The History of the State of Maine; from its first discovery, A.D. 1602, to the separation, A.D. 1820, inclusive [1]

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THE

HISTORY or THE

^

STATE OF MAINE; FROM

ITS FIRST DISC OVER Y5 A. D. 1602,

TO

THE SEPARATION,

By

WILLIAM

IN

A. D. 1820,

D.

TWO

INCLUSIVE.

WILLIAMSON.

VOLUMES.

VOL.

I.

Utaliotocll:

GLAZIER, MASTERS & CO. 1832.

Entebed

according to Act of Congress, in the year

William D. Williamson,

1

832, by

in the Clerk's Office of the District

Court of Maine.

THIS PRINTING IS A FACSIMILE OF THE 1832 EDITION

This edition published by

The Cumberland Press, Inc. Freeport, Maine 04032 Library of Congress Catalog Card

Number:

66-22134

Printed in the United States of America By KJ Printing, Augusta, Maine

1622209

PREFACE. much

authentic History of this State has been long and

An

Maine

sired.

ritory equals

is

a corner-pillar in the

American Republic.

—

its

its

population

one half of New-England,

great and various

ably exceeds

—

its

climate

400,000,

— and

good

is

—

natural resources are

its

now

Several settlements

more than two centuries

limits,

which period, as plantations have spread and multiplied, generations to struggle

the destiny of successive difficulties reiterated

and uncommon, and

The

ings deep and indescribable. since the

consider-

two individual States have a

only

greater extent of seaboard or more shipping.

have existed within

de-

Its ter-

last

to

age,

;

it

through has been

wars and

with

wade through

suffer-

however, particularly

American Revolution, has been a period of remarkable and numbers of

prosperity, apparent in the improvements, wealth

the people.

To

present, in a general historic view of such a State, the cir-

cumstantial details of facts and events, so as to meet with universal

acceptance, cannot be anticipated.

Approbation, or censure, often

springs from the motive of perusal

nay, what affords entertainment

to one,

may be more than

;

another.

to

toil

pleased with the same repast, for

men

opinion, as in feature and character. it is

— As

differ

to parts

in taste

that of culture

and

reflection

Wars

and review, be

interspersed,

fully

than

it is

to the

believed, he must,

convinced, that any considerable

abridgement of them would occasion

much have

for their

less entertaining

Should any one raise objections

society.

long Narratives of Indian

little

and

and arrangement,

presumed the Introductory Sections need no apology

length, as they give a history of nature,

on

are never equally

All

as often

an unsatisfying void

the fortune and fate of the country, depended

amity or hostilities of the natives,

;

— so

upon the

Nor by any means could

the

early history of this State possess the attribute of perspicuity, with-

out frequent litical affairs

allusions to the

annals of

and current events

Nova

Scotia

in that Province,

;

and

as the in the

poeast-

ern parts of Sagadahock, were for a century, blended too entirely

and perpetually, to be kept separate and distinct. cal notes

upon Towns contain

be incorporated with the

text,

facts

The

topographi-

which could not with propriety

and yet were thought too valuable to

PREFACE. be

lost

;

descriptions of these municipalities are not only

for

inhabitants,

teresting to their respective

—they

in-

are collectively the

local chronicles of the State itself.

This production, though unremitting labor, great diffidence

is

For he

;

it

many

has cost the Compiler

years'

presented to an enlightened community, with sufficiently aware, that the

is

arrangement,

many incommend

the style and the correctness, are to pass in review before vidious bystanders, disposed

to

censure rather than

to

while the more alloyed parts are to be severely tested in the crucible

of the

Nor perhaps ought any one in the present age to exwho relates facts for the public eye, designed

critic.

—

pect a better destiny, perusal of

for the

The

all

classes,

Historian, in short,

annals are his stories

is

the devoted recorder of truth

and

;

under the responsibility of his name.

monumental

facts

materials allowed in his employment.

and an imposition upon tion

and freedom

flowers and

The

to his

phantoms

his readers,

pen

It is

to

as

;

authentic

marble are the only

a departure from duty

give reins to his imagina-

—permitting them

to play

with figures,

in the fields of fancy.

Compiler's research for materials has been thorough, in the

Libraries of the Capitol at Washington, the Boston Athenaeum, the

American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Massachusetts' Historical Society. He has also made extracts from more than twenty volumes of the Massachusetts' Public Records, and from

The works sulted

of

all

let-

150 correspondents, residing in different parts of the State.

ters of

;

—a

of the oldest and best Authors have been carefully conlist

of whose

these and

names

will

be submitted.

— Availing himself

some other sources of information, he has

written,

with great care and assiduity, a General History of the State

:

and

the Public will determine, whether any expression appears, inconsistent with

what

or whether

is

chaste and correct in religion, sentiment or fact,

amount and

such an

variety

of

matter,

distributed

through a period of 200 years, could have been judiciously compressed within a narrower compass.

The

been the best

settlers in all

;

for like surveyors

he has been obliged footsteps of

traced.

to traverse

no predecessor

to

and

may not have new Countries,

plan chosen

an unexplored region, where the any considerable extent could be

Should the work possess the humble merit of being a useful for man subserves when he does what is a real

compilation, he will not have labored in vain the purposes of his moral existence, benefit to his Country.

Bangor, March 1832,

;

OF AUTHORS CITED IN THIS HISTORY.

LIST

A. Allen (William) Biographical and Historical Dictionary, ed. 1809.

American and

British Chronicle of

Annual Register from A. D. 1776

War

and

Politics,

from A. D. 1773 to 1783.

to 1782.

B.

Barton (Benj.

S.)

New

Views, &c. of the Tribes in America.

Belknap (Jeremy) History of New-Hampshire, 3

American Biography, 2

vols.

vols. ed.

Bigelow (Jacob) American Medical Botany, 3

1694-8.

vols. ed. 1817.

Bouchette (Joseph) Topographical Description, &c. of Canada, ed. 1815.

Bradford (Alden) History of Massachusetts, 2 British

Dominions

in

British

Empire

America, 3

in

vols. ed. 1822.

North America, from A. D. 1497 vols.

[J.

to 1763, ed. 1773.

Oldmixon.] C.

Chalmers (George) Political Annals of the United Colonies Charlevoix fPere de) Historie

1504

Gen. de

et Disc.

1731. 6 vols. 12mo. Paris ed.

to

"

vol. 5

Champlain, J. de Laet, M. Denys and Baron " Travels in North America, ed. 1763.

Champlain (Sieur

de) Voyages, &c. de la

la

Canada, [from 1603

Church (Benjamin,) 5 Expeditions Eastward,

A. D. 1686,

ed. 1780, 4to.

France, &c. from A. D. [In 4th vol. plates

1744.

See remark in

description of 98 plants.

to

la Neuville

and

upon M. L'Escarbot,

S,

Hontan, as authors.] to 1629,] Paris ed. 1632.

second Indian War.

in

Cleaveland (Parker) Treatiss on Mineralogy and Geology. Collections of Mass. Historical Society, 10 vols.

— 2d series, 5 vols. — 3d series, 3 vols.

Farmer & Moore, New-Hampshire, 2 vols. New-Hampshire Historical Society, 2 vols, [for 1824-6.]

Messrs.

Maine

Historical Society, ed. 1832.

D. Denys (M.) Geog. and

Hist. Description of North

America, and Natural History of the-

country, 2 vols.

Delaplaine (Joseph) Repository

—Biograph. of American Characters, with plates.

Douglass (William) Summary, of British Settlements in North America, 2

vols. ed. 1749.

E.

Edwards

(Dr. Jonathan) Observations,

&c. on the Muhhekaneew Indians, ed. 1786.

Eliot (Jchn) Biographical Dictionary, ed. 1809.

European Settlements (Account of)

in

America,

ed. 1760.

F.

Folsom (George) History of Saco and Biddeford,

ed. 1830.

G.

Gordon (William) History of the United

States, 3 vols. ed. 1789.

Greenleaf (Moses) Survey of the State of Maine,

Statistics,

&c.

ed. 1829.

(Jonathan) Sketches of the Ecclesiastical History of Maine, ed. 1821.

Gorges (Ferdinando) Description of New-England,

ed. 1659.

H.

Nova Scotia, 2 vols. Hazard (Ebenezer) Historical Collections, 2 vols.

Halliburton's History of

Heckewelder(John) Writings as

Holmes

(Abiel)

to the Indians,

American Annals, 2

vols.

4to. ed. 1792-4.

&r. A. Phil. Soc. Philadel. ed. 1819.

LIST OF AUTHORS, Hubbard (William) General History of New-England, ed. 1815. Narrative of the Indian Wars, 4 c. A. D. 1607—77, Worces. Hutchinson (Thomas) History of Massachusetts, 2

ed. 1801

vols. ed. 1795.

Collection of State Papers, ed. 1769. J.

Jeffreys

(Thomas) History of the French Dominions

Joscelyn (John) Account of two Voyages

to

in N.

S.

New-England,

Amer.

ed. 1760, folio.

ed. 1674.

L.

Laet (John de) Novus Orbis, seu Des.

La Hontan (Baron) New Voyages Letters,

Laws

to

in.

Occ. ed. 1633.

America, 2d ed. 1705, 3d ed. 1735.

from 1683

2

to 1696,

of Massachusetts, Colonial, Provincial,

vols.

— State,

General and Special, and Char-

10 vols.

ters,

L'Escarbot (Mark) History, 8vo. A. D. 1609.

M. Mather (Cotton) Magnalia,

Memoirs of

the

Minot (George

New-England, 2

or History of

War, &c. from A. D. 1744

to

1

vols.

Hartford ed. 1820.

748, Treaty of Aix la Chapelle, ed. 1758,

R.) Continuation of the History of Massachusetts, 2 vols.

Moll (Herman) Geography, 3d.

ed. 1709.

Morse (Jedidiah) American Universal Geography.

Morton {Nathaniel) New-England Memorial,

ed. 1772.

N,

Neal (Daniel) History of New-England, ed. 1742. O. Ogilby (John) America

;

or Description of the

New

World, London

ed. 1671, folio.

P. Palairet (John) Description of the English and French Possessions in N. A. ed. 1755.

Penhallow (Samuel) History of the Indian Wars, A. D. 1703

to 1713.

Prince (Thomas) Chronological History of New-England, ed. 1736.

Purchas (Samuel) Pilgrimage. R. Records, Resolves, and Journals of iVIassachu setts Government, 30

Remembrancer, from 1775 Reynal (Abbe) Historic

vols.

to 1784.

Phil, et Pol. SfC. 5

and 6 Tome,

ed.

Hague, 1774.

Translated

ed. 1782.

Rouchefoucault Liancourt (Duke de

la) in

United States and Canada, 1795-7.

Rogers (Robert) concise account of North America,

1 vol.

S.

Sketches of

New

Brunswick.

[Chubb and Sears]

ed. 1825.

Smith {John) History of North and South Virginia. (Thomas) Journal of Falmouth,

Island, uninhabited,

land, with a rocky, dangerous shore

40

Island, of

acres,

is

upon

;

N. W. of Bang's

half a mile long,

On

Island and a near neighbour.

its

westerly end, which

Scammell, erected A. D. brave Colonel

in

the

1

807

—

and so named

8,

American Revolution.

is

owned by

with the preceding, fortification

is

fort

The

Fort Preble,

built

at

garrisoned by 50 soldiers.

a

is

strong

the walls, which are constructed of stone laid

;

is

same time

the It

Scam " Jneii.

west-

the National Government, and the other

inhabited by one family.

House Is,land -

a battery, a

blockhouse and a small body of United States troops. is

is

honour of a

in

Here

east

is

of fort Preble on the main,f distant more than half a mile,

erly half

a

inhabited by one family.

is

Ram

is

Bangs',

environed by a rocky

pond and pasturage.

a

is

is

N. E. of Portland Light, bears

a mile

good pasture, and

trees, yields

taining

exhibits on the

" White-head," and

in

lime-mortar, are 12 feet in height, of a curving form, and enclose the barracks

without the

One

;

but the hospital and habitations for the officers are

fort.

league eastwardly of Portland

acres and good

width

soil.

Its

length

is

Peahens Island, of 500 p e ^ e s by one mile in lsland '

and has on the S. E. side a rocky shore.

;

by 10 or 12

families

who

only

at

highwater.

300

acres, and

They form

harbour.

Upon

and a

growth of wood

fine

It is

inhabited

are owners of the Island in severalty.

Northwestwardly and near, are Great and Little containing together

-

half a league

is

the

the former, which ;

is

Islands Two Hog

easterly

side

The

of Portland

good land, are two houses

the northeasterly shore

the south and west sides sandy.

Hog

separated by a bar covered

other

is

is

rocky, and

sandy pasture land,

without inhabitants. *

The acres mentioned, are generally by

estimation, in most of the

Islands. j-

In the town of

Island,

is

Cape Elizabeth, across

fort Preble.

the channel and west from

House

THE WATERS AND COAST

36 Mackay's Island,

Casco bay.

Ed?'

8

from a point of that name*

Presumpscot river-mouth, and N. E. of Portland Observatory, 2 miles, containing 70 acres, exhibits a handsome shape, east of

an

Two

situate 1-2 a mile

[InTRODUC.

inviting

sandy shore, one dwellinghouse and a beautiful surface.

Northeast, near Falmouth shore, are " the Brothers." which

Broth-

crs.

are two small uninhabited Islands, connected by a bar, and are of value.

little

Cow

Near

island.

the

N. E.

Hog

part of Great

25 acres of good

contains

Island

Cow Island, which

is

by a rocky

land, secured

shore,

and

adorned with a handsome dwellinghouse and verdant summer fields,

Fs3

kin

Crow

South, more than one mile and close to

without any trees.

N. E. end of Peak's

the

Island,

Pumpkin

uninhabited, called

is

a very small one of

sm all,

acres,

Crow Island

growth, and bounded by a bold rocky shore.

verv

2

Island, covered with a thick spruce is

also

Cow Island, at the mouth of Diamond

directly south of

Cove, an indent on the N. E. side of Great

Hog

of great resort by the people of Portland in

summer

Island,

—

for

a place

pastime

and recreation. -^ ut

Iffd

one °^

t^ie

most beautiful

in these

waters

is

Long

Island,

separated from Peak's Island, on the east, by Huzzy's sound.

about 2 and 1-2 miles long by 3-4ths of a mile

is

mean

It

width,

and contains 600 acres, inhabited by 10 or 12 families of well informed people. the

soil is

Marsh Islands.

Oveiset and its

connected to

islands.

Island.

Marsh

Islands

:

^

l

Jewel

1

s

Long

the former of which, so

is

is

is

Island are

named from

uninhabited, rocky and

full

low, rocky and barren,

not far from Jewel's Island.

in height,

Island, of 163 acres,

northerly moiety of which

is

is

more than a mile ;

a curious and very excellent harbour.

one dwellinghouse well is

in length, the

and on the northeast

The

soil is

good, and

cheered, by the appearance of

with inhabitants.

— where Mr. Mackworth —3 claimed 4 or 5 miles farther north.

*JWackay''s point

1652

filled

is

Each

and without inhabitants.

very narrow

the face of this beautiful Island

setts,

scattering trees.

ea g ue an d a half eastward of Portland Light, are the three

small, about twenty feet

part

somewhat rocky,

is

extremities of

The other is also small, Long Island by a bar.

Green Islands, one of which is

Jewel's

the southwestern

form, contains 6 or 8 acres, and

of spruces.

3 Green

the western end

loamy and productive, adorned with

Very near Overset and

Though

dwelt;

and Massachu-

— Sect,

37

of maine.

ii.]

Still larger is Crotch Island, at the north, which contains 350 ° Its shape acres of good land, and is inhabited by 6 or 7 families. .

m

is

much

capital

like a

a

T

is

others in this

the

all

The

good harbour.

easterly side

and

Crotch island,

shores are rocky, though on the

its

;

Cnsro bay.

westerly half of this Island

bay, previously mentioned, belong to

Portland.

About

half

way between the preceding one and the is Hope Island, which exhibits good

south end

of great Gebeag houses,

and a bold ledgy shore

;

—

land,

northeast of which

two Hope '

is

Sand island.

The

Great and Little Gebeag* are very famous Islands.

for- „ Great and if Utile Ge.

.

.

the largest Island in

is

Casco bay,

6

we

except, perhaps, Sebascodegan.

miles long half of

43

into

by 3-4ths of a mile

it is

yet covered with a

harbours, viz., in

is

Gebeag, of 60 acres, and

a

;

An

good

This Island

supports one family.

The

and

half mile southwest

soil, is

Island;

and

Little

which being well cultivated

connected with Great Gebeag

sandy

by

belongs to Portland.

it is

is

only rocky on the southwest

side, the residue is

;

4

mean breadth and more than soft wood growth. It has two

they have a good school-house

;

in-

a high Island,

in

are a part of North-Yarmouth. f

It

It

northeast and southwest parts.

its

ers are fishers or farmers

a sand bar.

and supports 325

soil,

families.

S

situated about six miles

It is

from the main land, possesses a good habitants, distributed

80

s

Island, of 2 or 3 acres, low and barren.

mer, containing 1,800 acres,

isi-

Sand ™r C o1

Clapboard Island, lying 2 miles N.

W.

of Little Gebeag, and

1

ard

mile from the shore of Falmouth,

is

a mile long and only a few

rods wide, low, though of pretty good trees. J

It

contains 65 acres, and

is

soil,

uninhabited and rough

Not

dangerous ledges. full

of spruces and

;

still

farther

N. N. E. |

a tolerably

Basket Island, of 15 acres, good

The

About A. D, 1652

—

4,

vant 's

1

JJjjJj

the main, are Cousin's and Little SjJJf'of former, which is the nearer of the two to 500 acres *

* Anciently " Chebeag-ue." |

,

soil.

Between Great Gebeag and John's Islands.

^

, l

and between these two Islands are

far distant is

firs, in

bearing a growth of

uninhabited.

Sturtevanfs Island, of 80 acres, lying is

Lia»d?

fThey now have

a meeting-house.

Massachusetts extended her Charter to

this Island.

[INTRODUC.

THE WATERS AND COAST

38 Cascobay.

the land,

is

two miles long and £ a mile wide.

Little John's

good

soil,

some

a sandy shore, and

Isl-

mere mud bank

residue a

John has 200

Little

flats.

acres of good land, and two or three houses

rocky, and the

an high

It is

good advantage 6 or 8 dwellinghouses, a

and, and exhibits to

;

E. shore

S.

its

extending

;

at

is

low

water even to Cousin's Island.

Great and Little Moges'* Islands

G.&L.Mo£es -

The

raseeket river.

and the

latter

20

mud bank

and from both a

;

near the mouth of Har-

lie

former contains 100 acres of good

soil,

extends to the

main shore.

On B. Sound.

Broad sound, and south of the north-

the westerly side of

ern extremity of Great Gebeag, are these several Islands to be

seen as

which

we proceed

are,

to the

Two

1,

mouth of the sound,

ed with spruces, near Great Moges

island,

Goose Nest.

ren

^

;

—

Island.

L. Bangs

Nest, a bar-

a mile long

island.

ing

Slave

Lower Bangs' b

Wand.

rocks and reefs.

and rugged shore

20

Island, f a mile west of

—and 4 and

5,

south of Goose

is

;

having Stockman's Island northeast, contain-

rocky and

acres, as

Island

is

as the others.

sterile

....

.

yet

contributes

it

Between Lower Bangs Island and Stave Island

usual route from Portland to Kennebec.

7,

Next

ledgy and forbidding, and between 8,

Pates'

Min-

is

half a mile long, low, nar-

row, and unproductive, though cheered by one house.

gerous rocks.

support

1

isterial Island, containing 1 1 acres,

is

South of

6,

Stave Island, of 50 acres, surrounded by

Its soil is indifferent,

to one family. is the

;

Lower Bangs' Island, of 60 acres, 3-4ths of from N. E. to S. W., very narrow, with a poor soil,

Nest, 1-2 a mile,

island.

RSinisterial

The Goose

2,

.

.

,

—

Crow

3,

Goose Nest, small and barren

the

,

:

d an g er ous ledge, small and without a tree, lying 3-4ths of a

mile south of Great Gebeag

£™ w

the head of

at

Green Islands, very small and poor, cover-

it

shore

Its

and Stave Island are dan-

Bates' Island, close aboard, and connected by

.

Island.

a bar to Ministerial Island, has 15 acres of low, indifferent land,

Broken

It is

and a dangerous projection of rocks from distinguished

by a house and

Cow, or Broken Cave, one mile and brown backs crested Mand

is

*

Formerly " Mosiers."

|

Between Crow

in

southern extremity.

upon

it.

9,

S. of Bates' Island,

and

and l-4th N. E. of Jewel's Island,

Northeast, one mile,

its

large barn

is

1

mile

formed of sunken rocks

summer by

a

Eagle Island, of 5

Island and great Gebeag-

Brown

is

little

herbage.

acres,

lying

10, at

a small good harbour.

the

8

Sect,

of maine.

ii.]

mouth of Broad sound

;

39

a high Island,

it is

of

full

These

more than

Islands do not probably contain in aggregate

Between Broad sound and

the northwesterly

we

ands, of which

Whale Rock.

Mark

Little

Island, of only 6 or 8 acres,

remarkable

base and 50 feet

its

acres, a mile long,

is

and narrow, bearing 4 or 5

;

and Great

;

is

Mark

rocky.

Island

It is

island.

1

is

en-

the

1

who

'

20 "^J^

11

2*

live

N. E. end

the

is

Haddock-rock, on the S. E.

is

side of Haskell's Island, of 6 or 8 acres, admitting

passage between them.

at

families,

At

soil.

the rest of the shore

close aboard west

which

is

HaskelVs Island, of

is

well by fishing and cultivating a good

a small harbour

This

J-edS es.

monu-

stone

States,

in height.

North

trance of Harpswell sound.

Ledge and

E. of Eagle

S.

the

for

ment or pyramid erected there by the United feet square at

twenty-five Isl-

Island

Island one mile is

acres.

proceeding north-

in

Mark

Drunkers' Ledge,

from

eastwardly

view

will take a passing

70

1

bay.

ten

and south

side,

end of Merryconeag-peninsula, [Harpswell,] are

spruces, Casco

tall

surrounded by dangerous rocks, and uninhabited.

Mark 2te£5.

only a boat

low, ledgy and unproductive.

Sl? ^ 1

Upper Flagg

Island, having

1

5 acres of good land, one house

and a rocky shore ; Horse Island, of 6 acres, a mere sheep-pasture ; and Little Birch Island, of 1 0 acres ; all lie not far from each other

which

is

at the

island, irCh

hland?

south end of Harpswell-peninsula, neither of

inhabited.

Great and Little Whale Boat Islands

n

lie

two miles east of °- &

The

former, a mile and

1-2 long and a few rods wide, contains 100 acres and exhibits bold rocky shore

;

kittle

Whale Boat

n

the northeast end of Great Gebeag.

northwest of which, 1-2 mile,

is

islands.

a

the latter, of

15 acres, with a dangerous shore.

Northwest of these

French's Island, rocky and ragged, con{^"jj taining 30 acres, and having at its N. E. end an extensive reef

of rocks.

Still

is

further north, near

Flying-point,

1-2 east of the mouth of Harraseeket

river,

is

1

mile and

'

1

1

3'* point.

Bibber's Island* 1^7'* Island. '

The

of 80 acres.

of

it ;

waters are met by rocks on the southerly side

but the margin of the residue

main shore.

It

has for

its

is

a

Silver Islands of 6 acres each, environed

From is

Flying-point to Mare-point

2 and l-4th

one of

1

miles,

mere mud-bank

to

near eastern neighbours the two

in

the little

by ooze.

Brunswick, the distance

Wands. Mare-point,

between which there are two small Islands, T he

5 and the other of 6 acres, whose names are unknown.

lwo

THE WATERS AND COAST

40 The four Goose

Cascobay Islauds*

acres each, and

island.

within a league

lie

W.

S.

of Mare-

one contains 75, another 60, and the third and fourth 10

point,

Midway

shelter

Islands

[IntKODUC.

which

all

of them are surrounded by sand banks,

entrance into Middle bay

of the

Shelter

is

Island,

Goose Islands and Harpswell neck,

equidistant from the

is

containing 6 acres

Birch Island, island.

5

others.

contains

still

further northeast and opposite to Mare-point,

50 acres of excellent land

of which are 5

northeast

;

towards the head of Middle bay, the largest contains 40

ot h erS)

and the three others from 3

acres,

On

1

6 acres each.

to

the easterly side of Harpswell-peninsula are several large

Islands of very irregular and various shapes.

^e k

Baiiy's

bia»d.

ity

m w^

Baitys Island, a mile from the S. E. extremof the peninsula; which is 2 miles and 1-2 long and 1-2 mile

wide.

e§

It

has a good harbour, called Mackerel cove, on the west-

The

erly side, near the south end.

adorned by some trees;

and the shore

quality

is

face of the Island

though the

There

rocky.

soil

is

are upon

is fair

and

the

first

of

not

ten dwelling-

it

houses. Jaquish

On ty

a ^ew roc^ s

soum

is

Jaquish Island,

full

of trees, embrac-

Istand.

ing 12 acres of poor land, surrounded with rocks and uninhab-

IsianT

ited.

Turnip Island

is

very small and very near.

Orr's Island, or Little Sebascodegan, separated from Baily's Orr's Island.

Island

by a narrow

stretches

strait,

with which long.

it

Upon

is

Sebascodegan,

connected by a commodious bridge, 100 feet

this Island,

families are settled.

a rocky, and

up N. E. 3 miles and 1-2, a few rods of

parallel with the peninsula, within

which has a tolerably good

The

eastern end

is full

of trees

N. W. a sandy ascent from the water

;

soil, ;

thirty

the S.

and

E.

this Isl-

and makes the S. E. side of Harpswell harbour. Sebasccdegan.

Of

all

the Islands in

Casco bay, Great Sebascodegan,*

the largest and most irregular,

its

forms the west bank or shores of than a mile

it is

shape being a curiosity.

New Meadows

river,

is

It

and more

separated from the peninsula by a narrow

strait

6 and 1-2 miles,

Though the length of this Island is only and 3 miles, mean width yet such is its irreg-

ularity, that the

circuit of

of a few rods in width.

miles.

The

* Spelt on

;

northern end

it

is

at the

water's edge,

exceeds 50

within 7 rods of the main land in

Mr. Moody's Chart, « Jebaskadiggin."

:

nj

Sbct.

Brunswick

OF MA1NF. ;

and here a commodious bridge

which has a good

Island,

41

and 450 inhabitants,

soil

This Caw>

erected.

is

is

bay.

a principal

constituent of the town of HarpswelL.

Between

east, are several small Islands southerly

These

are,

1.

Pond Island

of Baily's Island

ledges

—

;

—

2.

Island,

mile

1

N. E.

rocky and barren

small,

3.

Cedar Island,

east, a

mere reef of rocks

Islands, farther

N. E.

little

of 50 acres and poor is

soil, is

and poor;

high and

are small indeed. feet

The White

—

4.

and

two

5.

Ragged

s J,

and

80 yards

is

last,

1

Ragged

N. E. and

is

island,

are the

Bold Did?'

l££ "£3^

.

of the latter

in

diameter and

gjjjjjjj'

Islaud< -

the

is

of trees.

full

Between Mark Island

the usual passage into

the Phipsburg shore

1 1

all

and 1-4 miles,

Southerly of which are dangerous ledges.

New Meadows

Gooseberry, two

river.

Wood,

Gooseberry

Burnt- Coat, Horse, Malaga and Bear Islands, neither of which is

large,

the

though some of them are of considerable extent

first is

£f ,d -

Elands.

Island

of trees, has a ragged

Island, of 6 or 8 acres, high, round and

and the White Bull

Near

;

6.

the Sisters, Island,

Bull

East of the

above water.

Mark

full

—

S,and '

£!daJ

;

Westward of it are dangerous Bold Dick and Brown Cow are

Snake Island, are north of Ragged 12

pondlsland.

without inhabitants.

ledges:— 7. White Bull ;—-8. south;— 9. Little Bull, east;—10.

noted

E.

of 10 acres, 3-4ths of a mile S.

northerly and southerly of which are extensive

;

Ram

of Sebascodegan.

Elm

shore and

and Phipsburg

Baily's and Orr's Islands on the west

on the

low and rocky, of 2 or 3 acres, having

The Wood

rugged, projecting rocks.

at its

2* Wood

Island4 *

viz.

:

south end

Islands at the entrance of

Small-point harbour, l-4th of a mile from the main, are connect-

ed by a rocky bar, on either side of which vessels

may contain 40

both

and barren.

Horse

acres.

many

lying

30

acres,

is

and

is full

of trees.

Island, of

shore by a sand bar and also

Burnt- Coat, of 7

flats,

may

acres,

is

pass

rocky

connected to the main

Burnt Coat, {jjJJJJ

has M a,a

Malaga

f* trees

and

is

rocky

;

embracing about

between the main land and Bear Island.

the entrance of

New Meadows

river,

1

0 acres, and

This

3-4ths of a mile

last

long,

is

at Bear Island,

and

contains 50 acres. It is full of trees and exhibits a few houses. N. W. on the shore of the Sebascodegan, 3-4ths of a mile distant, is

Condy's well-known harbour.

Condy'a harbour.

At the entrance of Quaheag [Cohawk] bay, in the mouth of Sebascodegan, is Yarmouth Island, which, though irregular, is about 3-4ths of a mile Voi,.

I.

in

diameter.

4

It

has one resident family

JjjJJf™*

THE WATERS AND COAST

42 Casco bay.

and a good

Pole island,

north

is

and

soil,

Above

this, in

Islands,

and though uninhabited,

;

bosom of

the

Farther

E. of Yarmouth

a beautiful Island.

it is

But we may mention four Rogue's

Island, viz. Jennetfs,

Long Ledge,

and Flagg Islands, and

cov-

It is

are a dozen small poor

the bay,

whose names are unknown.

Islands, S.

little

favoured with a safe harbour.

is

Pole Island, of 8 acres, with a rocky shore.

ered with spruces 12 islands.

[INTRODUC.

all

of which are ledgy.*

THE MIDDLE COAST. Middle

Heron Pond*'

Wood' island.

Between Cape Small-point and Seguin, which apart, are

Heron Island and Jacknife Ledge

g mn near tw0 miles,

Pond

Wood

Pond

is

J

house.

:

are four miles

and north of Se-

Island, on which there

Island, above the

a Light-

is

mouth of the Sagadahock, has

Island west, Salter Island east, Stage Island 1-2 mile

Salter

-

island.

N. E., and

island,

Above Pond

the

Sugar Loaves north

;

each of which

is

smalL

;

one a

on the western shore, are two Forts

Island,

mile and l-4th, and the other 2 miles distant. Seouin island.

Seguin Island,^

25

tant

miles, lies

E. N. E. from Cape-Elizabeth,

situate at the

mouth of Sagadahock

dis-

about two

river,

miles from the southeast corner of Phipsburg and 3-4ths of a

mile further from the United States' said to contain,

by admeasurement

though estimated much more. jurisdiction of this Island to the

200

Lighthouse feet

at the

$300

Sagadahock Chops, where *

its

1794, the

was ceded

$6,300, with a lanin

1797 became the

Lighthouse was rebuilt

$2,248

;

1819,

in

and the United States have

annually to the keeper, besides the fruits of his

upon the land of the Sagada-

expense of

The

Island.

at the additional charge of

hock.

Feb.

territory

the 19th of

and ten acres of

above the level of the sea, and

owner of the whole given

Island is

low water mark, 42 acres,

United States, and the next year the National Government

erected a tern

On

The

fortification.

to

loses its

The survey and

toil

Island. its

name twenty

constituents, the

miles from

its

mouth,

at

the

Androscoggin^ and Kennebec

bearings of these Islands are retained in the ancient

records of North-Yarmouth, but unfortunately more than half of them hare since changed their names. far

Gen. Russell.

—There are Green

Islands, not

from the southwesterly entrance into Portland harbour; and

still

others

northeast of Matin icus. j

Anciently " Salquin"

\

Anciently " Aumoughcaiogtn"

Sect.

of Maine.

ii/J

rivers in their junction,

43

form Merry-Meeting bay, and are now

to

be considered.

The Androscoggin

northwest section of the State,

rises in the

Androscogb

only about an hundred miles from the Chops, in direct course,

though

actually runs, in

it

flexuous meanders,

its

more than 160

miles.

The in

rise

of

its

eastern and (considered

principal branch

its)

is

the vicinity of Sunday mountain, about ten miles east of the

Maine and New-Hampshire, and on the

dividing line between

south margin of the highlands, which form the boundary between

for

its

This source of the Androscoggin has

and Canada.

this State

immediate neighbours a head-pond of Dead

which

river,

empties into the Kennebec, and the southernmost spring of '

stream, which runs northerly and contributes

This branch of the

Chaudiere.

miles south and discharges

by a

which

On

lies

strait

;

ami

it

Androscoggin runs about 25

empties

all

it,

waters into the

New-Hampshire,

in

Umbagog

connected with its

on both sides of the western boundary

the western side of

coggin,

a

waters to the

waters into lake Mooseetocmagun-

its

a most singular body of water,

tick,

lake,

its

40 miles south from the upper end of

Andros-

issues the

the

latter,

of Maine.

line

which

line

di-

vides that State from Maine.

Three miles westward of the Magalloway, which er's

head

is

12 rods

is

outlet, the

width

in

main

about as far north as that of the

a southerly course

from three to

in

river receives the

This

mouth.

at its

from the

line,

which

a

a,Iowa

^v e^

Androscoggin, runs

Maine, more than 30 miles, and

five miles

riv-

it

distant

is

120 miles

crosses

north of the Piscataqua mouth.

The

Androscoggin, shortly

after

it

receives the waters

Ma-

of

galloway river, and another river from the northwest, runs southerly in

and

New-Hampshire 25

five or six miles

from

runs the remainder of State

it

its

miles,

it ;

course in Maine.

line,

it,

and

In reentering the

runs through the town of Gilead, and forms a fine inter-

vale on both sides, overlooked is

almost parallel with the

and then turning, crosses

fed in that town

by rugged lands on the

by Wild river*

The main

north, and

river runs four- Wild

teen miles in the next town, Bethel, forming an elbow in

its

ern quarter, and flowing northerly in a gentle glide, towards *

MS. Letter of

A.

Burbank, Esq.

west-

New-

river,

THE WATERS AND COAST

44 The An-

ry

then eastwardly, over a smooth bottom

:

[IntRODUC.

of rounded pebbles,

droscoggin. t

embosoming

town a number of

the

in

The

and delightful

fertile

ands of various extent, the largest of which

contains

00

1

Isl-

acres.

alluvion skirting the banks of the Androscoggin, from ten to

an hundred rods rising in

many

Of

forming two or more bottoms. feet perpendicular

formed by

and beautiful land

in width, is highly productive

;

places by regular banks, one above another, and

above low water

the efflux of the river

these, the highest

is

about 25

and they are

all

evidently

;

—changing

its

bed and banks

more elevated

so that the people feel safe in building on those

bottoms, some of which were not covered in the time of the great freshet, October 22, 1785,

when

the water rose twenty-five

feet.

Along northward of the and nearly

it,

river, three or four miles

parallel with

banks

its

" nucleus of the mountains" which, from the west

line

in

and then into

falls,

in the east line

In these parts

it

is

to

distant

places,

rising in ridges,

some measure, these extensive

northwest winds. hills rise

many

of the State towards the

northernmost bend of the river shelter,

in

from

are the

stretch along

just above the

of Rumford, and

from the

intervales

be remarked, that the

with a gradual ascent from the northwest to their summits, fall

off abruptly on their southeast sides,

deep precipices.

So

inviting is this

the Northern natives resolved to hold

it ;

and frequently

section of country, that

and therefore committed

depredations on the scattered settlers thereabouts in the

last

years

of the Revolutionary war.* After the river receives several small streams and a able one through the mountains from East-Andover, Great

falls,

it

consider-

rushes

down

the Great falls [of Pennacook] at Rumford, 50 feet perpendicular

and 300

From

feet within a mile.

these

falls

the river runs in a southerly direction through

Dixfield into Jay, where

town

in a southern

it

forms various windings

course,

;

Turner on the west, and Leeds and Green on the Lftwiston

scends Lewist on falls, 60 miles below the Great

Twenty

it

receives

Twenty mile

«i e nver.

an(j Hartford,

and leaving the

passes through Livermore, between

river,

which

rises

principally

In Turner in

Sumner

and runs through Buckfield and Turner, forming

almost eveiy accommodation for mills and machinery. *

and de-

east,

falls.

MS. Letter of

J.

Over

Grover, Esq.— MS. Letter of Luk« Riely, Esq.

this

Sect,

of maine.

ii.]

45 town of Buckfield, and The An-

river there are four large bridges in the

This part of the country has been exceed-

several in Turner. ingly injured

and raged

by

when

particularly in 1816,

fires,

Upper

Pejepscot

falls of

;

cataract

called

is

where the water tumbles over

massy rocks, and rushes through narrow passes, about 100

Here are

an in-

and one

mills,

below the

is

The

supplied with water through a channel sunk in solid rock.

50 or 60 rods wide, and seldom so shoal

falls is

by a man and horse, even

as to be fordable

feet

These

a mill-dam, but descend on

are not abrupt as over

clined plane, broken with ledges.

river

*

the flames spread

perpendicular, from the surface above to the bed below. falls

M

very alarming degree.

to a

At Lewiston, 20 miles above Brunswick, the the

6roscvs&

drought of sum-

in the

mer.

As you

stand on an elevation, one mile below these

see the rapid river, called the the westward, shooting

across the bed of

current

its

you

falls,

Androscoggin, flow

little

from d^ro-gEn

in

main

the

Androscoggin, forming a channel on the eastern shore, and adding a fourth to the main river.

Woodstock and Norway

It rises in

and receives waters from Moose and Gleason ponds it

Paris,

in

passes between the swells of that town, and also those of

5071

pond on the southerly

Minot and some

in

side, turning

many

Poland, which two towns

Thomp-

s

source9,

especially in

mills,

separates.

it

;

as

It

has

generally high banks, though lined with intervales or strong land.

On

the east side of the great Androscoggin, there

tary river above Lewiston for

its

peculiarity.

This

falls,

is

which deserves

the Thirty mile or

to

is

one tribu-

be mentioned

Dead

river,

which

Little

mer

*

is

the natural and only outlet of great Androscoggin pond, 3

Wayne and of Dead river, from

1-2 miles long and 3 broad, between Leeds and small ponds 15 miles in extent northwardly.* the outlet in

8 or 10 rods

Leeds in

to

Androscoggin

width and deep

;

actly horizontal, that the rise of the will invert the current of

freshets, *

much water

Other ponds

Dead

river,

and

river

its

is

bed

;

six miles is

great river its

and

so

in

level

length,

and ex-

eighteen inches,

whole length.

In great

is

forced into the pond, which becomes a

are, little

Androscoggin pond, Muddy pond, Wilson's pond,

and Hutcbinson't pond.

Dead

THE WATERS AND COAST reservoir

;

[IntrODUC.

greatly soaking, however, and hurting the lands on

its

borders.*

Below ripples

mouth of

the

and the upper

:

be the northwestern

The

Lewiston,] were formerly said to

Pejepscot purchase.

limit of the

Brunswick

cataracts of Pejepscot, or

from a quarter of a mile

barred or checked

in

some

Here

thirty rods, in width.

On

Androscoggin, the water rapidly

little

falls [at

the water pours over

the lower grade the

dam

of

falls

fifty feet,

embattled near the

semicircular,

is

are contracted

and possibly to

by three grades of dams.

different parts

in

falls,

places, to forty

centre with an Island which thrusts off the waters on each of sides,

its

though mostly on the west, under arches of the winding

bridge in two parts, which rests

Below

Island.

its

approximating ends on the

the bridge the river expands to the width of an

hundred rods, and the

tide at high-water, rises four feet.

the head of the

the river

falls,

is

spacious and glassy

Above ;

and

to

secure floating logs, and stop flood-wood, piers are sunk at great

expense, and large timbers

in joints so fastened to

them with

irons

as to form an impassable boom.

On

these

falls

are

25 saw

mills,

each of which

300 men. factories

;

Here

also

will

on an aver-

They employ

age, annually cut 500,000 feet of boards.

were carding machines,

fulling

about

mills,

and

1,488 cotton and woollen spindles, and 24 looms whose

warping and sizing machines were moved by water power.

20 done the was by uncommon damage and in 1814, immense which brought down mills, barns, masts, logs and trees,

The feet

:

flood,

water

over the

At

in the freshets

falls, in

the

falls,

lost itself in

not unfrequently rises in the river,

undistinguished ruin.

the river formerly had the

Merry-Meeting bay.

name

Pejepscot,

till

it

In the middle of this bay are

sand-beds bearing a species of reed, upon whose roots feed wild geese and other seafowl.

These

greatly injure the navigation

Merry-Meeting bay, from the miles in

falls

falls.

to

its

outlet,

length, winding round towards the north,

*MS. Letter of Thomas is

sands, often changing their drifts,

toward the

Francis,

an Indian burying-ground." 1C25, by f Destroyed in

Esq.—" On

— MS.

fire.

may be 10

till it

meets and

Norris' Island, in the pond,

Letter of A. G. Chandler, Esq.

47

of MAINE.

Sect. «u]

embraces the Kennebec waters, receiving on the northwesterly 1st. Muddy river, which is a long side, as it glides forward, the sea, collateral to the bay

arm of mostly a landing at

;

Cathance, which

2.

3 miles

and navigable

mouth

is

the

is

Cathance

to

near Kennebec,

a point of that name, where was once a small

is

and where

fort,

residence, about 1665.

Sachem Abagadusset had his

the southerly side of Merry-Meeting bay, near the extreme

of the Chops, into the land

ens'

river,

and, 3d. Abagadusset, whose

;

which

On

water

salt

Tbe^A^

two miles the neck

river,

Mr. Peterson, deep to

ciently

WisJceag or Wisgig Creek, which extends south

is

from the head of which to that of Stev-

;

only

is

one mile

1800, cut a canal eight feet

in

float logs at

which

across

in width,

breadth,

in

suffi-

Stevens, the ancient Indian

highwater.

on the northerly side of where the canal now is, two miles above the turnpike bridge, which leads from Brunswick trader, lived

to

Bath, and which

at the

is

head of navigation over Stevens'

the Indian carrying place between

Here was

river.

Casco and

Merry-Meeting bays.

The

next river to be described

and

longer, larger, less rapid, gin.

Its

course, is

length from

may be 130

the Kennebec, which

Dead

said

by

miles,

and

its

actual run

Norridgewock

:

where they meet,

river, called,

travellers to

body of

some

Kenneboe

mer

"

40 miles more. It the North Branch and are

the forks,

be 48 and 1-2 miles above the south bend

village.

The North Branch issues from Moosehead largest

is

than the Androscog-

sources to Merry-Meeting bay, in direct

its

formed by two principal branches, viz

and

at

is

less serpentine

fresh water in the State, or in

lake,

which

is

New-England.

the Branch, ehead

It

k°£* is

twelve leagues in length, from north to south

rills

and

head within twenty rods of the Penobscot.

Moose

river

from the west, which

this lake there

from

;

1

rises

are four kinds of fish

:

its

It

upper

receives

among the highlands. In One kind, which is 1

—

.

and 1-2 to 3 and 1-2 feet in length, has teeth,

fins,

and a head larger than that of a salmon, weighs from 5 to

16 pounds, and trouts,

is

good

one has a white

ceedingly good for food so large and hardly

fit

head, weighing from

for the table.

2.

There

are two sorts of

belly, a beautifully spotted back, ;

the other, which

and

is

ex-

without scales, not

brown colour with a black 2 and 1-2 pounds. 3. Another kind

to eat, is of a

1 to

is

THE WATERS AND COAST

48 Kennebec

of f sh which

—

very palateable.

cusk, very

2

When

"white fish"

called

to 7lbs.

much

—

in shoals,

[InTROBUC.

f-xm 12 to 18 inches

s

in length,

shape somewhat resembling a mackerel, and

scaled, and in

it is

found

is

:

also found the fresh

is

resembling that of the

There

5.

