The Flower of Friendship: A Renaissance Dialogue Contesting Marriage 9781501717529

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The Flower of Friendship

A briefe andpleafantdifeourfe of duties in Manage, called the Plover of Friendflaffe.

Imprinted at London by Henne Denham , dwelling in Patcrnoflcrl{o-niej4ttbe ; Signe of the Survc. ( (

Anno.1^7}.

ii

Cumprittilcgio;

i

i. Title page from the 1573 edition. All the extant title pages of editions from 1568 to 1573 have this form. This one is in the best condition. Reproduced by permission of The Master and Fellows of St. John's College, Cambridge.

The Flower of Friendship A RENAISSANCE DIALOGUE CONTESTING MARRIAGE BY E D M U N D T I L N E Y Edited and with an Introduction by VALERIE WAYNE

CENTER FOR SCHOLARLY E D I T I O N S

tAN APPROVED

EDITION

MODERN LANGUAGE A S S O C I A T I O N OF A M E R I C A

Cornell University Press Ithaca and London

Copyright © 1992 by Cornell University All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, 124 Roberts Place, Ithaca, New York 14850. First published 1992 by Cornell University Press.

International Standard Book Number 0-8014-2454-2 (cloth) International Standard Book Number 0-8014-9705-1 (paper) Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 92-52776 Printed in the United States of America Librarians: Library of Congress cataloging information appears on the last page of the book.

@ The paper in this book meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI 739.48-1984.

This book is for Sarah with deep love

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Contents

Illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction Ideologies of Companionate Marriage Ideologies of Marriage in Tilney’s Text Rupture in the Arbor 69 Note on the Text The Flower of Friendship Textual Notes Explanatory Notes Bibliography Index

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ix xi 1

13 38 95 97

143 146 175

189

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Illustrations

1. Title page from Tilney's Flower of Friendship, 1573 edition frontispiece 2. Elizabeth I's coat of arms on the verso of the title page and beginning of the dedication to her 8 3. Likeness of Edmund Tilney, from the funeral procession of Queen Elizabeth, April 28, 1603 60 4. An English arbor, from Dydymus Mountaine, The Gardeners Labyrinth, 1577 70 5. An Italian conversazione occurring within an arbor, from Boccaccio's Decameron, Venice, 1498 72 6. Ornament from the British Library copy, 1568 edition 125 7. Colophon from the British Library copy, 1568 edition 142

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Acknowledgments

This small book is the product of many changes. Over the ten years, off and on, that I have been engaged with The Flower, the critical climate in the profession has altered almost as much as the home in which I find myself; and though I am delighted that the chill of Chicago, of formalism, of the reverence for history has given way to the warmth of Honolulu, of feminism, and the reassessments of history, that past was still the nurturing occasion for this present. So I begin with a quite traditional acknowledgment to William A. Ringler, Jr., who directed my work at the University of Chicago a long time ago and was so generous with his extensive knowledge of Renaissance texts. I remember his help on this project up to his death in 1987 with real affection. The obligation to work in excellent libraries was another pleasure of preparing this edition, and I am grateful to the staffs of the Beinecke Library at Yale, the Bodleian Library, the British Library, the Folger Shakespeare Library, the Huntington Library, the Newberry Library, the library of St. John's College, Cambridge, the Pierpont Morgan Library, and the Regenstein Library at Chicago for their kind assistance. Research grants from the Huntington Library in the summer of 1982 and more frequently

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The Flower of Friendship from the University of Hawaii at Manoa enabled the work to continue. But it is friends who consistently sustained it—Elizabeth McCutcheon, who encouraged it from the beginning, and especially Craig Howes, who never ceased his rigorous critique and determined belief in the project. I am also very grateful to those who offered their comments on the final revision: Catherine Belsey, Joseph Chadwick, Kathy E. Ferguson, Elizabeth Hageman, Janis Butler Holm, James L. Kastely, Cristina Malcolmson, and Gary Pak. Many others provided material help along the way, including Cristina Bacchilega, Nigel Bawcutt, Tom Berger, Stephen Booth, Dana Devereux, Kathleen Falvey, Robert Hoopes, Ann Rosalind Jones, Arthur Kinney, Carole Levin, Barbara Lewalski, Robert Bernard Martin, Cornelia Moore, Christopher Ricks, John Rieder, Gordon Schochet, William Streitberger, Richard Strier, and Frank Whigham. Joseph Chadwick and Harold Irving shared their expertise in sixteenth-century Spanish. Josephine Roberts prepared a more thorough review of the editing than was even required by the MLA's Committee on Scholarly Editions, thereby improving the quality of the text. Bernhard Kendler was a shrewd and benevolent editor at Cornell University Press. While this edition was in press I discovered how much book production depends upon the labor of unseen women. Those whom I can acknowledge for their help by name include Laura Moss Gottlieb, Amanda Heller, Mary Lash, and especially Carol Betsch, who was always genial and generous. I recall with thanks the support offered in earlier stages of this project by David Callies, with whom I learned a lot about marriage. The flowering of the book I associate with productive years on my own and now, happily, with Richard Tillotson, a fine writer and a delightful companion. It is dedicated with admiration to my daughter, Sarah, whose grasp of the subject treated here seems always to have been subtle and seasoned. How unnecessary to make procreation a duty when its consequence can be such a joy.

