The Gothic Word 0873951638, 9780873951630

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!D OOTJIIC laU>

87 Br1a.n T. Regan

• •

"'

State Un1Tera1t7 ot Jew York Pre•• Alba.n1

1972

•

'lh• Octh1c Word ""'• t

au t1on

./

I

J'ubl1ahed b:1 State qn1T•r•1t7

ev Yor.k Pr••••

~

99 Vuhl.ngton AT•nu•, Alb&nJ, Jfew York 12201

CopJ'J'.1g}lt :lll.

r~ta

(S}

.

, / 1972 S~te Un1Tera1~1 or few Yor1'

reaerYed

or

Manufactured 1n the United Statea

aaer1ca

•

L1br&rJ ot Congr••• Catalog1.ng 1n :Publication Data

Regan, Brian T.

The Gothic M>rd.

81bl1ogr~71

1938-

)

P•

1. 'Gothic lancuq•--S-ant1ca.

--Vera1cna--D1• got1ache Bibel. I.

1'1 tle.

lPDll8,5.~

188)( 0-8739.5-163-8

439' .9

2.

.Bible.

Gothic

3. Bible--Vera1cna.

71-171177

J

\

...

,

• To •1

wit•,

Carola

TABLE OF OONfSITS Introduction .......................................... 6

Abbreviations or lev Testament Texta, Includin 'l'ranalat1ona and lmlned1atel7 Aaaociated

43

Wor~•

Technical liotea • . . . . . . . . • • . . . • • • . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . . 4 7

.

Blbl 1ogrnph1cal Abbrev1at1ona ..........•...... • .....

Or

at1oal and Phonological

Mar~•

or

Ide~t1r1cat1on

General Abbreviation. ...................... ,,, ..••....

48 53 .SS

Abbrev1at1ona ot Goth1c B1bl1cal Books lllld Other 'Bmain' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • • . . 6o

• Al

QRDt SE>UJlTIC PI&.DS COWSISTiliQ OF SE'.'ERAL

WORDS OR WORD-STJiMS l

18 analcteti

2

io 6

3 B~

011,

-

hal!lotia;

!!£an8ktie1a;

!;:h8:-ia, lal1i

. eaOJ:!tron ( a!n1E!l!!a):

dl&kr!n~

.... 62

............................... 19 neEM

-

ananii!~

- e;cn,l?M

10s

GREEX SD!Ali'lIC FIELDS CONSISTING OF SDl:JLE

WORDS OR ...ailD-STEM.:.

137

l

2

pleoneKte~

-

pleonekt~a

- pleonex!a •. .... .. ..••• . 168

..3 a.nbero p ••••••.•••••••.•..•• ••• ·t- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

4 en8khe . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

•

•

2C>)

s 6

tnkak~

e'kkye~)

l/t1kakei5; (ors

........... , •• 21s

.. •xapore6 . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • ,23 • OO'l'HIC KARGIIAL GLOSS

Ca

l

.......................... .............. .

1uan1a

\(-

Concludon

~;pendi.x

•

•

I:

•

•

•

•

•

•

..

•

•

•

!'he Spe7er

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Frag111en~

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

t

.

•••••••••••••

••••.•.••••••••.•••• ZS6

!'ranslat1ona ot the Cleaa1cal . Sourou on Wultila and on tho i• ot text 1a TeJ'J clear• however, "'hen cmapared llfi t.h other veraiona ot the le"' Teat•ent.

Lucian' a text t"Jpe,

called Lucian1c, or .lnt1och1an, or S71'1an, or Aa1at1o, or B7aant1ne, or Conatant1nopol1tan, or Ko1n,, lbecaae the official text ot the B7zant1ne Jkpire during the K14dle .&gea, and e·untuall7 proTided the ma!n source material which Dea1deriu• '.Bralll!l.ua uaed 1n editing a ne"' text ot the Greek le"' !eat. . .nt 1n 1Sl6.

Eruaua 1

text bee-• the bada ot the te:r.t or the tirat print-4 edition widely aTallable in northern Europe (published !n 163.3 by the lD.aevier r-111. DI.It.eh pr1ntera) . en

edition called the "Received !ext• or •rextua Receptua.• The 'lextua R1teeptu•, 1110reover, underlies the !Ung 11111.ea tranalat1on or the Jew 'leataaent ot 1611. I

At the aante t1ae that Lucian'• text was establi•h1ng

1t•elt tirml7 1n Conatant1nople, a tribe or Viaigotha known aa the Leaser Goths were living a •-1-llOJl&dic,

agricultural existence tbrH bundred ailea to

~

north or the city, inland tl'oa the veat cout or tbe

1.3

Bl&ck Sea and 11outh ot tho Danube,

From theu peopl• a

halt-Gothic, halt-Greek mia11ionar1 biahdp n

ed Wultila

emerged and, in the course of hia m1aeionarJ activitiea, initiated tho tranelat1on ot the Greek Bible 1nto Gothic. Ho

m:odi~iod

an~,

aome old Gel'l'llanio runoe, & row Latin letters,

tor the moat part, Greek alphabetic charact•ra into

a diatinctive Gothic alphabet, and then et•b111sed Gothic orthography on tho bade of th1a alphabet, by about A.D. 3$0.

Under his leadership, a atall l;roup of

translatora4 began tra.."lalat1ng the Greelc tut provaUin,g in Conatant1noplo, wh1cll was, for the moat part, th.e text or Luc11Ul 1 8 Antiochene Exegetical School, ev,n though containing man1 pre-Lucian readinga.S In the manner or contu.porary biblical tranalation,

the Gotha

translate~

vary 111uch

w-~rd.

for

~~r~,

ao that

the underlying Greek is often quite easy to reconstruct -with the aid or a Goth1c-Groelc dictio?a.l'y.

.

Tho Got.ha did not translate all or tho Old Teatmaent1

4. Seo G.W.S Friedr1ohaen, Gothic Stud!ea ( "Madiua .8Tum Konouapha," Vol. VI [Oxtorci:

Bll8il Blaclcwell,

19&1 }) , p. 104.

s. G.w.s.

Fr1edriehaen (ibid. p. 73) saya aiJIJ;lJ that

the original vaa a "1111xed text. 11

•

and toda, only about tvo th1rda or the 'few 'l'Htaent 1a l'etained, plua a tew fl'ag111enta of the Old

'l'ea~•ent

book

or Weh-1 ... ~he

Oothic tl'analation or the Scl'ipturea waa in 1ta

tul'n COJlied and recopied and apread among all the Ooth1c tr!bea.

With the veatward migration or thoae tribea, the

Ootb1c veraiona 111ere taken out or the Greek language area and brought wider the intluence or the Latin Cl:mrch and

Latin aoriptural tranalat1ona.

During the ensuing

period, even bilingual ad1t1ona ot the Scripture• were written, with the Iatin on one aide, the Gothic on the other, to cover the needa

or

which had both Latin-speaking

the binational Roman armiea, a.~d

l>oth1c-apealc1ng troopa.

It 111u inevitable that Ooth1c acholara abould tl')' to even out the d1vergenciea between Oothic and Latin tranalationa, aa wall aa between parallel paaaagea. Bence man7 Gothic readings baaed on the Greek rendering were altered to tranalate a corrHpond1n& Latin word. Pew aoholara have given a more through dt1110natration or how th1a vaa done than Dr. George Washington Saliabu17 Pried.richaen, 1n hia (1926),

I!!!

I!!!

Gothic Version

Gothic Version

Gothic Studies (1961).

2! la!

1'he

!?:!

~

Ooapela

Epiatlea (1939), and

~11tle1, 1n

particular,

1S

h•••

·~

diYergenci•• tl'Oll the Greek which

cau••d

al'•

b7 Latin ver•iona. lonetheleH, the teit taken

the primal'J' bad a ot

H

•

thi• atud7 1e the Greek te:.itt, md apec11'icall7 the

Lucianic ( alao called Mit1ochian, SJJ"ian, uiatic, B7aantine, Conatant1nopol1tan, or Koin&) te:.itt tJPe. u

a tJP1cal e:.it•pla ot thla tut tJpe, and u

Greek text ba•i• tor CClllpaJ'at!Ye pul"pO•e•, 1n•e•tigation into Gothic ••mtica 1a1plo1• Keceptue.

~

a working pre•ent

~

Teii;u•

The Gothic it•elr 1a the earlli•t ?eprHentat!Te

ot tAe Luc1an1c te.1.t type, but the later Tu.tu• leceptu• 1 proY1de•

the be•t Greek baai• ot cospari.on dlle to it•

generic relationahip vith the Gothic, aa

e:.itpla~d

abo••·

Wilhelm Streit.berg, vho ha• edited the Oo1!1lic tuta 1n •a1n uae toda7,6 reconatl'llcted •Greek tut to corre•poxid v1th the Gothic Scr1pturH and placed it aide b7 aide with the Gothic text in hia edition. HoveTer, h1a recon•tl'llction

VH

b•"d on the tut tn>e

tbeoriH ot Bel'llmn Ton Soden, who u--4 the influential pre•enoe• or reeding• ot Paleat1n1an proYenance 1n the Greek text vh1oh Vu.l.tUa uaed a Vorlage (D1• 19t1ache Bibel, .lLltlt'Y11).

Von Soden'•

6. l l i 19tito'he Bibel, 6th ed. C•idelbU'gt Winter, Vn!Ter•ititaTerlag, 1971).

H

cta'l

16

theorr bu not preva1,\e4 ,:i• scriptural 1chDlarah1p, lbovever, and aome ot Stre1tberg'• reconatruct1on 11, conaaquentl7, queat1onable.

Hence the Textua

1• uaed here aa a po!nt of reference !Which ia le•• uncertain than that reconatruct1on. A aomewhat d1tterent approach 1a taken 1n tbe case

ot individual paaaagea and worda.

\

To m1n1m1r:e &nJ

chance ot:..J'B

into tha corpus and aubaequently copied and recopied. Thia vaa not tha proble111 or Gothic alone.

Both

Latin and Greak text1 auttered grievously trom 1cribal errora.

The reason tor tpia 1• the tact that the

ti.nd-copy1ng or wr!t!nga 1a a b-4mendoual7 ted1oua Job, one

/

I

~ch

no huaan could poaa1bly undertLll:e with relish.

21

Oonaoquontly, tho taak ot aucb cop71n.g waa co

nly

delegated to tho novicea in the 11:0naateriea, 70Utha who lacked extensive know'l.edge or either writing or

claaaical language1.

Hence tho quota ot errora in

manuacr.1pta ot the a!xth, aeventh, and e1gbth

..

centur.l.ea turned out to be tar hi_gher than 1t would have been, had more experienced banda been at during thin time.

1110r~

It waa prociaol7 thia a&m0 factor

vhich waa reapona!ble tor the t1nal dominance ot the Vulgate text over all other Lat1n texts in the

~eat.

Por when, under Charle:nagne, the great achclar l.l.cuin ( ~.D. 730-604), abbot or St. Martin or 'l'oura, gave h!.a great 1.mpetua to the correct and careful copying ot

the Bible, he uaod the vera1,on ot St. Jel'Ol:.e.

Those

woll-t1ritten cop1ea fl' •rl1-dh- > •r&-dh-. 21

fh11 loaa did not occur at the end

u

:1.n

•i:.~-

ot a abort diphthong,

> pre-Germanic •ra1dh- > P:roto-German1c

•

•rail!!-.

In Proto-Qermlll'l1c the two different roots

•£.~-

and •ro1dh- bec1111e identical when beth PIE

schwa pr!.mum (< • + l&r1118eal) and :2 and A bec1111e Proto-Germanic

~·

Middle High German retained these Omc. bomcn:Jllll 1n the tollow1D8 rorms 1 re1ten (weak & trana. 1)

"to make re1te

(!ready'~."

"prepare"; (--tru.na. & 1ntr"Ca.:}

"to

I ·

count," "reckon," "pa7." re;ten (weak: )

"to make rlten ('proceed,' •traTel')," "carr1 (as a horae, &e. ) ." 22

21 .

Karl Bruginann,

Ku~s•

1ndogerman1echen Sprachen Walter de Oru7ter

&

vergle1chende Ormimat1k

• (1904;

,,.

Reprint ed., Berlin :

Co., J.970), p. 88,

S 146.

T!l1a work

11 hereafter abbreviated aa "KurVglOr11m111."

ZZ . Ct . Matthias Lexera, Kittelhochdeutachea faachenl!Orterbuch, )Q.th ed. (Stuttgart ! Ve:ill.ag, 1963), p. 166. abbrev1at4td aa "Mhd!'Wb.•

J!!!:

S. H1rsel

Thia wo~k 1a hereafter

•

/

.31

And Cl•••b1 and V1g1'ueaon 1 a Icelandic-Bngliah Dict1onar12 3 l1ata, for the correapondil16 Old lorae formal 9¥lpA, dd, [Ult. garaidJan , .. ]

•to make or get

"d1aentangle" .•• ; ready" .•• ;

•to arre,nge:-"'

(.,., prob. c; raiba)

RB!t'A, d, a

cau~al

to

"carry" .•• ;

•

"to ape•d," "turther"

rl~a

• -- "to make

~213).

~ ride ~" -

"to liiiake to rock," "1hake" •.•

(p. 489). Such an analrah ae•a to be lllOre 1n accord with the racta of variant Gotllic uaage than the u1ual lump everything under on• •trmology;

•~tempt;

to

ana r•t the pauc1"1

of atteatationt Cruatratee the hope tor greater certainty.

One can onl7 ear that, on the avaflable evidence, and atarting frOJ11 aeinant1c cona!derat1ona of the Greek and Latin or1g1nala, the moat reaaonable conclusion it •that

..

there~• two hOlllonJlll• ra1dJan •

l'be verb

ga-111~tan

and the noun m6ta have never before

I

I

--

been recognized t o have the 1ame root 11tean1ng, even though Pokorn1 lhta them (IE'W 706) under the aUle :too t form, *med- "measure.•

Z3.

Ga-1116tan 1a the rel1t1ve ot

R!chard Clea1b1 and Gudbrahd Vigtuason, M.A.,

.. An

Icelandic-'Engliah Dictionary 2nd ed . , with a 1upplem.ent b7 Sir Willia A. Craigie {Londont Pre11, 1962 ).

Ox.ford Unherdty

Tb11 wor~ l• hereafter abbreviated aa

•c-V."

32

Ira !!!!:!.!..!!· &c., while 111l5ta !a the direct ancea tor ot

Oeraan-.Auatr1an ~. &c.

Oa-111l5ta.n tranalatH khorei5

,"I make room," "t1nd ro0111," "attord room tor"; however, a close exll81nation ot three ir.atancea of occurrence (

1n the

8,.371

Mk 2 , 2 :

2 Cor 7,2) reveals that the Gothic wore doea not

••an

"to tind room," but rather "to find acl.mittance," "be admitt.ed," "be permitted in." On the otller hand, ~ tranalatea teloa in the latter' a aenae of "toll," "import

du~..!_ "cuatoma"

..... ([=e1 1at'ma1?!ie." korban, which 1n

Kaurban 1e a loan trom the Greek

turn

wu a loan from the Hebrew gorbkl

"that wh!ch 1a ottered."

•

technical term

~or

This latter word waa a

an offering aoleanly consecrated to

God and given over to the temple treaaury.29

29. Ct. Gerhard Kittel, ed., Theological D!ction!!l'I

QJ;

!!'.!!New Teat11J11ent, trans. Oeot!rey W. Br0&1ley

(Grand Rapids:

'11\!Q.

B. Eerdii:.ana Publiah!ng Co., Vola.

!-VI::'., 19o4-197l (Thia English trlll!elation or "littel, 11 by 1971 finished

to

vol. VII, s1!1?ft•• 11 hereafter

abb1·eviated aa "Kittel (Brom.)."

All quotes are used

with permiasion or the Win. B. Eerdlllans Publishing Co.]), Vol. III korban, korbanaa, eapecir.lly

U 3

b

a: 4.

36

The t8111ple treaaur7, con1e,uentl7, waa viewed aa the repoa1tor7 or gorbin, and called gorblnl, whence Greek korbanas, korbona1, which the Go th in turn borrowed •• kaurbailnia• (onl7 acc. ag. kailrbenaun attested Mt 27,6 1n CA, tor e:ii::pected kaurbailnln). Dur1ng the period of the earl7 Church when the Ooth1 /

were tranalat!ng, the OreeK korban and korbara1 began to :f'uH into the 1doa

ot donations to the Church and to the

Kittel Wl"itH (Brom. III korbin S 4) 1 9 Latin!r.ed, • corban 11 UHd tor the 1acr1ticial cheat or poor box 1n poor.

...

CJPrian, De Opera et :neemoa1111a •••• In thia earl7 usage, 1f1ich later dropped awa7, we find the idea that '1.magiving 1a a aacr1tice brought to God

"

It ia thua reasonable to •UJIJ>O•• that tb.9 Goth •iewed kaurbin aa that which belonged to the kaUrbaUnla •collection place for religioua donationa,• •treaaur7 or contributions,• and hence interpreted kaUrbln as "bestowed treasure." meaning or

e•1l!i•·

'l'h1a, then, aeema the moat l1kel7 "Bestowed treasure,"

8

gitt ot high

value," "valuable present" alee accords better with the meaning or the other Omc. cognates than the aOJ11ewhat ind1tterent meaning or "gitt,• eipresaed b7 glba.

8

that which 1a g1ven," aa

37

B~caua•

the evidence ia ao 1carce, anal11e1 or

the••

proble111a auch 11 thia wrk.

are not included 1n the body or

!'ha whole or Oothic vocabul&rJ bu been

cO?!lbed earet'ul.17 tor the moat d1tt1cult itt1111.

!he

r.aulta are. gatllered into ten word-groupa, each centering on one or two lexemea or cognate !8111il1e1 round to tranelate a 191!!.antie unity original .

o~

the Gr eek

87 "amnant1c unityn 11 meant the COlllplete

wrd-group belonging

to

a Greek l•x-• 1 nouna, Yerba,

and adject!YH, 1r EI1•

.Alao meant are Gr eek worda which

m•J not be cognate w1tb the main liating, but which are connected to 1ta meaning by v1rtue or the tact .111a1n Gothic word-group concerned traruslatea

t~t

the

thui alao ,

and not only the main ;11t1.ng •

•

•

•

:ftle following work depend• abo·u all on aeYeral • recentlJ co111.pleted work1 and could not have been

.

written before the nineteen 11xt1e1.

rwo

or theae

1WOrka are doctoral diaaertat1ona, one .American and one German. Lexicon

The American d111ertat1on 1a the G1 eak-Oothie ~ Concordanc e~

!!:!.!,

~

Teataaent , b7 Joeeph

Puryear or Vanderbilt Un1vera1ty.30

30.

Ann Arbor, Mich. :

:I'hh work lish

Un1 vera1 ty M1crotilma, 1965.

!'hi.a work ia hereafter referred to aa "Puryear.•

all the Gothic words (v1th their places or occurrence ) used to translate each Greek word, except tunct1on vorda. 'lhe Bngl1ab

eq~ivalent

ot the Greek words, also, are

given rrom the Arndt and Gingrich Bngliah translation ot Walter Bauerle il'orterbuch .!!:!!!! Jeuen Teatmnent.31 ~bia

With

work 1t ia poaa1ble to diacover' at a glance which

Greek words or the lew Teatmiient have no aemanticall7 cote:nninoua Gothic equ1valenta. The German d!aaertat!on is Hana-.:r'urgen Schubert'•

bibelgotiachen Wortachatze1 !!!! ~1lte !!!_ Methoden J!.!! Wortbildungalehre.32 Aa

Die Krweiterung

~

Schubert aa71 1n the ti»at aentence of the "Vorb8111erkung" ( p. 9 ) 1

9

In der vorl1egenden Arbe1t wurde versucht, den

aut una uber.kommenen Wortschatz des B1belgot. mlt den Metboden der

:\iortb1ldn~slehre ~u

erweitern und talache

Anaitze zu korrigieren, vie s1e 1n Feist• Vergleichand1m1

)l.

Walter Bauer,

!!J! Te1t11111ent

a.~d

AGreek-English

Lexicon 2! !!!!

Other Early Christian Literature, trll1lll.

Wm. F. Arndt and P . Wilbur Gingrich (Chicago1 Oniver1it7 ot Chicago Presa, 1957) . ) 2.

Hereafter referred to aa

Miinchener Univer11tita-Schr1tten:

ph1loaophiachan Falcultit, Vol . Verlag, 1966.

S.

~ch:

"Bauc~

Reihe der Max lhleber

Herea.rter abbreviated as "Er-•eiterung. 9

(A-G) . •

W"orterbueh vorkolllllen •••• " :rh11 d111ert1t1on haa the virtue or sorting out all

or

the mo•t difficult Gothic

Ooth1c words and word-groups froa the etJ1110logical point It ~provides a great desl of et)'WIOlogical

or view.

intomat1on not. available in the older worka, and thua aavea the scholar or Gothic vocabulary a great deal of time in thia regard. Pinall7, there 1• the aine qua !!2n ot ...antic 1nvaat1gat1on in Gothic:

Gerhard Xittel's 'l'twolog1ache•

WOrterbuch .E!!! Xeuen Teat11111ent.33

The entire work will

conaiat of nine volUlllea, and onl7 the ninth volume (phi-oaega) vaa not 7et available at the tiae th11 work wae completed.

Volumes

1-7 (alpba-aigma) have been

translated into lngliah by Geofrrey W. Bl'Olllile7 w1th the aaaiatance or P.P. Bruce, and are quoted here in lieu

or

the German original.34 X1ttel ia the aoat

~

extctnsive dictionary ever written on the subject Greek vocabulary

or

the Jew Test11111ent.

or

the

There are some

33. Por pub'Yication data on "Kittel," aee footnote 13, above.

34.

For publication data on

footnote 29, above.

~1ttel

(Brom. ) ," see

•

- .. -

40 .. -

•

• worda whlcb it doea mt treat, but the1 are uaually deYoid ot much theological aignlticance.

The coYerage

tor each Greek !MOrd-group increaaea 1n the later YOl'lmea, • ao that tlie quantitative treata•nt 1a a bit uneYen, aa a1ght be .xpected 1n a work laatlng oYer tort1 1eara (the tlrat Yol\81le waa publ1ahed 1n 193)}.

But tor Ootb1c

the !MOrk 1a quite adequate, certalnlJ the beat available. Otherwiae, Walter Bauer' a vorterbuch ~ leuen Teat!llent3S and the tranalat!on ot that book'• tourth edition b7 V.P • .Arndt and 7.V. O!ngr1ch36 baye been ..plo1ed. '!he Bngliab tranalat1on ot the lev Teat ..ent which ha1 been cboeen tor moat ot the :lngl1ab quotea 1a the Rev1aed Standard Vera1on (RSV).

ot pUttlng

H

(I haye aade a practice

much aource material aa poaaible into

Br:igl.1ah and, except tor Fr.mcb or Oe?"llan, hne tranalated

35. Walter Bauer, Griechiach-Deutacbea WOrterbucb

~

.!!.!n Schritten .!!!!, leuen Teat!p!enta !:!!!!! ~ ubrigen urcbr1atl1chen Literatur. Sth ed., reY. and enl. (Berl1:n1

'

Verlag Allred 'l'OJ:elaann, 1958).

~la

work la hereafter

referred to aa "Bauer."

36.

Por publication data on "Bauer (A-G) ,R aee

footnote 31.

•

41

or round acceptable translations tor material in Greek, Lat1n, or Old Jlorae. )

The translation technique -plo7ed

by the RSV is not always the J110at literal poeaible in

accordance with the

G~k,

.1Jut4'it J..a

eut.ticli~t

the real mean!ng 1n moat caaea, and it ia,

to conTe7

moreoTer~

a

widely available modern translation which aan1 scholars

ot GeI"l!lanic are likely to have already on their shelTee. Scholars ot Jfew Testament Oreek, on the other hand, will be Ill.Ore likely to consult the Greek text itself rather than to ti-ust any 'l!IOdern translation.

In general, English

translations of the lev Testmnent are used and rererred to

only tor the sake o f illustrating the general context

ot a word under discussion. In a final poatacript on the Gothic text, we might note tha: 1n the cases ot several worda (e.g. , ty;htua,

-

us-skapJan), former scholar• have wondered whether perhaps th. wording or spelling had become CQrrupt.

It

is ahovn here that such places are not at all corrupt, but that such wonderir..ga are dl,le me1·ely to our inability to ueo a 11 ttle llllagination in seeking the moaning or term o.t 'the :words or word involved.

In conclusion, I would 11.ico to thank Professor J-e•

w.

Marchand tor having given me the in!t!al stiJnulus

tor this study.

It waa he who .t1rat pointed out to mo

42

that there vaa a tr-endoua lack of knovledge 1n the area or Gothic aeantica, and who give me the encourag-ent to •\>&l'lt upon a v1rtuall7 uncharted sea.

Above all, I 11N1t expreaa my 1>4J:"lllanent 1ndebtedneaa and grat1tude to v.1 Doktorvater, Proteuor Robert Allen Povkea or lew YorK Un1vera t7, under vboae k1ndl7 tutelau I vu introduced to the arcana or Germanic philology 1n tbe ti:rat place.

Let 1t be known that h1a

teaching baa JJnpartad vaatl7 more than knowledge to h1a a'fbdenta:

h1a real becr~••t 1a 1n~p1rat1on. I

..

\

ABBRBVIATIOIS OP

BIBLICAL 1'EX'l'S, DICLU'DDrG TRA.llSLilIONS

.&ND DOOl:DIA'l'J:LY ASSOC! A'l'ED WRltS

Ne~

5T

1a the at.andard abbreT!ation tor

Teata111ent.

OT

ie the standard abbreY1at1on/".t'r Old Teat611!ent •

i.SV

.American Standard Veraion (H'l' ) , 1901.

...._,

Edition

uaed here published in The Comparative Bible, ~ eat811lent Edition, in

~

Comflete Versiona

( Parallel texta of KJV, ASV, RSV, Contr. ) . KuhT1lle, Tenn.:

Ro1al Publiahera, lnc., 1969.

Contr. English Tl'anslation ot the Latin Vulgate under the (Roman Catholic ) Ep!acopal Co111111ittee ot th• Contraternit1 ot Christian Doctrine (IT ) ,

19~1 .

Edition uaed here published in The Compnrnt1ve Bible,

Ne~

Teatmaent Edition, in Pour Co!5J!lete

Versions (Parallel texts er KJV, A!!.V, RSV, Contr. ) . Jfaahv1lle, Tenn.: INTLlCR A. Marshall, Testa::nent. !t.

Royal Publiatiera, Inc .• 1969.

~ ~nterl!near Gree~-Engliah

2d. ed.

London:

5e•

Bagater & Sons, 1967.

Itala ( i.e., var1oua-European-!tallan vers1ona or pre-Jerome ["Old Latin" ] translat1ona or the Bible, ar1a1ng about the aecond and third centu:r1ea

or

·he Christian era) .

•

JB

"The .!!.!!!! Teat111r.ent 2! ,lh! Jprualllm Bible. Reader' a ed., wlth abrjdged intro. & notea. Alexander Jenee, ed. Doubleday

&

Garden C1ty, l.Y.:

1

Co., 1969 (A Tranalat1on

uncar

Or1g1nal Lanc.--uagee

tr011l

the

..

Ron:.a."1 Catholic Sponaoreh1p

' rollow1ng the gu1del1nea or ~ Bible A! 1erupl'U.e111 publ1ahed by Lee Editions du Cert. Parie]),

!.!ng Jal!lea Vere1on (NT), 1611.

:Edition uaed her

Bible, !!.!! Toet11111ent

publiehod in The

Co~paratiYe

Edition~~ ~

Ccrniplete Veraione (Parallel texts

ot X.TV, ASV, RSV, Contr. ) .

Naahville, Tenn.:

Royal Publiahora, Inc., 1969. LXX

Septuagint, the ftancient Jewiah translation of the Old Teatament into

Gree~.

The Pentateuch,

the earlieat and the f\lndlll!lental. part of the Old 'l'eetmnent Canon, waa tranalated first ot all, Cllld, according

to

the letter ot Ar11tea1, thia took

place during the rule of Philadelphua (285-247 B.C.). The ator7 11 told that th1a tranelation wae made !n

.Alexandria by 70-or to be more accurate 72-

. Septuag1nt

Jewie?\ acbolara; 1

1

hence it received the nan:.e or

(LXX ) .

'1'h1a title, though it

originally applied onlr

to

the translation ot the

Pentateuch, waa eYeJtuallJ tranaterred to the wtlole

...

4S

... " ot the Old Testament .

'!'he

tranalat1on or the

Pentateuch was followed b7 that or the other

boo~a .

The tranalat1on or theae latter vaa ev1dentl1 the wor~

or • great nuir.ber or d1tterent handa.•

-trom p . x.xU or Sep_:uyuita:

Teatuientlilll graece 1UXtR

~

Id eat Vetua

1nterpretea, ed.

Alfred Rablta, 8th edl (Stuttgartt

W\irtt8111berg1ache

lHbelanatal t, 1965). liTG

Xo!\l!li 1eatll!lent\ll!l Greece, ed. Eberhal'a ieatle. 2Sth ed., Stuttgart:

W'urttemberg1ache B1belanatalt,

1963. R-S

Paul R1e3ler & Rupert Storr , !!!! He111ge Schr1tt dee Al ten l!!!!! !!!_ lfeuen Bundea.

