The English Emblem Tradition: Volume 3: Emblematic Flag Devices of the English Civil Wars, 1642-1660 9781442681170

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The English Emblem Tradition 3

Emblematic Flag Devices of the English Civil Wars 1642-1660 EDITED BY ALAN R. YOUNG WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF BEERT VERSTRAETE GENERAL SERIES EDITOR: PETER M. DALY

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS Toronto Buffalo London

www.utppublishing.com © University of Toronto Press 1995 Toronto Buffalo London Printed in Canada ISBN 0-8020-5739-X @*

Printed on acid-free paper

Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: The English emblem tradition (Index emblematicus) Partial contents: v. 3. Emblematic flag devices of the English civil wars 1642-1660 / by Alan R. Young, with the assistance of Beert Verstraete. Includes bibliographies and indexes. ISBN 0-8020-5739-X (v. 3) 1. Emblem books, English. 2. Emblems - England Early works to 1800. 3. Emblem books, English Indexes. 4. Emblems - England - Early works to 5. Symbolism in art - Themes, 1800-Indexes, 6. Mottoes - Indexes. 7. Epigrams, motives - Indexes. I. Daly, Peter M., 1936English - Indexes. III. Raspa, Anthony. IV. Series. II. Duer, Leslie T. PN6351.E5

The research costs of the Index Emblematicus have been supported by generous grants from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Publication of this volume is made possible by a grant from the Canadian Federation for the Humanities using funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.

CONTENTS Preface vii Abbreviations ix Glossaries xvi Key Events xx Introduction: The English Civil War Flags xxiii THE EMBLEMATIC FLAG DEVICES OF THE ENGLISH CIVIL WARS 1 CONCORDANCES, INDEXES, AND LISTS 271 Picture Index 272 Index of Pictures (Proper Names) 300 Index of Pictures (Inscriptions) 302 Index of Latin Mottoes 304 Index of Latin Mottoes (Proper Names) 311 Index of English Mottoes 313 Index of English Mottoes (Proper Names) 316 Index of French Mottoes 318 Index of French Mottoes (Proper Names) 318 Index of Italian Mottoes 318 Index of Spanish Mottoes 318 Motto Index (Translations) 319 Index of Proper Names (Motto Translations) 327 Alphabetical List of Latin Mottoes (With Translations) 330 Alphabetical List of English Mottoes 337

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Contents

Alphabetical List of French Mottoes (With Translations) 338 Alphabetical List of Italian Mottoes (With Translations) 338 Alphabetical List of Spanish Mottoes (With Translations) 338 Bearers Index 339 Lists of Flag Devices According to Political Allegiance 343

PREFACE This volume is the third in a sub-series of the Index Emblematicus dedicated to the English Emblem Tradition. It applies the same principles to English works that were applied to the various editions and translations of Alciato's emblems. However, discussions with colleagues, users, and reviewers of the Alciato volumes have resulted in the introduction of certain improvements, particularly in the creation of indexes. These improvements were facilitated by advances in micro-computing technology. In this respect, I should like to record here a special debt of thanks to the computer programmer for this volume, Dr Stanley W. Beeler, who created the computer programmes which have enabled me to subject the material presented here to the electronic scrutiny necessary for the creation of indexes and concordances. Volume Three of the Index Emblematicus series differs markedly from its predecessors in that for the first time the sources of what is presented are not printed books. Scholars who have studied sixteenthand seventeenth-century emblem literature have long paid lip service to the ubiquity of the emblem, the impresa, and other emblematic forms in all manner of artistic media. However, whereas considerable attention has been paid in recent decades to printed emblem books, that given to the emblematic artifacts of material culture has been relatively slight. This study of the emblematic devices employed by the warring parties on the military flags used during the English Civil Wars is a small contribution towards redressing what I perceive as something of an imbalance in emblem studies, and as such it follows my earlier study of the imprese employed by participants in English tournaments. As I hope to make clear in what follows, the flags are of particular interest to emblem scholars for a number of reasons. They demonstrate first and foremost that the fashionable interest in creating emblematic devices during the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries did not disappear with the tournament and the all-too-lavish Stuart masque. Instead, as Thomas Blount was to point out, English emblematic inventiveness found a new outlet in the pursuit of real, as opposed to play, wars. Secondly, like the earlier tournament imprese, the military flags were public artifacts, seen by many (and not just the soldiers themselves) and often commented upon. Their currency within popular culture was broader than that of any printed emblem book. Thirdly, as I further hope to show, the emblematic devices employed on the Civil War flags may be 'read' as a part (hitherto largely unstudied) of the massive propaganda war that was waged among the different factions during the wars. Like many others who have studied the history of this era, I have had to confront the complexities resulting from the fact that the conflicts within England were inextricably intertwined with EnglishScottish, and English-Irish relations. Scottish armies invaded England, English armies marched against Scotland, Scottish and English armies were sent to deal with the rebellion in Ireland, and soldiers who fought in Ireland also fought in England and Scotland. All the armies involved in these various military enterprises had their own often very distinctive flags, and at an early state in the preparation of this volume, I decided that as far as possible the emblematic devices employed on all these flags should be included. The Index, then, includes more than just the Royalist and Parliamentary English Civil War flags. It includes, for example, flags from the Bishops' Wars of 1639 to 1641, the Scottish flags of the Covenant armies between 1639 and 1650, flags from the English campaign against the Irish of 1641-42, and flags designed for the Irish Catholic Confederacy in 1644. To compile what follows, it was necessary to go to many sources to obtain descriptions and illustrations. In a precious few instances, actual flags have survived, but for the most part one is dependent upon descriptions in the newsletters of the day, upon the past enthusiasm of heralds and antiquaries who painstakingly recorded and drew the flags they saw, upon what appears to have been the report of a spy, and upon other chance records. The sources I consulted are described in greater detail below. Here, I would like only to express my appreciation for the help I have received from a small group of scholars of the Civil Wars who share my interest in the military flags. These scholars have largely concerned themselves not so much with the emblematic properties of the flags as with the insights the flags provide

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Preface

into regimental history. These same scholars have often also been the inspiration behind those by now familiar English cultural events—the re-enactments of Civil War battles. I wish in particular to acknowledge the generous help and encouragement I have received from Stephen Ede-Borrett, author of a number of publications on the English Civil Wars. He read early drafts of my material and consequently helped me avoid many a pitfall. Needless to say, any remaining errors are entirely my own responsibility. Other help that I wish to acknowledge came from a number of fellow students of the emblem, in particular Michael Bath (University of Strathclyde), John Manning (The Queen's University of Belfast), Daniel Russell (University of Pittsburgh), and above all the general editor of this series, Peter Daly (McGill University). To my colleague Beert Verstraete (Acadia University), who assisted me in the translation of the Latin mottoes, I owe a special debt. I also wish to acknowledge the assistance of the following: Rev. William Barber (retired Rector of Bromesberrow, Glous.), Peter B. Bryden (Head of Archives, National Army Museum), Jean-Pierre Chambre (Arras, France), John Creasey (Librarian, Dr. Williams's Library), Daniel W. Doerksen (University of New Brunswick), Lesley Le Claire (Librarian, Worcester College, Oxford), David Ryan (Partizan Press), Whitney Smith (Flag Research Center, Winchester, Mass), Paul V. Walsh (Springfield, PA), Catherine Whistler (Assistant Keeper, Ashmolean Museum), Claire Wright (National Army Museum), Robert C. Yorke (Archivist, The College of Arms). In addition, I wish to thank the staff of the Ashmolean Museum, the Bodleian Library, the British Library, the Public Record Office, Dr. Williams's Library, and the National Army Museum. Most especially, I thank the staff of the Firestone Library at Princeton and the English Department of Princeton University. Much of the research for this volume was completed during my term as a Visiting Fellow at Princeton. I also wish to record my gratitude to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, from which I received a research grant in support of this project. I also wish to note that this book has been published with the help of a grant from the Canadian Federation for the Humanities, using funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Finally, I wish to record my deep and enduring gratitude to my wife, Wendy Katz, who, stoically and always good-humouredly, suffered my 'odd' scholarly enthusiasms and encouraged me throughout the years it has taken to bring this project to completion. As with previous volumes of the Index Emblematicus series, facsimile illustrations play a key role in providing readers with a guide to the material being indexed. The reproduction of photographs of material from MSS Additional 5247, 12,447, 14,308, Harleian 911, 1377, 1383, 1397, and 1460, is by permission of the British Library. The reproduction of photographs of material from MS Rawlinson D 942 is by permission of the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford. The reproduction of photographs of material from MS 6208-1 is by courtesy of the Director, National Army Museum, London. The reproduction of photographs from MS Modern Folio 7 is by permission of the Trustees of Dr. Williams's Library. The reproduction of Jonathan Cole's prints in the Sutherland Collection (Clarendon II, I) is by permission of the Ashmolean Museum. Throughout, translations of mottoes in languages other than English are provided in standard English. Also, as in previous volumes in the Index Emblematicus series, quotations in English from such earlier writers as Thomas Blount have not been modernized and retain their original orthography and punctuation. Alan R. Young Acadia University

ABBREVIATIONS Add

British Library, Additional Manuscript

Ashton Robert Ashton, The English Civil War: Conservatism and Revolution 1603-1649 (New York: Norton, 1979) Baillie 1841) Balfour

The Letters and Journals of Robert Baillie, edited by David Laing, 3 vols (Edinburgh: Ogle, Sir James Balfour, Historical Works, 4 vols (Edinburgh, 1824-25)

Besly Edward Besly, Coins and Medals of the English Civil War (London: Seaby and National Museum of Wales, 1990) Blount Thomas Blount (transl), The Art of Making Devises ... Whereunto is added A Catalogue of Coronet-Devises both on the Kings, and the Parliaments side in the late Warre (London, 1648) Blount (1655) CJ

Thomas Blount (transl), The Art of Making Devises (London, 1655)

Journals of the House of Commons

Clarendon Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, edited by W D. Macray, 6 vols (Oxford, 1888) Cokayne

Complete Baronetage, edited by G.E. Cokayne, 3 vols (Exeter: Pollard, 1900-1903)

Cole (Parl) Jonathan Cole (Printer), The Devices, Motto's &c. Used by the Parliament Officers on Standards, Banners, &c. in the late Civil Wars proper to be bound up with ye Lord Clarendon's History (1722) Cole (King) Jonathan Cole (Printer), A Display of the Royal Banner and Standards bore by the Loyalists in the Grand-Rebellion. Begun Anno Dom. 1641 (1722) Cromwell The Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell with Elucidations by Thomas Carlyle, edited by S.C. Lomas, 3 vols (London: Methuen, 1904) De Gomme Sir Bernard De Gomme, The Journall of the Seige of Bristoll (1643), edited by Stephen Ede-Borrett in The Storm of Bristol: De Gomme's Account (Leeds: Raider Books, 1988) Denton, Crisis Barry Denton, The Crisis in the Army 1647 (Leigh-on-Sea: Partizan Press, 1984) Denton, 'Sedascue' Barry Denton, 'George Sedascue 1612-88,' English Civil War Notes and Queries 1 (1984), 5-6. Denton, Vermuyden, Barry Denton, The Regiment of Vermuyden and Cromwell, Regimental Histories of the New Model Army (Leigh-On-Sea: Partizan Press, 1990)

x

Abbreviations

Dillon Lord Harold Arthur Dillon, 'On a MS List of Officers of the London Trained Bands in 1643,' Archaeologia, 52 (1890), 129-44 DNB

Dictionary of National Biography

Ede-Borrett Stephen Ede-Borrett, Flags of the English Civil Wars, Part One, The English Colours of Foot, 2nd edition (Leeds: Raider Books, 1989) Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle Stephen Ede-Borrett & Brian McGarrigle, Flags of the English Civil Wars, Part Two, The Scottish Colours of Foot and Cornets of Horse, 1639-1651 (Leeds: Raider Books, 1989) Everitt Alan Everitt, The Community of Kent and the Great Rebellion 1640-60 (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1966) Firth & Davies C.H. Firth and Godfrey Davies, The Regimental History of Cromwell's Army, 2 vols (Oxford: Clarendon, 1940) Fol Folio. A leaf in a printed book or manuscript numbered on the recto or obverse side. For convenience I have numbered recto folios as la, 2a, etc., and the reverse (verso) side of these same leaves as Ib, 2b, etc. Fortescue I.W. Fortescue, Catalogue of the Pamphlets, Books, Newspapers nad Manuscripts Relating to the Civil War, the Commonwealth and Restoration, Collected by George Thomason, 1640-61, 2 vols (1908). Frank Joseph Frank, The Beginnings of the English Newspaper 1620-1660 (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1961) Fraser Edward Fraser, 'Notes on Two Cavalry Standards of Cromwell's Time,' The Journal of the Society of Army Historical Research, 2 (1923), 74-77 Furgol Edward M. Furgol, A Regimental History of the Covenanting Armies 1639-1651 (Edinburgh, John Donald, 1990) G.B.M. G.B.M., Note in The Journal of the Society of Army Historical Research, 8 (1929), 64-65 Gardiner S.R. Gardiner, History of the Great Civil War, 4 vols (1886-91; rpt London: Windrush, 1987) Gardiner, Documents Samuel Rawson Gardiner (ed), The Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution 1625-1660, 3rd edition, revised (Oxford: Clarendon, 1979) Gentles Ian J. Gentles, The New Model Army in England, Ireland, and Scotland, 1645-1653 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992) Giovio Paolo Giovio, Dialogo dell'imprese militari et amorose (Lyons, 1559)

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xi

H.M.C. Bath Historical Manuscripts Commission. Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Marquis of Bath Preserved at Longleat, Wiltshire, Vol I (London: HMSO, 1904) Harl British Library, Harleian Manuscript Hawkins Edward Hawkins (compiler), Medallic Illustrations of the History of Great Britain and Ireland to the Death of George II, edited by Augustus W. Franks and Herbert A. Grueber, Vol I (London: British Library, 1885) Hayes-McCoy (a) G.A. Hayes-McCoy, 'A Battle Flag of the Irish Confederation, 1643,' The Irish Sword, 2, no 6 (1954-56), 122-25 Hayes-McCoy (b) G.A. Hayes-McCoy, A History of Irish Flags from Earliest Times (Dublin: Academy Press, 1979) Haythornthwaite Philip Haythornthwaite, The English Civil War 1642-1651: An Illustrated History (Poole, Dorset: Blandford Press, 1983) Hill, Who's Who C.P. Hill, Who's Who in Stuart Britain, revised edition (London: Shepheard-Walwyn, 1988) Junius

Hadrianus Junius, Emblemata (Antwerp, 1575)

Kightly (a) Charles Kightly and Anthony Barton (illustrator), 'Standards of the English Civil Wars,' Military Modelling, Vol 7, no 6 (June 1977), 382-85 Kightly (b) Charles Kightly and Anthony Barton (illustrator), 'Standards of the English Civil Wars,' Military Modelling, Vol 7, no 9 (September 1977), 602-3, 607 Kightly (c) Charles Kightly and Anthony Barton (illustrator), 'Standards of the English Civil Wars: The Parliamentary Cavalry,' Military Modelling, Vol 7, no 12 (December 1977), 851-53, 876 Kightly (d) Charles Kightly and Anthony Barton (illustrator), 'Standards of the English Civil Wars,' Military Modelling, Vol 8, no 4 (April 1978), 280-82 Kightly (e) Charles Kightly and Anthony Barton (illustrator), 'Standards of the English Civil Wars: Dragoons and Auxiliaries,' Military Modelling, Vol 8, no 8 (August 1978), 612-14. Lawson Mike Lawson, For God and the North: A Concise History of Roundhead and Royalist Activity in the North of England, 2nd edition revised (Leigh-on-Sea: Partizan Press, 1987) LJ

Journals of the House of Lords

Malcolm Joyce Lee Malcolm, Caesar's Due: Loyalty and King Charles 1642-6 (London: Royal Historical Society, 1983)

xii

Abbreviations

McGarrigle and Barton Brian McGarrigle and Anthony Barton (illustrator), 'Standards of the English Civil Wars: The Scots,' Military Modelling, Vol 8, no 12 (December 1978), 942-44. Meehan

C.P Meehan, The Confederation of Kilkenny (Dublin: Duffy, 1846)

Moran Patrick Francis Moran, Spicilegium Ossoriense: Being a Collection of Original Letters and Papers Illustrative of the History of the Irish Church From the Reformation to the Year 1800, 2nd Series (Dublin, Gill, 1878) Muddiman J.B. Williams [pseudonym for Joseph George Muddiman], A History of English Journalism to the Foundation of the Gazette (London: Longmans, 1908), NAM

National Army Museum (London), Manuscript

Nelson & Seccombe C. Nelson and M. Seccombe, Periodical Publications 1641-1700: A Survey with Illustrations, Occasional Papers of the Bibliographical Society, No 2 (London: The Bibliographical Society, 1986) Newman Peter R. Newman, Royalists Officers Dictionary (New York: Garland, 1981)

in England and Wales 1642-60: A Biographical

Newman, Companion Peter R. Newman, Companion to the English Civil Wars (New York, Oxford, Sydney: Facts on File, 1990) Niblett

J.D.F. Niblett, Gloucestershire Notes and Queries (15 February 1881), I, 130

Papers Papers Relating to the Army of the Solemn League and Covenant, edited by C.S. Terry, 2 vols (Edinburgh: Scottish Historical Society, 1917-18) Paradin Peacham

Claude Paradin, Devises heroiques (Lyons, 1557) Henry Peacham, Minerva Britanna (1612)

Peachey/Prince Stuart Peachey and Les Prince, E.C.W. Flags and Colours. 1: English Foot (Leigh-onSea: Partizan Press, 1991) Peacock The Army Lists of the Roundheads and Cavaliers the Names of the Office in the Royal and Parliamentary Armies of 1642, edited by Edward Peacock (London: Hotten, 1863) Potter Lois Potter, Secret Rites and Secret Writings: Royalist Literature 1641-1660 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989) Prestwich John Prestwich, Prestwich's Respublica (London, 1787) Rawlinson Bodleian Library, Rawlinson MS D942

English Emblem Tradition Ravvl B

xiii

Bodeleian Library, Rawlinson MS B48

Reid, The Finest Knight Stuart Reid, The Finest Knight in England: Sir Thomas Tyldesley, his Regiments and the War in the North (Leigh-on-Sea: Partizan Press, 1987) Reid, Officers Stuart Reid, Officers and Regiments of the Royalist Army, Being a Revised Edition of the List of Indigent Officers, 1663, 4 vols and Introduction & Index with pages numbered consecutively (Leigh-On-Sea: Partizan Press, 1988) Reid, Scots Stuart Reid, The Scots Armies in the 17th Century: Part 2: Scots Colours (Leigh-On-Sea: Partizan Press, 1990) Reid, Scots (2) Stuart Reid, Scots Armies of the 17th Century. 1. The Army of the Covenant 1639-51 (Leigh-On-Sea: Partizan Press, 1988) Reid, Scots (3) Stuart Reid, The Scots Armies in the 17th Century: Part 3: Royalist Armies 1639-46 (Leigh-On-Sea: Partizan Press, 1989) Ricraft Josiah Ricraft, A Survey of Englands Champions and Truths faithfull Patriots (London, 1647), collected by John Leycester in The Civill Warres of England (1649; rpt London, 1818) Ripa Cesare Ripa, Iconologia (Rome, 1603) Robert Roberts Keith Roberts, London & Liberty: Ensigns of the London Trained Bands (Leigh-On-Sea: Partizan Press, 1987) Roberts, 'Maiden Troops' Keith Roberts, 'Maiden Troops,' British Civil War Notes and Queries, no 12, pp 10-11. Rubinstein Hilary L. Rubinstein, Captain Luckless: James, First Duke of Hamilton 1606-1649 (Edinburgh & London: Scottish Academic Press, 1975) Rush worth John Rush worth, Historical Collections (London, 1692) Ryder Ian Ryder, An English Army for Ireland (Leigh-On-Sea: Partizan Press, 1987) Scott-Giles

C. Wilfred Scott-Giles, The Romance of Heraldry (London: Dent, 1929)

Sig Signature. The letters printed in the tail margin of the first leaf (and usually succeeding leaves) of each gathering or section of a book as a guide to the binder. Where printed page numbers are absent or incorrect, references are given to signatures, the recto or obverse side being signified by an 'a' and the rear or verso by a 'b'. A sequence of four pages (two leaves) might thus be: sig Mia, sig Mlb, sig M2a, sig M2b. The letters employed usually ran from A to Z, by convention omitting J, U and W.

xiv Slingsby

Abbreviations The Diary of Sir Henry Slingsby, edited by Daniel Parsons (London, 1836)

Spalding John Spalding, Memorialls of the Troubles in Scotland 1624-1645 (Edinburgh, 1792) Sprigge

Joshua Sprigge, Anglia Rediviva; Englands Recovery (London, 1647)

Spring Laurence Spring, Officers & Regiments of Waller's Army, Vol I (Leigh-on-Sea: Partizan Press, 1989) Spring II Laurence Spring, Officers Press, 1990)

& Regiments of Waller's Army, Vol II (Leigh-On-Sea: Partizan

Stewart Captain William Stewart, A Full Relation of the Late Victory (London, 11 July 1644). Contains (pp 14-16) 'A List of the Enemies Coronets and Colours.' (Thomason Tracts E54.19) Stephens Frederick George Stephens, Catalogue of Political and Personal Satires, Preserved in the Department of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum (1870; rpt London: British Museum, 1978) Symonds Richard Symonds, Diary of the Marches of the Royal Army During the Great Civil War, edited by Charles Edward Long (London: Camden Society, 1859) Temple Robert K.G. Temple, 'The Original Officer List of the New Model Army,' Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 59 (1986), 50-77 The manner how the prisoners The Manner how the prisoners are tobe Brought into the City of London this Present Saturday being the 21. day of lune, 1645 (London, 1645). Contains (pp 3-5) a list of captured Royalist colours. (Thomason Tracts E288.45) Thomas Peter William Thomas, Sir John Berkenhead, 1617-1679: A Royalist Career in Politics and Polemics (Oxford: Clarendon, 1969) Turner James Turner, The Politics of Landscape: Rural Scenery and Society in English Poetry 16301660 (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1979) Walker

Edward Walker, Historical Discourses Upon Several Occasions (London, 1705)

Wallington Nehemiah Wallington, Historical Notices of the Events Occurring Chiefly in the Reign of Charles I, 1 vols (London: Richard Bentley, 1870) Warburton Eliot Warburton, Memoirs of Prince Rupert, and the Cavaliers, 3 vols (London: Richard Bentley, 1849) Wedgewood C.V. Wedgewood, The King's War 1641-1647 (1958; rpt Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983) Whitney

Geffrey Whitney, A Choice ofEmblemes (Leiden, 1586)

English Emblem Tradition Williams

xv

Dr. Williams's Library (London), MS Modern, folio 7

Williams, Montrose Ronald Williams, Montrose: Cavalier in Mourning (Edinburgh: Barrie & Jenkins, 1976) Wither George Wither, A Collection of Emblemes (London, 1635) Young, Imprese

Alan R. Young, The English Tournament Imprese (New York: AMS Press, 1988)

Young Peter Young, The English Civil War Armies (London: Osprey, 1973) Young, Edgehill Peter Young, Edgehill 1642: The Campaign and the Battle (Kineton: The Roundwood Press, 1967) Young, Marston Moor Peter Young, Marston Moor 1644: The Campaign and the Battle (Kineton: Roundwood Press, 1970) Young, Naseby

Peter Young, Naseby 1645: The Campaign and the Battle (London: Century, 1985)

Young, Cavalier Army Peter Young, The Cavalier Army: Its Organisation and Everyday Life (London: Allen & Unwin, 1974)

GLOSSARIES Commonly-Used Terms Book of Common Prayer: the official Church of England prayer book. Charles Fs attempts to impose a version upon the Scots was a leading cause of the Bishops' Wars. On 4 January 1645 Parliament abolished it and imposed penalties upon those who used it. A revised Book of Common Prayer was introduced following the Restoration. Cavalier: term for Royalist during the Civil Wars. The Parliamentarians used it as a term of abuse, but for the Cavaliers themselves the term came to embody the concept of honour and gentility. Clubmen: armed resisters to both sides in the Civil Wars, chiefly consisting of farmers and country people in the west who did not want the war fought in their region. Commonwealth: the term loosely applied to the period between the execution of Charles I and the restoration of Charles II. However, it is more accurate to define it as the period between the declaration of the Republic (19 May 1649) and the beginning of the Protectorate (16 December 1653). Compound (Composition): system whereby a Royalist or Catholic Recusant could settle according to a graduated scale for past 'misconduct' against Parliament by paying a fine levied upon his property. Covenant: (see Solemn League and Covenant) Covenanters: term generally applied to Scottish Presbyterian soldiers (see Solemn League and Covenant). Delinquents: Parliamentary term for those who supported Charles I, whether actively or passively. Dragoons: mounted infantrymen. They almost always fought on foot, using their horses to move from place to place. Eastern Association: Parliamentary alliance of various eastern counties from which was recruited an army commanded by the Earl of Manchester. Episcopacy: system of church government that involved bishops. The system was abolished in Scotland in 1638 and in England in 1646. Episcopacy was re-established in England at the Restoration. Fifth Monarchists: believers in the imminence of a fifth monarchy (that of Christ). Active in the 1650s, they were willing to use violent means to prepare for the supposed new era. Five Members: the five Members of Parliament whom Charles I attempted to arrest in the House of Commons itself. The members, who were forewarned, managed to escape before the King arrived. They were John Hampden, Sir Arthur Hesilrigge, Denzil Holies, John Pym, and William Strode. Foot: a general term for infantry soldiers. Forlorn Hope: a body of soldiers positioned prior to battle in such a way that they would suffer the full brunt of the enemy's initial attack and thus allow their fellows a greater chance of success in the ensuing engagement. Horse: term for cavalry. Independent Troop: a troop that was never regimented. Many of the County Troops, for example, were not regimented even though they existed throughout the War. Independents: a general term applying to many sects sharing a common rejection of state-regulated worship. Irish Catholic Confederacy: an alliance between Irish Catholics that provided an alternative government for Ireland. In return for the cessation of hostilites against them on 23 April 1643, Charles I hoped to free troops for service in England. Laudian: descriptive term for anyone or anything associated with the policies of Archbishop Laud, who favoured uniformity in worship, the use of a common prayer book, and the establishment of

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certain ceremonial rituals and reforms in church furnishings that many Parliamentarians considered 'papist' in character. Levellers: a radical group that sought an agreement with the Royalists, the abolition of the House of Lords, and religious toleration. Statements of Leveller ideas appeared in the Large Petition of 1647, the Humble Petition of 1648, and the Agreement of the People of 1 May 1649. The movement was particularly active between 1647 and 1649. Long Parliament: met on 3 November 1640 and was not dissolved until 16 March 1660. Following Pride's Purge in 1648, it was known as the Rump. Cromwell expelled the Rump in 1653, and Parliament did not meet again until 1659. Magna Carta: the treaty obtained from King John by the nobility in the 13th century. It was a central tenet of Parliamentarian political belief that the principles set out in Magna Carta were under attack by Charles I and his advisors. Midland Association: association of Midland counties from which an army was recruited led by Lord Grey of Groby. New Model Army: the Parliamentary army created in 1645 following dissatisfaction with the current Parliamentary armies. Northern Association: grouping of the north-eastern counties from which a Parliamentary army was recruited. Parliamentarian: one who supported, whether in arms or otherwise, the cause of Parliament during the Civil War period. Presbyterian: one who believed in the government of the church by presbyters. By definition Presbyterians were opposed to episcopacy. Pride's Purge: a purge of Members of Parliament conducted chiefly by Colonel Thomas Price on 6 December 1648. The M.P.s turned away on that day were considered to be hostile to the army. Parliament thereafter was known as the Rump. Protectorate: established on 16 December 1653, the Protectorate involved government by a Protector (Oliver Cromwell), a Council of State, and the House of Commons (a Second Chamber was added in 1657). It ended on 25 May 1659 when Cromwell's son Richard abdicated, having succeeded on the death of his father in 1658. Puritans: a broad term, particularly difficult to define with regard to the Civil Wars, that can embrace Presbyteri spiritual matters and down-played or opposed any form of state or regulated system of worship. They emphasized preaching and the reading of the Bible while seeking reforms in matters of ritual and worship. Recusants: those (particularly Roman Catholics or Quakers) who refused to attend the services of the Church of England. Recusants were fined severely. During the Civil Wars, the estates of Catholics were sequestered as a means of raising money for the Parliamentary armies. Initially, they were not permitted to compound for their estates. Regicides: the 59 persons who signed Charles I's death warrant, together with the two executioners. Later, Royalists sought vengeance against the Regicides. Royalist: one who supported Charles I and Charles II, whether in arms or otherwise, during the Civil War period. Restoration: the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II in May 1660. Root and Branch Bill: a bill of 1641 in response to a petition of some 15,000 London citizens. In essence the petition sought the abolition of the episcopacy 'with all its dependencies, roots and branches.' Roundhead: a term of opprobrium used for Parliamentarians.

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Glossaries

Rump Parliament: what remained of the membership of the House of Commons following Pride's Purge of the Long Parliament. Sectaries: followers of various radical non-conformist sects. The term was used as an abusive epithet and covered Baptists, Quakers, Fifth Monarchists, and others of the many sects that proliferated during the Civil Wars. Self-Denying Ordinance: a House of Commons bill of 9 December 1644 that prevented any Member of either of the Houses of Parliament from holding office or command, whether military or civil. Its enactment on 3 April 1645 meant that a number of military commanders lost their commands. The Earls of Essex and Manchester were probably the most notable of this group. Sequestration: chiefly refers to the seizure of the estates of Royalists following a Parliamentary ordinance of 27 March 1643. However, in areas under their control, Royalists enforces a similar process. Solemn League and Covenant:analliance concluded between Parlianment and the Scots on 9 June 1643 In return for Scottish military support, Parliament agreed to introduce a system of Presbyterianism in England. In September all members of Parliament and the army had to take the Solemn League and Covenant. A Scottish army invaded England in January 1644 and withdrew in January 1647. Thereafter the Scottish Covenaters fouth gaainst Parliament Trained Bands: military units drawn from the citizenry. They were organized on a county basis. The London Trained Bands played a particularly important role in support of Parliament during the first Civil War. Western Assocation: the association of western counties from which an army was recruited. Formed in Februay 1643, it was led by Edward Massey. It was disbanded in October 1646.

Terms from Heraldry and Vexillology Argent: the heraldic metal silver, represented by the colour white or silver. Armed: a human being or limb clothed in armour. Azure: the colour blue. Bars: narrow, horizontal stripe. Where there are several such stripes the term 'barry' is employed. Base: the bottom area of a flag or shield. Belled: a hawk's leg to which bells have been attached for hunting. Bend: diagonal strip on flag or shield from lower left (sinister) to upper right (dexter). Cadence: a system of small additions used to differentiate between the main bearer of arms in a family and cadet or junior members. Canton: a square area, less than a quarter, in top right (dexter) corner of a flag. Charge: any device placed upon a flag or upon another item on the flag. Chief: top area (no more than a third) of flag or shield. Circlet: a circular riband encircling the central device on a flag. Colour: a general term used to refer to a military flag. Cornet: a small fringed flag employed by units of mounted soldiers. Couped: of anything cut off cleanly (e.g. a human or animal limb or head). Crescent: a representation of a crescent moon with both horns upright. Crest: the decorative accessory placed upon the helmet in a coat of arms. Crined: term used to describe human hair, or animal's mane, when of a different colour from the body. Cross molline: a form of the cross whereby the arms end in curved branches like iron brackets. Demi arm: depiction of lower half of human arm.

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Dexter: the right side, from the point of view of a person bearing a shield or standing behind it. The same principle applies in vexillological description. Diapered: a pattern employed on a plain field to represent brocade. Dormant: a beast in a sleeping position. Entiled: an object which pierces another. Ensign: a flag, approximately 6 1/2 or 2 metres square, used by units of foot soldiers. Erased: of anything detached from its main body leaving a jagged edge (e.g. human or animal limb). Ermine: one of the heraldic furs, represented by white with black tails. Estoil: representation of a star with six wavy points. Falchion: a broad sword with curved blade. Fesse: a horizontal strip across centre of flag or shield. Field: colour(s) of flag or shield prior to anything further being placed upon it. Fly: part of flag farthest from the staff. Fleur de lis: stylized representation of lily. Fringe: the added border of a flag Guidon: fringed pennant narrowing to a point (or two points) at fly used by units of dragoons. Gules: the colour red. Hoist: the part of a flag nearest to the staff to which it is affixed. Issuing: of a charge when it comes out of another or from off the borders of a flag or shield. Label: a horizontal strip with pendant tabs across the top section of a flag or shield to denote a son (customarily the heir). Mullet (Mollet): a five-pointed star shape. Or: the heraldic metal gold, represented by the colour yellow or gold. Per bend: the division of a flag or shield diagonally from dexter chief to sinister base. Per pale: the division of a flag or shield vertically. Per fesse: the division of a flag or shield horizontally. Pur pure: the colour purple. Rampant: of a creature rearing up to fight and standing on one hind leg. Roundel: a circle. Sable: the colour black. Salient: of a creature that is leaping or rearing. Saltire: two strips crossed diagonally upon a flag or shield. Semee: covered all over or strewn with small charges. Sinister: the left side, from the point of view of a person bearing a shield or standing behind it. The same principle applies in vexillological description. Tenne: the colour tawny orange. Trick: to describe according to the proper heraldic shorthand method a flag or coat of arms. Trophy: an arrangement of weapons and other military items, usually commemorative of a victory. Vert: the colour green. Vuln: to wound. Wreath: twists of material placed between the crest and the helm in armorial bearings.

KEY EVENTS Adwalton Moor: 30 June 1643. Royalist forces of Earl of Newcastle defeated Yorkshire Parliamentarians of Ferdinando Lord Fairfax near Bradford in West Yorkshire. Aldbourne Chase: 18 September 1643. Prince Rupert defeated Earl of Essex while latter attempting to get his army back to London. Alton: Town in Hampshire. In February 1643 Parliamentary forces stationed there fought off Royalist assault. In December of same year more than 700 Royalist troops were attacked by Sir William Waller and killed in the parish church after they refused to surrender. Banbury: Important Royalist stronghold in Oxfordshire between 29 October 1642 and 8 May 1646. Besieged in 1644. Basing House (Siege of): Royalist stronghold in Hampshire of considerable strategic importance. Besieged in 1643, 1644, and 1645. Captured by Cromwell in October 1645. Bishops' Wars: 1639-41. Conflict between England and Scotland caused by violent Scottish reaction to Charles Fs attempts to impose church reforms in that country. Ended in Scotland's favour. Brentf London. However, beyond the town of Bretford were assembled the Trained Bands of London, and the Royalists withdrew to Oxford. Bristol (Siege of): 26 July 1643. Major port city. Taken by Prince Rupert. Chalgrove Field: 18 June 1643. Victory of Prince Rupert over Parliamentary forces led by John Hampden. The action took place as the Royalists were withdrawing to Oxford and were south east of the city. Cheriton: 29 March 1644. Victory of Parliamentarians led by Sir William Waller between Cheriton and Alresford in Hampshire. Chewton Mendip: 10 June 1643. Victory of Royalists led by Prince Maurice in Somerset. During battle Prince Maurice was captured. Cirencester: Gloucestershire town captured by Prince Rupert on 2 February 1643. On 15 September that year the Earl of Essex captured a number of Royalist cornets from the Royalist forces at Cirencester. Civil War, 1st: 1642-46. Officially began when Charles I raised his standard atNottingham on 22 August 1642. It continued until 13 July 1646. Fought between King and his supporters (the Royalists) on one side and the Parliament and its supporters (these included the Scots from 1644) on the other. Civil War, 2nd: 1648. Began on 23 March 1648 as a result of a uprising in Pembrokeshire. Fought between the Royalists and the Scots on one side, and the Rump Parliament and the New Model Army on the other. Civil War, 3rd: 1650-51. Following Scottish recognition of Charles IFs right to Scottish throne, and following Charles IFs agreement to introduce the Presbyterian church in England and Ireland, Cromwell led an army north in July 1650. The two major events that followed were the battle of Dunbar (September 1650) at which Cromwell defeated the Scots and the battle of Worcester (September 1651) at which Charles II was defeated. Cropredy Bridge: 29 June 1644. A costly and unsuccessful action against Royalist forces by Sir William Waller that involved using a bridge across the River Cherwell near Banbury in Oxfordshire. Dunbar: 3 September 1650. Decisive defeat of Scots under David Leslie by Cromwell near Dunbar (Scotland). The Scots lost 3000 dead, and almost 10,000 were taken prisoner. Those slain on the English side numbered no more than 20. Edgehill: 23 October 1642. Major battle in Warwickshire. Inconclusive in that Royalists, who gained advantage, failed to follow up their success. Gainsborough (Capture of): A port in Lincolnshire. Occupied by Royalists in January 1643, but regained

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by Parliamentarians in July. While under siege by Royalists, relieved by Cromwell on 28 July, but Royalists captured the town on 31 of that month. Regained by Meldrum in December. Kentish Rising: The 2nd Civil War (1648) included an uprising of pro-Royalists in Kent. The Royalists siezed Rochester on 21 May, and Dartford and Deptford on 26 May. On 1 June the Royalist Earl of Norwich lost Maidstone to Fairfax and moved north across the Thames to Essex. Langport: 10 July 1645. Victorious action of New Model Army over Royalist forces in Somerset. Lansdovvn: 5 July 1643. Victorious Royalist attack on Parliamentary forces of Sir William Waller near Bath (Somerset). Lichfield: A Royalist cathedral town and garrison in Staffordshire. Besieged by Lord Brooke in February 1643. Parliament took the town but Brooke was killed. Liverpool (Capture of): Important port in Lancashire. Captured by Prince Rupert on 11 June 1644 and remained in Royalist hands until December of that year. Marston Moor: 2 July 1644. Major battle in Yorkshire in which Royalist army of Earl of Newcastle was destroyed. Nantwich: 28 January 1643 and 25 January 1644. Site in Cheshire of two battles. In both the Royalist forces were defeated. Naseby: 14 June 1645. Decisive defeat of Royalists by New Model Army in Northamptonshire. Newark-on-Trent: An strategic Royalist stronghold in Nottinghamshire. Resisted various sieges in February 1643, March 1644, and November 1645. Surrendered on 6 May 1646. That in 1644 involved a significant defeat of the Parliamentary forces under Sir John Meldrum. Newbury, 1st: 19-20 September 1643. A battle in which Royalists in Newbury (Berkshire) attempted prevent Parliament army under the Earl of Essex from reaching London on its way back from Gloucester. However, the Royalists withdrew to Oxford on the second day and Essex was able to continue. Newbury, 2nd: 27 October 1644. Royalist victory over Eastern Association troops under Earl of Manchester. Philiphaugh: 13 September 1645. Decisive defeat of Marquis of Montrose and the Royalists by Covenanter army under David Leslie just north of the Anglo-Scottish border. Powick Bridge: 23 September 1642. First real engagement of First Civil War. Royalist forces led by Prince Rupert encountered advance units of the Earl of Essex's army near Worcester. These latter were worsted. Preston: 17 August 1648. A major Parliamentary victory by Cromwell over Royalist invading army led by Duke of Hamilton between Wigan and Preston (Lancashire). Rowton Heath: 24 September 1645. Action involving Royalist cavalry and Parliamentarian soldiers beneath walls of Chester which Charles I had just entered. The Parliamentarians under Michael Jones were victorious. Round way Down: 13 July 1643. Victorious Royalist action against Sir William Waller's forces in Wiltshire near Devizes. Waller's army was destroyed. Selby: 11 April 1644. The Royalist Yorkshire forces were decisively defeated south of York by the Parliamentary forces under Ferdinando Lord Fairfax and his son Sir Thomas Fairfax. St Fagans: 8 May 1648. Defeat of Royalist forces of Rowland Laugharne by New Model in South Wales. Torrington: 16 February 1646. New Model Army attacked and defeated Royalist forces holding town of Torrington (Devonshire). Winceby: 11 October 1643. Victorious action of Eastern Association forces under Sir Thomas Fairfax against Royalists in Lincolnshire. Worcester: 3 September 1651. Massive victory of Parliamentary forces under Cromwell against Royalist

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Key Events forces of Charles II. After the battle Charles went into hiding and thence into exile so ending the 3rd Civil War.

INTRODUCTION THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR FLAGS Most students of the English emblem have to date chiefly been concerned with printed emblem books, but increasingly scholars have recognized that within English culture at large a more considerable body of emblematic material once existed in more ephemeral media: jewelry, tapestries, embroideries, carved chimney pieces, painted portraits, decorated armour, and the painted shields used in masques and tournaments, to name only some of the main examples. Because such media were part and parcel of a way of life of an elite that was privileged in terms of wealth, education, and political power, it is difficult to know how much the sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century fashion for all things emblematic was shared at other levels of the social spectrum. However, that vast numbers of Londoners attended lord Mayor's Shows, royal entries, and the tournaments held in Tudor and Jacobean times, and the fact that much emphasis was placed in these forms of spectacle upon emblematic presentation, suggests that the popular consciousness shared to some degree in the fascination with the emblematic mode. In August 1642, when King Charles I raised his standard at Nottingham, he launched that tragic period of English history known variously as the 'Great Civil War,' the 'Great Rebellion,' the 'Puritan Revolution,' the 'English Revolution,' the 'War in Three Kingdoms,' or (in recognition that several conflicts were involved) the plural 'Civil Wars.'1 Unwittingly, he opened the way for a quite unexpected outpouring of emblematic creativity, one that was to be very public in nature. The origins of the phenomenon were explained by Thomas Blount in 1646. In the prefatory epistle to his The Art of Making Devises, Blount refers to the important function of emblematic devices in Tiltings, Tournaments, and Masques.' He then reminds his English readers that although the ongoing civil war has resulted in such entertainments being 'for the present laid aside,' there is still a role for emblematic devices: 'as those Justing or jesting Wars are disused, so have we now an earnest, though much to be lamented Warre, which renders them more usefull then ever.' Blount then goes on to say that the kind of emblematic device formerly used on the shields of knights at English tournaments has now transferred itself to the military flags of the warring factions.2 Such flags were of course familiar to the soldiers who served under them, but because armies tramped the length and breadth of the country, they were observed by countless other citizens not directly involved in the fighting. Interest in the flags appears to have been considerable. They were often described in newspaper accounts, and they were put on public display when captured. The material in this volume is a product of the descriptions and drawings made by a number of eye-witnesses, who thus provided a permanent record of one of the richest and most substantial bodies of English emblematic art. Blount was correct in suggesting that the most immediate origin of the Civil War flag devices was to be found among those created earlier for tournaments. With their characteristic combination of motto and picture designed to express the personal intentions, aspirations, or state of mind of their bearers, the emblematic devices used in English tournaments (or imprese to use the most common descriptive term for the art form) had somewhat obscure origins and were the product of numerous influences, especially important among which was the necessity for a man in armour to have some means of identification, whether in war or during a tournament. The coat of arms had in part served this function, but heraldic insignia, because they were fixed, did not permit the same kind of personal statement and exercise of witty invention that were possible with an emblematic device created especially for a particular occasion or cause. Besides, there was a particular reason for not using coat-armour upon one's flag. As Gervase Markham explained in The Sovldiers Accidence (London, 1635), he 'that in his Colours shall carry full Coate-Armour, doth indiscreetly; for he puts that honor to hazard, which he may with more honor keepe

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in safetie, and inticeth his enemie by such ostentation to darre beyond his owne nature' (p 32).3 Thomas Venn, writing after the Restoration, echoed the same sentiment.4 That said, however, it should be noted that the use of one's heraldic colours on a cornet was a common practice (one recommended by Markham),5 and in Scotland the inclusion of one's crest or some part of it was almost standard, and not unknown in England.6 In only a few rare instances that I have come across was coat armour used on either ensigns or cornets.7 As an alternative to using anything derived from a rest or coat-armour, a number of Colonels of Foot used their family badge, a practice that had its origins in the medieval use of family badges on military standards. In 1644, for example, Sir Edward Stradling's Regiment of Foot used the Stradling cinquefoil, Lord Percy's the Percy crescent, and Sir Gilbert Talbot's the talbot-hound.8 It was Paolo Giovio, in his influential Dialogo delle imprese militare e amorose (Rome, 1555), who provided the standard explanation of the lineage of the emblematic device employed in warfare. He pointed out that following the invasion of the Italian peninsula by the forces of Charles VIII and Louis XII, the military profession in Italy imitated their French counterparts by adorning themselves with imprese embroidered on their breasts and backs as a convenient way of distinguishing one military unit from another in battle.9 However, he was careful to trace the origins of this practice back to the ancients, who, according to such authorities as Virgil, Pindar, Statius, and Plutarch, used crests and ornaments on their shields and helmets. It is also clear from what we know about tournaments that romances such as Amadis de Gaule, Primaleon, Palmerin de Oliva, and Tirant lo blanch, and the devices ascribed to the heroes of such works and to such figures as Orlando, Rinaldo, Oliver, Ganelon, and King Arthur were equally influential on Renaissance practice. Samuel Daniel, elaborating upon Giovio and fully aware of the long-established use of emblematic devices in England at tournaments and masques, was also aware of their place in warfare. In the 1585 prefatory epistle to his translation of Giovio, he remarked that emblematic devices 'are neuer worne but either in true or fained warre, or at lusts, Turneis, Maskes, or at such like extrauagant shewes.'10 Fifty-seven years later in England, 'lusts, Turneis, Maskes' and their accompanying emblematic device were no more. But, as Blount explained, the emblematic device had retained its other role, and in 1642 it had been revived as a tool of 'true' rather than 'fained' war when bloody internal conflict broke out and began to change Britain for ever. Uses of Emblematic Devices in War Both of the principal combatants in the English Civil Wars (King and Parliament) had continual difficulties in the field with problems of recognition. Though attempts were made as the conflict progressed to give a distinctive uniform to whole units of infantry (cavalry on both sides tended to wear buff coats and distinguish themselves in other ways) and even regiments,11 both sides had frequently to rely upon 'field signs' and 'field words.'12 The former could be almost any form of visual identification that proclaimed the wearer's allegiance. Coloured sashes, for the most part restricted to officers and to cavalrymen, were a favourite. So long as both sides used different colours, they were moderately effective as 'signs.' Royalists tended to favour red sashes, often accompanied by red and white feathers in helmets or hats, and Parliamentarians tended to choose other colours, the most familiar being the orange-tawny sashes associated with the Parliamentary army commanded by the Earl of Essex. Hat ribbons were also used in this way, and again among Royalists red was a favourite colour. Examples of other such 'signs' were white handkerchiefs (employed at the relief of Basing House in 1644), bands of paper (employed by some Parliamentarians at Naseby), and sprigs of foliage (employed by the Parliamentarians at 1st Newbury), all attached to the helmet, the hat, or upper arm. At the storming of Dartmouth by the New Model Army in January 1646, The Parliament soldiers adopted a most unusual mode of dress by having 'their shirts out before and behind.'13 Almost as important as 'field signs' were 'field words' or passwords. At Naseby, for example, the Royalist 'field word' was 'Queen Mary,' while that of the Parliament

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forces was 'God is our Strength,' at Cropredy Bridge the Royalists had 'Hand and Sword' and their opponents had 'Victory without Quarter,' and at Alton the Royalists had 'Charles' and the Parliamentarians had Truth and Victory.' When the Scottish army fought against Montrose at the Battle of Tippermuir in September 1644, its word was the fearful 'Jesus and no quarter,'14 and at Dunbar in 1650, the Scots used 'The Covenant' and Cromwell's army chose 'The Lord of Hosts.'15 All such devices, however, were easily open to misinterpretation and abuse. At Marston Moor, for example, Fairfax, after taking the white handkerchief from his hat, was able to pass through the enemy lines with impunity. Two years before, the Royal banner that was lost at Edgehill and that had cost the life of the King's standard-bearer, Sir Edmund Verney, was recaptured when Captain John Smith, a Catholic officer of the King's Life Guards, and three companions disguised themselves in orange-tawny scarves, passed freely through the Parliament lines, and seized the standard from Mr. Chambers, Cromwell's secretary.16 Somewhat later in the war in September 1644, the same trick worked again when Royalist soldiers disguised themselves as Parliamentarians when going to the relief of Basing House by wearing orange-tawny scarves and hat ribbons.17 Where mistakes were made, the results could be tragic for the party concerned. When Sir Faithful Fortescue at the Battle of Edgehill led his troop over to the Royalist side, a number of his men were killed because they forgot to remove their orange sashes. Then, at Chalgrove, a number of Parliamentarians wearing red sashes were spared by the Royalists because it was assumed they were Royalists, whereas at the same engagement a certain Mr. Howard and Captain Gardner mistook some red sashes as belonging to Parliamentarians, followed them, and were captured.18 More helpful, though by no means infallible as a means of identification,19 were the various types of flags: colours (otherwise known as ensigns) for units of foot soldiers, cornets for units of horse, and guidons, the two-pointed pennons for units of dragoons.20 Flags were made from lengths of silk (taffeta or the cheaper sarcenet),21 and they were made up by tailors. Their size and shape varied according to the nature of the military unit. A company of foot would have a colour approximately six and a half feet (2.0 metres) square. An ensign of this type would be carried on a pole that was about seven and a half to eight feet (2.29 to 2.44 metres) in height and surmounted by a finial of iron or brass shaped like a spear head. Two short decorative cords hung from the base of the finial.22 The company officer entrusted with the company flag during any action had the rank of ensign, this title lending itself to the commonly-used term for the flag itself. Each regiment of foot would generally use similar ensigns but would follow a system of differencing, so that the ensign of each of its companies was distinct in some way from that of other companies in the same regiment. By this means soldiers were assisted in regrouping with their units if they became separated in the chaos of battle. The necessity for such a means of identification was noted by Ward in his Animadversions ofWarre (1639) in which he notes that the colonel of a regiment 'ought to have all the Colours of his Regiment to be alike, both in colour and fashion to avoide confusion so that the souldiers may discerne their owne Regiment from the other Troopes; likewise, every particular Captaine of his Regiment may have some small distinction in their Colours; as their Armes, or some Embleme, or the like, so that one Company may be discerned from another.' For the most part such ensigns of foot were largely abstract in design, and, though certain writers of the time on military affairs outlined elaborate explanations of the symbolic meaning of the various available tinctures for flags,23 such schemes appear to have been ignored. There is no evidence that I am aware of that would permit one to attach any emblematic significance to the actual tincture chosen for a flag. Thus, though John Lucas in his manuscript compilation of the flags of the London Trained Bands explained that red 'Signifieth Justice or a noble and worthy anger in the defense of Religion or the oppressed' (he gave other interepretations for White, Yellow, Blue, Green, Orange, Black, Purple, and Mauve), there is no sign that suggests the members of the Trained Bands themselves attached any significance to the colours of the flags under which they served. Any distinguishing marks used to create a system of differencing in an infantry regiment were painted

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upon whatever base tincture was provided by the underlying silk of the flag. The painter was not the same person as the tailor who made up the material. Thus, when Charles Fairfax ordered ensigns for his regiment of foot in May 1649, he asked that the taffata be obtained 'at Mr. Cutter's or where it may best be had,' but his chosen device should be 'painted by my old friend Mr. Knight, a herault that dwells in Shoe Lane.'24 It is important to note that as part of any system of differencing few ensigns used mottoes and few used any kind of emblematic device.25 The system of differencing they most commonly employed was described by Captain Thomas Venn in his Military Observations, Or the Tacticks Put into Practice (London, 1672): The Colonels Colours in the first place is of a pure and clean colour, without any mixture. The Lieutenant Colonels only with Saint Georges Armes in the upper corner next the staff; The Majors the same; but in the lower and outermost corner with a little stream Blazant, And every Captain with Saint Georges Armes alone, but with so many spots or several Devices as pertain to the dignity of their respective places.26 This, together with the variation upon it by which the major's colour is distinguished by a single device and subsequent captains by two or more repetitions of the same device, is the most common system. Other distinct systems are known to have been used, but their intricacies need be of no concern here.27 Cornets of horse were somewhat different from ensigns of foot. They were much smaller (approximately 2 feet or 0.6 metres square), no doubt because a larger flag would have been impractical for a mounted soldier. They were carried on lances eight to nine feet (2.44 to 2.74 metres) in length. As Gervase Markham explained, the officer (cornet) bearing his captain's flag should carry it, ... charged on his right thigh ... The substance of the Cornet should be of Damaske, and the forme must be almost square, (onely a little longer from the staffe then on the staffe,) and fringed about sutablie. The staffe shall be small like a foote Ensigne, and not so long as an ordinary Launce; it must be headed with Steele, and either guilt or silverd; with faire Tassels sutable to the Cornet. If the Cornet belong to a greater Officer, it shall then be of one entire Colour, of lesse quantitie and full square; And in this Cornet, the Captaine may carrie devise and word, or els none, at his owne pleasure. (The Sovldiers Accidence, p 44) What Markham says is clearly depicted in the woodcut frontispiece to George Wither's Campo-Musae, Or the Field-Musings of Captain George Wither (London, 1643). This depiction of a cornet shows all the features Markham describes, including Wither's motto ('Pro rege lege grege') and the accompanying emblematic device of crossed sword and pen. In addition, the woodcut shows the staff of the cornet attached to a baldric that would be worn by its bearer when on horseback. As Markham's description and Wither's frontispiece make clear, cornets were far more varied in design and colour than ensigns of foot. They included, for example, a decorative fringe on three sides, and, although the cornets of colonels were generally plain, those of lower ranking officers, particularly captains, were highly individualistic, and it is among these flags that the use of mottoes and emblematic pictures was most common. However, though there may have been considerable freedom of expression with regard to the individual invention of each emblematic cornet device, the same freedom did not extend to the field and fringe of the cornet. Though not mentioned by Markham, troops of horse within the same regiment shared the same field and fringe tinctures, thereby ensuring a degree of uniformity. Also not mentioned by Markham is that whereas an ensign appears to have been regarded as belonging to the company that carried it, so that it remained with a company even if its commanding officer changed, a cornet was

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associated far more with the officer who commanded the troop that carried it and was consequently not passed on if the troop commander changed. Indeed, one may assume that the emblematic signs on cornets were frequently the invention of the officers themselves and hence expressive, in the manner of an impresa, of their own point of view concerning the wars and their role in them. But, like modern bumper-stickers, they were also designed to influence those who saw them. They were, as I hope to demonstrate below, a form of propaganda. They proclaimed a cause and sought in many instances to justify that cause to the viewer. As such, they were part of that much broader propaganda war for minds and hearts that accompanied the military conflict. Guidons, concerning which surviving information is relatively slight, were about the same size as cornets. They too were fringed, but were clearly distinguishable on account of their swallow-tail shape. Designed to be used by dragoons, a form of mounted infantry that usually fought on foot, travelling from place to place on horseback but never charging like units of horse,28 guidons appear to have followed the system of differencing employed by regiments of foot for their ensigns. A number of the guidons that we know about also employed mottoes, and for that reason they too are included in the Index. Those of Colonel Wardlaw's regiment, for example, were uniformly blue and fringed in gold, with a white canton and red St. George cross. They bore no pictures, but each, except that of the Colonel, had a different motto in gold letters. Sources Fortunately, as already remarked, descriptions, drawings, and prints of the flags of the Civil War are fairly numerous. As can been seen from this Index, information concerning almost 500 of those having mottoes, pictures or both has survived.29 The most important source of information about the flags is found in a group of manuscripts providing hundreds of what are often coloured illustrations of Civil War flags. The motives behind the compilation of these manuscripts are somewhat obscure. In at least one instance where someone carefully copied down the names of all the commanders and descriptions of all the colours of the London Trained Bands, the artist (William Levett) was probably a Royalist spy. In other instances, the manuscripts appear to have been in part the product of the antiquarian's desire to record such material for its own sake. However, there may on occasion have been a more official purpose. Following any major engagement when Royalist flags were captured, the Parliamentary forces returned the flags to Westminster where they were put on display.30 This was certainly the case following the Battle of Marston Moor (1 July, 1644), for example, when the flags and prisoners captured by Parliament were paraded through the streets of London and then described in a printed pamphlet.31 After the storming of Basing House, Hugh Peters (the army chaplain) was entrusted with making a report on the engagement to Parliament, during which he 'presented the Marquisses [i.e. the Marquis of Winchester's] own Colours, which he brought from Basing, the motto of which was, Donee pax reddit terris; ,..'32 A few months before, William Ryley, the official Parliamentary herald, had been ordered by Parliament following the Battle of Naseby (14 June 1645) to register and preserve 'in some convenient Place' all captured flags 'that have at any time formerly, or shall at any time hereafter, be taken from the Enemy.'33 That 'convenient Place' appears to have been Westminster Hall, an accessible and splendid location for Parliament to show off the spoils of victory. Following the Parliamentary victories at Preston (17 August 1648) and Dunbar (3 September 1650), the captured flags were sent to Westminster. One report at the time, anticipating the arrival of the flags in London, stated that when all of them arrive 'it is conceived the Parliament will give order for hanging them up (as Trophies) in Westminster Hall, the Abbey, or some other eminent place.'34 The following January, 'A Book was presented to the Parliament by Mr. Speaker, from Mr. Ryley; being a perfect Registry of all the Colours taken from the Scotts^5 Later that year, following the Battle of Worcester (3 September 1651). Cromwell sent Captain Orpyn 'with the Colours

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taken in the late fight;—at least as many of them as came to my hands, for I think very many of them have miscarried. I believe the number of these sent will be about an Hundred.'36 The Commons then ordered that 'these several Colours taken in the Fight at Worcester, be hung up in Westminster Hall, by Mr. Riley, Norroy King at Arms: And the Number, with the Motto's and Devices, be by him entered in the Book with the rest; ,..'37 Unfortunately, Riley's registries of captured flags can no longer be found. They do not appear to be in the Public Record Office, the College of Arms, or the British Library, nor can they be found in the most likely location, the House of Lords Record Office. It seems very probable that they disappeared in the disastrous Tally-Stick' fire of 1834 that destroyed so many important Parliamentary records.38 As for the flags themselves, these were hurriedly removed from Westminster Hall on the eve of the Restoration of Charles II. On 9 May 1660, Parliament ordered that the Commonwealth arms be removed and replaced with 'the King's Majesty's Arms' and the next day further ordered 'That the Scots Colours, taken at Dunbar and Worcester, and now hanging up in Westminster-hall, be forthwith taken down: ,..'39 However, even without Riley's work, there has survived a substantial record of many Civil War flags in the work of others. Perhaps acting in some form of official capacity, Jonathan Turmile drew pictures of a number of the flags captured by the Parliament armies at Edgehill (23 October 1642), Cirencester (15 September 1643), Newbury (20 September 1643), Marston Moor (2 July 1644), Naseby (14 June 1645), and elsewhere in smaller engagements during the early years of the conflict, and the care with which even damaged flags are drawn suggests that Turmile was directly copying the captured flags.40 The bulk of Turmile's manuscript, however, is a record of Parliamentary flags. Somewhat later, following the Battles of Preston and Dunbar, another heraldic painter, Fitz-Paine Fisher, painstakingly illustrated 'A Perfect Registry' of all the flags captured on those two occasions. After Preston and the surrender on Warrington Bridge (19 August 1648) of the entire twenty regiments of Scottish Foot, a very large number of ensigns were handed over, and, six days later, when the Horse surrendered, at least two cornets were taken.41 Those flags that eventually reached London provided Fisher with the first part of his work. Following the Battle of Dunbar, Cromwell told his son's father-in-law that 'about two-hundred colours' had been taken, and in a later letter to Parliament he mentions 'forty or fifty, which were taken at the engagement in Fife' (i.e. Inverkeithing).42 In his 'A Perfect Registry of all the Collovrs Taken from the Scotts,' Fitz-Paine Fisher depicted the ensigns and cornets that eventually reached London and hence provided one of the most comprehensive of the extant records.43 Like Turmile's pictures of captured Royalist flags, it too appears to have been made from direct observations of the flags themselves since damaged flags are shown as such. Was this work commissioned by Riley, one wonders, and presented to Parliament in January 1651,44 or (if not) was it a copy of Riley's register? As the following list will show, other illustrated manuscripts of the Civil War flags are also extant, most of them consisting of descriptions and drawings of Parliamentary flags only. These include two manuscripts dealing with the ensigns of the Trained Bands of London and largely devoid of mottoes or emblematic devices. They hence are of no great significance to this study. Other manuscripts seem to be of varying date and often contain material that can be found in other more authoritative manuscripts. Only occasionally do they contain a unique record of a flag. For the most part the various manuscripts listed do not record their authors' names. Their sheer number is of some significance, however, since it attests to the strong interest at the time in the flags.

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(a) Manuscript Sources The following are the principal manuscript sources that I have to date been able to locate.45 They provide much of the material listed in the Index: i) British Library. MS Harleian 1377. 'Divers Emblems contrived for Ensignes of Colours, befitting the Parliament's Army, in the time of the late Civil Wars. Done by an Arms-Painter.' No date. 18.5 x 12.25 cms. 24 fols. Watercolour (19 flags). Ink (4 flags). ii) British Library. MS Harleian 1383. 'Emblems.' No date. 14.5 x 9.25 cms. 93 fols. Pencil and ink. Contains 62 flags. Described in catalogue as 'Unfinished Draughts of Emblematical Devices, for Ensigns, in the Time of the late Civil Wars; being both for & against the King.' iii) British Library. MS Harleian 1397 (item 21). 'Deuises that was used vpon Cornet Banners.' No date. 33.0 x 21.5 cms. 2 fols. Ink. Contains 33 flags. iv) British Library. MS Harleian 1460. Fitz-Paine Fisher, 'A Perfect Registry of all the Collovrs Taken from the Scotts at Preston in the Covnty of Lancaster by the then Lievtenant Generall Cromwell An0 1648: As also of all the Collovrs both Horse and Foot Taken from the Scotts at Dvnbarr in Scotland by his then Excellency the Lord Generall Cromwell 3° Sept: 1650.' [1650.] 35 x 22.5 cms. 58 fols. Watercolour. Contains 19 coats of arms and 202 flags. Dedicated to Oliver Cromwell. v) British Library. MS Harleian 2275. 'Some drawings of the Devices used in Colours, in the Parliament Army, in their Rebellion against King Charles I.' No date. 23 x 16 cms. Watercolour. Includes 10 fols following fol 46 that contain 3 coats of arms and 8 flags. vi) British Library. MS Additional (Sloane) 5247. 'Regimental Banners Temp. Ch. I.' No date. 20 x 14.5 cms. 127 fols. Watercolour. Contains 239 flags. Probably the earliest and one of the most important of the extant manuscript sources for information about Parliamentary flags. vii) British Library. MS Additional 12,447. 'Banners of the Parliamentary Commanders.' 18th cent. 27.25 x 20.5 cms. 26 fols. Watercolour. Contains 51 flags. viii) British Library. MS Additional 14,308. John Lucas, 'London in Arms Displayed.' 1647. 22 x 17 cms. 38 fols. Watercolour. Contains 45 flags. Dedicated to Colonel John Hardwick. Depicts the colours of the London Trained Bands. Cf. Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson B48, dedicated to Sir John Gayer in 1647. ix) Dr Williams Library. MS Modern, Folio 7. Jonathan Turmile, 'The Colours, or Standards, and armorial bearings of certain officers in the parliament army 1642: and a List of the colours taken by the Earl of Essex general of the Parliament Army at Edgehill October 23 1642: and also of the colours taken by Sir Thomas Fairfax General of the Parliament Army at Knaseby June 14 1645.' After 1645. 31 x 19.5 cms. 153 fols. Watercolour. 306 flags. Particularly important because of the Royalist devices it includes. x) National Army Museum. MS 6208-1. 'Standards Taken in the Civil Wars.' No date. 13.5 x

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Introduction 8.75 cms. 88 fols. Watercolour. Some outlined only in ink. 163 flags. xi) National Army Museum. MS 6807-53. William Levett, 'The Enseigns of the Regiments in the rebellious Citty of London both of Trayned Bands and Auxiliaries.' September 26, 1643. Levett was probably a Royalist spy. xii) Bodleian Library. MS Rawlinson D942. 'Arms and Devices borne by Captains on their cornets in 1642.' No date. 12.25 x 6.5 cms. 45 fols. Watercolour and some pencil. Contains 117 illustrations (mostly flags but some coats of arms). xiii) Bodleian Library. MS Rawlinson B48. John Lucas, 'LONDON IN ARMES DISPLAYED OR THE DISTINCONS Millitary and Ciuill of the Comanders of Horsse troopes and Collonelss of the Trained Bands in the Cittie London. There Armes Blazoned and Etymoligies Peculiarly Pertaining To Armes.' [1647]. 33 fols. Dedicated to Sir John Gayer, Lord Mayor, together with the aldermen, sheriffs and colonels of London. Includes drawings of foot ensigns and sixteen cornets of commanders of troops of horse between 1642 and 1646 (fols llb-19a). Cf. British Library, MS Add 14,308, dedicated to Col. John Hardwick).

