The History of Protestantism [3]

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CASSELL

LONDON

XVII.—William’s Second Camp XVIII.—The Siege of Haarlem XIX.—Siege of Alkmaar, and

XX.—Third Campaign of Wil XXI. —The Siege of Leyden XXII. —March of the Spanish

XXIII.—The “Pacification of G XXIV.—Administration of Don

XXV.—Abjuration of Philip, a

XXVI.—Assassination of Willia

XXVII.—Order and Government XXVIII.,—Disorganisation of the

XXIX.—The Synod of Dort .

XXX.—Grandeur of the Unite

IV. —Conquest V.—Edict

of Restitution

VI.—Arrival VII.—Fall

IX.—Death

XI.—The

of Gustavus A

of Magdeburg an

VIII.—Conquest

X.—The

of North Ge

of the Rhine

of Gustavus Ad

Pacification of W Fatherland after

PROTESTANTISM IN FRANC I.—Louis

II,—Fall

XIII. of

La

and the W Rochelle,

I.—The Darkness and the

II.—Scotland’s III. —Wishart

First Preach

is Burned, and

IV. —Knox’s

Call to the Mi

V.—Knox’s

Final Return to

VI.—Establishment

of the R

YII.—Constitution of the “K

VIII.—Knox’s IX.—Trial

Interview with

of Knox for Trea

View of the Hotel de Ville, Middelbu

Action between the Spanish Fleet and View of Porte Rabot, Ghent

.

William the Silent, Prince of Orange View of the Belfry, Ghent View on the Canal, Ghent

.

..

View of the Church of St. Laurence, Don John of Austria

..

The Prince of Orange in his Barge on Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma

Death of William the Silent, Prince o View in Haarlem

:

the Corn Market

View of Flushing ... James Arminius

.

Episcopius Addressing the Members o Prince Maurice of Nassau

..

Court of the University of Cracow

John Alasco and his Congregation lea

Cardinal Richelieu

..

View of La Rochelle: the Lantern

Huguenot Medals or Communion “ Cardinal Mazarin

View in Nantes, showing the Towe

A Protestant Pastor Addressing a S Louis XIV.

...

Fac-similes of Medals struck in hon Protestants Worshipping by Night Old St. Paul’s Cathedral

..

View of Linacre’s House, Knightri

Sir Thomas More ...

Procession of Wolsey to Westmins

Interior of Old St. Paul’s Cathedra

Fac-simile of St. Matthew’s Gospel Henry VIII.

...

Latimer’s Supposed Birth-place in Thurcaston Church

Portrait and Autograph of John Knox John Knox

...

The Death-warrant of Mary Queen of Ruins of the Blackfriars’ Chapel, St.

George Buchanan ... Guy Fawkes’s Cellar

.

.

Guy Fawkes and the Chief Conspirato Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh

Family Worship in a Cavalier’s Hous

Archbishop Laud ....

Janet Geddes Flinging her Stool at th The Swearing and Subscribing of the Charles I.

.

The City Cross, Edinburgh Richard Baxter

....

Ruins of St. Andrews’ Cathedral .

Edinburgh Castle, from the Grassmar Glasgow Cathedral

.

HISTORY

TH

Batavia—Formed by Joint Action o

—Holland—Their First Struggl

Charlemagne—Rise and Greatne

Austro-Burgundian Emperors—A Descending from the summits

rolling its floods along the vas

tends from the Ural Mountains

the German Ocean, the Rhine, b

40

the first inhabitants to occup conditions were so wretched,

moreover to be overwhelmed tremendous 1

Perhaps they s

herbless expanse the element

Perhaps they deemed it a safe

they might issue forth to spoi

which they might retire and

from whatever cause, both th

the whole adjoining coast soo

The Germans occupied the ce

possession of the strip of co

south, now known as Belgium

running off to the north, Holl sessed by the Frisians, who in which the German and blended without uniting.

the wares of Asia, and thence w among the towns of Northern the shores of the German Sea.

Antwerp, the successful rival o

is said, boast of almost five hun

entering her ports, and two t laden with merchandise passing every week.”3

Venice, Verona

Bruges were the chief links of the

united the civilised and fertile E

paratively rude and unskilful We the arts had long flourished.

expert in all that is woven on

1 Muller, Univ. Hist., vol. ii., bk. x 2 Stevens, Hist, of the Scot. Church 260; Edin., 1833. 2 Ibid., p. 260.

three centuries that preceded Rome in the Netherlands is teenth century,

flourishing in

The Bishops of Utrecht had the North.

Favoured by th

quarrel they

espoused agains

Middle Ages, these ambitious all but independent of Rome. says Brandt, the historian

o

Reformation, “ to neither kin

the state and magnificence o

reckoned the greatest princes i

1 Belationi del Cardinal Bentivo lib. i., cap. 7, p. 32. 2 Misson, Travels, vol. i., p. 4. 3 Belat. Card. Bentiv., lib. i., ca non solo in Europa, ma in tutto il

in these parts, we find a celebrated

linus by name,endeavouring to pu

of the Papacy, and spread purer

in Antwerp, but in the adjoining

and Flanders; and, although ve

by the priests and by Norbert, th

the order of Premonstratensians,

a firm hold of some of the fine following century, the thirteenth,

also of Antwerp, taught a purer common one on the Eucharistic

he is said to have received fro Tancheliruus.

Nor

must

we

Nicolas, of Lyra, a town in the

1 Brandt, vol. i., p. 14. 2 I 3 Gerdesius, Hist. Evan.Ren.,tom. ii

began to say, to be so eno

effeminately luxurious; these

less ours than they are theirs, with them.

These daring baro

to deem the spiritual authorit

nable as they had once belie consequence of this was that

of Churchmen in less reveren munications

in

less

awe

t

was planted thus an incipien

ment received an impulse f

Wicliffe, which began to be c

Countries in the end of the

There followed, in the beginn

tury, the martyrdoms of Hus 1 Brandt, bk i., passim.

THE

Netherlands. number to

Grotius, 100,000.2

in hi Even

estimates are extravagant, sti

to convince us that the numbe indeed.

The bloody work did

to Charles’s many absences i countries.

His sister Margare

1 Sleidan, bk. xvi., p. 342; Lon 2 Grot., Annal., lib. i., 17; Ams Philip II., vol. i., p. 113.

was by whom its gates were b

though he refused to the sinner

great work of expiating sin, reser

and exclusively to the Saviour,

ously insisted that the believer sh maintain good works. dead faith.’*

“ Away,”

His career in An

He was seized and thrown into pr

deceive himself as to the fate t

He kept awake during the silen

preparing for the death for which coming day. his prison.

Suddenly a great u

The noise was caused

1 Gerdesius, tom. iii., pp. 23—25.

2 “Totum peccatum tolerans et tol tom. iii., Appendix, p. 18.)

4 0*

fire of placards, as they wer

persecuting edicts—upon the

were posted up in the streets,

duced universal consternatio

succeeded each other at brie had

the

echoes of

one ful

when a new and more terrib

sounding over the startled and In April, 1524, came

a pl

printing of any book withou

officers who had charge of th came a circular letter from

addressed to all the monasteri

ing them to send out none b

? Gerdesius, tom. in., p. 37. * Gerdesius, tom. iii., p. 39.

read a single line of the Bib

taking it for granted that it ampl that the Church taught, dipped

much astonished at its contents both their life and doctrine into with it.

One of the printers of

of the Dutch Bible was condemn pains, and died by the axe.

Soo

one made a collection of certain Scriptures, and published them “ The Well of Life.”

The little

note nor comment, contained

b

Scripture itself; nevertheless it w

to the zealous defenders of Pope Life ” to others, it was a Well 1 Brandt, vol. i., pp. 57, 58.

among the inhabitants of Holla Flanders. At Bois-le-Duc all monks were driven out of the ci in spite of the edicts of the e venticles were kept up. The le Dorpius, Professor of Divinity thought to favour Luther’s doc well as Erasmus, was in some da Nor did the emperor’s secretary Brabant, Philip de Lens, escape heresy. At Naarden, Anthony a convert to Protestantism, and 1 Brandt, vol.

L, p. 4

ABDICA

Decrepitude of the Emperor—Ha Philip II.—His Portrait—Slen of Pageant.

In the midst of his cruel wo

in the midst of his years, th taken by old age.

The sixteen

in might around him; its gre

no sign of exhaustion or dec their vigour is growing from

it is plain that they are only i

career, while in melancholy c

closing his, and yielding to th

creeping over himself and his

fifty-five years.

The toils that ha

he briefly and affectingly summari

to the august assemblage befor

this hand on his crutch, and that

of the young noble by his side

count up forty expeditions und

since he was seventeen—nine to

Spain, seven to Italy, four to F

Netherlands, two to England, an

He had made eleven voyages by s

four battles, won victories, held D ties—so Ivin the tale of work.

nights and nights in anxious deli

growth of Protestantism, and h

alleviate the mingled mortificatio

progress caused him, by fulminat

ing edict after another in the hop

his future career, how sudde withdrawn his arm !

The m

posed was destined to of his son.

be th

Despotism and

bodied in the two forms on

abdicating emperor—Philip, a

of Orange; for it was he on w

The contest between them wa

dom, bring down from its pin

1 Badovaro MS., apud Motley, Ri pt. i., chap. 1; Edin., 1859.

simply because he lived on Germ

emperor might issue as many edi but could not execute one of consent of the princes.

But the

Luther struck deep into the un Charles’s Paternal Estates.

“ De

goods” was the sentence decreed ag in the Netherlands, and to effect

vigorous execution of the decree, erected in Belgium, which bore

blance to the Inquisition of Spain

Brussels, and in other towns piles to blaze.

The fires once kindled, there

edicts, wdiich kept the flames from made it death to pray with a few

death to read a page of the Scr

their necks, the foreign Protest

from their country, their com

da fe blazing in all their cities end of the day, sinking under less tyranny.

There followed another meas the alarm and anger of the

number of bishops was incre four to seventeen.

The existi

Arras, Cambray, Tournay, an thirteen new sees were added, of bishoprics equal to that of

bull of Pius IV., ratified with that of Paul IV., stated that

kind being abroad, and the Net

the sway of the beloved son o

the Catholic, being compassed

charged on the Bishop of Arr sible, crafty, ambitious man, and of even temper.

He w

counsellors of Philip, who hon

entire confidence, and consulted

Arras was by no means anxiou

contriver, or even prompter, o

potism which had supplanted

native land; but the more he

did the nation credit him wit had been assigned the place of

the new bishops, the Archbisho was

coy at first of the pro

Philip had to urge him befo the archiepiscopal mitre.

“

we find him afterwards writin

I might not live in idleness, do

the commonweal;

as low perso

vagabonds, under colour of reli

tomed to traverse the land fo plunder and disturbance ; as his

desirous of following in the foo and father; as it would be well

the emperor had said to him o

occasion of his abdication, therefo commanded the regent Margaret

sake of religion and the glory of G

exactly to cause to be enforced the

made by his Imperial Majesty, a

present Majesty, for the extirpati heresies.”1

The charge laid on th

was extended to all

governors,

1 Motley, Rise of the Dutch Republic,

STORM

Three Councils

These Three bu

Bishops—Storms at the Counc

Letter to the King—Smoulder Son at the Stake—Heroism

Burning of Three Refugees—

Three

councils were organise

to assist the Duchess of Parm of the Provinces; the nobles

these councils were those who w

and who most fully enjoyed th

1 Bentivoglio. " Chegli voleva regni che possedergli con heresia.”

the high-handed measures of oth

down upon herself the odium whic to guiltier parties.

Educated

Macliiavelli, her statesmanship w

single word, dissimulation, and h her to regard thieves, robbers,

criminals less vile than Lutheran

Her spiritual guide had been Loy Of Anthony Perrenot, Bishop already spoken. Mechlin,

in

hierarchy;

the

He had been ra new

scheme

and was soon to be

purple, and to become known in

more celebrated title of Cardinal

learning was great, his wit was re fluent, and his tact exquisite.

H

men was so keen, penetrating, an

(Fro

in the field.

There were especi

the Prince of Orange and Co

Horn, who in addition to grea

tinguished merit, held high pos

as the Stadtholders of importan

they were not consulted in the p

was their judgment ever asked in

the contrary, all matters were de by Granvelle. Council-board,

They were bu while

an arroga

ecclesiastic ruled the country.

Horn.

Bluff, out-spoken, and

come to an open quarrel wit

of Orange could fight Granve

polished as his own, and so wa

terms of apparent friendliness

position in the Council, wher

share in the government, and

for its tyrannical proceedings bearable, and he resolved to

On July 23, 1561, the Princ

dressed a joint letter to the king

stood in Flanders, and craving

the Council, or to be allowe

measures for which they were h

The answer, which was far f

brought to Flanders by Count on a visit to Madrid, and had

God may preserve them.”

Thi

from a mere boy, touched some o to tears.

Nevertheless the father

were adjudged to the flames.

“

the youth at the stake, “ Etern

the sacrifice of our lives in t beloved Son!”

“Thou liest, sc

interrupted a monk, who was “God is not children.”

your father;

ye

The flames rose; ag

claimed, “ Look, my father, all h

and I see ten hundred thousan over us. truth.”

Let us be glad, for we

“ Thou liest, thou liest,” a

1 Motley, Rise of the Dutch Repu Edin., 1859.

skeleton remained, he took d

laying them upon his shoulder

the house of one of the burgo it chanced

that several of th

at that moment feasting.

Th

burden at their feet, he crie

murderers, first you have eate his bones.”2

The following three martyr selves with England. Dienssart,

Christi

and Joan Koning

Flanders, had found an asylum Queen Elizabeth.

In 1559,

native country on their priva

into the hands of Peter Titlema 1 Brandt^ vol. i., p. 94.

were two ministers, Faveau an preaching

attracted

large

cong

were condemned in the autum burned.

When the news sprea

that their favourite preachers had

execution, the inhabitants turn

street, now chanting Clement M

now hurling menaces at the m

they dare to touch their preach

crowded round the prison, enco sters, and promising to rescue attempt be made to put them

commotions were continued nigh of six months.

The magistrates

between the two evils—the ange

who was daily sending them pere have the heretics burned, and

flourish

under a despotism.

composed of authors, poetaste

they wrote plays, pamphlets,

they lashed the vices and super the despotisms of the age.

T

error, but in many instances th instrumental in the diffusion charged the same service to newspaper and the platform literature of these poems and

the wit was not delicate, nor t

the wood-carving that befits th

dral would not suit for the s

front—but the writers were in

straight to the mark, they ex

feeling of thousands, and they

fied the feeling which they exp

WALTER CAPE

and the suppression of the Inqu

needed, and this was the very th was determined not to grant. Knights assembled.

of

the

Fleece

and

Still some good came

although the result was one wh

neither contemplated nor desired

grey, with hanging sleeves, bu

whatever, except a fool’s cap a upon each sleeve.

The jest

the cardinal affected to laugh

while the device was changed.

bells disappeared, and a sheaf o room of the former symbol.1 Granvelle, in writing to mean

“ conspiracy.”

Ph

Meanw

made up his mind as to the

He dispatched two sets of inst

one open and the other secret

first, the Duchess Margaret wa

secute the heretics with more r

three lords were ordered to ret Strada, bk. iv., p. 79;

Calvinistic as Calvin himself.

The Belgic Creed is notable in

It first saw the light, not in any assembly, for as yet the Church of as an organised body did not beginning

with

a

few

privat

preachers in the Netherlands.

natural and very beautiful genes

it admirably illustrates the rea

of the Reformers in framing

They compiled them, as we see t teachers doing, to be a help to

their fellow-believers in underst

tures, and to show the world w

to be the truth as set forth in t not enter into their minds that a yoke for the conscience, or

41

interpreted their words approx

not altogether, to our own idea

indeed condemn those who ta

lawful for the magistrate to sp or to judge of doctrines and

But these words in their mo

ferent meaning from that whic ours.

The Church of Rome

trates, You are not to spea

to judge of doctrines; that b us:

you are to believe tha

heresy, is heresy, and, withou

to punish it with the sword.

the Flemish Protestants vind

1 Brandt, vol. i

would have allayed all the ferm ripening into revolt. their

adoption?

But what

None

whate

existed, or Spain had a single so

or a single ducat in her treasur

Orange and his two fellow-counc

slip no opportunity at the Counc

the expediency of these measures to be saved.

“ It was a thing a

cable,” they said, “ to extirpate s

heretics by the methods of fire an

contrary, the more these means w faster would

the

heretics

mul

facts attest the truth and wisdom tion ?

Neither cords nor stakes 1 Brandt, vol. i., p.

shattered in mind as in body,

Council-board had to be sup

Joachin Hopper, a professor o

of very humble parts, and en the regent.1

1 Brandt, vol. i

CARDINAL GRAN

ments and arts had the effect, wh were meant to produce, of cooling advocate of his country. If the monstrance which Egmont was t of the throne had been studiously to grate on the royal ear, before t Flanders, they were still further so now that he stood on Spanish quently admitted him to a priv consulted with him touching the which he had been deputed to his

out.