In the lake

4.

is

taken (though seldom with a hook,)

are also lobsters, not

water

water, weighing from

salt

much

form

unlike in

those taken in the salt water, though smaller, as these are only fro n

to

>

The where

5 inches in length.

Branch from the

length of the North it

meets Dead

this place to

Canada,

passable for wheels

finds the road ;

forks, thence at intervals of 7, 8,

Dead

Dead river.

river rises

among

run north direction

miles

five

the

boundary highlands, three leagues

It

constitutes the river its

;

descends

in a

and

rise

southeasterly

has passed Mount Bigelow on the south, where

till it

north,

and then

North Branch, yielding more than a

rapid

further,

before mentioned, on the heights.*

Chaudiere.

turns towards the

it

and

and 10 miles, he passes over

from the northwest corner of Maine, near those which into the

forks,

28 miles from the

river

Penobscot, and

Mile Tree"

the

The traveller from

well cleared, bridged,

Moose

crosses

the three branches of the

reaches the "

outlet to

about 20 miles.

river, is

mouth

is

to the

below the crotch or

Dead

forks.

60 rods wide, though

about

and joins the

east,

third part of the water

its

which

river

is

water there

is

usually, quite shoal.

The It

course of the Kennebec, below the forks,

runs through a fine country of wild land

is

then passes the " carrying place rips," half a mile alUDk

£*l7

^ miles below

the forks,

it

have Solon on the east and

which

is

30 rods wide,

over the rocks

in

is

*

is

;

Embden on

about

is

fifty

ia

Here

it

the river,

it

Quebec

is

chases

Moose

though

down

of the the

falls

by are

current 50

Anciently

to the mouth of Chaudiere Quebec, 30 miles. Holderf*

94 miles, viz

situated one mile north of

feet,

rods, to be prevented

The appearances

while the eye as

to

;

;

and

contracted to 40 feet only and pitches

29, thence to St. Marie's 35, and thence to

house

the west.

relieved in view of spacious smooth waters.

From Mile Tree

length

descends the Carratunk falls, which

a canal on the eastern side.

commanding

in

a beautiful sheet of water 35 or 40

the carrying place by them

rods,

nearly south.

12 or 15 miles

:

riv«r bridge.

Sect, these

of maine.

ii.]

falls

49

were a place of great resort by the Indians

fishing Kennebec

in

time, where they took salmon in abundance.*

From Carratunk

falls to

Norridgewock

which are

falls,

.

.

above the mouth of Sandy

Here

the water does not descend in a cataract

its

;

whole

the length of near half a mile would not exceed probably In dry times the river

Sandy River,

after

justly celebrated for

No

by

fertility

State

the Indians'

annual overflowings, f

its

river, at

its

bank opposite

east

Norridgewock

to the ll

point,

is

the

site

of the

The

ancient village of the Canibas Indians, so famous in history. land

a level and

is

beautiful.

The

lately

intervale,

fertile

area contains

250

chapel stood.

the old catholic

is

than the lands

Here were

town.

In the bend of the Kennebec, on

mouth of Sandy

part of the

deep intervales which spread wide from the

cornfields, in the

river enriched

at

Norridgewock, pro-

little

beauty and

its

this river, particularly in that

old

also

watering several townships, runs circuitous- *»wjy

ceeds northeasterly to the Kennebec.

more

in

below.

ly through Farmington, and taking the

on

fall

fifty feet.

and sometimes

fordable here,

is

village, six miles

Norridgewock

just Norridgework tails.

14 miles.

river, the distance is called

and

Its

bell,

Norridg»-

WOR

is

the spot

where

weighing 641bs., was

found and presented to Bowdoin College.

From Norridgewock

point,

runs southeast to the village,

Kennebec takes a

the

6 miles,

turn and

and then northeast,

and down

miles, descending through narrows,

Scouhegan

five falls,

^

° uhes an

I

12 or 15

and the rapids below,

feet,

in all half

receives, through Cornville from the north, the

a mile.

Here

river

Wesserun-

a large and most pleasant stream. J At Scouhegan falls are about ten mills and machines, and also villages on both sides of

the river connected

by a bridge.

Plymouth patent runs

east

The

north or upper line of

and west a couple of miles above

the mouth of the Wesserunsett river, though the proprietors claim-

ed

six miles at least further north.§

* MS. Letters of E. Coolidge,

Esq.— Hon. Obed Wilson,— Wm. Butter-

field,— O. Baker. |

MS. Letter

of Hon.

Nathan Cutler, of Farmington.

MS. Letter of A.Morse, Esq. and a plan. "At Scouhegan fall* is Scouhegan Island the waters on the west side form gome of the beat mill |

:

sites in the State. \

Letter of G. Bixfey, Esq.

'

s

it

sett,

the

'

natural situation

its

acres, and

«
a fter a minister

settled in his

and whoever

;

plantation,

and

Thomas Gorges" and Edward Godfrey,

" the worshipful

after

i.

Deputy-Governor and senior Councillor of the Province.

" should enjoin upon him the duty

he was compellable, on

being summoned, to appear and answer for his contempt at the

next Court.

But

nevertheless, the

Piscataqua

new

administration in

its

t

settlements

ures gave satisfaction to the Province in general

combine.

:

enereetie meas° though the set-

,

tlements upon the northern banks of Piscataqua were not partakers

the

in

Disinclined

contentment.

to

acknowledge the

of Gorges' charter, yet complaining of

authority

jurisdictional

the great evils they had suffered through want of

ment, they entered into a social compact, Oct. 22d cles to

and by

arti-

which Richard and William Waldron, Thomas Larkham

and 38 others were subscribers, combined themselves the free

politic, for

rights.

govern-

civil ;

They

and preservation of

exercise

in a

body

their political

professed to be the king's loyal subjects, and said,

they should observe his laws, in connexion with those of their

own making,

till

But

he should give them further orders.*

as

insubordination and anarchy are the fruits of political changes

these pure democracies, ties so

tent Civil war jn England.

;

it

was found, were holden together by

slender, as to be easily burst

— and such was

by the

first

popular discon-

the fate of this compact.

Exhilarated, as Gorges had been, in the prospect of soon

^p

roy j nce

wt

j jj

inhabitants, prosperity,

and happiness

filling

he sub-

;

The voice of the now at a high pitch, both against his party The Commons had already commenced at-

mitted to reverses with vexation and grief.

people at home, was

and

their politics.

tacks upon the ministry, the prelacy, and even the prerogatives of the crown

;

in

consequence of which, religious persecutions had

ceased, and emigration in a great degree also.

For such

is

the

love of country and the satisfaction flowing from the enjoyment

of liberty, in matters of conscience and worship,

that

persecuting sword was wrested from the destroyer, *

1

Haz.

Coll. p.

482

Hubbard's

JV.

E.

p.

when the many who

222.—The southerly part of

Piscataqua plantation was called Champernoon's, probably from the of one of the Council. in Dover, in N.

It

seems Waldron and Larkham, after

H.— 1 Belk. JV. H.

p. 48,

60.— 3

Coll. Mast.

name

Hist

this, lived

Sot. p. 7.

Chap,

of maine.

vi.]

were preparing

to emigrate,

changed

287

their minds,

and some al-A.D.

1641.

ready here, broke up their connexions and returned to England.

The

multiplication of removals hither, in preceding years, had Changes of

articles

of English fabric.

purchased

one

£25

made

money

with them,

a head, could be

of that

half, or a third part

grain were considered a good tender

sum

;

corn and

and provision by law,

;

it is

extending executions on real estate.

said,

was

The

domestic manufacture of wearing apparel and bed-clothes,

first

for

having become more necessary than farmers found

A

clothing.

any former

period, the

into needful

was opened between several places

trade

England and the West for the

at

indispensably necessary to raise flax and breed

it

and raw materials were wrought by females

sheep ;f

Indies, in

products of those Islands;

age to

this eastern

country.

Sir

Ferdinando

in

in

New-

which lumber was exchanged

—

a trade ever of great advant-

Agamenticus r gave A?ament&-

his special patronage of

a charter of incorporation, April 10, 1641, J by which he erect- Boroughed it into a town or " borough." It embraced the territory three

it

miles every plantation ;"

to

make

to

and invested the burgesses, or inhabitants, with pow-

mayor and

eight aldermen j§ and to hold

The mayor and

any amount.

board were authorized

by-laws, to erect fortifications, and to hold courts

"Town and

the church-chapel," or " oratory of the

way " from

ers to elect annually a

estate

Hall," once in three weeks, for the

all civil

The

causes.

clusive privileges, and elections

was convened

inhabitants

when

the

June,

in

at

now

trial

in

the

of misdemeanors

thought they had ex-

General Assembly or Court of Saco, and opened by the Dep-

uty-Governor, and the councillors, Vines, Bonython, Joscelyn and * Hubbard's JV.

E.

p. 385,

393— 238-9— 246.— The New-England

colo-

by returns home, more than they gained by accessions from the mother country. 1 JsTeaVs N. E. p. 218. f At this time there were in New-England about 12,000 neat cattle and rye 5s. and wheat 3000 sheep. 1 Hutchinson's Hist. p. 91. Corn 4s. nies, the

next twenty years,

lost

—

—

—

6s.

|

per bushel.

See also Chalmers,

Charter entire.— 1 Haz.

;

p. 165-6\

Coll. p. 470-4.

Thomas Gorges was mayor, and the aldermen were Edward Godfrey, Roger Gard, George Puddington, Bartholomew Barnett, Ed. Johnson, Arthur Bragdon, Henry Simpson and John Rogers. \

'

But when emigration decreased,*

great cattle, which had been selling at for

c Uuies

price of domestic

Passengers brought

animals and of provisions.

and

1

demand and

a direct tendency to enhance the

—

A.D.

[Vol.

THE history

288 1641.

i.

Godfrey, three of the aldermen, and a delegate from the burges-

appeared and presented a special memorial

ses or inhabitants,

They

declaratory both of their corporate rights and duties.

under the Lord Proprietor, and cheerfully rendered sion to

requirements and the government under

its

they were lawfully

bound

protesting at the

;

neither their present appearance at court,

full

submis-

so far as

it,

same time,

nor any other

that

act of

be deemed prejudicial to their borough-privileges

theirs should

and subjoining a request, that their protest might be ticated by a " Notary," and recorded. manifest, that the corporate

It is

ac-

authority of the provincial charter

said, the

knowledged, they

privileges, granted

menticus were peculiar, and might create other parts of the Province

;

authen-

to

Aga-

some uneasiness

in

yet the court were willing to give

;

contentment, and ordered the immunities and powers possessed

by the borough

to

be duly respected,

till

the farther pleasure of

Lord Proprietor should be known.*

the

Without doubt wishes

'assistance

am

anxious by

ment

£

mote the best interests of

and

I

still

For

:

I

Province

settled in the

'

;

were wholly beneficent, and his

his motives

unison with theirs

in

all

all

have, (said he,)

'

by divine

hopeful form of govern-

a

practicable means, to pro-

the inhabitants. *f

Actuated by these generous designs, he determined now to the borough into a " City :" and accordingly executed

Gorges makes Ag- erect amenlicus a city.

° another and more perfect charter,

°

March

1,

J

1642, by which he

incorporated a territory of 21 square miles, and the inhabitants

upon Georgeaua. t0

into

it,

body

a

ms own name

J

politic,

called "

which he, evidently

in

compliment

The whole

Georgeana."{

lay in the

form of a parallelogram, on the northern side of the river Agamenticus, extending up seven miles from

its

mouth, and a league

upon the seashore.

The *

police consisted of a mayor,

12 aldermen, 24 common

Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 101.

1

—

\

Gorges' Nar.

p. 58.

—

6. 1 Haz. Coll. p. 480 Edward Godfrey affirmed that he had been a promoter of this Colony of N. England from A. D. « 1609, and above 32 years, an adventurer in that design, an inhabitant of 1629—30, and the first that built there; that in 1634, < Agamenticus in

| Charter entire. '

Samuel Maverick, William Hook and

4

he

«

ed of the P. Council, a grant of 12,000 acres on the easterly side of Aga-

for himself,

menticus

;

associates, obtain-

and Gorges' grandson Ferdinando, 12000, on the other

side.'

— Chap,

of Maine.

vi.]

council-men and a Recorder,

—

289

annually elective in March, by the A.D.

1642.

The Mayor and Aldermen were ex officio

citizens or freeholders.

and had the appointment of four sargents, whose badge

Justices,

was " a white rod," and whose duty

The

precepts.

it

was, to serve

all

judicial

officers took, besides the oath of allegiance,

an-

other for the faithful performance of their trust.

The

courts were

two

:

—one

Mayor, Aldermen and Recorder, extending to

life,

concerning the

and

title

for the trial of all offences

not

not exceeding £10, and not

The

town-clerk was the register

to lands.

be according

to

the

all civil suits

and keeper of the records

were

Monday by

holden every

;

and the proceedings of the court

those

to

Court*.

appeals to the

Lord Proprietor

being allowed

in all cases.

chancery

in

Westminster

at

Deputy-Governor

or his

The

in

$

person

mere " Court-

other was a

holden twice a year by the Recorder, for preserving the

leet,"

rights of the corporation

itself,

and

for punishing

such as were

abusers of the public trust. All the lands within the limits of the city not previously con-

veyed, were granted to the

corporation

in

fee-simple,

to

be

holden of the Lord Proprietor, as he held the Province of the crown, by paying yearly a quarter of wheat.

The Mayor,* Aldermen, Common Council, and Commonalty, to make any by-laws they might think fit and ^Tc" P or-

were empowered wholesome,

for the better

order and government of the corpora-

tion, not

repugnant to the laws of England, nor those

Province

;

and

to erect

any

fortifications,

of the

which might be approv-

ed by the Provincial Governor and Council

were

atIon *

;

—and

generally, they

enjoy the liberties and privileges chartered to the city of

to

Bristol in England.

In conclusion '

Governor, *

The

first

all

—

my

Sir

Ferdinando adds,

'

I

command my Deputy-

Council and freeholders of the Province, to

City-mayor was Edward

Godfrey

;— the aldermen were

probably those under the former charter. Winthrop's Jour. A. D. 1643, p. 276,— says, they have " lately made Agamenticus, a poor village, a Corporation—and a tailor [R. Garde] their Mayor." They have also "entertained one

—

Mr. Hull, an excommunicated person, for their minister." The this time, was probably between 250 and Mr. Hull was also a preacher on the Isles of Shoals. Mr. Thomp-

population of Georgeana, at

300

souls.

son was before Rurdet, and a good preacher

Mount Walliston.— Winthrop's Jour.

Vol.

I.

24

p. 195,

;

—

afterward he was settled at 7.

conclusion

— [Vol.

THE history

290 a. D. 1642.

Mayor and

take notice of this charter* and to aid and assist the

« 1

Commonalty,

4

its

their successors

ten years the city of

rate capacity,

As

Georgeana acted

making some grants of

manner most

land, and

was

a

corpoaffairs

state,

the Prov-

for loyalists

and epis-

in a revolutionary

Maine might have been an asylum

copalians

in

managing

beneficial to the interests of the people.

the mother country

ince of

touching

assigns, in all things

and authority.'

rights

More than in a

and

i.

and some such without doubt emigrated, from the

;

flames of

war enkindling

civil

in the

realm.

government, however, was not sufficiently

But the

settled,

provincial

energetic, and

methodical, to ensure confidence to a great extent.

miltesw'ih aCllU "

seust

New-England had

All parts of

New-

ty in the

hitherto, since the rage of par-

kingdom, happily experienced a gradual increase of

By judicious management

wealth and numbers. f

getic administration, Massachusetts in particular^

and an ener-

had acquired

to

herself an acknowledged ascendency or elevation, in her political

Indeed, New-Hampshire, taught, since Mason's death

character.

by

bitter

security,

experience, the

was admitted Pejepseot resigned to

Massachu-

jn

lne

futility

of self-formed combinations for

had sought a coalescence with that colony to a political

m ean

time

original settler at

;

and

in 1

642,

connexion which lasted 38 years.

the transactions of

Thomas Purchas,

Pejepseot, partook of the same wisdom.

the

He

setts.

had heard of the Pequot war dian character

;

;

he was acquainted with the In-

he knew what was the exposure of

and the emulous aspirations of Massachusetts. establish a conjunction

his situation,

To

effect

and

with her, he assigned to her Governor,

John Winthrop, by a conveyance executed August 22, 1639,

New-England.'

by one author,f

stated

ary" or proprietary governors

that the grantees

and yet

;

were " heredit-

certain that on the

it is

18th and 20th of September, the same year, (1656,) Cromwell

commander

directed Capt. Leverett, the

up the country

river St. John, to deliver

Penobscot and the

at

Temple only

Col.

to

adding, that he had received a commission to govern

Merliquash on the In this

west. J

east, to St.

way

a large part of

However, before

diction.

Sir

he and Crown purchased of father or himself to

Nova

la

from

it,

Georges, near Muscongus, on the

Maine

fell

within his juris-

Thomas embarked Tour

all

for

the right and

America,

title

of his

Scotia, or Acadia, and took from

him

a regular legal assignment.^ Sir

ing

Thomas

upon the

his province,^"

first

came

New-England

to

duties of his office,

in 1657.||

he opened a

In enter-

lucrative trade in

and continued Proprietary Governor ten years.

was a gentleman of humane and generous

disposition,

He

remarka-

bly free from the bigotry and religious prejudices of the times.

To

cite

an instance of his disinterestedness,

he went and

660 ; own declaration, 1

'

told

at his

said he, *

'

them, that

they,

crime, in

according to their

he would carry them away and provide

own expense.

I will again

The charter runs

the charter in French, I Palairet, p. 14.

if

the courts of

capital

desired the Quakers' lives absent, rather than

their deaths present,'

them

—when

Quakerism, as a

Massachusetts were trying

*

remove them.'**

to Claude, the father,

—

1

Haz.

for

Yes, and should any of them return,'

Coll. p. 616

Two

and enures

— 19.

J

to the son.

Chalmers,

— Or the charter might have

father's death.

years afterwards, he See

p. 187.

been drafted before the

Mass. Letter Book,

p. 104.

Palairet, p. 10—15. 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 190. % Sullivan, p. 158. ** He did not succeed to his mind, and the quakers, at least some of them, ||

5

were executed

—

Massachusetts.

1

Hutch. Hist.

Jb. p. 194.

p.

184 (Note

f.)

— He was a great friend to

Col.

Temh

acter\

"

A.D.

1657.

was recommissioned

by

^

thei&art

r0m *

*

s

same

to the

his restored sovereign

been considered the

wei?

[Vol.

THE HISTORY

364

and

;

at

office of Provincial

fusion,

have

to

sole proprietor of the country,

wortfly °^ P ar ^ cu ^ ar notice in

and severe

Governor,

some period he seems

to

phrase-

this place, that the

ology and terms of Cromwell's patent

Crown, have proved

I,

to la

Tour, Temple and

be the grounds or causes of endless con-

Both Acadia and Nova Scotia are

conflicts.

mentioned, yet the limits and extent of them, as expressed, have long perplexed the ablest statesmen

or in other words, the lan-

;

guage of Cromwell's charter has been urged by opponents to shew, that

Nova

region, than what

Scotia must have embraced another and greater is

contained in the charter to Sir William Alex-

ander.

was beyond doubt the design of Cromwell

It

to confirm the

soil and freehold to the patentees, as vested rights, and for that

purpose

French claims might be forever barred

cifically, that all

For,

again to be revived with success. charter, he granted '

country called

the

Nova

'

territory

eluding the port and cape la Heve,

i

or l'Esmeron,

*

ry's,

'

bay and St.

in the

called Acadia, a part of the

Cape Fourcha,

Cape

Sable,

port la

Tour

the cape, river or bay of St.

Ma-

Port-Royal, the region about the bay of Fundy, and the fort

of St. John's, the region of Pentagoet and the river

George, near Muscongus,

'England:'

—

In

this,

it

situate

about the confines of

which were

countries,

in truth

had any other southern mentioned

in

New~

was a great mistake and misfortune

have called Acadia a part of Nova Scotia, extending river St. George ; or to have considered them " as two

gree,

—never

language of the

extending from Merliquash and in-

Scotia,

'

4

broadly and spe-

to express himself in the charter, so

limit,

it

to

to the

different

For Acadia never

the same."*

than that of latitude in the 40th de-

king Henry's charter to de Monts, A.

1603; whereas the southern extent of Nova

D.

was well

Scotia,

understood to be limited and bounded by the river St. Croix, as described, A. D. 1621, in the charter of king

der

;

and both extended over the same

James

to

Alexan-

territory eastwardly, to the

shores below the gulf of St. Lawrence.

A

afterwards, without limitation, laid open

the difficulties.

*

1

Chalmers,

p.

all

188.— 1 Holmes' A. Ann.

general

p. 368,

recession

Note 4

Chap,

365

OF MAINE.

xi.]

CHAPTER

XI.

The New-Plymouth patent of Kennebeck meeting of the people called

—A

adopted

leased several years

ulation

The

— The

— The

trade declines

— The period and value

trade and interests of the

—A

and regulations

trade of the patent

and becomes

extinct

— The

New-Plymouth colony

a state of decline.

period, in at this r

there

Difficulties

rides

of the trade

—Remarks.

nebeck, were

—

code of

Court established

local

The patent sold

—A

at

—

pop-

.

and

rigid rules

and regulations

of the

the natives,

of

game and

furs

;

strictly

avaricious disposition manifested,

The

number of

by temporary

traders

There was another right

and

title

vicinity,

to

;

and the local

The

of some importance.

fact

of the colony,

territorial

especially her claim from

Merry-

Therefore, about

in question.

Jeremisquam, Sebascodegan, and other islands

1

Indian Deeds'

became

;

when

The

in

the

the practice of

fashionable,

whole patent was covered by them. proved before the

ac-

was a mere conservation of the peace.

were purchased of the natives

obtaining

till

nearly

the

execution of one was

Governor of Massachusetts

5*

—

a

circum-

stance connected with others, which served to recognize the natives' rights to

some

extent, without regard to

Beset by discouragements on in

all

sides, the

prohibitory laws.

Plymouth colony,

consideration of £50-)- yearly rent, leased the trade three

years, ending June 8, 1652, to a committee of five distinguished * In A. D. 1648, a

Sagamore conveyed

to

Governor Bradford,

lands on both sides of the river to Wessarunset.

were purchased f Sullivan, p.

Sqnam

in 1649.

144

— 5—296

,

parent colony was too remote to

meeting-bay to the sea, was called this time,

,

patent,

and an

;

residents,

enforce her laws with uncompromising energy administration of justice

rr

Kennebeck

There was a diminution

observed.

an increasing

quire gains in any event.

J^J

and honorable intercourse with

scribed, for cultivating an honest

were not

government pre-

colonial

649

Ken-

The Jjudicious

;

and Book of Claims.

all

the

Island and others

Difficulties

;

[Vol.

THE HISTORY

366 A. D. 1C52. colonists,*

Gov. Bradford, and Messrs. Winslow, Prince,

viz.

and Paddy.

Millet

not diminished

;

To

Parliament.

Still

the difficulties and embarrassments

were

and the colony spread her complaints before prevent encroachments and promote tranquil-

the Council of State " granted letters under the great seal,

lity,

confirming and enlarging her trade within the patent

and required

;

the English residents upon the river Kennebeck, to render im-

all

plicit

submission to the colonial government, in

An

social concerns."

and New-Plymouth, it

I.

at the expiration

three years longer

made

attempt was then

of the

all

their civil

first

;

extended

lease,

some

requiring the lessees themselves, or

;

and

to revive the trade

of them, to reside continually within the patent, under a penalty

of forfeiting the trade. A, D.

1^653.

A convention called there.

The

next year, March 7,

1653, the General Court of that

colony, appointed Thomas Prince, who was one of the Council, a commissioner to summon the inhabitants together at some con,

.

.

.

T

,

,

.

venient place upon the river, for these purposes, viz.

1

to take

,

New-

oath of fidelity to the governments of England and

the

Plymouth, or otherwise leave the patent

territory

:

made

2, to be

acquainted with the colony laws, applicable to them, and establish suitable rules civil

affairs

and regulations

and

:

commissioner,

in

3, to

to

choose

guide and govern them in their

assistants,

who were

to

aid

the

framing and executing the orders to be adopt-

ed and settled. A. D.

1654.

In pursuance of a warrant issued by the commissioner to the

marshal of New-Plymouth, the river

May

the house of

Thomas

1654 ? the

15th,

Kennebeck were summoned

to

inhabitants

of that immediate neighborhood^ to lished his commission, he

the following words

at

Ashly, near the margin of Merrymeeting-

Accordingly Prince, the commissioner, was met by 16

bay.

upon

convene on the 23d,

whom,

after

men

he had pub-

administered the oath, prescribed in

:

* Morton's Memorial,

p.

135—147.

Thomas Ashley ; Thomas Atkins John Woolwich ;] James Cole William Davis Emanuel Heyes William James Thomas Parker John Parker, [of Parker's Island Tho* mas Purchas, Gentleman, of Pegypscot John Richards of Jeremisquam James Smith John Stone; Alexander Thawyt Thomas Webber, and John White. It is supposed Atkins lived on a bay above Small Point, since called by his name. |

Their names were these

Brown,

;

;

[of

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

— Chap, " "

is

xi.]

You now

367

of maine.

shall

be true and

established

;

the State of England

it

A. D. 1654.

and, whereas, you choose to reside within

Regulations

faithful to

as

" the government of New-Plymouth, you shall not do, nor cause

"

to

(i

any act or

be done,

" water, that

shall, or

by land or

directly or indirectly,

acts,

may

tend to the destruction or overthrow

of the whole or part of this government, orderly erected or es-

" tablished

;

but shall contrariwise hinder, and oppose such in-

" tents and purposes as tend thereunto, and discover them to " those who are in place, for the time being ; that the government "

may be informed

"

also

thereof with

submit to and observe

all

all

convenient speed

:

—You

shall

such good and wholesome laws,

" ordinances and officers, as are or shall be established, within " the several limits thereof. So help you God, who is the God

—

" of truth and punisher of falsehood."* This

little

elected

and John Ashly, Constable

;

Thomas Purchas,

classed

in

capital crimes, such as

treason

against

;

wilful

murder

;

manner.

this

;

sodomy

General Court

solemn converse or compact with the

Secondly

rape

;

Firstly

the

;

and adultery, were

;

—

All

England or these colo-

by way of conjuration or witchcraft houses

Assistant,

and established a code of succinct

orders, or ordinances,

nies

Commis-

convention of sworn freemen, under the

sioner, as presiding officer,

to

devil,

burning

wilful

of

be tried by the

New-Plymouth.

at

—The

trials

of other crimes were within the juris-

diction of the Commissioner's

and Assistants' Court.

Theft was

punishable by restitution of three or four fold, according to the nature of the offence and the discretion

convicted drunkard was finable the second

—and

faning wilfully assistants'

much

As

—

the Indians

when

it

was ordered,

any strong liquor, should

that

If the

*See the Records of Plymouth Colony, in

murder of

offence forfeit

and

:

for

privilege of trading

wrongdoer were a stranger,

General Court, and deposited

the

every inhabitant

for the first

the third, he should forever be debarred the

Proto

intoxicated were

double, and for the second, four fold, the value sold

with them.

10s. for

to set in the stocks.

horrid wickedness," even " the

nearest relations

selling them

he was

offence

Lord's day was punishable according

discretion.

often guilty of " their

for the third,

the

The

of the local Court.

55. for the first

his

fine

for

the

legibty copied by order of the

the office of Secretary of State

— Boston.

—

;

THE HISTORY

368 a

d. 1G51 first transgression

Thirdly

—

£20; one

In the prudential regulations established

were expressly continued

ing and fowling

If " beaver or

ant.

river, a trade

to

:

—

All fish-

any one,

between party and party were

twelve

men

ble in

the

;

but no

—The next term of

appointed to be holden

20th of the ensuing

£20

was

sterling

tria-

same

place, * the

New-Ply-

Tuesday

and probably from year

;

at

the commissioner's or local Court

at the

May

ac-

without the consent of both parties

such belonging to the jurisdiction of the Courts

mouth.

All

be tried before a jury of

to

cause above

civil

Courts,

local

bar-

for

with them was to be

provided no prohibited article was sold to them.

tions

half

every inhabit-

free to

moose" were presented

by the Indians upon the

free,

the second

for

I.

informer and the other half to public uses.

Regulations to the

ter

was £10, and

[Vol.

was

after the

to year in that

month.

An

Trade,

exclusive right to the fur and peltry trade,

ries

within the patent, had exalted the

ple

at

New-Plymouth,

They would

to

a

and the

fishe-

expectations of the peo-

height

unreasonable.

altogether

not believe those interests and enterprizes were un-

dergoing a decline, which must assuredly disappoint their

The

public

mind was

full

question the wisdom,

called in

though they were the

first

men

till

;

hopes.

a strange jealousy

and carefulness of the

lessees,

in the colony.

the towns the government were re.... opinions upon the course which had been

In February, 1655,

Seven hears' lease.

of conjecture

in

all

.

,

.

.

,

.

.

.

quired to express their

pursued, or ought to be adopted, and especially upon the expedi-

ency of leasing the patent any longer. though temperate

lease for seven years, at in

This educed a

discussion,

legislative

£35

at

the

improve the trade

to

country as themselves

town should be

in ;

a

upon the subject 1

to resign

at the

a committee of four, to confer with

*

the

beneficial as well

the lease,

if

any

the effect to abate the popular discontent and

and the General Court,

;

manner most

and

By

and Willet, the lessees,

dissatisfied with the terms.

But nothing had jealousy

spirited

a further

current prices.

leasehold-indenture, Bradford, Prince,

to the

in

annual rent, to be paid half-yearly,

money, moose or beaver

engaged

resulting

Haz.

;

July session, appointed

the Council, or magistrates

to inquire into all the affairs of

Col. p. 586.

the patent,

— New-Plymouth Colony records.

Chap,

369

of Maine.

xt.]

the regulations and government within

—and

Paddy

it

—

the agency of Mr.

the accounts of the treasurer

;

and

A. D. 1655.

meas-

to take

ures for securing the public powder and property, and repairing, particularly, Jones' river bridge.

This investigation had a beneficial influence upon public opinion. in

was

It

discouragements were

at length perceived, that the

consequence of events and incidents, which

The

to control

facilities in

it

was impossible

taking game, gradually

diminished.

deeds of the Indians conveyed rights, which they could

The

understand.

For

claimed by English hunters or sportsmen.

it

was necessary, though they

that the lessees should often underlet to applicants,

The

were equivocal characters. ing,

was

ill-natured

the value of commodities

;

The

for furs being better understood.

and jealous,

missionaries,

catholic

business of hunting and trad-

than formerly

less profitable

exchanged

not

Their hunting grounds were sometimes occupied or

—

the proselytes,

who were

Indians were

not the dupes, of the

if

among

without intermission

the

tribes.*

Amidst these increasing

same annual

at the

rent of

£35

was therefore

let,

1656-7-8,

in

sum which, though

a

;

lessees found they could not afford to ifesto

was

the trade

evils,

A.

DM656

small, the

A man-

pay a fourth year.

by the New-Plymouth

issued, July 7, 1659,

which publicly stated, that there were unhappily " troubles among the Indians'' themselves upon the river, some

executive,

having been killed or carried away, and

all

of them too

discouraged to pursue their hunting with any ambition

;

much

that seri-

ous losses were already apprehended from the cessation of trade

and

that the towns

uties,

were

in

duty

bound

what measures should be adopted

to

to instruct

prevent

their

its

;

dep-

becoming

utterly extinct.

At

the October session, the trade

paltry pittance of

was leased a year

only £10, free of

for

the The

embarrassments and out-

standing dues, upon condition of permitting the Indians never to

owe

at

one time, more than 500

* Father Gabriel Dreuilletts, the

commenced

bas Indians, 1646.

—

priests

1

Charlevoix,

had a

trading-

year, 1646.' ot, father

JSC.

skins.

first

F.

p.

435

This author also says,

Kennebeck, «

in

the Capuchin

house and religious hospital at Pentagoet, in the same

Dreuilletts

I.

last.

catholic missionary, to the Cani-

a residence in the wilderness of

was succeeded by James Bigot and Vincent Big*

and son, and by Father Ralle.

Vol.

This lease was the

34

trade ly e*

U nct

—

f

A. D. 1660.

The

estates

A The 80,d

parent

'

their agents,

and the General Court granted

;

to sell the

1661.

home

next year, the lessees took

upon the

liberty of trade

A.D.

[Vol.

THE history

370

whole patent

laborers and

any volunteers the

to

without lease or price, proposing

river,

£500.

for

was negotiated by a Committee of

sale at last

ed for the purpose

r.

three, appoint-

and on the 27th of October, 1661,* the

;

P atent was conveyed to Artepas Bois, Edward Tyng, Thomas John Winslow, for £400 sterling ; the deed of as-

Brattle and

signment being executed by eleven gentlemen

who call themselves

a committee.

New-England, had the people devoted

In no other part of

Remarks.

themselves so entirely to the peltry and fur trade, as they had within the precincts of this

Thirty-four years,

patent.

been well improved by the parent colony

;

it

had

within which period,

her emoluments and net gains must have exceeded considerably in the

aggregate,

£1,600

price

of

There was no

sale.

sterling

:J

which

to

The government

plantation upon the river.

is

to

be added, the

nor intent to establish a

effort

here was of a non-

descript character, under which neither the laws nor the rulers

were respected and hunters.

;

and many of the residents were transient people

The

colony

at

New-Plymouth had no

population to transplant into these parts

of the patent embraced ft

300

ft is

Surely

deavors,

made more

;

miles, there

surplus territory

were

at

this

of white people, not more, probably than

period found within souls.

700 square

and though the

to

be lamented, that the laudable en-

than half a century before, to plant a colony

within the limits of this territory, should never have been effectually revived

;

and that the patent

itself, after

the sale,

was

in fact

permitted to sink so deep in oblivion, as to exhibit only a few settlements, fewer surveys,^ and a small

names, *

1

for the greater part of

Mass. Rep.

recorded f

in the

—

Prop, of Kennebeck p. 484 county of York, A. D. 1719.

Sullivan, p. 117, 304.

quequoite."

The

number of the owners*

an hundred years. v. Call.

— This Indenture was

assignees erected a fort in 1662, at "

Mus-

— [JVlaquoit.]

Bane, says, he was taken captive by the Indians, A. D. 1692, I Joseph was with them 8 years; learned their language; they called the mouth of the Kennebeck-river, " Sunkadarunk ;" and the Plymouth trading house was at " Cushenock." Kennebeck Claims. and by Jones in 1731. § Some surveys by Heath in 1719 ;

— Chap,

OF MAINE.

xii.]

CHAPTER

371

XII.

The statute-law and government of Massachusetts transfered Maine Elections of public officers Courts County officers

—

—

—

to

—

and powers — The Militia system — General —Particular laws—Marriage—Sabbath— Ecclesiastical — Cambridge platform—Support ministry — Heresy, — and Quakers — Crimes of the Baptists, and punishments — Employments Humane laws Education — — — — Debtors Taverns Torture Taxation and Towns,

their

duties

liberties

of the

affairs

especially

Jesuits

assessments.

The

adoption or subjugation of the western parts of Maine, A was followed by a train of events, as well as attended by a mul- to

of circumstances, unusually important to the Province. Maine

tiplicity

A a

v

•

i

political

•

lasted about an

i

i

•

•

i

•

i

•

The

hundred and sixty-seven years.

though

till it

;

i>

connexion was lormed, which, with some interruption

jurisdiction,

tended

at first limited,

was from time

to

The

laws, regulations and politics of

were immediately received by the adopted people

became partakers

The code

of

to

Massa-

chusetts

in the administration

;

and

civil affairs.

of statute-law in that government, formed since the

settlement of the colony and of late considerably improved,

was,

in a

itself,

and

wants.*

few subsequent years, thought to be quite complete in its adaptation to

To become

legal regulations,

ruled,

the people's interests, habits

in

and

acquainted with this system of political and

by which the new subjects of them were

was indispensable.

For according

endamaged under

to

to

be

an adage of the

color of law or coun-

i

times, no one might be

£

tenance of authority, unless in virtue of some legislative enact-

'

ment

and when the law was defective,

sufficiently published

resort was directed " to the word of God."f

the *

more consideration and Between 1640 and

particularity,

They

also deserve

because, to them are

1660, the General Court completed a s}'stem of

laws and government, which had become quite perfect. Hist. p. 10, 11.

f

con-

necledwith Massachu-

ex-

time,

they

all

1640

territorial

embraced the whole seaboard eastward, even

Passamaquoddy.

first

D

1660,

Colony Laws, A. D. 1641,

Hutchinson's p.

44.

Statute-

f

[Vol.

THE HISTORY

372 A. D. 1640

traced the origin and foundation of successive laws and measures,

IP 1C60.

.

even

»

«

to the present period.

At

May

the

session of the General Court, in 1654, next after

the submission of the western parts of Maine

was appointed

three

examine and arrange

to

laws and ordinances, both written and printed

—

a

the Legislative

all ;

committee of

and prepare "

A vol-

ume was afterwards published ;* and the General Court new laws enacted, should, within ten days after

ordered,

ready recourse

for

to

the ses-

that all

sion closed, be printed,

According

System of

government, ter, the

Freesuffra-

of

all

magis^

every

to

to the articles

and provisions of the colony char^

government was administered by a Governor, Deputy^

Governor

—

and a copy distributed

and town, within the colony.

trate, court,

—

council of eighteen assistants, and house of deputies

whom were

Freemen freemen

that

j

and as early as

May

1631,

office civil or military.

after

Yet the

1636, might be elected to any of the law was

severity

gated towards the eastern people upon their submission

church-membership was never and

man

a

entitle

to

a prerequisite in

the privilege

annual Court of Elections their

men,

in the registry

^he

miti-* $

and

qualify

to

All

who

allegiance, either at the

Boston, or in the County Courts,

in

names were recorded by the

to the Secretary of the colony

Maine,

of free suffrage.

were admitted freemen took the oath of

where

it

none other than church-members should be

and that they only,

;

;

who

clerk,

kept

lists

and transmitted of

all

the free-

of the General Court.J

Governor, Deputy-Governor, Major-General of

all

the

Country -Treasurer, the Secretary, Admiral, and two Commissioners of the United Colonies^ were called " General militia, the

Officers," and

the last

On *

1

were annually elected by the freemen

Wednesday

p.

at large,

Deputy-Governor and Assist

209.

till A. D. 1641; when the Council and House and each had afterwards a negatiye upon the other. Winth.

f The}' all sat together

separated

Jour.

on

of May.||

election days, the Governor,

Mass. Rec.

p. 828,.

— Chalmfrs,

—

p. 166,

Jin May, 1666, the names of the freemen were by law sent

to

the

clerks of the shires, and the County Courts authorized to admit freemen,

3— Mass. 5

Rec.

j

chosen by a free suffrage of the people.

only were voters

was ordained,

'

fit

any particular."

and tables

titles

Public Offipers

I,

p. 224.

These were chosen by the General Court,

till

A. D.

16-16.

[|

Pattrpt„

Chap, tants

of Maine.

xii.]

373

chosen the preceding year, and the Deputies newly elect-

a. n. iG40

ed, held a session together, usually in a meeting-house of Boston,

where they received from each freeman of the colony present, a written ballot for the candidates, only one being voted for

same

In the exercise of this franchise, the voters advanced

time.

through one

aisle or

avenue, and laid their ballots upon the table,

Such freemen

departing through another.* to attend,

were permitted

as

were transmitted

name voted

to the election-table,

who had

freemen's names

for him, and

ballot

when

list

of the

sometimes, however, a candi-

;

marked was counted

a ballot

a blank ballot against him.

In the choice of Assistants,

The freemen

which, being

;

with a

Generally, the person's

so voted. f

was upon the

for

date was put in nomination,

did not choose

votes in their respective

to give their

towns, to their deputy in the constable's presence sealed,

Election,

the

at

were some

there

peculiarities.

of every town were convened, the

every April, by the constable

;

when they voted

week

first

for

Assistants.

in

any num-.

ber of Assistants, they chose to have, never exceeding eighteen,

The whole were examined by the Governor and Council early and those who had the greatest number of in May and published ;

votes were declared to be in nomination.

On

the day of election,

name of each candidate on the list was severally announced, and the freemen voted by way of corns and beans ; the former the

being counted for him and the

who

manner

against him.

The freemen

for Assistants, transmitting their votes, sealed

to the election-table. ally

latter

exercised the right of suffrage at home, voted in the same

chosen

;

the

For

and

thirty years, only fourteen

labelled,

were annu-

number was then increased to eighteen ;{ and were collectively de-r

they, the Governor, and Deputy-Governor,

nominated " Magistrates."

The elected

or Representatives Deputies 1 1

by towns.

contained not above than ten,

it

No

to the

General Court were „ Represcnt-

town could send more than two.

20 freemen,

it

could elect one only

was allowed none, though

it

might join

Deputies with the freemen of the next town. given in the selection of candidates

freeman within the colony, * Ogilby, p. 163. |

After August,

its

for a

;

it

if less

voting for

Great latitude was

town might

representative

f 166-1,

;

in

If

;

elect

any

and these choices

Col. Laws, A. D. 1636, p. 42.

eighteen were annually chosen.

atives -

A.I). 1640 to

[Vol.

THE HISTORY

374

of non-residents were frequent.

16G0.

.

.

who was »*

11

unsound

as held forth

.

But no one could be a Deputy • 1, r oi the christian religion,

.

,

in the

I.

•

•

i

main points

and acknowledged by the generality of the pro-

" testant orthodox writers."*

Under

the colonial charter, the whole

number of deputies

any one year, never exceeded 52, nor were

Maine

at

no time

after the

in

than 25 ;+ and

less

connexion, returned more than four,

number of towns were

at

Judiciary power was vested in three tribunals,

1.

or possibly five 3 though a greater

dif-

ferent times represented.

The

Judici-

The

\

the

ary

Court of Magistrates, or Assistants

*

2. the

;

County Courts

;

3.

the single magistrate's or three Commissioners' Court.

The Court of

Magistrates, constituted of the Governor, Dep-

r

Court!°

uty-Governor and Assistants, was the highest judicial tribunal the colony

having jurisdiction of

;

divorce, and appeals from inferior

semi-annual,

A jury

in the spring

was empanneled

capital crimes,

all

courts.

Their sessions were

and autumn, and always

as early as

in

cases of

May, 1631

;

and

in

Boston.

after

1634,

the freemen in their respective towns and plantations chose their

jurymen, J as they did County Court.

their municipal officers.

The County Court was

holden by the resident magistrate

within the shire, or such other, as the General Court might designate

;

assisted

by four such freemen of worth and

intelligence

within the several counties, as the towns in their annual meetings

might select or nominate, and the legislature approve and put commission, called "Associates."

the

into

formed a quorum, provided one sessions of this court in Maine,

appointed their quest and of

causes

civil

own

trials,

at least

Of

the

five,

three

was a magistrate.

The They

were twice every year.

clerks or recorders,

summoned

juries of in-

and had jurisdiction of probate matters, of

above 40s,

all

criminal cases not capital,

all

and others

not reserved to the Court of " Assistants. "§

The

third

and lowest judicial court

in the colony,

tion of all civil controversies within the county,

had jurisdic-

wherein the sum

—

* Col. Laws, p. 42-92-98-117.— 2 Mass. Rec. p. 238. A day's absence of a deputy, was fined 20s. In 1666-7-3, there were i In 1654, there were 40 in 16G2, only 27. In the next none from Maine, though in 1668, there were 50 members. 10 years there were never so many as 50, except A. D. 1671-2, there ;

were \

51.

Col.

\ 1

Laws,

p. 67-8(5.

Mass. Rec.

p. 76.