-

RSV

12th ed . , Mainu

Matth1aa-Griinewald Verlag, 1961. Rev1aed Standard Vera1on (N'l' ) , 1946. ~ere

Xd1t1on uaed

publ1ahed 1n !!:!.! COJl!Parat1ve Bible, !.!.!!:

Teat11111ent Edition, in Four Complete Vere1ona (Parallel texts or ltJV, A!JV, RSY, conrr . ) . Xaahv1lle, Term. : SAC

J. Stegenga,

Royal Publiahera, Inc., 1969.

~Greek-English

Anall tical

Concordance gt. the Greek-!ngliah !.!!! Teatlll'lent. Jackaon, M1aa. t Poundat1on, 1963.

Hellenee-Engl1ah Biblical (Baaed on the 'l'R)

•

46 I

!

("Toda7 1 1 Engli1h Ver11on•) 222,!! Ma.~ 1

!h!, .!!.!.!! Te1t11111ent

.!!l Todax•e

Modern

~li1h

Xew York 1 .Am1r1can Bible Soc1et7, 1969.

Verfion.

tJV

~tor

( 9 Tod17 1 a Geraan Vera1cn") ~ •acnricht tiir S1e1 ~ 68&.. ;2!.!. Ber1chte, Brier.. und Z.ugn1111

leuen Teat1U1ent1 in heut1ge.i Deutsch.

!!!.

2d ed.

WUrttembergiacbe B1bel&n1talt, 1968 •

Stuttgart:

..

Textu1 Receptua [Received Text].

London:

Britiab

& Foreign Bible Societ7, 1968. UBS

The !.!!!

United Bible Soc1et1e1 1 Oreek text: Teet11111ent .!n Greelc .!!!!! Bn&l1ah; or~

United Bible Soc1etiea.

Th! GrHk !!.!! Kew York:

.A=erican Bible Society, 1966. vg.

Vulgate.

Jerome:

Let1n recen11on of the Bible bJ St.

•rn the Old fe1t1111ent, moat

boo~•

are

Jerome' a tranalationa made tro111 the Hebrew; • •• I.l'1 the lew Teataent, all booka have an Old-

Latin baa•J

but thia baa• baa been rev1aed in

the lig)lt of the Gr~ek vitb

V&rJin& degreea ot

tborougbne11-1n the Go1pel1 rather burr1edl7, !n most other booka a:.ore car1tull7."

- from p • .xx

ot Biblia Sacra iwtta Vulgatam Veraionetn, ed. Robert Weber, O.S.B. Bibelan1talt, 1969.

Stuttgart:

'a'Urtt11111b1rgiach1

-

47

Brooke Pou Westcott and Penton John AntbonJ Hort, The Kew Teat11111ent .!!l lll!. Or i ginal Greek.

1881 ;

Reprint ed . , Macmillan Co ., 1966.

TECHNICAL NOTES

1.

As an aid to 11tttral interpretation of the Greelc, the IH'l'LNR Gk .·Rngl. NT, bued on the lfestle 21st edition of 1951, ia often 11111ployed, together with the NTG i cnlf.

2.

'tlnleaa otherwise noted, all Bnglieh N? quotu are RSV, and are also often preceded by the abbreviation

'

I

Par11ng ot the Greek word1 follows SAC. Most other works are referred to by the last n11111e ot llhe author(a) or by abbreviated title1.

are mo1tly self·ev14ent.

M~st ~t

They

these works are

..

r eference worka widely known !n the tield of Germanic a.nd biblical research.

A complete list

or the abbreviations of these wo r ks tollow1 thee•

technical no tea .

---

A 1el.ct bibliography follows

the text• at the end of thla study.

48

s.

1'rana11t•rat1on or the Greek 1e baaed on the pr1nc1plea aet forth "A ProJect or ?ran111terat1on

ot Cla111cal Greek" b1 .Andre Martinet, appear1ng 1n ~. Tolume 9, number 2 ( l.uguat l9S3), pagH

lSZ-61.

'l'h• onl1 d1tterence 11 that an 1ota

aubacr1pt appears here •• line.

"1.•"

not aa

"1"

on the

Iota aubacr1pt doe1 not occur in 1101t

Greek b1bl1cal manuacr1pt1, but 1a due to •d1tor1al normal1zat1da;

nonetheleaa, becau1e of

the tact that most biblical texts 1n the bands ot scholar• are printed, and thu1 nol'!llalized, I haTe aade thh alight &dJu1tment

trv

the aalce ot

accordance v1th the convention• or Greek pr1nt1ng.

BIBLioaHAPHlCAL ABllUNIATIOIS

(Unleaa otherv1H noted, all worlu are listed in th• General B1bl1ograph1 [to vh/ch the 1latruct1on below retera J at the and

or~

9

He 11

vork.)

Ae'.ltVb '"' Altenglhchea EtrnologiachH liiorterbuch. Holthau1en, Ferdinand. AhdGr

• Al tttochd•utache Gr-a till:.

See Braune, W.

See

49

Ahdl'..b • Althncbdeutachea Leaebuch. Ahcfoib

See Brawie, W.

• Al thochdeutache1 ltOrterbuch.

See Schiitz.e1chel,

R. Altlat.Pla-H11. • AJ,tlate1n11che Paulua-Handachr.1.rten. [Under Biblical Text1 .!!! Greek,

See Frede, H.J. Latin, English,

AmHD

~

German]

• lh! Ainer1can Heritage D1ct1on&!'I Lazyt11age.

~

l:h!, Engliph

See Morris, ii!lli-, ed •

.tnEtWb • Altnordiachea it]'!llolog1achea W'orterbuch. See De Vries, Jan.

AaVb

• Altaachaiachea ll'Orterbuch.

Bauer

• iialter Bauer, Gr1ech1ech-Deutechea 'WOrterbuch ~

See Boltbauaen, P,

den Scb;r!rten dee •euen Teataaente

~ ~

ubrigen urehr1at11eben Literetur, Sth ed.

See

Bauer, iialter. Bauer (A-0) • iialter Bauer, ! Greek-En&liah &exicon !?!

,

,!h! !!.!! Teat-ent L1teraX"Ure.

~

Other Karly Chr1at1an

A tranalat1on and adaptation of

.

Walter Bauer' a Gr1eeh1ach-Deutacbee 'WOrterbuch 1!!

.!!!!! Schritten des Heuen Teet ..ente

,

~ ~

ubr1gen prehr1atl1chen Literatur, 4th ed., rev. and enl., trana. Win. P. Arndt and F.ii. Gingrich. See Bauer, 'l{elter.

CGG

•

~Comparative ~erman1c Clar~

ClH-M • John R.

Grlil!:!lar.

See Prokoacb, E.

Hall, ! Concise Anglo-Saxon

Dictionary, 4th ed., with & supplement by H.D.

Merritt. C-V

See Clark Hall, John R. •

• Richard Cleaaby and Gudbrand V1g.fUsaon, Ioeland1c-Engl1ah Dictionary.

~

See Cleasby, Richard,

and Vigfuaaon, Gudbrand. Erweiterung

a

Die l!!rweiterung

Wortachat~ea

~

b1belgot1schen

mit Hllfe .!!.!!: Methoden der

)iortb1!dungslehre.

Soe Schubert, H.J.

Etlib.d.dt.Spr. = EtI!ologischea worterbuch Sprache. Bt~'b.d.Or.

~

deutechen

See Kluge, F.

= !tIJ110log1achea

\iOrterbuch des

Gr1ech1ach~n .

•

See Hot'lllann, J.B.

Ev4Laryng =Evidence f.2!: Laryngeele. Flt

= Q.W.S.

Friedrichaen,

Ep1atlea. ~ G.~.s.

= Sigmund Pe1at, (P-T)

th~

See Fr!edrichaen, Q.'ii.S.

g~tischen

~-Tor:

See Friedrlchaen, G.ii.S. Pr1edr1chaen, The Gothic Version of

0-:>!!pela. Fe11t

!!!.! Gothic Version or the

Vergleichendes Worterbuch

Sprache.

~

See Feiat, Siomufld.

~orw-D'iiril1:t~c

H.S. Palk end Alt Torp,

Korweg1ach-Den1sehee et"llllolog1sches Worterbuch. See Falk, HJalliiar Ge1'111Sprachv1aa

~

s., and Torp,

Alt.

Germaniache Spraehw1asenaehaft

Il, 6: III). '1'ell Krahe, Hana .

(vola. I,

•

Gingrich • P. Wilbur Gingrich , Sl!orttr Lexicon £! fhe Greek Nev '1'eat11111ent. OoBbl

• fil.! gothclle Bibel.

See Gingrich, F.W. Seo Stre1 tberg, W., ed.

[Under PriJilar:r Text!

.!!!! Ooi;h1c Co111111entar:r

OoC0111111entar1 •

!!.!:

!!l! Goapel

at.

John,

See Bennett , W.R.

&c.

OoEt'lib • Oot11che1 et)'lllologi1chea w'orterbuch, &c.

See

Holthau1en, Ferdinand. GoGra111111 • Oot1ache Grlll!llllat1k.

\

Graft

= E.G.

See Braune,

~.

Gratt, Althochdeutacher Spracluchotz.

See

Gratr, E.G . Gr1111111 . otGoLang • GrP'!lllar

!!£~Gothic

L!UlgUnse , &o.

See wright, Joaeph. Hb.d.Oot. IEW

BIUldc ·ch

a

~

Oot1achen.

= !ndogeni:eniaches

See lrauae, W.

Et;rr:ologiaches

~J~erbueh.

See Pokorny, Julius. Kittel : Gerhard Kittel, ed., Theologiachea w'orterbuch .!!::!!!

Ne~en

Teptlllllent,

vol . 8 (Tau-Upailon' .

See Kittel, Gerhard . Kittel (HrOl!l. ) •Gerhard Kittel, ed., '1'heolog1cal

">

Dictionary 2.!, !!!!_ New Teat11111ent, trana. Bromiley, vola . 1-7 (Alpha-Si(g!la) .

o.w.

See Kittel,

Gerhard. ~urVgl~ra::::i

• Xurze vergleichende

Or~et1k ~

1ndogerrnan1acben Sprachen, &c. Karl.

See Brugaann,

•

S2

Mi:>ict •!Middle Bngl1eh p1ct1on!?'l·

See Stratmann,

Prancu H. l'!hdT'lib • Mtttelhochdeutechea Ta1chenv0rterbuch.

See

Leiere, M. M-M

lat

;.. JmEee Hope Moul ton and George Milligan .

Vocabulary ~

or !!!,! Greek

Tett!Ment Illustrated

!:h.!_ l•ril'i ,!!!!! Other Ion-Literary Sources.

See Moulton, lorv-DanEtVb

s

Jcie1

Hope, and George Milligan.

J:orweg 1sch-Din11che• Et}r:olog11chea

vOrterbuch.

See Palk, !H.S. , and i l t Torp. Phonologr .

See

Lel:aann, W. P Puryear• Joseph R~chard Pur1ear, Jr., Gr eek-Gothic Lexicon and Concordance

~

!!!!

See J'ur1ear, Jo•epb R. [Under

Sew Teat111Ment.

Gree~-Goth1c

Concordance) Scbw.Vb.d.Ahd. =

~

1chwachen Verben ill ilthocbdeut1chen.

(Tola. I & II).

See Ra•en. P.A.

Sellrt • Edward H. Sehrt, Vollatind1gea WOrterbuch f\llt'j Helland und

~

altaocha1achen Oenes1•.

Set

Sehrt, &dward H. Ultilaa • tn.:tllaa, ~

lli E!! erhaltentn Denlmi.ler

got!•chen Spreche. [Under Pr1.l!lar1 ~1

See Sta:mi, F.L., ed.

~

Sl

GlUJOUTICAL AJID l'HOJIOLOOICAL MAR.ICS OF IDOrrll'ICATIOll

llllmed1atel7 following a Gothic verbs l.

Jl911tp numeral.a (I, II, III, IV) tollowed b7 a colon or aemi-colon and encloaed 1n parentheaea, indicate the .!!!.!!! conjugation to which a verb belonga.

2.

Arabic numeral.1 (l, 2, ••• 7) tallowed b7 a colon or 1.-.ii-colon and encloeed 1n parenthe1e1, indicate the~

).

.l

conjugation to which a verb belonga.

macron 11 UHd to indicate a long vowel.

4: A noun 11 followed b7 abbrev1at1ona tor gender and item cla11:

e.g., giba

(t. a:)

r-1nine, belonging to th• "long

identitie1 gibe ••

'2'" et• clua.

The st• class ghen 11 Proto-Germanic 1n aound-value,

not Proto-Indo-lW.ropean.

5.

I have followed Fe1st•a uee or the acute accent aark over the Hcond graph81!1• or the digrapha .!! and .!!! ( thuu

a{ and au) whenever theH are unqueationabl7

abort in length.

6.

Otherwise the7 have no aarkinga.

Regarding nominal torma: .follow the patterns

ab~v1at1on

cluatera

gender-caH-nu111ber.

1'lnu1

!!!!· 1tanda tor "masculine, nominative, singular."

• lee]

-17. !Del.U.S

•

' .....

,.u.s.i...

To

• ' l " wiff la mm•Jl7 a ' . - . . . i..a eth1 ldH SDAleaW

••

0

Ia ...-.,

50 1t1 . .

41YUM, la letllt.S.e,

~to

,..rta(.. ) ........

........ (-) ......... J-"'" lMMt U ....:a.17 la 'I'~

I

la ••••l•.UJ

51 BIHi

... (~) -

•.-i• •1-l (•) ...... , ... eon ••loa la "1••lft17 iaUaa. . , loeo t 1n - · · mD Y...al e

-.491a1J.7 in

"'''•·=

=

taa'

9',.

a

0I

14a ... t111ai. deri'l'attfta •

,,Niall IRM'•

in..• ..•tlol"J ,......

5 I WIH,

L

- · .........

•tt• a • n '-'ailed uplaa'1on

et .., ..... 0, ..- 4l•lalon _...... ••

... ____

GDBIW. .lBBU'IUTIOIS A.

.accuaat1ve

abl.

ablaut( ing)

I.ct.

active (voice)

Aor-1

aor1at l

Aor-2

aor1at 2

Ar•·

Ar-.aic

art.

article

a them.

ath•at1c

av.

adverb( ial [ly))

auxu.

aux1l.1ary

be:r.

ibetore

c.

vi th

c:r•

cc.pare

cJ .

conJwietion

cpd.

COl!llf>und

con.tr.

corut true tion

D.

dative

def.

definite

d-.

dllllOnatrativo

du.

dual

eap.

eapoc1all7

et}m.

etJ!::ology, - og1cal(ly)

•

t.

•

feminine

tgn.

to reign

rig.

tigurat1 ve(l7)

tlg.

tolloving

Put.

:t'ut\ll"• ( tenae)

o.

genitive

Ok.

Greek

Gile.

Germanic

Go.

Gothic

Id.

indicative (mood)

m

lndo-~opean

I.t.

infinitive

1tl:x • •

1ntlect1on, 1ntlected

indet.

indefinite

indecl.

1n4ecl1naole, undeclined

interr.

inhrrogative

intrans .

intrana1 t1 ve

1rreg.

irregular

iJilpers.

imperaonal

Ip.

1aperat1ve (ic.ood)

Iatr.

instrumental (case)

kaua.

causative

Imp.

CO!llp&riaon, C0111p&rat1 Ye

J.

/.

I

1

Ima.

conaonmtal

Lat.

Latin

lit.

11teral.(17)

ln.

loan

lnvd

loanvord

••

aucul1ne

IUlg

aeaning

Ked.

aiddl.e (To1ce)

MS(S)

aanuacr1pt( a)

II.

ncainathe

n

lev (modern) 'ED&lhh

n.

neuta

neg.

negat1Te

n\1111.

mabar, mmar1g,,!l

Opt.

optat:!.Ye (mood)

0:1

Old

QllQ

Old lligtl Oal'Sm

01

Old lorae

ord.

ordinal

orig.

orig1nal(l7)

OS

Old Suon

o •••

oneaelt

I

~1ah

•

•

p.

a1'ter m.111bera l, 2, 3, and 1n dKleneion oluatera1

"plural"

"pag•"

P·

betore nulllberas

part.

particle

Paaa.

;pauiTe (Toioe)

pc.

part1c1pl•

per.

pe:oaon( al). or peraon

Pt.

perfect (tanae)

P.tpc.

par.ttct participle

PGmc.

Pro to-Germanic

PIE

Proto-Indo-li:uropaau

PlUpt.

plupertact

pn.

pronoWl, pronom1nal(l1)

Poa.

poaitiTa (degree)

poaa.

poaaeaaiY!f'

PP•

plgH

Pr.

preaent ( tenaa)

Prpc.

praaant participle

prep.

prepoait1on(al(lJ))

1t..

preterit

Ptpc.

preterit participle

PtPr.

preterito-preaant

q.'V' ..

quod Tide ("vhieh see")

redup.

redupli cating

~-

•

-

•

ren.

rene11ve

rel.

relet1Te

••

a1ng11lu ( •• I?• . &boYe)

abat.

aubatant1Te

SJ .

aubJanct1Te (mood)

apat.

•p•t1al(l1)

at.

atrong

Sup.

au;perl a t1 •• ( degJ>ee)

auppl.

aupplet1Te

trana.

trana1t1Te;

11:)

'

(in b1bl1ograph1cal notat1cna s )

tranalated b1 tr.nal.

tranalat1on

tmip.

t-poral(l1)

th•.

th91at1c

tn>ogr •

tJllOgl'&phical

..-k.

weak

v.

TOC&tive (caae)

Tb.

'ferb

.....

/"""

Ter.ua

-1

TO'fel , vocal!c

X(n)

Cbr1at(1an)

~t.

except

..

I

A.BBUY'l.\'l'lOllS OP OO'l'liIC BlBLICAL BOOU .AHD' ODD RJIUII!

Mt

Matthew

Jn

John

Lk

Luke

Mk

Mark

Ro

Romana

l, 2 Col'

1, 2 Cor1nthiana

Eph

BphH1ana

Ga

Oalatiana

Php

.

Ph111pp1ana

Col

Colo111an1

l, 2 !'b.

l, 2 Theaaalon1ana

l, 2 '1'ln

l, 2 T1motb1

'.rt

!1tua

Pm

Ph1l910n

••h

Neheln1.A

Sk

Skei;re1na

OoArezso

Land-aale deed of .t.reu.o, nov loat .

GoCal

Ooth1c Calendar.

I

•

GoG1eBen G1e5en rrag111ent (Codex Giaaenaia), destr oyed b7 tloodvatera, Februal".7

)

1945.

Oo~ap

Lmd-aale deed or Ravenna, :now in

N~plea.

GoSpo7er

Spo7er tr~ent (d1acoTered October 1970) , preaentl7 ln 8pe7er .

~

GoVeron

Got1ca Veronana1a (Gothic ar.notat1ona to Latin hc:!l!l 1ea:

round 1n the margin or a

Sth/oth

contur7 MS in Verona ) . GoV1enna

V!enneae ilcuin MS (Sal.zburg-V!on."la MS ) .

..

'

62

.t.i

Gl\nt: s•.AJTlC FIEr.DS CONSISTDfG OP sr:l!!IW. WORDS OR liORD-STIMS

A 11

Ma,naktea - e.ganaJi:t1a111

haplo till;

Al. la. • .;g,anaktall "am arouaed,• 11

...•

11 11111

di!ltrW

•

indignant or &ngl"J";

expresa diapleaaure" ia tranelatad Mk 10,J.4.ql (i .e.,

twice) b7 unavirjan, noun, aganutliah

8

~d

the Greek verb's oorrespondin8

1nd1.gnat1on," h

translated b7 the

abstract uncwiro1 in 2 Cor 7,11. Haplotl1 "a1.inplicit7," "11ncerit7~ 1a, literal.17,

Al . lb.

"one-toldneaa" and ia uauall7 (!)x) tranalatod b7 Gothic ain•tai~ei,

juat aa the a1ng.le occurre1:>0e of ita adjective

h&ploue ie tranalated b7 airr-talt• (Mt b,22) .

However,

1n Ro _2,e , where the Greek noun zeana "wholeheartedness• (1.n giving donations), "generoait7," the Gothic uaea

allasvti-ei . A l . lc.

'?he •ct!ve voice ot d1akr!nl5 meana "separate,•

"arr&%16e"1

11

dist1nc,."Uiah," "ditterentiate," "judge."

'rh1a active 1a tranalated bJ dZhn!an 1n l Cor ll,291 1~ian

1n l Cor 11,.)1;

b7 ua-1!5k!an in 1 Cor

4, 7.

b7 '1'he

middle voice, however, means "to be at odds v1th oneself," "be undecided," "waver" in Mk 11,2), where it ia

6)

translated by tile hitherto enipiat1c russwlrJan (in the actiTe ) . 8

:rhe noun of the Greek verb 11 di8.k.ri1i1

d1at1nguiah1.ng,• 9

1n Ro 14,l,

A l .2.

9

d1.fterentiation,• and, apac1t1callJ

d1fterence ot opinion,• "criarre1,• here

!'he a1Jitplex v§r-, v'hioh Wlderl1es Gothic

un-WlrJan, un•vlre1, alla=wlre1, and tuz:rvtrJan, h

.

--

Gothic relatiTe to JiM vahr , the modern aeaning

or

the Which

(1.e . , •true") 1heda little light on the de.."lOtationa or the Gothic 1110rda. ~

E

Spelllcing or the eorreapondence

haplotla~allaswlre1 1n ~o 12,6, Friedrichsen notes tb1t 8

the rendering 1n any caae doea not represent the Greek 8

(FE 2l8).

And ..chubert (Erweiteru.ng 48) propoaea that

the aU.p!ex ttvlr(ei)a (aJ.[!a:/J1:) really £eant ••aantt•, •treundl1ch1 , all or the

•

a moat unaati1!'actor7 auggast1on.

l!10de~qu1valents

derivatives ot

~-.

KoreoTer,

given tor these four Ootnic

aa thoae equivalents are given by

• Balg, Streitberg, Feist, and

1n the gloaaariea

or

lrauae

and Braune, add up to no more than tranalat!ona or the Greek words. The h!atoey or the attempt to d!acover the true meaning or tb.e Germanic et:ymon ot !HHG frustration and near miaaea.

Kluge

~

1a one or

(Et'a'b.d . dt.S~r.

833r.)

augguta that the original s:eaning ot the adjective

•wlro- ( "true" ) wee "aehtbar,• and that or the noun *~

( "lo1alt1," "tederation"), "Achtung," While that

or the adjective •-wer(i)o- ( "triendly" ) wae •achtend." the Aaerican Heritage Dictionary .2! ;Eh!. English Language, 1 which has an extraordinarily good appendix A.~d

ot (p .

P~

r oots, 11st1 1Ili: ttwlroa as meaning "true"

1$50). However, whatever the root word and derivatives

~ay

have connoted in other Ihle . dialecta or in PIB; 1n

Gothic the eimplex •wlr(ei)a (aJ.[ia:/]a : ) meant, a11 will !be shown 1n the following Pfgs11, " nsreaable," "agreeing," "agreed (with, to, upon'"/"(ubere!n-)atiJmlend,"

"(-)st!Jmabar," "(-)gestimmt." unattested adject1ve111

Accordin~y,

the likewise

*Un=wlr(al)a meant "not agreeing,•

"d!11agreeabla," "di1agraeing," "not 1n agreeme~t"/ "m"31t11ul-t, -end:" "veratilc:l-t, -end":

•al.la~war(ei)e

meant ~. tu111 in agre-ent," "col!lpletely agx·eaable, -ing, • "with complete agreement" •vollig abere!n-,

~u11t1.mmend.

-geatimmt";

2

[•

11

"vollig at1.m!i!and" (OHG ala•wlr

ab.soluhl1 true" J);

1.

~illiam

and ~t:uz=wlr( ei)a meant •b.ard

Morris, ed . (l3oaton :

Publ11h1ng Co •• 1969).

"beatizmilt"

American Heritage

Henceforth abbreviated a1

"kn.HD.•

or

to

agree (to, with}," "d1tt1cul t

agre-ent," "agreeable

t

with difticulty"/"alt Schwleriglceit bei-, zuat.bnmend,"

•achwer, bei-. zuzuat1Jllmen." A l .)b.

In thia lut ad.Jectlve, th9 pretix

*~

algnitied ••aentially 'llhat ita OS and Icelandic cognate• have •cant A 1 . .)c .

th1a d17:

to

"troubleaomo."

Tbe abatraet nou.na un=wlrei• "d1aagreeinont"'

and alla•wlroi

11

tull agro-ent," and tne verba un&wlrjan

"to retuae to agree," "be dlaagreoable," "to d1aagree"

and tuz=wlrJan "to find 1t hard t-> agree," "have

troubl~

agreeing" are all derived trca theae adjeetivea.

Finally,

th.e aenae of NHG 1!.!h!: aa "true" either developed tram or waa retained 1n the adjacent uae of the adjective aa attr!ou t1ng the quality of "agreelllent, agreeab111ty with reality, 11 aa 1n the modern High Geman e.xpreaa1on atilm!lt,"

~eaning

11

du

"that ia correct," alth.ough the verb

stiJnlnen noniially means "to hal'l!IOn1ze (with) ," "agree." A i.4.

ln Mk 10,14 tbe verb un

Christ's reaction "•re

bring~

to

w~rJsn

describes

the Apoatloa' rebuA:ing ot people wt.o

cb.ildren to toueb Jeaua.

'When Christ au1

what hia diaciplea were doing, "I lafia un:wlrida" and tola them

to

let the little children com.e to him.

Similarly 1n M.ic 10,41 the Apoatlea JB!!:&I and John aak to be given tho highest placea

or

honor in heaven.

66

Jeau1 tell• th. . that be cannot decide that, but when the other ten hear about tb11 requ11t tor prererence, the7

reac(, ~1th

ta!bun

1rr!tat1onf

du~un

"Jah gs-hausJandans ta1

un wirJan bi lali:6bu jah l6hanntn.•

And 1n 2 Cor 7, ll , St. Paul rerers to a letter ot aavere reprkand which he had "1'1tten to the Cor1nthlan1 a while berore.

lt had apparentlJ cauaed a great deal or

d11turbance and "godl7 grief" among the con&r•gation,

tor he reports (RSV):

"Por aee 'llbe.t earne1tna11 this

godl7 gr1er haa produced !.n you, what eageMleaa to clear Touraelvea, what

indign~tion

(Go. : "..:C-e1

'

WPWlre1n" ) , what alarm, what longing, whet aal., what puniatlnent" 1

In all or tba above caaea, the co11X1210n idea exprea1ed • 11 the 1nd1g;nant refusal to acquiesce 1n aometh1ng, 1.a., "non-agreement," "disagreement," "d 1aagreeablene••" .•• the 111aanina tor un•wlr-.

The German, thereto re, wou.ld be

not .o ~uch "Unw!lle," t!a uaual tran1lation, aa "licht-•

or

"Un-~1nw1111gung,"

~ .l l . ., .

1.e., "J1cht-Zuat1ml'lung."

.

The Gl'eelit haplo tih ( ~ hen

II *Pl-ot-


.

~ and uuM are then

1-aadiately aod1t1ed 'by au191•li1ie1n ( "I praaohad, 11 lit., "&• ' d-naws-had") and vaha ..lrida (lit. :

"I

good-announced") (plua h1.1111n and bwh {both • "to you" ]), reapact1•aly.

!'hua, it 1a beat to •iaw thaaa aa

phraaa-:ror-pbraae tranalat1ona rather than word-tor-word

87

one a.

In other worda, the vei:bs eulngelieial'n and

wa!la-.trida COl!llll•tel7 dominate the aeaninga ot lOgos and

paut•·

Seen !n tbia context, logos would be the

generic term tor the expected, nat'ara.l. product or the act1v1t7 or euangel!zeatha1, or more spoc1r1call7, or angell6 •1 announce," "bring news." to

L1kowlse,

1au~a,

be coruiistent, would be the expr{ion tor the

general tJPo o! act1Yit7 cbaracteriting valla-~irJ n, or espoc!all7 inlrJan "proclaim," "spread vord. 11

"p~ulgate,"

"broadcast,"

4a the Greek clearl7 abovs, the 1emant1c

accent ia not on the almoet 1111ean1nglea• phrase

.t!il!

logal, but on tho Yerb ou•nc•lis&.ln wb1cb gives 1t aubatance.

Onl7 the J!:Odern German tranalationa eew. to

have been able to follow th1e co:;plicated pattern ao:aewbat 11terall7 and still retain the moaning, er. R-51

11

wezm 1hr !.!. teathaltet, wie 1cb

babe" (e=pb.ae1e added), and the TGV1 Wort bebalten, added).

~

u

euch yerlcii.ndet

"Habt 1hr Jedea

1ch euch verlriindet habe?

(e111phas1a

The :t'ol'Ce or logo• here 1a onl.7 alightl7 more

1pec1r1c than that or the indefinite pronoun t1a "what.• It doea not mean

much a apec1t1c "spoken word" hero / as eimply 9 Vhat I preached~" 9 1ntol'"l!lat1on," "1natructlons," &0

•sa71:ng, 11 •wtietever cae out or •1 the like .