(b) Printed Sources In addition to the manuscript sources are printed materials. Of major importance is the dedicatory epistle to Blount's The An of Making Devises (1646). This contains descriptions of six Royalist and six Parliamentary emblematic flag devices. To this should be added the extensive 'Catalogue of CORONETDEVISES both on the Kings, and the Parliaments side in the late Warre' and the catalogue of 'CORONET-DEVISES FOR IRELAND' that he appended to the 1648 edition.46 He then expanded this material yet again in the 1655 edition by first adding material to his original catalogue of flags designed for use in quelling the Irish rebellion. He then added some additional lists: a catalogue of 'CORNETS, taken from the Irish Rebels in the late warres, the Bearers names not known' (all flags of the Irish Catholic Confederacy); a catalogue of 'COLORS both of Horse and Foot taken from the Scots under the Command of Duke Hamilton at the Battle of Preston in Lancaster in the yeare 1648'; a catalogue of 'SCOTCH COLOURS taken at the Battle of Dunbar in Scotland on the 3 of September 1650, as they are marshalled and hang up in Westminster hall, by order of Parliament, dated the 10 of September 1651'; and a catalogue of 'CORNET-DEVISES on the late King's part in the first Warre, omitted in their due places.' Although Blount only included one picture (a rebus used on one cornet), his descriptions of Civil War flags are invaluable for the comments that accompany them. Furthermore, some of the material, particularly that dealing with Royalist flags, is not to be found in any other seventeenth-century source.47 Less familiar is John Prestwich's Prestwich's Respublica (London, 1787), an unillustrated work with very detailed descriptions of over two hundred Parliamentary items. However, this is largely based on one of the manuscript compilations now in the British Library,48 and, though useful for its commentaries, is not as authoritative a source as the original manuscript. Also dating from the eighteenth century are two broadsides, each containing 48 illustrations. One shows Parliamentary, the other Royalist devices. They were printed in 1722 by Jonathan Cole and intended 'to be bound up with ye Lord Clarendons His[tory].' Copies exist in the Ashmolean Museum (Sutherland Collection), Oxford. The sheet of Cole's Parliamentary flags follows almost exactly the sequence of the manuscript collection of flag descriptions now in the Bodleian Library and listed above. The source of the broadsheet may have been this manuscript or some related version of it. However, sixteen of Cole's illustrations of flags are not contained in the Bodleian

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manuscript, but all sixteen of these flags are illustrated in the same British Library manuscript that Prestwich probably drew upon.49 I have, on the other hand, to date not found any obvious source for Cole's sheet of Royalist flags, but Blount's book seems the most likely since all the Royalist devices on Cole's sheet are in Blount, although the sequence is somewhat (but not totally) different. If I am correct in assuming that Cole's two broadsheets are based on existing manuscript and printed sources, then clearly they do not carry much authority. However, in the case of the Royalist flags, for which Cole's artist appears to have relied on the descriptions in Blount, the pictures are the only ones available and for that reason have been reproduced in this volume. We should be aware, however, that his pictures may only be imaginative reconstructions and not copies of existing flags or drawings of them. In addition to such sources, there are numerous references to the flags in contemporary newsletter accounts of military engagements and in the memoirs and diaries of participants. Of these types of sources, the most detailed record is A Full Relation of the Late Victory (London, 11 July 1644), one of a number of descriptions of the Parliamentary victory at Marston Moor. This contains a 'List of the Coronets and Ensignes, with their severall Motto's. Sent by the three Generals to the Parliament, By Captain [William] Stewart.' In all, some twenty-one cornets and twenty-six ensigns captured from the Royalists are described.50 Many more were captured but, as one contemporary account explains, 'though there was a Proclamation made to bring them in to the Generals, yet the Soldiers had already torn to pieces most of them, delighting to wear the Shreds in their Hats.'51 Equally useful is another Parliamentary tract published in London in 1645 following the victory at Naseby. It too includes a lengthy list of captured Royalist flags. Its title is self-explanatory: The Manner how the Prisoners are to be Brought into the City of LONDON this Present Saturday being the 21. day of lune, 1645 ... And in what manner they are to March through the City with their Colours that were taken ...As ALSO, A List of the Figures and Mottoes of the said Colours, and how afterwards they are to be disposed of. This document describes in detail about fifty-five captured Royalist flags (six of them cornets) and mentions that there are another thirty yet to arrive. Like those captured at Marston Moor, all the captured flags 'are to be Carried (splaying) before the prisoners,' as they are marched through London.52 Finally, there is the description of ten cornets designed for use by the Irish Catholic Confederacy and September to 5 October 1644). Blount probably used this report when he prepared his catalogue of 'CORNETS, taken from the Irish Rebels in the late warres, the Bearers names not known.'53 (c) Surviving Flags as Sources In addition to manuscript and printed sources, there are several Civil War flags that have survived. The most interesting are the two cornets of horse preserved in St. Mary's Church, Bromsberrow, a village in the north-west corner of Gloucestershire.54 One has the Royalist motto 'Religio Protestantium Leges Angliae Libertates Parlamentorum' (The religion of Protestantism, the laws of England, the freedoms of parliaments). This motto has been painted on and placed within a border of laurel leaves. The flag is made of white silk and measures 21 by 18 inches (0.53 x 0.46 metres). Its fringe is of red and white silk and gold twist, and there are cords and tassels of the same. The iron finial is five inches (12.7 cms) long. The cornet appears to have been that of Captain-Lieutenant Rhys Yate of Charles Gerard's Horse. The other flag at Bromsberrow is a Parliamentary flag that may have been that of a Captain Bragge. It is made of red silk, measures twenty-one by thirty inches, and has the motto 'Ora et pugna iuvit et iuvabit lehovah' (Pray and fight. God helps and will help). The emblematic device consists of an arm and hand in armour issuing from a cloud with a drawn sword. The colour of the flag according to early sources is tawny (the colour most in favour among the followers of the Earl of Essex), but modern accounts describe it as red. Another surviving flag (a colour of foot rather than a cornet) remains in the possession of a descendant of Colonel Sir John Cell, the Parliamentarian commander of Derbyshire. Approximately six feet (1.83

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metres) in height and six feet six inches (1.98 metres) wide, the flag is constructed of two lengths of gold silk with a horizontal seam. Upon this in the upper corner next to the hoist has been sewn a canton consisting of a two-foot (0.61 metres) square piece of white silk upon which is the red cross of St. George. The sleeve is only large enough to contain a one and a half inch (3.8 cms) diameter pole. Attached to the top of the sleeve are two 15-inch (0.38 metres) gold cords ending in tassels. Like most ensigns of foot, there is no motto or emblematic device. There is, however, a differencing mark consisting of five dark blue stars that have been stenciled on and that extend from the canton to the opposite bottom corner.55 The National Army Museum possesses another such ensign (formerly in the Royal United Services Institute), but this may date from just prior to the Civil War. It is approximately six and a half feet (1.98 metres) in height and seven feet (2.13 metres) wide with a canton two feet two inches (0.66 metres) in height and two feet seven inches 0.79 metres) wide. The ensign is blue in colour, has no motto or emblematic device, but employs a differencing mark consisting of three white piles wavy that extend from the canton to the opposite bottom corner.56 The most likely possibility is that this flag dates from about 1641 and was either designed for a pre-war Trained Band or for a regiment raised for the Bishops' Wars and disbanded in London.57 In the Royal Museum of Scotland, there are three Scottish colours of foot, all probably of the Civil War period. The field tincture of the first ensign is divided into blue and pink segments and there is a white saltire, at the centre of which is the device of a thistle. Some of the motto is missing because of the damaged nature of the ensign, but originally it probably read 'Covenant for Religion Crovne and Kingdom.' The flag (see 0050.1) is constructed of silk and is six and a half feet (1.98 metres) in width and four feet ten inches (1.47 metres) high.58 The second ensign (see 0050.2) is dark green with a white saltire. It is approximately six feet (1.83 metres) by five feet (1.52 metres). Some of the white painted lettering of the motto has flaked off but it originally read 'Covenant For Religion King and Kingdomes.' At the centre of the saltire are five red roses stalked green. The third surviving Scottish ensign was, according to tradition, carried by Colonel Scott's Regiment at Dunbar. It is five feet three inches (1.6 metres) by four feet four inches (1.32 metres), a size that has led to some doubt about its provenance. It is pale blue with a white saltire and has no other markings, so it is not included in the Index.59 Also extant, according to Ede-Borrett and McGarrigle, is a Scottish cornet (see 0050.3) with the motto 'Covenant For Religion Crovne And Kingdoms.' It is 23 inches (0.58 metres) wide by 20 and a half inches (0.52 metres) high, with a one-inch (2.54 cms) fringe around all three flying edges. It probably dates from the Second Civil War of 1648.60 One of the oldest surviving Irish flags, now preserved at the Dominican Priory in Tallaght, Co. Dublin, may date from the Civil War era. According to G.A. Hayes-McCoy,61 this was probably designed for use by the Irish Catholic Confederacy. Shaped like a guidon, though much larger (five feet one inch by three feet seven inches or 1.55 x 1.09 metres), the flag has a blue silk field, decorated with gilt arabesques representing vegetation. There is no motto, but at the centre is the figure of the Virgin and Child within a rosary,62 typical of the Catholic symbolism employed by the Confederacy and so maddening to the Parliament side. Finally, it is to be noted that the Museum of London recently acquired a folding screen upon which are displayed a series of painted emblems on silk. These may be a set of cornets from the Civil War period that were later given a very different life as an article of interior domestic decoration, but further research will be required before one can be certain whether the emblematic devices are indeed Civil War cornets. Their size is about right; their subject-matter is not unlike many of the flags listed here; and the fact that certain of them appear twice on the screen as though both sides of a flag have been used is very suggestive. However, without knowing more about their origins, it is difficult to be sure, so I have not listed them in this index.

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Significance The reason for so much interest during the seventeenth century in the Civil War flags is not hard to discern. Each flag embodied the honour and military reputation of the unit it represented, and all members of a unit usually swore allegiance to their flag when they enlisted. According to the Lowes and Ordinances ofWarre, issued for the Parliamentary army in 1642 by Robert Rich, the Earl of Warwick, 'No man shall abandon his Colours, or fly away in any battell, upon paine of death' (sig C2a). Similarly, members of the Scottish army in 1644 were 'sworn unto their colours,' and each new recruit had to swear 'never to leave the defense of this Cause, nor flee from my Colours so long as I can follow them.'63 A unit's flag had to be defended to the utmost, and anything less was unacceptable. As Thomas Venn put it, 'a greater act of Cowardice cannot be found, than to suffer the Colours to be lost.'64 For a unit to lose a flag was considered a grave dishonour that, theoretically at least, could only be redeemed by the capture of an enemy flag. Thus, the Prince of Wales' troop that lost its cornet at Hopton Heath (19 March 1643) had its honour restored only when Major Thomas Daniel captured a Parliamentary banner three months later at Chalgrove Field.65 To capture an enemy flag was by the same token considered particularly meritorious. Indeed, the Scottish commander-in-chief, Alexander Leslie, even included in the Articles and Ordinances ofWarre (Edinburgh & London, 1644) the statement that 'whatsoever Officer or Souldier shall take ... the Colours of the enemy, ... shall after the laudable example of the wisest, and worthiest Kingdomes and Estates, have his honour and reward according to his worth and deserving.'66 We know, too, from the account books of the New Model Army that rewards were given to soldiers who captured colours, and we may assume that other Civil War armies followed the same practice.67 By far the bestknown stories relating to this subject concern the Battle of Edgehill and the re-capturing of flags. As already mentioned, when Sir Edmund Verney was killed and the Royal standard captured, the standard was later recovered by Captain John Smith and three companions in an act of considerable daring and bravery, something for which Smith was knighted and given a special medal. In a separate incident during the same battle, Robert Welch, an Irishman in command of a troop of horse, recovered the standards of the King's Own Regiment. The following morning Prince Rupert presented Welch to Charles I, who conferred a knighthood upon him. The following year, on 1 June, a Royal Warrant was issued to make a gold medal for Welch.68 It was the ensign or cornet, the junior and third-ranking officers respectively in a company of foot or troop of horse, who served as bearers of flags. Such an office was understandably considered a great honour, but, as already noted, with it went the obligation to defend the flag to the utmost. It need not surprise us, then, that in the various surviving lists of the slain, ensigns and cornets seem to figure fairly prominently. Not surprisingly, the importance attached to captured flags meant that the degree to which one side had been defeated or had proved itself victorious in an engagement was measured, not solely by the numbers and the social rank of those killed or captured, but also by the numbers of flags captured. This in part explains why reports of military engagements are often so careful to note the numbers of flags that exchanged hands. Following the Battle of Marston Moor, for example, the victorious Parliamentarians reported that 'We took (to use the hyperbole) Colours without number, enough to make Surplices for all the Cathedrals in England, were they white.'69 In his report on the Parliamentary victory at Naseby, to cite only one further example, Joshua Sprigge listed the numbers and ranks of the prisoners taken (about 5,000), the number of those slain (uncertain at the time because of the army's speedy advance), the nature of the booty ('very rich and considerable'), the artillery pieces, wagons, and ammunition captured, the number of horses taken (200), and the number and significance of the flags captured: 'the Kings Colours, the Duke of Yorks Standard, and six of his Colours, four of the Queens white Colours, with double Crosses on each of them, and near one hundred other Colours both of horse and foot, ...'70 For those observing an army on the march or formed up ready for action, flags were also important

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as a rough and ready means of estimating the size of the army in question.71 Unless it was under strength (and it usually was due to sickness, desertion, and 'wastage'), a regiment of foot carried ten colours, one for each company. Theoretically, a regiment was made up of about 1,200 men, divided either into equal companies of 100 men or into companies of 200 men (the Colonel's), 160 men (the Lieut.-Colonel's), 140 men (the Major's), and 100 men (for each of the seven Captains). Both the Earl of Essex's army of 1642 and the New Model Army of 1645 used this latter system, while the Scottish army for service in Ireland in 1642 used companies of equal numbers. In the New Model Army cavalry, each regiment of horse generally had six troops, averaging some 100 men each when at full strength; however, a size of 60 to 80 men was normal in earlier armies. With such practices being common knowledge, it was thus possible to make a rough estimate of an army's numbers, even from some distance, according to the number of flags it displayed. Of more significance to the concerns of this volume, however, is what the emblematic devices employed on the Civil War flags have to say and how they say it. To be fully understood, these matters are best examined, I believe, within the broader context of the clash of ideologies, both political and religious, that spawned the war. In particular, the emblematic use of word and picture as a combative tool needs to be seen within the broader context of the propaganda war fought between Royalist and Parliamentarian presses before, during and even after the various military conflicts. As I hope this volume will reveal, the gentlemanly art of composing emblematic devices had now become part of an immense and cataclysmic struggle for hearts and minds. This is not the place to review in detail the scope of the unprecedented torrent of printed propaganda that both sides in the conflict produced in the form of declarations and counter-declarations, proclamations, petitions, pamphlets, newspapers, sermons, speeches, and ballads, but it is important to take into account its magnitude. Of special note, too, given the subject of this book, is the fact that the printed word was accompanied by an unprecedented explosion of visual images, the full impact of which has not to date been explored by historians of print culture. The battle of the printing presses that occurred through the 1640s and on through the 50s was not the first propaganda battle to accompany a military struggle (one may think of the French Wars of Religion), but, as one historian has put it, the 'English Civil War was the first European civil war to be fought within a society that possessed a well-established culture of the vernacular printed word.'72 Furthermore, with the lifting of censorship, the sluice-gates of controversy were opened, as is revealed by even the most casual glance at the list of some 20,000 printed books, pamphlets, broadsheets, and newsletters that the London publisher George Thomason systematically collected throughout the 1640s and 50s.73 As the first part of the straggle between King and Parliament progressed, King Charles established a network of printing presses in the main regions of the country (including London) but, following the move to Oxford, chiefly in that city.74 The Royalists, for all the disadvantages they faced, became remarkably adept at distribution,75 and of the two parties apparently had the greater control of the press.76 The first news-sheets appeared on the Parliament side in late 1642, but it was the King who was first to establish an official printed journal (Mercurius Aulicus) in January 1643,77 a widely published gazette edited first by Peter Heylin and then by Sir John Berkenhead (1616-1679), a former amanuensis to Archbishop Laud. The prime aims of Mercurius Aulicus seem to have been to advance the Royalist cause and the political and religious views of the King. While at one level, it was capable of printing material designed to insult individuals and Parliamentarians as a group, at a more serious level Aulicus 'relentlessly advocated the highest claims made for the King and his Prerogative,'78 and attempted to undermine the integrity of the Parliamentary coalition by portraying Parliament as (among other things) a 'forced assembly bent on rule by committee.'79 Accusations about the unrepresentative nature of Parliament were also common,80 while the alliance between Parliament and Scotland inevitably led as well to attacks on the Solemn League and Covenant. Aulicus not only advanced the ideal of the ecclesiastical state, staunchly supporting bishops,

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the orthodox clergy, and the Book of Common Prayer, but defended the use of Catholic troops and the Queen's allegiance to Rome.81 Besides offering up-to-date and supposedly accurate reporting on the latest military intelligence, considerable energy was also devoted to countering the contents of the innnumerable periodical publications, pamphlets, and other works emanating from the King's enemies in London, with their sensational tales of Royalist atrocities and Parliamentary successes. Parliament, of course, fought back. During the run of Mercurius Aulicus, over twenty periodicals appeared in London, alongside numerous pamphlets, all devoted to discrediting Aulicus and the rest of the Royalist propaganda machine.82 Important among the Parliamentary publications were such newsbooks as Mercurius Civicus (the first illustrated journal), The Scottish Dove, and The Spie, but most important and influential of all was Mercurius Britanicus, which first appeared in September 1643 and was apparently founded to counter the no doubt damaging effects of Mercurius Aulicus^ Such newsbooks, together with innumerable Parliamentary pamphlets, attacked the accuracy of Royalist military intelligence, gave damaging case histories of notable Royalists, particularly certain Lords who had left London for Oxford, made allegations concerning Royalist atrocities, and, while bitterly assaulting the Queen for her Catholicism, portrayed the King 'as the tool of Laudian Popish conspiracy,'84 arguing that the Prelacy was 'but a cloak for Popery.'85 Royalists were drunkards and swearers who had no repect for the name of God and no respect for the Sabbath, while Parliamentarians saw themselves as sober and God-fearing men. Beneath the traded insults, charges, and counter-charges, some fundamental issues were, of course, at stake, as the pamphleteers were well aware: the nature of political authority and in particular the prerogative of the monarch, the privilege of Parliament, and the rights of the people. In addition were such matters as the questions of what constituted the most desirable ecclesiastical polity and (for Puritan Parliamentarians) how to institute religious reformation. Only by immersing oneself, I believe, in this paper war can one really grasp the implications behind the military conflict, and, at a more modest level, only by doing this can one fully understand the Civil War flags and their emblematic devices. In what follows I will endeavour to discuss some of the different categories into which the flag devices of the Civil War period can be divided. As will quickly become apparent, they cannot be read in isolation from the broader propaganda war of which they were a small but potent part. Royalist and Parliamentarian Flags On the whole, very few Royalist or Parliamentarian flags appear to have been frivolous or to have implied, as often seems the case with the earlier English tournament imprese, that the bearer was not someone engaged in a deeply serious business. However, the unknown Parliamentary officer who depicted on his cornet an armed horseman trampling Cupid and gave as his motto 'Adieu 1'amour, vive la guerre' does seem to have lacked high seriousness. Similarly, the insulting Royalist cornet depicting a naked man with sword in one hand and erect penis in the other is also uncharacteristically frivolous, his motto 'In utrumque paratus' (Prepared for either) being a gross intimation, as Thomas Blount suggests, that the bearer 'was ready to fight at either weapon' (sig L3b). Still in this category, but primarily designed to insult rather than offer humour, are a related group of Royalist cornets referring to cuckoldom in some way. Their primary intent appears to have been to taunt the Earl of Essex, commander of the Parliamentary army and well-known to have had one unfaithful wife, if not two.86 Sir Horatio Gary, for example, who switched to the Royalist side in June 1643, used a cornet with the motto 'Come out you cuckold,' the picture being a fox in a barrel, described by Richard Symonds in his notebook as 'a fox pulling ye roundhead by ye eares.'87 Caryl Molyneux, another Royalist, had the motto 'Ad quid exaltatis cornu' (To what do you exalt this horn?), the pictorial device showing the head of a deer supported by five hands. Again the allusion is probably to Essex, the deer's antlers being another allusion to cuckoldry, a

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particularly apt one since Essex's crest was a stag's head.88 The five hands supporting the head allude to the Five Members (see below), a favourite object of Royalist hostility. Caryl Molyneux served as Lieutenant Colonel in the regiment commanded by his brother Richard. This latter also offered a personal insult to Essex. On his cornet he had two mottoes, 'Quid si refulsero' (What if I shine back) and 'Vae cornibus meis' (Alas for my horns). Accompanying the first motto was a picture of the sun. This is being obscured by a crescent moon to which the second motto is attached. As Blount points out, 'By the Sun surely was meant the King, and by the corniferous Cressant the Earle of Essex.'*9 Also Royalist and also intended as insults are two further cornet devices that introduce a familiar theme and tone in Royalist propaganda. Many Royalists believed that the Parliamentarians posed a threat to the social hierarchy. As a result, Royalists often assumed the stance of social superiority, of superior breeding, and of greater refinement.90 Indeed, as has already been noted, such an attitude of disdain towards the common people, together with the adoption of an aristocratic tone that mocked leaders of low birth, was a prime characteristic of the chief Royalist newspaper, Mercurius Aulicus.91 According to such a view, while 'all Nobles and Gentry' were for the King,92 those on the Parliamentary side were no better than 'Cattle as were never thought fit to die by the Sword.'93 But such views were not confined to the newsletters. They were a favourite theme in Royalist ballads, Alexander Brome's 'The Commons' (1645) being a typical example: And the scum of the land Are the men that command, And our slaves are become our masters.94 It was the widespread adoption of such attitudes that led John Hall in 1648 to attack the Royalists for their contempt of 'the Vulgar, which in their esteeme is so far inferior to themselves.'95 Two Royalist cornets vividly express the kind of attitude Hall had in mind. Sir John Berkeley, a colonel of Horse and Foot, took as his motto the words from Vergil (Eclogues 1.71) 'Barbaras has segetes' (Will some uncouth person possess this land? [literally: 'harvest']) and accompanied it with a pleasant landscape showing houses and cornfields being invaded by what Blount describes as 'beggerly people.'96 For Berkeley, the pastoral riches of England were threatened by a Parliamentary army that was no better than a mob of barbarians. Implicitly, too, Berkeley was alluding to a constant theme of Royalist propaganda—the threat to property created by the King's rebellious subjects. As the Royalist David Jenkins explained in his Lex Terrae (1647), 'Without the King and the Lawes, you will never have one hour of safety for your Persons, Wives, Children or Estates.'97 Intertwined with this is a broader and less explicit theme, suggestive of a sense of lost Arcadia or broken pastoral. Andrew Marvell's lines in his Nymph Complaining are a well-known expression of this sentiment: 'The wanton troopers riding by / Have shot my fawn and it must die, ...' Many poets of the time, Royalists in particular, evoked the Golden Age of Charles Fs reign prior to the wars. Margaret Cavendish was typical: All live with Plenty, full in every Store ... Their Lands are fertil, and their Barns are full, Orchards thick planted, from whence Fruit to pull: Of Cattel store feeding in Meadows green, Where Chrystal Brooks run every Field between; ...98 But with war, 'the Drum shall speak,' and

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... the Glebe Land Shall unmanured and untilled stand. The plough shall be neglected, and the corn, By th'horse hoofe trampled, fade before full born Tis fit for sickle-Graziers sell away Their beasts, lest kept they prove the souldiers pay." Unlike the Clubmen (see below), who were primarily concerned with economic matters and the threat to property, such statements hint at more. Evocations of the good land have political overtones. It is not just the land that is threatened but an entire social and moral order. Were the world to be turned upside down, so fervent Royalists assumed, 'Fools, Clownes, and very dunghill things, / Shall act the parts, of Lords, and Kings, ...'10° Although Sir William Compton, who later became Governor of Banbury, had no picture on his cornet, like Sir John Berkeley he expressed more than mere social snobbishness in his motto, one based on a line from Horace's third Ode: 'Odi profanum vulgus et arceo' (I hate and stay distant from the common crowd).101 Such attitudes may have been difficult to refute in any direct way, but they may partly explain why the Parliamentarians were at such pains to present themselves in their propaganda as godly men, as Protestants fighting against Papists, and as defenders of King, country, and religious reformation. As will be seen below, this self-image is vigorously expressed on many Parliament flags. Another very straightforward category of emblematic flag device consists of those obviously composed as the expression of the bearer's personal intent or point of view (something by definition typical of the impresa, as noted above). The Royalist General of the Ordnance, Sir Ralph Hopton, for example, used the motto 'Et sacris compescuit ignibus ignes' (He extinguished fires with sacred fires). His picture of a gold cannon firing makes the point but links the righteous zeal of the device with the personal responsibilities of Hopton's command. Other officers achieved a somewhat different form of personal expression by incorporating some device from their heraldic arms (usually only the crest and not the arms themselves, as explained above) into the design of their flags. Sir William Constable, for example, a Colonel in the Parliament army and later Governor of Gloucester, used the motto 'Soies ferine' (Be steadfast) and accompanied it with a picture of clouds and a pair of heavenly hands from which hang a gold anchor suspended by its flukes. The device expresses both the dependence of Constable (and his men) upon heavenly aid, together with their hope of receiving it, the anchor being a traditional symbol of faith and hope (see Hebrews 6:19). At the same time, however, the anchor was also the heraldic badge of Constable's famous naval family.102 William Waller's flag provides a similar example. Waller, who commanded the Parliamentary armies in the West until the Self-Denying Ordinance of 1645, used the motto 'Fructus virtutis' (The fruit of virtue), accompanied by the picture of a walnut tree, on which hangs a blue shield with three gold fleurs-de-lis with a charge to note a first son (the shield of Charles Duke of Orleans). This derived from Waller's heraldic crest and is a proud allusion, suitable for a military leader, to the Battle of Agincourt at which an earlier Waller captured the Duke. The walnut tree from which hangs the trophy of the Duke's shield, is of course an heraldic pun on the Waller family name. Puns of one kind or another were not unusual. Another Parliamentary officer, a certain Captain St. George, a Frenchman, used a different type of personal device, though one incorporating a kind of pun. To accompany his motto, 'Soyez, mon dieu, ma garde et mon appuy' (My God, be my protector and help), he chose to show St. George on a white horse killing a dragon. The dragon, one assumes, represents the forces of evil, in this instance the foes of Parliament, and St. George, traditionally the symbol of English chivalric and military virtue, might be a natural appropriation for either of the warring parties. At a private level, of course, the device operates as a flattering reminder of its bearer's name. Captain Sparrow, another Parliamentary officer, depicted a gold sparrow and a rose, the one a pun on his name,

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the other derived from his arms. A trifle more subtle perhaps was a certain Captain Blackwall, also on the Parliament side. His motto, 'Hie murus aheneus esto' (Let this wall be a bronze one), was accompanied by a picture of an open book inscribed 'Legis Evangelii' (Of the law of the Gospel). Surrounding the book is a black wall. Thus, the forces of Parliament are seen symbolically as the protectors of the holy word, but at the personal level that protection is seen as being offered by 'Black Wall' himself. Far more interesting than such witty (and not so witty) puns, so typical, it should be noted, of the earlier English tournament imprese, are those Civil War flag devices that sought to express the central political and religious attitudes of each respective warring faction. Very clear in this respect is the Royalist cornet preserved in St. Mary's Church, Bromsberrow (Gloucestershire), and mentioned earlier. It has the motto 'Religio protestantium leges angliae libertates parlamentorum' (The religion of the Protestants, the laws of England, the freedoms of parliaments). This motto, surrounded by laurel leaves to denote victory, uses a text derived from Charles Fs declaration to the Privy Council at Wellington on 19 September 1642. This was published as His Majestic's Declaration in Defence of the True Protestant Religion at Oxford and later reprinted at London on 13 June 1643. The text of the motto was particularly familiar among Royalists since it was used by the King on a number of gold and silver coins issued between 1642 and 1645. Apart from the possible implications of the references to 'leges Angliae,'103 such a motto may appear rather conciliatory in its reference to 'libertates parliamentorum.'104 Furthermore, the explicit espousal of 'Religio protestantium' is by implication a denial of the common charge made by the Parliamentarians that the Royalists were in the the service of papal interests. That charge was hardly a new one. On 3 May 1641, the opening complaint by Parliament in the Protestation Oath concerned 'the designs of the Priests and Jesuits, and other adherents to the See of Rome' who 'have of late been more boldly and frequently put in practice than formerly, to the undermining and danger of the true reformed Protestant religion in His Majesty's dominions.'105 The document concluded with a solemn 'promise, vow and protest to maintain and defend ... the true reformed Protestant religion expressed in the doctrine of the Church of England, against all Popery and popish innovation within this realm.'106 Understandably, Royalists attempted to subvert the anti-Royalist implications of such Parliamentary sentiments once hostilities began in earnest. Typically, the Royalists claimed such sentiments as their own. The words of 'Religio protestantium,' if used by a Royalist, thus say more than might at first appear. Matching the phraseology of such Royalist devices were numerous Parliament devices that retained a seemingly pro-monarchy stance. Their point of view, however, is fully in keeping with the widely-held idea that has already been noted above and that was so well expressed in the Parliamentary declaration of 27 May 1642 and in A Declaration of the Lords and Commons Assembled in Parliament (London, 17 October 1642), that the King had been led astray by 'wicked Councel,' assisted by 'papists, the prelatical and corrupt part of the Clergy, the delinquent Nobility, and Gentry, & by the confluence of some notable tray tors from beyond the seas, ... and of many desperate mercenary and ill affected persons from all parts of the Kingdome.' As one pamphleteer put it, 'All that beare Armes against the King are Rebells all, but we beare Arms for the King and the Parliament, therefore we are good subjects all.'107 In spite of later events, the signatories to the Solemn League and Covenant in 1643 also pledged themselves to 'preserve and defend the King's Majesty's personal authority.'108 In harmony with this view was the device of a certain Captain Fines, who, though on the Parliament side, used the motto 'Contra inimicos Caroli' ('Against the enemies of Charles') and depicted an armed arm and naked hand issuing from clouds and holding an unsheathed sword, the blade of which is inscribed 'Fiat Justitia' (Let justice be done). For his part, Lord Willoughby of Parham took the motto 'Non solem, sed nubilos' (Not the sun, but the clouds) and showed the sun enveloped by clouds as his way of suggesting that no fault lay with the King (the sun) but only with the evil ones who surrounded him (the clouds).109 In 1642 Parliament issued a medal depicting both Houses of Parliament and the motto 'Pro religione lege rege et parliamento' (For religion, law, the King, and Parliament), and the same motto was

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later used by the Earl of Manchester on two medals issued in 1643.110 Versions of this provided a favourite formula for many Parliamentarian flags, although sometimes the 'rege' was omitted, deliberately perhaps, and sometimes such significant terms as 'grege' or 'republica' were added. The flag of George Wither, the poet, emblematist, and pamphleteer, is a good example. Wither's device, as mentioned earlier, was an unsheathed sword and gold pen (a reworking of the traditional 'ars et mars' topos) with the motto 'Pro rege lege grege' (For King, law, and people). Equally typical was the flag of a Major Whitby who depicted a red human heart circumscribed by the motto 'Pro deo pugnamus, pro rege oramus, pro patria moriamur' (For God we fight, for the King we pray, and for our country let us die). When Roland Laugharne's regiment was raised for service in Ireland in 1646, he as Colonel used the motto 'Millissimus,' but in a unique fashion the remaining cornets of the regiment then collectively made up a complete phrase: 'Millissimus,' 'Pro religione,' 'Pro patria,' 'Pro libertate,' 'Pro deo' (The thousandth for religion, country, liberty, God). Even more forthright than this was the motto 'Viva el rey y muera el mal govierno' (Long live the King but death to bad government). This was the motto used by Lord Ferdinando Fairfax, father of Sir Thomas Fairfax. Fairfax's device accompanying his motto showed a vertical sword impaling the Papal triple crown. Presumably, Fairfax believed, like many of his contemporaries, that the sources of the bad influences on Charles derived from Rome. Many other Civil War devices are just as partisan. In search of authority for their respective ideological positions, both sides knew when to appeal to Biblical authority. A favourite Royalist text was understandably 'Render unto Caesar,' based on the Biblical injunction to 'Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's: and unto God the things that are God's' (Matt 22:21). A cornet that Charles I is said to have employed, for example, depicted the royal arms, a crowned lion passant, and the motto 'Dieu et mon droit.' Above these, however, was a bloody hand pointing to the crown on top of the arms, and linked to this was a second motto, 'Give Caesar his due.'111 Robert Dormer, Earl of Carnarvon and a staunch Catholic and Royalist supporter, used the motto 'Reddite Caesari' (Render unto Caesar) to express the proper duty and obedience owed by a subject to the King. Accompanying this was a picture of five hands (representing the Five Members) reaching for a crown. An armed hand issues from a cloud and defends the crown, the expression no doubt of Dormer's belief in Charles I's divinely-appointed status and the alleged traitorous and ungodly motives of the Five Members. But Dormer was not the only officer to make use of this text. Sir Edward Widdrington, who commanded a reserve brigade of horse at Marston Moor and went into exile thereafter, struck a similar theme with his 'Deo et Caesari' (For God and Caesar), and some years later in 1648, the Duke of Hamilton's Horse in the Scottish army, in its campaign against Cromwell, used the Motto 'Date Caesari' (Give unto Caesar) on their cornets.112 Another Biblical text (Romans 13) much-used by the Royalist side and often referred to in the newsletters and pamphlets of the time concerned the obedience owed to those in authority, including rulers. One particular cornet, which had no picture, did not even bother to quote the text in question but presented merely the inscription 'Romans XIII.' As would have been well known at the time, the relevant chapter in St. Paul's epistle begins: 'Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God.' The chapter, which continues with an exhortation that rulers be obeyed, then includes the following: 'Render therefore to all their dues: tribute to whom tribute is due; custom to whom custom; fear to whom fear; honour to whom honour' (Romans 13:7). Equally familiar was the Royalist fondness for Psalm 105:15 ('Touch not mine anointed'). When Edmund Verney, son of the King's standard-bearer killed at Edgehill, wrote to his brother who had decided to support Parliament, it was to this text that he appealed: 'I beseech you consider that Majesty is sacred. God saith "Touch not myne anointed".'113 William Marshall for his emblematic frontispiece engraving for Robert Ashley's Da vid Persecuted (1647), a translation of// Davide Perseguitate, transferred the purport to unmistakable topical analogy by depicting King David with the head of Charles I. In the background, a shield with the text ' The Lord is my Shield' issues from heaven to defend the King

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from a hostile army. Below are the words 'Touch not my Anointed, / And do my Prophets no harme.'114 These were very familiar words to seventeenth-century ears and, not surprisingly, not only was Charles a type of the persecuted David in the eyes of his supporters, but (especially after his imprisonment and execution) he was often seen as a type of Christ.115 This was clearly so in the case of the Royalist officer whose cornet was captured by the Parliament forces at Marston Moor (2 July 1644). Carried in triumph to Westminster with all the other captured flags, the cornet used a variation of the text of Psalm 105: 'Nolite tangere christos meos' ('Touch not my Christ-like ones'). This was accompanied by the picture of a crown. Below that was a mitre, and to one side (somewhat unexpectedly) was a depiction of the interior of the Parliament building.116 Parliamentarians were, of course, just as adept at finding appropriate Biblical texts. Indeed, to a far greater degree than their Royalist opponents, Parliament's supporters extolled themselves as inspired by God in whose cause they were fighting. The New Model Army in particular actively promoted godliness within its ranks. Scripture study was encouraged, chaplains and unofficial lay persons preached frequently, praying aloud was common, and there were days of humiliations involving prayer and fasting.117 It was a custom for soldiers to carry Bibles in their breast pockets, but even before the creation of the New Model Army, Robert Ram's The Souldiers Catechisme: Composed for the Parliaments Army (London, 1644) was extremely popular and went through several editions. It used Biblical texts to justify the actions of the Parliamentary army. Better-known is the famous The Souldiers Pocket Bible (London, 1643), a collection of Biblical texts grouped under such headings as 'A Souldier must not doe wickedly,' 'A Souldier must pray before he goe to fight,' or 'A Souldier must crie unto God in his heart in the very instant of the battell.' In character with such indications of piety was the custom of the Parliamentary armies to engage in psalm-singing. Before and after the Battle of Marson Moor, for example, the Parliamentary army vigorously engaged in singing psalms, and, to cite one other example, there is a Royalist account of Second Newbury which states that 'the rebels came singing psalms.'118 Whereas Charles I had offered the potentially limited appeal of 'Give Caesar his due,' Parliament had a flag, according to one source, that was 'black, with one or five buff Bibles.' Its motto written beneath in gold letters was 'God with us,'119 and whereas the Royalist motto contained a clear reminder of the uncomfortable requirement of unquestioned obedience to secular authority, the Parliament flag offered a very different message. It implied that those who fought under it, fought for God's word,120 not for those who might have subverted that word for worldly ends. Furthermore, by adopting the familiar Protestant motto, derived from Romans 8:31 ('If God be for us, who can be against us?') and associated with the Protestant wars against Catholic armies on the Continent,121 there was an implied suggestion that the enemy was somehow Papist. This last was something that was apparently a central tenet of much Parliamentary propaganda and an idea frequently proclaimed by many Parliamentary flags, a few examples of which will be cited shortly. For this reason, although both sides in the conflict took pains to defend and propagate the religious reasons for fighting, it was the Parliamentarians who most frequently invoked heavenly authority or used Biblical quotations on their flags.122 Matching the sentiment of 'God with us,' for example, were Parliamentary flags with such mottoes as 'If God be with us, who can be against us?' 'Deus nobiscum' (God is with us), 'Deus pro nobis' (God is for us), 'Quis contra nos' (Who is against us?), 'Be ye very courageous for the Lord fighteth for us,' 'Christo duce et auspice vincam' (With Christ as guide and protector I will overcome), 'Dabitur victoria sanctis' (Victory will be given to the holy ones), 'Deo duce nil desperandum' (With God as [our] guide there is nothing to despair of), 'Deo duce vincimus' (With God as [our] guide we are overcoming), 'Nostra est causa dei' (Ours is God's cause), 'Through God we shall do valiantly.' Typical of the Parliamentary use of Biblical quotations was the cornet of a certain Captain Clark. Upon an orange-tawny background, Clark had depicted an army in retreat. Some of the weapons of the soldiers

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have been thrown to the ground and their flag has been lowered as a sign of defeat. From clouds at one side issues an armed hand holding an unsheathed sword as if to strike the soldiers. As is very common in the iconography of the war flags, the arm from the clouds represents heavenly authority.123 All is then further made clear by the motto (The sword of the Lord and Gideon'), an allusion to Judges 7:18-20 and the story of Gideon's victory and the help he received from God.124 Somewhat similar in sentiment was the cornet of Captain John Norwood of London with its motto 'Coram Zerubbabel' (Before Zerubbabel). The accompanying picture was of a green mountain. From the clouds to one side emerge a naked arm and hand holding a hammer uplifted against the mountain. The allusion is to Zechariah 4:7 ('Who art thou, O great mountain? before Zerubbabel thou shalt become a plain'). The passage in question refers to the vision that Zerubbabel will rebuild the spiritual temple with God's aid in the face of all opposition. Of some interest, perhaps, is the fact that the Geneva Bible saw Zerubbabel as a prefiguration of Christ. Possibly this was in Captain Norwood's mind. Whatever the case, the device was certainly an expression of the presumed spiritual lightness of the Parliamentary cause and of the faith that it would prevail against any odds. Also citing Biblical authority and in this instance touching upon the central anti-episcopal and antipapist theme of much Parliamentary propaganda was the cornet of one Captain Ward. Against a red background was depicted King Charles I sitting upon a gold throne. He wears his crown and grasps his gold sceptre. To one side stands a bishop in a black square cap and lawn sleeves with his hand near the King's heart. Facing the King is a friar in a long brown garment and black hat. He has a long white walking staff in one hand. Another man, in a long brown robe and carrying a black staff, presents the King with a decker of beads from which hangs a cross. Advancing upon this group is an armed man in orange sash and with orange feathers in his helmet (one of Essex's men, no doubt). The armed man holds an unsheathed sword as if to strike the friar whom he grips by the shoulder. The motto is derived from Proverbs 25:5 and, comic-book fashion, issues from this soldier's mouth—'Eripiendo malos a conspectu regis stabilitur iustitiae solium' (By removing the wicked from the sight of the King, the throne of justice is established). As with some of the other cornets discussed earlier, it is not primarily the King who is at fault but those wicked and impious factions that surround him. Another group of Parliamentary flags, following the example of those employing buff Bibles on a black field, depict the Bible itself. The Royalist diurnal Mercurius Aulicus, as already mentioned, complained that this led simple folk to believe 'they fought in defence of the Word of God,' but, whatever the case, the depiction of a large book with metal clasps to signify the Bible was one of the commonest visual motifs used on the Parliamentary flags. Three brief examples will suffice to illustrate this feature. Heriot Washborne, for example, Captain of a troop of horse for the City of London, took as his motto 'My oath and sword maintaine this word.' He then defined this in pictorial terms by depicting a man in armour with his left arm akimbo and his hand on the hilt of his sword. In his right hand he holds a gold book (the Bible). For his part, a Captain Rainsborough took the motto 'Vincit veritas' (Truth conquers) and depicted a large book with gold clasps. Inscribed on its cover is 'Verbum Dei' (The word of God), and to the right an armed arm raises a curved sword that is flaming at its tip. To these one may add the somewhat unconventional device created by Sir Edward Peto, Governor of Warwick Castle and a Lieutenant Colonel in Essex's army. During the Royalist siege of Warwick Castle, Sir Edward hoisted on a flagstaff a shroud and a Bible (possibly the objects themselves rather than a flag depicting them). Though there was apparently no accompanying motto, his intention, according to one contemporary commentator, was to signify that he would occupy the shroud before he would betray the Bible.125 As one might expect, the religious conflicts of the war were expressed by each side in attacks upon the other, although again specifically religious concerns seem primarily the preoccupation of the Parliamentarians. Major Peter Pudsey, a Roman Catholic Royalist, took as his motto Tradentur in manus gladii' (They will be delivered to the sword). Accompanying this was a picture of a hand holding a raised

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unsheathed sword about to cut off the heads of a multi-headed beast, perhaps the Hydra, but more likely the many-headed beast of Revelation, both creatures being a common image in Royalist writings for what Blount refers to as the 'Sectaries of these times.'126 Equally negative was the Royalist Sir Marmaduke Rawdon's motto 'Mallem mori quam foedari' (I would prefer to die rather than be contaminated) and his picture of an ermine, symbol of royalty and an animal that according to common belief could not survive the pollution of its fur. Though the device may be read as a simple social insult, Blount felt that its intent was religious and involved an expression of dislike for the Covenant. Inevitably, the Parliamentary flags, while on the one hand expressing their faith in the revealed truth of the Bible, held little back in their attacks on all things papist, bishops, and anything smacking of Laudianism, with its emphasis on ceremonial, the sacraments, and the priesthood. It was, after all, during the Civil War period that episcopacy was abolished, the Archbishop of Canterbury (William Laud) executed, many bishops imprisoned, the use of the Book of Common Prayer forbidden, and the celebration of Christmas and Easter halted, while cathedrals were used as prisons, stables, and barracks, and churches of all kinds were frequently denuded of 'popish' tomb inscriptions, images in glass, stone, or wood, altar rails, altars, choir stalls, rood screens, brasses, crosses, prayerbooks, organs, clerical vestments, and even printed music. It was in this climate of opinion that on his cornet, Captain Sandberd, for example, showed a kneeling bishop threatened by a man in armour with a sword. The armed man is asking 'Visne episcopare' (Do you want to be a bishop?) and the bishop responds 'Nolo, Nolo, Nolo' (I refuse). Equally anti-episcopal was the cornet of Captain Gabriel Mills (or Miles) who used the motto 'Pro deo et patria' (For God and country) and depicted an armed man holding a sword in his right hand and a laurel wreath in his left. With his foot he signifies his views on episcopacy by trampling upon a bishop's mitre. Combining several such Parliamentary targets of attack was the flag of Samuel Kem, a minister 'sometime of Low Leyton in Essex' and chaplain to the Earl of Mulgrave.127 Kern's cornet shows a walled city, a favourite Protestant symbol. However, the city has a breach in its walls and this is defended by two men. One has a sword in one hand and a trowel in the other, a well-known emblematic device with Biblical origins that alludes to the Jews who both build and defend Jerusalem. The other man holds a sword and a book (presumably the Bible). From this latter's mouth, motto-like, ascend the words 'Let us arise up and build. God shall fight for us.' Those who attack the city (the New Jerusalem?) are a Jesuit priest in a black cloak, a cardinal in a scarlet cloak, a man in armour, and a bishop wearing a square black cap, one hand uplifted and the other holding a sword 'as if to denote vengeance,' according to one source.128 The first three of these attackers in some of the manuscript sources hold grappling hooks, and from the bishop issues the second motto: 'Let us down with it to the ground.' Another Parliamentary officer depicted his own version of the many-headed beast, this one wearing a variety of hats, including a bishop's mitre on one head and a square cap on another. A group of armed men, presumably intended to represent the Parliament forces, attack the beast with pikes. The motto for this device was 'Vincit agnus' (The Lamb conquers). In a very similar cornet with the motto 'Innocens vincet' (The innocent one conquers), the human figures are replaced by the Lamb of God with the banner of victory (a cross of St. George), the traditional symbol of the triumph over death won by Christ's martyrdom.129 For the Parliamentarians, the Royalists were in league with Antichrist, a common theme in Parliamentary propaganda,130 Antichrist being the Pope or anything papist in character, or even King Charles himself. Captain Williams, for example, took as his motto 'Antichrist must downe. If you support him, he will pall upon you' and depicted the Pope in his triple diadem seated on a throne. A soldier in a red sash (presumably a Royalist) holding a raised sword defends him against a man in the tall dark hat and clothes of a sober Parliamentarian. This latter attempts to pull the Pope from his throne. As The Souldiers Catechisme: Composed for The Parliaments Army (London, 1644) put it, even the Protestants fighting on the Royalist side were in effect maintaining 'the cause of Antichrist.' The same widely-read document also stated that the chief aims of the Parliamentary soldiers were 'the pulling down of Babylon, and rewarding

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her as she hath served us, Psal. 137.8,' and 'the suppression of an Antichristian Prelacy, consisting of Archbishops, Bishops &c.'131 Equally anti-papist, and ironically employing a motto based on Psalm 68:1 ('Let God arise, let his enemies by scattered') that had appeared on a number of Royalist coins and on a Royalist medal struck about the year 1642,132 was an unknown Parliamentary officer's device: 'Exurgat deus dissipentur inimici.' For his picture he presented a naked hand issuing from a cloud (the hand of God) holding a balance and a pair of scales. In one scale a gold book (the Bible) weighs everything else down, and beside it appropriately is the inscription 'Vincat veritas' (Truth conquers). The other scale contains a rosary and various other papist objects. Pulling down on the balance is a friar dressed in a grey robe with beads and cross at his waist. The friar attempts unsuccessfully to pull the balance down in favour of this the lighter side. Other flags are less explicitly religious in their content but play upon the Royalist designation of the Parliamentarians as Roundheads. Charles Gerard, a leading Royalist commander, depicted a sphere on the cornet for his lifeguards, together with the motto 'At all that's round.' Another Royalist officer showed a die displaying only the odd numbers. His motto was 'Ut cunque quadratus' (Square in every way), expressing his dislike of all things round but affirming too his stability and 'evenness,' the die being always square and erect and resting on an even number. Very similar to this is another Royalist flag showing a hand casting a die and the motto 'Semper iactatus semper erectus' (Always tossed about [but] still upright). Perhaps mindful of such statements, Colonel Edward Cooke, who served on the Parliamentary side in Waller's army, took for his motto 'Muto quadrata rotundis' (I change square things into round things). His picture showed a man in armour holding a black square cap, the customary headgear of the Anglican cleric. With his sword the man chops off the corners of the cap, as menacing an image of religious reform as one could ask for. Similar to this was an unnamed Royalist officer's cornet captured at Marston Moor (2 July 1644). Its motto 'Fiat iustitia' (Let justice be done) was accompanied by the picture of a round head. On top of it was the letter 'P' (for 'Puritan'?) and from a cloud issued a hand with a sword, no doubt expressive of an assumed divine displeasure with all roundheads and Puritans.133 But the debate between square and round did not end there. On 8 April 1645, the Parliamentary Perfect Occurrences, commenting on the bloodthirstiness of the Royalist party (stories of atrocities committed by the other side were a familiar propagandist theme of both Royalists and Parliamentarians), described a Royalist flag with the motto 'Non quadratus' (Not square). The accompanying picture showed a Protestant's head, the ears cut off 'as if thus they hoped by their Army, to make the conditions of the Protestants in England.' Another distinctive subject for the Civil War flags was Parliament itself. One Royalist cornet, that of Sir John Culpepper, depicted the exterior of the Parliament building. Upon the apex of the roof were displayed two skulls, no doubt those of two traitors. His motto 'Ut extra sic intra' (As is the outside so is the inside) implied that there were traitors both without and within. This particular flag, captured at Cirencester in 1643, so disturbed the two Houses of Parliament that a special committee was set up to investigate the matter.134 One particular theme of Royalist opprobrium already mentioned above was directed at the so-called Five Members, the group of Parliamentarians (John Pym, John Hampden, Arthur Hesilrige, Denzil Holies, and William Strode) who had been accused prior to the war of being traitors. In the House of Lords, the Attorney General, Sir Edward Herbert, had on 3 January 1642 accused this group of High Treason. Allegedly they had 'traitorously endeavoured to subvert the fundamental laws and government of the Kingdom of England, to deprive the King of his regal power, and to place in subjects an arbitrary and tyrannical power over the lives, liberties and estates of His Majesties liege people.' They were alleged to have engaged in subversion of various kinds and to have 'invited and encouraged a foreign power [presumably this meant the Scots] to invade' the country.135 This Royalist propagandist ploy fell flat when Charles I, accompanied by soldiers, entered the Commons the next day demanding that the Speaker hand over the M.P.s he wished to carry off-a total breach of all accepted Parliamentary privi-

xliv

Introduction

lege.136 The Five Members, however, had fled at the last minute, thereby proving the King's violent intentions towards Parliament. London rose to the support of the threatened members, and a few days later the King left Whitehall to seek safety elsewhere. Lord Carnarvon's cornet showing five hands reaching for a crown has already been mentioned as expressive of the Royalist view that Parliament and the Five Members in particular, not only ignored the Biblical injunction 'Reddite Caesari' but were attempting to seize the power invested in the crown itself. Another cornet of Carnarvon's with a similar sentiment had the motto 'Quousque tandem abuteris patientia nostra' (For how long will you abuse our patience?).137 Its picture showed five dogs (the Five Members) attacking a lion (the King). An even larger dog has the label 'Kimbolton' (i.e. Lord Mandeville who had been accused along with the Five Members). Even more hostile was Colonel Robert(?) Hatton's cornet with the motto 'Cuiquam meritum' (To anyone [his] deserts). Its picture showed Fortune with her wheel. In her right hand she extends a crown towards five kneeling men, but in her left hand she holds five halters. To Hatton and his men, there was surely no doubt what the Five Members deserved. Against such Royalist attacks, Lord Grey of Groby showed his support for Parliament and the Parliamentary cause by depicting Parliament in session with various members seated and being addressed by another member in a purple robe standing before a table.138 Around the building, symbolically defending it, are a series of disembodied hands with drawn daggers. Grey's motto to accompany this was 'Per bellum ad pacem' (Through war to peace). Other Parliamentary cornets in more general terms refer to the supremacy of law, 'Pro lege et grege' being a favourite motto with its implied denial of Stuart absolutism and divine right. Instead, what is stressed is an alternative belief in law and the rights of the commons. As in such important declarations as the Petition of Right (1628), a document intended to clarify and effect an acceptable contract between King and people, and the Act for the Abolition of the Court of Star Chamber (5 July 1641), subsequent attempts by the Parliament side to discuss and defend what is perceived as desirable limitations upon royal prerogative (especially in such matters as arbitrary imprisonment and taxation) often refer to Magna Carta.139 It is hardly surprising, therefore, to come across two Parliamentary flags alluding to the Great Charter that was so regularly interpreted as a key part of the foundation of inherited common rights. The first example was displayed on the green cornet of Captain Hooker. His motto was 'Preserva legem domine' (Safeguard the law, oh Lord), and this was accompanied by the picture of a parchment scroll with a red seal. Lest there should be any doubt, the device is inscribed 'Magna Charta.' The other example was displayed on the orange-tawny cornet of a Frenchman by the name of Dewit, possibly the notorious turncoat Francis Dewit. His motto was 'Sustentit deus' (God upholds), and the accompanying picture showed an armed man holding a sword in one hand and a book (the Bible) in the other. As such, the device is a quintessential Parliamentary affair, but in this instance the concept is further enlarged by the presence of a parchment (the Magna Carta) that hangs from his arm. Other Flags of the Civil War Era The above examples illustrate some of the principal categories into which the Royalist and Parliamentary Civil War flag devices may be divided, together with some of the principal propaganda statements they seem designed to make. However, as the entry under 'Party' for each item in the Index reveals, 'King' and 'Parliament' were not the only factions that created emblematic flag devices during the Civil War era. The following categories may also claim their place:

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a) English Flags for the Bishops' Wars Strictly speaking, the period of the so-called Bishops' Wars (see Glossary) preceded the outbreak of the Civil Wars. Nonetheless, because one manuscript source (MS Rawlinson D942) and the eighteenth-century collection of flag devices printed by Jonathan Cole both included flags designed for the military expedition against the Scots in 1640 (the 2nd Bishops' War), I have decided to index the two English flags that we know about. They are indexed as being of the King's 'Party,' although the sources list the flags among those of Parliament. In 1640, however, there was as yet no Parliamentary army. The army that marched north to face the invading Scottish army and to try and enforce episcopacy, the use of a new prayer book fashioned along Anglican lines, and various Laudian reforms was in effect the King's, Parliament having been dissolved after refusing to vote the necessary funds. By what may be only coincidence, both the flag devices we know about depict green trees, flourishing and enduring in spite of the winds that attack them. One with the motto 'Agitata viresco' (Though shaken I flourish) was that of Sir Nicholas Byron, uncle of the seven brothers who later fought on the King's side in the Civil Wars. The other belonged to one Radcliffe and bore the motto 'Sentio oppositus' (Facing it, I endure). Both seem to suggest that Charles Fs army, though forced to go against the Scots in fairly difficult circumstances, will nonetheless prevail. At the same time, perhaps, a similar point is being made concerning the ideological battle that had led to the military conflict. The new ideas of Charles I and his advisors will prevail. At yet another level, the emblematic devices may be read as the personal statements of the respective officers (and by implication the soldiers in their troops). As fighting men, we may be buffeted but we will not be defeated. b) English Flags for Ireland: A second military conflict that began prior to 1642 was that which occurred in Ireland. At the beginning of November 1641, Parliament learned of the rebellion of the Irish Catholics in Ireland and quickly set about raising an army to suppress the dissension out of a general fear of an international popish conspiracy and fear of an Irish invasion of England that might be assisted by a foreign Catholic power. English Protestants were mindful too of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of French Hugenots, the history of the Inquisition in Europe, and 'Queen Maries fires' in Tudor times.140 Retribution for the thousands of English settlers who were said to have been slain was also a key motive. Information concerning the flag devices of about sixteen military units raised in 1641 and 1642 for service in Ireland is known. One entire cavalry regiment, that of Lord Inchiquin (Murrough O'Brien), employed a varying number of gold harps upon a red field for each individual troop. Their common motto was 'Concordes resonem da deus alme sonos' (Grant, O kindly God, that I may send forth harmonious sounds). A more inventive example involved a rather different use of the heraldic harp of Ireland. Captain Douglas Trenchard for his troop of horse used the motto 'Fides temerata coegit' (Faith that has been defiled constrains), and upon a blue field he had depicted a gold harp with all its strings broken, an allusion, we may assume, to the broken faith with England and the discordant nature of rebellion. Rumours concerning atrocities committed by the Irish rebels flourished at the time the English army was being raised, and the various horrifying stories were given currency early in 1642 in The Teares of Ireland... illustrated by Pictures, a lurid piece of inflammatory propaganda by James Cranford, a Presbyterian and violent anti-Catholic. His work contained a number of gruesome illustrations that can only have served further to fuel the flames of hatred towards the

xlvi

Introduction Irish rebels. In character with this was the flag device of John Niarne, a Scottish major, who used the motto 'Crudella vindicat aether' (Heaven avenges cruelty) and depicted a naked kneeling woman being slaughtered by a man (presumably an Irish rebel) with a sword.141 While not referring specifically to alleged atrocities, other flags also made direct references to the campaign In Ireland for which they had been created. One officer, for example, depicted a green island from which numerous spouts of blood were flowing. His somewhat pedestrian motto was 'Hibernia sanguine stillat' (Ireland is dripping with blood). Sir William Sellenger (St. Leger), commander of the Province of Munster, used the motto 'In tanto sed non in toto' (In so much but not in all) and, employing the same kind of symbolism used for the tree devices in the 2nd Bishops' War, depicted a tree that had been cut down, except for one green sprout. Standing beside the tree holding an ax or sickle was a skeleton (Death). A final example that may be cited here was the flag of the third son of the Earl of Salisbury. This was in the nature of a threat, designed to intimidate any rebellious Irish who saw it, for it depicted a man hanging on the gallows and used the motto 'He is a rebel and deserves it.'142

c) Flags for the Irish Catholic Confederacy Following the outbreak of fighting in England at the beginning of the Civil Wars, and following the signed agreement for a 'Cessation' of armed conflict in Ireland in September 1643, much of the army in Ireland that had fought against the rebels was transported to England to reinforce the Royalist army, though on arrival many officers and their men went over to the Parliament side. In Ireland itself the Irish Catholic Confederacy had been formed at Kilkenny in late 1642 as an alternative government which had then negotiated with Charles I in Oxford. Although the Confederacy did not send many soldiers to England, it is known that two thousand that had been raised in Ulster by the Earl of Antrim were sent to the Isles of Scotland during the summer of 1644. These men joined forces with the Marquis of Montrose to fight on behalf of the King against the Covenanters. It was possibly for the Earl of Antrim's Confederacy force that designs for a number of Catholic Confederacy ensigns were drawn up. That these were perhaps only designs may be deduced from the manuscript descriptions of the flags in Father Luke Wadding's papers where three of the flags are given alternate designs as though the final choice had not yet been made. However, it may be that after Wapping had seen the designs, the flags were then made. Whatever the case, their symbolism was considered particularly heinous and threatening (no doubt because of their explicitly Catholic content), and descriptions of them were published as tho to 5 October 1644). This included for the benefit of its pro-Parliament and pro-Protestant readers the text of the Oath of Association 'entred into by the Rebells and Catholike Army in Ireland,' with its promise of 'the free exercise of the Romane Catholike Faith, and Religion.' It further explained that the flag descriptions had been included to show 'the depth of their [the Confederacy's] designe of fighting onely for the Roman Catholike Cause.' More neutral in tone was another contemporary description, provided, as already mentioned, by Thomas Blount (himself significantly a Catholic) in the 1655 edition of The An of Making Devises}41" Blount's source was probably The True Informer. Though he ignores the matter of the canton and offers only ten descriptions, Blount's description is of some importance since it refers to the flags as cornets (not ensigns) and states that they had been 'taken from the Irish Rebels in the late warres,' thereby implying that the designs Father Wadding had seen were later used. Each of the Confederacy ensigr dexter

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corner (i.e. upper left to the viewer) a canton containing a saltire gules (red cross of Ireland) in a field or (gold). Below this were the words 'Vivat Carolus Rex' (Long Live King Charles) and an imperial crown above the letters 'CR' (for 'Carolus Rex').144 According to Father Wadding's description, there were designs for eight flags in all. Each design had a different field tincture (white and spotted with blood, green, gold, blood-red, blue, scarlet, white, purple), and each had a different motto and pictorial device. For three of the flags, Wadding listed alternate mottoes and pictures, so in all there was a total of eleven designs. The True Informer, however, listed all these eleven designs, together with a twelfth description not included by Wadding.145 The emblematic devices for these twelve flags reveal the obvious intention of proclaiming an allegiance to the Catholic faith. Thus, we find images such as a crucifix, St. Peter, a chalice and host, the Virgin and Child, and Christ delivering the Fathers from Limbo. All of these, whether because they were images of sacred matters or because they were expressive of certain beliefs, were likely to be offensive to Protestants and Parliamentarians, particularly those with strong Puritan sensibilities. Even the motto on one flag, 'In nomine Jesu omne genu flectetur' (At the name of Jesus every knee is bowed) was a challenge. As Father Wadding pointed out in his comments on this flag, kneeling or genuflecting or inclining the head to reverence the name of Jesus had been forbidden by act of Parliament.146 Lest one think that such challenges were perhaps unconscious on the part of the Confederates, one flag may give pause for thought. It showed an armed man setting fire to a copy of Calvin's Institutes and used the motto 'Sic pereunt haereses' (Thus heresies perish). d) Flags of the Scottish Royalists Between 1644 and 1647, the Scottish government was challenged by a Royalist force, led principally by the Marquis of Montrose, in effect a kind of monarchist and Catholic rebellion against a staunchly Protestant regime. The Scottish Royalists had no regular army or capital city, and, apart from some initial and brilliant success, were ultimately doomed to failure. Joined by the Earl of Antrim's three Irish regiments in 1644, the Scottish Royalist army nonetheless had dramatic victories at Tippermuir (1644), Aberdeen (13 September 1644), Inverlochy (1-2 February 1645), Dundee (4 April 1645), Auldearn (19 May 1645), Alford (2 July 1645), and Kilsyth (15 August 1645). However, Montrose's army was decisively defeated by David Leslie and the Covenanter army at Philiphaugh (13 September 1645). Later, in 1650 Montrose was again defeated by Covenanter troops, this time at Carbisdale (17 April). Descriptions of a small number of Scottish Royalist flags have survived. George Gordon, Marquis of Huntly and Colonel of the Strathbogie regiment of foot, employed as company ensign the heraldic red lion rampant of Scotland crowned in gold. Above was the motto 'For God, the King, and aganist all traittouris,' and below was a second motto 'God save the King.' To either side of the crown, in a manner reminiscent of the Irish Confederacy flags, were the letters 'CR' (Carolus Rex).147 The message to the Scottish government forces was above all a reminder that Charles was their king. In opposing him, they were therefore the traitors. A description by Thomas Blount of the troop cornet for Montrose's Lifeguard of Horse during the pre-Philipaugh campaign has also survived. On a blue field was depicted a gold laurel wreath, representing victory, and the motto 'Magis aut excidam ausis' (Or I shall fall through great ventures).148 As Blount explained, the bearer was intimating 'that he would either atchieve some great designe, or fall in the Attempt.' Somewhat more inventive, perhaps, were two cornets and an ensign brought by Montrose when he landed in the Orkneys in 1650 to begin his last abortive campaign against the Scots. According to Sir James Balfour and Blount, Montrose's cornet of horse depicted on a black field

xlviii

Introduction three pairs of hands folded in each other. On each side of them issuing from a cloud were three naked arms and hands holding unsheathed swords. The motto 'Quos pietas virtus et honor fecit amicos' (Those whom godliness, virtue, and honour have made friends) was an obvious expression of loyalty to the King's cause and (typical of so many flags of the period) an expression of a belief in the Tightness of the bearer's cause, the implication being that the enemy (the army of the Scottish government) is neither godly nor virtuous in opposing King Charles II.149 Also dating from the 1650 campaign and described by both Balfour and Blount is another cornet with the motto 'Nil medium' (Nothing in between). Upon a white damask field was depicted a lion rampant upon a rock.150 Below the rock was a river and on the other side of the river was another rock. Given the desperate nature of the Scottish Royalist cause in 1650, the device is an appropriate one, for there was no longer any place for compromise, something Montrose was to discover to his cost when he was captured and executed. As a final example, there is the ensign of the King's regiment of foot. As described by Balfour, this was of black taffeta. In the centre was the bleeding severed head of man, a clear allusion to the recently beheaded Charles I. Blount adds the detail of 'a Hand and Sword issuing from a Cloud.'151 This was accompanied by the motto 'Deo et victricibus armis' (With God and victorious arms).

(e) Flags of the Scottish Armies (Covenant) In the Index which follows this introduction, the flags belonging to the Scottish armies are for convenience assigned the term 'Covenant' within the data field-entry for 'Party.' It should be understood, however, that 'Covenant' for the purposes of the Index signifies the various forces raised at different times by the Scottish government and not the forces of mere political or religious factions. Various Scottish armies fought in the 1639 and 1640-41 campaigns against Charles I, the campaign against the Irish rebels in Ulster in 1642-43, the first Civil War (the Scots invaded England in January 1644 on the side of Parliament), the second Civil War, which ended for the Scots so disastrously when they fought against Parliament at Preston in 1648, the conflict that ended with the defeat of the Scots at Dunbar in 1650, and the final invasion of England in 1651 in support of Charles II that ended in defeat at Worcester. Not a great deal is known about the flags used by the Scottish armies prior to the defeats of 1648 and 1650 when, as already noted, a very large number of ensigns of foot, together with a few cornets of horse, were captured and descriptions of them recorded when they arrived in London. However, for the most part Scottish flags, and more specifically ensigns of foot (cornets were more varied), frequently employed versions of the national emblem, the saltire or St Andrew's Cross, with the now familiar scheme of white saltire on blue field. Accompanying the saltire was usually a motto, of which a number of variations are known: 'For Christ's Croun and Couenant' (1639),152 'For Religioun, the Covenant, and the Countrie' (1639),153 'For God, the King, Religion, and the Covenant' (1639),154 'Couenant for Religion, Croune, and Country' (1640), and 'For Religion, Country, King, and Covenant' (1644). By 1648 there was increasing uniformity, and because of the Scottish alliance with the Royalist cause greater use of the words 'King' and 'Kingdoms.' 'Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdomes' was widely used, although one also finds examples of 'Covenant for Religion, Crown, and Kingdoms.' However, in 1650 the Scottish parliament ordered that the mottoes should be the same: 'Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdoms.'155 By 1648 the use of additional mottoes and pictorial devices was common on Scottish ensigns of foot as a method (along with different field and saltire tinctures) of differentiating one regiment from another.156 Marks of difference to distinguish one unit from another within the same regiment were also used. Usually the additional mottoes and devices were derived from the

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Colonel's crest, and as such are heraldic rather than emblematic in their symbolism. Lord Home's Regiment of Foot in 1648, for example, added the motto Trev to the ende' above a blue and white heraldic wreath on which was a white lion's head erased, tongued red with a gold crown. This was the Home crest and motto. The device for the Colonel's ensign of Lord Cranston's Regiment of Foot was a crane holding up a stone with its right foot. This was a very common emblem in emblem books, but in this instance was probably derived from an heraldic source, the Cranston crest, although it should be noted that the motto 'Vigilando' appears to differ from the Cranston motto 'Thou shalt want ere I want.' Another example of a device that appears as if it has been taken from an emblem book is that of the stag couchant beneath a green tree with gold acorns. The accompanying motto is 'Sub umbra profuge' (Flee beneath the shade). However, the stag is placed upon a silver and red heraldic wreath. This, as it turns out, is the crest of James Elphinstone (Lord Coupar). A little more freedom is apparent in the cornets of horse. The Duke of Hamilton's 'Date Caesari' with an accompanying gold crown has already been mentioned. Even so, most of the known cornet mottoes and devices still appear to derive from their bearers' armorial crests. The cornet captured at Dunbar with the device of a hand emerging from a cloud brandishing a raised sword and with the motto 'Nee timide nee timere' (Neither rashly nor timidly), for example, appears to be derived from the Forbes' crest. Similarly the double-headed black phoenix with the motto 'I byd my tyme' is from Lord Loudon's crest. Possibly, the cornet captured at Dunbar, showing a hand holding a gold sword encircled by a gold laurel wreath that is accompanied by the motto 'Actione et virtute' (Through deeds of courage) is an emblem invented for the 1650 campaign, but one suspects not. Like many of the other Scottish devices with heraldic origins, however, it may be interpreted emblematically, and it was clearly fitting for the purpose to which it was put, though it makes no specific statement about the religious and political concerns of the time. (f) Clubmen and Fifth Monarchist Flags During the Civil Wars, the term 'Clubmen' was generally applied to certain groups of armed resisters who opposed the military authority of both Royalist and Parliament sides. Some Clubmen, however, did tend to favour one side rather than the other.157 Such a group were the 2000 or so pro-Royalist Clubmen in Dorset who were attacked on Hambledon Hill (Dorset) in August 1645 by the New Model Army. The engagement, during which the Clubmen were quickly put to flight, was described in detail by Joshua Sprigge in his chronicle of the campaigns of the New Model Army in its first year, Anglia Rediviva; Englands Recovery (London, 1647). During the battle, Sprigge recounts, 'There was taken about 12 Colours, the Motto of one of them was thus: (If you offer to plunder or take our cattel, Be assured we will bid you battel.) In others of them they had sentences of Scripture, profanely applied by their Malignant Priests, who were the principal stirrers up of the people to these tumultuous assemblies.'158 As far as I know, this is the only record of Clubmen flags. That described in such hostile terms by Sprigge clearly states a point of view that may today elicit some sympathy. Its expression of anger is directed at the fashion in which whole rural areas in England had in effect been plundered by both Royalist and Parliament armies to feed, quarter, and equip their soldiers and horses as they moved through the countryside. Both the wages and rations of soldiers were inadequate to prevent hunger and the consequent temptation to plunder whatever was at hand. Armies quartered in towns and villages along their route obliged householders to provide accommodation and food. Householders were then either paid directly or given a certificate that could be redeemed by the army paymaster.

1

Introduction Understandably, the system often broke down or was subject to abuse, and in such cases the citizens were the chief victims. To all this must be added other constant irritations to the predominantly rural population, such as the trampling of crops, the cutting down of timber, the poaching of game, the requisition of horses, and (worst of all) outbreaks of disease, this last the legacy of a large body of men living close together in unsanitary conditions. Especially horrifying was the situation of townspeople caught up in the siege of a fortified town. Not only might they have to suffer privation and the effects of artillery bombardment, but if the siege was ended by storm rather than surrender, no one would be safe from the violence of the victorious soldiers. In addition to the unique record of Clubmen flags is that of the Fifth Monarchist 'War-flag' captured by one of Cromwell's troops of horse at Mile End on 9 April 1657. Fifth Monarchists, an extremist Puritan sect that developed in the 1650s, believed in the imminence of what they referred to as the Fifth Monarchy, that of King Jesus, in fulfilment of a prophecy in Daniel 2:44.159 A small number of Fifth Monarchists, hostile to Cromwell and identifying him with the Beast of the Book of Revelation, advocated violence to hasten the new rule of King Jesus. Thomas Venner was such a person, and in 1657 led an armed rising against Cromwell. This failed and Venner was imprisoned. The sole captured flag that we know about belonged to one of Venner's officers and had the motto 'Who shall rouse him up?' This was accompanied by the picture of a lion couchant with the inscription 'Lion of the tribe of Judah.' Both the motto and the device of the lion derive from the Biblical text of Jacob's words to his chosen son Judah when he tells him what will befall him 'in the last days': 'Judah is a lion's whelp: from the prey, my son, thou art gone up: he stooped down, he couched as a lion, and as an old lion: who shall rouse him up?' (Genesis 49:9). Judah ('Judas') is listed in the New Testament as one of the ancestors of Jesus. For the Fifth Monarchists, then, the allusion to the lion of Judah is a reference to Christ the King soon to reign over his elect.