— Chap,

demanded

375

of Maine.

xii.]

did not exceed

40

and

shillings,

might

it

cnm-

fine in

A.

D

1640

to 1660.

amount.

inal cases to that

was holden by a

It

without a jury, in the town where he resided. sioners also, if Assistants, or

was

County Court,

interested, a

in

if

any Commissioner

Appeals lay from

tive officer

of the county;

and

;

County Court.

w hom were

elected annually by the

who was by an ordinance

634,

freemen

;

1642, made ex

of

we ought

of almost

for the original

movements, might

all

3.

officio

the

were voted

for

;

and the various

The town

and guarded.

in

town and assessed the taxes; ensign was " a black

town meetings,

interests

Here

staff,"

trust,

the prudentials

was

it

smaller

hue and cry," and take inquests on

who kept

whose

and whose business

collect taxes, serve the

promoted were,

early times,

constables,

2.

the public

of society

these

officers in

who had

selectmen,

the

measures and

of trust and honor

officers

;

mention those Towns and

to

political

assemblies in these municipal corporations.

legal

of the official

to

warn

processes,

dead bodies

;

3.

the town records,

signed legal pre-

cepts, returnable before single magistrates or

town commission-

clerk of the writs,

and recorded births and deaths

ers,

sealers of weights

5.

;

4.

surveyors of highways

and measures ; J and

6,

chosen by their townsmen.

Among

towns, they were required to

make and amend

and bridges * This

;

and

after

was repealed

tything-men

except as

to

;

all

enjoined upon

the duties

their

1659, to support their poor

in 1657,

—

:

highways

also to

Boston and Yorkshire.

per-

— 2 Mass,

Rec. p. 332. As to the choice of Associates lb p. 32. They were put into the " Commission." 4 Mass. Rec. p. 2-3.-2 Hutch. Hist. p. 32.

—

|

His records Avere made by law, 1650, conclusive evidence.

Rec. \

—2

Mass.

p. 25.

In 1674, F. Littlefield was indicted at York, for want of scales and

weights

ficers *

be traced to the primary

at this early period,

monies were raised and collected

raise "

and

towns,

in

both of

appointed by the County

to the regulations of counties,

of towns

.

—

town books.

in

Next

1

the execu- Counly Qf.

of deeds, which had previously been recorded since

register 1

who was

County-treasurer,

2. the

the clerk, or recorder of the shire,f

Court,

trate's

selectman took his place.

County-officers were, 1. a marshal,

T

commis-

towns where no magistrate resid-

decisions in these petty tribunals, to the

The

—Three

were required, were appointed* by the Court of

it

determine those small causes

ed, to

single magistrate

in his mill as

the law directs.

cer*.

—

—

f

a. D. 1640 to

1660.

[Vol.

THE history

376 ambulate the town

1631-5

The

once

in

three years

military

was a very important department

All able bodied freemen and others,

ment.

formed a company

Militia.

and

;

if their

Those,

the

town,

in a

number were 64, they were enand non-commissioned

a captain, subalterns

to

the govern-

in

who had taken "

oath of residents," belonged to the trainbands.

titled

and as early as

;

procure a standard of weights and measures.*

to

f

lines

i.

officers

;

otherwise they were exercised by sergeants, or perhaps by a sub-

by the freemen by

and ensign, were elected

Till 1 658, the captain, lieutenant

altern.

town meeting; afterwards, they were elected

in

companies

their respective

was presented or rejected

to the

and

;

and ordered another

it

both cases, the choice

in

County Court, which

either confirmed

it,

election.

The soldiery commanded by

of each county formed a regiment,J which was

same county

town meetings.

once

in

a sergeant-major, chosen by the freemen of the

years

in three

:

and

Each regiment was mustered head of

at the

the militia in the

all

colony, was a Major-General,§ elected, as previously stated, like the Governor, by the freemen at large. officers,

were

Ensigns and

superior

all

subsequent period, commissioned by the Gen-

at a

eral Court.

The a year

militia ;

and

were required

at least

two

to train

thirds of

by companies, the

soldiers

six times in

were required

have muskets, and be furnished with bandoleers

to

due might serve with pikes,

||

;

the resi-

provided they had "corselets and

headpieces."

But

more prominent

these were only the

all

features of the

system, devised and embraced by the early colonists. emigrants, *

felt

They were

land

;

and

no veneration,

—

sealed by those of the Governor's, brought from Engeach town was required to have a bushel, peck, and the

first

in 1635,

aliquot-weights from

1 lb. to

14; also a " mete yard,"

—

standard in Boston, kept by James Pen, the marshal.— 103. I

t

In 1639, there

Winth. Jour.

They, as

they cherished no love for the

Col.

were

p. 176.

in

Laws,

p.

42-128

—2

to be sealed

1

Mass. Rec.

Mass. Rec.

p. 371.

Massachusetts, 2 Regiments, and

— In 1671, there were 6

Regiments

by the p. 46-

1,000 men.

including-

one in

Yorkshire. \ The military, till 1635-6, were under the Governor, Deputy Governor, and nine Commissioners, who could try offenders by Court-martial and put to death.— 1 .Mass. Rec. p. 93-142. |[

There were no pikemen

iu

King

Philip's war.

Hutch. Coll.

p.

435.

— Chap,

of Maine.

xii.]

establishments

the

in

377

country they had

upon almost every

legislated

concern the people

when

of the legislature, lawful age of

all

general sweep, all

all

by deed, Equal

rights

civil

and

of property

common

in

England, were wholly

given for the conveyance of estates,

upon the convic-

fowl in either

and

;

No

and the great

remove with

Slavery and bondage were prohibited

was holden by purchase, he was

to

;

forests,

his family

go out of his

to

do military duty, nor out of the jurisdiction

to

service.

the

ponds, and to

interior

was obliged

soldier

arteries of their

free to hunt in

also at his pleasure to

any other place.

county

were the

rational liberty

Every one was

system.

to fish in the tide-waters

to

and with one

:

alienation

or otherwise, without forfeiture

will,

sanction

21 years should be the

that

impediments to the

full liberty

1641,

any crime, or offence whatever.*

tion of

whole

and

;

In

life.

persons for transacting business

feudal or servile burdens, so

disallowed

which could anywise

liberal provisions received the

was ordained,

it

and

be treated with

in

all

actual

any one

if

the kind-

ness prescribed in the Divine law.

Our

ancestors, for the sake of freedom in matters of religion,

are well

known

to

have emigrated to

surprising, therefore, that such

sabbath, faith,

—

the

this

country

institutions as

;

and

and orthodox

those differing from the laws and usages of the to

be drawn from the scriptures.

All christian fugitives from famine and persecution were

be succored, and have the charities extended

ed

not

should have engaged their early and perpetual attention.

mother country, were intended

to

it is

marriage and the

subjects of church-establishments,

New provisions, and

in the

Gospel,

—

also strangers

were

to

to

by law

them, as enjoin-

have the same measure

of justice as freemen.

Marriage,f every where a divine and sacred ordinance, was never to be contracted by maidens, without the parents' or guardians' approbation.

Till that

was obtained,

all

the arts of ad-

dress employed in a secret manner, to win a female's

were declared by the

legislature

to

affection,

be subversive of parental

* Colony Laws, p. 44. f Before there was any Colony law, marriage was solemnized by the Governor and a minister of the gospel. Winthrop's Jour. p. 20.

—

Vol.

I.

35

a. d. 1640

.to

.

subject,

various conditions of

in the

many sound and

so

Their General

left.

.

Court

1660.

^ regulations,

THE HISTORY

378

[VOL.

and the divine honor, and were actually made a

A. D. 1640 authority

I.

fina-

to 1660.

The

ble offence.

be committed

to

regulations,

disposal of children in marriage

to the

was declared

God

care and discretion of parents by

Magistrates, and none other, were authorized to solemn-*

himself.

ize marriages,

1656, when the power was

till

town commissioners, where no magistrate resided

given

also to

was

yet there

;

a law as early as 1639, forbidding parties to marry, before their

had been published

intentions

in three public

meetings, or posted

fourteen days.

The

Sabbath,

were made

ions

limited

likewise

instituted

esteemed a day of holy for

rest

;

Divine authority, was

by

and several

strict legislative

the sacred observance of

was from midnight preceding,

that following the

to

attendance upon public worship was enjoined ble

;

and

^ne

piuffaS!

and

servile labor, recreation

Church

deemed by

relations,

proviso

The

it.

time

day

j

absences punisha-

;

travelling strictly forbidden.

the primary colonists so high*

ly important, were evidently intended to be formed and established

upon

free

legislature,

church, or

For

and scriptural principles. that

f
y*

setts— The General Court complain of them

gonia displeased with

i,

Commissioners — Their -

memorial

to

the

— Commissioners proceed Province — They open — a Court Sheepscot— Establish a county and appoint Their other measures — Their report — Indian Treaty — York — Their account Sheepscot records — Commissioners return Duke's Province — War with France — Unhappy condition of of Maine and Sagadahock — Treaty of Breda — Nova Scotia France — Disagreement of Acadians and Puritans signed — Temple's of Nova Scotia. to the /Juke's

Icing

r

at

officers

official

to

the

re*

the

to

Col.

664

loss

Charles

june'il.

having resolved to put Gorges into possession of

Maine, addressed

to

the

the 11th of

provincials a letter, dated

June, 1664, which was communicated, probably through the me^

dium of The

4

king's letter to the

Keopieof laine.

To

his

Commissioners.

our trusty and well beloved subjects and inhabitants /.-»/.

* ,

*

Province of Maine, and

you

nr

We

in the

it

—

Ferdinando Gorges, the grand-

may

concern,

«'

greet;

5 i

well.

'As we 1

•

whom

father

are informed,

-Sir

of the present proprietor, and a generous promoter of

*

foreign plantations, obtained a royal charter of Maine, and ex-

*

pended

'

prevented from reaping the

*

by the unhappy

*

bravely engaged in his master's service

4

opponents, intoxicated with success as

in settling

it,

civil

more than £20,000 fruits

;

and yet was wholly

of his expenditures and labors,

wars, wherein he though advanced in age,

we

-In the

mean

measures by

*

the voice of justice, have given countenance to

*

which the provincials have been brought within

'

Massachusetts-Bay, and the proprietary deprived of

4

sues and profits of his property

*

t

;

time, his

understand, and deaf to

the- jurisdiction

though according

all

the

of is-

to the decision

of our " counsel, learned in the law," his right to the charter is

fully established

;

the

Province was in possession of the orig-

Chap, xv.]

of Maine.

and under

413

government several years ;

the A. D. 1664.

*

inal proprietor

'

large sums mentioned had been by him expended in settling and

*

managing

i

'

his

he has in the late civil wars, been plundered and.

it ;

imprisoned several times

and being exhausted by

;

and

losses,

ill-treated by the " pretended committees offoreign plantations,"

and

of trouble, had

his agents in those times

1

he

1

itants to the

i

restoration, he,

1

sess himself of his Province,

temporary government oj their

by

his commissioners, has

his

i

of allegiance

Since the

endeavored

and two years

Majesty king, established courts, and gave

*

the inhab-

left

choice.

many

to

to repos-

proclaimed

since,

the oaths

but the government of Massachusetts prohibited

;

further proceedings of those commissioners,

they had or-

*

all

'

ders from the supreme authority of the kingdom

i

therefore taken the whole matter into our princely consideration,

*

(concludes the king) and have thought

1

in behalf of

4

require

you

i

to

make

restitution of the

:

—and

When

have

our pleasure

to signify

so

we

him or

to

his

show us reasons

to the

con-

you— farewell'*

bid

the General Court were

made acquainted

undertook

tents of this letter, they

royal commissioners,

Province

him or them peaceable possession

thereof, or otherwise without delay

trary

We

:

Ferdinando Gorges, the present proprietor, and do

'commissioners, and deliver '

fit

till

by

to justify their

with the con- Remarks

conduct, to the

recapitulating the grounds

and reasons,

which induced them to receive the provincials under the governHis Majesty, as the court believed, was

ment of the colony.

greatly misinformed as to the Sir Ferdinando.

It

amount of disbursements made by

might be true as the inhabitants say, that Mr.

Thomas Gorges and Mr. Vmes, after deducting their own expenses, did lay out £500 of the proprietor's money for the public good, or possibly £1,000 may have been expended in the whole, through mismanagement in building a house

setts

however, was not the

first

to

claim

Maine, against the rights of Gorges.

in

York,

Massachu-

breaking up lands, and a few unskilful enterprizes.

a considerable part of

For, Baron Rigby, twenty

years ago, entered upon a large portion of the territory, obtained a decision in his favor, death. f

—Nay,

did not

don the Province, Hutch. Coll.

p.

to

and exercised government there all

the

till

his

agents of Sir Ferdinando aban-

self-formed combinations and revolutionists,

305-388.

f3 Mast. Rec.

p.

178—180.

Court,

of

[VOL.

THE HISTORY

414 A. D. 1664. long before

Massachusetts asserted any right to

was the nature or character of her claim soil

—by

sales of

profits or

which she expected

No

avails.

and

protection

—but

on the contrary

They had bound

and

—Yet what

was not

to the

derive any pecuniary

to

was exclusively

it

themselves by their oaths, their

agreement, and other voluntary acts to

tion to the laws

it ? it

government, such as the inhabitants them-

civil

selves requested* articles of

:

surely

;

I,

subjec-

live in

of Massachusetts,

authorities

till

their

alle-

giance might be expressly countermanded by the supreme gov-

How

ernment of England, their

ed

to act without

right,

The pule

who presum-

to another's control,

any evidence of such authority, or paramount

and without .process of law

To the

dis-

then could they consistently with

solemn obligations, submit

letter in

?

behalf of Gorges, addressed by Henry Joscelyn,

John Archdale, Robert Jordan and Edward Rishworth, as before

'

mentioned, unto the Governor and Council, requesting them to resign Nov. 30.

and

of Maine,

surrender the jurisdiction

General

the

Court, Nov. 30, replied, that they had determined to yield none

of their rights

it

Province, until their duties

in

this particu-

plain and palpable. If the king's will

were known,

in the

were made

lar

was only through

his

address to the inhabitants, not by any

mandate or express communication

Nor were

chusetts.

government of Massa-

to the

the king's commissioners with

they possessed, authorized

in a

more

special

all

manner

the

power

to take

pos*

session of Maine, than of any other Province,

Thus, the features of the troublesome controversy are exhibit-

ires. pai •iesTn

Mame

'

"

ed to us, vincials

opening of the year 1665.

at the

were devoted

to the anticipated

to the

visit

king's will,

A

party of the pro-

and of course friendly

of his commissioners.

Many,

especially

such as were land or office-holders under the Gorges' family,

were the advocates of the present proprietary, and some of them claimed to

exercise

official

Massachusetts was inexorable ple

were strongly attached

authority ;

under his appointment.

and numbers of the eastern peo-

to her

government.

Therefore when

John Archdale,* the proprietor's agent, came forward with an order under the royal " sign manual," requiring her to restore unto

him Gorges' province, which he

said she

croached upon

civil

in the

* Fvlsom,

p.

time of the

91-2.

Archdale was

" had shamefully en-

wars," the General Court

in the

Province a year.

Chap. xv.J

of Maine.

415

told him, that " the distracted condition

of the people in York- a. D.

1665.

shire" required rather their protection and assistance, and that

a government of their choice should never be hastily withdrawn

from them.

By

the orders of that

Body,*

early in

May, we

A

with a positiveness not to be misunderstood.

be holden

will

at

civil officers will

York

Edward Rishworth

If

County-Recorder, Peter incumbent

present

Since there

pers.

Wyer

will

will act as

all

such

in

in

pa-

county,

that

every particular,

till

Messrs Simonds and Dan-

transgressors of the law,

measured

The

him

to

hold the usual term of the Courts in York, the current

and

;

alties

and

the record-books and

deliver

no resident magistrate

is

Ezekiel Knight of Wells,

forth will

County regulations,

neglect his duty

will take his place,

the further order of the Legislature.

year

All

show, as formerly, due obedience to the

will

colony administration.

the

County Court

the present as in previous years.

in

continue to exercise and perform their duties,

and the inhabitants

as

speak May.

find they

to

them with

all

any, will have

if

its

pen-

retributive justice.

king's commissioners, having visited the towns and

plan- j une

tations between Boston and Piscataqua, made a short tarry

.

in

J^Jj^j

New-Hampshire and passed the river, about the middle of June, doners in Here they summoned the people together and de- York/ into Battery. scribed to *

them

their inevitable ruin, if they continued

Bay-government.'

— ty,

their

contempts and crimes

—and The

Its rulers, said they,

their

position

doom can

soon be laid before his Majes-

will

easily

under the

are rebels and traitors,

be foreseen.

and authority assumed by the Commissioners

were not only despotic and unwarrantable, but extremely discreet. telling the

They

inhabitants,

and exclusive, ever ty's

virtually it

assailed

the

charter

of

granted privileges altogether too great

be possessed and exercised by

to

in-

Gorges,

most favored subjects,

—Mr> Gorges being

they manifested a forwardness to

assist

them

his

truly one.

Majes-

Hence

in obtaining security

from the claims, both of him and the rulers of Massachusetts.

Next they

exhibited

praying for

king,

among

those

men

also

;

a

a petition for signature, addressed to the

new colony

charter.

This found signers,

who were the friends or dupes of these arbitrary among the licentious, who are ever impatient of »re*3 Mass. Rec.

p.

116—17.

*

THE HISTORY

416

[VoL.

and bankrupts, who were anxious of

A. D. 1665. straint,

Such

from their debts.

relief or

I.

respite

were unyielding, they loaded with re-

as

proaches, the volatile they flattered, and the timid they threat-

ened.

All

who

him

were

did not comply,

would be returned

and

to his Majesty,

So

in its true colours.

told,

and amazed were several

affrighted

know what

of them, that they afterwards declared they did not

Many

they had done.

of the better and more sensible people

looked upon themselves

began

a condition to be

in

to entertain thoughts

estates, to

some

names

that their

their disloyalty painted to

utterly ruined

;

and

of removing with their families and

plantation or place of

more

and greater

quiet

security.

At York, the Commissioners passed to

form and establish a superstructure

out the Province.

ter of

own

have acted according

to

without regard either to the char-

will,

Gorges or the claim of Massachusetts.

Their

By

"

seem

In this, they

to the dictates of their

several days, undertaking of civil authority, through-

official

order was essentially in these words

:

—

the King's Commissioners for settling the affairs of

New-

England." c

l. s.

We

having seen the several charters granted to Sir

1

Ferdinando Gorges and

*

chusetts Bay, and duly

now

Corporation of Massa-

the

to

weighed the matters

in contro-

Majesty's good subjects,

*

versy, do

*

within the Province of Maine, under his immediate protection

1


man me region was at that

Piscataqua and

Nova

The

Scotia.

the incur-

to

time,

between and

inhabitants, scattered

defenceless, were without fortifications, without arms or military

and without even any

stores,

settlements upon a seacoast,

common bond

200

of union.

All the

miles in extent, were situated

near the best harbors, tempting in every thing except poverty, to the visits of invaders. this

The enemy on

who had by among the jeal-

their rear,

time acquired a singular missionary influence

ous savages, hated the puritan planters, and especially coveted this eastern country.

Nor was

dissensions, the eastern people

though

it

this

Distracted with political

all.

had none

to

help or protect them

were well known how many claimed

rule them.

In three or four years,

all

to

;

control and

com-

traces of the king's

missioners were obliterated, a few monumental evils excepted

;

and

Massachusetts was evidently the only power, to which the inhabitants

could look with any prospect of assistance,^ either

in

war

or peace. * "

M. de

Courcelles, appointed Governor of New-France,

" the regiment of Carignan Salueres to Canada."

— And with

it

came Baron de

fThe French

3 Mass. Rec.

}

Massachusetts at

horse."

—

p.

transported

1

1

Holmes' A. Jinn.

p.

396.

Castine.

established a peace with the

1

—

Mohawks, A. D.

1667.

268. this

I Holme*'' Jl

t

time had a militia, consisting " of 4,000 foot and 400

Ann.

p. 394.

Chap, xv.] Happily

of Maine.

for

them the war was

formed a lamentable

427 though

short,

A

train of evils.

cessation

its

consequences

of

the spring

was followed by two

eluded

Breda, July 31, 1667, one with France and the other

at

Nova

French

Scotia to the

England, the Dutch colony

The

at the

and Holland resigned

;

recession or return of the Acadian

Thomas was

Governor,

was

it

.

among

a great question

Indeed,

as well as

statesmen, and

if

the

perhaps

the crown could cede

For

right than that of sovereignty or the government.

the cession was not in the treaty

to

Province to France,

proprietor,

the territorial

the English envoy himself doubted,

any other

'

3i

Hudson.

was generally lamented throughout New-England.* since Sir

Treaty of r eda July

In these negotiations, the English agreed to sur-

with Holland.

render

which the English con-

treaties,

A. D. 1667.

in

hostilities

but through the pressure

itself,

and influence of the French embassy, was subsequently made an appendant

article.

Except under the administration of Governor Temple, the The p rench l,sh Acadian French had been always disagreeable to their New-

^^ 0

For

England neighbors. life

and thought,

their motives of action, their

and plans

their pursuits

in business,

habits of

and

in

fact,

the qualities and shades of their character, differed as

widely

from those of the English, as the two people were unlike

in their

all

language, their religious tenets and their political sentiments. short, they

agreed

in nothing,

Let a bigoted

nature.

except

catholic,

Jesuit priests, a slavish subject,

in

the

forms and

In

gifts

of

ever servile to the dictates of believing in the divine right of

kings, a

Frenchman devoted

wigwam

or an Indian wife, be contrasted with puritan piety, poli-

tics, intelligence it

difficult to

and

to

savage society, the chase, the

taste for refinements

;

and one

understand the causes of mutual

will not

dislike,

find

nor to de-

termine on which side were enmity and the avenger.

Among

were esteemed

heretics,

the disciples of papacy,

whose

was no

The

liberty,

all

wealth and

protestants

life

itself,

according to their creed,

it

sin to sacrifice.

Indians schooled by the same spiritual teachers, imbibed r

a similar disposition, and were easily bloated with the same opinions.

The

and western

original estrangement tribes

and malignity of the eastern

towards each other, were observed to be gradHotch. Coll.

p. 488.

dian».

*

A.

[V OL.

THE HISTORY

428 D

16C7 ually

1«

Their natural

yielding to the vibrations of intercourse.

cunning, sharpened by necessity, prompted them to trespass and

from home.

pilfer at a distance

Hence, the people were

1 667, among the domesmeadows of Hadley upon

autumn of

mischiefs, committed in the

animals, and in the cornfields and

tic

Connecticut river

Sagamore him and

and the sufferers sent

;

Robinhood, a chief

to

Kennebeck, demanding redress and

at

utmost

his tribe with the

To

repeated,.

satis-

Eastern Indians were the perpetrators of certain

fied, that the

promote amity with them,

given to the traders

and

in fur

threatening

were

severities, if the offences

license

was

at length

unto Indian friends,

in peltries, to sell

guns and ammunition.*

The

rights of

proprietary

Temple

to

determination of the French to obtain

English to surrender

the

it,

upon the

his master's ministry

Nova

the territory of

But perceiving

Scotia, no one in justice could deny.

it

was the

it,

and the agreement of

he entered

into a negotiation with

subject.

In consideration of a re-

linquishment, he exacted a reimbursement of the purchase money,

and the expenses bestowed upon other

£16,200, A D a

Frauce.

—

sum which

a

the

Immediately afterwards,

1668

fortifications,

crown agreed in

to

a

and incurred

was found

estimate

total

all

La Heve, Cape

article

Acadia,

of

J

with-*

by name, "

out anv specification as to boundaries, including John's, Port-Royal,

in

be

to

pay him.f

February 1668, the

cession was tacked to the treaty of Breda, and

to 1669.

resig ned°to

The

improvements.

St.

Sable, and Pentagoet," or

Penobscot, as being parts of the Province, was ordered into the

Not being paid

possession of the French.

ed the surrender,

he was forced

till

by

to submit,

made as

it

;

Walker, the

at last a formal

Fontaine.

It

was

and Capt. Wibourne proprietary's

felt

nephew William Nelson and

his heirs.

\

Chalmers, Brit.

p.

Emp.

p.

in

at

Penobscot,

p.

Grand ;

and

1674, he devis-

in

But being unable

to avail

f Palairet, p. IS.

See the article

America,

le

the Province, to his

2S0— 272.

393.

1669,§

by Sir Thomas

occurred just before his death which was his interest in

X

in

Lieutenant-Governor,

surrender of the whole, to Mons.

a hardship sensibly

ed ihe money, or otherwise

* 3 Mass. Rcc.

money, he delay-

command,

without the consideration promised him,

which he never received and Richard

the

his Majesty's special

in

appendix, p,$U

22.— 1 Hutch. Hist.

p. 237.

Chap, xv.]

of Maine.

429

himself of any advantage from the bequest, Nelson transferred

Waldo of Boston, who

[A. D. 1730] to Samuel

it

pay him the money, award him the Province, or

crown

either to

grant

him an equivalent

other American lands.*

in

however was allowed him, and It

said, the

is

and

after

dia,

who

Nothing

sank into oblivion.

his claim

French Governor was M. de Bourg

first

him Mons. Denys was appointed Lt. Governor resided in the country thirty years

lished a short history of

;

and

in

at the latter place, at

Port-Royal and

at the river St.

we

forts

Johns.§

by

Province previ-

find that within the

Ken-

ously bisected into two divisions, by a partition line through

eral

river, the courts, established consisted

Assembly, Courts of

Common

and single Justice Courts

Sessions,

May

in

or June at Saco

four times

in

first

of causes under

had sessions annually

the second three times, and the third

;

a year in

Pleas, Courts of Quarter

The

40s. by a jury of seven men.

of four, the Gen-

for the trial

each

division, at

York and

at

Falmouth.

Offences were presented by grand juries, and facts determined

by juries of division,

in

At

trials.

July

Francis Hooke,

a court holden at

Casco

for the eastern

1666, by Henry Joscelyn, William

Phillips,

Edward Rishworth, and Samuel Wheelwright,

styled the " Justices of the peace appointed by special

commission

from the Rt. Hon. Sir Robert Carr, Lt. Col. George Cartwright

and Samuel Maverick Esq."

it

was ordered,

that the selectmen of

Falmouth should have the oversight of children and servants and correct such as were disobedient

power

weights and measures standard at Winchester. prohibited

and

I

:

The

—non-attendance

profanity,

George Mountjoy have

Brit.

Dom.

according

and see

if

to the

king's

sale of liquors to the Indians

at public

f

in

p. 104.

Am. p

246.

was

Hutch. Coll.

p.

peace.-

489-543.

After him Manival was Governor. 1

the

worship, sabbath-breaking,

were made punishable by a justice of the

Mass. Letter Book, 1

that

town were

in

* Palairet, p. 19.

J

;

to administer oaths, join parties in marriage,

Holmes' A. Ann.

p.

ru .

the

In returning to the administration of government, instituted the king's Commissioners,

],

1672, pub-

The French occupied

at Paris. J

it

;f p renc

Aca-y^°^ Nova

in

country from Cape Breton to Penobscot; and built stockaded

nebunk

A. D. 1668,

applied to the

399,404.

a.

D

1666, 8 '

Affairs of

Maine *

THE HISTORY

430 A

courts

1 '

W^ en

G67 1668

[Vol.

holding their terms in York, were evidently-

guided by the laws previously received from Massachusetts the last General Assembly under the at

Saco,

in

May

1

I.

688

;

after

;

and

new government, was holden

which the people sought

to

be un-

der the jurisdiction of Massachusetts.* * 1 Maine Hist. Soc. Coll. p. 117-126. — George Cleaves died about 1666, much embarrassed in his pecuniar}- affairs. Henry Joscelyn, being- greatly in debt to Joshua Scottow of Boston, made a conveyance to him, in 1666, of the

Cammock

adjoining tract 1

;

patent at Black-point, except his homestead, and an

— upon which purchase the grantee afterwards resided.

f

Chap,

xvi.]

OF MAINE.

CHAPTER

431

XVI.

—Appointment of Commissioners by — Governor Nichols' opposition — The Commissioners York— Altercations between Justices — Massachusetts resumes government of them and and courts of justice — John and Maine — Appoin tment of eastern Province — Re-survey and Henry Joscelyn — State of 3Iassachus£tts' patent, eastward— The county of of and regulations — Peace with Devonshire established— Duke of York— Courts in Dutch — A new patent and population — Taxes — Happy Maine — The provincial union of Massachusetts and Maine — Claim of Gorges and Mason— of Edward Randolph — His representations — The court of England— Their agents of Massachusetts at — Decision by a committee of Privy Council— Blaine purMaine

Political confusion in

Massachusetts

to

settle

the affairs there visit

the

the

officers

the

extent

the

'Its

officers

to

the

the

militiq

Visit

the

instruc-

tions

chased by Massachusetts.

At

the end of three or four years,

sioners were

,

into lamentable confusion.*

affection

for

himself give

this it

new

the king's

after

Commis-

the affairs of Gorges' Province relapsed

recalled,

tt

•

•

His partisans entertained no great

non-descript administration

The

any special support.

;

a. t>. 1667

me,

Maine

in

'

a

confused

nor did he appointed

Justices

were not the most popular men. In their attempts to discharge for numbers called their duties, the experiment was unavailing ;

—

in question the validity of their authority,

the

and the lawfulness of

power, which they were endeavoring

hearts beat high for

a return

to

exercise.

Many

of the prosperous days, enjoyed

while connected with Massachusetts

and the principal

;

men

be-

sought her government, to reassume the jurisdiction of the Province.

The

General Court,

at their session

in

the present to be the third year since any

from Maine, and rinding a restoration of

May

1668, observing

member had appeared political

order,

and a

—

"

* 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 238. The General Court said, they were in a state of anarchy."— Mass. Rec.—Hub.N.E. p. 593. f The last General Court holden under authority of the king's Commis-

sioner*,

sat at

Saco,

May

29,

1663.

—

I

Coll.

Maine

Hist.

Soc.

p. 126.

AD

-

16(58-

lonsid'ere'd™

York c^J[;

— A

D. 1668. settled administration of justice, to

people, thought

owed both

was a

it

to the

inhabitants

*

charter, they

*

thrown

1

as

they

duty,

political

king and to the Province, to enter immediately 4

subject.

interesting

were choosing,

'

i.

be anxiously desired by that

religious as well

into a consideration of the

For while the

the Court said, to be under our

as

were deprived of

their invaluable privileges,

into the depths of disorder,

and

by Commissioners who were

rather destroyers than promoters of his Majesty's interest, and

—men

who have

*

the peoples' good

*

upon our government, and have been the authors of transactions,

4

Four

[Vol.

THE HISTORY

432

Com

;

which they had

for

cast malignant

aspersions

no lawful authority.'

in fact

Hence, the General Court appointed four distinguished men,

missioners.

Commissioners,

Court

to hold a

in

York, on the

first

Tuesday of

the ensuing July, according to legal and former usage

manded

;

the people of the Province, in his Majesty's

yield again

due obedience

all

to the

whom

to

conformity to a legislative

grand and

These precepts were

Nathaniel Masterson,

in

the provincial towns, directing

all

to elect Associates, constables, officers.

name

laws and government of the

Also the colonial Secretary

colony.*

order, issued warrants to

and com-

petit jurors,

distributed

them

and other

by

the constables

to

the legislature appointed marshal of

the county.

The lows Their ap-

*

substance of the Commissioners' appointment was as

fol-

:

To Major

General John Leverett, Mr. Edward Tyng, Capt.

|»ointment. 1

Richard Waldron and Capt. Richard Pike.f *

1

You

are hereby required to repair to York, in the

Yorkshire, and there

all

or any two of you,

County

of

whereof General

'

Leverett shall be one, are required to keep a County Court

*

as the law directs.

*

to possess other authority, or

c

obedience they owe

*

charter, to

*

allegiance

And

in

case you meet with any, pretending

presuming

to this jurisdiction

to

swerve lrom the due

under

his Majesty's royal

which they have submitted and solemnly pledged ;

—you

* Hubbard's N. E.

will bring

p.

them

to trial before

you, and pass

595.

the colony militia; Tyng was Waldron was deputy from Dover N. H. a speaker of the House; and Pike lived in Salisbury, and was afterwards an assistant. j-

Leverett was

assistant this

commander

year for the

first

in chief of

time

;

;

Chap.

of mainil

xvi.J

433

1

sentence upon the guilty, according to the aggravation of their

4

offences.

Furthermore, you are authorized

4

to

confirm

and military, as you

all

and

officers

judge meet and

1

Commissioners,

*

proper, for the security

1

the Courts of the Shire

4

accomplish these duties, you are hereby empowered from the

4

date of these presents, to take such measures preparatory for

civil

shall

and preservation of order or peace

in

enabling you

to

Also, for the

;

better

'holding a Court, and settling the peace of the county, as you 4

your discretion

and

*

civil

4

ants, are

military, within this jurisdiction

hereby directed to

4

shall require

4

ceedings to

and you are

;

this

the

Colony

to

you

assist

—And

and as

all

the

other inhabit-

matter pending

render an account of your pro-

to

all

which,

this

May

be affixed,

Court hath caused the

Besides their Commission, they had a

which they were directed a guaranty of the

Governor.'*

of instructions, by

letter

privileges

enjoyed

in

to prevent or check, as far as possible, all disputes

about grants of landf

made by

their local "

individual rights, or claims to real estate, to suppress disturbances

discretion as sary, in the

When

questions

General Assemblies,* to

J

leave

unaltered and untouch-

and otherwise,

;

much power and

Their instrucl,OH *'

other places

and

during the interruptions of the three preceding years

;

of

unto the provincial inhabitants,

to give

common

seal

20, 1668/

'RICHARD BELLINGHAM,

ed

in

officers,

all

Court, at the next session in October.

In testimony of

4

4

judge to be expedient;

shall

A. D. 1668.

to exercise in their

authority as they might find neces-

performance of the

trust

delegated to them, J

Governor Nichols heard of these proceedings, he wrote Governor

a letter from

New- York, June

12th, to the Governor

'

and Assis-

'

iNicil ° 1

lct "

^ tertoMas-

#

tants of Massachusetts; in

which he inveighed severely against sachuseus,

the course they were pursuing.

4

1

am, said he, not a

little

sur-

4

prized to find, that you are preparing to usurp again the govern-

4

ment of Maine

4

have been submitted to the king by different claimants, are

*

;

3 Mass. Rec. p.

|By

at a

time too,

when

the rights of ownership, which

277.— Hubbard's N. E.

still

p. 596.

would seem that the inhabitants of Maine, during: the three years interruption had General Assemblies,' whieh made graiit* this expression, it

'

of lands.

}3 Mass. Rec.

Vol.

I.

p. 278.

42

—

f

A. D. 1668.

[VoL.

THE HISTORY

434 «

Nor can

determination.

awaiting his royal

Commissioners might do or

*

his

*

farther

direct,

was

be unknown

it

'you, that according to his letter of April 10,

I.

to

1666, whatsoever

be conclusive,

to

You

commands were received from him.

possess

till

power

compel a submission of your weaker neigh-

4

enough,

*

bors

'

courts of law, in answer to the petition of a few unquiet spirits,

it is

true, to

you may

and

;

feel

in

duty bound to reestablish your

*

and under a plausible pretence of restoring order and peace

1

But

ought not

I

to

'contrary to the '

be

Do

letter.

you to

never stretch forth an arm of power to defend

suppose he

will

4

his subjects

from usurpation

*

fore I leave these parts, I

6

prehensions, that " in

:

directly

forbearance and clemency, as

his

1

"

of his Majesty's

injunctions

presume so much upon

view of measures so

in

silent,

?

—Unable myself

must express

you compel an

if

to

you

to

alteration

you, be-

visit

my

fearful ap-

of government

the Province of Maine, by subverting the present establish-

" ments," you may, and probably will be the cause of bitter c

quarrels, and even bloodshed.

*

it is

Nichois sue-

*

cious invaders.'*

Lovdace.

ernor Nichols.

nature's law, for

He

men

to

For

This was one of the

New-York and Sagadahock

The

Commissionersar-

letter

thorities

rive at

of

a dictate of reason, all offi-

of Gov-

last official acts

soon embarked for England, and was suc-

ceeded by Col. Lovelace, who was of the

it is

defend their rights against

five years,

of Gov. Nichols had no

Massachusetts.

upon the 1

effect

The Commissioners,

,

,

Deputy-Governor

Provinces. civil

.

,

York,

Mr. Pike,) " accompanied by a military escort" arrived

July 6.

Monday

at

York,

the 6th of July, J intending the next day, to take

They

Bench.

appointed Peter

au-

(excepting

the

Wyer, clerk of the Court

;§

and finding Nathaniel Masterson the county marshal, imprisoned by the dominant party, they appointed another pro tempore^

whose

duties however,

release. Met by the Justices,

ently

met

j us ti ces

were soon suspended by the incumbent's

Without much ceremony, or formality, they were presat their lodgings,

by Henry Joscelyn and the other

appointed by the King's Commissioners,

when

they

agreed upon a free conference the next morning.

all *

At

the hour,' as the Court's Commissioners say in their state-

* Hutch. Coll. p.

427— S.

f

Smith's

J

Chalmers,

$

Rishworth, former clerk, took sides with the Justices.

p.

484.

New

York.

— Chap,

—

xvi.]

ment of

of maine.

the particulars,

we had

'

435

a discourse with them, in which a.d.

they produced their Commission, a transcript of the late ad- The aiterca-

*

dress from Gov. Nichols, and a packet of papers, and requested

make

4

us to

4

that they

'

4

4

4

ourselves acquainted with their contents

had a right

preside over

to

;

declaring

the Province,

not

that

more than four or jive in a town of any character, would be

found

in our favor

the duties enjoined

and

to their orders 4

and

;

that they, as justices, should execute

upon them by his

Commission, according

their

Majesty's special

command?

and powers, said the Commissioners, our

All your papers

4

General Court have too thoroughly considered, to require any

4

reperusal by us.

4

lawfully possessed the authority, which they

assumed to

Those under whom you

aspire

to act,

*

His Majesty directed Massachusetts either

4

vince to Mr. Gorges, or assign to him our objections

*

well known,

4

under

is still

we have chosen

common

required by our

4

tration of justice to

4

shall presently ascertain

4

cording to our

4

to us.

If

which

will not

ed

;

it is

surrender ?

—By

the public

adminis-

the

the returns,

sentiment

we

and ac-

;

discharge the trust committed

shall

we

advise upon

shall

measures,

then repairing to the meeting-house, open-

by reading publicly

plaining the purposes of their

sociates

;

Pro-

and

inefficient.'*

The Commissioners ed a Court,

shal to

is

are opposed,

be

;

sovereign, to

what

we

resign the

The cause and when have we been

your Commissioners

ability,

we

never

to exercise.

the latter alternative.

his royal consideration

4

4

1668.

'

visit.

Commission, and ex-

their

Next, they ordered the mar-

make proclamation for returns of votes forwarded for asand jurymen when those of five towns were present-

and

;

it

was

said, another

town had been interrupted while

voting, and the meeting of a second, wholly prevented by the justices.

In the midst of the canvass, the latter

came

to the

door-steps,

with a written paper and exclaimed, " Let all here listen

tend to his Majesty's commands

order replied,

t(

it,

and he

and

at'

marshal by the Court's

whoever has a command from

him come forward and show justices then

/"—The

his

Majesty,

shall be heard.

entered the house, and exhibited

1

'

let

The

the documents

* Randolph and others state that the Commissioners " entered the Prov-

ince in a hostile

manner with horse and

foot."

Hutch.

Coll. p. 488.

lhe

Courts!

— [VOL.

THE HISTORY

436 a.d.

-

1668. 110 " 3

er the* Courts,

shown

Commissioners,

to the

m ight

ea*> tnat tne y

Being

formed

upon

;

gratified, if

and the Court

they would wait

of the associates and constables, placed the jurors

lists

their pannels,

viously,

towns

and adjourned

to a future hour.

had summoned an assembly of the deputies from the and that they and the justices had taken possession of the

;

meeting-house.

A

message was dispatched by the Commission" It will be granted" said the jus-

requesting an interview.

tices,

" at this place ;" and immediately their marshal, Nathaniel

Phillips,* traversed the streets, proclaiming in

places, unto

whom

commands of have any,

for

We

W

shall not

his Majesty's

Show

commands and

these

" e p r oclaim" they P eace given us in the king's name, -

Whence,

his Majesty's justices ," ?

But

show them. power."

—-These

ive

inquired one and

us your warrant

you

the charge

to

orders are our protection

:

—

say to all opposers, beware of

being palpable contempts of the

Commissioners' authority, they ordered the county marshal the offenders into custody,

if

of the public

distractions

" according

said,

Our

more public

the

all

Observe ye and obey the

might concern

it

another, have you this authority

6 JootroversJ

till

examination,

finished the

appeared, in the interim, that the justices, at some time pre-

It

ers,

audience of the assembly.

the

in

might be

told their wishes

afternoon, they retired

private conference, and request-

in

be read

I.

to take

and they were consequently put under

a temporary arrest.

The Commissioners where they found the

proceeded

;"—-who,

meeting-house,

to the

and the house

" Give place ," exclaimed the marshal, "

ple.

ers

then

seats occupied,

to the

as they approached towards the justices,

to this effect-— "You are the authors of an affront ed, but

your course will avail you nothing

led your meeting elsewhere,

and

;

trust, to

began

to speak.

*

He was

to clear the

their Major of the

expect-

—Depend

house. f

Regiment, and

As v.n

cal-

upon

the del-

— A scene of con-

rose from their seats, and

The Commissioners commanded

ordered the marshal

remarked

little

any part of

which we are commissioned."

fusion instantly ensued, several

we

of peo-

you might have

at another time.

this-^-we shall not be deterred from executing

egated

full

Commission-

some

silence,

and

the justices were

agent of Gorges.

Randolph says, the Commissioners turned out his Majesty's justices by "an armed force," in opposition to his authority, and declaration of April f

10,

1666— Hutch.

Coll. p. 526.

— Chap,

Mr. Joscelyn, one of them, prudently advis-

leaving their places,

ed

437

of maine.

xvi.]

his partisans near

him

The

door and departed.

The

to retire. justices,

assembly pressed

however, being reseated, en-

tered into a conference with the Commissioners, then

bench

;

to read

in the forenoon,

who, when again requested as the king's

mandamus

to peruse

NichoFs

letter, as

it

upon the consented

of April 10th, before men-

letter,

tioned,* and likewise the commission of the

ed

A. D. 1668.

to the

justices, yet declin-

was only a part of a private cor-

respondence.

To

c

these papers, the Commissioners replied

missioned to hold a court and

1

'

Province.

(

We

What we have

begun,

God

We

com-

are

peace and order of the

settle the

willing,

we

shall

finish.

are fully aware of the irregularities occasioned throughout

k

these eastern towns and plantations, in 1665,

£

missioners

;

who were

by the

Com-

king's

so bold as to charge Massachusetts

oommis-

with J'Sh™

pre "

treachery and rebellion, and to threaten her before the year's

4

*

end, with the dreadful retributions of our sovereign's severity.

4

But through

*

yet possesses authority,

'

government

e

clemency, with the words of those,

1

the divine assistance and his Majesty's power,

;

by royal

and we fear not

charter, to assert her

compare her

to

she

rights

acts of justice

who can make words

of

and only

their boast.'

The

Roger o

Justices retiring, o»

enquired of the Commissioners, as he *

'

townsmen,

in

what way they resumed

the people's submission etition

was required

of private statements, that

all

?

—The answer

in the

was a rep-

the civil power claimed and

exercised was by virtue of the charter

would be secured

Mann ? r a Jjuror from Kittery, J '

of resuming ' overn the s said, at the request of his * monl of the government ; and how Maine,

Plaisted,

;

and that the inhabitants

enjoyment of the same privileges with

the freemen of other counties.