\

ICOUtb

1n words," and

88

It 1a a110 the t1PO of "aa1ing" which .11 meant to

be "held rut 1n m~" (Ok. katelcbE1t ~ Go . ga-romtu)). Kittel (Bro~. II [ekh6 ••• ] katekh~ ,,) aaya t~at te~

1a here uaod

or

"holding taat ••• 1nstruct1bn

• rece1Yod" (and otrora tho tranalat1on: day you bnY• kept [in

•~or7 j

and 1t1ll

11

if to this

ke~p

[in 7our

h• ra] the word which I once decllU'ed to 1ou aa good

neva," 1b1d.). B•cauao ot the double dut7 thua done by this "word, • l!:Olt

Ensl iah and Genr.an tranalat1

probl

113

ci:rcumlocute the

b1 ua!ng a a1ngle relat1Ye or anarhorical pronoun

to translate both tln1 and log!5j, or so•• parapbraac or the entire

ct1on.

Wulfila raced this sa=c proble:::i, but with h1a dotem.1nation to translate almost word tor . word (oYen 110re than d1d St. JerOllle), he liaed a word wicb-ve must aaswr:e in view or hia usual aucceaa elaevhore-accuratel1 convoyed the rather generalized, retontionob11g1o.ting meaning of 1.;goa in thia pauage, whore .oaird 110uld han been too 11m1ted and apee1tic.

•

Th!.a

word vaa apparently aauta. A 2 .$2. it to be

But saurk 1a a peculiar word. •01:1110

BtJl!!Ologie."

Feist reports

The only Gothic vord

s.1.a:.ilar to it 1n spelling, aauJ:s (: W.1

but Ga.

111

ht).

•

meana

11

burnt ottering,• "(cooked )

~acritice."

Its

TOc.:L!c section ia long 1n quantity, u

l!.

1{l

gothic script:

n

n

>

t

1ee fig. l .

t

• >

(u)

( ~)

Buch extension could aa1117, be accomplished inadvertently by a leaky•quill or an inattenti•e copyist. The other lettera or the word remained intact, ao thnt we ha•e the tr&IUtormation:

aa;t;t1e >

pa(

~ >

a.u1'§.

P•fi!!6

i1 the top. ot the noun ugwa, which 1a both r-1nine and

96

§-deoleruion, and pbonolog1call7 or Geraanio pro·nnance, agreeing 1n all respects or 11:ean1ng and '?orm with context and deriYation. A

2.~.

The tact that it onl7 occurs once 1n the

whole of tti. Gothic Bible certa1nl7 runs parallel with the

t•~t

that tbe expectedly corresponding verb,

•1aujan, doea not occur at all. case or vaurd (above), Wulrila literal 1n tranalat1on

to

Aa po!nted out 1n the ha~

a habit or being

the point of allowing onl7

one Gothic equiYalent tor lOgo1 in all caaee except th~e where wa\ird waa veY'f clearl7 out of place. ume may be true of

lega and

.

g1l1an.

It h

The

bT all mean a

poaaible that aagwe and 1ta corresponding verb were indeed very co:rm:on 1n Gothic

v~cabulery,

but that they

were restricted to the de11gnat1on or verbal Cota't11nicat1on wh!ch obl1gatea one to heed the content or the meaaage because the eource ia authoritative.

Certa1nl7 the

additi n ot

alr:ulu~

direction.

(Sirulu?i ga-Jr1unan correaponde to ophe1lete

katekhein

"1•

"ye are obligated to" points 1n thla

are obl'igated

to

bold raat," round 1n the

Ambroaiaater ccllll!!entar!ee on St. Paul nnd aeYeral HT manuacr!pta, cf. Xeatle-Aland, WoVUI':. TestamentUJll Graeoe .!.!: Lat1ne, 6 apparatus to l Cor lS,2).

6. • 22d ad., Sti.ittgart1

1944· P• 452.

Wiirtt-berg1aehe Bibelanatalt,

•

... • 2.ss.

"'97

• •

There are two auap1c1ous th1n£R about th

word, aagwa, however:

the t1rat l'-. that tho a:rguinent

rra::. the c nsp1cuoua abaence ot a Gothic d acendant ot

*'

.

gv§ reall7 onl7 provea ·that the Gothic branch POmc. or t.hia word aurtered a Gennan1cally unusual h1ator7 ot paaaing into acriptural disuse:

it do•• r.ot or itaelt

prove the po1it!ve existence of auch a d&acendant in Gothic;

and the second autpicioua thing 1.is that a

a

cannot reall7 be a standard Gothic tonii. becaua

-&!-

Proto-Gen:ian1c

boc

e a1111pl1f1ed 1n Via1goth.$c tor

-&- before PIE labial vowels, e.g., Go

PO!nc. •~agw1ti:

< Pli: •dhogwbo a :

-j!-

.

boJ

5.,!C!!-

"

(unleu G

~

11

'

before PIE pclatal

vowela, o.g., Ool psav1 "girl" < POmc. Plbc.-Go.

})..!!.e.! "d1Q' *mor:,

t

1nin• of \

-w- signified a v iced

labio-vela:r tr1cative, which is a leaser probab11it7); or-!!- before consonants, e.g., Go. MAU!~• "ot the girl,• genitive singular ot !!!.!!!.!· and

lso siuna "sight"

P~c.

Alao, the POr:c • .eluater

.

•aef:wni-

-nr.w- bee


o~a1ied roma

•t

tile lettara 1n qu111tion.

Suoh atm1ant1c and formal oongruence between these torma can hardlf be explained away ae mere co1no1danoe.

Po;: this reason it ae11111s that we are here dealing with a dialectal (OatrogotltlcT

Vandal1cT

Burgundian!)

tol'lll troa one or the other Germanic tribes (the Go.

tem1n.1ne §.-at• gen1 ti'fo plural anding

-~

1a also

coJ111110n Germanic), inserted into the text by a non-Viaigoth!c , Germanic acr1be while the Gotba were 1n Italy and 1111.xed "1th 111any 9ther Germanic tribea.

On!'ortunately, this ia a hapllX

legt>~enon,

ODd we

oannot tell &n3' 1110re than this from this one 1nat1U1ce. BUt the discovery or the existence or the word cognate to NB~ ( • taie")

!n the

aagwa, eertailily fills a

oth1c Bible's ugw6, Gp. to

~aJor

etyti1ologica'l gap .

We can

now erase Ji'aiat'a "Ohne BtJ'lllOlog1e." 1nn=at=glhte

A 2 . o.

(f .1: )

(I

4)8)

Ji'inallf, we have the reading

1n Lk l , 29 .

:!:!.! 1nnza t-glhta1 .!!.

rt 1a obvious that thia is not at

~

•

tranalat1on o r any known Greek text but rather either a

99

tran1lat1on ot, or liappe111tance agre-ent v1th, one or the Old ;Latin render1nga .!n 1ntro1tu e1u1

or~

1ntro1tpe

e1u•.7 Moat prob•blJ it 1a a tranalat1on or the Old Latin, aa ao aanr other Gothic dev1at1ona are.

t?'Olll the

Greek

Intro1ty.• (1.e., 1ntro-1tua) 1a "entrance," and

th1a 1a alao what

he Gothic word Jteana, aa !a clear :rroa

the double pretix and the -!- •uttix added to the root

ot g•ggan •to go.•

It 1a, quite l1terA:ly, a r.going 1n

to• II

laJ.11 A 2 . 71.

Lal1i 1s translated by two words in 1ta three

placea of

occurrence~

~•tle1na

once and ra&da

tV'i~•·

Ruda 1n both Y.t 26, 73 and Mk 14, 70 haa the aeaning or

aatl•in• A 2 . 72.

7.

cr.1 : )

On the

(IE'' 746)

other hand, piaple1n• in Jn 8,t..3 1a that

See Wilhela Stre1tberg,

Bl!

got1aehe Bibel, Part

!!!£ got1sche Text En!!. ae1ne griechiacha Vorlag•· !'!it E1nle1tung, Leaarten ~ ~ellennacbve1een aow1e .!!!n Is

kleineren Den)a!iilern ala Anh•!JS Sth rev. ed . (hencetortb referred to ai&ply aa "OoBbl");

Part I!:

Oot1ach-Or1ech1ach-

Deutachea ...Orterbucb, 4th ed. (henceforth referred to ailllply aa "llOrterbuch")

(Heidelberg:

Carl Winter, 196$), Part I

(OoBbl) p. 87, and lart Il (liOrterbuch) p. 68.

100

k1nd ot speech wh1cb one 1• auypoaed to be able to underatand (lnmnan), and does not particularl-r the i;h7aical qua11t1ea of rude . more of an idea of

8

~pl7

Actuall"f 1t conve7a

epeak1ng to a group 8 aa 11 clea:r

trcm the uae or the Terb 111atil Jan 1n ln l4, .)0 which i•, l1terall7,

8

liencetorth [•er7 J 111Uch I w1ll not diacourae ln thia context the ideo of the participation

with you."

of the speaker and hearer• 1n the aC't1on 1a 111ade clear by the aent1on ot the hearer1

("a1~

!zwi1").

of participation 1a the l"OOt idea or !!.!l:i-· comea trcm the PIE

~-. fAd-

CcJlll'IOnal1tz ?he root

which aeant •to meet,•

"approach," plua an IE -tlo-111 1uttix (er . JEW 746) added to tom t.be Gothic noun ma tl •market place, n "(Tillage) common," "a1aB11bly place."

He who prea1ded before the

111:-b•ra or the tribal commnlty a.umnbled on the 111al'>l waa a taura-.atle1a, his ott1ce the t.UraZ116~li. both Jn 8,43

(ma~leina)

In

and Jn lA,30 (matil1an) the

speaker 1• Cbr1at, Who ia apeak!ng w1tb a plur&l audience. lleCeea~

It la poaeible that th1a rerlecta that a implication

Of

attention or a group to

marlalna and 111atillan

tile

wha~ waJ being aaid. lt is

!mpoaaible to conclude a11yth1ng decia1vely two

WBI

fz-:)111

only

inatancea, but this w:>uld certa1nl7 be in 116reeaont

101

vitb the t-ype

o:

public apeecll vh1ch would take place on

a tribal ccnm::on, perhapa directed by a taura matlJa, or ~

public diaputanta before a crowd, ea Chriat lll'ld tho

leaders of the Jews !n Jn

e,43.

Thua 1t aeema that tor equivalents, "public

M&~le11',

Balg'a

speech.~ "discourse,~

~iah

are correct,

and clearer than Streitberg'a and Pe1at 1 s "Rede," vhich does not apec!f!cally 1iiiply JtOre than one listener. Certainly "Bedeweise~ or the last t ae. . to apply. not at all to

\

•c,holara doea not

•Redewe1ae" 1a applicable only to razda, ma~leina.

Stveitberg and Fe1at were of

course translating the Greek word, whereas Belg

e~lll!l1nod

the uao or tbe Gothic word 111Ucb 1110re closely.

A 2 . 7Ja.

J.a distinct from the public speech or mable1ns,

Per instance,

razda unquestionably refers to t.be sound.

!t alao occurs as a tranalat1on ot the Greek gloaaa. The Jlrime meaning of glosat !a tbe phJsical organ or the tongue.

Thia meaning {ik 1,64

tbr!ce by the Gothic tugg6.

Kk 7, 33. 35 ) is

tra.~a:eted

But ea the phyaical source

or generation of l1ngu!at1c acouatica 1t is termed razda, e.g., Ro 1.4,11. J.

2. 7Jb.

It ia ra~da alao wn.ere gloaaa a1gn1t1oe

..

glouolalia, the so-called "speaking 1n tongues" ot the Nl', first ment1onad in the newly round Spayer

tra~ent'a

102

~..;c

16,17 ( vhere the Gothic ia

razd6~

r6djand n1uJaj,p

"the7 ahall apealc with nev voicing•" ) .

Ske1re1na

7a&d1S occurs in l Cor 12,10, tor inatance, of vhlch Xittel (BJ'O'lll. l gloasa B J) aa7s, "To make

glo••~!l1•

Hn1ceable to the cOBaUn1t7 ••• either the apealcer or another brother must be able to give an 1nterpr•tat1on• (ecphaa1s •dded) • (A-G

.A.nd about l Cor l4.2Z.2J.26.27 Bauer

161) aaya, regarding gloaaa, "There is no doubt

about the thine referred to, n ..ely the broken 1peech ot peraona 1n relig1oua ecsta17 •••• I

are pl'Olllinent toda7.

Two explanat1ona

The one ( Bleek, lle1nr1c1) holda

that gloaaa here mean• antiquated, toreign, unintelligible. E7atorioua utterancea.

The other (Re1tzenate1n, Bou1set)

Hea in gloHolalia a speaking '1n the aervelous, henenly languagu." ~o

,

matter vh1ch of these tvo views of gloaaolalla

is accepted, there can be no doubt that, 1n ever1 in1tanee ot the use of razda, the Gothic word indicated 11C111eth1ng peculiar, individual, or variant about the •apeech.•

In Ro l.4,ll it haa tuch intense 1ndividua11t7

or ditference and aeparatenea•

rrom

other t'1Pe• or ita

own kind that it can be equated with the Greek 'ilOrd for "tongue" when the latter ia viewed aa that particuler faculty or speech generation excluaive to each tnaan ind1 vidual • I

•

I

...

10.)

P'or tn,,11 rea1on1, 1ta general meaning ••--• to l!e

'

1n the area ot

11

.

d1tterent apaach," "' discrete torm of

apeach." But u

pointed out above, l

11 emphaaizea the

ac uat!ca ot 1peech more than lll11 other character1at1c.

And gloua

alwaya refers

to

speech only 1n a t1BUr•t1ve

manner, the t1rat point of reforenca being the phya1cal organ ot ape:ioh, the tongue.

In both theae vorda the

atr111, !naotar a1 their co::-.on a!gn1t1cat1on ot "speech" 1a concerned, 11 definitely on the non-all!Ulntic aide;

lean toward eonnotat1on1 of tho meehanica of the ap

proceaa, auch aa the production and hearins

ot the 11ounda of speech.

A ~ . 7.)c. Go.

~T.

'l'he general concept imparted b7 razda in the

then , ia a "d111crete and 1nd1v1dua! product1ori

ot the proceaa of audible apeech," which can be beat

encapsulated 1n the modern Engl!eh word "vo!oa," or, better, "voicing. 11 underetood the

1'he onl7 acholar

who

ae.u to have

rd tl:ma ia KrauH (and PoJCorn7, Ii:'"

85)), vbo la probably v1ev1n.g 1t et)'!!!Olog!call1, aince he gloasee 1t (Hb.d.Got. 307a) u

"StilUle. 11

P'l'Olll theae

ccna1derat1ona it follows that the Goth ur.doratood glossolalia aa

11

vo1cinga."

104

A 2.8.

ln th1a ••nae ot "voicing," razda atanda

d1at1nc\ from the idea or c011m2Un1cat1on wit

o

(aa 1n aatle1na), ot anatoa1 (aa 1n tuggO), or m•anlr.g Ca• 1n waiir~). or 1ntellectulll act1v1tJ (as in ratJ~).

ot external cauae and ettect relat1onah1p in l!IOrlll.1tJ (aa 1n ra!rina), or or an.1 sort or into?'!!ling

author1tat1ve17 (as 1n aqgva {Codex: paul!§, genitive pluralj). 9

It 1a o~ in the aenae or •voicing• that

apeeeh, 9 "tongue,"

"Kund~",o

9

9

l~age"/"Sprechve1ae.•

8praebe" can be uaed aa translations

ot razda.

•

A:

GREEK SEMANTlC .P'IELl>S COllS!STllG OP SEVERAL WORDS

OR WORD-ITEMS

A ):

eaoptron (a!n11g!!a)

A 3.1.

aicuggwa {trla ahte }

All Gothic echoltre have hitherto glossed

Gothic ekuggva (m.ns)

••

"m!rr~r"/"Spi•gol ,"

l;ihat tha Greek eaoptron moans.

But 1n spite

which is

or

the

tact that, in l Cor 13,12, skuggwa occupies tho au:a position 1n the Go.thic verae aa esoptron does in the Greek, it 1a improbable that th1a Gothic word real'l.7 means "mirror~;

on the contrery, it eet1111a much JCOre

lik•l1, considering the circUEata.ntial exegetical

..

-

evidence, that thla word reall7 =•ans "obscuration," "shadow," and that .l'alrh 11kuggwan in

!

act "eane

-

"onismaticall'J'" and approx1aat.. the "darkly" ot the phrase "through a glass, daricl.7."

A8 this word is a

hapax legomenon, thia choice between the two possible Meanings !s not certit1ed by other atteatations .

But

1n the ph.rlUle blepotnan ger arti ~ eaoptrou .!!! a!n~gmot1

("tor we aee now th.rough a airror in a riddle";

Gothic

aa!hvlll'll !!.!! talrh slruU"°an in tris =ehtai), aln!.ee clearl;r:

...

106

\ ahow1 evidence or be1ng underatood tjguratively, aocord1ng to the manner ot Weatern1 ex9£ea1a, since ,,/

1t 1a tranalated ~ap

9

no;

w1th an, word that could poaaibly

riddle,e but v1th tria=ahta

"v1a~al

•repreaentat1on,• "depletion," "ett1gy":

image," "viaual1:at1on";

"tJpical repreaentat1on,• •arebtJpe," "parad18111," "ex11111plar"; "tfPOlOs:J"I "contour." Fr1a•ahte 2 1a the

"Western" a; iaed here :refers to the texts

l.

and textual readings or1g1nat1ng, :from L11cian'a t111le on, 1n

t~

western portions or tho Kaatern Roman Einpire

•

and 1n the 'ii'eatern Romn:n l!mpi:re.

Moat or auch road1nga

are round (translated into Latin) 1n the "ltala" ("Old Latin") .vera1ona ot the Jl'r, and 1n the quotations tram the early Church tatbera.

In general, the ter:

·~eatern"

1• used (perhapa unfortunately) •• a general label tor any aourcea that are not either S7r1an (Luc1a.n1c ) , • or

Alexandrian, or 2.

'

4tJ!,.~-.

pr~Luc 1an1c.

'.!'he etJ1110logy or tr1a ahta:

tr1s=

*l!.::2!- "in tront (ot)" (IEW 612)

9dae HinauarUhren

uber" ( ~E'tt" ~O ) ;

.ll-tormatton to PIE ~-

"tii

< PIE

< 2. ~-

~ 1e a

aee" (IE'ii TIS)

(Jlot

•aahta to aa!hvan because ga•aahta •rebuke," "reproof"

& 1J!=sahts "narrative," • account," "epistle";

"argument,"

107

•

no:raall7 ex.cluahe tranalation or tupoa ( "ax-ple," "~reaa"",

•pattern• (< •:mold," triasahtn

[.lx:> .

tranalated onl.7 bf

or hupotum'\•1• ("archetype," "ideal

pattern," "model" [< "alcatch," "del1neat1on"J, tranal ated onl)' by !rh=ahta (2.x]), or tmp0de11fp!a l"excnple,• "model," "pattern"1 th• Greek

Vor~ge

occurs onl7 once 1n

the extant Goth1c), and ot eilc&n

to

c•.tmage,. "lilceneea";

"tonn, .. "appearance": trllllllla•ed

Sx bJ tr1s ahts,

)lt

bf

~an

A ,3.21.

110

bappena that three or thue worda,

•

llow it

leika "hl.mian 11kanaaa").

hupO•eispia, ~. and eilc&n, are exegeticall)' connected with akia "shadow."

As Kittel (Brom. Vll skis D 3,)

:reYeala 1 Very closely :related to Col 2,17 are the aayinga 1n H:e 1btreve ; . pal'allel to alcili.

lc1a

In Rb 8,5 hllt0de1ea h

A point worth noting le that

th1a aenae occurs onl.7 in the section

8,1~10.18.

'l'he oppoe1 te 1a tUpoe (a quotation from h (odua]

2 . (Cont.)

"declaration•< eakan (6 : )

"dispute" ( •1th, tor,

"to -argue,"

ate.~).

(I : )

"to depict (with a v1aual 1.aage)," "tol'lll," "pattern," and

£•-t:ria•ahtnan (IV : )

•to be(c01!le) depicted (in a viaual

1Jlage)," "be(come) configured," "be(coae) f ormed," "take ahape, 8 "te(c011te) patterned," •be(ca.ie ) contoured."

loB

2S, 0), 1'h1eb 1n turn meana the ••• ae e1k8n.

Y1th the help of the Hellenistic philosophical. categol"j "heavenl:r real 1t7-earthly ehadow" the

•

Jew1ah priesthood and 1ta m1n1atry are relat1vized

b1 the h1gh-pr1est17 ottice or Jeaua.

Thia

pole!lieal relativ1&1ng 11 expreaaly supported b7 the citation or the

~oaa1c

'l'he aa-e

Scripture.

re11g1o-h1ator1cal. and theological milieu control• the alcia 11a7ing in 10,l. 'Since the nOr.01 (~lav~j

contains onl1 a

ahad~w

or the ;

.

heavenly reality, it cannot achieve the perfection on which ever7thing depends. 'lhe Ephtle to the Hebrews ii, or course, not 5m0ng

the preaerved Gothic Scripturea. a moat .rruatrating taet. I auapect, tiowever, either that pkia iay not have been translated there by akadua, which ia ita onl7 tranalation (thrice) 1n tho preaerved Gothic r!llll."lanta (aa

ala~

Gothic

ptar-1'1cadwJan is the onl7 translation tor the three oceurreneea or Greek ep1ak1az~ "I overahadov") , or that 1t

~kadua

waa indeed uaed, 1t waa used only because it

referred to a apee1t1c "shadow," modified b7 a genitive of poaaeaa1on aa 1n the extent atteataticna (Lk l,79

Mk 4 ,32 Col 2,li), aa.. opposed to the n:.ore abstract, general 1 &ed kind Of "Jsiurk)" blUl'l'edneU II de.."10 ted b)" Skuggva •

Por the Western exegetical connect!on !n meaning

'

between the 1dea of "appearance" as illuatrAted by the comb!nat1on "shadow-and-!.aage," on the one hand, "reality~

versus (spiritual)

on the other, an this

contrast !~ presented in Hebrews, is verr close to the amnantic patterning o! · the aame contraat in l Cor 1 ) ,12 , tho verse under diacuaa!on:

"For we 1ee now through a

~irror in a riddle, but

face to !ace."

A J. 22.

TJim

"lhen St. Paul wrote thla Metaphor, he was

alluding, as waa natural tc Rabbinic tradit!.on,

or

methpda

the Hebrew prophets.

to

the

According to this

tt•ad!tion, these prophets derived their underatand!ng ot the future by looking into mirrors !n which they

would aee prophetic knowledge divinely codified in

,

riddles.

Kittel (Brom. l aln!ll}!I& [ eaoptronj} axplaina1

eaoptron.

"To see in a

glaaa~

also Means "to

aee prophetically." ••• In this !:nlage of l oo,!ng 1nto and seeing in m!rrora there is no stresa on the tact th.at the mirror give1 only an indirect and clouded p!cture •..• It la thus 1ncorreet to aeinta!n

•

that one ot the character!st!c1 of the mirrors

ot antiquity waa to give ind!atinct pictures .•••

•

110

!!l a!.nlpat1 blep•1n is alwa:r• wied ot the

obacura aee1.ng, hear!.ng 'and apeak.ing ot the

•

prophet•····.!!!. ain!splat! 1a a more preciae fOJ"Ol Of

the general d! I UOptrOU to indicate

What 1a lea1 clear. Tbe Greail: tbua originall7 expreued the idea or c!rror-Y!ew1ng tor knowledge Of the future, aa done b7 tho prophets, combined with indistinct perception (!,!l ain!pat1) or what was seen.

Tbe reference to the

or

prophetic techniques,

however, had, tor the 1t0at part, dropped awa:r b7 the tourtb centur-1.

Instead ot to prophecy, ~ eaoptrou

.!!! ainlpat! c ... to refer atrictl7 to that form or

aeeing which contraated with clear and open viaual perception.

In the Gothic rendition of l Cor 13,12, the

"realit7" concept impl1citJ in the words "race to tao•" (and:walr~i w1fr• an~•wa1r~i) la dialecticallJ oppose~ to

the "vague !&18•" ot that reality 1n the ame wa7 aa the Philonian "Hellenistic ph1loaophical categor1" places "hen1nl7 realit1" oppoa1te "•arthlJ: shadow" in the Letter to the Hebrews.

Such interpretation of the Bible

in term• ot 1taelr and ita own thought pattern• ( rather than in terms or Judaic acho1.arsh1p) ia clearly or non-Rabb!n!c proYenance and repreaenta the "influence

111

dt the weetern exe ete•" (Friedriohaen, FE 216 • enta the kind ot

Priedrichaen doe

involved vb!eh 1.ntluenced the c

a "riddl " 1n

t~

~eatern

exeg sis

plete alteration or

ori 1nal Greek into an ":im.age" in

the Gothic Bible (FE Z20t ) t l Cor 1!11 12

p

!!.!.. esoptrou

g,.\Wan 1n tr1aahta1;

enipr; te .

~airh

_n ein1;.pat1

v • latt. Alllbret • ..:!!!

Prialhta repreaenta e1kan, tupoa ,

and 1n this paaaa 11 1a clearl1 auggeeted lbJ' the

co=entariea. nApertUl!I

Thus ve read tn

broaiaater,

eat nunc i=ag!nea vider! per fid

tune re• ipaae,"3 and 1n Pelagiua , "~aa1 pfX'vul1, qui non poaawima eerena cordia ac1e p

rtectae lUlllen perepicere clar1tat1s, per

speculu=:. le-is quasi reru::. 1.m•s1nlllll conte:::pl

ur.•4

).

l'ranalated:

"It 1a clear that no01 i=agea are

a11en through taith, (!but) then the thine;• th

4.

l'ranlla.ted:

el VllS •"

"••, as though children who cannot

pttrceivo vith clear, keen viaion ot the heart tb

ot

p :-tect clarity, through the ai:r.ror

cont

plate thin8s'

ct the law

agea, so to 9P•Ak. 11

light

ll2

Cr. also Theodorst, "Skia,

!!! gar ta,!

~ J11ellon~n.

ton tupon

ho~men t~a

ph~a1,

!! peronta

~eneg1t5j

bapt~muti

annetiaa6 .•• entautha

~

aumbola tou Despot1kou the~~atha a&olatoa."S

S.

Translated:

shadow or wllat b

"'*'hat la preaant, 1 it aaya,

'

com1ng 1 , < Col 2,17:

,.1z~ gna:va1rJ;anll:.

Gothic:

For in all-holy ~pt1sn we

1

1• e

alcadua aH

tha

(prer1gurat1••) :!!l!,! £tilpoa • tria=ahtalj of the reaurrect1on ••• we behold hare the a:JX!lbola ot the body or the Lord." In add1t.1on, Jaa.n Danielou ( 1n The "'~ble and tha -

::it=._

~-

UniTerai't;r ot i:otra Dee 't Presa, 1966, p. 181 ) , writing abOut aacr.-antal

L!.turc, lotra DD1a, lnd.h na :

• H7aaa and typ0lo11. tranalatea the words or Greaory or C7r!l ot M7aaa:

Ale~andria N1

Saptjlll:l.

regardln; !apt!11111:

You muat be buried in death with him by But i t ia not death 1taelr, but a shadow and

an 1.Jnaee or death. 1 ~peaks

Gregory of

It .1.a noteworthy ttiat Cyril

in tfe amae way:

1

S11'1Ca we are baptized in the

"death of Christ, Baptism 1a called a shadow and an iJllage

ot death, which 1a not

.

to

be reared•" (emphas1a added).

. . auntaphend auto I di.a

The original Gree~ or Dan1elou•s quotes reads aa tollowa t (Oragor7:)

e!a to

toU¥""

•

'

11.3

And

on p. 2lb (PE), P'r1ed.J"1cbaen obaervea that

'fheodoret (laat of

~te)

1n particular 18 t.o lbe noted aa

a1gn1~1cance regard~

the Octh1c version or l Cor

.

1.3,12. .A

1.

!'h.erefore, a1nce:

.3· .3·

9

1'he oppoa1tloe or

heavenl7 raal1t7• is cona1dered to

cona1at or a (:ere) "image• (• Ge. tr1a ahta, whether

Ok . tiupOdeilJ!!•• hupotup§a1a, tupoa. or e1k6nt) COlllbined Vi th the idea of "ahsdow" (ak1a): .A)

1n the Zp1atle to the Hebrews (cf. E!ttel,

abo't'e ) : B)

z.

in ThAodoret (er . l'r1edrichsen, quoted above ) :

Pelag1ua, 1n explaining the aeeine of blagea l!:irrored .in the lav, gives the law..,mirrcr 1 a roaaon

t~r

ex!atance

as the h'Ulllan 1neb111t7 to "eee" the "light" ot perfect clarlt7, and thua"bipliea ao=o process or obacurat1on

ot ttat light th.-ough hUlltan 1nadequac7:

s.

(Cont.)

baptieioii .!.!!. tOn t hmaton ••• .QE aft.r

th.anatop hoUtO! Htin, Al.la thanatoU alc1a kal elctiJp6.a, (• Lat. lllOrtia Ullibra et aim111tudo: Oraocae, Tol.

~b,

(And C,r11 : )

!R.!l

Migne, Patrolog!ae

column 692 I ) : de

..!!!. t&n ithmaton T.hriatou bayt1zonetha,

1elchthlaeta1 kal tO baptilll!'la alc1a thanat'lu kal l!l!.ail"I&. hOn .£!! ~ phobe!athai. ~1gne,

.

(• Lat. uabra atque iliiitatic nortia;

Patrolog1ae Oraecae, vol. 69, colu11n 841 B).

114

, ).