Touching the meeting o

the king would send his dec This was all.

Yerily Egmon

brought back little.

But he

or postscript in reserve for effect

that

a synod to

of

Philip graciously ecclesiastics,

convene and

struction

of the

concert

wi

me

people, the

schools, and the purgation of h

if the penal laws now in use

end, they had Philip’s perm others “ more efficacious.”

T

and others were willing to

1 Strada, p. 183—apud Brandt Laval, vol. iii., p. 134

On the other hand, the gove

by remonstrances and outcries fro

monks, who complained that they

carrying out their sovereign’s wis the execution of the edicts.

The

encouraged to expect in the work

of heresy was withheld from them

prisons, and scaffolds of the coun

over to them, and all magistrate

gaolers had been constituted thei

theless, they were often denied

machinery which was altogethe

their work was to be done, n effectually.

They had to bear od

nay, sometimes

they

were

in

lives, in their zeal for the king’ Church’s glory.

On all sides

tidings from the Council of

secret imparted to William in

cennes—pointed to a storm now

than usual severity, and whic

all Christendom, in which the

not miss having their full sh been

plotted at Trent amon

nearly as little known as wh

on at Bayonne, between Cathe full truth—the

definite plan—

the archives of the Yatican, w its first suggestion had come,

the little coterie that met at of the Council.

But a paper

taries of Cardinal Boromeo,

i Sleidan, Continuation,

League of the Flemish Nobles—Fra ing of the Golden Fleece and Sta Petition—Perplexity of the Duc —Medals Struck in Commemor Moderation of the Edicts—Mart

Finding that new and more tyra

every day arriving from Spain, a was tightening his hold upon

leading nobles of the Netherland

combine, in order to prevent, if enslavement of the nation.

Th

as the league of the nobles was early in the year 1566.

Its fi

made at a conventicle, held on the

marriage-day (3rd of November

Franciscus Junius, the ministe

41*

VIEW

he experienced at Lyons abou

arrested him in his wickedne

New Testament, and the passa

first lighted was this: “ In th

Word, and the Word was wit was God,” &c.

As the stars

when the sun rises, so the wis

the pagans paled before the su

splendour of the Gospel by S

trembled,” said he, “ my mind

I was so affected all that d where nor what I was.

Th

as Protestants were permitte

array now gathering round th

was, as may be supposed, some

The Duchess of Parma w

sudden rise of this organisat increased every day.

Behin

whose truculent orders left he her was the Confederacy, a nearer danger.

In her perp

summoned the Knights of the F

holders of the Provinces, to as

ing the steps to be taken in th

Two courses, she said, appeared

the one was to modify the e

1 "Watson, Philip II., vol. i., p 2 Motley, vol. i., p. 224. Lav

shall be known as beggars.”3

T

to be the distinguishing appellati

the Netherlands who declared for t

country and the rights of consci

met at festival or funeral with other as “ Beggars.”

Their cry w

Beggars! ” They had medals stru wood, and afterwards of silver

on the one side with the king’

the other with a beggar’s scrip o clasped right hands, with the to the king, even to beggary.”

1 Brandt, vol. i., pp. 165, 166. 2 Pontus Peyen, ii., MS.—a%md Mo 3 Gueux. It is a French word, "a rived/’ says Brandt, “ from the Butc fies as much as rogues, vagabonds, o

At a meeting held at Whitsun the Lord of Aldegonde—who

prominent part, next to the Pri coming drama—was present,

“ the churches should be opene

publicly performed at Antwer in Flanders.” acted upon.

This resolutio

In some places

together to the number of 7,0 of 15,000.1

From West Fland

in public took its rise, it passe thence into other provinces.

the beginning sought the glo wood and forest.

As they grew

bled in the plains and open pl

1 Laval, vol. iii.,

heard at great distances, arrestin as he turned the

furrow, or th

pursued his way, and making him whence the minstrelsy proceeded.

Heresy had been flung into t

spreading like an infection far a Low Countries. all Flanders,

The contagion

and now it appe

The first public sermon in this pa

lands was preached on the 24th o

belonging to the Lord of Berghen, werp.

It being St. John’s-tide,

from four to five thousand person rumour had been circulated that

made oil the worshippers by the m

men were posted at all the aven

others on horseback: no attack, ho

to the depth of their joy.

It

their lives that the inhabitants

sought, in those days, the bre the high places of the fields.

The movement steadily m northwards.

It advanced alo

board, a mighty silent power,

of young and old, of the noble

the wealthy city merchant and

of the soil, and gathering them

placards, in tens of thousand

whereon was offered the tru sins of the world.

We have

advance from Flanders into B

are to follow it from Braban

vain does Philip bid it stop; in

of the governor threaten dea

Haarlem.

Proclamation of th

preaching had been made on the sterdam on the previous day.

T

immense ; all the boats and wagg

were hired for the transport o eager to be present.

Every

poured out its inhabitants, and

1 Brandt, voL i., pp. 17

for a silence yet more thrill opening the Bible, next read

8th, 9th, and 10th verses of th

the Epistle to the Ephesians : “

saved through faith; and tha it is the gift of God. should boast.

Not of

For we are his w

in Christ Jesus unto good wor

before ordained that we sho

Here in a few verses, said th

essence of the whole Bible—t true theology:—“the gift of

Source, “ the grace of God ;” th

deceived, “ through faith;” and to follow, “good works.”

It was a hot midsummer day

not fewer than 5,000 ; the pre

5th of April, 1566, walked two a

the old palace of Brabant in Br

grievances under which their nati

feet of Margaret, Regent of the N

have also heard the answer whic turned.

She promised to send

special envoys to Philip, with

power lay of granting or withhol

and meanwhile, though she cou

Inquisition, she would issue orders

to proceed “ with discretion.” The

Margaret selected to carry the Co to Spain were the Marquis de Baron de Montigny.

They glad

mission entrusted to them, little fruitless it would prove for their

fatally it would end for themselv

with their ladders, pulled dow adorned it.

They overturned

throwing their ropes around that surmounted altars and

to the ground; the altars too,

demolished; they took a speci

the rich vestments of the pries

shoes with the holy oil, and t

the consecrated bread; and they

there was nothing more to b

It was in vain that the doors o

convents were hastily barricad

army was not to be withsto

&___.-,-

1 Strada, lib. v. 2 Grotius, Annales, lib. i., p. 22 p. 191.

never-ending repose.

When the magistrates and w

Antwerp heard of the storm t

no great distance from their g began to fail them.

Should the

roll hither, how much wall rem

they asked themselves, of all t skill and penitence of centuries the Church of Our Lady 1

I

the very cloud that was devastati

transport itself to the banks o whole air was electrical.

In ev

firmament the same dark cloud

Flanders were appearing, and whe

or saint, or crucifix, there the lig

1 Strada, lib. v.

the altar, some to shout, “Lon and others to sing psalms. tened to the scene of uproar,

the people to quit the cathedr

entreated, the more the mob sc would

remain, they

said, an

Ave Maria to the Yirgin.

The

that there would be no vesp again urged them to go.

In th

would follow, the magistrates m

locking the great door of the ca

and leaving open only a little wi come out by.

Instead of the c

out, the mob outside rushed i the uproar was increased. burgomasters

re-entered the

and made yet another attemp

THE ICONOCLASTS D

thods.”1

In an Apology wh

after these occurrences had take

said : “ The Papists themselves

of the image-breaking, to the en

pretext for charging those of

rebellion : this,” they added, “

the tumult renewed at Antwe

who were hanged for it next d

It is light and not axes tha

It is but of small avail to ca

image, unless the belief on w

it is founded be displaced fro

was not understood by these

Cast images out of the breast, sa will soon disappear from the 1 Brandt, vol. i., p. 194.

crash echoed through the chur

signal for the breakings to beg began to throw stones at the

threw her slipper at the head of

an act, by the way, which afterw own head.

The mob rushed on

fixes went down before them, a

pictures, vases, crosses, and saint bruised, and

blended undisting

with their sacred ruins the floors It does not appear from the

temporary historians that in a si

outrages were stimulated, or ap Protestant preachers.

On the

all in their power to prevent th

1 Hooft, lib. iii.—apud Brandt, v

signed :—The duchess promis

the Inquisition should be abo

forward for ever,” and that th

have liberty of worship in al their worship

had

been

pr

These stipulations were accom

that all past offences of imag

gar manifestoes should be co

undertook on their part to d

racy, to return to the service that the Reformed did not assemblies, and that in their

inveigh against the Popish reli

broke out through the cloud

succeeded by a momentary ca

1 Groiius, Annates, lib. i., p. 23. B

father.”2

For every image that h

hundreds of living men were to

offered to the Doman Catholic fa

in stone, must be washed out in inhabitants of the Netherlands. resolve.

Meanwhile keeping secret the t

his breast, he began to move towar

slowness, but with more than his and duplicity.

Before the new

breaking had arrived, the king ha

garet of Parma, in answer to the p

two envoys, the Marquis of Bergh

1 Hooft, p. 111. Strada, p. 268. Br 2 Letter of Morillon to Granvelle, 29 in Gachard, Annal. Belg., 254—apud M

A

its fires on a still larger scale,

instead of a resurrection of Fl

assembling of the States-Gene

efiacement of whatever traces

remain in these unhappy cou

blishment of naked despotism

freedom by an armed force, t Of that these levies left the

In the Council all three no

disapprobation of the measure the flames of civil discord and Every day new proofs of .

fabrics. The sight of the thi worshipped, built into the temple, stung the Romanists t disgrace of their idols. The levies of the regent wer i and as her soldiers increased bolder. The Accord of the 2 was the charter of the Protes small concern. She had made with the intention of breakin be strong. She confiscated Reformed enjoyed under tha sermons were forbidden, on th that, although the liberty of conceded, that did not include

1 Brandt, vol. i.,

fully to meet it as if they had wedding-feast.”

De

Bray

was

behind him the secret of his sou irons and a filthy dungeon, that

cumstances might enjoy the same

good conscience, a good conscien

said he to all those who had com

“ Take care to do nothing agains

otherwise you will have an exe

your heels, and a pandemonium bu

Peregrine de la Grange address from the ladder,

“ taking heav

witness that he died for no c 1 Valenciennes MS. (Eoman Motley, vol. i., p. 325. 2 Laval, voL iii., p. 143. 3 Brandt, vol. i, pp. 250,251-

C

Montigny—The Council of B of the Blood Council—Its Te upon the Netherlands.

“ Whirlwinds from the terrib

—in literal terms, edicts and

were what might now be look

been subjugated, but it had

On every side the priests lif

burghers hung theirs in shame

forth at the field-preaching r breeze, the orison of monk

instead; the gibbets were fil

lighted, and thousands were f

1 Gachard, Preface to William vol. i., p. 326. 2 Brandt, vol. i., p. 251.

and retired with his family to h of Nassau in Germany,

there

Before leaving, however, he warn

of the fate that awaited him sh Flanders.

“ You are the bridg

which the Spanish army will pas

lands, and no sooner shall they h they will break it down.”1 heeded.

The

The two friends tende

parted to meet no more on earth. No sooner was William gone

a cloud of woes descended upon

The disciples of the Reformation

could from Amsterdam, and a g

At Horn. Clement Martin pre

1 Strada, bk, vi., p

42

from the army in Italy, cons and 1,200 cavalry.2

He now s

this host to avenge the insult

and Spain, by drowning Nethe blood of its professors. against

It wa

whom it was to be

execrable than Jews or Sarac greatly richer.

The wealth of

sured up in the cities of the N

gates once forced, a stream of g into the coffers of Spain, now

tially deplenished by the man of Philip. A fitter instrument for the Philip had now in hand than

1 Brandt, vol. !. it)^ bev Jour von bctonenjtirfjpto, Vq$ rorrfivL

imf^reu^ert fefjV. 2

FTG. I»—FACSIMIL

FIG- II.—FAC-SIMIL

Falkenberg, had been withdr

the wearied citizens were drow

few who were awake were ab

churches to offer thanks for the

at seven of the morning, sudd

of a quiescent volcano, a terri

the city. ^ The roar of cannon, the ring shouts

of

assailants, blendin

thunder-burst, awoke the cit

terrified, they seized their ar

the street, only to find the ene town over the ramparts and

gates, of which they had alrea

Falkenberg, as he was hurryin

was cut down at the commenc

His fall was fatal to the def

refused a passage for his troop

minions; and, secondly, the Elect

was equally unwilling to guarant

for his army through his territory

The fate of Magdeburg was thus

the vacillating and cowardly po

Electors, who had, up to that m

it plain to Gustavus whether the

or his enemies, and whether th with the League or join their defence of Protestantism.

But the fall of Magdeburg w Protestant cause.

It sent a thrill

1 Sir Robert Anstruther, German 1631. Lotichius, vol. i., p. 876. Che Chapman, pp. 240—243. Schiller, vo

left wing of the Swedish ar

severe fire with which the Swe

turned off to attack the Saxo recruits, gave way and fled, with them, who stopped only Eilenburg.1

Only one divisio

mained on the field, and saved

Deeming the victory won, th the cry of pursuit.

Some 8,0

field on the track of the flying

1 The king’s letter to Oxenstiern p. 217. Chapman, p. 261.

Note.—With reference to the i 283, we give the following particula Years’ War, Augsburg, which ha

CONQUEST O

Thanksgiving—Two Roads—Gustavu of Mainz—Gustavus’ Court—Fu Terms Rejected—Gustavus Enter Saxons in Bohemia—Gustavus Wallenstein—Famine and Death— Liitzen—Morning of the Battle— Trenches and Cannon—Murderou

When he saw how the day had of Gustavus Adolphus was to fal the blood-besprinkled plain, and

off the yoke of Ferdinand, a

standard of the Protestant Lib His

progress was a trium

fugitive Tilly had collected a f

oppose his advance, but he h

only to be routed by the victo

strongly fortified city of Erfur Gustavus;

Gotha and Weima

gates to him.

He exacted an

from their inhabitants, as he d any importance,

of

which

h

leaving a garrison on his dep loyalty.

The army now ente

Forest,

cresset lights hung u

abling it to thread its denses 1 Puffendorf, p. 53.

Ch

Tn two days it capitulated, and

in state, attended by the La

After this he returned to Frank his abode for a short while.1 1 Schiller, vol. ii.,

49

country, he would be satisfied midst of Germany,

and taki

matters as success on the bat

them, and especially consider

lukewarmness and imbecility princes, it is probable

that t

would have satisfied him at an longer deemed sufficient.

It i

he would not have declined a

over the princes, somewhat l emperor wielded.

We do no

ambitious views to Gustavus

admit the possibility of some s

this having shaped itself befo

might seem to him that otherw

a Protestant Germany was not

have been guilty of something

vices and shameless hypocrisy with the

dark arts which W

He was

chaste and temperate

price in every age, but especia that in which Tilly lived.

The

is the sack of Magdeburg, bu

followed in the eclipse of Leipsi

sun-light of his face never returne

that the world spoke ill of him

whom he had faithfully served ha in his age.

He died grasping th

pended his parting breath in rep

the Psalms—“In thee, O Lprd,ha 1 Khevenhiller, vol. xii., p. 87.

2 Kichelieu, Memoirs, vol. vii., p. 4

3 Chapman, pp. 296, 297. 4 Aldzreitter, vol. iii., p. 265—opu

beneath the sun of Europe.

But Augsburg wore in P greater attraction, from the

name was linked with the im which the young Protestant

belief at the foot of the th

Here, too, had been framed th

Ferdinand had flagrantly vio

hero now at her gates had restore.

Will Augsburg wel

champion ?

Incredible as it

her gates against him.

Gusta

for a siege by digging trench

city ramparts fired upon hi

1 Khevenhiller, vol. xii., p. 13— Ludwig Hausser, vol. ii., pp. 175,

At Erfurt he took a tender leave

hastened forward in the direction Wallenstein.

On his march he

the enemy was stationed in th

Liitzen, a small town not far fro

he had gained his great victory

Gustavus darted forward on his p

could reach Liitzen the night ha battle could not be joined.

Wal

been unaware of the approach of

fited by the night’s delay to dig

battle-field, which he filled with mu

recalled Pappenheim, who had be detachment to Cologne.

The king

in his carriage, arranging with

order of battle, and waiting the day.

The morning rose in fo

from Germany—Swedes rema Embalmed and Conveyed to Adolphus—Accomplishes his M

The fall of Gustavus Adolphu

the battle, was in a sort only

riderless horse, galloping wild field, only half told its tale. the king was only wounded.

Swedes was now changed int foot rushed madly onward to

king had been seen to enter th

with the intention of rescuin avenging him if dead.

The

passed in a whisper from on

another, that Gustavus Adolp

They rode up to the Croats, wh

body in their desire to posses

lowed the retreating Swedes, a

thickest of the fight, wander

quest of Gustavus, whom he

living, and whom he burned combat.

He fell,

his

brea

musket-balls, and was carried his soldiers.