The memorial

requesting an enlargement of immunities was

of Scarborough,

discussed, and re-

ferred to the Legislature,

In completing the organization and arrangement of affairs in

the

county,

as connected

with the

administration of justice

;

they gave to the constables present and the jurymen their oaths,

and approved and proclaimed Pendleton of Saco

;

five

Associates elected, viz.

Francis Raynes of York

* See Nlchol's letter, ante.

;

Bryan

Francis JVeale

0fficcrs

—

1;

TIIE

438 a. D.

1668.

Ezekiel Knight of Wells, and Roger

of Falmouth

;

of Kittery.

Few

and therefore patched. *

The

Militia or-

gamzed.

July

8, 9.

branch of their

this

were formed

military of Yorkshire

were these

:

—

:

—

Kittery,

In

united

trust

into

into

trial

was soon

six

dis-

train-bands

The

a regiment.

Bryan Pendleton, who was major and commanded the soldiery at Black-

In Saco,

°f the regiment by brevet, point

official

i.

Plaisted

or no parties to law-suits were ready for

Qr companies duly officered, and officers

[Vol.

history

Charles

Captain, Roger

Frost,

Plaisted,

— York, Job Alcock, John and Arthur Bragdon, Ensign — and Francis Ensign — ScarLieutenant — Falmouth, borough, Andrew George Lieutenant, and John Gattery, Ensign

In

:

Lieutenant,

Lit-

In

:

In

:

Town

Lieutenant.

Wells,

Littlefield jr.,

Algier,

gersol,

In

:

Lieutenant,

tlefield,

In-

commissioners, as heretofore were

also appointed.

^°

Local or special com.nussioners.

con

fi

rm ana "

strengthen the authority of the County Court

appointed next to be holden r1

at

#

September

the

;

York, on the 15th of the ensuing ° Waldron, m

Commissioners designated Messrs

Pike and Pendleton,

to set with the

for the trial

Associates,

of

causes and the dispatch of business.

A Sassacilusetts

com-

missioners

^ u ty

written

communication was presented

9, just before they left the Province,

tercation

between them and the justices.

to the

al-

All that remains

be

mentioned of the Commissioners' transactions the Legislature,

Commissioners,

and concluded the

made Oct. 23d. which was

is

to

their report to

followed by a vote

of public thanks for their services, and by an ample remuneration.!

This overture and change enkindled resentments, among the defeated party, which they were their complaints

ill

disposed to suppress.

and invectives, they were extravagant

continued obstinate, and a few

John Joscelyn,

after his

left

second

;

In

—some

the Province. visit to this

country in 1663,

* Francis Neale, Anthony Bracket, Arthur Anger, Mr. Foxwell and Robert Corbin, were town commissioners for Falmouth and Scarborough. G. Ingersoll and George Felt, were jurymen lrom Falmouth.

—

•|-See

the Commissioners' report in HubbardCs JV. E. p. 596-600.

Hutch. Hist.

p.

240-5.

Sullivan,

p.

376-382— 3 Mm*. Rec.

—

—

p.

—

295-7.—

Nicholas Shapleigh was major, in 1665 N. Phillips in 1666 who, as Randolph says, only wanted an opportunity to express his duty to his Majesty.

—Hutch.

Coll. p. 500.

— Chap,

xvi.]

of maine.

In the "account of his

of his brother Henry.

New-England" he

439

time in Scarborough, at the house

passed a large portion of his

A.I>. 1668.

two voyages to Joyagwu"

9

wrote under the influence of strong prejudices

towards Massachusetts, and has given a very incorrect relation of

He

the preceding transactions. sioners

were sent over

to put

states, that

Mr. Gorges

the

into

Commis-

king's

possession of his

But

Province, and to keep Massachusetts within due bounds.

" the Province u

foot,

in

a hostile

manner with

and turned the judge and

a troop of horse

his assistants

4

threatened the Judge and

Henry

*

and highly

'

the pro-

to

faithful

The Judge mentioned by him was eviThis man, who was one of Henry

prietary's interest.'f

dently

such as were

all

and

from the bench, im-

" prisoned the major or commander of the militia,"* *

as

" entered

soon as they returned to England, Joscelyn says she

Joscelyn, his brother.

.

Joscelyn's re-

.

Sir Ferdinando's provincial councillors,

both in Maine and Sagadahock.

and

ince, probably in disgust,

several years, he

had been placed by the

movai.

before stated at the head of the bench

king's commission as

But

settled

after this,

assumed and continued

he

Pemaquid

at

left

the Prov-

where, for

;

to act, in his official

capa-

city.!

At the General Court of

elections in

Charles Frost, from Kittery

;

MayJ

Maine and took

three deputies appeared from

Peter

Wyer

from York

ard Colicott from Falmouth and Scarborough. istrate

was delegated

this spring to

at Boston a. d. 1669. ' May. their seats; viz, Three depVLmt

1669,

;

and Rich- Mea^™ m

A presiding mag-

Yorkshire as usual

;

and for

the accommodation of suitors, a legislative order was passed,

in

October, appointing the County Court to be holden alternately

at

York and Wells.§

The

resubjection of the Province to Massachusetts

appeared rr Nichols had returned to Eng.

this year, to

land,

be generally

settled.

and we hear no more of him or

mission,

among her

irresolute, or too

much

any great exertions

for

recovery of his inheritance.

him

to

fill

* N. Phillips. I

SmaWs

Com. Rep. b

deposition taken p.

99.

3 Mass. Rec. 321.

make

discouraged by repeated defeats, to

for the

was always convenient

Com-

his colleagues in the

Gorges was too necessitous, too

accusers.

Yet

the king's ear with

| Joscelyn's voyages, p. 199.

Nov

11, 1737,

Small then being- 73 years

it

com-

old.

State of the Province.

J

A. D. 1669. plaints

and he could

;

who were

setts,

find in

England

U

[VoL.

THE HISTORY

440

foes

enough

Massachu-

to

ever ready to encourage him in the pursuit of a

right so manifestly just.

The

Eastern planters, being generally of republican and puritan

Numbers upon

sentiments, were contented.

the

seaboard were

occupying lands under Indian deeds and possessory passion

odious

for

fee-simple

estates

The

titles.

rendered the idea of quit-rents

and the dreams of finding mines of precious metals, no

;

longer inflated the hopes of the settler or the cupidity of the

Wars

ho-

Mohawks

speculator.

The

natives

were

During the bloody and

quiet.

exterminating war, which had been raging six or seven years be-

tween the New-England Indians, and the Mohawks, the colo-

Tribes

nists

had not been much troubled by Indian depredations.

decisive battle at last

who had been

was fought

1669;

in

were followed

to the

Mohawks, who

Maine

their

other diseases, which

villages,

To

damage.

natives, especially in

l 'ed.

we may

believe

war

the

the

and

;

banks of the Penobscot, by the victorious

set fire to

tribe considerable

A. D. 1670.

If

of tradition, the Tarratines took part in

tales

The

which the former,

the besiegers, were worsted, and pursued by their

fierce enemies with relentless fury.*

and

in

this,

carried

and otherwise did the

succeeded the small pox

numbers of the

great

off

Canada, and greatly impaired the

fur trade.

In 1670,f the interior regulations of Yorkshire were perfected. ^omas Danforth, an experienced Assistant of ten years, was

set

designated to preside

Court

;

the

in

Court of Associates or County

and Elias Stileman, of Great Island, John Cutts and

Richard Cutts, of Kittery, and three or four others towns, were

the authority of magistrates to try small riages, administer oaths

The

Legislature, in fact,

same

and

now

when they were

first

causes,

solemnize mar-

solemnly enacted, that the several

privileges,

political

different

and take the acknowledgment of deeds.

towns and inhabitants, should be secure civil

in

Commissioners as usual, invested with

appointed

in the

enjoyment of the

which were granted

brought under the charter

;

to

them

and hence

this

system of administration was pursued several years, without any considerable alterations. *

1 Coll.

Mass. Hist. Soc.

p.

166-7.— 1 Holmes' A. Ann.

p.

403-407.

f See in Hubbard's N. E. p. 646, a remarkable account of an excavation,. A. D. 1670, in Wells, by a mineral vapor, rising- over the highest oaks. I

3 Mass. Rec. p. 364.

—

1

Brit.

Dom.

in

Amer.

p. 214.

;

Chap,

of maine.

xvi.]

As soon

French were

as the

in full

country westwardly of

and the

ern patent, even to

Kennebeck

its affairs

was

they ^JJJJJ

residue of the Duke's east-

river.

still

Nova

Scotia, A. D. 1670.

including Penobscot,

it,

boldly claimed jurisdiction over the

ministration of

441 possession of

It

in the

was observed

af-

fairs *

that the ad-

hands of Henry Josce-

lyn and other justices, appointed by the king's Commissioners

was

that there

of feeling between

existing a great contrariety

them and the inhabitants, towards Massachusetts ; that a close alliance was established between England and France ; and that Lovelace, the Duke's Governor ducal territory

at

at

Sagadahock with

New-York, was

French Governor, was a bigoted politician, in ferent from

Temple,

his excellent predecessor

;

treating the

De

utter neglect.

Bourg, the

way difDuke was

every

and the

suspected of undue attachment to the French court, besides beIn this aspect of

ing himself at heart a catholic.

Massa-

affairs,

chusetts and the Duke's colonists might with great reason inquire, whether

any event were more probable, than the

sale

or

resignation of his entire eastern patent to the French.

To patent

much apprehended,

contravene a measure so

Court,

May, 1671, looked anew

in ;

and

the General A. D.

into the eastern extent of their

A f

t

came

to a determination to

pose, they appointed

Thomas

Clark, their agent,

firm of Clark and Lake,

the

—

was a

skilful

to

this

pur-

who was one of

landholders of large tracts be-

tween Sagadahock and the Sheepscot

Mountjoy of Falmouth,

For

have another made.

make

;

and he employed George

the observations.

and celebrated surveyor of

This

man

an adherent

his time,

probably to the interests of the Lygonian proprietary, and not otherwise a foe to Massachusetts.*

Though be

lost

in

all

new

subjects require deliberation, no time

the accomplishment of this

pains were spared

by Massachusetts

the highest degree popular,

The most Isles

acceptable

all

was

business, as

measures

to render her

among

men were

critical

the eastern

appointed to office

;

to

no in

inhabitants.

and

in the

of Shoals, or Appledore, belonging partly to Gorges and

partly to

Mason, Commissioners, appointed * Sullivan.

Vol.

I.

43

at the

people's re-

y

Ma&™

h u * etls

of the former survey,

suspecting the correctness

1671.

ent

pa "

THE HISTORY

442 were empowered

a. D. 1672. quest,

to try

year they were annexed

£10:

causes of

all

A

le g islatLire >

the

-

D. 1672.

—The

*•

next

County of Dover.*

to the

Mountjoy completed the survey and made

Extent of

eastward!

[Vo*-

his report

to the

In his search he found, as he believed,

Merrimack

northernmost source of the

to

be about two

leagues farther north, than had been determined by preceding surveyors. f

To

49' 12/'

A

this,

add three miles, according

line

from

the Sagadahock, near

Head

to the stipulation

and the parallel of latitude found, would be 43°

in the patent,

due east would cross

point, stretched

this

where Bath now

is,

and terminate

By

Island in the bay of Penobscot.

this

survey,

at

if

White

accept-

ed and established, there would be brought within the charter an extensive seaboard, also Arrowsick, Parker's and Georges'

ands,! Monhegan, Metinicus and

the other Islands

all

coast, likewise the principal settlement at

the

Duke

be in

this

manner

bereft of

Pemaquid.

all

his

Yet should more commodious

water-privileges and a great part of his provincials

a

fit

Isl-

upon the

;

he might

in

of ill-humor resist this encroachment, though he being of the

cabinet had passively consented, that the French by the treaty of

Breda should have though

patent eastward of Penobscot

his

all

;

and

he held the particular territory lying between Sag-

in fact

adahock and Pemaquid,

—below

the line extending from the head

of the latter to the former, only by a possessory right, not by charter right.§

ed by

this

It

was happy

new

too, for

survey, while

it

Massachusetts, that the claim rais-

was of

so doubtful a character, did

not embrace Dartmouth, the seat of the Duke's goverment. if this

Dutch war. ances,

and some other incidents were merely plausible one event of the war,

A. D. 1673.

But

appear-

declared by England against

lately

Holland, encouraged Massachusetts claim.

in

in

This was the recapture of the

prosecution

the

fort at

of her

New- York, July

30,

1673, by a Dutch armament under Binkes, Evertzen and Clove,

from the West Indies. colonial

||

For

* 7 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p.

243.-3 Mass. Rec.

f Ante, A. D. 1652— Lat. 43°, J Sullivan,

"

as soon as the

capitulation of that

government was concluded, Governor Lovelace returned

p

p.

380— 40S.

43', 12".

291— 272— 390.— (< The

seacoast being well inhabited and

the fishing- in a flourishing' state."— 1 Hutch. Hist. p. 292. $

See ante, A. D. 1664.

jj

Hubbard's N. E.

p. 611. -Smith's

N.

Y—

p. 29.

Chap,

xvi.]

England

to

of MAINE.

443

mere shadow of the Duke's

;* leaving only a

Sagadahock, and abandoning the planters

ty at

of their fortune and

...

si

1673.

fate.

Encouraged by these eventful Court gave

authori- A. D.

to the destinies

circumstances*

» jf

General Commis-

the .

.

Mountjoy

their sanction to

survey

s

;

,

and proceeded,

sioners appoinied to 1'

during their session in October, to erect the easternmost section

new county.

of the patent, beyond Sagadahock into a

For

6

couTuy.

this

Thomas Thomas Richard and Callicot, GarHumphrey Davy, Clark, to meet at Pemaquid, Cape Newagwho directed f were diner, four commissioners,

purpose, the legislature appointed

or

en,

some other convenient place eastward of Sagadahock

—

and organize a county, in legislative language, " according to the wholesome laws of this jurisdiction, that so " the ways of Godliness may be encouraged, and vice arrested."

river, hold a court

Invested with powers, direct and to the trust, they

opened

discretionary, fully adequate

their court, in

May, 1674,

at

Pemaquid,

which was attended by a considerable number of people. cording to their express desire, the court

first

erected

May, 1674.

Ac-

this section

of the Massachusetts jurisdiction, from Sagadahock to Georges' river

inclusive,

county by the name of " Devonshire ,"

into a

remembrance of one

in

in

Plymouth was the chief town. of allegiance to 84

—

England, having that name, of which

Devonshire establlslied -

Next, they administered the oath

inhabitants present

;

and proceeded

to

make

appointments among them, though none were legally freemen, according to the colony laws.

They

appointed

Thomas Gardiner, county

treasurer,

Richard

Oliver of Monhegan, clerk of the court and recorder, and Thorn'

Humphrey

as

of Sagadahock, marshal,

who

as executive

of the county, was directed to take charge of the prison. constables, ert

of

Edward

Cape Newagen.

to

marry

plantation or local commissioners, and

parties

knowledgment of deeds, *

Mr. Gardiner, Mr. Gammon, Mr. John Palmer of

Patteshall of Sagadahock,

Monhegan, were appointed

empowered

The

were Thomas Humphrey of Sagadahock, and Rob-

Gammon

Capt.

officer

to

legally published, to take the ac-

hold " a commissioners' court," for

Hutch. Hist. p. 292. had been the agent, and was then an assistant. Davy was six Callicot had been a deputy to the General years afterwards an assistant. Court from Falmouth and Scarborough, in 1669, and for Saco in 1672. Gardiner was a worthy landholder, and lived at Pemaquid. 1

f Clark

officers.

THE HISTORY

444 A. D. 1674. trying

inal

I«

without a jury, small causes of £10, and to fine for crim-

misdemeanors 10s, or award ten

or any

IT 01 "

according to law,

stripes,

There were

General Court.

special order of the

the plantations last mentioned, four intelligent clerks of the writs, and eight grand

whom, and

to

men

also, in

appointed

jurymen* designated

the civil officers, were administered the

all

;

—

to

quali-

fying oaths.

In organizing the militia, the court formed five trainbands, viz.

Militia.

Sagadahock, Pemaquid, Damariscove, Cape Newagen, and

at

Monhegan

;

but appointed over them no officers of higher grade

than sergeants and corporals

Sagadahock, which seems of Capt. Patteshall

to

except two companies, the one at

;

at

Pemaquid, which was placed

under Capt. Gardiner, who was likewise "

" and regulation of

all

command

have been put under the

and the one

;

to

have the command

the military forces and

throughout

affairs

" the county."

A reportf

Commis-^ "

pon.

tive

of these regulations and appointments, the legisla-

commissioners

certified

which being presented

was confirmed

;

County Court

some place

of the at

1674,"

27,

General Court the same month,

they receiving a return of thanks, and suitable

remuneration for their services. j^. Term

May

"at Pemaquid,

to the

to be

The

Legislature then ordered a

holden annually, on the 3d Tuesday of July,

in the county,

probably at Pemaquid

Humphrey Davy, Thomas Lake,

Richard

appointed

;

Callicot,

Thomas

Gardiner, and George Mountjoy, special commissioners, to hold the ensuing term

"

at

;

and directed the constables

and plantations, and Taxes.

to call together,

convenient times," the inhabitants of their respective towns 4

At tne ^ u ty term

read to them the colony laws.'J

>

tne

County Court, holden by the

special

commissioners, levied and apportioned a tax of £20, to defray court charges," and to pay for " law books, constables' staves,"

and other public expenses.

adahock

£4, 10s;

to

It

was apportioned thus

Monhegan £5, 10s;

to

—

to

Sag-

Cape Newagen

* The jurors were Robert Edmunds and Ambrose Hantcell of Sagadahock; John TViford, Elias Tricky and John Prior, of Damariscove George Bickford and Reynold Keller/ of Monhegan and John Cole of ;

;

Pemaquid. | 4 Mass. Rec. I

4

Mass. Rec.

p.

3-12-13.

p. 16.

—This brought Henry Joscelyn

(like

Wheelwright,

at another time and place) within the jurisdiction of Massachusetts.

Chap,

of maine.

xvi.]

£3, 10s

;

to

£5

Damariscove and Hippocrass*

The

aquidf £2.

each place were required

money, and pay

nally, the court licensed

and the constables directed

;"

some

Pern-

to

A. D. 1674.

grand jurors of

same, " on the persons

to assess the

it

and

;

and

commissioners,

local

and estates of the inhabitants collect the

445

over to the county treasurer.

each of the

suitable persons in

to

Fifive

places just mentioned "to keep a house of public entertainment,"

be provided with necessary lodgings, and

ing

;

" wine, beer and

year ensuing according to law."J

liquors, for the

To

retail

mention one probate case as a specimen of legal proceed-

—

was granted by the Court,

administration

George Bar-

to

net of Monhegan, upon the estate of John Waller, a seaman, resi-

dent alternately

dead

at that

The

five years.

place and Damariscove,

who had been sum

administrator gave bond in the penal

of £50, with Richard Oliver as surety, obliging him to present an inventory at the next term, and to dispose of the property to

whom

" by law and the clearest testimony,"

But

these transactions,

belonged.

it

which exhibit somewhat minutely the

Penre w tll L utth ;

interesting

closed,

when news

arrived of a treaty of peace between

By

and Holland, signed Feb. 9th. that the province of

To

New-York was

its

sixth article,

it

some might

York took from

call the

the king a

new

*

-

England

fully restored to the

English.

present surrender, the

patent, dated

tllc

appeared

avoid henceforward the effects of a constructive cession

the crown, which

of

were scarcely

policy and prudentials of early times,

to

Duke

June 22d, 1674,

"^ s new ^a '

t

comprising diately,

all

the territories

embraced

Governor of both provinces,

Imme-

of 1664.§

Edmund Andros, New-York and Sagadahock, who

assumed the reins of government

At

in that

James, the Duke, commissioned Sir

this period, the

in

Andros,

£ overnor

-

October. ||

country upon the seaboard between Piscat-

aqua and Penobscot, was in a flourishing

M. Denys

state. IT

his history published ten years before, says,

'

the

in

M

t

Denvs

>

J

French have a

r e«" 1

fort

on the east side of the Penobscot bay

* Originally, « Hypocrite." X II

1

4 Mass. Rec. Smith's N. Y. 1

p. 15-16. p.

Hutch. Hist.

32.—-Chalmers,

p. 292.

;

and on the other

f §

Now

Bristol.

Trumbull's Conn.

p. 531..— 39 Uo. Hist.

p.

349.

p. 326..

marks.

446 A.D.

THE HISTORY 1G74.

[VoL.

'hand the English are settled in great numbers, and have' " large country cleared and under improvement."* Joscelyn, remarking upon the eastern plantations, in bis

"a

Voy~

observes, that " Black-point contains

ages, published this year,

" about 50

I.

and

dwellinghouses,

" have a great number of

"

a magazine."

The

people

neat cattle and horses, 7 or 800

" sheep, a corn-mill, much arable land, and large marshes both "

Falmouth, a town on Casco bay, he says,

and fresh."

salt

il

stored with cattle and

is

" stages for fishermen." 4

is >

'

sheep, has a corn

Sagadahock

houses and stages along shore, or cabins

'

in the fisheries'

" Scotia

is

—And

the country " from

Duke of

called the

York's Province.

Metinicus,

Monhegan,

" Smith

fished

whales, and Muscongus,

" dwellinghouses and stages

"

cattle, arable

those

for

for

employed

Sagadahock

" quid,

for

and

and corn-lands, and has many scattered

stored with cattle

*

:

mill or two,

further eastward,' he adds,

Nova

to

Here Pema-

Cape Newagen, where Capt. fishermen,

are

all

filled

with

and have plenty of

lands and marshes. "f

Massachusetts, highly gratified with these appearances, con*

Courts.

tinued a regular and tranquil administration of justice shire in

and Devonshire, holding from year

to year,

one by an Assistant and the Associates, and

remote, by

five resident

commissioners. J

the country, especially the

Dordering French, In the

first

Gorges

filled

Duke and

place, therefore, to put the

for^

York-

County Courts,

in the other,

more

the claimants of

Gorges, and no less the

her with extreme and perpetual anxiety.

clamors and complaints of

to silence, she instructed her agent

him £500,

Still

in

in

England, to offer

an acquittance of his Province.

But the

late

peace had probably enhanced its value, for the agent stated to the General Court that " Gorges and others were in the clouds,

" and ^expected as much by the year,

Added

A. D. 1675.

King jp's

Phil-

war.

Vvar,7

to these perplexities,

which broke out

* Mass. Letter Book, p.

in

p.

in interest."

were the calamities of an Indian

1675, between King; Philip of Narra-

101.— 2

Vols, of

Dcnys'.— 6 Charlevoix, N. F.

407-9. 200-5. \ Joscelyn $ Voyages, p. | 4

JJass. Rec. p. 23-28.

— His account ends

— Because Devonshire was

in 1673.

remote^ the business

small and the travelling precarious, the General Court ordered that " the

County Court he holden by such men of worth as might be commissioned,, though neither be an Assistant."

——

— Chap.

447

of Maine.

xvi.J

This caused

ganset and the United Colonies.

official

report was favorable

by returns of the

for

;

an enquiry into

means of defence.

the strength of the country, and the efficient

The

Yorkshire regiment, and the estimation

in the

—

soldiery in Devonshire,

we have

these results

A» D. 1675. Eastern goU

militia diery.

of the effective

:

180

Kittery contained

soldiers,

80

York,

80

Wells* and Cape Porpoise,

Saco and Winter Harbor,

100

Black-point and Blue-point,

100

Casco-bay, or Falmouth,

80

Sagadahock westward,

80

Devonshire,

700f 150

Residue of the Duke's patent,

150{ 1,000

From

these data,

ulation

it

may be

safely estimated, that the white pop- Pepuiation.

between Piscataqua and Penobscot, must,

have been 5 or 6,000

The war

at this

period,

souls.

soon involved Massachusetts

in

heavy expenses

for,

;

according to the terms upon which New-Hampshire, and the two

Eastern Counties submitted to her jurisdiction, neither was obliged bear any part of the public charges, nor pay any other taxes

to

than those of their

emergency

—

own

Nevertheless, in the present

counties.

in the extremities

of a general defence, the delega-

from Yorkshire, influenced by motives of public policy and

tion

justice,

were content

to

have the inhabitants of their county as-

* Before 1G33, there were in Wells, 100 families. f

Chalmers,

and 16,000 able 1

Trumbull,

507.— In

p.

to

bear arms.

—The

were

militia

Oldmixon,

New- England,

p.

6L

120,000 souls

;

of Connecticut, 2,070 men.

—

dahock, in 1676, 150,000.-1 Hutch. Hist.

There were as many as 156 families between that river and St. Georges' owned" by the people there. Sylvanus t

sistants, 1675.

in

But the preceding- estimate of population, is quite were in Massachusetts, New-Hampshire, Maine, and Saga-

p. 340.

too low, for there

1673, there

p.

484.

east of

Sagadahock, in 1675

river,

'

near

;

and

100 fishing vessels

Davis'' statement to the

Mass. As-

—John Joscelyn says, there were at Black-point, in 1671, " 50

dwellinghouses," and Mr. Willis calculates there might be, in 1675, 400 inhabitants in Falmouth.

Taxalion

f

THE HISTORY

448

The whole sum was

large,

and hence, the General Court

directed the selectmen of the several towns,

the treasurer,

money

country rates ;" and cause the

raised in Yorkshire,

Happy

This was the

first

It

be collected and paid

to

general tax which the inhabitants of Maine

.

setts.

interests

To

protect them, and their

respected

;

was now

favor their wishes, Massachusetts

under a fourfold obligation, namely, allegiance,

other ever

more

Nor was

justly

implicit

unshaken confidence

and worthily reposed.

;

and

it

always as ready A. D. 1676.

Duke

of

Monmouth.

But

must be acknowledged, to aid

Among

an-

effect, in

was prac-

it

that Massachusetts

was

and govern.

to tax

country caused Massachusetts

this eastern

anxieties.

and protect, as

in

Their rights were

both the counties of York and Devonshire, so long as ticable

laid

fidelity, friendship

was administered with constancy and

justice

total,

was £157, 10s.*

ever paid into the colonial treasury.

and public taxes.

sum

understood, that the

is

Maine and

and

by warrants from

immediately, according to law " nine

assess

to

into the public treasury.

union of

I.

proportion of the expenses, incurred by the

A, D. 1675. sessed with a fair

war.

[VoL.

many and

great

her foes were malevolent accusers as well as

A year

_

avaricious complainants.

or too

was a pro-

since, there

ject started to aliene unto the crown, the whole country from the

Merrimack

to the

Penobscot

royal Province for the

Duke

in

;

of

prospect of erecting

from

infatuated with the probabilities of deriving

into a

it

So much was he

Monmouth.

this

source an

annual revenue of £5,000, that the most positive facts to the contrary, fully adduced, were hardly sufficient to dissuade

him

from pursuing the deceptive phantom. Claims of r

S

i

Ma s?n re Vlved>

"d

Gorges and Mason,

in

the

of their

prosecution

complaints

against Massachusetts, had at length so far succeeded as to pur-

suade his Majesty to send copies of the charges to her, and to

The

require the appearance of agents in her defence. * 4 Jlass. Rec. p. 42.

Maine £17,

10

;

—A

single tax in Massachusetts

of which each taxable poll paid

12d.

overlayings in Massachusetts was apportioned thus

bearer

was £l,500, in

—The

tax with the

:

£ 613,

paid

Suffolk,

16 towns,

Essex,

17

«

"

474, 10, 11

Middlesex,

16

«

"

465,

f Hutch. Coll.

p.

451—472.

8,

6

£l, 553, 6, 4 j£ 13 > 979 > 17 > 0

Total,

Nine country rates would amount to In Maine £17, 10, multiplied by 9=£l57,

6s. lid.

10s. total,

Chap,

of maine.

xvi.]

449

was Edward Randolph, a kinsman of Mason, and a man of address, activity

and information

—noted

friends and foes

were

unvarnished preju-

for his

and severe animadversions, on

dices

make

to

enqui-

of the country, and report to them a

the condition

into

his

Another part of the errand

at variance.

which he received from the Lords of trade, was, ries

where

occasions,

all

a. D. 1676.

statement of facts. After his arrival, June 10, he passed six weeks in .

,

.

.

,

England, delayed not

to

make

cept Massachusetts,

I

.

In this he observes,

"•desirous of submitting to a general Governor."

1

if

we

ex-

'Several of

the principal inhabitants, particularly in the latter Province,

'

to

1

their

with bitter complaints,

me

and entreated

condition to his Majesty

in

Some

1665.

came

to represent

expecting relief as

-ardently

'promised by the Commissioners, 4

por t.

" found the colonies including Maine very

'

me

Randolph's and re*

visit

.

and returning to

;

a detailed report to his employers,

especially to the board of trade. 1

and

visits

,

.

.

enquiries at Boston, and in tins eastern region

said they

had

had been quite ruined, by the In-

greatly suffered and others

only because they had in those days expressed their duty

1

dietns,

'

to

1

and the Duke's Province, were holding/ he

'

respondence with their French neighbors

4

ment of Massachusetts was

«

them."*

The

Majesty.

his

inhabitants

of New-Hampshire, said, ;

'

Maine

a friendly cor-

while the govern-

entertaining a perfect hatred towards

In a memorial to his Majesty, sent by their

agents, William Memorial

Stoughton, Lieutenant Governor, and Peter Bulkley, speaker of duetts*© the House,

who embarked

Court represented a year in

all

—

for

England, Oct. 30, the General

that the colony

had been involved more than

the privations and calamities of an Indian

though the heathen were beaten

in the

vicinity,

and

war

leader slain, they had sprung up in the eastern country, lignant

and desperate

in

consequence of defeat

ony government was unhappily required, to maintain

who were

a

title

to the

at

;

;

that

their great

more ma-

and that the col-

one and the same time,

Provinces, to defend the inhabitants,

constantly praying for succour, and to

dispute, with a

bloody and barbarous enemy, the possession of these dismal deserts. '

we

1

We may

be highly charged, said the General Court, but

appeal to the great Searcher of hearts, that no wrong to *

Vol.

I.

Hutch. Coll.

44

p.

508.

the king

*

[Vol-

THE history

450 A- D. 1676.

profit to ourselves is sought.

other motives actuate us

is

*

charter rights, and a strong sense of justice, duty and compassion towards the inhabitants, so distracted with dissensions

which have moved us

By

to receive

events was to be passed

and Mason

in

charter, in

;

in

;

by Neal, agent

1634,

which scarcely outlived General Court,

'

their departure

;

yet' " if a

;

in

—and

may

though the country

value or advantage to us

" and release "

all

to conclude, said the

never be of any great

sum of money

their interest in these

to a final close,

sub-

eastern parts,

you may do as

discretion

deter

will will

resign

and bring shall

die-

tate."

^

decision

Gorges

government

the

" the claimants from further persecution, and they " the matter

the abanto

1665, when

quiet, in

changes

effected

all

under the Massachusetts'

and

their prosperity

commissioners

—

favor.'*

whole chain of

agents, the

review before his Majesty

their cheerful submission

1652; and

the king's

bosom of

to the

the melancholy condition of the inhabitants in

;

sequent years

i

them

the instructions given to the

donment of the Provinces,

A

Quite

a sacred regard to our

these are

:

1

Herinstrucagents!

—no —

proprietors

*

'

ier

intended,

«

i.

byibekjng to

near ^ n § s00n

them and

tne arrival of the

a ft er

their antagonists, before

in council.

agents

was granted

committee of the privy

a .

council, consisting of

bench and tions.

Common

the

Lords Chief Justices of the King's

Pleas, and the

—Having examined

all

the

Lords of trade and planta-

charters,

and other evidences

adduced, they decided, " that they could give no opinion, as to

" the right of soil in the provinces of New-Hampshire and Maine, " not having the proper parties before them ; it appearing that " not the Massachusetts colony, but probably the ter-tenants, had " the right of soil and whole benefit thereof, yet they were not " summoned to defend their cision or report

Though

all

titles

the claims of

rightful

to soil

it

did not determine

"to the

heirs of Sir

and government."!

It

left

p. 286.

f

1

|

Hubbard's N. E.

p.

—

1

613.

Belknap's N. H.

who

the future dis-

Ferdinando Gorges,

however evidently gave

* 4 Mass. Kec.

Hutch. Hist.

equivocal de-

Massachusetts to Maine, were ap-

owner of the Province, but

cussion of that question

" both as

this

was confirmed by the crown.

parently extinguished by this decision,

was the

— —and

:"f

p. 137.

—

— Chap,

xvi.]

—

—

of Maine.

45 \

much broader and

the ter-tenants or possessors, a

of the fee, than his grandson, the

stronger hold A, D.

present claimant,

1676.

could have

anticipated or apprehended.

To

avoid further controversy and trouble, Massachusetts

resolved to purchase of Gorges,

then

in

England,

awaiting the result of any ship

negotiate

to

the

;

May

1677,{

6th,

The

sterling.

for

owner-

Gorges

treaty with

soon effected a purchase and took

it,

the Province,

£1,250

in

an assignment of

which he gave the proprietor

was of great

instrument, which

length,

described the parties, expressed the consideration, and gave the

and boundaries, as

limits

Ferdinando. "

It in fact

set forth in

the

original charter to

transferred the territories with

"

all

Sir

roy-

admiral and military

alties, jurisdictions, ecclesiastical, civil,

;

" the privileges, governments and liberties, granted to Sir Ferdi" nando Gorges by charter, the 3d day of April, in the 15th year

"of

Charles I." A. D. 1639.

Gorges the grantor covenanted,

" that the said Usher should stand seized of an absolute, per-

"

feet,

" tine

and independent

;"

—

'

excepting

1

by the


one is villa o e pact collections of wigwams upon the river§ St. John ;

—

|

«

the village at Meductic-point, just above the confluence of the

main

and Eel stream,

river

Here

monument. usual

residence

called

6

six

leagues eastward of the eastern

40 wigwams, a chapel, and

are 35 or

of an officiating

Indian Village ,'

catholic

on the east side of the

is

higher, near the "

Little Falls," and

Madawaska.

wholly within

eral leagues

It is

westwardly of the

British Provinces.

There

ern

bank

had

a slight fortification,

priest.

is

river,

opposite to the

this State,

line,

The

—being

the

other,

100 miles

mouth of

situated

sev-

which divides Maine from the

an occasional lodgment on the east-

fronting Fredericton

;

and

it

said,

is

the tribe have

50 or 60 miles above the mouth of the

river. ||

The

who have been

natives,

preceding pages, are the only

Maine

has

Nova

Scotia,

an

the subject of observation in the

tribes,

with which our History of

But

immediate concern.

necessarily interspersed

;

it

in

may

the

sketches

Morse Marechites, Pinkerton's Geog. French name. \ 1 Holmes' A. Ann. p. 140. to Fredericton, the distance 0 From the mouth of the river St. John 62 miles ;— to Meductic-point 125 miles ;— to the Great Falls 188 miles, * Melecites, Jeffreys,

of

be expected that

;

f The

||

Brit,

Dom.

p.

256,

is

—

—

A. d.

[Vol.

THE HISTORY

478

I.

of the natives in that ancient ProviGi5,some account will be given °

to 1675.

.

ince.

These, according

Mickmaks.

Hontan, Sargeant, Pinkerton, and other

to la

Mickmaks ;* but Purchas, d'Laet^

writers, are collectively called

Palairet,

Oldmixon, Moll and Barton, have given them the name

They

of Souriquois.f the bay of

inhabited the great peninsula, south of

Fundy, and the neighboring

perhaps the eastern shores to Gaspe.

numerous people, divided tive

The

Sagamores.

islands, the

isthmus, and

Originally they were a very

into several tribes, with their respec-

country, however, between Gaspe, and the

some have supposed, was once inhabby a nation called the " Mountaineers ."J The Mickmaks were a people quite distinct and different from

region of the Marechites, ited

the Etechemin tribes in disposition,

more

less intelligent

;

free *

—

in

stature larger, with coarser features ;

in

mind,

less valiant

Mickmak it,

agating

When

dialect '

;

and

speaking a language so dissimilar, as to render

conversation with each other impracticable.

ed with '

;

cruel and brutish

was known

in

4

Yet,

if

the

Europe,' said one well acquaint-

seminaries would be erected for the purpose of prop-

it.'§

the Europeans

first

Newfoundland, they found

visited

the natives extremely barbarous, unacquainted with cookery, and

bread made of Indian corn, and

maks, were a

single grade higher

summer, only

clad in

Those on the main,

habiliments of primitive Eden.|| ;

who,

if

ers

j

a scourge of

the

uncommon dread

Provincial rulers found

it

—

in the

Mick-

not concerned in the

three Indian wars, were extremely hostile and savage

whom

the

in

first

the oth-

the merciless destroyers

;

of the greatest importance

by presents and by treaty. Wild and wander from place to place in all the abject-

to tranquillize or restrain

indolent, " they

still

'Every exertion

"ness of deplorable stupidity." «

to

their condition, has diminished their remains of energy, * " Mickmacks.'' f Souriquois

is

the

improve

and

dis-

Manach.

French name.

— 5 Charlevoix,

p.

291.

on the northerly side of the gulf of \ There were certainly Mountaineers the St. Lawrence whose language had an affinity to the Skoffie in the same region. Many, since the arrival of the Europeans, have gone to " the less ;

frequented wilds of Labrador and Canada."—3 Coll.

M.

Hist. Soc. p.

15-33. $

10 Coll.

M.

Hist. Soc. p. 115-16.

|)

Oldmixon,

p.

15.— Moll,

p. 256.

Chap,

of maine.

xviii.]

479

1

posed them to expect by alms and begging, what they ought

'

obtain

by common

some degree, checked wise

and

1760, 3,000

in

;

in

other-

than benefit.*

evil rather

They

souls. f

hate the Etechemins

or no intercourse with them.

little

They have

noted villages, perhaps Sagamores,

La Heve, Cape

Isle St. Johns,

Sable, Minas,

at

Cape Breton,

Mickmak

Chignectou, Poic-

They, or the Mountaineers, have several

and Jediack.

vil-

upon the bank and branches of the Merimachi, which empbay of

ties into the

which

is

that

40 miles from

a chapel

40

One, called " Burnt

name.

its

settlers

Church"

mouth, exhibits several wigwams, and walls of which

feet square, the

Here

rocks, laid in lime mortar.

are constructed

the natives and the

of

French

convene and worship, under the pastoral care of a cathoIndian

lic priest.

Town

is

upon the north-west branch

situated

of the same river, sixty miles higher.

of a considerable tribe

numerous,

as

drunkenness

to

to A. D^16I5,

Mickmaks have been numerous. It is had fifteen chiefs, as many tribes, as many

they originally

and have

split

have,

priests

race of

entire

villages,

lages

their propensity

have been productive of

The

tbu,

catholic

endeavors, to bring them into a civilized state and regular

all

habits,

said,

The

industry.'

northward

at

in these

It is

the present time,

as the Tarratines.

a small village at " Indian

is

the principal village

eastern parts, represented to

of Restigouche bay, where there

is

framed house, the residence of the

priest.

Point" above in

and a

the midst of

surrounded with a productive

a Scotch settlement,

the head

a chapel with a bell, It is

soil,

some

They have

patches of which are cultivated by the natives.

be

Farther

a

Sagamore and receive supplies from an Indian trader among them,

who

procures his goods from Quebec.

Before

we

close this chapter,

view of the native population ficiency of materials, to perspicuity

pected, than *

which

in

of

is

and correctness:

some analogous

Summ.

important to take a general ;

—

difficult

a subject,

through a de-

management, both as

Nor can any calculations

Lockwood's New-Brunswick, Douglass, in

it is

Maine

thing

more be ex-

and probable

results.

p. 7.

Mickmaks in 1747, « had not But Mr. Manach, a French missionary, well acquainted with them, says there were 3,000 souls in 1760. 10 Coll. \

more than 350

1

fighting

p. 183,

thought the

men."

—

Mass. Hist. Soc.

p.

115

:— And

2 Pinlcertori's

there were 3C0 fighters east of Halifax.

Geog.

p.

623, says, in 1800

Population 8 na " Jj^Jj

9

THE HISTORY

80 .

D. 1615,

The

period to which our statements

[Vol.

'

I.

commences im-

will relate,

mediately prior to the war of the tribes, A. D. 1615

—

17, which

was succeeded by the sweeping epidemic, previously mentioned.

Except the

Maine,

tribes in

the

all

New-England

others in

before described, have been classed into six clans or nations, their allies,

branches and dependencies

and the number of accounts

the

to

men

they could bring into

—

Their names

included.

according

battle,

Gookin,* Prince, f Hubbard, J and otber

of

early and correct annalists, are thus transmitted to us

—

in

in ConPequod warriors were 4,000, and the Mohegan, Plymouth colony, those of the Pawkunnawkutts, were

in

Rhode

:

necticut,, the

3,000

;

3,000

;

Island, those of the Narragansetts,

Massachusetts, the

in

bowmen

the " Massachuses," were 3,000

called

shire, those of the

were 5,000

;

and

New-Hamp-

in

Penacooks and Pentuckets, were 3,000

the whole 21,000 warriors. §

If

we

them

allow three of

souls, agreeably to the fact ascertained in the

exclusive

;

—

in

ten

Powhatan Confed-

the Indian population

of Maine, would have been

;

to

eracy by actual enumeration, as stated by Mr. Jefferson, other Virginian writers

j

belonging to the ancient people

of

70,000

||

and

New-England

Some

souls.

* Daniel Gookin removed from Virginia to Massachusetts, about 1644, was an Assistant and Major-General, under the colony charter, and a superintendant " of all the Indians," and knew more about them than all the other magistrates. He died in 1687.— Eliot's Biog. Die. p. 220.

Thomas Prince of Middleborough, was a graduate of Harv. Col. 1707, an ordained minister of Old South Church, Boston, 1718, and annalist of -\

New-England Chronology \

to

A. D. 1633.

William Hubbard was a graduate of Harv. Col. 1642, minister of

Ips--

wich, and historian of New-England, A. D. 1682. \

GooJcin.—l

N. E.

p.

20,000,in

Coll.

449-50.

Mass. Hist. Soc.

— Trumbull,

p.

40,

p.

Connecticut.— Hoi. A. An.

H This may be thought

to

141-229.— Prince^

— He thinks p. 418.

A. D. 1820

/

US. —Hubbard'

Jefferson's Notes,

more than Query xu

be a disproportionate estimate. For the number

of able-bodied effective men, between 18 militia,

||

p.

there were not

when compared with

and

45,

the census,

in

New-England

1

the

was only

as one to ten.

Yet many can bear arms before 18 and after 45 years old and numbersare exempt who could do militar}' duty. Not half who might bear arms, are in the train bands. So, in dooming taxes [upon towns, the number of ratable polls between 16 and 70, has been estimated as one to five of all the souls in a town at the preceding census: one to four would be more ;

y

correct.

— Chap,

J 2

of Maine.

xviii.]

suppose

it

481

might originally have been nearly equal to that of the A.D^

1615

t0lG 5 '

'

English, in 1675.* .

involved

|

many

It

was covered with

conjecture.

in

0f the tribes in

-r

.

It

is

true, Maine

square miles, as the residue of

good,

Its soil is

climate healthful.

.

deeper

still

that this State contains as

New-England.

j

iii

j

.

is

natives originally in Maine, A view

number of

In estimating the whole the calculator

waste grounds few, and

its

has also long rivers

a heavy forest

;

—

a

wide

its

and

amplest means

the

affording

seacoast,

when

of savage livelihood and support, and exhibiting

first

dis-

covered and visited by Europeans, a people overspreading the Nevertheless, the rivers, upon which the tribes were set-

land.

were too widely separated from each

tled,

tive of a

dense population

nor were the

;

other,

genial to the propagation of the Aborigines, as in the erly parts of

The few

more south-

New-England. which history contributes,

facts,

may

Maine,

tribes in

be promo-

to

and climate so con-

soil

some

reflect

in

relation

upon the

light

to

the

No

subject.

people ever defended their native country with more valor and obstinacy, than the Sokokis did theirs, especially in Lovwell's war. sokokis.

