023 685 045080 695 141040 141041 710 155010 155020

664 060014 665 024050 047042

612 065061 183084 620 008040 010062 058010 064020 064050 065039 152010 163040 163060 172110 172111 172112 183020 183069

642 003010 003011 094020

715 024021 164010

667 047031

723 119030 217041

668 065122

726 146023

669 032022

729 216100 216101

644 044110 044111 044112 121020 121021 166030 650 018031 032021 033060 081019 081020 083081 083100 112031

670 022050 022080 023010 023030 023040 023073 161061 163181 218090 218110 218111 218120

PQ

739 121031 121032

730 065070 065071 104010 157080 208070 731 120025 735 183080

672 186022

738 103110 111080 112070

675 068032

739 121030

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

784 107050

799 146023

786 010040

800 103012

787 103012 156020 157020 157030 157070 183051

805 012090 022030 026010 034070 044110 063010 063031 067090 071100 094020 166030 202010 216031 216032 216081 218020

ID

PQ

810 171010 171070 171080

742 177022 750 111090 174110 753 103100 755 060050 060051 103130 757 065050 065051 767 160120 768 186050 186052 770 034071

640 216110 610 186050 186051

ID

772 031062 033070 039089 039101 075040 078071 129092 774 028120 028121 121110 171070 776 129050 779 007090 022061 029070 103024 174010 220110 780 160130 164020 164021

788 067090 155040 167080 191030 789 001050 094040 132020 135020 152010 790 058042 058043 061073 105102 202041 791 119010 185090 185091 793 004061 032021 132020 135010 135020 163070 173040 173070 794 020021 798 022020 022021 022022 173040 214080 214081

810 005051 012070 014060 019030 024010 027062 028050 040010 051010 054010 056021 058030 073020 080011 086021 087010 091031 103100 105029 105050 111050 111090 122080 127081 153020 157130 158050 159090

812 003013 008052 020091 021030 026043 039021 039028 039071 039072 040040 045050 049071 063050 078030 080012 118042 125021 138140 158012 181042 185110 185120 185130 213071 215010 820 009040 010011 010041 017011 020042 023020 024041 033060 033090 035031 036060 040051 040052 044010 063062 067020 082023 103023 106051

ID

PQ

820 126062 129032 149010 156040 156111 159430 159440 159460 161051 163020 164022 164040 164051 164060 172112 173021 174030 174040 175030 179100 179101 180010 180011 181050 182020 182030 182031 182032 182041 183030 183060 183069 185100 186060 187020 187021 187040 187041 187050 187080 194051 206022 211100 218130 219070 220050

824 180012

ID

PQ

825 001030 018011 104050 144030 151020 181011 183110 186070 187030 187031 187100 187111 188050 188051 190061 193035 196050 196060 196070 198051 201030 207080 208010 211100 220030 830 001082 001102 002042 002070 003020 004007 004013 004032 006051 006060 007030 008110 010051 010070 013030 015031 016070 016071 019011 019012 020010 021040 022030

ID

PQ

830 022040 022050 023041 025059 025080 028011 028012 028020 030032 031011 031041 034030 034031 037062 044111 047030 047031 047090 049051 050030 050031 050032 050050 050070 052050 052060 052120 058022 058040 058041 058061 059010 059040 059050 059100 065071 066091 066102 068062 069050 069140 069150 070050 071010 071022 072021 074060 076013 076071

ID

PQ

830 077073 078093 080021 080050 081070 083040 083101 083120 084090 084091 085011 085031 086012 086062 086072 086080 087100 090069 092012 092021 092022 093012 093021 093022 093031 093033 093040 093053 094012 095011 095012 095032 095051 095052 096050 097030 097081 097090 098022 101011 101020 101021 101030 101081 101082 102011 102021 102061 102080

ID

PQ

830 102090 102091 104070 106012 106060 108082 108083 109020 109021 109022 109023 110031 110051 110056 111070 112031 112100 113022 113041 113042 113051 113080 113111 113112 117070 118031 121070 122040 122050 123051 125061 125080 125111 126010 130031 130032 130080 130140 131012 131033 133011 133051 135040 139021 140020 141050 145011 145012 145021

ID

PQ

830 148040 148081 150020 150040 151052 151053 152021 153010 154051 154091 159110 159280 161020 161091 161092 165031 166030 195021 197031 203091 210040 210080 211081 213072 213081 213091 214020 216011 216101 831 088010 200051 213031 832 002041 006021 006120 010031 012081 013020 015061 016020 016021 018060 020010 020041 021040 022030 022070

ID

PQ

832 023051 023072 026042 029023 029024 032031 034060 035061 036050 037061 042061 044030 047060 048011 049051 050050 057150 058022 058040 059010 059100 060030 060060 061081 062040 062060 064060 065011 065100 066060 066091 068010 068021 072031 072051 072052 072092 073040 076011 077051 077052 077070 078010 078091 079031 079050 081060 083020 083060

ID

PQ

832 083070 083102 084031 084041 084043 084080 085041 085051 088060 093011 093023 093032 093040 093051 093052 094011 094050 094060 095012 095031 096011 096031 096042 096061 096070 098011 098023 098040 098061 099022 099023 099061 099065 100061 101012 101041 101071 102012 102020 102032 102091 105060 106021 107011 107100 108022 108084 108085 109050

ID

PQ

832 109063 109071 109090 110040 110052 111020 111030 111040 112022 112051 112100 112110 113021 113061 120012 120013 123053 125110 127040 127070 127082 129121 131070 132040 133010 133020 133052 137010 138100 138110 140060 144081 145013 145051 147020 149061 152051 152060 153041 154093 157022 157100 158030 159240 162092 163050 163051 164100 164110

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

ID

PQ

832

164122 185061 185071 196042 197031 200102 201011 202090 203041 205061 212021 213011 213021 213032 213050 213111 214030 214040 214051 214071 219040

836

159210 159280 196041 210111

842

849

057041 057042 058062 073031 078094 083071 083082 093040 095012 096061 097030 098021 101022 112032 138090 150020 150040 155011 185052 213072 216040 216091 217050 217064

200090 205051 211084 212032

872

110059

029024 035051 037022 040061 082041 082051

867

014051 019020 071050 072010 076060 084100 091010 093040 099064 100064 134023 211084 217065

218060 218070 218080 218090 218110 218120 218130 218140 219060 219070 220010 220060 220070

902

864

018020 023073 029071 030010 036070 051010 051022 051023 055052 055060 056010 061081 062020 062030 062040 062042 077030 078051 078095 080022 083120 084043 087050 095033 096012 096032 099041 104060 111011 111060 120040 123060 125021 127061 128040 138011 142032 163100 163110 177021 183011 183060 200081 200082 201050 208030 209031 218040 218050

872

016070 022070 045020 089062 102031 163090

001082 006030 044030 045030 050030 052120 056022 067040 068063 118032 127040 154060 157023 157060 166080 185110 185120 185130

861

838

010061 012090 018031 023072 033060 035011 044110 046060 047030 047031 047040 048071 049073 051010 067060 077011 082010 103080 104120 108050

833

834

835

836

004071 038010 083020 085051 112100 122030 125110 130041 139040 152041

839

840

146040 147031

004006 004031 005050 019012 032031 050070 067090 076080 113061 113111 185061 185071

841

004022 006060 087100 092012 102061 139040 152041 161060 215041 053021 065071 112021

002031 031011 132030 146031 216070

842

002041 004022 060030 060060 107011 107100 113061 132030 145030 161060 184063 214061 003012 003014 003062 006010 009070

114030 122080 140040 162011 164080 164083 164090 164091 174120 174130 179021 183101 190030 190070 208020 215060 843

002041 090071 110031

844

006060 145041 153042 203041 213011

847

058031 143011

850

008110 059030 066061 113090 127070 130050 138120 159470 182034 201020 211081

854 028092 035030 069040 163010 174060 179090 180012 186010 186020 186021 193041 855

002022 002023 002043 005020 006021 011022

868

092023 093040 002020 044030 056070 060030 068063 069070 076072 084042 091010 091020 092014 098051 100062 102070 110057 113080 143042 150040 154094 158030 177042

870

872

066030 071120 078096 098040 098052 099042 040051 040052 081070 162050 162080 002011 002022 002023 002043 007082 007083 007084 007085 007090 008051 009052 015021 015040 015061 016081

873

049074 055031 108021 179091

875

004006 004031 106051

156102 177053 904

011022 021013 024060 036062 047042 056022 109031 111051 119022 119051 128040 149071 189081 192063 205070 208071 209032

980

163231 169019

981

147050 147051 156021 163190 163200 163210 163220 163230 163240 163251 163260 165020 165022 169060 169070 169080 169090 169100 169110

187040 187050 193035 898

095035

899

163051

900

001060 005010 007080 038030 044020 084001 129020 189030 189080 196030 196040 210120

901

104130 185030

902

009023 010063 010072

ID

PQ

981 197060 197061 197062 197063 197064 197065 982 197050 983 069110 105031 142050 984 040094 098061 104042 105012 177052 189071 196039 985 018020 196028 986 185031 195080 988 002060 013051 015012 017010 017012 017013 018070 022060 029050 035021 035030 036010 036011 036012 036013 036020 036021 059080 081070 095036 098039 103031