While he was

rear, some one whispered into

he sought lay slain upon the eye,” says Schiller, “ sparkled

‘Tell the Duke of Friedland,”

mortally wounded, but that I that the implacable enemy of

the same day.” 1 The fall of their leader disp

1 Schiller* vol. ii.

from which its desolating wate upl

The first care of the Swedes thfe body of their king.

The q

time ineffectual; but at last th

discovered beneath a heap of sl

1 We have followed the standar description of this celebrated battle; to give very minute or, it may be, p tails of it. It was variously reporte king’s death, for instance, has been cf an assassin, and the Swedes gener perpetrator of the base act was Fran hurg. The antecedents of this man history, gave some grounds for th needs not assassination to account who, with incomparable but unjus fighting, almost alone and without of hundreds of enemies,

49*

darkness, and the religion and

dom overwhelmed by a flood o

Among the princes of Germany

one who was able or at all will crisis.

If the terrible ruin w

himself must stand in the brea hope of a perishing world.

T

came across the sea with a feel

chosen instrument of Providenc

ruinous reaction that was ove dom.

In the great generals

around him; in the army, disci

1 Schiller, vol. ii., p. 135. 2 Alexander, Hannibal, Julius C phus, Turenne, Prince Eugene, Fr Napoleon. (Gfrorer, p. 1015.)

of the League, of Home : this h

of Leipsic scattered the army of

campaigns that followed carrie

Gustavus in triumph to the Bhin

to the very frontier of Austria cluding Bavaria, the seat of

croAvning victory of Ltitzen set th

past achievements, by completin of Ferdinand and of the League, the emancipation of Germany. on the last and bloodiest of Fatherland was freed.

It does

from the perfection of his work

princes nor the people of Germ

to profit by the boon which he reach.

These craven sons of he

worthy of freedom.

They were

Popish League in Germany, u Almighty God to establish a good of his Church.”1

Nor

wanting to the Diet to carry o

the deceased king had a not u the State in Oxenstierna, he representatives in the field in been traiii%d under him.

The

rapid combination of masses, above all the lofty spirit of

1 Swed. Intellvol. iii.„ p. 200—

Franconia,

Suabia,

and

the

U

Rhine was conferred upon him

these circles entering into a leag

of Sweden, and with one ano

emperor, until the civil and rel

Germany should be restored, an nified for the cost of the war.”1

If Sweden and her German a

not to sheathe the sword till the

liberties of Germany had been

were the emperor and his allies— of Spain, and Maximilian of that the war should go on.

W

Ferdinand to meet the Protesta

1 Diet of Heilbronn—Swed. Intel

jected it.

The real intention

remain a mystery ; but we inc

he was then meditating some

emperor, w'hom he had never f him, and that he was not less blow at the Jesuits, who he

him, and were intriguing agai of Vienna.

It is said that h

mightier projects. pose

of

putting

He harbo down

all

ecclesiastical, of Germany, of countries into one kingdom, a single chief.

Ferdinand II.

1 Schiller, vol. ii., p. 170. Khev Forster, Wallenstein’s Briefe, vol. man, p. 391.

The weakness of the Protestant

had lain, not in the strength o

but in the divisions of the German

this heavy and, for the time, fatal

by the defection of the man who h

tributed to begin the war, by help take Prague, Bohemia.

and suppress the

All the Protestant S

to enter this peace along with elector.

It effected no real set

ences ; it offered no effectual redr

and, while it swept away nearly testants had gained in the war, it

1 Forster., Wallenstein's Briefe, vol. nitz, vcl. ii., p. 332. Khevenhiller Schiller, vol. ii., pp. 197—201. Mich pp. 87-91. Chapman, pp. 396—398.

T

Peace Proclaimed—Banquet at N Dolstadt—Symbolical Figures by Wandering and Lawless Unexampled Extent of the Ca The peace had been signed.

had solemnly shaken hands w

token of its ratification, and

rode trumpeters to carry to ci the news of the happy event. of war had spent themselves, Peace looked forth and smiled.

there ran for six hours white an

of a still greater lion’s jaws h years tears and blood.

As did t

Nuremberg, so in every town village this thrice-welcome peace the rejoicings of the inhabitants. From the banquet-hall of

N

turn to the homesteads of the the

varied

feelings

awakened

by the cessation of this terrib old,” says

Gustavus

Freytag,

like a return of their youth ; t

harvests of their childhood bro the thickly-peopled villages; under

the

now

cut-down

th

vill

pleasant hours which they had sp dead or impoverished relations

AXEL,

COUNT OX

heart heavy with sorrow and e

he made his attendants raise h

exclaimed, “ Ah ! dear, dear ch

fare after my death 1 thou sl

heap with the broom of judgm came true.

In 1636 the arme

fell upon the place, ravaging church was plundered, and down

and

burned,

obscurely foretold.

as

Pasto

In the sa

had to pay 5,500 guldens of w

the

joyful occasion.

There

semblage gathered in the m

stripling and the patriarch, th

the high-born dame, mingling

mighty chorus, sang a closing

persed.1 The condition of the Fath Was of the most serious

a

Peace had been proclaimed, b

needed to staunch the wound

scars which the war had m been brought to the grave’s

covers, slowly the pallor depa

slowly does the dimmed eye br

1 From the Church-Book of P gtadt, apud Gustav. Freytag, pp.

L

Henry IV.—Dies in the Midst of hi tants—Character of Maria de M Henri de Rohan—Degeneracy o Louis XIII.—The Jesuits—Tolera Sword be Drawn?—War— Saum A Scotch Pastor on the Ramparts

We resume our history of Protes

at the death-bed of Henry IY. Ravaillac arrested that monarch great schemes.2

Henry had abj

faith, in the hope of thereby purc 1 Freytag, pp. 230, 231.

'

2 See a

of the national policy;

but

treaties and violated oaths, w

banish from their memory, wh

Huguenots place on these assu

but a spreading of the old sna

In the regent and her son they

of names, a second Catherine d IX., to be followed, it might Bartholomew.

The boy of eight years w

could do only what his mothe selled, or rather commanded. was the real sovereign:

Th

with the Pope’s niece, alas !

was it destined to be the prolif

Maria de Medici lacked the t predecessor, Catherine

de

M

men whose names were then, and

in the annals of Protestant lit and Dumoulin.

These Synods

the French Protestant Church, ruins during the wars of the restoring the exercise of piety

cutting off unworthy members, a ferences and strifes among the Gathered from the battle-fields France,

bitter

memories

behin

prospects before them, these m

heart and broken in spirit, and

love and zeal which had animated sat in the Synod of La Rochelle

when the French Protestant C prime and flower of her days.

The Huguenots were warned b

\ IEW

IN

LA ROCHELLE

endowed these from the national p her little kingdom, in point of wealth, became one of the most flo all Christendom. Under her son ( kingdom became virtually a part monarchy; but now (1617) it w thoroughly to incorporate it with

inhabitants, two-thirds—some say were Protestants. This appeared n

The king was

advancing

a

head of his army, his Jesu

having removed all moral im path.

“ The king’s promises

“ are either matters of cons State.

Those made to the

promises of conscience, for the precepts of the Church; and

of State they ought to be r Council, which is of opinion kept.”2 3

The Pope and card

1 Elie Benoit, Histoire de VEdi 295. This is a work in five volum of violence and persecution whic from the reign of Henry IV. to Edict of Nantes. 3 Tehee, vol. i., p. 315.

the Protestants, only two were Montauban and La Rochelle.

The French Protestants at t

history are seen withdrawing to

from the rest of the nation, cons

into a distinct civil community dependent political and military

a strong step, but the attitude o and its whole procedure towards

previous, may perhaps be held as

1 Serres, Gen. Hist, of France, con pp. 256, 257. 2 Ibid. Young, Life of John Welsh 1886. 2 Elie Benoit, tom. ii., p. 377.

mainly three.

He found the

contemned—and he wished to it a power in France.

He fou

lent, and all but ungovernabl break their power and curb

third place, he revived the p which sought to reduce the

both the Imperial and Spanis this

view

the

cardinal

cou

England and the German Sta regarded the great cause of

unfortunately, Hichelieu acco

step toward the accomplishm

leading objects of his ambition subdue the Huguenots.

The

powerful political body in the

ment of their own, thus dividi

victor ; but the discovery of a p called the doomed

cardinal suddenly t

city

escaped.

Eiche

enemies at Paris, grasped powe

ever, and again turned his though

of the stronghold of the Protest

of La Eochelle was the key of

home and foreign, and he made

to bring the enterprise to a suc

raised vast land and naval arma the siege in October, 1627.

The

were fixed on the city, now enc

and land, by the French armie

momentous was the issue of th open.

The spirit of the Eochell 1 Felice, p. 329.

CARDIN

the living had not strength

old women and children wen times, in the hope that the

misery might move their enem

they might find something by their hunger; caprice

or

but they wer

cruelty

of

the

Sometimes they were strang

sometimes they were stripped back into the city. was entertained.

Still no th For more

VIEW

OF

LA ROCHELLE I

TH

siege was in progress, the Duke

great military chief of the Protest

whole of the Cevennes, where the

numerous, appealing to their p

memory of their fathers, to their

religious privileges—all suspende

at La Rochelle—in the hope of succour their brethren. hearts.

But his

The old spirit was dead.

All the ancient privileges of

annulled, and the Roman Catholi established in that city.

The fi

by Cardinal Richelieu himself.

'The mob and the nobles took

court in its efforts to extin

With their help the court tr

of Protestantism were still i

covered up by a million of c

very men who, had their live

have enriched the nation with fied it with their genius, and arms.

We are now arrived

religious wars.

What has F

vast expenditure of blood an Ho; despotism.

The close o

XIII. shows us the nobles and their turn,

and the throne

supremacy above all rights an

however, is exempt from the g

these they eminently excelled.

T

they lived were precisely those

harvests were seen to wave. The in Bearn became proverbial for beauty.

The Protestant porti

were known by their richer vine riant wheat.

The mountains of

covered with noble forests of c

harvest-time, let fall their nuts in

as that of the manna of the de

inhabitants compared it. In thos

numerous herds, which fed on that flourished underneath the

bosomed in one of the mount

was a plain which the traveller

enamelled with flowers at all seas

in springs, and when the summ

50

their Romanist countrymen. them to inquire and reason,

the torpor and emancipated th

that weighed upon others, an

tility and power they easily avocations of their

daily

lif

guenot not unfrequently visite sometimes

in

the

character

pelled by thirst for knowled

in the character of an exile w persecution had cast on an

whatever capacity he mingled

always carried with him a mi

and open to receive new ideas

improved or perfected the man

land, by grafting upon them th had

seen abroad.

Thus, pa

Church—Bossuet, Massillon, Fle

and Fenelon—had, on the contr

awaken and reward their effor

preachers formed in the schoo paved the way for those who so brilliantly succeeded them.

“I

had her Saurins,” said one of t

the English pulpit, “her Claude Mornays, her national Church

the genius of Bossuet, and the vi From the

pulpit

Synods of France.

we turn

During th

ambition of Richelieu carried on of the reign of Louis XIII., which distracted the nation in

1 Hall’s Works, vol. vi

logian, Staudlin, for the stor

author displays, and the searc

he brings to bear upon the P

manner of his death was un

siege of Montauban (1621) he

to the soldiers on the walls, wh to attend church.

As he mo

he was struck by a cannon-bal Saumur was the symbol of Its professors conducted their

an eye to smoothing the descen

1 These medals were called " Ma use in all the western and south-w from La Rochelle to Toulouse. I one side is a shepherd blowing sheep, on the other is an open boo *‘Ne crains point, petit troupe ”— flock.” Nos. 2 and 3 belong to vil

CARDIN

day he entered the synagogue

found the rabbi delivering a b

in Hebrew upon Christianity and

waited till the speaker had made

to the no small astonishment of t

a reply in the same tongue, in wh

dicated the faith the Jew had asp its

assailant to

attacking it. apology.

study Christia

The rabbi is said

A cardinal* who had

We now resume our narrati

youth, was king; his mothe

was regent; but Cardinal Ma of both, and the ruler of the

as we have already said, squa hand

the

treasures

which

banded for wars of ambition. State began to be empty, and by new taxes.

This brought

now commenced the War of war was an attempt, on the

to raise itself out of the gul the

crown

into

On the part of

which Ric the

crown,

to retain its newly-acquired wield over both nobles and

sway from the path of which

■of his grave.

Smitten with an

{1661), he was warned by his p ond drew nigh.

He sketched in

which he recommended Louis X

.named the ministers whom h

employ in his service; and the

to the wall, he took farewell of a

Louis XIY. had already reign he now began to govern.

He

.men Mazarin had named on

Tellier and the great Colbert—a

they were to be simply the minis he was to act.

And seldom h

more in his power than Louis

pleased throughout the wide ex

1 Voltaire, Age of Louis XIV., vol. i

was held as having joined the C

the law against “Relapsed H

to him : and if ever afterwards

tant church, he was seized an tribunals.

By another ordonn

magistrate were authorised to

son, and ask if he wished to die

The scandalous scenes to whic be imagined.

The dying were

tured with exhortations to aba pray to the Virgin.

Childre

abjuring Protestantism at the a

by a subsequent decree, at the

their parents were compelled to

tenance under a Roman Catholic

the sermons of Protestant m

pastor spoke a disparaging wo

king, however, was delighted wi

nothing was talked of at court b Pellisson. Every one lauded his

less learned, they said, but far m that of Bossuet. Louis XIV. was now verging bigotry grew with his years.

H

Uolbert, whose counsels had ever

of moderation, was now in his g

left him the Chancellor, Le Tellie

of War, Louvois, both stern hat nots.

His confessor was the w

la Chaise.

No fitter tool than

the Jesuit have found.

His Sp

educated him not to hesitate at

forward without compunction to of enormous crimes.

50*

To make m

physicians; they are consulted

their lives and health into th

as if polluted, are forbidden t

their entrance into the world

from the bar, and from all th

driven away from the king’s

posts are taken away from us ; use those means by which we

dying of hunger; we are given

the mob; we are deprived of t

which we have purchased by so

children, who are part of ourse from us.

Are we Turks or in

in Jesus Christ, we believe in

God, the Bedeemer of the wo

A mO

wife; the Chancellor Le Tellier

—the king, on the 18th of O

the Revocation of the Edict of

The Revocation swept away

liberties' which Henry IY. an

solemnly guaranteed to the P

clared all further exercise of th

within the kingdom illegal; i

tion of all the Protestant chur

the pastors to quit the kingdom and forbade them to perform

on pain of the galleys; all Pro

1 See Bulletin de la Socttte de VH Franqais : Beuxieme annee; p. 167 e

2 Weiss says the- 22nd of Octo signed on the 18th and published o

to commit!

The Protestants

tween one and two millions; t workshops were to be found in

France; their commerce and m its great cities,

their energy an

the life of the nation; and to be

beyond the pale of law, beyond th They were stupefied.

But they soon found that the

indeed from exhausting the cala this measure was pregnant.

Th

in a series of oppressions to wh neither limit nor end. provinces to execute it.

Troops

As an

in, or as a tempest sweeps onwa

1 Weiss, p. 72.

for the Eevocation in after-yea

Nothing can be imagined m

was now the condition of th

looked around him in his na

was his enemy, the law was h

countrymen were his enemies; him was a cordon of guards

apprehend and subject him t

should he attempt to escape f which had shut him in.

But

means taken to prevent the flig

Fruitless were the peasants t

1 A former Archbishop of Dubl Trench, was his great-grandson. descended by the mother’s sid Chenevix, and by the father’s side not family, that of La Tranches.

that only a very few would leave

Besides, to disclose the real exten

might seem to be to present an

themselves, as chargeable with l permitting so many to escape.

think of arriving at an exact e

documents, and these are the onl information open to us.

But

dismal blanks left in France,

numerous colonies planted in for

at the length of time during whi

tinued, which was not less th

twenty years, it is impossible to r

that the emigration was on a magnitude.

Of the one millio

upwards scattered among the Frenchmen, it is probable that

alone.

The clergy and the natio

must bear the guilt of his grea

by their approbation or their s

complice of the monarcli; and

act their own by exhausting t of panegyric in its praise.

Ac

past history of the vrorld had n more magnanimous to show,

placed himself among the hero fame.

We might fill almost

laudations written and spoke

66 You have doubtless seen the

king revokes that of Nantes,” Sevigne to her daughter a publication of the decree.

“

fine as all that it contains, and

done or ever will do aught so

more than this temple of heresy ov piety. That heresy which thought is entirely vanquished.” Bossuet Louis to Constantine and Theodos discoursing to a body of learned m more classic prototype of the King second Hercules had arisen, he tol and a second hydra, more terrible monster which the pagan god had beneath the blows of this secon Hercules.

Their Horrors—M. de Marolle Foreign Slavery—Martyrdom the Scaffold—The Galley Chai

Of the tens of thousands o

ranks, and in every disguise, w

ing along the highways and

intent only on escaping from

them birth, all were not equall ing the frontier.