A

number of them,

relinquishing the

English

for the ranks of the

guished themselves

among

at

the

French

interest,

the bravest soldiers.

distin-

Afterwards, they

men

could muster only about a dozen fighting

1744,

in

seige of Louisbourg,

;

and before the

capture of Quebec, the tribe was extinct.f

The the

Jlnasagunticooks,

war of the

1744, had 160

in

revolution

c

made

*

gin their principal home.'

commenced,

the shores, the ponds, and the

of Louisbourg

;

the chief of this tribe.

and

many

at

:

and when

young Indian of Cape the

age of 14,

1

in

the

and abiding among the natives, became

He

was an Indian of some education,

p. 31.

— Yet in

were

in

New-England about

Mass. Letter

Book

100,000 whites.

—

1676 there were estimated to be in Massachusetts,

New-Hampshire and Maine, 150,000.— Hutch. f

enters

years instrumental in preventing their utter extinction.

* la A. D. 1696, there

Holmes,

fi

about 40 of the tribe

Islands of the Androscog-

Philip Will, a

Cod, was taken captive by the French siege

4

p.

114— 15.— 1

Coll. p.

484.— Quere?

Doug-, p. 185.

p. 266.— Sull. p. 263.— Philip Will was brought up in Mr. Crocker, where he was taught to read and write the English language and to cypher. He was in height 6 feet 3 inches and

J2 Hutch. Hist.

the family of

well proportioned.

Vol.

I.

MS.

Letter of A.

*°

G. Chandler, Esq.

.

,ic » oks -

— THE HISTORY

482 None

A. D. 1^15, Canibas

;

the Indian wars

all

in

;

bold

which they

numbers than any other

sustained probably a greater loss of

tribe.

of their decline, they deeply lamented their cruel fate

30 warriors; and,

having, in 1764, only

The Wawenocks

Wawen*

They were

than the Canibas.

soil,

and brave fighters through

ocks.

I.

of the Abenaques tribes, however, were more strongly

attacne d to their native

Aware

[V OL.

made any

never

1795,

in

or seven

six

figure after their ruinous

Their force was then broken, and more

war with the Tarratines.

than fifteen years, before the French war, in 1753

—

4, they were drawn away by the French, to the river Perante in Canada, where they settled a village which they called by their own name ;

and so considerably united was to bring into

war about 40

their tribe, as to

fighting

men.f

be able,

1749,

in

Charlevoix says,

1

the

Indians of the St. Franpois, uniting the Anasagunticooks and

*

Wawenocks 3 were

4

the

*

neighborhood.'

The Etechemins,

Etechemins.

a colony of the Abenaques,

New-England,

eastern parts of

'

never having been so

still

much wasted by war,

decline

their

well acquainted with

them

in

and ultimate

maining population

former years, affirm that

820, amounted only to

in 1

390 Tarratines

;J

Persons

destiny.

they could collectively turn out 1,500 fighting men.

to say,

how-

inhabitants of their native country, humbled,

ever, in view of

is

of French

and always larger than the Abenaques

disease and dissipation,

people, are

removed from

sake

the

for

1

in

1756,

Their re-

,235 souls, that

379 Openangos;§ and 466 Mare-

chites.||

All the preceding circumstances,

wars

in

combined with the wasting

which the Abenaques were repeatedly engaged

;

the

forces of the Etechemins, whereby they were originally able

keep the western and

their enduring existence

conduce

ly

to

Abergineans

tribes of the

by

at least

the

p. 399.— 1 Doug. p. 185. among them were 86 hunters 91 under

That

§

5 Coll. JWass. Hist. Soc. p. 21

is,

;

only 30, in 1764. IT

The

ancient

one half of that

* 17 Mass. Rec. J

small-pox spread

and awe

f

population

in the

1

except one or two who had

of

residue of

Douglass,

p. 101.

ten years, and 36 camps.

1.— Fighters incorrectly supposed to be Pinkerton's Geog. p. 627. Piscataqua, A. D. 1633, « when all the Indians ||

to

to ;1T

tribes, to the present time, united-

the inference, that

Maine must have been

fear

in

it,

died."

Winthrop's Journal,

p. 69.

f

Chap,

of Maine.

xviii.]

New-England.

For

the

numbers of the Abenaques warriors

were probably equal or superior viz.

5,000

—

in

*

the

in

population of Maine, A.

—an

By

11,000.*

all

to ten souls, as

allowing, then, three

Powhatan confederacy, the

D. 1615, must have been 36

Sokokis

... ...

Anasagunticooks Canibas

Wawenocks

-

-

or

37,000

;

900 warrior* "

1,500 1,500

-

-

-

1,100

6,000

Etechemins thus—

Tarratines

Openangos Marechites

-

2,400

-

-

-

1,400

2,200

-

6,000

Total 11,000.

But one account, (9 from Massachusetts

Coll. Mass. Hist. p. 234,) supposes the eastern Indians to

Canso, in 1690, only 4,310 souls

;— an

estimate

ifestly too low.

f Also there

were Indians

DM615,

at Agamenticus, Casco,

and Machias.

,

amount of Indian pop-

of«Jj*jj«

original

estimation probably not very wide of the truth.

The Abenaques estimated thus—

A.

of the Narragansetts, Who

to those

and the Etechemin warriors, must now have been

;

about 6,000;

them

483

man-

'»

*

THE HISTORY

484

CHAPTER

ITql.

I.

XIX.

— Their dress— Character— — — — Habits Wigwams Food- — Society — Females — Dispositions — Marriages Religion and Superstition — Christianity among them — Their Government — The Bashaba — Sagamores and Sachems—

The persons of the natives— Their

senses

— Coalesand Punishments— Susup's Case— The Employments Indians — Hunting — Fishing — Their Canoes — Weapons — Wars — Pris— Their Wampam — Their Feasts — An Entertainment— Their Amusements-^- Manners and Customs — Arts — Music — MedCeremonies of inducting the Tarratine Chiefs into cence of the tribes

— Six Indian

Wars and

office

Treaties

— Crimes

of the

oners

ical

A D

^N

1615

to 1675.

Knowledge

— Dishes of Food— Language.

the subsequent consideration of the natives, their appear-

ance, character, regulations, habits, language, and other peculiar-

our observations

ities,

be confined,

will

in general, to

ques and the Etechemins, with occasional allusions

maks.

The

.

Persons of the Indians,

Indian

is

body

But

jo

easily

every other country.

is

above a middling

size,

his

strong and straight, and his features regular and prominent.

his

broad face, black sparkling eyes, bright olive complex-

ion, ivory-white teeth, black hair, long

countenance an appearance, wild, cross-eyed person, or dwarf,

any of the men corpulent.

is

and lank, often give

fierce

and morose.

not found

discipline

to his

A deformed,

among them

In walking, both sexes

by means of a

feet inwards,

;

nor are

incline their

during infancy, enabling

By

reason of an

unction, with which they anoint their bodies, to avoid

the trouble

them more conveniently of

flies

to traverse the

and vermin, or owing

on the men

in

to

woods.

some other cause, the beards up-

general have no considerable growth.

With senses acute and perceptions quick and

Their senses.

Mick-

from the inhabitant of

distinguishable

His stature

Abena-

the

to the

jg

a j| e y eS)

notice.

a ]}

None

earSj

an(j

a j|

observation

are blind, deaf, or

* Smith,in his History,

p. 17,

dumb

;

j

clear, the Indian

—nothing escapes

and

says they had no beards

the Tarratines have told me, lhe*y pull out their beards

his

impressions of

his

:

— But

when

several of young".

f

Chap,

men

;

xix.]

of Maine.

or places, are coeval with

485

He

life.

will travel

unfrequented 4

'^1615

'

j

forests without

The Mickmaks,

compass or mistake.

wars with the Esquimaux, have been known slender canoes, the gulf of St. Lawrence,

The

cross,

to

in

their

in

their

40 leagues over.*

savage state promotes bodily exercise, inures to hardships,

and preserves from the maladies incident to civilized

Many

live

energies and faculties to the

last.

are sickly or feeble.

ratines,

who

years

and

;

died,

A. D. 1801,

j^JJjJJ

Few

life.

age, possessing their

to a great

Orono, Sagamore of the Tar-

lived to the

advanced age of 113

his wife at the time of her death, the

preceding year,

was aged 100.

The

dress and ornaments of the males and

With

riosity.

females are a cu-

a taste for bright or lively colors, their clothes are

When

gay, often changed in kind, never in fashion.

were

first

visited

were clad

natives

without the fur in

in skins,

Some wore

in winter.

;

the

summer and with

it

mantles of deer-skins, embroidered with

chains of beads, and variously painted

and those of others were

;

woven with threads and

curiously inwrought and

manner

our shores

by de Monts, Gosnold, Smith, and others

The

exhibiting only the plumage.

feathers,

in

a

poorer sort appeared

with nothing more than hard skins about their loins and shoulders

and a few,

in the

warm

seasons,

wore

little

else than the

robe of

nature.

In their present fashions, or forms, they wear a woollen cap, or bonnet, cut diagonally and

made of

a conic

the ears and, terminating behind upon skin, both sexes

down

wear a cotton or a

the third of an

ell

coats of the

over

in front

men, sewed

—

to the

under-shirt, extending

severally begirt about the loins.

at the

folds,

and kept together by a

and reach below the knee is

Next

the neck.

linen

over the short drawers of the one, and

the narrow petticoat of the other

The

shape, enclosing

;

and the

or sides,

belt,

are

lapped

without any buttons,

tunic, or vest

of the

women

pinned before, also their petticoat, though very narrow,

some

lower.

usually sides,

made

The

falls

stockings they both wear, are never knit, but

of blue cloth, sewed with selvedges on the outer

and extend over the knee.

Though

shoes can be con-

* Jeffreys, p. 94. | Oldmixon, p. 15, Wars, (anon.) p. 229.

23, 24.

—H. Trumbull's Indian

Wars,

p.

'91.— Indian

Their dress atldfaslll0nSi

THE HISTORY

486 A.D.

1615,

veniently obtained, they prefer moccasins, and usually

None

I.

wear them.

of the females ever cut a hair from their heads, but club or

cue the whole

whereas the males shave off

;

lock about the crown,*

'

that

it

own language, by the growth The natives are excessively oma'

Their

[Vol.

finery; as

may

of the rest.'f

fond of ornaments, plumes, and

gaudy brightness and beauty could

if

with genuine taste and refinement.

Whatever

Both sexes,

especially the females, adorn

rings

necks with

their

;

with clasps with jewels the men,

women

their

;

—

all

wampam

of the brightest silver.

when appearing

in

their

;

the

arms

their ears

more wealthy,

wear long sashes and the

broad scarfs over their shoulders, covered with brooches

—For

and some have

;

of both sexes

of the ancient caps.

The maidens

colors,

collars

Among

their best,

palm

their fingers with gold

or silver

many

bands

vie for the

glitters, captivates.

bosoms with brooches, or pendants;

of the same precious metal :

except a single

all,

not be starved,' to use their

and

tinsel

or silver hat-

now wear men's in their

hats instead

fondness for brilliant

and plumes which are gay, discover a wild

for ribbons

unripe taste; though by some, the English daughters of fashion

* •f

2 Belk. Biog. p. 102.

Present State of

Nova

Scotia, p. 50.

—John de Laet says,

1

four leagues

north from Kennebeck, following the direction of the coast, there

is a bay bosom a large number of Islands, and near its entrance, one of them is called by the French navigators, the Island of Bacchus, from the great abundance of vines found growing there. The barbarians that inhabit here, are in some respects unlike the other aborigines of NewFrance differing somewhat from them both in language and manners. They shave their heads from the forehead to the crown but suffer their hair to grow on the back side, confining it in knots and interweaving feath-

containing in

its

—

;

ers of various plumage.

formed for

;

want of

signoc.

They

paint their faces red or black

;

are well

and arm themselves with spears, clubs, bows and arrows, which, iron, they point with the tail of a crustaceous creature called

They

cultivate the soil in a different

manner from

that live east of them; planting maize [Indian corn] so that the stalks of the former, to run upon.

Their

fields

answer the purpose of poles

are enclosed.

They

the savages,

and beans together;

plant in

for the vines

May, and harvest

Walnut trees grow here, but inferior to ours. Vines are said by the French, that the grapes gathered in July, make good wine. The natives, also, raise pumpkins and tobacco. They have permanent places of abode their cabins are covered with oak bark, and are defended by palisadoes.' 2 Lib. de Laet, chap, 19. Novus Oain September.

abundant; and

it is

;

—

BIft

—

— Chap,

;

of maine*

xix.]

487

When A tteon

are the enviable patterns of their imitation.*

Neptune were inaugurated

The

—seldom,

silver

;

silks, tinsel

men

wear

their breasts, they

and

their

all

both singular and war-

is

glittering

and sometimes

in their ears

fillets

ever appearing better dressed.

military appearance of the

On

like.

if

medals of copper or

pigment, they paint their faces,

in a variety

make

terrific.

Among Their

All our Indians have a peculiar cast of character.

themselves, every right and possession

is

No

safe.

no

locks,

In trade they are fair and

bars are necessary to guard them.

honest ;f astonished at the crimes which white men commit, to Their lips utter no falsehoods to each accumulate property.

Such

is

If cold,

it.

he

is

hungry, fed with the best the

and ardent

in friendship,

obliterated

from

their

if

an

he

is

an Indian's hospitality, that

unarmed stranger comes among them and asks sure to find

common

done an individual, they make a

cause of resentment.

protection,

warmed if naked, camp affords. They ;

and grateful

memories.

for favors,

Ordinarily

clothed

if

;

are faithful

which are never possessing

men bear

patience and equanimity of mind, the

great

misfortunes with

perfect composure, giving proofs of cheerfulness amidst the most

With a glow of ardor

untoward incidents. fare,

and the good of their country

to the public all

;

all

all

;

for

each other's wel-

offer voluntary

point of honor

their hearts

taunt, or

is

is

every thing

a spark which

even a neglect,

will

in

arouse

is

* "

all

kindles.

the

I'll

shape like theirs

And " And "

He

a being, grave and taciturn.

"

A

my

their

their view,

instantly

and

;

ancestors.

Sensibility

An

in

injury,

a

resentments of their

untutored minds, and urge them on to acts of Indian

services

burn with the sacred flame of patriotism

most heartily celebrate the heroic deeds of

The

fatal

An

revenge.

seldom laughs

;

he

simple dress,

bind like them each jetty tress, for

my dusky brow

will braid

bonnet like an English maid.

—

English Mary.

But they are bad paymasters; being- regardless of their promises. Many who have trusted them, hare sustained total losses of their debts. f

-

With red

of ways, which

their appearance, according to design, truly

Military a P -

P earance

pendant jewels

their noses,

and about their heads, turbans of waving feathers.

other, and the injuries

A. D. 1615,

the Tarratine females were

chiefs,

wearing rich

in their best,

attired

ornaments

and

;

acUT

'

char-

THE HISTORY

488

and when he speaks,

than to talk;

A. D. 1615, rather prefers to hear,

{Vol.

I.

is

it

to 1675.

always

But

to the purpose.

and

;

in

and

when the

agitations subside,

animals of the woods, unused to

like the

and trained

parental restraints,

motives of his

office are not

war or revenge the

Bred,

crisis is past.

always

is

In peace he has no' great stimulus

to exertion, for wealth, learning

ambition

He

darker shades of character are many.

his

strongly inclined to be idle.

to privations

from

their childhood,

they affect never to dread suffering, never exquisitely to feel anguish Their

—never

have sympathies

to

for the

Jealousy, revenge and cruelty, are

dis-

meekest tortured enemy.

attributes of

mind, which

remember

a favor, they

positions.

truly belong

them.

to

If they always

To

never forget an injury. for

evil—to

enemy

suspect the worst

a fallen captive

torture

—and never

to forgive,

seem

—

retaliate

to

evil

—

to

to

be maxims, the correctness

keep no

with an

faith

To

of which, according to their ethics, admits of no question.

them, so sweet

revenge

end of

;

in thought,

that they will

life,

for the

To

hate.

cite

in

fact,

is

successful

go through danger and hardships

sake of effecting their purpose.

no means, are

plans,

and so glorious

left

unessayed

No

to beat or kill the object

two or three instances.

A

butcher,

the

to

arts,

no

they

accidentally

meeting a Tarratine Indian was beat by him unmercifully, because

some previous

at

period, he

had, as the savage said, sold him

John Neptune,

tainted meat.

jury done some

town from day

of his tribe, to day,

in

consequence of a supposed

in-

threatened the wrong-doer at Old-

with certain death.

Another man durst

not be alone long in one place, through fear of being murdered

by

several Tarratines,

who haunted and pursued him

to

avenge

a suspected injury.* ln

Wrongs done

to the

natives.

agreement with the defenders of the natives, however,

it

must be acknowledged, that Weymouth, Harlow, Smith, the master of

Popham's

ship,

and perhaps othersf were aggressors,

kidnapping several of them from their shores

;

that

in

they were

deprived of their lands and privileges by the encroaching settlers

and that many impositions were practised upon them *

The

natives hated Negroes, and generally would kill

them

in

;

barter

as soon as

they were taken captive. f

Ante,

A

D. 1605— 11— 14.— Hubbard's Indian Wars,

18-20.— Prince,

p. 3:J, 40.

p.

2S6.— Smith, p.

— Chap,

But,

and bargains. uals

most or

;

489

of Maine.

xix.]

all

was exclusively

this

attributable

to individ- a. d. 1615,

of the lands occupied by the planters, being

claimed under purchases of the Sagamores, the natives being universally censured, and

kidnapping of

all

the prisoners

gener-

Nor could the ravages^ of the smallof ardent spirits among them, be sins laid to

returned or set free.

ally

pox,* nor yet those

the charge of the English as

made any

On

natives.

a

community

never having

exterminate the

to

when ready

the contrary, they have,

thousand times, received of the

—they

mankind

use of these scourges of

a

perish,

to

settlers, provisions, clothing, fire-

arms, edgetools and other articles of necessity and convenience.

Passions inflamed by revenge, and

women and

become

settled

malice and

render their wars bloody and cruel.

Old men,

often

trifles,

feeble to use a weapon,

children, though too

sometimes barbarously dispatched

were

If a child cried, or an adult

burden, instant death was commonly their portion.

sunk under

his

How many

houses of the unoffending inhabitants have been re-

to ashes

slavery

?

Nay,

?

fearful degree,

how many hundreds if

why

did he

when

the

wreak

why

?

thirst for

or sold into

Canadian

vengeance on slender

his

fe-

revengefully hunt for the precious

war had ceased

Their inordinate

slain,

malignity was not satanical to a

the Indian's

males or sickly infants life,

elties "

and the Indians generally

;

abused or neglected their captives.

duced

Their cru

?

ardent spirits has been attributed to r

_,.

.

Their

... . thirst

#

traverse of the their Lperpetual 1 fresh water

mixed,

till

and unsalted meat.

woods, and

they can swallow no more.

must then be taken from them, Their manner of

wigwams from 20 to 40

best

The The

living

°

and

They

are then to a fright-

to prevent

murder.

The

The „,

meagre and uncomfortable. one story

roofs,

and two thirds the same

by crotched posts

width,

in

thrust into the ground.

;

;

—now

They

are

the entrance into

natives considered the smallpox the greatest evil that ever befell

Vol.

Pres. State of I.

Nova Scotia^ 49

p. 45, 60.

.

Their manin height, ner of living,

were formerly thatched with bark

without glass windows, and without doors

*

un-

3 nd

feet in length,

rdent

Their firearms and knives,

sometimes covered with rough boards and battened.

mankind.

?

m

will take strong liquor

in their villages, are constructed,

plates are supported

sides

is

constant use of for

spirits.

They

degree, violent and mischievous.

ful

their

wig-

warns.

THE HISTORY

490 A. D. 1615,

[Vol.

them being through a narrow opening, which hanging rug,

is

keep out cold and

like a curtain, to

I.

closed by a

Within,

rain.

are platforms on each side next to the walls, or layers of boughs

Here men, women and

upon the ground. ner not unlike a

on his shopboard

tailor

victuals in their fingers

than

;

chimney or hearth

Four

the

all

;

man-

furniture

The movable wigwams converging to a point

fifty

The

inside

cept in the evening

flesh

ground

—they

is

in

;

corn,

maize, and vegetables. their

maize

bread,

into

They smoke and

groundnuts boiled to

in the

ashes

;

is

a circular

boughs

spread with

to

and the

regular meals, ex-

when they have an

changing with the sea-

unfit for food.

In the winter

it

summer and autumn, green But they did not know how to till the Europeans came among

broil their

meats;

and made the water

are far from

their persons or their huts. it is

;

the

by means of stones heated

never know what

area

chimney

are without floor,

they roast their

They pounded

molasses, they sweeten their cakes.

Indians

cabins,

and with the sap of the sugar maple,

their corn in stone mortars,

troughs,

and inclosing

indifferent,

make them.*

to

or sixty degrees at the ground,

They have no

creature they take

in the spring, fish

;

these miserable

take their repast

Their victuals are

No

sons.

;

in

They

thatched with bark.

appetite.

smoke

for the

iron vessels, knives and baskets.

at the vertex,

of 12 or 15 feet in diameter.

is

open

are of a conic form, constructed with

slender poles, making angles of

outside

left

In

without fire-place,

families are frequently tenants of

wooden and

consisting of a few

boil in

wooden

in the fire.

any thing

like cleanliness, either in

Their faces, hands, clothes, vessels,

be washed

abodes are equally offensive Social life

a

with the

Yet, they have nothing like a chair, a mova-

stool, or table

Qr window.

fire is built,

an aperture being

;

a single wigwam.

The

sit in

eat,

here they sleep, with no other bedding

escape through the roof.

is

children,

here they

bear skin underneath, and a few blankets over them.

a

the area between the platforms, the

ble

;

to the

;

and

their

dark and dirty

eye and the nose.

commenced with the primitive human nature. This savage life. All the members of a family,

Society, which

pair,

is

one of

even mani-

the strongest propensities of

is

fest in

are united by

*01dmixon,

p.

15, 23.

— H. Trumbull's Indian

Wars,

p.

91.

;

Chap,

of MAINE.

xix.]

491 hoi- A. D. 1615, 10 1675 *

the strongest attachments, and the individuals of a tribe are i

•

*i

*

i

den together by similar

ties.

women were

If the

in truth

some of them might be are modest and retiring their baskets

The

glish.

and other

as cleanly, as

and

;

all

articles,

seldom violated

is

stitutional foes, as teristic is that

view,

they are to contention

of peacemakers.

mean drudgery,

is

it is

the mother and daughters,

They

culture.

is

repast

is

acter than the

Among thers

labor, in an Indian's

To

assigned the whole business of agri;

The

secure the harvest

much

;

take

But when the the husband or

till

female savage seldom

in fact, she sustains a

if

ever

better general char-

man.

the Etechemins, marriages are negotiated by the fa-

and solemnized,

Capt. Francis says,

'

modern

in

tells his

parents, and they talk with her's

ed, he

sends her a string of

and presents her with a wedding

*

of her parents

4

and the guests then

the young couple feast

and

;

suit. sit

and dance

1

,000 beads,

All meet at the

together all

are pleas-

if all

wampam, perhaps

4

till

that night

purpose of finding a later times,

of matrimonial union,

fit

priest, traverse the

polygamyf

is

not

woods

known among them

to ;

wigwam

married

;

they

and the next

and then the married pair retire.'—Early wedlock

aged, and a couple, in a

priest.

charmed with a squaw, he

is

*

;

by a catholic

times,

an Indian

if

'

*

is,

Con-

performed by the other sex.

plant and hoe the corn

and

;

command

their peculiar charac-

;

As manual

prepared, the wife and children wait

intoxicates

En-

conver-

all

reserved.

care of the fish and game, and do the cookery.

father has finished his meal.

—

presence of her u san-

in

—an usage which renders females

me

talk to

;

quickly chided by him, whose

is

The maids

the better sort prefer to barter

with the females only, of the

continency of wives

op," or husband,

by nature comely,

called secondary beauties.

between one and an Englishman,

sation

4

*

is

encourfor

the

Canada.

In

will,

and divorces,

which are never very frequent, are by mutual consent.

A

sanup has unlimited

known *

to take

1 Coll.

M.

the Indians,

her

life

Hist. Soc. p.

were unwilling

control

over his wife, having been

with impunity.

A

case of the kind oc-

254.— Some of the English who have lived with to leave them.

f Capt. Francis says, before the white people diana have four wives."

came

here, sometimes " In-

THE HISTORY

492 A. D. 1615, l

°

°'

curred in 1775,

when one

in a

and hid her body under the

[VoL.

paroxysm of

I.

squaw

rage, slew his

ice of the Penobscot, without being,

according to report, so, much as questioned for his conduct.

who

Children,

are strangers to the restraints and instructions

of parents, leave them when able to procure a living for them-

The

selves.

^ ne

Religion.

character of a community, formed of such materi-

readily anticipated

als, is

religious

:

—

It

cannot be otherwise than bad. natives are rude and

notions of the

of su-

full

They believe in a Great Spirit, whom the Abenaques Tanto or Tantum, and the Etechemins Sazoos also

perstition.

called

;

immortality of the soul,

the

in

He

dwells, and

west,

where

die.

To

at the

heavenly gates,

shall

live

—and

where

the wicked they suppose

go wander

'

For

here.'

in

the

good men go when they

all

He

—

paradise far

a

in

when they knock

will say,

in endless

misery,

—you never

plenty, victory, or any other great good,

they celebrated feasts with songs and dances, to His praise.

They had

strong faith in an evil

they called " Mojahondo ;" in general

ed

ows*

whose

satanic Majesty

— supposing he possessed

the attributes,

They

revealed of that being, in the Scriptures.

also in tutelar spirits, or

Manniton

spirit,

;

good angels,

whom

and they entertained great veneration

These, uniting

in

one person the two

believ-

they denominated for their

Pow~

offices of priest

and

physician, were supposed to possess almost miraculous powers.

By

m

invocations uttered

charms —by

leaping

strange orisons

;

an unknown tongue

and

dancing through

—they pretended

to

—by the

preternatural fire

—and

by

have converse with occult

oracles and demons, and to receive ambiguous responses like

the

Greeks of Delphos.f

The

Indians told a traditional story, that the Great Spirit creat-

ed one man and one woman

;

and from them proceeded

no knowledge of the Sabbath, nor had they any ings.

'

All days,' Capt. Francis says,

They them by

believed feasts.^

it

dreams,

in

No

garded an old tree loaded

in

Nova

with offerings.

Purcbas,

p.

933—939.

and

1

were

man-

religious

sometimes

commemorated

They

re-

Scotia with pious veneration, and

They p.

meet-

alike to them.'

people are more superstitious.

* Indian Wars, (anonymous) I

all

But, before the arrival of the Europeans, the natives had

kind. J

299.

thought

f

it

the residence of

Oldmixon,

p. 15. $

some

— H. Moll, p. 256.

Jeffreys, p.

81—94.

Chap,

xix.]

of maine.

great or good

After

spirit.

they continued to venerate

its

roots

open by the

laid

sea, a. D; 1615,

so long as a branch remained.

it

Their dead were generally buried Pittston,

493

were

a sitting

in

posture.

In

Burials.

upon the Kennebeck, are two old burying grounds, where

skeletons are found in a posture half erect, the head bending over

human

Relics of

the feet.

bodies have been

discovered in a

tumulus near Ossipee pond, which were originally buried with the face downward.

In these two places, and

others

in

upon the

Kenduskeag, and elsewhere, there have been discovered and ornaments interred,

ments, paints the

departed

manner of enclosed

to

spirits

burials

is

rough

in a

placed

requisites

catholics.

and when interred, a

little

head of the grave, which

at the

he must,

common

buried in the

The

help

The modern The corpse, wooden

if

cruci-

sprinkled with

is

consecrated water, and perfumed with flowers or herbs. ratine dies abroad,

instruto

followed by an irregular procession

coffin, is ;

the

the " country of souls."

borrowed from the

to the burying ground fix is

—

possible, be borne to

If a

Tar-

Old-town and

grave-yard.

female lamentations for the dead are great and sometimes

The

excessive.

arms of

death of a young child, swept away from the

mother, as the two lay sleeping

its

in

a summer's day,

between high and low water mark upon the Penobscot beach,

She

affords a striking instance of savage grief.

and excessive lamentations late

jabber

;

—an hour

burst into loud

and mingled her cries with inarticu-

;

scarcely closing this scene of shrieking and

tears.

was early introduced and subsequently taught,

Christianity

among

the

Abenaques and Etechemin

tribes

by the catholic

missionaries, such as Biard, Masse,* Dreuillettes,f the two Bigots,

Ralle,| and others.

They

and practices of the

natives.

and came

to

an utter end.

ed with endeavors

effected great

to inculcate

* A. D. 1603, at

Mount Desert.

jThe Capuchin

priests

—

\

—

A. B. 1689,

7 Coll.

1

influence

and deepen the moral sense, and

becoming established, are

still

had a trading house and religious chapel at Pen1

ISorridgewock.— See Jeffreys, 103.— 1 Hoi. A. Ann. 344. Soc. p. 245-50. 2d series. Vincent Bigot, was at Peand Jaques Bigot, was at Kennebeck In 1699.

at

;

the views

Charlevoix, p. 435.

Mass. Hist.

nobscot in 1688

in

lost their

Superstitious rites and rituals, blend-

to encourage religious worship,

tagoet in 1646.

changes

The Powows

—

Christianity*

—

[Vol.

THE history

494 a.p

—

1615,

among

extant

to 1675.

remnants of the

the

•

,

•

•

i

But

tribes. .

.

neither

i.

their

•

i

morals, manners, principles or virtues^ nor yet their customs, sen-

any very extensive or

timents or taste, have undergone

provements.

In

these, the Indians are natives

all

real im-

without any

still,

essential change.

meia™*

Among

these eastern tribes, there was a great similarity of

government.

powers of

It

was of the simplest form, which possesses the and coercion. Such were their exalted

restraint

word by which

ideas of liberty, that they had no

meaning of

subject

some

their view,

;

is

Here was

civil

demon.

attribute of a

unknown,

obedience

express our

to

and the character of a master formed In

in

filial

can never be great.

political subordination

freedom and an equality of

where

society,

rights,

though not of

rank.

The greatest aboriginal monarch of the east was entitled the BashabaJ previously mentioned, whose residence was with the '

Wawenoek

tribe.

probably from

St.

Besides his immediate dominions, extending

Georges

Agamenticus, and even

paramount

lord.

to

Kennebeck, the

westward

tribes

acknowledged him

farther,

His overthrow,

in

1615

to

be their

to

or 16, terminated the

royal line and rank.* Sagamore.

Sachem.

At

tne neaa °f ever y "

trate,

whose

—

modern

in

and

felt

peace

;

tr i° e

was a Sagamore,^ or chief magis-

councillors, or wise men,

He

times, captains.

their

were denominated Sachems,

and they knew their influence

In council they directed war and

importance.

they had the oversight of the public dominions

very few established rules, they; according

The government was

ed the punishments of offenders. chal.

The Sagamore,

and next to him, was a sachem of

;

On

secondary grade and influence.

men

great occasions,

ducted with the greatest order

Belk. Biog. p. 351—855.

;

the old

men spake

I

as-

first

and were

wisdom and experi-

— He had many under

him.

the westernmost river of the dominions of Bashebez."

10 Book, chap.

the prin-

These

were uniformly excluded, were con-

especially regarded and venerated, for their 1

all

of the tribe were convened and consulted.

semblies, from which females

*

patriar-

possessing superiority of rank and power,

always presided when present

cipal

and with

;

to discretion, appoint-

The Saco

"

is

Purchas* Pilgrims,

6.

Sounded by the Indians, " Sunk-a-muh,"

— See Statement of Kennebeck Claims,

p. 21.

k'

Sagamore" and " Sachem."

Chap, xix.] ence

and

;

and discussions were managed with the ^'j^1615

their debates

all

decorum and secrecy

greatest

495

of Maine.

when

also,

the occasion required

it.

The

of a Sagamore continues during

office

life.

When

he

near relation, succeed him. party

runs high

spirit often

exhibiting

dies,

some

the tribe manifest a strong predilection to have his son, or

In these designations, or selections, aspirants

the

;

and their supporters

the violence of the competition, manifested in civilize

all

ed communities.

The

three Etechemin tribes have, severally and immemorially,

Sachems, or subordinate

selected their Sagamores and

form of

in is

the candidate,

officers,

when chosen,

not inducted into office, without the presence and assistance of

from each of the other

a delegation

when Francis Joseph Neptune, teon, at Penobscot, were made and the most is

But

a general election.*

among

all

the Marechites,

agree

respective tribes; in saying, that

such

and has always been the

The ceremonies

three of the tribes.

induction, whereof the writer

This was the case

chiefs of their

intelligent credible Indians

the practice

usage among

tribes.

Passamaquoddy, and John Ait-

at

of a single

was an eyewitness, are worthy of

a particular statement.

The

chief, that they could

agree upon a successor.

and deeply concerned

rival candidates,

;

leave the

wife.

the 19th of September, 1816, at Old-town village,

two captains were inducted

To

monies.

men from each

ing dresses,

Early

all in

of the tribes at

They

St.

Saga-

grade and command, and

into office, with

the customary cere-

and 15 or 20 other princiJohn's river and at Passa-

arrived, appearing in neat

and becom-

the Indian fashion.

in the forenoon, the

ing in the great

Captains,

in

assist in these, the chiefs

maquoddy, had previously

*

to

and select John Aitteon, a reputed descendant of

more Aitteon, John Neptune, next

wigwam,

men

of the Tarratine tribe, conven-

called the

camp, seated themselves on

are in modern times called Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, and

— names borrowed from the English.

Tarratine

many months j".^^'^

an union, the catholic priesc

when they were induced

Baron de Castine, by an Indian

pal

not for

Perplexed with the long controversy

in effecting

interposed his influence

On

were so sanguine and violent

parties in the Tarratine tribe

after they lost their

office -

'

— THE HISTORY

496 A. T

D -

1615, '

.

Indian

office.

into

being ° clad

door

the former two

;

7

coats of scarlet broadcloth and decorated with silver

in

Upon

brooches, collars, arm-clasps, jewels, and other ornaments. a spread before them, of blue cloth, an four silver medals

;

ell

square, were exhibited

three of which were circular and twice the

size of a dollar, the other

was

larger, in the

form of a crescent.

were emblematically inscribed with curious devices,

All these

and suspended by parti-colored ribbons, a yard ends

I.

Aitteon, Neptune, and

seniority,

the select, captains at the head, near the *

chiefs in-

ducted

the side platform according to

[Vol.

tied.

Aware of gentlemen's wishes

to

in

length, with

be spectators of the

ceremonials, they directed the Indian, acting the part of marshal,

them

to invite

was

itants

1

chiefs,

The

into the

The

camp.

also requested

;

admission of the female vis-

but he replied, as directed by the

never our squaws, nor yours, set with us in council. 9

spectators being seated below the tribe, ;

preceded by their

camp

sat

chief, entered the

down, according

caps and hats,

Four

belts

their

file,

the ceremonies

of

wampam, brought

broadcloth, which enclosed them

heads and

and

Tarra-

laid aside their

were closed.

till

Marechite, were unfolded and placed ;

took and held one of them

rising,

delegation,

Indian

in true

to individual rank, directly before the

These now uncovered

tines.

upon the platform,

the Marechite

or benches, covered with blankets

into in

when in

the

camp by

the area his

a stately

upon a piece of

Sagamore, presently

hands, and addressed

his

Aitteon, from five to ten minutes, in a courtly speech of pure ver-

Three

nacular, laying the belt at his feet.

next

rank, of the

in

same

tribe,

others in rotation, and

addressed, in a similar manner,

the Tarratine candidates of comparative grade

;

—

all

which were

tokens of unchanging friendship and sanctions of perpetual union.

The Sagamore,

then taking the medal nearest Aitteon, addressed

him and

his tribe in

former

in the

;

another speech of the same length as the

course of which he

came

momentary pauses, when the Tarratines guttural sounds, like " aye." their

collectively uttered

deep

These were evident expressions

assent to have Aitteon, Neptune,

their first

three or four times to

of

Francis, and the other,

and second Sagamores, and two senior captains.

The

speaker, closing his remarks, advanced and placed the suspended

medal, as the badge of investiture, about Aitteon's neck,

by which he was formally inducted

into

office

—

the act

and constituted

— Chap.

of maine.

xix.'J

Sagamore

for

by

after beins; shortly addressed

_

.

captains, in their turns, A. D.

the other Marechite actors,

were

.

.

invested by

497

Neptune and the two

life.

them with the ensigns of 7

.

,

office in the _

.

'

..

around a standard, twenty

feet in height, to

tine

was

inducted into office

and from the top of

firing salutes

;

each Tarra-

flag, as

from a well-loaded swivel, near the same place.

Mr. Romaigne, the catholic

priest, attired in a

among

long scarf, having seated himself the ceremonies were

commenced, now

passages from the Scriptures Indian dialect

;

in Latin,

white robe and

the Tarratines, before

rising,

read

appropriate

and expounded them

in the

and next a psalm, which he and the Marechites

chaunted with considerable harmony.

In the midst of the sa-

cred song, the whole of them moved slowly out of the camp,

preceded by the

leaving the Tarratines seated

priest,

'Quoddy

ing a circle in union with the

Indians,

devoutly several minutes, and closed with a "

The

priest then departed to his

ing the camp,

took their seats

house

—

the

place, abreast the sitting spectators, tangible salutations.

;

;

and form*

stood

and sang

Te Deum."

and the Indians enter-

'Quoddy Indians

in

In this form of

civility,

new-made

officers,

their

each of the two

delegations rising in turn, literally embraced, cheek and four

a lower

when they commenced

the

lips,

and shook heartily by the hand,

all

the

others of the tribe.

The

gentlemen,

at the marshal's

be spectators only about the Tarratine females, clad

mented, joined for the

whole formed an they

file

request,

in their best

now withdrew when

apertures

;

;

—

to

the

dresses and fancifully orna-

time, the Indian assemblage, and the

first

elliptical

moved forward

and

doors

circle

in

for

dances.

In close Indian

successive order,

with a

kind of

lormer places, animated by the music of

double

shuffle, to their

a

beat upon a drum, in the midst of the circus, with the ac-

light

The

companiment of a vocal tune.* ed

;

the Indians took their seats

;

female dancers then

retir-

and the spectators were re-ad-

mitted.

men

of the Marechites

* Formerly their chief instruments were rattles,

made of small gourds

To

close the ceremonies, four chief

and pumpkin

Vol.

shells.

I

Smithy

p. 32.

50

Indian in-

ducted into

same time and afterwards,

at the

1615,

..

^efs

same way. J

During these ceremonies, the Quoddy Indians without, stood which, they alternately hoisted and lowered a

,

office,

;

[Vol.

THE history

498

and sang short songs, somewhat en-

a. D. 1615, severally rose in succession

tertaining, Indian chiefs in*

ducted into office.

made

i.

which were duly responded by others from the new-

throughout which, the whole assemblage uttered,7 ° ° at almost every breath, a low-toned emphatic guttural sound, not officers

:

7

.

unlike a hickup

—

way by which they expressed

the singular

their

and pleasures.

plaudits

than three hours were consumed in these ceremonies

More

which were succeeded by a

already preparing.

feast

Two

oxen, slaughtered and severed into pieces, were roasting

fat

rice,

;

beans, and garden vegetables were boiling; and bread-loaves and

crackers were abundant.

cookery, neatness and order,

If the

were unworthy of modern imitation; the defects were counterbalanced by the hearty invitations and welcomes, with which the visitants equally with the natives, were urged to takers, both of the repast larities

and of the

all

become par-

The

festive scenes.

of the day relaxed to rude dances and wild sports

reguin

the

evening, which, were by no means free from extravagance and excess. Confederahe nativcs!

These circumstances political

are evincive of the cordial fraternity and

union of these three

known on any emergency,

Never have they been

tribes.

have we any accounts, that either of the Abenaques took arms against the others.

It is certain,

tachment were uniformly strong

Among

was great unanimity. at

and

;

the

likewise, an ardent coalescence

of their making war

Nor

to act otherwise than in concert.

tribes ever

of their at-

the ties

every movement, there

in

Mickmak Sagamores we

any time upon each other.

federacy or union existed between

But no con-

any two of the three great

Aberginean, Abenaques, and Etechemin people mentioned, Philip's war,

when

common

a

find,

there being no traditional report

;

interest

until

softened their asperities

towards one another, and urged them into a general warfare against the colonists. Intercourse of thecoionistn

and

natives.

during

fifty

years,

the planters and traders in Maine, had

great intercourse with the natives, undisturbed by any open rupJ 1 1 *

ture.

When

they

commenced

venge and greedy of

spoils.

hostilities,

No

they were

expedient could, for any length of time, bind them of peace.

full

of re-

presents, no treaties, no other in

the bonds

Their jealousies and antipathies towards the English

were habitual

;

and when

it

was too

of ultimate exile or utter extinction.

late,

they had a fearful vision

Within a period of eighty-

—— Chap.

— of maine.

xix.J

499

between the war of Philip, A. D. 1675, and the cap- A.DM615,

five years,

Quebec, the inhabitants of Maine have been extreme

ture of

wars

sufferers in six Indian

The

of them bloody.

a half; the 3d, ten

and the greater

»

:* 7

—some of which were years

1st, lasted three

the 4th, three and

;

The number

6th, Jive years.

and

the

a half;

tribes,

all

° the 2d, nine and

till

Six India n .

wars and treaties,

5th, Jour,

of treaties have been

our political relations with the

;

;

Ions;

much

they became

extinct or peaceable, being always of considerable importance.

proceedings of the natives are regulated by a Laws and

All aces and

They have no

present sense of fitness, and immediate benefit.

written constitution, no code of laws, no judicial process, no per-

The

manent documents.

of

fires

and ambition,

avarice

—

the

passions for riches and influence, which are the great disturbers

of the civilized world,

The

breast.

by the

are holden

tribe in

gers to an extended

comparatively dormant in the savage

common

Their

territories

individuals are willing stran-

;

commerce and

to

accumulated wealth

;

and

no regulations are needed among them, except what

therefore,

made

are

lie

Indians are a very peculiar race.

for the

purpose of preventing and punishing personal

injuries.

Their

and

laws

;

1.

Nov.

King

6,

JSTeaVs

Philip's war, from

1678.— Mass.

JV.

H.

2.

Dec. 5.

of natural

to the

malignant

p.

eastern tribes

:

—Mugg's

403-5.

24, 1675, to the treaty of Casco, April

of Portsmouth, Sept.

8,

1685.

Belknap*

p. 348.

King

William's war, from August 13, 1688, to the treaty of Mare-

Brunswick, January

7,

1699

—

2

1722, to

Secretary's Office, Boston,

The Spanish,

p.

p.

556-7.

—Treaty

542-3, entire.

1703, to the treaty of Portsmouth,

Wars.— I

Penhallow's Indian

Lovwell's war, from June 13, 15, 1725.

Math. Magnal.

— 2 Math. Mag.

Queen Anne's war, from August,

July 11, 1713. 4.

E.

JV*.

June

Rec— Treaty

of Pemaquid, August 11, 1693. 3.

dictates

must be given

principal treaties with the

1676.— 2

12,

point,

restraints

mere

the

otherwise no ligaments are strong enough to bind firmly

The wars and

*

treaty,

few immemorial usages

consist of a

—manifestly

Checks and

Teason. passions

of course

maxims,

plain

H. Hist. Soc. p. 83-6. Dummer's celebrated treaty,

Coll. JV.

— entire.

or Jive years' Indian war, from July 19, 1745, to the trea-

ty of Falmouth, Oct. 16,

of Halifax, August 15,

1749.— 9

Coll.

Mass. Hist.

1749.— Secretary's

Office,

Soc. p.

220-3.— Treaty

Boston.

6. French and Indian war, from April, 1755, to the conquest of Quebec, and treaty of Halifax. Feb. 22, 1760, and PownaFs treaty, April 29.— S*e*

Office.