V.W. [xn]

The Flower of Friendship

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Introduction

The history of ideologies of marriage in Renaissance England does not readily make a coherent narrative. Those historians and critics who in recent years have tried to establish the difference between Catholic and Protestant or Anglican and puritan views, or have assumed such differences in order to determine their effects upon social roles within the family, have repeatedly encountered strong dissenting arguments from other scholars. Although such dispute is salutory evidence of the increased attention now being given to the issues of gender, marriage, and the family in the past and the present, it may also suggest a lack of consistency within ideological and social practice that the ordered narratives of scholarship prefer to deny. Faced with so many apparent inconsistencies, some critics have turned to conduct books as a means of grounding their arguments. Since it is the very purpose of conduct books to enunciate ideologies, those who have consulted these texts have often assumed that here, if not in the realities from which they were considered separate, one could find some agreement on "what people thought" as well as some clear difference between the views of one religious group and those of another. Yet Margo Todd has made a persuasive case [i]

The Flower of Friendship

for what she calls "the humanist/puritan consensus" in household theory in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, a consensus that she sets off against both Catholic and conformist Anglican doctrines of the period.1 Even the conduct books that we believed were constructed along the lines of religious affiliation instead disrupt our easy categorization of them. What reason have we also to assume that when conduct books address such entangled issues as love and power, public and private duty, there should be convincing clarity and a single line of argument? When skilled writers address these subjects in literature, tropes such as paradox, hyperbole, and oxymoron configure their texts. Perhaps we hope that the problems become simpler when they are addressed by writers of lesser skill attempting to articulate in a didactic mode an ideology that has already become dominant; but as Raymond Williams points out, a dominant ideology is never either total or exclusive: "Within an apparent hegemony . . . there are not only alternative and oppositional formations . . . but, within what can be recognized as the dominant, effectively varying formations which resist any simple reduction to some generalized hegemonic function." Williams uses Gramsci's approach to hegemony as a localized maneuver and his model of social practices as continually open to conflict and contestation to distinguish among residual, dominant, and emergent ideologies existing in one cultural moment; Williams also notes the presence of divergent elements associated with a dominant ideology that it tries to "control or transform or even incorporate."2 This approach to cultural analysis can be applied to conduct books to show how they attempt to create consensus and enforce or forestall social change by advising dutiful behavior. When we examine those texts for the diverse and contradictory elements from which they construct their apparent order, we 1 Margo, Todd, Christian Humanism and the Puritan Social Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 238. 2 Raymond Williams, Marxism and Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), PP- U9, 113-

[2]

Introduction

make visible the conflicting forces within societies that they try to regulate through prescriptive instruction and, in some cases, narrative form. In this introduction I have three aims as I apply such an approach to The Flower of Friendship. The first is to argue for the relevance of humanist thinking about marriage and women to this text and to sixteenth-century English culture. Historians such as Margo Todd and Kathleen M. Davies have taken issue with Christopher Hill, Lawrence Stone, and others who stress puritan over humanist influence in attitudes toward marriage. As Todd puts it, "In the sixteenth century, the assertion that companionship is pre-eminent among the ends of marriage was an innovation of Christian humanism, rather than of puritanism."3 The Flower of Friendship participates in a large group of continental and English texts that adapt and transform Conjugium, one of Erasmus's colloquies on marriage, and the interrelationship among these texts provides still more evidence for continuity among humanist, Protestant, and puritan approaches to marriage. Some fictional characters in Tilney's dialogue are explicitly named after the humanists he drew upon for his advice—Desiderius Erasmus, Juan Luis Vives, and Pedro di Luxan. My second aim is to demonstrate the presence of what Williams calls residual, dominant, and emergent ideologies of marriage within Tilney's text and to examine the contradictions that operate within the dominant mode. The Flower includes characters who reject marriage as well as those who serve as advocates for it. Tilney marks two of these oppositional characters as residual by giving them medieval antecedents. A third advises unambiguously egalitarian relations between husbands and wives which constitute an emergent view. Those who speak for the dominant ideology also claim that their companionate view of marriage is egalitarian, but with a crucial difference: the dominant ideology constructs marital equality on the basis of women's 3

Todd, p. 100.

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The Flower of Friendship

sexual control and men's wealth, with those criteria functioning as the gendered determinants of class. Related contradictions occur when those advocates celebrate love between marital partners in order to endorse male authority and female self-sacrifice, and when they evoke women's sexuality only to require its repression and control. Tilney's text shows that humanism takes seriously the problems of marriage and of women, but its ideology of companionate marriage still tries to legitimate the hierarchies of class and gender which sustained the Tudor religious and social order. Yet the commodification of women's virtue offered as part of the dominant ideology could also permit it to function in support of social mobility by according women's sexual control the value otherwise granted to their wealth or social status. My third aim here is to show how and why the emergent view of marriage that The Flower releases is not contained by its dominant ideology. When the character Isabella offers an emergent view, she exposes the central contradiction of Renaissance humanists who combined claims for women's spiritual and rational equality with requirements that wives be subordinate in marriage. The rupture occurs when the character Erasmus is brought to speak for man's "absolute aucthoritie, over the woman in all places" (nyy): 4 then the equation between companionate and egalitarian marriage collapses quite suddenly. Moreover Isabella, who disrupts the dominant ideology, is associated through her name and her situation with Queen Elizabeth I, whose position on marriage was often at odds with that of her Parliament and her people, particularly around 1568. Isabella's disruption opens the text up to reproducing some of the instabilities and contradictions within Renaissance ideologies of marriage which were compelling public and private dilemmas at the time it was written and read. 4

All references to Tilney's Flower of Friendship in this introduction will be cited by line numbers from the accompanying critical text.