The flags of the English Civil War era and their mottoes and emblematic devices are very diverse, as I hope I have shown in this brief survey. Their prime function was a purely military one, but their bearers understood that they were also an effective and public medium for the expression of political, religious, and personal sentiments and attitudes. As such, they were instruments of propaganda at a time when the full possibilities of widely-distributed printed propaganda were being discovered in England for the first time. The flags were exposed both before the soldiers who served under them and before the many noncombatants throughout Britain who observed them or read about them. Given the interest they provoked, it would seem that they may have been a fairly potent instrument of propaganda. In my view, they are therefore properly to be seen as related to the immense paper-based struggle to influence the citizens of England, Scotland, and Ireland to espouse and retain their faith in one cause or another. At the same time, the raison d'etre for this volume of the Index Emblematicus stems from the fact that the large number of flags of the Civil War period which employed emblematic devices represents an extremely important manifestation of emblematic art, one not hitherto studied. Thomas Blount was indeed correct in pointing out that the gentlemanly art of device-making, once so important to participants at English tournaments in the sixteeth and early seventeenth centuries, enjoyed a resurgence during sad times. To follow the later history of this resurgence would ultimately take one into the eighteenth century and across the Atlantic to the flags and paper money of the revolutionary forces that fought against British, but that further flowering of emblematic art within the material culture of a quite different society belongs in some future volume of the Index Emblematicus.160

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A NOTE ON THE FLAG DESCRIPTIONS AND INDEXES161 The Flag Descriptions As in previous volumes of the Index Emblematicus, this volume offers facsimiles of the indexed items, though where necessary the facsimile may be in a slightly reduced or enlarged scale. This volume also includes material for which no facsimile is included. Occasionally, this is due to the fact that the original cannot be photographed satisfactorily. In other instances, only a verbal description has come down to us. Accompanying those facsimiles that are included and accompanying every item that is listed are a series of up to eleven data fields. I list them here in the sequence used for each entry: 1. Field & Fringe: Using the terminology appropriate to vexillology, this provides the main background colour(s) of the flag and the colour of any surrounding fringe. To assist the user of the Index, a glossary of terms from heraldry and vexillology has been included. 2. Party: By 'Party' is meant the political faction for which the flag was created (e.g. Parliament, King, Covenant, Irish Catholic Confederacy, etc). 3. Date: This provides the date, usually only approximate, when the flag was used. 4. Identifying Number: Because the material presented here has come from many different sources, it has been organized for the purposes of the volume in alphabetical order according to motto. However, since a number of flags employed similar mottoes, each item has been assigned a unique number. 5. Motto: The motto is given in the form and spelling in which it appears in its source. Where there are several sources for the same item, the form of the motto follows that employed in the accompanying facsimile. In every case, the language of the motto is indicated. Wherever a flag had no motto, it is listed in the alphabetical sequence under 'No Motto.' Accompanying any non-English motto, as in previous volumes, is a translation into English. 6. Picture: The description of each picture follows the principles set out in previous volumes of the Index Emblematicus. The amount of description is determined by what is required to render accessible the key motifs in the picture. Attention is concentrated upon the symbolically relevant motifs, and less attention is paid to background, foreground, and other illustrative material, unless such material demonstrably adds to the significance of the central motif or motif cluster. The purpose of the brief description of the picture is, then, to provide the necessary minimum information upon which the Index is based. Where accompanying mottoes permit one to identify the motifs in the pictures, this is done. Thus, for entry 0452.0, the motto 'Utraque Pallade' permits us to identify the woman with the spear in the picture as the goddess Pallas.

Hi

Introduction

Since the picture descriptions are essentially identifications of motifs, the technical vocabulary of heraldry and vexillology has been used when describing certain motifs because the use of such technical terminology provides greater clarity and differentiation of information. As already mentioned, to assist the user of the Index, a glossary of terms from heraldry and vexillology has been included. Because all the items indexed in this volume are flags, an important convention of vexillology (and heraldry) has been followed in the picture descriptions. Whereas for art historians, the terms 'left' and 'right' normally describe the positioning of objects and figures from the point of view of the viewer looking at a picture, in vexillology (and heraldry) this is not so. The right side (dexter) or left side (sinister) are right and left, not from the viewer's point of view, but from that of the imaginary person facing the viewer and holding a flag or shield. This convention of vexillological and heraldic description has been used throughout. Since for most entries there is an accompanying picture, it is hoped that users unfamiliar with vexillology and heraldry will not be unduly confused. 7. Sources: In many instances more than one source exists for our knowledge about a flag. These are all listed. The first source listed is that which has been used for any accompanying facsimile. 8. Bearer: Where known, the name of the officer to whom the flag belonged is given. He is referred to as the 'bearer' since in most instances he must be credited with the invention of the flag device, which, it can often be assumed, represents his own particular point of view, intent, or comment. However, it should be understood that the flag was actually carried by a lesser officer, a cornet for cavalry flags (cornets) or an ensign for the flags (ensigns) of companies of foot. 9. Rank: Where possible the rank of the Bearer is given. Where his rank changed, that is indicated. If it is known that he was of a certain rank when the flag was used, that rank is given, even though the bearer may have attained a higher rank later. 10. Biography: Where information is available, a brief biography of the Bearer is provided. In a number of instances this helps in interpreting the point of view or intent expressed in his emblematic flag device. 11. Comments: This field provides various kinds of information. It may, for example, comment on any differences in the information provided by different sources. It may quote comments made in the sources about the flag, or it may refer to other related flag devices or other flags used by the same Bearer.

Treatment of Key Words in the Indexes The indexes at the rear of this volume are based on key words, which are specially flagged in the main body of the text where the facsimiles and flag descriptions are presented. As in the earlier volumes of the

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Index Emblematicus, the key words in foreign languages are indexed separately, as well as in English translation. All key words are modernized and lemmatized so as to circumvent the problems of morphology, inflectional endings, and conjugated forms, as well as the vagaries in spelling, which are encountered everywhere in the vernacular languages of the seventeenth century. Before the key words were sorted into indexes, a certain amount of pre-editing was required. Inflected and conjugated word forms, which pose problems for those creating indexes and concordances, were subjected to a process of lemmatization that reduced each key word to its basic form. In the case of nouns the nominative singular is used unless the noun only exists in the plural form. Verbs are cited in the infinitive in all European languages with the exception of Latin where convention requires the use of the first-person singular of the present tense. Adjectives, irrespective of the gender of accompanying nominal forms, are reduced to nominative masculine singular. In this way, the Index provides larger groupings of words that belong together semantically as variations of the same root but that would otherwise have been scattered throughout the alphabetical index. Capitalization can on occasion raise problems of interpretation. Some abstract nouns can refer either to a concept or to a personification of that concept, e.g., fame and Fame, victory and Victory, virtue and Virtue. Usually the presence of the allegorical figure in the picture is sufficient grounds for capitalizing the noun in question. However, there are borderline cases. The word 'king' has not been capitalized, even though we know that King Charles I or II is being referred to. Similarly the word 'Covenant' has also not been capitalized, even though a specific covenant is being referred to. Another complication is presented by the homograph 'arms' to denote either weapons or coat-armour. The solution to this difficulty that has been established by previous editors of the Index Emblematicus is to list the second meaning (coat-armour) as 'armsl.' All mottoes in foreign languages are reproduced in the orthography employed in the source that provided the facsimile, but key words deriving from them are not only lemmatized, as explained above, but are given modern orthography in the indexes. This means, for example, that the Latin consonantal T and 'u' are replaced by 'j' and V where appropriate. As also mentioned, mottoes in foreign languages have been translated into English. As far as possible, where synonyms are available and often reveal stylistic or syntactic differences, the same English word has been used to prevent the reader from unnecessary searching.

The Concordances and Indexes The concordances and indexes that make up the Index Emblematicus provide systematic access to a large and diffuse body of information. The purpose is identification rather than interpretation, so the motifs in the pictures, for example, are identified and described neutrally, and not interpreted. Thus, in item 0111.0 the picture description contains the following statement: 'Cloud at top centre from which issues a naked hand holding balance and pair of scales.' No interpretation is given, although the cloud could be said to represent Heaven, the hand to be that of God, and the balance and scales those of Justice. Whereas, strictly speaking, an index lists single words with no context whatsoever, a concordance cites the key words in their natural contexts, no matter how delimited. The disadvantage of listing single words is that the user is forced to return to the original text in order to determine whether the term listed is the one sought. Concordances that cite the natural context frequently enable the user to determine immediately whether or not this is the usage required. However, the shorter the context supplied, the less valuable it is. The indexes in this volume include the natural context for the key word being indexed. The context is limited in length in the case of the Picture Index but should be sufficient for the user to establish

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whether the key word is the one sought. In the case of other indexes (Mottoes, Translations of Mottoes, Bearers), the entire context (i.e. Motto, Translation, full Bearer Name) has been provided. In addition to the indexes of key words, there are also alphabetical lists of mottoes and lists of flag devices according to party or political allegiance. The user should also note that the indexes for key words contain separate indexes for proper names. There is also a separate index for verbal inscriptions contained in the pictures.

How to Use the Indexes The Indexes of the Index Emblematicus are alphabetical listings, not classified groupings as is the case with the Icon Class. In order to obtain the maximum information available in any concordance or index, the user must always be prepared to make a list of synonyms, and also of related words. Whereas there may in fact only be one word for the bird called eagle, the user must look under 'pig,' 'piglet,' 'sow,' and 'swine' for verbal references to the pig. The user should also remember that abstract nouns may also be used as personifications; these appear in upper case in the Proper Noun Indexes.

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NOTES 1. For convenience, I have used this last term throughout this book. 2. The Art of Making Devises (1646), translated into English from Henri Estienne's L'art de faire les devises (Paris, 1645) by Thomas Blount, sig A4a. 3. Although Markham's The Sovldiers Accidence was written long before the Civil Wars and first printed in 1625, many of the statements it makes concerning ensigns and cornets are applicable to the 1640s, as will be seen below. The edition cited here is that of 1635. Markham's point about not using coat armour for a battle flag is endorsed by Thomas Venn in his Military & Maritime Discipline (London, 1672), p 178. 4. Military Observations, Or the Tacticks Put into Practice (London, 1672), p 182. 5. The following are typical: Sir William Courtney (red and gold), Sir Faithful Fortescue (blue and white), Sir Sigismund Zinzan (blue and white), Sir Michael Livesey (red and white), Sir Richard Grenville (red and gold), and Sir John Hippsley (black and gold). Markham makes his recommendation on p 30. In what must have been a very rare instance, a Royalist officer (possibly Lieut.-Colonel William Martin) included on his ensign not only his crest but his full coat-armour. Unfortunately for him, his flag was captured by the Earl of Essex's forces (Williams, fol 135). 6. See, for examples, such English devices as William Waller's nut-tree, James Butler's Unicorn, and Colonel Purefoy's armed hand with broken lance. Whenever the flag devices appear to be derived from a bearer's heraldic crest, I have attempted to note the point in the 'Comments' field of the Index. 7. See, Williams, fols 131, 135, 149; and Harl 1460, fol 46. 8. These three examples are mentioned by Symonds (Harl 986), fols 79b, 80a, and 82a respectively. 9. Paolo Giovio, Dialogo dell'imprese (Lyons, 1574), sig Avia. 10. The Worthy Tract of Paulus louius (London, 1585), sig A3b. The epistle, it should be noted, has been shown to be a selected translation of parts of Girolamo Ruscelli's Discorso (see, Pierre Spriet, Samuel Daniel (1563-1619): sa vie—son oeuvre [Bordeaux: Didier, 1968], pp 41-4). 11. The coat colours of most infantry regiments are not known. However, on the Royalist side, it is known, for example, that the King's Lifeguard, The Queen's Lifeguard, Prince Rupert's Firelocks, Prince Charles's and Sir Allan Apsley's wore red; Prince Rupert's, Ralph Hopton's, Sir Thomas Lunsford's, and Charles Gerard's wore blue; Sir Ralph Button's, the Marquis of Newcastle's, Lord Percy's, and Sir Ralph Button's wore white; Sir Charles Vavasour's, Sir John Paulet's, Sir Gilbert Talbot's, and Sir Matthew Appleyard's wore yellow; and the Earl of Northampton's, Robert Broughton's and Henry Tillier's wore green. On the Parliament side, Denzil Holies's, Thomas Rainsborough's, and Lord Robartes's wore red; Sir Henry Cholmley's, Sir William Constable's, Lord Saye and Sele's, and the Earl of Stamford's wore blue; Thomas Ballard's, and Sir John Merrick's wore grey; John Hampden's and Samuel Jones's wore green; the Earl of Essex's, Charles Essex's, and Thomas Grahtham's wore orange tawney; and Lord

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Brooke's wore purple. From the formation of the New Model Army, red was adopted by the Parliamentarian infantry, something retained by the Standing Army of Charles II and its successors. On coat colours, see Young, Armies, pp 27-28; and Roberts, Infantry, pp 24-25. A note of caution concerning a number of possibly misleading assumptions about coat colours is sounded in Ede-Borrett, pp 62-63. 12. On 'signs' and 'words,' see Haythornthwaite, pp 141-45. 13. Sprigge, p 167. 14. Meehan, p 90. Other examples are given by Haythornthwaite, p 145. 15. Cromwell, Letter CXL, Pt VI, p 191. 16. At Cheriton a nightmare situation developed when at first both sides adopted the same field sign and password (something white in the hat and 'God with us'). See, Haythornthwaite, p 145. 17. Clarendon, p 231. 18. For an account of these incidents at Edgehill and Chalgrove Field, see Haythornthwaite, p 144. 19. The Royalist officer Major William Legge, for example, mistook the colours of a Parliamentary regiment of foot (John Hampden's) for that of a Royalist regiment (the Earl of Northampton's) in August 1642. As a result, he was captured and held prisoner for six weeks (Ede-Borrett, p 1). At Auldean in May 1645, another kind of error was made when Royalist soldiers brandishing the colours they had captured were attacked by fellow Royalists (Williams, Montrose, p 244). 20. For reasons that will quickly become apparent, this volume is primarily concerned with cornets of horse. Guidons, though generally abstract in design, occasionally (from what little is known of them) employed mottoes. 21. For a summary of the documentary evidence concerning the materials, costs, and the construction of Civil War flags, see Ede-Borrett, pp 4-9; and Peachey/Prince, pp 21-22. 22. The cords in surviving illustrations appear to be too short to have been used to furl the ensign. See, Ede-Borrett, p 1. Scottish ensigns appear not have had cords. 23 . See, Markham, pp 31-32; and Venn, pp 182-83. 24. Firth & Davies, p 501. 25. The explanation for the fact that most ensigns of foot did not include emblematic devices may be mere convention, or it may have something to do with some form of unspoken visual hierarchy whereby foot soldiers were to be represented by relatively plain signs. Gervase Markham seems to hint at this when, echoing Giovio's 'rules' for the imprese, he says of flag devices: He that carrieth both Word and devise, carrieth both Soule and Bodie, yet if the devise carrie any humane shape, it is a grosse Bodie, and if the Word contain aboue three of foure words at the most (except it be the latter end, or beginning of some Verse) it is an imperfect Soule: But if both Word and devise be compleate; That is, Empresa and not Embleme, yea they are much fitter for

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Maskes, Triumphes, or Pageants, then the Field, or reall Action; for the true mixture of Colours is devise enough for every Foote Souldier. (The Sovldiers Accidence, p 33) 26. Venn, p. 181. The variations upon this pattern employed during the English Civil Wars have been dealt with in detail by Ede-Borrett (Ibid pp 10-40). Venn elsewhere has a unique statement concerning 'the Postures of the Ensign,' in which he explains the various ways of waving and flourishing an ensign (pp 184-86). 27. The best accounts of the various differentiation systems that I am aware of are by Ede-Borrett (pp 1060); and Peachey/Prince (pp 10-20). 28. An exception was the charge of Colonel John Okey's regiment of dragoons during the latter part of the Battle of Naseby. 29. If one added the descriptions of ensigns of foot with their largely abstract designs that do not include mottoes and pictures, the number would be much higher. 30. Normally, Parliamentary flags captured by the Royalists appear to have been sent to Oxford (see, Mercurius Aulicus [Wednesday, 25 October 1643], p 607). In June 1644, however, Mercurius Aulicus reported that '23 Colours ... were sent by Prince Rupert as a present to the Countesse of Derby; to whom they could not but be very welcome' (Sun. 16 June 1644, p 1037). It is known that the Irish Catholics brought the flags they captured at the Battle of Benburb to Limerick where they were paraded through the streets to the Cathedral and there hung up as trophies (Hayes-McCoy (b), pp 56-57). Then they were sent to Rome to be hung up in St. Peter's "to record [the] devotion to the holy see, and the indomitable bravery of the Irish people" (Meehan, p 179). 31. See, Stewart, pp 14-16; and Rushworth, Pt III, vol II, 635. 32. Sprigge, p 142. 33. CJ, IV, 184.

34. Duke Hamiltons Conditions for Surrendering Himself with all the Officers ... (London, 1648), p 1. The same source also mentions that the 'Scots Colours before mentioned are carried down to the Leaguer before Colchester, and will be set up in view of the Towne as so many signalls of that admirable victory, and if the sight of them will not move the Defendents, doubtless if Sir Marmaduke Langdale were there it would do it' (p 4). It is not clear whether this novel plan of intimidation at the siege of Colchester was actually carried out. 35. CJ, VI, 517.

36. Cromwell, Appendix 22, III, 280. 37. Ibid VII, 15. Though untrue, a rumour circulated following the Battle of Worcester that Charles II had gone in disguise to London and 'one day went into Westminster Hal, where ... he saw the States Armes, and Scotch Colours' (Mercurius Politicus, 2 November 1651, p 1171).

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38. The fire destroyed the greater part of the House of Commons records, an enormous accumulation of wooden tally-sticks, and the greater part of the fabric of the Palace of Westminster. 39. C7, VIII, 18 and 21. 40. When Jonathan Turmile signed his manuscript, he added the note that some nine folios had been left blank. They 'were intended to be filled as in the Index, but there Coloures could never be got to be drawn' (Williams, fol 117). This would seem to imply that Turmile saw all the flags that he did portray. That a number of his pictures of captured Royalist flags show torn and mutilated flags supports this contention. 41. Sources differ concerning the actual numbers of captured flags. A List of the Names of the Lords, Collonels, and other Officers, taken with Duke Hambleton at Utoxeter (London 1648) gives the names of twenty-two officers with the rank of cornet; and Three Letters Concerning the Surrender of Many Scottish Lords ... (London, 1648) includes (p 3) the names of 78 officers with the rank of ensign. However, Duke Hamiltons Conditions for Surrendering Himself with all the Officers ... (London, 1648) states on its titlepage: 'A hundred and thirteen Scots Colours brought up to the Parliament,..." On the first page is a reference to the taking of "Duke Hamiltons owne Standard" and the further statement that "A great number of the Horse-Colours are yet to come in' (p 1). Cromwell's own report (see below) is probably as good an estimate as any. 42. Cromwell, Letter CXLIV, II, 115; and Appendix 22, III, 280. 43. Fisher illustrated 120 ensigns that are described as taken at Dunbar. It seems likely that these include the flags from the engagement in Fife (i.e. Inverkeithing). On this point, see Ede-Borrett and McGarrigle, p23. 44. Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle claim it was (p 23) but offer no supporting documentary evidence. 45. Of some importance also are the manuscript notebooks of the Royalist and antiquary Richard Symonds (1617-1692?), who was an officer in Charles I's army. In the Fall of 1643 he enlisted in the King's Lifeguard of Horse and served with the King and the Oxford Royalist army during the next two years. His notebooks contain several descriptions and drawings of the flags he observed (see, Had 911 and 939; and Add 17062). MS Harl 986, said to be by Symonds, contains a copy of William Levett's illustrated manuscript of the ensigns of the London Trained Bands. Levett's manuscript is listed below. 46. By 'Coronet' Blount means 'Cornet.' 47. Blount points out that he had some difficulty collecting Royalist devices since 'the Commanders on His Majesties part (having no such Metropolis as London to resort unto) were forced to make the best shift they could for their Coronet-Devices in severall Country Towns, no record being kept of many of them.' However, regarding Parliamentary devices, 'by the help of the Heralds, and Herald-painters, in and about London, I have had my choice of neer 300 severall CORONET-DEVISES, ...' (sig Lla). For a detailed account of Blount's work, see my forthcoming essay on 'Henri Estienne's L'art defaire les devises and Thomas Blount's The Art of Making Devises: The Translation of Authority' in Essays on Renaissance and Baroque Symbol Theory, edited by Peter M. Daly and John Manning (New York: AMS Press).

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48. Harl 5247. Prestwich's descriptions follow the sequence of the illustrations in this manuscript. To date I have not found any other manuscript that uses this same sequence. 49. The Ashmolean Museum (Oxford) and Worcester College (Oxford) possess a different and somewhat larger edition of the Parliamentary devises. It is quite explicit about its derivation from a manuscript source: 'The DEVISES MOTTO'S &c. used by the Parliament Officers on STANDARDS, BANNERS, &c. in the late CIVIL WARS, taken from an Original Manuscript done at ye time now in ye hands of Benja[min] Cole of Oxford. Published at ye Desire of divers Gentlemen to be Bound up w[ith] ye Lord Clarendon's Hist[ory] Sold by Jos. Smith in Exeter Change London.' At the bottom of the sheet is the price (five shillings) and the statement: 'Sold by Benj. Cole in Bear Lane' (presumably Bear Lane in Oxford). 50. One contemporary Parliamentary report of the battle humorously stated: 'We took (to use the hyperbole) Colours without number, enough to make Surplices for all the Cathedrals in England, were they White ...' (A True Relation of the late Fight [London, 8 July 1644], p 5). 51. Rushworth, Pt III, vol II, 635. 52. Cf the lists of captured Royalist flags in Mercurius Britanicus, No 87 (16 June-23 June 1645), pp 791-92; and The Kingdomes Weekly Intelligencer, No 105 (17 June-24 June 1645), pp 840-41. 53. In spite of Blount's title for his catalogue, it is by no means certain that these flags were ever actually made or used. The Irish Franciscan, Father Luke Wadding, who played an active role in Irish affairs during the Civil Wars, also recorded descriptions of these flags and indicated that two of them had alternate designs, thereby implying that he was not describing completed flags. For the published version of Wadding's manuscript account, see Moran, pp 17-18. 54. For information about these, see the following: Nibblet, 130; Fraser, 74-77; and G.B.M., 64-65. 55. For a detailed description of the Cell ensign, see Peachey/Prince, p 23; and Ede-Borrett, p 64. 56. They are described by Peachey/Prince, pp 25-26; and by Ede-Borrett, pp 65-69. 57. Ede-Borrett, pp 67-68. 58. Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, pp 52-53. 59. The three Scottish ensigns are described and illustrated by Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, pp 52-56. 60. Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle describe and illustrate the cornet but give no colours (p 57). 61. The flag was apparently discovered by Father C.P. Meehan, the first modern historian of the Confederacy, in Kilkenny in 1846. 62. Hayes-McCoy (b), p 52. Hayes-McCoy includes an illustration of this flag on p 53. 63. Papers, I, 3.

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64. Military Observations, p 183. 65. Haythornthwaite, p 149. 66. Papers, I, 12. 67. Ede-Borrett, p 3. 68. Warburton, p 125. 69. A True Relation of the Late Fight (London, 8 July 1644). 70. Sprigge, p 40. Elsewhere Sprigge gives a number of other reports referring to colours captured from the enemy, as well as those lost to the enemy. Numerous reports of this kind by other observers of the Civil Wars could be cited. 71. See, for example, the description given of the numbers of colours and men of the Duke of Hamilton's army as it advanced on England in July 1648 (Declaration from Scotland Concerning the Advance of the Scots Army [London, 1648], pp 2-3). 72. Glenn Burgess, The Impact on Political Thought: Rhetorics for Troubled Times' in Morrill, p 67. 73. Thomason's collection, so familiar as a source to historians of the Civil War era, is now in the British Library. 74. For brief accounts of the Royalist propaganda enterprise, see Muddiman, pp 41-59 et passim; Frank, pp.33-47, 58, 136-45, 162-65, 193-97 et passim; Thomas, passim; Malcolm, pp 124-48; Nelson & Seccombe, passim; and Potter, pp 5-37 and passim. 75. Thomas, pp 52-55. 76. Malcolm, p 124. 77. Mercurius Aulicus ran (with some gaps in late 1644 and 1645) from 1-7 January 1643 to 31 August-7 September 1645. Aulicus may have been deliberately published on a Sunday (Thomas, p 31, suggests Monday) as a deliberate mockery of Puritan Sabbatarianism (see, Frank, p 33). 78. Mercurius Britanicus, no 28 (counterfeit) (18-25 March 1644), p 217. 79. Mercurius Aulicus, no 58 (4-10 February 1644), pp 825-6. 80. Frank, p 47. 81. On these points, see Thomas, pp 72-80. 82. Thomas, pp 61, 249-52. Mercurius Aulicus was not, of course, the only Royalist newspaper. Beginning in May 1643, for example, the Royalists introduced another periodical, Mercurius Rusticus. From its contents this seems to have been designed primarily to discredit the Parliamentary armies and

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their supporters by describing alleged atrocities and the abuses wrought upon cathedral churches. Apart from the lists of newspapers in the works by Williams, Frank, Thomas, and Nelson & Seccombe cited above, the most important list remains the catalogue of the Thomason Tracts (see Fortescue). 83. Mercurius Britanicus ran from 23-29 August 1643 to 18 May 1646. Its editors were successively Thomas Audley and Marchamont Nedham. Aulicus pointed out that the second word of its title was misspelled, a point that Britanicus proudly never did correct. 84. Thomas, p 87. 85. George, p 18. 86. Robert Devereux, the third Earl of Essex, had first been married when very young to Frances Howard. While he was abroad, she engaged in a scandalous relationship with Sir Robert Carr. In 1613 the marriage was annulled and Lady Essex shortly thereafter married Carr. In 1631 Essex married again, but this marriage to Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Paulet, did not turn out well either. She had a child that died in infancy and was accused of adultery. A separation then took place, although Elizabeth claimed that the charges against her were false. 87. Harl 986, fol 86a. 88. The Essex crest was alluded to in one of the earliest eulogies to the second Earl: 'famous for his crest / His Rain-deer' (George Peele, Eclogue Gratulatorie [1589]). For other such references that establish the familiarity of the crest to the second Earl's contemporaries, see B.N. De Luna, Jonson's Romish Plot (Oxford: Clarendon, 1967), p 251, note 87; and the same author's The Queen Declined (Oxford: Clarendon, 1970), p 93, note 1. More recently Sir Roy Strong has further elucidated an additional allusion in his essay on the portrait of the Persian Lady at Hampton Court (see 'My Weeping Stagg I Crowne: The Persian Lady Reconsidered' in The Art of the Emblem: Essays in Honor of Karl Josef Holtgen, edited by Michael Bath, John Manning, and Alan R. Young [New York: AMS Press, 1992], pp 103-41). 89. The Art of Making Devises, sig L2b. 90. On this point, see Potter, pp 28-29.1 am not suggesting, of course, that the Civil War divided society along class lines. The reality was far more complex. 91. Mercurius Rusticus, another Royalist publication that was edited by Bruno Ryves, struck a similar tone, speaking on one occasion, for example, of 'degenerous times wherein the dregs of the people are made Commanders for the advancement of Rebellion' (Mercurius Rusticus, No 6, p 59). 92. Mercurius Aulicus, No 38 (17-23 September), p 529. 93. Ibid. 94. Alexander Brome, The Commoners' (quoted by Malcolm, p 147). 95. Mercurius Britanicus, 11 July 1648. See Potter, p 29.

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96. Blount, sig A4b. The motto is based on Vergil, Eclogues, 1.11. 97. On the Royalist concern with property, see Burgess, The Impact on Political Thought' in Morrill, pp 77-78. The passage from Jenkins is quoted at p 78. 98. Natures Picture Drawn by Fancies Pencil (1656). Quotation from 2nd edition (1671), p 139. 99. John Abbot (alias Rivers), The Fable of Philo (1645), pp 13-14. Quoted by Turner, p 91. 100. George Wither, Amygdala Britannica: Almonds for Parrels (1647), p 10. 101. The motto is based on Horace, Odes, III 3.1. 102. On this latter point, see Kightly (c), 851. Constable's heraldic crest was a three-masted ship. 103. Cf Captain Lumley's cornet with the motto 'Pro rege et notis legibus Angliae.' This was captured by the Parliamentary forces at Cirencester on 15 September 1643. Blount remarks that Lumley used the word 'notis' ('known') 'because both sides professed to fight for the Laws of the Kingdome' (Blount, sig L4b). 104. This point is perhaps borne out by the fact that Captain John Fenwick, a Royalist with the motto 'For the King and Protestant religion,' was asked to change his motto. Rather than do so, he deserted to Fairfax (Certaine Informations from Severall Parts of the Kingdome, no 2, 23-30, January 1643, p 15). 105. Gardiner, Documents, p 155. 106. Ibid., p 156. Similar concerns are central in the Petition and The Grand Remonstrance, presented by the Commons to King Charles on 1 December 1641 (Gardiner, Documents, p 156). 107. Powers to be Resisted (1643), p 20. On this point, see Ashton, pp 183 and 399 note 99. Cf also the Propositions presented to the King at the Treaty of Oxford (1 February 1643). This document referred to Charles as having 'by the persuasion of evil counsellors, withdrawn ... from the Parliament' and 'raised an army against it' (Gardiner, Documents, p 262). 108. Gardiner, Documents, p 269. 109. As Blount puts it, Willoughby 'seem'd not to ayme at the King but his evil Counsellours1 (Blount, sig Mia). 110. Hawkins I, 109, 138, 139. 111. Cole (King), 1; Blount, sig L2a. 112. On this same theme, see, Stephens, no 337; and Thorny Aylo (i.e. John Taylor), A Plea for Prerogative: Or, Give Caesar his Due (London, 1642). 113. Quoted in Gardiner, I, 5.

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114. Cf also 1 Samuel 26:9 ('... who can stretch forth his hand against the Lord's anointed, and be guiltless?'). 115. For a discussion of the treatment of Charles I as a Christ figure, see Potter, pp 160, 162, 173-75, 188-89, 192-93, 211-12, and passim. 116. Stewart, p 14. 117. On the significance of religion within the New Model Army, see Gentles, pp 87-119. 118. Slingsby, p 112. 119. Warburton, I, 376. Possibly this device was used on one side of Essex's 'Cave adsum' cornet (see, Warburton, I, 374, note 1), but the idea seems to me unlikely. 120. Mercurius Aulicus (Oxford, 18 June 1643) complained about this very point, suggesting that such a flag tended 'to make simple folk believe they fought in defence of the Word of God.' 121. On this point, see Malcolm, p 152. 122. This impression, however, should be taken with some caution since information about Parliamentary flags is far more extensive than extant information on Royalist flags. Quantitative comparisons may thus be unreliable. 123. For a detailed discussion of this motif in emblem literature, see Bernhard F. Scholz, '"Ownerless Arms or Legs Stretching from the Sky": Notes on an Emblematic Motif in Andrea Alciato and the Emblem Tradition: Essays in Honor of Virginia Woods Callahan, edited by Peter M. Daly (New York: AMS Press, 1989), pp 249-83. Cf Leslie Hotson, Shakespeare by Milliard (London: Chatto & Windus, 1977), pp 33-36. 124. A medal with this motto was issued in 1642 to reward those serving in the Earl of Essex's army (Hawkins, nos 114,115). Captain Richard Aylworth's cornet with the motto 'Gladius lehovae et Gideonis' ('The sword of Jehovah and Gideon') treated the same theme and depicted a victorious army pursuing a defeated one. At the top was an angel in gold with an unsheathed sword. 125. Warburton, I, 383. Other Parliamentary flags depicting a Bible include those with the following mottoes: 'Causa patet,' 'Exurgat deus dissipentur inimici,' 'For the liberty of the gospel,' 'Lex suprema salus patriae,' 'Lose this, lose all,' 'Ora et pugna iuvit et iuvabit lehovah,' 'Pour ce cey,' 'Pro pace et veritate,' 'Rex in potestate sui pugnans,' 'Spiro his, his expirabo,' 'Verbum dei,' 'Virtue shall weigh down vice.' 126. Blount, sig L3b. Stephens includes several anti-papal woodcuts from the Civil War period of the Pope seated on a seven-headed beast (nos 243, 378). 127. Williams, fol 80; and Harl 1383, fol 39. 128. Prestwich, pp 65-66.

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129. In the face of such assertive sentiments on the Parliamentary side against the episcopacy and anything that could be accused of papistry, the response of the Royalists was limited. However, the Royalist Henry Constable, a Lieutenant Colonel of Horse and a Roman Catholic who was killed at the defence of Scarborough Castle in 1645, placed on his flag 'In hoc signo + vinces' (With this sign you conquer). Besides the challenge to Puritan sensibilities offered by his use of the sign of the cross, one may also note, as Blount suggests (sig L2b), the echo of Constantine the Great whose conversion to Christianity occurred when he saw a cross in the sky. 130. Both parties, however, made use of the image. See, Christopher Hill, Antichrist in SeventeenthCentury England, revised edition (London: Verso, 1990). 131. Robert Ram, The Souldiers Catechisme: Composed for The Parliaments Army (London, 1644), pp 7 and 9. This fascinating document, which was extremely popular and went through several editions, was recently published in a facsimile edition with an introduction by Victor Neuburg (Leigh-on-Sea, Essex: Partizan Press, 1986). 132. Scott-Giles, p 180; and Hawkins, no 112. 133. Stewart, p 14. 134. CJ, III, 257; and LJ, VI, 233. The offending cornet had been taken from Sir Nicholas Crisp's regiment. It is possibly significant that Crisp was later one of the Royalists excluded from the indemnity in the terms proposed to the King at Uxbridge in 1645 after meetings between the Parliamentary and Royalist commissioners. 135. Gardiner, Documents, pp 236-37. 136. On this point, see Blount, sig L2b. 137. The motto is based on Cicero, Against Catiline, I 1. 138. If the figure in the purple robe is intended to be King Charles, then this device was probably a reference to Charles' entry into the House of Commons and his placing of himself in the Speaker's place to demand that the Five Members be delivered to him. 139. Philip Hunton, author of A Treatise of Monarchy (London, 1643), is a case in point, and John Lilburne, the central figure in the Leveller movement and the author of numerous pamphlets, is another. 140. James Cranford, The Teares of Ireland (London, 1642), sig A4a. 141. Ironically, hindsight shows that nothing done by the Irish ever matched the slaughter authorized by Cromwell after the siege of Droghede in 1649 when over 3,000 soldiers, civilians, and Catholic friars and clergy were put to the sword, and St. Peter's Church with all inside it was burned. At Wexford shortly after, the same pattern was repeated with the deaths of 2,000 Irish. Not surprisingly, Cromwell remains today one of the most hated names in Irish history.

English Emblem Tradition

Ixv

142. There were other military expeditions to Ireland during the Civil War era, but I know of only the flag devices of Rowland Langharne's regiment (already mentioned above) that date from 1646, and that of Sir John Bridges, which was probably intended to be used on Cromwell's expedition to Ireland in 1649. Bridges's flag used the motto 'Paice la meilleus harmonic' (Peace is the best harmony) and, repeating a now familiar device, depicted a gold harp. 143. Blount states that the flags were cornets (though on what evidence is not clear), and he furthermore asserts that the flags were 'taken from the Irish Rebels in the late warres' (p 87). If he is correct, the designs for the flags must have been put into effect. 144. Father Wadding's description states: 'Nota quod in parte dextra cujuslibet vexilli posita sit crux Hiberniae in cujus circuitu color ruber in campo viridi. Sub cruce vivat Rex Carolus; et super, has literas, C.R. et corona Imperialis' (Moran, p 18). Hayes-McCoy believes the 'crux Hiberniae' was a cross potent rather than a saltire and further suggests, erroneously I believe, that the cross and crown device was on one side of each flag and the other varying devices were on the other (Hayes-McCoy (b), p 51). However, his reconstruction of the appearance of the flags does take into account certain aspects of Wadding's description that are not in accord with that in The True Informer. 145. Possibly Wadding had access only to information concerning the preliminary designs, whereas the author of the report in The True Informer saw the actual Confederacy flags, which he describes as 'the Ensignes and Mottoes of their Army' (p 355). 146. Moran, p 17. Wadding also comments on the disputed matter of Limbo (Moran, p 18). 147. The ensign is described in Spalding, II, 173. The field tincture is not known, but it was almost certainly gold, the colour most in favour among the Scottish Royalists. Five months after Huntly had his ensign made, the government issued a proclamation, echoing the motto of Huntly's ensign, and ironically declaring that the Marquis of Montrose and all his folowers were 'traittouris to religioun, king, and countrie' (Spalding, II, 174). 148. Blount, sig L2a. 149. Although Blount claims that this cornet was that of Montrose, Sir James Balfour, who was present in Scotland at the time and whose sources appear to have been independent of Blount's, claimed that the cornet was used by the King himself (Balfour, III, 439-40). 150. Balfour, III, 440; and Blount (1655 ed), sig N4a. Blount refers to a man rather than a lion. Both Blount's and Balfour's descriptions make 'emblematic' sense. However, the lion would suggest the King's situation. Blount merely suggests that the bearer of this flag was 'Another eminent person.' Balfour, on the other hand, says the cornet was used by Montrose himself. 151. Balfour, III, 440; and Blount (1655 ed), sig N4a. 152. See, Baillie, I, 212. For a succinct summary of the mottoes used at different times by the Scottish armies between 1639 and 1651, see, Furgol, pp 11-12. 153. Spalding, I, 154.

Ixvi

Introduction

154. This was the motto used by the Lady Marchioness of Hamilton (mother of the Royalist commander, the Marquis of Hamilton). At the head of her troop of horse, its members mostly raised from her son's own tenants, she supposedly confronted her son, the device on her cornet being a hand repelling a book to signify Scotland's and her own rejection of Charles I's attempt to impose a Book of Prayer upon the Scots (see, CSP [Dom], Charles I. 1639, pp 146, 282, and 331; and Rubinstein, p 99; and Ede-Borrett and McGarrigle, p 11). 155. Acts Parliamentorum Caroli II (1650), Acts of Parliament for Scotland, 605. On the topic of the various mottoes used, see, Reid, Scots (2), p 41; and Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, pp 9-10. 156. The Colonel's flag usually had a plain field in a single tincture with no saltire. Other officers in the same regiment appear to have added the saltire. For the Scottish systems of differencing, see, Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, pp 8-9; and Reid, Scots, pp 5-6. 157. For a recent account of the Clubmen, see Gentles, pp 161-66. 158. Sprigge, p 80. 159. 'And in the days of these kings shall the God of heaven set up a kingdom, which shall never be destroyed: and the kingdom shall not be left to other people, but it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand for ever.' The Fifth Monarchists also believed that the Fourth Monarchy, that of Rome or Antichrist, would shortly be overthrown. 160. For some account of eighteenth-century American device-making, see the following: Frank H. Somer, 'Emblem and Device: The Origin of the Great Seal of the United States,' Art Quarterly, 24 (1961), 56-76; Eric P. Newman, 'Continental Currency and the Fugio Cent: Sources of Emblems and Mottoes,' Numismatist (Dec. 1966), 1587-98; the same author's The Early Paper Money of America (1967; rpt Racine, Wis., 1976); J.A. Leo Lemay, The American Aesthetic of Franklin's Visual Creations,' The Pennsylvania Magazine, 111, no 4 (October 1987), 465-99; Lester C. Olson, Emblems of American Community in the Revolutionary Era: A Study in Rhetorical Iconology (Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991); and my own review of this last in Emblematica, 6 no 1 (1992). 161. The remaining material in this Introduction repeats much that was said in previous volumes, since, for the sake of consistency, I have used wherever possible the same wording as that of the General Editor, Peter Daly. Because the nature of the material dealt with in this volume is somewhat different from the emblem book format indexed in previous volumes, the reader will note a number of changes.

EMBLEMATIC FLAG DEVICES

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English Civil War Flag Devices

1

0001.0 LATIN MOTTO: A °caelo °salus From °heaven (comes) °salvation PICTURE: Clouds at top. In centre the °sun and naked °arm and °hand that catch a falling °man dressed in red. He appears to be falling from or past rugged °rocks towards the °sea. SOURCES: Harl 1377, fol 6.

FIELD & FRINGE: Or. Fringed or and gules. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 16420002.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Abluimur non °obruimur We are °cleansed, not °crushed PICTURE: °Bullrushes in a °river, dashed by its 0 waves. SOURCES: Cole (King), 41; Blount, sig L4a. COMMENTS: After the Battle of Naseby (14 June 1645) and the victory of the Parliamentary forces, this royalist commander, according to Blount, 'seem'd to have some hopes left.' The device is a common one in emblem literature. See, Junius, no 43, p 47; and Whitney, p 220. FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded PARTY: °King DATE: 1645 (after Naseby)

2

English Civil War Flag Devices 0003.0 LATIN MOTTO: Absque °dolo Without °deceit PICTURE: Naked °hand from right with °laurel °wreath. Motto below in gold letters. SOURCES: Harl 1377, fol 1; Add 12,447, fol 22. COMMENTS: Harl 1377 depicts this as gules, fringed gules and argent.

FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Fringed vert and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 16420004.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Accendia °cura °sionis °Aflame (°burning) with °love for °Sion PICTURE: A walled °city above horizontal silver label with motto in black letters. Below is group of silver human °hearts, from which °flames issue. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 80b; Add 14,308, fol 19a; Rawl B, fol 15a; Harl 1397, fol 250b; Williams, 83; Blount, sig M4b; Prestwich, p 69; Kightly (c), 852-5; Roberts, 'Maiden Troops,' 10-11. BEARER: °Blackwell, John FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent, azure, argent, and gules. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1644 (April)-

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Son of a Surrey grocer, whose influence secured for him by 1644 a captaincy in Colonel Edmund Harvey's regiment of City Horse (London). Blackwell's troop was raised by the young ladies of the city and was known as the 'Maiden Troop.' By September 1644, or somewhat later, Black wall was appointed Deputy Treasurer at War

English Civil War Flag Devices

3

for the Army, and by 1648 he had left field service, his troop passing to Joseph Wallington (Denton, Vermuyden, pp 8, 23). COMMENTS: Blount has 'Incendia' and Kightly has 'Ascendia'. The flaming hearts presumably express the zeal of both the bearer and his company, as well as that of the youthful patrons in London. Later, the idea of such patronage was copied by the young people of Norwich. The Williams ms depicts this as fringed pink and pink mixed with sable. Add 14,308 and Rawl B give the motto as 'Abiunt invota siona' and Harl 1397 has'Abiunt voto sioni.'

0005.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Acquirit °eundo He °conquers by °marching PICTURE: A °spindle winding up °thread. SOURCES: Cole (King), 48; Blount, sig L4a. COMMENTS: Blount explains that this was used when the King was marching towards Leicester 'which had not been so proper after the Battle of Nazeby.' Leicester was taken (30 May 1645) only a short time before Naseby. The motto derives from Vergil, Aeniad, IV, 175.

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded PARTY: °King DATE: 1645 (May-June)

4

English Civil War Flag Devices 0006.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Actione et °virtute / "Covenant for °Crovne and °Kingdome Through "deeds of "courage PICTURE: "Cloud at bottom right from which issues a gold "hand holding a gold "sword encircled by a gold "laurel "wreath. At left centre a canton azure with saltire argent. First motto in gold letters below device. Second motto at top in gold letters. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 33a; Blount (1655), sig N3a; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 45; Reid, Scots, p 80.

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure. PARTY: "Covenant

COMMENTS: This cornet was taken by Cromwell's forces at Dunbar in 1650.

DATE: 1650 (Dunbar) 0007.0 LATIN MOTTO: Ad "arma "volans "Flying to "arms PICTURE: Motto only on diagonal banner in two folds. SOURCES: Williams, 112; Rightly (c), 853, 876. BEARER: "Haynes, Hezekiah

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed argent and argent mixed with sable. PARTY: "Parliament DATE: 1647-

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Son of John Haynes, Governor of Connecticut. Served in Holbome's regiment of foot in 1642 and then in Eastern Association. Served in Col Philip Twistleton's regiment of horse in New Model. Promoted to major in October 1649 (Firth & Davies, p 95).

English Civil War Flag Devices

5

0008.0 LATIN MOTTO: Ad quid °exaltatis °cornu? To what do you °exalt this °horn? PICTURE: Head of a °stag supported by °five °hands. SO. BEARER: °Molyneux, Caryl RANK: Lt. Colonel

£.G&&^7?fo&w FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-

BIOGRAPHY: Served under his older brother Richard, Viscount Molyneux. A Roman Catholic. The Molyneux regiment of horse was raised in 1642 or 1643. It fought at Edgehill; in Lancashire campaigns in early 1643; at Bristol in July 1643; at 1st Newbury; at Marston Moor; at capture of Liverpool. COMMENTS: The stag was the Earl of Essex's crest. The five hands allude to the five Parliament members. The device may allude to Essex's cuckoldom and to Psalm 148:14 'et exultavit cornu populi sui' (Vulgate); 'He also exalteth the horn of his people' (KJV).

6

English Civil War Flag Devices 0009.0 FRENCH MOTTO: Adieu l'°amour, vive la °guerre Farewell °love, long live °war PICTURE: An °armed °horseman trampling upon °Cupid. [No known illustration]. SOURCES: Blount, sig Nla.

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded PARTY: ^Parliament DATE: 16420010.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Adspice ut adspiciar °Look so that I may be looked at PICTURE: In each corner a gold °branch of °laurel. In top right corner, blue °clouds and °sun in glory. Beneath in left bottom corner, a gold °sundial on a white °stone base. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol lOb; Harl 1383, fols 4 and 44; Nam 6208-1, p 28; Williams, 29; Blount, sig M3a; Prestwich, p 29; Kightly (c), 852-53. BEARER: °Balfour, William FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent and gules. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1642-45

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Son of Sir William Balfour. Served in his father's regiment of horse in Essex's army (1642-45) and was later promoted to major. Earlier he served as captain and then major in Sir James Ramsey's regiment of horse (Spring, I, 10).

English Civil War Flag Devices

7

0011.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Aequum est pro °christo °mori / Vivat °Carolus rex It is °just to °die for °Christ / Long live King °Charles PICTURE: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial °crown and the inscription °'CR'. To left a red °crucifix. [No known illustration]. SOURCES: True Informer (28 Sept to 5 Oct 1644), p 355; Blount (1655), sig N2a; Ryder, p 43; Reid, Scots (3), opp p 35. FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Canton or with saltire gules. PARTY: °Irish Catholic Confederacy DATE: 1644

COMMENTS: Possibly accompanied the Earl of Antrim's forces to Scotland in 1644. Blount (1655) says that the cornet was 'taken from the Irish Rebels in the late warres.' Moran's source describes the field as 'albis respersis guttis sanguineis' (white, sprinkled with drops of blood). 0012.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Agitata veresco (°viresco) Though °shaken, I °flourish PICTURE: A green °tree. Motto in black letters on silver horizontal banner. SOURCES: Rawlinson, fol 18b; Cole (Parl), 14. BEARER: °Byron, Sir Nicholas

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Fought in 2nd Bishops' War. In 1642, Col-Gen of Shropshire and Cheshire and later Governor of Chester. Fought on Royalist side at Edgehill and 1st Newbury. He was uncle of seven brothers who fought on King's side (Newman, 231). FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. PARTY: °King DATE: 1640 (2nd Bishops' War)

COMMENTS: Device used in 2nd Bishops' War. Cole places it among those of the Parliament side, although in 1640 there was as yet no Parliamentary army. Cf Wither, p 245.

8

English Civil War Flag Devices 0013.0 FRENCH MOTTO: °Aimez °loyaulte °Love °loyalty PICTURE: Motto only displayed on banner. SOURCES: Cole (King), 2; Blount, sig L2a; Kightly (d), 282. BEARER: °Winchester, John Paulet, Marquis of RANK: Colonel

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded PARTY: °King

BIOGRAPHY: Winchester held Basing House until it was taken by Cromwell in Oct 1645. A Roman Catholic, he was eventually imprisoned. On his release, he went to the Continent but returned after the Restoration. COMMENTS: Motto from Winchester's arms.

DATE: 1642-45 0014.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Alterius non sit qui tuus esse °potest Let not he who can be your °man belong to °another PICTURE: A vertical unsheathed °sword. Motto on scroll in circular device around the sword. SOURCES: Cole (King), 39; Blount, sig L4a. COMMENTS: Blount comments that the bearer is asserting Liberty.

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-

English Civil War Flag Devices

9

0015.0 LATIN MOTTO: Amoveantur °impii, et stabilietur [stabiliter] °pax May the °wicked be taken away and °peace be firmly (established) PICTURE: Motto only on label in three folds. SOURCES: Harl 1383, fol 29.

FIELD & FRINGE: Diapered pattern. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 16420016.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °Antichrist must downe. If you support him he will pall upon you. PICTURE: The Tope (in centre) on a golden °throne and wearing a gold mantle and triple °crown. Threatening him with an unsheathed ° sword is a man at right. A third man in a high-crowned hat, attempts to remove crown. The first man utters the motto in black letters on a silver label. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 64a; Williams, 86; Prestwich, pp 57-58; Spring II, 76.

FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. Fringed argent and sable. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1644-

BEARER: °Gwilliams (Williams), William RANK: Captain BIOGRAPHY: Commissioned to raise troop of horse in 1643, but failed to do so. On 7 February 1644, entered Waller's Regiment of Horse (Spring II, 76). Went on to serve in Ireton's regiment of horse in the New Model (Firth & Davies, p 116) but was killed at the siege of Bristol (Sprigge, p 93).

10

English Civil War Flag Devices 0017.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Astra tenens °dominatur He is supreme being °master of the °stars PICTURE: Naked °arm and °hand issue from °cloud at right and pointing to °seven gold °stars. Motto at top in black letters on white banner. SOURCES: Williams, 115. BEARER: °Janson

RANK: Captain

FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 16420018.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: At all that's °round PICTURE: A °sphere at centre. Below is motto in black letters on white banner in three folds. [Illustration not available], SOURCES: Symonds, p 242; Kightly (d), 281-82. BEARER: °Gerard, Charles Gerard, Lord RANK: Colonel, then Maj Gen

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: King DATE: 1642-45

BIOGRAPHY: A Catholic. His regiment of horse was mainly raised in South Wales in late 1642. Fought at siege of Bristol, 1st Newbury, Newark, and Rowton Heath. Commander-in-chief South Wales in 1644-45. Laid down commissions in 1645 and retired to Continent in 1646 (Newman, 591; Reid, Officers, II, 75). COMMENTS: The cornet was for Gerard's troop of Life Guards and refers to 'Roundheads.'

11

English Civil War Flag Devices 0019.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Auspice °Christo With °Christ as (my) °guide

PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on silver scroll. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 45b; NAM 6208-1, p 48; Williams, 35; Blount, sig M3a; Prestwich, p 44 BEARER: °Sydenham, William

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Governor of Poole and Weymouth. Served principally in Dorset. His Regiment of Horse later became Sir Walter Erie's. FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and or. PARTY: Parliament

COMMENTS: In Williams ms fringed argent and sable. Add 5247 gives the rank as captain.

DATE: 1642-44 0020.0 LATIN MOTTO: Aut °cita °mors aut Victoria °laeta Either a °swift °death or a °joyous °victory PICTURE: A °skull at right and a °wreath of °laurel at left. Motto above in black letters on white horizontal banner. SOURCES: Harl 1377, fol 7; Add 12,447, fol 24a; Blount, sig Nla. COMMENTS: Add 12,447 has not been coloured.

FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. Fringed sable and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

12

English Civil War Flag Devices 0021.0 LATIN MOTTO: Aut hoc aut illud ex utrisque °coloria ("gloria) Either this or that, (but) °glory in either case PICTURE: At right an oval "wreath of °laurel. At left a °skull. Motto is below in gold letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 91b; Rawlinson, fol 7; Prestwich, p 74 BEARER: °Fiennes, Edward (?)

Field & Fringe: Azure. Fringed or and Azure PARTY: Parliament

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: The sources do not give Fiennes' first name, but the cornet is probably that of Edward Fiennes of Waller's Horse. COMMENTS: Rawlinson has 'gloria' for 'coloria' and depicts the cornet as fringed argent and azure.

DATE: 16420022.0 LATIN MOTTO: Aut hunc aut °super hunc Either this or "higher than ("above) this PICTURE: "Clouds at right, from which issues a naked "arm and "hand holding a black "flag, with inscription (the motto) in gold letters: "'Aut hunc aut super hunc.' SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 48a, 83a; Harl 2275, fol 50; Williams, 69; Rawlinson, fol 27; Blount, sig M3b; Prestwich, pp 45 and 70. BEARER: "Skinner, Augustine

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: From Kent. An advocate of reformed episcopacy. Elected M.P. in 1642. FIELD & FRINGE: Or. Fringed argent and sable. PARTY: "Parliament DATE: 1642

COMMENTS: The same cornet with a red field was used in 1647-48 when Skinner took over Sir Michael Livesey's regiment of Kentish Horse.

13

English Civil War Flag Devices 0023.0 LATIN MOTTO: Aut hunc aut °super hunc Either this or °higher than (°above) this

PICTURE: From right side, °clouds and issuing from them a naked °arm and °hand holding a white °flag on which is motto in black letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 83a; Williams, 111; Prestwich, p 70; Kightly (c), 853, 876 BEARER: °Skinner, Augustine FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent and gules. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1647-48

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of East Farley Hall, Kent. His regiment probably contained elements of Sir Michael Livesey's regiment in which Skinner had served. Skinner's regiment of was not strictly part of the New Model. It helped suppress the Kentish rising in 1648. Skinner died in debtor's prison having mortgaged his estates to buy bishops' lands. 0024.0 LATIN MOTTO: Aut °inveniam aut °faciam I shall °find [them] or °make [them] °quiet PICTURE: A naked °hand from bottom right with an unsheathed °sword. SOURCES: Williams, 130; Cole (King), 43; Blount, sig L4b. COMMENTS: This cornet was captured by Essex's forces at Cirencester (15 Sept 1643), according to the Williams ms It probably belonged to an officer in the Earl of Spencer's Regiment.

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. DATE: 1642-1643 (15 Sept) PARTY: °King

14

English Civil War Flag Devices 0025.0 LATIN MOTTO: Aut °morear °vota °servam Or may I °die to keep my °vows PICTURE: From right a °hand clothed in red with °sword pointing to red "heart. Motto in black letters above and below device. SOURCES: Add 12,447, fol 25b. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Or. Fringed or and azure PARTY: "Parliament DATE: 1642-

0026.0 LATIN MOTTO: Aut °mors aut "honor Either "death or "honour PICTURE: From "cloud at top right issues a naked "hand holding a "pistol with gold barrel that points diagonally down to bottom left. Motto is along barrel of pistol. SOURCES: NAM 6208-1, p 129. BEARER: Bearer not known COMMENTS: The colouring of this drawing is incomplete.

FIELD & FRINGE: Not known. PARTY: "Parliament DATE: 1642-

15

English Civil War Flag Devices 0027.0 LATIN MOTTO: Aut °mors aut °vita decora Either °death or a fitting °life PICTURE: A °skull. [No extant illustration].

SOURCES: Stewart, p 15; Rushworth, Pt III, vol II, 635. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: This cornet was captured at Marston Moor by the Parliament forces. FIELD &recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 1644 (2 July) 0028.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Barbarus has °segetes? Will some °barbarian (°reap) these °crops? PICTURE: landscape with °houses, °cornfields, etc., invaded by a °beggarly people. SOURCES: Cole (King), 16; Blount, sig A4b, L2b. BEARER: °Berkeley, Sir John

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Colonel of Horse and Foot. Raised 500 horse in Cornwall. Fought at Modbury, Stratton, Chewton Mendip in 1643. Established at Exeter in Oct 1643. Col General in Devon (April 1644) and Governor of Exeter (Newman, 108). FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-

COMMENTS: Blount suggests that the device refers to the Parliamentarians as no better than barbarians. The motto is from Vergil, Eclogues 1.71.

16

English Civil War Flag Devices 0029.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: Be yee very "courageous for the °Lord °fighteth for us PICTURE: Two armed men on white "horses "fight each other. Man on right has plume of red feathers and red sash. He points a °gun at his adversary, who has orange sash and feathers. He holds a "sword (falchion) and out of his mouth issues a silver scroll with the motto. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol lOla; Williams, 88; Prestwich, p 79 BEARER: "Chaffin (?Chafine)

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and argent

RANK: Captain

PARTY: "Parliament

BIOGRAPHY: Of Somersetshire. Chafine served in Colonel Nicholas Boscowen's regiment of horse, raised June 1644 and disbanded October 1646.

DATE: 1642-

COMMENTS: The motto derives from Joshua 23:6.

0030.0 LATIN MOTTO: "Beet °deus °egressum May "God "bless our "going out PICTURE: Motto on diagonal stripe (bend). At bottom right an heraldic "wreath (or and argent) above which a gold "lion's "paw erased. SOURCES: NAM 6208-1, p 128 BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: Picture heraldic rather than emblematic. The colouring of the drawing appears to be incomplete.

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed or and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

17

English Civil War Flag Devices 0031.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Bella °beatorum °bella The °wars of the °saints are °fine

PICTURE: Motto only on cornet, diagonally in gold letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 29b; NAM 6208-1, p 72; Rawlinson, fol 20; Williams, 44; Cole (Parl), 16; Blount, sig M3b; Prestwich, p 37. BEARER: °Long, Walter? FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed argent and azure. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Wiltshire and Somersetshire. Possibly Sir Walter Long, M.P. for Whaddon (Wiltshire), who raised a troop of horse for Parliament (Cokayne, III, 181). COMMENTS: The motto puns on 'bella' (wars) and 'bella' (fine). 0032.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Bella °beatorum °bella The °wars of the ° saints are °fine PICTURE: From °cloud at right issues an armed °arm and °hand with raised °sword. At bottom left a °skull encircled by a silver °laurel °wreath. Motto above in black letters on silver banner in three folds. SOURCES: Williams, 116; Kightly (c), 852, 876. BEARER: °Greene, Elijah

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: In Thomas Morton's regiment of horse in New Model. Went with Cromwell to Ireland in 1649. FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Fringed argent and or (?). PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1647-

COMMENTS: The motto puns on 'bella' (wars) and 'bella' (fine).

18

English Civil War Flag Devices 0033.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Bella °beatorum °bella The °wars of the °saints are °fine PICTURE: Motto only. A white canton with red cross of St. George. SOURCES: Williams, 103; Add 5247, fol 112a; Blount (1655), sig Nib. BEARER: °Hambleton, Archibald RANK: Captain

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or, and sable mixed with or. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

BIOGRAPHY: Served in Colonel James Wardlaw's regiment of dragoons. COMMENTS: Blount says this guidon used in Ireland. Add 5247 assigns this to George Dunlas and gives Hambleton 'lusta triumphal causa.' The motto puns on 'bella' (wars) and 'bella' (fine). 0034.0 [Entry deleted. See entry for 0360.0] 0035.0 LATIN MOTTO: Bona °consciencia bonus °angelus A good Conscience is a good °angel PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on silver banner in three folds. SOURCES: Rawlinson, fol 24b. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules (tenne?). No fringe given. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

19

English Civil War Flag Devices 0036.0

LATIN MOTTO: °Caelum et term (°terra) °testis °Heaven and °earth are (my) °witness PICTURE: From right side issue an armed °arm and °hand grasping an unsheathed °sword. Near the bottom, the motto in black letters on gold scroll of three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 106a; Williams, 107; Prestwich, p 81. BEARER: °Boughtell FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed argent and gules PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Captain

COMMENTS: The Williams ms gives the bearer's name as 'Burghe' and depicts the cornet as fringed argent and sable. The motto is possibly derived from Deut 4:26 'testes invoco hodie caelum et terram' (Vulgate); 'I call heaven and earth to witness against you this day' (KJV). 0037.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Causa pateat The °cause is clear PICTURE: A open °book (°Bible), with gold edges and crimson binding, inscribed in black letters 0 'Sacra Scriptura.' An unsheathed °sword. Motto at top on silver label. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 72b; Harl 1397, fol 259b; Williams, 82; Blount, sig M4a; Prestwich, p 63. BEARER: °Young

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of the Temple. FIELD & FRINGE: Or. Fringed argent and gules. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

COMMENTS: NAM 6208-1, p 74, has device of book and sword but records no motto and adds a crown at bottom centre. Harl 1397 has 'patet' for 'pateat.'

20

English Civil War Flag Devices 0038.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Cave °adsum °Beware, I am °ready PICTURE: An armed °arm and °hand issuing from °clouds at left and holding a vertical unsheathed °sword (falchion). SOURCES: Add 5247, fol lib; NAM 6208-1, p 5; Williams, 30; Cole (Parl), 32; Blount, sig M2b; Prestwich, p 29; Kightly (c), 852-53. BEARER: °Gunter, John

FIELD & FRINGE: Tenne. Fringed in argent and sable. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-43

RANK: Major

BIOGRAPHY: Captain of troop of horse in Essex's army (Peacock, p 47). A Colonel John Gunter is listed by Ricraft as having been slain in 1647 (P 155). COMMENTS: The Royalists interpreted the device as a reference to their ignominious flight at Powick Bridge. In 1643, this cornet was captured by the Royalists. Referring to the Colour as Essex's, the Royalist new motto 'was an admirable Motto for one who never shewed his face in the battaile' (Mercurius Aulicus, 18 June 1643). Warburton remarks that the Cavaliers found much to comment upon when the cornet 'was seen in retreat, or warning the terrified farmers of approaching contributions' (Warburton, I, 374 note 2). The Williams ms depicts this as fringed tenne and argent.

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0039.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °Charles, thus °peace flies to thee PICTURE: On right side two °hands draw a gold °bow and shoot an °arrow at a °winged human °heart. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 6a; NAM 6208-1, 3; Williams, 36; Blount, sig M2b; Prestwich, p 26. BEARER: °Cary, Sir Horatio

FIELD & FRINGE: Tenne. Fringed argent and sable. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1642-43 (June)

RANK: Major

BIOGRAPHY: A professional soldier. At outbreak of war in 1642, he was commissioned major in army of William Waller but in June 1643 he joined the Royalists. He took over regiment in 1644 and later fought at Naseby (Newman, 262). COMMENTS: His Royalist banner had the motto 'Come out you cuckold.' 0040.0

LATIN MOTTO: °Christo °duce et °auspice °vincam With °Christ as °leader and °guide, I shall °conquer PICTURE: Motto only on banner in black letters on silver label in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 70b; Williams, 78; Blount, sig M4b; Prestwich, p 62; Kightly (c), 852-53. BEARER: °Chute, Nathaniel (?) RANK: Captain FIELD & FRINGE: Tenne. Fringed tenne and argent. PARTY: "Parliament DATE: 1642-45

BIOGRAPHY: Served under Essex and later in Colonel Richard Graves's Regiment of Horse (10th Regiment) in the New Model.

22

English Civil War Flag Devices 0041.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: Come out you °cuckold PICTURE: A °fox in a °barrel. [Illustration not available]. SOURCES: Harl 986, fol 86a; Kightly (d), 281-82. BEARER: °Cary, Sir Horatio

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Gary took over regiment in 1644 (he was Parliamentarian until June 1643) but it soon passed into other hands the same year. He later fought at Naseby (Newman, 262). FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent PARTY: °King DATE: 1643-44

COMMENTS: The device is probably an insulting allusion to the Earl of Essex's marital situation. The animal in the barrel may be intended to represent the Earl's heraldic badge of a deer. Symonds includes an explanatory note on the picture: 'a fox pulling ye roundhead by ye eares.' 0042.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: Come, °cuckolds PICTURE: A pair of °horns. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Mercurius Civicus (12-18 June 1645), p963. COMMENTS: The Parliamentarian author of the account of the Battle of Naseby in Mercurius Civicus reported that 'We tooke one colours of horse with a pair of homes: The motto, come Cuckolds, as soone as our men had taken it, they held the homes and motto towards the enemy and so charged them' (p 963). A cornet with a somewhat similar motto was paraded with other colours captured at Naseby in London on 21 June (see 'Cuckold we come').

Field & Fringe: Not known PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-1645

23

English Civil War Flag Devices 0043.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Conantia frangere °frango I °break that which °tries to break

PICTURE: At right a silver °column on a °square base. Issuing from the left an armed °arm and °hand with an unsheathed °sword. The sword is broken against the column. The motto is in black letters on a silver scroll in three folds at the top. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 46a; Add 12,447, fol 21b; NAM 6208-1, p 9; Cole (Parl), 33; Blount, sig M3a; Prestwich, p 44. FIELD & FRINGE: Tenne. Fringed argent, with sable mixed with argent. PARTY: Parliament

BEARER: °Mason, Benjamin(?)

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Nottingham. Possibly Benjamin Mason of John Fiennes's Regiment of Horse and earlier a member of Essex's Lifeguard.

DATE: 1643-4(7) 0044.0

LATIN MOTTO: °Concordes °resonem da °deus alme °sonos Grant, O kindly °God, that I may °send forth °harmonious °sounds PICTURE: Gold °harp. SOURCES: Add 5247, fols 119b-120b (1-7); Blount (1655), sig Nib. BEARER: °Inchiquin, Murrough O'Brien, Earl of

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed or and sable. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-

BIOGRAPHY: Commanded troop of 100 horse raised in England. In July 1642 appointed Commander of Army in Munster. In July 1644 went over to Parliament side but in 1648 went back to the King. Defeated by New Model at Arklow in 1649. COMMENTS: One of several cornets designed for Lord Inchequin's campaign in Ireland in 1642.

24

English Civil War Flag Devices 0045.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Constantia °coronatrice With °steadfastness °bestowing the °crown PICTURE: A green mount with a silver reversed °pyramid, surmounted by a gold ducal °crown. The motto to either side of this device. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Symonds, p 93 (Harl 939, fol 23). BEARER: °Danish lord (unnamed)

FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. Fringed not recorded. PARTY: King

COMMENTS: Symonds saw this cornet being made for a Danish lord who was raising a regiment in Exeter. Charles I requested and got assistance from Denmark (see, Gardiner, I, 39, 64). Cf the other Danish cornets recorded by Symonds.

DATE: 1644 0046.0 LATIN MOTTO: Contra °audentior °ito Let the °bolder (man) °advance against (the °enemy) PICT. SOURCE Blount, sig L3b. BEARER: °Compton, Sir Charles RANK: Captain, then Lieut Colonel

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and argent.

BIOGRAPHY: Younger brother of Earl of Northampton (James Compton). He served in Earl of Northampton's Regiment of Horse. Knighted at Oxford in Dec 1643. In B anbury at the surrender in 1646 when his brother William was governor (Newman, 321).

PARTY: °King

COMMENTS: Motto from Vergil, Aeniad, VI, 95.

DATE: 1642-46

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0047.0 LATIN MOTTO: Contra °impios Against the °wicked PICTURE: °Arrows raining down from °clouds at top right towards bottom left. Motto in black letters diagonally from bottom right to top left. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 77a; Harl 1397, fol 259; Williams, 83; Cole (Parl), 37; Blount, sig M4a; Prestwich, pp 66-67. BEARER: °Noke FIELD & FRINGE: Or. Fringed or, and sable mixed with or.

RANK: Captain

COMMENTS: Noke's crest included the device of a downward-pointing arrow.