Many hund

their flight, and brought back of their persecutors.

Their m

1 This statue was melted in 1792 which thundered at Yalmy. (Wei 2 We say three, although there of the number are obviously rep variations in the design.

The edict required that the “ New be instructed in the faith they adopted;

but the priests were

crowd of converts too many, so t

their labours by calling the C them with them. rate men. silence.

But these we

The merest youth c

To gross ignorance the

added a debauched life, and in t

tants of riper years, their approa

disgust, and their teachings had

those to whom they were given, t

aversion to a Church which emp ministers.

When the first stunning shoc : Felice, vol. ii., p. 79.

2

generally there reigned unbrok ness.

The poor prisoner cou

from pastor or relation ; he co

self by singing a psalm or by

shut up with lewd and blasph

constrained to hear their horr their vile indignities.

If his m

overcame their cruelty, or so was at once shifted to another

being treated more tenderly by sion he had excited.

The let

arrested in 1686, and confine

solitary dungeon, have disclose

ings borne by those who were sh

1 John Quick, Synodicon in Ga 131; Lond., 1692.

the scaffold set up.

We select

Pastorales of Jurieu1 a few’insta

first to suffer in this way was Ful man of Nunes.

He had just fin

theological study when the storm

now decline the office of pastor

martyrdom beforehand, he write to those at his father’s house,

break the silence which the b

ministers had created in France Gospel.

In a little while he was

trial he was promised the most f

he would abjure, but his constan

He was sentenced to be hanged,

1 Published by him every fortnig tion of the Edict of Nantes.

three - fourths

of

the condemned to die on the road. They along

marched in

gangs,

carrying

heavy

irons,

sleep¬

ing

at

and

night

FAC-SIM

in

stables or vaults.

“ They cha

in couples,” says one who un

ful ordeal, “ with a thick ch

in the middle of which was a

having thus chained us, they p

couple behind couple, and the and thick chain through all

we were thus all chained to

made a very long file, for we w

TH

Secessions—Rise of the “Church o “ TokensNight Assemblies— Camisards—Last Armed Struggl of Protestantism Death of Malesherbes—The Revolution. It seemed in very deed as if

Protestant Church of France had

storm, and passed utterly from

had but a century before covere

-confo

in the possession of C. P. Stewart, kindly permitted engravings to be m Work.

1 Autobiography of a French Protesta

had the hands of presbyter

head; on them had come onl the Holy Spirit.”

The assem

met

of a

on

the

side

mo

lonely moor, or in a deserted

cavern, or amid the great stem branches of a forest.

Intima

was sent round only on the ev

any one had scandalised his bre

he was omitted in the invitatio ecclesiastical

discipline

which

Sentinels, stationed all round,

tops, signalled to the worship

proach of the dragoons, indicat

1 Weiss—Bulletin de la Society de isme Franqais, pp. 231—234; Paris,

and raising their hands to heave

The truthful Antoine Court sa

furnished with an exact list of as in different places, and that

encounters from 300 to 400 old

children were left dead upon th

violence could stop these field-

grew ever larger in numbers, a

quent in time, till at last, we a

nothing uncommon, in traversing

or the forest where they had me

four paces, dead bodies dotting corpses hanging suspended from

The outbreak of the Camisard

with new and even greater ho 1 Felice, vol. ii., p.

as he deemed them, of the p

which are beyond dispute, c

the claim for superior clemency

has been set up for the eloquen

To pursue the century year

would only be to repeat endle crime and blood; the facts

progress of Protestantism in F

of the Camisards until the brea

Revolution, group themselves

Antoine Court and Paul Rab

has received from the French

1 Politique Tiree de VEcriture S prop. 2. 2 Bulletin de la Societe de VHis Franfais, vol. iv. 2 Ibid., vol. x., p. 50.

over the world beheld the nigh the human soul,

and the slav

nations were sunk becoming eve the appearance of Wicliffe the period, and the great tide of evil back.

From the times of the En

are able to trace two great curren

which have never intermitted th day to this.

The one is seen ste

into ruin the great empire of R and bondage; the other is seen

higher the kingdom of truth and

Let us for a moment conside

calamities which fell on the anti

drying up the sources of its pow

way for its final destruction; an

chain of beneficent dispensation

PROTES

OLD

opening of the day in the era o Reformers.

From the Divine s

the hand of Wicliffe spring all t

events that constitute the modem

forming movements which we ha

the Lutheran and the Calvinistic c

to culminate in the British Refo stone which crowns the edifice century.

The action into which the E

been roused by the instrumentalit a dual form.

With one party it

religious truth, with the other it National independence.

These w

palace and enter the school.

The first of those illustrio

we are now to be concerned Dean of

St.

Paul’s.

The

student at Oxford, but disgu

barbarous tuition which prev

sessed of a large fortune, he r

haply he might find in foreig

rational system of knowledge, study.

He visited Italy, wh

ardently to the acquisition of

Rome, in company with Linac

liam Lily, his countrymen, w

thither, drawn by their thirst especially the Greek.

The ch

of the classic writers had beg

pleted by the reading of the S

many quarters, “We see,” said t and heretical opinions appearing

wonder not; but has not St. Be

there is no heresy more dangero

than the vicious lives of its pries

in the close to the remedy, “ T

“by which the Church may be

better fashion is not to make n there are already enough—but

With you, 0 Fathers and bishop

reformation so much needed ; w

follow when we see you going be

need not fear that the whole b will come after.

Your holy live

in which we shall read the Gosp

how to practise it; your example

and its sweet eloquence will be

CARDIN

Arthur, Prince of Wales, Dies—Q tion of the Pope Henry’s C Made Archbishop of York—C Civilly—His Grandeur—The P tion of Heretics—Story of R Erasmus Driven out of Engla England—England’s Reforma the Bible. Henry YIII. again appears

find him still the idol of the pe

-—-

1 Blunt, Reformation in England

When a few months had passed

that no issue was to be expect

marriage, Prince Henry was proc throne, and Catherine was about But the

parsimonious

Henry

think that her dowry of 200,00

have to be sent back with her, to be, the possession of a scion

of

house, started the proposal that H his deceased brother’s widow.

To this proposal Ferdinand o consent.

Warham, Archbishop o

posed it.

“ It is declared in the

the primate, “ that if a man shall

1 Burnet, History of the Reformatio p. 35; Lond., 1681.

51

VIE

as if the woe denounced agai

his brother’s widow, “ he sha taking effect.

Henry’s

mal

Catherine bore him three sons

but “ Henry beheld his sons j

and then sink into the tomb.”1

1 Soames, History of the Reform England, vol. i., p. 176; Loud., 182

but for the death of the king not long afterwards.

Under t

Wolsey played his part not le versatility developed air of in

the

cessor.

more free

Henry VIII.’s court, t cold

atmosphere

of

th

Business or pleasure cam

He could be as gay as the gay courtiers, and

as wise

staid of his councillors.

and

gr

He co

monarch’s amusement, the gossip

the town, or edify him by quoti

some mediaeval doctor, and espec the angelic Aquinas.

Wolsey w

his presence Vice never hung

1 Hume, vol. i., chap. 27, p. 488

great, and seemed to enlarge w his rank and the increase of

redeeming qualities were the p

and the administration of justi

Chancery were impartial and enormous

wealth,

sources, enabled

gathered

him to

sur

scholars, and to found institut

which he had his reward in former, and the posthumous

Nevertheless he did not succee popular.

His haughty depo

people, who knew him to be

vicious, despite his grand mas tious beneficence.

1 Hume, vol. i., chap.

courage to witness unto the dea in them proofs that the Spirit of

to the world, and that he was op not a few to see in the midst of the errors of Rome.

The doc

they were generally incriminated substantiation.

Among other ta

furnished by the times, that of Ashford, has

been most touchi

English martyrologist.

Brown

himself beside a priest in the “ After certain communication, him,” says Fox, “ ‘ Dost thou

1 Fox, Acts and Mon., vol. iv., p 1846. 2 Ibid., p. 188.

most magnificent empire to its

The light of the English R

succeeded by the light of the E

1 Fox, Acts and Mon., vol. 2 Ibid., p. 182.

sure which he anticipated from

Greek and the elegance of its La

of deriving any higher good from the hook.

His eyes fell on these

faithful saying and worthy of al

Christ Jesus came into the world whom I am chief.”

“ The chief o

to himself, musing over what he

the chief of sinners ! and yet Ch him ! then why not me 1 ”

“ He

Fox, “ a better teacher ” than t

•canon law—“ the Holy Spirit o

hour he quitted the road of sel mances, by which

he

now

sa

travelling, in pain of body and

1 Fox, Acts and Mon., vol. iv., p. 6

INTER

across, and not the Church, was th

ness ; whose Spirit, and not the S

author of holiness ; and whose ri and not the merits of men either

the foundation of the sinner’s jus

views they had not received from

Luther was only then beginning

knowledge of Divine things they

the Bible, and from the Bible alo

51*

tin’s Green.s But no sooner h than the priests hastened to d Tyndale returned he found t been in vain : the field was r he, “if the people of Englan God in their own language th Without this it will be impos laity in the truth.” It was now that the subli mind of translating and prin The prophets spake in the l whom they addressed; the s were uttered in the vernac nation; and the epistles of

1 Fox, Acts and Mon., vol. v., 3 Ibid., p. 1

to advertise the writings of Luthe England.

The car of Deformatio

the priests had taken counsel to st effect of their interference was onwards at an accelerated speed.

At this stage of the controve

unexpected champion stepped into battle with Luther.

This was no

than the King of England.

Th

mated Henry for the Roman tra

fury with which he was transpo

man who was uprooting them, m from the letter he addressed to

1 Writings of Tindal, p. 4; Religi London. 2 See ante, vol. i., p. 310.

older than its present possesso the prime of life.

The imm

friendship, hollow on both side Francis and the emperor.

Me

died, and the sincerity of Ch had thought, was put to the

chagrin and mortification, whi meanwhile to conceal,

Wols

Utrecht, the emperor’s tutor, chair.

But Adrian was an

probable that he would long

spiritual sceptre of Christend

soled the disappointed cardi promise of support when a could not be distant, should

1 Burnet, Hist, of Refoh'm.) vol.

was full of life, indicating, as Fo

ment desire that burned within h to the Gospel.

Soon we find him

little company of converts from Fellows of Cambridge.

Among

Stafford, professor of divinity, wh

deep learning made his conversi

to the supporters of the old rel

strength to the disciples of the

But the man of all this little ba

hereafter the most conspicuous i

Reformation was Hugh Latimer.

Latimer was the son of a yeo

at Thurcaston, in Leicestershir

1 In the Museum of the Baptist C copy of the octavo edition of Tynda (Afyn. of Eng. Bible, L 70.)

tm&ktth the poeple yef yef tuoorfe.

TAC-SIMILE OF ST. MATTHEW*S G

works prescribed by the Chur

of God that taketh away the

in short, he detailed the who version.

As he spoke, Latim

within breaking up.

He saw

around him—he felt the ha

^passing away—there came a se

it a feeling of horror, and an

for now the despair was gone,

of the Gospel had been sudde

.Before rising up he had confess

- Latimer’s Ser

halls around which there still lin the

memories of Wicliffe.

W

found entrance here for the li

rear a monument which should p

to after-ages, the cardinal proje

in the pulpit.

Knowing on w

at this time engaged, Latime

with special emphasis on the

Word of God in one’s mother

avoid the snares of the false te

Larger congregations gathe pulpit every day. mixed one feelings.

The audie

all in it did not The majority hung

preacher; and drank in his wo the cup of cold water; but

faces, and eyes burning with a did not relish the doctrine.

T

priesthood could see that the

1 Fiddes, Life of Wolsey, p. 209 Reform., vol. i., p. 22.

of one of the converts of those tim

“ When Master Stafford r And Master Latimer pr Then was Cambridge bl

Similar scenes, though not on

marked, were at this hour takin

Almost all the scholars whom W

to fill his new chairs evinced a f

opinions, or openly ranged themse Wolsey, in selecting the most

wittingly selected those most fr

Besides Clark, whom we have a and the new men, there was

modest but stable-minded Christ

3 Beeohs Works, ml ii

there were miracles and apoc in

the

centre

of

all

1 Fox, vol. v., p. 428.

these

Strype,

?ranmer, p. 81; Lend., 1694.

every his aforesaid books, and hi

find him. ”2 On the Tuesday befo

ret was warned that the avenger

his track, and that if he remained

sure to fall into the hands of th sent to the Tower.

Changing h

for Dorsetshire, but on the ro

smote him ; he stopped, again

again he stopped, and finally he r

which he reached late at night.

wanderings, he threw himself up soon

after

midnight,

he was

Wolsey’s agents, and given into

Dr. Cottisford, commissary of t

second attempt at flight was foll 1 Fox, vol. v., p. 421.

latim

across the floor of their no

hardly recognised one anothe

way in the partial darkness a encountered stretched on

each

other.

O

the damp floor

utterly failed, and he was abo the hand of Heath.

He crav

munion given him before he last.

The request could not be

a sigh of resignation, he quote

ancient Father, “Believe, and

1 Fox, vol. v., pp. 426—£28. 2 " Crede et manduc&sti.” (Fo

(February 5th, 1526) on which had been set on foot at Oxford,

accompanied by a sergeant-at-arm

bridge to open there a similar inq

act of Wolsey’s agent was to arre

tinguished scholar, who, as we ha

the use of his pulpit in the Aug Latimer.

He next began a sear

Bilney, Latimer, and Stafford, for

which he had learned from spies w lodgings.

All the Testaments ha

removed, and the search resulted not a single copy.

Without pr

chaplain could arrest no heretics

him to bring to him all the cop Testament that he could find.

took to do so, provided the b price of them. do.

This the bishop

Soon thereafter Packingt

with Tyndale, and told him t

merchant for his New Testame asked Tyndale.

“ The Bishop

the merchant.

“ If the bish

Testament,”

said

Tyndale,

“

“ Doubtless,” replied Packingt

will enable you to print other bishop will have it.” dale, the New

The pri

Testaments w

1 Strype, Memorials of Cranmer, cilia, vol. iii., p. 706. Fox, vol. iv.

trouble of conscience.

Another

spired with his scruples, and p

him to seek a divorce from Quee

Anne Boleyn, so renowned for

person, the grace of her manne

endowments of her intellect, wa

appointed one of the maids of Catherine.

This young lady wa

Sir Thomas Boleyn, a gentleman estate, who, having occasion to

1 Burnet, vol. i., pp. 37,38.—“ The b of the sixteenth century, men of the —Pole, Polydore Virgil, Tyndale, M Sanders, and Roper, More’s son-in-law ing to Wolsey as the instigator of th become so famous.” (D’Aubigne, vo 2 More’s Life, p. 129. 3 Burnet, vol. i., p. 38.

WE left Clement VII. in the d

of St. Angelo, with two kings

The Pope, “ who cannot err,” both monarchs.

He gives to th

he will do as he desires, and g

assures the other that he will a wishes and withhold it.

It is

Pope opens his prison doors, kingdom.

It was not witho

much tortuosity, dissimulation

Clement reached this issue, so moment, but so disastrous in shifts and make-believes; his

with the ambassadors of Char

many angry midnight discussio

Orvieto; the mutual recrimina

which passed between the pa

penalty of refusal was to be the s land from the tiara.2

The poor

between the terrible Charles, w

still in Italy, and the powerful H

peated attempts to dupe the age

mission and the dispensation wer

piteous tears and entreaties on th

that they would not act upon the wTas rid of the. Spaniards.

The F

Leutrec, was then in Italy, engag

to expel the Spaniards from th the Pope, seeing in this position

of escape out of his dilemma, fin

1 Burnet, vol. i., p. 47. 2 See copy of original letter of Ca Gregory Cassali, in Burnet, vol. i.—R 3 Burnet, vol. i., p. 48.

people, put away your

Mohammedans not yet

tfie up epe le

converted ]

Jjta

idols of gold and silver. Why

are

Jews

and

We have

to thank the Pope and the

priests

for

this,

who have preached to

them no other Gospel than t candles to stocks and stones. from lighting candles to the

heaven have no need of them,

earth have no eyes to see them Bilney was

accompanied

1 See "The Cardinal’s Letter to his Promotion to the Popedom,” in 2 Pox, vol. iv., pp. 621—625.

PORTRAIT

OP WILL

that followed between Tonstall, th

and Bilney—the one pressing for

the other striving to hold him

graphically described by the ch was neither the exhortations of

fear of burning that shook the

Bilney; it was the worldly-wis

reasonings of his friends, who cr

and plied him day and night wit

1 Fox, vol. iv., pp. 63

counsel with worldly-minded f

one who had “known the terro

In no long time, he was appr into prison.

Friars of all colo

but Bilney, leaning on Christ a second time. as a heretic.