Treaty with the Mickmaks and Marechites, July

19, 1778.

THE history

500 a. D. 1615, a

community

The

together.

[Vol.

principal crimes

i.

which occur among

the Indians are homicides, violent assaults, and drunkenness;-—

sometimes treachery,

But they

and adulterous intercourse.

theft

are strangers to arson, robbery, burglary, perjury, forgery, frauds,

ravishment and

many

much

other offences, which so

disturb

and

blacken civilized society.

Crimes and aggravated misdemeanors are summarily examin-

Offences

and

^

redress.

g(j

^e

Sagamore and chief men, who prescribe and

what punishment

shall

be

upon the

inflicted

A

guilty.

according to the statement of Neptune and Francis,

and there shot

tree,

his

life is

to death

by one of the

is

tied to a

Sometimes

captains.

spared upon his engagement to support the wife, the chil-

dren, or helpless relations of the slain

an outcast from the

—"

seldom

Indians

doomed

yet

;

death.

steal

If

we may

from Indians

should be guilty of theft, Neptune says, he

and whipped

till

be forever

to

This and treason are the only crimes

tribe.

among them, punishable with Francis,

dictate

murderer,

is

believe Capt. if

one

tied fast to a

tree

yet

;"

he confesses, and brings forth what he has

stolen.

Quarrels among them and batteries are not uncommon.

They

tagonists never strike. to

clinch,

throw each other upon the ground

An-

and then struggle furiously ;

when

the victor seizes the

hair of his fallen adversary, wrenches and twists his neck violently

;

and sometimes with

his heel, gives repeated

blows

in his face.

oftentimes done even in the view, and with the approba-

This

is

tion,

of the chief men,

when they

are convinced of the sufferer's

villainy,

If female continency lated, there

ed with since, est,

fearful evils.

happened

between

fess

it,

An

chastity,

his wife

each other's

life,

in

Revenge

men were

;

at the

who

is fully justified, ;

when

in the for-

the husband was-

Once they met and

a combat

into dire parties,

ot offences

or vio-

made her con-

determining to wreak his venge-

without great difficulty separated. while the two

chief,

native, suspecting the crime,

and then forgave her

it

solicited

camp, or hunting wigwam

and an under

ance only on the adulterer.

divided

be seldom

of this character, a few years

affair

at a chief's

The shrewd

absent.

and

have been instances of lascivious intercourse, attend-

with knives

These

;

strove to

were

nor

take

they

transactions occurring,

head of the Tarratine

tribe,

have

are not yet reconciled.

as the Indians believe,

in

and should the blood of the criminal be

this class

spilt

by the

— ;

Chap, xix.]

of Maine.

501 d. 1615, A a. 1675. .to

its voice could never reach the ear of avenger, & birth without a marriage was never known to occur, except in a

the tribe.

'

very few instances, where the putative father

is

a white

man

;

and

offences

and redress,

then the mother's former female associates subsequently avoid

Some, however, suppose

her society.

ment than

A

disgrace.

Frenchman,

company of de Monts, used

the

an Openango Sagamore, ifest

marry the

fair native,

but her father objected, in taking

skill

Among

game

are told, belonging to

a freedom with the daughter of

1603; which eventuated

in

The

appearances of her unchastity.

willing to

causes more resent-

this

we

as

man-

and she was enamored with him

the foreigner had evinced superior

till

or salmon.

the natives, the law of retaliation

always

tate of nature,

in the

ardent stranger was

The

justifiable.

is

considered a dic-

they think, are de-

vile,

tered from the commission of crimes through the perpetual fear

of the avenger,

An

they transgress.

if

to seek redress through the

medium

any injury done him by one of his stance,

quite lately,

till

Indian was never

of our laws .and

for

Nor was there an inman ever sued an Indian

tribe.

where a white

But prosecutions have frequently been

in a civil action.

known

courts,

instituted

law upon complaints, both of the Englishman and the Indian,

at

crimes committed by either against the other.

for

The

much

and story of Peol Susup, so

trial

in point,

may be

Susup's e

About

related.

and

sunset,

June 28, 1816,

noise, in the tavern of

intolerable

;

endeavored

Indian's turbulence

this

William Knight,

at

and the inn-keeper thrust him out to drive

The

him away.

a great rage, pursued him to the

Bangor, became at the

door, and

Indian, instantly turning in

steps, with

a drawn knife, and

gave him a deep wound, just below his shoulderblade, of which

he presently died.

On

his

Susup frankly

arrest,

ought to die ;-^but I was

*

and

*

or I never had done

I

till

dicial Court, at Castine, the

*

Many

of his

attended the

own

trial.

—Neptune gave

for

—

'

have killed Knight

I ;

and he abused

me

;

it.'

After an imprisonment

on an indictment

said,

in liquor

the June term of the

subsequent year

;

Supreme Ju-

he was arraigned

murder, to which he pleaded not guilty*

tribe,

and several from

Among-

his counsel

St.

others, Susup's wife

30 half

dollars,

Johns and Passamaquoddy,

and four or

five children

;

S.

&m*

— DM615,

Susup's trial.

[ Vol.

THE HISTORY

502 A.

—

——

——

A

day was consumed

the

in

crowded the meeting-bouse by n

{

amidst a concourse, which

and, according to the position urged

;

counsel,* the verdict was " manslaughter."

s

The Court

then said to him

for yourself ?

to say '

trial,

me :'—That

1

Susup, have you any thing

John Neptune,'

said he,

English, yet every word

was

distinctly

He

spake

solemn

;

broken

;

manner

his

and a breathless silence pervaded the whole assembly.

You know, your people do my Indians great

began

wrong.

in

and easily under-

heard

His gestures were frequent and forcible

stood.

now

speak for

and deliberately addressed them

an impressive speech of several minutes.

He

will

'

Indian then stepped forward from the midst of his

associates, towards the Judges, in

I.

— They abuse

then they walk right

them very much off-

—nobody touches

deal of murder them ;

they

yes,

;

This makes

them.

my

my Indians say, we'll go kill your very bad and wicked men. No, I tell ''em, never do that thing ; we are brothers. Sometime ago a very bad man\ about Boston, heart burn.

Well, then

—

shot an Indian dead

was not

your people said, surely he should die

;

—In

but

it

this

day ; certain he never

so.

say, let that bloody

—hope

Jills the

Indians, love

it

the

man go

well

:

free

;

Peol Susup

too.

—Peace

is

they smile under

its

shade.

be always friends

;

the

—/ speak what I

Susup was sentenced

My

for killing Indian.

dies

hearts of us

men and red men must our Father ;

great prison-house he eats and

all.

good.

—

;

lives to

brothers

So we wish These,

my

The white

Great Spirit

is

feel.

to another year's

imprisonment

;

and re-

quired to find sureties for keeping the peace two years, in the

sum of $500 when John Neptune, and 'Squire Jo Merryhis own tribe, Capt. Solmond, from Passamaquoddy, and Capt. Jo Tomer, from the river St. John, became his sure-

penal

;

Neptune, of

ties in the "^"

Idle habits

810 "

ec*

n

recognizance.

I ncuan

^ rones

dianl

dignity

;

m

nas ^ew inducements to industry. civilized society,

and with him, time

is

necessity or inclination urges

Like the wretch-

he considers labor beneath esteemed of small value.

him

to

undertake

* Mellen and Williamson for the prisoner.

— For

in

his

What

seasons

the government,

of D.

Davis, Solicitor General. |

He

killing-

prison.

who had received sentence of death for which was commuted to hard labor for life in the State'*

alluded to one Livermore,

an Indian

;

f

Chap, xix.] peace,

is

done

leisurely

;

though he

for

his estimation the

life is in

503

of Maine. is

never quiet, an inert

A.

DM615,

boon of earthly happiness.

Hunting of the men are hunting; employments principal o and fishing. r j r r ° and fishing. On the In the former, they discover great skill and dexterity.

The

^

arrival of the

Europeans, the natives used wooden

an expert bowman, at the distance

it is

and

;

Sometimes the young hunter

of forty yards.*

would shroud himself

traps

do execution

said, could, with his arrows,

of a moose

in the skin

or'

other animal, and

creep towards the herd, imitating their looks and motions,

moment

a favorable

game, and dropping the

men

the purpose of taking a herd of deer, two or three hundred

have been known

to

form an' association

animals with

ing the

to kill great

numbers.

rise

and

wherein by surround-

themselves

by hideous

yells,

well-chosen

at

they were enabled

amidst an ambush, that

into

a river,

The

time for duck hunting was

them.

kill

;

Oftentimes, one party would drive them to

narrow points of land, or would

posting

fires,

raising an alarm

passes, and

till

when he would shoot the decoyed disguise, run it down and secure it. For

offered,

in

the

month of August, when the flocks had shed their quills and Acfeathers, and their young were fledged insufficiently to fly. cording to the account given of an instance by Mr. Penhallow,

A. D. 1717, the Indians drove them

in

such numbers into creeks

as to be able with their paddles and billets of

4,600

at

one time

;

wood

disposing of hundreds to the

only, to

kill

English at a

penny by the dozen.

The

Birds were taken with snares, or shot with arrows.

fish

were. c*pght either by hook and line, by entangling them in wears,

by dipping with scoop-nets,

or

by

striking

them with

The

spears.

fish lines

and nets were constructed of deer's sinews, the bark of

trees, or

tough grass, spun into threads between the hands and

teeth

The

the hooks were bones grated to a point and bearded.

;

remains of Indian wears, constructed with large stones, are

still

extant in great Ossipee river.

The

lazy habits of the natives incline J

them

to

travel as

craft or boats are of

two kinds.

t

as possible is

by water. Their

formed out of a large log excavated, 40

inside being

other

is

feet

in

length

burned and then smoothed by a stone gouge.

,

—

the

The

bark, so light, that an Indian

constructed of birchen

* Smith's Hist. p. 32.

much Their r man* One pal ingenu-

f

1

Coll.

N. Hamp.

Hist. Soc. p. 90.

,

.

[Vol.

THE history

504 a. d. 1G15, turning

it

upside down, can travel with

to '

head

yet

:

some miles upon

axe was formerly made

and used by means

of a fine grained stone,

The

of a helve, fastened to the pole by a withe.

gouge were made of the same curved of

;

and

of a two

like the point

the former from two to three, and the latter from

A

four to ten inches in length. pendant,, shaped

most curious

In length,

like a pear.

and four and a half around the bulb.

much wrought

article is

It

too heavy

is

for

bosom ornament, and

any minor use.

for

the stone

three inches and a

it is

the ears, too clumsy and ill-shapen for a

yet too

chisel

one straight and the other

or the hardest stone, and shaped

edged sword

half,

stone, the

Their arrow heads and spears, were made

edge.

at the

flint,

his

carry six men, and the other about forty. Their

will

it

it

i.

has been

It

many

times shown to the Indians of different tribes for an exposition of its

any satisfactory information.

use, without obtaining

Their ancient weapons of war were only four or

Their weapons.

cj u k }

t

he

The

sta ff?

t j ie i

bow and arrows and

ance? the

war-club, was

made

five,

the war-

the target.

of the root or branch of a tree, with

a knot at the end, for the purpose of fatal batteries in close en-

gagement.

The

elastic pole,

8 or 10 feet

and designed

A

to

staff or stake,

resembling an espontoon, was an

in length,

hardened by

parry the enemy, or strike him

much more bloody and

fire at

weapon, was the lance.

fatal

one end,

at short distances. It

re-

sembled the pickaxe, and was formed by inserting near one end of a short hand-staff, at right angles, a deer's horn, or a long stone sharpened at each end

pointed with

flint

;

or

By

or bone.*

it

was a kind of pike sharply

this,

the fighter could fatally at-

The bow and The bow was

tack his foe, or shield himself from return-blows.

arrow were of great use both

made

in

war and hunting.

of the toughest elastic wood, 8 or 10 feet in length.

was only bent when used of Ulysses,

it

to

twang the arrows

required no feeble arm to bend

hunter assures me, he has seen a

bowman

;

much

knife,

horror,

which

strike the

An old

English

it.

a shield, or breastplate, not extensively used.

and scalping

like that

shoot at short distan-

ces with the precision and effect of a rifle-man.

so

It

and then,

The target was The tomahawk

minds of the English with

are sharp-edged weapons, of iron and steel,

* Smith's History, p. 31.

— Indian Wars, (anon.)

p. 272.

Chap,

of maine.

xix.]

which have come

among

into use

505

the Indians, since their acquaint- A. D.

1615,

to 1675.

ance with the Europeans.

They

enter upon

amore meets dled

Becoming acquainted with

In war, a largess of services, tines, is

fully

fire is kin-

great

upon the important he takes

their determination,

endeavoring

;

their patriotic ardor to the greatest height.

and kindle

to arouse

a

;

march, while he sings a war song

a circuitous

The Sag- Their war-

deliberation.

council

in

and he addresses the assemblage

;

subject.

up

war with the utmost

his Indian warriors

among

Sagamores

tendered to their

Abenaques and Tarra-

the ;

but

among

the

Mickmaks, upon

the Sagamore being more absolute, levied a kind of tribute his people, at pleasure."*

asylums merely,

open

field

where they

bastions, It

was not

way under

wind

their

foe,

when

faint

hollow shout

They choose by

of war.

arts

usual yell, ho

by a

signal,

and the whole body instantly raising a most

;

war-whoop, and rushing upon ho

stealth to

the covert of darkness, within shot of their

leader, at break of day, gives the

their

!

when the enemy

tarried

their policy to face the

but in skulking, stratagem and ambush, they dis-

;

played their superior

frightful

were

men, women and children, surrounded

old

for

by palisadoes without warriors were absent. in the

—The

fortifications of the natives

!

ho

!

—

scalp and

enemies with the

their

kill after all

resistance ceases.

In victory or success, they exult extravagantly, in dances, feasts

and shouts of triumph. remuneration

;

—

They

fight for the public

scalps, booty, trophies,

good, without

and a return without

loss,

constituting the glory of the expedition.

But wealth with them present use. their

of inconsiderable value, except for

is

1 hey are no misers

most valued ornaments.

and nothing more.

.

,

Their wigwams are mere

grounds

ture, and, since the arrival of the

;

shelters,

worth to

some small patches

for cul-

Europeans, the timber of the

and other spontaneous productions of nature.

The

trade

with them has consisted in a barter of furs and peltries, at " truck

houses" and

forts,

established

and regulated by laws.

They

never had any other domestic animals than dogs ;f no several * Jeffreys, p. 66,

80.— Indian Wars,

(anon.) p. 269.

—

Wolf-dogs are said to be the offspring of the fox and the wolf. 2 Belk. Biog. p. 130 1. The Indians had no domestic fowls. 1 Coll. Mass, Hist. t

—

—

Soc. p. 213.

Vol.

I.

51

Their wealth and

metals are Wampam.

All in their estimation, which give

their lands, are their hunting

forests

—though precious ,

rr,,

—

:

[Vol.

THE history

506

i.

which was not portable in every situation and movement; and no money except wampam * This was an article wrought out of shells, found upon the coasts of New-England

a. D. 1615, prdperty,

—

and Virginia, and formed into beads, all of a vivid color reEach " eye," or bead, was of a cylindrical form,

sembling pearls.

about one 4th of an inch

in length, smaller

fluted through the centre, large

They were

was double

farthing -apiece,

—now

made

at a cent

a tender,

and both,

;

in all

black or violet

the latter, and

value ol

in

debts under

single belt, four inches in width,

Wampam

length.

40

at

and from two to three

with Indians, the

is

feet

pearl of great price. ;

is

it

a in It

their

used as an interchange or token of the highest re-

it is

;

a

Ten

shillings.

interwoven into every part of their better dress

money

rated

1643, were by a

in

of these beads are not unfrequently wrought into

thousand

is

than a pipe-stem, and

to receive a strong thread.

of two varieties, the white and the

the former

colony law

enough

spect.

The

*>ast&

natives have their songs of war, of sociality, and of wor-

usages are more general, than

ship.

But none of

feasts

and dances on special occasions, such

their

peace, marriage, and social meetings. believed,

in

that of victory,

peace, never take a part

the

In the war-dance, and

D. 1603, attended by

mins, and Mountaineers ;f

—

who made

dicular poles,

taken

in

war

walls of the

;

all

The Algonquin Sagamore, Ama-

*

guests were seated around

the

great cabin, the

armed with company,

the

back,

to the

and retook

Wampampeag.

t Purchas, p. 933

p.

place.

next the

hard-wood spear, his

dog,

kettles of venison, seven or

to

another of the attendants,

Sagamore, he gave the dog a

his

Prince,

a kind of

young Indian took

a

boiling

number, danced from one

and when coming his

give a fair

on which were suspended their enemies' heads

and

and, nourishing around eight in

true

the feast, took his seat between two perpen-

To amuse

or dirk.

in

Eteche-

the Algonquins,

the particulars of which

specimen of similar scenes. dabison,

it is

are as fond of this

amusement and exercise, as the other sex. Samuel Champlain was present at an entertainment, native style, A.

their

war, victory,

females being the devotees of

otherwise they

:

as

He was

173.

— 936.—The men only shout.

twirl

followed by

upon

others

Chap,

xix.]

of Maine.

equally expert in the

of the repast

;

same

507

All with festive mirth partook A. D. 1615

feats.

and afterwards some told

stories, others sang,

several danced, with their enemies' heads

in

and

The

their hands.

Amadabison then arranged and seated before him,

Indians of

" their the

women and maids, in ranks ;" who suddenly sprang up, as men stood singing behind them, and casting off their man-

tles

of fur and other articles of dress, except their beads,

and danced shouted, he

!

exhausted

quite

till

he

he

!

!

;

— when,

— and resumed

After a short respite, the

their mantles

and

social

;

— every

mantle, or outer garment, joined close, seizing

at the

something

other article, and presenting

ment was closed with were competitors

The races

and

;

to partake

it

one, in

in

the

at

himself of his

divesting

the general dance

;

the guests,

hand, such as beads,

The

to the AJgonquins.

flesh,

which two of each nation

foot-races, in

the victors being rewarded with presents.

;

In summer,

when

the weather

and warm, both

fair

is

At chequers, the older Indians are

sexes bathe daily.

as boldly to challenge the is

most

;* foot- Amuse-

and among the boys, bat

wrestling; quoits; chequers;

Smoking tobacco

or

entertain-

amusements of the natives are dancing

principal

ball.

their seats.

joy; when suddenly the whole company repeated

same shout

loudly the

and

Sagamore arose and addressed the

Etechemins and Mountaineers, urging them festal

sang

the whole in concert

white

skilful

men

to

so expert,

the game.

another habit and amusement, to which both

sexes are strongly attached.

Among

familiar friends, the lighted

pipe sometimes passes around, from one to another, like a cup of drink

;

each taking a few whifs,

calumetf

is

the pipe of peace.

reddish stone

;

and

its

in

usually

proverbial of mutual friendship and peace.

to a contract, or the sanction of a promise

of faith and

fidelity

The manners

;

— and ever considered

—

it is

of a soft is

of the

To smoke

from

Like the

seal

used as a pledge

sacred.

of the Indians are such as might be expected

being the untutored

—

the unpolished

children of nature.

always enter a house without knocking,

and take seats without being requested. * Oldmixon,

made

stem, about two feet in length,

hardest wood, oftentimes curiously ornamented. it is

The

general conviviality.

Its boll is

p. 15.

if

;

They

the door be unfastened,

Nay,

it

was not unusual,

— He says the females are particularly fond of dancing,

f 5 Charlevoix, p. 311, 397, 426, 437.

Their man" er!>*

THE HISTORY

508 A D

when they wished

in earlier times,

[Vol.

warm,

to

I.

or be sheltered from

to 1675.

the storm, to burst in the bolted door of the white

hour

On

and tarry

in the night,

until

was

it

to

be saluted with the endearing appellations, or names,

of brother or sister.*

The

uncover

remove

their heads, or

commonly

the haste they

observation of

Both sexes, so

tribe.

communicate any

Hebrews, are

or assumed

significant of

The

object in nature.

does a

woman change

titles

man

;

they

far as

fall

to females or children

among them, some

child inherits

among

no name of

when she

hers

as

event, incident,

are sel-

the ancient

or interesting parents, nor

its

They

marries.

are fond like

Ro-

by new or appendant names, expressive of

their

and Indian warriors are sometimes rewarded,

heroes,

facts

under the

English, are truly the patterns of modesty;

the

and instances of violence, offered

dom known. Names given

is

and they are, with a few excep-

;

tions,! never very frank to converse, or to

concerning their

times

in

irksome,

less

visits

manifest; though they have no particular

be readily understood

to

except

their hats or caps,

renders their

Not many of them can speak English well

object of pursuit.

enough

Indians seldom, in token of respect,

What

of religious worship.

of

any

at

meeting, they nod the head, are very fond of shaking hands,

and prefer

Names.

man,

pleasure to depart.

their

achievements.

Past events are celebrated

Improvements.

in

song

;

memory

the tablets of

are

.

their only records

ject of Indian

more

;

and

solicitude.

destitute of

deem necessary

improvement

intellectual

One can

is

never an ob-

hardly conceive of a people

what the enlightened parts of the world would

to society

and the comforts of

ple implements of daily use, a few

A

life.

few sim-

weapons of war, a few

articles

of apparel, are the principal specimens of their ingenuity. * That

is,

'

qua nccchcer^ how do you do,

f Aitteon, the chief,

my

brother

cannot speak English with

They

?

facility

;

but John JVep-

tune and Capt. Francis can pronounce the language pretty freely

both are communicative and intelligent.

Neptune has

bones, the copper color, the large muscular frame, indeed,

and appearance of the true Indian race.

But Francis

descendant of Castine or some other Frenchman.

more

talkative,

and more smiling than most others.

is

He

the high all

the features

supposed to be a is

less of stature,

English

Mary was

called because of her beauty, her correct language, and her amiable ners. to

The awkwardness

of her sister6 has been

be a great mortification

to her.

known

— and

cheek

id

so

man-

some instancei

— Chap,

—

xix.]

;

of Maine.

599

are entire strangers to the education, which imbues the

mind A l

with moral and religious principles, and

—which

and

refines the sentiments

fills

with knowledge,

it

°

d. 1615, 1675

'

and polishes the

affections,

manners.

Their genius

principally mechanical

is

A

taste for the fine arts.*

little

in stone

and wood, are and

beasts, birds pestle, the

and they have some

;

few specimens of

their sculpture

niusic *

miniature-resemblances of men,

striking

In Wells, has been found a long stone

fish.

end of which has the form of a " serpent's head,"

They

well imitated.

their vessels

sketch, with considerable ingenuity, the pic-

upon

tures of animals,

and the

—sometimes

upon

As an emblem

of the

substances,

different

bolls of their pipes. f

devices in heraldry, the Indian's signature always resembles

have good voices and an ear for

natives, especially the females,

According

to

some

The

animal, which he selects, and adopts, and never changes.

music.

Arts and

an account

in

Pring's Voyage, A. D. 1603,

they danced excessively, around a youth of the crew, playing

upon a and

guitar.

in

Some

Indians will play tolerably upon a the time

their great dances,

kept by

is

a

upon a drum, usually accompanied by a vocal tune. songs are solos, with tones carols are

more musical

of voice rough

and

;

their

violin

light

beat

Their war

and harsh

church chantings,

in

their

;

modern

times, are imitative of the catholic forms of praise. J

The

natives have ascertained the true qualities of

plants, barks

and roots

;

and prescribe remedies

dy with which the human body by sweating the ter, raised

by means of heated

bound upon the

and diarrhoea by

;

by

;

•

Smith's Hist. p.

arts,

240.— He

says,

among

A

specimen of

pany

in

grand chorus

Mickmak

music.

arts,

by sudo-

we have been

the

these Eastern Tribes, " their

differ little

f They paint their faces, though without Hist. Sec. p. 61. |

pleurisies,

astringents.

games, music, attire and burials,"

vem, hau, hau, he, he;

warm medicaments;

spasms and

In these practices, and in some useful

"

certain kinds of bark,

Sores are cured by

agues, by hot vegetable steam rifics

and then plunging him

stones,

Blisters are raised

skin.

herbs, Medical

every mala-

wigwam, with the steam of wa-

patient in a close

a cold bath.

into

many

Fevers are cured

attacked.

is

for

much

from those in Virginia.

taste or skill.— 1 Coll.

Tamija, alle-luya, tamija

Jft.

dore-

— the two last notes were repeated by the whole comOldmixon,

p. 23-4.

knowed ff°v

——

—

;

THE HISTORY

510

We

A. p. 1615, copyists of the Indians.

[Vol. I.

have learned from them,

form

to

to 1675i

F

Msh im

tim'l'idiaiis

.

and use the scoop net; the cylindrical baskets, anc snow snoes or rackets, ^

them

in the

ing

in

it

the

sand

winter travelling

in

>

by torchlight

fish

to preserve vegetables

;

meat from

;

smoke

and

;

mals, so as to give

to lure

;

from

by putting

taint

to dress

into

it

The

a very palatable dish.

Their

boiled.

impregna-

little

the milk, and green beans

in

broth of a boiled bass-head, thick-

They

ened with homony, was called upaquontop.

repose with the feet to the

heathfully

sure in the open air

by manuring the white oak

Their

softness.

Their nokehike was corn parched and pounded.

lie.

Suckatash was composed of corn

we might

snow, or dry-

leather with the brains of ani-

homony consisted of corn broken in a mortar and samp was whole corn hulled by scalding water, a ted with

and catch

by burying

frost

a peculiar pliancy and

it

eel-fishery;

for

and how

;

soil

with

planting

when

it

" big as a mouse's ear," and hoing

is

how

expo-

maize, or Indian corn,*

to raise

fish,

taught us

fire, after

the leaf of the in

it

To

hills.

subdue a tree they bruised the bark

at

and scorched

would grow no more. They

roots with fire,

its

till

it

the surface of the earth,

beat up and mellowed the ground with a stone or

and planted lour kernels of corn, and two beans scattered

Indians have no schools; nor

c-dacalion.

among

a

hill

;

and

squashes.

...

The

.

among them pumpkins and

wooden hoe

in

Europeans came

the

till

them, had they any idea of reading, writing, or arithmetic.

Attempts have been often made

to

teach them letters

the present age there are found

among

who can

their

read a

luctance.

little

and write

home, submit

disciplined at

To

Pleasant-point

mention

to

an

;

and

in

the eastern Indians several,

But children un-

names.

school-government with great re-

instance

;

—

English

the

teacher at

me, that because he gave an Indian scholar

tells

a blow over the shoulder with a bush, he leaped out at the window,

and

in a

minute, there was not one remaining

cept the lnstructer forthwith rushed aces.

in,

when

— and of

E.

p.

fish,

Indian Wars,

569.

Maize" was

to

them

men-

have their children schoollive

in

English families.f

called by the natives, "

Weachin."

D.

—The Indians ate the » entrails of Moose, Deer, Bears,

and snakes they were particularly fond."

p. 91.

ex-

the house,

brandishing a drawn knife with violent

are unwilling to have

* Indian Corn, or " JVea/'s, JV.

in

a sturdy brother of the Indian boy,

Parents have no ambition

ed, and

"

:

t

Rev

"«

H. TrumbulVs

Elijah Kellogg.

— Chap,

The

xix.]

of maine.

511

thoughts of labor, restraint and discipline,

treme uneasiness and

anxiety

fill

them with ex- a.d.

1615,

and they are always perplexed

;

with fears, that the power of custom and fashion, might change

them from the

the manners of their children and alienate

ern natives compare with their

dialects,

They have

beings.

entered their hearts

;

was an ingenious thought, which never

and nothing mortal can be the subject of language never written

a

Abenaques and Etechemins

shewn,* possessed such an

affinity

those of different tribes to converse

and

similarity,

as previousas enabled

together without difficuity.f

Vocabularies as well as facts and circumstances confirm

—One

of these

Jesuit,

who

693

1

the

fort,

lived

third,

among

from

his

charge

by Rev. Daniel

are

all

said to

at

use.

years, posterior

North-Yarmouth, A. D.

Little, minister

after the

be preserved

French orthography,

in

26

the Canibas Indians

missionary to the Etechemins,

These

this truth.

word-books, was compiled by Ralle, the French

by the Rev. Ammi R. Cutter, commander of ;J another and keeper of the trading house at Saco. subsequent to

his dismissal

and a

—never

to letters.

All the dialects of the

to

To

though no one tribe ever had an alphabet.

more perpetual change, than

ly

human

other

all

invent the signs of words,

reduced

tribe.

of language, or arbitrary signs of ideas, the east-

In the use

is

;

and

war of the revolution.

though that of Ralle, being

;§

rather

1735

of Kennebunk,

a

book of

curiosity than

of

||

So

far

as

the language of

these

natives has

submitted to

grammatical parts of speech, and the etymologies, inflexions, and combinations of words are known, ties.

It

has no article

;

it

has

many

one; and

for the, this or that.

by which

to distinguish the

Nor have

they

Romans, use

any single word,

gender of nouns or pronouns.

Tarratines say, JYeah, I; Keah, thou or you

she; JVeonah, we;

evident peculiari-

for a or an, they, like the

Acoumah,

they.

;

The

Heckomah, he or

Their modes and tenses

*See Ante, Chap. xvii. | It was from the natives, that the extensive region of Maine, received Purchas, p. 939. 2 Belk. Biog. the name, Jlavooshen, or Jlawooshen.

—

p. 149.

—The

Indians say,

'

samaquoddy, speak the same \ (I

—

the tribes, at the river St. John, and at Pasdialects.'

7 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. p. 254

New

Ralle's Vocabulary, in Library of

Series.

\

Harr. University.

Sullivan, p. 265.

Indian lan= ua " e

*

J

[Vol.

THE HISTORY

612

Their inflexions of verbs

A. 1X^1615, are quite defective. Indian languagcs.

—

;

^

P ren>xes 5

to the persons are

Nemanche* 1 walk;

and changes, thus:

suffixes,

t.

Keamounche, you walk ; Heckomah-mounches, he walks ; JVeounah-n'muchepowneak, we walk

They

walk.f son

;

Aroumah-mauts-cheteck,

;

never use adjectives

— an Indian

prefix, equivalent to very, being their

they

compari-

the degrees of

in

qualifying

Land they call keag ; to which they prefix other words, and form the names of their rivers. Penops-Keag, means rock-

term.

land

;

Cunds-keag, leg-land

Medawam--keag,

;

ripples

or peb-

bles-land. * Ch has its proper sound always when used never like k. fin Mobegan, JVpumseh, I walk ; k'pumseh, thou or you walk ; premisDr. Edwards. In Openango. Jloonseh, I walk; soo, he or she walks. L'mooseh, thou, he or she walks ; JTuncheneh, we or you walk; M'sa^-tech, ;

—

—

they walk. \

These might be

orthography,

is

Passamaquoddy, in Indian

indefinitely multiplied.

Pascodum

[pollock']

oquon

[catcli'em great

many] keag-

[land].

The manner

of counting, and a few important words and expressions

show us the English. One, will

affinity

and repugnance of different dialects.

TARRATINE.

MOHEGAN.

Pez-a-qun,

N'quet,

Virginian. Necut,

Two,

Neice,

Neese,

Ningh,

Three,

Noss,

Nish,

Nuff,

Four,

Yeaou,

Yob,

Yowgh,

Five,

Polenes-q,

Napanna,

Paranske,

Six,

Nequitence,

Quutta,

Comotinch,

Seven,

Tombowence,

Edana,

Toppawoss,

Eight,

Sonsuck,

Shwosuck,

Nusswash,

Nine,

Nour-lee\

Paskugit,

Kehatawgh,

Ten,

Medaira,

Pruck.

Kaskeke."

Eleven,

Nogudouncow,

Twelve, Twenty,

Nes-ins-ca,

Neice-uncow,

One hundred One thousand.

Virginian.

Nogudatequa,

Necuttoughtysinough,

Nog udunqua.

Necuttweunquaough.

Tar ratine — The

Mohegan ; SpemenkaWuin, Algonquin. God, Chenee-wusque Same among all the Etechemin tribes. Father, Meetungus, Tarratine. Nosh, my father, Heaven,

Spumkeag,

heavens, Keesuck, ;

—

Nooch, my father; Gooch, thy father, Del.; Boy, Skeenooses, Tarratine ; Wuskeene, Mohe-

Cosh, thy father, Mohegan.

and Nousce, Algonquin.

gan

;

Pilawetschitsch, Delaware.

A

man

(a)

Sanumhee, Tarratine; N*nin,

(a) Mickmak, Kessona Virginian, Nemarough, [a man], " One white man," is expressed in the Tarratine language by "Ouanooch; — White man's shoes, by « Ou-a-nooch-wank-seh-nah ;" and how do you do ? by ;

—

— Chap.

'

of MAINE.

xix.~|

In their

first

613

endeavors to pronounce the world English, they a.d.

whence

uttered the sound, " Yengees,"

the term

is

Yankees*

Indian \la««

,

The

similarity apparent in the dialects of

though great,

tribes,

stance,

among

among

the Openangos,

and scaud,

To

for

resolve,

many

not without

is

the Tarratines, chii-ee

yes

is

our three Etechemin 6 ua«e

For

discrepancies.

is

used

in-

But

auri"tah, no.

;

and Marechites, choh,

for yes ;

no or not.\ or analyze a language,

an exercise, requiring

is

long and deep reflection, critical knowledge, and profound logic

;

of which the natives have not, in regard to either, the most distant

Their

notions.

were the

dialects

grammar, composition and

Their language,

which admit of no improvement.

when

dictates of nature.

were subjects

style,

Letters,

among them, appearance

in

Many

written, resembles short hand, or laconic phrases.J

of their words are long

The

tongue.

Mohegan;

one answering

;

sounds of some vowels

Alisinape, Algonquin

Tarratine

;

Nisahick, Algonquin

Tarratine

;

Keesis, Algonquin

ratine

;

raline

;

;

for several in the in the alphabet,

Leno, Delaware.

English

are often

Brother, Neecheon,

Skkietch, Mickmak.

Sun, Keezoose, Keesough, Mohegan. Fire, Squitta, TarScoute, Algonquin ; Pockatawer, Virginian. Hair, Peersoo, TarLissis, or Lissy, Algonquin ; Milach, Delaware. ;

;

* Heckewelder. f The Lord's prayer, in the Tarratine dialect follows, which Capt. Francis, and Capt. Jo Delislos and others, agree in saying-, is very much so expressed by the Indians at St. John's and Passamaquoddy. Metunk senahj our Father; Ouwa^ne, who is there; spunfkeag-aio, up in heaven; kee nuck, adored be ; tle-we-seh thy name; keah -dabel -dock, thy kingdom now-do -seh, come ; keah -olet-haut ta-mon-a, thy will ; num-ah-zee\ let it be x

v

v

x

v

,

,

x

v

v

done; m'se-tah -mah, over the whole earth

x

x

spum keag-aio, up v

in heaven

;

t'hah-lah-wee -keunah, like as;

me-lea -neh, give x

;

neo nah, us v

;

;

ne-quem-

pe-bem-geesVcoque, to-day; maje me, every; gees -cool, day ; ar -bon, bread; mus-see-a'tos sec, pardon ; neo nah, us; com-moontt en-esk-sock our trespasses; 't-hah-lah-wee'-keunah, like as; num-e-se-comele ent, we x

x

v

x



succeeded

in

having a parley with the disaffected Sagamores

which purpose they were persuaded

to

meet him

In this interview, he said to them,

lage. *

committee of war

*

harm

*

to see all the

to

or even threaten a peaceable

wrongs you have

discussion resulted in a truce,

*

Hubbard's Indian Wars,

Indian;

his

p. 341,

if possible,

352.— Sullivan,

determined

redressed.'

by which they engaged

to prevent,

for vil-

every body to

—being

suffered, fully

;

own

have urged our

I

orders, forbidding

issue

peace with the English, and

{

at

to

the

—The live

in

Anasa-

p. 31, 169, 173.

Chap, xx.]

527

OF MAINE.

gunticooks from committing any more depredations, either upon A.D.

1675.

the settlers or traders.

An

uniform perseverance

in these conciliatory

believed, might revive and secure the amity

of the natives

and circumstances, ordered monies

ed from the public treasury, would become

it

^®

s

r

r„

°f *J n t

and

;

be disburs-

to

who

the relief of those Indians

for

was

acquainted with their

therefore, in October, the General Court, dispositions

measures,

the subjects or allies of the colony

and appointed

;

Major Richard Waldron of Dover, and Capt. Nicholas Shapleigh of Kittery, to negotiate a treaty with the friendly

The Court

terms congenial to their wishes.

eastern trading houses to be discontinued

—

for an expedition into

Maine,

ance of Maj. Clark.

A vessel

to

and made provision

;

be prepared under the purvey-

;

she sailed from Boston, a force of It

upon

directed the

was therefore procured, and laden

with military stores and provisions

Lieut. Scottow.*

tribes,

also

when commanded by

having also on board, fifty soldiers,

was a gloomy autumn

;

and on account of

a day of fasting and prayer, Oct. 7,

the public calamities,

was

observed throughout Massachusetts and Maine.

On

that

day a man was shot from

nock, and soon died the same

From

fate.

Indeed,

ments.f

;

his horse, in

and two youngsters, a mile

Newichawan-

off,

experienced

these were taken their guns and upper gar-

this

ill-fated

seemed

settlement

be more

to

than any other, the object of savage vengeance and utter destruc16, about a

Saturday, Oct.

tion.

hundred Indians

assailed the

house of Richard Tozier, killed him and carried his son into captivity.

Lieut.

who was

v

Roger

Plaisted, the

commander of

an officer of true courage, and a

man

the garrison,

of public

spirit,

having a partial view of the massacre, about 150 rods distant,

despatched nine of his best

enemy, who

the

falling into

and the others with

A

men

to reconnoiter the

movements of

an ambush, three were shot down,

difficulty effected their

escape

alive.

J addressed unto two gentlemen at Cocheco, communicates the distresses of the place. letter

[Dover]

" Salmon Falls, Oct. 16, 1675. "

"

To

Mr. Richard Waldron and Lieut. Coffin

to inform you, that the Indians are just * 4 Mass. |

Rec.

p. 49, 66.

Sullivan, p. 249.

f

These are

now engaging

us with at

Hubbard's Indian Wars,

p.

318.

ivewichaagain°af-

,acked *

:

THE HISTORY

528 A. D. 1675.

" "

—Richard

" son «'

one hundred men, and have

feast

{ Vol. of our

slain four

already,

Tozier, James Barrey, Isaac Bottes, and Tozier's

and burnt Benoni Hodsdon's house.

;

men

1*

have any love

Sirs, if ever

you

and the country, now shew yourselves with

for us

men to help us, or else we are all in great danger to be slain, " unless our God wonderfully appears for our deliverance. They " that cannot fight, let them pray. Nothing else, but rest yours

c


took their seats

;

and the

arrival of a

12, 1686, only

36 Deputies

commission from the king to

Joseph Dudley, put an end to the General Court, on the third day °f tne session.^ Mr. Dudley was a native of Massachusetts, son t0 t h e £ rst Deputy-Governor of the colony, a graduate of Harv. college, in 1665, and an Assistant as early as

Kancamagus, [John Hagkins or Hawkins]

*

Kennebeck f 1

;

Natambomet

Belk. N. H. App.

:

—He

Wahowah,

possess-

or Hopehood,

of Saco, and others,

p. 348.

— Bill of nomination.

\

Hntch.

\

Mr. Danforth was now removed from the

Colt. p. 543.

;

1676

office

of President in

Maine and

a Court substituted, which was composed of Hon. William Stough ton, Judge John Usher and Edward Tyng, Esqrs. Assistants or Councillors and a Jus;

tice

was appointed

in

each town.

The Court

sat at

York

in October.

— Chap,

xxi.]

ed eminent

J

,

577

of Maine.

talents,

and his aspiring ambition seldom met with

Its A.f>. 1686.

equal.

He

was commissioned President

Hampshire, Maine and Rhode-Island administration of government, fifteen

for

to

him

assist

Newin

the

Councillors were

and the

;

Maine were Edward Tyng, and Bartholomew

Though

Gedney.*

and

;

mandamus

Edward Randolph was one

appointed by the crown.

two designated

of Massachusetts,

the latter lived in

Salem, he had property

frequent agencies, and occasional residence in Maine.

To

were committed the power of

the President and Council

managing and directing

the political and judiciary affairs of

all

these several colonies, without any house of deputies, or other

A majority of the Council con-

co-ordinate branch of government.

which was

stituted the Superior Court,

year, probably

in

member

Courts were to be holden by a

by

times in the

to set three

The County

Boston, for the whole country.

associate justices,

commissioned

of the Council, assisted

for the

purpose

;

from whose

The

decisions appeals were allowable to the Council.

courts of

probate were to be holden for Massachusetts at Boston,

President himself as Province,

now

ordinary

;

and

considered a county, by a surrogate or substitute.

Juries were to be "pricked"

in

each county, by the marshal

and one justice of the peace, from a

men

by the

each other Colony or

in

list

given them by the select-

of the towns.f

In general, ministration It lasted

by Sir

all

was

legal usages short,

only four months and

Edmund

Andros.

But Dudley's ad-

were observed.

and though unpopular,

26 days

;

it

was not

when he was superseded at Boston, Dec, 20 j

This man arrived

and on the same day published his commission. a despotic disposition, and

was strongly attached

He

possessed

to the interests

of

Between 1674, and 1682, a period of eight years, he had been ducal Governor of New-York and Sagadahock

the crown.

—

an

office

*

wherein his temper, imperious manners, and arbitrary

The other members

of the Council were, William Stoughton, Simon

Bradstreet, John Pynchon, Peter Bulkier, Nathaniel Saltonstall,

John

Wait Winthrop, John Usher, Jonathan Tyng-, Robert Mason, Richard Wharton, Dudley Bradstreet and John Hinckes.— When

Fitz Winthrop, the board f

I

| 1

Was

full,

twenty eight

-Eliot, p. 31.

Hutch. Hist. 316—1 Belk. N. H.

Doug. p. 430 Vol. I.

— He

gays

««

p. 186.

seven years.'*

60

J^Sedbj

grievous. Gov. An-

A.

i>. 1686.

[Vol.

THE HISTORY

578 politics,

had rendered

Province

;

and

his

his

name

odious to

character unpopular,

Massachusetts and Maine.

had now greatly enlarged

his

many among

mouth or Connecticut.

all

the

former

classes

Nevertheless, his master, James political

sphere,

commission of Captain-General and Governor his colonial dominions in

in

I.

in II*

by giving him a in Chief,

over

all

New-England, without excepting Ply-

;

Chap,

OF MAINE.

xxii.]

CHAPTER

579

XXII,

—Dutch — Urn* —Dutch upon Penobscot —Expelled—Andros succeeded by Dungan—He appoints ComSagadahock— Their measures—Andros commissioned missioners Governor of New-England— His administration —He plunders PemaIndians Castine 'Biguyduce— Has a parley with — repaired—His treatment of quid Orders fort — Garrisons Maine Indians — His —Andros and adherents thrown prison— Council of Safety — Government under Colony Charter resumed—James abthrone — William and Mary proclaimed— Government of Maine reorganized— War between France and England— Canadians — Nova Scotia subdued by Phips — His Policy of expedition Canada—First paper money — Charter of William

The French

in

Nova

Scotia and at Penobscot

there

brage taken by theFrench Governor

seize

to

at

at

the

the

there to be

the

established in

eastern expedition

into

his

II.

the

dicates the

the to

and Mary.

To

preserve the country of

Nova

Scotia, or Acadia, against k> D.

the incursions of adventitious invaders, the

French

session,* established forts at Port-Royal, Chedabucto, St. John's,

La Heve and Governor

French

;

Penobscot.

was pursued

and

in furs, peltry

and traders were multiplied

sionaries labored

Scot,a '

Mons. Mourillon de Bourg, acted as

a profitable trade

visitors

1670,

after a repos- Nova

;

fish

and the Jesuit mis-

with renewed zeal to christianize the natives.