!o a certa•n

ex~ent,

an ,1Ji!age can be under•tood ••

a "retleet1on11 (et. the NE phraa• "mirror 1J1u1e;e"), thua gak1ne aupertluoua the ex;il1c1t cent1on of a !:rror •• 1n the k:brodaater quot8't1on !n

•

Priodr1chsen, above:

4. !'he pbraae 1n queat10.1 !a understood even b7 ll!Oat I

modern tr1UUletors as 1nclud1ng the !dea or a.n obacur1ng or the light, e.g., RSV: d1rll.1";

lt.1V1

"in a ~irror,

"tbr.ough a glaae, darlcl.1":

"throu£h a mirror in en ob11cure irHanner"; "iillat Ve '11l1rror•; (t)

8H

JB1

TEV:

now i• like a ~ wage ( ! ) in a •Now ve •re seeing a dim reflection

1n a mirror";

Bild 1n e!r,

Conrr.1

:ro\'1

Spiegel";

"nur ein verachwo1111r.ene1 and onl7 R-S:

"in: Spiegel

ri.taelhatt." Pris ahta b7

..

11npl1ea no obacuration,

although 1t does convey the idea of "v1aual

~nge,•

-

"reflection," "Bild"; we can onl7 conclude that all of these points indicate

•

that the pbraae 1n general 1ncludee the idea of oba~urat1on

aii axcept

or light, accordins to the th.e~bbinlc-Maaoret1c

underata.~dina

of

exe etea. to wboae

trad!t!on the phraae orig1nall7 referred.

Sine• thia

"obacurat1on 9 1a def!n1tel7 not expreaaed by l!! rr1a•aht11,

us

it au•t be oxprea•od b7 the onl7 alternat!ves

ta!rh

1kuggvan. To re-pbr••• tbb, we can 1a7 t.bat t.he aean!ng ot

the •kuuva-t'r1s.,llhta i1a1r 1a contrasted with the "reality" ot the heavenl7 future in a aL"mer which

!a

quite con•1•tent with and parallel to much contrast 1n the Letter to the Hebrews, whore ve can be certain that, whatever Gothic word 1111avered to •k!a, it• c0&pl..:ent

vaa

rr11~abt•, both tenna atand1ng oppoa1te tho "heavenly

relllit7" aide ot the equation.

The mere pro•once ot

rr1aeeht1 1n l Cor l),12 18 evidence 1ntrua1on into the

~xt

or

at thia point

exegetical That !.a, we

arrive at the following a811lant1c proportional equation obtaining between •••tern exegea!s and the Epistle to the

Bebrewa on the one hand, ver•U• l Cor l),12 on

the otheri "ahadov" / "hlage" s "reall t7"

"'

"x" / "il!lage"

"reallt7, 11

?

wbe,i:e "x" voUld certainly be "ahadov." l conclude that the complete •omant1c unit "shadov-plua-b;age• vas introduced into this aect1on in order tos A) make it conaiatent with Weatern oxeges1• and with

.

the Ji! 1taeH' (eapechll7 with tho Letter to the Bebrewa ) .

'

B) male• it Z!lOr• undfratandable to

&ll}'

Goth -wno

read or haard 1t, and wno did not understand the Rabbinic tradition. Aa a corollary

or

th1a , I conclude further

thet akuuwa does not real ly translate esoptr on ''mirror" more thJlri 1'r111=11hta tr and aha a1n1f!!D~), but rather

(any

akia "shadow," 1n the aenae of tho obscuration, d1D:m1ng,

or d1atort1on of light.

The passage aa!hva!'I !!.!! J::airh.

akuggwan !n f r ia=ahtai was traruiformod 1n the Gr eek Vorlage rrom blepo~en

gar

eaoptrou .!.!l a1ni!!j!!!lati, through the ln.rluence ot Western exegeaia and Old Lat1n6 texts,

into •bl ep0111en 8.rti dia ak!aa !n tupO' (. ttv!d-ua nunc per U111brwn (/adUlllbration•?) 1n 1.aag1ne), 1n the

•

tranalator' a or e:isendator• a aind, ao as to moan "we see now through shadow (/ obscuration , dlmneaa;

ad:abral

outline) into an (analog1cali image (/retleet1on)." The "1n to" (Gk. .!.!1.1

I

o. !n} ia really a Semitie18111

(cf. K!ttel, Bro~. I a1n1f!!'lB {eaoptron )) .

Its position

here waa unusual 1n non-S&111itic Gree& and made even lass aonae in Gothic.

'n\e presence or this prepoa1t1on

in the Greek compounded tranalat1ona1 d!f1'1cultlea,

d!!f, ,ultiea which the Latirt acbolars simply transferred into the Latin voraiona by using the Gk. loan-word

6. Ahl.Im

Cf . G.W. S . Friedioichaen, Gothic Studies, Mediua

Ko:iographs VI (Oxtor d:

Baail oBlaakwell, iq6l),

t> •

76.

117

pen1SJ!!•· but which compelled the Ootlu

to

restructure

the entire a-.ant1c a1tuat1on while keep1r.£ the grllll:'lar and a)"ntax 1dent1cal w1 th the original.

.).$1.

A

7requentlJ quoted

~ognat's

to the Ootb1c

11

akuggwa are Olf elcugg-1Ja 1!t!rror," and OHG acu-car, pcu-char "Mirror."

However, 1t 1a the second element

1n theae worda which completel7 al tera the aean1ng to

"mirror," tor the t'irat part (OW akuggi. OHG ,ecu, LI.one, aema "ahadow."

The shirt 1n aeaning to

9

c":vo) , a1rror"

111 part1all7 reYealed b7 the OHQ ecuvan, acuven "to 11

adU111brate," (Ort.rt VI, 11

(re)pre11ent the outline• or the 1hadow ot"

40S)7 (to be d1at1ngu1abed froa OBQ 1couwon

to look at 11 [Oratr VI,

II, l

rt.], which is fl'q:!l a d1t't'erent PIK root, eee

below, A 3.51+) .

ON akugg-a1a 1s tbua literally an

7. Ttiua also ~

II,

in vol.

achwachen Verben

(Un1vera1t7, I,

S$2tt., Raven, Schw.Vb.d.Ahd.

~-, ~

Ala~:

!:!!!!!:-

~

~

1, p. 189 ot Fr1tbjQt' A. Raver.,

....

Althcchdeutachen, 2 vols.

Un1vere1tJ ot Alabmna Preaa ) , vol.

kurza1lb1p;e 1an-Verba (1964);

vol.

on- !!!!!! en-Verben, e1nachl1e5lich einea

auarUhrllchen late1n1aeh-althochdeutschen Gloaaara !!:! be1den Banden (1967).

l'h1a two-volWl!le work ia henceforth

abbreviated aa "Schw.Vb.d.Abd."

118

"adullllration-vlawp1•c•," 11nd OHG 1cu-c(h)ar 1s literall7 an "adullbret1on-receptacle" ( [OHG kar, c(h)ar • 8

ahallow bas1n,r "saucer-like veasel 8 Gra.£r JV, 463 )

ct. .AnEtWb So6) •

P1mllsh

~

"pie ture," "illlage,"

"1lluatrat1on9 1a alao der1ved tl'0111 the earl7 Gel'lllan1o •1kuvwa- .1n the 1en1e or "adumbration." While these con1id1rationa ma7 aa7 soaething about the proc1dure1 involved in pictorial repre1entation

,

81110ng the ancient Gel'lllanic trib11, it aa ..s too bold

to 111U111e that the PClmc. etf11!on by itself incorporated

the concept ot "mirror" or "th!ng to look through." Prom this, atr1ctl7 etJll!Ological, starting po!nt, one Jllight expect the Gothic word to mean "darkened picture," "111bou1tte," at 11101t. It we add tile tact that the Gk . katoptrlzl5 "I look at

a1 1n a mirror" ia translated by

~a!rh-aa1hvan

!peculantea) .tn 2 Cor J,18 (A.SV: u.nveiled tace beholding

~

in

~

(vg.

"But ve all, w1th mirror tha glory or the

Lord, are tranatonned !.nto the a11111e image from glol"J to glorr, even u AJ:=~an

v1i1

rrorn the L'° rd th11 Spir 1 t" ;

all~i

.

Gothic t

and-hulidAJ!lllla and=wa!rp ja

wul~~

trauJ1n1 ta!.rh-uihvandana, M a-15n tril•aht 1n-ga-l11kl5nda at

wul~au

in wul.lJu, awa=avl

st trauJ1na

abmin [MS Al) , 'Wbere tho "mirror illlage" 1s e1k6n

119

tranalated b7 tr!a•ahu, it 11pJ1tar1 that in the akt1ggv• paaaage or l Cor 1),12, 111hv91 ••• talrb conve71 alJnoat the •-e aeaning u

J:alrh-ae!hvan (u lillev1ae, e.g.,

SS.Ill 1nib Jn ll, 3.3 • 1un-erkhoiilai "to come with" 1a indiatinguiahable in meaning trom

a1~-q1,pan

Jn 6 , 22,

where tbe Ooth!c hu lllifl-n1-g• • •• Ml, "did not c011:e with ••• into" tor the )a.Aor-2,' Id.Act. or 1un-ei1-erlchoma1 "I go in v1th"). 'l'hat ia, the ~a!rh- as prefix baa purel7 adverbial qualit7:

"to aee retlectedl7," "••• through• ("a look.1.:na

glaaa," Ok. ea-op-tron ( ~- • Lat.

apec~) .

G.c. prefi.1.H

~-

the et.1111 -op-tr-.

!.!!

"in" l or kat-op-tron,

It aaaumea the a1111e function aa the and

~-

when the letter are combined with

( Accordlngl7, tho Gothic word for

"mirror" in lfT terainologJ would be expected to be aomething l!.ke • te!rh ae!h(v)atr or •ta!rh=elunl~ ) . On tho other hand, the ta1rh in l Cor 13,12 1a not onl7 adverbial but also prepositional.

Yet unleaa the entire

paaaage i i to loao 1 ta traditional meaning, alcuggwa cannot mean "n:.1.rror," as abovn above.

It must, instead,

give sone rendering or the various interpretations ot elnisp:a.

'l'he aigniticetion of "viewing a reflection"

(1 •••• or bl!pein d1 1 aaoptrnu) ia borne, rather, partl7 bJ 11!.hvan r;:s1rh and partl7 by tria•ahta.

Tho Gothic 1a

120

-

I

thua

9

ve are look!ng-aa-tbrough-a-look!ng-glaaa througll

obl'uacat1on C/ahadov, U111bral outline, adumbration) into a v!aual repreaentat1on."

That 1a, the image ( f!'1a•ahta )

1a a l!lUrlCJ' one. Thia Gothic '\through obt'uacat1on ~(to) an image" g1vea the WHtern interpretation of the true

m~1ng

ot

the phrase wh!le retaining the or1g1nal aequence or prepoa!t1ona • .l

3.52.

Regarding the et;re:oloSJ' or slcugwa (apart

!'?'om the obv1oua equivalence to OX.skuu:!. "shadow," &c.), 1 tollow !.emann• a ('Rvlµ;aryng

tram

11

214) derivation or the

PIB lar)'I18aal ate •alruwX- > P0111c . •skuww-.

word

I

aaaume that 1ta naareat relative in Gothic 1s un•akaua• (onl7 mllfp. unsaKava1 attested, l rh

S,8), wb1ch would

accord1ngl7 be expected to 111ean •unobacured,"

I

•

"unbeshadoved," and aust have derived t?'a:ll an unaccented-grade at1111

•s~.

Xw- (> PO.c. •akaw-, aa

likewise 1n {PIE ·~-/·~- "

!ill

versus

*.!!.!!!- "l

tawida [ Pt. ot taujan "do"], er. also aleu!-, A 6 later Sn this work), w!th the s111ce m:etathellia or i'IB

-!!!- to

-!!!- aa I further aaaume occurred also between the following pa1ra1

A J.$J. PO.c. -,!!!!-

Go•

trig,..~1

P(k:w.

< •dNWl-

-~-

Go. trauan < •d!'OXw- (/*dreAw-) (Ill s ) "to trust" (as

" truat110rtby"

atau1da, Pt. ot 1tlllan "to -~-

ON bUa,

Oo. bauan

bhewX- "to dwell"


·

Contingent upon recognition ot auch

relat1onah1pa ia th• 1ntont or dec1a1on to act accordingl.7 ( g••?!ugda). ~

B l.41.

(m.iil

Qa•hugda 1a a aod1t1cat1on ot tho word l!!!&f.,

tb9 et.,.01011 ot which 1e uncertain.

Feist and Pokorn7

l1at no eitra-Oeraanic cognate• or roota tor it. be expected to have ....olved

.

It can

trom pre-0.c. ·~:. earlier

•kw.~:. waccented ablaut grade ot ·~- •appear, 11 "aee,"

•ahow• (IZW 6,38).

48, footnote 4>,

J.ccording to V. Lemann, PIKPbonol (p. "'llle uaual Qmc. dHelopment or ("achwa

aecundua"J /./ 11 ~· except who~ between obatruenta •••• " (Lemann con. 1der1 / v/ a "continuant.")

C heve borrowed the expression 1n 1ta atteated meaning

tro~

pre-Cbr1at1an

Greek ph1losophe.ra a1nce, before Wulf1la, the main

lSo

contacta 'between the Ootha and tho Roaan Jaoiipire 1n the Baat were or a warl1k• nature. vr1t1ng ayatam or the

naable to ph1loaoph1z1ng

botore Wulr1la, run1c cbaractera notw1tb.atand1ng.)

rta PIS root *ti( e )yd-, appearing 1n both the Greek and Goth1e vord1 tor

9

conac1ence, 9 noceaaarily anchor1d

the baa1c meaning or their reapective compounda 1n the area ot "knowing," tho core elecent of aune!dla1a, accordizl8 to Jt1 ttol ( aee abo·u). by

~1?=v1aae1,

1'ha knowledge implied

howeYer, vaa not randoa knowledge but a

knowing conr1ned atr!ctly to the area of Chrlat1an 1

morality.

AnJ other type of knowledge, auch

J.S

that of

the initiate (l Cor 6,10), or objective and tactual knowledge (Col 6 ,11 ), 1.a

lcun~1

or w1tubn1, reapect1Yel7.

Lack

ot (the tecult7 ct) knowing 1a called unsw1t1

(Bph

4,18). Acoordingl7, the aauntic domain or 1n1pw1aaa1

vaa quite narrow and vory specific.

Poat-Wult1lian Gothic

-.ondatora eTan had second thought• about ua1ng th1a loan tranalat1on 1n l Ta l,S, wllere it could imply a aource ot action (1.e., or lo•a) or an orientation, attitude, rather than moral knowledge atrictl7, and gloaaed it 1n the margin with ga•lmgda! to cover that poaaibil1ty •

..

I

lSl

In every other instance vltbout exception, m11:2vieie1

•1gn1r1e• lcnovledg• regarding Cbr1etian mora11t7, a lcnov1ng or the Clu'ia tian Wel tanechauunc in th• Hnae

ot the Christian view ot the d1v1nel7 ordained order ot things.

B l.SJ•·

A very peculiar aituation arieea in the latter

halve• or the two veraes, l Cor 10,2$ and 10,27,

~h1ch

are identical v1th one another both in the Greek (UBS, JJTG, WR,

a.

ft)

and the Latin Vulgate.

Theae are ( 1n

the eequenee: vg., Ok •• :nr?LHP. ) : manducate n1hll eath!et.e mlden

interrogantea prcpter anakrlnontea

.

eat ye 2 ) nothing l) •x-!ning

d1a

conac1ent111111 t&n a1.1ne!deain

because or

conac1enc•

In ap1te of the tact th.at no ditterence between the two paasagea vaa d1acern1ble e1ther

to St.

Jeroae or to

an7 ot the 1110dern translators, the Gothic haa a d1tterent version tor each verae:

l Cor l0,2$: "aatJai~, 8

n1 va!ht and-hruakandana in m1?-v1aseins, 9 lit.1

4at 7e, naught inquiring into becauae or conac1ence•;

and l Cor l0,27: "matJa1~, n1 va!ht and-aitandana b1 ga•hugda1," ~1t.:

"eat 7e, being unaettled by na ght 1n connection Mith (7our religious) cona1tment."

•

1$2

, ......

In both ot thee• variante, not onl7 the equivalenta to

.fil

.

t&n eune!dlain vaey, but alao those tor

&nalcr!nontea.

According to Kittel ( BrOlll. !II analcr!nl!,

p.n&.criai1). the baaic meaning ot ana-kr!~ ia "investigate,• ~re

bUt

ot

1

(1 Cor 10,2$.27) it haa the ".ore general aenae

to inquire into'."

Sihce lll1M1aad b

a word aade

up expreaaly tor the purpoaJ ot •r&I1J1lat1ng 1uneidl1l1 vhare it had the !pec1al1ud llleaning or "lcnovledga or Chr1at1an 1110ralit7," and-hrualrandarui l!!tlat,

to

ba

conaistent, be considered aa exact a translation or anakr!nontea here aa :LI poaa1ble in Gothic.

Outeide ot

these two veraes (1 Cor 10,2$.27) , 1nalcrln6 ret11na ita nonnal aenae or "to !nveatigate (Judicially)," and 1a tranalated (Sx) bJ ua-aisk:an (It)

"to make legal

1nqu1.ry,• "lnveatigate,• •aaareh out."

B l.SJb.

Polcorn7 (IEW 94 7) and Holthauaen (GoEtiib 49)

liat the root hruak- aa deriving trom PIB •Jcrut-pk6-, trom P!B •(a )keru-, • (a)kreu- "cutting edge,• •ax," "aicltl.e• and find it cognate to OHO acrut6n, acrod6n •aea.rcb out,"

8

aearch through" (ertorachen, durchtorachan).

!rhe alternate explanation, wh1oh aeema more 11kal7, ia

given bJ Feiat (49) , who 1aea hruak- aa a matatbeaia ot PO.e. ehorak- 1n ON horakr "w1ae,"

OE~

•1ivel7,"

"viae,• OS borak •lllllart," OBG horac, lmrac "niabla,"

15.3

•qu1ek-v1tted,• " . .ar~.• the word u

.lltbough Fr1ed.r1chaen Y1eva

•

••mt1call7 "unexplained" (FE 2JSr.), 1 t.

original -aning, incl'ild1ng the prefix and- "Yil-a-Yu," •(on-)to,• •at," •rortb and d1rectl7 ava7 !tl'Ol!I),• waa probabl7 a0111ething l1ke •to expose to the inquiring ~

m1nd, 0 "apply acumen to," "uae aatuteneea on.• ei&ple eiiplanat1on ot aetatheeia ( H

in 0

hnree Ve•

IJIG Rop ) allova dilco•er7 ot Germanic cognatu vh1ch

aeem much 1110re aatiat71.n,g than merely lndo-Buropean onea, Oll!l acroCL5n being unaat1etactor1l7 urYeJ"Vandt.

B l.SJc.

And-a1tandanJ1 1a tranelatod b7

~.H.

B•nnott

(GoCOlmll•ntal"J 8o) aa "rearing" 1n 1ta occurrence 1n S'' VIII b 9:

1n Ga

..

2,6, "andava1r¥1 ••• and-11t1p"

1• a partial.17 adjusted tranalat1on ot pr0a~pon •..

•

l!illlbi.ne1, an OT (and LXX) S•itic18111 aeanizlg "to 1bov part1al1t7 ~~ tavor1t18111" (lit. , •11rt up thil tac••

,•

{Bauer A-~ 728, proa~pon, l.b., end)). St.

. Paul 1a apealc:lni about

1nt1aidat1ng preten!H

Of

In thie context

his 1nvulnerabll1 tr to tho

tboae

.oaeth1na" (l:=.iglcJand- v1aan

It

H•1ng to be

E!!).

He aa7a that

whatever the7 onco were "1• not a whit or e1gn1t1cance" to Q1Jr1

(!!! we!ht !!!.!.! wuJ.:trab 1at), tor •guJ; aana

and=valrPi n1 and-eitil?, • that 1a, "God dou not becoae

wi•ettled at the taca ot :an." ~-

In and-a1tan, tho

does not mean "(on-) to," 'bUt rat.'lier "torth and

d1re,i:t17 awa7," "awa, '(trom)," and the the bub

or

comp~und,

on

1ta co11:ponenta, 111uat have or1g1nall7

aeant "to clep1U't trom one's aeat (tor) ,• •1oae on•'• aeat1ng (over).•

However, th1s literal 11ean1ng cmne

to ••an, aa P'r1edr1chaen (PB 2)6 ) points out, "to loae

one' a compoaure at."

rba l'E phraeee "to be(c0lll9 )

upaet overfbr,• and "to be(come) unsettled at." are, 1n th111r a91!1ant1c approach to the idea ot •reeling

d1eturbed," vel')' eloae to the approach taken to the same idea by Go. and-a1tan. Tho eorreapond1ng Gothic adjective, anda•alta (aj.1/ Ja:) appear• 1n Lk

lo,lS translating

bdelu1p1~

"abhorrent thing," "repugnant thing" (littel, Brmn. !, bdelua1oaa1:

"'tho aabJect ot abborrence• ••• •obJoct

ot .•. avera1on•"), and in Tt l.16 tranalating

bdeluktOa "abhorrent," "unclean.• evolved tram a PIE

root~-

These Greek words

"to break wind" (Il!:li 829),

eo that their meaninga derived ul tiaataly trCl!l the aanae ct reaction to ortanaiva atencb. 1 On the baa1• ot

l.

Ct. Johann Bapt!st Ho1'11ann, !tJ"!!Olog1acbaa

...Orterbucb

~

Griechiachen (Darmatadti Wi•sanachattliche .,,, a.v. bdoloa • • stanch. .. Thi.a Buebgeaall•chart, 1966 ) , p. >+•

vork 1a lwncetortb abbreviated •• "BtWb.d.Gr.•

lSS

theae tranalat1ona, 1t appeara that anda.. alta, meaning •cf1a1ng averaion,•

9

abhorrent, 9 "repugnant"(
"WJan "think" (and the IR cognate thoylbt) than or Jiuglcjan ···-·" in •pit• or the t'aet that it 11 obvioua that the noun it derived troa the letter verb, not the ronaer.

It it bad indeed aeant

"thought," "wiedoa, • one would expect a root •l>iht-

2 . (Cont.)

not otter an,. det1nit1on1 •••• Hene1 eune!di111 aeana • "perc!pient and active 1elt-awarene11" vb1ab is threatened at 1ta heart b7 the d11junct1on or acknowledg..ent and perception, willing and knowing, Judg-ent and action. I

160

'

euch aa appears in the adjective

!!,1lda=~ihta

"thinking," "rational," "aenaible"; 11

"thougllt-or,"

(Act.:]

[Pau.:]

enviaaged,P. •contemplated."

A translation

according to its components would be expected to yield "via-a-via the thought proceaa," "with reference e thinking," "thinking/thought of," aince and11= 1a

"vis-a-vis, 11

11

t«!1 as l>wJ an "think."

ia, u

#

(on-)to, 11 "Juxt&Pagl!:Jan "to think or,~ "conceive in the ~ind," "envision," and

.111.eana simply "thought ana•e1una

11

or,"

~env1a!oned,"

•• oppoaed to

v1eible."

Since :Pihh correaponda thua

to

t:ag!cJan "to think,•

I

one would log1call7 expect the adjact!val coaponant •@ta (in hauh=, •1k1l-J!iihta)

to

correspond accord1ngl7

to l'usk.!an "aee=." .But the tendenc7 to tranalate the

Greek without anal7z1ng the Gothic waa too atrong.

A glance at the ouatiihta, waa carried by South J'ra.nklah intermediaries

.

into earl7 French, where it ma7 have been pronounced aometh1.ng like /bawt4ii{:xt- )/, / hauxtt/ , and there

ha••

beco:e e•entuall7 contused with Old French (h)aut < Lat. al tua •J:iJ.gh" (er. modern Prench bauta1n, also KJ: hautaln

[ a).] "haught7"), wbou earl'J Nor:nan Prench "ferdon moat Bngliah d1ctiona.r1ea gi•• as the antecedent or IB haugnty.

'l'be

-.sh-

1n the Rngl.1ah apelli.ng •81 indeed be

lo.)

Bl .64.

The Yerb tinskJan 1• actuall7 an unaeeented-

grade (Plli: ·~.:.) ablaut variation to the 1IE root

• !2.!l&- ( I1N 1088) , alao appear 1ng in hpJ an 11 thlnk." Yet th1a unaccented-grade rom vu a cauaat1ve 1n eaaence, and Jneant acwall7 "to cauae to think (o:t' aa),"

"to c~ae to aaaJ.e, 11 "to cauae to auppoae, 11 vlthout &n7 :relat1onah1p or !&plication or azJ.7 kind •• to the

truth or rea11t7 or the aaa1a11pt1on or eappoa1t1onJ ~haa1a

the

vu on the mental proceea cauaed, not on any

qualitiea inherent 1n the obJeeta or thought.

Hence the

/ real meaning or the adject1Ye •t>iihta vaa •caua1ng itaelt

to be auppoaed/uaUllled/thcugbt :1Jllpreaa1on or.•

n

11

or

88,"

11

g1Y1q the

th1nk" and 1ta noun, •thought," no

longer expreae t.he meaning these le.x••• had in ProtoGermanic becauae think, the IE deecendant or O!llc. •J:.'urltj an, baa ac tuall7 ta.ken o•er the aeaning or O.C. *~•tkJan,

4.

and 1ta older meaning baa been discarded,

(Cont.)

aon-an11log1cal and :renect a Yoiceleaa

velar t:r1cat1Ye art1culat1on in th1a aae word, an art1culat1on which at1ll exiated ae late ae the early part or th1e m1llen1u=.

!h1a would alao explain the

ex1atence or the 1n1t1al

h-·

•

164

except tor the archaia "Jil1th1nk1." 111ainta1na the d1tt1rence1

German atill

denken Teraua dUriken, even

though dUnken ia obsolescent German.

It appears only

ra"l'el{, and hardl1 ever 1n the U!ftgangupracb.e, t everydia7

la~age .

Tllrn1ng t1nall:r to the noun t>iihtua, we t.1nd that its th.re• occurrences 1n l Cor l0, 28 and 10, 29~ and

l! now become clear.

lt does no t at Ill mean

lngliah "oonacience" or German "Gew1aaan."

The clear

and obv1ou1 meaning or aun1!dl11a aa tranalated here b7 'Wultlla' a Jliihtua h

"tol'lll.at1on ot an 1mpre111on,"

"assumption," "auppoa1t1on." 1 Cor 10, 281

1~

Thus the Gotn1c:

Jaba1 hvaa q1Jla1

~atsei

ga•liugam

ga-aalit iat, ni aatjaiP in Ja1n1a

~is

bandvjand!na Jab biihta l

1 Cor 10,291

?>\ihtu~-Jlan qi~a

n! 11lb1na, ak

an~ar1a.

duahvl auk tr1je! aeina at6ja.da Jla!rh

•

un=ga-laubjandana J!iihtu?

'l't11s ia to be

tr.Analat11~1

l Cor 10,261

But 1! anyone sa7a that to !dola havi.ng-been-aacriticed (it) 1a, do not eat tor the aake ot or U!preuion: ••.

~bi

1nd1cat1ng and

/

l Cor l0,291

ll!preaa1on, boweTer, I

··~·

uot or

70uraelt, but or the other. Por WJ' 1• •1 :treedOlll ( to be) Judf•d bJ' an unbel1eTer 1 a ieprea11on' W1 th th1a understanding or 1'\ihtua 1 t h

B l. 7.

1nstruct1Te.to reed S&reitberg'a tbotnote on the appearance

or the

word

1n Col 2 , 2), where 1t occura 1n

the following manner s awlaf)&u h

~ el

•ind

hit in&

eat1n logon

waUrd

. Men

habandl5na handuge1na fliihtaua ekbonta

l) which 3) 1• S> a T•rbal 2) indeed 4) haYing 6) or thing• (are) atrectat1on

~1adom

Streitberg'• rootnote (GoBbl )86) reada: "-2). 1

Nhtauaj AB:

Zuaatz obne aulleren Anhalt.

0otb. hoc addit•ento perYer•- vel .in.epta aapient1-

ind1care Toluiaae v1detur' ["b1 thia addition the Goth aeema

to have wanted

to

indicate perTerae or inept

w1adom 8 j O[abelentz &JL[obe].

Ma.fm:ann

atellt

uas

1!! r•atubnja J!iihtaua - .!n ethelo thrlake1aJ

[ "1n aelt-mada

religion";

vorzuz1ehen

belongs to following phraael;

wire 1n dieaaJ Pule Jedoch die Stellung 1n tiilhtaua t!atubnJ•·

Bndlich konnte fl(ihtau1 viel1e1cbt

urapriing11ch zu haune1na1 1eb0rt

haben,~

&lao Xonkurrenzt'ora

Ton ha!rtina ae1n, Tgl. die verach1edenen lat. Oberaetzungeii YOD nooa• ["iisind"].

166

JPrcm this tootnote 1t can be aeen that the on17 onea vho vere on the r1gbt track vere Gabelent& and LObe.

All ot theae achole.ra were a1aled not on17 b7

the :tact that there waa no equivalent in the Greelc text, but alao by the poa1t1on ot ti(ihtaua.

(BYen

Friedr!chaen gropu badl7 here, aee PE 204!.)

Both

ot theae problama were ccmpounded b7 a :failure to recognise that waUrd reall7 did not mean the ••• thing aa logoa ( ••• A 2) and that @taua vu an e.q>lanatorr addition to compenaate tor the aean1ngleaaneaa 1n wh!ch the uae ot waUrd had here ruulted.