He was conde

The ceremony o

gone through with great form

before his execution, he suppe

friends, conversing calmly on hi

and repeating oft, and in joyou

in Isaiah xliii. 2, “ When thou

fire, thou shalt not be burned

3 Fox, vol. iv., p. 643. 2 Latimer’s Sermons—Fox, vol. 3 Bilney’s Bible is now in t Christi College, Cambridge. It

God, Thomas Bilney.”

The Scriptures sowed the seed the blood of martyrs watered it. came Richard Bayfield.

Bayfiel

Bury, and was converted chiefly New Testament.

He went beyo

ing himself to Tyndale and Fryt

England, bringing with him ma

Bible, which he began to disse apprehended in London, Lollards’ Tower, and

and ca

thence

to

“Here he was tied,” says the m

the neck, middle, and legs, stan

the walls, divers times, manacled. this cruelty, which

the greates

1 Fox, voL iv., pp. (>54, 655.

your idolatry of the bread, and

man, should dwell in a piece o

is in heaven, sitting on the rig Father.”

“ Thou heretic !” sai

him and burn him.” The train of gunpowder was

flame approached him, he lif

hands to heaven, and prayed f

Pane and of Sir Thomas More,

tervals in supplication till the head.

“It is to be observed,

“ that as he was at the stake, flaming fire, arms and Papists !

which fire

legs,

had

he spake th

behold, ye look for

now ye may see a miracle; for more pain than if I were in a

void.

A few days later he sign

which he himself annulled the

important document was put i Campeggio, who was dispatched instructions

to show the bull to

Henry and Wolsey.

Whether

made public would depend upo events.

If the emperor were fi

decretal was to be acted

upon;

his good fortune, it was

to b

peggio set out, and travelled by

he had been instructed to avail

pretext for interposing delay, in t would bring a solution of the

1 Herbert, p. 248. Strype, Reel. M Burnet, vol. i., pp. 54, 55.

disowning the tribunal and appe

She was pronounced contumacio was proceeded with.

The plead

went on for about a month. every one that sentence would the 23rd of July

The court, th

nation waited with breathless result.

On the appointed day

was crowded; the king himself

gallery adjoining the hall, so t might witness the issue.

Camp

1 Burnet, vol. I, p. 58 : “He coul part with the decretal bull out of h it for a minute, either with the ki Campeggio would not even show it t 2 Sanders, Histoire du Schisms Paris, 1678.

52

the storm that now burst in t

The chafed and affronted Tudo the Pope and all his priests.

Borne, but Borne should repe

would go at the head of his ar

or Pope dare cite him to his t in the face.4

But second tho

that, bad as the matter was

temper would only make it wo deep

the

affront

had

sunk.

ordered Gardiner to conceal th

knowledge of his subjects; an

1 ..Burnet, Records, bk. i. 2 Sanders, p. 63. 3 Herbert, Life of Henry * State Papers, vii., p. 19

men returned next day with a w the king, and the seal was at Stripped of his great office, his though of immense value, seeme His treasures of gold and silver, costly and curious furniture—all to the king, peradventure it wou and win back his favour, or at le from the last disgrace of the bloc Henry’s disposition, and knew spendthrifts he was fond of mo the officers of his household befo them to place tables in the great

} Cavendish says Calais; the Bish B£llay, says Dover, 2 Herbert, p. 288. 3 Ibid., p. 290.

with great assiduity to the dis astical duties.

He distribute

he visited his numerous parish

his clergy to preach regularly reconciled

differences,

said

churches, was affable and cou

these means he speedily won class. This he hoped was the upward career.

Other arts h

ployed to regain the eminence fallen.

He entered into a s

with the Pope; and it was b

he was intriguing against his so and abroad.

These suspicion

0 Strype, Bccl. Mem., voh i., p 2 Galt, Life of Cardinal Wolse

CRANME

The King at Waltham Abbey—A S Universities, What says the Bib the King to Throw off Depende well into his Service—The Wh Confiscated—Alternative, Asked King—Convocation Declares Kin

The Great Euler brings forth m

stars, each in his appointed tim seen the bitterest, and certainly enemy of Protestantism in all

stage ; two men, destined to be

mental in advancing the cause o are about to step upon it. 3 Cavendish, vol. i., pp.313, 314

EAo

ifyvr.

y;x:

§>«■!. V>.i ■Vf*X

Mm

His name was Thomas Cran

having broken out at Cambrid hither with his two pupils,

whose table the secretary and

English universities, but the

to them was not the same whic

should be put to the universi

What Henry had asked of Ox

was their own opinion of hi lawful ?

But the question whi

should be put to the universi

What does the Bible say of s

it approve or condemn them ?

sense of Scripture through the

posed that then the cause shoul

This was to appeal the case fro

from the Church to the Scriptu

Henry at once fell in, not kno

formal fundamental principle o

1 Strype, Memorials of C

Thus,

by

the constraining

causes, the policy of England

upon the two great fundamental testantism.

Cranmer had enun

principle that the Bible is abo

now Cromwell brings forward th

England is wholly an independe no subjection to the Papacy.

these—that the Church is abo

and the Popedom above Englan

fountains of the vassalage, spir

in which England was sunk i times.

The adoption of their

testantism, and the* prosecution

1 Apologia Begin. Poll ad Carolu vol. L, pp. 120,121.

52*

mons, this spiritual legislation

many temporal matters, that u

ruling the Church you govern

both the nation and the thron dreading impending mischief,

the Province of Canterbury p submission, and sent it to the

promised, for the future, to fo

nances or constitutions, or to pu unless with the king’s consent

The way being so far prep

attacks, the great battle was n

lop off a few of the branches of

1 Herbert, p. 321. 2 Wilkins, Concilia, vol. iii., p. 71 3 Strype, Eccl. Mem., vol. i., Henry VIII., cap. 19.

THE KING

Abolition of Appeals to Rome—Paym Election to Vacant Sees—The K The Divorce—The Appeal to th of Warham—Cranmer made Pri Excommunication of Henry VIII New Translation of the Bible—V

The supremacy of the Pope fo that protected the ecclesiastical

1 Strype, Eccl. Mem., vol. i., p. 21

without the royal permission. IY.

was repealed, by which

burned on the sentence and by

bishop, and without a writ f

stake was not yet abolished a

heresy, but the power of adju

stricted to a less arbitrary and merciful tribunal. chapter, the

As we hav

power exercised

making canons was taken from lege had been greatly abused.

enforced upon the people by t

the force of law; and as they

1 Act 24 Henry VIII., cap. 1 2 Act 23 Henry VIII., cap. 9 3 Ibid., cap. 20, Burnet, vo

THE C

secration to any one till first h “ defend the regalities of St. chair at Rome, Gregory was

Europe, for not a bishop was t

dom whom he had not by this

throne, and through the bish their nations.

It was this ter

Henry VIII. rose up against

so far as his own Kingdom o cerned.

The appointment of

wrested from the Pope, and

hands, and the oath which he a 1 Act 25 Henry VIII. 5 cap. 20. P. 148. 3 Act 26 Henry VIII., cap. 1. 3 Act 37 Henry VIII., cap. 17. 4 Burnet, vol. i., bk. ii., p. 157.

growth of Papal bulls and pre covered and deformed

it,

and

to prevent the entrance of Luth had the mitre been Cranmer ciple

placed on

had to thrust himse

and the stake.

Leaving

Low Countries, John Frytli cam to preach from house to house

was tracked by Sir Thomas More

the Great Seal when it was taken thrown into the Tower, heavily

His main crime, in the eyes of hi

mihi proposuit conditionem hujusm vestrae Majestati ut duas uxores hab patch of De Oassali—Herbert, p. 330.) 1 Wilkins, Concilia, vol. iii., p. 757

“ What authority,” asked the

and wise councillors, “has the

Who made a foreign priest lo

master of my crown, so that h them away as it pleases him ?

I

In obedience to the royal mand laws of Scripture,

they searc

antiquity, and the statutes of again to the king.

“ The Ponti

no authority at all in Englan 3rd of November of the same

ing statute was passed, as we ha

1 “ Romanus Pontifex non habet concessam sibi majorem auctorita in hoc regno Angliae quam quiv ternus.” (Decision of University o 1534.) A precisely similar answer

churches, farms, and lands had b

of,” and that though now for 200

sought to cure “ this unthrifty

able living,” no amendment app vicious

living

shamefully encr

many of these houses did not wa

dissolution had been pronounced sought by a voluntary surrender

sentence, and avert the revelation had been enacted in them.

It is

that twenty-six mitred abbots sa

Parliament in which this Act wa

number of spiritual peers was in members in the

Upper House

1 Strype, Eccles. Mem., voi. i., bk. i 2 Act 27 Henry VIII., cap. 28. 2 The Eeport of the Commission

is that of Dr. John Fisher, B

He was a man of seventy-se

fake the oath of supremacy, h the Tower.

He had been th

Pope, by an unseasonable hono Paul III. sent him a red hat,

learned, he swore that if he sho

be on his shoulders, for be shou head.

He was convicted of tr

on the 22nd June, 1535.

Th

trated his exalted station by and he attested the sincerity

dignified behaviour on the scaf

a yet nobler victim, Sir Thom of English scholars.

His early

had given place to a yet gr

heretics, and this man of b

with the Pope, he would show had not apostatised from the

that he cherished no inclinatio ism, and that he was not less

proud title of “ Defender of th

been on the day when the con

What perhaps helped to make and appear to be desirous of

Creator! oh. Thou who art the the life! Thou knowest that I death.” (Meteren, Hist, des Pay 1 Herbert, bk. iii., p. 205.—Th in court by Cranmer, two days which was to the effect that her was not valid, on the ground of choly proof of the tyranny of th of the archbishop. (See Herber 2 Herbert, p. 284.

noted, of all others that have offered up at Smithfield, there cruelly and piteously handled as

lighted, and then withdrawn, and as to consume him piecemeal.

half-burned body was raised on halberdiers, and tossed from one

the extent his chain would allow

the martyrologist, “ lifting up suc

and his finger-ends flaming wit

the people in these words, 4 Hone

but Christ!’ and so being let dow

halberds, fell into the fire, and ga Cranmer had better success

1 Strype, Memorials of Cranmer,

Appendix).

which were appended two arti

in which an approximation w

doctrine on the subject of th

the corruption of nature ther

redemption accomplished by Ch

as to discourage the idea of me

The king published, besides intended for the initiation of

elements of the Christian relig

confessions, prayers, and hym

penitential psalms, and selectio

of our Lord as recorded in the

But the Primer was not inte

youth; it was meant also as a

1 Strype, Eccles. Mem., v 3 Strype, Mem. of Cranm

received much more applause, w to merit it.

We should like to j

by his work, and by his time favourably with

his two

Francis I. and Charles V.

grea

H

sensual, but he was less so than

he was cruel—inexorably and re

but he did not spill nearly so m emperor.

True, his scaffolds stri

1 Strype, Eccl. Mem., vol. i., pp. their martyrdom took place in June it was on the 16th of July, 1546. So the Church (vol. ii., p. 92), says that delayed till darkness closed. We a that this is a mistake, arising from m expression of Fox about “ the hour o 2 Strype, Mem, of Cranmer, p. 139.

of England was committed t

years were few, his attainme

what is usual at his early a

covered a rare maturity of j

ennobled by the love of virt

taken care to provide him with

ceptors, chief of whom were S

friend of the Gospel, and Dr wards Bishop of Ely; and

youthful prince, and his rapid

studies, rewarded the diligence pectations of his instructors.

Latin and French, written in h

extant, attesting the skill he h languages at that tender age.

last and noblest of the wiv

assiduously aided the develo

CORONATION O

first acts of the Council was to dep and deprive him of the seals.

indication that the party which h the wheels of the Reformation from power. followed.

Other signs of a

The coronation of th

took place on the 28th of Februa Westminster.1

There followed

2 Strype, Mem. of Cranmer,

had learned abroad.

The

c

knowledge, the people were

few men in the nation had clear

views, and every day that pass only

made matters worse.

faction on the one hand and en

ing party on the other; to com to set bounds to avarice and

prejudice; to plan wisely, to w

advance at only such speed as

possible; to be ever on the w

foes, and ever armed against

toil day after day and hour

oftentimes disappointed in the

begin anew: here were the fai

the courage of the Reformers.

tbat now presented itself to Cra

time in teaching the young to re

clergymen with an income of £1 at least to rince should afterwards be admi

of authority in the kingdom, with

to maintain the Protestant religi

but Protestants should be adm

with the exception of those tha

livings, entered into simoniaca least worthy of the ministers, t should fill the post, but tha receive the richest portion of th term Tulchan bishops. Knox the institution of the new ord first, because he held it a rob patrimony; and second!/, becau of the Presbyterian equality w in the Scottish Kirk. His op completion of this disgraceful was not carried through till t died. In August, 1572, he re

1 i.e., break the pulpit in pie Autobiography.) 2 A tulchan is a calf 's skin stuf to make the cow give her milk fre

“Kirk-of-Field.”

The lurid blaz

sky of Edinburgh that night, a

roused its sleeping citizens from upon the stage new actors, and

outrages that startle the imagin the moral sense.

Darnley has dis

an infamous and bloody man st of Mary Stuart.

There comes

passion for Bothwell, a man wit

of chivalry or honour in him—co

neering, with an evil renown h

for deeds of violence and blood

features and badly-moulded lim

Mary with the poor apology of the almost insane passion for abandoned herself.

Then, befor

husband was dry, and the ruin

56

death to reflect that she had

her friends, and the utter o

projects, while the Reformatio

had so sorely combated was e

roots deeper in her native land

From this blood-stained bloc corpse of a queen beside it,

death-scene, tragic too—not w other, but with triumph.

We

chamber at the foot of the H burgh.

Here, on this bed, is

which so many storms had bur

rest which, wearied with toil a earnestly sought.

Noblemen,

pour in to see how Knox w

lived so he dies, full of courag bed

he

exhorted, warned, a

into the grave beheld the rise of

land, which was styled episcopac

episcopacy, for it possessed no a cised no oversight. motives

which

We have al

led to

this in

Presbyterian equality which had

in the Scottish Church, and the borne by the men who filled under this arrangement.

They w

bishops, being only the image bishop,

set up as a convenien

which the fruits of the benefice

into the treasury of the Chur

destination, but into the pocke landlords.

We have seen that

scheme, as stained with the doub and robbery.

He held it, moreo

the DEATH-W

RU

the speeches against the new bish

threatened to deprive the Churc her Assemblies, and advanced a

supremacy 0\ er ecclesiastical affa

declared an inherent prerogativ England.1

Into this complicated

had matters now come in Scotlan The man who had so largely

unwearied labours to rear the Sc

establishment, and who had wat

such unslumbering vigilance, was

Of those who remained, many w

1 Buifc of TJniv. Kirh, p. 58. vol. i.s p. 154.

Mc.O

took place during Melville’s r

and that terrible event, by cro

refugees, vastly enlarged his ac

Protestants of the Continent.

time as many as 120 French

hospitable city, and among oth

was Joseph Scaliger, the gre

age, with whom Melville renew which had been begun two

horrors of this massacre, of w

near a view, deepened the de tyranny, and helped to nerve

made in subsequent years for 1 James Melville, Wodrow ed., 1842. 2 Ibid., p. 41. 3 Ibid., p. 4L

Autobiograph

limited to things spiritual, and s in things temporal.

Luther had

of the essential distinction betwee but he shrank from the difficulty

views in a Church organisation. C

battle, had succeeded in vestin

Geneva with a certain measure of

dence ; but the State there was

two branches—the spiritual adm

1 Buik of XJniv. Kirk, pp. 73, 74. w?2e3 vol. i.2 p. 165.

M

away the jurisdiction of

Pr

independent Kirk and an ab

not co-exist in the same rea

accorded but too well with t

house and his own prepossessi imbibed by the king.

He pr

and the evil transformation w

the counsellors to whom he h

self was completed by his init youthful debauchery.

The Popish politicians on th

of course, that James VI. wou

of England; and there is reas mission of the polished and principled expectation. restore

the

Esme

Stuart

had

The Duke of broken

link

be

with repeated instances, in the co

in which this expedient for cem

strengthening confidence among

Protestantism was had recourse t

princes repeatedly subscribed no

The Waldenses assembled bene

Bobbio, and with uplifted hands

their “ancient lamp’7 or die in t

citizens of Geneva, twice over, m Church of St. Peter, and swore resist the duke, confession.

and

maintain

Berne and some ot

hallowed their struggle for the G

The Hungarian Protestants follo

In 1561 the nobles, citizens, an

bound themselves by oath not to

and circulated their Covenant in

53*

(From an

authority of the Church had

sentences disannulled, and her

in the discharge of their duty, of these grievances.

Andrew

was appointed to present the in council;

having obtained

missioners read the remonst finished, Arran

looked

roun

countenance, and demanded, “ these

treasonable

articles V’

plied Melville, and, advancing the pen and subscribed.

The

overturned the independence of

oiacted that no ecclesiastical A ss without the king’s leave; that cline the judgment of the king

on any matter whatever, under p

that all ministers should acknow as their ecclesisatical superiors. termed the Black Acts.