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Introduction Until the second volume of the,revised Short-Title Catalogue appeared in 1976, only three editions of The Flower of Friendship were generally thought to exist; now we know that seven editions were published between 1568 and 1587, three of these within the first year of issue.5 This new information suggests that Tilney's text achieved the kind of popularity we would associate with a very topical book. Only three other Renaissance texts on marriage appeared in more English editions: Heinrich Bullinger's Christen State of Matrimonye of 1541 (which is often mistakenly treated as different from Thomas Becon's Golden Boke of Christen Matrimonye), John Dod and Richard Cleaver's Godlie Forme of Householde Government of 1598, and Erasmus's Encomium matrimonii in its English translations, particularly that published in Thomas Wilson's Arte of Rhetorique from 1553 to 1585.6 The 5

See the textual notes to this introduction and A Short- Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland, and Ireland and of English Books Printed Abroad, 1475— 1640, ed. Katharine F. Pantzer et al., 2d ed. rev. and enl., vol. 2 (London: Bibliographical Society, 1976), nos. 24076-240773.5; see also vol. i (London: Bibliographical Society, 1986). Hereinafter cited as STC. 6 Bullinger's text appeared in thirteen editions, Dod and Cleaver's in nine. Encomium matrimonii was published in Erasmus's De conscribendis epistolis (1521) as A ryght frutefull epystle . . . in laude and prayse of matrymony in Tavernour's translation of [1536?], in the eight editions of Wilson's Rhetoric, and in Aurelius Brandolinus's Lippi Brandolini, De ratione scribendi, bk. 3, (1573). Richard Whitford, A Work for Householders [1530?], also appeared in seven editions. The other texts on marriage that I consulted for this comparison were (in chronological order) William Harrington, Commendations of Matrimony, 4 editions; Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, Commendation of Matrimony, trans. David Clapham, 2 editions; Juan Luis Vives, Office and Duetie of an Husband, i edition; George Whetstone, An Heptameron ofdvill Discourses, 2 editions; Henry Smith, Preparative to Marriage, 4 editions; William Perkins, Christian Oeconomie, trans. Thomas Pickering, i edition; Robert Snawsel, Looking Glasse for Maried Folkes, 3 editions; Alexander Niccholes, A Discourse, of Marriage and Wiving, 2 editions; William Whately, Bride-Bush, 3 editions; William Gouge, OfDomesticall Duties, 3 editions; Thomas Gataker, A Good Wife God's Gijt, 3 editions; Thomas Taylor, A Good Husband and a Good Wife, i edition; and Daniel Rogers, Matrimoniall Honour, 2 editions. All of this information comes from both volumes of the STC. For the purposes of this comparison I could not include texts in which marriage is addressed as a subject within a larger work or collection, or in which a separate essay on marriage appears in a collection of works on more diverse subjects,

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The Flower of Friendship presence of the Encomium in Wilson's Rhetoric and in Erasmus's own De conscribendis epistolis shows how consciously rhetorical a text the Erasmian letter is. The Flower also extends Erasmus's figurative adaptation of marital issues to create a narrative from prescriptive advice, for Tilney uses the fictional frame of Italian conversazione found in Castiglione's Courtier and Boccaccio's Filocopo for his text. The Courtier was certainly a more popular dialogue in the Italian original, but even the printings of its English translation ran to only four editions, as did those of Filocopo, while the translation of Guazzo's Civil Conversations appeared in only two.7 Conduct books for men are often read on the assumption that the information they provide "seems to contribute directly to our understanding of political life," whereas comparable books for women are "rarely . . . allowed to contribute to our notion of cultural history."8 Yet by 1568, since a queen was on the English throne, the conduct of marriage had more far-reaching consequences for the English people than the conduct of a gentleman. Tilney roots his adaptation of Italian conversazione quite specifically in English soil: Master Pedro observes that such pastimes as those found in Boccaccio and Castiglione "are practised at this day in the English court" (94-95), and one member of the dialogue is named Lady Isabella (Spanish for Elizabeth) so she may although some of the most important texts on marriage were published in these forms. Erasmus's Colloquies and Vives's Instruction of a Christen Woman are examples of the first instance, Christian Oeconomie as it appears in collections of William Perkins's works of the second. 7 Castiglione, STC 4778-81; Boccaccio, STC 3180-82; Guazzo, STC 12422238 Nancy Armstrong and Leonard Tennenhouse, eds., The Ideology of Conduct: Essays on Literature and the History of Sexuality (London: Methuen, 1987), pp. 4, 3. Susan Amussen argues that our current distinction between private and public "is necessarily false when applied to the experience of early modern England," and that "the analogy between the household and the state was available to all those interested in authority and the enforcement of order," in An Ordered Society: Gender and Class in Early Modern England (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988), pp. 2, 37-

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Introduction

serve as Tilney's figure for Queen Elizabeth. The woodcut from a 1498 edition of Boccaccio's Decameron shows how these courtly dialogues would have been conducted: they occurred after a meal in the garden or arbor of a large estate, with the participants seated formally in a semicircle.9 (See figure 5, page 72.) After the two-day conversazione in The Flower, Lady Isabella, turning to the narrator, Tilney himself, "required me for hir sake, to penne the whole discourse of this flagrant Flower. For quoth she, your quiet silence both these dayes, assureth mee, that you have well considered thereof" (1429-32). These passages establish a strong connection between the narrative and its social conditions. It is possible that Tilney and Elizabeth participated in such a pastime as that recounted here, and (or) that Elizabeth asked Tilney to prepare the text as we have it. We do know that Tilney dedicated all editions of The Flower to "the Noble and most vertuous Princesse, Elizabeth." Henry Denham, who published the first six editions, had a royal patent from the queen, and Elizabeth's coat of arms appears on the verso of each extant title page of the texts that he printed.10 9