PARTY: Parliament DATE: 16420048.0 LATIN MOTTO: Contra °inimicos °Caroli Against the °enemies of °Charles PICTURE: Motto on banner in three folds. From °cloud at top left issues an armed °arm and naked °hand holding an unsheathed °sword. On blade of sword is inscribed °'fiat Justitia.' [Illustration not available]. SOURCES: Harl 1383, fol 50; Harl 1397, fol 259b; NAM 6208-1, p 130. BEARER: °Fines

Field & Fringe: Not known PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Captain

26

English Civil War Flag Devices 0049.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Convertentur vel °confundentur in °aeternum They will be °turned around (°converted) and °confounded forever PICTURE: Three human °heads with short hair (°Roundheads). [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Blount (1655), sig N3b. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-46 0050.0 LATIN MOTTO: Coram °Zerubbabel Before °Zerubbabel PICTURE: °Cloud at right from which an °arm and °hand holding °hammer uplifted against °mountain to left. Motto in black letters on silver scroll above. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 41a; Add 14,308, fol 18b; Rawl B, fol 14b; NAM 6208-1, p 85; Rawlinson, fol 16b; Williams, 55; Cole, 13 (Parl); Prestwich, p 42. BEARER: °Norwood, John

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Captain of a troop of horse in Edmund Harvey's City Horse, London. FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed or and gules. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1643

COMMENTS: The device alludes to Zechariah 4:7 and Zerubbabel's vision that he will rebuild the spiritual temple in the face of all opposition.

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0050.1 ENGLISH MOTTO: °Covenant for °Religion °Crovne and ° Kingdom PICTURE: °Thistle at centre of saltire. SOURCES: National Museum of Scotland; EdeBorrett & McGarrigle, pp 52-53. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: The flag, now in the National Museum of Scotland, is much damaged and the full text of the motto has not survived. FIELD & FRINGE: Azure & pink segments with saltire argent. PARTY: Covenant DATE: c.1648-50 0050.2 ENGLISH MOTTO: °Covenant For °Religion, °King, and °Kingdomes PICTURE: Five red °roses stalked green at centre of saltire. SOURCES: National Museum of Scotland; EdeBorrett & McGarrigle, pp 52-56. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: The flag is now in the National Museum of Scotland.

FIELD & FRINGE: Vert with saltire argent. PARTY: Covenant DATE: c.1648-50

28

English Civil War Flag Devices 0051.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °Covenant for °Religion, °King and °Kingdome PICTURE: At bottom right a gold °boar's head (erased) with red tongue. Motto above in gold letters. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 28a; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 43; Reid, Scots, pp 76, 79. BEARER: °Mauchline, Lord (?), son of Earl of Loudon RANK: Colonel (?) BIOGRAPHY: Mauchline was the son of the Earl of Loudon.

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed Azure and or. PARTY: °Covenant

COMMENTS: From Lord Mauchline's regiment raised in 1650 (Reid, Scots, p 76). For another cornet associated with Mauchline, see 'I byd my time.'

DATE: 1650 (Dunbar) 0052.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °Covenant for °Religion, °King and °Kingdomes 1650 PICTURE: A °man in gold on a white °horse at centre. In a circle around him is the motto in gold letters. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 29a; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 46; and Reid, Scots, pp 77, 86. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and or. PARTY: °Covenant DATE: 1650 (Dunbar)

COMMENTS: As Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle point out, the cornet is somewhat unusual in that it bears the date of its manufacture and/or presentation, like a number of German cornets of the period. Reid suggests tentatively that the cornet may have been captured at Inverkeithing rather than Dunbar and may have belonged to Colonel Augustine's regiment. Augustine was a German.

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29

0053.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °Covenant for °Religion, °King and °Kingdomes PICTURE: Saltire, at centre of which the head of a °goat, encircled by a °laurel wreath. [Illustration not available. Cf 0420.0]. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 22a; Blount (1655), sig N2b; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 16; Reid, Scots, p 37. BEARER: Officer in Tester's regiment

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Saltire argent.

COMMENTS: The goat's head is the heraldic crest of John Hay, Master of Yester (Reid, Scots, p 36). Cf 0420.0

PARTY: Covenant DATE: 1648 (Preston) 0054.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °Covenant for °Religion, °King and °Kingdomes PICTURE: At the centre there is a °cloud from which issues an °arm and °hand holding a vertical unsheathed °sword ensigned with a gold °crown. The motto is in gold letters. At the four extremities of saltire are red °lion (top right), red °heart (bottom right), silver °bear (top left), black °cross (bottom left). SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 29b; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 32; Reid, Scots, p 32. BEARER: Unknown RANK: General of the Artillery FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Saltire argent. PARTY: °Covenant DATE: 1650 (Dunbar)

COMMENTS: The four devices, one at each corner of the ensign are derived from the arms of Wemys, Douglas, Forbes, and Sinclair respectively (Reid, Scots, p 42). The identification of the ensign as that

30

English Civil War Flag Devices COMMENTS is made by Reid, Scots (p 32).

0055.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °Covenant for °religion, °King and °Kingdomes PICTURE: At centre a pale grey °castle standing upon a blue-grey °rock and encircled by a green °wreath. At top right issues a gloved °hand holding a vertical unsheathed °sword. Motto in gold letters in semi-circle above castle device. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 35a; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 25; Reid, Scots, p 67. BEARER: °Stewart, Alexander (?)

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Stewart's regiment was raised in Edinburgh in 1649. Stewart was killed at Dunbar. FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. PARTY: °Covenant DATE: 1649-1650 (Dunbar)

COMMENTS: Both Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle and Reid identify the central device as taken from the arms of the Burgh of Edinburgh.

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0056.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °Covenant for °Religion, °King, and °Kingdom PICTURE: At top right a gold °cock with red beak, crest and wattles standing on blue and white heraldic °wreath. Motto in gold letters on white scroll. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 35b; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 24; Reid, Scots, pp 54, 57. BEARER: Unknown

RANK: Colonel (?)

BIOGRAPHY: Possibly Colonel in the Master of Caithness' Regiment of Foot. FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. PARTY: °Covenant DATE: 1650 (Dunbar)

COMMENTS: Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle suggest the Master of Caithness' Regiment; however, Reid suggests either Colonel John Innes' Regiment or Colonel Harie Sinclair's Regiment.

0057.0 FRENCH MOTTO: °Craindre °dieu et non °avire [?°avilir] To °fear °God and not [?to dishonour] PICTURE: From °cloud at top right issue an armed °arm and °hand with raised °sword. Motto below in black letters on white banner. SOURCES: Add 12,447, fol 20. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

32

English Civil War Flag Devices 0058.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Crudella °vindicat °aether °Heaven °avenges °cruelty PICTURE: A kneeling °naked °woman at left. At right, a man with beard in red hat and shirt with drawn °sword holds her hair with his left hand as if about to kill her. SOURCES: Williams, 34; Blount (1655), sig N2a. BEARER: °Niarne, John

FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. Fringed argent and sable. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-

RANK: Major

BIOGRAPHY: A Scot. According to the Williams ms, Niarne was killed at Knightsbridge and buried at St Martin's in the Fields. COMMENTS: The device was designed for use in Ireland, probably for an independent troop of horse. It appears to refer to Irish atrocities. 0059.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °Cuckold wee come PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on gold banner, SOURCES: Williams, 149. COMMENTS: This seems to have been a version of a motto used by Sir Horatio Gary and his officers. The motto alludes to the Earl of Essex.

FIELD & FRINGE: Vert PARTY: °King DATE: 1643-14 June 1645 (Naseby)

33

English Civil War Flag Devices 0060.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °Cuckolds we come PICTURE: [No illustration given in source]. SOURCES: Harl 986, fol 86a.

BEARER: °Pickayes (Pickhay, Pickar), Agimondisham RANK: Captain (poss. Major) BIOGRAPHY: A captain (possibly major) in Colonel Horatio Gary's Brigade of Horse, raised in 1643. Symonds (Harl 986, fol 86) refers to him as 'Goldsmith London.' He compounded in 1650 for delinquency in the 1st Civil War (Newman, 1129). FIELD & FRINGE: Not known

COMMENTS: Possibly this cornet is the same as that recorded by Blount, sig L3b (see 0061.0).

PARTY: °King DATE: 16430061.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °Cuckolds we come PICTURE: Motto only horizontally in gold letters. [No illustration given in source]. SOURCES: Blount, sig L3b; Kightly (d), 281-82; Reid, BEARER: °Debee, John

RANK: Major

BIOGRAPHY: In Gary's regiment of horse. This was raised in the West Country in late 1643. It fought at Cheriton and at Naseby.

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: °King DATE: 1643-1644

34

English Civil War Flag Devices 0062.0 LATIN MOTTO: Cuiquam °meritum To every man his °deserts PICTURE: °Fortune with her °wheel holding a °crown in her right hand and extending left hand with °five °halters to five men. SOURCES: Cole (King), 13; Blount, sig L2b. BEARER: °Hatton, Robert (?)

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Colonel of regiment of horse. FIELD & FRINGE: Not known PARTY: °King

COMMENTS: Blount suggests that the five men represent the Five Members. Blount gives no first name for the bearer. A Colonel Robert Hatton is, however, listed in Reid, Officers, 91.

DATE: 16420063.0 LATIN MOTTO: Cunctas °haereses °interemisti / Vivat °Carolus °rex Thou hast °overcome all °heresies / Long live °King °Charles PICTURE: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial °crown and the inscription °'CR.' To left the °Virgin °Mary holding the infant °Jesus in her arms, and with her heels trampling on a °serpent's head. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Tru), p 356; Ryder, p 43; Reid, Scots (3), opp p 35. FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Canton or with saltire gules. PARTY: °Irish Catholic Confederacy DATE: 1644

COMMENTS: One of the Catholic Confederacy ensigns that possibly accompanied the Earl of Antrim's forces to Scotland in 1644. Not in Blount (1655).

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35

0064.0 LATIN MOTTO: Dabitur Victoria °sanctis °Victory will be given to the °holy ones (°saints) PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on gold scroll in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 81a; Harl 1383, fol 40; Harl 1397, fol 259; Williams, 81; Prestwich, p 69. BEARER: °St. Nicholas, Thomas RANK: Captain BIOGRAPHY: Of Kent. Legal advisor to Sir Michael Livesey (Everitt, p 276). FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed argent and azure.

COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this cornet as fringed or and sable mixed with or.

PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 16420065.0 FRENCH MOTTO: Dans la °guerre je °cherche la °paix I ° search for °peace in the °war PICTURE: Motto only in gold letters in three horizontal lines. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 13a; Williams, Blount, sig M3a; Prestwich, p 30. BEARER: °Hammond, John

FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Fringed vert and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

61;

RANK: Captain

COMME as fringed or and sable, and Prestwich says azure and argent. This cornet appears to have belonged to an independent troop of 1642 which was then possibly regimented.

36

English Civil War Flag Devices 0066.0 LATIN MOTTO: "Date °Caesari °Give unto °Caesar PICTURE: At top a gold °crown with red lining. Below is the motto in semi-circle in gold letters. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 7; Blount (1655), sig N2b; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 14; Reid, Scots, p 26. BIOGRAPHY: Officer in charge of one of the troops of Duke of Hamilton's Life guard of horse.

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and or. PARTY: "Covenant DATE: 1648, 19 Aug (Preston)

COMMENTS: This cornet was surrendered on 25 Aug at Uttoxeter. A similar cornet (probably Hamilton's own) with a white field is described in Duke Hamiltons Conditions for Surrendering Himself (1648), p 1. The motto is derived from Matt 22:21 (Mark 12:17). 0067.0 LATIN MOTTO: De "supra °auxilium °Help from "above PICTURE: Motto only on horizontal banner. SOURCES: NAM 6208-1, p 126. COMMENTS: Drawing in pen and ink only.

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

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0068.0 LATIN MOTTO: Decet °regem °regere °plebem It is fitting that the °King should °rule the °commons PICTURE:A circle at the center of which is an 'E.' Around the outside of the circle are the letters 'D,' 'C,' 'T,' 'G,' 'M,' 'R,' 'G,' 'R,' T,' 'B,' 'M' to form a °rebus (the motto). SOURCES: Blount, sig L4b.

FIELD & FRINGE: Not known.

COMMENTS: Blount provides an illustration of the device and explains: 'where the vowel (E) in the Centre, being severally made use of with the Consonants in the Circumference, it makes this sentence, DECET REGEM REGERE PLEBEM.'

PARTY: °King DATE: 16420069.0 LATIN MOTTO: Decorum est pro °patria °mori It is fitting to °die for one's °country PICTURE: A blue and gold heraldic °wreath above which is silver °unicorn rampant, Butler's armorial crest. At top the motto in black letters on a silver scroll in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 49b; NAM 6208-1, p 109; Williams, 39; Blount, sig M3b; Prestwich, p45. BEARER: °Butler, James (John?) RANK: Captain, then Major FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed argent and azure. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1643-45

BIOGRAPHY: Served under Sir William Waller. Promoted Major in 1643. Col of Horse from April 1645 until 1647. Then Regiment became Horton's. Com

38

English Civil War Flag Devices 0070.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Dei °gratia °Thanks be to °God PICTURE: A °crown. SOURCES: Cole (King), 9; Blount, sig L2b; Kightly (d), 282. BEARER: °Lucas, John, Lord

FIELD & FRINGE: Not known PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-c. 1645

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Created Baron Lucas in 1645. Described as 'papist' by contemporaries. His regiment served with Prince Rupert in Nov 1643, and was still in existence in Sept 1645 (Newman, 917). COMMENTS: Neither Blount nor Cole give the first name of 'Lord Lucas.' Possibly they are referring to Charles (the younger brother of John).

0071.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Deo °duce nil °desperandum With °God as our °leader, we must not °despair PICTURE: At right a °mountain. An °armed man wearing orange sash and helmet with three orange feathers, mounted on a white °horse and about to climb mountain. At top right is gold °eye in blue °clouds. Motto in black letters on blue label issues from mouth of horseman who carries vertical unsheathed °sword. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 56a; Harl 1397, fol 259b; NAM 6208-1, p 60; Williams, 24; Rawlinson, fol 29b, 33b; Blount, sig Mlb; Cole (Parl), 24; Prestwich, p 50. FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: °Parliament DATE: 1642-4

BEARER: Sheffield, Samuel (or Sampson) RANK: Captain BIOGRAPHY: Blount refers to him as Colonel but him with his older brother James. One of the Earl

English Civil War Flag Devices

39

BIOGRAPHY (CONT.): appears to have confused of Mulgrave's sons, he was Captain in James Sheffield's Horse. COMMENTS: Harl 1397 tricks the field as sable.

0072.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Deo °duce °vincimus With °God as our °leader, we shall °conquer PICTURE: Motto only. [Illustration not available]. SOURCES: Rawlinson, fol 28a. BIOGRAPHY: Officer in Col James Wardlaw's regiment of dragoons. Served at Edgehill and on Essex's campaigns in 1643.

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or, and sable mixed with or. PARTY: Parliament DATE-

40

English Civil War Flag Devices 0073.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Deo et °Caesari For °God and °Caesar PICTURE: Motto only on banner. SOURCES: Cole (King), 19; Blount, sig L3a. BEARER: °Widdrington, Sir Edward RANK: Colonel

FIELD & FRINGE: Not known PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-1644 (July) Marston Moor

BIOGRAP Northumberland. A Catholic. His regiment of horse was raised in 1642. He commanded a reserve brigade at Marston Moor and went into exile thereafter (Newman, 1565). COMMENTS: Blount states that in saying little, Widdrington 'implied much in his Colours.' The motto derives from Matt 22:21 (Mark 12:17). 0074.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Deo et °lex lea [Latin unsatisfactory. Perhaps, 'Choose for °God and °Law'] PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on white label in three folds. SOURCES: Add 14,308, fol 20b; Rawl B, fol 16b. BEARER: °Kempe, Thomas

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Captain of a troop of horse in the 'Blue' Regiment of City Horse, London.

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. No fringe recorded. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1646-48

COMMENTS: Kempe's position as captain follows the restructuring of the City regiments as a result of Parliament's disaffection with the New Model (Roberts, p 15).

41

English Civil War Flag Devices 0075.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Deo et °patriae For °God and °country

PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on gold banner in three folds. SOU1, p 118. BEARER: °Neale, William

RANK: Not known

BIOGRAPHY: Of Wanford, Hampshire. FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or and azure.

COMMENTS: The version in the NAM ms is unfinished and does not name the bearer.

PARTY: Parliament DATE: 16420076.0 LATIN

MOT

With °God and °victorious °arms PICTURE: At centre severed °head of °Charles_I, °bleeding, a °hand issuing from a cloud, holding a °sword. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Blount 1655, sig N4a; Balfour, IV, 8; Haythornthwaite, p 148; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p58. BEARER: °Charles II

FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. No fringe. PARTY: °King (Scottish Royalists) DATE: 1650-51

COMMENTS: According to Balfour, this was the King's standard of foot. It was brought to Scotland when Montrose landed in the Orkneys. However, Blount (1655) refers to it as a cornet and says that it belonged to 'the Scotch Kings party' (i.e. the army of Charles II) and was captured at Worcester.

42

English Civil War Flag Devices 0077.0 LATIN MOTTO: Det °meliora °deus May °God give °better (things) PICTURE: Motto only on label in three folds. SOURCES: Harl 1383, fol 21. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. No fringe recorded. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 16420078.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Deus °nobiscum °God be (is) with °us PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on silver horizonal banner. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 19a; NAM 6208-1, p 149; Williams, 11; Blount, sig Mlb; Prestwich, p 33; Kightly (c), 852-53. BEARER: °Brereton, Sir William RANK: Colonel

FIELD & FRINGE: Sable, semee with stars or. Fringed sable and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-45

BIOGRAPHY: From Cheshire. Member of Long Parliament. Brereton served as commander in Cheshire. He served at Nantwich and Hopton Heath in 1643, Montgomery in 1644, and Denbigh and Lichfield in 1645. He avoided the provisions of the Self-Denying Ordinance.

43

English Civil War Flag Devices 0079.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Deus °nobiscum °God be (is) with °us

PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on silver scroll. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 85b; Williams, 23; Prestwich, p 71. BEARER: °Fiennes, Francis

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed argent and azure.

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: 4th son of Lord Saye and Sele. Listed as Captain of a troop of horse in regiment raised for Essex in 1642 (Peacock, p 50). Captain of a troop of horse in his brother Colonel Nathaniel Fienne's regiment.

PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-43 0080.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Deus °nobiscum °God be (is) with °us PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on white banner in three folds. SOURCES: Add 14,308, fol 23a; Rawl B, fol 19a. BEARER: °Ashley, John

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Captain of an independent troop of 'Auxiliary' or Trained Band Horse for Southwark.

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. No fringe recorded. PARTY: °Parliament DATE: 1647-

COMMENTS: Ashley's position as captain follows the re-structuring of the City regiments as a result of Parliament's dissaffection with the New Model in 1647 (Roberts, p 20).

44

English Civil War Flag Devices 0081.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Deus pro °nobis °God is for °us PICTURE: A °fleur-de-lis of silver at each corner. In centre a °circlet from which silver rays issue. Motto in silver letters at centre of circlet. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 4a; NAM 6208-1, p 148; Prestwich, p 25; Kightly (c), 852-53; Lawson, p 60. BEARER: °Meldram

FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. Fringed with sable and argent. PARTY: Parliament

RANK: Sergeant-Major

COMMENTS: Lawson claims that the bearer was the Sir John Meldrum who was mortally wounded at Scarborough in March 1645, but he offers no evidence to support this contention. Cf the other cornet attributed to Meldram (Tandem bona causa triumphat').

DATE: 1642-1645 (May) 0082.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °Die to °live PICTURE: At right a silver °shield with black °cross molline. Motto diagonally in black letters. [Illustration not available]. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 117a. BEARER: °Copley

RANK: Captain

COMMENTS: Cf the other Copley family cornets ('For Reformation,' and 'Nay, but as a captain of the host of the Lord am I come').

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed argent and sable. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 71642-

45

English Civil War Flag Devices 0083.0

ENGLISH MOTTO: °Died °Abner like a °fool / °Libertatem novi [2nd motto] I have known °liberty PICTURE: First motto on horizontal white banner at bottom. Second motto at top. At centre a bearded °soldier, his right hand on hilt of °sword. Around his neck a °rope. One end of rope is held by °bishop to right, the other by °judge at left in fur-lined cloak. SOURCES: Harl 1377, fol 14; Harl 1383, fol 54; Rawlinson, fol 30b [34b]. FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and argent. PARTY: Parliament

BEARER: °Bishnell (?)

RANK: Captain

COMMENTS: The motto derives from 2 Sam 3:33. The cornet possibly belonged to the Blye Regiment of City Horse.

DATE: 16420084.0 FRENCH MOTTO: °Dieu comforte mon °coeur, et console mon °ame °God comfort my °heart and console my °soul PICTURE: An open °book (°Bible?) with clasps, inscribed °'Inseparabilia.' Above is a °crown enfiled by a °sceptre in bend dexter and a naked °sword in bend sinister, saltire-wise. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Symonds, p 93 (Harl 939, fol 23). BEARER: °Danish lord (unnamed) RANK: Unknown

FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. No fringe recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 1644

COMMENTS: Symonds saw this coronet being made at Exeter for a Danish lord who was raising a regiment.

46

English Civil War Flag Devices 0085.0 FRENCH MOTTO: °Dieu et mon °droit °God and my °right PICTURE: Gold °crowned °lion passant below gold °crown and motto on silver label. SOURCES: Harl911, fol 41b (Symonds' Diary); Williams, 144; Kightly (b), 603-04; Reid, Officers, after p 126; Ede-Borrett, p 41. BEARER: °Layton, William

FIELD & FRINGE: Per pale argent with cross gules of St. George, and gules. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-1645 (14 June)

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Layton, who served in the King's Life-Guard of Foot, was knighted by the King on 3 Sept 1645, according to Symonds (Harl 911). COMMENTS: This ensign was the colonel's colour of the King's Lifeguard of Foot (Red Coats) and was captured by Essex's forces at Naseby in 1645. 0086.0 FRENCH MOTTO: °Dieu et mon °droit / °Give °Caesar his °due [1st motto] °God and my °right PICTURE: °Crowned °lion passant below which is first motto. Above are royal °arms on a °flag, at the top of which is the second motto. From the right of this flag issues a °bloody °hand pointing to the °crown on top of the arms. SOURCES: Cole (King), 1; Blount, sig L2a. BEARER: King °Charles I

FIELD & FRINGE: Not known PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-

COMMENTS: Referred to by Blount as 'The Coronet-Devise of His Majesties own Troop or Life-guard of Horse.' The second motto is derived from Matt 22:21 (Mark 12:17).

English Civil War Flag Devices

47

0087.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °Doe or °die / °Covenant for °Religion, °King, and °Kingdomes PICTURE: From °cloud at right issues an armed °arm and °hand holding a vertical unsheathed 0 sword. First motto above in gold letters on silver scroll. Second motto to left in gold letters on silver scroll in four folds. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 19a; Blount (1655), sig N2b; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 15; Reid, Scots, pp 16, 19. BEARER: °Douglas, Richard

RANK: Colonel

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent.

BIOGRAPHY: Colonel of Roxborough Levies.

PARTY: °Covenant

COMMENTS: One of colours surrendered to Cromwell after Preston. First motto is from the Douglas crest.

DATE: 1648 (Preston)

0088.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Dominus °vindicat °populum suam / Vivat °Carolus °rex °God will °avenge his °people / Long live °King °Charles PICTURE: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial °crown and the inscription °'CR.' To left the figure of °Judith holding a ° sword with °Holofernes' severed °head impaled upon it. [No extant illustration].

FIELD & FRINGE: Purpure. Canton or with saltire gules. PARTY: °Irish Catholic Confederacy DATE: 1644

SOURCES: True Informer (28 Sept to 5 Oct 1644), p 356; Blount (1655), sig N2b; Moran, 18; Hayes-McCoy (a), 124; Hayes-McCoy (b), p 51; Ryder, p 44; Reid, Scots (3), opp p 35. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: Ensign possibly accompanied the Earl of Antrim's forces to Scotland in 1644.

48

English Civil War Flag Devices 0089.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Dona °dei utraque °regi Both °gifts from °God are for the °King PICTURE: An imperial gold °crown. Below, a °hand from a °cloud holds a °wreath of °laurel at right. Motto is below in gold letters. SOURCES: Williams, 132; Cole (King), 33; Blount, sig L3b; Kightly (d), 281.

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent.

COMMENTS: The motto refers to the King being given both the crown and victory (the laurel). This cornet was captured by the Parliamentarians at 1st Newbury.

PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-43 0090.0 LATIN MOTTO: Donee °pax reddit °terris Until °peace returns to °earth PICTURE: [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Sprigge, p 142; Haythornthwaite, 149. BEARER: °Peake, Sir Robert RANK: Lt. Colonel BIOGRAPHY: Peake was Lt. Colonel in the Marquis of Winchester's Regiment of Horse at Basing House, after having been in Sir Marmaduke Rawdon's Foot. Symonds described him as 'sometime picture-seller at Holborne Bridge.' FIELD & FRINGE: None recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 1643-5

COMMENTS: The colour was captured at the siege of Basing House in 1645 and presented to the House of Commons (Sprigge, p 142). The motto had been used by Charles I 'upon his Coronation mony' (Sprigge, p 142).

49

English Civil War Flag Devices 0091.0

ENGLISH MOTTO: °Dread °God / °Covenant for °Religion, °King, and °Kingdomes PICTURE: At upper right is gold crest of winged °lightning and °thunderbolt surmounted by a °crown (Carnegie crest). Below crest is first motto. Second motto in gold letters on silver scroll at left. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 17b; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 15; Reid, Scots, p 17. BEARER: °Carnegie, Lord James RANK: Colonel BIOGRAPHY: Son of 1st Earl of Southesk. Colonel of regiment of foot. FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. PARTY: °Covenant DATE: 1648 (Preston)

COMMENTS: After first two words the second motto is in 'mirror' writing. The flag was surrendered to Cromwell after Preston in 1648. 'Dread God' is the Carnegie motto. 0092.0 LATIN MOTTO: Dum °spiro °spero While I °breathe I °hope PICTURE: °Clouds at right, from which issues armed °arm and °hand holding a raised °sword (falchion) with a gold hilt. The motto in black letters at top on silver label in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 52a; NAM 6208-1, p 114; Williams, 71; Blount, sig M3b; Prestwich, pp 46-47. BEARER: °Dobbins

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Worcestershire. FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and or. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this as fringed argent and sable. The motto was a popular heraldic motto and was used on Royalist shillings minted during the 1648 siege of Pontefract (Yorks.).

50

English Civil War Flag Devices 0093.0 LATIN MOTTO: Dum °spiro °spero While I °breathe, I °hope PICTURE: An °armed man with right hand extended with a raised °sword with gold hilt. Left hand akimbo. His helmet with white and tawny (Williams, 13) feathers. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 3b; NAM 6208-1, p 30; Williams, 13; Prestwich, p 25.

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent and sable.

BEARER: °Courtney, Sir William RANK: Captain (?) BIOGRAPHY: Of Devonshire. Possibly of Nicholas Boscowen's Horse.

PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1645 (?)

COMMENTS: Williams and NAM have cornet fringed gules and or. 0094.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Dux facti °mulier A °woman is the °leader of the enterprise PICTURE: Motto only on banner. SOURCES: Cole (King), 12; Blount, sig L3a-b. BEARER: °Pudsey, Ralph RANK: Lieut Colonel BIOGRAPHY: Previously captain, then major in the regiment of horse of Col Anthony Eyre. A Roman Catholic from Co Durham. Captured in Oct 1644, he was exchanged and fought at Naseby, where he may have been killed (Newman, 1186). According to The Royal Martyrs (London, 1663), he was killed at Drogheda in 1649 (p 5).

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 1643-45

COMMENTS: Used shortly after the Queen's landing in the north. The motto is derived from Vergil, Aeneid, 1.364.

English Civil War Flag Devices

51

0095.0 LATIN MOTTO: E °caelo sola solas (°solus) From °heaven comes our only °comfort (°salvation) PICTURE: From °cloud at top centre issues a gold °portcullis. Motto below in black letters on white banner in three folds. SOURCES: Add 14,308, fol 22a; Rawl B, fol 18a. BEARER: °Taylor, Elias

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Captain of an independent Trained Band troop of horse for the City of Westminster. FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. No fringe recorded. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1647-

COMMENTS: Taylor's position as captain follows the restructuring of the City regiments as a result of Parliament's disaffection with the New Model in 1647 (Roberts, p 20). The emblematic portcullis appears in Paradin (p 36) and Peacham (p 31). 0096.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °Emanuel PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on white banner. SOURCES: Add 14,308, fol 21a; Rawl B, fol 17a. BEARER: °Herbert, William

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Captain of a troop of the Blue Regiment of City Horse, London. COMMENTS: Herbert's position as captain follows the restructuring of the City regiments as a result of Parliament's disaffection with the New Model in 1647 (Roberts, p 20). FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. No fringe recorded. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1647-48

52

English Civil War Flag Devices 0097.0 LATIN MOTTO: En quo °discordia °cives Behold whither °discord is driving our °citizens PICTURE: A °horseman with drawn °sword knocks another man from the saddle of his °horse. SOURCES: Cole (King), 28; Blount, sig L3a. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: Blount suggests that the picture depicts a cavalier vanquishing and disarming a roundhead.

FIELD & FRINGE: Not known PARTY: °King DATE: 1642KWE505R7111219-689 ENGLISH MOTTO: °England °bleeding PICTURE: A white °map of Great °Britain, and over each county and island the black letter of its name. At top the motto in gold letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 73a; Williams, 17; Blount, sig M2a; Prestwich, pp 63-64; Spring II, 63-64. BEARER: °Grenville, Sir Richard

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed or and gules. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1643-44

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Of Cornwall. Served against the Irish 1641-43, where he reputedly commited various atrocities (Newman, Companion, p 63). Deserted to King in 1644 but fell out with royalists. Imprisoned 1646 and banished in 1649. COMMENTS: Blount says that the device was used before the bearer's 'recesse.'

English Civil War Flag Devices

53

0099.0 LATIN MOTTO: Eripiendo °malos a conspectu °regis stabilitur °iustitiae solium By removing the °wicked from the °King's sight, the throne of °justice is established

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1643-44

PICTUts °king (°Charles I) with °crown, °sceptre, royal crimson mantle. To his left a °bishop in black with square cap with his left hand near king's heart. Facing king is a °friar (or °Jesuit) in long brown garment with black walking staff in left hand. With his right hand he presents the king with a °rosary. Advancing upon this group is a soldier, with crimson breeches, orange sash over left shoulder, and orange feathers in his helmet. He holds his unsheathed °sword as if to strike the friar whom he grips by the left shoulder. The motto is above on silver scroll, its words as if issuing from the mouth of the soldier. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 58b; Harl.1383, fol 27; Williams, 46; Prestwich, pp 52-53. BEARER: Tanner (Ward), John? RANK: Captain BIOGRAPHY: Of Leicestershire. The sources give the name Ward (alias Farmer). But most probably the person referred to is John Farmer who served as a Captain in Balfour's Horse from October 1643 to June 1644. In the New Model he appears to have served as captain in Colonel John Okey's Regiment of Dragoons. COMMENTS: Prestwich suggests the scene is situated in Westminster Abbey. Harl 1383 points out the reference to Proverbs 25:5 Take away the wicked from the presence of the king, and his throne will be established in righteousness.'

54

English Civil War Flag Devices 0100.0 LATIN MOTTO: Eripiendo °malos a °rege stabilitur "iusticiae solium By removing the °wicked from the °King's sight, the throne of "justice is established PICTURE: Motto only in gold letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 30b; Williams, 46; Rawlinson, fol 22; Cole (Parl), 18; Blount, sig M3b; Prestwich, p 37. BEARER: °Litcott (or Lidcoat)

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: "Parliament DATE: 1642

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Litcott was captured at Edgehill. After six months imprisonment, he died in April 1643. COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts the cornet as fringed or and gules. 0101.0 LATIN MOTTO: Erit altera °merces There will be another "reward PICTURE: Two crossed °olive "branches. Above is motto in black letters on silver label in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 122b; Williams, 64; Blount (1655), sig Nib. BEARER: °Montgomery, Sir James RANK: Colonel BIOGRAPHY: Served in Irish campaign.

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure semee with stars or. Fringed or and sable mixed with or. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-

COMMENTS: This device was designed for the Irish campaign. The device appears in Giovio (p 60) and the branches are those of palm (for victory) and cypress for (death).

55

English Civil War Flag Devices 0102.0

LATIN MOTTO: Est aliquid °laudanda °velle / °Covenant for °Religion, °King and °Kingdom It is something to °want °praiseworthy things PICTURE: At centre and lower left gold trophy of °arms. First motto above this in gold letters. Second motto at top and lower right in gold letters. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 30a; Blount (1655), sig N3a; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 43; Reid, Scots, p 80. BEARER: Not known FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and or. PARTY: °Covenant DATE: 1650 (Dunbar)

COMMENTS: The motto in Harl 1460 may be incorrect. The version here is by Blount. On the problem of the identification of the bearer of this cornet, see Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 43. The cornet was taken by Cromwell at Dunbar in 1650. 0103.0 FRENCH MOTTO: Et °dieu mon °appuy °God is my °support PICTURE: Motto only in gold letters diagonally. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 42b; Harl 1397, fol 259b; Williams, 13; Blount, sig Mlb; Prestwich, p 42. BEARER: °Hungerford, Sir Edward RANK: Captain BIOGRAPHY: Later Colonel of his own Regiment of Horse, 1643-44.

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and or. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642

COMMENTS: 'Et dieu mon appuy' Hungerford heraldic motto.

is the

56

English Civil War Flag Devices 0104.0 LATIN MOTTO: Et °manet °immota It °stands °unmoved PICTUR °winds and °storms. SOURCES: Cole (King), 42; Blount, sig L4b. COMMENTS: Blount says that this was used by one commander to show his constancy 'after the losse of most of his Troup.' Cf Wither, p 218.

FIELD & FRINGE: Not known PARTY: °King DATE: 16420105.0 LATIN MOTTO: Et °sacris °compescuit ignibus °ignes He °extinguished °fires with °sacred fires PICTURE: A gold °cannon discharging. Motto in gold letters above. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Symonds, p 93; Kightly (e), 613-14; Young, Edgehill, p 37. BEARER: °Hopton, Sir Ralph (Lord) RANK: General of the Ordnance

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: °King DATE: 1644

BIOGRAPHY: A professional soldier. M.P. for Wells. Commanded royalist forces in the west. Made General of the Ordnance to Prince Maurice in August 1644. Defeated at Torrington in 1646. Died in exile in 1652 (Newman, Companion, p 73). COMMENTS: The device refers to his Generalship.

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English Civil War Flag Devices 0106.0

LATIN MOTTO: Exortum est in °tenebris °lumen °rectis °corde In the °darkness a °light has arisen for the °upright in °heart PICTURE: A °cloud from which stream rays from the °sun. An armed °hand and a °sword. SOURCES: Blount, sig L3a; Cole (King), 29. BEARER: °Dalton, Thomas

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Of Thurnham (Lanes.). A Catholic. Mortally wounded at 2nd Newbury (Newman, 403). FIELD & FRINGE: Not known PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-1645

COMMENTS: Cole's picture is incorrect and hence not given here. Motto from Psalm 111:4 'Exortum est in tenebris lumen rectis' (Vulgate); Psalm 112:4 (KJV). 0107.0 MOTTO: Exosus °deo et °sanctis \ °Roote and °branch Hated of °God and His °saints PICTUd killing a °bishop at right. The armed man has red and white feathers in his hat. First motto on white banner at top. Second motto on white banner below. The bishop holds a °scroll in his left hand. SOURC; Blount, sig Nla. BEARER: °Middleton, Henry (?) RANK: Captain

FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Fringed vert and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-71647

BIOGRAPHY: Possibly the Henry Middleton in 6th Regiment of Horse in the New Model. COMMENTS: Harl 1377 depicts this as tenne, fringed tenne and argent.

58

English Civil War Flag Devices 0108.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Experto °crede °Trust the °experienced (man) PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on a silver scroll. [Picture too indistinct to reproduce]. SOURCES: Harl 986, fol 89b; Kightly (d), 281, 282; Reid, Officers, opp p 175. BEARER: °Vaughan, Sir George RANK: Colonel

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed argent and azure. PARTY: °King DATE: 1643-45

BIOGRAPHY: From Wiltshire. Colonel of horse. Fought at Lansdown, Roundway Down, Bristol, Cheriton and Cropredy Bridge. Taken prisoner in Dec 1645 (Newman, 1477). COMMENTS: Cornet listed in Symonds' muster list of Royalist forces of 10 April, 1644 (Harl 986, a 0109.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Experto °crede °Roberto °Trust the °experienced °Robert PICTURE: Motto only on a silver scroll. [Picture too indistinct to reproduce]. SOURCES: Harl 986, fol 89b. BEARER: °Welch (Walsh?), Sir Robert RANK: Lt. Colonel

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed argent and azure. PARTY: °King DATE: 1643-

BIOGRAPHY: Welch served in second regiment of Colonel Bennett's Brigade of Horse under Sir George Vaughan. An Irishman, he was knighted at Edgehill for helping to recapture the standards of the King's Own Regiment of Foot and the Banner Royal. For this he also received a gold medal. COMMENTS: Motto based on Vergil, Aeniad, XI, 283.

English Civil War Flag Devices

59

0110.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Exurgat °deus disepentur (°dissipentur) enimici (°inimici) Let °God °arise and let his °enemies be Scattered PICTURE: From °clouds at top right issues a naked °arm and °hand holding an unsheathed °sword which points at a gold triple °Papal °crown in bottom left corner. Motto in black letters from bottom right to top on silver scroll. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 60b; Harl 2275, fol 49; Rawlinson, fol 14; NAM 6208-1, p 38; Cole (Parl); Blount, sig M2b; Prestwich, p 54. FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and or.

BEARER: °Rugeley, Simon

PARTY: Tarliament

BIOGRAPHY: Colonel of regiment of horse. Commissioned in Winter of 1642/43. Formerly a captain (Peacock, p 53).

DATE: 1642-47

RANK: Colonel

COMMENTS: Blount suggests that Ridgeley wished his device to 'shew his dislike of Papacy.' The use of this motto on a Parliamentary cornet may be ironic since the same motto was used on a number of the coins issued by Charles I during the Civil Wars (Scott-Giles, p 180; Besly, pp 31-32). It was also used on a Royalist medal that was struck about the year 1642 (Hawkins, no 112). The motto derives from the Vulgate text for Psalm 67:2 (68:1 in KJV): 'exurgat deus et dissipentur inimici eius' ('Let God arise, let his enemies be scattered').

60

English Civil War Flag Devices 0111.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Exurgat °deus °dissipentur °inimici Let °God °arise and let his °enemies be °scattered PICTURE: °Cloud at top centre from which issues naked °hand holding °balance and pair of °scales. In right scale a gold °book (°Bible) weighs all down. Beside it is inscribed on banner: °'Vincat veritas.' In scale at left a °rosary and other objects. A °friar (°Jesuit?) in grey robe with beads and cross at waist attempts to pull down on lighter side at left. Motto at top on white label in 3 folds issues from °cloud.

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and argent. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1642-

SOURCES: Add 12,447, fol 22b; Harl 1377, fol 5. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: (See previous entry)

0112.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Exurgat °deus °dissipentur °inimici / Vivat °Carolus °rex Let °God °arise and let his °enemies be ° scattered / Long live °King °Charles PICTURE: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial °crown and the inscription °'CR.' To left the °Resurrection of °Christ. [No extant illustration], SOURCES: True Informer (28 Sept to 5 Oct 1644), p 355; Blount (1655), sig N2a; Moran, 17; Hayes-McCoy (a), 123; Hayes-McCoy (b), p 51; Ryder, p 43; Reid, Scots (3), opp p 35. FIELD & FRINGE: Or. Canton or with saltire gules. PARTY: plrish Catholic Confederacy DATE: 1644

BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: Ensign possibly accompanied Earl of Antrim's forces to Scotland in 1644. (See also entry for 0110.0 above)

61

English Civil War Flag Devices 0113.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Exurgat et °dissipabuntur 0

Let him (°God?) °arise and they (°enemies?) will be scattered

PICTURE: °Sun breaks through °clouds. Motto below in black letters on white label in three folds. a Williams, 22; Blount, sig A4b; Prestwich, p 27. BEARER: °Fiennes, John FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and argent. PARTY: Tarliament

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: 3rd son of Viscount Saye and Scale. Served under brother Nathaniel. Became Colonel and in 1644 commanded besieging army at Banbury. COMMENTS: Cf. Giovio, p 89; and Young, Imprese, nos 88, 121, 307.

DATE: 1642-43 (July) 0114.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Exurgo / °Covenant for °Religion, °King and °Kingdomes I °arise PICTURE: Grey °castle at centre surrounded by green °wreath. At top right °branch (°tree?), possibly of °palm, from which hangs black °book (°Bible?) by a chain. First motto in gold letters below. Second motto in gold letters in semi-circle above castle. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 46a; Blount (1655), sig N3a; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 25; Reid, Scots, pp 68-69. BEARER: Not known FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. PARTY: °Covenant DATE: 1649-1650 (Dunbar)

COMMENTS: Castle derives from arms of burgh of Edinburgh. The ensign belonged to Alexander Stewart's Regiment raised in Edinburgh in 1649.

62

English Civil War Flag Devices 0115.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Fero dum °ferio I °carry while I °strike PICTURE: At right on a °horse (saliant) is a 0 soldier. In his helmet three feathers (blue, yellow, & white). An unsheathed °sword in his right hand. He faces an armed group of his enemies, who have °pikes and °muskets and are dressed in red. At top the motto in black letters on a silver scroll. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 73b; Harl 1383, fol 36; Williams, 41; Blount, sig M2b; Prestwich, p 64; Spring I, 36 (illus. following p 26); Spring II, 64.

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed or and gules.

BEARER: °Thorpe, Robert

PARTY: Parliament

BIOGRAPHY: A Major in Sir Richard Grenville's regiment of horse. At one time (Lawson I, 36), Lieut-Colonel of Cooke's regiment of horse, but in Jan 1644 was commissioned to raise a troop of 80 harquebusiers, plus officers. Commanded regiment at Cheriton because Cooke was with Waller. Entered Col Thompson's regiment of horse in June 1644 and in April 1645 became major of Cooke's second regiment of horse. It is not clear when he used this particular cornet (Spring II, 64).

DATE: 1644-

RANK: Major

COMMENTS: Possibly the motto should read 'Ferro dum ferio' (While I strike with my sword).

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0116.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Festina °lente Make °haste °slowly PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on silver scroll. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 93a; NAM 6208-1, p 124; Williams, 96; Rawlinson, fol 35b; Prestwich, p74. BEARER: Fines, Robert

RANK: Captain

COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this cornet as fringed argent and azure. FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or and azure. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 16420117.0 LATIN°iustitia Let °justice be done PICTURE: In the centre a round °head. On its top the letter P (for °Puritan) but Kightly's source says an °axe. From a °cloud issues a °hand with a °sword. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Stewart, p 14; Kightly (d), 282; Young, Marston Moor, p 36. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed argent and azure. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-44 (2 July) Marston Moor

COMMe Parliament forces at Marston Moor.

64

English Civil War Flag Devices 0118.0 LATIN MOTTO: Fiat °pax in °virtute tua (cxxi psalm) Teace be within thy °walls (KJV). PICTURE: Motto only on banner. SOURCES: Cole (King), 20; Blount, sig L3a. BEARER: °Cansfield, Sir John RANK: Lieut Colonel (then Colonel)

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded PARTY: °King DATE: 1643-45

BIOGRAPHY: Leading Lancashire Catholic. He played major role in arming other Catholics in support of the king in 1642. Earlier a captain in Yorkshire. Captured at Malton, Jan 1643. Then commissioned major in Queen's Regiment of Horse, raised 1643. Later Lieut Colonel, then Colonel. Saved the king's life at 2nd Newbury. Surrendered at Woodstock on 30 April, 1646 (Newman, 240). Died in prison c. 1648. COMMENTS: Blount says that 'Cansfields devise savour'd of piety.' The motto, as the banner itself made clear, is intended to allude to Psalm 121:7 (Vulgate 'fiat pax in virtute tua'), or Psalm 122:7 (KJV 'Peace be within thy walls, and prosperity within thy palaces').

65

English Civil War Flag Devices 0119.0 LATIN MOTTO: Tide et °amore With °faith and with °love

PICTURE: A white °pelican perched on blue °anchor, vulning itself. °Blood flows from its breast. SOURCES: Williams, 113; Blount (1655), sig N2a. BEARER: °Conway (eldest son of Lord Conway) RANK: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Or. Fringed argent and sable.

COMMENTS: For use in Ireland. The motto is from the Conway crest; however, the device is commone in emblem literature. See, Junius, p 11; Whitney, p 87, and Wither, p 154.

PARTY: °King DATE: 1641/420120.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Fideliter °faeliciter °Faithfully and °favourably PICTURE: Motto only in gold letters in circle. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Kightly (a), 383-84; Firth and Davies, II, 501; Ede-Borrett, p 5 BEARER: °Fairfax, Charles

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1649-60

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: 7th son of 1st Lord Fairfax and uncle of Thomas Fairfax, the Parliamentary general. Served under Lambert and Cromwell and took part in siege of Pontefract Castle, Dunbar, and Worcester. In May 1649 after regiment had been made permanent, Fairfax had his colours made. COMMENTS: No fringe is given since this was an ensign of foot.

66

English Civil War Flag Devices 0121.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Fides °temerata °coegit °Faith that has been °defiled °constrains PICTURE: A gold °harp with all the °strings broken. Motto at bottom in gold letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 124b; Williams, fol 63; Rawlinson, fol 19; Blount (1655), sig N2a; Cole (Parl), 15. BEARER: °Trenchard, Douglas

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed argent and azure. PARTY: °King

RANK: Captain

COMMENTS: Device designed for use in Ireland. The harp is the heraldic symbol of Ireland. The broken strings allude presumably to the broken faith with England and the discordant nature of rebellion. The colour blue may be a deliberate choice to signify faith. Cf Peacham, p 45.

DATE: 16420122.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Finem dat mihi °virtus °Virtue gives me the °goal PICTURE: From white °clouds at base issue an armed °arm and °hand, holding a vertical unsheathed °sword. Above the sword at the top is the motto in black letters on a silver scroll of three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 92b; Williams, 95; Blount, sig M4b; Prestwich, p 74. BEARER: °Jacklen

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent and gules. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Captain

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0123.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Finis °coronat °opus The °end °crowns the °work PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on silver label in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 64b; Harl 1383, fol 42; Williams, 19; Blount, sig M2a; Prestwich, p 58. BEARER: °Percy (Pearse), Sir Thomas RANK: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Fringed or and vert. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-43

BIOGRAPHY: Knight and baronet of Scotland. In regiment of Sir Michael Livesey of Isle of Sheppey in Kent. COMMENTS: This was Percy's cornet when the troop was raised and first regimented. It was later replaced by the cornet recorded in next entry. 0124.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Finis °coronat °opus The °end °crowns the °work PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on silver scroll in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 84a; Prestwich, pp 70-71 BEARER: °Percy (Perce), Sir Thomas RANK: Not known BIOGRAPHY: Of Kent. In regiment of Sir Michael Livesey of the Isle of Sheppey (Kent). His name is not included in the list of the New Model (see Temple, 68-69).

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent and gules. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1643-45

68

English Civil War Flag Devices 0125.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Floreat °respublica May the "Republic "flourish PICTURE: Two °olive "branches encircle motto on circular white label which in turn encircles the "Commonwealth °arms (double shield with cross of St George in one shield and harp of Ireland in the other. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 107a; Prestwich, p 82. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or and azure. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1649-

COMMENTS: Possibly not a cornet employed in the Civil Wars. The Republic was declared on 19 May 1649. The so-called 'Commonwealth' arms were in use until December 1653 and for a short time early in 1660. Their inclusion in Add 5247 and Prestwich may have been purely decorative. 0125.1 ENGLISH MOTTO: For "Christ's "croun and "covenant PICTURE: No picture recorded. Motto in gold letters. SOURCES: Baillie, McGarrigle, p 11.

I,

212;

Ede-Borrett

&

BEARER: Not known.

FIELD & FRINGE: Field not recorded. Saltire. PARTY: "Covenant DATE: 1639-40

COMMENTS: Baillie says that he observed at the Scottish camp at Duns that 'everie companie had, flying at the Captaine's tent-doore, a brave new colour stamped with the Scottish Armes, and this ditton, FOR CHRIST'S CROUN AND COVENANT, in golden letters' (I, 212). This flag was presumably an ensign.

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0126.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: For °Covenant, °Religion, °Kinge, and °Kingdomes PICTURE: At centre a red °pot (°lily pot) with green °foliage. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 8b; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 20; Reid, pp 22-23. BEARER: °Leslie (?)

RANK: Captain (?)

BIOGRAPHY: Captain in Sir Alexander Fraser of Philorth's Firelocks raised in Aberdeenshire in 1648. FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Saltire argent. PARTY: °Covenant

COMMENTS: The device at the centre has been identified by Reid in Scots (p 22) as the arms of the burgh of Old Aberdeen, although it lacks the three interleaved fish from the centre of the lily pot.

DATE: 1648 (Preston) 0127.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: For °God and his °countrey PICTURE: A °soldier, his helmet adorned with silver and blue feathers. On his breast a red human °heart in °flames. His left arm and hand akimbo. In his right an unsheathed °sword with a gold hilt. Out of his mouth a silver label with the motto in black letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 47b; Harl 1397, fol 259b; Williams, 67; Prestwich, pp 44-45. BEARER: °Geste

FIELD & FRINGE: Tenne. Fringed argent and tenne. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Captain

COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this cornet as fringed argent and sable.

70

English Civil War Flag Devices 0128.0 EK aganist all °traittouris / God save the King PICTURE: Red °lion rampant °crowned gold. First motto at top in gold letters. To either side of the lion's head the letters °'CR' ('Carolus rex'). Second motto at bottom in gold letters. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Spalding, ii, 173; Reid, Scots (3), Plate 12; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 50. BEARER: °Huntly, George Gordon, Marquis of RANK: Colonel

FIELD & FRINGE: Or (?). PARTY: °King (Scottish Royalists)

BIOGRAPHY: Colonel of the Strathbogie regiment of foot. One of the few Scottish nobility who opposed the Covenant. He was executed in 1649 (Newman, Companion, p 75).

DATE: 1644 0129.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: For °God, °Religion and the °Covenant

the °King,

PICTURE: A °hand repelling a °book. [No extant illustration], SOURCES: Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 11; Reid, Scots (1), p 42. BEARER: Unidentified BIOGRAPHY: Officer in the Lady Marchioness of Hamilton's Horse.

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °Covenant DATE: 1639 (1st Bishops' War)

COMMENTS: Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle suggest that the device symbolised the Scottish rejection of the English Book of Common Prayer—the actual cause of the war.

71

English Civil War Flag Devices 0130.0

ENGLISH MOTTO: For °King and Tarliament PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on white banner in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 15a; NAM 6208-1, p 36; Williams, 16; Prestwich, p 31; Kightly (c), 852-53. BEARER: °Livesey, Sir Michael RANK: Colonel

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed with argent and gules. PARTY: Parliament

BIOGRAPHY: From Eastchurch, Isle of Sheppey in Kent. Sheriff of Kent 1643-44, 1655-56, and 1656-57. Colonel of Horse at outbreak of wars. Served in Waller's army at Cropredy Bridge and 2nd Newbury; and under Waller 2 Feb-30 April 1645. M.P. for Queenborough in Long Parliament in 1645 until its dissolution. One of the regicides, he escaped to Low Countries in 1660. For a detailed account of his activities during the war in Kent, see Everitt.

DATE: 1642-48 0131.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: For lawfull °lawes and °liberties PICTURE: [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Mercurius Aulicus, 25 Oct 1643. BEARER: °Wansey, Master

RANK: Not known

COMMENTS: Captured by Sir John Digby's men.

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-43

72

English Civil War Flag Devices 0132.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: For "reformation PICTURE: A naked °arm and °hand issue from °clouds at left. In the hand a vertical unsheathed °sword (falchion), the black handle composed of the three beams of a "cross moline. The motto in black letters on a gold scroll below. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 37b; NAM 6208-1, p 16; Cole (Parl), [37a]; Blount, sig M4a; Prestwich, p 40; Kightly (c), 852-53. BEARER: "Copley

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed or and sable with or intermixed. PARTY: "Parliament DATE: 1642-44

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Copley, the elder, of Doncaster. COMMENTS: The cross molline derives from the family arms. Comet with this motto captured by the Royalists in 1643 (Mercurius Aulicus, 25 Oct 1643). Cf the other Copley cornets. 0132.1 ENGLISH MOTTO: For "Religion, "Country, "Crown and "Covenant PICTURE: A gold "cross. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Williams, Montrose, p 186; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 13. BEARER: "Argyll, Marquis of COMMENTS: An ensign of the Marquis of Argyll's Regiment of Foot.

FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. No fringe. PARTY: "Covenant DATE: 1644

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73

0133.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: For °religion, °King and °Countrey / °A ma °puissance /To the utmost of my power [2nd motto] PICTURE: Motto only in gold letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 25a; NAM 6208-1, p 86; Rawlinson, fol 23; Williams, 2; Blount, sig Mia; Cole (Parl), [18a]; Prestwich, p 35. BEARER: °Stamford, Henry Grey, Earl of RANK: Colonel FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed argent and azure. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642

BIOGRAPHY: Col of Foot in Essex's army (1642). Col of Regiment of Horse in West Country in 1642. Victorious at Newbridge. Defeated Lord Hopton near Bristol but was himself defeated at Stratton, a defeat that effectively ended his military career (15 May 1643). 0134.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: For °religion, °king and ""Parliament PICTURE: Motto only diagonally from top right to bottom left in red letters. SOURCES: NAM 6208-1, p 12 BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Diapered. Fringed argent and tenne. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1642-

74

English Civil War Flag Devices 0134.1 ENGLISH MOTTO: For °Religioun, the °Covenant and the °Countrie PICTURE: No picture recorded. SOURCES: Spalding, I, 122; and Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 12. BEARER: °Unnamed Officer in Montrose's Foot COMMENTS: An ensign of foot.

FIELD & FRINGE: Field not recorded. Probably a saltire. PARTY: °Covenant DATE: 1640 0135.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: For the °cause of the °Lord I draw my °sword PICTURE: From top left issues armed °arm and °hand holding unsheathed °sword. Motto in black letters on silver scroll in three folds near bottom. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 77b; Harl 1383, fol 43; Rawlinson [rear end paper]; Williams, 84; Cole (Parl), 39; Blount, sig M4a; Prestwich, p 67 BEARER: °Markham, Anthony(?) or Henry(?) RANK: Captain

FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. Fringed argent, and sable mixed with argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1643-5

BIOGRAPHY: Of Lincolnshire. Of Rossiter's Lincolnshire Horse. Anthony Markham was appointed to the 5th Regiment of Horse in the New Model (Rossiter's). He was a moderate who left the army in 1647 after his troop deserted his command. Half of them went off with Cornet Joyce, who had seized the King for the radicals (Temple, 64n).

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75

0136.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: For the °King and °Protestant °Religion PICTURE: [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Certaine Informations from Severall Parts of the Kingdome, no. 2, 23-30 (Jan 1643), p 15; Malcolm, p 154. BEARER: °Fenwick, John

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Commanded troop of horse in Earl of Newcastle's army. Motto was considered unsuitable so he deserted to Fairfax. FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °King then Parliament DATE: 16420137.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: For the °liberty of the °Gospel PICTURE: Motto on banner at top.At centre a gold closed °book (°Bible). SOURCES: NAM 6208-1, p 10. BEARER: °Webster BIOGRAPHY: From Derbyshire.

FIELD & FRINGE: Parted per pale tenne and azure. Fringed tenne and azure. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Captain

76

English Civil War Flag Devices 0138.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: For thes "distracted °times PICTURE: A red human °heart pierced by three gold °arrows. The motto in black letters on a silver label above in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 51b; Harl 1383, fol 48; Harl 1397, fol 259b; NAM 6208-1, p 107; Williams, 66; Prestwich, p 46. BEARER: °Walker

RANK: Captain

COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this cornet as fringed or, and sable mixed with or. FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and argent. PARTY: "Parliament DATE: 16420139.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: For °traeth and °peace PICTURE: From bottom issues an armed right "arm and °hand holding an uplifted unsheathed °sword. Above the sword is the motto in black letters on silver scroll of three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 97a; Williams, 102; Prestwich, pp 76-77. BEARER: °Grove, John

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed argent and sable. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1645

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Probably the same John Grove whose troop was raised by January 1644 and fought under Cromwell. In April 1645 he joined Colonel Edward Whalley's Regiment of Horse (New Model) and served until 1652 before becoming a major in Colonel Francis Hacker's regiment of horse (Spring I, 44).

77

English Civil War Flag Devices 0140.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Fortis est °veritas Truth is °strong

PICTURE: Two red °flowers (°fleurs-de-lis?). Above them the motto on a white scroll. [Illustration not available]. SOURCES: Harl 986, fol 76a; Reid, following p 126; Ede-Borrett, p 24. BEARER: °Smyth, Thomas FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Canton argent with cross gules. PARTY: °King DATE: 1643-

Officers,

RANK: Lt. Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Served under Col Nicholas Selwyn then Col William Legge in Regiment of Foot of the City of Oxford. Smyth was a brewer of Oxford, Mayor and Alderman (Newman, 1337). COMMENTS: The motto is that of the City of Oxford. The flag was an ensign of foot. 0141.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Fortitudo mea °desuper / Vivat °Carolus °rex My °strength is from °above / Long live °King °Charles PICTURE: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial °crown and the inscription °'CR.' To left a silver armed °arm issuing from a °cloud and holding a silver °lamp or °lance (see Moran). [No extant illustration].

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Canton or with saltire gules. PARTY: °Irish Catholic Confederacy DATE: 1644

SOURCES: True Informer (28 Sept to 3 Oct 1644), p 356; Blount (1655), sig N2a; Moran, 18; Hayes-McCoy (a), 123; Hayes-McCoy (b), p 51; Ryder, p 44; Reid, Scots (3), opp p 35. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: Ensign possibly accompanied Earl of Antrim's forces to Scotland in 1644.

78

English Civil War Flag Devices 0142.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Fructus °virtutis The °fruit of "virtue PICTURE: A °walnut "tree, on which hangs a blue °shield with 3 gold "fleurs-de-lis with a charge to denote 1st son. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 22b; Harl 2275, fol 53; Williams, 10; Rawlinson, fol 15; NAM 6208-1, p 133; Cole (Parl), 11; Prestwich, p 34; Kightly (a), 383-84. BEARER: "Waller, Sir William RANK: Colonel (Lt. General)

FIELD & FRINGE: Or. Fringed or and sable. PARTY: "Parliament DATE: 1642-43

BIOGRAPHY: A professional soldier. M.P. in Long Parliament. Commanded Parliamentary armies in the West. Commander-in-chief at Lansdown, Roundway Down, Alton, Cheriton, and Cropredy Bridge. Military career ended with Self-Denying Ordinance. A leading Presbyterian, he was unacceptable to army leaders after 1647 and spent three years in prison. COMMENTS: The tree and shield derive from Waller's crest, the walnut tree being an heraldic pun. The arms of France differenced by a silver label (the shield of Charles, Duke of Orleans) is an allusion to the Battle of Agincourt at which an earlier Waller captured the Duke. The cornet depicted here was probably that used during the period 1642 to early 1643.

79

English Civil War Flag Devices 0143.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Fugienti nulla °corona No °crown for him who °flees

PICTURE: Motto only on banner in black letters on silver scroll of three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 106b; Williams, 19; Blount, sig M2a; Prestwich, p 81. BEARER: °Sedley, Sir Isaac

RANK: Not known

BIOGRAPHY: Of St. Cleves in Ightham, Kent (Cokayne, I, 173). FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed argent and azure. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 16420144.0 FRENCH MOTTO: °Garde ta °foy °Guard your °faith PICTURE: Motto only on banner in three folds. SOURCES: NAM 6208-1, p 75; Blount (1655), sig N4a. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Tenne. Fringed argent and tenne. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-46

80

English Civil War Flag Devices 0145.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Gaudet °patientia °duris °Endurance °rejoices in °harsh times PICTURE: At base a blue °cloud from which rises a left °hand displaying its °palm, the wrist partly clothed in crimson with a silver edge. The motto in black letters is on a silver scroll at the bottom. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 43b; NAM 6208-1, p 55; Williams, 52; Blount, sig M3b; Prestwich, p 43. BEARER: °Moule

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed or and gules. PARTY: Parliament

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Northamptonshire COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this as fringed argent and gules. The device is derived from Moule's crest.

DATE: 16420146.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Gaudet tertamine (°tentamine) °virtus °Virtue °rejoices in °trial PICTURE: Motto only on banner in black letters on silver scroll of three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 82a; Williams, 100; Blount, sig M4b; Prestwich, p 70. BEARER: °Walton, Valentine

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent and gules. PARTY: °Parliament DATE: 1643-44

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: A Captain in Cromwell's Regiment of Horse. Killed at Marson Moor. Son of Colonel Valentine Walton, Governor of Lynn. His mother Margaret was Cromwell's sister. His troop was taken over by William Packer.

81

English Civil War Flag Devices 0147.0

LATIN MOTTO: °Gladius °Iehovae et °Gideonis The °sword of °Jehovah and °Gideon PICTURE: A °battle between two °armies, one in °retreat. A white °flag with white canton and red cross lies on ground at bottom centre. °Angel in gold top right with unsheathed °sword. Motto on silver scroll in black letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 63b; Harl 1397, fol 250b; Williams, 74; Cole (Parl), 36; Blount, sig M4a; Prestwich, p 56. BEARER: °Aylworth, Richard FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and or. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Gloucestershire COMMENTS: Motto derives from Judges 7:20 'Gladius Domini et Gedeonis' (Vulgate). 0148.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °God is my °guide, fall on PICTURE: A °soldier mounted on a white °horse. He wears red breeches, a sword by his side, and a helmet with red and white (yellow in Williams ms) feathers. He shoots a °gun. The silver label containing the motto in black letters issues from his mouth. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 49a; NAM 6208-1, p 108; Williams, 70; Prestwich, p 45. BEARER: °Cooper

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed argent and azure. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Captain

COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this cornet as fringed argent and sable.

82

English Civil War Flag Devices 0149.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °God is my Strength PICTURE: From black and red °clouds on right issues a naked °arm and °hand holding a vertical "sword with gold hilt. Motto in black letters on gold scroll at left. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 45a; NAM 6208-1, p 104; Williams, 36; Prestwich, p 43. BEARER: °Fleetwood, George

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or and azure.

RANK: Captain

COMMENTS: His brother Charles also fought on the Parliament side, but his half brother William fought as a Royalist. The motto is Biblical in origin (see 2 Sam 22:33; Isa 12:2; Psalm 140:7; Hab 3:19).

PARTY: Parliament DATE: 16420150.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °God send greace (°grace) / For °religion, °King, and "Kingdomes PICTURE: 1st motto at top right above crest of °crown and gold °dragon standing on heraldic °wreath of blue and gold. To left is second motto in gold letters on silver scroll. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 14b; Blount (1655), sig N2b; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 15; Reid, Scots, pp 20-21. BEARER: °Crichton, William

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Colonel of regiment of foot (Dumfries Levies) raised in Dunfriesshire in 1648. FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. PARTY: "Covenant DATE: 1648 (Preston)

COMMENTS: The ensign was surrendered to Cromwell after Preston in 1648. The motto and dragon derive from the Crichton crest.

83

English Civil War Flag Devices 0151.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °God with us

PICTURE: One or five buff °Bibles. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Warburton, I, 376. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. No fringe recorded.

COMMENTS: According to Warburton, the Parliamentary standard consisted of 'one or five buff Bibles,' and the colour of the Bibles was chosen because 'Buff and tawney [were] both varieties of Essex's orange.' The motto was a familiar European Protestant rallying cry, presumably derived from Romans 8:31 'If God be for us, who can be against us?'

PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 16420152.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °Grace me °gyde / °Cove[nant] f[or Religion, °King and] °Cuntr[ie] PICTURE: White °bear's head in black °harness. Motto in gold letters. [Illustration not available]. SOURCES: Harl 1460; Blount (1655), sig N3a; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 44; Reid, Scots, p 49. BEARER: °Forbes, Lord

RANK: Colonel

COMMENTS: Only a part of this ensign appears to have survived. A few letters of the motto 'Covenant for Religion, King and Cvntrie' remain. The motto derives from the Forbes crest. FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. No fringe recorded. PARTY: °Covenant DATE: 1650 (Dunbar)

84

English Civil War Flag Devices 0153.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Gratia et °pax °Grace and °peace PICTURE: From °cloud at right issues a naked °arm and °hand with raised °sword SOURCES: Add 14,308, fol 20a; Rawl B, fol 16a. BEARER: °Hacket, Simon

RANK: Major

BIOGRAPHY: Major of Horse for the Blue Regiment of City Horse, London, 1646-1647/8. FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. No fringe recorded. PARTY: "Parliament

COMMENTS: Cf Hacket's earlier cornet 'Veritas et pax.' Hacket's position as Major of Horse followed the re-structuring of the City regiments as a result of Parliament's disaffection with the New Model in 1647.

DATE: 1647-8 0154.0 FRENCH MOTTO: °Groygne que °voldra Let him °complain that °wishes to PICTURE: Motto only in gold letters diagonally. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 42a; Harl 1397, fol 259b; Williams, 51; Blount, sig M3a; Prestwich, p 42. BEARER: °Tyrell (Tirrell)

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Suffolk COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this as fringed azure and argent. FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or and sable. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1642-

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0155.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: Hee is a °rebell and °deserves it PICTURE: An Irishman 'in Trowzes' (°trousers) °hanging from the °gallows. Motto above in black letters on silver banner. SOURCES: Williams, 110; Blount (1655), sig N2a. BEARER: °Cecil

RANK: Major

BIOGRAPHY: Third son of Earl of Salisbury.

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed vert and argent.

COMMENTS: Used for expedition to Ireland in 1641/42.

PARTY: °King DATE: 1641/420156.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °Help us in the day of °battle, for without thee man's help is °vain PICTURE: Motto only on banner in gold letters on red scroll in 7 folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 103b; Williams, 92; Blount, sig Nla; Prestwich, p 80. BEARER: °Brown, John

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Captain in the Fairfax's Horse (First Regiment of Horse), New Model.

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed argent and azure. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1645-

COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this cornet as fringed or and sable wixed with or. The motto derives from Psalm 60:11 (cf also Psalm 108:12).

86

English Civil War Flag Devices 0157.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Hibernia °sanguine °stillat °Ireland is °dripping with °blood PICTURE: A green °island [°Ireland] from which numerous spouts of °blood flow. SOURCES: Harl 1377, fol 20. COMMENTS: Probably intended for expedition to Ireland in 1641/42.

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and argent. PARTY: °King (?) DATE: 1641/420158.0 LATIN MOTTO: Hie °murus °aheneus esto Let this be a °brazen °wall PICTURE: A °black °wall surrounding an open °book in which is the inscription °'Legis Evangelii.' Inside also is a silver scroll with the motto in black letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 104b; Williams, 89; Blount, sig M4b; Prestwich, p 81. BEARER: °Blackwall, John

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed argent, with sable mixed with argent. PARTY: °Parliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Captain

COMMENTS: The black wall in the picture puns on the bearer's name. The motto is from Horace, Epistulae, I, i, 60.

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87

0159.0 LATIN MOTTO: Hoc °medio With this at the °centre PICTURE: An erect °column surmounted by a °crown enfiled by a ° sceptre in bend dexter and a naked °sword with gold hilt sinister, saltire-wise. Motto on right. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Symonds, p 93 (Harl 939, fol 23). BEARER: °Danish lord (unnamed)

FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. No fringe recorded.

COMMENTS: Symonds saw this cornet being made for a Danish lord who was raising a regiment in Exeter.

PARTY: °King DATE: 1644 (Sept) 0160.0 LATIN MOTTO: Hoc non este °impugnare One must not °assail this PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on silver label in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 68a; Williams, 106; Prestwich, p 60. BEARER: °Biwell (Boswell?)

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Described by Add 5247, Williams and Prestwich as 'the Warde.' Possibly the 'Boswell' of Balfour's Regiment in 1644. FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1644 (?)