Aa pointed

out in the d1acuaaion on waurd, handugeina ;i\ihtaua, literall7, "ot a v!adom ot auppoait!on• (or: "ot aeestng•), 1a reall7 a Secitic-11'1' Ok. conatruct state vh1ch 1• copied ao :trequentl7 elaevhere 1n Ooth1c1 the meaning ot th1a phraae 1a actuall7:

vi1daa• or "ot ae911ling w1adoa. 11 as tollowai auppoaed (or: B l.8. e~ple

•ot auppoaed

The context translates

•'!'boa• (thing•) 'Which haTe a 1110rd ot 11

u•1ng") w1adOlll.•

The uae ot

~11-wiaaei

in Gothic !a an

ot how a loan tranalat1o n , with no h!atorical

background 1n the language affected, could be used onl7 \

•• a technical term Terf li.a1ted 1n application, at leaat originall7.

It did not at all apring into ex1atence

•

167

tul.17 blown, v1th all tti. connotation.a or the Ok. tune1d&eia , L t . conacientia (and ite HE derivative), or Jl'HG Oewiea•n.

'l'beee latter loan tran.lationa were

able to approximate the wider doadn1on ot aune 1dtaia onl7 .rter centurie• or conec1oua or unconac1oua teaching by the ".ioral.17 conac1oua" Chr1atian Church. Since the Ootnic a11Jolw1ase1 at thia earl7 etaa• meant ·very apecit'icall7 a 1110ral "knowing," it could not at all be uaed 1n 1net&neee auch aa l Cor where "knowing" ahaded o!! into

8

IHre "'aa~ion 9

( f'\ihtus ) baaed on what "eeamed" to be •

•

•

8,~J! and~.

168

OlU:a SBMAHIC 'FIU.DS COllSISTIXG OP SEViRAL WoRDS

lh

OR

• - pleonektfa • pleonektee -

B 2I

B 2.1. pl

ilORD-STIMS

eon

The

pl~nex

!a

stem ot this word-group ia tol'llled !l'OJll

•more. and ekhe 1n

n to

ve."

About it, Iittel

(Brea. VI pleonektia A) aaya s

'l'be vord group

t1rat a. "haY1ng acre," •.•

then b. more."

~the t.1rat literary ex-plea on it i•

rece1v1ng :more," and finally e.

not reatrioted And

••ana

9

to

material poaaeaa1on.

"~anting

I

on 1ta uae 1n the IT (pleonektls C): ?he word group oocu.rs chiefly in the r aul in• W1'1tinga (15 out of 19 1natancea ) .

The aenae

"striving tor ~•terial poaaeaa1ona" is poaa1ble

in eYery caae apart trom 2 C[orj 2,11.

Where

tb1a is the meaning, taking advantage ot one 1 a ne!ghbor 1a obYioualy the ••!n tbought. pleonelct~

(vb.)

12,17.18

l Tb 4,6

b1-ta1blln

2 Cor 7,2;

ga-aiginan

2 Cor 2,11 (AB)

ga-taihan

Marginal gloss, 2 Cor 2,llA to ga-a1g1™5n

169

1 pl~nekti•

(lo1Hn agent1a) l Cor 5,10.11

pleonex!a

•

S,S

(noun of qua11t1)

b1"'1'a!blS

2 Cor 9,S

ta!hu=tr1ke1

Mk

ta!hu=ge1~n1

Col ),S

'.B 2.21.

Bph

'l'he

••1n point or

7,22 Kph 4,19;

S.3

this article on pleonekteo, •c.,

11 to eatabl:!ah cl1arl7 what haa been a 111atter or ao11u1

doubt '1n the paat:

the et,.01011 or bi•tdblS/b1•raihl5na.

It wUl be noted t'l'Om the abo•• arJ"•'!&-ent or the word groupa that

•••rJ occurrence or

the Greek at11111 pleonek-

ia matched b} aome Gothic cmnpound including the graphemic aequanc, (+)!.!!,h-, except tor 2 Cor 2,11. Thia latter ia not reall7 an exception aince it ia gloaeed merg1nall1 by ga-teib!Sn 1n A. the KSV g1v111 the traralat1on1 ga1n1ng !!!.!!, adYantage over ua"

For 2 Cor 2 , 11

"to keep Satan rrom (t1111p~eia

add.ci} (• hlna

~ pl~nektltbOaen (lp.Aor-1, SJ.Paaa.), lit.: •ttiat we ~

1111ght not taken adYantage or, exploited, deprived or our juat ehare"), where

~1ttel

would allow

8

either •overpower'

or 'take advantage ot' 11 (Brom. VI pl~nektia C 4) • Priedrichaen reve.Ua (PB 188),

ga-ra!~nday

.U

1e the

original renderins.,or thie Greek word, vh11• ga-a1g1n6ndau (AB) 1n tact rapreHnta the intruaion or pouid•-ur or

t

170

poes1destur troa m.ean1

~to

Y

posaeaa,"

r1ou1 Latin text1. ~1ch

?011id&re

led the Goth to the

idea ot "appropriating" in ga-a1ginl5n.

~a-a1g1n6n

11 a denoainative cla1a !I verb derived trom

•a1g1n• (aj.a1)

•goo~a,"

"(one 1 1 ) own" (er. eigin (n .a: )

"property," "inheritance" ) and means literally "to

accomplish 111ald11£ one' a own • ..i B 2 . 2~.

The reading at Col 3,5 o t ta!hu=geir~n ia

d1aputed.

UppatrCia had read ra!hu2geig~n, Braun (GoBbl,

pp. J87-J86, footnote ) haa 1

"raihuge!r~nl

AB (nicht

ta1huge1g3n) klar und 11cher in beiden Hsa. 8-er.cungen unzutrettend Br{aun].

U[ppatr0111Ja

Vgl. u'ber llhd.

ili

oder slre ["cra•ing"J •••. • On a ver'b with ailrlilar 1pell!ng, te!hu-geigan, occurring in Ro lJ,9, Fr!edrlchaen coicrnenta ( PE 153): Surel7 taihugeigar. cannot mean anything other

than "to acqure weal.th," aince gageigan

=

kerde1ai ["to gain," "make a protit"j.

Althougn

'both Braun and Uppatrom are agreed on ta1huge!ga1e

l.

Thia verb, ga-aiginlln, 111ay have t'used w!tb

Franldah •wa1&anJan "to hunt" to fo?'ft Old French

.

guaagnier, eaai.1•r ~ NE gain.

171

( which the taca1lll1le con1'1ma), the noun ta1huce11'6 (Col . 11i.

S:

1 !Im. Ti. 10) ia

Braan•a reading, agaihat ta!huge1ge UppatrO.. The tacaimile aupporta Uppatrom'a reading in Cod . B, where -ge1gtin (Col. iii. S), -g•i&§ (1 !1111. Ti. 10) are .ta1rly clear, but 1n Cod. A nothing can be made out. ~tmbert

( Er..,.1terung .):+) accepta Braun'a reading

and views the second component aa an abatract to an adjective •ge!..ra "aTar1cioua,• "greed7,• a -,IP. formation to the

P~

root •gh(l)t- •to 7awn," •gape"

(IIN 419tt. &: AmHD 1Sl7b).

Pe1at also conaidera the

reading -.!:- to be the correct one (aee Feist p. l.)6b ta!hurge1rc'S &: P• l8la ga-ge1gan).

Thia aeeiria to be

the reading moat conaonant not onl7 with etraolog and Braun's determination, but alao with the meaning indicated b7 context.

For, as Friedriohaen points out

!n the aboTe quote, ta!tu-geigan (the Terb) means •to

acquire wealtb, • yet the 111eanlng

or the

!!2!!n in queat.1on

ia indicated by context to be not "scquiaition ot weal th" but "craT1.ns, luat tor weal tb. 11 (Col 3,S: ) 70u1

l'tle R

"Put to dHth therefore what h

haa 1

earthl7 in

1mmoralit7, !Jq:urit7, paaaion, evil dealre, and

COTetouane88

(Q~.

pleonexfan), which 1a 1.dolatr7•

172

(el!lpha.111 added).

'l'ha det1n1t1on or pl!?()naxla (vg.

ever1t1a, Col J,S) •• idolatr7 •11 beat explained by acquaintance v1th the aay1ng ot leaua about Mamon" (X1ttel, Brom. VI pleonektla CL"U'lOt

c

1):

er. Mt 6,24:

•rou

'!'hat 11, "money-craving, 9

aerve God and Mm11110n.•

-

t11!hu•geir6, 11 equ1va1ent to HM'ing the ta1ee god Mll!ll"..on.

"Money-acqu1a1t1on• (-&-)

v~uld

Of

not tit verr

well. Aa

against th1a, Otto Ton Pr1eaen report12 that

he detected a -&- 1n th• word. aa1n atem or the "!>rd' a second

According to hbl, the ~could be

•c1ear11•

("tydl1gt") IHn not to protrude below the line or vr!tin& (aa an £ 1 1 1tni would ) .

In addition, be .

-

the points 1'Arthe1t out on the hor1mntal

r~ar.its,

ranch are too tar troa the main atem to be able to belong to an£·

Although von Pr1eaen aent1ona that

h• had witortunahl7 nogleoted to.mark down which manuacr!pt bia commenta applied to, he asserts that it va. moat l1kel7 MS A t.o vh1ch hia notea referred.

2.

PP• l9t. in "Oil lasnin&en av codioea got1c1

.All!brosian1, 8 Skr1rtar utg1TnP .!! kungliga buine.n1at11ka Jtten1kap11aatundtt, vol. .llmqviat

24

(1927), pt. 10 (Upp1al11

& W1kaella Boktr:Tcker!, 1927).

173

1n apit• or von Friesen'• 1nveat1gat1on, the

character or the lettor 1n quest.ion reina1n11 h1ghl7 uncertain.

Although the verti.eal ate

or the letter

ma1 be aeen today to de11cend only to the line or

wri tin , there 1• no uaurance tha protrude turther down.

t did not once

In add1tio

Gothic !:'a a tez:o.a did not tall below the line.

..

~

range or acribal variation was ao great that an "E." could acmetimea look like the ronri "K," and acmetiltee 11"• the figure "12."

Thia alll!le variation could well

account tor the distant pointa 1n the upper corner or tho

graph~•'•

rig.~t

hand

apace.

1n view or thia uncerta1nt7, it aeema better to

. ple:mex!a.

tavor the interpretation which 71elda the "desire,• "vant1ng11 1.a:.pl1c.1t 1n

~ean1~

or

Moreover,

tla two .1Jimlediatel7 preceding nouns 1n the text, 'Rtboa

" (c arnal ) paaaion" (Go •

.!!!!!!!! "paaaion": also "aurrer1ng"),

and epithum!an [kalc&nj " (ev11: longing" (Go . luatu (ubilanal "[ev11 : luat, 11

11

concup1acence" ) , ara also

oxprea111ora tor "craving."

It would run counter to

•xpectat1ona it the Gothic did not follow the Greek 1n listing tbrea conaecutive vorda tor this a

e concept,

and inatead turned the third noun into a divergent "acgu1aition or mone7.n

l

174

' The context thus tavora the aean!.ng given by aeholara 1n the past1

"avariee"/ "Habauoht," which, 1n turn, call•

tor an !.• 1natead of a ,g, 1n the po11t1on juat diacuaaed. Braun•a MS read1ng 11 lent weight by cona1derat1ona or aemant!c

and

et)'l!lolog1cal nature.

Until

a

:new

inspection or the Ambroa1an manuacr1pta is made, thia aeema the beat interpretation or tha word in Col-...l,.S. B 2. J .

ln l Cor 5,10.11

--..in Mk 7,22,

"Bph 4,19;

5,3.5, and again

the word group pleonek- occura !Jmuediately

following the mentioning ot aexual !Jmriorali ty or "uncleannesa," although in Mk 7,22 the Gothic follows the 1'll and the vg. by being aeparated from J110ikhe!a1 ("adulteries" )

and

porne1ai (~torn!c ationa~ ) by two

worda, phOnoi ( "murders• ) llnd klopa! ( "the!ta" ); the WH,

rro,

in

and UBS (vhlch give the original Greek

aeq1.1.ence), pleonex!ai tollow1 lft01khe1a1 directly. Thu1 taihu•tr1k- ( -.,!,1-~ ), which ia the corre1pond1ng (]othic translation in all theae placea, must have a certain taint of immorality.

Kittel (Brom. VI pleonektla

C 1) refera to such paaaagea aa exhibiting the frequent grouping together ot sexual tilth1neaa and the filth in buaines1 lite.

Consequently the J110at exact

rf~ox1lllatioo

ot this t«>rd at which we can arlive'l a "coveting money," "mo~y-co vetouanesa," ~l!IOney-luat."

The second

;,

l7S

or tho word 1a

or

courao related to OHlJ !!:,!h "gro d7,"

•

"m1aerl, ," r.H3 rrech, and ON frekr "greedJ, 11 "hungrJ." So much tor t.he firat IWo equi'ralonta to the

pleonek- &roup.

Some idea of tho general uncerta1.nt7

concerning tho r .. a1.n1ng worda, b1=tp1h6na/b1-ta1hl5n/ g11.-fdhl5n, can be gained by cozr:parlng the glou&1 to tlleae l

ata 1n the atandard d1ct1onar1ea and

gloaaar1oa, which are 11ated

b~lo~~

Aa is e•ldent, the

d1tf1cultJ l1ea in eatabl1ah1ng whether the me1n at vowel repreaenta Gmc. abort Towel / e/ or the diphthong

/ ai/. 8 2 .42.

Although Balg 11ata b1-ra1ti.R

aic) (with tho

meaning "covetousneaa" ) , the placing or the ecute acc7 iurk see::is to be a zdst:1'e• tor he connects it vith a separate word or tJppatr latter to be faiha in the MS.

' •• interpreted bJ the Thia was later deten:iin d,

however, bJ Braun (GoBbl 32$, ttnt) to be spelled bit iha, 1n 2 Cor 1Z,20A.

Balg rurther connects thla

read1ng, fa1h [ale j , lrhlch he c;lvoa ao aeaning "deception,"

"traud,~

and h ving a Proto-Geli!lan1c

diphtho?lj)al base' •ta1h-' which also appears in h"E

.!£.!,

&c.

According to h1m, bi-ta1h0n and p;11-taih0n

[a1c) both mean "to make a ga1n b7," "defraud."

176

/. Wright'• gloaaar73 haa the

•11111• placing or accent) and

•1111•

li•ting (w1th the

the all!!• 1no1U11ng ea Balg.

But •ince ao•t ot Wr1ght 1 a gloaa&r)' follow• Balg veey

cloaal7 (even ·- rogarda tho aoquancaa of the NE gloaaea), nothing new ia added.

In an7 caaa, ho glvea no

aupporting evidence ror a O=c. ahort \'Oilel. Stroitbarg do•• not use accent 111.arka, but liatl! both b!ta1h or 2 Cor 12, 20A and b1talh6n or 2 Cor 9, S

aa

9

Ubarvortallung." Pei•t g!Tea the

the nouna and thoi evolved troa

•-=• aeaninga

verbs (!!.!,-, 1a-raih8n) aa having

PIE~-. ·~-.

wU:h BaJ.g ( to lfE

aa Stra!tbarg, llata

and aaroaa generall7

!Jl!., &c . I .

Braune gloaaea bl-taihOn {a1c) aa "betriigen• and ga-ta1b0n (a1cl as "nahuen," "in S.achlag nebaan."

.).

.Toaaph Wrlgnt, Orfllllll!ar !Z!,

2d ed., -with (O.x1'ord :

11

aUJ:pltrmant

to

~ !!!?,~

Language, &c.,

the armmar by O.L. Sa7ce

Oxrord Unlverait7 Presa, 1966), p. 310.

Thia

work la henceforth abbreviated aa "Ormmn.otGo.Lang."

4.

wllhollll. Braune, Gotiache Gr-ati.k, ~

;aaeatucken

~

Wortverieichnla, l.)th ed •• rev. Xarl

Bela (Halle/Saal•, G•l"lllan De810cratic Republic, 1952),

P• 173·

Ttia vork la henceforth abbreviated aa "OoGrlll'm."

,

177

Brwne thua agreea vith the others.

B 2.43 .

Ronetheleaa, the poa1ting or a diphthongal

et71110n 1a cogently d1aputed by Schubert, who takes into consideration the uaage or ga-ta1hlln aa •

equivalent

to

••~antic

'

ga-d&i™5n (Ervaitenmg 27t.), aa

pleonekt96 la to poaaldtret Die belden Verba b1ta1h6n pleonekteln und ga!'ai~n

"d•." aind, vie

du 17?10npi~ g•-aig1n6n

(2 K 2,11), daa von gataih6n gloaalert w1rd, nahelegt , Prati.Xdenoa1nat1va von ta!hu "Vermegen.• D1eae ft,aologh ( zuera t bei ¥1&1[ ann, V., D1t ilteaten

P~stverbalia ~

Gennaniachen, o0tt1ngen

1938 •) PV 19tt . ) iat e1nleucbtender ale der Zusmmnenhang mit ••· .!!.!!

~relndlich,

tr1edlos, geacbtet" ••••

verha!!t,

Die Fonn bltaiha

•.Pl.n. (Zusatt in 2 K l2,20A) llllS alao poatverbal eain und acbe1nt in Analog!• zu bibaita R.Pl.n., daa an der gleicban Stell•

vork~.

entstanden

zu ae1n. Prom this he asaumea a b!•talhqna• B

2.44.

(t. 1: ).

Thia •t1ll!Ological explanation, which I believe

to be correct, at!ll does not anaver what appears to be

the main objection•

the ...anti

1nexplicabil1ty or the

•

•zuaatz• 1n 2 Cor 12,ZOA, which seams to place the

178

aeanlng 1n quut1on;

bonce 8tl'e1tberg'a "wohl" 1n hie

g1v1ng or the ~eanlng ot bita1h (a1c) •• "wohl pl90nex11• (GoBbl, V"orterbuch 20).

B 2.$1.

'1'he Teru 2 Cor 12, 20 1a qu1 te diatorted

from the original and influenced b7 both earl7 Latin

tranalat1ona and the parallel Gothic 1n Ga

.

S,20, vhich

it alao 1ntluenced 1n return with the loan ot bl•r6de1nl!a "r:;urmur!nga."

A co:npariaon or the two veraea !ollova 1 J

2 Cor 12,20 r ereia

zelo1

thumo!

contention•

Jealoualee

anger a

contentione11

aemul11t1one11

animoa1tates

al Jan al Jan

jiukl!a jiu.kl!•

ereia

zelo1

tbumo1

...

contentiona

jealouaiea

anger a

contentionea

•-ulationea

1rae

)

A: ha1tate1a

aljan aljan

bat1za hat1za

B:

Al

t:v•frlwina rheina

Ga

S,20:

~a

B r ha1tate1a

..

179

..

2 Cor 12,20 {continued) t erithelai

katalalia1

pai thurioo.!

baaeneaaea

detrac tiona

wh1aper1ng.

d1aaenaionea

detractlonea

auaurratlonea

A1 B1

b1o:ha1ta bi ha1ta

b1•~de1n0a

J

b1•r0de1n6a

Oa s,20 (continued) er1tbelai

d1khoataa1a1

baa an•••••

d1aaena1oIU

r11ae

diaaena1onea

-.

At J1ukl5a 81 Ji~•

tv1sataaae1a tv1a=etaaae1a

b1•nsdeinaa b1•nsdoinl5•

2 Cor 12,20 (continued):

At ha1tate1a haitateia

b1•ta1ha

pbua16ae1a

akataataa!a1

putting• up

disturbancea

1ntlat1onea

aeditionea

ur•awalle1n6a

dl'5bnana drObnana

81

Oa S,20 (continued7:

21 :

ha1reae1a

phthono1

pb0no1

aecta

en171.nga

murder a

aectae

1nT1d1ae

hoa1c1d1a

Al ha!ra!aeia haira!ae1a

ne1i:a ne1J;a

··~la'· aaurP.a

81

•

(kc . )

l8o

.a.. can be seen froD1 this con;iariaon or the

8 2.52.

texts, ther• 1a a great deal or interference quarters upon all others. that b1 redeinLSa (
"diaaenaion" ) .

1.e., •a standing at variance"

Ut'stwalle1n6a "swellings-up" of

2 Cor l2,20A doea not correspond to the

~

0,.

or to the

Lat. vg., bUt rather to the Latin tumorea, as (FE 193) baa shown.

Friedricbse~

One would h.ave expected here

•ut.lblllatee "blowinga-up," "purtings-up, '' since the verb phuaio6 "purr up," "blow up"= ut-bliaan 1n 1 Cor 4,6; lJ.4

Col 2,16.

And the clear equivalent ot b1•ha1ta

"obloqu!ea," "detamationa" (to h.ait!Jl (7: ) "to bid," "call," "naae," "be ncned," "order") ia kata-lal1a1 (lit. , B 2.53 .

11

down-talk1nga" ). not er1the!a1. Purthennore, twa!rhe! "ang1'1neea," "vexation,"

"irateneaa," "irritatedneaa" (ct. Go. J:wafrha (aj.a : ) 11

1rritated," "irritable" [orig. "croaa," "croaaed" J and

ON tver=leikr "croasneaa," and lry'e:r=u~liga "obat1nately" ["' Go. •twa!rh•hugd=le ~e)), in 2 Cor 12, 20, 1a an

..

lU\Usual tranalation or er1a

9

rivalroua cont•ntion,"

which ia no"9ally (lpt) tranalated b7 haitat1 (t.1: ) •a atriving 1n competition, only her• b7 ]?va!rhe1n1.

•conteat(ation)," and

Thia latter 1110rd waa probably

the original translation ot Ole. thullo! aa 1n Col ,3,6; org&n, thuaOn, vg. Lat •

.!!:!!:• indignation•,

Go. hatis,

Iiwa1rhe 1n. Both ttxua01 and org6 11ean •wrath."

But according to

Y.1ttel (Brom. V org& C l) , tllu"101 1a the 81110t1on itaelt, whereaa .org& 11 the "aan1reaht1on and •iqireuion• or that t1111otion. (n.as)

9

In s1ven out or eight occurrences, batis

d1rected anger,• "1eeth1ng anbioa1ty," •wrath"

tran1lates org&, which is tran1lated another aeven tiaea b7 tya1rhei, a.nd once by ~t• (m.a : ) "bad tBlllper,"

-

In Jph 4 ,.31, where the Gothic ba1 h~tia Jah f!va!rhe1, the f t (and Streitberg' s Verlag•) ha1 thum01 lcal but Stre1tberg 1 1 Apparat (OoBbl

££.S!,

344) revealc Gk. variants

with erg& lcal tbwti01, and the vg. hu 1ra l l ind1gnat1o, 1U.Uar 1n ita 1equence to Col J , 6.

That ls, the Gothic

here tollowa the Ok. variant a.nd the Lat. vg. veraiona,

..

and it 11, accordir.gl.7, hl,nl.7 iaprobable that hat.it i1 tbe tranalatlon here ot thumoa (which Stre1tberg [GoBbl, W'orterbuch SSl conjecturea •• theoretically

possible).

Whoro•er it •rposra, then, hat1s translates

only or,d, not thUlllOs, except ror Oa S',2.0 . even Oa S,20 ahowa vg. irae ror

~.

However,

thumo!, wh1ch Lat1n

wor4 would aarve aa s inore cons1atant baa1a tor the introduction or bat1&11 than woul4 thw!!o1.

lra

corrosionds to tho 'l'R'a org' ovol"Jllhara in the vg. except Eph 4,.31 (Go. hatis), vhich we have just and ia a frequent, though not exclusive,

alatlon tor thul!10a. ese raasona it se11111a atatod aboYe, o!

~walrhe1na

~at

l1kel7 that, aa

1a tho or1g1nal translation

thl.uilo• 1n 2 Cor 12,20.

B 2 • .$4.

070:

Moat patently, two diacropanc1ea strike the

there 1e no Gothic word directly

to Ole. eritheiai;

~rftapondent

nor are tl»ro any Ok. (nor Latin)

matches, apparont:l.7, to Go. haitato1a, bi=taiha 1n 2 Cor 12,20.

Now ol'"ithe!a ls transl• od t~ico (Php 1,15';

2,)) bf..haitsta, whore the vg. has content1o (whi:h la tho

noraal Latin translation f or orithe!a and the oxcludve translation tor eris;

apparently tho Latin transl tors

undo:zatood the tirat vord aa der1vo4 troa the aecon4, which it is not) and once by t1uka "tight,• in Ga S',20, where tho vg. baa rlxa "brawl," "t1ji.ht."

or

~illch

it 1a

pl'Obably the trnnalat1on, ct. j!Ukan (Irl :) •to right"

-

( • pukte4~ "I £1ght with th.e

16.3

box" (vg . pugnire)

l Cor 9,26, and, m1atajcenl1 ( t. FE 1$3} hupernikaa "I wln a moat glorious victor1" (lit., (vg. auperare} Ro 8,37: fighting,"

"overcome"~

~I

auperconq11er")

ga-liukan "to sucoeed in nikaa "l conquer," "overco=e"

(parsllel Latin text (in GoBol 243) Ro 12,21.21 plus vg. Jn 16,JJ: (ct. OoBbl

384,

vincere) and Latin convincer• Col 2,1..6

.

rtnt, & FE 202r.) •

Yet er1the!a, according to ~1ttel, actually co=es rrom ~rltheua "to ;rork aa a da1 laborer," bconduct Oneself as BUCh, " "work for dRilJ hire"< er1thoa "day-laborer."

The abatrac t noun then c111'!1e to mean

(Kittel, Brom. II

erith~!a

1,2,4):

t!:le "worlli, '' then the "inanner, at':itude or d1apoa1t1on of the da7-le'tore\." •.• erithe!a

i: th~a

the

attitude~

selt-aee,era,

harlots, etc., i . e., those who, demeaning thelllaelve1 aitd their cause, are busy and active ln their own intereata, seeking their own gain or advantage ••.. A !irat polnt to note ia that an

oppro~r!oua

epithet of' th.1J1 kind haa no tlxed .11eaning but 11 a complex teJ:'lll in evel")'d•Y usage.

Even at an

early stage dittereut people gave the

~~rd

0

184

•

different aen1ea in the absence or an1 control

ot the

~eah1ng

probabl7 had

~

by derivation.

For man," !t

aore than the general aenae of

baaenesa, 1elf-1ntereat, 8111b1t1on. contention. etc.

But 1n Ro 2,8 [Gothic mias1ng1 contention

or strife is rather too apecialized, end we do best to see a reference to the despicable nature or tboae who do not atrive ai'teir glory, honor and 1.Jlllll0rtal1t7 b7 perseverance in good works (v. 7), but who think only of !imnedlato gain.

Z C.

,. 'i

This mean!.ng 1a equal ft;W>plicable 1n 1~:20;

[Php l,17;

Gl. 5:20;

=

2,3:

G~.

Phil. 1:17;

ha1tatsJ ••..

better than strife or contention in For thia reason, it ia best to

2:3 I t is Phi~.

2:J .

und~ratllnd

er1the!a aa "base 1elt-1ee,ing," or simply as "baaenesa," the nature of tho•• who cannot lit•

•

their gaze to higher things. Fro• this !t appears possible that the original in 2 Cor 12,cO aa7 have been

ot a aenae of "rivalroua contests" than was required by the context, it was glossed by a word aeaning. roughly,

"a seeking after Mllll:!len," "a vulgar striving &!ter

•

(•bi•) :moneJ" (•

l.!.!h->, "•

advantage and gain."

ba•e etr1v1ng after rnater1•1

l'ven more l:Ucel7 than thia.

bi•ta!hen•• was the original tran•lat1on ot the Ok. word,

t

when the contentio and d1ssens1o ot the Latin

analat1on• of er!s

and

er1the!a and the Gothic

ilar!t1ea 1n Oa 5, Zo began to be drawn in to ll!!lSnd

and influence the text, haitsto!e was either

(in A) or aub•tituted tor (er. B) tbe b1•t'a{ha, tor er1thela1.

Ha1tate1s

lHJ

also hav

an original tranalation tor the Q,, ha1reae11, lat. pectae 1n their senee of •competing political r1•ala." At any rate, in the proceas of textual tueion, tne Gothic correspondent or correspondents to erithela1 beccne traruiposed to a point twe words later in the aerie•. Moreover, a1nce ha1tate1a was now elsewhere, the aeries was ~rther rearranged so that f:va!rhe1ne etood o~poa1te ere1s or the Latin content1ones, tranelated eleewhere

~

(4,x) only b7 ha1fets.

'!'he l!IO&t probable

or1~1nal

sequence or 2 Cor 12,c.O

was thu•: ha1tate1s, alJan,

~wa!rhe1ns,

b!•ta!ha, b1•ha1ta,

b1•~dein6s,

uf•blist61•, drObnana ..••

B 2. 6.

ill ot th'8 pointe to the aa:ne conclua1on

indicated b)' the (+)ra!tian(s) group 'Where related to

.. 186

pleonek-:

that the

underl7i~

meanins haa to do with

111aterial or 1110neta:ry gain, not with teuda or d1spute1, ii

Which would be tert1ar7 connotat:r(na at mqat. !o

•~up.the

argl.ll!lent tor \he abort vocalic elel!lent

1n the (j)ta1blln(1) group, then, ve have the tollow1ng

\

pointa 1 l.