For an extended discussion of the social customs associated with conversazione and other courtly pastimes, see Thomas Frederick Crane, Italian Social Customs of the Sixteenth Century and Their Influence on the Literatures of Europe, Cornell Studies in English, no. 5 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1920). 10 Although it is not clear from all available evidence that Denham had the patent of a royal printer as early as 1568, the title pages of all texts of The Flower that he printed (excluding the first edition's title page, which is not extant, and the last edition, which was printed by Abel Jeffs) show the words "cum privilegio" following the date. R. B. McKerrow notes that "about the year 1574 Henry Denham acquired the patent of William Seres for printing the Psalter, the Primer for little children and all books of private prayer in Latin and English." R. B. McKerrow, ed., A Dictionary of Printers and Booksellers in England, Scotland, and Ireland . . . 1557-1640 (London: Bibliographical Society, 1910), p. 89. His consistent use of "cum privilegio" before that date suggests he probably had an earlier patent as well. J. D. Y. Peel has examined the coat of arms from Tilney's text and determined that heraldically it is a version either of Elizabeth's arms or of Edward VI's. Denham used the same coat of arms in his [1568?] edition of Elizabeth's own translation of Margaret of Angouleme's Godly medytacyon of the christen sowle (STC

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The Flower of Friendship

^To the Noble and moft Vertuoits'Princefie Eli%a~

fccji, by the grace of God, of Eng* ksJe,Fr4Hncc, 50, 76—82, 83. See also Feminism; Isabella

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Index Encomium matrimonii (Erasmus), 5—6, 17, 2124, 39, 140—4in, 184—86n, 204—6n, 1020—24*1 Engels, Friedrich, 53, 28i-82n Epicoene, or The Silent Woman (Jonson), 386— g8n Epistle againstJovinian (Jerome), 17-18 Equality: and friendship, 15-16, 288-8gn; in marriage, 3-4, 42-47, 85-91, 295-ggn, Aloisaon, 1164, Erasmus on, 1175-77, humanist contradictions concerning, 50-65, 68, 76-84, 92, 288-8gn, Isabella on, 113145, 1160-63, Julia on, 967-68, 1166-74, Pedro on, 286-363; in symposia, 71-75; between virginity and marriage, 17—19, I79n; women's rational, 4, 76-77, 83, 87-88; women's spiritual, 4, 69, 76-77, 83, 86-88, H35n. See also Companionate marriage; Power; Wives: choice of Erasmus, Desiderius, 39, 49, 69, 70; Catholic Church's condemnation of, 21, 28; influence of, on Luxan, 34, i65~67n, on Puritans, 27, on Tilney, 3, 24, 29—38, 42, 60-61, 73~74n; influence of, Plutarch on, 16—17, 22; on marriage, 21-24, 76-78, 84, 86-87; on nobility, 52. See also Eulalia; Xanthippe; Titles of works by Erasmus (character), 4, 40jn; as representative of humanist position, 39, 77-78; speeches by, 402-5, H75-77 Erickson, Carolly, 5$, 59 Erotic pleasure: and marriage, 16—17, 20> 21> 22, 23, 67—68, 96 Eulalia: English versions of, 37; as Erasmus's character, 29-30, 36, 60—61, 64^, 6^o-^2n; as Luxan's character, 34, 42, 44. See also Julia Euripedes, 1055—6^n Eve (biblical figure), 14-15, 20, 68, 88, 1828$n, 454 Faunus, 1254^ Feminism: in Flower, 82—93 Ferguson, Kathy, 253—6in Ferguson, Margaret W., 91 Fertility: in Renaissance England, 57 Fiametta (Boccaccio's character), 72, 73, 931 — 32n Fidelity (marital). See Adultery Filocolo (Boccaccio), 71, 73, 91 n Filocopo (Boccaccio): influence of, on Flower, 6, 70-73, gin, i22~32n, 931-32*1

First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women (Knox), 45 "Flagrant," 67-68, 96, 2gn, 86in Flattery. See Dissembling Flora, 48n Flosfoeni, 67 Flower of Friendship, The (Tilney): audience for, 73-74, 81-82; dedication of, 7, 99-100; editing of, 95-96; marital ideologies in, 34, 38-50, 76-82, 90-93; influence of, on Godlie Forme ofHouseholde Government, 36; popularity of, 5; question of feminism in, 82-93; sources for and religious context of, 29-36, 69—71. See also Tilney, Edmund; Characters and issues in Flowers: Tilney's use of, 66-68, 122, 123, 141, 501, 1408, 1415, 1418. See also Eglantine; Herbs; Weeds Foucault, Michel, 15 Fragrant. See "Flagrant" France: marital customs in, 249—53 Friends: of the husband, 745-57 Friendship, 143-45^. See also Companionate marriage; Equality Gallagher, Catherine, 82 Gaming, 532^ Garden. See Arbor; Paradise Gardeners Labyrinth (Mountaine), 70, 96 Gasgoigne, George, 66 Gataker, Thomas, 5 Gender: and class in marriage, 4, 50-59, 68, 71—82. See also Authority; Equality; Patriarchy; Wives; Women Godlie Forme ofHouseholde Government (Dod and Cleaver), 5, 36, 295-ggn, 442-44^1, 72640n Goedeke, Karl, 30 Golden Boke of Christen Matrimony'e (Becon), 5 Good Husband and a Good Wife, A (Taylor), 5 Good Wife God's Gift, A (Gataker), 5 Gouge, William, 5, 12-13, 78~79> 525~26n Gramsci, Antonio, 2 Grindall, William, 50 Gualter of Cawne (character), 1097-98; as misogynist, 39-40, 65, 74-75, 24jn, 386g8n, jSon; speeches by, 246—48, 377—78, 383-98, 471-74, 699-702, 773-75, 78o82, 1100-1103, 1146-50, 1189-95. See also Arbor; Misogyny Guazzo, Stefano, 6