In other respects the country, for several years,

was

treated with

great inattention ;f Canada appearing to afford the principal attractions to the enterprize of the French. Meanwhile, the whole coast between Penobscot and St. Croix remained untouched

by

the arts of culture and improvement, and almost without inhabitants.

The Dutch had

manifested early and great desires to share the The Dutch

North American coast with the English and French. cial in

they

their pursuits,

upon water * Ante, A.

privileges

;

and

knew how

to set

Commer-

an adequate value

after their treaty with

England, A. D.

D. 1668-9-1670, in Chap, xv.—Hutch. Coll. p. 489. Hut. p. 9 -Population only 900 whites in Nora

f 40 Univertal

—

Scotia,

;

[VoL.

THE HISTORY

580 A. D. 1674.

1674, being

at

still

I,

war with France, they despatched an armed

ship to seize upon the fort at Penobscot,

In the capture, there

The

success was not pursue

was a ed,

—

men on

loss of

both sides,*

the enterprize offered no considerable

The country was open and The Indian trade, masting and enterprize

was

New-England.

free

s

inviting to

various adventurers,

offered

fishing,

encouragements

and several small vessels were employed

;

The

in

a

between the Acadians, and the peo*

friendly intercourse and trade

pie of

—-and the pos-

was not long retained,

session acquired

to

gains,

cod-fishery upon the Acadian coast

and nothing interrupted the subsisting harmony and

mutual correspondence, enjoyed by de Bourg, and the inhabitants of

the A. P. 1675.

New-Hampshire, Maine and

the Duke's Province, until

commencement of king Philip's war.f enquiries how the Indians could be so

By

and supplied with arms and means

was

sufficiently ascertained that they

Acadian

tion of the

bation

;

generally equipped

assailing the

for

English

;

it

procured guns and ammuni-

traders, probably with the Governor's appro-

and the English

from

colonists,

this

circumstance, ven-

tured to accuse, or at least suspect him of instigating the Indians

De Bourg feci

De

t0 hostilities,

KCS Sjr

Bourg, affecting ^

be highly incensed towards

to

the authors of these surmises and invectives, strictly inhibited his

front-

people from having any trade or intercourse with the English

and ordered an impost of 400 codfish

to

be demanded and taken

of every vessel, found fishing upon the coast: and

number exacted,

to render the

their fish

if

they refused

and provisions should be

seized and taken from them.| Dutch again Penobscot,

Such was the

the peculiar antipathy generally entertained toward*

and manners of the French, that any seizure of

principles

their dominions,

might be well supposed, would excite gratitude

it

as well as pleasure

ed by

A D

1676

this

motive

among

—

the English colonists. Possibly influenc-

certainly

by a perpetual desire of possessing a

^ ne un0CCL1 pi e d region, the Dutch, again

in the

spring of 1676,

sent a man-of-war to Penobscot, and captured the cation there try.

;

But, as

determining this

Duke's Province turning,

;

now

to

fortifi-

was a part of New-England, and within the and as anticipations were entertained of

amid some future events,

* Hjjteh, Coll,

French

keep possession of the coun-

p, 464.

t

1

to the

Hutch, Hist.

p.

its

re-

English or their colonists, 280,

J

Hutch. Qoll

p,

489,

Chap, either sels

xxii.]

of MAINE.

581

by purchase, recession, or reconquest

were despatched

thither

To

from the peninsula.*

;

two or

three ves- A. D. 1670.

from Boston, which drove the Dutch

French

the

this

must have afforded

the greater satisfaction, because the English captors did not tarry,

but immediately abandoned the place,

These events and circumstances drew the nexion with other reasons induced him, possession of the country a.

a

man

rendered his conduct a subject of

He was

succeeded

and

in

con-

to take formal

1677,

1677.

°^ Jfr

^^

^ell

gada "

c

likewise, as previously stated,f to erect

whole administration, his aim

his

;

—

He was

Pemaquid.

fort at

in

Gov-a.d.

attention of

ernor Andres to his master's Sagadahock Province

in

the

at

of activity

monopoly

common

;

through

yet,

and usurpation,

animadversion.

government of

New-York and ^ ^

Sagadahock, August, 1683, by Col. Thomas Dungan

whose

;

^"JrS'suc-

Duke of York, was on the 30th of the pre- ed(^ g ceding September. Though a papist, inflexible as his master, he is reputed to have been " a man of integrity, moderation and appointment, by the

genteel

manners."!

liberty,

and was the

Assembly

He first

entertained

Governor,

correct

good sense and judgment.

When

notions of civil

who convoked

Province of New-York,

in the

b?

a Legislative

He was

a

man

of

a rupture of the eastern In-

dians was apprehended, in the government of

1684, his opinion was consulted by New-Hampshire, upon the wisdom and ex-

pediency of inviting the

Mohawks

into the public service.^

'

*

'

For,

though the French could neither subdue that brave people, nor them, he secured their friendship to the

treat with

English

this

year by treaty— which was succeeded, thirteen months and a A half afterwards, by another with the

a

16854

Abenaques before described.

Receiving his commission from the

Duke

of York, he was

unaffected by the demise of the crown, as before mentioned, Death of

Feb. 16, 1685

—

;

emoluments of the

exercising

still

office, until

same royal person, now James

the power and enjoying the

reappointed the next year, by the A D> II. In the confirmation of his

* 1 Hutch. Hist, p. 280,


9

truce 5

months.

the

—" We

—

are ready to meet your head-men, at any time

an ^ pl (ice y QU aPpoint, and enter into a treaty" On the 29th of November, at Sagadahock, a truce was signed & ° '

.

by commissioners from Massachusetts,

—

.

viz.

'

.

Majors Hutchinson

and Pike, two of the Assistants, and Capt. Townsend, Master of the Province sloop

;

and by six Sagamores, f

in

behalf of

* But Church says Converse went with him to Boston. 123.«-It was only a trip, |

p.

all

the

Expedition,

p.

129.

Warumbee, of These were NetonSomet, (or Nsitumbuit,) of Saco John Hag-kins, alias Kankamagus, of Penacpok Edgcre-

Androscoggin

;

;

;

—

— Chap,

of Maine.

xxiii.]

Abenaques

by

canoes

nor was

;

no

a conference of

it

beyond the

to continue

May. Still, they stipulated and agreed mean time to the English, to deliver up and on the first day of May, surrender Wells,

the others,

all

promised

—

to give the

first

in

do no injury

to

1690.

and was their

of the ensuing the

in

the prisoners present,

all

Storer's

at

garrison, in

They

and there make a lasting peace.

also

English timely notice, should the French plot

Ten

any mischief against them. leased, with one of

was, how-A.D*

it

less than six days,

Sagamores while they were

subscribed by the

finally

But

the Penacooks.

tribes, including

ever, preceded

627

whom, Mrs.

English captives w ere then reT

Rail, they parted very reluctantly,

because she w rote well and served them as a secretary. T

This was almost the only good fortune of the autumn, which could counteract the

fate of the

Canada expedition and

Never had Maine witnessed

discomfiture of the public.

Only four towns remained,

season.

and Appledore or the evidently

marked out

There were

in

Shoals

Isles of for utter

—

darker

Wells, York, Kittery,

viz.

and these, the enemy had

;

and speedy destruction.

and on each a watchtower

—

all

hewn

Wells' ear-

.

.

timber, with flankers,

rison.

of which were fortified, and might

One

be occupied and used as garrisons.

was Mr.

a

Four (owng reriiai,J -

Wells, between the present highway and the

beach, several houses, constructed of

strongest

the great

of the

and

largest

Storer's, situated near the old meeting-house,

—considered

and about 100 rods from the present one,

at

this

period a public fortification.

At

May

the time appointed,

1691, President Danforth,

1st,

by several gentlemen, besides some of

attended

and guarded by a troop of horse,

A

;

—being

But not one of them

evidently deterred, through

few of them, however, who were

brought

in

{

We

to enter

no remember the

'

we now give up two

*

the rest in ten

influence.

days?

captives

—To

;

upon a

time,'

—

treaty, according

said they.

and we promise,

try their

faith

c

But

to

still

certain, to bring

and honor, they were

Moxus, Toqualmot, and Watombamet, probably of Kennebeck. p. 358, where some of the names are differently spelt. Mather's JUagnalia, p. 529, 543.— 1 Coll Mas*. Hist. Soc. p. 104-5, 3d

met,

alias,

— See —2

French

neighborhood, were

by order of Capt. Converse, and asked, why the Sag-

amores were not present promise.

in the

ttrits.

1

Hutch. Hist.

— Sullivan,

p. 147.

D

Council, Ma>'

visited Wells, in anticipation of

meeting the Indians and forming a treaty.

appeared

his

THE HISTORY

628 then dismissed

A. D. 1692-

[Vol.

yet nothing more was seen of the Indians.

;

Hence, President Danforth and

his associates, thus disappoint-

ed, and despairing of a negotiation, soon returned to ising

as

he

consisting of June

I.

departed, to

35

send a reenforcement

York to

from the county of Essex.

soldiers,

prom-

;

Converse,

They

ar-

«ved June 9th; and in one half hour afterwards, the garrison was furiously heset by Moxus and two hundred Indians. Being

9.

repulsed, they presently withdrew and proceeded to Cape Ned- dock, in mt0 tne eastern service,

proceeded

to Pejepscot-falls.

who landed

Returning

to

at

their

Maquoit and

had a sharp skirmish with a large body of Indians,

—

which ex-

this

only deterred the Indians from their premeditated at-

it

tack upon the Isles of Shoals.

they diverted themselves the autumn,

in

Nothing was effected by

Capt. Sherburne was killed. pedition

they

vessels,

—

in

Unassisted

now by

the French,

roving through the country,

when

shooting individuals

alone,*

—and

during

robbing

or burning solitary houses. York

Their attempts upon the

assail-

village of

York,

in

the last and the

Spread along the

present war, had been remarkably delayed.

eastern side of Agamenticus river, near the margin of the salt

water,

it

frontier

was

in

some degree

settlements.

provincial

seats

of

It

sheltered from the

had been,

for

government and

many

enemy, by the

years,

justice,

one of the

and since A. D.

1673, had been favored with the able and pious ministry of Rev. Shubael Dummer.

Several houses were strongly

heart of winter.

by the enemy, Early

in

Unfortunately

to be

this

most favorable

the morning of

in

the

was the season, ascertained

for effecting

Monday, Feb.

5,

1

its

destruction

692, at the signal

* Dr. Mather, (2 Magnalia, p. 530,) says, " on Sept. 28th, seven persons ;" engaged, probably, in tak-

were murdered or captured at Berwick ing some of the remains from that place.

«'

and

fortified,

the people kept a constant and vigilant watch, excepting

—

— Chap,

xxiii.]

of Maine.

629

of a gun fired, the town was furiously assaulted

by

body of two or three hundred

a

ened by

Canadian Frenchmen

several

—

;

at different places, A. 0^1692.

led on

Indians,

The

taken up their inarch thither upon snow-shoes. the town

and embold-

of them

all

having

surprise of

was altogether unexpected and amazing, and conse-

more

quently the

A

fatal.

capture instantly ensued

scene of most horrid carnage and

and

;

in

one half hour, more than an

hundred and sixty of the inhabitants were expiring victims or

The

trembling suppliants, at the feet of their enraged enemies.

had the good fortune

rest

to

escape with their

lives into Preble's,

Harman's, Alcock's and Norton's garrisoned houses, the best

Though

town.

tifications in

for-

well secured within the walls, and

bravely defending themselves against their assailants, they were

summoned

several times till

we have shed

were

killed

dictive

the last

surrender

to

JYever, said they, never,

:

About 75 of the people

drop of blood.

yet despairing of conquest or capitulation, the vin-

;

destroyers set

fire to

nearly

the unfortified houses on

all

the north-east side of the river, which with a large amount of property

left,

besides the plunder taken, were laid

in

ashes.

—Appre-

hensive of being overtaken by avenging pursuers, they hasten-

ed

their retreat

into

the

woods

taking with

;

them

much

as

booty as they could carry away, and, as Doct. Mather says,* 44

near an hundred of that unhappy people," prisoners.

was now

hard destiny,

their

to enter

Nay,

it

upon a long journey, f amidst

a thousand hardships and sufferings, aggravated by severe weather,

snow, famine, abuse, and every species of wretchedness.

About one either

slain

by some of his

to his

or carried

away

it

has been supposed, were

Mr.

captive.

his surviving neighbors, fallen

Dummer was

dead upon

found

his face, near

own door being shot, as he was about starting on horseback make a pastoral visit. He was a well educated divine, now in ;

60th year

man

;

greatly beloved

by

his

charge; and so eminent a

of God, that Doct. Mather supposes, an appropriate

in his

emblem

coat of arms would have been, a lamb in a flaming bush.\

* 2 Magnal. \

half of the inhabitants,

p.

530-1.

f It is

supposed they were carried to Sagadahock.

His house was by the seashore, not far from the " Roaring- Rock."

He was year.

a graduate of

He

well educated,"

whose

Harvard College, A. D.

1656,

and married the same

was, one says, " not only well descended, well tempered and

—but

faithful ministry

settled

amoDg a people

strongly attached to him;

had been greatly blessed among them.

By

reason

Rpv. Mr. kilifd.

—

;

THE HISTORY

630 A. D. 1692.

[Vol.

t*

His wife, the daughter of Edward Rishworth, Esq. was among the captives,

soon sunk

mention

who

being heart-broken, and exhausted with fatigue,

But

in death.

and

truth

require the writer to

fidelity

place, an instance of Indian

in this

among

gratefulness,

several of a kindred character, occurring at other times in our

To

wars with the natives.

recompense the English

sparing

for

the lives of 4 or 5 Indian females, and a brood of their children at

some

Pejepscot, they dismissed

them

confirms the

also

went

effect a rescue

in

of

A

attack.

this

party

in-

of the

in pursuit

enemy

too late, however, to

;

of the prisoners, or to give the savages battle.

whom

In derision of the puritan ministers, towards full

circumstance

a

Portsmouth, as soon as the news reached the

stantly rallied at

place, and

—

Penacooks and the

opinion, that the

Anasagunticooks were concerned

several chil-

seven years, and returned

one of the garrison-houses

safely to

which

women, and

elderly

dren between the ages of three and

Romish

prejudices,

entertained

one of them, on a Suuday of dressed himself

their

the

march through

the ministerial attire of Mr.

in

the Indians,

greatest

antipathy

the wilderness,

Dummer, and

in

mock dignity, stalked among the prisoners, several of whom were members of his church a demon,' according to Mr. Mather's ;

view of him, The

mclan0"

SiSonof

York

^ ne

4

—

'

transformed into an angel of

m

raassacre

York and burning of

light.'

the town, were the

more

deeply anc extensively lamented, because of the antiquity and pre*

eminence of the place, and especially the excellent character of " were the "

" Many," says an eminent

people.

the

this

tears, that

occasion."

It

cotemporary writer,

were dropped throughout New-England on had experienced so

fatal

a blow, that the

remaining inhabitants entertained, afterwards, serious thoughts of

abandoning

it

altogether, while the

chusetts, in her

But Massa-

war continued.

administered to the people, by the

generosity,

hands of Captains Converse and Greenleaf, immediate of their distresses,

When

settled, he

" spent

lie

much

of his patrimony" in his

own

preached the ordination discourse from Psal. 80

relief,

support. c.

14 v.

was succeeded, A. D. 1700, by Rev. Samuel Moody— who continued in the ministry 48 years and whose fame equalled that of any gentleman of

He

;

the clergy in that age.

Hon,

— Greenleaf

p.

*

One

1765

1

s

Ecc. Hist.

JD.

Sewall.

—3

Coll. Jlass.

Hist. Soc. p. 10.

9.

of them was the famous Col. Jeremiah Moulton,

Coll Maine Hist. Soc.

p.

104.— See

ante,

who

A. D. 1690.

died, A.

D.

Chap,

of MAINE.

xxiii.]

with such

full

631

encouragements of protection, as determined them

Major

abide and risque future events.

to

was

appointed

Commander-in-Chief of the provincial

and of the three companies

in the eastern service,

Converse, Floyd, and Thaxter

A. D,

if>92.

Elisha Hutchinson militia,

under Captains

by whose united and prudent

;

conduct, the frontiers were so well guarded, and the posts so read-

corresponded with each other, through the

ily

parties, that

it

way by

usual

became impossible

the course of the spring,

in

medium

enemy

of ranging

to attack, in the

Several of the captives taken at York,

surprise.

were recovered

for the

by

a vessel sent for

the purpose to Sagadahock.

The

Wells was next the object of attack by the Indians.

among

habitants were dispersed ;

were

men

the fensible

affrighted, ran bleeding into the settlement,

commands

in

in

to the

be on their guard

way

to

vessels,

rnet

;

and

to the

command

a passen-

.

was seized by Indian

An army

Diamond,

spies

and dragged away

of about 500 French and Indians pres-

at the

capture of Falmouth

who was

— Labrocree, —and

Frenchmen of rank

;

a

examined Diamond, who

by mistake, or design, he

an-

lew

attended by Madockawando, Egere-

* Moxus, Warumbee, and several other Sagamores.

closely

for-

;

Captain

other French General, of some military reputation other

said

told

them what he knew;

They only,

there were in the garrison with

Capt. Converse, thirty brave men, well armed.

Flushed with

the certainty of conquest, they apportioned the soldiers, the inhabitants,

June5

much

and the whole night

ently appeared, under Burneffe, their superior officer,

chief in

9th, hav-

Mr. Wheelwright by name, the women and the children * Eg-eremet

j

]Q

the garrison, distant from the A * sajJ ed .

his hair.

;

before break of day, John

the shallop, on his 1

sloop a gunshot,

by

,lienj

anxious and trembling watchfulness.

Next morning, ger v

sloops,

from the woods

Converse

was passed

supply

two

cattle,

of an approaching enemy.

instantly issued

To

June

About the same hour, the

in all quarters, to

in- Wells de-

neces- ci^wi^

James Gouge, attended by a

Storer and

tunately giving the alarm

people

in

fifteen soldiers and 15

provisions,

shallop, well laden, arrived in the harbor, Friday,

ing on board 14 men.

—

then in Storer's garrison.

them and the people with ammunition and

commanded by Samuel

houses,

Converse and

while Capt.

sitous circumstances all

the fortified

was from Machias or Passainaquodd}-.

h

J

500 b rer.ch and Indians,

— THE HISTORY

632 A.D,

1G92.

[Vol.

of the town, the sailors, and the plunder,

made

the officers, the

when one

habited like a gentleman,

a speech in English to them, in

which he exhorted them

Sagamores, and

their host

be active and fearless

to

among

I.

tacked

;

;

assuring them,

English fortresses,

the

all

they courageously at-

if

would be

theirs

—

the heretics

must surrender. June

10.

Instantly raising a

hideous shout, they assailed the garrison

with great fury, and continued the assault during the day.

A

party constructed, in the meantime, a breastwork of plank, hay, posts and rails, over which they fired

upon the

only by a high bank, too far distant for

Being only

them on

a

fire

men

secured

vessels,

spring on board.

to

dozen rods from the sloops, they were able several times with fire-arrows

ing the flames, by wet

mops upon

to

set

the crews extinguish-

;

the ends of poles, and firing also

with an aim and briskness, which at length compelled them to with-

One

draw.

of the Indians, more daring than his fellows, then

approached with a plank

for a shield,

shot brought to the ground.

whom

a

marksman by

Next, a kind of

cart,

a single

and

rigged

trimmed, with a platform and breastwork shot-proof, was rolled forward from the woods,

when one of

till

within fifteen yards of the sloops;

the wheels sinking into the oozy earth, a

stepped to heave

it

and another taking

Frenchman

forward with his shoulder, and was shot dead, his place, shared the

same

The

fate.

firing

was continued upon the sloops with the repeated demand, surrender

!

surrender

!

—which was only

by loud laughter.

retorted

—

commander? "We have, You lie, cried an (said they,) a great many commanders." You have none but Converse, and we'll have him before Indian, At

night they called out, who's your

—

morning. June

11

scout of six men, sent by Capt. Converse, towards

-A-

awannock,

a

ing about the

few hours before the enemy

first

dawn of day, being Sabbath-morning

warily exposed, on their arrival, to

certain

great presence of mind, the corporal loudly

Converse, as these

was

if

few dogs

;

death.

at their heels, hastily fled,

The enemy

were un-

But with Captain

bespoke

near him, wheel your men around the are ours.

Newich-

appeared, return-

supposing

hill

and

Converse

and the scout entered the gates

unhurt.

The French gan

to

move

and Indians, now embodied themselves, and be-

with great regularity towards the garrison

;

when

'

Chap, one

xxiii.]

of Maine.

again, said he, and c

"

not a gun,

you are

...

'

fire

sighed a surrender

Captain's soldiers

of the

word

till it

they

English, fire

and fall

A

once.

blaze of

—"

:

*

utter the a. d. 169$.

close

all lie

three ranks,

on, brave boys;

discharged

—

Attern

—and

garrison,

—one

the whole

guns

their

ts

.?r .. u P° n Wells

the besiegers with

gave three hideous shouts

approached,

into

:'

As

do execution."

will

a firm step

body opening

dead man

a

crying out

in

633

—

at

all

was returned, both from the small arms

fire

and the cannon, some two or three of which were 12 pounders

women

the

;

handing ammunition, and. several

in the garrison

times touching off the pieces at the enemy. life

or death, and the repulse

It

was so complete,

was a

crisis

that the

of

attack

was not renewed.

One were

lying lashed together in the best

The enemy now

defence.

square, and

towed

filling

it

constructed a

vessels,

which

posture possible

for

18 or 20

feet

fire-float,

with combustibles, and setting them on fire 9

was

as far as

it

towards the sloops, in the

directly

safe,

current of the tide, and

To

was made upon the

farther attempt, however,

still

left

it

to

fleet

in

flames against them.

avoid or to extinguish this burning magazine, appeared im-

and

possible,

their

fate

But by the

inevitable.

interposition of

Divine Providence, as the anxious mariners viewed counter breeze was breathed upon them, which drove

on the opposite shore, where Completely worsted

in

it

every

split

and

effort

filled

it,

a fresh

it

aground

with water.

made, and unable by rea-

son of the levelness of the ground to undermine the garrison, the

enemy despaired of killed

none

in

the fort, and no

Some

mariners.

forcing or inducing a capitulation; having

more than a

of the enemy, however, after this proceeded

over the river and

made havock among

the cattle

leaders sent a flag of truce, and began a parley

Converse the most seducing terms, 1 want nothing oj

said he, *

The

one of the

single

you.''

dialogue was of this purport.

if

;

;

while

he would surrender.

A short

the

offering Captain 6

No,

1

dialogue ensued,* after

— Converse told them,

'

I

want noth-

Then if you, Converse* are so stout* why don't yot* come out* and fight in the field like a man* and not stay in a garrison* like a squaw?-— What fools are you! Think you, (said he,) my thirty are a 4 match for your five hundred? Come upon the plain with only thirty, and JVb, no* we think English fashion* (cried a grim In1 am ready for you.' dian), all onefool: you kill me me Wl you ; Not *o*—better lie

ing-

but

men

to fight'

1

—

1

Vol.

I.

—

67

—

Repulse of ibe"**

caemy

'

f

THE HISTORY

634 A,D.

which the Indian bearing the

1692.

A

fled.

and about ten

in the

enemy

I.

upon the ground, and

it

discharged

at intervals

evening, the

The good management

Incidents of 6 s (ge

threw

flag,

few scattering guns were

[Vol.

dusk,

till

withdrew.

all

and great bravery of Capt. Converse

'

*

and

his

men, and of the shipmasters and

A siege

exceeded during the war.

by a host against

had about liques,

the sequel no less a disgrace

in

animating and glorious to

to the one, than

enemy

Several of the

the other.

was

a handful,

and discouragement

fell

—one was

and

They

between the

suming Gov. Phips' admimstra-

It

;

fingers

and toes

;

|

leaving

him

die

to

t

which convened June

wounds

board of -

s

full

of lighted

of con-

in the agonies

Mary

Sir William

;

To

the

first

Sir

William,

subjects must be raised

French and Indians ought

to

;

Phips,

legislature,

representatives were

of Maine.

the two branches, stated that monies necessary

Majesties' eastern

war

eight

8,

Province

late

against the

A

hands

which the new administration commenced

this spring, in

^ e c h arter 0 f William and

from the to

his

cut deep gashes in the

by piecemeal

being commissioned the royal Governor. Junes.

slit

;

to the

fire.*

was

unc er

who

avenge his

Diamond,

stripped, scalped and maimed him

fleshy parts of his body, and then stuck the

torches

To

manual of indulgences.

and a printed

feet

Labrocree,

neck when found, a satchel inclosing Romish re-

his

death, the savages put their only captive, John torture.

were not

their crews,

of forty-eight hours, prosecuted

returned

in his

speech

defend their

to

and that the war

be prosecuted with more

A

board of war was established, y stem ' an d w tn renewed vigor. of three military men, for whom a stipend or salary *

consisting

was provided of £100 by

The Governor was

the year.

author-

ized by the charter, and advised by the legislature, to march the militia, '

The

if it

were necessary, against the common enemy.

eastern coast at this time

rovers and freebooters, fearful boldness. it is

was

infested

who were committing

Nor was

this the

wheres and shoot

e'rn

depredations with

only trouble.

well known, were eager to attain

tensive territory between

with piratical sea-

The French,

a repossession of the ex-

Sagadahcck and Nova Scotia, now em-

Englishman, when he no

see, that's the

—

best

Another exclaimed. J) n you, we'll cut you small as tobacco, 1 Haste then,' retorted Converse, ing. I want business.* '

*2 Math. Mag. t

p. 532-6.-2 Hutch. Hist. p. 67. Prov. Laws, p. 734. 5 Mass, Rec. p. 232

—

soldier.

before

—

morn-

Chap,

of MAINE.

xxiii.]

braced

in the

new

635

charter and overrun by the triumphant sav-

a» d. 1691.

ages.

To

enemy, and keep possession of the eastern coun- gj^jjj/'

fight the

Governor detached several companies from the

try, the

some enlistments, and commissioned Benjamin Major-commandant of the forces who himself July

issued orders for

Church, July

militia, "on,

5,

;

S.

company of volunteers and a party of friendly or prayThere was another enterprize, which the GoverIndians.

enlisted a

ing

nor had

and

in view,

special instructions

men, embarked at

"i

,

built

i

«.

.

Church and 450

i

determined upon a

the ground, he fort,

person, attended by Major

in

earlv in August, at Boston, for that place

^ Falmonth and taking off the great guns.* ,

mg

was the erection and establishment of a

Pemaquid.

strong public fortress at

The Governor

accomplishing which, he had the king's

for this

;

site

;

touch-

t

.

.

years before, by the Indians.

from highwater mark,f on the east side of the

above Pemaquid in

compass 747

wall

The form adopted was

point.

feet,

river, a

league

quadrangular,{

measuring around the exterior contemplated

the inner square, including the citadel,

;

being

108

feet

across.

The

building of the garrison

was committed

to the superin-

tendance and direction of Captains Wing and Bancroft, and was finished under Captain

March

;

two companies being retained to

Major Church was despatched, August 11, with

do the work.

the rest of the troops, on a cruise to Penobscot and other places quest of the

in

enemy

and the Governor himself returned to

;

Boston.

The

walls

were constructed of stone,§ cemented

in

lime-mor-

Their height on the south side fronting the sea, was 22

tar.

feet,

on the west 18, on the north 10 and on the east 12 feet;

and the great flanker, or round tower, at the south-western corner,

was

in height

29

feet.

[|

Eight feet from the ground, where

the walls were 6 feet in thickness, there * Church's 3d Expedition, t

Here the tide

\ Brit. |

Dom.

It is said to

\ 2 Neal's

was a

p. 133.

from 14

to 16 feet. in Am.tr. says, p. 166 M triangular." rise*

have taken 2,000 cart-loads of stone.

N. E.

p.

489.-3 Math. Maf.

p.

6S6-7.

,iam H«nry built at

In examining Femaquid.

near the old stockade-

Edmund Andros, and destroyed three The plat selected was twenty rods

by order of

pjj™*'.,

tier

of 28 port-

;

THE history

536 The

a. D. 1692. holes.

was

garrison

which

cost of

is

18 guns were mounted,

manned

The

finished

few months

in a

have been £20,000.

said to

six of

this

fortification

much

the people.

was thought by many, not

It

liable to

be captured, and might

the enemy.

in

and keeping

to

be

a

it

garri-

convenient post

Remotely

harbor, and

situated,

it

was

war, become a strong hold of

keep nominal possession

country, the expenses were altogether disproportionate.

was

was

answered no other purpose than

If the establishment

to protect a single

it

and even complaints among

dissatisfaction,

times of rupture.

in

the whole

nor a well chosen asylum for the retreat of

parties,

frontier settlers,

—

Fort William Henry.

soned, caused

for ranging

;

Between 14 and

which were 18 pounders;

with 60 men, and called

charge of building

u

[Vol.

entirely designed for the public good,

of the

But, as

it

many, on the other hand,

thought the objections arose from a reprehensible parsimony and shortsighted policy. Excursions

cfhurchat

The

expedition was immediately

Major Church, on landing with a party of

«nd°K€n°ue- Islands in beck *

known by his

the Indians

men on one

;

for

of the

Penobscot bay, now called " seven hundred acre

Isl-

and," was informed by two or three French residents, who were living with Indian wives and had families that a " great company" ;

of Indians, were on a neighboring Island [evidently Long

and] and, having descried the

had hastened away

Unable, without whale-boats,

their canoes.

yond

vessels,

the vicinity

to

of the peninsula; he took five Indians, also a

Afterwards,

in

men

in

fled

away

As soon

Teconnet.

in

their

away, burying themselves

in the

already on

fire, particularly

some

the flames

;

and returning

whom

he drove to the

canoes, up the river to

as they discovered

pursuit, they set fire to their

ern Expedition

Pema-

ascending the Kennebeck waters, he had a

skirmish with a party of Indians, some of

woods, while others their fort at

in

pursue them be-

quantity of corn, beaver and moose-skins, and returned to quid.

Isl-

huts in the

thickets.

his

and ran

Whatever was not

cribs of corn,

to Boston,

him and

fort,

he committed to

concluded

his third

£

East-

rendered memorable by no exploit of any

great moment.

The Sagamores were and

at the

same time,

highly exasperated by these enterprizes

greatly dissatisfied with the

* Church's 3d Expedition,

p.

131-137.

meagre

aid

Chap.

of maine.

xxiii/J

637 Madock- A

and recompense, they were receiving from the French. awando,

made

August,

in

a journey to

Quebec.

with Count Frontenac, he presented him with

D. iG92i

In an interview F renc h an d, English pris- J^Jre

five

oners, and received in return the reward expected. 1

also ?? a." isl

was

It

Maine.

*

agreed between them, that the Governor should send two ships of

war and 200 Canadians

to

Penobscot, and there be reenforced

by 2 or 300 Indians under Madockawando force,

of

when

;

and that the whole

conjoined, should proceed to destroy Wells, the Isles

of

Shoals, the plantations

Piscataqua,

likewise the town of York, and

including Kittery,

Fort William

then demolish

Henry. This enterprize was a topic of too much conversation kept a secret.

Nova

John Nelson,* appointed

Scotia by Phips, the Governor or

after the

commander of

vince, but being taken prisoner on, or after

now

from Boston, was tunity to talk with

in

To

1

Quebec.

communicate

that a

intelligence,

them

French

to

Nelson bribed two Frenchmen and

Boston,

frigate of

tured ship of 38 guns, to

Kendus-

up the Penobscot,' and drew from him some information.

sent a letter by

ment

the Pro-

passage thither,

his

all

which he informed the govern-

were about to be

le Poli,

Port-Royal and Penobscot,

eastern waters of

in

34 guns, l'Envieux, and for

a

Dutch cap-

under

sent,

Iberville,

the purpose of sweeping the

the vessels they could find

;

and that he ex-

pected, in his undertaking and movements, to have the cooperation

and assistance of the Chevalier Villebon, the French Gov-

Nova

ernor of

return, being

and the to

Scotia.

The two French

messengers, on

detected, were for their perfidy

patriotic

Nelson, for sending the

France and imprisoned

their

afterwards shot;

was transported

letter,

in the Bastile five years.

of the war, and not before, he returned home,

At

after

the close

ten years'

absence. *

He was

the son of William Nelson, and devisee of Sir

—

Thomas Temple,

3d series. John Nelson was one of the high republicans, who required Edmund Andros to surrender his administration. His letter to the Court of Massaformer proprietor of Nova Scotia.

chusetts,

was dated August 26th,

1

Coll.

1692.

Mass. Hist.

He

Soc. p. 136,

was made an eyewitness

to the

execution of his two French messengers, and expected the same

fate.

After he was transported, he was released from the Bastile, through the influence of Sir

Purbec Temple, [Eng.)— Eliot's Biog.

p. 332,

Nelson

ofjjjjj]*

Having opporMadockawando, he amused him with the prodetained

ject of settling a trading house at " Negas," [possibly

keag]

be

to

conquest

to

Uoslo »-

;

A.D.

[Vol.

THE HISTORY

638 Late

1692.

Fort Wii*

ed

autumn,

in the

Iberville, arriving at

Villebon and

by

Penobscot, was join-

body of Indians

great

a

;

and

with

its

pro-

all

ceeded to attempt the reduction of Fort William Henry.

ry.

1.

Struck

apparent strength, and finding an English vessel riding at

anchor under the guns of the

abandon the enterprize

the

fort,

commanders concluded

to

the Indians stamping the ground in dis-

;

appointment. A.D.

The

1693.

r

Jlrse hinds

SacoFon.

Major t

next spring, the intrepid Converse was commissioned a °d

Commander-in-Chief of the eastern

h e garrison soldiers and 350 new

in quest

at

enemy

of the

Pemaquid,

near the

falls,

at

was

;

he, with the

They

Piscataqua, at Wells,

at

:

the

;

French had

several of their principal

of Major

aid

August

11.

Sheepscot,

The

Hook and

Capt. Hill,

Indians were in distress

them

men were

to

feed on empty promises

detained

among

rom Passamaquoddy

tr jk es f

garrison, at

to

j

the English,

impatient to be released

on the 11th of August, thirteen Sagamoresf representing

a treai>.

Mo-

they feared an attack from the left

who were extremely

as prisoners,

at

themselves hunted to the mountains by

felt

the terrifying Converse

hawks

forces, including

ranged the country

Teconnet, and on the west side of the Saco,

erected a very strong stone-fort.*

and despair.

He

levies.

;

and

all

the

Saco, inclusive, came into the

new

Pemaquid, and negotiated a

treaty with the

commissfoners John Wing, Nicholas Manning, and

English

Benjamin

Jackson. The

In this the Sagamores conceded

termi

They

of England to

more than

in

former

make

;

and said they had been instigated by the French

war, whose interest they had determined to abandon

They agreed

forever.

to release

all

to resign unto the English inhabitants

captives without ransom all

their possessions

provements, and leave them unmolested and free of claims *

treaties.

declared their hearty subjection and obedience to the crown

;

to traffic with the English at the

The remains

which several

are

slill visible.

were

soldiers

It

and im-

all

Indian

trading houses, which

was a fortress of great strength in under Capt. George Turfrey and ;

stationed,

Lieut, P. Fletcher. f

Among

those

signed the treaty were Egeremet of Machias

who

;

Ma-

dockawando and Abenquid of Penobscot Wassambomet and Ketterramogis of Norridgewock Bomaseen, WenobBon " of Teconnet, in behalf of Moxus;" Nitamemet or Nitombomet, and Robin Doney of Saco; and ;

;

others.

;

Chap,

of maine.

xxiii.]

should be established

639

by government and regulated by law

and

;

A. D. 1G (J3.

have every controversy between the English and Indians decided in

due course of

justice.

parties, in faith of

treaty of perpetual peace

which the Sagamores delivered

who were

hostages,*

five

was a

It

and

by the most solemn asseverations of the

friendship, sanctioned

be exchanged

to

to the

English

any time, on re-

at

quest, for others of equal rank.f

A respite

from war and returns from captivity without ransom

must be themes and causes of uncommon joy, worn, bleeding, scattered and sinking the Indians been

and

This peace, had

themselves, might have been permanent

left to

For constant

lasting.

war-

to a people

in ruins.

as they

were

nothing but change,

in

they were soon tired with uniformity and perseverance, especially, if

anxious

attended with

toils

Prisoners had not

or dangers.

been taken by them of late without great difficulty, and plunder could not be easily obtained.

Count Frontenac, now engaged successful

a most bloody, though un- The

in

war with the Mohawks, or

home

the necessity of calling able to bear arms.

He

on board the royal

sickness

English

To

Francis Wheeler, prevented an attack.

ques and Tarratine tribes

would

in effect, as the

en the English

he employed

in

to

be

at

projects against

were Ze;J

M.

—

all

four or five

Sir

Abena-

their neighbors,

Quebec

;

and therefore from restoring

as the Indians

had

in

captives.

Fit instruments to effect his purpose

The

not the

under

Hostages, he told them,

their prisoners or fulfilling the treaty.

number of

and must

suffer the

his emissaries to dissuade the Indians

their custody a greater

were the French mis-

who were preeminent

in.

his

whom were

ardent

and

enthusiasts, always

bold

—

ready, with tearful eye, to preach from a text

in their

"

Thury and Vincent

it

*

is

no

sin to

One was

break

faith

Sheepscot John

;

with heretics."

f

See

X

There was one

this treaty entire.

at

creed,

that

another was the cousin of Madockawando

and a third the brother of Egeremet.

—2 Math. Mag. 512-3. — 2 Math. Mag.

Androscoggin.

p.

p. 557,

j esu ;t mis-

service, among* he

Thury, Vincent and Jaques Bigot and Sebastian Ralof

th*

greatly serve to embold-

were no great security or pledge, so long

sionaries.

fleet,

peace with

Count perceived,

their

side,

season, had

this

French-

peace?

Frenchman

every

to his assistance

was troubled on every

even have stood the siege of Quebec, mortal

Five Nations,' was under

4

lr,diaus-

[Vol

THE HISTORY

640 A. D. 1693

i.

Bigot had been a fong time among the Tarratines, and were well acquainted with their dispositions, language and habits. sent from France into the uits,

passed about four years

Canada

and

;

among

the tribes in the vicinity of

1693 chose Norridgewock

in

he dwelt 26 years.

Ralle,*

French colonies by the society of Jes-

His entire devotion

abode, where

for his

to the religious

interests

of the Indians, gave him an unlimited ascendancy over them. Villieu at

Another

select agent of Frontenac,

was Sieur de

was now appointed resident commander

who had

an officer

attacked by Phips his post, Indians destroy Dover,

He was

Penobscot.

acquired some merit at Quebec, when ;

it

was

and, what was an additional qualification for

he cherished an inveterate hatred of the puritans.

Determined

body

at

who

Villieu,

Penobscot.

open anew the

to

250

of

Indians,

sluices of war,

under Madockawando,

he collected a

Bomaseen, and

Toxus, who, on the 18th of July, again destroyed Dover,

New-Hampshire August 20. Other at-

returned to Piscataqua, August

them crossed over

tacks.

24.

York

when a

large

party of

into Kittery, with intent, manifestly, to

complete

20th,

At Spruce-creek they

the ruin of Maine. August

visit,

made

they

a bold attack

persons, and scalped in a barbarous

though

left

and

three,

killed

On

one, where they also took a lad prisoner.

of their

in

and, after plundering places further westward,

;

the

fifth

at

day

upon Kittery, slew eight

manner a

little girl

;

who,

bleeding and apparently dying, was found alive the

next morning, and ultimately recovered, notwithstanding her skull

was badly Seven

In-

dians seized.

fractured.

This sudden outrageous

violation of the treaty

ciple of plighted faith, rendered in the opinion

be.

When,

of an abused people, however severe such act might

therefore,

sauntered into the

new

Robin Doney and three of fort at

Nov.

19.

In the

his

companions

Saco, pretending great regret for

known

the late rupture, they being

custody.

and every prin-

any retaliatory act warrantable,

criminals,

were detained

in

same manner, Bomaseen and two other Indians,

November 19th, visited the command of Capt. March,

garrison at

Pemaquid, then under the

feigning themselves to be travellers

immediately from Canada, and strangers to the recent massacre.

But

they, being

to Boston.

serious

known, were

These

acts

seized,

and Bomaseen was soon sent

were not censured by government, though

minds have animadverted upon them with some * 8 Coll.

Mass. Hist. Soc. p, 250-2, 2d. series.

severity.

Chap,

of maine.

xxtii.]

To show French

what

641

and deceptions were practised by the

arts

upon the ignorance and

fanatics,

superstition of

the

A. D. 1694. Jesuit priestcraft *

natives; a few facts

may be

allowed here to be stated.

Bomaseen

versing with a clergyman of Boston,

Mary was

understand the Virgin

In con-

said, the

Indians

a French lady, and her son,

Jesus Christ, the blessed, was murdered by the English; but has

and gone

since risen

must avenge

to heaven,

his blood.

and

—The

who would gain

all

favor

his

taking a tankard, said to

divine,

him, Jesus Christ gives us good religion, like the good wine in this cup

drink

;

dians

;

God's book

;

—Englishmen give

the holy

Book

to you, in

hear you confess sell

said

pardons

God

them pure

it to

;

—

that

your own language.

this

is,

the best

Bomaseen and

good

to the

it

In-

we present

French priests

and take beaver for it. Englishmen never are free and come from God only. Then,

Bomaseen, Indians

glishmen's

and then give

it,

sins,

they

;

which holds

the Bible,

is

French put poison in

the

will spit

up

all

— —En-

French poison;

God.

accomplices were continued

confinement,

A. D. 1695.

and the hostages remained with the English, through the winter,

the Indians.

his

Being persons of

distinction, their

liberation

in

would have com-

manded almost any ransom, had the Indians any thing to pay. But such were their uncommon miseries, that humanity weeps Besides famine,

over them.

were the most wretched

among them.

in

sharers,

which

—

prisoners

was raging

Pushed forward by hunger and revenge, some of

them were able occasionally

to take

March, one of the

was

Saco

their English

a mortal sickness

soldiers

life,

or a

little

other acts of mischief were also committed,

fort

which were the height

of folly

:

For,

if

—

for

own

them

interest,

to cease

with extreme anxiety

itself

To ages,

filling relations ;

was

sent to the

—and then they might hope

eastern tribes

;

of our men, belonging to Fort William

Vol.

I.

May

Henry,

from the garrison.

68

for relief.

one of the host- a truce,

through whose influence a

in a flotilla of fifty canoes,

Island, situated a league

as

and even the community

mediate an exchange, Sheepscot John,

body of Indians

it

depre-

dations and to restore their captives according to the treaty, the return of them was

March.

acts

they would turn a deaf

ear to the deceptive French, and consult their

must be the wisest measure practicable,

In

plunder.

and another taken near

killed

20, met some at

Rutherford's

Here the Saga-

M ay 20.

—5

:

;

[Vol.

THE HISTORY

642 A. D. 1695.

mores confessed

I.

wrongs, released eight captives, and en-

their

tered into a truce for thirty days

;

promising to meet commis-

end of a month, and

sioners in the garrison at the

ratify the

treaty. June

A

A

19.

conference was subsequently had according to appointment

^^

parley.

;

to treat,

ruptly, departed.

The

after this, the forts

and

— We'll

frontiers

seized, July 6, near

t

was shot

killed at

Kit-

to

;

killed or taken captive,

Among

them, a soldier

and

wounded,'

Saco,' and four were killed

at

for

;

and carried to Canada

Saco-fort,

northern parts of New-England.

in the

9|

Soldiers

ab-

rising

were infested by prowling savages

and within three months, about 40 were ge

more; and

talk no

parley was thus fraught with danger

Major Hammond, who belonged

through the summer.

was

the English prisoners were

you have not brought Bomaseen, Robin

for, said they,

Doney, and our friends

tery

till

This pre-requisite was thought by the Sagamores

produced. unfair

Hawthorn and

e Commissioners, Col. Phillips, Lieut. Col.