ID

PQ

988 103060 103070 103071 103072 104040 104041 105010 105011 108070 108071 113100 125010 126030 127051 129020 129070 130010 134050 136010 136020 136030 136040 136050 161042 162020 162031 162040 162041 162060 162061 162070 162080 162090 164120 167010 167020 167030 167040 167050 168010 168011 169020 169031 169032 169040 169050 169051 169052 172050

ID

PQ

988 172060 172070 174090 175052 175070 175080 176030 176040 176050 176051 177010 177011 177012 177060 177080 177090 177100 179040 179070 179090 179120 180040 180061 181010 181012 181020 181030 181050 182034 182043 182050 182070 182080 183110 183120 184010 184020 187112 189020 189030 189040 189041 189050 189051 189060 189070 189080 189090 190010

ID

PQ

988 190081 190082 190110 191020 191021 191022 191024 191031 191090 191100 192010 192020 192040 192050 192051 192060 193010 193020 193030 193031 193032 193033 193050 194010 194020 194030 194040 194060 194061 194070 195010 195020 195030 195040 195060 195070 195081 196028 196030 196032 196040 196082 197020 197030 197090 197100 197110 197120 198010

ID

PQ

988 198020 198021 198051 198070 198080 198090 199010 199012 199013 199020 199030 199050 199051 199060 199070 200063 209030 210120 994 009013 009014 010063 010071 010072 011022 013052 019021 020091 021012 026043 029024 031062 032022 034059 035051 037011 037022 039028 039029 039089 040049 040093 047031 049074 053009 055009 058031 063031 065039

ID

PQ

994 065092 069139 071009 072023 072070 074041 077012 080023 084091 086063 090069 109031 109041 111061 112033 114092 117011 117051 118033 119022 125051 125109 126081 131034 132031 132032 136051 137031 137032 138012 138013 138014 143011 151054 156102 156162 158041 159019 162032 162050 163051 163052 164071 164111 164112 174054 174111 176041 176042

ID

PQ

994 181042 184062 184063 184064 192063 197019 198072 216103 995 004040 007050 111061 188060 188080 188090 998 049032 098039 099065 100029 100080 102090 102091 102092 148082

CHAPTER VII: THE BASE-MAP AND THE LOCATIONS

MAP 2. The Fieldworkers (Legend, Page 82)

ν

^

MAP 1. The Base-Map and the Regional Abridgments of the Questionnaires (see Page 80)

The Questionnaires WQ SMQ ES

ES = Ethnographic Supplement SMQ = Stabilized Master Questionnaire WQ = Western Questionnaire

Regional Abridgments of the Questionnaire A = Alsace C = Northern Belorus D = Lithuania G = Eastern Galicia Η = Western Galicia J = Courland Ρ = (Northern) Poland Τ = Transcarpathia V = Northern Ukraine W= Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Holland X = Southern Ukraine and Rumania

82

MAP 2. The Fieldworkers (see Page 80) AH AI DG EG GT JB JM JW MA MH ML MS MW RS RZ SL UW VB

Alan Huffman Abraham Igelfeld David Gold Eugene Green Gabriel Trunk Jacob Birnbaum James Matisoff Joseph Waxman Moshe Altbauer Marvin Herzog Marvin Lowenstein Mordkhe Schaechter Meyer Wolf Rosaline Schwartz Richard Zuckerman Steven Lowenstein Uriel Weinreich Vera Baviskar

MAP 3. Coterritorial Languages1 (see Page 84) ?cri:i -7 trrirojj p u n -nrs "n 001040 Welche Mundart haben die Bauern Ihrer Gegend gesprochen? ? vzVpsm 001042 • Polish • Wasserpolnisch2 S Ukranian Κ Ruthenian3 Μ [xoxlish/xaxlackel]4 HI Belorussian EB Russian Ε Slovak Ξ Czech Ο German (WQ=dialect)5 • Standard German ® Plattdeutsch θ Dutch

V French V Rumanian Δ Wallachian • Moldavian ¥ Lithuanian L Latvian • Latgalian6 A Estonian Δ Hungarian

Notes: 1 This map reflects the respondents' perception and terminology. It is not intended to identify the coterritorial language by objective criteria. The occurrence of the term IPTU gojis, generally a designation for Ukrainian and Belorussian, is depicted in Map 4.

MAP 4. gojis (see Page 85) 'the non-Jewish language' ?B>ru 0 001041 tPTU gojis 'non-Jewish'

2

# volunteered Ο prompted — rejected

3

elsewhere question not asked This designation for the coterritorial, nonJewish language appears to be restricted to dialects of Ukrainian and Belorussian.

Wasserpolnisch·. An uncomplimentary designation for Polish dialects influenced by German. A dialect of Ukrainian.

4

P^DNri/ppSN^Dto [xoxlis/xaxlacks]: Apparently designates dialects of both Ukrainian and Belorussian. 5

German dialect: Generally implies Upper or Central German. 6

A dialect of Latvian.

MAP 4. IPrnj göjis

'the non-Jewish language' (Legend, Page 83)

ν

^

3. SYMBOLIZATION OF LOCATIONS [Document dated July 1961]

Every interview location is symbolized by a 5-digit number, e.g.,

Each Γ-rectangle is divided further into nine imaginary subrectangles numbered as follows: 23 24 51

Storojinet 4825.3 Amsterdam 5204.6 Szczuczyn 5322.4

The numbers are determined as follows: The number of the subrectangle appears as the fifth digit of the complete location number. The point at X in the above example is thus completely specified as 5023.8. The decimal point may be omitted: 50238. The program grid for the Atlas subdivides many of the l°-rectangles into smaller areas as a guide to the density of coverage which is desirable. However, the actual location of an interview is still given by reference to the 9 subrectangles which are standard for the entire map. For example:

The purpose of the system is to make it possible to arrange data in geographic order for the map as a whole despite the varying density of coverage. For example, take rectangles 5022, 5023, 5024, which, upon completion of the Atlas, are covered as follows: 51

50 Program Grid

49 4818

Interview Locations

Location Numbers

48

5023.9

4720 47 4617

__

46 17

18

19

20

21

5023

Reference to standard 9-way subdivision

For the rare cases where a distinction may have to be made between two points within a subrectangle, the editor will assign special letters in place of the fifth digits, using A and J to subdivide .1; Β, K, S to subdivide .2; C, L, Τ to subdivide .3; ... I, Q, Ζ to subdivide .9.

50

The map of the area included in the Atlas is covered by a grid of parallels and meridians of one degree each. Every 1° rectangle has the number of the parallel and meridian which intersect at its southwest (lower left-hand) corner. The first two digits of a location number specify the latitude north of the equator, the second two specify the longitude east of Greenwich. For example:

Reason:

5023

——--,5023.1

22

23

24

25

The relative thinness of coverage in 5023 may be due either to the design of the program grid or to the failure to find additional informants. Whatever the reason, the answers to a given Questionnaire item will now be available for listing in "horizontal" order, despite the gaps, as follows: 50221, 50222,

5 0 2 2 3 , 50231, -

,

50224, 50225, 50226,

-

, -

,

50227, 50228, 50229,

-

, -

,

,

50241,

50242,

,

50244,

50245,50246;

50239,

,

-

50243; 50249.

4. NUMERICAL INDEX OF LOCATIONS 4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.11 Design of the Index. Each location designated by number on the base-map is identified by name in the index below. The first column provides the location number. The second column gives the official designation found on maps, in gazetteers, and in other sources during the interbellum period 1918-1939. The third column gives the Yiddish name. In many cases, there was more than one official (non- Jewish) name in common use during the interbellum period; and sometimes the change from a pre-war to a post-war designation was radical. Where the Yiddish name resembles such an alternate, while differing greatly from the major official name, the alternate has also been provided. In some cases, other information has been added to clarify the Yiddish name.

probed in these interviews.1 Where a German name was preferred over an official interbellum name by a Western informant, it has been added to the second column. 4.14 Interviewer Codes. Interviewers are designated for each interview in the fourth column by their initials, as follows:2 AH AI DG EG GT JB JM JW MA MH ML MS MW RS RZ SL UW VB

4.12 Limitations. This list has been continually refined over many years. Yet it is neither definitive nor comprehensive. The effort to provide an exact name for each location has not been completely successful. Thus, 47228 was simply identified by the informant as "near Sighet." 4.13 Yiddish Place Names. Whenever possible, Yiddish names are cited in the phonological form given by the informants, but without indication of vowel length. No Yiddish entries have been made for most of the locations where the Western questionnaire was employed, since specifically Jewish place names were not

1

Alan Huffman Abraham Igelfeld David Gold Eugene Green Gabriel Trunk Jacob Birnbaum James Matisoff Joseph Waxman Moshe Altbauer Marvin Herzog Marvin Lowenstein Mordkhe Schaechter Meyer Wolf Rosaline Schwartz Richard Zuckerman Steven Lowenstein Uriel Weinreich Vera Baviskar

However, we do have some examples of WY playful place names. These are not, by and large, listed in the index itself, but we provide some examples in VII.4.16 below. 2 At several locations, part of the field work was conducted by someone other than the designated interviewer: Vera Baviskar: 48297; Meyer Wolf: 49254; and Mordkhe Schaechter: 49254, 51232, 52173, 52189, 52256, and 53272.

4.15 Regional

Questionnaire

Codes.