88

English Civil War Flag Devices 0161.0 LATIN MOTTO: Hoc °nutrior By this I am °nourished PICTURE: A gold °ostrich, holding in its beak the tip of an unsheathed °sword that extends horizontally. Below on a scroll is the motto. SOURCES: Symonds, p 168 (Harl 911, fol 9b). BEARER: °Leveson, Thomas

FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. No fringe recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 1643-46

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: From October 1642, Gov of Dudley Castle, which he surrendered 10 May, 1646 (Newman, 881). A Roman Catholic. COMMENTS: Symonds claims that this was one of three cornets that Col Leveson's regiment of horse had in May 1645, 'belonging to Dudley Castle.' Cf Giovio, p 82. 0162.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: I °byd my °tyme / °Covenant for °Religion, °King and °Kingdom PICTU First motto in gold letters on silver scroll. Second motto in gold letters to left encircled by green °laurel °wreath. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 43b; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 46; Reid, Scots, pp 78-79. BEARER: °Mauchline, Lord

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Lord Mauchline commanded the regiment nominally assigned to his father the Earl of Loudon. FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. No fringe. PARTY: °Covenant DATE: Dunbar (1650)

COMMENTS: This cornet is unusual in having no fringe. It was taken by Cromwell's forces at Dunbar in 1650. The double-headed phoenix and motto derive from the Loudon crest.

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89

0163.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: I will strive to °serve my Sovereign °King PICTURE: [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Sprigge, p 195; Malcolm, p 154. BEARER: °Hopton, Sir Ralph (Lord) RANK: Major-General

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded.

BIOGRAPHY: Raised regiment of horse in West country in 1642. A major figure in the Western campaigns. This cornet was captured at the Battle of Torrington on 16 Feb 1646. For further biographical details, see information regarding his other cornet ('Et sacris compescuit ignibus ignes').

PARTY: °King DATE: 1644-46 (16 Feb) 0164.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Iehova °providebit °Jehovah will °provide PICTURE: Two silver °palm leaves encircling the motto. At each corner small sprays of palm. [Illustration not available]. SOURCES: Harl 986, fols 26b-29b; NAM 6807-53, pp 47-53; Kightly (a), 383-84; Dillon, 130, 140; Ede-Borrett, p 56. BEARER: °Tower Hamlets Regiment RANK: Colonel

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1643-45/46

BIOGRAPHY: The colonelcy was reserved for the Lieut Governor of the Tower of London. COMMENTS: Ensign for Tower Hamlets Regiment of Foot. Silver balls appearing above the central device act as marks of difference.

90

English Civil War Flag Devices 0165.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Iehovah nissi Unless °Jehovah PICTURE: At right, blue °clouds, from which issue left °arm and °hand holding black °flag with gold tassels with inscription °'Iehovah nissi.' SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 50a; Add 14,308, fol 17b; Rawl B, fol 13b; Harl 1397, fol 259b; Harl 2275, fol 50; Williams, 68; Rawlinson, fol 26b; Prestwich, p 46.

FIELD & FRINGE: Or. Fringed argent, and argent mixed with sable. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

BEARER: °Turner, Richard

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of London. Turner was captain in the Yellow Regiment of the London Trained Bands in May 1642. He left the regiment by the spring of 1643 and became colonel of a newly-raised regiment of City Horse (Roberts, p 34). 0166.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: If °God be with us who shall be against us? PICTURE: Motto only in gold letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 28a; NAM 6208-1, p 43; Rawlinson, fol 20b; Williams, 27; Cole (Parl), [15b]; Prestwich, p 37. BEARER: °Douglas, Alexander

RANK: Major

BIOGRAPHY: A Scot. Sergeant-Major to Colonel Sanders. Killed at Powick Bridge. The subsequent history of Douglas's Troop is uncertain but it may have survived and kept the same cornet. FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and or. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642

COMMENTS: Add 5247, NAM and Prestwich give Douglas's rank as captain. Add 5247 says that Douglas was killed at Worcester. The Williams ms depicts this cornet as fringed argent and gules. The motto derives from Romans 8:31.

91

English Civil War Flag Devices 0167.0

ENGLISH MOTTO: If you offer to plunder or take our cattel, Be assured we will bid you battel PICTURE: [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Sprigge, p 80. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: The motto was captured on 4 August 1645 by Cromwell's troops in a skirmish against the Clubmen who had assembled on Hambleton Hill, near Shrawton. FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °Clubmen DATE: 1645 (Aug) 0168.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: lie maintaine my °right PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on curved silver banner. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 69b; Williams, 87, 111; Prestwich, p 61; Kightly (c), 853, 876. BEARER: °Gibbons, Robert

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1643-45, 1647-48

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Was captain under Sir Michael Livesey in Waller's army. Then served in New Model in Eleventh Regiment of Horse (Henry Ireton's Horse). Served in Col Augustine Skinner's regiment of Kentish horse (1647-48). Helped suppress Kentish Rising in 1648.

92

English Civil War Flag Devices 0169.0 LATIN MOTTO: Illuc °omnes Thither °everyone PICTURE: °Circle with lines from centre to circumference. SOURCES: Cole (King), 22; Blount, sig L4a. BEARER: °Digby, Sir John RANK: Colonel (then Maj Gen)

FIELD& FRINGE: Not known PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-45

BIOGRAPHY: A Roman Catholic. Commissioned as Colonel in 1642. Governor of Grafton House during siege in 1643. Later commander of Earl of Cleveland's brigade and Maj General to Lord Goring. Died of wounds July 1645 (Newman, 436). COMMENTS: Blount says that Digby wishes his fellow subjects to join the King (centre of circle). 0170.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Immedicabile °vulnus °ense °rescindendum An °incurable °wound must be °cut away with a 0 sword PICTURE: A °hand and a °sword. [No extant illustration], SOURCES: Blount, sig M4b. BEARER: °Wright

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Captain

93

English Civil War Flag Devices 0171.0

LATIN MOTTO: In °arduis et °tote °magnanimi In °difficult circumstances altogether °magnanimous PICTURE: Two °laurel wreaths. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Blount (1655), sig N4a. BEARER: Not known

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: A captain in Colonel Alexander Popham's regiment. FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-46 0172.0 LATIN MOTTO: In °Christo °Petra est °anchora fixa °sp[eravi] To °Christ the °rock has my °anchor been fastened, [in him] I have °hoped PICTURE: A large rock in front of which of which is a gold °anchor. SOURCES: Harl 1377, fol 16. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

COMMENTS; The motto echoes the punning Matt 16:18 'tu es Petrus et super hanc petram aedificabo ecclesiam meam' (Vulgate); 'thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church.'

94

English Civil War Flag Devices 0173.0 LATIN MOTTO: In °extremis apparet °deus °God appears in °extreme circumstances PICTURE: A three-masted °ship at sea. On each mast is °flag of °St. George. The stern is on °fire and at top right are °clouds from which bends an °angel, one hand pointing down to ship, the other holding a silver scroll with motto. An °armed man (not in Add 5247) stands at centre of ship. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 88b; NAM 6208-1, p 121; Williams, 107; Rawlinson fol 25b; Cole (Parl), 21; Blount, sig M2a; Prestwich, p 72.

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed or and azure.

BEARER: °Dodding, George

PARTY: Parliament

BIOGRAPHY: Of Conishead Priory (Lanes). Deputy Lt. of Lancashire in 1642. Raised a regiment of foot and a troop of horse (Lawson, pp 57-58).

DATE: 1642-

RANK: Colonel

0174.0 LATIN MOTTO: In hec (hac) °spe °vivo I °live in this °hope PICTURE: At top left a naked °arm and °hand from °clouds, holding an unsheathed °sword. Motto in black letters below on silver banner in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 23a; Williams, 90; Blount, sig M3b; Prestwich, p 34; Spring II, 74. BEARER: °Pennyfather, Thomas RANK: Captain

FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Fringed vert and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1643-45

BIOGRAPHY: Served under Sir Arthur Hesilrige (1643-1645). Served in llth Regiment of Horse (Henry Ireton's) in the New Model. Then 2nd Regiment (John Butler's). Died in Ireland in 1649 or 1650 (Temple, 69n). Cf his other cornet (0287.0). COMMENTS: Fringed argent and sable in Williams ms.

95

English Civil War Flag Devices 0175.0 LATIN MOTTO: In hoc °signo °vinces Under this °sign you will °conquer PICTURE: Motto only on banner. SOURCES: Cole (King), 11; Blount, sig L2b.

BEARER: °Constable, Henry RANK: Lt. Colonel

FIELD & FRINGE: Not known PARTY: °King DATE: 1643-45

BIOGRAPHY: Henry Constable, Viscount Dunbar, Lieut Colonel of Horse, of Burton Constable (Yorks.). Served under Sir Edward Widdrington. A Roman Catholic. Fought at Marston Moor, 2 July 1644, and killed defending Scarborough Castle in 1645 (Newman, 328). COMMENTS: Cross not depicted by Cole. Blount suggests that cornet alludes to Constantine the Great who saw a cross in the sky and became a Christian. 0176.0 LATIN MOTTO: In °monte videbitur °deus °God shall appear on the °mountain PICTURE: From °cloud at right issues an armed °arm and °hand with raised °sword. At bottom left an °altar with °fire upon it. Motto above in black letters on silver banner in three folds. SOURCES: Williams, 116; Kightly (c), 852, 876. BEARER: °Arnall

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Served in Thomas Horton's regiment of horse in New Model. Went with Cromwell to Ireland in 1649. FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Fringed argent and or (?). PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1647-

COMMENTS: The motto derives from Gen 22:14.

96

English Civil War Flag Devices 0177.0

LATIN MOTTO: In °monte videbitur °deus °God shall appear on the °mountain PICTURE: Motto only [very indistinct]. White canton with red cross of St. George. SOURCES: Williams, 103; Rawlinson, fol 28a; Blount (1655), sig N2a. BEARER: °Nerne, Alexander

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Served in Colonel James Wardlaw's regiment of dragoons (Peacock, p 54). FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or, with sable mixed with or. PARTY: °King then Parliament DATE: 1641/42-

COMMENTS: Originally designed for use in Ireland (Blount [1655], sig N2a). A guidon rather than a cornet. Add 5247 (fol 114a) and Blount (1655) assign this to Captain John Barne. The motto derives from Gen 22:4. 0178.0 LATIN MOTTO: In nomine °Jesus omne °genu °flectitur / Vivat °Carolus °rex At the name of °Jesus every °knee shall °bow / Long live °King °Charles PICTURE: Inscribed with the name of °'Jesus' (°'IHS') with a °cross. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: True Informer (28 Sept to 5 Oct 1644), p 356; Blount (1655), sig N2a; Moran, 17; Hayes-McCoy (a), 123; Hayes-McCoy (b), p 51; Ryder, p 43; Reid, Scots (3), opposite p 35. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Canton or with saltire gules. PARTY: °Irish Catholic Confederacy DATE: 1641/2-44

COMMENTS: Ensign may have accompanied Earl of Antrim's forces to Scotland in 1644 but Blount (1655) claims it was captured from the Irish rebels. The first motto is from Phil. 2:10. Moran's source notes that Parliament had forbidden genuflexion.

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0179.0 LATIN MOTTO: In °tanto sed non in °toto In so °much but not in °all PICTURE: A °tree cut down except for one green sprout. °Death stands to left side holding an °ax (Add 5247) or °sickle. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 124a; Williams, 34; Blount (1655), sig Nib. BEARER: °Sellenger (St. Leger), Sir William RANK: Colonel FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. Fringed argent and gules PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-

BIOGRAPHY: Anglo-Irish professional soldier. In Ireland 1642. Came to England, Nov 1643. Colonel in Duke of York's Foot. Killed at 2nd Newbury. COMMENTS: Used in Ireland. Cf Young, Imprese, nos 3 and 111. 0180.0 LATIN MOTTO: In te °defixi sunt °oculi nostri / Sic °pacem °querimus [in Rawlinson ms & Cole] Our °eyes are °fixed upon thee / Thus °seek we °peace PICTURE: A °soldier galloping on a white °horse. Over his right shoulder an orange sash. In his helmet, orange and white feathers. °Clouds inscribed with the word °'Deus.' The first motto in black letters on silver scroll. Second motto at bottom. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 99a; NAM 6208-1, p 116; Williams, 101; Rawlinson, fol 9; Cole (Parl), 5; Blount, sig Nla; Prestwich, p 78.

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or and azure. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

BEARER: °Massingberd

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Lincolnshire. Possibly Henry Massingbeard or his brother Sir Drayner Massingbeard of Bratoft Hall (Lines.).

98

English Civil War Flag Devices 0181.0 LATIN MOTTO: In utrumque °paratus "Prepared with either PICTURE: °Clouds from which issue two °arms and °hands. At right a hand holds unsheathed °sword. At left, hand holds mason's "trowel. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 89a; Williams, Blount, sig M4b; Prestwich, p 73.

93;

BEARER: °Twistleton, Philip (?) RANK: Captain FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed argent, and sable mixed with argent PARTY: °Parliament

BIOGRAPHY: Appointed to 5th Regiment of Horse (Edward Rossiter's) in the New Model as Major. A supporter of the radicals in 1647, he was made a Colonel in place of Edward Rossiter (Temple, 64). COMMENTS: See, Paradin, p 115.

DATE: 16420182.0 LATIN MOTTO: In utrumque °paratus "Prepared with either PICTURE: A "naked man with °sword in hand and erect °penis. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Blount, sig L3b. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: According to Blount, the motto intimated that the bearer 'was ready to fight at either weapon.' Evidently a parody of well-known imprese contained in Paradin, p 115. FIELD & FRINGE: Not known PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-

99

English Civil War Flag Devices 0183.0 LATIN MOTTO: In utrumque °paratus °Prepared with either

PICTURE: Armed °arm and °hand from °cloud at right side holding raised unsheathed ° sword and °olive °branch. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 123a; Williams, 63; Blount (1655), sig Nib. BEARER: °Burgh

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Served in Ireland. FIELD & FRINGE: Or. Fringed argent and azure PARTY: King

COMMENTS: The device was designed for use in Ireland. Possibly modeled after the imprese found in Paradin, p 115.

DATE: 16420184.0 LATIN MOTTO: In °veritate °triumpho In the °trath I °triumph PICTURE: Motto only on banner in black letters on silver scroll in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 82b; Williams, 11; Blount, sig Mlb; Prestwich, p 70; Kightly (c), 852-53. BEARER: °Middleton, Sir Thomas RANK: Lieut General

FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Fringed vert and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

BIOGRAPHY: Of Chirk Castle, Co. Denbigh (Cokayne, III, 75). Was commander in chief in Wales. Served in North Wales, 1643, and Oswestry and Montgomery in 1644. Permitted by Parliament to retain command in spite of Self-Denying Ordinance (Gardiner, II, 254).

100

English Civil War Flag Devices 0185.0 LATIN MOTTO: Inga (°Iuga) °pauca "supersunt A °few °yokes °remain PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on silver scroll of three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol lOOb; Williams, 108; Prestwich, p 79. BEARER: °Lawrence, Adam (?) RANK: Captain

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed argent and azure. PARTY: "Parliament DATE: 1645

BIOGRAPHY: In Fairfax's Horse in New Model Army (Firth, p 10). A Presbyterian and friend of Richard Baxter. Killed at siege of Colchester (Firth & Davies, p 67; Temple, 62). COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this cornet as fringed azure and or. The rank of 'Major' is written in above the title 'Captain' in Add 5247. 0186.0 LATIN MOTTO: Ingens °telum °necessitas °Necessity is a mighty °weapon PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on a silver diagonal banner. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 35a; NAM 6208-1, p 46; Williams, 46; Blount, sig M3b; Prestwich, p 39. BEARER: °Wood

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Kent COMMENTS: Add 5247 depicts this cornet as fringed argent and or. FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent and gules. PARTY: "Parliament DATE: 1642-

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0187.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Innocens °vincet The °innocent will °overcome PICTURE: The °Lamb of °God with banner of °victory (Cross of °St. George) fighting with the many-headed °beast described in Revelation. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Blount, sig Nla. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: Parliament

COMMENTS: Harl 1377, fol 3, provides such a picture but gives as motto 'Vincit agnus.' The device symbolizes the victory over death won through the martrydom of Christ (the sacrificed lamb). The topic derives from Revelation.

DATE: 16420188.0 ENGLISH MOTTO Innocent valiant PICTURE: A white °bird (°dove?) on green mound. SOURCES: Harl 1377, fol 4. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Tenne. Fringed tenne and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

102

English Civil War Flag Devices 0189.0 LATIN MOTTO: Irritus ingenti °scopulo °fluctus °assultat To no avail the °wave °dashes against the mighty °rock PICTURE: °Waves of the °sea dashing against a large °rock. The motto is above on a silver banner in black letters in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 36a; Williams, 17;NAM 6208-1, p 52; Blount, sig A2b; Prestwich, p 39

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent and gules. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1642-

BEARER: °Hartop, Sir Edward

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Of Buckminster. Commander of Leicestershire and Derbyshire Horse. Died 1657. COMMENTS: Fringed argent and sable in Williams ms. Cf Whitney, p 96; and Peacham, p 158. 0190.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Iusta °triumphat °causa The °just °cause triumphs PICTURE: Motto only. White canton with red cross of St. George. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 113a; Williams, 103; Rawlinson, fol 28a. BEARER: °Barne, John

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Served in Colonel Wardlaw's regiment of dragoons (Peacock, p 54). FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or, and sable mixed with or. PARTY: °Parliament DATE: 1642-

COMMENTS: This flag is a guidon rather than a cornet. Add 5247 assigns this to Capt Archibald Hambleton and gives John Barne 'In monte videbitur Deus' (fol 114a).

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0191.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Iusta °triumphat °causa The °just °cause °triumphs PICTURE: Motto only in gold letters on blue diagonal. [Illustration not available]. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 118a. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: A guidon. FIELD & FRINGE: Parted per fess sable and argent. Fringed argent and sable PARTY: Parliament DATE: 16420192.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Iustis °pax °quaeritur °armis °Peace is °sought with °just [justice] °arms PICTURE: A steel °helmet with gold vizor ('proper to the son of a knight'). From rear of helmet a bough with 4 °branches of °laurel. At top, the motto in black letters on silver label of three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 74a; Harl 1383, fol 37; Williams, 42; Blount, sig M4a; Prestwich, p 64; Spring I, 37 (illus. following p 26); Spring II, 65. BEARER: °Jarvis, Thomas FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent and gules. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1643-45

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Hampshire. Second son to Sir Thomas Jarvis. In Heselrigge's regiment of horse from August 1643 (Spring II, 74). Then in regiment of Sir Richard Grenville from Dec 1643 to April 1645. Then entered Massey's Western Association and served with his troop until 1646 (Spring II, 65).

104

English Civil War Flag Devices 0193.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Iustissimum °iniquissimae °paci antefero

°bellum

I prefer a most °just °war to a most °unjust °peace PICTURE: Motto only on banner in black letters on silver scroll of three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 95a; Rawlinson, fol 33b [37b]; Williams, 98; Blount, sig M4b; Prestwich, p75. BEARER: °Saunders FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. Fringed argent, and sable mixed with argent.

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Derbyshire

PARTY: Parliament DATE: 16420194.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Iustissimum °iniquissimae °paci antefero

°bellum

I prefer a most °just °war to a most °unjust °peace PICTURE: Motto only on banner in black letters on silver scroll of three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 95b; NAM 6208-1, p 152; Williams, 98; Rawlinson, fol 27; Prestwich, p 76; Kightly (c), 852-53. BEARER: °Barton, Nathaniel

FIELD & FRINGE: Per pale sable & argent. Fringed argent, & sable mixed with argent PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Derbyshire. Originally a chaplin to Sir Thomas Burdett, Barton served under Sir John Cell and Lord Fairfax in the Northern Army. Later he was a major in Scroope's regiment in the New Model. In 1645, according to Symonds (Harl 911), he was one of the Governors of Barton House, a Parliamentary garrison in Derbyshire.

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105

0195.0 FRENCH MOTTO: La °fort[e] The °strong [°shield?] PICTURE: A silver °shield on which horizontally (in fess) is inscribed the motto. On left side of shield near base is the gold pommel of a °sword. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 31a; Harl 2275, fol 52; NAM 6208-1, p 100; Williams, 15; Rawlinson, fol 18; Blount, sig Mlb; Prestwich, p 38.

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and argent. PARTY: Tarliament then °King DATE: 1642

BEARER: °Fortescue, Sir Faithful RANK: Lieut Colonel and Captain BIOGRAPHY: A professional soldier, Fortescue was colonel of the third troop of horse raised for the expedition into Ireland, 1642. With his troop, he was drafted into the Parliamentary Army in 1642 but he and his troop deserted at Edgehill, going over to Prince Rupert. He fought at Worcester. COMMENTS: Blount points out that the motto is a punning reference (La forte escue) to the bearer's name and was used 'before his recesse.' NAM has 'Le fort' and has picture in reverse. The shield (without motto) and sword pommel matches the crest in Fortescue's arms.

106

English Civil War Flag Devices 0196.0 FRENCH MOTTO: La °saintete a l'°eteraels °Holiness for °eternity PICTURE: Black °horse with gold saddle and bridle. Motto inscribed on bridle. SOURCES: Williams, 112; Kightly (c), 853, 876. BEARER: °Nelthorpe (Nelthrop), John RANK: Captain

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed argent, and argent mixed with sable.

BIOGRAPHY: In Col Philip Twistleton's regiment of horse in New Model. He served with same regiment earlier under Col Edward Rossiter and fought at Naseby in 1645.

PARTY: Parliament

COMMENTS: The black horse is possibly heraldic.

DATE: 16470197.0 LATIN MOTTO: Laesi concorditer omnes [Though] °wounded, [we act] all in °harmony PICTURE: °Bees. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Blount (1655), sig N4a. BEARER: Name not known

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: A captain in one of the Associate County Troops (Blount [1655]). COMMENTS: Cf Whitney, pp 200-01.

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-46

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107

0198.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: Let us arise up and °build. °God shal °fight for us. / Let us °downe with it to the Ground

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed argent and azure.

PICTURE: A walled °city. A gap in wall defended by two °soldiers. Man on right has °sword and °trowel. The other has open °book and °sword, and from his mouth ascends the first motto. At bottom right, a °Jesuit priest; a °cardinal; a °soldier with three red feathers in helmet; a °bishop, his right hand uplifted and in his left a °sword. From his mouth issues the second motto. The first three men have grappling °hooks (not in Williams ms) as if attempting to pull down walls of the city.

PARTY: "^Parliament

SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 76b; Harl 1383, fol 39; Harl 1397, fol 250b; Williams, 80; Prestwich, pp 65-66.

DATE: 1643-

BEARER: °Kem, Samuel

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: A minister, 'sometime of Low Ley ton in Essex' (Williams, 80). Chaplain to the Earl of Mulgrave (Harl 1383, fol 39).

108

English Civil War Flag Devices 0199.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Lex suprema °salus °patriae The supreme °law is the °welfare of the °country PICTURE: At top a gold °book (°Bible) with first two words of motto in gold letters. Below a °city (°London) with final two words of motto in gold letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 34a;Add 14,308, fol 16a; Rawl B, fol 12a; NAM 6208-1, p 80; Williams, 53; Rawlinson, fol 3; Cole (Pad), 2; Prestwich, pp 38-39. BEARER: °Harvey, Edmund

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Parliament

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Captain of one of the City trained bands (the White Regiment) in 1642 but Colonel of Red Regiment of City Horse in 1643. Of Cheapside. Fought under Essex at 1st Newbury.

DATE: 1642 0200.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Lex suprema °salus °patriae The supreme °law is the °welfare of the °country PICTURE: A blue (gold in Add 5247) closed °book (°Bible) with gold clasps, a map (view, picture) of °City of °London. Motto in gold letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 29a; NAM 6208-1, p 44; Williams, 9; Blount, sig Mlb; Prestwich, p 37; Kightly (c), 852-53. BEARER: °Luke, Sir Samuel

a FIEL gules. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: M.P. for Bedford in Short and Long Parliaments. Captain of two troops of horse at the same time, one with Balfour's Horse (1642-45). In 1643 Luke became Governor of Newport Pagnell (Bucks). His second troop stationed there 1643-45. Luke was also Scoutmaster-General to Essex's army. This cornet probably used for troop serving Balfour.

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0201.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Liber °leo °revinciri °nescit A °lion that is °free knows no °restraint PICTURE: A °lion running free having broken its °chain. SOURCES: Cole (King), 37; Blount, sig L4a. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: Presumably, the motto alludes to Charles I. FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 16420202.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °Lose this, lose all PICTURE: A °Bible. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Blount, sig Nla. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

110

English Civil War Flag Devices 0203.0 LATIN MOTTO: Magnis aut °excidam °ausis Or I shall °fall through great °ventures PICTURE: Gold °laurel °wreath. Above on semi-circular white banner is motto in black letters. SOURCES: Cole (King), 3; Blount, sig L2a; Kightly (d), 282; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 51. BEARER: °Montrose, James Graham, Marquis

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and or. PARTY: °King (Scottish Royalists) DATE: 1644-46

BIOGRAPHY: With Scots army invading England 1640. Joined King in 1643 and fought against Covenanters until defeated at Philiphaugh 1645. Active for Charles II in Scotland but betrayed to Covenanters and executed in 1650. COMMENTS: Cornet was used by Montrose's Lifeguard of Horse. 0204.0 LATIN MOTTO: Maiorum °vanitas The °vanity of °ancestors (°predecessors) PICTURE: A broken °crown and °sceptre, and a broken °mitre. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Blount (1655), sig N4a. BEARER: Not known

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: A captain in regiment of Colonel Alexander Popham.

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °Parliament DATE: 1642-46

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111

0205.0 LATIN MOTTO: Malem [Mallem] °mori quam °tardari (Cole) / °faedari (Williams ms & Blount) I would prefer to °die rather than °turn aside / be °contaminated PICTURE: An °ermine (in Cole), but motto only in Williams ms. SOURCES: Williams, 149; Cole (King), 17; Blount, sig A4b, L3a; Kightly (d), 282. BEARER: °Rawdon, Sir Marmaduke RANK: Colonel FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 1645-46 (?)

BIOGRAPHY: Of London and Yorkshire. Commissioned Colonel of Foot in June 1643. In Basing House garrison, he played major role in siege, but deprived of his command through influence of Marquis of Winchester. Died 1646 (Newman, 1195). The only horse Rawdon ever seems to have commanded was the Faringdon Governor's Troop in 1645-46. COMMENTS: Blount suggests that the device expresses Rawdon's dislike of the Covenant. The ermine, symbol of royalty, will not survive the pollution of its fur, according to common belief. The Williams ms gives only the motto ('Malem mori quam foedari'). The motto is a popular family heraldic motto. In emblem literature, the device can be found in Giovio, p 30; and in Peacham, p 75.

112

English Civil War Flag Devices 0206.0 LATIN MOTTO: Mallem °mori quam °mancipari I would prefer to °die rather than be °transferred (°sold) PICTURE: Motto only on cornet in black letters on gold label in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 50b; Harl 1397, fol 259; Williams, 68; NAM 6208-1, p 58; Blount, sig M2a; Prestwich, p 46. BEARER: °Allen

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent

RANK: Colonel

COMMENTS: The Williams ms gives Allen's rank as Captain. The 'Colonel' may derive from a pre-war position in the Trained Bands.

PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 16420207.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Meliora °spero I °hope for °better things PICTURE: °Religion or °Hope (woman in blue with gold wings) standing on a °skeleton (°Death). Close by, a broken °cross. Attached to one arm of cross is a red °bridle. Motto above in black letters on silver banner. SOURCES: Williams, 131; Cole (King), 15; Blount, sig L3b; Kightly (d), 281-82; Reid, Officers, opposite p27. BEARER: °Wormsley, Christopher FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed argent and sable. PARTY: °King DATE: 1643

RANK: Major

BIOGRAPHY: Major of Horse in Sir Nicholas Crispe's regiment, raised in 1643 (Reid, Officers, p 49). Killed at Cirencester (15 Sept 1643).

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COMMENTS (cont): This cornet was captured by the Earl of Essex's Parliamentary forces at Cirencester on 15 Sept 1643. The device appears to be to show Religion (or Hope) mourning over the death and destruction caused by the war which destroys temperance (the bridle) and the values of religion (the cross) itself. The emblematic device for this flag may have been based upon the emblem 'Cuique & nemini' in Peacham's Minerva Britanna (1612) or upon Ripa's entry for 'Fede Christiana' in his Iconologia, a number of editions of which were published prior to 1642, though not in England.

0208.0 LATIN MOTTO: Melius est °mori in °bello quam videre °mala °gentis nostrae It is better to °die in °war than to see the °wickedness (wicked deeds) of our °people PICTURE: °King crowned and armed. He holds drawn uplifted °sword. Motto below in black letters on white banner. SOURCES: Williams, 132; Blount, sig, A4b; Kightly (d), 281-82. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Or. Fringed or PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-43

COMMENTS: This cornet was captured by the Earl of Essex's army at 1st Newbury, 1643.

114

English Civil War Flag Devices 0209.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Merces °coniuratoris The °reward for °conspirators PICTURE: A °hand holding a °sword issuing from a °cloud and cleaving the °head of a °Roundhead, who places hands on °crown. SOURCES: Williams, 149; Blount (1655), sig N3b. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-46 0210.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Merces °coniuratoris The °reward for °conspirators PICTURE: An °armed man turned upside down. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: The Manner How the Prisoners, pp 4-5; The Kingdomes Weekly Intelligencer, No. 105 (17 June-24 June 1645), p 841; Williams, 149. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-45

COMMENTS: This was captured at Naseby and carried into London in procession with 54 other captured colours on 21 June 1645. The Kingdomes Weekly Intelligencer describes the device as 'a Souldier in Armour cap-a-pee reversed, his head downwards, ...'

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115

0211.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Millissimus Thousands PICTURE: Motto only in gold letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 120b. BEARER: °Laugharne (Langhorne), Rowland RANK: Major-General

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and or. PARTY: °Parliament then °King DATE: 1646-48

BIOGRAPHY: A leading figure in the Royalist uprising in Wales in 1648. Led his Regiment of Horse over to Royalists. Regiment fought in South Wales campaign but destroyed at St. Pagans. COMMENTS: Stephen Ede-Borrett has privately suggested that the cornets of Laugharne's Horse make a complete phrase: 'Millissimus,' 'Pro religione,' 'Pro patria,' 'Pro libertate,' 'Pro deo.' 0212.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Mori °potui quam °papatus I would °die rather than be a °papist PICTURE: At right, °clouds from which issue an °arm and °hand clothed in gold holding a °skull. Opposite at left is a gold bishop's °mitre. At top in black letters is the motto on a silver scroll. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 102a; Williams, 90; Blount, sig M4b; Prestwich, p 80. BEARER: °Langrish BIOGRAPHY: Of Hampshire

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed or and sable. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Captain

116

English Civil War Flag Devices 0213.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Mors aut °libertas °Death or °Liberty PICTURE: A °skull at bottom centre. Motto above in black letters on gold banner in three folds. SOURCES: Williams, 114. BEARER: °Parker, William

RANK: Captain

COMMENTS: Possibly intended for use in Ireland.

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or and azure. PARTY: Parliament (?King) DATE: 16420214.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Mors mihi °lucrum For me °death is °gain PICTURE: °Arm clothed in red and naked °hand extending from °cloud at right holding °skull. Motto at bottom in black letters on white banner. SOURCES: Harl 1377, fol 8. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed azure and argent. PARTY: °Parliament DATE: 1642-

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117

0215.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Mors vel Victoria °Death or °victory PICTURE: A °skull. Each side of the skull adorned with a °laurel °wreath. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 8a; NAM 6208-1, p 34; Williams, 60; Blount, sig A4b; Prestwich, p 27. BEARER: °West, Edmund

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: A chandler from Cambridgeshire FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent and gules mixed with sable. PARTY: Tarliament

COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this as fringed argent and sable. NAM 6208-1 does not record the motto. Cf Paradin, p 257.

DATE: 1642 0216.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Musica °monarchica °lyra °Music, °monarchy, and °harp PICTURE: At top centre a gold royal °crown. Below a gold °harp. Motto in black letters on silver label to either side and below device. SOURCES: Williams, 131; Kightly (d), 282. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: This cornet was captured by Essex's forces at 1st Newbury. Kightly gives the motto as 'Lyrica Monarchica.' FIELD & FRINGE: Per pale azure and gules. Fringed argent and gules. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-43

118

English Civil War Flag Devices 0217.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Muto °quadrata °rotundis I °change ° square things into °round things PICTURE: On a rock, an °armed man in red breeches and a yellow sash, in his helmet yellow and black feathers. In his left hand a black °square cap. With his °sword in his right hand he chops the corners off. Motto in black letters on white scroll at top.

FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Fringed or, gules, or, and azure. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1644-45

SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 78b; Harl 1397, fol 259a; Williams, 42; Cole (Parl), 27; Blount, sig A4B, M2a; Prestwich, pp 67-68; Kightly (c), 852-53; Spring, p 36 (illus. following p 26). BEARER: °Cooke, Edward

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: From Gloucestershire. Served at Cheriton and Cropredy Bridge in Waller's army. Regiment disbanded when New Model formed. COMMENTS: Blount suggests that the bearer thinks of himself as converting the square-heads of Cavaliers to round ones (cf Henry Peacham's Square Caps Turned Into Round Heads [London, 1642]). Blount describes the hat as a 'university cap.' The Williams ms shows the cornet as fringed or and vert. A drawing of the device is reproduced in Bibliotheca Gloucestrencis: A Collection of Scarce and Curious Tracts, ed. John Washbourn (Gloucester, 1825), facing p clxxviii. However, the device is here attributed to William Cooke (Edward's elder brother, and initially a Royalist).

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0218.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: My °oath and °sword mantane this °word PICTteRE: An arme man. In his helmet a whit feather. His left arm akimbo with hand on hilt of °sword. A gold °book (°Bible) in his right hand. Motto in gold letters below. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 39b; Add 14,308, fol 18a; Rawl B, fol 14a; Harl 1397, fol 259b; Williams, 55; Rawlinson, fol 6; NAM 6208-1, p 84; Blount, sig M3a; Cole (Cole), [2c]; Prestwich, p 41. FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent and gules PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-45

BEARER: °Washbourne, Heriot

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Captain in Red Regiment of London Trained Bands. Then Colonel of Auxiliaries of City of Westminster (Roberts, p 30). Also Captain in Col Edmund Harvey's regiment of City Horse. Hence this cornet. 0219.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: Nay, but as a °captaine of the hoste of the °Lord am I now come PICTURE: An °armed man on a bay °horse. In his right hand a vertical °sword with gold hilt. In his helmet three feathers, one red, two yellow. The motto in black letters on a gold scroll. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 37a; NAM 6208-1, p 17; Prestwich, p 40 BEARER: °Copley, Lionel (?)

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed argent, and sable mixed with argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-44 (and possibly later)

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: 2nd son of William Copley of Wad worth (Yorks). Possibly the Lionel Copley who served in Essex's Regiment of Horse. COMMENTS: A cornet with this motto captured by Royalists in 1643 (Mercurius Aulicus, 25 Oct 1643). The motto is derived from Joshua 5:14. Cf the other Copley cornets listed in this volume.

120

English Civil War Flag Devices 0220.0 LATIN MOTTO: Ne °anima °deficiat Lest my °soul °falter PICTURE: At centre a red °heart. At top left a °cloud from which a naked °hand points at the heart. In cloud at top right an °eye with the inscription °'Deus videt.' SOURCES: Harl 1377, fol 9; Add 12,447, fol 16a. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and argent

COMMENTS: Or, fringed Add 12,447.

or and argent in

PARTY: Parliament DATE: 16420221.0 LATIN MOTTO: Ne °pereat °robor Lest the °oak °perish PICTURE: An armed °hand with °sword issues from °cloud at right and strikes at the °ivy entwined around an °oak tree. SOURCES: Add 12,447, fol 25a. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: The oak was a familiar symbolic device to represent the King.

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

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121

0222.0 LATIN MOTTO: Nee °dormirent nee dormitarent °Apostoli se donee maledictio [°maledicta] °secta norant liberates [°libertates] dixit °Iesus [unus] vestrum me °prodet [Motto 1]. °Abundantior °miserecordiae est °deus quam °homo °nequitys [Motto 2]. The °apostles would neither slumber nor °sleep while the °accursed °sects knew their freed men [°liberties?]. °Jesus said: 'One of you will °betray me.' [Motto 1] °God is more °abundant in °mercy than °man in °wickedness. [Motto 2] FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed vert and argent. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1642-

PICTURE: From right march foot °soldiers, their °guns presented against an °armed man on a bay °horse. He has three yellow feathers in his helmet. He wears red breeches. In his hand a °sword raised forward as if to strike the soldiers. Above him a large scroll with the two mottoes inscribed. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 69a; Williams, 85; Prestwich, pp 60-61 BEARER: °Peren

RANK: Captain

COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this as fringed argent and sable. The mottoes are derived from Psalm 121:4; Mark 14:18; John 13:21.

122

English Civil War Flag Devices 0223.0 LATIN MOTTO: Nee °ferro nee °igne Neither by °sword nor by °fire PICTURE: A °diamond SOURCES: Cole (King), 45; Blount, sig L4b. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: Blount suggests that the device denotes constancy. Cf Wither, p 171.

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 16420224.0 LATIN MOTTO: Nee °temere nee °timide /°Covenant for °Religion, °King and °Kingdom Neither rashly nor timidly PICTURE: A red °heart above which is a gold °crown. Seven red °stars below. The mottoes in gold letters. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 36a; Blount (1655), sig N3a; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 24; Reid, Scots, p47. BEARER: Douglas, Sir William (?) RANK: Colonel

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. PARTY: °Covenant DATE: 1650 (Dunbar)

BIOGRAPHY: Sir William Douglas was slain at Dunbar. COMMENTS: Blount (1655) states that the ensign was 'conceived to belong to the Earl Douglas.'

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0225.0 LATIN MOTTO: Nee °temere nee °timide Neither °rashly nor °timidly PICTURE: °Armed man with raised °sword in right hand but with left hand raised to °forehead in gesture of thought. Motto above on banner. SOURCES: Harl 1377, fol 19. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: Harl 1377 does not give colours. The motto is a popular heraldic family motto. FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 16420226.0 LATIN MOTTO: Nee °timide nee °timere / °Covenant for °Religion, °King and °Kingdoms Neither °timidly nor °rashly PICTURE: From °cloud at bottom centre issues a naked °hand holding a raised unsheathed curved °sword (falchion). First motto in red letters below blade of sword. Second motto in gold letters at top right. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 40a; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 43; Reid, Scots, pp 74, 77. BEARER: Not named FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed argent. PARTY: °Covenant DATE: 1649-1650 (Dunbar)

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: In Forbes' Regiment of Horse raised in Aberdeenshire in 1649. COMMENTS: the device and motto derive from the Forbes crest.

124

English Civil War Flag Devices 0227.0 LATIN MOTTO: Nee °timidus nee °tumidus Neither °timid nor °puffed up PICTURE: Motto only on cornet in silver letters in two horizontal lines. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 22a; Williams, 24; Blount, sig Mlb; Prestwich, p 34. BEARER: Sheffield, Thomas

FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Fringed vert and argent PARTY: Parliament

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: 2nd Son to Earl of Mulgrave. Capt of Horse in Essex's army. Major in 3rd Regiment of Horse (James Sheffield's) in New Model. Replaced older brother James as Colonel when this latter killed at Tiverton. A moderate in 1647 he eventually had to leave the regiment (Temple, 63).

DATE: 1645 (?) 0228.0 LATIN MOTTO: Nee °vi nee °ventu Neither by °force nor by a °wind's [blast] PICTURE: Motto only on banner in black letters on gold scroll of three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 104a; Williams, 87; Blount, sig M2a; Prestwich, pp 80-81. BEARER: °Jones, Michael(?) RANK: Lt. Colonel BIOGRAPHY: Of Shropshire. Lt. Colonel of Brereton's Horse (1643-44). Possibly Colonel after Brereton's retirement. FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent and gules. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1643-44

COMMENTS: Possibly this cornet belonged to Col Samuel Jones who raised a regiment of horse in Surrey in 1643 and garrisoned Farnham Castle. Jones was a London merchant. He resigned his commission in late March 1645 (Spring II, 84).

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0229.0 LATIN MOTTO: Nemo me °impune °lacessit No one °attacks me with °impunity PICTURE: The °thistle of Scotland, with gold leaves and a purple flower. Motto in gold letters in circle around thistle. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 1 la; Williams, 27; NAM 6208-1, p 89; Harl 1383, fol 5; Blount, sig M2a; Prestwich, p 29

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed argent and azure. PARTY: Parliament then °King DATE: 1642-43

BEARER: °Urry (Hurry), John (later Sir John) RANK: Colonel BIOGRAPHY: A Scot. Professional soldier. In June 1642 nominated Lt.-Colonel of 4th troop of horse appointed for Ireland under Philip Lord Wharton. Fought for Parliament at Edgehill and at Brentford (12 Nov 1642). Went over to King in June 1643. Fought for Royalists at Chalgrove and knighted for services at Marston Moor. Returned to Parliament side in Aug 1644. In 1645 switched sides again. Executed at Edinburgh 29 May 1650 after serving with Montrose. COMMENTS: BBlount says this device used while bearer was on the 'Parliament side.' NAM does not record the motto. The thistle is clearly that of Scotland and the motto is that of the Order of the Thistle. The device, the national emblem of Scotland, was widely used by the Covenanter forces.

126

English Civil War Flag Devices 0230.0 LATIN MOTTO: Nemo me °impune °lacessit / °Covenant for °Religion, °Crovne, and °Covntry No one °attacks me with °impunity PICTURE: Gold °thistle of °Scotland with purple flower within green °laurel °wreath. First motto in gold letters around thistle. Second motto in gold letters upon two silver scrolls top and bottom. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 18a; Blount (1655), sig N2b; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 16; Reid, Scots, p 35. BEARER: Turner, James (?)

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. PARTY: °Covenant DATE: 1648 (Preston)

RANK: Colonel

COMMENTS: Reid tentatively identifies this ensign as belonging to the Earl of Tullibardine's regiment. It was surrendered to Cromwell after Preston in 1648. 0231.0 LATIN MOTTO: Nemo me °impune °lacessit / °Covenant for °Religion, °King and °Kingdomes No one °attacks me with °impunity PICTURE: Gold °thistle of °Scotland at centre above which is a gold crown lined in red. In a circle around the device is the first motto in gold letters. Second motto only in gold letters on reverse. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Blount (1655), sig N3a; Balfour, IV, 84; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, pp 40-41; Reid, Scots, pp 87-88. BEARER: °Calendar, James Livingstone, Earl of RANK: Lt. Colonel

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or. PARTY: °Covenant DATE: 1650-51

BIOGRAPHY: Fought on Parliament side. Then served in King's Lifeguard of Horse after arrival of Charles II in Scotland.

127

English Civil War Flag Devices 0232.0

LATIN MOTTO: Nequaquam °caelatem sed iuvare °iniustus °spes mea sola °deo est By no means [ . . . ? ] my only °hope is in °God PICTURE: Motto in black letters on silver label or scroll of five folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 68b; Williams, 105; Prestwich, p 60; Spring II, 57. BEARER: °Temple, Edmund FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1644-45

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Served in Col John Fiennes's Regiment of Horse (1644-45). (See, Spring II, 57). COMMENTS: Motto is obscure. Possibly, initial words should be 'Nequaquam caelatem sed iuvat iniustus' ('But the unjust person by no means delights heaven'). 0233.0 LATIN MOTTO: Neque °rideo neque °timeo I neither °laugh nor °fear PICTURE: Motto at top on a scroll, the right half in gold letters on black, and left half in black letters on silver. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 90a; NAM 6208-1, p 151; Williams, 94; Rawlinson, fol 16; Cole, 12 (Parl); Blount, sig M4b; Prestwich, p 73. BEARER: °Ayloffe, Thomas RANK: Captain (Colonel in New Model)

FIELD & FRINGE: Parted per pale or and sable. Fringed argent, and sable mixed with argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

BIOGRAPHY: In unidentified regiment of either Manchester's Army or independent East Anglia regiment. Colonel of 7th Regiment of Foot in New Model.

128

English Civil War Flag Devices 0234.0 LATIN MOTTO: Nescit °virtus stare loco °Virtue cannot stand in [one] place PICTURE: A gold °eagle, as if just rising from the earth to fly, with one end of a white banner in its beak on which is the motto in black letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 33a; NAM 6208-1, p 99; Williams, 43; Rawlinson, fol 26 [29a]; Blount, sig M3b; Prestwich, p 38 BEARER: °Hammond, Thomas

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and or. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1643-

BIOGRAPHY: Of Meldrum's Horse.

Surrey.

RANK: Captain Served

in John

COMMENTS: Possibly the Thomas Hammond who became General of artillery in Eastern Association army and then prominent officer in the New Model. 0235.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Nil °medium °Nothing in °between PICTURE: On top of a °rock a °Lion rampant (or a man). Another steep rock on the other side of a °river. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Blount (1655), sig N4a; Balfour, IV, 8; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 58. BEARER: °Montrose, James Graham, Marquis of RANK: General

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. PARTY: °King (Scottish Royalists) DATE: 1650

BIOGRAPHY: Born at Montrose. Joined Scots army invading England 1640. Went over to King in 1643 and raised Highlands for him, fighting against the Covenanters in Scotland until he was defeated at Philiphaugh 1645. He was active for Charles II in Scotland but was betrayed to the Covenanters and executed in 1650 (Newman, Companion, p 102).

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COMMENTS: This was Montrose's cornet of horse. Cf the cornet employed by his Lifeguard ('Magnis aut excidam ausis'). Blount (1655) does not ascribe this to Montrose but to 'Another eminent person.' He describes the picture as 'a river running between two high Rocks, and a man seeming to attempt the leaping from one to the other,...'

0236.0 No motto PICTURE: A °bishop on the ground in black and white clerical robes. He wears a °square cap. On his legs a large gold °mitre. Above is gold °book (°Bible?). SOURCES: Cole (Parl), [3a]; NAM 6208-1, p 64; Rawlinson, fol 8. BEARER: Brown

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: A draper at the Golden Fleece by St Austins gate, London.

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed or and azure. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

130

English Civil War Flag Devices 0237.0 No motto PICTURE: A naked °arm and °hand from °clouds on left holding an iron °stilus (°pen) pointing to an inscription: °'I Petri Cap 2 Ve. 17.' SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 23b; Williams, 89; Prestwich, p 34; Kightly (c), 852-53. BEARER: °Castleton

RANK: Major

BIOGRAPHY: Served in Thomas Mitton's regiment from 1645-47 in North West and Wales. FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed with azure and argent PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1645-47

COMMENTS: Biblical text referred to is 'Honour all men. Love the brotherhood. Fear God. Honour the king.' Along with Romans 13, this was one of the most frequently cited texts by both sides in the debate concerning political authority between Parliamentarians and Royalists. 0238.0 No motto PICTURE: Inscription only on banner: °'Romans XIII.' SOURCES: Cole (King), 49; Blount, sig L4a. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: Blount comments that this seems to have been devised by someone unskilled in the rules of a device who 'thought it enough both for figure and Motto.' The first three verses of Romans 13 are concerned with the obedience owed to rulers.

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-

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0239.0 No motto PICTURE: An heraldic crest: on a silver and black heraldic °wreath, standing on a bundle of °arrows with gold shafts, a white °falcon with gold bells ('belled or'). At top a blank silver label. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 91a; Rawlinson, fol 30; Prestwich, p 74 BEARER: °Kenuricke (Kenwricke, William?) RANK: Captain FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed argent and sable.

COMMENTS: The arrow and falcon derive from the Kenwricke crest. Possibly William Kenwricke, an associate of Sir Michael Livesey from Kent.

PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1642-

0240.0 No motto PICTURE: A °trophy of °weapons. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol lOOa; Williams, 92; Prestwich, p 78 BEARER: °Disbrowe (Desborough, Disborough), John RANK: Captain

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

BIOGRAPHY: Cambridge landowner and brotherin-law of Oliver Cromwell, who appointed him Quarter-Master to his troop of Horse in 1642. Served under Cromwell in Eastern Association and then entered New Model in Fairfax's regiment of Horse. Commanded cavalry at storming of Bristol and led charge at Langport (1645). When Cromwell went to Ireland in 1649, Disbrowe took over his regiment. He was a major-general at Worcester in 1651 (Hill, Who's Who, p 172). On 28 May 1655, he was appointed Major-General of all militia forces in the south west counties.

132

English Civil War Flag Devices 0241.0 No motto PICTURE: Armed °arm and °hand from °cloud at left holding vertical unsheathed °sword. [Illustration not available]. SOURCES: NAM 6208-1, p 97. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded.

COMMENTS: NAM does not record the motto, but a number of cornets employed similar devices. See, for example, 'God is my strength,' 'Immedicabile vulnus ense rescindendum,' 'In hac spe vivo,' 'Pro deo et patria,' Terribilis ut acies ordinata,' 'That war is just which is necessary.'

PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

0242.0 No motto PICTURE: A °Bible and a °shroud. [No extant illustration], SOURCES: Warburton, I, 383; Malcolm, p 154. BEARER: °Peto, Sir Edward RANK: Lt. Colonel BIOGRAPHY: Governor of Warwick Castle and Lieut Colonel in Essex's army.

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642 (Sept)

COMMENTS: This may not have been a flag since the device described may have consisted of the actual objects hoisted on a flagstaff during the siege by the Royalists of Warwick Castle. Sir Edward Peto held the castle for Parliament and may have intended to signify that he would occupy the shroud before he would betray the Bible (Warburton, I, 383).

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0243.0 No motto PICTURE: °Unicorn with °ermine coat standing erect before gold °sun. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 7b; NAM 6208-1, p 87; Kightly (c), 852-53. BEARER: °Grey of Groby, Thomas, Lord RANK: Captain BIOGRAPHY: Son of Earl of Stamford. M.P. for Leicester in the Long Parliament. Fought as Captain in Balfour's Horse at Edgehill, but afterwards in Midlands and Colonel of own Regiment of Horse. FIELD & FRINGE: Parted per pale gules and azure COMMENTS: The unicorn and sun device derives from the Grey crest. Cf Grey's other cornet (0290.0).

PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1642

0243.1 No motto PICTURE: At centre the °Virgin and °Christ child within a °rosary. [No extant illustration], SOURCES: Hayes-McCoy, pp 52-53. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: Shaped like a guidon. Hayes-McCoy claims that this flag is still extant and is in the possession of the Dominican Priory in Tallaght, Co. Dublin.

FIELD & FRINGE: arabesques or.

Azure. Patterned

PARTY: °Irish Catholic Confederacy DATE: 1644

with

134

English Civil War Flag Devices 0244.0 No motto PICTURE: At centre naked °arm and °hand issue from °cloud holding vertical unsheathed curved 0 sword (falchion). SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 18b; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 21; Reid, Scots, pp 28, 30. BEARER: °Erskine (?)

RANK: Captain (?)

BIOGRAPHY: Captain in Colonel George Keith's regiment raised in Aberdeenshire in 1648. FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Saltire argent.

COMMENTS: The identification of the bearer is tentatively offered by Reid (p 28). The Erskine crest with a similar device has the motto 'Je pense plus.'

PARTY: °Covenant DATE: 1648 (Preston) 0245.0 No motto PICTURE: At centre a naked °arm issues from °cloud and points at green °tree. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 19a; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 21; Reid, Scots, pp 28-29. BEARER: °Wood (?)

RANK: Captain (?)

BIOGRAPHY: Captain in Colonel George Keith's Regiment raised in Aberdeenshire and the Mearns in 1648.

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Saltire argent. PARTY: °Covenant DATE: 1648 (Preston)

COMMENTS: The identification of the bearer is tentatively made by Reid (p 28). One crest used by serveral branches of the Wood family consists of an oak tree on a green mount.

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0246.0 No motto recorded PICTURE: Possibly a °sun in splendour. SOURCES: Harl 911, fol 9b; Symonds, p 168. BEARER: °Leveson, Thomas

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: From 1642, Governor of Dudley Castle and Col of Horse and Foot. A Roman Catholic. Surrendered Dudley Castle on 10 May, 1646 (Newman, 881).

FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. No fringe recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-46

COMMENTS: One of three cornets of Leveson's regiment, 'belonging to Dudley Castle' (Symonds, p 168). Drawing of sun could be a flag (a George) encircled by various weapons (in defense of it?). Although bearer is given as Leveson here, he should more properly be identified as an unnamed officer in Leveson's regiment of horse. (See, 0161.0 & 0395.0) 0247.0 No motto recorded PICTURE: A °lion. In front of him a pile of °bones. SOURCES: Add 12,447, fol 18. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

136

English Civil War Flag Devices 0248.0 No motto recorded PICTURE: Three green °snakes embowed. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Symonds, p 24 BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringe not recorded.

COMMENTS: It is not clear whether this captured banner involved an emblematic device. Symonds refers to this as 'A trumpet and banner taken by a French man of horse, with this coat upon it.' The original sketch in Symonds shows a shield with the coat but does not even show a banner.

PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1644 0249.0 No motto recorded PICTURE: At each corner the head of a °cherub (°wind) blowing. Space for the motto on diagonal screw. SOURCES: NAM 6208-1, p 94. BEARER: °Denbigh, Basil Fielding, 2nd Earl of RANK: Colonel BIOGRAPHY: Fought at Edgehill where his father fought on the Royalist side (Ricraft, p 37). Became Parliament Commander in Warwickshire, Staffordshire, Worcestershire and Shropshire. Resigned commission in 1645. (Newman, Companion, p 40). FIELD & FRINGE: Fringed gold. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-23 Oct 1642 (Edgehill)

COMMENTS: Note in NAM states that this belonged to 'the Lord of Denbighe when he was at Edgehill.' Cornet probably captured at Edgehill.

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137

0250.0 LATIN MOTTO: Nobis haec invicta miserunt / Covenant for °Religion, °King and °Kingdomes They have sent us these °unconquered things PICTURE: At top a gold °crown lined in red. Below crossed gold °sword and °sceptre. First motto gold letters at bottom on white scroll. On reverse is second motto only in gold letters. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Balfour, IV, 84; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, pp 40-41; Reid, Scots, pp 87-88. FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or. PARTY: °Covenant

BEARER: °Eglinton, Alexander Montgomery, Earl of RANK: Colonel BIOGRAPHY: Commander of King's Lifeguard of Horse raised in 1650. Fought at Worcester.

DATE: 1650-51 0251.0 LATIN MOTTO: Nobiscum °deus °God is [be] with us PICTURE: Vertical unsheathed °sword with gold handle between two °ostrich °feathers upon heraldic 0 wreath. SOURCES: NAM 6208-1, p 161 BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: A note in NAM 6208-1 refers to this as 'in the Roole,' possibly a reference to some record (roll) of colours kept by a herald. The colouring of the drawing in the ms is incomplete. FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

138

English Civil War Flag Devices 0252.0 LATIN MOTTO: Nolite °tangere °christos meos °Touch not my °anointed ones PICTURE: A °crown above, a °mitre below. To the side the °Parliament building interior. The motto in black letters on a white banner in four folds. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Stewart, p 14; Young, Cavalier Army, p 39; Kightly (d), 281-82. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and argent.

COMMENTS: This cornet was captured at Marston Moor. The motto derives from Psalm 104:15 (Vulgate), a favourite Royalist text.

PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-44 (2 July) Marston Moor 0253.0 LATIN MOTTO: Non ab °equo sed in °aequo °victoria °Victory (rests) not on °horse(back) but upon °right (°justice) PICTURE: [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Edward Walker, Historical Discourses Upon Several Occasions (London, 1705), p 92. BEARER: °Morley, Herbert

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Of Sussex. Commanded troop of Lieut General John Middleton's Horse. FIELD & FRINGE: Not known. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1643-44

COMMENTS: This cornet was captured in Sept 1644 during Royalist relief of Basing. Cf also the other Morley cornet ('Speranza mi da la vita').

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0254.0 LATIN MOTTO: Non est °lex °iustior ulla There is no °law more °just PICTURE: A °sword at right and a °musket at left. Across them a silver scroll with motto in black letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 94a; Rawlinson, fol 11; NAM 6208-1, p 65; Blount, sig M4b; Cole (Parl), 7; Prestwich, p 75

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1642-

BEARER: °Norris, William (alias Robinson) RANK: Captain BIOGRAPHY: Captain of a troop of horse and company of foot soldiers. COMMENTS: Cole uses name 'Robinson.'

0255.0 LATIN MOTTO: Non hos quaesitum °munus in °usus A °gift not sought after for such °use PICTURE: Motto only. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Blount (1655), sig N3b. COMMENTS: Blount (1655) says: 'A Lady in the Country, upon a grand Cavaliers request, gave him a breadth of a satyn-petticoat to make him a Cornet, whereon he wrote this Motto.' Blount (1655) points out that the source for the motto is the Aeniad, 4. 647. FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-46

140

English Civil War Flag Devices 0256.0 LATIN MOTTO: Non in °equo sed ab °aequo "Victoria °Victory (rests) not on °horse(back) but on °right (°justice) PICTURE: Motto only in gold letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 259b; Williams, 65.

fol 123b;

BEARER: °Ranelagh, Viscount

Had 1397,

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Served in Irish campaign in 1642. FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or azure. PARTY: Tarliament

COMMENTS: Add 5247 and the Williams ms state that this device was designed for use in Ireland.

DATE: 16420257.0 LATIN MOTTO: Non °maiestate °securus Not °secure in his °majesty PICTURE: A °lion dormant. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Blount, sig L3b. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: Blount suggests that the bearer feared some harm to the King.

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-

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141

0258.0 LATIN MOTTO: Non nisi °compulsus Not unless Compelled PICTURE: A °falcon seizing a °crane or °heron, but the heron draws °blood with his beak from the falcon's throat. The motto at the top on a silver scroll. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 63a; Blount, sig M2b; Prestwich, p 56 BEARER: °Cain, Benjamin FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed argent and azure PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Major

BIOGRAPHY: Of New England. COMMENTS: Blount also describes another device of Cain. Cain's arms depicted a silver falcon which may have offered the inspiration for the device on his cornet. 0259.0 LATIN MOTTO: Non °quadratus Not °square PICTURE: A human °head, the °ears cut off, and the head cut and mangled. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Wallington, II, 257. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-

COMMENTS: The Parliamentarians appear to have interpreted the device as a statement of the bloodthirstiness of the Royalists 'as if thus they hoped by their Army, to make the conditions of the Protestants in England' (Perfect Occurences, 8 April 1645). Cf Henry Peacham's Square Caps Turned Into Round Heads (London, 1642).

142

English Civil War Flag Devices 0260.0 LATIN MOTTO: Non sine °causa Not without °cause PICTURE: An °armed man on a white °horse with an unsheathed °sword. In his helmet a plume of yellow feathers. Over his right shoulder a yellow sash. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 18b; Blount, sig M3b; Prestwich, p 33 BEARER: °Booth

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Cheshire. FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed or and sable. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

COMMENTS: Possibly son of Sir George Booth, commander of regiment of horse in Cheshire in the First Civil War. Booth the Younger as Captain probably served in his father's regiment. 0261.0 LATIN MOTTO: Non sine °causa Not without °cause PICTURE: A white °horse on which is an °armed man in red breeches. His helmet has a red feather between two white. In his hand he has an unsheathed 0 sword with a gold hilt. At the top is a white scroll with the motto in black letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 54a; Harl 1383, fol 16; NAM 6208-1, p 39; Prestwich, p 49. BEARER: °Gold

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or and azure. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Captain

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143

0262.0 LATIN MOTTO: Non °solem, sed °nubilos Not the °sun but the °clouds PICTURE: The °sun enveloped by °clouds. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Blount, sig Mia BEARER: °Willoughby of Parham, Francis Williams, Lord RANK: Captain, then Colonel

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1642-3

BIOGRAPHY: Commander in Lincolnshire. With Cromwell captured Gainsborough in July 1643. COMMENTS: Blount suggests that Willoughby 'seem'd not to ayme at the King but his evil Counsellours.' This was probably Willoughby's first cornet of 1642-43. 0263.0 LATIN MOTTO: Non °verna No °slave PICTURE: A large °cage two °doves inside. Above perches a °robin redbreast. From its beak a silver label on which is the motto in black letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 17a; Williams, 21; NAM 6208-1, p 8; Prestwich, p 32. BEARER: °Wingate, Edward

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: From Hertfordshire. Captain of independent troop. Taken prisoner at Powick Bridge. FIELD & FRINGE: Tenne. Fringed with argent and tenne. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642

COMMENTS: The details in NAM's picture vary somewhat from the description given above, but the essentials are the same. The Williams ms gives 'Edmond Wingate.'

144

English Civil War Flag Devices 0264.0 LATIN MOTTO: Nostra est °causa °dei Our °cause is °God's PICTURE: Motto only on banner in three folds. SOURCES: Harl 1383, fol 22. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Fringe not recorded. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 16420265.0 LATIN MOTTO: Nulla °vestigia °retrorsum No °steps °backwards PICTURE: [No illustration in Williams ms]. SOURCES: Williams, 20; Kightly (a), 383-84; Ede-Borrett, p 20. BEARER: °Hampden, John

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Famous for refusal to pay ship money (1637). One of the 'Five Members.' A strong anti-Catholic. Raised regiment of foot (Greencoats) in Buckinghamshire. Was mortally wounded at Chalgrove Field. FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. No fringe recorded. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

COMMENTS: The motto was Hampden's heraldic motto. It is very likely that Hampden's arms have been mistaken for his ensign device.

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0266.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Odi °profanum °vulgus et °arceo I °detest the common °crowd and keep °aloof PICTURE: Motto only on banner. SOURCES: Cole (King), 18; Harl 986, fol 84; Blount, sig L3a. BEARER: °Compton, Sir William RANK: Captain and Colonel

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and argent. PARTY: °King

BIOGRAPHY: 3d son of 2nd Earl of Northampton. Served in Earl of Northampton's Regiment of Horse. Captured Banbury. Made Lt. Governor (later Governor) of Banbury. In 1645 became Colonel in brother's regiment (Newman, 324). COMMENTS: Motto from Horace Odes 3.1.1.

DATE: 1642-46 0267.0 LATIN MOTTO: Omne °malum ab °aquilone / Vae tibi °babylon All °evil from the °north / Woe to thee, °Babylon PICTURE: The °Whore of °Babylon with all her trinkets. The °Scottish °army entering °England. The Whore of Babylon utters the first motto, and the Scottish army the second. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Blount, sig Nla BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: 1st motto possibly derives from Jer 51:48. The 2nd motto is from II Esdras 16:1. FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1642-

146

English Civil War Flag Devices 0268.0 LATIN MOTTO: Omne solum forti °patria / °Covenant for °Religion, °King and °Kingdom Everything only for a strong °country [1st motto] PICTURE: At centre a °woman in blue tunic and gold skirt with disheveled hair, bare feet, and raised arms. Below her is first motto in black letters on gold banner. To left is second motto in gold letters. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 55b; Blount (1655), sig N3b; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 34; Reid, Scots, pp 40, 43.

FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. Canton sable with saltire argent.

BEARER: °Balfour of Burleigh, John, 2nd Lord RANK: Colonel

PARTY: °Covenant

BIOGRAPHY: In Lord Balfour of Burleigh's regiment which was raised in Fife in 1650.

DATE: 1650 (Dunbar)

COMMENTS: The identification of this as the Colonel's colour is tentative. The flag was taken by Cromwell at Dunbar in 1650. The motto is that of the heraldic crest of the Lords Balfour of Burleigh.

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0269.0 LATIN MOTTO: Omnis °victoria a °domino All °victory from the °Lord PICTURE: A °sword and two °laurel °branches. Above is °sun and around it a laurel °wreath, out of which a branch of laurel spreads downwards. Motto in gold letters on black circular band. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 27b; Blount, sig M3b; Prestwich, p 36; Derek Hall and Norman Barber, Colonel Richard Norton's Regiment of Horse (Leigh-on-Sea: Partizan Press, 1989), pp 40-41. FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Parliament

BEARER: °Norton, Richard

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Of Hampshire. Raised regiment of horse in 1643. At siege of Basing House in 1644. M.P. for Hampshire in 1645.

DATE: 16420270.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °One of these PICTURE: An oval °wreath of °laurel at right, on each side of which a gold quatrefoil (poppy). A °skull at left turned toward right. Below is motto in gold letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 44a; NAM 6208-1, p 115; Williams, 56; Prestwich, p 43. BEARER: Stephens (Stevens), Richard RANK: Captain

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: °Parliament DATE: 1642-45

BIOGRAPHY: Of Gloucestershire. Formerly in Behre's regiment of horse. His troop of horse joined Cooke's regiment in June 1644 and Ludlow's regiment in March 1645 (Spring I, 38-39. COMMENTS: Cf Stephens's other cornet ('Pro rege et grege'). Cf also Paradin, p 257.

148

English Civil War Flag Devices 0271.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °One of these PICTURE: A green °laurel °wreath at right with quatrefoil top and bottom. At left a °skull. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 39a; Add 14,308, fol 16b; Rawl B, fol 12b; Harl 1397, fol 259b; Williams, 54; Rawlinson, fol 5; NAM 6208-1, p 83; Cole (Parl), [2b]; Blount, sig Mlb; Prestwich, p 41. BEARER: °Browne, Richard

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Captain in Orange Regiment of London Trained Bands in 1642. By spring of 1643 a colonel of Dragoons of City of London (Roberts, p 40). A woodmonger from Whitefriars, London, and nicknamed 'Faggot-Monger' by the Royalists. Later Sgt Maj General of a brigade. In 1644 commanded army to defend London against the approaching Royalist forces. Later supported King. 0272.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °One of these PICTURE: °Laurel °wreath at right and °skull at left. Motto below in black letters. SOURCES: Rawlinson, fol 17a. BEARER: °Brougham, Lord

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Son to Lord Boyle, Earl of Cork. COMMENTS: A note in the Rawlinson ms explains that 'his word signifieth ether Death or Victory.' The cornet was designed for Lord Brougham's expedition into Ireland in 1642. Cf Paradin, p 257. FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringe not recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-

149

English Civil War Flag Devices 0273.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: Only in °Heaven

PICTURE: A gold °anchor hanging below °clouds. Motto in gold letters below. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 34b; Add 14,308, fol 17a; Rawl B, fol 13a; Harl 1377, fol 15; Williams, 54; Rawlinson, fol 4; NAM 6208-1, p 81; Cole (Parl), [2a]; Prestwich, p 39. BEARER: °Mainwaring, Robert

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent and gules. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1642-1643 (20 Sept)

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: From Grub Street. In Green Regiment of London Trained Bands, and captain of a troop of City Horse. Later a Colonel of Foot. COMMENTS: Prestwich says device alludes to idea 'My hope is in Heaven' (anchor was traditional symbol of hope). Cornet was taken at Newbury. Mainwaring then had a new cornet (see 0332.0). 0274.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: Only in °Heaven PICTURE: A gold °anchor suspended from the °clouds. Motto below in gold letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 28b; NAM 6208-1, p 153; Williams, 9; Rawlinson, fol 19b; Cole, [15a]; Blount, sig Mlb; Prestwich, p 28b; Kightly (c), 852-53; Spring II, 71. BEARER: °Hesilrige (or Haselrig), Sir Arthur RANK: Captain

FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Fringed argent and vert. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642

BIOGRAPHY: Baronet (d. 1661). Extreme Puritan. M.P. for Leicestershire. One of Five Members. In June 1642 went to Leicestershire as captain to raise county (Spring II, 71). Fought at Edgehill. Was Waller's second-in-command (1643-45) and served with him at Lansdown, Roundway Down in 1643 (where his famous regiment of cuirassiers, the 'Lobsters,' were badly mauled), and at Cheriton and Cropredy Bridge in 1644. Resigned commission in

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English Civil War Flag Devices April 1645 because of Self-denying Ordinance. After 1645 transferred loyalties to Cromwell but broke with him in 1653 when Cromwell dispersed the Long Parliament. He died in the Tower of London in 1661. COMMENTS: Prestwich says that the device alludes to the idea 'Hope only in Heaven.' The anchor was a traditional symbol of Hope. Later Hesilrige had a new cornet of green damask (see Rawlinson, fol 29 [33] and NAM 6208-1, p 154). The cornet depicted here is that of his captaincy of horse in 1642. As Colonel he took a new cornet of plain green damask.