Major Converse, refused

six

at

m

Pemaquid, Sept.

Pemaquid.

9,

they were rowing a gondola around a

as

high rocky point, above the barbacan opposite to the garrison.

A

^ive montns a fter tms

D. 1696. 6

chu'bb

kiiis

>

Egeremet, Toxus, Abenquid, and a

°f tne * r associates, came into the same garrison, Feb.

P arty

[1696], for the purpose, as they

Indiana?

Pemaqmd

The commander

of prisoners. '

whose men were not yet

fully

said, at

this

time was Capt.

Chubb,

healed of the wounds, they had late-

Their resentments were also inflamed by the recol-

ly received.

lection of those,

who were

actually slain

in the midst of the parley, they

suddenly

same time

at the fell

;

and

upon the Indians,

Egeremet, Abenquid, and two others, and took some of

killed

them prisoners

;*

Toxus and

a few of his

more

effecting their escape, to tell the awful story, to the flames of war.

nowise

had

16,

of effecting an exchange

justifiable

comrades

was a shameful breach of good

It

by the perfidy

previously violated

athletic

and add new

the

treaty

fuel

faith

of the Indians, though they

they had signed.

To

kill

emissaries in the midst of negotiations, for their fellows' crimes, is

an act unknown even to the worst of savages

;

for they

never

murder during a parley. If the conduct of Captain March, 1 months before, was blameworthy ; Chubb richly deserved all the * Charlevoix

complains of

[

3

vol. JV*.

this act.

F.

p.

233.] says, three

were sent

to

Boston.— He

.

Chap,

xxiii.]

of MAINE.

643

censure, a sensitive public was disposed so liberally to reflect A. D.

1696.

upon him.

There was nothing of Major

Hammond

cheer

to

and about

except the

this spring,

thirty captives

return

late

from Canada.

G gp®jves

In returned—

June, upwards of twenty people were slain or taken about Ports-

houses were — wives who were —Thomas Cole and

mouth

—

5

men and

three

also

York

passing from

sisters, in

sailed

burned

several

to

two of the

his wife,

their

Wells were assix,

being shot

down, the others barely escaping a second discharge.

now become

Fort William Henry had

a noted public garrison. The French c^gsi^ii

The French

conceived

and resolved

adia,

it

controlled

reduce

to

despatched from Quebec, with two panies of soldiers,

—

this

purpose, Iberville was

men

of war and two com-

directed to form

and a company of 50 Mickmaks,

Ac-

upon

Fort WiF-

ham HcHry

For

it.

the western parts of

all

a junction with Villebon

at St.

John or Port Royal,

also

with Castine and his Indians at Penobscot, and drive the English

from the garrison. that about the

It

was

unfortunate as

as

same time, two

stores

from Boston

supposed

to

the bay of

for

was

accidental,

British ships, the Sorlings, Captain

Eames, and the Newport, Captain Paxen, der, sailed

it

also the

Fundy,

be on their passage from

Province ten-

to intercept

Quebec

the

to Villebon.

For, as the two squadrons met and encountered each other in the bay, the Newport, in the engagement, lost her topmast and sur-

rendered and

the other two were, under the cover of

a fog,

only able to effect their escape.

Reenforced by

which

this prize,

he and Villebon, with

his

taking on board at Penobscot,

lowed by 200 Indians*

Iberville repaired at St. John,

Mickmaks, proceeded

in

to

Pemaquid

Baron de Castine, who was

canoes.

The whole

;

fol-

force invested

when Iberville sent Capt. Chubb a sumBut as he had 15 guns well mounted, 95

the garrison, July 14th,

mons

men

to surrender.

double armed, and abundance of ammunition and provisions,

and was able soldiers

;

—he

to stand a long

siege

against treble his

number of

promptly replied, 1 shall not give up the fort,

though the sea be covered with French

vessels,

and

the

land with

* Charlevoix, (3 vol. JV. F. p. 260-2,) says Castine was with 200 savages and Iberville distributed presents to them. In the assault the French lost two men, killed by pistols and two others, whose lives cost the English ;

" tens of two."

July 14.

*

T1,E

(544

a

.

d. 1696.

July

wild Indians,

Hence

closed the

day.

first

[Vol.

history

few discharges of musquetry and cannon

a

Before the next morning, the French landed

15.

rendersThe

garmou.

mortars

and by three

;

batteries, as to

be able

throw

to

cannon and

their

afternoon, had so far raised their

in the

or

five

bombs

six

into the fort.

means

Amidst the consternation these occasioned 3 Castine found convey a

to

letter to

i.

Capt. Chubb,

him

telling

'

he delayed a

if

an assault was made, he would have to

*

surrender

*

Savages, and must expect no quarter, for Iberville, according

c

to the king's order,

effected

till

that

all

was

;

the

terms of capitulation stipulated, by

were

be conveyed

to

dians returned

from

;

and

chamade was

w hich r

till

all

their removal, they

The

gates

beat,

and the

within the

garrison

many French and

Boston, and as

to

injury and insult.

all

This menacing address

to give none.'

was desired

deal with

were

to

In-

be protected

were then opened, when

the Indians, finding one of their people in irons, were so ex-

asperated by the story of his sufferings and of Chubb's baseness the

to

cred

others

of

companions,

his

that they

massa-

actually

once, several of the English soldiery.

at

To

preserve

the rest of the prisoners from falling victims to wild, ungoverna-

removed them

ble resentments, Iberville

to

an Island and placed

around them a strong guard. Chubb Cashiered.

The French supposed that the garrison, through cowardice, luD b to capitulate against his will. But he was himcom p e n e(

Q

j

self

censured with great severity,

rest, tried

achievement.

—The

fortification,

immense sum of money, and garrison

it

—and afterwards put under

The French

and cashiered.*

ar-

great

—

of that day

to build

it

4 years, was now plundered by the captors, and

They

Penobscot, where they continued

for

a

this

which had cost Massachusetts an

in the estimation

then for the most part demolished.

July 18.

thought

till

set

sail

on the 18th,

September 3d

inciting

;

the Indians to a renewal of hostilities.

When

Major ith

the

SomeiT

P rener, ded,

proeeedg

ward way.

news of

me French

arrived

To

resist or

The revenge

by killing

-

at

Boston,

it

and Indians might proceed as

as Piscataqua, and take or destroy

all

that

might

was apwest-

far

fall in

their

encounter them, therefore, Massachusetts im-

mediately raised 500 *

this disaster

men

;

and Lieut. Gov. Stoughton,

Com-

of the Indians was satiated upon Chubb, in Feb. 1693,

hiin at his residence in

Andover.

f

Chap,

J

;

of Maine.

xxiii.]

645

mander-in-Chief, since the reca] and subsequent death of Gov. a.d. Phips, gave Benjamin Church, August 3d, a commission

by

1696.

August

3.

which he was appointed Major-commandant of the expedition.*

At Piscataqua, forces

;

and Larkin,

their

he concentrated his

place of rendezvous,

his

Graham, Brackett, Hunnewell,

assigning to his Captains,

rank and duty, and despatched to Col. Ged-

ney, at York, a reenforcement of his Indian soldiers, for the de-

Several days elapsed ere

fence of that town and the vicinity.

Major Church heard a

enemy

of the

lisp

and consequently

;

concluded he had gone eastward.

A

men

squadron of three British

of war, the Arundel, the a

Orford, and the Sorlings, furnished with militia marines, and attended by a merchant ship of ship, proceeding to sea,

enemy

to see the

set

was only able

sail.

The

to

20

squadron the

to

serve as enemy!

guns, and a fire-

reach Penobscot

was pressed

pursuit

and the next morning the squadron

men

in

time

dark

till

a thick fog, lost sight of

in

the Frenchmen, and returned, bringing to Boston a shallop taken,

which had on board Villeau and 23 French

French

ships

visited

St.

peninsula, also

great

The

soldiers.

John and the southerly ports of the

Cape Breton, and

finally

New-

reduced

foundland to the dominion of the crown.

Major Church, the

qua

;

and

Island

after

From

Monhegan.

when

scot bay, and

heights], he took in

and up the

last

week

in

August, embarked

came

ranging the eastern coast,

abreast " Mathebestuck Hills" [or

John York,

to pilot

that

when he was

little

Island

50 or 60 miles up the

which was a place of general or Old

Town]

;||

and

resort,

in the vicinity

Camden

him through these waters

oner with the Indians, four years before, they had a

upon a

at Piscata- Church^s-

anchor at the

place he proceeded into Penob-

this

York informed him,

river.

to

a pris-

fort

built

river at the

falls,

[probably the Island Lett,§ they " planted a great quan-

of corn." Church and his men ascended the river to the " Bend, "IT then leaving their boats travelled on the western side

tity

two or three miles, passing places where the Indians had dwelt. * Church's 4th Eastern Expedition, |

Church's 4th Eastern Expedition,

p.

138-157.

p. 141-2.

Hutch. Hist. p. 06-90. § Penhallow's Indian Wars. For the pilot told Church " there was no getting- to it, but in canoes, *< or on ice in the winter time ;" and " there was no getting- further with « large boats." T At Eddington. I 2 I)

Penobscot.

THE HISTORY

646 a.d.

1696.

excursion, they killed and

In this

[Vol.

wounded

four or five Indians,

and took another, who told Major Church, the

had gone

to

men

Canada, and the French were about

selves, at the

mouth of

I.

the river St. John.

of the tribe

them-

fortifying

On

he

his return,

found, in different places, abandoned habitations, fields of corn,

and patches of turnips and pumpkins, particularly on the

Penobscot [now Orphan Island]

and

r"

and took considerable plunder;

homeward, he was met

«eded?

sa ^

Sept. 28

Sept. 28, gins, the

by

in the

waters of the Passamaquoddy,

a squadron from Boston, the Arundel,

Capt. Hig-

to Col.

though superseded,

submissive

lebon from the garrison at St. John. attended with no success, and the

|

A.D.

1697.

A suffering

drive Vil-

was

enterprize

At Saco,

Maine, they

in

made

constantly liable to lose their lives, or be

the hands of lurking savages.

winter.

But the

and

orders,

to

fleet returned.

Wherever there were any remaining people

W ere

the

Hawthorn, one of the Council.

was

joined the squadron, which proceeded with intent to

killed at

;

of the whole expedition, including the forces under

Major Church, being given

October 13

made under

yet, while

Province galley, Capt. Southwick, and a transport

command Church,

;

the settlements on the north shore of that bay, he

a

Fundy, and great destruction

of

bay of Fundy.

sailed for the

Among

Church

Isle

below which he reembarked

five

captives

by

of the soldiers,

October 13th, were killed;* and the winter of 1696-7 was a

most trying one, as well

to savages as

to their

unransomed

pris-

oners ;f it never having been more intensely cold in New-England, nor the scarcity and price of provisions greater, since the arrival of the first colonists. July

The

4.

Indians having entertained a great antipathy towards Maj.

ant/wife™* Frost of Kittery, ever since the 400 were arrested at Cocheiciiied. CQ . anc determined to imbrue their hands in his blood ; a party j

secreted themselves on the

way

side, five miles

large log, in

green boughs.

was the Lord's day, July

It

from

his

house,

which they had stuck a row of

by hiding under a

4, 1 697.

They

mitted his two sons, returning from meeting, to pass unhurt

aiming their guns

at

and

him, his wife and an attending footman, they

* 2 Mather's Magnalia, |

;

per-

p.

550.

— 2 Hutchinson's History,

p. 95.

In the winter of 1697-8, likewise, " many, both Indians and English

prisoners

were starved

hunting-,

ate their dogs and cats,

«

to death."

—2 Math. Mag.

—

" Nine Indians,'* p. 556 and then' " died horribly famished."

Chap,

of Maine.

xxiii.]

three at the

killed

all

public

spirit.

He

;

and

the fourth time,

Yorkshire regi-

of the

Two young

preceding his death, he was,

at the election

chosen into the Council of Massachusetts

and Maine, united under the

late charter.

men, going with the

tidings to

waylaid and killed on their return

;

also

a

Four men, who were mowing

York.

tive in

A. D. 1G97.

was one of the Provincial Council under Danforth's

administration for

was a man of piety and

Several years, he had represented his town in the

and been Major-commandant

legislature,

ment.

He

shot.

first

647

Wells garrison, were

man was in

Mischief at

taken cap- York/Ber-

Nevvichawannock

saco'.

meadows, were next attacked with the tomahawk, three were cut down,

slew him.

hay

ting

carried

much

and the fourth,

A man

in the

away

personal encounter with a savage,

in a

standing sentry, while his neighbors were get-

marshes of Wells, was shot down, and another,

half a league,

was roasted

the object of savage vengeance,

petually under the eye of lurking spies.

small party went upon

Cow

to death.

seemed

Saco-fort, so

to lie

Lieut.

almost per-

Fletcher and a

Island to procure fuel,

where three

of his men, while cutting wood, were killed, and he and his two sons, acting as sentinels,

were seized and carried down the river Discovered by Lieut. Larrabee

one of the Indians' canoes.

in

and a few

soldiers,

on a scout, three of the Indians

most canoe, were shot and

in

the fore-

into the water, others being killed

fell

or wounded, and one prisoner rescued.* It

was now rumored,

French were determined

that the

prove their good fortune of the

last year,

to

im-

aquid, the Island of Newfoundland, and the repossession of

Scotia

;

and therefore, were about

make

to

send a large

fleet to

Nova Amer-

sweep upon the waters and employ 1500 French and Indians in the work of universal destruction upon the New-England frontiers. These were prodigious enterprizes, and excited fearica,

with orders to

coasts as far as

ful

Boston;

apprehensions.

a general

and

ened and supplied

to

Massachusetts adopted the earliest and best

possible measures for defence. ;

the militia

All fortifications were strength-

were put upon the

rolls

of minute

men and a force of 500 soldiers was placed under the command of Major March, a popular and prudent officer, who was ;

* tive

Humphrey Scammon,

Projects of

which gave them Pem- aSSS?*

his wife and two sons were carried away capfrom Saco into Canada, where they were detained till the next year.

[Vol.

THE HISTORY

648

A. D. 1697. directed to protect the eastern forts

fleet

did arrive at Newfoundland, July 24th, but

and every part of the enterprize

March ranged

Sept. 9. at-

men

his

tacked at

Damaris-

body of

But

Indians,

It is true,

a

French

proceeded no

it

failed.

September

the eastern coast, and,

Damariscotta.

at

by ranging par-

frontiers,

and by every other possible expedient.

further,

March

and

ties,

ere they

were

9th, landed

fully ashore,

a

unawares, from their covert, with the

rising

cotta.

usual war-whoop, poured in a

full

volley

upon the troops

;

—

in-

stantly receiving a repulsive charge, as well aimed, which drove

them

woods

either to the

Our

behind them.

loss

or to their canoes, leaving their dead

was about 12 or 13

killed

and as many

—

wounded ;* a bloody skirmish, which closed this year's predatory war in Maine. The glad news of a peace, concluded at Ryswick, September

Peace of Ryswick,

11th, between England, France, and the nations engaged with

Sept. 11.

them

It

was an event much more

belief entertained, that

it

open part

in hostilities,

war

m

were

would close the avenues of blood

in

take any

1

heretic puritans' worried or destroyed

Several acts of their barbarity and homicide,

committed

^act ?

could no longer

in

the succeeding spring at different

places ;f but the last and only instances of Indian ferocity in Maine, during the year, 1698, occurred at Spruce-creek (Kit-

*

Ms)-

by the savages.

because of the devout

though they might take some malignant

satisfaction, in seeing the

he 2d°indian

joyful,

The Canadian French

America.

A. D. i:98.

Decem-

war, was proclaimed in Boston, on the 10th of

in

ber.

Here an

tery).

9.

his

life

His two sons, giant,

old

man was

was taken by a

who

is

also,

were hurried away

murdered,

into

own

and was endeavoring

May

9

;

for

had surrendered

in

:

But the

captivity.

reputed to have been seven feet

a few hours, shot dead by his rel reversed,

literally

gigantic savage, after he

height,

was, in

gun, as he grasped the barto pull his

canoe towards him

at the shore. October

14.

The

Indians gave intimations, at our outposts, in the

wiMafpe- months, of their desire for peace. nobscot.

A

summer

conference was holden at

Penobscot, Oct. 14, between Commissioners from Massachusetts, viz.

* 2 j-

Major Converse and Capt. Alden, and Mather's Magnalia,

six

p. 553.

See the story of Hannah Dustan.—2 Jlalh. Mag.

Hist. p. 101.

Sagamores, at-

p.

550-2.

—2

Hutch.

Chap,

of maine*

xxiii.]

number of

tended by a great songs of peace

though then

;

in

649

These sang the mourning for Madockawando

their

Indians.

and " several other Sachems of the east"

—who had

A. D. 1693.

lately fallen

victims to " the grievous

unknown disease, which," according They said, to Doct. Mather, " consumed them wonderfully." Frontenac told them, there was to be war no longer, and all prisoners must be released

;

and they had resolved

to

fight

no more.

In the parley, the Commissioners insisted upon a return of all the prisoners, and a removal of the resident missionaries

nobscot,

and Androscoggin

Norridgewock,

made, would be violated as heretofore through

They

replied, the white prisoners will

with their Indian friends

a

lest

;

at

Pe-

treaty,

if

their instigation.

be free to go home, or stay

but the good Missionaries must not be

;

driven away.

The Commissioners from galley,

and A

Massachusetts, Col. Phillips

Major Converse, taking passage from Boston

in

the Province

treaty

Mare-point,

met the Sagamores of Penobscot,* Kennebeck, Androsat Mare-point [now in Brunswick] ; and on

coggin and Saco,

Au- A D They cast many reflectheir own follies and offen-

the 7th of January, 1699, signed and ratified the treaty of

16gg

gust 11, 1693, with additional articles.

upon the French, and confessed

tions

ces to be great

;

saying,

1

we do most humbly throw

*

upon the king's Majesty and mercy, and ask

*

protection.

*

fulfil

We

renew our allegiance

every article

in

to

him, and promise to

the recited treaty.' ;

the rest were to be restored

in the spring.f

had been, from time

—

All the prisoners

among whom was Bomaseen, and

present were then exchanged

scalps

ourselves

pardon and

his

Great numbers of

to time, carried to

Canada,

for

In this long and bloody war, which lasted ten years, tribes

all

the

eastward of the river Merrimack, inclusive, without excepting

even the Mickmaks, were partakers, either of the influence

of

the

French.

The

Canibas, the most reluctant, to

make

self-will or

through

Sokokis and Anasagunti-

cooks were the most forward to commence peace.

* Those of Penobscot not expressed but included.

hostilities,

War

—2

is

NeaVs

and the always a E.

p.

Bomaseen and two others were on board the galley, who were not till the English captives were delivered.— 5 Mass. Eec.

p.

559— 561.— 2 Math. |

which

French government gave considerable premiums.

the

JMag.

p.

be restored 582.

Vol.

I.

JV.

556-7.

69

to

Ineidenti of the war*

J

THE HISTORY OF MAINE.

650 A. D.

1699.

(ToL.

heavy tax upon the population of the Indians.

Fights,

1.

fatigue,

famine and sickness, occasion wastes which the natural increase

among them

For

seasons of tranquillity never repair.

in

scalps

and plunder they chiefly received arms and ammunition from the

French

—

not unfrequently provisions and wages, and always en-

Yet the Indians, on the whole, gain nothing by

couragement.

war, and the English lose everything but their character. the

If Losses.

people in Maine had some public garrisons, several

stockaded

and a great number of

forts,

ed of timber, shot proof site angles,

and

to

fortified

exterior entrenchments

also

houses construct-

musquetry, with flankers at oppo;

—

these could not

withstand a long siege, a few of them only remaining undemolished.

They

afforded tolerable asylums

uncomfortable

possessions

their

no more.

of

Shoals,

number of domestic

animals,

Kittery

untold

were, however,

mer war were

i

;

returned

departing,

were overrun

;*

and an a rapa-

dwellinghouses, in proportion to other losses,

now

murdered,

tottering

in

standing, than in

some of whom perished of famine, hardships

few however, who were captured

in

wounds

into

;f

captivi-

or disease.

A

becoming

their childhood,

attached to the society of the savages,

them, and never would leave the

the for-

About 450 people

ruins.

killed in battle or died of their

and as many as 250, were, during the war, carried ty

were

was destroyed by

unconsumed and

left

—though

either

Isles

More

cious enemy.

walls.

and

destroyers,

but

;

much were Many resigned

so

;

towns and settlements, except Wells, York,

All the

and the

the

to

inhabitants

families

for

crowded when within the

people

the

dwelling-places

for the

chose to remain with

tribes.

* Assacombuit, himself a bloody warrior,

it is

said,

had «

killed

aud tak-

war 150 men, women and chidren." 558.— But he and JWaZ, [2 vol. JV. E. 544-562] f 2 Mather's MagnaHa, are too low. By enumeration our loss was more than 700. Several Indian women, suffering- with hunger in the late | An Anecdote. " en in this

—

war, and seeing- horses upon the peninsula of Casco, requested their for we, said they, want some roast husbands, to shoot a few of them, One, driven into a corner, was caught, which a young Indian meat.' '

wished to have the pleasure of riding.

The mane and

twisted into a halter, and the savage mounted.

tail

were dipt and

Fearful of being thrown,

he had his feet tied fast together under the body of the horse when the unbroken animal being let go, galloped off with such furious speed, that both were presently out of sight, and nothing was ever found of cither, except ;

one of the

rider's limbs,

which the Indians buried

in

Capt. Drackett's cellar.

—

APPENDIX. No.

1.

LETTERS PATENT TO SIEUR DE

JV10NTS,

November

Lieutenant General of Acadia and the circumjacent country,

King of France and Navarre

the Grace of God,

Henry, by

To

:

our dear and well beloved the Sieur de Monts, Gentleman in

ordinary of our Bed-Chamber, Greeting. labor, since to

1603.

8,

from UEscarboVs History of New- France.]

[Translated

maintain and preserve

splendor

;

to

it

in

—moved hereunto above

all

assistance of God, the

Kingdoms and

States

being long informed of the

Acadia;

territory of

we have taken with

the aid and

Author, Distributor and Protector of

all

be converted, brought over and

to cause to

;

may be done,

by a peculiar zeal, and a de-

things

vout and firm resolution, which

and

dignity, greatness

and condition of the country and

situation

care and

and always has been, lawfully

far as

We,

;

is,

ancient

its

extend and enlarge, as

the boundaries and limits thereof

—As our greatest

Crown

our accession to this

instructed in Christianity, and in the belief and profession of our

Faith and Religion,

—the people who inhabit that

ent a barbarous race, atheists, without

draw them from the ignorance and Having

infidelity

trafficked

who

and

with the people

profitable,

for the great

who

are found there, long

convenient and useful

may be

mer-

to us, to

will

accrue from the great

frequentation and connection with the people there

and commerce which may by

—We,

understood

our States and

and occupancy of those places,

and apparent benefit which

and negotiated.

to

a long time ago have visited, frequented and

subjects, the possession, residence

fick

;

wherein they now are.

also from the reports of Captains of vessels, pilots,

chants and others,

how

country, at pres-

Faith or Religion

this

means be

for these causes, fully

,

and the

traf-

safely carried

on

confiding in your great

prudence, and in the knowledge you possess of the quality, condition,

vers

and situation of the said country of Acadia

voyages, travels and

visits

and others, neighboring and circumjacent, this

you

our

resolution

;

from the

di-

you have made into those parts,

— assuring

ourself that

and intention being made known unto you,

will be able attentively, diligently,

and not

less

valorously to execute, and bring to the perfection

have expressly appointed and established,

— and

courageously and

we

desire

;

we

by these presents

;

652

APPENDIX.

own hand, we do

signed with our

country,

in the

—and within

may be

thereof, as far inland as

to represent our person

and confines of Acadia, from

coasts

territory,

the 40th, to the 46th degree,

make, constitute

appoint, ordain,

and establish you, our Lieutenant General,

extent, or any part

this

practicable,

to establish,

and make known our name, power and authority, subject, cause to submit

and obey,

and circumjacent country edge of God, and it

to the

the people of the said land,

all

move and

in

stir

them up

the exercise and

and

;

other

knowl-

possession of

maintain, keep and preserve the said people, and iting said places

all

to the

of the christian faith and religion

light

and

there,

extend

thereunto

and by virtue hereof, and by

;

lawful ways, to call, instruct,

to establish

— and

and

in peace, quiet

there, as well by sea as by land

be executed every thing which you

it,

to

others inhab-

tranquillity

to

command

determine and cause to

to order,

;

all

judge can and ought to be

shall

keep and preserve the said places under our power and authority, by the forms, ways and means prescribed by

done

to maintain,

And

our ordinances. point, establish

your assistance in the premises, to

for

and constitute

all

of war, as in justice and policy, in the thence in future tion

;

and

to

to give

ap-

necessary officers, as well in affairs first

nominate and present them

such commissions,

titles

instance, to us for

and from

our approba-

and grants as

shall

be

necessary.

And

as circumstances shall require, yourself, with

the advice of

prudent and capable persons, to prescribe under our good pleasure, laws, statutes and ordinances,

(conformable to ours as far as

may

be) especially in such matters and things as are not provided for by these presents

to treat,

;

and effectually contract peace, alliance and

confederation, good friendship, correspondence and communication

with the said people, and their princes, or others having power and

command treaties

on

their

over them

;

part

faithfully

make open war

keep and carefully observe the

to maintain,

and alliances you

shall

stipulate

observe them

;

against them, to compel

such reason as you

shall

judge

in

default thereof to

and bring them back the honor,

for

fit

with them, provided they

and

to

obedience and

service of God, and the establishing, upholding and preserving our said authority

yourself and

among them

all

and communication peaceably

;

to grant

;

them

favors

and frequent them by

security, liberty,

all

to negotiate,

employments and honors. will,

at least to visit

;

our subjects, in

and

traffick

frequentation

there, amicably

and

and privileges, and bestow on them

Which

entire

and ordain, that you have over

all

power above-said, we

also

our said subjects, and others

APPENDIX.

who

shall

remove and inhabit there,

in the said places

what you

self fit

for

to traffick,

to hold, take, reserve

;

and

shall wish,

shall see

—

and

to give

your-

them such

to

fit,

titles,

according

and merits of the people of the country or

to the rank, condition

especially to people, cultivate,

;

to

parcel out such parts and

attribute

honors, rights, powers and faculties as you shall see

others

and reside

trade,

be most convenient and

to

To

your rank, condition and use.

portions of said lands,

and

and appropriate

and cause the said lands

to

be settled the most speedily, carefully and skilfully that time, places

and conveniences

made

will

permit

to this end, to

;

make, or cause

to

be

and examination, of them, along the extent of the seacoasts, and other countries of the main land, that you shall the discovery

order and prescribe, within the said limit of the 40th degree to the

46th or otherwise, as

and all

to dig for

;

along the said seacoasts,

carefully to search after

:

mines of gold and

sorts of

minerals

may be done

far as

main land

into the

and

and

to distinguish

copper and other metals and

silver,

and purify and

collect them,

refine

them

we have directed in the edicts and regu* lations that we have made in this kingdom, the profit and emolument thereof, by yourself, or by those you may appoint for that puruse

for

pose,

;

to dispose of, as

—reserving unto us only the tenth part of the produce of the — appropriating yourself our portion of the

gold, silver and copper,

to

other metals and minerals, to aid and relieve you in the great expen* ses,

which the said charge may bring upon you.

your safety and comfort, and

go

to those parts,

generally

all

and protection, forts, places,

and

others,

for that

shall dwell

who

and

—we authorize you

Meantime,

our subjects,

traffick in the

who

for

shall

said lands,

as

to build

and construct one or more

other houses, dwellings and habita*

all

tions, ports, havens, retreats

all

place themselves under our power

shall

towns, and

of

and lodgements that you may consider

proper, useful and necessary to the execution of the said enterprize

;

them and to employ, the aforesaid purposes, vagabonds, idje and dissolute per-

to establish garrisons, for aid in

and soldiers

to protect

;

sons, as well from the towns as from the country,

condemned

to perpetual

—

yond our realms

banishment or

— and

for three years

also those

at least,

be-

provided this be done by the advice and consent,

and by the authority of our

officers.

Besides the preceding (and that which

is

elswhere appointed,

directed and ordained to you by the commissioners and authorities

given you by our very dear cousin the Sieur de Danville/ Admiral * AnvilU

is

an error

in

—

Hazard's copy

for

it

appears from history, that Charles Moot*

moreaei, Due de Danville, was at (hat time Admiral of France.

Vol.

L

70

APPENDIX. of France

for that

which expressly concerns the admirality

achievement, expedition and execution of the said things)

in the

—

to

do

generally for the conquest, peopling, settlement and preservation of the said land of Acadia, and of the coasts, circumjacent territories,

and of

their appurtenances

we

authority, all

ourselves

were there present direction, than

tents of

if

we

even in cases requiring more special

in person,

we have

which we

and dependences, under our name and could do, or cause to be done,

provided

direct, ordain,

for

by these presents

,*

and expressly enjoin

to the

con-

our jus-

all

and subjects to conform themselves, and obey you, and

tices, officers

1

give attention to you in

all

and

the said things, their circumstances

dependencies.

To

give you also in the execution of them

main strength and assistance of which you shall

be by you required,

And

obedience.

ance

aid

and comfort,

have need, and

under the pains of rebellion and dis-

all

no one may pretend cause of ignor-

in order that

of this our intention, and be disposed to intermeddle

whole or in

part, with the charge, dignity

you by these presents

power and royal of no

—

all

shall

effect,

;

we

and authority, that we

have, of our certain knowledge,

authority, revoked, suppressed,

and declared

henceforth and from the present time,

and commissions,

letters

all

null

in

giver full

and

other powers

and despatches given and delivered

to

any

person whomsoever, to discover, people and inhabit said lands, in the said extent contained within the said 40th degree, to the 46th

degree, whatsoever they

And

furthermore,

we

may direct

be.

and command

of whatever rank or condition they or a certification thereof duly

may

all

our said officers,

be, that these presents,

compared herewith, by some one

of our beloved and faithful counsellors, notaries and secretaries, or other royal notary, they the said officers cause, at your request, application

and

suit, or at

the suit of our attornies, to be read, publish-

ed and registered in the registers of their several jurisdictions, authorities all

and

districts,

preventing as

much

as shall belong to them,

troubles and hindrances contrary hereunto.

sure.

Given

at

For such

is

our plea-

Fontainbleau the eighth day of November, in the

year of Grace, one thousand six hundred and three, and of our reignt the fifteenth.

Signed,

[And lower down

HENRY.

—by the king, Potier. —And sealed upon a sim-

ple label, with yellow

Wax.]

APPENDIX.

No. SIR WILLIAM ALEXANDER'S [From John

2.

PATENT OF NOVA SCOTIA,

Palairet's Description

of

the

SEPT.

10, 1621.

English and French possessions in North

America.]

James, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France

and

Ireland, Defender of the Faith, dec.

Laity of his Dominions

Be

it

known,

—Greeting.

we have

that

—To

all

the Clergy and

ever been careful to embrace every

opportunity, that offered, for the honor and advantage of our king-

dom

of Scotland, and that

we

think there

ing

new

colonies into foreign and uncultivated countries,

the necessaries of ited or

no acquisition more

is

may be made by

easy and more innocent, than those which

life

especially if such lands are either uninhab-

;

occupied by unbelievers,

faith, is a

carry-

where are

whom

to

convert to the Christian

duty of groat importance to the glory of God, dec.

For these causes, and acceptable

as well as in consideration of the good, faithful,

favors,

which have been already and hereafter

to

be performed to us by our trusty and well beloved Councillor, Sir

William Alexander, Kt. who

is

the

first

of our subjects of Scot-

land, that undertook to carry over this foreign colony at his

own

expense, and has desired leave to cultivate lands and countries

included within the limits undermentioned

:

—We

therefore, from

our royal intention to extend the Christian religion, and to promote the wealth, prosperity and peace of the natural subjects of our said

kingdom of Scotland, have, by

the

advice and consent

of our

cousin and councillor, John, Earl of Mar, &c. and of the other

Lords-Commissioners of the said kingdom of Scotland, given, grant-

ed and

We

transferred, and by virtue of this present, issuing from us,-—

do give, grant and transfer to the said William Alexander, his

heirs, or all claimants

by right of inheritance from him,

all

and

sin-

gular the lands of the Continent and Islands situate and lying in

America, reckoning from the cape or promentory called Cape Sable, at

43° or thereabouts, from the equator towards the north, that

to say, from the said

is

promontory along the seashore that runs from

the west, as far as St. Mary's bay, and stretching from thence to the north, in a straight line, to the entrance or

bay which washes the eastern

coast,

mouth of

that great

between the countries of the

Souriquois and of the Etechemins, as far as to the river of St. Croix,

and

to

the farthest source or spring, which

west to mingle

its

first

waters with those of that river

straight imaginary line,

;

comes from the from thence by a

crossing the lands or running towards the

;

APPENDIX

656 north, as far as the river of

first

bay, river or spring which runs into the great

Canada; and from thence continuing eastward to the sea along

the shores of the river of Canada, to the river, bay, port or latitude,

commonly known by

the

name of Gachepe or Gaspie ; and

from the south-east side as

far as the Isles called

afterwards,

Bacalaos or Cape

Breton, leaving the said Isles on the right, and the gulf of the said

Canada

great river of

Newfound-

or the great bay and the lands of

land or Terra Nova, with the Isles thereto appertaining, on the

and thence passing

to the said

left

cape or promontory of Cape Breton,

turning to the south and west as far as the above mentioned Cape Sable, where begins the tract that

is

to

be included and compre-

hended, between the said seacoasts and their circumferences from the sea, to

all

the lands of the continent, with the rivers, bays, tori

rents, roads, isles or lakes situate about six leagues from

any of the

parts both of the said coasts and their circumferences either to the

west, north or south, and from the south-east (in which situation

Cape Breton,) and from all

the southern part, where lies

is

Cape Sable,

the seas and Islands to 40 leagues of said coasts, therein includ-

ing the great Island commonly called the Island of Sable or Sab»

Carban, or south south-east,

Ions, situate towards

about thirty

to

leagues from the said Cape Breton in the ocean and at the 44th

degree of latitude, or thereabouts. the future bear the ibe

also divided into

names

name

of

All

which

said

lands shall for

Scotland, [Nova Scotia,] and

such parts and portions, and be called by such

William Alexander

as Sir

—

New

shall think fit; together

with

all

the mines, as well the royal ones of gold and silver, as the other

mines of

iron, lead, copper, pewter, brass,

And

&c.

if

any doubts

or questions shall hereafter arise upon the interpretation or con* struction of any clause, in the present letters patent contained, they shall all

be taken and interpreted in the most extensive sense, and

jn favor of the said said.

William Alexander,

his heirs

and assigns afore*

Furthermore, we of our certain knowledge, our

notion, regal authority and royal power, have

we

do, by these our let-

unite, annex, erect, create

and incorporate, the

ed, erected, created and incorporated, and ters patent,

make,

own mere

made, united, annex*

whole and entire Province and lands of Nova Scotia, [New Scotland] aforesaid, with jurisdictions,

and

all

all

the limits thereof, seas,

other things

&c.

officers

and

generally and specially above

mentioned, into one entire and free dominion and barony, to be called at

all

times hereafter, by the aforesaid

name of Nova

Scotia.

In witness whereof, we have to these our patents affixed our great jseaj,

in the presence of our said cousins

and councillors, Sir James,

657

APPENDIX. Marquis of Hamilton, George, Earl of Keith, Alexander, Earl of Dumformling, our Councillor, Thomas, Earl of Melros, &c. Secreour beloved and privy councillors, Mr. Richard Cockburn the

tary,

keeper of the privy

Given

seal,

&c.

our castle at Windsor, the tenth day of September in

at

the year of our Lord, 1621, and of our reign the 55th and 19th.

No.

3.

NARRATIVE OF MRS. HANNAH SWARTON'S CAPTIVITY, May 1690— Nov. [Compiled from 2d

A

vol. J)oct.

1695.

Mather's Magnalia.]

narrative of Mrs. Hannah Swarton's*

idea of savage

when

enemy

the

The

fort.

were dwelling

at a short distance

Indians, on entering the house, killed

her husband before her eyes

and three sons

In May, 1690,

beset Falmouth, her husband, herself and their

family, consisting of four children,

northerly of the

into captivity.

;

and carried her, and her daughter

— My master (says she)

was a Canada

among

Indian, whose wife was an eastern native, partly bred up

English

at

Blackrpoint, but

The

off eastward.

bors' houses

some

captivity, will give

and the sufferings of captives.

life

now turned

own and our

provisions taken from our

were soon consumed

direful afflictions deprived

me

of

and even while they

;

all

appetite.

My

neigh-*

lasted, our

children were

soon separated from me, and distributed among the captors

though we were sometimes permitted allowed to converse

much

to see

the

We presently moved

papist.

and

;

each other, we were not

together or mingle our tears

for the

;

sym-

pathies of natural affection unrepressed, are always so affronting to

Indians, that they would threaten us with instant death,

Though sunk

with fatigue,

we

were, after a

week

if

we

wept.

or ten days, long

destitute of any food, except ground-nuts, acorns, roots, wild weeds,

and a

little

dogs' flesh

;

— a sustenance which, though

miserable in-

deed, was yet quite insufficient to satisfy the cravings of hunger.

At one time they some

fish

killed a

—of which

I

bear— afterwards

was allowed

a piece of moose's liver was given to

my hungry

appetite.

to

they took a turtle and

be in part a partaker.

me

—a

Once,

refreshing morsel truly,

In our travels about the shores of Casco-

bay, and through the country to Kennebeck, I was compelled to

carry heavy burdens, and to go at their pace or be killed at once. *

Though Dr. Mather, [2 Magnalia, if it were not Swarnton?

yet query,

p.

306

— 12] calls her by

that

name

;

APPENDIX.

658 After

my

my

shoes and clothes became worn and tattered,

and

feet

wounded and bleeding and by reason of toil and faintness, my pace was so checked, that I was often threatened with an uplifted tomahawk over my head. One John York, a fellow-suflimbs were often

;

being entirely exhausted, was taken aside and despatched

ferer,

outright.

Once,

my

mistress and myself were

left

loathsome to

eat,

we

boiled

smoke

in hopes by the

Espying a canoe,

me

and gave

it

fire

on a remote point of the shore,

to invite, fortuitously, a visit of the Indians.

beckoned

I

a

without food,

At length she

and drank the broth.

make

directed me, to go and

days

six

This being too tough and

except the tainted bladder of a moose.

a roasted eel

;

when

ashore,

it

— and never had

the squaws in

I tasted

it

came,

meat more

pal-

Through the whole summer and autumn, I was hurried up and down the wilderness for wherever an Indian happens to be, he is on the point of going somewhere else, never contented, nor at

atable.

;

They

rest.

are no economists

;

they eat excessively, whenever

possessed of enough, and then have nothing. fruit, I lived

grew on bushes

being obliged

;

an Indian dress

giving

;

stockings, and moccasins

Even

frozen. ine,

made

:

me

my

gather them for

also, to

When

so long as any remained.

me

In the season of

on wortleberries, and a kind of wild cherries, which mistress,

winter commenced, they put upon

a slight blanket, a pair of leathern

—Yet many times,

my

limbs were nearly

smoke and stench, cold and fammore extreme, and slavery more dreadful. A

in their huts, the

suffering

rush of recollections often

filled

my

soul with

Woman-like,

tongue nor pen can describe.

self with tears, that I ever left the privileges of

the smiles of kindreds,

—

anguish, which no reflected

I

my

upon myand

birth-place,

public worship and the divine ordinances.

But

my

as

was, through over-emulous desires, of adding to worldly substance

it

that

was only sweet

native Beverly,

we had exchanged

it,

for a

new

and the gospel ministry,

privileges

I

in

name and

in

memory and ;

settlement destitute of church

thought

I

upon myself the judgments of a frowning God.

had directly brought

Now bereaved of hus-

band, children, home, and every thing but a miserable

ed upon

my

life

;

I

was

Languor, melancholy, famine and suffering, prey-

half-distracted.

and

spirits

my

life.

Yet in

my

distress

I

cried often

unto the Lord, (in the language of another,) how long wilt thou hide

thy face from me

To at

aggravate,

!

how long

if possible,

shall mine

my

enemy be exalted over me !

grief and distress,

when we

arrived

Norridgewock, every English prisoner was removed from our

company

;

and

I

was

told

my

oldest son

was

killed

—a

fate,

I

659

APPENDIX. feared, destined to

consolation, to

From

my

all

weep

children, while

was obliged

that place, I

had only Rachel's

I

them.

for

up a long and wretched

to take

journey, in the heart of winter, through the wilderness to Canada.

deep snow, over steep hideous mountains, through

I travelled in

swamps and to log,

my

and among

thickets,

near a thousand in a day,

windfalls

—

stepping from

;

log

same time, carrying on did my feet and frequently So

shoulders a heavy burden.

at the

my tracks in the snow might be readily traced by Without tasting of domestic meat or bread, or having a

limbs bleed, that the blood.

comfortable night on the way, I arrived

about the middle of

at last,

February, 1691, in the vicinity of Quebec

where

;

my

master pitch-

ed his wigwam, in sight of a few French habitations.

beg food

to

for

him and

They

and generous. second

fed

by

I tarried,

visit,

his

squaw,

Sent thither

found the inhabitants kind

I

me with refreshing my master's consent,

food

me me into The Lady

a prisoner to the French, ventured to attend

and

generously introduced

Chief Justiciary of the Province. late

Indian master a satisfactory ransom

and

;

in the

The who though

next morning I was called upon by an Englishman,

Quebec,

and

;

over night.

about four miles to the family of the

Intendant, paid

my

became her waiting

I

servant.

Kind and attached

to

and strongly urged

me

This, to me, was a

new

self transferred

and

for

harder usage.

;

worthy mistress to betray

and

I presently

afflictions to another.

my

;

More than once,

human

:

—A

I

sometimes attended

daily,

religion pure

merit and catholic

and simple Col.

take the flames.

to

an English bible, I searched

which yielded

rites.

me

the priests threatened to send

length, being able to procure

life

was hear-

while I was in conscience

Lord, but contend earnestly

France, where heretics, they said, have

At

found myI

but at last withdrawing, I was treated with

;

and read the scriptures of

disciple of the catholic religion.

trial

the faith, once delivered to the saints,

the papal worship

to

my

bound not

in duty

become a

species of

from one furnace of

disposed to please

tily

me, she soon joined with the priests and nuns,

to

—

at

me

the refreshing waters

an

infinite

Tyng

remove from

of Falmouth, and Mr.

Alden, fellow captives, were permitted to converse with me, and appeared to be firm in the protestant doctrines the faith of them. years,

my

Still,

religious

;

strengthening

me

in

during this long period of more than four

belief

was

assailed

severely tried, by the superstitious friars.

again and

again,

and

But an acquaintance,

formed about that time with Margaret Stilson, a pious captive, prov-

—/ APPENDIX.

660 cd a balm ten,

to

my

when we

Oh

afflicted soul.

the seasons, never to be forgot-

together perused the sacred volume, and in social

prayer reciprocated the devout sentiments of the holy Psalmist shall not die but live,

and

declare the works of the

Lord

:

;

—

Truly

he has chastened us sore t but he has not given us over to death.

To my son,

my my

was admitted

to a passage,

only daughter, other

morning

when Capt. Gary arrived in a vessel to home from Quebec, I, with my youngest

inexpressible joy,

carry the English captives

now about

two sons, after

beloved country

if living,

we were taken

November, 1695,

after

— and

leaving, however, three children

20, supposed to be at Montreal, and

whom

I

captive.

an absence of

five

had never seen since the

We

arrived at Boston in

years and a half, from

my

the rapturous joys of friends, meeting on a

return from Indian captivity, can be more easily imagined than told.