In the last column, each location is coded for the zone on Map 1 for which the WQ/ ES or a given regional abridgment of the SMQ was devised. The code is not, however, a reliable indication of the form of the questionnaire actually used for a given location. For example, the codes obscure the fact that for many of the earliest probative interviews (conducted mainly in the WTCY area), Weinreich used a highly abbreviated selection of questions (a so-called "ΐΐ^τιρ uDDHJinS kiircsr fregheft or "probe") drawn from the pre-stabilized version of the Master Questionnaire ("pre-SMQ"). There appear to have been other locations where the full pre-SMQ may have been used. In addition, prior to the preparation of the regional abridgments of the SMQ, the SMQ was used in its unabridged form regardless of region (see Chapter I.I.3.)3 Consequently, the Atlas will include maps which display data at locations in areas from which the question under consideration has formally been deleted. Note that locations 31357 (Jerusalem) and 32358 (Safed) do not fall within any of the regional abridgment zones. A selection of questions from the pre-SMQ was administered at these locations. The codes for the regional abridgments are as follows: A = Alsace C = Northern Belorus 3

The precise form of the questionnaire used for any given location—"probe," WQ/ES, complete pre-SMQ or full/abridged form of the SMQ—may be ascertained from the interview transcripts themselves; these are currently housed at Columbia University.

D G Η J Ρ Τ V W

= Lithuania = Eastern Galicia = Western Galicia = Courland = (Northern) Poland = Transcarpathia = Northern Ukraine = Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Holland X = Southern Ukraine and Rumania Some form of the SMQ was used in each of these regions, with the exception of the W region, where the WQ and ES were generally used. 4.16 WY Playful Place

Names.

The WQ does not attempt to elicit Yiddish place names. Hence such information is generally missing for the W zone (Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, and Holland). Even so, in response to WQ 237006, which parallels SMQ 007080, a number of place names are offered that play on the sound, form, or (especially) the meaning of the official name, and involve folk etymologies often laced with irony. Caiques employing words of Ashkenazic Hebrew origin appear to predominate.4 Deutsch Kreuz 'German cross' (location 47167) was widely known as ce.tem (cf. STY cejlam 'cross'). The Jewish religious leader of Deutsch Kreuz was the ce.lsmar rov and the institution for advanced Jewish studies was the ce:ldmsr JQSiV3. 4

These materials were collated in Februaiy 1971 by Steven Lowenstein from Atlas interviews (many of which he conducted himself). Comments were supplied by Beatrice Silverman Weinreich.

Beatrice Weinreich records the following interpretation suggested by Cantor Sam Weiss, whose familiy emigrated from that area. (Weiss was a graduate student at Columbia University while the fieldwork was still in progress.) The toponym ce:lsm, from Hebrew was a euphemism for (Deutsch) Kreuz. The spelling represents a further level of dissociation from Kreuz. Furthermore, relatively recent CY influence had introduced the variant D1?^ cajlsm 'cross' alongside of cejtem, thus serving to disconnect the place name from the taboo meaning 'cross' on the phonemic level. Hence the anomalous 3-1 ηυο^ηι;:* and γο^ετ η ρ α ^ η υ ^ (ceddmsr

rov and ce:lsm3r

josivs).

Nürnberg (49114) was also known as kl6:jas

(cf.

STG

Nieren,

STY

Hebrew nr 1 ?^ klajot 'kidneys').

nim

and

The residents of Cham (49122) were called (singly) xamsr or (plural) xamoirim Yiddish 'ass(es), i.e., fool(s)' < Hebrew (•"Oman 'ass(es); donkey(s)' (cf. Birnbaum 1979:83). In addition, WY informants provided similarly playful names for a number of locations not included in the field research: Kirchen in Alsace, where word-initial d and t have merged, was also known as ΦΠ9 (cf. STG Kirche, STY kirx 'church' and tifls 'church (contempuous)'; Hebrew r t e r n tiflä 'folly5, Π^Γη rrn bet tiflä 'nonJewish place of worship' (perhaps a play on Dn ΓΡΠ bet tfilä 'synagogue; [Jewish] house of prayer'). Schweinfurt (50101) was also known a s xassrmo.ksm mpo Schwein and STY xäzar

'Pig')·

Tin

(cf.

STG

[< Hebrew τ τ η ]

Similarly, Zwijndrecht was also called

"HPΓ ττη xäz3r-jö:s9r (cf. Dutch zwijn and STY xäzer 'pig' and Dutch recht and STY jojssr

[< Hebrew ~itpr] 'justice; fairness')·

4.2 INDEX BY LOCATION NUMBER Yiddish Inter Location Official Number Name Name viewer Region JeruSoläjim UW 31357 Jerusalem uw Cfos 32358 Safed Bukarest AI τ 44264 Bucure§ti Hunjedöra UW τ 45229 Hunedoara Bräjla UW τ 45273 Bräila τ AI 45284 Galati Galäc Bönjad MS τ 46182 Bonyhäd Pakg UW τ 46186 Paks 46232 Alba Iulia Kärlsborg MS τ (Karlsburg) Tfevig UW τ 46233 Teiu§ 46238 Cluj UW τ (Klausenburg) Klöuznborg UW τ 46247 Magyar-Fräta Mojnfegt τ EG 46265 Moine§ti UW τ 46268 Piatra-Neamt Piätra-olt Röman UW τ 46269 Roman τ 46272 Ive§ti Ivfegt MS Ljfeva UW χ 46280 Leova MS χ 46284 Hu§i Ig 46298 Tighina Bendfer (Bender) MS χ UW χ 46302 Ackerman 46306 Odessa Adfes MS χ Nikoläjsv 46327 Nikolayev MS χ Kaxövka χ 46338 Kakhovka EG MH Α 47070 Dürmenach Dfermsnax RZ Α 47075 Mulhouse Milhöusa findings UW W 47084 Endingen Gäjlings SL W 47086 Gailingen SL W 47159 Wopfing SL W 47165 Kobersdorf VB W 47166 Mattersdorf 47167 N6met Keresztür (Deutsch Kreuz) Cfejlam SL W UW τ 47170 Lackenbach 47175 Tet UW τ

Location Official Yiddish Inter Number Name Name viewer Region 47179 Dunajska Streda (,L»unaszerdahely) Sfedahsl UW Τ 47197 Väc Väjcn UW Τ 47211 Püspökladäny Pispoklodön MS Τ 47212 BerettyöBeretjö-ujfölu UW Τ Üjfalu 47219 Hajduhadhäz Höjduhödaz UW Τ 47223 sig fijbsrsek (fejbar 'upper1) Felsö Szek (felsö 'upper") UW Τ 47225 Tä§nad Tösnad MS Τ 47228 "near Sighet" UW τ 47231 Buciumi (Värmezö) Varmezs UW τ 47232 Hida Hidölmos UW τ 47233 Dej Dejz MS τ 47236 Copälnic Minastur UW τ Mänaftir 47237 Halmi Holmin MS τ 47239 (section of Marmarös Sziget) Mikav MS τ 47240 Moiseiu Misif MS τ 47241 Bistrita Bistric UW τ 47243 Prundu Bärgäului Birgäului Borgs UW τ 47246 Rodna R6dns MS τ 47247 Vi§eu(l) de Sus (Ober-Wischau) Oibsrvisvs MS τ 47248 Ruscova Risksvs MS τ 47256 Gura Humorului Hamor UW τ 47260 Dorohoi Dorxöj UW τ 47266 Härläu/Hirläu Erloj UW τ 47267 Zamostea Zämisk RS τ 47268 Boto§ani Botsön UW τ 47271 Podul Iloaiei Podslöj MS τ 47272 Ia§i Jos χ EG 47277 ßtefane§ti Stefinest UW χ 47279 Bälti Belc MS χ 47283 Chisinau Kesanav EG χ

Yiddish InterLocation Official Number Name Name viewer Region X Marcule§ti M[a/a]rkulfe§t MS 47287 X Unchite§ti MS UnkitfeSt 47288 X Flöra RS Flora 47295 MA X Balta Bölta 47298 47302 Petroverovka Paplösk X (Paplovsk) MS Gvozdövka X 47307 Gvozdavka MS X MS 47308 Krovoye Ozero Krivözar 47337 InguletsIngul-§ir6ki X Shirokoye DG Novy Vitebsk Najvitepsk MS X 47339 (novy 'new") (naj 'new') MA X Rostov Röstov 47393 SL Breisach w 48070 RZ A Wintzenheim Vincana 48071 Grussenheim Grlisa RZ A 48072 Oberschaeffols48074 heim RZ A Sfeflsa Gerstheim RZ A 48075 G&rgta 48076 Rheinbischofsheim SL W Westhoffen RZ A 48077 Vestöfa Dipga Düppigheim RZ A 48078 Rexingen SL W 48085 ML 48104 Ichenhausen W SL 48108 Hainsfahrt W Ingolstadt SL W 48118 Wien SL W 48161 ML W 48171 Bratislava (Pressburg) Vel'k^ Mager 48172 UW Τ (Magendorf) Mögndorf 48177 Hodonin (Göding) SL W JB X 48200 Cernäuti Cfernavic 48203 Szikszö Siks MS Τ 48215 τ Sätoraljaujhely thai MS 48216 (section of Michal'ovce) Strinjän MS τ 48217 Kos ice τ Käso MS 48220 Kivjazd τ Kivjäzd MS