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Index Guevara, Antony, 726—40*1 Guttentag, Marcia, 253—6in Guzman de Silva (ambassador), 46 Haec Vir; or, The Womanish Man, 88, 91 Hageman, Elizabeth, 9 Hannay, Margaret, 27, 88 Harrington, William, 5 Hay ward, John, 9 Heale, William, 1146-4^ Hegemony, 2, 38. See also Dominant ideologies (of marriage) Heloise, 40—42, 7in Henderson, Katherine Usher, 88 Henry VIII (king of England), 50, 58-59, 247^ Henze, Catherine, 87 Heptameron ofdvill Discourses, An (Whetstone), 5 Herbs: in Luxan's book, 35, 6og—84jn; Tilney's use of, 142, 500-501, 610-819, 6og-84jn Herford, Charles E., 30 Herodotus, 57in, 1139-4^ Hesiod [Hesiodus], 346-5in Hey wood, John, 789—92n Hie Mulier, 88, 91 Hierarchy. See Authority; Equality; Power Hill, Christopher, 3, 69 Hoby, Thomas (Sir), 66. See also Courtier, The Hoffmann, George, 9 Holm, Janis Butler, 15 Hooker, Richard, 35, 78, ijgn Horowitz, Maryanne Cline, 15 Howard, Catherine, 9, 5$ Hubbell, H. M.,2itf-25n Humanists: on marriage, 2,3, 4, 11, 17, 21—25, 26-38, 43, 83, 92; views of, compared to Catholic ideologies, 28—29, to Protestant ideologies, 26, 27-28, 31, 32-33, 36, 83; on women, 49—50, 69, 76—77. See also Erasmus, Desiderius; Equality; Tilney, Edmund Hundreth Sundrie Flowers, A (Gasgoigne), 66 Husbands: abusive, 27; choosing of, 946-66; duties of, 39, 419-861; examples of loving, 35, 64—65, 450-68, 482-99; reforming of, 29, 1323-85; as thieves of their wives' will, 62-65, 442~44n; unpleasant, 1010-20, 65052n, 1330—34n. See also Beating; Men Hutchinson, Anne, 83

Ideology(ies): in Conjugium, 36-37; defined, 12; in Flower, 35, 38—93; of marriage, 2, 3—4; origins of companionate, 13—29; significance of, 90. See also Dominant ideologies; Emergent ideologies; Residual ideologies Ideology of Conduct (Armstrong and Tennenhouse), 6, 726—4on Immortality: and marriage, 204-6n Index of Prohibited Books, 21 Institutio christiani matrimonii (Erasmus), 23 Instruction of a Christen Woman (Vives), 6, 26, 47, 52-53, 73", 290-95", 374", 3^~9^", 1110—2 in, 1236—73n, 1243—46n Inversion (of sex roles): in marriage, 18, 51; in symposia, 71—75 Irigaray, Luce, 61, 62-63 Irving, Harold, 33 Isabella (character), 70; asks Tilney to record this discourse, 7, 1429—31 n; association of, with Elizabeth I, 4, 6-7, 45, 47, 49, 7on; emergent marital ideology associated with, 4, 39, 42—45, 49-50, 76—82, 83, 86, 88;

speeches by, 354-57, 1007-9, 1131-45, 1151-52, 1160-63, 1321-22 James I (king of England), 57 Jameson, Frederic, 12 Jason, 1417-2 in Jealousy, 796-817 Jeffs, Abel, 7, 95 Jerome, 15, 17-19, 21 Job (biblical figure), 764-6^n Johnson, Ralph Glassgow, 95, 146 Jones, Ann Rosalind, 61, 92, 1316—2on Jonson, Ben, 386—98n Jordan, Constance, 24, 84, 85, 88 Jovinian, 17, 19, 20 Julia (character), 51, 64, 65, 69, 81, 64, 70, 80, 1422-23, 1427; on duties of a wife, 61, 9341416; marital status of, 471-72^; as overseer of symposium, 71—75, 129—37, 150—64535 proponent of dominant marital ideology, 39, 43, 50, 77—78, 64n; speeches by, 150—64, 238-42, 270-71, 316-26, 469-70, 565-67, 853-55, 862-73, 934-1006, 1010-99, 1104-30, 1153-59, 1166-74, 1178-88, 1196-1320, 1323-29, 1339-40,1384-1416 Julia (Pompey's wife), 63, i020-24n, 1077-8^ Julius Caesar (Shakespeare), io53~54n Kelly, Joan, 85-86, 91-92

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Index Kelso, Ruth, 33 Kinney, Arthur F., 61 Klein, Joan Larsen, 88 Knight, Philip, 66-67 Knox, John, 45, 79 Kristeva, Julia, 37 Lacedemonians, 1025-47*1 Lactation: in Renaissance England, 57 Lady Julia. See Julia (character) Lamb, Mary Ellen, 64 Language: and power, nSg—g^n. See also Chiding; Speech Lanyer, Aemilia, 88 Laud, William (archbishop), 27-2$ Lawes Resolutions of Women's Rights (T.E.), 14— 15, 1146—4jn Leites, Edmund, 15 Lerner, Gerda, 53-54, 55, 59, 28i-82n Levin, Carole, 46 Lewalski, Barbara, 88 Lewis, C. S., 45, 78 Licurgus. See Lycurgus Lodovic. See Vives, Ludovic Looking glass: wife as, for husband, 36, 43, 60-63, I3i6-2on Looking Glassefor Maried Folkes, A (Snawsel), 5, 3^-32 Lot, 595-g6n Love: in marriage, 2, 4, 20, 22, 40-41, 62-68, go, 92-93, 364-76, 409-49, 494-99, 9681006, 1104-9; Plutarch on, 16-17; role of, in selection of husbands, 953-59; spiritual, 69, 73. See also Chastity; Husbands: examples of loving Lucius Vitellus, ioj2n Lucretia, 1267-7371 Luther, Martin, 30, 31 Luxan, Pedro di: influence of, on Tilney, 3, 29, 33-35, 42, 43-45, 61, 54~55n, i64n, 21282n, 295~99n, 386-g8n, 40371, 520-2571, 5686o5n, 577n, 578n, 609-^4771, 614-15n, 72640n, 833~47n, I025~47n, 104^-5371, 113945n, I2i5-27n; Tilney's departures from text of, 38, 47, 1020—2471. See also Coloquios matrimoniales; Pedro Lycurgus [Licurgus], 52, 57, 302-6n, 35i~53n, 589-93n> i258-62n Lydians, 1160—6371 Lyn, Walter, 31