Eve17 occurrence, inciuding 2 Cor 2 ,11, or pltonek1a matched b7 aOl!le Oo thic word w1th the orthographical Since aOJl!e or these worda &re VerJ ob"vioualy CO!!lpounda or ahort-vq~elled

•

ra!hu {:

!!'sUrion

"poaaeaa1on":

9

(oilver ) 1110ne7n;

kt .... a "property."

khrema "propert7,tt "wealth," "mearl1"),

there 1a a strong presumption that t

other• are

der1ved train it also. 2.

In 2 Cor 2 ,11, ga-ra!hlln gloaaet ga-a1g1n6n, ~111ch, translating Latin possidare, hat the unllltbiguoua Meaning "to take ppaaeaaion or," "make one' a ovn"1 there ia no taint ot !1 ht1ng or host1lit7 in thia ,I

latter Gothic verb.

Ga-ta1hlln, the original word

retained aa a gloaa 1n to do with poaaeaa1on

~S

A, 11a1at conaequently have

rat~er

order to be ao retained.

than boatilit7, in•

And aince ra!hu meana

"(movable) poaaeaaione," "propert7,n "n:oney," it is the moat likely baa1a tor this raleUfta . .

~-verb.and

ita

187

3.

Anal7111 ot 2 Cor 12,ZO, eo rar aa thia ia poaaiblo, indicate• that the.•o-called "Zu1pt1,• b1•t&:iha, waa either the original tran1lat1on or er!the!a1 or a glo11 to the original ••••

. the original

h!1tate11.

t~arualation;

in th1e latter

tranalat1on would have been

More l1kel7, however, b1•ta1ha, which

retain• the "vrong9 end1"8--der1ved analog1callJ

trom the word

to

which it waa once adjacent --•• a

aouvenir or 1t1 earl1ar location, wa1 the original. Thi Gk. baaia , ar1the!a, does not 111ean "contention• o~

"atr1te• in particular, but rerera pr.1aar117 to

the qual1t7 ot "ba11 aalt-aeeking" (the RSV tranalatea it al

9

8tlf18hn188W ) ,

•

aater1al gain.

I

thinking in

~IJ'a8 Of ~Od1&t8

B1=ta1ha can be Tieved aa expressing

this id•• onl7 i t the root •p•lled

c~}taih-

111lpl1ed

aaterial pos1e1sion(1) or 1110ne7, not it i; aeant "bo1t!lit7• or "hostile.•

4.

71nally, n1h1l obatat.

,

'l'llare are many other -§.!!-verba

derived trarra

~-stllll

reconcile"

OHG !'rid~ "peace";

i

1o;91'ldu1 "hunger"; "desire": "custom.•

noun1 ,

luat~n

C0111p&r• aa-tr1l~n

"to

grld6n " to hunger•

"to d•aire" : lustua

11d6n "to practice"

~"practice,•

188

I thorefore conclude that the vocalic eleinent ill

bi•raiha (= bi~ra!hl5na), bi-faih~n, and gft-fai~n 1•

abort and that the atem ia identical with t.he at9Jll or the noun talhu (n. u t ) "lll0ne7," "proper.•y," "poaa.ea111ona"; "movable gooda," "chattela." which is cognate to ?lE fee,

r f>t

foe.

~.

thereby eliminate the hypothesis of a

~linilarly spelled (

Gothic word-ate: *J:.!!h-, derived from

a PCbric. diphth.ongal 11

*!.!..th-,

and

aur.poat1'1ily meaning

boat!l1ty" or "dace~ tion."

,

...

Bs

GREllK S11K.U1TIC FI&LDS CONSISTIJ{Q OF SUIGLE 'WORDS OR WORD-S'r:E>!S

B Ji

anliineroa

Place ot occurrence s 2 Tll\ 3,2: 0

2 Tir. 3, 3a.._/

jah walr"tiand eaontai

gar

mannllnll •••

Wll!lanarigwa! (A;

boi antb.rl!poi

animero1

tor will be

m•n •.•

unt•ed

et

boln1nea

!zm1tea

erunt

B J.l.

-r1ggwa1 B)

[vg. & 1t.)

Thia a:p:pearance or unmanarig(g )ws occura 1n a

long 11st ot v1cea (2 Tin ) , 2:

"For {in tba laat days )

men will be lovers of self, lovar1 ot 1110ney, proud, arrogant, abusive ••.. ") which begins in 2 Ta ),2 and ends in 2 Till 3,5. anberoa (1n the

It 1s also the only occurrence or

m.'fp.

-oi) 1n the entire Gk. NT.

The

normal translat1ona given tor the Gothic word are "inhuman," "fierce" (Balg), "untreundlicll," "barach" (Streitber~) , and "wild,"

"grausei" (Feir.t).

Tb.at is.

they are baaicall7 transl~ of the Greek aniiiieros or Latin 1nm1tes. tin.lmown.

The

et~gy

of -r1ge,,wa 1a givon as

190

Be tore eum1n1ng the 011:. an• erop,

1t

ia worth

noting that Peiat (p . S22) , to Judge trc:n his et191Dlogiea, 1• a,pparentl7 thinking

Ut111enaog

11

or

something ai.zii1lar to German

1nhulllan being" ea the main r oot ot the word,

with -r1ggwa1 being a kind ot aecond&rJ a:ttii appended It 1a thh alil:oat aubl:lminal

to thia atel!l, in his view.

1ntorrerenoe troic a l!IOdern language which aeema to have bean a h1ndranoa to a di:tferont evaluation

B ).2.

or

the word.

'l'be Oreelc word anberoa 1a a compound vord

-

composed ot the privative an- (
t. ) .

caae the aingl• -.1- ot KS

A

1a \1Ill1kel7 t'roa

the atandpo1nt ot Proto-Omc. lu:1cal b1ato27, which

produced

a

dearth ot .PO•t•ocalic Germanic

-&!!-'•

in

the e:r.tant earl7 Ji!SS ( aagwa 1a the onl7 caae). 'l'ha derivation ot the graphmn1c cluater -.14!!t'rami PIS

/ npb/

(or

nghw/ ) 1e alao quite rare.

Bea1dea aiggwan, there ia onl7

•srnru•

"n.rrcw" and 1ta

deriTat1vea (ga eggwei (t.n:) "coercion,"

aggvi~a

(t.51)

"angu1ah," "trouble," ga-aggwlan (I1) "to coerce" ) . Al.moat all acbolara bne 1dataken17 attributed an

-~­

cluater ta at-awHrlan, aa11.1110in& 1t to be a caueat1ve to a llmc. •awingvan ( wh1cb would be quite wiuaual 1n

. }, but it ..... :much more probable that thia 1a 1n tact a Giile. Verachirtung phellOlllenon cosnate to

Olf

avegg'• "make awa7 or awag" (C-V 606), aee B 6 (exapor~) below. 11

'l'hat bl1ggwan (2:) "beat," •scourge,"

atr1ke a BLOW, 11 g aggvi5 (& glaggwuba ) (av.:)

uloual7," and alcuggwa (a.n:) "obtuacation.• (ct. A);

"met1c-

"ahado~•

eaoptron {a!pitJ!!ll )) are all Verachi.r!'ung

phenomena, I aaawce to be agreed upon b7 all acbolara.

19S

It 1e alao quite poee1ble that MS &•a a1.ngle

-1-

retlecta dialectal ahorton1ng (Oetrogoth1c 1nfluence1')

ot en orig1nall7 lengthened ·aij-,4 or eJ n that tb.9 aingle apell1ng vaa u,ed here in A to ditterent1ate it tl"Cln the nasal oluater

epelled -IS!-·

/tgw lib ch would alao

haTe been

In •1 peraonal Tiew, 1t aeema 1ateat to

cona1der th1a aa aimp.17 an additional copying error made or retained 1n e word which the acribe of A did not underatand.

B 3.5.

All th1a aa7a little abo t the 111ean!ng

-riggw-.

But betor•

t~

t

a ttell\Pt to ciXpla!n 1t, 1t1

prefix 111ana- (or l"l&n-) mu• t be ex11111ned.

!!!.!.!!-, or

at leut !!!£!-, la the noun whoa• naain tiTo

a~ar

Sucb dialectal. (1) ahortening or a lengthened atop originating 1n a Proto-Germanic letl8thened um1-vowel la tou.nd 1n the Criaean Ooth1c v::irJS to:: "egg,"

•

the Biblical Gothic atflll •addJa-).

g

( trca

Tha apelling

\Ullllan&l"11C•a1 1n A 1ca7 conce1vabl7 be evidence or the

t

t1llle ot .uch a deT•lopment perhapa roughly a1multaneo11e 1n all the Oo . dialecte.

Except 1n tha relat1Tely

undisturbed far north, Uiac . lengthened stops have had abort hie tor lea .

..

•

• 196

tonr. 1• 1i1ar.Ita

~an. 11

i'b1a word vaa a par~1all7

r oot-1nfiected noun w1th the at• !!!,!!!- tl"Olll Pri tllllanua or -.onua •man" ( IKW 700).

When analogJ began adding

TOcal1c oaae endi.n81 oreotber a t - claaaea to thia !aolated word, hoveYer, it &l.ao doubled (lengthened) the

-n-

1r it bad not been 10

11

g-1nated 11 &l.read7.

Hence the "weak" 1'ora1 or the 11.U . and Np. with new, dou'bled -nn-.

fhe neuter ~-ate &•=an "co-111an,"

"ocmpan1on," ahov11 the original, a1ngle -.!!,-. a11 do alao the 1n1t1al aeE;11enta of rian•-•UrJ:.r•a "aan-alayer, 11 "h.aa1o1de,• eana•a&te •tmma.n 11eed," 1 •••• "hu!r;.an1t7," •(the whole) world," and man•leika "man-likeneaa,• 11

.1.aage...

!be second -,!.- 1n aana... aurtrJG and J11ana=att1

i1 alaoat certa1nl7 the luncture Towel (Koapoa1 t1onsTOkal), absent 1n Jll&ll'lleika, preaent 1n u.n=.ian-a-r1ggv1,

unl.e11 the original Gothic .!l ( ahaa), shaped aOEewhat like the Gk. letter llll!lbda, waa a1mpl7 a badl7 written Gothic !. ( telv1), ahaped like a Gk. !!!:_, in the Go. MS from which our preaent oopiea are deriYed.

B

3. 6.

The equation thu1 reduces 1t1e1r to the

1'ollov1ng ••antic equivalenc7: •t-ed" :: "man- T • Xow the concept "t-• 11 rerer1 to a certain relationah1p, mainly between anJ.aala and aen, 1n which

I

197

tb.e an1aal reoopl&•• • bl.men •• 1t• auter, • aut•• 1'tlo ••7 di•po•• or the aniaal a• lw •••• tit.

We oan

• theretore expect • -aning ac.eth1Jic like •aubol'd1nate

to,• •wider the oontrol or." &Kauae or tlfl• expec ted aean1ng, no der1T~tlon troa tbe PIK root• l.

z.

"7e11, • o r •ruable 9 (IW 867) , or

up)," "tear

u~-·r~

(out)" (IW

OiTen thia,ntut end th•••

•.ze-

erew- wpluok ( out/

668~

ae•a :1kel7.

~ecut.ipna,

the 110at

reaaonable conJeetUJ'e la that tlw •crib• Who copied tbe original

JIS-tro.f

vbich both A a:id B ultaaatel7

derlTed the1:1' toraaS-oaltted •

-!- 1:nit1all7

preaen~

1n the tl'aJUlat1on •• dolW b7 wu1r11. (or perh•p• COll9IOD

source waa

~1111ge~, b~red,

point, vb1ch would h&Ye

~

~~ """

or taded at thla

•••117 occuned it the

word had been broken up becauae at the end or a line, with tlui -!- e1 tluir at the Yert end the

••rJ beginning or

or

one line or at

the next ) .

!bat la, -r1c(g)wa1 1a reall7 a oop71ng erJ'Or tor -trigval "true,• "t..ru.tvor\b1, • "hone•t," D .E:!!!,,

•

5.

Although an anoeator 1-edlatel7 co..on t o both

1. improbable, ••• Pr1ed1'1chaen,

n

89-90.

( 198

• w~uld accordingly aean "man-true," •aocially truatworth7,• I

"bone at to"arda (o.th•r) 111•n," and thua •t-ed" or ~c!vilized."

B7 extenaion, un"'Mana•triggvs would be,

literal.17, ·~-man-true," "diaboneat towarda (other) men," •aocially unreliable," with connotations ot unacrupuloua and unc1v111zed behavior . 6

B ).7.

Once an error 1n copying had bee':l made, it

,

6.

A.a aentionaa above in 8

3, 5., the "Juncture

vowel" -~- ma7 also have been tha result of a badly written tbe

-~-,

r~ht,

whoa• top crossbar aloped ah&rply down to

thua giving the appeuanoa ot a Gothic

-~-·

ni. angle of the crossbar is virtualli the only difference

between.! (llh.a)

and~

(te1wa).

Such a aiatake would

have a parallel in the Gothic translation of the Greek dOron

11

g1tt" 1.o Mt 5,2), where the aeanint ia "gitt-

orteri.ng presented betoro the (Javiah) altar" and the Gothic readl.na !a

~·

Since tba tills• ot Jacob Grilml

(sao Paiat 477a) this word has bean thought by many acholara to be a aiatake tor •tibr, .a cognate to OE t!!'er, Olm zabar, &c., "aacriiJc1al offering."

(Other

scbolara, of course, huve had different interpretations, and uauaed the.!.:. to be original Gothic, e.g . , Bl'nat A. :Kbb!n&haua, "Gothic al'br," Journal

tl

lensl1ah !,!!!

0.l'lllanic Ph1lolog:, 62 (196)) , 7l8-7Zl..)

199

wa1 qu!te ea17 to 1ee how 1t Might be conac1oual7 recopied, c:ona1der1ng two th1nga1

tir1tl7, the worda

or th.. Bible vefi cona1dered sacred;

and aecondl7,

aince ( 1n contrad1at1nction to paiaM!r 1n Mk 6,19-aee B

4, below) not e•en an

lil ternat1ve Wlderatan.d1ng or

rrlC PIB:LDS

~ONSlSTIN:i

OP SIJfGL! WORDS

OR 'ilNID-Snl'!S

B

4:

•

enekhl5 •

.

' The Greek verb enekhl! meana, in the active

~oice.

.

"to have it in tor• someone, "have a grudge !lgainat," "be ' hostile ~wards" where 1t occurs 1n Mk 6 , 19. The mediopas111Ye, on the other hand, mea.na "let 10neaelt ba(come ) entangled Vitti.,• "subject oneaelt to" aomething, in Ga

s, 1 . ' B

S.2.

by

In the latter case {Ge S,l ) , !t is

tranela~ed

ue - tulan (r!ld "to sut£er," "endure," "bear out,"

which is cognate to regional and otherwise obsolete ~iah

thole, trom

PIE*!~.-,

e s\U'tixed, zero-grnde

tol'lll of' the PIE root •.!:,!!- "to lit't," "aui:'J!Ort .r

.

"weigll" (ct. IE\i 1060, 1. !,!1-). 11

The paaaage 1n Ge $,1,

n1 attra slcalkinaasaus JukuzJ a ua- t:'ulaiJ>," is clea.r t

"do not again euf!er (it ) o..!,under a yoke cf slavery . " It ia a ver7 adequate translation ot the aedio-paasive or

' enak~,

greatly. •

whose active and middle meaning• differ •

{Por the medio-paaaive

compare A:llerican alangt vlctiiilizad. ")

aea.~inga

ot the Greek,

"be taken in," "be had"• "be

B

4.3.

!be only other

OC C\lft'ence Of

enekbl5 ia 1n the

,,/

active voice, and in the rolloving contexts Jlk 6,

l ?.

For Herod bad aent and aeited .Tobn, and bound hla

1n prison for th• aue or !Berodia•. hia bro th•P PhU 1p

wife;

beoauae he had aarr1ed her.

18.

I.

Fo r John aa1d

to Herod, •it ia not Lavtul for 7ou to have 7our brother•• And Herodias ~ ~

\life.•

VUY•

But ah• eould not,

to ltlll bbi.

ya1n1t hla, and vented

20.

for lleroil reared

John, lmoving that he vaa a r1ghteoua and bol7 aan, and kept h1a a are. il>

11a

hA de z:lOV

Klradia e1~Jdia•

Barodiaa

Berodias aut-

,,..,_.

J11h v1lda

U.a

autOJ lea! &tti.lan aUtO"l had •

srud&•

againat hla

:1naidiaba tur

1111

r qiaan

kta1nai •

• kill

occidera

•Ull

-

uaapo-

and viabed. 2) hla l) to •t

volebat

••

B

4.4.

2.oS

On enelth§, Kittel sa7s that the claaaioal

•

ln the LXX 1t becomes ( ibid. ) : "to puraue" (by ellipse

!!2.n kholon

["gall";

( >) "anger" ] , etc. } or a aeaning or independent

origin? ) , med. •to atrive at'ter," "to be entangled";

.

• enokhos, "gu1lt7," orten aba. or

with gen. or guilt.

•

Purther ( 1b1d. ) : 111?' like the LT.I, act. "to pur1111e, pr••• upon," IQ

6,19;

Lk 11,S3·

Paaa. "to let oneael:t' be

entangled," "to subject oneaelt" (Ga S,l), "to be aubject 11

•••

enokhoa, a. •aubJectn ••• ;

b. "legall7

subJect, 11 "guilty." ••• ['f'h• Gothic invariably haa alrula tor 'nokhoa (8Jt ) ) .

'

206

Regarding the uae ot enekM 1n Klc 6,19 and Lk 11,S.3 (the latter m1as1ng 1n ;Jo.}, Moulton and Milligan aa:r ( M-~

214):

"Note that th• Sahidio translates reapeotively

•waa angr:r with,• and 'to provoke h1a 1 : epe~ s

ot. claas[ical)

•attack• ."

Gothic acholara have hitherto used "to bear a grudge," the translation or the Greek verb, wt.en ascribing a meaning to the conjectured infinitive *neiwan or

-

was auppoaed to be naiw, a preterite.

.

~'hat

Ne!wan is

hypothesized •••being a first class atrong verb (ct. Balg, Streitberg, Feiat, Braune). B

4.$.

..

But the Gothic word answering to the Gk.

enellchen in Y.k o,19 appears in the Uppsala tacsim1lee, positive lll'ld negative photographic reproduct!ona or the a.ttected CA page, u

na1awl!r, not

!l!.!.!!· These are the

!irat seven letter• of the f!ttb line fl'Olll the bottom. The !.• 6, and !. are badl:r obscured, the ~ so much so

that al.moat on17 its vertical atBbl, \forterbucb 100) :

"n•i~an•

abl. V.l ••• m.Dat. eneknein t1nl es aut Jeml.Zld

.. ..

207

•

.abgeaehen haben z nur ) .Sg.Pt. !!,!l!! (aua naiaw6r • cm Schreiber aelbat kolll'i,giert) .•. Mc 6,19 CA.ft 81nce Streitberg'e predeceaaora and intol'llllanta were workl.J\g with the CA itaelt, it 1a prob•bl1 beat to take h1a word tor it when he says that the "correcting" was done by the writer hiaaelt.

~we•er, the Code\ J.rgenteue

ought to be re-exmn1ned on this point , tor the entire tllird l ina abo•• ~ a-" )

na1e~r ~"

ll auk

I~ann••

du Hlr6da

ia alao obacured, 1n a manner vhich doaa not see=

too diaail!lilar t'rOlll the obscuration in

naia~r

to Judge from the black-ana..white racaimilea.

i taelf. In 8rrJ

-

oaae, the tact reaaina that the original letters spell naiaveir, not !!.!.ll!•

"

l'rClll the character and meaning

ot ttt. Greek

word aa colored bJ the context in Y.k 6,19, it ia clear that what 1a aeant ia 111Urderoua rancor, a hate-filled intent t-o kill tho Bapt1at.

Thia makaa the auppoaed

preterite, naiv, or a conjectured *neiwan "bear • grudge againat" fraught with d1tt1culty aa translation or the meaning.

a.~

adequate

st- deacribea

Uppatr0m 1 a

conjecturing 1n a footnote to hia edition ot the Gothic text:

- 19. !!!.!.!!l

:llach tJppatriima Onteraucblmgen hatte

1m Codex urapr\inglich naiewOr geatandan, dooh •

..

208

t

waron die Buchataben a,

~

und

r.

•

Ton der Band

dea Schre!bera, wiewohl unvollkoz::nen, get1lgt •

!!!l!! 1st nach Uppatr.

~raet.

•

e1nea Verba neiwan

• turi.!Jdlll\\

~

a~a~har1

["to be angr1, !r71tated"], zu dem

("to be turgid, awollen" ,

er u.a. auch aga. n1wol {"prec!pitoua: prostrate:

headlong;

obacure, deep down, abycnal" : p:ronus

["1ncl1n9d torward, atooping forward, hanging down") (wie ap1wol ["emetic, TOl!lit1ng"]

Wf?IC PI:ELDS COlfSISTilfQ OF SllfGLE 'WORDS ~

B 61

WRD-ST!iMS

exaporep

8 6.1.

The main pul"J.loae of th1a article 1a to

•atabliah the tact that the r oot of the verb -awaggwJan has no naaal in it and 1a not e eauaat1ve to the Omc.

etJl!lOn of

n:

" (to) awing, n but 1a rather e Veracbirtung

phenomenon cognate to OB aveu!a "to maktr turn around,• "rotat•," "make awa1," o.nd deri ve11 frol!l a PIB lar,ngeal

at11111 •aw-ow-X-•xo- .

Th1a lett4ll! for 11 actuall1 an

<ernatel1 auttixed form ot an ori~ •1w-01-X-e10-, which p:roduced Faroeae eve1ggla, ON ave1g!a, nto bend, 9 "turn, 11 Y.E aweiyen, eweghen, NE ew111.

The main root 111

J

•ew-ey- (IBW' 1041 •awe[l!), "td tltr}'l, 11 "bend," "11wa1." envu11at• form II ;from •pew- (lEV en~ *!.!£-)

"awing," a "~ •

b•nd," Pa1lure

8

1'ul'n8

;

•

"incite."

to understand

this baa lad to

con~lderable

et)'lll01og1cal c.oll1'Ua1on, ev9Il oln such respected

-

autbor1t1ee aa Kluge (Kt•o.d. dt .Spr. 69S, s.v. achwingen), •

who poatulatea • Go. / •a¥11Jgwan ·, and Palk-'l'tlrp

..

(Norw-D.anBtwo II, 121.9, a.v. S•inge\, who aaSUllle that Norveg1an-Dan1ah aTinge "to awing,• "Tibrate• ia

•

•

• "prob•bly" C"wahr1cheinlich") a loan-word tram German,

I

a,pparentl7 becauae it haa no expected -•- on the end or (~h11,

1t1 root .

however, ia begging the que1t1on.)

Jan de VJ'iea ( Anllt•'b S64b, evangr) connect a Go. atewaggvJan w1th ON avangr

8

th1n, 11

11

hungi-J," aa well aa

w1 th OE OS OHG ew1ngan "to awing," nl though he 111ec relate• th11 group with the nasalleas ON sveggla.

•

And

Schubert (Srwe1terung 78) postulates a Go. 9ew1ggwan ( with naall1, 1.e., /~ gv ') "sich schwingen , " fro~ a PIE • aweng-.

~e

118llle 11 true of 1111 other Gemanic

et1J11olog1cal d1ct1onar1e1, the

-~-

..

w~!ch

are 1111 aisled by

in the Go . verb.

•

• exaporeo

B 6.21.

!'he Greek verb ex•poreo cona11ts of the pritfiJI:

ex-, meaning "out," "utter," "to the extr-e," and the verb aporeo, which is a denominative

to

11

ex-," the

adJectiTll aroroa. d1tf1cult;

1.

Th1s, 1n turn, l!lear.t "1Mpa11able; Uipos(ible; helpleaa; poor; unable"1

Dr . Karl Peyerabend, Lang1nsche1dt 1 a Zocket

Greek D1ct1onnl'I•

Greek Engliah, 6th ed. (New Yori:

Barnea & Roble, 1961), p.

I

Sb.

l'h1a reference work 11

here•fter abbreviated as Langenscheidt."

22s \

and •without reaourcea" (M-M 67 •

'l'he adJect!•e la

1taelt derived !'rom the privatiYe prefix plus the noun poroa "paaaage: thoroughfare, way tor ah!pa; achievin&, reao 316).

.!inl-

"non-•

tord, atl'a1 t, tr1dge, aea, r:1Yer:

meana or

ce, income, reyenue" (Langanacha1dt

'!'he noun is the 2-grade ablaut form to the stem

...

appearing aa the claaa!cal Gk. adyerb-prepoa1t1on pera "beyond," which disappeared ·1n the ke11n6.

•

PIE root is the well 1 known

~-.

'l'he

which .AmBD lSJJc

pointa out as being the "Baaa ot prepoa1t1ona and preverba with the baaic meaning ot "torward," "through,•

and a wide range 2 . per-,

t

or

extended aenaea ••• " (cf. I!W 810,

A), and alao or the Terba termed theretroic

which ha Ye, conaequentl7, the ce."ltral aenae or "to lead," "pass oYer or through" (see I'EW 616, 2 . per-,

B 6. 22.

1

B) .

Aporei5 thus baa a11 1 ta basic aeanins "to te

at an 1mpaaae," ~hence, "to be without means":

•

uncertain": 1apaaae).

"be

"be at a loss" (arter havinct reached an 'l'he llledio-paaa1ve c8llle to

~•an

"to be et~1ed,"

"be thwarted," "be frustrated," "be perlexed," "be tull

'

ot anxiet1" (i.e ., out ot "to be brought to an 1apaaae" ). 1'he preverb _!!-, whose ba1ic meaning ie "out,• "ex-,•

adds the con."l.Otat1on or "in the uttel'l!lo1t" to the baaic

'

• means, 1n the pa1aive .:t'onna with verb, ao that exaporeO

"

llbleb

"9 .,.. _ . . . . . .. . _ . . ,

"te

Ille ll'utlP9W

Ja ta.

ea•••• 9M 11•.M.1 t' M'W, 9M MttlM la ... •tllo•"'• fta••• la ........ ..,. \a. • • • '. . . alob 1

1

a.ia. a. .1..,.., hl••• SIP_.., _. .. w atn u tlhula•loM ID• a. Clo • •_.. • a 6.31. • N•e$••1• le . ,. . '° .. el•'- • • , •rl!I _. '\CT SrH• al \lloup tbe Cle. • .... 1• l'ffll1 a ell'a , . . .,ton. of.Me •••• ,... no ... ...,. ll....,.all7

.

•••'• l\e

•a. • • ...... • wt ua OT•M••• of

,....._,lell •._

111ei,.. •a• -... _. of -... ...... •

•ua

..1Mi•••••· ,...... . 411•••'•••1•..... ••1•• ,...··•dt'l&4f tC·t1el!J• _.

tt'-•l•bss

't.)

u

m .M-..nuic ...,., ....

t1 (IIIt 9M all-•,• •11o1c o..'• ...... • "M ••tu• (u eel)• (Ta nea-01••1--• > •to .... f la ll:A• •..,.. "'1 old,• "null • • • • ...• 1 • .ia • 1 (61) ~·on,• f"cl on,• mt ••• • ·•·•, 1n

•'°

...

$21 ) .

• 6.)2. la PIS

low tbe • ' -

-li,-,

•1'!•

a ) tbe ioallueed b)

r 'n•'

•tl.•>- aua7be

a ftftal edJ ..•l•

tbe 111-T9fte ... ,..... •l"-' haa

~oenW)

P'.C• et

•W-a ......

o• .Cl..tlTal •Maa of UV Fad•, " ' ..

o•

•

227 •

rutYer2 troa priaary Yerbal roota in f\111 grade, vbether

')

PIX

'

-!,-

or -.s_-.

2.

The anoinal7 u1-ge!anan "becOJne aaftaat," "go

out ot one'a

rhua -aleulJan and -1lautpan do not

aeneea•~tfken

together with ua-gaialp.n

.,

"to et:r11ce aghast," "dr1Y4} out or one ' a aene••"-•t

flret glance 1emna an exception.

It ~a

e

to OW ge1ax1 ~pan!c,• "tear" cd~v 196} , N'i ghb.C and y haat,

but not to Oll ge1aa ."to chate," "rage" ( C-V l9b ) ,

11:h

1

ccmea fl"Oll: PGl!ic. •ga-a:!.san (Jan de Vr1ea, AJEtWb 162) , aeen unpre.tued 1n O• eiat "to go daehing" (C-V 124 )
*Phen;;vhroa >

I

>

•ti~wrs? ), lfB

...

finger ?

Here, i t this is a

correct d'r1ution, the stem vowel might be immutable

• because ot the

L~variable ~ean1ng

nol'lllal stem accent and Go.

i-."S").

~· it

But in view

rdiains d1t:t1cult

to justify a PGmc. •swingwan, with voiced stem-t1nal

lab:!o-velar.

or

2.)9

I Fe1at compound• the Froblem b7 1a71ng (p. lOi about the

-~-

ot awaggwJan that it la perhapa

"praaent{1acbJ. "

Even 1! thia could explain a

1up1osed / •aw1r;gven/, it could not do ao ror a preterite to:nn / •avatgw-/ , vith 2-grade;

and aa Eor

the allegodlJ derivative weak verb (with 2-grade), OnlJ the preterite participle at-awaggwidai (mNp.) ia attested, not a present tense torm or 7et thia Ptpc. haa a B

6.SJ.

grade.

a.~1

And

-~- ·

To avoid :t'urther contort1on1at1c atte:;pt~

at Juat1t1cat1on ot a cluater

/fjf;W/, tho Gordian knot

can be severed bJ noting that in OX there exists verb svegg!a,

~'h1ch

corresponds exactlJ to avaggvjan

it we aaauae POmc. f~"rl' inatead or a nasal infix.