Location Official Yiddish InterNumber Name Name viewer Region 48223 (near Muzijovo, Vary, Vylak) Börzava MS Τ 48224 Uzhorod (Ungwar/ Üngvär) Ingvar MA Τ UW Τ 48226 Mukacevo Minkac Velky Rakovec Räkavic Τ 48231 MS 48232 Bistana Τ Bustino MS 48233 Niz. Apsa UW Τ Intaräpsa (niznj/ 'lower') (intar 'lower') Torurt Tojarn UW Τ 48235 48243 τ 2abie täbja MS Döra τ 48245 Dora MS 48247 Dölana Dolina MS G Stanislawöw Stänisla 48248 G MS 48250 Truste Toust Τ RS Rostochi Röstik 48251 UW Τ 48253 Storojinet UW Τ Strozinic 48254 Kort-omyja Kilamäj EG G 48256 Zviniace Zvinjfecka MS G 48259 Jagielnica Jigölnic MS G Τ 48260 Kitaygorod Kitärad MS 48261 Τ Noua Sulija Novaselac MS Lipcani 48263 Lipkön MW V 48265 Hotin Xetin Χ MS 48266 Kamenets Podol'sky Kömanic MW χ 48267 Skata Skäla χ EG Stova 48268 Shatava UW χ 48272 Briceva Bricava χ MS 48274 Briceni Bricön χ EG 48276 Ozarintsy χ Azärinic EG 48277 Staraya Usica isica χ MS 48280 Zguri^a Zgürica χ MS Seröka 48281 Soroca χ RS 48283 Peschanka Pisconka χ RS 48284 Dzygovka Dzigovka χ EG 48286 Tul'chin Tolcin UW χ 48288 Krösna Krasnoye MW χ 48289 Nemirov Nfemaref χ MS

Location Official Yiddish Inter Number Name Name viewer Region X 48292 Bershad BferSat EG MS X Peschana Ρί§£όη 48293 JB X 48294 Verkhovka Verxivka Teplik Teplik MS X 48296 AH X 48297 Gaysin Häjsin Tri Dubi Trdubas MS X 48300 48302 MS X Golosvoko Olasköv MS X Tal'noye T6lna 48309 X Lyubomirka Libamirka MS 48311 Kirovograd 48324 X EG (Yelizavetgrad) Jolosv6t MS X 48337 Aleksandriya Alaksandri Dnepropetrovsk 48354 (Yekaterinoslav) Katarinasläv MS X AH A 49061 Hayange Hajinga Differten SL W 49063 Luxembourg ML 49064 W Kirf SL W 49065 SL Meisenheim w 49075 SL w 49077 Bernkastel-Cues ML w 49079 Bad Kreuznach SL w 49080 Alzey Rülzheim SL w 49081 SL 49082 Langenbrücken w 49087 Mainz SL w Hergershausen SL w 49089 Heilbronn SL 49091 w Schwäbisch Hall SL w 49093 Walldürn SL 49095 w Niederstetten SL w 49096 49099 Oberaltertheim SL w SL w 49103 Markt Berolzheim Windsheim 49105 SL w Nürnberg SL 49114 w 49117 Schesslitz SL w Regensburg 49121 ML w 49122 Cham ML w 49128 Tachov SL w Νονέ Vsi ML w 49146

Location Official Yiddish Inter Number Name Name viewer Region W SL 49154 Humpoletz SL W 49162 Brno (Brünn) 49172 Uherskfe Hradi§tS (Ungarisch SL W Hradisch) W SL 49175 Holegov Tropava 49179 W SL (Troppau) ML W Τδδίη 49188 Litavisk AH G 49200 Lutowiska Η Bukovini EG 49204 Bukowina MW Η Cane 49205 Nowy Sgcz Kirama UW Τ 49212 Kurima MW Η Rimanaf 49216 Rymanöw Η Riglic EG 49217 Ryglice MS Η Seävni 49220 Szczawne Cisna MS Η 49221 Cisna G ilie RS 49224 Ulucz MS G 49225 Ustrzyki Dolne istrik Η Bluzif EG 49227 Bi-aiowa Prfemasla/ 49229 Przemyäl Pgfemig MH G Mogcisk MS G 49230 Moäciska Ribnik EG G 49231 Rybnik Bölaxaf RS G 49233 Bolechöw RS G 49235 Drohobycz Dnibie Jävarif EG G 49237 Jaworöw 49242 Kal-usz Kälis MS G Bölgavic EG G 49243 Botszowce 49245 Strzeliska Strelsk MS G Nowe Retin MS G 49246 Rohatyn 49247 Lw6w Lfembarik (Lemberg) MS G Przemyälany Pramislän EG G 49248 MS G 49251 Podhajce Pidäjic UW G 49253 Chorostköw Xröskif MH G 49254 Wibudöw Vibadaf 49256 Chodaczköw Xodätlkif maly RS G

Yiddish Inter Location Official Number Name Name viewer Region Zbärag AH G 49259 Zbaraz Sötanaf 49261 Satanov MS V Grfejding RS V 49262 Gorodok MS V 49263 Chemerovtsy Cimferovic VolaCisk 49264 Volochisk EG V V Krasilov MS 49266 Krisilif AH V 49267 Lanowce Lönavic MH V 49271 Zin'kov Zinkav 49272 Bar Bar EG V 49275 Staraya Oltsiniövi Sinyava EG V (staraya 'old') (olt 'old') 49276 Letichev LfetiCaf EG V MS V 49278 Ladyh Ladi Lubar MS V 49279 Lyubar 49282 Vinnitsa Vinaca MS V Kalfenafka 49285 Kalinovka MS V Växnafka V 49286 Vakhnovka RS 49287 Yanushpol Janagpölja MS V 49288 Berdichev Bärdieef EG V Bilspilja 49289 Belopol'ye MS V Jlanist MS V 49291 Il'intsy JW V 49293 Monastyrishche MonastriC MW V 49296 Volodarka Velöderks MW V Pävslie 49298 Pavoloch' 49303 Zvenigorodka Zvinsrötka MS V 49304 Stavishche Stavige MS V Taräges V 49305 Tarashcha RS V 49307 Belaya tserkov" Svarctima EG (belaya 'white (gvarc 'black' tserkoV tima 'church') 'church') 49312 Shpola MS V Spöla 49317 Rzhishchev RezigCav MS V 49324 Cherkassy Cerkäs MS V 49338 Mirgorod Mirgorod MS V 50062 Kyllburg SL w 50067 Eschweiler SL w 50069 Köln ML w 50075 Vallendar ML w

Location Official Yiddish InterNumber Name viewer Region Name ML W 50077 Bonn 50082 Frankfurt am ML W Main SL W 50083 Staden ML W 50084 Hadamar ML W 50085 Wetzlar ML W 50088 Laasphe W SL 50091 Alzenau SL W 50093 Ober Thulpa SL W 50094 Nieder Ohmen W SL 50095 Hindersteinau W SL Frielendorf 50097 W SL 50102 Ermershausen ML W Reckendorf 50103 W SL 50104 Mellrichstadt SL W 50107 Eisenach SL W 50136 SobSdruhv (Soborten) W SL 50142 Praha (Prag) SL W 50144 Litomerice (Leitmeritz) SL W 50154 Jablonec (Gablonz) SL W 50156 Trutnov (Trautenau) SL W 50177 Wansen ML W Zabrze 50183 ML w 50186 Beuthen Ogpicin OgwiQcim MS Η 50190 50191 Katowice ML W (Kattowitz) Kätavic Η AI 50192 Sosnowiec Sosnfefcs Kruka MS Η 50193 Kraköw Völbram UW Ρ 50196 Wolbrom 50197 Cz^stochowa Cfenstaxaf MH Ρ Ρ EG 50199 Szczekociny Stikiein MS Ρ 50201 Proszowice Prögavic Η 2äbna 50202 Zabno EG Ρ J6ndzaf JB 50204 J^drzejöw

Location Official Yiddish InterNumber Name Name viewer Region PinCaf MS Ρ 50205 Pirtcz6w MH Ρ Xmfelnik 50206 Chmielnik D^bica UW Ρ 50212 Dfembic MS Η Sfendagaf 50213 S?dzisz6w MS Ρ Görzic 50216 Gorzyce MS Ρ Östrafca 50218 Ostrowiec MA Η Räj§a 50221 Rzeszöw Sinjava MS Ρ 50222 Sieniawa MA Ρ Rözvadaf 50224 Rozwadöw EG Ρ Bilgra 50225 Brtgoraj MA Ρ Zäklkaf 50227 Zakliköw MS Ρ 50229 Szczebrzeszyn Sabs Sin JB Cfeganaf G 50231 Cieszanöw 50235 Tomaszöw MS Ρ T6ma§af Lubelski Hivnaf MS Ρ Uhn6w 50236 MH Ρ 50237 Zamoä6 Zämige EG Ρ 50239 Hrubieszöw Riba§6j Dobra tv6r MS G 50242 Dobrotwör Töpraf MA G 50243 Toporöw MA G 50244 Krystynopol Krisnapölja Könjax MS G 50246 Koniuchy MH G 50248 Wi-odzimierz Lüdmar Brot MS G 50251 Brody Krfeminic MS G 50253 Krzemieniec Louck MS G 50257 i-uck Olik 50259 Olyka MS G Zäslav MA V 50260 Zaslavl Östra V 50262 Oströg RS MS V Slavita 50263 Slavuta R6vna EG V 50264 Rowne Dräzna JW V 50267 Derazhno TuCin JW V 50268 Tuczyn Sipatifka 50271 Shepetovka EG V MS V 50273 Mar'yanovka Marjänafka 50275 NovogradVolynskiy (Zvyhyl) Zvil MS V Atomar MS V 50280 Zhitomir