0275.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: Open thou my °lips, and my °mouth shall shew forth PICTURE: A loaded °cannon. A °hand issuing from a °cloud holding a °lintstick with a lighted °match. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Blount (1655), sig N3b. [No extant illustration]. COMMENTS: Blount (1655) describes the device as being 'in profanation of a Psalm.' He is referring to Psalm 51:15 'O Lord, open thou my lips; and my mouth shall shew forth thy praise.'

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-46

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English Civil War Flag Devices 0276.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Opes non °animum °Wealth [is] not °courage ["spirit]

PICTURE: A large "building in °flames. Motto in black letters at top on silver scroll. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 122a; Williams, 64; Blount (1655), sig Nib. BEARER: °Montgomery, Sir James RANK: Colonel BIOGRAPHY: Served in Ireland in 1642 campaign. FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or and azure. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-

COMMENTS: For the campaign in Ireland. Cf the other device of Montgomery ('Erit altera merces'). Blount remarks that the device suggests that 'the Rebles may destroy his house or lands, but not subdue his courage.' 0277.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Ora et °pugna iuvit [iuvat] et iuvabit °Iehova Tray and °fight. "Jehovah helps and will help PICTURE: At middle left, a vertical closed °book (°Bible?) with gold clasps and binding. At right upper corner are "clouds, from which issues a naked "arm and "hand, holding an unsheathed "sword. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 96b; Williams, 99; Prestwich, p 76. BEARER: "Lloyd, Andrew

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Altonebett in Shropshire. FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed argent and sable. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

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English Civil War Flag Devices 0278.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Ora et °pugna iuvit [iuvat] et iuvabit °Iehovah °Pray and °fight. °Jehovah helps and will help PICTURE: At right an armed °arm and °hand from a °cloud with a drawn °sword pointing to right side. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 24a; Harl 1383, fol 33; Prestwich, p 35; Fraser, 74-77 BEARER: °Bragge, Nicholas (?) RANK: Captain

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

BIOGRAPHY: First name tentative. Nicholas Bragge in Essex's Life Guard (F. & D., p 103). In New Model commanded troop that was nominally Skippon's in Col Richard Graves's Horse. COMMENTS: Cornet still preserved in Parish Church of Bromesberrow (Gloucs.). 0279.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Ora et °pugna. Iuvat et iuvabit °Iehovah Tray and °fight. °Jehovah helps and will help PICTURE: Blue °clouds in right corner from which issues a naked °arm and °hand holding an unsheathed °sword with a gold hilt. To left is closed °book (°Bible) with gold clasps. Motto below in gold letters.

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642

SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 31b; Add 14,308, fol 15b; Rawl B, fol lib; Harl 1397, fol 259b; Harl 2275, fol 46; NAM 6208-1, p 79; Williams, 53; Rawlinson, fol 2; Perfect Passages (23 July 1651), p 383; Cole (Parl), 1; Blount, sig Mlb; Prestwich, p 38; Kightly (a), 383-84. BEARER: °Skippon, Philip

RANK: Maj-General

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BIOGRAPHY: Colonel of Foot in Essex's army (formed 1642). Commanded trained bands of London and rallied them to oppose the King's march on London after Edgehill. Served as commander of Essex's infantry during the war and in the New Model, in which he was appointeded Major-General of infantry. Present at 1st and 2nd Newbury, in most of Essex's campaigns, and with New Model at Naseby where he was badly wounded. In command of London during 2nd Civil War. Died a few months before the Restoration. COMMENTS: NAM does not record the motto. Kightly gives armorial field as tenne and the fringe as tenne and or. The cornet depicted here was that used by Skippon as commander of Horse for the City of London.

0280.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Pacem °petimus We °seek for °peace PICTURE: Motto only on diagonal banner SOURCES: NAM 6208-1, p 26; Rawlinson, fol 7b. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Ermine. Fringed sable and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

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English Civil War Flag Devices 0281.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Pacem te °poscimus omnes We all °demand °peace from you PICTURE: "King °Charles I on white °horse with the °crown on his head, the °sceptre in his hand, and many men before in postures of supplication. Two unsheathed °swords, their points towards the men, lie on ground. The motto is at the top on a banner of three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol lOa; Nam 6208-1, p 27; Williams, 10; Blount, sig Mia; Prestwich, pp 28-29; Kightly (c), 852-53.

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent, and sable and argent intermixed.

BEARER: °Balfour, Sir William RANK: Maj-General

PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1642-45

BIOGRAPHY: A Scottish professional soldier. Had been appointed Lieutenant of the Tower by Charles I but displaced by Sir Thomas Lunsford. A member of Essex's army, he commanded Parliamentary horse at Edgehill. Later his brigade supported Waller in the Cheriton campaign, and 2nd Newbury. COMMENTS: Blount states that Balfour's device alludes to his own men, 'laying down their Armes at His Majesties Horse feet.'

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0282.0 FRENCH MOTTO: °Paice la meilleus °harmonie °Peace is the best °harmony PICTURE: A golden °harp. SOURCES: Williams, 110. BEARER: °Bridges, Sir John BIOGRAPHY: Of Hertfordshire.

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed argent and sable.

COMMENTS: Probably intended for Cromwell's expedition to Ireland in July 1649. The harp is probably an allusion to the heraldic harp of Ireland.

PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1649 (July)? 0283.0 LATIN MOTTO: Partim °patria Our °country in part PICTURE: Motto only. A °boar's head with tusks and tongue showing (not in Add 5247). SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 26b; Williams, 23; NAM 6208-1, p 163; Prestwich, p 36. BEARER: Sheffield, James RANK: Captain (?Colonel) BIOGRAPHY: Eldest son of Earl of Mulgrave. Older brother of Maj Thomas Sheffield. Colonel of regiment of horse under Essex by Nov 1643. Killed at Tiverton in 1645 (Peacock, p 47; Temple, 63). FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and or. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

COMMENTS: Add and Williams mss have motto but not boar's head. This latter derives from Mulgrave crest.

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English Civil War Flag Devices 0284.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Patientia °victrix °Patience (is) °victorious PICTURE: [No extant illustration], SOURCES: Sprigge, p 163. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: Captured by Parliamentary dragoons at Huick on 7 January 1646.

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 1646 (Jan) 0285.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Patior ut °vincam / Vivat °Carolus °rex I °suffer that I may °conquer / Long live °King °Charles PICTURE: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial °crown and the inscription °'CR.' To left °Christ carrying his °cross on his shoulder. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: True Informer (28 Sept to 5 Oct 1644), p 355; Blount (1655), sig N2a; Moran, 17; Hayes-McCoy (a), 123; Hayes-McCoy (b), p 51; Ryder, p 43; Reid, Scots (3), opposite p 35. FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Canton or with saltire gules. PARTY: °Irish Catholic Confederacy DATE: 1644

COMMENTS: Ensign possibly accompanied the Earl of Antrim's forces to Scotland in 1644.

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0286.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Patria poscente °paratum With our °country asking for a man who is °prepared PICTURE: A gold °pelican with its young in the nest and feeding them °blood from its breast. Above is motto in black letters on silver scroll in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 40a; NAM 6208-1, p 137; Williams, 50; Cole (Parl), 30; Blount, sig M3a; Prestwich, p 41 FIELD & FRINGE: Or. Fringed argent, and sable and argent mixed. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-45

BEARER: °Barnard

RANK: Captain

COMMENTS: A Parliamentary colour with this motto was captured at Thame in an attack by Colonel William Legge, Governor of Oxford (Mercurius Aulicus, 6 Sept 1645).

0287.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Patria poscente °paratum With our °country asking for a man who is °prepared PICTURE: From °cloud at right issues an armed °arm and °hand with raised °sword. To left a gold °pelican in nest vulns itself to draw °blood for its young. Motto at top in black letters on silver banner in three folds. SOURCES: Williams, 116; Kightly (c), 852-53. BEARER: Tennyfather, Thomas

FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Fringed argent & or (?). PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1645-49

RANK: Major

BIOGRAPHY: Served under Sir Arthur Hesilrige 1643-1645. In llth Regiment of Horse (Henry Ireton's) in New Model (but transferred to 2nd Regiment of Horse, John Butler's). Died in Ireland in 1649 or 1650 (Temple, 69n). Cf 0174.0.

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English Civil War Flag Devices 0288.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °Peace and all °truthes PICTURE: At right, an armorial °crest: on a silver and red heraldic °wreath, a demi °arm and °hand issuant, clothed in red and holding a vertical °sword, on which, in the middle, a °leopard's head. Behind the sword on a silver scroll is inscribed in black letters °'Quel dio.' Motto in black letters on silver scroll below. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 79a; Williams, 85; Prestwich, p 68 BEARER: °Brown

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Kent COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this as fringed argent and sable. The crest was probably Brown's own. 0289.0 LATIN MOTTO: Per °angusta ad °augusta / °Covenant for °Religion, °King and °Kingdoms Through °difficult circumstances to °holy things PICTURE: A green °tree growing through a °table. Two °heads (°winds) blow on the tree. First motto in red letters on two upper arms of saltire. Second motto in gold letters at top, bottom and sides. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 43a; Blount (1655), sig N3a; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 34; Reid, Scots, p 50. BEARER: °Christall(?)

FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Saltire or. PARTY: °Covenant DATE: 1650 (Dunbar)

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Probably the Captain Christall in John Forbes of Leslie's Regiment raised in in 1650. The motto is that of Christall's family (Reid, p 50). COMMENTS: Cf Wither, p 243.

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0290.0 LATIN MOTTO: Per °bellum ad °pacem By °war to °peace PICTURE: Within a °laurel °wreath, °daggers held by °hands guarding the °Parliament building, in which nine men are seated. Another in a purple robe stands before a square table and addresses the others. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 9b; Williams, 8; NAM 6208-1, p 90; Cole (Parl), 31; Blount, sig Mia; Prestwich, p 28. FIELD & FRINGE: Per pale azure and gules. Fringed or and vert. PARTY: Parliament

BEARER: °Grey of Groby, Thomas, Lord RANK: Captain BIOGRAPHY: Captain of Horse in Essex's army (formed 1642) but afterwards in Midlands where he served 1643-44. Son of Earl of Stamford.

DATE: 16420291.0 LATIN MOTTO: Per me sint omnia protinus °alba As far as I am concerned, let everything forthwith be °white PICTURE: Motto only on white banner in three folds. SOURCES: Add 12,447, fol 14a. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: °Parliament DATE: 1642-

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English Civil War Flag Devices 0292.0 LATIN MOTTO: Per °syllam et °caribdem petimus °elizium Through °Scylla and °Charybdis we seek for °heaven PICTURE: °Ship in full sail steered by man in black hat with purple (?) feathers. Motto above on gold banner in two folds. SOURCES: Harl 1377, fol 18. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules (tenne?). No fringe given. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 16420293.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Perfectissima °gubernatio The very °best °government PICTURE: Horizontal gold °sceptre, above which is a golden °crown. SOURCES: Blount, sig L2b; Cole (King, 6); Kightly (d), 282. BEARER: °Capel, Lord Arthur RANK: Lt. General

FIELD & FRINGE:Azure. Fringed azure and argent. PARTY: °King DATE: 1648

BIOGRAPHY: M.P in Long Parliament. Appointed Lt-General of Shropshire, Cheshire, and North Wales in 1643. Raised three regiments, one of which served at Colchester in 1648. Captured at surrender of Colchester and beheaded in 1649 (Newman, 241). COMMENTS: Possibly used by one of Capel's troops of horse rather than by Capel himself.

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0294.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Pietas °liberatrix °Godliness the °liberator PICTURE: Four °birds (°herons?) feeding. SOURCES: Add 12,447, fol 17a. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: "Parliament DATE: 16420295.0 FRENCH MOTTO: Plustost °romp[u] que °ploy Sooner °broken than °bent PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on silver banner in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 16b; NAM 6208-1, p 93; Williams, 15; Prestwich, p 32. BEARER: °Zinzan, Sir Sigismond RANK: Captain

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure, seeded with stars or. Fringed azure and or. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

BIOGRAPHY: Known also by the alternative last name of Alexander. He was a professional tilter at the court of King James I. COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this as fringed azure and argent.

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English Civil War Flag Devices 0296.0 LATIN MOTTO: Post °nubila phaebus (°phoebus) After the °clouds, the °sun (°Phoebus) PICTURE: At left, °clouds discharging °rain. At right the °sun. The motto in black letters on silver horizontal scroll of three folds in lower half. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 78a; Williams, 84; Blount, sig A4b; Prestwich, p 67. BEARER: °Sedascue (Sadowski), George RANK: Major

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent and gules. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

BIOGRAPHY: Served under Sir Michael Livesey. A Polish Protestant. See, Denton, 'Sedascue'; and Temple, 68-69. COMMENTS: Cf Giovio, p 89; and Young, Impress, nos 88, 121, 307. 0297.0 LATIN MOTTO: Post °nubila °phoebus / Vivat °Carolus °rex After the °clouds, the °sun (°Phoebus) / Long live °King °Charles PICTURE: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial °crown and the inscription °'CR.' To left a black roundel surrounded by °clouds out of which the °sun is appearing. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: True Informer (28 Sept to 5 Oct 1644), p 356; Blount (1655), sig N2a; Moran, 17; Hayes-McCoy (a), 123, Hayes-McCoy (b), p 51; Ryder, p 44; Reid, Scots (3), opposite p 35.

FIELD & FRINGE: Roundel sable. Canton or with saltire gules. PARTY: °Irish Catholic Confederacy DATE: 1644

BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: Possibly brought by Earl of Antrim's forces to Scotland in 1644. Cf Giovio, p 89.

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0298.0 FRENCH MOTTO: Pour ce cey [°ceci] For °this PICTURE: Motto at top on horizontal label. At centre a closed °book (°Bible?) with clasps within a golden °sun. SOURCES: Harl 1383, fol 53. BEARER: °Harrison (?), Lord RANK: Not given

FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. No fringe recorded. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

BIOGRAPHY: Possibly cornet of Thomas Harrison, the Cromwellian general. Joined Essex's forces in 1642, was a major in Fleetwood's Horse at Marston Moor, and served in the New Model at Naseby, Langport and Basing House. Commanded regiment under Lambert during 1648 Preston campaign. A maj-general by 1650 and led the pursuit of the fleeing Scots after Worcester in 1651. 0299.0 FRENCH MOTTO: Pour l'°evangile For the °Gospel PICTURE: Motto at bottom on gold label or scroll in black letters. Issuing from this, like a crest, a black demi °griffin in the centre with raised wings, gold beak and talons, and a red tongue. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 55a; Harl 1383, fol 51; NAM 6208-1, p 25; Williams, 72; Prestwich, p 50. BEARER: °Scott, Edward

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed argent and sable. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-3?

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: (See other cornet with this motto for biographical notes). COMMENTS: The demi griffin was Scott's crest. Possibly this was Scott's cornet in 1642-43 before the troop was regimented.

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English Civil War Flag Devices 0300.0 FRENCH MOTTO: Pour l'°evangile For the °Gospel PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on silver scroll at bottom. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 84b; Williams, 111; Prestwich, p 71; Kightly (c), 853, 876. BEARER: °Scott, Edward

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent and gules.

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Kent. In regiment of Sir Michael Livesey of the Isle of Sheppey (Kent). Later served in Colonel Augustine Skinner's regiment of Kentish Horse. Helped suppress Kent Rising in 1648.

PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1643-4, 1647-8 0301.0 FRENCH MOTTO: Pour le °cause °curage °Courage for our °cause PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on gold diagonal banner. SOURCES: Williams, 130; Cole (King), 46; Blount, sig L4b. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: This cornet was captured by Essex's forces at Cirencester (15 Sept 1643). Kightly (d), 282, appears to refer to this cornet; however, he gives the motto as 'Courage pour la cause' and suggests it was captured at 1st Newbury. FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or and azure. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-1643 (15 Sept)

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0302.0 FRENCH MOTTO: Pour la °verite For °truth PICTURE: Motto only on banner diagonally in gold letters SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 62b; Blount, sig M4a; Prestwich, p 55. BEARER: °Carr, (?) William

FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Fringed argent and vert PARTY: Parliament

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: A Captain William Carr served in Sir Arthur Heselrigge's regiment of horse, in the Western Association, becoming a major. In 1644 he was imprisoned for sending menacing letters to Heselrigge (Spring I, 33).

DATE: 1643 0303.0

LATIN MOTTO: Praemiis, nee °praeliis, sed °praecibus You press hard not with °battles but with °prayers PICTURE: A °church. Through the roof an °arm grasping a golden °anchor by its ring. The flukes of the anchor are at top in °clouds. Motto in black letters at bottom on silver scroll in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 70a; Williams, 78; Blount, sig M2b; Prestwich, pp 61-62. BEARER: °Cain, Benjamin

RANK: Major

BIOGRAPHY: From New England. FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or and azure. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1642

COMMENTS: Cf Cain's other device (0258.0). Prestwich says clouds represent Heaven and the anchor representsi Cayne's 'stay or hope.' Fringed gules and argent in the Williams ms.

166

English Civil War Flag Devices 0304.0 LATIN MOTTO: Praestat °praevenire It is better to be °ahead PICTURE: Two white °horses. At right beside one horse, an °armed man wearing an orange sash and a helmet with three orange feathers. Another armed man at left, similarly dressed but with yellow feather between two red feathers. Both men have foot in stirrup as though mounting. The motto is in black letters on a silver scroll at top. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 53b; Harl 1383, fol 17; NAM 6208-1, p 112; Williams, 72; Prestwich, p 48.

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or and azure.

BEARER: °Gold

PARTY: Parliament

COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this as fringed or and sable mixed with or. Harl 1383 gives Gold's rank as Colonel.

DATE: 1642-

RANK: Captain

0305.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Precibus °viribus With °prayers (as our) °strength PICTURE: A °ship at sea with °flags of °St George at fore and aft and at stern. A °fire at top of centre mast on to which a naked °arm from °cloud at top centre pours °oil from jug. Side of ship is inscribed °'Religio' and °'Respublica.' SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 15b; NAM 6208-1, p 37; Blount, sig M3a; Prestwich, p 31 BEARER: °Rugeley, Simon

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: From Staffordshire. FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed with or and sable. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642

COMMENTS: Rugeley's crest has mast with flames. The NAM ms depicts this as fringed gules and argent. This cornet probably used before Rugeley became colonel (cf 0110.0).

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0306.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Preserva °legem °domine "Preserve the °law, oh °God PICTURE: °Parchment roll inscribed °'Magna Charta.' Motto at top in black letters on silver scroll in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 47a; Harl 1383, fol 13; Harl 1397, fol 259; NAM 6208-1, p 156; Williams, 67; Cole (Parl), 29; Blount, sig M3b; Prestwich, p44. BEARER: °Hooker FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Fringed vert and argent.

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Son of Captain Hooker of Col Atkins's regiment from London.

PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

COMMENTS: Fringed argent & sable in Williams ms. 0307.0 FRENCH MOTTO: °Prest a °faire °Ready to °act PICTURE: On an heraldic °wreath a crowned °lion's head (erased). A gold heraldic crescent at the neck of lion to denote a second son. SOURCES: NAM 6208-1, p 127 BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: Picture is probably derived from bearer's crest. Its colouring is incomplete.

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

168

English Civil War Flag Devices 0308.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °aris & °focis For °altar and °hearth PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on gold scroll in three folds SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 44b; Williams, 56; Prestwich, p 43 BEARER: °Pyle

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and or. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: A Captain Pyle fought in Essex's army in Cornwall and was listed by Symonds among the officers mustered at Tiverton in 1644 (Add. 17062). Possibly he was the Captain Pye of Robert Pye's Horse. COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this as fringed gules and argent. 0309.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °aris et °focis For °altar and °hearth PICTURE: °Death or dead man on ground. Standing on him is °Hope with hair and wings of gold. She holds °open book in left hand. Her right hand rests on gold °anchor. On arm of anchor is red °bridle for °Temperance. Motto at top. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 14b; NAM 6208-1, p 14; Williams, 30; Prestwich, p 31. BEARER: °Agerman, John Altured RANK: Captain & Quarter Master Gen

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed argent and tenne. PARTY: °Parliament DATE: 1642

BIOGRAPHY: A German. COMMENTS: The emblematic conflation of the attributes for hope and temperance may derive from Ripa's Iconologia.

169

English Civil War Flag Devices 0310.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °Christo et °ecclesia For °Christ and (his) °Church

PICTURE: In a bend a silver scroll of seven rounds, like a corkscrew. On four of rounds is inscribed the motto in black letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 18a; NAM 6208-1, p 7; Williams, 14; Prestwich, p 32. BEARER: °Norwich, Sir John FIELD & FRINGE: Tenne. Fringed argent and sable. PARTY: Parliament

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: From Rutlandshire. Colonel of his own Regiment of Horse in Manchester's army. COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this as fringed argent and tawny.

DATE: 1643-45 0311.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °Christo °mori dulce / °Covenant for °Religion, °King and °Kingdomes To °die fittingly for °Christ PICTURE: A green °thistle with a °laurel wreath. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Blount (1655), sig N3a. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: Captured at Dunbar.

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °Covenant DATE: 1650 (Dunbar)

170

English Civil War Flag Devices 0312.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro cure [°cura] °thure °iure / Et °rege °lege °grege For °devotion, °incense {i.e. °church], and °right / For °King, °law, and °people PICTURE: At right a °cloud from which issues °hand holding vertical ° sword with gold hilt. Motto at centre in black letters on banner in three folds. The second motto is on the other side of the guidon. SOURCES: Rawlinson, fol 29 [33]. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure.

COMMENTS: A guidon.

PARTY: Parliament DATE: 16420313.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °deo For °God PICTURE: Armed °arm and naked °hand from °cloud at left holding raised unsheathed °sword. Motto below in gold letters. [Illustration not available]. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 120b. BEARER: °Unnamed officer Laugharne's Regiment of Horse.

in

Rowland

BIOGRAPHY: (See 0211.0) FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and or. PARTY: °Parliament then °King DATE: 1646-48

COMMENTS: For further comments on this cornet, see entry under 'Millissimus' (0211.0).

171

English Civil War Flag Devices 0314.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °deo et °patria For °God and °country

PICTURE: At right side °clouds shaded with crimson, from which issue an armed °arm and °hand holding a vertical unsheathed °sword. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 13b; NAM 6208-1, p 4; Williams, 16; Cole (Parl), 35; Blount, sig M2b; Prestwich, p 30 BEARER: °Sanders, Sir William FIELD & FRINGE: Tenne. Fringed tenne and argent. PARTY: Parliament

RANK: ?Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Of Buckinghamshire. COMMENTS: Prestwich does not give the motto. NAM says bearer was Sir Thomas Sanders.

DATE: 16420315.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °deo et °patria For °God and "country PICTURE: An°armed man. On his helmet, red and white feathers. His right hand holds unsheathed °sword (falchion). His left holds °laurel °wreath. His left foot tramples on gold bishop's °mitre. Motto in black letters at top on silver label in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 71b; Williams, 80; Prestwich, pp 62-63 BEARER: °Mills (?Miles), Gabriel RANK: Captain FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. Fringed argent and sable. PARTY: Parliament. DATE: 1642-

COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this as fringed argent and vert.

172

English Civil War Flag Devices 0316.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °deo et °patria °pugno I °fight for °God and °country PICTURE: A red naked °hand issuing from bottom right holding a raised °sword. SOURCES: Williams, 114. BEARER: Monck, George

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed argent and sable. PARTY: °King DATE:42-

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Of Potheridge, Devonshire. Fought for Charles I on Scottish campaign (1638-9) and then in 1642 commanded regiment of foot in campaign against the Irish. In 1643 joined Royalist forces in England but was defeated and captured by Fairfax at Nantwich. Imprisoned until end of First Civil War. Then employed by Parliament as commander in Ireland (1647-9). Cromwell relied heavily upon him. Fought under Cromwell at Dunbar in 1650. Commanded army at time of Restoration of Charles II and played crucial role in that event for which he was created Duke of Albermarle (Hill, Who's Who, pp 218-9; Newman, Companion, p 101). COMMENTS: This cornet appears to have been for Monck's first expedition to Ireland in 1642, although the Williams ms is not clear on this point. There appears to be only one record of Monck's cornet.

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173

0317.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro deo et °rege For °God and the °king PICTURE: A red °heart in bend. SOURCES: Harl911, fol 63b (Symonds, p 211); Ede-Borrett, p 25. BEARER: °Deane, Robert (?) RANK: Major or Captain h

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Canton argent with cross of St. George gules. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-(Sept) 1645

BIOGRAPHY:rved under Col John Taylor in Bristol regiment. Captured in 1645 at attempted relief of Beeston Castle. Killed at Bristol later that year (Newman, 424). COMMENTS: One of two standards of Taylor's regiment of foot, the Bristol Trained Bands Regiment, and described by Symonds. 0318.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °deo et °rege For °God and the °king PICTURE: Two red °hearts placed diagonally. SOURCES: Harl 911, fol 63b (Symonds, p 211). BEARER: Bevan, William, or Play RANK: Captain

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Canton argent with cross of St George gules. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-(Sept) 1645

COMMENTS: Probably colour of 2nd Captain in Bristol Trained Bands Regiment (see previous entry). The names of two of the captains in Taylor's regiment are known: William Bevan and Play (1st name unknown).

174

English Civil War Flag Devices 0319.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °deo et °republica For °God and the °State PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on silver banner of three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 27a; NAM 6208-1, p 40; Williams, 62; Prestwich, p 36. BEARER: °Ingoldsby

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: From Buckinghamshire. FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent, and sable mixed with gules. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

COMMENTS: Several members of the Ingoldsby family served in the Civil Wars (see Temple, 57-58). Richard and Henry Ingoldsby, for example, served in the 6th Regiment of Foot in the New Model. Other brothers were Oliver, John, George, and Thomas. Cf ('Pro fide semel tradita'). 0320.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °deo °principe et °patria For °God, °Prince, and °Country PICTURE: Motto only on cornet, diagonally in gold letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 33b; Rawlinson, fol 21; Williams, 44; Cole (Parl), 17; Prestwich, p 38. BEARER: °Neale, John

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Neale was captain of a troop of horse in the army raised by Essex in 1642 (Peacock, p48). FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent and gules. PARTY: °Parliament DATE: 1642

COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this as fringed argent and sable.

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175

0321.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °deo °pugnamus, pro °rege °oramus, pro °patria °moriamur We °fight for °God, we °pray for our °King, let us °die for our °country PICTURE: The motto in silver letters circumscribes a red human °heart. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 89b; Williams, 93; Cole (Parl), 38; Blount, sig M2b; Prestwich, p 73 BEARER: °Whitby

RANK: Major

FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. Fringed argent, and sable mixed with argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 16420322.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °deo °rege et °patina (°patria) / Vivat °Carolus °rex For °God, the °King, and the °chalice (°country) / Long live °King °Charles PICTURE: Below canton a °crown with inscription °'CR.' To left two °arms issue from °clouds. One supports a °chalice with a °host over it, the other holds a °sword to defend them. [No extant illustration].

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Canton or with saltire gules. PARTY: °Irish Catholic Confederacy DATE: 1644

SOURCES: True Informer (28 Sept to 5 Oct. 1644), p 356; Blount (1655), sig N2a; Moran, 17; Hayes-McCoy (a), 123; Hayes-McCoy (b), p 51; Ryder, p 44; Reid, Scots (3), opp p 35. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: Possibly accompanied the Earl of Antrim's forces to Scotland in 1644.

176

English Civil War Flag Devices 0323.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °deo °rege et °patria For °God, °King, and °Country PICTURE: Motto only on scroll. SOURCES: NAM 6208-1, p 73 BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Tenne. Fringed or and tenne. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 16420324.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °deo °rege et °regno For °God, °King, and °Kingdom PICTURE: An °armed man on a white °horse. Over right shoulder a gold sash. A yellow plume on helmet. His right hand holding an unsheathed °sword. Motto at top on banner with three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 6b; NAM 6208-1, p 31; Williams, 59; Prestwich, pp 26-27; Kightly (c), 852-53. BEARER: °Kighly, Edward FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed with argent and vert. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-43

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Led independent troop of horse in 1642 and served in Waller's army. Arrived too late for Edgehill. Killed at Cheriton Mendip. COMMENTS: Cf other version in NAM, p 143. Fringed argent and gules in Williams ms.

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177

0325.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °deo °rege et °republica For °God, °King, and °State PICTURE: An °armed man discharging a °pistol. He wears a red and two white feathers in his helmet and a scarlet sash. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 17b; NAM 6208-1, p 96; Blount, sig M3a; Prestwich, p 32 BEARER: °Flemming, John (?) FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed argent and azure. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Essex. Possibly the same Captain Flemming who was a member of Essex's army in Cornwall (Symonds, p 73) or John Flemming of Waller's Horse (killed near Oxford in summer of 1644). A Captain John Flemming is listed as commander of a troop of horse in the army raised for Essex in 1642 (Peacock, p 50). 0326.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °deo °rege et °republica For °God, °King, and °State PICTURE: Motto only in silver letters on a blue label in three vertical folds like a screw. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 55b; Harl 1383, fol 20; NAM 6208-1, p 40; Williams, 70; Prestwich, p 50. BEARER: °Hacker (Hatcher), Henry RANK: Captain BIOGRAPHY: Of Kent.

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or and gules. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this as fringed silver and azure.

178

English Civil War Flag Devices 0327.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °divinis qui °admittit °servat. Pro °humanis °vim vi In matters °divine, he who lets in (° surrenders) °preserves: in matters °human, meet °force with force PICTURE: Motto only in gold letters on a silver scroll in the shape of a human heart. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 25b; NAM 6208-1, p 42; Williams, 43; Rawlinson, fol 24; Blount, sig M2b; Cole (Parl), 19; Prestwich, p 35; Kightly, (c), 852-53.

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

BEARER: °Ireton, Henry RANK: Captain later Colonel BIOGRAPHY: Cromwell's son-in-law. His independent troop raised in 1642 and present at Edgehill. Early in 1643 became major in Colonel Sir Francis Thornhagh's regiment of horse, until August 1643 when he transferred his troop to Cromwell's regiment. Became quartermaster general of horse in the Eastern Association. When New Model was formed, he took over Livesey's regiment in 1645, and under him it served at Naseby and Bristol; Oxford, 1646; and Colchester, 1648. He was a leading radical and one of Charles I's judges. Governed Ireland for Cromwell. Died of plague at siege of Limerick in 1651 (Spring I, 46). COMMENTS: This cornet relates to Ireton's captaincy early in the Civil Wars.

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179

0328.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °evangelio For the °Gospel PICTURE: From °cloud at right issues armed °arm and °hand with raised °sword. Motto below on horizontal white banner. SOURCES: Harl 1377, fol 11. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 16420329.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °fide semel °tradita For the °faith once and for all °handed down PICTURE: A vertical °sword with a gold hilt at bottom right beneath diagonal motto in black letters SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 40b; NAM 6208-1, p 136; Williams, 50; Blount, sig M3a; Prestwich, p41. BEARER: °Harley, Edward

FIELD & FRINGE: Or. Fringed or, and sable mixed with or. PARTY: °Parliament DATE: 1643-45

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Son of Sir Robert Harley, the Parliamentarian activist. His mother, Lady Brilliana Harley, defended the Castle of Brampton Bryan (Herefordshire) to her death in 1643. Edward Harley served in Waller's Horse 1642-45 and was later a Colonel in the New Model Army.

180

English Civil War Flag Devices 0330.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro Tide semel °tradita For the °faith once and for all "handed down PICTURE: Motto only in gold letters on diagonal. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 66b; Williams, 102; Prestwich, p 59 BEARER: °Ingoldsby

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Buckinghamshire. Cf the entry for 'Pro deo et republica.' FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed argent and azure. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 16420331.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro Tide semel °tradita For the °faith once and for all "handed down PICTURE: From °clouds at right issues naked °arm and °hand holding unsheathed °sword with gold hilt. The motto is beneath in black letters on silver scroll with five folds that stretches from top to bottom. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 60a; NAM 6208-1, p 142; Harl 2275, fol 54; Rawlinson, fol 26b; Prestwich, p 54. BEARER: Torter, Samuel

FIELD & FRINGE: Or. Fringed argent and gules. PARTY: °Parliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Essex. Captain of a troop of horse in Cromwell's Regiment of Horse raised in 1643. Regiment served at relief of Gainsborough, at Winceby, at Marston Moor, and at 2nd Newbury. In April 1645 he left regiment (Spring I, 44). Later served in Ireland under Ireton.

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181

0332.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °fide semel °tradita For the °faith once and for all °handed down PICTURE: Motto in black letters on silver banner in screw at left. From right issues naked °arm and °hand with vertical unsheathed °sword. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 98b; NAM 6208-1, p 82; Williams, 101; Rawlinson, fol 3b; Prestwich, p 77. BEARER: °Mainwaring, Robert RANK: Captain and Colonel FIELD & FRINGE: Gules (Tenne?). Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1643 (20 Sept) -

BIOGRAPHY: In Green Regiment of the London Trained Bands 1642-43. Then took a command elsewhere (see 'Only in Heaven'). COMMENTS: This cornet made after 1st Newbury.

0333.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °fide °vide Take °care for the °faith PICTURE: At top °clouds. Just below, two white °angels, habited, crined, and winged. Label with motto in black letters is held by angels. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 35b; Harl 1397, fol 259b; NAM 6208-1, p 135; Williams, 47; Rawlinson, fol 27b; Blount, M3b-M4a; Prestwich, p 39. BEARER: °Cox

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Hertfordshire. FIELD & FRINGE: Or. Fringed argent, and sable mixed with argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this as fringed or and sable.

182

English Civil War Flag Devices 0334.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °lege et °grege For °law and °people PICTURE: In circlet a trophy of °weapons and °flags, against which a white rampant °lion. In its right paw, an unsheathed °sword with gold hilt. First two words of motto in silver letters on middle piece of green circle. The last two words below. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 67a; Harl 1383, fol 25; Prestwich, p 59. BEARER: °Stephens, Richard

FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Fringed argent and vert. A circlet argent & vert. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1644-45

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Served under Behr, then Waller, then Cooke until April 1645 (Spring I, 38-39). COMMENTS: Cf Stephens other cornet ('One of these'). 0335.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °lege et °grege For °law and °people PICTURE: In circlet, a trophy of °weapons and °flags, against which a white rampant °lion stands guard. In its right paw, an unsheathed °sword with gold hilt. Its left paw rests on a helmet on pile. The first two words of the motto in silver letters are on middle piece of green circlet. The last two words are below. [Same as 0334.0]. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 67a; Harl 1383, fol 25; Williams, 106; Prestwich, p 59. BEARER: °Carmichael, John

FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Fringed argent and vert. A circle argent & vert. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1644-45

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: A Scot. Served under Behr until Feb. 1645 (Spring, I, 18). COMMENTS: Add 5247 gives rank as major.

183

English Civil War Flag Devices 0336.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °lege et °grege For °law and °people

PICTURE: Near bottom, on a silver and black heraldic °wreath, the swarthy °head of a bearded man (probably a °Moor). At the top on a silver scroll in three folds, the motto in black letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 62a; Harl 1383, fol 26; Williams, 41; Prestwich, p 55. BEARER: °Buller

RANK: Captain

PARTY: Parliament

BIOGRAPHY: Of Cornwall. Probably Anthony Duller in Behr's regiment. In April 1645 became major and then lieut colonel of Massey's regiment of horse in August 1645 (Spring, I, 18).

DATE: 1643-45

COMMENTS: Device appears to be Buller's crest.

FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Fringed argent and vert.

0337.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °libertate For °liberty PICTURE: Armed °arm and naked °hand from °cloud at left holding raised unsheathed °sword. Motto below in gold letters.0 [Illustration not available]. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 121a. BEA Laugharne's Regiment of Horse. BIOGRAPHY: See entry for 'Millissimus.' FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and or. PARTY: Parliament then °King DATE: 1646-48

184

English Civil War Flag Devices 0338.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °pace et °veritate For °peace and °truth PICTURE: At top centre °clouds with °sun. At top left and right are two gold °doves flying, each holding label in three folds with motto in gold letters. At bottom right a cloud from which issues an unsheathed °sword. From below an armed °hand grasps sword at handle to make a °square. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 54b; Harl 1383, fol 14; NAM 6208-1, p61; Williams, 39; Prestwich, pp 49-50.

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-43 (20 Sept) 1st Newbury

BEARER: °Ware, John

RANK: Captain

COMMENTS: Prestwich suggests that the shape of the scroll represents '(with the doves, &c.) God's resplendent Glory, Love, and Unity.' With the other details, Prestwich seems to have recognized some secret symbolism, perhaps of freemasonry: 'These holy signs will be better understood by those of the brotherhood: to speak more would be needless. The light shineth in darkness; but the darkness comprehendeth it not; so agreeth Brother Prestwich, who hopeth he will never meet a brother in need without shewing how far the command of the Most High operateth with him; ...' According to a note in NAM 6208-1, 'This Cornett was taken at the Battaile of Newbery' by Charles Gerard's forces.

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185

0339.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °pace et °veritate For °peace and °truth PICTURE: From °cloud at right issues an armed °arm and °hand with raised °sword. To left a gold °book (°Bible?) inscribed: °'Verbum Dei.' Motto at top in black letters on silver banner in three folds. SOURCES: Williams, 116; Kightly (c), 852-53. BEARER: °Essex

FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Fringed argent & (?)or.

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: In Thomas Horton's regiment of horse in New Model. Went with Cromwell to Ireland in 1649.

PARTY: Parliament DATE: 16470340.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °pace et °veritate For °peace and °truth LATIN MOTTO: Pro °pace et °veritate For °peace and °truth PICTURE: Armed °arm and °hand from °cloud at left with raised °sword. Motto at right of banner on vertical screw. SOURCES: Williams, 112; Kightly (c), 853, 876. BEARER: Cambridge, Owen FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed argent and argent mixed with sable. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1643-45, 1645-

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Captain of troop in Col Philip Twistleton's regiment of horse (1643-45), then served under him in New Model.

186

English Civil War Flag Devices 0341.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °pace °pugno I °fight for °peace PICTURE: Motto only on banner in three folds. SOURCES: Williams, 112; Kightly (c), 853, 876. BEARER: °Peart (Pert, Pearte) RANK: Captain

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed argent and argent mixed with sable.

BIOGRAPHY: Peart's first name is not known. He served in Colonel Philip Twistleton's regiment of Horse in New Model. Had served earlier with same regiment under Colonel Edward Rossiter and had fought at Naseby.

PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1645-47 0342.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °patria For "country PICTURE: Armed °arm and naked °hand from °cloud at left holding raised unsheathed °sword. [Illustration not available]. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 121a. BEARER: °Unnammed officer Laugharne's Regiment of Horse.

in

Rowland

BIOGRAPHY: See entry under 'Millissimus.'

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and or. PARTY: Parliament then °King DATE: 1646-48

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187

0343.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °patria °lacerata °pugna °Fight for your °torn °country PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on silver label in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 48b; Harl 1383, fol 15; Harl 1397, fol 259b; NAM 6208-1, p 59; Williams, 69; Rawlinson, fol 26; Blount, sig M3b; Cole (Parl), 28; Prestwich, p 45. BEARER: °Moulson, Thomas FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and or. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of London. Served in Sir John Norwich's Regiment in Manchester's army. COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this as fringed argent and gules. The Rawlinson ms depicts the field as vert. 0344.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °patria °lacerata °pugno I °fight for my °torn °country PICTURE: Motto only on banner in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 86b; Williams, 111; Prestwich, pp 71-72; Kightly (c), 853, 876. BEARER: °Roberts

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Kent. In regiment of Sir Michael Livesey of Isle of Sheppey. Later served in Col Augustine Skinner's regiment of Kentish Horse. Helped suppress Kent Rising in 1648. FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1643-5, 1647-8

188

English Civil War Flag Devices 0345.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °patria[m] °quatimus

°protestantibus / Sic

On behalf of °Protestants we thus make our °country °tremble PICTURE: An °armed man galloping on a white °horse. He wears an orange sash. From his mouth issues first motto in black letters on silver scroll. The second motto at bottom in gold letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 99b; NAM 6208-1, p 117; Williams, 100; Cole (Parl), 6; Prestwich, p 78 FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and argent.

BEARER: °Graves (Greaves), John RANK: Captain

PARTY: °Parliament

COMMENTS: NAM and Cole do not have second motto.

DATE: 16420346.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °reformatione For the °Reformation PICTURE: Naked right °arm and °hand issue from °cloud at right holding a vertical unsheathed ° sword (falchion). [Illustration not available]. SOURCES: NAM 6208-1, p 16 BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

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189

0347.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °reformatione °pugnandum We must °fight for the °Reformation PICTURE: An °armed man mounted on a grey °horse. In his right hand he holds a vertical °sword. He wears an orange sash and in his helmet silver and orange feathers. Above, the motto on a silver scroll like an arch. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 96a; Williams, 99; Blount, sig M4b; Prestwich, p 76. FIELD & FRINGE: Or. Fringed or, with sable mixed with or.

BEARER: °Knights

RANK: Captain

PARTY: Parliament DATE: 16420348.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °rege For the °King PICTURE: An armed °arm and naked °hand issue from right holding a °heart. Motto below in black letters on gold banner. SOURCES: Williams, 133; Cole (King), 34; Blount, sig L3b; Kightly (d), 281-82. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: One of the cornets taken by the Earl of Essex's Parliamentary forces prior to 1644. FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-44 (or earlier)

190

English Civil War Flag Devices 0349.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °rege et °grege For °King and °people PICTURE: Motto only in gold letters diagonally. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 32a; NAM 6208-1, p 102; Rawlinson, fol 24 [27]; Williams, 12; Blount, sig Mlb; Prestwich, p 38. BEARER: °Evelyn, Sir John

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and or. PARTY: Parliament

BIOGRAPHY: Possibly the Parliamentary commissioner who attempted to persuade Charles I to lower his standard in 1642 prior to negotiations with Parliament (Gardiner, I, 54, 56). COMMENTS: NAM 6208-1 gives only a blank page with the name 'Sr John Euelings.'

DATE: 16420350.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °rege et °lege For °King and °law PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on horizontal silver banner. SOURCES: NAM 6208-1, p 145 BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: The colouring of this drawing is probably incomplete.

FIELD & FRINGE: Or. Fringed or. PARTY: °Parliament DATE: 1642h

191

English Civil War Flag Devices 0351.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °rege et °lege °parati °Ready for the °King and °law

PICTURE: Motto only diagonally in letters of gold. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 30a; Williams, 45; Rawlinson, fol 27 [30]; Blount, sig M3b; Prestwich, p 37; Kightly (c), 852-53. BEARER: °Berry, James

RANK: Captain

PARTY: Parliament

BIOGRAPHY: Probably from Shropshire. Fought in Cromwell's regiment (1643-45). Then served under Fairfax. In 1647 became a major under Twistleton's. Colonel of a regiment of horse which he commanded 1651-59. In 1655 commanded the districts of Wales and the borders (Spring I, 43).

DATE: 1644 (June)-45

COMMENTS: Cf 0407.0 (Berry's earlier cornet).

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and or.

0352.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °rege et notis °legibus °Angliae For the °King and the known (established) °laws of °England PICTURE: Motto only in gold letters. SOURCES: Williams, 131; Cole (King), 44; Blount, sig L4b; Kightly (d), 281-82; Reid, Offichers, opp p27. BEARER: °Lumley (°Luntley, John?) RANK: Captain FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed argent and sable. PARTY: °King DATE: 1643

BIOGRAPHY: Probably in Sir Nicholas Crispe's regiment of horse (Kightly [d], 282). Reid names only a Col John Luntley in Crispe's regiment (Officers, p 49). COMMENTS: Taken at Cirencester (1643).

192

English Civil War Flag Devices 0353.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °rege et °parliamento For °King and °Parliament PICTURE: Armed left °arm and °hand issue from °cloud at right with vertical unsheathed °sword. Motto at top on banner of three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 19b; NAM 6208-1, p 35. BEARER: Not known

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: A Scotsman FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent and sable. PARTY: Parliament

COMMENTS: This device was not included in Prestwich for some reason, perhaps because Add 5247 did not give name of bearer. NAM 6208-1 depicts this as fringed gules and argent.

DATE: 16420354.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °rege et °regno For °King and °kingdom PICTURE: A white °cross. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Stewart, p 15. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: This cornet was captured at Marston Moor by the Parliament forces.

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. No fringe recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-44 (2 July) Marston Moor

193

English Civil War Flag Devices 0355.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °rege et °veritate For °King and "truth

PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on silver banner in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 93b; NAM 6208-1, p 119; Williams, 96; Rawlinson, fol 24; Prestwich, p 75; Kightly (c), 852-53. BEARER: °Lambert, John FIELD & FRINGE: Per pale azure and gules. Fringed argent and azure. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1647-57

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Of Carlton (Yorks.). In Lord Fairfax's Northern Army. Captain of Horse under Sir Thomas Fairfax but commanded own regiment of horse at Marston Moor. In New Model served as Colonel, then Major-General and right hand man to Cromwell but fell out with him in 1657. He was jailed for life at the Restoration. 0356.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °rege °exacuunt They "sharpen [their °stings] for the °King PICTURE: Swarm of °bees with the "King (Queen) bee in the centre. SOURCES: Cole (King), 47; Blount, sig L3b. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: Blount comments that just as the bees 'exacuate' their stings on behalf of their King, so would this man's 'Troup whet their swords, for their King.'

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-

194

English Civil War Flag Devices 0357.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °rege °lege °grege For °King, °law, and °people PICTURE: In saltire, an unsheathed °sword with a gold hilt and a golden °pen. Across these horizontally is a silver scroll with the motto in black letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 24b; NAM 6208-1, p 63; Williams, 104; Rawlinson, fol 6b; Blount, sig M3b; Cole (Pad), 3; Prestwich, p 35. BEARER: °Wither, George

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent and gules. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Poet and emblematist. Served as Captain of Horse in 1st Bishops' War. In 1642 raised troop of horse for Parliament side, and on 14 Oct. appointed captain and commander of Farnham Castle. Subsequently, according to a doubtful but much cited legend, he was captured by Royalists but saved by Sir John Denham who pleaded that 'so long as Wither lived he [Denham] would not be accounted the worst poet in England.' In Campo-Musae (London, 1644), Wither mentions that he is serving under the 'English and Scottish' Colonel Middleton (sig E5b). Middleton commanded the horse of Waller's army in 1644 but declined to serve in the New Model (Temple, 62). Wither was later promoted to rank of Major. A strong supporter of Cromwell, he was imprisoned at the Restoration in 1660. COMMENTS: Blount gives the motto as 'Pro rege et grege.' Wither employed a woodcut frontispiece in his Campo-Musae, Or The Field-Musings of Captain George Wither (London, 1644), showing his cornet. The ensuing poem at several points develops the theme of the respective roles in the conflict of sword and pen.

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195

0358.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °rege °parliam[e]nto et °regna For °King, Parliament and the °kingdom PICTURE: From °cloud at top centre issues armed °arm and right °hand with raised °sword. Motto below in black letters on white scroll in three folds. SOURCES: Add 12,447, fol 12a. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Or. Fringed or and argent. PARTY: "Parliament DATE: 16420359.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °rege °regno et °libertate For °King, °kingdom, and °liberty PICTURE: An °arm and °hand from right with a °book. SOURCES: Add 12,447, fol 21. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: The drawing in the manuscript is incomplete.

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

196

English Civil War Flag Devices 0360.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Parliamento

Pro

°rege

°religione

et

For °King, °religion, and Parliament PICTURE: Motto only in gold letters. White canton and red cross of St. George. [Motto difficult to discern in this photograph]. SOURCES: Williams, 103. BEARER: °Dunlas, George FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or, and sable mixed with or. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Lieutenant

BIOGRAPHY: Served in Colonel James Wardlaw's regiment of dragoons (Peacock, p 54). COMMENTS: The flag is a guidon rather than a cornet. Add 5247 assigns this to Captain James Stenchion, giving Dunlas 'Bella beatorum bella' (fol 116a). 0361.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro rege ut °rex revera °anglicae For the King as truly the °King of °England PICTURE: Motto on banner at top left. At top right an empty °throne surrounded by people. At centre a °coach drawn by four horses with °King (?) inside. At bottom right a man in tall hat sitting on throne surrounded by men. SOURCES: NAM 6208-1, p 23; Rawlinson, fol 31 [35]. BEARER: °Foolwick (?)

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed argent and tenne. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Captain

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197

0362.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °regia et °patria tantum valet °amor For °palace and °country our °love is thus much strong PICTURE: A gold °pelican vulning itself to feed its young. Surrounding it is a °laurel °wreath. Around the outside of the wreath is the motto. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Reid, The Finest Knight, p 36. BEARER: °Tyldesley, Sir Thomas RANK: Colonel, and Major-General FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and or. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-51

BIOGRAPHY: A Catholic from Lancashire. In 1642 served as Lieut Col of foot in Lord Molyneux's regiment. Served at Edgehill, but in Dec. 1642 returned to Lancashire to raise own regiments, including a regiment of horse. His regiment of horse fought at Burton on Trent in July 1643 when Tyldesley was knighted, at Bristol, 1st Newbury, Nantwich, Marston Moor, Ormskirk, and Montgomery. Last remnants ended war at Lichfield where Tyldesley was Governor. Raised again in 1651 but routed at Wigan Lane where Tyldesley was killed. COMMENTS: The pelican was from Tyldesley's crest. The cornet is that of Tyldesley's regiment of horse.

198

English Civil War Flag Devices 0363.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °religione For °religion PICTURE: Armed °arm and naked °hand from °cloud at left with raised unsheathed °sword. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 120b. BEARER: °Unnamed officer Laugharne's Regiment of Horse.

in

Rowland

BIOGRAPHY: See entry for 'Millissimus.' FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and or. PARTY: Parliament then °King DATE: 1646-48 h LATIN MOTTO: Pro °religione / Pro °patria [on other side] For °religion / For °country PICTURE: On one side is first motto in black letters on silver scroll. On other side is second motto on similar scroll. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 90b; NAM 6208-1, p 21; Williams, 94; Rawlinson, fol 27b; Prestwich, p 73. BEARER: °de Salogy, Nicholas

FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. Fringed argent, with sable mixed with argent. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Captain

COMMENTS: The Rawlinson ms tricks this as having a silver field. NAM 6208-1 does not name bearer or provide second motto (p 21).

199

English Civil War Flag Devices 0365.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °religione et °patria For °religion and °country

PICTURE: Motto only on banner inscribed in gold letters in bend SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 21b; NAM 6208-1, p 56; Williams, 61; Prestwich, p 32. BEARER: °Manring, Henry

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed with or and gules. PARTY: Tarliament

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: From Cheshire. Possibly in Sir George Booth's Regiment and the same man that later became colonel. COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this as fringed gules and argent.

DATE: 16420366.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °religione et pro °patria For °religion and °country PICTURE: Vertical °sword at right. Pair of °scales at left. At top is inscribed the word °'Iusticia' in silver letters. At bottom the motto in silver letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 43a; Harl 1397, fol 259b; NAM 6208-1, p 54; Williams, 52; Prestwich, p 42; Spring II, 51. BEARER: °Salkield (Salkilds), William RANK: Captain, then Major

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed or and gules. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1643-45

BIOGRAPHY: Of Hertfordshire. Served in Col John Dalbier's Regiment (1643-45). Then became captain in Massey's regiment (Spring II, 51). COMMENTS: Fringed gules and argent in Williams ms.

200

English Civil War Flag Devices 0367.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro °religione °rege et °patria / °Covenant for °Religion, °King and °Kingdomes For °religion, °King, and °country PICTURE: At centre a small white °saltire. Below it the first motto in gold letters on white scroll. On reverse the second motto in gold letters. [Not extant illustration]. SOURCES: Balfour, IV, 85; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, pp 40-41; Reid, Scots, pp 87-88. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or. PARTY: °Covenant

RANK: Major (?)

BIOGRAPHY: Commander of troop in King's Lifeguard of Horse raised after arrival of Charles II in Scotland.

DATE: 1650-51 0368.0 LATIN MOTTO: Pro S.P.Q.A. [i.e. Pro °senatu °populoque °anglico] For the senate (^Parliament) and °people of °England PICTURE: In top right corner a portcullis. SOURCES: Harl 1377, fol 23. BEARER: Indecipherable in source COMMENTS: Indecipherable ms note with name of bearer: 'Johnes' / 'Holmes' (?).

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

201

English Civil War Flag Devices 0369.0

LATIN MOTTO: Propter °deum °evangelium et °conventum For °God, the °Gospel, and the °Covenant PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on silver scroll in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 88a; NAM 6208-1, p 141; Williams, 106; Rawlinson, fol 13; Cole (Parl), 9; Prestwich, p 72. BEARER: °Creed, Richard FIELD & FRINGE: Or. Fringed or, with sable mixed with or PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1643

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Earlier served as Lieutenant to Lord Brooke (killed 1643). According to the Rawlinson ms, This Captaine Cread had a Trumpet Banner of this armes in Memory of my Lo: Brooke' (above this statement is coat of arms with motto 'Vix ea nostra voco'). 0370.0

LATIN MOTTO: °Prudentia °fraudis nescia / [°Covenant] f[or °Religion, °King] and [°Kingdome] °Wisdom unversed in °deceit PICTURE: At top right crowned gold °dove (°eagle, according to Blount [1655])) standing on red and white heraldic °wreath (Lord Balmerino's crest). A °snake rears up from wreath. First motto below in gold letters on white scroll. Second motto in six lines at left in gold letters. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 34b; Blount (1655), sig N3a; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 23; Reid, Scots, pp 44-45. FIELD & FRINGE: Argent.

BEARER: °Balmerino, John Elphinstone, Lord RANK: Colonel

PARTY: °Covenant

BIOGRAPHY: His regiment of foot raised in 1650.

DATE: 1650 (Dunbar)

202

English Civil War Flag Devices 0371.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Pugna pro °patria. Nee °temere nee °timide °Fight for (your) °country neither °rashly nor °timidly. PICTURE: Armed °arm and °hand from °cloud at left holding raised unsheathed curved °sword (falchion). [Illustration not available]. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 26b; Blount (1655), sig N3a; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 44; Reid, Scots, pp 74, 77.

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed gules and azure. PARTY: °Covenant

BEARER: Not known

RANK: Lt. Colonel (?)

BIOGRAPHY: An officer in Forbes' regiment of horse raised in Aberdeenshire in 1649. The cornet device and motto derive from Forbes' crest.

DATE: 1649-1650 (Dunbar) 0372.0 FRENCH MOTTO: °Pure °foy ma °joy (A) °pure °faith (is) my °joy PICTURE: On a blue and gold heraldic °wreath, an armed right °hand grasping near the bottom a broken gold tilting °spear (the Purefoy crest). Motto at top on silver banner in black letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 21a; NAM 6208-1, p 98; Williams, 59; Blount, sig Mlb; Prestwich, pp 33-34. BEARER: °Purefoy, William

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or and azure. PARTY: °Parliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Staunch Puritan and member of Long Parliament. In Aug. 1642 took command of Warwick Castle. In Mar. 1643 appointed Col of regiment of horse and dragoons raised in Warwick. Served at defence of Coventry and throughout Midlands. One of the regicides.

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203

0373.0 LATIN MOTTO: Quantum vis °legio °nomen With so much °strength my °name is °Legion PICTURE: A °soldier on a °horse at right with drawn °sword facing a group of other mounted soldiers. Motto at top. SOURCES: Cole (King), 27; Blount, sig, L3a. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded.

COMMENTS: Blount suggests that this expresses the magnanimity of one who dared a whole body of his enemies. The motto alludes to Mark 5:9 (cf Luke 8:30).

PARTY: °King DATE: 16420374.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Quarta °perennis erit The °fourth will be °eternal PICTURE: Three gold °crowns in centre. Above is motto in black letters on white banner. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Stewart, p 14; Young, Cavalier Army, p 39; Kightly (d), 281-82. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. Fringed sable. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-44 (2 July) Marston Moor

COMMENTS: This banner was captured at Marston Moor. The three crowns are those of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The fourth would be a heavenly crown.

204

English Civil War Flag Devices 0375.0 LATIN MOTTO: Quasi °ignis °conflatoris Like a °consuming °fire PICTURE: From middle to top an arch representing a burning °oven or fiery °furnace. Below is motto in black letters on a silver scroll. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 85a; Williams, Prestwich, p 71; Warburton, I 296 note 2.

7;

BEARER: °Hastings, Lord Ferdinando FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent and gules. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

BIOGRAPHY: Later 6th Earl of Huntingdon. Fought at Edgehill and brought news of battle to Commons. His brother, 2nd Earl of Huntingdon, fought on the King's side (Peacock, p 11). COMMENTS: The motto derives from Hebrews 12:29 or Deut 4:24 or 9:3. 0376.0 LATIN MOTTO: Qui non est °hodie, °cras minus aptus erit He who is not suitable °today will be less so °tomorrow PICTURE: A green °wreath of °laurel tied at bottom with red ribbon in form of trefoil. Motto in black letters in circle around wreath. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 12A; NAM 6208-1, p 134; Williams, 5; Blount, sig Mia; Prestwich, pp 29-30; Kightly (c), 852-53. BEARER: °Brooke, Robert Greville, Lord RANK: Colonel later General

FIELD & FRINGE: Or. Fringed argent and sable. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-43

BIOGRAPHY: Strict Puritan and old antagonist of the King. In Earl of Essex's Horse in 1642. Also Col of Foot. Garrisoned Warwick Castle in 1642. Killed in March 1643 at Lichfield Cathedral.

205

English Civil War Flag Devices 0377.0

LATIN MOTTO: Qui "sequitur °vincit He who °follows "conquers PICTURE: A "roundhead in green breeches on horseback, riding away without a hat. He shouts °'Quarter' and is pursued by a "cavalier wearing a green coat and red sash and with a drawn °sword. Motto below in blackletters on white banner in three folds. SOURCES: Williams, 130; Blount, sig L3a; Rightly (d), 281; Reid, Officers, before p 175. FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent.

BEARER: William?)

PARTY: °King

BIOGRAPHY: Bosville (or Boswell) served in Henry, Lord Spencer's regiment of horse, raised in 1643 and badly cut up that September at Cirencester. Spencer was killed at 1st Newbury and the regiment was taken over by Sir Thomas Colepepper. It fought at 2nd Newbury, and then in the West country (Reid, Officers, p 44).

DATE: 1643 (15 Sept)

°Bosville

(Boswell),

Thomas (or RANK: Major

COMMENTS: The comet was taken by the Parliamentary forces at Cirencester, 15 Sept 1643, and was discussed in both Houses of Parliament (CJ, III, 257; LJ, VI, 233), together with another Royalist cornet 'Ut extra, sic intra.' Cole (King), 29, appears to have muddled this device with another that has the motto 'Exortum est in tenebris lumen rectis corde.' Reid, Officers, p 44, lists a Major William Boswell in Spencer's Horse but no Thomas.

206

English Civil War Flag Devices 0378.0 LATIN MOTTO: Quid si °refulsero / Vae °cornibus meis But if I °shine, alas for my °horns PICTURE: °Sun (with first motto) obscured by cresent °moon (with second motto). SOURCES: Cole (King), 8; Blount, sig L2b. BEARER: °Molyneux, Lord Richard RANK: Colonel

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules (?). Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-46

BIOGRAPHY: Of Sefton Hall, near Liverpool (Lawson, 24). A Catholic. Col of Horse and Foot. COMMENTS: Blount says 'By the Sun surely was meant the King, and by the corniferous Cressant the Earle of Essex' (Essex, as noted elsewhere, was much taunted as a cuckold by the Royalists). 0379.0 LATIN MOTTO: Quis °contra nos Who is °against us? PICTURE: otto only in black letters on a gold scroll in three folds. SOURCES: dd 5247, fol 38a; NAM 6208-1, p 18; Williams, 47; Prestwich, p 40. BEARER: °Edwards

RANK: Captain

COMMENTS: NAM depicts this as fringed or.

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed sable and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

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207

0380.0 LATIN MOTTO: Quis °furor o °cives What is this °anger, o °citizens? PICTURE: Motto only on banner. SOURCES: Cole (King), 26; Blount, sig L3a. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: Blount suggests that this 'seemed to point at the Citizens of London.'

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 16420381.0 LATIN MOTTO: Quis ut °deus Who is like °God? PICTURE: °St. Michael standing at right dressed in white and with gold wings. He holds a gold flaming °sword in his right hand. With his left he kills white °dragon with °lance-thrust through dragon's neck. SOURCES: Williams, 131; Cole (King), 14; Blount, sig A4a, L4a; Kightly (d), 282; Reid, Officers, p 129. BEARER: °Morgan, Thomas

FIELD & FRINGE: Per pale azure and gules. Fringed argent and gules. PARTY: °King DATE: 1643

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Of Weston in Warwickshire. A Catholic. His regiment of horse raised 1643. Morgan was killed at 1st Newbury (Reid, Officers, 129). COMMENTS: Cornet captured by Parliamentarians at 1st Newbury when Morgan was killed.

208

English Civil War Flag Devices 0382.0 LATIN MOTTO: Quo tu °dea °vocas O °Goddess, whither do you °summon us? PICTURE: Nude woman (°Occasio or °Fortuna) with long hair, standing upon a °ball and holding a °cloth above her head. SOURCES: Harl 1377, fol 21b. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: Cf Whitney, p 181; and Wither, p 174.

0383.0 LATIN MOTTO: Quod °vult mea °stella °placebit My °star will °please as she wants to PICTURE: In top right corner a °star (?). Motto at base. SOURCES: Harl 1377, fol 22. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: Harl 1377 gives no colours, except the note 'This vpon white Taffaty.'

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. No fringe recorded. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

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209

0384.0 LATIN MOTTO: Quos °pietas °virtus et °honor fecit °amicos Those whom °godliness, °virtue, and °honour have made °friends PICTURE: Three pairs of °hands folded in each other. On each side of them issuing from a °cloud three naked °arms and °hands holding unsheathed °swords. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Blount (1655), sigs N3b-N4a; Balfour, IV, 8; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 58. BEARER: °Montrose, James Graham, Marquis of FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. No fringe recorded. PARTY: °King (Scottish Royalists) DATE: 1650

BIOGRAPHY: Born at Montrose. Joined Scots army invading England 1640. Went over to King in 1643 and raised Highlands for him, fighting against the Covenanters in Scotland until he was defeated at Philiphaugh 1645. He was active for Charles II in Scotland but was betrayed to the Covenanters and executed in 1650 (Newman, Companion, p 102). COMMENTS: According to Balfour, this was the King's standard of horse. However, Blount (1655) states: The Lord Montrose (after he had obtain'd a Victory in Scotland, and as it should seem was in hope to joyn with the Kings party in England) figur'd six hands, holding as many swords closing together,...'

210

English Civil War Flag Devices 0385.0 LATIN MOTTO: Quousque tandem °patientia nostra

D

abuteris

For how long will you °abuse our °patience? PICTURE: °Five °dogs attack a °lion. The dogs have labels from their mouths, each with the name °'Pym.' A large dog has a label from his mouth with the name °'Kimbolton.' SOURCES: Cole (King), 4; Blount, sig L2a; Stewart, p 15; Rush worth, Pt III, Vol II, 635; Kightly (d), 281-82. FIELD & FRINGE: Or. Fringed argent and sable. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-44 (2 July) Marston Moor

BEARER: Carnarvon, Robert Dormer, Earl of RANK: Colonel BIOGRAPHY: Col of Horse (later General) to Marquis of Hertford. Fought at Cirencester, Chewton Mendip, Lansdowne,and siege of Bristol. He was killed at 1st Newbury (Newman, 446). COMMENTS: Blount explains that 'By the Lyon was intended the King, the rest needs no interpretation.' The dogs (three of them in some sources) represent the Five Members. Kimbolton was the leader of the opposition party in the Lords and later became the Earl of Manchester. This cornet was captured at Marston Moor, according to Stewart, and was thus used after the death of Robert Dormer the previous September. The motto is from Cicero, In Catalinam, 1.1.

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211

0386.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Rara est °concordia °fratrum °Rare is the °harmony of °brothers PICTURE: A °lion and a °unicorn struggle for a °crown imperial upon a °lance. The crown is almost thrown off by the horn of the unicorn, but is held in place by the lion's paw. SOURCES: Cole (King), 31; Blount, sig L3b. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: As Blount points out, the unicorn represents Scotland and the lion represents England. FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 16420387.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Reddite °Caesari °Render unto °Caesar PICTURE: °Five °hands reaching for a °crown. An armed hand from a °cloud defends the crown. SOURCES: Cole (King), 5; Blount, sig A4b, L2b. BEARER: Carnarvon, Robert Dormer, Earl of RANK: Colonel BIOGRAPHY: (See entry for 0385.0)

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-1643

COMMENTS: Blount states: 'It would seem the Earle of Carnarvan did stomack the 5 Members.' The motto is from Matt 22:21 (Mark 12:17).

212

English Civil War Flag Devices 0388.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Religio °protestantium, °leges °angliae, °libertates °parlamentorum The °Protestant °religion, the °laws of °England, the °freedoms of °parliaments PICTURE: Motto only within a wreath. [Illustration not available]. SOURCES: Fraser, 74-77; G.B.M., 64-65. BEARER: °Yate, Rice (Rhys) RANK: Capt-Lieutenant

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed gules and argent.

BIOGRAPHY: Served in Charles Gerard's Horse (see, Fraser, 76; and Reid, Officers, p 75).

PARTY: °King

COMMENTS: The cornet still exists and is now in the parish church of Bromsberrow (Gloucs.).

DATE: 16420389.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Religionem non °lucrum °Religion not (selfish) °gain PICTURE: At top an open °book (°Bible?) with gold edges. At bottom is motto in black letters on silver scroll of three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 105b; Harl 1377, fol 13; Williams, 108; Blount, sig Nla; Prestwich, p 81. BEARER: °Greenaway

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Governor of Gaunt House in Oxfordshire. FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent and gules. PARTY: °Parliament DATE: 1642-

COMMENTS: Harl 1377 depicts this as azure, fringed azure and or, and presents the book as closed.

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213

0390.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °Religious °valient PICTURE: °Armed man on a white °horse. He wears blue breeches and red sash. He has an upraised °sword. Motto below in black letters on gold banner. SOURCES: Harl 1377, fol 12; Add 12,447, fol 26. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: Add 12,447 has motto above and sash in not distinct. FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

0391.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Reviresco / °Covenant for °Religion, °King and °Kingdome I flourish again PICTURE: At centre a green °tree on green base. First motto above in black letters. Second motto in gold letters at top, bottom and sides. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 49b; Blount (1655), sig N3b; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 25; Reid, Scots, p 62. BEARER: °Aikman

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Saltire argent. PARTY: °Covenant DATE: 1650 (Dunbar)

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: In Colonel John Lindsay of Edzell's Regiment raised in Forfarshire in 1650. COMMENTS: Reid's identification, but Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle suggest that it is captain's colour of the Earl of Nithsdale's Regiment of Foot.

214

English Civil War Flag Devices 0392.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Rex et °regina °beati, sibi, suisque °King and °Queen, °blessed to themselves and to their (followers) PICTURE: A °hand issuing from a °cloud, holding a °sword. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: H.M.C. Bath, I, 27; Fraser, 77. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °King

COMMENTS: Captured by Lady Hopton's forces in a foray against Knighton (town in Radnorshire) in Sept 1643. The Royalists in Knighton had earlier besieged Lady Hopton. They were led by Colonel Henry Lingen, High Sheriff of Herefordshire.

DATE: 1642-43 (Sept) 0393.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Rex in °potestatem sui °pugnans The °King is a person °fighting in his own °power PICTURE: °Clouds on left and right sides. From right side issues °arm and °hand, holding a vertical unsheathed ° sword ensigned on the point with a ducal °crown. From left issue two right arms. Both grasp vertical sword on which there are impaled two gold °books. On the cover of the upper book is inscribed °'Verbum dei' and on the other °'Lex populi.' Above at top is motto in black letters on silver scroll.