Their

the feet of the king that whole m

siastical courts which, as matte

the jurisdiction of the Romish

restored, and by consequence, t Church not overthrown.4

This

of Scotland a legal ground on future battles.

But James YI. was incapa

one mind, or persevering ste

In 1596 the Popish lords, who

on the suppression of their re Scotland. in

arms

Notwithstanding t against the king,

their plots while they lived

1 See copy of letters, with the cip Written, and its key, in Calderwood 2 Calderwood, Hist., vol. v., p. 10 3 Act James YI., 1592. 4 Calderwood, Hist.s vol. w, pp,

sentation.

The matter having re

stage, the king adventured on th

step, which was to nominate Da

Blackburn, and George Gladsta

bishoprics of Ross, Aberdeen, an

new-made bishops took their s Parliament.

The art and fines

his counsellors had triumphed; b

not yet complete, for the Gene

continued to manage, although

authority and freedom, the affair

1 M9Crie, IA£z

Melvillea vol.

the instructions sent to Ham

England in 1600, bidding him

men, on the princely word of a

as I have ever without swer

same religion within my kingd

shall please God lawfully to pos

of that kingdom, I shall not on

fession of the Gospel there, b

any other religion to be profess of that kingdom.”

This stro

less, quieted the fears of the En

in the same degree it awaken Homan Catholics.

They began to despair of the prematurely, we think; but

more impatient than James, se

of their Church was with th

he observed that nothing was left

king. “That,” said Catesby, “is t

and accomplish little,” and he pro

Percy a much grander design, w

cuted with greater safety, and wo

far greater consequences. “You h

“ taken off the king; but his ch will succeed to his throne.

Suppo

whole royal family, there will st bility, the gentry, the Parliament.

sweep away with one stroke; and

have sunk in a common ruin, th

the Church of Rome in England.”

posed to blow up the Houses o gunpowder, when the king and

Realm should be there assembled

The manner in which this p

past, and all the clouds that lo

in the days of Elizabeth are b sea ” of mutual conciliation.

the men from whom those l

loyalty and brotherly concord

while storing gunpowder in th

the House of Lords, laying the

the hours when they should fir

the pillars of the State, and

frame of the realm. The way i

crime was prevented, and Eng by a letter addressed to Lord the conspirators, whose heart

failed him at the last moment

oelow the House of Lords, follo

of the astounding plot—we nee

There is evidence for believi

reasons assigned by the Pontiff fo

1605, was that it was to witness

of all the impious errors of the h

says that “he could never m Jesuit who blamed it.”1 2 spirators who made

Two

their esca

rewarded; one being made

pe

Pope, and the other a confesso

Garnet, who was executed as a tr

Bellarmin a martyr; and Misso

1 “Impios hereticorum errores \Bennet, Memorial of the Reformation 2 Copely, Reas, of Conversion, p. 23. Nov., 1710.

DEATH OF

The Nations Dead—Protestantis Throne of England—His Art James to Scotland—The Five A great Spiritual Awakenin Stewarton—Market-day at Ir Strengthened.

The first part of the mighty Protestantism in the sixtee

1 The King of Scotland's Negotia tance against the Commonwealth o satisfy as many as are not willi

Authority. Lond., printed by W this pamphlet the letters are give English. They are also publish lections.

modern, that is, the free State, watched over it in its cradle; it

youth; and it crowned its manh • liberty.

It was not the State in

freedom to the Church : it wa gave freedom to the State.

T

philosophy of liberty than this;

have yet their liberty to estab useful to study this model.

The demise of Elizabeth ca

before he had completed his sch

fabric of arbitrary power on th

independent and liberal institutio possessed.

But he prosecuted

England the grand object of h

cannot go into a detail of the ch

he overreached some, the threa

was, for the thing is long since stuffed into the rude similitud enough to deceive the imperfect Cow. At milking-time the Tul bent, was set as if to suck; the f fancied that her calf was busy, a and so gave her milk freely, which straining in white abundance into The Scotch milkmaids in those da Tulchan; is the Tulchan ready? Scotch Lairds were eager enough Lands and Tithes, to get the ren which was not always easy. They a Form of Bishops to please the make the milk come without dist now knows what a Tulchan Bi mechanism constructed not with liament and King’s Council, amo asunder afterwards with dreadful to the four winds, so soon as the it! ” (Carlyle, Cromwell’s Letters an People’s Ed., 1871.)

the spot where it would next known.

It turned as it listed, ev

and was quite as much above m could neither say to it, “ Come,”

Wherever it passed, its track w

that of the rain-cloud across the

ness, by a shining line of mo verdure.

Preachers

had found

nor had they become' suddenly c eloquence; yet their words had

formerly lacked; they went deep

of their hearers, who were impre way they had never been before.

heard a hundred times over, of wh

weary, acquired a freshness, a no

that made them feel as if they h the first time.

They felt inexpress

occurrence originated that trai

sulted in consequences so truly and its neighbourhood.

The M

ton and some ladies of rank that road, their carriage broke

of the parish. The minister, Mr

to rest in his house till it shou

they could proceed on their j our

an opportunity of observing th

the manse, and in return for the

experienced within its walls, t

building, at their own expense the minister.

He waited on

Hamilton to express his thank

1 Wodrow, Life of Dickson, G bk. iii., chap. 2,pp. 182, 183; Kels

James,

“is the

true

patter

kings sit upon God’s throne subjects are not permitted to

but by flight, as we may se brute

beasts

and

unreasonab

support of his doctrine he cite

who under “ the tyranny of A

lion, but fled into the wilderne

who, when showing the Israeli king would spoil and oppress

with all manner of burdens, g

less no right to rebel, or eve

short, the work is an elaborate

government, and its correlative

1 Select Biographies, vol. i., p. 348 2 The True Lavi of Free Monarchie

which his father had consented to marriage was in prospect. It alli daughter of France and Borne; it a sense, within the circle of Pop introduced a dominating Popish councils, and into the education “The king’s marriage with Pop says Dr. Kennet, “was a more i than the great plague that signali of his reign.” His second error f the first: it was the dissolution o because it insisted upon a redre before it would vote him a supply spread discontent through the n Charles be distrusted by all his fu His second Parliament was equal missed, and for the same reason ;

science upon pain of eternal da The history of all nations

that civil tyranny cannot mai

religious liberty, and wheneve

proximity of freedom of consc

extinguish that right, or suff guished by it.

So was it now

this time over the diocese of L

remarkable character, destine

crisis to which the king and n This was Laud, Bishop of manners, industrious habits,

esteeming forms of so much th

much they were in themselv

1 Kushworth, vol. i., p. 422. Bennet, Memorial, p. 154.

of prayer taken from the Mass-

Pontifical; “ as if he wished,” s

how much of a Papist might be b Popery.”

There were some who s

bishop was at no great pains to

distinction between the two; a

there was, it was so very smal unable to see it at Rome; for,

tells us in his Diary, the Pope twi the offer of a red hat.

It added to the confusion in me that, while the Protestants were

in the Star Chamber and High C

Papists were treated with the u

^hile the former were being fined 1 Rushworth, vol. ii.a pp. 76, 77.

W

his cherished project of planting

prelacy in

Scotland.

First

an

of

order

bishops. were

came

Tulchan

These

without

men

jurisdic¬

tion, and, we may add, without stipend; main

use

their

being

to

convey the Church’s pa¬ trimony to their patrons. In

1610

the

Tulchan

bishop disappeared, and the bishop ordinary took his place.

Under cover

of a pretended Assembly which met that year in

JAN

it borrowed the very words o

The 23rd of July, 1637, was fix

the use of the new Service Book

As the day approached it be

it would not pass without a t

mons to fall down and worship

direct, roused into indignatio

men who had listened to Kno

system being again set up w

under the leading of their great down.

Some of the bishops we

manifestations, well knowing countrymen, and counselled the

’■ The Booke of Common Prayer, the Sacraments, and other parts of use of the Church of Scotland. Edin

utmost of that power which G

our hands, all the days of our life

further pledged its swearers to s

majesty,” and one another, “ in

preservation of the aforesaid true and laws of the kingdom.”

It will not be denied that na

defend their religion and libert

they see cause, they may add to

duty the higher sanctions of vow doing so they invest the cause the sacredness of religion.

This

did on this occasion, which is one of their history.

From the Gram

shut out the P6pish north, to parts on the south their country

nation assembled in the metropo

the least importance was their their side. the

bold

The prelates we measure

of the

C

Spottiswood, Archbishop of that the National Covenant

exclaimed in despair, “ Now a

doing these thirty years byepa down.”

Nor was the court le

hews reached it.

Charles sa

arbitrary power vanishing.

Covenant is in force,” said the

“ I have no more power in S of Venice.”3

Promises, conce

1 Aikman, Hist, of Scotland, vol. “ Remonstrance of the Nobility, B 1639, p. 14. s Burnet, Memoirs of the Duke of

The Scots had initiated their re

ing the National Covenant, and

by continuing to sit in Assemb

commissioner had ordered them the opinion of Charles I.

noth

him but the last resort of kings

April, 1640, the king summoned

vote him supplies for a war with

the Lords and Commons, having

for a war of Laud’s kindling, an

over that to suppress the rights o

throw down one of the main ramp

own liberties, refused the money asked for.

Charles had recourse t

and called upon the bishops to which the laity withheld.

57

Les

Covenant, entered England, en

forces at Newburn on the Ty them, almost without striking

took possession of the towns of

ham, and levied contributions Northumberland.

Meanwhile t

his army was dispirited, his no he was. daily receiving letters

him to make peace with the S

suaded at last to attempt extri

the labyrinth into which his ra

had brought him, by opening n Scots at Eipon.

The treaty w

ferred to London, and its iss

Free Assemblies and Free Parl

1 Baillie, Letters, vol.

say from two hundred to three

The northern parts of Irela populated ; and the slaughter

all those disgusting and harro marked valleys.

similar

butcheries

The persons concer

pleaded the king’s authority, an commission with his broad

There is but too much ground f

that the king was privy to thi

but what it concerns us to no

massacre, occurring at this junc

1 The facts on this head given pp. 194, 195; Calamy’s Life of Bax

History of Presb. Church in Ireland

little doubt that the king and the understood one another.

whole

body of

the

England and Scotland.

Protestan

The anal

has given of this famous docum concise and eminently fair.

We q

compendious statement of its pro historical writer, who says:

“

Covenants [the National and the

and treating them as one docum

therein embodied were the follow

“ 1. Defence of Reformed Pre in Scotland.

2.. Promotion of

the Churches of the three kingd tion of Popery, Prelacy, and all religion.

4. Preservation of Pa

the liberties of the people.

5

sovereign in his maintaining the

the Parliaments, and the liberti

to our day, attest the range o

and the strength of their gen

their “ learning and good s

Baxter, who must be allowed

judge, says, “ Being not worth

myself, I may the more free

which I know, even in the fac

—that the Christian world h more excellent

divines

(taki

another) than this synod and

At the request of the Englis commissioners from Scotland

—three noblemen and four m of the four ministers—the

superiority and worth is tha

words in Scotland to this d Henderson,

Samuel

Rutherfo

Scotland Beeeives the Westminster —Army of the Parliament—Mora to the Scots—Given up to the Parliament—Charles Attainted and Wars—Overthrow of the Po

In 1647 the “Westminster Sta

ceived by the Church of Scotland

uniformity of religion to which th

had become bound in the Solem

Acts were afterwards ratified b Parliament, and sworn to by all in the kingdom.

Scotland laid

creed, and accepted in its room a fession of Faith,” composed by English divines.

She put her

chisms on the shelf, and began to

in a civil war, where the ha

rival factions contend togeth

and fury unknown to foreig armies first met at Edgehill,

hard-contested field was claime

either victory could not be o

for the blood that moistened th

field was that of brother sh brother. battle

The campaign thus

flowed hither and th

land, bringing in its train m miseries attendant on

war.

dragged away from their quie peasants from their peaceful

to live in camps, to endure th marches and sieges, to perish and be flung at last into the

in their buff coats, and armed w and snort musket.

Then came

their culverins and falconets.1 appeared late on the field;

T

the

1 Life of Lord Fairfax, p

57*

1 Life of Lord Fairfax, pp. 170—17 King’s Pamphlet, No. 164. 2 Alexander Henderson was ap the king. A series of papers pas Newcastle on the subject of Ch the discussion was resultless. T his coronation oath bound him Henderson replied that the Parlia willing to release him from th Charles denied that the Houses o power, and we find him maintain lowing extraordinary argument says he, “to make it clearly ap Church never did submit, nor wa [the Houses of Parliament], and king and clergy who made the Ee ment merely serving to help to g All this being proved (of which it must necessarily follow that of England (in whose favour I to release me from it. Wherefore

what were the bearings of the

higher interests of human progre tion we

behold the close of

years’ duration, spent in plotting a the Reformation.

That cycle ope

and it closed with a scaffold.

I

the execution of the martyrs o

recorded in preceding chapters o

it closed at Whitehall on the sca in 1649.

Between these two po

tude of battles, sieges, and trage

the Popish Powers in their atte

that great movement that was b

temporal and spiritual emancipa

1 Hist, of his own Timej vol. i., p.

its evangelical labours. The fall of the Monarchy ceeded by a Commonwealth. soon passed into a military

nation felt that the constitutio

it had contended on the battle and that it had again fallen

government which many hop mortal wound when the head the scaffold.

Both England a

heavy weight of that strong

away the crown, had so firmly Perhaps

England, swarming

Republicans, with factions and

fit for freedom, and had to ret longer into bonds.

But if th

under which she was now plac

merriest peals, and in the evenin which was burned the effigy of on the Castle-hill.8

Charles was crowned at Londo

May, a truly fatal day, which w

flood of profanity and vice in

torrent of righteous blood in Sco

been foreseen by some whose fee

perturbed as to be incapable' of o character of Charles.

Mr. John

1 For a full and able account of ecc Scotland during Cromwell’s adminis

of the Church of Scotland during the

the Rev. James Beattie; Edin., 1842. 2 Clarendon, Hist, of the Rebellion, v 3 Wodrow3 Hist, of Church of Scot G-las., 1828.

Respective synods;

that the

under no oaths or promises o bishops ,

and that the bishop

cording to the canons and cons

and established by Parliament.

fiiey humbly represented that was perfect without them : fruitful in disputes, schisms,

pious pastors in the past; an

fession of their advocates, in th indifference, they prayed to be

ing at the Sacrament, wearin ments. making the sign of the bowing at the name of Jesus. slight revision of the Littirgy.

without the sign of the cross.

was lawful to profane God’s na the day, but it was a crime to

of Jesus without lifting one’s hat

tinguished between principles a

controversy all the principles w

and all the points on the oth

enforcing the latter admitted th there was no foundation in the

that they were matters of indiffe

A. space for deliberation was a

of August was fixed upon as th

must express their submission to the consequences.

That day

1 Burnet, Hist, of Ms Own Time, lond., 1724.

again seen Fathers

on the throne of

knew

that their ho

straightway resumed their plot and liberties of Great Britain.

first outburst of that cloud t

England with the advent of

expulsion of the 2,000 Noncon

on the northern kingdom th destined to break in greatest longest.

We return to Scotlan

We have seen the extravag the king’s return was hailed

ecstasy had its source in two explanation of these will help

course which events took af

cause was the almost idolatrou

Scots bore to the House of Stu

believing such an anomaly to be in the wider realm of Britain

had deemed it in the narrower do

But Charles was too indolent to p

liis grand scheme, and its exec over to others.

Lord Clarendon,

his minister, and knowing his m

of his first cares was to find f

work that was to be done in Sco

accounted himself exceedingly fo in discovering two men whom have shaped and moulded for his

two men on whom Clarendon’s ey

not only richly endowed with all

that could fit them for the base

destined them, but they were eq

by the happy absence of any n

trepid spirit of Melville and He their time. The grand old chie Loudon, Sutherland, Eothes— young nobles who had arisen to imbibe the libertine spirit and to conform themselves to them at Whitehall, had forg with that the patriotism, of great scholars and divines the sky of Scotland in the la YI. and the reign of Charles the Hallyburtons, the Gille these troubles were beginning to publish his Lex Rex in 166 the Government had burned it hangman, and summoned its a charge of high treason, when

E

lestruction of Scottish Protestantis Services to Charles II.—How Re —Mr. Janies Guthrie—His Chara to the Hetherbow—Prelacy set quired to Receive Presentation a

We have seen the scheme resu

S

iuse, of seating a Popish prince

ngland, and carrying over the influence of the three kingdoms

wreck.

A fourth edict was a

work of the former three.

was found necessary to set up were two men in Scotland of

and influence, who must be t

before it would be safe to proc

now contemplated, namely, tha byterianism and substituting

men were the Marquis of Ar Guthrie, minister at Stirling.

Archibald, Marquis of Argy

among the nobles of Scotlan

influence he towered high abo

had endowed him with excel

careful education had develop

VIEW OE

would not be wholly forgotten.

to London to congratulate the king It was now that he discovered

of the man by whose side he h many had forsaken him.