Location Official Number Name 50281 Chudnov 50283 Pryazhev 50285 Chernyakhov 50294 Korostyshev 50296 Makarov 50297 Malin 50304 Gostomel' 50306 Borispol' 50312 Pereyaslav 50329 Dmitriyevka 50334 Lokhvitsa 51062 Glehn 51064 Hinsbeck 51066 Mülheim an der Ruhr 51067 Goch 51068 Bocholt 51072 Meinerzhagen 51073 Littfeld 51075 Lünen 51087 Beckum 51092 Heinebach 51093 Abterode 51098 Beverungen 51099 Northeim 51112 Apolda Görlitz 51143 Grünberg 51158 Rawitsch 51166 51168 Leszno (Lissa) Kepno 51170 (Kempen) 51171 Breslau 51173 Namslau Jutroszyn 51174 Wieruszöw 51180 51185 Zioczew 51187 Kalisz

Location Official Number Name 51189 51194 51195 51196 51198 51199 51202 51203 51207 51209 51213 51214 51215 51217 51222 51223 51224 51225 51228 51229 51232 51233 51237 51238 51241 51243 51245 51246 51253 51258 51260 51264 51265 51283 51286 51287 51300

\lddish Name

Inter viewer Region

Poddebice Pod£mbic Lask Luisk Betchatöw B6lxataf Piotrköw TryPfetrakaf bunalski L0d± LoC Brezin Brzeziny Kinck Kortskie Szydtowiec Sidlövca Skierniewice Skfernavic Grica Gröjec Jözeföw Jizafaf Rudim Radom Közanic Kozienice Vurki Warka Lablin Lublin LfenCna L^czna Kur6w Küraf Lubartöw Livartif Lfkava Luköw Mi^dzyrzec Mfezrie Xfelam Che*m SverS Swierze Lumäz Lomazy Si-awatycze SlävatiC Nikitichi It K6vla Kowel Rätna Ratno Nujna Nujno Kolk Kofl-ki Lubieszöw LibaSöjv 2aluck 2oi-udsk Wiodzimierzec Boldimirac Dfembrovic D^browica Ovruch AvriC Skarödns Skorodnoye Lelchitsy La lei c Cernöbl' Chernobyl'

MS MS GT

Ρ Ρ Ρ

RS MH EG EG MA MS GT EG MS MS MH MS EG AI MS MH MH AI MH MH MH MS MS MS MS MS MS MS AH MS MH AI EG MS

Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ ν ν ν ν ν ν ν

Location Official Number Name Gornostaypol 51301 Chernigov 51314 51322 Borzna 51323 Bakhmach 51331 Konotop 52041 s'Gravenhage 52046 Amsterdam 52055 Harderwijk 52063 Elbergen 52065 Almelo 52068 Assen 52083 Minden 52093 Hildesheim 52094 Hannover 52102 Braunschweig 52135 Berlin 52155 Schwerin 52166 Poznari (Posen) 52169 Chodziez 52173 Zag6r6w 52177 Rogozno (Rogasen) 52180 Koto 52181 Konin 52184 Kleczew 52185 Izbica 52189 Aleksandröw 52192 Kutno 52193 towicz 52195 Gostynin 52196 Ptock 52197 Lipno 52198 Sierpc 52201 Sochaczew 52202 Bionie 52205 Zakroczym 52207 Bodzanöw 52208 Ciechanöw

Yiddish Inter Name viewer Region Hornestäjpolja EG V MS V Cerniv Börzna MS V V RS Baxmic MA V Konotöp ML w ML w SL w ML w SL w SL w SL w ML w VB w SL w SL w ML w ML w Xo2 Zägrava

ML

AI ML

Kojl Knin K16C3V3 izbic Alaksändrova Kitna LöjviiS Gostanin Plock Lipna Seps SöxaCaf Blöjna Zakriein Bödzanaf Cexänova

MS MH MH MS AH

AI EG EG MS MS MS EG MH MH EG MH

w Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ

Ρ Ρ

Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ

Location Official Yiddish Intei Number Name Name viewer Region Rezän 52210 Rozan DG Ρ 52211 Värss MH Ρ Warszawa 52212 Kolbiel MH Ρ Kölbjel Kala sin MH Ρ 52213 Katuszyn 52214 Radzymin Radzmin MH Ρ Jädava MH Ρ 52215 Jadöw Mäkava MH Ρ 52217 Mak6w 52219 Brök Brök MH Ρ MH Ρ 52220 Rudka Ridik 52221 Siedice MH Ρ Sedlic MH Ρ 52223 Losice Losic 52224 We grow Vengareva MH Ρ 52225 Drohiczyn nad Bugem Drohicin MH Ρ 52228 Jabtonka Koäcielna Jablönka MH Ρ MH Ρ 52229 Brarisk Brajnsk MH Ρ 52231 Biata Podlaska Bjäla 52233 Brzeä6 Brisk MH Ρ 52235 Kleszczele Kliscfel MH Ρ 52236 KamieniecLitewski MH Ρ Kämanic 52237 Bielsk Podlaski Bilsk MH Ρ 52242 Kobryrt Kobrin EG Ρ 52244 Pruzana Pnizana MS Ρ 52245 Malecz Male MS Ρ 52249 Rozana Ρ Roznöj RS 52251 Drohiczyn Drohicn MS Ρ 52256 Telechany Telaxän AH Ρ Bytert 52258 Butan MH Ρ 52261 Pirisk Pinsk MS Ρ 52263 Duboy Duboj MS Ρ 52268 Hancewicze Häncavic Ρ EG 52273 Turov Türav MS Ρ 52278 Starobin Starobin Ρ EG 52279 Yushkavichi Juskävic MS Ρ 52282 Petrikov Petrikav Ρ EG 52283 Kopatkevichi Kapitkavic MH Ρ 52292 Kalinkovichi Kalenkavic MS Ρ

Location Official Number Name 52294 Ozarichi 52307 Streshin 52308 Zhlobin 52314 Gomel' 52327 Klintsy 52381 Yelets 53072 Papenburg 53074 Emden 53075 Aurich 53096 Altona 53109 Lübeck 53145 Stettin 53146 Gollnow 53162 Schönlanke 53163 Schneidemühl 53175 Chojnice Bydgoszcz 53181 (Bromberg) 53186 Grudzigdz (Graudenz) Dobrzyn 53191 53192 Brodnica (Strasburg) 53193 Zuromin 53202 Mtawa 53203 Chorzele 53204 Gilgenburg 53211 Krasnosielc 53212 Ostroleka 53215 Myszyniec 53216 Kolno 53221 i^omza 53223 Tykocin 53224 Szczuczyn 53225 Trzcianne 53228 Grajewo 53231 Biaiystok 53235 Soköi-ka 53236 Indura

Yiddish Name Azärie Strfegin 2lob£n Hömlja Klinca Jfelic

Interviewer Region MH Ρ Ρ RS MS Ρ Ρ RZ MS Ρ Ρ EG SL W ML W ML W SL W ML W W SL ML W SL W ML W ML W ML W ML

W

Dobrin

EG ML

Ρ W

Zoramin Mläva Xörzl

DG MH MH ML MH MH MH MH MH MS MH EG MS EG MS MS

Ρ Ρ Ρ

Silc 0stral6nka Mignic Köl'na Lömza Tiktin StuCin Tr6stina Gräjvi Bjälistok Sakölka Amdür

W

Ρ Ρ Ρ

Ρ Ρ C

Ρ C

Ρ C D D

Location Official Number Name 53238 53239 53241 53243 53248 53249 53251 53252 53255 53257 53259 53261 53262 53264 53265 53270 53271 53272 53274 53277 53278 53279 53282 53286 53289 53291 53295 53306 53309 53315 53323 54161 54181 54208 54222

Lipsk Grodno Brzostowica Wielka (wielka 'big') Zelwa Ostryna Wasiliszki Koz-towszczyzna Motczadz Dworzec Lida Iwje Lachowicze Niegwiez Korelcze Sto-tpce Koydanovo Romanovo Slutsk Uzda Rak6w Samokhvalovichi Minsk Nove-Dorogi Svisloch Berezino Bobruysk Klichev Gayshin Chausy Krasnopolye Mglin Köslin Danzig Königsberg Przeroäl

Yiddish Name

Inter viewer Region

Liosk EG Grödni/Harödni MS

D D

Grejsbrastovic (grejs 'big') Ζέΐνι Astrin Vasilagok

MS

D

EG MS MS

C D D

Kazlöjgeins M6jest Dvöric Lids ivjs Lfexsvie Nfegvic Karfelie Stejpc Köjdanav Romänsva Sluck Üzda Räkav

MS MS MH RS MS MS uw MS MA MS EG RS MS MS

C C C C C C C C C C C C C C

Samaxvälovie Minsk Novsdarö Sislavie Barfezn Babröjsk Klieav Häjsin Cavus Krasnapölja Amiin