McCutcheon, Elizabeth, 76—77 McKerrow, R. B., 7, g, 142 McLaren, Dorothy, 57 McLaughlin, Eleanor Como, 20 McLean, Andrew, 31 Maclean, Ian, 89, go McManus, Barbara F., 88 Macropedius, Georgius, 37 Malcolmson, Cristina, 36, 442-4471 Mannox, Henry, 58 Map, Walter, 19, 39, 24771 Marcus, LeahS., 48 Margaret of Angouleme (Marguerite de Navarre), 7, 9, 1341-8^ Marital "intents," 25-26 Mark Antony [Marcus Antonius], 599-6027* Marriage: customs of, 34-35, 78, 2i2-82n, H39-45n, H55~59n; definitions of, 24-25, duties of, 39, 68, 419-861, 925—1416; economic basis of, 11, 15, 55—57; as erotic relation, 67-68; as holy estate, 184-206, 18486n; ideologies of, in Renaissance England, 1-4, 38-93, inconsistencies in, 1,3-4, 13, 43-49, 50—59, 76—80; purposes of, 25; rejection of, 3, 39-42; Renaissance texts on, 5—6. See also Age; Companionate marriage; Equality; Erotic pleasure; Husbands; Ideology; Inversion; Love; Obedience; Power; Procreation; Sexual intercourse; Wives; Women: sexual control of Martial, 1055—64n Martin, Robert Bernard, 10 Mary I (queen of England), 47 Master of the Revels, 10 Master Pedro di Luxan. See Pedro Matrimoniall Honour (Rogers), 5 Mauritania, 267-69, 2i2-82n, 253-6in, 25471 Medea, 1417-2 in Medwall, Henry, g62—66n Meillassoux, Claude, 53 Men: as beasts, 554-57, 650—52n, 1330—34/1; qualities of, 985-88, 1178-85, $o8n; sexual control of, 54-55. See also Husbands Menander, 51, 299-30271 Mery Dialogue, A (Erasmus), 23—24, 29—39, 42, 60—61, 64n, 377—82n, 650—52n, 70271, 985— 8gn, 1316—2on, 1341— ^371, 1376— 7971, 1393— 97n, 1417—2in. See also Conjugium (Erasmus) Midsummer Night's Dream, A (Shakespeare), 10

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Index Miller, Robert?., 18 Milton, John, 14,54 Mimians, 63, 1025-47/1 Misogyny, 86; in Catholic discussions of marriage, 18—20, 28; humanists' views of, 2223, 49, 74-75, 76, 40311; role of, in Flower, 39-40, 74-75, 478-79*1; views associated with, 76,386-98*1, 1100-110311, 11^9-95/1. See also Gualter of Cawne Mithridates, 1215—2jn Moncada, Ernest J., 33, 35, 45, 577^ Montaigne, Michel de, 589—93/1, 675—jjn Montrose, Louis Adrian, 48, 49, 79 Morals, The (Plutarch), 16—17, 57in, 645~48n, 675-77/1, 687—93n, 1025—4711, 1311—14*1. See also "Precepts of Wedlocke" More, Thomas (Sir), 49, 76, 362-63/1 Moriae encomium (Erasmus), 21 Morse, Charlotte, 63, 247/1 Mountaine, Dydymus, 70, 96 Mountjoy, Baron, 23, 34 Names (of characters): and ideology in Flower, 38-40 Neale, J. E., 49, 79, 81 Nero, 63, 1067 New Mother, The (Erasmus), 34, 69, 76, 86—87 Niccholes, Alexander, 5 Nice Wanton (play), 37 Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 15-16, 20, 2888gn, 295—99n Noah [Noe], 575/1, 593-95/1 Nobility, 51-52, 81-82. See also Class; Virtue Noonan, John T., Jr., 19, 20 Norena, Carlos G., 26 Numidians, ii6o-63n, I2j8-82n Obedience: in dialogue, 100-104, 124-28, 152, 169-71, 915-17; in marriage, 44, 74, 76-78; in women, 937-38, 1128-88, 11981213 Octavius Caesar, 599-602/1 Oeconomicus (Xenophon), 15 OfDomesticall Duties (Gouge), 5, 12—13, 7$~ 79, 525-26n Offen, Karen, 82 Office and Duetie of an Husband (Vives), 5, 27, 73/1, 143-45/1, 316—I9n, 504/2 "Of Love" (Plutarch), 16—17. See also Morals, The Othello (Shakespeare), 3^6-9^/1, jjSn

Panthea, 63, 104^-53/1 Paradise, 71, 185, 119/1, i84~86n Parents: forsaking, 198, 983—84n; love toward, 200—201 n Parr, Catherine, 50 Parthians, 990, H55~59n Partridge, Eric, 67 Patient Grissil (Dekker, Chettle, and Haughton), 247/1