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed argent and sable. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1643-

SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 94b; NAM 6208-1, p 20A; Rawlinson, fol 12; Cole (Parl), 8; Blount, sig M2a; Prestwich, p 75; Kightly (c), 852-53. BEARER: °Maleverer (Mallevory), James RANK: Colonel

215

English Civil War Flag Devices

BIOGRAPHY: Colonel of a regiment of horse in Lord Fairfax's Northern Army. Served in Fairfax's campaigns, including Marston Moor. COMMENTS: Cole and Kightly give the motto as 'Rex persona pugnans potestate.'

0394.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Rubra °sanguine ut sanguinem °sistat °Red with °blood in order to °halt the bleeding PICTURE: A °sword with a gold hilt besmeared with °blood and encircled by a silver ribbon with the motto in black letters SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 5 la; Harl 1383, fol 47; Hart 1397, fol 259b; NAM 6208-1, p 106; Williams, 66; Rawlinson, fol 25b; Blount, sig M3b; Cole (Parl), 22; Prestwich, p 46. BEARER: °Roper FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed argent and sable. PARTY: "Parliament DATE: 1642

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Lincolns Inn. COMMENTS: Prestwich has 'et' for 'ut' in motto. The Williams ms depicts this as fringed or and sable mixed with or.

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English Civil War Flag Devices 0395.0 LATIN MOTTO: SA.-SA °Kill, kill PICTURE: A scroll inscribed with the letters that form the motto. SOURCES: Harl 911, fol 9b (Symonds, p 168). BEARER: °Leveson, Thomas

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: From Oct 1642, Governor of Dudley Castle (Staffs.) and Col of Horse and Foot. A Roman Catholic. Surrendered Dudley Castle on 10 May, 1646 (Newman, 881). FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 1643-46

COMMENTS: According to Symonds, this was one of three coronets that Colonel Leveson's regiment of foot had, 'belonging to Dudley Castle.' The motto was the battle cry of the Imperial Catholic army. 0396.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: Saint °George PICTURE: Motto only on banner diagonally inscribed (black on gold and gold on black). SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 74b; Harl 1383, fol 38; Williams, 18; Prestwich, p 64. BEARER: °Hippsley, Sir John

FIELD & FRINGE: Parted per fess or and sable. Fringed or & sable mixed with or. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Captain

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0397.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Salus °populi suprema °lex The °welfare of the °people is the highest °law PICTURE: °Bleeding °head of °Charles I severed by °ax held by °hand issuing from left. Motto on banner at right. SOURCES: Williams, 115; Blount (1655), sig N4a; Kightly, (c), 852, 853; Denton, Crisis, p 27. BEARER: °Rainsborowe (Rainsborough), William RANK: Major FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and or. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1649 or shortly after

BIOGRAPHY: Son of the more famous Colonel Thomas Rainsborowe. A pro-Leveller and Fifth Monarchist. Served in New Model in Sheffield's Horse and eventually under Thomas Harrison. Served at Naseby, Bristol, and Preston. At some stage promoted to Major (the rank given him in the Williams ms). Dismissed for sedition in 1649 (Kightly [c], 852). COMMENTS: Rainsborowe's device, according to Blount (1655), dates from 'after the Kings death.' For a brief discussion of Rainsborowe, see Denton, Crisis, pp 33-34. Cf another cornet of Rainsborowe ('Vincit veritas').

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English Civil War Flag Devices 0398.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Sanctus °amor °patriae dat °animus The °sacred °love of °country gives °courage PICTURE: Motto only on banner on coronet in gold letters in two lines. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 92a; Williams, Blount, sig M2a; Prestwich, p 74. BEARER: °Sidney, Algernon

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or and azure.

95;

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Younger son of Earl of Leicester. Col of 7th Regiment of Horse in New Model. Governor of Chichester in May 1645. A Republican. Tried for treason in 1683 and executed.

PARTY: °Parliament DATE: 1645

COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this as fringed azure and argent. 0399.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Sanguine pro °patria °officio fungar / Pro °rege et °grege °amor mini °arma ministrat I will discharge (my) °blood as (my) °duty for (my) °country. My °love for °King and °people provides me with °weapons PICTURE: First part of motto on one side [shown here] in black letters on a silver scroll of five folds. Second part on other side of cornet on similar scroll. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 87a-b; NAM 6208-1, p 125; Williams, 107; Blount, sig M4b; Prestwich, p72.

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed argent and azure. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1642-

BEARER: °Fiennes (Fines)

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Lincolnshire. COMMENTS: Williams ms gives only first motto.

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0400.0 FRENCH MOTTO: Sanes °craindre Without °fear PICTURE: An °armed man on a white °horse. He has general's °staff in his hand and wears yellow sash. In his helmet are three yellow feathers. He rides from a green hill into a °fire representing the names of °Hell. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 14a; NAM 6208-1, p 91; Blount, sig M3a; Prestwich, p 30. FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-44

BEARER: °Tirrell (Tyrrell), Thomas RANK: Captain BIOGRAPHY: Of Buckinghamshire. Led independent troop of horse. Served with Aylesbury garrison in Fall/Winter of 1643. COMMENTS: Blount says that he hopes the rider in the picture is not riding into Hell fire. Prestwich explains that the device alludes to the bearer's name 'Tire Hell.' The heraldic motto of the Tirells of Buckinghamshire was 'Sans crainte.'

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English Civil War Flag Devices 0401.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Sapientia et °fortitudine With °wisdom and °bravery PICTURE: Motto only on banner in gold letters on red scroll of three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 102b; Williams, 91; Blount, sig Nla; Prestwich, p 80. BEARER: °Packer, William

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed argent and azure. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1645-

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Gloucestershire. A radical and Anabaptist. Served under Cromwell (1644-45), then in 1st Regiment of Horse in New Model (Fairfax's). Early in 1652 became major. Supported Lambert in 1659. Dismissed 1660 (Temple, 67; & Spring I, 42). COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this as fringed or and sable mixed with or. 0402.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Scindatur quod °solvi nequeat Let what cannot be °untied be °cut through PICTURE: °Armed man wearing red breeches, orange sash, and helmet with three yellow feathers. He cuts the °Gordian knot with his °sword. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 26a; NAM 6208-1, p 105; Williams, 33; Blount, sig M2b; Prestwich, pp 35-36. BEARER: °Dowett, (Dewit, Diet, Duet), Francis RANK: Major

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-43

BIOGRAPHY: Dowett, a Frenchman ('The French-Renegado'), went over to Royalists after November 1643, having served in Ludlow's Horse. Mortally wounded in Nov 1645 (Newman, 433). COMMENTS: Cf his similar Royalist device with the motto 'This shall untie it.' See also note on

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'Sustentit deus.' Dowett is referred to as Colonel by Mercurius Aulicus (28 Oct 1643) and Certaine Informations (10 Nov 1643). This latter describes him as having a quite different cornet ('Sustentit Deus'). Perhaps on promotion, Dowett took a new cornet. In imprese literature, the device of the Gordian Knot goes back to Paradin, p 214.

0403.0 LATIN MOTTO: Semper °iactatus semper °erectus Always °tossed about [but] still °upright PICTURE: A °die with a °hand casting it. SOURCES: Cole (King), 38; Blount, sig L4a. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: Blount says that this was used 'after some losse to His Majesties part.' Cf the device with the motto 'Ut cunque quadratus.'

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-

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English Civil War Flag Devices 0404.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Sentio °oppositus °Facing it, I °endure PICTURE: A green °tree on a brown mound. Motto in black letters on gold horizontal banner at base of tree. At top left a human °head (°Wind) blows upon the tree. SOURCES: Rawlinson, fol 17b. BEARER: °Radcliffe

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringe not recorded.

RANK: Not known

COMMENTS: Not technically a Civil War device. Used during Bishops' Wars. The device is very similar to that of 'Agitata viresco.' Cf Wither, p 243.

PARTY: °King DATE: 1640 (Bishops' Wars) 0405.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: Shall they °escape for their °wickedness o °lord PICTURE: Canton with cross in upper right from which a diagonal gold pennon. Motto only at top in gold letters. SOURCES: Harl 1383, fol 32; Peachey/Prince, I, 112. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. No fringe recorded. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

COMMENTS: The use of the canton and the general appearance suggest that this may be an ensign of foot rather than a cornet. The motto appears to be based on Psalm 56:7 'Shall they escape by iniquity? in thine anger cast down the people, O God' (KJV).

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0406.0 LATIN MOTTO: Si °collidimur °frangimur If we °clash (with one another), we are °shattered PICTURE: A °crown at left and a °mitre at right. SOURCES: Cole (King), 32; Blount, sig L3b. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-

COMMENTS: Blount says bearer must have believed that monarchy and episcopacy were 'inconsistent each without the other.' George Wither, the emblematist, used this motto with a picture of two pitchers side by side in his Tuba-Pacifica (1664), referring to the device as 'An ancient EMBLEM' (sig A2a). An anglicized version appeared with the motto 'If ye knock, ye are broke, Unless God prevent' on the title-page of his Sigh for the Pitchers (1666). 0407.0

LATIN MOTTO: Si °deus nobiscum quis contra nos If °God is with us, who can be against us? PICTURE: Motto only on banner in three folds. SOURCES: Williams, 112; Kightly (c), 853, 876. BEARER: °Berry, James

RANK: Major

BIOGRAPHY: Served in Colonel Philip Twistleton's regiment of horse in New Model. For additional biographical details, see entry under 'Pro rege et lege parati.' FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed argent and argent mixed with sable. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1647-

COMMENTS: Berry had earlier used the same motto when he was a captain. See also his later comet 'Pro rege et lege parati.'

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English Civil War Flag Devices 0408.0 LATIN MOTTO: Si °deus nobiscum, quis contra nos? If °God is with us, who can be against us? PICTURE: °Warwick °Castle with portcullis, towers, and battlements. On it a red °flag with white canton, charged with cross of St George. At top is motto in black letters on silver scroll of three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 75a; Williams, 18; Blount, sig Mlb; Prestwich, p 65. BEARER: °Peto, Sir Edward

FIELD & FRINGE: Or. Fringed argent and gules mixed with argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Lt Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Governor of Warwick Castle and Lieut Colonel in Essex's army (formed 1642). COMMENTS: A red flag would normally imply that it was a flag of defiance. 0409.0 LATIN MOTTO: Si °leges °rerum [°regum?] If the °laws of °things [of °Kings?] PICTURE: On right side, a gold °sparrow. On left side a °rose. Motto in black letters on silver label in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 61a; Harl 2275, fol 51; Williams, 77; NAM 6208-1, p 68; Rawlinson, fol 28 [32a]; Prestwich, pp 54-55. BEARER: °Sparrow

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Essex. FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

COMMENTS: Roses also appear in Sparrow's arms (Williams, 77) and the bird is obviously intended to pun on the captain's name. Harl 2275 dates this 1643. The Rawlinson ms has the motto 'Res nomines.'

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0410.0 LATIN MOTTO: Si °pereo, pereo If I °perish, I perish PICTURE: Motto only on banner in black letters on silver scroll of three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol lOlb; Williams, 88; Blount, sig M4b; Prestwich, p 79. BEARER: °Markham, Anthony(?) or Henry(?) RANK: Captain

PARTY: Tarliament

BIOGRAPHY: Of Lincolnshire. Cornet probably belonged to either Anthony or Henry Markham of Rossiter's Lincolnshire Horse. Captain Anthony Markham was appointed to 5th Regiment of Horse in New Model (Rossiter's). (See, Temple, 64n).

DATE: 1642-

COMMENTS: Cf the Markham cornet 0135.0.

FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. Fringed argent, with sable mixed with argent.

0411.0 LATIN MOTTO: Si °sinistra nequeat °dextra debet If the °left (hand) cannot, the °right (hand) must PICTURE: °Armed man on °horse with °book (°Bible?) in left hand on which is inscribed the first half of the motto ('Si sinistra nequeat'). In right hand he holds raised °sword on which is inscribed second half of motto ('Dextra debet'). SOURCES: Harl 1397, fol 259. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Or. No fringe recorded. PARTY: °Parliment DATE: 1642-

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English Civil War Flag Devices 0412.0 LATIN MOTTO: Sic °deus °impios °dissipabit Thus °God will °scatter the °wicked PICTURE: At bottom naked °bleeding °bodies pierced by °arrows that have fallen from a °cloud at top centre. In cloud is inscription: °'Iehovah.' SOURCES: Williams, 113. BEARER: Twistleton, Philip

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed argent and sable. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-44

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: From Kent. Commanded independent county troop of horse 1642-44. In New Model, was supporter of the radicals in 1647, for which he was promoted by Fairfax from Major to Colonel in place of Edward Rossiter (Temple, 64). COMMENTS: Cf Twistleton's other cornet ('In utrumque paratus'). 0413.0 LATIN MOTTO: Sic °pereunt °haereses / Vivat °Carolus °rex Thus °heresies °perish / Long live °King °Charles PICTURE: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial °crown and the inscription °'CR.' To left an °armed man setting °fire to John °Calvin's book °Institutes. The book is inscribed '°Calv:Instit.' [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: True Informer (28 Sept to 5 Oct 1644), p 356; Blount (1655), sig N2b; Moran, 18; Hayes-McCoy (a), 124; Hayes-McCoy (b), p 51; Ryder, p 44; Reid, Scots (3), opp p 35.

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Canton or and saltire gules. PARTY: °Irish Catholic Confederacy DATE: 1644

BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: Ensign possibly accompanied the Earl of Antrim's forces to Scotland in 1644.

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0414.0 FRENCH MOTTO: Soies °ferme Be °firm PICTURE: °Clouds at top from which hangs a gold °anchor suspended by its flukes. The motto is placed horizontally at the centre in gold letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 56b; NAM 6208-1, p 110; Williams, 12; Rawlinson, fol 31b [35b]; Cole (Parl), 25; Prestwich, p 51; Rightly (c), 852-53. BEARER: °Constable, Sir William RANK: Colonel FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or and azure. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

BIOGRAPHY: M.P. for Knaresborough (Yorks.), in Long Parliament. Raised regiment from the Yorkshire East Riding Trained Bands for service with the Parliament army (Lawson, p 56). He fought at Edgehill. His regiment then served in Lord Fairfax's Northern Army, 1642-45. In actions at Bridlington, Whitby, Scarborough, Driffield, and Marston Moor, 1644. On the outbreak of the 2nd Civil War, Constable was made Governor of Gloucester, and his regiment was garrisoned there. He died in 1655. COMMENTS: NAM does not record the motto. In Cole, there appear to be arms extending from the clouds (Heavenly aid) holding the anchor, the traditional symbol of hope (see Hebrews 6:19). The anchor was also the heraldic badge of Constable's traditionally naval family (Kightly [c], 851), while his heraldic crest was a three-masted ship.

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English Civil War Flag Devices 0415.0 LATIN MOTTO: Sola °salus °salutis in °domino °Salvation's °safety lies in °God alone PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on silver scroll. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 16a; NAM 6201-8, p 15; Williams, 62; Blount, sig M3a; Prestwich, pp 31-32. BEARER: °Mildmay, Henry

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed with argent and sable. PARTY: Parliament

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Graces (Essex). A relative of Sir Henry Mildmay. Active with Essex local forces 1642-(?). He is listed as Captain of a troop of horse raised for the Earl of Essex in 1642 (Peacock, p 51). COMMENTS: Blount gives bearer as Captain Pyle, and in NAM 6208-1 the bearer is not named.

DATE: 1642 0416.0 LATIN MOTTO: Soli °deo °gloria To °God alone the °glory PICTURE: Canton with cross of St George with dagger (°arms of City of °London). An open °book (°Bible) with motto inscribed upon it. SOURCES: Good News for All True Hearted Subjects (Thomason Tracts E.669, fol 4 [32]); Ede-Borrett, p 33. [No extant illustration]. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Bars. Number and colours not recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 1641

COMMENTS: An ensign of foot. Not strictlyspeaking a Civil War flag on account of its date. Ede-Borrett suggests that it may have been one of the ensigns of the London Trained Bands.

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0417.0

LATIN MOTTO: °Solvit °vincula °Deus / Vivat °Carolus °rex °God °loosens the °chains / Long live °King °Charles PICTURE: An °angel in white holding a °sword with a gold handle cutting the "chains of °St Peter. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: True Informer (28 Sept to 5 Oct 1644), p 356; Blount (1655), sig N2a; Ryder, p 43; Reid, Scots (3), opp p 35. BEARER: Not known FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Canton or with saltire gules. PARTY: "Irish Catholic Confederacy

COMMENTS: Ensign possibly accompanied Earl of Antrim's forces to Scotland in 1644. Moran, Hayes-McCoy (a) and (b) all associate this motto with 0063.0.

DATE: 1644 0418.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: Sume put ther °trusst in °Charetes and som in "horses but we will rember the nam of the Lord our °god. / Our °Fathers °hoped in thee thaye trusted in thee and you didsst °deleuer them PICTURE: "Arms of Rogers family of Dorset at top right. At top right corner a °cloud from which issue the two mottoes. The °eye of °God in the cloud. At bottom right, a green trefoil. SOURCES: Williams, 150; Kightly (d), 281-82. BEARER: °Rogers

RANK: Not known

COMMENTS: The motto is derived from Isaiah 31:1 (KJV). FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. No fringe recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-

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English Civil War Flag Devices 0419.0 FRENCH MOTTO: Soyes, mon °dieu, ma °garde et mon °apuy (Sal: 16 [or 5]) My °God, be thou my °protection and my °aid PICTURE: At bottom, on its back, a °dragon with part of a ° spear in its neck. The broken part of the spear shaft lies at bottom left. Trampling on the dragon on a white °horse ('currant'), an °armed man wearing a red sash and red and white feathers in his helmet. In his hand an unsheathed °sword. At top, motto in black letters on silver scroll in three folds.

FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. Fringed argent and tenne.

SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 57a; Harl 1383, fol 23; NAM 6208-1, p 150; Williams,33; Blount, sig M4a; Prestwich, p 51.

PARTY: Parliament

BEARER: °St George

DATE: 1642-

BIOGRAPHY: A Frenchman.

RANK: Captain

COMMENTS: The figure of St George is obviously intended to allude to the bearer's name. The Williams ms depicts this as fringed argent and sable.

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0420.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °Spa[ir °nocht] / °C[ovenant] for °Religion, [°King] and [°Kingdomes] PICTURE: Silver °goat's head with gold horns on a blue and silver heraldic °wreath at centre (the Hay crest). Immediately above is first motto in gold letters on silver scroll. Second motto at sides and above in gold letters on silver scroll. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 22a; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 16; Reid, Scots, pp 36-37. BEARER: °Hay, John (Master of Yester) RANK: Colonel FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. PARTY: °Covenant

BIOGRAPHY: Regiment of foot raised in East Lothian in 1648. Earlier Hay commanded regiment from Linlithgow and Tweeddale.

DATE: 1648 (Preston)

COMMENTS: Motto derives from the Hay crest. 0421.0 ITALIAN MOTTO: °Speranza mi da la °vita °Hope gives me °life PICTURE: On a diagonal silver thunderbolt is inscribed the motto in gold letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 12b; Blount, sig M3a; Prestwich, p 30. BEARER: °Morley, (?) Herbert

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Sussex. FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed argent and azure. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

COMMENTS: Probably an early 1642 cornet and possibly the replacement for the other Morley cornet ('Non ab equo sed in aequo victoria') captured in September 1644 during the Royalist relief of Basing.

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English Civil War Flag Devices 0422.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Spiro his: his °expirabo I °live (°breathe) by these things: I °die by these things PICTURE: From bottom right issues a °hand with °olive °branch. At bottom right centre a blue °book (°Bible?), at bottom left centre an oval containing a landscape (?) with green trees (?). From bottom issues a naked hand holding a vertical unsheathed °sword. At top a °crown. The motto is in black letters on a white banner. SOURCES: Williams, 132; Blount, sig L3b; Kightly (d), 281-82.

FIELD & FRINGE: Purple. Fringed purple and or PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-43 (IstNewbury)

BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: Captured at 1st Newbury. First part of motto alludes to branch and Bible. 0423.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Splendebunt tamquam °stellae / °Lucendo aliis °consumor They will ° shine like ° stars / I am °consumed by 0 shining on others PICTURE: First motto in black letters on white scroll at top. Below at top centre is six-pointed silver °star (°estoil) and below that a °candle in a gold "candlestick. The candle has just been extinguished by a human °head (°Wind) issuing from °clouds at left. The second motto in black letters on silver scroll at centre. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 72a; Blount, sig M4a; Prestwich, p 63.

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1642-

BEARER: °Silver

RANK: Captain

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0424.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Stat ad hue It still °stands PICTURE: Horizontally across centre, a silver label with motto in black letters. A gold Corinthian °column on a square base. The shaft of the column is broken at the top right. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 57b; Harl 1383, fol 24; NAM 6208-1, p 62; Williams, 40; Cole, 34; Blount, sig M2b; Prestwich, p 51. BEARER: °Tenant, William FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent and gules. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Major

BIOGRAPHY: Of Middlesex. COMMENTS: Williams ms, Cole, and Blount all name bearer as Major Weldon of Kent. Possibly, the same device used by two different commanders. 0425.0 LATIN MOTTO: Sub °umbra °profege / °Covenant for °Religion, °King and °Kingdom °Flee beneath the °shade (°protection) PICTURE: At top right a brown °stag below a green °tree with gold °acorns upon silver and red heraldic 0 wreath. Below this is first motto in red letters. Second motto in gold letters to left. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 36a; Blount (1655), sig N3a; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 25; Reid, Scots, p 46. BEARER: °Coupar, James Elphinstone, Lord RANK: Colonel (?)

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. PARTY: °Covenant DATE: 1650 (Dunbar)

BIOGRAPHY: Assigned a regiment raised in Perthshire in 1650. COMMENTS: The crest is Lord Coupar's.

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English Civil War Flag Devices 0426.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Surculus factus arbos [°arbor] The ° sprout has become a °tree PICTURE: A green °branch of an °oak SOURCES: Cole (King), 25; Blount, sig L4a. BEARER: °Youth of 15

RANK: Not known

COMMENTS: Blount comments that the youth intended to 'speak him man.'

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded PARTY: °King DATE: 16420427.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Sustentat °deus °God °upholds (°supports) PICTURE: An °armed man with a white plume in his helmet. In right hand he holds a °sword. In left hand he holds a °book (°Bible?). On his arm a °parchment (°Magna Charta). In the right corner °clouds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 9a; Harl 1383, fol 7; NAM 6208-1, p 6; Williams, 31; Certaine Informations (10 Nov 1643), p 337; Prestwich, pp 27-28; Spring II, 54-55. FIELD & FRINGE: Tenne. Fringed tenne and argent. PARTY: Parliament then °King DATE: 1642-43

BEARER: °Dowett (Dewit, Diet, Duet), Francis RANK: Captain BIOGRAPHY: A Frenchman. He was captain of horse in 1642 when he probably used this cornet. By June 1643 he was the major of Waller's regiment of

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horse. By July 1644, he had changed sides. He was killed in Nov 1645 at Lechlade (Spring II, 54). COMMENTS: The Parliamentary newspaper Certaine Informations, defending Dowett against various alleged slanders in the Royalist newspaper Mercurius Aulicus, described his cornet in detail and explained that he held a Bible and Magna Charta. Possibly Dowett entered Essex's army as a captain and changed his cornet device when he became a major (see Add 5247, fol 26a). The Williams ms depicts the armed man in the picture as having a red plume.

0428.0 LATIN MOTTO: Tarn °gladio quam °trulla / °Sanguis °caementum facit Both by the °sword and the °trowel / °Blood makes (this) °cement (°bond) PICTURE: A °church. At left on ground some loose 0 stones. At right, a man in crimson breeches holding vertical unsheathed °sword in right hand and °trowel in left. On his head a black hat, ornamented with three white (orange in the Williams ms) feathers. At top and at bottom silver labels with mottoes in black letters.

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or and azure.

SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 59A; Harl 1397, fol 259b; NAM 6208-1, p 123; Williams, 74; Rawlinson, fol 32a [36a]; Cole (Parl), 26; Blount, sig M4a; Prestwich, p 53.

PARTY: Parliament

BEARER: °Reeve, Thomas

DATE: 1642

RANK: Captain

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English Civil War Flag Devices 0429.0 LATIN MOTTO: Tandem °bona °causa °triumphat Finally the °good °cause °triumphs PICTURE: A silver °circlet like a °sun. A silver °fleur-de-lis in each corner. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 4b; Blount, sig A4b; Prestwich, p 25. BEARER: °Meldram

FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. Fringed sable and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-1645 (May)

RANK: Sergeant-Major

BIOGRAPHY: Possibly Sir John Meldram (d. 1645). Of obscure Scots origin. A seasoned soldier who wrote open letter in 1642 explaining why he was abandoning Charles I. He was killed before Scarborough, May 1645. COMMENTS: Devices on cornet may be heraldic rather than symbolic. Cf 0081.0. 0430.0 LATIN MOTTO: Tantum °religio poterat °suadere °malorum Such great °evil could °religion °persuade (men to commit) PICTURE: A bishop's °mitre pierced by a °sword with a °crown imperial at its point. At left a °hand fires a °pistol at both. SOURCES: Cole (King), 30; Blount, sig L3a. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: The origin of the motto appears to be Lucretius i.101 (with 'potuit' changed to 'poterat').

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-

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237

0431.0

LATIN MOTTO: °Terribilis ut °acies ordinata "Terrible as a "battle line drawn up PICTURE: From white °cloud at left centre issues an armed °arm and naked °hand holding a vertical unsheathed curved °sword (falchion). Motto in black letters on white banner in four folds. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Stewart, p 14; Rushworth, Pt III, Vol II, 635; Young, Cavalier Army, p 39; Fraser, 77; Rightly (d), 281-82. BEARER: Not known FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. Fringed sable and or, PARTY: °King

COMMENTS: This cornet was captured by the Parliamentary forces at Marston Moor.

DATE: 1642-44 (2 July) Marston Moor 0432.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: That °war is °just which is °necessary PICTURE: An armed °arm and °hand with a vertical unsheathed °sword issuing from dark °cloud on right. Motto in gold letters at bottom. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 20a; Williams, 14; Blount, sig M2a; Prestwich, p 33. BEARER: °Wray, Sir Christopher BIOGRAPHY: From Lincolnshire. Son of Sir John Wray of Glentworth (Lines.). His brother, Sir John Wray, was a Captain of Horse on the Parliament side and was captured at Newark in 1645 (Cokayne, I, 96). FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or and azure. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

238

English Civil War Flag Devices 0433.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: The °sword of the °Lord & of °Gideon PICTURE: At left an °army of foot °soldiers in retreat. Several of their °weapons on the ground. Their standard is partly lowered. They wear yellow (red in Williams ms) breeches. From °clouds to right issues an armed left °arm and °hand holding an unsheathed °sword with as if to strike the armed men. Silver scroll at top with motto in black letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 61b; Harl 1383, fol 28; Williams, 77; Prestwich, p 55.

FIELD & FRINGE: Tenne. Fringed tenne and argent. PARTY: °Parliament DATE: 1642-

BEARER: °Clark

RANK: Captain

COMMENTS: Motto from Judges 7:18, 20. A medal with this motto was issued in 1642 to reward those who had served in Essex's army (Hawkins, nos. 114, 115). Harl 1383 gives motto in Latin. 0434.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: This shall °untie it PICTURE: A man holding a °sword in one hand and in the other a °knot (the °Gordian knot?). [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Stewart, p 15; Rushworth, Pt III, Vol II, 635; Young, Cavalier Army, p 39; Kightly (d), 281-82. BEARER: °Dowett, (Dewit, Diet, Duet), Francis RANK: Major BIOGRAPHY: Left Parliamentarians Royalists. Mortally wounded in 1645.

FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Fringed vert and argent PARTY: °King DATE: 1643-44 (2 July) Marston Moor

to join

COMMENTS: Flag captured by Parliamentarian forces at Marston Moor. Cf Dowett's 'Scindatur, quod solvi nequeat' that Blount says he used before changing to the Royalist side. See similar device in Paradin, p 214.

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239

0435.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: Thou shalt °break them with a °rod of °iron PICTURE: A winged figure (an °angel or possibly °St Michael) dressed in gold and holding a raised °sword in right hand. Motto below in gold letters in two horizontal lines. SOURCES: Harl 1383, fol 30. BEARER: °Boys, John

RANK: Colonel

PARTY: °Parliament

BIOGRAPHY: Son of Sir Edward Boys of Bonnington, Kent. Sir John Boys' Horse was a single troop, part of the Donnington Castle garrison where Boys served as Governor. It fought at 2nd Newbury (Reid, Officers, p 24). Made Colonel by Charles I on 21 October 1644 (DNB).

DATE: 1642-

COMMENTS: The motto is from Psalm 2:9.

FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. Fringe not recorded.

0436.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: Through °God wee shall doe °valiantly PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on gold label in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 36b; NAM 6208-1, p 47; Williams, 48; Rawlinson, fol 25; Cole (Parl), [20a]; Prestwich, p 40. BEARER: °Russell, Sir Francis (?) RANK: Captain

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules (tenne?). Fringed gules (tenne?) and argent. PARTY: °Parliament DATE: 1642

BIOGRAPHY: Son to Sir William Russell, Treasurer of the Navy, according to one source. Russell's sons were Francis, William and Gerard. COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this as fringed argent and sable. The motto derives from Psalm 60:12 Through God we shall do valiantly.'

240

English Civil War Flag Devices 0437.0 FRENCH MOTTO: Tovt °Prest / °Couenant for °Religion °King and °Kingdomes All °ready PICTURE: At top right a red °star. At centre a °cloud from which issues a naked °hand holding a vertical unsheathed ° sword which is ensigned by a gold °crown lined in red. First motto on dexter bend in red letters. Second motto in gold letters. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 34a; Blount (1655), sig N3A; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 33; Reid, Scots, p 42.

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Saltire argent. PARTY: °Covenant DATE: 1650 (Dunbar)

BEARER: Sutherland, Sir Alexander (?) RANK: Colonel (?) BIOGRAPHY: Sir Alexander Sutherland was acting Colonel of the Earl of Tullibardine's Regiment of Foot. COMMENTS: Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle identify the ensign as being that of a colonel of the Earl of Tullibardine's Regiment of Foot, but Reid lists it under 'General of the Artillery.' Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle suggest that the arm, sword, and crown device is 'an allegorical concept which would have been well known during the 17th Century. The story refers to the Emperor Hadrian who, on his accession, offered his sword to his guard and bade them use "for or against him as he deserved.1" Presumably, for Hadrian, one should read Charles. The flag was captured by Cromwell's forces at Dunbar in 1650. The motto is the heraldic motto of the Murrays of Sterling co.

241

English Civil War Flag Devices 0438.0 LATIN MOTTO: Tradentur in °manus °gladii They shall fall by the ° sword

PICTURE: At left, °hand holding raised unsheathed °sword about to cut off the head of the °Hydra at right. SOURCES: Cole (King), 23; Blount, sig L3b. BEARER: °Pudsey, Peter

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded PARTY: °King DATE: 1643-

RANK: Major

BIOGRAPHY: Of Sheriff Hutton (Yorks.). Newman (1185) lists him as Major of Horse. A Roman Catholic. Was in Newark garrison in 1646, before going over to the Scots when Newark fell. COMMENTS: Blount says device alludes to 'Sectaries of these times.' Motto derived from Psalm 62:11 in the Vulgate (63:10 KJV). 0439.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Transibit / Pro °dolor It will °pass / Oh what °grief! PICTURE: Extending from bottom right diagonally, some rugged °cliffs (°rocks), near base of which, as if in trouble and anguish, an °armed man. He wears five white and red feathers in his helmet. From his mouth on a silver label issues the first motto. From right thick °clouds at right rain °fire and °blood. Second motto in clouds on silver label. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 80a; Harl 1397, fol 259; Williams, 82; Blount, sig M4b; Prestwich, pp 68-69.

FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. Fringed argent and gules. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

BEARER: °Hawkeridge

RANK: Captain

COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this as fringed argent and sable.

242

English Civil War Flag Devices 0440.0

ENGLISH MOTTO: °Trev to the °ende / °Covenant for °Re[ligion, °King,] and °Kingdom PICTURE: At top right the Home crest of silver °lion's head erased on blue and silver heraldic °wreath with gold °crown above. First motto in gold letters on silver scroll above the crest. Second motto to left in gold letters on silver scroll in four folds. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 21b; Blount (1655), sig N2b; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 15; Reid, Scots, pp 27-28. BEARER: °Home (Hume), Lord RANK: Colonel FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. PARTY: °Covenant DATE: 1648 (Preston)

BIOGRAPHY: A committed Royalist, his regiment of foot (the Berwick Levies) was raised in 1648. COMMENTS: The flag has been partially destroyed. Motto is heraldic motto of the Homes. 0441.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °Truth and °peace PICTURE: Motto only on banner in gold letters inscribed diagonally. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 75b; Williams, 3; Blount, sig Mia; Prestwich, p 65; Rightly (a), 383, 385. BEARER: Manchester, Edward Montagu, Earl of RANK: Colonel then Major-General

FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Fringed vert and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-44

BIOGRAPHY: Manchester, impeached with the Five Members, was a Colonel of Foot and had raised a regiment in Essex's army in Aug 1642. He then became Commander in Eastern Association (1643-45) with Cromwell as commander of the Horse. After Self-Denying Ordinance, he continued active political role up to 1649. Remembered for his long dispute with Cromwell over recruitment of religious Independents into the Eastern Association.

243

English Civil War Flag Devices 0442.0

LATIN MOTTO: °Turris °robusta nomen °Iehova The name of °Jehovah is a °strong °tower PICTURE: At top centre the °White Tower (°Tower of London). Motto below in black letters on white banner in three folds. SOURCES: Add 14,308, fol 22b; Rawl B, fol 18b. BEARER: °White, John

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Captain of an independent Trained Band troop of horse for Tower Hamlets. FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. PARTY: Parliament

COMMENTS: White's captaincy may follow the re-structuring of the City regiments in 1647 (Roberts, p 20). However, Add 14,308 dates the cornet 1646. The motto is derived from Prov. 18:10.

DATE: 1647(?)0443.0 LATIN MOTTO: °frangimur

°Uniti

°valemus,

°divisi

°United we are °strong, °divided we are °broken PICTURE: A sheaf of °arrows. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Blount (1655), sig N4a. BEARER: Not known

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: A captain in one of the Associate County Troops (Blount [1655]). COMMENTS: Cf Giovio, p 95; and Wither, p 177. FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-46

244

English Civil War Flag Devices 0444.0

ENGLISH MOTTO: Until this °tyranny be over past. LVII Psalm PICTURE: A Committee seated at a °table. SOURCES: Cole (King), 24; Blount, sig L4a. BEARER: °Hatton, Sir Richard (?) RANK: Captain BIOGRAPHY: Listed as Captain in 1658 and originally commissioned captain, but known to have been Major of Horse to Colonel Sir Richard Willys (Newman, 697; Reid, Officers, p 189). FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-

COMMENTS: Blount does not provide a first name; however, Newman (698) lists a Robert Hatton who was named as a captain in 1658. The motto is derived from Psalm 57:1.

0445.0 LATIN MOTTO: Unum restat bene °mori One thing remains - to °die well PICTURE: An °armed man mounted on a white °horse. He wears red breeches, an orange sash, and a helmet with three orange feathers. In his hand he has a raised unsheathed ° sword with a gold hilt. At the top is a silver scroll with the motto in black letters in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 52b; Harl 1383, fol 19; NAM 6208-1, p 138; Williams, 73; Blount, sig M3b; Prestwich, p 47. FIELD & FRINGE: Or. Fringed or and sable mixed with or. PARTY: Parliament h

BEARER: °Greville

RANK: Captain

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245

0446.0 LATIN MOTTO: Urbs ilia, urbs rebellis, et nocens regibus That °city is a °rebellious city and °hurtful unto °kings PICTURE: A city. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: LJ, III, 429. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °King

COMMENTS: Captured by Parliamentary forces at fall of Hillesden House (March 1644), and presented by Sir Philip Stapleton to House of Lords (15 March 1644). The motto is derived from Esra 4:15 'urbs ilia urbs rebellis est et nocens regibus' (Vulgate); 'this city is a rebellious city, and hurtful unto kings...' (KJV).

DATE: 1642-44 0447.0 LATIN MOTTO: Utcunque °quadratus °Square in every way PICTURE: A °die at centre showing only the °odd numbers. SOURCES: Williams, 132; Blount, sig A4b, L3b; Cole (King), 35; Kightly (d), 281- 82. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed sable and argent. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-43 (1st Newbury)

COMMENTS: Blount suggests that this devoce expresses the abhorence of its bearer for 'the name and property of a Roundhead' (cf 'Semper iactatus semper erectus'). The die is always square and erect. It is the opposite in its properties from anything round. This cornet was taken by the Parliamentary forces at 1st Newbury.

246

English Civil War Flag Devices 0448.0 LATIN MOTTO: Ut °extra sic °intra As is the °outside, so is the °inside PICTURE: A large two-storey building representing the °Parliament House. On the apex of the roof are two human °heads (°skulls). Motto below in black letters on silver banner in three folds. SOURCES: Williams, 130; Blount, sig L2b; Cole (King), 36; Kightly (d), 281-82. BEARER: °Culpepper, Sir John

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: °King DATE: 1643 (3 July) - (15 Sept) Cirencester

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Culpepper was only nominal commander. He served as King's Chancellor of the Exchequer and was no soldier. He was granted a peerage in 1644. COMMENTS: The Parliamentary records state that the cornet was 'in Sir NIC'S CRISPES'S Regiment' (LJ, VI, 233). Crisp obtained a commission from Charles I on 3 July 1643 to raise a regiment of 500 horse, but before it was complete, it was surprised by Essex at Cirencester (15 Sept 1643) and captured to a man. Parliament appears to have found this cornet particularly offensive (see CJ, III, 257; and LJ, VI, 233). Blount says that 'you may guesse what was meant' (i.e. Traitors without and traitors within').

247

English Civil War Flag Devices 0449.0

LATIN MOTTO: Ut °nubes contra °solem sic °acies contra °deum As a °cloud against the °sun, so an °army against °God PICTURE: At top centre the °sun surrounded by °clouds. Motto at bottom in black letters on white banner in two folds. SOURCES: Harl 1377, fol 17. BEARER: Not known FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. Fringed sable and argent.

COMMENTS: Presumably, this is an allusion to the Royalist army and the hopelessness of its cause against the godly (the Parliament side).

PARTY: °Parliament DATE: 16420450.0 LATIN MOTTO: Ut °rex noster sit noster rex As is our °King, so be our King PICTURE: On °throne sits °King °Charles I, holding a °sceptre. Two °armed men, one kneeling, wearing orange sash. With left hand he presents °paper to king. His right hand holds °sword. The other man, with red sash, draws him back from the king. The motto at top is on a silver scroll in black letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 53a; Harl 911, fol 2a; Harl 1383, fol 18; NAM 6208-1, p 111; Williams, 71; Blount, sig M4a; Cole (King), 4; Prestwich, pp 47-48. FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and or.

BEARER: °Gold

PARTY: Tarliament

COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this as fringed or and sable mixed with or.

DATE: 1642-

RANK: Captain

248

English Civil War Flag Devices 0451.0 LATIN MOTTO: Ut °servat °incolumen So he °preserves (us) °unharmed PICTURE: Gold Corinthian °column. In middle of shaft, a ° shield with the °arms of the City of °London. At top of column is regal °crown, placed or held there by naked °arm and °hand issuing from °clouds at top right. At top on silver scroll is motto in black letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 59b; Harl 1397, fol 259b; NAM 6208-1, p 120; Rawlinson, fol 24b; Blount, sig M2a; Cole (Parl), 20; Prestwich, pp 53-54.

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-44

BEARER: °Lambert, John RANK: Captain (later Colonel) BIOGRAPHY: Of Carlton (Yorks.), Lambert fought in Lord Fairfax's Northern Army in most of the northern campaigns, including Adwalton Moor, Hull, Nantwich, Selby and Marston Moor. He was Captain of Horse in Sir Thomas Fairfax's regiment, but commanded his own regiment of horse at Marston Moor. In the New Model, Lambert served as Colonel, then Major-General and right hand man to Cromwell, serving with him at Preston and Dunbar. He played important role at Worcester. He fell out with Cromwell in 1657 and was jailed for life at the Restoration. COMMENTS: Blount suggests that the bearer wished 'to speak no ill to Monarchy.' The shield with the arms is only penciled in in Add 5247. It does not appear in Harl 1397, Rawlinson, and NAM. Harl 1397 and Rawlinson trick the field as azure. Add 5247 gives rank as Captain. For Lambert's later cornet, see 'Pro rege et veritate.' Lawson believes that this cornet was that used by Lambert prior to 1644 (p 59).

English Civil War Flag Devices

249

0452.0 LATIN MOTTO: Utraque °Pallade °Pallas in either (guise) PICTURE: °Pallas with °spear in left hand and °book or roll of papers in right. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 3a; NAM 6208-1, p 2; Williams, 22; Blount, sig Mlb; Prestwich, p 25. BEARER: °Fiennes, Nathaniel

FIELD & FRINGE: Tenne. Fringed argent and tenne.

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Second son of First Viscount Saye and Sele. Col of Foot in Essex's army and Captain of Horse (Peacock, p 49). Disgraced for surrender at Bristol in 1643 and condemned to death. He was spared but took no further part in Civil Wars.

PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-43 (26 July)

COMMENTS: This was Fiennes's cornet when he was a captain in Sir William Balfour's regiment. 0453.0 LATIN MOTTO: succumbo

D

Verbum

°dei / °Veritati

The °word of °God. I yield to the °truth PICTURE: First motto at top in black letters on silver scroll. Below, an open °book (°Bible?). Below is second motto and triple °crown of the Tope with his °crosier and °staff, and a °rosary. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 79b; Blount, sig M2b; Cole (Parl), 23; Prestwich, p 68; Kightly (c), 852-53; Spring II, 712. BEARER: °Ludlow, Edmund FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent and gules. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1643

RANK: Major

BIOGRAPHY: From Maiden Bradley (Wilts). Served in Essex's Lifeguard, then as major first in Sir Edward Hungerford's regiment and then in Hesselrigge's Regiment of Horse from May to July 1644 (Spring II, 71). Supported Independents. Later

250

English Civil War Flag Devices served as colonel in Waller's army and general in the New Model. Signed the King's death warrant in 1649. Became Commander-in-Chief in Ireland after death of Ireton in 1651. Fell out with Cromwell by not supporting the Protectorate and went into exile in 1660.

0454.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Veritas erit °victrix °Truth will be the °victor PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on a gold scroll in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 38b; NAM 6208-1, p 19; Williams, 48; Prestwich, p 41. BEARER: °Dokinfeld

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed argent and sable. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Captain

English Civil War Flag Devices

251

0455.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Veritas erit °victrix °Truth wil be the °victor PICTURE: Motto only, diagonally in gold letters. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 32b; Williams, 45; Rawlinson, fol 24b [27b]; Blount, sig M3b; Prestwich, p 38. BEARER: "Thomson, (George or Francis) RANK: Captain FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Parliament

BIOGRAPHY: George and Francis Thomson both led independent troops of Horse in 1642 only. COMMENTS: Add 5247 depicts this as fringed gules and or.

DATE: 1642 0456.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Veritas est magna et °prevalebit °Truth is mighty and will °prevail PICTURE: At top an upright °book (°Bible?), clasped and embossed in gold. Motto in black letters on silver horizonal label or scroll in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 65b; Williams, 105; Blount, sig M2b; Prestwich, pp 58-59; Spring II, 57. BEARER: °Temple, Purbeck

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1644-45

RANK: Major

BIOGRAPHY: A major of John Fienne's Horse. Made governor of Bletchington House (Peachey/Prince, I, 57) and in August 1645 governor of Henley on Thames (Spring II, 57). COMMENTS: Motto probably derived from 1 Esdras 4:41.

252

English Civil War Flag Devices 0457.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Veritas et °pax °Truth and °peace PICTURE: At top right a °cloud from which issues a naked °hand holding an unsheathed °sword that is pointed diagonally down to bottom left. Motto in black letters on diagonal silver banner from bottom right to top left. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 98a; NAM 6208-1, p 66; Williams, 100; Rawlinson, fol 26; Prestwich, p 77. BEARER: °Hackett, Simon

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent and gules. PARTY: Parliament

RANK: Captain

COMMENTS: A Simon Hackett is recorded as the Ensign in the White Regiment of the Trained Bands in May 1642. Cf the cornet attributed to Simon Racket ('Gratia et pax') in 1647.

DATE: 16420458.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Vias tuas °domine °demonstra mihi °Show me thy °ways, O °Lord PICTURE: In fess a °mullet of six points argent from which issue eight gold °arrows their points outward. Motto in black letters on white scroll. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 5a; NAM 6208-1, p 32; Williams, 29; Prestwich, pp 25-26; Spring, I, 37. BEARER: °Carr, Gilbert (?) RANK: Captain (or Sergeant Major) FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1642-

BIOGRAPHY: A Scotsman. Possibly the Major Gilbert Carr who joined Waller's army in May 1644, having served in Balfour's regiment of horse. COMMENTS: Motto from Psalm 24:4 (Vulgate). Cf Paradin, p 88.

English Civil War Flag Devices

253

0459.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Victor redit de °barathro / Vivat °Carolus °rex He returns a °conqueror from the °lower world (°Limbo) / Long live °King °Charles PICTURE: Below canton the second motto. Below that imperial °crown and inscription °'CR'. To left °Christ delivering the °Fathers out of °Limbo. [No extant illustration].

FIELD & FRINGE: Purple. Canton or with saltire gules. PARTY: °Irish Catholic Confederacy DATE: 1644

SOURCES: True Informer (28 Sept to 5 Oct 1644), p 356; Moran, 18; Hayes-McCoy (a), 124; Hayes-McCoy (b), p 51; Ryder, p 44; Reid, Scots (3), opp p 35. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: This ensign possibly accompanied the Earl of Antrim's forces to Scotland in 1644. 0460.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Victoria a °manu °domini °Victory from the °hand of the °Lord PICTURE: Armed °hand out of °clouds extending downwards and holding a green °laurel °wreath, at the bottom of which is a gold °rose. At base is motto in black letters on silver banner in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 41b; Harl 2275, fol 55; NAM 6208-1, p 20; Williams, 51; Blount, sig M3a; Prestwich, p 42. BEARER: °Meddop

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed or and argent. PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Meddop Hall in Yorkshire. Captain of a troop of horse. COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this as fringed argent and sable. Harl 2275 dates this 1643.

254

English Civil War Flag Devices 0461.0 LATIN MOTTO: °coronabit

'Victoria °honorabit °mors

°Victory will °honour, °death will °crown PICTURE: Motto only in black letters on curved silver banner. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 86a; Williams, 111; Blount, sig M4b; Prestwich, p 71; Kightly (c), 853, 876. BEARER: °Peake, Thomas (?) FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1643-45, 1645-48

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Kent. Served in regiment of Sir Michael Livesey of the Isle of Sheppey (Kent). His name is not included in list of New Model (see Temple, 68-69). Later served in Col Augustine Skinner's regiment. Helped suppress Kentish Rising in 1648. 0462.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Vigilando / °Covanant for °Religion, °Croune, and °Kingdomes By °watching PICTURE: Within a green °laurel °wreath a white °crane with gold beak and talons, holding a gold 0 stone in one talon. Both mottoes in gold letters. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 14b; Blount (1655), sig N2b; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 22; Reid, Scots, pp 16, 18. BEARER: °Cranston, Lord

RANK: Colonel

BIOGRAPHY: Ensign for Lord Cranston's regiment of foot (the Edinburgh Levies). FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Saltire argent. PARTY: °Covenant DATE: 1648 (Preston)

COMMENTS: The device is derived from the Cranston crest and is intended as a pun. Cf Giovio, p93.

255

English Civil War Flag Devices 0462.1 LATIN MOTTO °Vim vi [Manage] °force with force

PICTURE: Heraldic arms of Martin. [Illustration not available]. SOURCES: Williams, 135; Ede-Borrett, p 2; Kightly (b), 602-03. BEARER: Martin (?), William RANK: Lt. Colonel FIELD & FRINGE: Gules with canton of St George. No fringe.

BIOGRAPHY: From Yorkshire. Served in Col William Eure's Regiment of Foot.

PARTY: King

COMMENTS: Ensign taken c. 1643. Unusual in that it depicts the bearer's full coat-armour.

DATE: c.1643 0463.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Vincere °spero I °hope to °conquer PICTURE: From right side issues armed °arm and °hand. Motto at top on silver scroll. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 71a; NAM 6208-1, p 76; Williams, 35; Prestwich, p 62. BEARER: °Sands, Edwin

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Kent. He had younger brother who fought for King. An Edwin Sands was captain of horse in Essex's regiment (Peacock, p 49). FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed or and gules. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-43 (20 Sept) 1st Newbury

COMMENTS: Williams gives rank as Colonel. NAM 6208-1 states: 'this Cornett was taken at the Battaile of Newbery' by Charles Gerard's forces. NAM tricks this as tenne, fringed or and tenne.

256

English Civil War Flag Devices 0464.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Vincimus °auspice °Christo We °conquer with °Christ as (our) °guide PICTURE: From °cloud at right issues an armed °arm and °hand with raised °sword. At bottom left a °globe (?) or °sphere (?). SOURCES: Williams, 116; Kightly (c), 852, 876. BEARER: °Godfrey, John

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: In Thomas Horton's regiment of horse in New Model. Went with Cromwell to Ireland in 1649. FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Fringed argent and or (?). PARTY: Tarliament DATE: 1647-49 0465.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Vincimus °auspice °Christo We °conquer with °Christ as our °guide PICTURE: Motto only. White canton with red cross of St George. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 114a; Williams, 103; Rawlinson, fol 25a [28a]. BEARER: °Stenchion, James

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Served in Colonel regiment of dragoons (Peacock, p 54). FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed or, and sable mixed with or. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

Wardlaw's

COMMENTS: This flag is a guidon rather than a cornet. Add 5247 assigns it to Captain Alexander Nerne and gives Stenchion 'Pro rege, religione, et parliamento.'

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257

0466.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Vincit °agnus The °Lamb °conquers PICTURE: To right a group of °armed men who attack a many-headed °beast (°Hydra? °Beast of Babylon?) with pikes. The beast wears various hats, including a bishop's °mitre and a °square cap. In Harl 1377 the armed men are replaced by a lamb (°Lamb of God) with lance and cross of St George penant (cf 'Innocens vincet'). SOURCES: Add 12,447, fol 23b; Harl 1377, fol 3. FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: °Parliament DATE: 16420467.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Vincit °veritas °Truth °conquers PICTURE: At bottom left, silver °clouds. Near middle at bottom a vertical closed °book (°Bible?) with gold clasps. On front cover, it is inscribed °'Verbum Dei.' To right armed °arm and °hand lift curved °sword that is °flaming at tip. Motto in black letters on silver scroll at top. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 76a; Blount, sig M2a; Prestwich, p 65 BEARER: °Rainsborowe (Rainsborough), William RANK: Captain FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1643-4

BIOGRAPHY: Brother of Colonel Rainsborowe. In Balfour's Horse 1643-4.

Thomas

COMMENTS: A cornet with this motto was

258

English Civil War Flag Devices captured by the Royalists at Newbury in 1643 and taken to Oxford (Mercurius Aulicus, 25 Oct 1643). NAM 6208-1 provides a detailed version of this with the motto in English ('Vertue shall weigh downe vice'). It depicts two friars and a winged beast attempting to pull against the Bible (p 146).

0468.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Vincet °veritas °Truth °conquers PICTURE: °Book (°Bible) at base inscribed °'Verbum dei'. It rests on °clouds from which issues at right an armed °arm and °hand holding flaming °sword above book. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 97b; Prestwich, p 77. BEARER: °Shelbourne

RANK: Captain

COMMENTS: A cornet with this motto was captured at Newbury in 1643 and taken to Oxford (Mercurius Aulicus, 25 Oct 1643). FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

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0469.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Vincit °veritas °Truth °conquers PICTURE: From blue material at right issues armed °arm and °hand with raised °sword. From red material at left issues naked hand with a °book ("Bible?). SOURCES: Add 12,447, fol 13a. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: On facing page are arms with motto 'Caelum repeto ellure relicta.' FIELD & FRINGE: Or. No fringe recorded. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 16420470.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Vincit °veritas °Truth °conquers PICTURE: °Cloud at top from which issues naked °hand holding °sword which points down across an open °book (°Bible?) to gold °crown. Motto at bottom on horizontal white label. SOURCES: Harl 1377, fol 10; Add 12,447, fol 15a; NAM 6208-1, p 74. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: Add 5247 and Add 12,447 do not include motto. Add 12,447 uses a field gules, fringed gules and argent. FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Fringed vert and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

260

English Civil War Flag Devices 0471.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: Vertue shall weigh downe vice (see 'Exurgat deus dissipentur inimici' - 0111.0)

0472.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Virtus in °aetate °floresit magis °Virtue °flowers more with °age PICTURE: A green °palm °tree. Motto in black letters on horizontal silver banner. Below palm tree are °arms of Gardiner. SOURCES: Williams, 109; Spring II, 73. BEARER: °Gardiner, Samuel

FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Fringed vert and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1643-44

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Worcestershire. His troop raised in Jan 1643. Served in Lord Brooke's regiment. He then served under Horton until 1645. Served in New Model in 2nd Regiment of Horse (John Butler's). In 1649 refused to go to Ireland. But Temple believes that he died in the latter half of 1647 (Temple, 63). COMMENTS: Possibly the device alludes punningly to Gardiner's name and perhaps his age.

261

English Civil War Flag Devices 0473.0 LATIN MOTTO: °sordida[e]

°Virtus

°repulsae

nescia

°Virtue unfamiliar with °sordid °defeat PICTURE: Motto in black letters on silver label shaped like a reversed human heart. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 66a; Williams, 104; Blount, sig M3a; Prestwich, p 59 BEARER: °Cartwright

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Gloucester. FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Fringed azure and argent. PARTY: °Parliament

COMMENTS: Add 5247 and Prestwich have 'sordida' as final word in motto. The motto is from Horace, Odes, 3.2.17.

DATE: 16420474.0

LATIN MOTTO: °Virtute °honor / °Covenant for °Religione, °Croune, and °Kingdomes °Honour through °virtue PICTURE: First motto at centre in gold letters inside green °laurel °wreath. Second motto also in gold letters. SOURCES: Harl 1460, fol 15b; Blount (1655), sig N2b; Ede-Borrett & McGarrigle, p 20; Reid, Scots, pp 16-17. BEARER: °Richardson (?)

FIELD & FRINGE: Azure. Saltire argent. PARTY: °Covenant DATE: 1648 (Preston)

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: In Lord Carnegie's regiment raised in Forfarshire in 1648. COMMENTS: Bearer only tentatively identified by Reid. The ensign was surrendered to Cromwell after Preston in 1648.

262

English Civil War Flag Devices 0475.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Virtutem violenter °retine (NAM has 'retinet') °Hold fast forcefully to °virtue PICTURE: A golden °griffin rampant, grasping in fore-paws or talons a black two-headed °eagle. Motto at top in black letters on white scroll. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 58a; Harl 1397, fol 259b; NAM 6208-1, p 122; Williams, 73; Rawlinson, fol 28b; Blount,sig M4a; Prestwich, pp 51-52.

FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed argent and sable mixed with argent. PARTY: Parliament

BEARER: °Kellaway (or Ellaway) RANK: Captain COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this as fringed or and sable mixed with or.

DATE: 16420476.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Virtutis °comes °invidia °Envy is a °companion of °virtue PICTURE: Motto in black letters on silver label in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 2a; Harl 2275, fol 47; NAM 6208-1, p 1; Williams, 1; Prestwich, p 24; Blount, sig Mia; Kightly (a), 383-84; Kightly (c), 852-53. BEARER: °Essex, Robert Devereux, Earl of RANK: Capt-General FIELD & FRINGE: Tenne. Fringed tenne and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-45

BIOGRAPHY: Appointed 12 July 1642. Commanded at Worcester (1643), Edgehill, taking of Reading (1643), 1st Newbury, and Taunton Deane (22 June 1644). Lost command on account of Self-Denying Ordinance. Died 14 Sept 1646.

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263

COMMENTS: Colonel's standard for troop of lifeguards in Essex's regiment of horse (1642-45). The lifeguard was raised from the gentlemen of the Inns of Court. The motto was Essex's family motto. In Harl 2275, the field is diapered.

0477.0

LATIN MOTTO: Visne °Episcopare? / Nolo, Nolo, Nolo Do you want to be a °bishop? I do not, I do not, I do not! PICTURE: The first motto issues from an °armed man at right presenting his °sword to the breast of a kneeling °bishop at left. The bishop responds with the words 'Nolo, Nolo, Nolo.' The bishop wears black gown, lawn sleeves, and square cap. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 5b; NAM 6208-1, p 33; Williams, 60; Blount, sig A4b; Prestwich, p 26. BEARER: °Sandberd FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent PARTY: °Parliament DATE: 1642-

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Devon. COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this as fringed argent and sable.

264

English Civil War Flag Devices 0478.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Vita et omnia pro °veritate (My) °life and all things for °truth PICTURE: A °book (°Bible?) with red cover on which are royal °arms in gold. Motto in black letters at top on silver scroll in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 81b; harl. 1383, fol 41; Williams, 81; Prestwich, p 70. BEARER: Tarry, Walter

FIELD & FRINGE: Vert. Fringed argent and vert PARTY: Parliament

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Gloucestershire. By April 1643 he commanded troop of horse in Gloucester garrison. By February 1644 he had entered Heselrigge's regiment. Served under Heselrigge until April 1645. He then served in New Model (Spring II, 75).

DATE: 1644-45 0479.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Vita °veritati omniaque (My) °life and everything for °truth PICTURE: Motto only on banner in black letters on a gold scroll in three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 67b; Harl 1383, fol 34; Williams, 106; Blount, sig M4a; Prestwich, p 60. BEARER: °Vivers, George (?)

FIELD & FRINGE: Tenne. Fringed tenne and argent. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-43

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Served in Arthur Goodwin's Horse. A Robert Vivers is listed as Captain of a troop of horse in the army raised for Essex in 1642 (Peacock, P 53). COMMENTS: The Williams ms depicts this as having a silver scroll for the motto.

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0480.0 LATIN MOTTO: °Vita °veritati omniaque °Life and everything for °truth PICTURE: Motto only on banner in black letters on silver scroll of three folds. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 83b; Williams, 111; Prestwich, p 70; Kightly (c), 853, 876. BEARER: °Owen, Henry

FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed argent and gules. PARTY: Parliament

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: Of Kent. In regiment of Sir Michael Livesey of the Isle of Sheppey. His name not included among those listed for the New Model (see Temple, pp 68-69). Later served in Colonel Augustine Skinner's regiment of Kentish Horse. Helped suppress Kentish rising in 1648.

DATE: 1643-45, 1647-48 0481.0 SPANISH MOTTO: Viva el °rey y °muera il mal °govierno Long live the King but death to the bad government PICTURE: Vertical °sword at centre impaling Tope's triple °crown of gold, with the English °crown imperial on the point of it. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 20b; NAM 6208-1, p 13; Williams, 5; Blount, sig Mia; Prestwich, p 33; Kightly (a), 383-84. BEARER: °Fairfax, Ferdinando, Lord RANK: General FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed argent and gules. PARTY: °Parliament DATE: 1642-45

BIOGRAPHY: Father of Sir Thomas Fairfax. Ferdinando was from Emmeley (Co Tipperary), Ireland (Williams, 5). He was MP for Yorkshire in the Long Parliament and commander of the Northern

266

English Civil War Flag Devices Parliamentary Army, 1642-45. He was Governor of York in 1644-45, but gave up his appointments in 1645 (Newman, Companion, p 53). He died in 1648. COMMENTS: Blount suggests that Fairfax meant no harm to the King, only to his government. Prestwich gives the motto as 'viva el rex y muerrail mal govierno.' The Williams ms shows the cornet as fringed argent and sable.

0482.0 FRENCH MOTTO: Vive le °roy Long live the °King PICTURE: Motto only on banner in black letters on white banner. SOURCES: Williams, 132; Cole (King), 40; Blount, sig L4a; Kightly (d), 281-82. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: This cornet was Parliamentary forces at 1st Newbury. FIELD & FRINGE: Argent. Fringed sable and argent. PARTY: °King DATE: 1642-43

taken

by

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267

0483.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: We are released to °fight for the °Gospel, °Laws and °Liberty PICTURE: At top a silver label like a screw with motto in black letters to represent words of °armed men below who are rushing out of a white °prison (°Newgate) at bottom right. The gate with black portcullis stands open. SOURCES: Add 5247, fol 65a; Williams, 106; Prestwich, p 58. BEARER: °Dingley FIELD & FRINGE: Gules. Fringed gules and argent. PARTY: Parliament

RANK: Captain

COMMENTS: Prestwich remarks of the picture: 'This is in fact a very pretty picture, being a lively representation or a front view of Newgate, and the breaking forth of the people then as upon a late damnable occasion!!!'

DATE: 16420484.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: Who shall °rouse him up? PICTURE: °Lion couchant with inscription: °'Lion of the tribe of Judah.' [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Carlyle, IV, 259. BEARER: Not known

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: °Fifth Monarchist DATE: 1657 (9 April)

COMMENTS: This 'War-flag' was captured by one of Cromwell's troops of horse at Mile End on 9 April 1657. It belonged to one of the leaders of Thomas Venner's Fifth Monarchists. Both the motto and the pictorial reference to the Lion of the tribe of Judah derive from Genesis 49:9 ('Judah is a lion's whelp: from the prey, my son, thou art gone up: he stooped down, he couched as a lion, and as an old lion: who shall rouse him up?').

268

English Civil War Flag Devices 0485.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: Why doe the °hethen °rage PICTURE: Motto only diagonally in gold letters. SOURCES: Harl 1383, fol 31; Peachey/Prince, I, 112. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: The motto is derived from Psalm 2:1. This use of a canton and the general appearance suggest that this may be an ensign of foot rather than a cornet.

FIELD & FRINGE: Sable. Canton in upper right with cross. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 16420486.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: °Win it and °wear it PICTURE: A °gallows with a °rope hanging ready. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Blount, sig Nla. BEARER: Not known COMMENTS: In September 1645 when Cromwell was besieging Devizes, the Governor (Sir Charles Lloyd) when offered terms for surrender by Cromwell replied with the message 'Win it and weare it' (Sprigge, p 123).

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-

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269

0487.0 ENGLISH MOTTO: Win and wear it PICTURE: A °sword. [No extant illustration]. SOURCES: Blount (1655), sig N4a. BEARER: Not known

RANK: Captain

BIOGRAPHY: A captain in Colonel Berkstead's regiment.