MS MS MS MS RS MS RS MS MS RS RS ML VB SL MS

C C C C C C C C C C C w w w D

Pgsrösljs

Yiddish Inter Location Official Number Name Name viewer Region Verbalöva GT D 54226 Virbalis Näjgtot 5 MS D 54229 Naumiestis (naj 'new1 (nau 'new1 miestis 'city) gtot 'city ) 54233 Veisiejai ViSfej MS D D Volkovisk EG 54234 Vilkavigkis Pren MS D 54236 Prienai ΚόνΠ3 MS D 54239 Kaunas Li ska vi MS D 54241 Ligkiava D Jfesna 54244 Jieznas EG Mugnik 54249 Musninkai MS D D Trab EG 54253 Traby Ögmsns D 54256 Oszmiana EG UW D 54257 Wilno Vilna 54259 Kiemieliszki Kamfeligok MS D Vilfejka MH D 54260 Wilejka 54262 Woloiyn Valözn D EG Smargön D 54265 Smorgonie RS 54266 Kurzeniec Küranic MS C 54271 Radoszkowiczy Rado§k6vie C EG Lahöjsk 54273 Logojsk EG C 54278 Budsi-aw Bujd MS D 54279 Dokszyce MS D D6kgic Barisav 54282 Borisov EG C Zembin 2febm JM 54284 C L'fepl 54289 Lepel C EG Böbar 54291 Bobr MS C Slovjän 54292 Sloveni C EG Cägnik 54297 Chashniki EG C 54301 Shklov Sklov EG C 54305 Orsha Orgs MS C 54372 Tula Tula MA C 55216 Rietavas Ritavs D RS 55218 Gargzdai D Gorzd EG 55221 Taurag£ Täurig D EG Jürbarik 55223 Jurbarkas MS D 55224 Kv6darna Xvejdän MS D 55226 Kraziai Krözs D EG Kejdän D 55233 Kedainiai EG

Yiddish Inter Location Official Name viewer Region Number Name Krok MS D 55236 Krakes Sävl AI D 55237 Siauliai Jänsva MA D 55241 Jonava MS D 55244 Ramigala Ramsgöls D EG 55248 Pan£vezys Pönjavaz D Kupigok RS 55249 Kupigkis D Malät EG 55252 MolStai AI D Anikgt 55254 AnykgSiai Simän£s MA D 55257 Simonys Räkigok D 55258 Rokiskis EG 55261 Swi^cjany Svencjän MS D SvenCionys Pöstav D 55263 Postawy RS 55267 Zarasai (Novo-Aleksan - Novoalsksandrovsk) drövsk MS D 55268 Daugavpils D (Dünaburg) Dfensborg RS MA D 55271 Dunilowicze DuniloviC Glubök MH D 55273 Gi-Qbokie Krssläva D 55277 Kraslava RS 55281 Kublichi Küblic MS C P6lock MA C 55286 Polotsk 55292 Beshenkovichi Bsgfenkovie MS C Vicjfepsk 55301 Vitebsk RS C Koligk UW C 55303 Kolyshki Mskulins 55311 Mikulino EG C 55329 Belyy Bjfelo MS C 56214 Liepaja Lspäj MS D 56221 Alsödziai D AlC6d Kursän D 56223 Kursfenai EG 56225 Saldus (Frauenburg) Fräumburg EG J 56227 Jaunmuiz a (Neuhof) Näjhof GT D Birz 56243 Birzai MS D 56244 (near Janiszlei Linkovy, Zejmele) Kämadrec UW D

Location Official Number Name

Yiddish Name

Inter viewer Region

Sarkan Daugava (sarkan 'red' Daugava [name of river])

Rfejts-dina (rfejts 'red' Dins [name of river])

ΜΗ

56251

Pandfelys

Ponidsl

RS

C

56253

Subata

Subat

MS

C

56254

Jaunjelgava (jaun 'new')

Najrf (naj 'new5)

uw

C

56256

Krustpils (Kreuzburg)

Krisborg

uw

C

56266

Vilani

Viljön

EG

C

56274

Rezekne

Rezica

GT

C

56276

Ludza

Ljucin

MS

C

56281

Osveya

ÖSV3

MS

C

56293

Nevel'

Nevfel

MS

C

57212

Piltene

Piltn

UW

J

57222

Talsi

Tälsn

UW

J

57401

Yaroslav

Järoslav

RS

C

58265

Tartu (Dorpat)

D6rpst

EG

J

56247

J

5. ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF LOCATIONS Official and Yiddish place names are here combined in a Single alphabetical list. Yiddish names are in italics. Locations for which official names are unknown are: 47239 48216 48223 56244

(Miksv) section of Marmaros Sziget (Stiinjän) section of Michal'ovce (Borzavd) near Muzijovo, Vary, Vylak (Kamadrac) near Janiszlei, Linkovy, Zejmele

Place Name Abterode AdSs Alba Iulia Alcöd Alaksandri Aleksandriya Alsksändrova Aleksandrow Almelo Alsfedziai Altona Alzenau Alzey Amdiir Amiin Amsterdam Anikst Anyksciai Apolda Assen Astrin Aurich Avric Azäric Azärinic Babrojsk

Location Number 51093 46306 46232 56221 48337 48337 52189 52189 52065 56221 53096 50091 49080 53236 53323 52046 55254 55254 51112 52068 53248 53075 51283 52294 48276 53291

Place Location Name Number Bad Kreuznach 49079 Bakhmach 51323 Balta 47298 Bälti 47279 Bar 49272 Bar 49272 Bärdicef 49288 Barizn 53289 Barisav 54282 Baxmic 51323 Beckum 51087 Belaya tserkov' 49307 Belc 47279 Betchatöw 51195 Belopol'ye 49289 B01x3taf 51195 Belyy 55329 Bender 46298 Bender 46298 Berdichev 49288 Beretjö-ujfölu 47212 Berettyö-Ojfalu 47212 Berezino 53289 Barispolja 50306 Berlin 52135 Bernkastel-Cues49077

Place Name

Location Number

Bersat 48292 48292 Bershad BasSnkovic 55292 Beshenkovichi 55292 Beuthen 50186 Beverungen 51098 Biata Podlaska 52231 Biatystok 53231 Bielsk Podlaski 52237 Bilspiljs 49289 Bii-goraj 50225 Bilgra 50225 52237 Bilsk Birz 56243 Birzai 56243 48232 Bistan 3 Bistric 47241 Bistrita 47241 Bjala 52231 ΒjMistok 53231 Bjelo 55329 Btazowa 49227 Blojna 52202 Bi-onie 52202 BMzif 49277 Bobar 54291 Bobr 54291 Bobruysk 53291 Bocholt 51068 Bodzanow 52207 Bodzanaf 52207 Boldimirac 51264 Bolechow 49233 Bolaxaf 49233 Β ols a vie 49243 Boi-szowce 49243 Bolta 47298 Bonjad 46182

Place Name

Location Number

Bonn Bonyhad Borga Borisov Borispol' Β or ζ 3 V3 Borzna Borzna Boto§ani Botson Bräila Brajls Brajnsk Brartsk Bratislava Braunschweig Breisach Breslau Brezin Briceni Briceva Brie 3 V3 Bricon Brisk Brno Brodnica Brody Brök Brök Bromberg Brot Brünn Brzeäc Brzeziny Brzostowica Wielka Buciumi Bucure§ti

50077 46182 47243 54282 50306 48223 51322 51322 47268 47268 45273 45273 52229 52229 48171 52102 48070 51171 51199 48274 48272 48272 48274 52233 49162 53192 50251 52219 52219 53181 50251 49162 52233 51199 53241 47231 44264

Place Name

Location Number

Place Name

Budsi-aw Bujd Bukarest Bukovini Bukowina Bu§tino Biitan Bydgoszcz Byteri Cane CäSnik Cavüs Cijlam C6nstaxaf Cerkäs Cernäutf Cimavic Cerniv Cirnjaxav Cernöbl' CiSanaf Cexänova Cfos Cham Chashniki Chausy Chei-m Chemerovtsy Cherkassy Chernigov Chernobyl' Chernyakhov Chisinäu Chmielnik Chodaczköw maly Chodziez Chojnice

54278 54278 44264 49204 49204 48232 52258 53181 52258 49205 54297 53309 47167 50197 49324 48200 48200 51314 50285 51300 50231 52208 32358 49122 54297 53309 51232 49263 49324 51314 51300 50285 47283 50206

Chorostköw Chorzele Chudnov Cidniv Ciechanöw Cieszan6w CimSrovic Cisna Cisna Copälnic Mänä§tir Cz^stochowa D^browica Danzig Daugavpils Debica Dej Dejz D6mbic D6mbrovic Dhnaborg Derazhno DSrmanax Dkrpat Deutsch Kreuz Differten Dips a Dmitrafka Dmitriyevka Dnepropetrovsk Dobra tvör Dobrin Dobrotw6r Dobrzyn DdkSic Dokszyce Dölana

49256 52169 53175

Location Number 49253 53203 50281 50281 52208 50231 49263 49221 49221 47236 50197 51265 54181 55268 50212 47233 47233 50212 51265 55268 50267 47070 58265 47167 49063 48078 50329 50329 48354 50242 53191 50242 53191 54279 54279 48247