Patriarchy, 53-54, 66, 68, 28i-82n. See also Authority; Feminism; Women: alleged inferiority of Paul (biblical figure), 20, 5^3-^5/1 Paul IV (pope), 28 Paulina (wife of Seneca), 63, 1065-70/1 Paynell, Thomas, 316-19^ Peake, Robert (the Elder), 9 Pedro (character), 6, 11, 67, 121, 1427, 54-55"; as apparent advocate of women, 74, 75, 89-90, 406-9; origins of, 33-35; as proponent of dominant marital ideology, 50-57, 64-65; as representative of humanists, 39-40, 43; speeches by, 90-97, 103-4, 124—47, 165237, 243-45, 249-61, 266-69, 272-315, 327-53, 358-76, 379-82, 406-68, 478564, 568-618, 704-72, 776-79, 783-842, 848-52, 856-61, 874-81, 1330-38, I341" 75, 1380-83. See also Luxan, Pedro di Peel,J. D. Y.,7,9 Perkins, William, 5, 6, 28-29, 179/1 Pettie, George, 801—2n Philip II (king of Spain), 46, 47 Phillip, John, 247/1 Phoebus, 52/1 Pietas puerilis (Erasmus), 34 Pitachus Mityleneus, 290-95/1 Plato, 716, 589—93n, 1055-64/1, 1316-20/1 Play of Patient Grissel (Phillip), 247^1 Pliny, 64, 140-41/1, 1086—93/1 Plutarch, 22, 596-99/1, 599-602/1, 6^3-^7/1, ^30-33/1; on marriage, 16—17, 5*> 1141, 29599/1, 302-6/1, 310—15/1, 351—53/1, 455-60/1, 46i-68n, 962-66n, 1053-54^, I2j8-82n. See also Morals, The; "Precepts of Wedlocke" Polygamy, 288-8gn. See also Marriage: customs of; Sex ratios Pompey, 63, 1020—24/1, i077—8^n Porcia (Brutus's wife), 63, 1053-54« Power: in companionate marriages, 14-15, 27, 82—83; granted to women by men, 73, 75, 129-37, 149-57, 866-67, 876-81; and

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Index Power (cont.) language, 1189-9^; in Lutheran depiction of marriage, 31; in marriage, 2, 4, 50—63, 76-79. See also Authority; Elizabeth I: conflict of; Inversion; Patriarchy "Precepts of Wedlocke" (Plutarch), 16-17, 377-82n, 423~28n, 650-52*1, i^i6-2on, 133034n. See also Morals, The Preparative to Marriage (Smith), 5 Procreation, 19—20, 25, 26, 35, 345 Protestants: views of marriage by, i, 3, 24—33, 36, 83, 92 Provider: husband's role as, 721-43 Public vs. private duties, 2, 45—46, 47, 53, 79, 81, 1166—72n Puerpera. See New Mother, The (Erasmus) Puritans: views of equality by, 50, 69, 92, of marriage by, 1-2, 3, 27, 28, 29, 31-32, 36, 83, ^5, 179" Pyrrho [Pirrho], 59, 30-32/2 Queens: sexual control of, 58—59. See also Elizabeth I; Names of wives of Henry VIII Rebelles, The (Macropedius), 37 Rebhorn, Wayne, 71 Resch, Wolfgang, 30 Residual ideologies (of marriage), 3, 39—42, 50. See also Catholic Church; Misogyny Robertson, D. W, 41, 67 Robinson, Lillian, 56 Rogers, Daniel, 5 Roman de la rose (Abelard and Heloise), 40, 41, 386-98n Romans [Romaines], 216-25, ^215-27^1 Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), 67 Room of One's Own, A (Woolf), I3i6-2on Rose, Mary Beth, 28, 91 Russell, D. A., 17 Sabellicus, 237^1 St. Leonard's Church (Streatham, Eng.), 9 Salomon. See Solomon Salve Deus Rexjudaeomm (Lanyer), 88 Samson [Sampson], 764-6^ Schole House of Women, The (poem), 31 Scotland, 281— 82n Secord, Paul F., 253—61 n Self-sacrifice: female, 4, 63—65. See also Wives: description of good

Seneca, 1065, 1214-15/1, 1252-54/2 Seven Dialogues bothpithie and profitable, 31 Sex ratios: and marital customs, 253~6m Sexual intercourse, 21-22, 28, 216-25/2. See also Erotic pleasure; Procreation Shakespeare, William: All's Well That Ends Well, 56-57, 67; Comedy of Errors, 37; influence of Erasmus on, 37; Julius Caesar, 105354n; marriage in works by, 37, 42, 56-57, 59, 64, 67; Master of the Revels in works by, 10; Midsummer Night's Dream, A, 10; Othello, 386-98n, jjSn; Romeo and Juliet, 67; Winter's Tale, A, 59; on women, 67, 38698n, io53~54n "Shamefastnesse," 52, ino-2in Shrews: in Erasmus's works, 29-30, 31; in Flower, 769, 779-82, jSon, u89~95n; lack of, in Tilney and Luxan, 42 Silence. See Speech Silla, 1217 Slander, jjSn Slavery, 53, 66 Smith, Henry, 5 Smith, Hilda L., £9 Snawsel, Robert, 5, 31-32 Social mobility: marriage as a means of, 11, 55-57 Socrates, 558, 643, 682, 714, 346-51/1, 769/2 Solomon [Salomon], 5o6n, 641-43^, 764-65*1, 1302—4n Solon: story of, in Flower, 27, 302-6/1, #33-47/7 Somerset, Anne, 49 Souls. See Equality: women's spiritual Speech: advice for husbands regarding, 61214, 632-48, 634~48nn, 702/1. See also Chiding; Language Spenser, Edmund, ino-2in, 1185-86n Stallybrass, Peter, 18 Stone, Lawrence, 3, 14, 55-56, 57, 63; on legal status of wives, 12, 525-261; on Renaissance feminism, 82-83, 91 Stratomacha, 1311-14/2 Streitberger, W. R., 10-11, 58 Strong, Roy, 71, U5n Subject positions (of women) in Renaissance discourse. See Women: constructions of Subordination (of women). See Authority; Patriarchy; Women: alleged inferiority of Sweetbrier, 71, n^n Swetnam, Joseph, 40