Witho

mitted into Charles’s presence, h

sent down by sea to Scotland, t Parliament for high treason.

25th of May, 1661, he was senten on the Monday following.

He

minent Protestant in Scotland, must die.

Argyle shrank from physical su

sentenced to the axe, he conqu tional weakness, and rose above

Burnet, who witnessed his exe

the ladder he spoke an hour w

of one who was delivering a se last words.”4

The martyr him

often felt greater fear in asc

preach than he now did in mou die.

“ I take God to record

he in conclusion,

“ I would

scaffold with the palace or m prelate in Britain.”

His face w

1 Burnet, Hist. of his own Time, v 2 Wodrow, bk. i., sec. 3. Burne vol. i., p. 179; Edin. ed.

3 The body of Argyle was, imm tion, carried into the Magdalene C table still to be seen there. 4 Burnet, vol. i,, p. 159.

their anointing took place in the rood.

Scotland

was now divid

dioceses, and over each diocese w consecrated

bishop with jurisdi

shepherds to whom the Scottish flo

by Charles II. had all, before rece

consecration, renounced their Pre tion as null.

This throws an in

the mission they had now taken condition of that country, as it

eyes, in which they were to fu

Presbyterian ordination was wort

of all Presbyters in Scotland, an

less were the powers and min whole Presbyterian Church. was a pagan country.

S

It posses

pastors nor valid ^Sacraments, and

The Bishops hold Diocesan Courts Wrath and Violence—Archbi

1662—Four Hundred Minister the People—Scotland before t sioner Conventicles Court o

The Parliament, having done

It had promulgated those edi

Church and State of Scotland a

II., and it left it to the Pri

bishops to carry into effect wh law.

Without loss of time

would be mere ciphers.”1

Midd

poor man by telling him that of his crosier he would add sword, and he should then see

bold as to refuse to own him as meeting of the Privy Council

College Hall of Glasgow, on th 1662. for

They met in a conditio

the

adoption

of

moderate

bishops urged them to extreme c

counsels their own passions coin

till they were maddened, and c vengeance.

It was resolved to e

livings and banish from their

ministers who had been ordaine 1 Wodrow, bk. i., chap.

thought that the Scotland of

this Act was meant to consign

the Act, on the contrary, ha

again; it was rising in the s

and they knew that they must

Middleton’s rage knew no bo

glance all the fatal consequen

step he had taken—the ulti

plans, the loss of the royal favo

triumph of that cause to which given the death-blow.

Meanwhile, the sufferings of were far from light.

The blow

upon them, ancl left them hardl

accommodation for themselves

A CON

round it the better portion of th

The shepherds had been smitte

would not long escape, and they

when their day of trial should c lamentation

and

woe

overspre

“ Scotland,” says Wodrow, “was

such a Sabbath as the last on wh

preached; and I know no para

They were all of them witho

and many of them lacked mora

“ They were ignorant to a rep

Burnet, “ and many of them o

were a disgrace to the order and

and were indeed the dregs and r parts.”2

In some cases their

was met by a shower of ston

was barricaded on Sunday m to make their entrance by the

Middleton was now drawing career.

He had dragged Argy

Guthrie to the gallows, and he

by extruding from their char

3 Kirkton, Hist, of the Church o 2 Burnet, vol. i., p. 229.

years,” says Wodrow, “he lived

desolate island, in a very mise

had nothing but, barley for his b

to prepare it with was sea-tangl

had no more to preserve his mise In Scotland, Presbytery and

twins of classic story, have ever f together.

After 1663 no Parlia

land during six years.

The la

defunct, and the will of the king

and fortify the domain of civil

Now the policy of the Governm

the concord which had been for

countries, that on the ruins of

they might plant arbitrary po religion.

What Charles mainly

was absolute power; what the

around him sought to compass

of the Romish faith ; but th

persuade the monarch that h

own object except by advancin

put their shoulder to the great

prerogative and the usurpatio vanced by equal steps, while

national honour sank as the o

The first more manifest step

cline was the famous declar

religion and the liberties of Europ

was a step to the ruin of mo

Britain was very artfully detach

testant allies and her own tru

Duchess of Orleans, King Charle patched (1670) on a private

in

brother at Dover, on purpose to to him.

Having brought her neg

length she returned to Paris, leav lady of acknowledged charms,

afterwards Duchess of Portsmout

favourite mistress, to prosecute w unable to conclude.

Next, M. Co

from the Court of France, came ac

pistoles to lay out to the best adv many and so convincing reasons

difficulty in persuading the minist

fordable, and which may be sa gates of their country to the

The English had not the su

French king had on land, n Louis XIY.

He had declare

at Yienna that he had undert

extirpation of heresy, and h

admiral so to arrange the line

fleets as that the English he

large share of the promised ex

studied,” says Marvell, “to s

our ports, to learn our build

our way of fighting, to consu

1 Andrew Marvell, Growth of P vernment in England, pp. 30, 31. 2 Bowyer, Hist, of King William

3 Sir William Temple, The Uni

him Captain and Admiral-Gene Provinces.1

From this hour th

Dutch began to revive, and the tunes to turn.

The conflict was

as that which his illustrious p wage.

He dealt Louis XIY.

obliged him to surrender some

and by his prudence and success

countrymen, that their suffrages p

high position of Hereditary Stadt

behold a champion presenting him

testant side worthy of the crisis.

his great fight against tremendou

1 Bowyer, Hist, of William, III.,

58

the second William it may b

crowned the great struggle wh

had commenced more than a c

We cannot follow in its de

this great struggle, we can only and flow of its current.

The v

French king had to retreat b

the young Stadtholder, and the

XIY. had reaped on so many

at last to lay at the feet of the

English, who had conducted th

with as little glory as the Fr

theirs by land, found it expedie a peace with Holland.

The un

and France was thus at an longer confederate in arms,

tinued to prosecute in concer

To that general satisfaction there Louis XIY. was startled when

affair of such consequence had be court where, during many years,

had been concluded without h advice.

Our ambassador at Ye

said that he had never seen the on receiving this news.

“The du

given his daughter to the greates the world.”3

Men saw in it ano

great conqueror had begun to fa Stadtholder.

The marriage plac

line of succession to the Engli

still there were between him an

1 Andrew Marvell, p. 69. 2 Bowyer, Hist, of William III., vol 3 Burnet, Hist, of his own Time, vol.

parts so inconsistent, incredible

others so circumstantial, and s

the story so fell in with the ch

which were prolific in strang

natural and monstrously wick people doubted that a daring

conspiracy was in progress f

and all its Protestant instituti Oates was the first to give astounding

project.

Oates,

orders in the Church of En

conciled himself to Rome, appe

and Council, and stated in eff been, a plot

carried

on

by

Catholics, against his Majesty’s

religion, and the government

Oates was only half informed

after time, against the duke, b staunch to his interests. the

bishops

triumphed.

The H

espoused his caus The

Commons,

d

failed to alter the succession, or prerogative. But the duke,

notwithstandi

Parliament, found that the fee

arising from the Popish plot, se

him; and now he set to work to

1 “ Here is lately discovered a str that of St. Denis or St. Winifred. stifled and then strangled, that shou and walk invisibly almost five mile been dead four days before, run him own sword, to testify his trouble f traitors whom he never injured.” Dec. 3rd, 1678 )

T

who won for himself the hig ^ court by his Julian.

This w

Popery and Paganism, based

great apostate, in which the a exposure

of the

doctrine

o

Johnson was amerced in a he

the prison of the King’s Benc Nobler victims followed. Lord Russell, and Algernon

gether to consult by what step

torrent of insulting and vil

him, and then ordered him to

behaviour,” says Burnet, “ w

that was ever heard of in a civ

one circuit,” says the same au

in several places about six hun

England had never known any

In the year 1683, as Jeffr northern circuit, he came to

Here he was informed that so

of the town had formed them and met weekly for prayer sation.

Jeffreys at once saw

many rebels and fanatics, and

A Burnet, Hist, of his own Time 2 Ibid., vol. ii., p. 216. 3 Ibid., vol. ii.; PP* 314, 315.

led life.”1

Charles II. died on th

1684, in the fifty-fourth year of h

life departed all the homage and o

had waited round the royal perso treated almost as if it had been

1 Burnet, Hist, of his oivn Tvme

68*

stood still.

Virtue fled from

unhallowed outrage, and man

lived till then in affluence, bec

of greedy informers and riotou poverty and beggary. would

not

yield.

But the Every

n

deepened the resolution of th by their Church and their

the attempts to corrupt the o other.

The glorious days of t

hands of their fathers, the ma ral

Assemblies, the patriarcha

who had

preached

the Word

their own vows, all these gr back upon them, and made it to comply with the mandates

resistance had so far been on

and barns at night, with a most of victuals.1 Their resolution, flag. On the Monday the hor tered in the High Street, one mounted the Tolbooth stairs, p sermon read the Covenant, whic who were joined by several of t with uplifted hands. They next ration setting forth the reason in arms, namely, the defence of government and the liberties “ Here,” says Kirkton, “ this rol at the biggest.” Their numbe estimated at from 1,500 to 3,0

5 Kirkton, Hist., pp. 234—236. 2 The declaration is given in Wod

As the night fell the fightin they

had

prolonged

coming of victory,

the

co

which

n

hope for, but for the coming their flight.

Leaving fifty o

on the battle-field of Rullion

the name of the spot on whic "rest, excepting those taken

about 100, made their escape o

the southern slopes towards th the west.1

‘ The slaughter begun on the

1 Kirkton, pp. 242, 245.

Bur

of their lives.

The clerical me

however, refused to take that v

ter, insisting that the quarter t

been admitted was no protection, of rebellion.

They were

executed in batches.

tried

With suc

---

3 Burnet, Hist of Us Own Tim

was laid in the boot; the ham was driven down, a pang as along the leg, making every the prisoner to quiver. Six,

seven,

eight,

McK

ten strok

hammer was raised for yet a

solemnly protested in the sig

could say no more, although e

was in as great torture as that

1 Wodrow, Hist., vol. ii.„ pp. pp. 248,, 249. 2 Burnet, Hist, of his own Time, 3 The boot consisted of four together, so as to form a case for laid in it, wedges were driven dow able pain, and frequently mangl of bruising both bone and marro . 4 Wodrow/ Hist., vol. ii., v. 53.

they found an instrument adm their purpose.

This man unite

genial characters of fanatic and s

had possessed any of the “milk

ness,” he had got quit of what ce been a great disqualification for into his hands.

In his wars a

and Turks his naturally cruel di

rendered utterly callous; in sho

not less the Turk than any of th did battle.

From

these dista

returned to inflict on his country

women the horrid cruelties whic practised abroad.

His outward man was a cor

fierce, fiery, fanatical, and mal dwelt within it.

His figure wa

Nature had endowed Lauderda but with nothing else.

He was

without a spark of honour o

of power, yet greedier of mon

beneath him, and cringing an riors.

His bloated features

the vile passions to which he

the low excesses in which he Tt was easy to see that should

of reconciling the two parties, their union, of managing the

temper and unprincipled ambi

into cruelties not less great th

made his predecessor infamous 1 Burnet, Hist, of his own Time, 2 lbid.a pp. 307—309. Kirkton,

had the Gospel possessed such

hearts been so melted under it

preached to them in these wild their Communion

Sabbaths

be

hallowed as when their table w

moorland or on the mountain; n

been ever sung with such thrillin

its strains, rising into the open on the wilds.

This they felt wa

ship of the heart—real, fervent,

It will brighten this dark pag

place upon it a little picture of o

ings, where children of the Cov

far from city and temple, in the wilderness.

We will take an a

the year 1677. The Communion

on a certain Sunday in the Mea

THOMAS DALZIEL

the sky; again they roll away

wilderness, awakening its sile

moorland begins to sing with i The psalm ended, prayer is

that he is the channel through

and thanksgivings of the thous

ascending to the Mercy-seat de

of the minister, and enkindles what reverence he addresses

How earnestly he pleads, how

in which his supplications arr how chaste and beautiful the

tables : and as the number tha

modated was not less than 200

persons who that day joined in t

Lord’s Supper could not be be

were present besides the com

entire assemblage could not b

than between 4,000 and 5,000. conducted by five ministers.

another sermon was preached b

took for his text Gen. xxii. 1 called the name of that place

is said to this clay, In the mo shall be seen.”

The duty he pr

was that of walking by faith th

of the night now covering the

transgress in this respect, by stea one of the outed ministers, his

magistrate, landlord, or master, w

punish the culprit; and failing to

to incur the penalties he ough upon his dependants.

These

received rigorous execution, and s

thereby which amazed one whe

what extent the country had suff pillagings.

It was not enough,

this legal robbery,

that

one e

venticle ; he must be in his pl

church on Sunday; for every da liable to a fine.1

1 TVodrow, Hist, of Church of Scotl Aikman, Hist, of Scotland3 vol. iv., p.

to which they had yet been s

lived after its author, and h

secured its more merciless a ment. In this terrible drama one

ceeded by a bloodier, and one c

by another still more cruel a

Government, in want of soldie

measures on the scale now c

their eyes to the same quart obtained a supply of curates.

10,000 Highlanders was brou

Popish north,2 to spoil and tor of the western Lowlands.

Th

1 Aikman, Hist, of Scotland, v iJ Wodrow, Hist. Ch. of Scotla

After Drumclog the Covenan

camp on Hamilton Moor, on the Clyde.

They were assailable o

bridge across that river, 'which defended.

The royal army now

them, under Monmouth, number

the Presbyterian host was somew

But they were weakened in prese

more by disunion than by disparit

Indulgence had all along been p and was now to inflict upon disaster.

It was debated wheth

accepted the Indulgence should b

in arms with their brethren ti condemned it.

A new and ext

* Altman, Hist, of Scotland,

was thrown by the winds upon

of the poor prisoners on b

Those who escaped the waves badoes and sold as slaves.

A

return to their native land at The years that followed are

times ; ” and truly Scotland du unlike that from which the a shambles.

The Presbyteri

the mountains and tracked b

the Privy Council to the caves had hid themselves.

Claverho

were continually on the pur men and women in the fields

4s fast as the prisons could b

ROBE

(

There was a party, however, who r

King James’s Toleration, and wh

the objects of a relentless persec

previously raised the question w

of Stuart had not, by their perver

tution, religious and civil, and th

habitual tyranny, forfeited all rig

The conclusion at which they arriv

in their famous proclamation at S

22nd of June, 1680, a little troop

be wetted with the blood of y James Renwick.

He was of

who refused to own James as

avowing his sentiments on this

he was condemned to be exec

on the scaffold on the 17th o

calm, courageous, and elevated

lie expressed a confident ljop

ileliverance for Scotland was n glory yet awaited her.

He es

vast concourse of sorrowing sp

scaffold, but the drums beat a came a pause in their noise,

heard to say, or rather to sin

above these clouds—I shall s

clouds, then shall I enjoy thee

my Father, without interrupti

took possession of the us, and

doubtless

it

crown m surprised

Universally suspected of being a

which made it capital for any o he was so, so far from allaying,

confirm the wide-spread suspicion

It was only a few years since t

almost had appeared to concur in

exclude him from the throne, and

had been made in Parliament to p effect.

Nevertheless,

when

th

James’s accession took place with cence.

It is true, that as there h

for the death of Charles, so ther for the accession of James : the

claimed him passed through silen

there was no enthusiasm there w

dicial to the interests of his feeding the nation

upon

de

firmly seated on the throne, that he now promised.

Meant

were repeated again and aga

explicit, and in manner not

religion and laws of England w the king would have all men

parently frank and sincere wer that if they quieted the alarm

land, they awakened the fears

Louis XIV. began to doubt

the Church of Rome, and th

1 Burnet, Hist., vol. ii 2 Bowyer, Hist. James 3 Ibid., p. 13.

planned, both were unskilfully l inadequately supported.

Argyle,

round the north of Scotland wit furled the

standard of insurre

mountains of his native Highlan

at the head of 4,000 men to the b

he was there overthrown; Monm

from Holland at the same time, l

Dorsetshire, and gathering roun

few thousand men, he joined bat

forces and encountered utter defe were taken and executed.

Neit

ripe, nor were the leaders compet

England had to be more grievo yoke of the tyrant before its

prepared to adopt the conclusion

of the persecuted Presbyterians

THE MA

we shall give in the words

enable us to realise the mons

times, and the utter shame into sunk.

Baxter was committed

for his paraphrase on the Ne

was called a scandalous and s the Government.

Being much

their heads together at the bar

guilty. This was May 30th, an

following, judgment was giv

he should pay a fine of 500 m

it was paid, and be bound to seven years.”1

The troubles of Monmouth’

been got over by the help of th

the, next step taken by the k

ment of arbitrary power and th

Britain was the abolition of th

declared Papists incapable o

employments, and especially of in the army.