Location Place Number Name 48247 Dolina 48245 Dora D6ra 48245 Dorohoi 47260 Dorpat 58265 Dorxöj 47260 Dräzna 50267 Drohicin 52225 Drohicn 52251 Drohiczyn 52251 Drohiczyn nad Bugem 52225 Drohobycz 49235 Drübiö 49235 Duböj 52263 Duboy 52263 Dünaburg 55268 Dunajska Streda ΑΊΥ19 Dunaszerdahely 47179 Duniloviö 55271 Dunilowicze 55271 Diippigheim 48078 Dvöric 53255 Dworzec 53255 Dzigövka 48284 Dzygovka 48284 Elbergen 52063 Eisenach 50107 ijbarsek 47223 Emden 53074 indinga 47084 Endingen 47084 Erlöj 47266 Ermershausen 50102 Eschweiler 50067 Flora 47295 Flöra 47295

Place Location Name Number Frankfurt am 50082 Main Frauenburg 56225 Fräumburg 56225 Frielendorf 50097 Gablonz 50154 Gailingen 47086 Gäjlinga 47086 45284 Galäc 45284 Galati Gargzdai 55218 Gayshin 53306 Gaysin 48297 GSrsta 48075 Gerstheim 48075 Gilgenburg 53204 55273 Gt^bokie Glehn 51062 Glubök 55273 Goch 51067 Göding 48177 Gollnow 53146 Golosvoko 48302 Gomel' 52314 Görlitz 51143 Gornostaypol 51301 Gorodok 49262 Gorzd 55218 Görzic 50216 Gorzyce 50216 Gostanin 52195 Gostomel' 50304 Gostynin 52195 Grajewo 53228 Gräjvi 53228 Graudenz 53186 Gr6jding 49262 Grejsbras53241 tovic

Place Name

Location Number

51209 Grica Grddni 53239 53239 Grodno 51209 Gröjec Grudzigdz 53186 Grünberg 51158 48072 Grüsa Grussenheim 48072 Gura Humorului 47256 47307 Gvozdavka Gvozdövka 47307 Hadamar 50084 Hainsfahrt 48108 Hajduhadhäz 47219 Hajinga 49061 Häjsin 48297 Häßin 53306 Halmi 47237 Hamdr 47256 Häncavic 52268 Hancewicze 52268 Hannover 52094 Harderwijk 52055 HSrläu 47266 Harödni 53239 Hastömlja 50304 Hayange 49061 Heilbronn 49091 Heinebach 51092 Hergershausen 49089 47232 Hida 47232 HidölmoS Hildesheim 52093 Hindersteinau 50095 Hinsbeck 51064 HTrläu 47266 Hivnaf 50236 Hodonin 48177

Place Name

Location Number

Hojduhödaz HoleSov Holmin Hömlja Homestäjpolja Hotin Hrubieszöw Humpoletz Hunedoara Hunjedöra Hu§i Ia§i Ichenhausen ihal tlanist Ιΐίδ Il'intsy Indura Ingolstadt InguletsShirokoye Ingül-siröki ingvar Intaräpsa IS tSica tstrik It IvSst Ive§ti Ivja Iwje izbic Izbica Jablonec Jabtonka Koäcielna Jablönka

47219 49175 47237 52314 51301 48265 50239 49154 45229 45229 46284 47272 48104 48215 49291 49224 49291 53236 48118 47337 47337 48224 48233 46284 48277 49225 51241 46272 46272 53259 53259 52185 52185 50154 52228 52228

Place Name

Location Number

Place Name

Jädava Jad6w Jagielnica Janaspölja Jänava Järoslav Jaunjelgava Jaunmuiz a Jävarif Jaworow J^drzejow Jelic Jendzaf Jerusalem Jerusoläjim Jesna Jieznas Jigölnic Jizafaf Jolosvät Jonava Jos Jozefow Mrbarik Jurbarkas Juskä vie Jutroszyn Kakhovka Kalenafka Kalenkavic Kala sin Kalinkovichi Kalinovka Kalis Kalisz Kaiusz Kaiuszyn Kämadrec

52215 52215 48259 49287 55241 57401 56254 56227 49237 49237 50204 52381 50204 31357 31357 54244 54244 48259 51213 48324 55241 47272 51213 55223 55223 52279 51174 46338 49285 52292 52213 52292 49285 49242 51187 49242 52213 56244

Kam έlis ok Kamenets Podol'sky Kämanic KamieniecLitewski Kapitkavic Kar61ic Kärlsborg Karlsburg Käs ο Katarinasläv Kita vie Katowice Kattowitz Kaunas Kaxdvka Kazlöjscina Kedainiai Kejdän Kempen Kepno KSSanav Kiemieliszki Kilamäj Kinck KJrama Kirf Kirovograd Kitärad Kitaygorod Kitna Kivjäzd Kivyazd Klecava Kleczew Kleszczele Klicav

Location Number 54259 48266 52236 52236 52283 53264 46232 46232 48217 48354 50191 50191 50191 54239 46338 53251 55233 55233 51170 51170 47283 54259 48254 51202 49212 49065 48324 48260 48260 52192 48220 48220 52184 52184 52235 53295

Place Name Klichev Klinca Klintsy Kliscäl Klöuznborg Knin Kobersdorf Kobrin Kobryd Köjdanav Koß Kolbiel Kölbjel Kolisk Kolk Kotki Köln Kol'na Kolno Koto Kotomyja Kolyshki Kömanic Königsberg Konin Koniuchy Könjax Konotop Κοηοίόρ Kortskie Kopatkevichi Korelcze Korostyshev Kdrsav KoSice Köslin K6vla K6vna

Location Number 53295 52327 52327 52235 46238 52181 47165 52242 52242 53270 52180 52212 52212 55303 51253 51253 50069 53216 53216 52180 48254 55303 48266 54208 52181 50246 50246 51331 51331 51202 52283 53264 50294 50294 48217 54161 51243 54239

Place Name

Location Number

Kowel Koydanovo Kbzanic Kozienice Koztowszczyzna Krakes Krak6w Krasilov Kraslava Krasnapölja Krasnopolye Krasnosielc Krasnoye Kraziai KrSminic Krasläva Kreuzburg Krisborg Krisilif Krisnapölja Krivözar Krok Krösna Krovoye Ozero Kröza Krüka Krustpils Krystynopol Krzemieniec Kiiblic Kublichi Kupiskis Κύριε ok Küraf Küranic Kurima Kuröw

51243 53270 51215 51215 53251 55236 50193 49266 55277 53315 53315 53211 48288 55226 50253 55277 56256 56256 49266 50244 47308 55236 48288 47308 55226 50193 56256 50244 50253 55281_ 55281 55249 55249 51224 54266 49212 51224

Place Name

Location Number

Place Name

Kurs an Kurs£nai Kurzeniec Kutno KüwaS Kvedarna Kyllburg Laasphe Lachowicze Ladi Ladyh Lahöjsk Langenbrücken Lanowce •Lask Labiin -L^czna Leitmeritz Lelchitsy Lalcic Lemberg Lembarik Lencna Leova Lapäj Lepel L'0pl Leszno Leticaf Letichev Lexavic Libamirka Libasöjv Lida Lida Liepäja Likava Lipcani

56223 56223 54266 52192 51187 55224 50062 50088 53261 49278 49278 54273 49082 49267 51194 51222 51223 50144 51287 51287 49247 49247 51223 46280 56214 54289 54289 51168 49276 49276 53261 48311 51258 53257 53257 56214 51228 48263

Lipkön Lipna Lipno Lipsk Lipsk Liskavi Liskiava Lissa Litavisk LitomSrice Littfeld Livartif Lj6va Ljucin Loc Lädt Logojsk Löjvic Lokhvitsa Lomazy Lomza Lömza Lönavic Logic Losice Louck Lowicz Löxvic Lubart6w Lübeck Liibar Lubieszöw Lublin Luck Lüdmar Ludza Luisk Lukow

Location Number 48263 52197 52197 53238 53238 54241 54241 51168 49200 50144 51073 51225 46280 56276 51198 51198 54273 52193 50334 51237 53221 53221 49267 52223 52223 50257 52193 50334 51225 53109 49279 51258 51222 50257 50248 56276 51194 51228

Place Name Lumäz Lünen Lutowiska Luxembourg Lw6w Lyubar Lyubomirka Magendorf Magyar-Fräta Mainz Makarov Mäkava Mak6w Malät Male Malecz Malin Mälin Marcule§ti Marjänafka Markt Berolzheim Markulis t Mar'yanovka Mattersdorf Meinerzhagen Meisenheim MSjcat Makärav Makülina Mellrichstadt Markulest Mezric Mglin Mi^dzyrzec Mikav Mikulino Milhöusa

Location Number 51237 51075 49200 49064 49247 49279 48311 48172 46247 49087 50296 52217 52217 55252 52245 52245 50297 50297 47287 50273 49103 47287 50273 47166 51072 49075 53252 50296 55311 50104 47287 51229 53323 51229 47239 55311 47075

Place Name

Location Number

MinaStür Minden Minkaö Minsk Minsk Mirgorod Mirgorod Misif MiSnic Mläva Mtawa Mögndorf Moine§ti Moiseiu MojnSst Motczadz Molßtai Monastyrishche Monastriö MoSöisk Moäciska MukaSevo Mülheim an der Ruhr Mulhouse Miisnik Musninkai Myszyniec Näjhof Najri Näjstot Najvitepsk Namslau Naumiestis Nimaref N6met Keresztur