"SVEJ.lJA,

C-V 6()8 liat : exnpore!atha1~,

veer round."

In

a,

[Ult. at-awaggvJan •

to make away or ewa~, turn round, O~~

•

tha -!!- disappeared between

-gg- and -!-, compare the verb doublet

or

trrgg1a 1md

trrggve, both meaning "to make tinl and truatJ" ( C-V 61tJ), belone1ng to Go. triggva "truatwortbf." Aaai.miption or Oo. lengthened ),w/


•aw&i l,1an > OE (=

Siling,

/swlJan/;

unattested) > ME

a~e1ven,

* ~3an

sweyen > NE

away ( the Gothic would have been *svaiddlan) .

The

2ngl1ah de•aloprnent parallels tnat of the PIE / oyX '.

Gitc. /aJJ

1n OE wlli3 "wall," Go . Wtidd.iua, OE cl•3

> MB cle,., cloy > t."E clay (!or wh!ch development see

Lehmann, Evlµ.eryng 214 le Plin'honol 44 . § 4.44a).

Thia

latter word, OE clM3 (and !!!!3). did not have a "third 1

....I•" because it was not a verb

.taf, the 81'111'1'

•

S

and

therefore could not

Omc. - l an endlng• tor first class wea.a verbs as

did.

6.o.

At a very ear~y t1me in the hlator1 of the

northern G!!ic. dialects, however, a cel'tain amoupt of metatheai11 or aubst1tut1on, or both, involving

resonants (or "continuants") in clusters with other • consonants aeems to have ta;cen place (ct. A 3. esoptron [ a ln1 g:i11 J) .

F or 1n t h e suie inanner aa •pe nkwe

"5"

-

became pre-Latin •lc'wenk~e on the one hand, and pfe-~~c. and pre-Oaco-Umbrian

*fllll!lpe

on the;ther, P!E •aw-oy-X-

developed an alternating (dialectal?) form •aw-ow-X-, pel'hapa through the influence of the this rorm, whose difference

~irat

1n aeaning

/w/,

It ia

from •sW-ol -X- it

is ll:poasible to discern at this late date, which is responsible tor Gmc. •s•a;.iw1en "to 111o1ay," "mo.lee turn.''

and hence tor Go. awaee;wJan "to turn,"

11

denect," otmake

turn," ON avegg •a "to make turn," and ?IE Scandinavian loan word swap; .

•

C:

GOTHIC MARGINAL GLOSS

eu9.n11

c

l . l.

Sugn1• is a

~nrginal

gloes to the phrase

( :1n A) beg1nn1ng v1th the preposition

!!!

( "bee au e o f")

in the following Gothic ••ntence: . l Tm

S. 23:

Ju n1 dr1gkn11 l:ana"'!l!laia wa te,

aK

weini• lei tll

br\ikja11 .n q1tau1 ?:e:1n1a jab t!ze utta swhtl teinaize . L!ter&ll7 translated, this !a:

"As of now (thou) ahouldet

not dr!nk furthenr.ore water, but or vine a little ahould1t uae tecause of tho

ato~ach

ot

thine and ot the, frequentl7, aickr.e11e1 or thine." All three of the moat w!del7 know:l Gothic vocabul&l"J' acholara, Balg, Streitbprg, and Feist, have been a1ngularl7 uninYent1ve 1n cop71ng each other' a (and their pred•cea4or•') basic eval,-tU.n or ;h11 ~~rd•• a nou.~

1n the genit1Te aingular

t.o

explain gU:aua, which i1 itaelf

indeed a noun 1n the genitive singular.

Fr1edr1ctaen

(FE 69) expreaaea h1a frustration wit.ht

"l Tim. v.· 23

atOJ11akhon g!taua:

Mo.r~.

augnia.

t

--

.llnon;ra. 11

edi tiorl' of Friedrich Ludwig Stamlll' a tJlfilaa,

The tenth

2.'!!! .!!.!.! !m!,

•

orhaltonen DenlailQ,ier

X. Heyne and Ferd. (p • .)(>?) : Oloaae "

1858.

got1Rohen Spracho (rev . ed.

~rode),

which

a~peared

e~1t1on

or

1n 190), l1ata

"autn(-aT). st.r•• (!!:. .'1 ), •Ma.gen'; 'l'he tirat

bbt

~

or StlCtl!l'a book

l 'l':!I 5, 23 appear•~

1n

tho aorterbueh wa.a not added by Morit: Heyne

u.~til the fourth edlt1on 1n 1808, lllld was heavily

dependent on •

c l.l.

Uppatro~. ~

had read the w::ird eutnie •

Now •• long aa the word was believed to be

autn1s, with the letter

".t!!!t!" (!!:Odem •thorn"), there

could be no other r!Hlaon tor aaall:!:.1.ng that 1t waa an7thing else but a noun, since the onl7 thine; i'n the text 1t aoemed related to waa a noun 1n the gon1t1ve case, qitaua.

The ending -1! 1a, r:oreover, identical

1n appearance with that or the

~-

DCuna 1n the genitive singular. re-1nveet1gat1on or the

and 111r1aculine .1-etem After Wilheln Braun's

~anuacripte,

however, autnia

waa aeon to be a falao reading and au9n1p the correct one •1 Thia should have occ aa1oned acne .:'reah thinking w~rd

about the aaaUr:1pt1on or this

l. ~v,

23.

(nicht

er.

aa a noun in the

Sraun•a footnote (Streitberg, OoBbl

qitaua] au~n1a

A Randgloaaei

U[ppatrITORIAI. SiJ'PPIJ1:r.l£.n'l' 'l'O AUXEf'rIUS' ACCO'JH'I' OF THE E'YE!l'l'S

(.la added b7 the

.,lJRROT.JNDIN3 i'H

.__,/"

t Max1m1n'• D!aaertat1on)

§ 61p

And

...

there tollova again:

lo(a)d- ••• was ••• emulat-

... ' ... of

servants or God, our holy b11hopa ••• to aee {

23.

.. be

decide~

:

"and the Son 1s sltbJect ••• 1n the H ly Spirit" :

-patr1gu• A••••••·!!!!?• ac 1'1n>1i • ot f!l1um nubditUl"l et oboed1ente:ii et in O."l?libua deo ~
ap1r1tu pancto nav1t, part•

conjecture b7 Wolfgang Lan·e, Texte !.!!..!: gel"l!lan1

~hen

Bekehrun5sgeach1chte ('l'iib1n,gonz Max J1e=eyer Varlag, 1962), p. 9.

For Lange' a l aouna

suggested~

11 . . . . . .

·:!S?

auboervient>e.

c

11

here

288

not onl7 that the7 arr1 ved fro~ 111'r1cu: 1n the 'lteatern parta , thinking that a counc1l would be held-that the7 might make publicl7 known the synodal acta l!lllde up bJ those heretic$, 7et also which pro!eaaion [or ta1th) cc=e forth from th ae men, to wh1ch the7 were auppoaed to .anawer peacea'bl 1 ........... ,. ........ .. ... · .....•.•.•. •

[having] been read aloi:d-but alao the7 proceeded to the eaat

req~eating

the aa:ne [co\:ncil:.

f 6S1 However, 'What 1a recited by Bishop Auxentiua about "tho holding or the council being thought over again bJ the .1Japious leat the7, J11Cre pitiable than wretched, be revealed a1 heretics condai:.ned bJ their ovn teat1l!:on7 and worthy of being pun1ahed with eternal punishment• -1t 11 necessar7 thet we discuaa th1a ver7 thing •

• I 7l 1

,

:iw

1t ia

t~e

•

0

to repl7 to that which was aa1d

above about holy •"ultila who, having just entered t e citJ or Constantinople, d!ed, the holding or the council havint; been thought over again by the impious lest they, more pitiable than wretched, be revealed, as even we ver7 frequently heard trom our (churchl1: fathers, aervantn

ot Christ. l.!l'ing in the above-nentioced C:i ty.

5 721

~1a wu the rea1on vhy 1 dere too , they ~·in

thought over·

~·

council pro-iaed bJ the

eror •

!'heodoa1ua , Which the lhperor Orat1an24 had al.read)' torbidden 12S

wr1t1nga ot the biahopa arrived, a~c1ticallJ

ot kbroae and othera, 26 ..mo had aat 1n council at •Aqu1le1a27 ••• [, mesaages b1 wbich] 28 theJ tranu:i1tted those •J'llOdal acta which the7 the:naelvea had made up

24 .

"Oratian": • 1.e . , Flovius Gratianua, Western

R0111an c.peror 367-363, over whcm Bishop Am.bros• or

Milan gained great 1n:t'luenee. 2$.

"council pro:iaed ••• which Grat1an ••• ll&d

forbidden" •

Theodoaiua promiaed the Arlana a council

in Constantinople tor mid-383. 26.

"wr1tfi\ga ••• or A!r.broae and ot.'iera":

the roar

~•in "writings" (Lat. acripta), or letters, writte

late

tall and winter, 381- J82 tor the 111oat part, are round 1n English translation b7 Slater MarJ Melchior Be1enlca, O.P . in:

Saint Ambrose, Letters. The Fathers or the Church.

A New Translation, vol . 26 (Waah!nston, D.C.: Univerait7 ot America, 19$4), chapter on

9

Catholic

SJ110dal Lettera, 9

PP• 207-222.

27.

"council at Aqu1le1a":

held Sprl"lg through

Autwnn, A.D. )81.

28.

9

(,

~eaaagea

bJ

~~1ch)"1

Conjecture (• per .!D!!!.!•

or the like) tor a lacuna 1n the KS •

•

290

• out ot their own tree will, aaying, as the letter• given to the -peror Grat1an cry out, !naSZ!l.Uch as the1 2 9 were condemned,30 b7 means of the 1111per1Al power they denied thfll!ll the power of the priesthood and 1n their place tl\e7 aubat!tuted others who were be or4a1ned, and d-anded that the churches likewise be taken eway from thsm.31 to

I 73 :

And this vas done, ao that the emperor Theodosius

too, enaotad a law throughout the world with the decrees ot

,

29,

"they":

whic~

a~reed

Grat~an.

i.e., the Arian bishop•, Pallad!us

and Secund1anus.

JO.

"condemned" :

(or the like) for

Conjecture oond..mstt aunt

MZ £· ...•• ·ll ~

1n Stre1tberg;

Conrad Miiller (op . cit., p. 124) gives£····· .. uenti ~ tor the lacuna, for which I can ~ake no

aatistactor1 conjecture .

Jl .

"denied thlll!I ••. ;aken away from them" 1

.

this

is e.n accurate account or the demands put forth by Alllbroae 1n h.!a first letter to the emperors from Aqu1le1a, see Saint Al!lbrose, Letters (ttnt 26, above),

PP · 209rr.

291

COllCLUDDIQ REC.lPITUL A'l'IO~ UPEHDZ> BY U'HR "DISSBRTATIOJI' 5 11

FIF'?H CE>i'l'UltY COPYIST

Ma.x!Ja.1n 1 a D1aaertat1on, t!nal paragraphs

1'he7.32 had COllle trom there with both bol1 Wultila and other aaaociatea to a second aaaembl7 1n Coll8tnnt1nople, &."Id there, moreover, the emperors were present too, and a council had been p%'0l!11sed to them.

Aa

bol7 Auxent1us

reveals, when the above-mentioned heret1ca33 learned ot the pl'011!1ae, they strove with all their atrength ao that a law would be enacted which would prohibit the counc!l, but alao ao that no debate would be held, either pr!vAtely, in a bouae, or 1n public, or in ui7 place at

all, as the text or the law reveala 1 {'l'here tollowa the text ot two

al&ci§~

completel7

irrelevant lawa, enacted 386 and 388, reapect1voly, but 1n the formulation ot the Codex Theodoa1a."1Ua (ot 'l'heodoa1ua II, Eaatern R0111an -.peror 408-i.SO> or A.D. 4)8 , 1n conaequence or the later addition ot th!a appendix to the collection or writings co~poa1ng

Maxill'lin•s

.32.

"They":

33.

"heretic1"1

Diaaertation.~

1.e., l'alladiua and Secund!anua. i.e., Bishop Ambrose ar.d hia

au~s)drtara.

292

, PRILOSTORGIUS 'l'HR ARIAlf, OP BORISSUS IN CA.PPADOCIA

(Bc.rn ca. 368, died ca. 433)

• Sook II, chapter Sor 9 The Bcclee1aat1cal Hiator7 ot Ph1loet.crg1ue [written between 42S and 433], ••

:lp!tom.1zed by Photiua

{ 82o~B9l ] ,

Patr1Al'ch of

Conatantinople," translated b7 Edward Walford, M.A., 1n History or

!h!

.

Church~ So~ol'!en

_!ru! Phl.101torgiu11,

Bobn 1 e Bcclea1aat1cal L1brar7 ( London:

Henrr G. Bohn,

1885) 2d ed., uaed here (London: George 1886 ) , pp.

~JS~437·

gotiache Bibel,

~11 ~

Sona,

(Or,ek text 1n Streitberg, Die

Ai1~JU)

[Note1

later

a

Danube )

•

'~

Wult1la, B!ahop or lh! Goths

[Ph1loatorg1ua) aleo sere that ea

•

eett~to

brought over

the Roman territory a large body or pereone

who had been driven out

,

~e

~"ulfila

ot their rel1g1on.

ot their ancient abode• t or the 1'heae came

1':roin

u:ong the

Sc7th1ana, ru>rth or the later, and were tol'l!lerlr called Getae, though now the7 are better known ea GotlU.

And

he aeaerta that th11 race or men were brought over to the

taith or Ch:riat in the following m111iner.

Ol'h1le Valer1an

and Gallienua were adlll1n1ater1ng the einpire, a large multitude or Sc,.thiana, who lived north or the later, •

293

111Rde an 1ncu.raion into the Roman territor7, and.laid waste a great part of airope b7 their predatory excuraion1:

and atterwarda having cros1ed over 1nto

Aa1a, invaded Cappadoc1a and Galatia.

Here they took

a large quantity or priaonera, eong vhol!I were not a tew eccle1iast1ca;

and they returned to

countr7 laden with 1poil1 and boot7.

th~ir

own

These pious

captives, b7 their !ntercourae with the barbarian• • •

brought over a great nUlllber or the latter to the true ta1th, and persuaded them to embrace the Cl\riat!an religion 1n the place or heathen •

superat1~1ona .

the ntll'lber ot these captives were the ance1tora

or o~

Wultila h1111aelt, who were ot Cappadocian descent,

•

deriving their origin trorn a village called Sadagolthina, near the city ot Parnassus.

This

Wult11 • • then, waa the leader of this p 1oua bond wh1cb

CCl!e out tl'Olll mi:ong the Cloths, and became eventuallt \ the1r first biahop. his appointment.

..

Go tbs

The following was the

~ethod

Being aent by tha then king

ot

ot the

on an aibaasy to the court of the empeNr

.

Constantine, (tor the barbarous. tribev in those parts (' were subject to toe lll!lparor., ) he .as ordained bishop

ot the Christiana ot~er

llP'.Ong

the Ootha, by Eusebius and the

prelates tnat were v1tti_b1!11,

Accordingly he took

•

-

294

the p-eateat care or the111 in

l'll&ny

wey1, and 11110ngat

othera, ha reduced their language to a written fo'Z'91, and tranalateJ 1nto their YUlgar ~ngue all the book•

ot Holy Scripture, with the exception or the Book ot linga, which he oaitted , because they are a mere narrative of military eitploits, and ihe Gothic tribea were especially fond of war, and were in more need

ot restraints t o check their military passion.a than ot spurs to urge them on to deeds ot war .

But those

books have the greatest 1nt'luence 1n exciting the l'llinda ot readera, inaa!!:Uch as tbeJ are regarded with great veneration, and are adapted to lead the hearta

ot believera to .the worship of God.

Thia lllUltitude of

converts were located by the e111peror 1n the ditf erent parts or Moesia, as he thought beat, and he held liultila himself in such hign honor, tb.at he would often speak of h!m in conversation as the Moses of his day.

Philoatorgius is loud in his praises ot

this Wulfila;

and asserts that both he and the Gotha

who were under bis spiritual rule, were followers ot

his own heretical opinions.

SOCRATES

SCHO~ASTICUS

(ca. 379-c a. 445')

Bxtract from Book II, chapter 41 ot thp

9

Ecclea1aat1cal

'

H1atory of Socratea 8cholaat1cua, • written ca. 439. Tranalated by the Re•. A.C. Zenoa, D.D. 1n the Nicene ~

Poet-Nicene Fathera or the Chr1atian Church, Second

Serles, •ol. 2 (ca. 189$; Michigan:

reprint ed., Grand Rapids,

Wm.B. lerdmans, 19$2), p. 72.

8tre1tberg,

~

(Greek text 1n

gotiache Bibel, xx)

Wulf1la ..!!!!! the Arian Council £! Conatantlnople, ,!.D. 360, !.l which l!!.!. aaopted proh1b1t1n;r ".!.!!! aention 1

!!!!! creed

• 1ub1tance• 2!

auba1atence 1 1n relation

-

~

1

2.!:

-- - to

Ood,P and th-Ja

a1de1tepp1ng the vhole gue1tion at ia1ue between M!!, orthodox and the Arian tactiona

2.£ £1!.2 Church

To thia creed Wultila b1ahop ct the Gotha gave h11 aaaent,

though he had pri!vloualy adhered to that of

N1caea;

tor he waa a d1ac1ple ot Ttutopbilua blahop or

the Goths, who waa preaent at the Nicene council, and subscribed what wa1 there determined. ("aubatr1bed" • G~. ~athupegrapae, 3a.Aor-l.Id.Act. lcatbup0graphl> "sign a docQl!lent,• •aaaent to, ft •aubacribe to"]

/


m•ror 1 1

OT•rthrov, ~ eTentuallY !:he llu1n •

~

2! th•

R0111an ltllpir•.

!Cot long a!'ter the barb11riana had entered into a

•

1':riendl.y alliance with one another, they were -.ga1?i vanquished by other barbar1a:a, their ne!ghbora, called the Huna;

and being dr1Ten out ot the1.r ovn eount17,

•

thef fled into the territory ot the ROlllllil.I, ofter1?18 to b• aubject to the emperor, and to execute ilhatev•r he •

•

should collll!land th•.

When 'lalena waa made acquainted •

with th1a; net havln& the leaat prea•nti:unt ot' the conaaquancaa, he ordar•d that the aupplfnnta should b• · •eceived v1th kindnea1:

in th1a one inatance alone

ahow1.'\g hil!ltelf Cmll?daa1onate.

.

He therefore aaaigned

them certain parts of Thrace tor their hab1tat1bn, • deming hiaael.f peculiarly .fortunate 1n this matt.art I

for he calculated that 1n ruture he ahould poaaeaa a ready and w•ll-equipp•d army agalnat all aaaailanta; •

and bopea that the barbar1ana would be

ru>r• roraidable

guara to the .frontiers or the -p1re even '\han the Jloaana th.m1•l•••·

,

For th1a r•aaon he 1n the 1'uture

I

• A•glectted to recru1 t h1a iarmy by Roman levies;

• •

•

•

and

..

deap1a1ng thoae veterans who had bravel1 struggled and aubdued hie enemies 1n tenner ware, he i:ut a

pecun!arr value on the m111tia wb1ch the 1nhab!tanta Of the proVinCl!I) Tillage by Tillage, had been

,..

accustomed to turn1ah, ordering the collectors or hie tribute to denand eighty pieces of gold ror every

•

aold1er, aithough he had never before lightened the publ1c burdena.

Th1a change waa the origin or ir..a.n;r

disasters to the ROl!lan empire aubaequently • •

•

• •

•

•

SALAMINIUS Hlil{MI!S SOZ:MEN

(ca. 37S!-ca. 4$'0 )

37 or the "Eccleaiast!cal Histo17 of So&Oi!len," written between 433 and 448. Translated b}

Book Vl, chapt.er

...,

Cheater D. Hartran1tt, D.O.; Pathera

of~

pp. 37.3f.

1n the Nicene llild Poat-iicene

Christian Church, Second Series. vol. II,

(Greek text in Streitberg, Die gotinche Bibel,

:l.Xi~xx111 ),

(Mote :

later= Danube]

!h! Barbariana bevond l!!,! Danube, .!.!£.! Driven Out E.z the Huna, ~ Advanced

Concerning 'Who

the

Ro~ana, ~ \

Wulf1la and ~;

their Conver1ion to Christianity;

A~ana•re1ka;

Whence

to

~

Occurrences between

Goths Received Ar1an1811'ugh the7 are in COlllll'lunian with

tho••

who do wo.

Yet theT cannot be ••1d to

have altogether abandoned their Father'• teachinc, aince Wultila in his ettort1 to per1uade th.. to join ln COIUllWlion with i\idox1u1 and Valera dfn1ed that there va1 an7 ditterence in doctrine and aa!ata1ned the d1tterence had ariaen from aere e111pt7 atrite.

-

•

• )08

JOR.Dil'BS, ORIGlJfALLY SECRETARY '1'0 THE OSTROOOTHIC CHlEP, GUJr~lcOIS;

L.lTIR, BISHOP OP CKO'l'ON.l, SO'O'TlmllO!OST IT.lLY (Bol'fl ca. 490?~d1e4

Chapter Sl ot

ca. SSS? )

!!!.! Origin !!!,!! Deeda or

!!:!.!. Gothe, written

A.D. SSl, translated b7 Charles Chr!atopher Mo!erow, Ph.D., in

.!!!! Gothic History or Jordan•! ,!n Erutlish Veraion,

!a Introduction

~ ~

ed., Wew York:

Barnea & Koble, l9fi'O) , p . 128.

text in Streitberg, ~1copol1a

CC!!l!lllentary, 2d ed. (l91S:

~

got1ache Bibel, 1.:1tiv )

~

reprint (Latin [lote:

• li'!Odern Trnovo, Bulgaria]

Later Hiatory

~

'

Wulrila•a Gothe.

'?here were other Gotha alao, called the Leaaer, a great people whoae pr!eat and primate 'olaa "#ultlla, who 11 aaid to have taught th•

~ite.

And toda7 the7

are !n Moea1a, inhabiting the Wicopolitan region aa tar aa the baae ot Mount Hamiua.

'l'hey are a mmerous people,

but poor and unva.rl1ke, rich in nothin& eave t'locke or var1oua kinda and paature-landa tor cattle mid roreata tor wood.

!'heir countr7 is not t'ru1 tt'u). 1n wheat and

othtr aorta or gain.

SOllle ot thea do not know that

vine7arda ei1st elsewhere, and they l:lu7 thei:r vine .troa neighboring countries.

But lllOet ot th• drink milk.

•

•

ISIDORE, BISHOP OF SZ\'ILI.£ (ca. S60-6J6)

Cb.apter 8 or laid.Ore or SeY11le 1 a H1atory £!. !h! CiQtha (aecond Yeraion, written 624), t'rolilt

•

0

Ialdor• 2!.

Seville'• Hiatorx 2! Sh_! Gotha, Vandlla, and Suev1, tranalated 1"rom the Latin, with an 1ntroduct1on, b7 Guido Don1n1 and Gordon B. Pord, Jr., aecond revised edition (Leiden:

B.J. Brill, 1970), aeot1on 8, pp. 5-6.

Reprinted b7 peraiaaion or Guido Donini and Gordon B. Pord, Jr.

(Latin text 1n Straitberg, Die got1ache

B1bal, xx1Y-xxv)

Vulrila, ,!!!! Gothic Biblical Tt-walation,

.!!'.!.!!

Ar1an1 S1ll •

Then Wulrila, the b1ahop ot theae Gotrui, eatabl1ahed the Gothic acr1pt. and tranalated into the a1J11e language the writings ot the Old and law Taatamenta.

And as aeon

aa t.he Gotta began to have writing and the law, the7 aet up tor theaaelvea churchea partaking or their own doctrine, holding auch precept• as .lr1ua hilnaelt concerniri& the actual divine nature that the7 belieYed t!lat the

Son 1a interior to the Father 1n maJeat7 and •

•

310

later than he 1n etern1t7.

1'h17 bel1•••d that the

Holy Spirit ne!ther 11 God nor

e~1ata ~

the aubatance

ot the P'ether, but that he haa been created

by

tJo;f,

the

11 deToted to the aenice ot both, a.'ld 1a placed obedience to both.

:rh17 alao declared that Juat aa • separate, ao 11 h1a .:nature, the person or the Father 11 •

that th9 person and nature of the Son are aeparate, and rinall7 that the peraon and nature or the Holy are alao separate;

p1r1t

thu1 they did not ( according to the

tradition or llol7 Scripture ) worah1p on• God and Lord,

-

but, aa 1n the au erat1t1on ot idolatry, -worshipped three goda.

[The7 kept the e•il of th1a blaapheay

through the paaaage or tillle and the aucceas1on or king• tor 2lJ ye&l'a.

fi'ut at laat, a1ndtul or the!r aalvat1on,

they renounced th1a 1.ng;rown ta!thleaaneaa ~d through Chr1at 1 1 grace, attained the un1ty or the

c(~l1c

!a1th. J

•

•

'

-· •

•

VALAHPRID S'l'BABO (•:rm: "

squrn-BX:KD").

ABBOT o~ '1'HA

KOi' ASrillY OF UICDI At1

(Born ca. 6o9-d1ed S49)

Chapter 7 ot the Bo9klet S?!!

2l

Certain

!h!.

Beginn!n«• ~

'l'h1n&• ,1!2 Eccle11a1tical Ob1ervat1on, written

between 840 and 842, tranalated by author. 1n

rovth

(Latin te.:itt

10l"e1tberg, !!!!, gotiache Bibel, m)

lll!, fUttorical lier! t '1'ra1lbla1er1

2!

2!

the Gotha l l

!!!!.

We1tern CiJ111sat1on.

HoveTer, i t 1t 11 atked 1n vhat wa7 theae traca1 or the Oreei hAve

0

c01U

down to ua, !t 1•

tc be said:

that

barbariant did ailitll"J' ael"T1ce 1n the Roaan republic; and that 11an7 preachara knowledgeable 1n Greek and Latin caae (thence] to tha1e v1ld men to tight [heathen) J' error•: an~ th1t tor thaae r.ea1ona our people le&nled aan7 u1etul thinga Which the7 had not knovn before, eapec!all7 t'rcm the Gotha, Who are alao called Oet1, 11nce at the time 1n which the7,

l1naer~

1n the

Greek prov1nce1, were led (g1'anted, not b7 the right v~} to the t'aitb ot Chri1t, tha7 had our, that 1a,

tla Genu.nic, lancull6•:

alao, u

the b1atorie1

•

ll.2

(Caaa1odorua, Ia1dore] teat1.t7, the atudioua or that p.apl• artervarda tranalated 1nto the idiom or tbeil' own l&llgllag• the d1v!ne book a, ot which record• are at11l 1n po•••••lon 1n - • place a.

[Ve have e.lit0

l•amed trom the report or tl'lutwortb7 brothera, that among certain Sc7thian p.aplea, ••pec1al17 maong the

-

1nhab1tanta or 1'om1 [ [lllOdern Conatanta, Ruman1a, on the Black Sea al1ght7 aouth ot the Danube delta"], the aacred ott1c•• are atlll cele'bl"ated 1n thla language. J

•

•

llJ

hlft EiiSDIUS JDOKZ, CHID' JCDITOR-TR.USL.&.TOR OP ml 1'ltlI. AD VP.RSIO¥ Of' 'l'HE BIBLE

(ca. 340--42&)

:Excerpt (•a~.:

~

Jerome'• Preface to trut faral1yoaenon

Latin:

Verba D1eru.i,, or Booka ot Chron!clea,

•

ot tbe Vulgate Old 'l'eatament;

.A.I>.

395.

(Latin text

1n l':re1tberg, Ille 1ot!ache B1bel, xxx!) the Oreek -rt-• Three D1fterent Vera!ona or --

21!!

fe•t••nt, !a!, Sept11y1nt, 1n

!h,! Eaatern Roman !ap1re.

Y1!. 1£

• •

A.le.xandl"ie together with Et;ypt pra!aea, 1n their eptuagint, Hea7cbiua aa 1ta author.

u

Conatantinople

f'ar a11 Antioch 11ppro•ea or the cop1•)o:f Lucian th•

Jlartrr.

!ha intermediate pl'CIY1ncoea between them read

tae Paleat1ne ad!t!ona !Which,

wor~ed o~t

b7 Origen,

t

haYe been pUbl!ahed by lllaeb1ua and PIUllph1lua.

-

SilllT JruSJ:BIUI JBllatm, CHl.D' .EDI'l'OR-TRAllSLA.TOR OF 'THE

Vt'LG.l'l'li: VIRSIClf OP 'nm BIBLE (ca. 340-420)

Rltcorpt trom Jerome'• Letter to the Gothic ClergT-'J.en, SunJa and l"rit>ila, on D1Ter~enc1•• ot Jero~e's Latin Paalter (Pia.11111 illltta LXX ) trom the Moat Commonly Uaed

Veraion of tbe Septuag1nt1

.A.D. 403. Trlll\alated

Michael Metlen 1n 8 Letter or Saint Jerome

to

by

the Gothic

Clergymen Sunnia and l"rit>!.la concerning Placea in tn.ir Copy ot the Psalter 'lfb.1ch Had Bean Corrupted from the

Septuagint," in the Journal £!_ Engl ieh and Ge:manic Philologr, Tol.