These laws h

because the faith of the Rom

1 Bennet, Memorial, p

A GR

Ireland—Duke of Ormond Dismissed —Appoints Popish Judges—Lor Rights of the Protestants Confis —Parliament Dissolved—Englis Forbidden to Preach against Po and Dr. Sharp Suspended—The A —Birth of the Prince of Wales—

Meanwhile the Jesuits’ projects

ward with great vigour. was published in Scotland.

A un

Jam

the not uncommon device of em

59

kingdom.”2

Animated by a fu

hastened to the coast, eager t

and enter on his work of ov

But the winds were contrary

accounted them merciful winds

was chafing and fuming at th

Clarendon, who meanwhile he

tenancy, was arranging affair

far as he could, for the safety o

prospect of the tempest which

burst as soon as Tyrconnel had

Arrived at last, Clarendon p

into the hand of Tyrconnel, wh

in beginning the work for w

1 Bowyer, Hist. James II.s p. 61. 2 King, State o f Ireland—apud Be 3 Bowyer, Hist. James II., p. 62.

Their religious rights were n invaded.

James II. professed

liberty of conscience, as if the sa compelled the King of Spain to

tion should require the King of E toleration.

There came some cu

of James’s understanding of tha

vaunted so much; it seemed to me

right of appropriation on the par

and an equally unrestricted oblig

on the part of the Protestant of w

possessed and the former covete

with this new species of toleration to declare openly that the tithes

1 Bowyer, Hist. James II 2 Bennet, Memorial, pp. 3

J

courtiers, and a few equally obs preachers, had exalted it in thei that “ monarchy and hereditar Divine right;” that “the legi the person of the prince; ” and king to dispense with the law ingly the bench, in a case that w gave it as judgment, first, “ tha 1 Brandt, Hist., vol.

for, and that it might not b

labourers to reap it, regular

beyond the sea flocked to Eng ing it in.

The Protestant Ch

rapidly losing her right to th

she was gradually disappearin the operation

of the law re

which her preferments and

swallowed up by Popish can

there was none, unless one w the

king and

of Edward

Closet, and Father Confessor

The dispensing power, whil

sphere of the Romish Church, that of the Protestant one.

A

to the bishops, enjoined them

inferior clergy from preachin

suspend Dr. Sharp.

The bisho

on the ground that the order wa

whereupon both the Bishop of

Sharp were suspended by the C tical Commission.1

This incident convinced the Je

pensing power was not safe so

solely upon the opinion of the ju

gative might be, and indeed wa

divines of the Church of Eng

would be a much firmer basis fo

Accordingly, the Jesuits repres

what great things Louis of Fr

hour accomplishing by his drago 1 Burnet, vol. ii., pp. 347. 348. II., pp. 77—83.

Bo

oaths or disobey the king. perjure themselves; king’s nominee.

T

they re

James storm

to make them feel the weigh which in no long time they

and twenty-five fellows were

university, and declared incap

being admitted into any ecclesi fice, or promotion. indignation.

The nation

“ It was accounte

open piece of robbery and bur

thorised by no legal commissio

turned men out of their profes

The more tyrannical his m

James protested that he would i Burnet, vol. iiN p. 381.

PROTESTA

The Movement Returns to the Land Preparations in England agains Orange—The Dutch Eleet Sails— Soldiers and Sailors—The Fleet Address—The Nation Declares f

and Princess of Orange—Protest After the revolution of three

tantism,

in

its

march

round

1 Bowyer, p. 16b

59*

till finally it

should

vanish,

premature movements, or wh for itself

a basis so solid tha

abroad on the right hand and ally

gathering

fresh brightn

creating new instrumentalities last it should be accepted as

which it had liberated and reg

The first part of the altern moment the likelier to be

eyes in search of a deliverer be

fixed them upon a prince of the i

Orange, in whom the virtues, th

self-sacrificing heroism of the gr

over again, not indeed with gre

that was impossible, not even wi

but still in so pre-eminent a glo

out as the one man in Europe ca

the burden of a sinking Christen

cardinal qualification of his Prote

by his marriage with the daug was

the

next

heir

to

the

t

detach Austria and Spain fr

senting to them the danger o

and that Louis was not figh

Roman religion, but to ma monarch.

His representation

ful that they cooled the ze

Vienna and Madrid for the

and abated somewhat the d great enterprise.

On the other hand, the princ

what allies he could from th o£ Europe.

It is interesting t

federates around , the great Sta

tatives qf the men who had bee of the. Protestant movement

1 Bennet, Memoria

people, to a foreign Power.”

Bes

tion other measures were taken round the sinking

dynasty.

T

courted; the Anabaptist Lord Ma

replaced by a member of the Ch

the Duke of Ormond, who had b

the Lord-Lieutenancy of Irelan

bestowed upon him; and a ge

issued, from which, however, a sc excepted.

These measures availe

for late and forced amnesties ar

by the people as signs of a monar

not of his clemency. On the 3rd of October, the bis

command, waited on him with th

1 Bowyer, p. 204

The first night the fleet w

veered into the north, and settl

It soon rose to a violent storm next day.

The fleet was driv

ships finding refuge in Helvo

they had sailed, others in th

bours, but neither ship nor li

man who was blown from th

rumoured in England that th

had gone to the bottom, wher

sang a loud but premature triu

disaster, which they regarded a

the destruction of the Armad years before.

To keep up the

1 Weiss, French Protestant * Ibid„ p. 232.

deliberating, the wind shifted ;

of a few moments, and then a bre south-west: “ a soft and happy

who was on board, “ which car fleet in four hours’ time into

had the ships dropped their anch

returned, and blew again from t

The landing was safely effecte Devonshire flocked in crowds

deliverer and supply his troop

the mild air refreshed them afte

The landing of the horses, it wa

a matter of great difficulty; bu

a place, says Burnet, “ so happ

1 Burnet, vol. ii., p. 499. Bo William III., vol. i., pp. 235, 236.

him at this hour but his quee prudent to retire to France.

few days before stood at the

most powerful kingdoms of E

and armies at his command, w so numerous and powerful an

moment, with hardly a sword

1 Bowyer, Hist. William IIL}

in Poland, 170; his death and bu Albert, Archbishop of Mainz,

farm

gences, i., 256; employs Tetzel Miltitz’s interview with, 290.

Albigenses, crusades against, i., 38; arts, agriculture, and cities, 39

massacres under Count of Toulou

Alesius, a canon of St. Andrews, ii

Patrick Hamilton, 472 ; an eye-w

of Hamilton, 477; flees into exile

Alexius, Luther's companion, i., 23 233. Alkmaaii besieged by Alva, iii., 98;

William, and terrible threats of A

breached, and the foe repulsed

Solis saw within its walls, 99; th

B

Badby, John, his condemnation, i

at the stake with the Prince of

Barker, John de Waerden, his ma

Basle, its importance, ii., 71; prop Romanists, 71;

Protestants d

mass, 71;

magistrates

the

between the citizens and the S

8th of February, 73 ; the idols

Erasmus quits Basle, 75; desc

its environs, 221; Calvin arri the house of Catherine Klein, tutes ” and departs, 237. Beda,

head of the Sorbonne, ii.,

testantism, 140; obtains an A

Lutherans, 201.

John, of Ashford, iii., 357 ;

Brown,

dom, 357. Brussels,

first martyrs of the Befo

1., 490. Bruys,

Peter de, founder of the Petr

burned, 50.

BuDiEus, his efforts to save Berquin, ii Bullinger,

Dean, his address to his

his son Henry succeeds him, 78.

C Cajetan,

Cardinal, his character, i., 27

Luther, 278;

his haughtiness, 2

Luther, 281; his letter to the El Frederick’s reply, 285.

Leipsic, 292 ; his personal app maintains on the power of the Lord’s Supper at Wittenberg,

the Sacrament, 508; leaves Wit

509 ; disputes with Luther on i Carnesecchi,

Pietro, a patrician o

11., 423. Caspar,

Leonard, and other martyr

Charles

I. of England, his father’s

111., 536;

his character, 537 ;

measures,

538;

the “ Book o

down canons and Liturgy to

St. Giles’ on first reading of L

on the Scots, 545; peace, and Long Parliament meets, 546; jhe king’s

suspected

complic

Conde,

Prince of, his character, ii., 5

545; escapes by the death of Fr

Orleans and begins the civil wars, at battle of Dreux, 572 ; killed 582. Confessions

:

Augsburg

Belgic)

;

Tetrapolitan

(see

Augs

Confessio

Confession, iii., 78. Conscience

more powerful than philos

Consensus Tigurinis, ii., Constance,

317.

Council of, its assemblin

St. Bridget, 149 ; declares a Gene

Pope, 149; tries and deposes Joh

poses three Popes, 153; elects Mar

up of the Council and magnific Pope, 182.

Remonstrants, 152; demns

and

deposes

opening o the

Re

theology of the first and secon tion compared, 154 ; influence Du Bellay sent to negotiate an testant princes, ii.,

166.

Du Bourg, the merchant, ii., 203 burning, 210. Duprat,

Chancellor of France, ii

Protestants of Meaux, 141.

E Eck.

Dr., professor of philosophy Luther, i.,

269;

disputation

entrance into that city, 291;

presides at Diet (1529), 548; sud 550. Ferdinand

II. educated by the Jesui

231; aims at the extinction of P

liberties of Germany, 261 (see Hun Years’ War). France,

great, but misses the Reform

position, 123;

tragic grandeur

124; Louis NIL, 124; its early crisis, 172; its grand purgation,

in its calendar, 218; its first ma

their glory, 219; first Protestan

book-hawkers, 525; testimony of F

to its early Protestants, 526; lis

gregations at Henry II.’s death, 5

testantism in, 564.

.

blockaded by the Duke of Sav

venes, 276; the Savoy army be completes

its

Reformation, 2

memorative tablet, 279; vial

basis

enters

it

Genevan

of (see

a

great

Calvin)

republic,

282;

Gene moral ;

civi the

cracy taken as a model, 284;

285 ; rise of the Libertine party

Calvin and Farel, 287; Rome d

292 ; Calvin’s letter to Senate an return to Geneva, 301;

eccles

Geneva, 304 ; the new Geneva, 3 Protestant and Libertine, 309

Christendom, 309 ; the Libertines complaints of Calvin’s sermons

their plot to massacre the refuge

tapestry covering his corpse, 525. Henry

III. of France, his shamefu

quarrels with the Duke of Gui

Duke of Guise and Cardinal of

Henry (of the White Plume), an by the Pope, 616; marches on

nated by the monk Clement, 616. Henry

IV. of France, King of Nav

Protestant army by his mother 582;

his marriage with Charle

rejoicings at, 598; shall he be

march on Paris with Henry III

rearing, 617 ; assumes the crown

battles, 619 ; question of renuncia

and different counsel of Sully and

the Church of Romet 621; prom

Basle, .

203;

debates

in

the

articles, 203, 204; the Comp

and Taborites, 208 ; war betwe

Sylvius’ account of the Tabor

become the “ United Brethren,

pastors by lot, 212 ; their cond

I

Iceland, introduction of Protestant Innocent

III. founds the Inquisitio

the crusades, 39; opens the f 40; sends monks to preach the the Albigenses, 41 ; 65 ;

smites E

annuls Magna Charta, a

barons, 66.

attract youth, 405; gain the ea

princes, 405; draw rich widows i

discover the revenues and heirs o

illustrations from Spain, 410; th

be kept secret, 411; how the “In

light, 411, 418; spread of the Je

412; in Spain and Portugal, 4

Germany, 413; in Cologne an

characteristics of their spread in G

career in Poland, 416; their m Indies and Abyssinia, 417; guay, 417; West

Indies,

their 417;

trading a

thei

est

Jesuit

their banishments and suppressio

restores the order, 419 ; they effec

(see Poland) ; their arts in Hung

Lied,

Archbishop, his consecration

Church, London, iii., cutions, 539;

538; i

tumult in St.

introduction of his Liturgy, 54 Laurent

de la Croix, a Dominic

Gosucl, ii., 172; his labours,

martyrdom, 173 ; the populace persecutor, 174, Lausanne,

its site, ii., 248 ; comme

in, 249. League,

The, formed to crush the P

Leclerc,

the wool-comber and m

Protestant Church at Metz, an pared with Bri^onnet, 144. Lefevre,

Jacques, his birth and ea

for Luther, 328; Luther cited t

journey thither, and reception a arrival at Worms, 334;

Luther

appears before the Diet, 336 ; Lut

340; second appearance before th

I stand,” &c., 344; the draught the safe-conduct be violated ?

3

Worms, and Charles fulminates h

the Wartburg, 347 ; his “ idleness the New Testament, 478; beauty

Prince George of Anhalt’s estimat

Wartburg and returns to Wittenbe

484 ; translates the Old Testament

impanation, 508; Luther at the

disputes with Carlstadt, 510; Lu the Peasants, 515; ravages of the

lation

of

New

Testament,

485; with Luther, prepares th

compiles the Augsburg Confes

Augsburg, 609; concessions an

gramme of union to Francis I., Calvin at Frankfort, 296. Melville,

Andrew, birth and educ

at Paris and Geneva, 518 ; retur

war against the Tulchan episcop with James VI., 522; second

524; European importance of

banished to France, where he d

Middelburg, siege and capture by

102. Mill,

Walter, the last martyr in

iii., 488 ; his trial and burning

pared, 58;

Philip’s anger and

hearing of the image-breakings, 5 Netherland

Martyrs:

drowning

execution of Bakker, 14 ; burning sons, 27 ;

of Mulere, schoolmas

tragic story of Capel, 28; burn

connected with England, 28; w owe to their martyrs, 29 ; Joost

Dosen, and cruel martyrdom of four martyrs

burned

at

Lille,

Winter beheaded, 46 ; the gallo

description of the persecutions,

Shrovetide, and a projected holoc

tion passes sentence of death up

of the Netherlands, 70 ; execut

Utrecht, 75; of Herman Schink

60

Supper, 20.

Pa vane, first martyr of Protestanti

his fall, repentance, and marty Pavia,

battle of, i., 520 ; its infl

1., 520, and ii., 166. Perrenot,

Anthony, Bishop of Ar

velle, his character, and influe

23; conflicts between him and Counts Egmont and Horn, 25 council-board, 25; severities, 26; farces, and

secretly i

his cruelties,

lampoons, 30;

lands, 32. Philip

II. of Spain, his personal

qualities, iii., 15; renews the

father in the Netherlands, 17 ;

condition of Protestantism thro

Protestantism returns to the la

mounts the throne of Great Brita Pboyisors

and Prjemunire, statutes

as passed under Edward III. an

394 ; denounced by Pope Martin the Pope. 399. I calms of David versified by Marot,

sally in France, 138; versificatio and published at Geneva, 138;

Dutch, and sung at field-preac lands, iii., 47;

psalmody auth

England, 413 ; versified by Rous dent, and sung in Scotland, 552. Puritans,

rise of, iii., 417 ; condition

462; exiled by Laud, 539.

Staupitz, interview

with Luther in

1., 239; his counsels and prese

commends the monk to Frede

243; urges Luther to preach, 2 St. Bartholomew*, the Massacre,

Council of Trent and counse

Charles IX. and Catherine sole

by Pius V., 591; testimonies o

592; treacherous proposals to a

593; the marriage plot, 596; C

Papal legate, 596; the marria

tions, 599; the massacre, 602; b

603; the number of the slain, 60

fugitives in Geneva, 605; rej

commemorative medals, 606;' f Bartholomew, 610.

the Market Cross of Sanquhar,

Argyle and Ren wick, 602; the b tish mountains, 603.

Tyndale, William, his conversion, iii

bui-y Hall, 361; preaches at Bri

translate the Scriptures, 362; be completes his translation, in the prints and sends copies across to

bution by Garnet, and reception b

370; purchase and burning of, b

374; fourth edition of his New T

U United Provinces,

their rise, iii., 12

made their basis, 129; the gran

495 ; the Valleys empty and th

banishment beyond the Alps, 4 **

Henri Arnaud, 500 ; their firs

502 ; their battles for re-posse

struggle at the Balsiglia, 504-5

lishment, 508; condition of th

till present time, 509 ; labours o Beckwith for them, 509—511 Rome, 512. Waldensian Colonies

of Apulia an

inn at Turin, 468 ; first plantin

of the colonies, 468, 469; lett

470 ; visited by inquisitors, 472

La Guardia and Montalto, 473 473.

Waldensian Settlement in Proven

mate Courtenay, 117; the court

quake, 117; his opinions condem

fall away, 118; he appeals to Par

a sweeping Reform, 119 ; doctrine

his views influence Parliament, 1

Convocation on question of transu reiterates the teaching of his arraigns his judges, 122; retires

cited by Urban YI. to Rome, 123 letter, 123; struck with palsy,

estimate of his work, 124; gre

mation, 125; his theology drawn summary of his doctrines, 127;

order, 128; his piety, 129; Lechl

129; his missionaries, 350; they

for a Reformation, 351; with Wi times, ii., 8; continued progress

Printed b