47236 52083 48226 53279 53279 49338 49338 47240 53215 53202 53202 48172 46265 47240 46265 53252 55252 49293 49293 49230 49230 48226 51066 47075 54249 54249 53215 56227 56254 54229 47339 51173 54229 48289 47167

Location Place Number Name Nemirov 48289 53262 Nisvic Neuhof 56227 56293 Nevel' Nevil 56293 Nieder Ohmen 50094 Niederstetten 49096 Nie£wiez 53262 Nikitichi 51241 46327 Nikoläjav Nikolayev 46327 Niz. Apga 48233 Northeim 51099 Noua Suli^a 48261 53282 Nova darό Nove-Dorogi 53282 Novaselac 48261 Nove Vsi 49146 Novo-Aleksandrovsk 55267 Novoalaksandrovsk 55267 NovogradVolynskiy 50275 Novy Vitebsk 47339 Nowy S^cz 49205 Nüjna 51246 Nujno 51246 Nürnberg 49114 Oberaltertheim 49099 Oberschaeffolsheim 48074 Ober Thulpa 50093 Ober-Wischau 47247 Odessa 46306 Ojbarvisva 47247 Olaskdv 48302

Location Place Number Name Olik 50259 Oltsinjövi 49275 50259 Olyka Örga 54305 54305 Orsha ÖSmana 54256 OSpicin 50190 50262 Östra Östrafca 50218 OstralSnka 53212 50262 Oströg 53212 Ostroleka 50218 Ostrowiec 53248 Ostryna ösva 56281 Osveya 56281 Oäwi^cim 50190 54256 Oszmiana Ovruch 51283 Ozarichi 52294 Ozarintsy 48276 Paks 46186 46186 Paks Pand£lys 56251 Panövezys 55248 Papenburg 53072 Paplösk 47302 Paplovsk 47302 Pävalic 49298 Pavoloch' 49298 50312 Perejäslav Pereyaslav 50312 Peschana 48293 Peschanka 48283 P6trakaf 51196 Pitrikav 52282 52282 Petrikov

Place Name

Location Number

Place Name

Petroverovka Piatra-Neamt; Piätra-olt Pidäjic Piltene Piltn Pincaf Pirtczöw Pinsk Pirisk Piotrköw Trybunalski Piscön Pisöonka Pispokloddn Plock Piock Podd^bice Podalöj Pod6mbic Podhajce Podul Iloaiei Pölock Polotsk Ponidal Pönjavaz Posen Postawy Pöstav Poznart Prag Praha PrazSv PrSmasla Pramislän Pren Pressburg Prienai

47302 46268 46268 49251 57212 57212 50205 50205 52261 52261

50201 PröSavic Proszowice 50201 Prundu Bärgäului 47243 Prundu Birgäului 47243 52244 Pruiana Prüzana 52244 Pryazhev 50283 Przemyäl 49229 Przemyälany 49248 Przeroäl 54222 PsimS 49229 Pgaröslja 54222 Püspökladäny 47211 Radom 51214 RadoSköviö 54271 Radoszkowiczy 54271 Radzmin 52214 Radzymin 52214 50221 RäjSa Räkav 53277 Räkavic 48231 RäkiSok 55258 Raköw 53277 Ramagöla 55244 Ramigala 55244 Rätna 51245 Ratno 51245 Rawitsch 51166 Reckendorf 50103 Regensburg 49121 R6jta-dina 56247 Retin 49246 Rexingen 48085 Rezän 52210 Rezekne 56274 Rezica 56274

51196 48293 48283 47211 52196 52196 51189 47271 51189 49251 47271 55286 55286 56251 55248 52166 55263 55263 52166 50142 50142 50283 49229 49248 54236 48171 54236

Location Number

Place Name

Location Number

Place Name

Rezisca ν Rheinbischofsheim Ribasöj Ribnik Ridik Rietavas Riglic Rimanaf Risk3 V3 Ritava Rodna Rödna Rogasen Rogozno Rohatyn Rokiskis Roman Röman Romänava Romanovo Röstik Rostochi Rostov Röstov Rövna Rowne Ro±an Rozana Roznöj Rözvadaf Rozwadow Rüdim Rudka Rülzheim Ruscova Rybnik Ryglice

49317

Rymanöw 49216 50221 Rzeszöw Rzhishchev 49317 Sabasin 50229 Safed 32358 Saldus 56225 Samaxvälovic 53278 Samokhvalovichi 53278 Sarkan Daugava 56247 Satanov 49261 Sätoraljaujhely 48215 Sävl 55237 Scävni 49220 Schesslitz 49117 Schneidemühl 53163 53162 Schönlanke Schwäbisch Hall 49093 Schwerin 52155 Sidahal 47179 52221 Sidlic Sedziszöw 50213 Siflsa 48074 Sakölka 53235 Sendasaf 50213 Seps 52198 Seröka 48281 s'Gravenhage 52041 Shatava 48268 Shepetovka 50271 Shklov 54301 49312 Shpola Siauliai 55237 Sidlövca 51203 Siedice 52221 50222 Sieniawa

48076 50239 49231 52220 55216 49217 49216 47248 55216 47246 47246 52177 52177 49246 55258 46269 46269 53271 53271 48251 48251 47393 47393 50264 50264 52210 52249 52249 50224 50224 51214 52220 49081 47248 49231 49217

Location Number

Location Number

Place Name

Location Number

Place Name

Sierpc Sig Siks Silc Simänca Simonys Sinjava Sipatifka Sislavic Skai-a Skäla Skarödna Skernavic Skierniewice Sklov Skorodnoye Slävatic Slavita Slavuta Siawatycze Sloveni Slovjän Sluck Slutsk Smargön Smorgonie Sobgdruhy Soborten Sochaczew Sok&tka Soroca Sosnefca Sosnowiec Sötanaf Söxacaf Spola Staden Stanislawow

52198 47223 48203 53211 55257 55257 50222 50271 53286 48267 48267 51286 51207 51207 54301 51286 51238 50263 50263 51238 54292 54292 53272 53272 54265 54265 50136 50136 52201 53235 48281 50192 50192 49261 52201 49312 50083 48248

Stänisla Staraya Sinyava Staraya USica Starobin Staröbin StaviSö Stavishche §tefäne§ti Stefin0st Stejpc Stettin Stikicin Stoipce Storojinet ätöva Strasburg Strelsk Streshin Stresin Strinjän Strözinic Strzeliska Nowe Stuöin Subat Subata Svarctfma SvenSionys Svencjän Svers Svisloch äwi^cjany äwierze Szczawne Szczebrzeszyn Szczekociny Szczuczyn

48248 49275 48277 52278 52278 49304 49304 47277 47277 53265 53145 50199 53265 48253 48268 53192 49245 52307 52307 48216 48253 49245 53224 56253 56253 49307 55261 55261 51233 53286 55261 51233 49220 50229 50199 53224

Place Name

Location Number

Place Name

Szikszö Szydlowiec Tachov Tal'noye Talsi Tälsn Taräsöa Tarashcha Tartu Ta§nad Τβιι^έ Täurig Teiu§ Telechany Telaxän Teplik Teplik Tglin Tivis Tighina Tiktin Ttuste Töjarn Tolcin Tölna Tomaszöw Lubelski Tömasaf Toporow Töpraf Toruri Tösnad Toust Trab Traby Trautenau Trdübas Trestina

48203 51203 49128 48309 57222 57222 49305 49305 58265 47225 55221 55221 46233 52256 52256 48296 48296 49188 46233 46298 53223 48250 48235 48286 48309

Tri Dubi Tropava Troppau Trutnov Trzcianne Τυδίη Tuczyn Tula Tüla Tul'chin Türav Turov Tykocin Uherske HradiStS Uhn6w Ulucz Unchite§ti Ungarisch Hradisch Ungvär Ungwar Unkitest Ustrzyki Dolne Uzda LJzda Uzhorod Väc Väjcn Vakhnovka Vallendar Valözn Varmiza Värmezö VärSa VasilaSok Växnafka

50235 50235 50243 50243 48235 47225 48250 54253 54253 50156 48300 53225

Location Number 48300 49179 49179 50156 53225 50268 50268 54372 54372 48286 52273 52273 53223 49172 50236 49224 47288 49172 48224 48224 47288 49225 53274 53274 48224 47197 47197 49286 50075 54262 47231 47231 52211 53249 49286

Place Name

Location Number

54233 Veisiejai Vel'k^ Mager 48172 Velky Rakovec 48231 Velöderka 49296 52224 Vängareva Verba Ιό va 54226 51180 Vera säf 48294 Verkhovka Verxivka 48294 Vestofa 48077 49254 Vibadaf VicjSpsk 55301 Vilani 56266 Vilejka 54260 Viljdn 56266 Vilkaviskis 54234 54257 Vilna Vincana 48071 49282 Vinaca 49282 Vinnitsa 54226 Virbalis Visej 54233 Vi§eu de Sus 47247 Vi§eul de Sus 47247 Vitebsk 55301 Völbram 50196 Volaöisk 49264 Volkovisk 54234 Volochisk 49264 49296 Volodarka Vurki 51217 Walldürn 49095 Wansen 50177 51217 Warka 52211 Warszawa Wasiliszki 53249 W