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Index Swords: and wives, 754-55*1 Symposia, 70-75, 88-89. See also Dialogue form "Tale of the Dumb Wife," J02n Taylor, Thomas, 5 Tennenhouse, Leonard, 6, 726—40n Themistocles, 962—66n Theophrastus, 19, ^86-gSn Therborn, Goran, 37 Thompson, Craig, 23, 29 Thracians, 1155-59*1 Three Guineas (Woolf), 1215—2jn Tiberius Gracchus, 64, 461—68*1 Tilney, Agnes (dowager duchess of Norfolk), 5* Tilney, Edmund: apparel of, j243-461; connection of, to Catherine Howard, 58, to Elizabeth I, 7, 9-10, 73; dedication of Flower by, 7, 99—100; influences on, 3, 6-7, 16, 24, 27, 29, 34, 35, 61; marriage of, 10—12, 55; as participant in Flower, 39; use of characters by, 3, 38-50. See also Flower of Friendship, The Tilney, Malyn Chambre, 5#-59 Tilney-Bassett, J. G.,95 Timothy (biblical figure), 583—8^n Todd, Margo, 1-2, 3, 25, 27-28, 32, 69, 83 Traub, Valerie, 64 Triara (wife of Lucius Vitellus), 63, 1071-76^ Turner, James Grantham, 14, 19—20, 68, 85 Ulysses, 1417-21 n Utile-dulce: or, trueths libertie, 31 Utley, Frances Lee, 88 Vaghane, Robert, 87 Valerius Maximus, 46i-68n Venetians, 236, 243-45, 237n Vertuous Scholehous of Ungracious Women, The, 31

Vidua Christiana (Erasmus), 23 Virginity: commodification of women's, 67; compared to marriage, 17—23, 38, by Tilney, 35, 68, 179/1; denominational positions on, ijgn. See also Elizabeth I: as Virgin Queen Virtue, 1382; commodification of women's, 4, 11, 52-53, 56—57, 92, 302—6n; consideration of, in choice of a mate, 11, 51—56,

290—398, 961-66; humanist conception of, 60-61, 1229-93; Plutarch on, 16-17, 29599n Vives, Juan Luis: as author of conduct books, 5-6, 26-27, 47, 52-53, fy, 73", 3M-98n, 6o9~847n, 655~59n, 962-66^, H75~88n; as humanist, 49; influence of, on Tilney, 3, 27, 1020—24n. See also Instruction of a Christen Woman; Office and Duetie of an Husband Vives, Lodovic (character), 39, 7371, ^43-47^ Wakefield Master, 42 Watchword for Wilfull Women, A (Erasmus), 31 Watson, Foster, 84,85, 92 Wayne, Valerie, 18, 27, 40, 42 Wealth, 4; as a consideration in choice of a mate, 11, 52-54. See also Class Weeds: in Flower, 502, 532, 553, 606-7, 943 West, M. L., 346-5in Whately, William, 5 Whetstone, George, 5 Whigham, Frank, 56 Whitford, Richard, 5 Whole Duty of Youth, The (Erasmus), 34 Wilcox, Helen, 12 Williams, E. Carleton, 12 Williams, George Walton, 9 Williams, Raymond, 2, 3, 38, 42-43 Wilson, Thomas, 5, 21 Wine, 568—6o5n. See also Drunkenness Winter's Tale, The (Shakespeare), 59 Wives: choice of, 11, 50-52, 55, 72-73, 90, 286-418, 295—99/1, 316—i9n; description of good, 29-30, 31, 34, 44, 60—62, 63—65, 102099, io20-24n; distinction between women and, 76, 86; duties of, 39, 925—1416; legal status of, 12-13, 46* 89-90, 525-26; Roman distinctions between, 216—25/1; and swords, 754—55n- See also Beating; Husbands; Looking glass; Shrews Women: access of, to Scriptures, 28; alleged inferiority of, 16, 27, 40, 74, 76, 86-88, n85-86n; as audience for marital conduct books, 73-74, i432~36n; cloistering of, 1263-73, 1263-6571; constructions of, 19, 30, 37, 43, 44-45, 47, 49-50, 59, 61-64; humanists' thinking on, 3, 49—50, 69, 76—77; reduction of, to their sexuality, 67; Renaissance debate about, 88—91; and secrets,

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Index Women (cont.) 698*1; sexual control of, 3—4, 11, 52—6}, 64, 66-68, 74; and souls, 43-44, 76, 1135*1; as weak, 1404-5*1. See also Authority; Feminism; Marriage; Misogyny; Virtue; Wives Woodbridge, Linda, 40, 85, 88, 89, 90 Woolf, Virginia, i2i$-2jn, 1316-20*1 Work for Householders, A (Whitford), 5 Wrightson, Keith, 14, 55

Xanthippe: English versions of, 37; Erasmus's character, 29—30, 31, 36—37, 42, 1321-22*1, 1376-79*1; Socrates' wife, 769^ Xenophon, 15, 346—51*1, 645-48*1, 1048—53*1, 1295—98*1 Ycanus, 577*1 Zeno, 687-92*1

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tilney, Edmund, d. 1610. [Briefe and pleasant discourse of duties in manage, called the flower of friendshippe] The flower of friendship : a Renaissance dialogue contesting marriage / by Edmund Tilney ; edited and with an introduction by Valerie Wayne. p. cm. Originally published: A briefe and pleasant discourse of duties in manage, called the flower of friendshippe. London : Henrie Denham, 1568. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-8014-2454-2 (cloth : alk. paper). — ISBN 0-8014-9705-1 (paper : alk. paper) i. Marriage—Early works to 1800. 2. Sex role—Early works to 1800. 3. Women— Early works to 1800. 4. Dialogues, English. I. Wayne, Valerie. II. Title. PR2384.T45B75 1992 306.81—dc20 92-52776