J6 ( 1937) , p. 516.

(Latin teit {except

• Bibel. tor bracketed sectiona l in Streitberg, Die gotiache _)

JUtJt1-.ux11)

-Th•

~iatence

ot '?wo Dlrrerent Old Testament Texta --

ot the Grteic .Septuagint,

lli

Popular lto1n~ !!!,! £!_

Lucian, .!!!,!! .:.!!! Scholarly Text£!_ Or1gen 1 e Hexapla,

•

Whoa• PaaJ.ter ProT1ded linendation ot

~Old

~

Basis [E:£.. Jer0llle 1 e

Lat1n Psalter (Paalmi 1uxta

[ You wish, nC'llely, according to your letter, that I., indicate to you, whereTa~ there ia 1n the Paal tar a

!IY) .

• diacr• panc7 betveen the Latin and Greek texta, vhich or the readings 1n question expresses the corresponding Hebr•w text mol"9 ta1thrully.]

In connection vith this

let •• adYiae you at the o"Ut11at tnat there ia on• edition vh1ch Orlgen and Ruaeb1us of Caeaarea and all Greek vr1tera call the ko1:ni, that la, the YUlgar t ext, Luc1an1c ;

. and whlch now

CQllllllOn

or

goea 1110atl7 b7 the n-e or

the other is the Septuagint, which 1• also'\

to be round 1n the Hexaplal and has been translated by

11e ta1 thfull7 into Latin, and 1a used at Jerusalem and in the oriental churches.

l.

( .•• file ko1ne, that is the

nHexaplaft (lit . , "a1x-told•), 1. e ., Origen'a

mid-third centur1 A.D. ed1t1on or the Old Teatar.1ent, g1 ving, 1ri au (and ao:metble• =>re) parallel ool'UllUUI, both Becrew and Greek versions.

Tile first two col\11111\a

were Hebrew, the tirat in Hebrew character~, the second 1n Greek traruicr1pt1on, and the laat tour columns wore •

Greek Yora1ona &rrfi?\Sod 1n order or 1ncreaa1ng freeness or translation.

Ct. Septuagints, id.!!,! Vetua fe at11111entup

greece 1uxta I.XX 1ntei:pretea , ed. Altred Rahlta, 8th ed • • (Stuttgart1 WUrtteaberg1acha B1belanatalt, 1965), pp. XXY111- ,nirix, and, generall7, pp. xx11-u.x1, "History or the Septuagint fext."

I ......

•

com110n ed!t1on, however, 1• the aaa• aa the Septuagint, but w1th the d.11'terence that the ko1n4 1a th• old edition, which bec81!1• corrupted through tn- wbiJfta ot the individual writers and the acc1denta or the timea and or the placea [[where the cop1ea were

mad•~l.

witereaa th• on• which 1a contained in the Hexapla and iwb1ch I

b.av~tranalated

1a the pure and unadulterated

vera1on ot the Septuagint, aa 1t 1a tound 1n the texta or learned acholara.

Tnere 1a no doubt that whatever

d.11'tera trom th1a d1ttera alao rrmi the Hebrew text. J

,

•

.317

SAI•T EOSKBIOS Jll:RCP.E, CHI.EP' EDI'l'OR-TRAlfSLATOft OP 'l'HE YllLOA'I'E VERSION OP THE BIBLE

•

(ca.

~0--420)

Excerpt tro:i Jerome 1 1 Pret'ace to the Four (i,oapela, Addrea1ed to Pope Daiaaua;

A. D. 383. "'l'ranalated by

the Hon . W.B. Premantlo, M.A., with the a1aiet1nce or the Rev. a.Lewie, M.A. , and the Rev. W.G. Martle7,

-

--

M.A. , 1n the Nicene and Poat-Kicena Fathers or the

Chriat!an Church, Second Series, TQl . VI (ca . 1893; reprint ed. • Grand Rapid a, Michigan : l9S2), p. 468.

I

Win. B. Xerdl!lana,

(Latin text in • teitberg,

~

gotiache

Bibel, mv) •

Jel"(!'!le 1 1 l>e1cr1ption 2! ,1h! State

~r

Biblical

Manu1cr!pt Ev!dence• 2! !l:.!, J!!!! Teat•ent during

I!!! TiJl!e.

We ..uat contea11 that as ve have it 1n our lang\lati;e it is 111ariced by

d1acrepa.~c1 ea,

and now that the 1treU1

1a distributed into dirrerant channels we 111Uat go back

to the fountainhead.

r paaa over thoa• 111&."lllacr!pta wl:l!ch

are aaaociated with the

nCR~•

ot Lucian and Hea7chiu1,

and the autborit7 ot which 1• perTer11•lT aa;ntained b7

,

•

318

a bandl'ul or d1sputat1ous persons.

It 1• obYiOUI that

these vr1tera could not mnend IUlJth1ng 1n the Old Tostaent after the labors or

~be

Sevent7;

and 1t

va1 uaeleaa to correct the Wew, tor vera1ona or Scripture llh1ch alr1ad1 ix.lat in the language• or

manr nations abow that their additions are ralae •

.. •

/ •

• •

..

-

.319

THB PRBPACB .POUND INCLUDBD WITH, BUT lfOT BZLOlfGilfG TO, THX CODEX BRUIANUS, A LATIN BIBLICAL MANUSCRIPT WHOSE

RBADIXQS

PRX~TLY

COJOl'OJIK TO 1'KE READINGS OF THE

...

GOTHIC BIBL:S RATHER T1l.U TO THOSE OF THE vut.GAT'll Oft

«.D

LAT.IX, Alt'D WHICH IS PERHAPS DERIVED PHOM TH'! LATIJI

PORTION OP A LOST 001.'ll!C-LA'l'Ilf BILilfGUAL ED1Tl01' OP TH! SCRil'TIJ'RES, TO WHICH EDITION THIS PR!:PAC! MAY BELONG'

lated by Michael Metlen 1n "A Natural Translation or the Praetatlo Attached to the Codex Briilanua," !n the Journal 2£ English ,!!l!! Gel'!llanic Pg1lolpgr, val • .a7 (1938), pp. 355-366, eJtcept tor several 111nor changes evident upon comparison or Matlen•s text (used by p•rmisalon) with tb.ia altered one, and except tor oiaterial insert1d her• in triple braclceta, I ! r J J J .

..

An hplanation of the Go th1c Use 2t_ iiul?"res, !:!.!'.

Literal Tranalat1onlll Glosses {2£ r.reelc

~Latin

Idiomatic ixpresaiona), Which Are \nserted •11er1 Becessary !n th• Margin ot

1.!l Demonstration £!

'l .

~

Gothic Phrasing Ia '!'here

~Gothic

Biblical Text

R1a1on Why ..!!! Idiomatic ~

instead ot the Literal

Tran1letion £! !h!_ Corresponding Greek 2.£ Latin WordW.

Saint Peter, th• apoatla and disciple or the Savior

our Lord Jesua Christ, teaching the taith.tu.l, on account

•

or the d1vera1tJ or exprea•1on 1n the various language• admoni•h•• all-e.1 11. written in the eighth boolc or Cl•ent-1a11ng1 [or th• Lord].

2.

3.

9r.i1ten to rce, beloved 1ervanta It ia a good tbing that evel'J one

or you according to hi• abilitJ ahould help thoae who are Joining the ta1tb ot our religion.

4, And thua 70u

ahould not become wefll7, according to tb. w11dom which 1a given to 70u th.rough Ood 1 a proYidence, 1natruc\1ng '1- d11cu111on,1 teaching the ignorant, 1n aurh a way,

ihowever, that 7ou add onlJ the eloquence or 70ur own speech to that which JOU have heard rl'Olll

~•

and which

haa been handed down to you, without adding anything •

ot your own and which has not; been banded even though it may appear plaua1ble

$.

down to you, , to youraelvea.

But aa I have aa1d, paaa on what ! 111yaelt have

received trom the true prophet and handed down to JOU,... even thou&h 1 t may ae• to be atated leaa rullJ" [than • you voula do) • •

6.

And thua, in order that what 1a contained 1n

1.

Or, "1natruct1ng thoae who engage you in

eonveraat1on, accordi:n'g aa to whether diaaerentei 11 •

considered noainative or accusative •

•

•

I

I

thi• book should not, on the baa1a ot the ditterent veraiona (in Oreek, Latin, and Ooth1cl, appear to the reader

to

mean aoaething ditterent 1n the Greek, Latin,

and Oothic language, let h!.Jll note that vbat 1a d1tterent

tram the standpoint ot 1d1omat1c uaage, 7et e.q>reaaea

7. On vh1ch account nobody should be

the , ... aenae.

in dOubt concerning tha original meaning, expreaaed

6.

id1omat1call7.

(Por] 1n virtue ot th1a idiomatic

tranalation it (viz., tha original aenae) 1a atated with clearneaa the vay it la hereinafter rendered. 9 . Tha nature ot the caae 2 made it advisable to

•

call attention to thia3 because aome who, li.1 wrongly interpreting according to their vhilila (i.e., .t~eck

ot understanding), 4 have introduced errors into the Lava (Old Teat&llledt) or their ovn ideaa, tbrough tbeir ~

2.

' •

Nm11el7, the 1111aunderatand1nga vbich ma7 ariae

from the d1acPepanci•a in

ol'41ng ow!ng to 1dioaat1c

requir811lmta.

3.

V~z . ,

that the different WQrdlnga yet expreaa

identical itteaa.

4.

Be it that the7 endeavored to translate l1teJ>ally

or id1oaat1cally.

'

•

•

322

truulationa, 1nto the Goapela.

10.

Bence, declining

thoae (errdrsJ, ve have turniahed the aenae ot whet 1a tound to be contained in the old Greek texta , and it i• l1kevlae being abovn that the mutuall)' correapond!ng I

1d1onatic toraa (or the re1pectiYe languages here concu-ned] exhibit one and the aClle aenae.

ll.

ln

tb1a connection it will alao be uaetul to explain these (idioaatic expreaalonaj 1n a rneaaure (i.e . , where it ia particularl7 nece11aar7 tor the understanding) b7 adding vultre1 •meaning,•

[[[• Latinized pl. ot wultr•

•a~lt1cat1on,•

•111sportance•;

"import";

(Concretized1]

(t.i 1)

•a!gniticance,•

"literal aemant1c

equivalent• or • vord or phraae (written 1n the aarg1n ot a text page ) , "annotation conve7ing literal 111ean1ng, 8 "gloa11"}J]~vh1cb

meana in Latin adnotatio {[(etJll!Ologiae}]J

- , ao that it 11:.a7 be under1tood wb.7 a particular [Gotb.1c] rendering v .. uaed.

12.

[Hence) where the •J'lllbol .gr. 1•

round on top or a wultre, the reader 111•1

lCl'lOW

that tile

correapond1ng vulJl!'• 11 a [literal) rendering ot the Greek text.

13. Where, on tha ottwr hand, the .,mbol .la. la

tound above a wultra, the latter exhibit• the Latin torm. ~.

~

torego1ng explanation baa been 11van le1t tbo1e who

read thee•

'WUl~re1

tail to undar1tand

t~

reaaon tor

tba •••· •••

• •

\

.32.3

SELECT BlstIOORA.PHY

PRIM.ARY TEXT

~

Stre1tber g, Wilhelm, ed.

• R.!£

got1•che

-

!!!!.!! ae1ne gr1ech1sche

~

Blpleitung , Leaarten

~

M1t sow1e l:!.!.!1

Vor~!g•:

Qllellennachwe1•en,

Anhg.

ltle1neren Denlan.&lern ala

Z•e1ter Teil:

got1ache Bibel: Kr•ter Te11:

5th corrected ed .

Oot1aeh-Gr1ech11ch-Deut1cti.1 WOrterbuch.

4th, unaltertd ed.

Heidelberg:

Carl Winter, 196S.

(OoBbl) and alao Sta1111, Pr1edr1ch Ludwig, ed. ernaltenen Denlailaler

Ultilaa oder d1e !ID!.

£.!!: gotiaehen Spraehe .

ed . b7 Moritz Herne -and 1'erdinand Wrede. Paderborn:

Ferdinand lchOningh,

. 1903.

New .

10th ed • (Ult!laa )

BIBLICAL TEXTS lN GREE!{, L4TDI', DGLISB, .uD GiRMAJI I

Aland, lurt:

...

Wilcgren.

Black, Mattbe•;

Metzger, Bruce M;

and

!!!! Greek New 'l'eat11111ent. London: United

Bible Societies, 1967.

(UBS)

!B! !.!!!, Teatament

Br1t1ab and Poreign Bible Society.

ot Our

~ ~

'

Sev1our Jesus Christ According to

·l!l! Received Greek .!!!1• together~!!!! Jlrurliab Arranged ,!!l Paragraph•·

Authorized Vera1ont Londont 1968. ~

'l"he Br1 tiah and Foreign Bible Society,

•

(TB)

C0111parative Bible, !_!!! Teat11111ent Edition, ,!!l Pour Co•plete Veraiona: !ng~1ah

~~~Widely~

Tranalat1ona:

Standard;

~

Jamea;

Reviaea'latandard;

Parallel Texts .

AllJeriean

Cont'raternit1 1

lashv1lle, Tenn.

Royal Publiabera.

1969. Prede, Hel'l!lann Joaet .

"

Altlatainische Peulus-Handachriften.

Preiburg1 Verlag Herder, 1964. Jones, .Ue.xander, ed.

The New TestU1ent

or

the Jeruaa1-

Bible 1 Reader•a Edition, !!.!!.!! Abridged IntroductiJna and •ates. Ma7 ,

Garden City, N.Y.:

Doubleday & Co., l9b9.

Herbert G., and Metzger, Bruce M., eds.

The Oxtord

•

Annotated Bible !!.!!.!! the Apocrypha, Revised Standard Version,

~

!a Introductory Article:

"The Number,

Order, and !f11111es 2t_ !!!!. BOoka of the Bible". Yorki

Jfew

Oxford Univera1ty Preas, 1965.

""

32S

/ Karah.)i, .n:rred.

The lnterl inear Oreek-l!Cngl 11h New

!h!

Tt1t1ment:

iestle Greek

Bngl1ah 'l'r1n1lat1on,

Preb111dar:r

l·!!·

~

!!!!

~

A Literal

!!l'. !!!!, Reverend

A Foreword

.!l.!2. .! J'l&rginal text

l'b1111pa, M.!• J

2£. !!!! Aut}Jor1zed Version 2.!. 1t1n& J11111es. SllllNel Bagater & Sona, 1967.

London:

lleatle, Eberhard;

Beat.le, Erwin: ~raece

No'Vl.Dll Test11111entul!I

2d ed.

•

( IJITLNR)

and Aland, lturt, !de t_,.

.!l Letine: Otrumgue

textua :£.!!!!!. !PP•ratu cr1t1co 1.mprilllendua C\ll'av1t Eber"hard Jreatle.

22d rev. ed., Stuttgart :

'11\irtteaberglacbe B1belan1talt, 1964. Latin)

{Greek and

(1'T.l • Greek text)

•ew World Bible 'l'ranalation

C~1 ttee,

Kingdom Interl4ntar 'i'ranalat1on Scriptures.

BrooklJn, R .Y.:

2.!.

jil

- - -

R~ert.

•

OrU:newald-Verlaa. 19$8. S;ceat, Walter,

• ed.

'

Watchtower 111ble

~

dea .A.ltJn und des iauen Bunde1. -

•

the Greek

and 1'ract Sooiet7 or Jrew Yorlt, 1969. ft1e3ler, Paul, and Storr,

lh!

trans.

(117 )

hellige

Mainzs

Schr1~t

..

Mattltlaa-

(R -S)

The Holy Go1pel1

.!n

Anglo-Saxon,

fforthumbrian, and Q.!!! Meroian Vere1ona, Synopt1callI Arranged, ~

the

~ Earl~

Collation•

2.!. .fil !!!!.

~·;

Latin Version .!.! contained

L1nd1erarne MS.,

•

Collated~

together

1!:l the

the•Lat1n Vera ion;!!

•

.326

.. Ruahvorth

Vol. l,

~·

According~

St.

Matthew~

!1· Mark: Vol. 2, Aocordln& !2 !1· LUke .!!!.!! .!!!• John. CuabridgeJ ;---

f ·~

1871-87. Re-edition, Darmstadts

Wiaaenachattliche Bucbgesellachatt, 1970. Wilaon, Benjamin. !h! Qiiphatic Dia&lott Containin;; Original ()reek Text £!

~

1.!.

~

C01111110n11 Styled !!!!

!!.!! Teat-.ient ( According .£2 .lll!, Recension 2! E!:• l·.i.· Or1eebach) .!!Uh .!!! Interlinear: ~ for ~ Bn&liah •

!'ranalation,

~

!!!!

'anphatic Version.

BrooklJ11, l.Y.1

Watch Tower Bible and Tract Soc!et7, 1942. WUrttembergiache Bibelanatalt.

!!! 68:

~

~

Ber!chte, Brief•

~

teat11191enta .!!:! heutigem neutach.

!raohrictu; tjjr fil!.!. Zeugniaae A!! ieuen Stuttgart:

1968.

( NV)

-------- ------• 1wtta Tlllgatlllll version-.

[Vulgat.e: l

B1bl1a Sacra

,

Ad1uvant1bus BonLt'at1o

Piacher, O. S.B •• Iohanne Gr!bmont, O.S.B., H.P.D. Sparkat ii. 1'h1ele;

edited and provided with a brief

apparatus b7 Robert weber, O.S.B. Paalln1.

Vol. 1 :

Oenea1•-

Vol . 2 1 Proverb1a-Apocaltpa1a. Append1:x.

Stuttgarts

1969.

(vg.)

' •

GRElllC-OOTllIC COllCORDAlfCK

Pur7ear, Joseph R., Jr.

Lexicon~

Greek-Oothic

Concordance !2, l!!.!, pew Te1tuient. Vanderbilt Un1Yera1ty.

Ann

Ph.D. di11.,

Arbor, M1cb1garu

'

UniTer1it7 K1crot1lliu, 1966.

(PurJear)

GD'ERAL BIBLl()Jll.ll'HI

Balg, G.H.

~

Col'lparat1v• Glos•m ot

l!!.!. Gothic

Languye

!:'.1J.1! Especial Reference

Geman.

Prerace b;r Pro:t. Francis A. March.

Scbr1:tten

Griech1ach~Deutschea

~ Ke~en

Test11111ents

urchri1tlichen Literatur. augiiiented ed.

!n!!

Jacob Mueller. 1887-69.

Ka;rville, Wis.: Bauer, Walter.

!g English

Berlin:

WOrterbuoh !.!:! .s!.!!!

~

der ubr1gen

Sth re•11ed and greatl,)'

Al:tred Topelmann,

i9S8.

(Bauer)

! Greek-English Lexicon 2£

~

Other Karl1 Christian Literature:

!!!:'. testmr.ent

~

-

-

A

Translation and

Adaptation ot Walter Bauer's ''Gr!echiach-Deutachtt1 W'orterbuch .!!! .s!.!!! Schr1rten des leuen Testaments ~

l'.

~

ubrigen urchr1atl1chen Ltteratur," tra:u. W1ll1

Arndt and F. Wilbur Gingrich.

of Cl11cago, 1968.

(Bauer ( A-G))

Chlcagos

Un:1verait7

328

•

Bennett, Willi• Holl'le1. Ooapel or l2.l:!:!l:

•

l96o.

Reprint ed., Sew York :

1966.

(OoCcmunentary)

Braune, Wilhelm. geatell t I

Tranalation.

'

Xraua Reprint Corp.,

!!!ll WOrterbuch vera!hen. Continued

b7

14th ed. rev. b7 Ernat A. Ebbinghaua.

1'\i.bingen, 1962. ---·

~

Althochdeutachea teaabuch, fUa1111111en-

~

Karl Bella.

!h!

ake1re1na e1wasge1Jont ta1rh

! Deciphennent, Bd1t1on,

1ohannen.

~

'the Gothic Colll!'lentary 2B

( AhdLb )

-Oot1aehe Or8l"illtat1k, ~ LeaeatUeken und

Vortverie1chn1a.

13th

Hal.le/Saale, 1962. Brugi:ann, ltarl.

• rev. bJ Karl BelJl:I.

(GoG'rtulllll)

!Curie vergle1chende Orwatik fil

1ndogerman1achen !:pr11chen: "Orundr11aea

~

~

Orund dea t'\intbiind1gen

vergleiehenden Orll!llllat1k fil

;tndogermani11chen Sprachen .!2!!. !!· Brup:ann Delbr\iek 8

vertL~ t.

Stral!'burg, 1904·

Walter de Oru7ter, 1970 . Clark Hall, John R.

A Conc1ae

~

!·

Reprint ea., Berl1D1

(KurVglOrll!ID) Ar.slo-Saxon

Dict1~nary.

4th ed., with a •UJ.:pl . by Herbert D. Merritt. Cambridge, 1960.

(ClH-M)

Cleaab7, Richard, and Oudbrand Vig:t:'uaaon'

~

lceland!c-

Er!gl1ah Dictionary.

2d ed., with a suppl. b7 Sir

W1ll1811l A. Cra1g!e.

Oxtord, 1874.

Oxfords

Reprint ed.,

OJU'ord Univeraity Preas, 1962.

(C-V)

• Jl'ernand. S•e under Moaae, • Snorra Sturlueonar. Jiafnatutur ~ Skaldaty

lbblnghaua, Brnat A. ~

Sdda of Snorr1 Sturluaon.

The

Chant or JID1ea and the

Liat or Skalda" J. ed. Oubni Jonason. Alcu:re1J'1, • • • Iceland: Ialendingaeagnautgafan, 19$9. Bddulcvaebi ( Saellllllldar-Bdda) ("Bddic Poems ( Saf!lllundar Edda )" j . lat t 2d parts, ed. Gu~n1 Jonason. .Akure E4dul1klar

, Icelands ( "~•1•

• • • Ialendtngaaagnautgafan,

to the Bdda" l :

).~9.

Inngangur ["Introduction"),

"

Orbaaafn [ "Word-Collection" ot worda wbcae meanings have changed 1n •ev Icelandic, or which have bec0111e loat], Vfenaakir~ngU: c•stropbe-Explanat1ona" ] ,

..

Xatnaaln'a [ "Jeme-L1et"), comp. Ou~n1 Jonason. , A.lrura:rr1, Iceland: lelendingaaagnautgatan, 19$9.

.

.

Falk, HJalinar S., and Torp.

Alt.

•tJ'lllologieche1 w'orterbuch.

lorvegiach-Din1achea Mit L1teraturnaohveiaen

ptr1tt1ger EtJ?!olog1en 1ovie deut1ch!!I altnordiac'heiii WOrterTerze1cbnia. Un1vera1tetetorlaget, 1910.

Carl Winter, 196o. Pe1at, S1gsaund.

~

2 vole.

011 0 1

2d ad., Be1delber,:

(F-T)/(Horw-DinEtWb)

Vergle1chende1 a'orterbuch

~

got1 chen

Sprache, !!l1!, EinachluB .!!!.! Jt.ri.Mgotiechen l!!ll! eonet1ger zer1treuter Uberreate aug111ented ed., Le1den1

.!!!.!. Got1echen.

3d nev. rev. and

E.J. Brlll, 19.39 ·

(Pe1at )

-

.. P1ec~r,

•

l!!!. Alkuin-B!b•l.

Boni!atiua.

der altlateiniachen Bibel, vol. l.

..

Aua d•

Geach.ichte

Jl'reiburg:

Verl11.g

H•r, and 1218 l 218a/l2l8b) , 1960-67.

(Oenit!prach91aa)

2 vole.

!ndogeraaniache Sprachv1aaenaehatt. (Vol. l, iinl?itung und L&utlehre. vol. 2, Ponnenlthre. lialter de Oru1ter

&

hth, new. rev. ed.)

Xrauae, Wolfgang. ed. 1968.

Munich1

Berl1n1

Co .• S-1ung GOachen (Jloa •

•

S9 and 64L 1963-66. •

Sth ed.;

Handbueh

~

Ootiachen. Jd, new. rev.

C.H. Beck•aohe Verlagabuchhandlung,

(Hb.d.Qot. )

•

333

• lurylow1oz, Jerzy, •d ·

Indogerinan1ache Or-atilc,

Yol. 2, .Alczent, Ablaut.

Heidelberg:

Carl Winter,

1968. Lehmann, Winfred P. Auat1n1 Le~era,

Proto-Indo-European Phonolo61·

Univaraity ot Texas Presa, 19$$.

Matthias.

M1ttelhochdeutachea Taachanwiirterbuch.

30th ed . , with auppl.

196).

and

Hirtel Verlag,

(MhdTWb)

Jordanea in Bng11ah Version ~

s.

Stuttgart:

1l!!. Gothic History

Mierow, Charlea Chriatopher, trans. of

(P!IPhonol)

Col!llllentarr.

Cabridge1

.!:!li!l .!.!1 Introduction

2d ed., J915;

Specul'Ulll Biator1ale;

Reprint ed., New York:

Barr.ea

& Koble, 196b. Morrie, 'Willillll'I, ed . ~

The American Heritage Dictionar:r £!

English Language.

Pu bl. , 1969 •

Moaae, Pernand.

New York:

Al!lerican Heritage

{ AlllHD) "Bibliographia Gotica:

A Bibliogr•ph7

ot WX-itinga on the Gothic Language to the P!nd of 1949·"

Mediaeval Studies 12 (1950):

.

"B1bl1ograph1a Gotica: Wl'i tinge on the

~thic

2J7~ )24

.

A Bibliography of

Language .

J'irat Supplement:

Corrections and Addit!ona to the Middle or 1953·" MediaeYal Studies 15 (1953): 169-8).

,

..

..

•

~~-'

•

and March

Ptpc. br\i1ot.t1)

.

(Pr . I;

"to make uea ot,• "uae"

Pt(pc •

C l.l;

1 .6

.!!.!&!. (m.as ) (I t )

d6mJan dOaa

"da1" (Act. J

"preat1~o"

"notabilitJ'," (~.n:)

-

n8111e ot P-rune

B 2.1;

I

"wealth," "r1chea";

B 2.43;

2 . 6;

I

•

A 1 . 61

B 2.$1;

2.$4

"incney•

Concl.

2. 3

te1hu-tr1lc1 B 2.1;

l.61

"eata9111," "d11tinct1on,"

"d1aturbance," "d1aordar"

"p0aaeaaion1";

A l.lc;

"

B 6.rtnt.3

B 6.ttnt.4

.343

• tria•Ahta 11

(t.1t)

ttv1aual 1aage," "representation," 11

dep1ct1on,•

etf18J'"I

"Y1aual1zat1on"; "pll1'ad1~,"

repreaantat1on," "archat7Pe," 11

t::rpolo8J"";

11

•contour,,.

ga-aggw~l

&

"ex11111plar";

prot1la"; ~ho u:ternall7

Tiaible aapect(a) or anf'fhing" 3.rtnt.2

"t)'p1cal

A

)~;

).);

•

3.4;

s •conatra1nt, 11 "compulaion"

(t.n: )

sa-aggvlan (I t )

B ).

"to constrain," "straiten completel7,"

"co:ipel" B 3.4

(II t )

ga-a1g1nl!n B 2 .1;

ga-ta1hen

2.2;

"to appropr late," "make one' a own" 2.43:

2.6;

"to ~aka 1nto a poaaea11on," "acqu1ro

(Il 1)

,

aa propert7" • B 2 .'l;

ga-tr!a•ahtjan

(I : )

formed,"

11

2 . 21;

(IV : )

11

2. ) 1

A

3.ttnt.2

patterna~

(into),"

A 3.rtnt.2

to acquire," "ga1n''

B 2 . ZZ

[1ddJa, iddtldum:

gaggansJ

(Pr. & Ptpc. 7;

auppletiTe wk. Pt. I;

!rreg. : )

"to go"

gaggQn

ga-'hnipnan gloomy•

(IV1)

B 4.81

2 .6

•to be(cOllle) cont1gured, 8 "be

take ahape," "be(co:ne)

(III 1)

2 .42:

"carYe, • "imprint"

"be(como) ahaj>ad (1nto)• ga-geigan

2 .i.1;

"to configure," "tont1," "pattern,"

.._eke an image"; ga-rr1a•ahtnan

2.:f'tnt .l

"to !becoae dcvncaat,"

11

A 2 . 6"

b800%!1e

•

•

• ga•hugde

. .. "l!IOde or

or

11

111anner

(t.1:)

under1tand1ng,

perception," " 1 1111nd-1et 1 "

i.w.: i.si: ga-J1ukan

l

(Ill:)

"conquer"

B

l.42;

-lulcurll;

-lukana ]

,B

overc0llle,•

(Unaccented-abl.

lock up," "ahut (up}," "(en)cloae" (n.ar)

11

2.~

grade or ''or1g1nal long vowel" 1n Pr.; ga=Ma.~

l.4J;

.sz, i.;54; i.ss •to succeed in t1ght1ng,"

[-~.

ga-li'ilcan

B l . ;2;

C

2:)

"to

l.J

"fellow man," •partner." "co11:pan1on"

3.5

ga3it6nf

-' ga-mlltan

(t .t: ) {-~.

(PtPr. 6:)

•reasoning," "deliberation" -matum;

Intro.

[ -~, -mumll!l;

(lfo Ptpc.) l

(R) -munda,

-aund~d\ll'll;

-r:unda )

(PtPr. 4:)

"to call to m1nd, 9 "keep 1n mind,"

"r9111m1ber"

A 2 .$1;

ga-raid~an

[