FIELD & FRINGE: Not recorded. PARTY: Parliament DATE: 1642-46

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EMBLEMATIC FLAG DEVICES

INDEXES AND ISTS

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Indexes and Lists

PICTURE INDEX acorn: At top right a brown stag below a green tree with gold acorns upon silver and red heraldic wreath. Below this is first motto in red letters. Second motto in gold letters to left. 0425.0 altar: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. At bottom left an altar with fire upon it. Motto above in black letters on silver banner in three folds. 0176.0 anchor: A church. Through the roof an arm grasping a golden anchor by its ring. The flukes of the anchor are at top in clouds. Motto in black letters at bottom on silver scroll in three folds. 0303.0 anchor: A gold anchor suspended from the clouds. Motto below in gold letters. 0274.0 anchor: A gold anchor hanging below clouds. Motto in gold letters below. 0273.0 anchor: A large rock in front of which is a gold anchor. 0172.0 anchor: A white pelican perched on blue anchor, vulning itself. Blood flows from its breast. 0119.0 anchor: Clouds at top from which hangs a gold anchor suspended by its flukes. The motto is placed horizontally at the centre in gold letters. 0414.0 anchor: Death or dead man on ground. Standing on him is Hope with hair and wings of gold. She holds open book in left hand. Her right hand rests on gold anchor. 0309.0 angel: A three-masted ship at sea. On each mast is flag of St George. The stern is on fire and at top right are clouds from which bends an angel. 0173.0 angel: A winged figure (an angel or possibly St Michael) dressed in gold and holding a raised sword in right hand. Motto below in gold letters in two horizontal lines. 0435.0 angel: An angel in white holding a sword with a gold handle cutting the chains of St Peter. 0417.0 angel: Angel in gold top right with unsheathed sword. 0147.0 angel: At top clouds. Just below, two white angels, habited, crined, and winged. Label with motto in black letters is held by angels. 0333.0 arm: To right an armed arm and hand lift curved sword that is flaming at tip. 0467.0 arm: A church. Through the roof an arm grasping a golden anchor by its ring. The flukes of the anchor are at top in clouds. Motto in black letters at bottom on silver scroll in three folds. 0303.0 arm: A cloud at right from which emerges a naked arm and hand holding a hammer uplifted against a green mountain to left. Motto in black letters on silver scroll above. 0050.0 arm: A gold Corinthian column with a low round base. In the middle of the shaft is a shield with the arms of the City of London. 0451.0 arm: A naked arm and hand from clouds on left holding an iron stilus (pen) pointing to an inscription: 'I Petri Cap. 2' 0237.0 arm: A naked arm and hand issue from clouds at left. In the hand a vertical unsheathed sword (falchion),

the black handle composed of the three beams of a cross moline. 0132.0 arm: A ship at sea with flags of St George at fore and aft and at stern. A fire at top of centre mast on to which a naked arm from cloud at top centre pours oil from jug. 0305.0 arm: Along the right side blue clouds, from which a left naked arm and hand issues holding a black flag, with inscription (the motto) in gold letters: 'Aut hunc aut super hunc.' 0022.0 arm: An arm and hand from right with a book. 0359.0 arm: An armed arm and hand issue from cloud at left holding raised unsheathed curved sword (falchion). First half of motto at top right in gold letters. 0371.0 arm: An armed arm and naked hand issue from right holding a heart. Motto below in black letters on gold banner. 0348.0 arm: An armed arm and hand with a vertical unsheathed sword issuing from dark cloud on right. Motto in gold letters at bottom. 0432.0 arm: An armed arm and hand issuing from clouds at left and holding a vertical unsheathed sword (falchion). 0038.0 arm: At right a silver column on a square base. Issuing from the left an armed arm and hand with an unsheathed sword. The sword is broken against the column. 0043.0 arm: Armed arm and naked hand from cloud at left holding raised unsheathed sword. Motto below in gold letters. 0337.0 arm: Armed arm and hand from cloud at right side holding raised unsheathed sword and olive branchfl 183.0 arm: Armed arm and naked hand from cloud at left holding raised unsheathed sword. 0342.0 arm: Armed arm and naked hand from cloud at left with raised unsheathed sword. 0363.0 arm: Armed arm and hand from cloud at left holding vertical unsheathed sword. 0241.0 arm: Armed arm and naked hand from cloud at left holding raised unsheathed sword. Motto below in gold letters. 0313.0 arm: Armed left arm and hand issue from cloud at right with vertical unsheathed sword. Motto at top on banner of three folds. 0353.0 arm: At centre a naked arm issues from cloud and points at green tree. 0245.0 arm: At centre a cloud from which issues an arm and hand holding a vertical unsheathed sword ensigned with gold crown. Motto in gold letters. 0054.0 arm: At centre naked arm and hand issue from cloud holding vertical unsheathed curved sword (falchion). 0244.0 arm: At left an army of foot soldiers in retreat. Several of their weapons are on the ground and their standard is partly lowered. The soldiers wear yellow (red in Williams ms) breeches. 0433.0 arm: At middle left, a vertical closed book (Bible?) with gold clasps and binding. At right upper corner are clouds, from which issues a naked arm and hand, holding an unsheathed sword. 0277.0

Indexes and Lists arm: At right, an armorial crest: on a silver and red heraldic wreath, a demi arm and hand issuant, clothed in red and holding a vertical sword, on which, in the middle, a leopard's head. 0288.0 arm: At right an armed arm and hand from a cloud with a drawn sword pointing to right side. 0278.0 arm: At right, clouds from which issue an arm and hand clothed in gold holding a skull. Opposite at left is a gold bishop's mitre. At top in black letters is the motto on a silver scroll. 0212.0 arm: At right side clouds shaded with crimson, from which issue an armed arm and hand holding a vertical unsheathed sword. 0314.0 arm: At top left a naked arm and hand from clouds, holding an unsheathed sword. Motto in black letters below on silver banner in three folds. 0174.0 arm: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left a silver armed arm issuing from a cloud and holding a silver lamp. 0141.0 arm: Blue clouds in right corner from which issues a naked arm and hand holding an unsheathed sword with a gold hilt. To left is closed book (Bible?) with gold clasps. 0279.0 arm: Book (Bible) at base inscribed 'Verbum dei.' It rests on clouds from which issues at right an armed arm and hand holding flaming sword above book. 0468.0 arm: Clouds at centre from which issue two arms and hands. At right an arm and hand holding an unsheathed sword as if ready to strike. At left, the left arm and hand holding a mason's trowel. 0181.0 arm: Clouds at right, from which issues armed arm and hand holding a raised sword (falchion) with a gold hilt. The motto in black letters at top on silver label in three folds. 0092.0 arm: Clouds at top. In centre the sun and naked arm and hand that catch a falling man dressed in red. He appears to be falling from or past rugged rocks towards the sea. 0001.0 arm: Clouds on left and right sides. From right side issues arm and hand, holding a vertical unsheathed sword ensigned on the point with a ducal crown. From left issue two right arms. 0393.0 arm: From black and red clouds on right issues a naked arm and hand holding a vertical sword with gold hilt. Motto in black letters on gold scroll at left. 0149.0 arm: From blue material at right issues armed arm and hand with raised sword. From red material at left issues naked hand with a book (Bible?). 0469.0 arm: From bottom issues an armed right arm and hand holding an uplifted unsheathed sword. Above the sword is the motto in black letters on silver scroll of three folds. 0139.0 arm: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. At bottom left a skull encircled by a silver laurel wreath. 0032.0 arm: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand

273

with raised sword. To left a gold pelican in nest vulns itself to draw blood for its young. 0287.0 arm: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. At bottom left a globe (?) or sphere (?). 0464.0 arm: From cloud at top right issue an armed arm and hand with raised sword. Motto below in black letters on white banner. 0057.0 arm: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand holding a vertical unsheathed sword. First motto above in gold letters on silver scroll. 0087.0 arm: From cloud at right issues armed arm and hand with raised sword. Motto below on horizontal white banner. 0328.0 arm: From cloud at right issues a naked arm and hand with raised sword. 0153.0 arm: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. To left a gold book (Bible?) inscribed: 'Verbum Dei.' Motto at top in black letters on silver banner in three folds. 0339.0 arm: Armed arm and hand from cloud at left with raised sword. Motto at right of banner on vertical screw. 0340.0 arm: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. At bottom left an altar with fire upon it. Motto above in black letters on silver banner in three folds. 0176.0 arm: From cloud at top centre issues armed arm and right hand with raised sword. Motto below in black letters on white scroll in three folds. 0358.0 arm: From clouds at top right issues a naked arm and hand holding an unsheathed sword which points at a gold triple Papal crown which lies in bottom left corner. 0110.0 arm: From clouds at right issues naked arm and left hand holding an unsheathed sword with gold hilt. 0331.0 arm: From right side, clouds and issuing from them a naked arm and hand holding a white flag on which is motto in black letters. 0023.0 arm: From right side issues armed arm and hand. Motto at top on silver scroll. 0463.0 arm: From right side issue an armed arm and hand grasping an unsheathed sword. Near the bottom, the motto in black letters on gold scroll of three folds. 0036.0 arm: From top left issues armed arm and hand holding unsheathed sword. Motto in black letters on silver scroll in three folds near bottom. 0135.0 arm: From white cloud at left centre issues an armed arm and naked hand holding a vertical unsheathed curved sword (falchion). Motto in black letters on white banner in four folds. 0431.0 arm: From white clouds at base issue an armed arm and hand, holding a vertical unsheathed sword. Above the sword at the top is the motto in black letters on a silver scroll of three folds. 0122.0 arm: Motto in black letters on silver banner in screw at left. From right issues naked arm and hand with vertical unsheathed sword. 0332.0

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Indexes and Lists

arm: Motto on banner in three folds. From cloud at top left issues an armed arm and naked hand holding an unsheathed sword. On blade of sword is inscribed 'fiat Justitia.' 0048.0 arm: Naked arm and hand issue from cloud at right and pointing to seven gold stars. Motto at top in black letters on white banner. 0017.0 arm: Naked right arm and hand issue from cloud at right holding a vertical unsheathed sword (falchion). 0346.0 arm: On right side blue clouds, from which issue a naked left arm and hand holding a black flag with gold tassels with an inscription in gold letters that forms the motto 'lehovah nissi.' 0165.0 arm: Three pairs of hands folded in each other. On each side of them issuing from a cloud three naked arms and hands holding unsheathed swords. 0384.0 arm: To left two arms issue from clouds, the one supporting a chalice with a host over it, the other holding a sword to defend them. 0322.0 arm: Arm clothed in red and naked hand extended from cloud at right holding skull. Motto at bottom in black letters on white banner. 0214.0 armed: A white horse on which is an armed man in red breeches. His helmet has a red feather between two white. In his hand he has an unsheathed sword with a gold hilt. 0261.0 armed: An a rmed man stands at centre of ship. 0173.0 armed: An armed horseman trampling upon Cupid. 0009.0 armed: An armed man riding full speed on a white horse. He has a general's staff in his hand and wears yellow sash. In his helmet are three yellow feathers. 0400.0 armed: An armed man on a white horse with an unsheathed sword. In his helmet a plume of yellow feathers. Over his right shoulder a yellow sash. 0260.0 armed: An armed man turned upside down. 0210.0 armed: An armed man mounted on a white horse. He wears red breeches, an orange sash, and a helmet with three orange feathers. In his hand he has a raised unsheathed sword with a gold hilt. 0445.0 armed: An armed man with a white plume in his helmet. In right hand he holds a sword. In left hand he holds a book (Bible?). On his arm a parchment (Magna Charta). In the right corner clouds. 0427.0 armed: An armed man wearing red breeches, orange sash, and helmet with three yellow feathers. He cuts the Gordian knot with his sword (falchion). 0402.0 armed: An armed man mounted on a grey horse. In his right hand he holds a vertical sword. He wears an orange sash and in his helmet silver and orange feathers. 0347.0 armed: An armed man on a white horse. Over right shoulder a gold sash. A yellow plume on helmet. His right hand holding an unsheathed sword. Motto at top on banner with three folds. 0324.0 armed: An armed man galloping on a white horse. He wears an orange sash. From his mouth issues first motto in black letters on silver scroll. The second

motto at bottom in gold letters. 0345.0 armed: An armed man discharging a pistol. He wears a red and two white feathers in his helmet and a scarlet sash. 0325.0 armed: An armed man with right hand extended with a raised sword with gold hilt. Left hand akimbo. His helmet with white and tawny (Williams, 13) feathers. 0093.0 armed: An armed man. In his helmet a white feather. His left arm akimbo with hand on hilt of sword. A gold book (Bible) in his right hand. Motto in gold letters below. 0218.0 armed: Anarmed man. On his helmet, red and white feathers. His right hand holds unsheathed sword (falchion). His left holds laurel wreath. His left foot tramples on gold bishop's mitre. 0315.0 armed: Armed man on horse with book (Bible?) in left hand on which is inscribed the first half of the motto ('Si sinistra nequeat'). 0411.0 armed: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left an armed man setting fire to John Calvin's book Institutes. 0413.0 armed: Armed man on a white horse. He wears blue breeches and red sash. He has an upraised sword. Motto below in black letters on gold banner. 0390.0 armed: Armed man with raised sword in right hand but with left hand raised to forehead in gesture of thought. Motto above on banner. 0225.0 armed: At right a mountain. An armed man wearing orange sash and helmet with three orange feathers, mounted on a white horse and about to climb mountain. 0071.0 armed: At top a silver label like a screw with motto in black letters to represent words of armed men below who are rushing out of a white prison (Newgate) at bottom 0483.0 armed: Extending from bottom right diagonally, some rugged cliffs (rocks), near base of which, as if in trouble and anguish, an armed man. He wears five white and red feathers in his helmet. 0439.0 armed: From right march foot soldiers, their guns presented against an armed man on a bay horse. He has three yellow feathers in his helmet. He wears red breeches. 0222.0 armed: On a green plain, an armed man on a bay horse. In his right hand a vertical sword with gold hilt. In his helmet three feathers, one red, two yellow. 0219.0 armed: On a rock, an armed man in red breeches and a yellow sash, in his helmet yellow and black feathers. In his left hand a black square cap. 0217.0 armed: The first motto issues from an armed man at right presenting his sword to the breast of a kneeling bishop at left. The bishop responds with the words 'Nolo, Nolo, Nolo.' 0477.0 armed: To right a group of armed men who attack a many-headed beast (Hydra? Beast of Babylon?) with pikes. The beast wears various hats,

Indexes and Lists including a bishop's mitre and a square cap. 0466.0 armed: Trampling on the dragon on a white horse ('currant'), an a rmed man wearing a red sash and red and white feathers in his helmet. 0419.0 armed: Two a rmed men before him, one on bended knee wearing helmet with three orange feathers and an orange sash. 0450.0 armed: Two white horses facing each other and equipped with holsters and pistols. At right beside one horse, an armed man who wears helmet with three orange feathers and an orange sash. 0304.0 arms: At centre and lower left gold trophy of arms. First motto above this in gold letters. Second motto at top and lower right in gold letters. 0102.0 armsl=coat of arms armsl: A book (Bible?) with red cover on which are royal arms in gold. Motto in black letters at top on silver scroll in three folds. 0478.0 armsl: A gold Corinthian column with a low round base. In the middle of the shaft is a shield with the arms of the City of London. 0451.0 armsl: A green palm tree. Motto in black letters on horizontal silver banner. Below palm tree are arms of Gardiner. 0472.0 armsl: Arms of Rogers family of Dorset at top right. At top right corner a cloud from which issue the two mottoes. The eye of God in the cloud. At bottom right, a green trefoil. 0418.0 armsl: Canton with cross of St George with dagger (arms of City of London). An open book (Bible) with motto inscribed upon it. 0416.0 armsl: Crowned lion passant below which is first motto. Above are royal arms on a flag, at the top of which is the second motto. 0086.0 armsl: Heraldic arms of Martin. 0462.1 armsl: Two olive branches encircle motto on circular white label which in turn encircles the Commonwealth arms. 0125.0 army: A battle between two armies, one in retreat. A white flag with white canton and red cross lies on ground at bottom centre. Victorious leader has yellow feathers in helmet. 0147.0 army: At left an army of foot soldiers in retreat. Several of their weapons are on the ground and their standard is partly lowered. The soldiers wear yellow (red in Williams ms) breeches. 0433.0 army: The Whore of Babylon with all her trinkets. The Scottish army entering England. The Whore of Babylon utters the first motto, and the Scottish army the second. 0267.0 arrow: An heraldic crest: on a silver and black heraldic wreath, standing on a bundle of arrows with gold shafts, a white falcon with gold bells ('belled or'). 0239.0 arrow: A red human heart pierced by three gold arrows. The motto in black letters on a silver label above in three folds. 0138.0 arrow: A sheaf of arrows. 0443.0 arrow: Arrows raining down from clouds at top right towards bottom left. Motto in black letters

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diagonally from bottom right to top left. 0047.0 arrow: At bottom naked bleeding bodies pierced by arrows that have fallen from a cloud at top centre. In cloud is inscription: 'lehovah.' 0412.0 arrow: In fess a mullet of six points argent from which issue eight gold arrows their points outward. Motto in black letters on white scroll. 0458.0 arrow: On right side two hands draw a gold bow and shoot an arrow at a winged human heart. 0039.0 ax: A tree cut down exept for one green sprout. Death stands to left side holding an ax or sickle. 0179.0 ax: Bleeding head of Charles I severed by ax held by hand issuing from left. Motto on banner at right. 0397.0 ax: In the centre a round head. On its top the letter P (for Puritan) but Kightly's source says an axe. From a cloud issues a hand with a sword. 0117.0 ball: Nude woman (Occasio or Fortuna) with long hair, standing upon a ball and holding a cloth above her head. 0382.0 balance: Cloud at top centre from which issues a naked hand holding balance and pair of scales. In right scale a gold book (Bible) weighs all downOlll.O barrel: A fox in a barrel. 0041.0 battle: A battle between two armies, one in retreat. A white flag with white canton and red cross lies on ground at bottom centre. Victorious leader has yellow feathers in helmet. 0147.0 bear: At four extremities of saltire are red lion (top right), red heart (bottom right), silver b ear (top left), black cross (bottom left). 0054.0 bear: White bear's head in black harness. Motto in gold letters. 0152.0 bee: Bees. 0197.0 bee: Swarm of bees with the King (Queen) bee in the centre. 0356.0 beggarly: Landscape with houses, cornfields, etc., invaded by a beggarly people. 0028.0 bird: A white bird (dove?) on green mound. 0188.0 bird: Four birds (herons?) feeding. 0294.0 bishop: A bishop on the ground in black and white clerical robes. He wears a square cap. On his legs a large gold mitre. Above is gold book (Bible?). 0236.0 bishop: A soldier at left with raised sword killing a bishop at right. The armed man wears red breeches and has red and white feathers in his hat. First motto on white banner at top. 0107.0 bishop: At bottom right, a Jesuit priest; a cardinal; a soldier with three red feathers in helmet; a b ishop, his right hand uplifted and in his left a sword0198.0 bishop: At right a gold throne on which sits king (Charles I) with crown, sceptre, royal crimson mantle. To his left a bishop in black with square cap with his left hand near king's heart. 0099.0 bishop: One end of rope is held by bishop to right in black and white robes and gold mitre. 0083.0 bishop: The first motto issues from an armed man at right presenting his sword to the breast of a kneeling bishop at left. The bishop responds with the words 'Nolo, Nolo, Nolo.' 0477.0

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black: A black wall surrounding an open book in which is the inscription 'Legis Evangelii.' Inside also is a silver scroll with the motto in black letters. 0158.0 bleed: At bottom naked bleeding bodies pierced by arrows that have fallen from a cloud at top centre. In cloud is inscription: 'lehovah.' 0412.0 bleed: At centre severed head of Charles I, bleeding, a hand issuing from a cloud, holding a sword. 0076.0 bleed: Bleeding head of Charles I severed by ax held by hand issuing from left. Motto on banner at right. 0397.0 blood: A falcon seizing a crane or heron, but the heron draws blood with his beak from the falcon's throat. The motto at the top on a silver scroll. 0258.0 blood: A gold pelican with its young in the nest and feeding them blood from its breast. Above is motto in black letters on silver scroll in three folds. 0286.0 blood: A green island [Ireland] from which numerous spouts of blood flow. 0157.0 blood: A sword with a gold hilt besmeared with blood and encircled by a silver riboon with the motto in black letters. 0394.0 blood: A white pelican perched on blue anchor, vulning itself. Blood flows from its breast. 0119.0 blood: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. To left a gold pelican in nest vulns itself to draw blood for its young. 0287.0 blood: From right thick clouds rain fire and blood. 0439.0 bloody: From the right of this flag issues a bloody hand pointing to the crown on top of the arms. 0086.0 boar: At bottom right a gold boar's head (erased) with red tongue. Motto above in gold letters. 0051.0 boar: Motto in silver letters on banner. A boar's head with tusks and tongue showing. 0283.0 body: At bottom naked bleeding bodies pierced by arrows that have fallen from a cloud at top centre. In cloud is inscription: 'lehovah.' 0412.0 bone: A lion. In front of him a pile of bones. 0247.0 book: A hand repelling a book. 0129.0 book: An arm and hand from right with a book. 0359.0 book: A bishop on the ground in black and white clerical robes. He wears a square cap. On his legs a large gold mitre. Above is gold book (Bible?). 0236.0 book: A black wall surrounding an open book in which is the inscription 'Legis Evangelii.' Inside also is a silver scroll with the motto in black letters. 0158.0 book: A blue (gold in Add. 5247) closed book (Bible) with gold clasps, a map (view, picture) of City of London. Motto in gold letters. 0200.0 book: A book (Bible?) with red cover on which are royal arms in gold. Motto in black letters at top on silver scroll in three folds. 0478.0 book: A open book (Bible), with gold edges and crimson binding, inscribed in black letters 'Sacra Scriptura.' An unsheathed sword. Motto at top on silver label. 0037.0

book: A walled city. A gap in wall defended by two soldiers. Man on right has sword and trowel. The other has open book and sword, and from his mouth ascends the first motto. 0198.0 book: An armed man with a white plume in his helmet. In right hand he holds a sword. In left hand he holds a book (Bible?). On his arm a parchment (Magna Charta). In the right corner clouds. 0427.0 book: An armed man. In his helmet a white feather. His left arm akimbo with hand on hilt of sword. A gold book (Bible) in his right hand. Motto in gold letters below. 0218.0 book: An open book (Bible?) with clasps, inscribed 'Inseparabilia.' Above is a crown enfiled by a sceptre in bend dexter and a naked sword in bend sinister, saltire-wise. 0084.0 book: Armed man on horse with book (Bible?) in left hand on which is inscribed the first half of the motto ('Si sinistra nequeat'). 0411.0 book: At middle left, a vertical closed book (Bible?) with gold clasps and binding. At right upper corner are clouds, from which issues a naked arm and hand, holding an unsheathed sword. 0277.0 book: At top a gold book (Bible) with first two words of motto in gold letters. Below a city (London) with final two words of motto in gold letters. 0199.0 book: At top an open book (Bible?) with gold edges. At bottom is motto in black letters on silver scroll of three folds. 0389.0 book: At top an upright book (Bible?), clasped and embossed in gold. Motto in black letters on silver horizonal label or scroll in three folds. 0456.0 book: From bottom left to middle right side, silver clouds. Near middle at bottom a vertical closed book (Bible?) with gold clasps. On front cover, it is inscribed 'Verbum Dei.' 0467.0 book: Blue clouds in right corner from which issues a naked arm and hand holding an unsheathed sword with a gold hilt. To left is closed book (Bible?) with gold clasps. 0279.0 book: Book (Bible) at base inscribed 'Verbum dei.' It rests on clouds from which issues at right an armed arm and hand holding flaming sword above book. 0468.0 book: Both grasp vertical sword on which there are impaled two gold books. 0393.0 book: Canton with cross of St George with dagger (arms of City of London). An open book (Bible) with motto inscribed upon it. 0416.0 book: Cloud at top centre from which issues a naked hand holding balance and pair of scales. In right scale a gold book (Bible) weighs all down. 0111.0 book: Cloud at top from which issues naked hand holding sword which points down across an open book (Bible?) to gold crown. Motto at bottom on horizontal white label. 0470.0 book: From blue material at right issues armed arm and hand with raised sword. From red material at left issues naked hand with a book (Bible?). 0469.0

Indexes and Lists book: From bottom right issues a hand with olive branch. At bottom right centre a blue book (Bible?), at bottom left centre an oval containing a landscape (?) with green trees (?). 0422.0 book: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. To left a gold book (Bible?) inscribed: 'Verbum Dei.' Motto at top in black letters on silver banner in three folds. 0339.0 book: Grey castle at centre surrounded by a green wreath. At top right a branch (tree?), possibly of palm, from which hangs a black book (Bible?) by a chain. 0114.0 book: Motto at top on horizontal label. At centre a closed book (Bible?) with clasps within a golden sun. 0298.0 book: Motto on banner at top. At centre a gold closed book (Bible). 0137.0 book: The first motto at top in black letters on silver scroll. Below, an open book (Bible?). 0453.0 book: The goddess Pallas with a spear in left hand and a book or roll of papers in the right. She is dressed in crimson, blue, and gold, and stands on a green mount. 0452.0 bow: On right side two hands draw a gold bow and shoot an arrow at a winged human heart. 0039.0 branch: A green branch of an oak. 0426.0 branch: A steel helmet ornamented with a gold vizor ('proper to the son of a knight'). From rear of helmet a bough with 4 branches of laurel. 0192.0 branch: A sword and two laurel branches. Above is sun and around it a laurel wreath, out of which and on either side a branch of laurel spreads downwards. 0269.0 branch: Armed arm and hand from cloud at right side holding raised unsheathed sword and olive branch. 0183.0 branch: From bottom right issues a hand with olive branch. At bottom right centre a blue book (Bible?), at bottom left centre an oval containing a landscape (?) with green trees (?). 0422.0 branch: Grey castle at centre surrounded by a green wreath. At top right a branch (tree?), possibly of palm, from which hangs a black book (Bible?) by a chain. 0114.0 branch: In each corner a gold branch of laurel. In top right corner, blue clouds and sun in glory. Beneath in left bottom corner, a gold sundial on a white stone base. 0010.0 branch: Two crossed olive branches. Above is motto in black letters on silver label in three folds. 0101.0 branch: Two olive branches encircle motto on circular white label which in turn encircles the Commonwealth arms. 0125.0 bridle: On arm of anchor is red bridle for Temperance. 0309.0 bridle: Religion or Hope (woman in blue with gold wings) standing on a skeleton (Death). Close by a broken cross. Attached to one arm of cross is a red bridle. 0207.0

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building: A large building in flames. Motto in black letters at top on silver scroll. 0276.0 bullrush: Bullrushes in a river, dashed by its waves. 0002.0 cage: A large cage two doves inside. Above perches a robin redbreast. From its beak a silver label on which is the motto in black letters. 0263.0 candle: First motto in black letters on white scroll at top. Below at top centre is six-pointed silver °star (°estoil) and below that a °candle in a gold "candlestick. 0423.0 candlestick: First motto in black letters on white scroll at top. Below at top centre is six-pointed silver star (estoil) and below that a candle in a gold candlestick. 0423.0 cannon: A gold cannon discharging. Motto in gold letters above. 0105.0 cannon: A loaded cannon. 0275.0 cardinal: At bottom right, a Jesuit priest; a cardinal; a soldier with three red feathers in helmet; a bishop, his right hand uplifted and in his left a sword. 0198.0 castle: At centre a pale grey castle standing upon a blue-grey rock and encircled by a green wreath. At top right issues a gloved hand holding a vertical unsheathed sword. 0055.0 castle: Grey castle at centre surrounded by a green wreath. At top right a branch (tree?), possibly of palm, from which hangs a black book (Bible?) by a chain. 0114.0 cavalier: He shouts 'Quarter' and is pursued by a cavalier wearing a green coat and red sash and with a drawn sword. 0377.0 chain: A lion running free having broken its chain. 0201.0 chain: An angel in white holding a sword with a gold handle cutting the chains of St Peter. 0417.0 chalice: To left two arms issue from clouds, the one supporting a c halice with a host over it, the other holding a sword to defend them. 0322.0 cherub: At each corner the head of a cherub (wind) blowing. Space for the motto on diagonal screw. 0249.0 church: A church. Near to south side on ground some loose stones. At west end, a man in crimson breeches holding vertical unsheathed sword in right hand and trowel in left. 0428.0 church: A church. Through the roof an arm grasping a golden anchor by its ring. The flukes of the anchor are at top in clouds. Motto in black letters at bottom on silver scroll in three folds. 0303.0 circle: A circle at the centre of which is an 'E.' Around the outside of the circle are the letters 'D,' 'C,' 'T,' 'G,' 'M,' 'R,' 'G,' 'R,' 'P,' 'B,' 'M' to form a rebus (the motto). 0068.0 circle: Circle with lines from centre to circumference. 0169.0 circlet: A fleur-de-lis of silver at each corner. In centre a circlet from which silver rays issue. Motto in silver letters at centre of circlet. 0081.0 circlet: A silver circlet like a sun. A silver fleur-de-lis in each corner. 0429.0

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city: A blue (gold in Add. 5247) closed book (Bible) with gold clasps, a map (view, picture) of City of London. Motto in gold letters. 0200.0 city: A walled city. Below on horizontal silver label is motto in black letters. Below this is group of silver human hearts, from the tops of which flames issue. 0004.0 city: A walled city. A gap in wall defended by two soldiers. Man on right has sword and trowel. The other has open book and sword, and from his mouth ascends the first motto. 0198.0 city: At top a gold book (Bible) with first two words of motto in gold letters. Below a city (London) with final two words of motto in gold letters. 0199.0 cliff: Extending from bottom right diagonally, some rugged cliffs (rocks), near base of which, as if in trouble and anguish, an armed man. He wears five white and red feathers in his helmet. 0439.0 cloth: Nude woman (Occasio or Fortuna) with long hair, standing upon a ball and holding a cloth above her head. 0382.0 cloud: Motto at top on white label in 3 folds issues from cloud. 0111.0 cloud: A church. Through the roof an arm grasping a golden anchor by its ring. The flukes of the anchor are at top in clouds. Motto in black letters at bottom on silver scroll in three folds. 0303.0 cloud: A cloud at right from which emerges a naked arm and hand holding a hammer uplifted against a green mountain to left. Motto in black letters on silver scroll above. 0050.0 cloud: A cloud from which stream rays from the sun. An armed hand and a sword. 0106.0 cloud: A gold anchor hanging below clouds. Motto in gold letters below. 0273.0 cloud: A gold anchor suspended from the clouds. Motto below in gold letters. 0274.0 cloud: A hand holding a sword issuing from a cloud and cleaving the head of a Roundhead. 0209.0 cloud: A hand issuing from a cloud, holding a sword. 0392.0 cloud: A naked arm and hand from clouds on left holding an iron stilus (pen) pointing to an inscription: 'I Petri Cap. 2 Ve. 17.' 0237.0 cloud: A naked arm and hand issue from clouds at left. In the hand a vertical unsheathed sword (falchion), the black handle composed of the three beams of a cross moline. 0132.0 cloud: A ship at sea with flags of St George at fore and aft and at stern. A fire at top of centre mast on to which a naked arm from cloud at top centre pours oil from jug. 0305.0 cloud: A three-masted ship at sea. On each mast is flag of St George. The stern is on fire and at top right are clouds from which bends an angel. 0173.0 cloud: Along the right side blue clouds, from which a left naked arm and hand issues holding a black flag, with inscription (the motto) in gold letters: 'Aut hunc aut super hunc.' 0022.0 cloud: An armed arm and hand issuing from clouds at left and holding a vertical unsheathed sword

(falchion). 0038.0 cloud: An armed arm and hand with a vertical unsheathed sword issuing from dark cloud on right. Motto in gold letters at bottom. 0432.0 cloud: An armed arm and hand issue from cloud at left holding raised unsheathed curved sword (falchion). First half of motto at top right in gold letters. 0371.0 cloud: An armed hand out of clouds extending downwards and holding a green laurel wreath, at the bottom of which is a gold rose. 0460.0 cloud: An armed hand with sword issues from cloud at right and strikes at the ivy entwined around an oak tree. 0221.0 cloud: An armed man with a white plume in his helmet. In right hand he holds a sword. In left hand he holds a book (Bible?). On his arm a parchment (Magna Charta). In the right corner clouds. 0427.0 cloud: An imperial gold crown. Below, a hand from a cloud holds a wreath of laurel at right. Motto is below in gold letters. 0089.0 cloud: An soldier galloping on a white horse. Over his right shoulder an orange sash. In his helmet, orange and white feathers. Clouds inscribed with the word 'Deus.' 0180.0 cloud: Arm clothed in red and naked hand extended from cloud at right holding skull. Motto at bottom in black letters on white banner. 0214.0 cloud: Armed arm and hand from cloud at left with raised sword. Motto at right of banner on vertical screw. 0340.0 cloud: Armed arm and hand from cloud at left holding vertical unsheathed sword. 0241.0 cloud: Armed arm and naked hand from cloud at left holding raised unsheathed sword. Motto below in gold letters. 0313.0 cloud: Armed arm and naked hand from cloud at left with raised unsheathed sword. 0363.0 cloud: Armed arm and hand from cloud at right side holding raised unsheathed sword and olive branch. 0183.0 cloud: Armed arm and naked hand from cloud at left holding raised unsheathed sword. Motto below in gold letters. 0337.0 cloud: Armed arm and naked hand from cloud at left holding raised unsheathed sword. 0342.0 cloud: Armed left arm and hand issue from cloud at right with vertical unsheathed sword. Motto at top on banner of three folds. 0353.0 cloud: Arms of Rogers family of Dorset at top right. At top right corner a cloud from which issue the two mottoes. The eye of God in the cloud. At bottom right, a green trefoil. 0418.0 cloud: Arrows raining down from clouds at top right towards bottom left. Motto in black letters diagonally from bottom right to top left. 0047.0 cloud: At base a blue cloud from which rises a left hand displaying its palm, the wrist partly clothed in crimson with a silver edge. 0145.0 cloud: At bottom naked bleeding bodies pierced by arrows that have fallen from a cloud at top centre. In

Indexes and Lists cloud is inscription: 'lehovah.' 0412.0 cloud: At centre a cloud from which issues an arm and hand holding a vertical unsheathed sword ensigned with gold crown. Motto in gold letters. 0054.0 cloud: At centre a naked arm issues from cloud and points at green tree. 0245.0 cloud: At centre a red heart. At top right a cloud from which a naked hand points at the heart. In the cloud an eye with the inscription 'Deus videt.' 0220.0 cloud: At centre naked arm and hand issue from cloud holding vertical unsheathed curved sword (falchion). 0244.0 cloud: At middle left, a vertical closed book (Bible?) with gold clasps and binding. At right upper corner are clouds, from which issues a naked arm and hand, holding an unsheathed sword. 0277.0 cloud: At right a cloud from which issues hand holding vertical sword with gold hilt. Motto at centre in black letters on banner in three folds. 0312.0 cloud: At right an armed arm and hand from a cloud with a drawn sword pointing to right side. 0278.0 cloud: At right, clouds from which issue an arm and hand clothed in gold holding a skull. Opposite at left is a gold bishop's mitre. At top in black letters is the motto on a silver scroll. 0212.0 cloud: At right side clouds shaded with crimson, from which issue an armed arm and hand holding a vertical unsheathed sword. 0314.0 cloud: At top centre the sun surrounded by clouds. Motto at bottom in black letters on white banner in two folds. 0449.0 cloud: At top centre clouds with sun. At top left and right are two gold doves flying, each holding label in three folds with motto in gold letters. 0338.0 cloud: At top clouds. Just below, two white angels, habited, crined, and winged. Label with motto in black letters is held by angels. 0333.0 cloud: At top left a naked arm and hand from clouds, holding an unsheathed sword. Motto in black letters below on silver banner in three folds. 0174.0 cloud: At top left, clouds discharging rain. At top right corner appears the sun and sunbeams. The motto in black letters on silver horizontal scroll of three folds in lower half. 0296.0 cloud: At top of column is regal crown, placed or held there by naked arm and hand issuing from cloud ATTOPRIGHT

0451.0

cloud: At top right is gold eye in blue clouds. 0071.0 cloud: At top right a cloud from which issues a naked hand holding an unsheathed sword that is pointed diagonally down to bottom left. 0457.0 cloud: At top right a red star. At centre a cloud from which issues a naked hand holding a vertical unsheathed sword which is ensigned by a gold crown lined in red. 0437.0 cloud: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left a black roundel surrounded by clouds out of

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which the sun is appearing. 0297.0 cloud: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left a silver armed arm issuing from a cloud and holding a silver lamp. 0141.0 cloud: Blue clouds in right corner from which issues a naked arm and hand holding an unsheathed sword with a gold hilt. To left is closed book (Bible?) with gold clasps. 0279.0 cloud: Book (Bible) at base inscribed 'Verbum dei.' It rests on clouds from which issues at right an armed arm and hand holding flaming sword above book. 0468.0 cloud: Cloud at bottom right from which issues a gold hand holding a gold sword encircled by a gold laurel wreath. At left centre a canton azure with saltire argent. 0006.0 cloud: Cloud at top from which issues naked hand holding sword which points down across an open book (Bible?) to gold crown. Motto at bottom on horizontal white label. 0470.0 cloud: Cloud at top centre from which issues a naked hand holding balance and pair of scales. In right scale a gold book (Bible) weighs all down. Oil 1.0 cloud: Clouds at centre from which issue two arms and hands. At right an arm and hand holding an unsheathed sword as if ready to strike. At left, the left arm and hand holding a mason's trowel. 0181.0 cloud: Clouds at right, from which issues armed arm and hand holding a raised sword (falchion) with a gold hilt. The motto in black letters at top on silver label in three folds. 0092.0 cloud: Clouds at top from which hangs a gold anchor suspended by its flukes. The motto is placed horizontally at the centre in gold letters. 0414.0 cloud: Clouds at top. In centre the sun and naked arm and hand that catch a falling man dressed in red. He appears to be falling from or past rugged rocks towards the sea. 0001.0 cloud: Clouds on left and right sides. From right side issues arm and hand, holding a vertical unsheathed sword ensigned on the point with a ducal crown. From left issue two right arms. 0393.0 cloud: Five hands reaching for a crown. An armed hand from a cloud defends the crown. 0387.0 cloud: From black and red clouds on right issues a naked arm and hand holding a vertical sword with gold hilt. Motto in black letters on gold scroll at left. 0149.0 cloud: From bottom left to middle right side, silver clouds. Near middle at bottom a vertical closed book (Bible?) with gold clasps. On front cover, it is inscribed 'Verbum Dei.' 0467.0 cloud: From c louds to right issues an armed left arm and hand holding an unsheathed sword with a gold hilt as if to strike the armed men. 0433.0 cloud: From cloud at top right issue an armed arm and hand with raised sword. Motto below in black letters on white banner. 0057.0 cloud: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand

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with raised sword. At bottom left a skull encircled by a silver laurel wreath. 0032.0 cloud: From cloud at top centre issues a gold portcullis. Motto below in black letters on white banner in three folds. 0095.0 cloud: From cloud at top right issues a naked hand holding a pistol with gold barrel that points diagonally down to bottom left. Motto is along barrel of pistol. 0026.0 cloud: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand holding a vertical unsheathed sword. First motto above in gold letters on silver scroll. 0087.0 cloud: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. To left a gold pelican in nest vulns itself to draw blood for its young. 0287.0 cloud: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. At bottom left an altar with fire upon it. Motto above in black letters on silver banner in three folds. 0176.0 cloud: From cloud at right issues armed arm and hand with raised sword. Motto below on horizontal white banner. 0328.0 cloud: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. To left a gold book (Bible?) inscribed: 'Verbum Dei.' Motto at top in black letters on silver banner in three folds. 0339.0 cloud: From cloud at bottom centre issues a naked hand holding a raised unsheathed curved sword (falchion). First motto in red letters below blade of sword. 0226.0 cloud: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. At bottom left a globe (?) or sphere (?). 0464.0 cloud: From cloud at right issued a naked arm and hand with raised sword. 0153.0 cloud: From cloud at top centre issues armed arm and right hand with raised sword. Motto below in black letters on white scroll in three folds. 0358.0 cloud: From clouds at right issues naked arm and left hand holding an unsheathed sword with gold hilt. 0331.0 cloud: From clouds at top right issues a naked arm and hand holding an unsheathed sword which points at a gold triple Papal crown which lies in bottom left corner. 0110.0 cloud: From right side, clouds and issuing from them a naked arm and hand holding a white flag on which is motto in black letters. 0023.0 cloud: From right thick clouds rain fire and blood. 0439.0 cloud: From white cloud at left centre issues an armed arm and naked hand holding a vertical unsheathed curved sword (falchion). Motto in black letters on white banner in four folds. 0431.0 cloud: From white clouds at base issue an armed arm and hand, holding a vertical unsheathed sword. Above the sword at the top is the motto in black letters on a silver scroll of three folds. 0122.0 cloud: In each corner a gold branch of laurel. In top right corner, blue clouds and sun in glory. Beneath in left bottom corner, a gold sundial on a white

stone base. 0010.0 cloud: In right corner a sun breaking through heavy dark blue clouds. Motto below in black letters on white label in three folds. 0113.0 cloud: In the centre a round head. On its top the letter P (for Puritan) but Kightly's source says an axe. From a cloud issues a hand with a sword.0117.0 cloud: Motto on banner in three folds. From cloud at top left issues an armed arm and naked hand holding an unsheathed sword. On blade of sword is inscribed 'fiat Justitia.' 0048.0 cloud: Naked arm and hand issue from cloud at right and pointing to seven gold stars. Motto at top in black letters on white banner. 0017.0 cloud: Naked right arm and hand issue from cloud at right holding a vertical unsheathed sword (falchion). 0346.0 cloud: On right side blue clouds, from which issue a naked left arm and hand holding a black flag with gold tassels with an inscription in gold letters that forms the motto 'lehovah nissi.' 0165.0 cloud: The candle has just been extinguished by a human head (Wind) issuing from c louds at left. 0423.0 cloud: The sun enveloped by clouds. 0262.0 cloud: Three pairs of hands folded in each other. On each side of them issuing from a cloud three naked arms and hands holding unsheathed swords. 0384.0 cloud: To left two arms issue from clouds, the one supporting a chalice with a host over it, the other holding a sword to defend them. 0322.0 coach: Motto on banner at top left. At top right an empty throne surrounded by people. At centre a coach drawn by four horses with King (?) inside. 0361.0 cock: At top right a gold cock with red beak, crest and wattles standing on blue and white heraldic wreath. Motto in gold letters on white scroll. 0056.0 column: A gold Corinthian column with a low round base. In the middle of the shaft is a shield with the arms of the City of London. 0451.0 column: An erect column surmounted by a crown enfiled by a sceptre in bend dexter and a naked sword with gold hilt sinister, saltire-wise. Motto on right. 0159.0 column: At right a silver column on a square base. Issuing from the left an armed arm and hand with an unsheathed sword. The sword is broken against the column. 0043.0 column: Horizontally across centre, a silver label with motto in black letters. A gold Corinthian column on a square base. The shaft of the column is 0424. BROKCN AT THE TOP RIGHT. committee: A committee seated at a table. 0444.0 cornfield: Landscape with houses, cornfields, etc., invaded by a beggarly people. 0028.0 crane: A falcon seizing a crane or heron, but the heron draws blood with his beak from the falcon's throat. The motto at the top on a silver scroll. 0258.0

Indexes and Lists crane: At centre a white crane with gold beak and talons within a green laurel wreath. The crane holds a gold stone in one talon. Both mottoes in gold letters. 0462.0 crest: At right, an armorial crest: on a silver and red heraldic wreath, a demi arm and hand issuant, clothed in red and holding a vertical sword, on which, in the middle, a leopard's head. 0288.0 crosier: Below is the second motto and below that the triple crown of the Pope with his c rosier and staff, and a rosary. 0453.0 cross: A naked arm and hand issue from clouds at left. In the hand a vertical unsheathed sword (falchion), the black handle composed of the three beams of a cross moline. 0132.0 cross: A black cross. 0132.1 cross: A white cross. 0354.0 cross: At four extremities of saltire are red lion (top right), red heart (bottom right), silver bear (top left), black cross (bottom left). 0054.0 cross: At right a silver shield with black cross molline. Motto diagonally in black letters. 0082.0 cross: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left Christ carrying his cross on his shoulder. 0285.0 cross: Inscribed with the name of 'Jesus' ('IHS') with a cross. 0178.0 cross: Religion or Hope (woman in blue with gold wings) standing on a skeleton (Death). Close by a broken cross. Attached to one arm of cross is a red bridle. 0207.0 crown: 1st motto at top right above crest of crown and gold dragon standing on heraldic wreath of blue and gold. To left is second motto in gold letters on silver scroll. 0150.0 crown: A bishop's mitre pierced by a sword with a crown imperial at its point. At left a hand fires a pistol at both. 0430.0 crown: A broken crown and sceptre, and a broken mitre. 0204.0 crown: A crown above, a mitre below. To the side the Parliament building interior. The motto in black letters on a white banner in four folds. 0252.0 crown: A crown at left and a mitre at 0406.0 crown: A crown. 0070.0 crown: A green mount with a silver reversed pyramid, surmounted by a gold ducal crown. The motto to either side of this device. 0045.0 crown: A lion and a unicorn struggle for a crown imperial upon a lance. The crown is almost thrown off by the horn of the unicorn, but is held in place by the lion's paw. 0386.0 crown: A red heart above which is a gold crown. Seven red stars below. The mottoes in gold letters. 0224.0 crown: A vertical sword at centre impaling the Pope's triple crown of gold, with the English crown imperial on the point of it. 0481.0 crown: A vertical sword at centre impaling the Pope's triple crown of gold, with the English crown imperial on the point of it. 0481.0

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crown: An erect column surmounted by a crown enfiled by a sceptre in bend dexter and a naked sword with gold hilt sinister, saltire-wise. Motto on right. 0159.0 crown: An imperial gold crown. Below, a hand from a cloud holds a wreath of laurel at right. Motto is below in gold letters. 0089.0 crown: An open book (Bible?) with clasps, inscribed 'Inseparabilia.' Above is a crown enfiled by a sceptre in bend dexter and a naked sword in bend sinister, saltire-wise. 0084.0 crown: At centre a cloud from which issues an arm and hand holding a vertical unsheathed sword ensigned with gold crown. Motto in gold letters. 0054.0 crown: At right a gold throne on which sits king (Charles I) with crown, sceptre, royal crimson mantle. To his left a bishop in black with square cap with his left hand near king's heart. 0099.0 crown: At top a gold crown lined in red. Below crossed gold sword and sceptre. First motto gold letters at bottom on white scroll. On reverse is second motto only in gold letters. 0250.0 crown: At top a gold crown with red lining. Below is the motto in semi-circle in gold letters. 0066.0 crown: At top a crown. 0422.0 crown: At top centre a gold royal crown. Below a gold harp. Motto in black letters on silver label to either side and below device. 0216.0 crown: At top left the Home crest of silver lion's head on blue and silver heraldic wreath with gold crown above. First motto in gold letters on silver scroll above the crest. 0440.0 crown: At top of column is regal crown, placed or held there by naked arm and hand issuing from clouds at top right. 0451.0 crown: At top right a red star. At centre a cloud from which issues a naked hand holding a vertical unsheathed sword which is ensigned by a gold crown lined in red. 0437.0 crown: At upper right is gold crest of winged lightning and thunderbolt surmounted by a crown (Carnegie crest). Below crest is first motto. Second motto in gold letters on silver scroll at left. 0091.0 crown: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left the figure of Christ delivering the Fathers out of Limbo. 0459.0 crown: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left the figure of Judith holding a sword with Holofernes' severed head impaled upon it0088.0 crown: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left a silver armed arm issuing from a cloud and holding a silver lamp. 0141.0 crown: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' 0322.0 crown: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left the Resurrection of Christ. 0112.0

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crown: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left Christ carrying his cross on his shoulder. 0285.0 crown: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left a black roundel surrounded by clouds out of which the sun is appearing. 0297.0 crown: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left a red crucifix. 0011.0 crown: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' 0063.0 crown: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left an armed man setting fire to John Calvin's book Institutes. 0413.0 crown: Below is the second motto and below that the triple c rown of the Pope with his crosier and staff, and a rosary. 0453.0 crown: Cloud at top from which issues naked hand holding sword which points down across an open book (Bible?) to gold crown. Motto at bottom on horizontal white label. 0470.0 crown: Clouds on left and right sides. From right side issues arm and hand, holding a vertical unsheathed sword ensigned on the point with a ducal crown. From left issue two right arms. 0393.0 crown: Five hands reaching for a crown. An armed hand from a cloud defends the crown. 0387.0 crown: Fortune with her wheel holding a crown in her right hand and extending left hand with five halters to five men. 0062.0 crown: From clouds at top right issues a naked arm and hand holding an unsheathed sword which points at a gold triple Papal crown which lies in bottom left corner. 0110.0 crown: From the right of this flag issues a bloody hand pointing to the c rown on top of the arms. 0086.0 crown: Gold crowned lion passant below gold crown and motto on silver label. 0085.0 crown: Horizontal gold sceptre, above which is a golden crown. 0293.0 crown: King Charles I on white horse with the crown on his head, the sceptre in his hand, and many men before in postures of supplication. 0281.0 crown: The Pope (in centre) on a golden throne and wearing a gold mantle ornamented with rubies, and a triple crown. 0016.0 crown: Three gold crowns in centre. Above is motto in black letters on white banner. 0374.0 crowned: Crowned lion passant below which is first motto. Above are royal arms on a flag, at the top of which is the second motto. 0086.0 crowned: Gold crowned lion passant below gold crown and motto on silver label. 0085.0 crowned: Red lion rampant crowned gold. First motto at top in gold letters. To either side of the lion's head the letters 'CR' ('Charles Rex'). Second motto at bottom in gold letters. 0128.0

crucifix: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left a red crucifix. 0011.0 dagger: Within a laurel wreath, daggers held by hands guarding the Parliament building, in which nine men are seated. 0290.0 diamond: A diamond. 0223.0 die: A die at centre showing only the odd numbers. 0447.0 die: A die with a hand casting it. 0403.0 dog: Five dogs attack a lion. The dogs have labels from their mouths, each with the name 'Pym.' A large dog has a label from his mouth with the name 'Kimbolton.' 0385.0 dove: A large cage two doves inside. Above perches a robin redbreast. From its beak a silver label on which is the motto in black letters. 0263.0 dove: A white brrd (dove?) on green mound. 0188.0 dove: At top centre clouds with sun. At top left and right are two gold doves flying, each holding label in three folds with motto in gold letters. 0338.0 dove: At top right a crowned gold dove (eagle) standing on a red and white heraldic wreath (Lord Balmerino's crest). A snake rears up from the wreath. 0370.0 dragon: 1st motto at top right above crest of crown and gold dragon standing on heraldic wreath of blue and gold. To left is second motto in gold letters on silver scroll. 0150.0 dragon: At bottom, on its back, a dragon with part of a spear in its neck. The broken part of the spear shaft lies at bottom left. 0419.0 dragon: With his left he kills white d ragon with lance-thrust through dragon's neck. 0381.0 eagle: A gold eagle, as if just rising from the earth to fly, with one end of a white banner in its beak on which is the motto in black letters. 0234.0 eagle: A golden griffin rampant, grasping in fore-paws or talons a black two-headed eagle. Motto at top in black letters on white scroll. 0475.0 eagle: At top right a crowned gold dove (eagle) standing on a red and white heraldic wreath (Lord Balmerino's crest). A snake rears up from the wreath. 0370.0 ear: A human head, the ears cut off, and the head cut and mangled. 0259.0 ermin: An ermin. 0205.0 ermin: Unicorn with ermin coat standing erect before gold sun. 0243.0 estoil: First motto in black letters on white scroll at top. Below at top centre is six-pointed silver star (estoil) and below that a candle in a gold candlestick. 0423.0 eye: Arms of Rogers family of Dorset at top right. At top right corner a cloud from which issue the two mottoes. The eye of God in the cloud. At bottom right, a green trefoil. 0418.0 eye: At centre a red heart. At top right a cloud from which a naked hand points at the heart. In the cloud an eye with the inscription 'Deus videt.' 0220.0 eye: At top right is gold eye in blue clouds. 0071.0

Indexes and Lists falcon: A falcon seizing a crane or heron, but the heron draws blood with his beak from the falcon's throat. The motto at the top on a silver scroll. 0258.0 falcon: An heraldic crest: on a silver and black heraldic wreath, standing on a bundle of arrows with gold shafts, a white falcon with gold bells ('belled or'). At top a blank silver label. 0239.0 feather: Vertical unsheathed sword with gold handle between two ostrich feathers upon heraldic wreath. 0251.0 fight: Two armed men on white horses fighting each other. Man on right has plume of red feathers, a red sash, and red breeches. 0029.0 fire: A ship at sea with flags of St George at fore and aft and at stern. A fire at top of centre mast on to which a naked arm from cloud at top centre pours oil from jug. 0305.0 fire: A three-masted ship at sea. On each mast is flag of St George. The stern is on fire and at top right are clouds from which bends an angel. 0173.0 fire: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left an armed man setting fire to John Calvin's book Institutes. 0413.0 fire: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. At bottom left an altar with fire upon it. Motto above in black letters on silver banner in three folds. 0176.0 fire: From right thick clouds rain fire and blood. 0439.0 fire: He rides from a green hill into a fire representing the flames of Hell. 0400.0 five: Five dogs attack a lion. The dogs have labels from their mouths, each with the name 'Pym.' A large dog has a label from his mouth with the name 'Kimbolton.' 0385.0 flag: A battle between two armies, one in retreat. A white flag with white canton and red cross lies on ground at bottom centre. Victorious leader has yellow feathers in helmet. 0147.0 five: Five hands reaching for a crown. An armed hand from a cloud defends the crown. 0387.0 five: Fortune with her wheel holding a crown in her right hand and extending left hand with five halters to five men. 0062.0 five: Head of a stag supported by five hands. 0009.0 flag: A ship at sea with flags of St George at fore and aft and at stern. A fire at top of centre mast on to which a naked arm from cloud at top centre pours oil from jug. 0305.0 flag: A three-masted ship at sea. On each mast is flag of St George. The stern is on fire and at top right are clouds from which bends an angel. 0173.0 flag: Along the right side blue clouds, from which a left naked arm and hand issues holding a black flag, with inscription (the motto) in gold letters: 'Aut hunc aut super hunc.' 0022.0 flag: Crowned lion passant below which is first motto. Above are royal arms on a flag, at the top of which is the second motto. 0086.0 flag: From right side, clouds and issuing from them a

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naked arm and hand holding a white flag on which is motto in black letters. 0023.0 flag: In circlet a trophy of weapons and flags, against which a white rampant lion stands guard. In its right paw, an unsheathed sword with gold hilt. 0334.0 flag: In circlet, a trophy of weapons and flags, against which a white rampant lion stands guard. In its right paw, an unsheathed sword with gold hilt. Its left paw rests on a helmet on pile. 0335.0 flag: On right side blue clouds, from which issue a naked left arm and hand holding a black flag with gold tassels with an inscription in gold letters that forms the motto 'lehovah nissi.' 0165.0 flag: Warwick Castle with portcullis, towers, and battlements. On it a red flag with white canton, charged with cross of St George. 0408.0 flame: A large building in flames. Motto in black letters at top on silver scroll. 0276.0 flame: A soldier, his helmet adorned with silver and blue feathers. On his breast a red human heart in flames. His left arm and hand akimbo. In his right an unsheathed sword with a gold hilt. 0127.0 flame: A walled city. Below on horizontal silver label is motto in black letters. Below this is group of silver human hearts, from the tops of which flames issue. 0004.0 flaming: 'To right an armed arm and hand lift curved sword that is f laming at tip. 0467.0 fleur-de-lis: A fleur-de-lis of silver at each corner. In centre a circlet from which silver rays issue. Motto in silver letters at centre of circlet. 0081.0 fleur-de-lis: A silver circlet like a sun. A silver fleur-de-lis in each corner. 0429.0 fleurs-de-lis: A walnut tree, on which hangs a blue shield with 3 gold fleurs-de-lis with a charge to denote 1st son. 0142.0 fleurs-de-lis: Two red flowers (fleurs-de-lis?). Above them the motto on a white scroll. 0140.0 flower: Two red flowers (fleurs-de-lis?). Above them the motto on a white scroll. 0140.0 foliage: At centre a red pot (lily pot) with green foliage. 0126.0 forehead: Armed man with raised sword in right hand but with left hand raised to forehead in gesture of thought. Motto above on banner. 0225.0 fox: A fox in a barrel. 0041.0 friar: A friar (Jesuit?) dressed in grey robe with beads and cross at waist attempts to pull down on the lighter side at left. 0111.0 friar: Facing king is a friar (or Jesuit) in long brown garment with black walking staff in left hand. 0099.0 furnace: From middle to top an arch representing a burning oven or fiery furnace. Below is motto in black letters on a silver scroll. 0375.0 gallows: A gallows with a rope hanging ready. 0486.0 gallows: An Irishman 'in Trowzes' (trousers) hanging from the gallows. Motto above in black letters on silver banner. 0155.0 globe: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand

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with raised sword. At bottom left a globe (?) or sphere (?). 0464.0 goat: Heraldic crest of silver goat's head with gold horns on a blue and silver heraldic wreath at centre. Immediately above is first motto in gold letters on silver scroll. 0420.0 goat: Head of a goat, encircled by a laurel wreath, at centre of saltire 0050.4 griffin: A golden griffin rampant, grasping in fore-paws or talons a black two-headed eagle. Motto at top in black letters on white scroll. 0475.0 griffin: Motto at bottom on gold label or scroll in black letters. Issuing from this, like a crest, a black demi griffin in the centre with raised wings, gold beak and talons, and a red tongue. 0299.0 gun: A soldier mounted on a white horse. He wears red breeches, a sword by his by his side, and a helmet with red and white (yellow in Williams ms) feathers. He shoots a gun. 0148.0 gun: From right march foot soldiers, their guns presented against an armed man on a bay horse. He has three yellow feathers in his helmet. He wears red breeches. 0222.0 gun: He points a gun at his adversary, who has orange sash and 3 orange feathers in helmet. 0029.0 halter: Fortune with her wheel holding a crown in her right hand and extending left hand with five halters to five men. 0062.0 hammer: A cloud at right from which emerges a naked arm and hand holding a hammer uplifted against a green mountain to left. Motto in black letters on silver scroll above. 0050.0 hand: A bishop's mitre pierced by a sword with a crown imperial at its point. At left a hand fires a pistol at both. 0430.0 hand: A cloud at right from which emerges a naked arm and hand holding a hammer uplifted against a green mountain to left. Motto in black letters on silver scroll above. 0050.0 hand: A cloud from which stream rays from the sun. An armed hand and a sword. 0106.0 hand: A die with a hand casting it. 0403.0 hand: A hand and a sword. 0170.0 hand: A hand holding a sword issuing from a cloud and cleaving the head of a Roundhead. 0209.0 hand: A hand issuing from a cloud, holding a sword. 0392.0 hand: A hand repelling a book. 0129.0 hand: A naked arm and hand from clouds on left holding an iron stilus (pen) pointing to an inscription: 'I Petri Cap. 2 Ve. 0237.0 hand: A naked arm and hand issue from clouds at left. In the hand a vertical unsheathed sword (falchion), the black handle composed of the three beams of a cross moline. 0132.0 hand: A naked hand from bottom right with an unsheathed sword. 0024.0 hand: A red naked hand issuing from bottom right holding a raised sword. 0316.0 hand: Along the right side blue clouds, from which a left naked arm and hand issues holding a black flag,

with inscription (the motto) in gold letters: 'Aut hunc aut super hunc.' 0022.0 hand: An arm and hand from right with a book. 0359.0 hand: An armed arm and naked hand issue from right holding a heart. Motto below in black letters on gold banner. 0348.0 hand: An armed arm and hand with a vertical unsheathed sword issuing from dark cloud on right. Motto in gold letters at bottom. 0432.0 hand: An armed arm and hand issue from cloud at left holding raised unsheathed curved sword (falchion). First half of motto at top right in gold letters. 0371.0 hand: An armed arm and hand issuing from clouds at left and holding a vertical unsheathed sword (falchion). 0038.0 hand: An armed hand with sword issues from cloud at right and strikes at the ivy entwined around an oak tree. 0221.0 hand: An armed hand out of clouds extending downwards and holding a green laurel wreath, at the bottom of which is a gold rose. 0460.0 hand: An imperial gold crown. Below, a hand from a cloud holds a wreath of laurel at right. Motto is below in gold letters. 0089.0 hand: Arm clothed in red and naked hand extended from cloud at right holding skull. Motto at bottom in black letters on white banner. 0214.0 hand: Armed arm and naked hand from cloud at left holding raised unsheathed sword. Motto below in gold letters. 0337.0 hand: Armed arm and naked hand from cloud at left holding raised unsheathed sword. 0342.0 hand: Armed arm and naked hand from cloud at left with raised unsheathed sword. 0363.0 hand: Armed arm and hand from cloud at right side holding raised unsheathed sword and olive branch. 0183.0 hand: Armed arm and naked hand from cloud at left holding raised unsheathed sword. Motto below in gold letters. 0313.0 hand: Armed arm and hand from cloud at left with raised sword. Motto at right of banner on vertical screw. 0340.0 hand: Armed arm and hand from cloud at left holding vertical unsheathed sword. 0241.0 hand: Armed left arm and hand issue from cloud at right with vertical unsheathed sword. Motto at top on banner of three folds. 0353.0 hand: At base a blue cloud from which rises a left hand displaying its palm, the wrist partly clothed in crimson with a silver edge. 0145.0 hand: At centre a red heart. At top right a cloud from which a naked hand points at the heart. In the cloud an eye with the inscription 'Deus videt.' 0220.0 hand: At centre a cloud from which issues an arm and hand holding a vertical unsheathed sword ensigned with gold crown. Motto in gold letters. 0054.0 hand: At centre a pale grey castle standing upon a blue-grey rock and encircled by a green wreath.

Indexes and Lists At top right issues a gloved hand holding a vertical unsheathed sword. 0055.0 hand: At centre naked arm and hand issue from cloud holding vertical unsheathed curved sword (falchion). 0244.0 hand: At centre severed head of Charles I, bleeding, a hand issuing from a cloud, holding a sword. 0076.0 hand: At left, hand holding raised unsheathed sword about to cut off the head of the Hydra at right. 0438.0 hand: At middle left, a vertical closed book (Bible?) with gold clasps and binding. At right upper corner are clouds, from which issues a naked arm and hand, holding an unsheathed sword. 0277.0 hand: At right a cloud from which issues hand holding vertical sword with gold hilt. Motto at centre in black letters on banner in three folds. 0312.0 hand: At right a silver column on a square base. Issuing from the left an armed arm and hand with an unsheathed sword. The sword is broken against the column. 0043.0 hand: At right an armed arm and hand from a cloud with a drawn sword pointing to right side. 0278.0 hand: At right, an armorial crest: on a silver and red heraldic wreath, a demi arm and hand issuant, clothed in red and holding a vertical sword, on which, in the middle, a leopard's head. 0288.0 hand: At right, clouds from which issue an arm and hand clothed in gold holding a skull. Opposite at left is a gold bishop's mitre. At top in black letters is the motto on a silver scroll. 0212.0 hand: At right side clouds shaded with crimson, from which issue an armed arm and hand holding a vertical unsheathed sword. 0314.0 hand: At top left a naked arm and hand from clouds, holding an unsheathed sword. Motto in black letters below on silver banner in three folds. 0174.0 hand: At top of column is regal crown, placed or held there by naked arm and hand issuing from clouds at top right. 0451.0 hand: At top right a cloud from which issues a naked hand holding an unsheathed sword that is pointed diagonally down to bottom left. 0457.0 hand: At top right a red star. At centre a cloud from which issues a naked hand holding a vertical unsheathed sword which is ensigned by a gold crown lined in red. 0437.0 hand: Bleeding head of Charles I severed by ax held by hand issuing from left. Motto on banner at right. 0397.0 hand: Blue clouds in right corner from which issues a naked arm and hand holding an unsheathed sword with a gold hilt. To left is closed book (Bible?) with gold clasps. 0279.0 hand: Book (Bible) at base inscribed 'Verbum dei.' It rests on clouds from which issues at right an armed arm and hand holding flaming sword above book. 0468.0 hand: Cloud at bottom right from which issues a gold hand holding a gold sword encircled by a gold laurel wreath. At left centre a canton azure with saltire

285

argent. 0006.0 hand: Cloud at top centre from which issues a naked hand holding balance and pair of scales. In right scale a gold book (Bible) weighs all down. 0111.0 hand: Cloud at top from which issues naked hand holding sword which points down across an open book (Bible?) to gold crown. Motto at bottom on horizontal white label. 0470.0 hand: Clouds at centre from which issue two arms and hands. At right an arm and hand holding an unsheathed sword as if ready to strike. At left, the left arm and hand holding a mason's trowel. 0181.0 hand: Clouds at right, from which issues armed arm and hand holding a raised sword (falchion) with a gold hilt. The motto in black letters at top on silver label in three folds. 0092.0 hand: Clouds at top. In centre the sun and naked arm and hand that catch a falling man dressed in red. He appears to be falling from or past rugged rocks towards the sea. 0001.0 hand: Clouds on left and right sides. From right side issues arm and hand, holding a vertical unsheathed sword ensigned on the point with a ducal crown. From left issue two right arms. 0393.0 hand: Five hands reaching for a crown. An armed hand from a cloud defends the crown. 0387.0 hand: From below an armed hand grasps sword at handle to make a square. 0338.0 hand: From black and red clouds on right issues a naked arm and hand holding a vertical sword with gold hilt. Motto in black letters on gold scroll at left. 0149.0 hand: From blue material at right issues armed arm and hand with raised sword. From red material at left issues naked hand with a book (Bible?). 0469.0 hand: From bottom issues an armed right arm and hand holding an uplifted unsheathed sword. Above the sword is the motto in black letters on silver scroll of three folds. 0139.0 hand: From bottom right issues a hand with olive branch. At bottom right centre a blue book (Bible?), at bottom left centre an oval containing a landscape (?) with green trees (?). 0422.0 hand: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. At bottom left a skull encircled by a silver laurel wreath. 0032.0 hand: From cloud at right issues a naked arm and hand with raised sword. 0153.0 hand: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand holding a vertical unsheathed sword. First motto above in gold letters on silver scroll. 0087.0 hand: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. At bottom left a globe (?) or sphere (?). 0464.0 hand: From cloud at right issues armed arm and hand with raised sword. Motto below on horizontal white banner. 0328.0 hand: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. To left a gold pelican in nest vulns itself to draw blood for its young. 0287.0

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hand: From cloud at top centre issues armed arm and right hand with raised sword. Motto below in black letters on white scroll in three folds. 0358.0 hand: From cloud at bottom centre issues a naked hand holding a raised unsheathed curved sword (falchion). First motto in red letters below blade of sword. 0226.0 hand: From cloud at top right issues a naked hand holding a pistol with gold barrel that points diagonally down to bottom left. Motto is along barrel of pistol. 0026.0 hand: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. To left a gold book (Bible?) inscribed: 'Verbum Dei.' Motto at top in black letters on silver banner in three folds. 0339.0 hand: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. At bottom left an altar with fire upon it. Motto above in black letters on silver banner in three folds. 0176.0 hand: From cloud at top right issue an armed arm and hand with raised sword. Motto below in black letters on white banner. 0057.0 hand: From clouds at right issues naked arm and left hand holding an unsheathed sword with gold hilt. 0331.0 hand: From clouds at top right issues a naked arm and hand holding an unsheathed sword which points at a gold triple Papal crown which lies in bottom left corner. 0110.0 hand: From clouds to right issues an armed left arm and hand holding an unsheathed sword with a gold hilt as if to strike the armed men. 0433.0 hand: From right a hand clothed in red with sword pointing to red heart below. Motto in black letters above and below device. 0025.0 hand: From right side issue an armed arm and hand grasping an unsheathed sword. Near the bottom, the motto in black letters on gold scroll of three folds. 0036.0 hand: From right side issues armed arm and hand. Motto at top on silver scroll. 0463.0 hand: From right side, clouds and issuing from them a naked arm and hand holding a white flag on which is motto in black letters. 0023.0 hand: From the right of this flag issues a bloody hand pointing to the crown on top of the arms. 0086.0 hand: From top left issues armed arm and hand holding unsheathed sword. Motto in black letters on silver scroll in three folds near bottom. 0135.0 hand: From white cloud at left centre issues an armed arm and naked hand holding a vertical unsheathed curved sword (falchion). Motto in black letters on white banner in four folds. 0431.0 hand: From white clouds at base issue an armed arm and hand, holding a vertical unsheathed sword. Above the sword at the top is the motto in black letters on a silver scroll of three folds. 0122.0 hand: Head of a stag supported by five hands. 0009.0 hand: In the centre a round head. On its top the letter P (for Puritan) but Kightly's source says an axe. From a cloud issues hand with a sword. 0117.0

hand: Motto in black letters on silver banner in screw at left. From right issues naked arm and hand with vertical unsheathed sword. 0332.0 hand: Motto on banner in three folds. From cloud at top left issues an armed arm and naked hand holding an unsheathed sword. On blade of sword is inscribed 'fiat Justitia.' 0048.0 hand: Naked arm and hand issue from cloud at right and pointing to seven gold stars. Motto at top in black letters on white banner. 0017.0 hand: Naked hand from right with laurel wreath. Motto below in gold letters. 0003.0 hand: Naked right arm and hand issue from cloud at right holding a vertical unsheathed sword (falchion). 0346.0 hand: On a blue and gold heraldic wreath, an armed right hand grasping near the bottom a broken gold tilting spear. Motto at top on silver banner in black letters. 0372.0 hand: On right side two hands draw a gold bow and shoot an arrow at a winged human heart. 0039.0 hand: On right side blue clouds, from which issue a naked left arm and hand holding a black flag with gold tassels with an inscription in gold letters that forms the motto 'lehovah nissi.' 0165.0 hand: Three pairs of hands folded in each other. On each side of them issuing from a cloud three naked arms and hands holding unsheathed swords. 0384.0 hand: Three pairs of hands folded in each other. On each side of them issuing from a cloud three naked arms and hands holding unsheathed swords. 0384.0 hand: To right an armed arm and hand lift curved sword that is flaming at tip. 0467.0 hand: Within a laurel wreath, daggers held by hands guarding the Parliament building, in which nine men are seated. 0290.0 hanging: An Irishman 'in Trowzes' (trousers) hanging from the gallows. Motto above in black letters on silver banner. 0155.0 harness: White bear's head in black harness. Motto in gold letters. 0152.0 harp: A gold harp with all the strings broken. Motto at bottom in gold letters. 0121.0 harp: A golden harp. 0282.0 harp: At top centre a gold royal crown. Below a gold harp. Motto in black letters on silver label to either side and below device. 0216.0 harp: Gold harps. 0044.0 head: A green tree on a brown mound. Motto in black letters on gold horizontal banner at base of tree. At top left a human head (Wind) blows upon the tree. 0404.0 head: A hand holding a sword issuing from a cloud and cleaving the head of a Roundhead. 0209.0 head: A human head, the ears cut off, and the head cut and mangled. 0259.0 head: A large two-storey building representing the Parliament House. On the apex of the roof are two human heads (skulls). Motto below in black

Indexes and Lists letters on silver banner in three folds. 0448.0 head: At centre a green tree growing through a table. Two heads (winds) blow upon the tree. First motto in red letters on two upper arms of saltire. 0289.0 head: At centre severed head of Charles I, bleeding, a hand issuing from a cloud, holding a sword. 0076.0 head: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left the figure of Judith holding a sword with Holofemes' severed head impaled upon it. 0088.0 head: Bleeding head of Charles I severed by ax held by hand issuing from left. Motto on banner at right. 0397.0 head: In the centre a round head. On its top the letter P (for Puritan) but Kightly's source says an axe. From a cloud issues a hand with a sword. 0117.0 head: Near bottom, on a silver and black heraldic wreath, the swarthy head of a bearded man (probably a Moor). At the top on a silver scroll in three folds, the motto in black letters. 0336.0 head: The candle has just been extinguished by a human h ead (Wind) issuing from clouds at left. 0423.0 head: Three human heads with short hair (Roundheads). 0049.0 heart: A red heart above which is a gold crown. Seven red stars below. The mottoes in gold letters. 0224.0 heart: A red heart in bend. 0317.0 heart: A red human heart pierced by three gold arrows. The motto in black letters on a silver label above in three folds. 0138.0 heart: A soldier, his helmet adorned with silver and blue feathers. On his breast a red human heart in flames. His left arm and hand akimbo. In his right an unsheathed sword with a gold hilt. 0127.0 heart: A walled city. Below on horizontal silver label is motto in black letters. Below this is group of silver human hearts, from the tops of which flames issue. 0004.0 heart: An armed arm and naked hand issue from right holding a heart. Motto below in black letters on gold banner. 0348.0 heart: At centre a red heart. At top right a cloud from which a naked hand points at the heart. In the cloud an eye with the inscription 'Deus videt.' 0220.0 heart: At four extremities of saltire are red lion (top right), red h eart (bottom right), silver bear (top left), black cross (bottom left). 0054.0 heart: From right a hand clothed in red with sword pointing to red heart below. Motto in black letters above and below device. 0025.0 heart: On right side two hands draw a gold bow and shoot an arrow at a winged human heart. 0039.0 heart: The motto in silver letters circumscribes a red human heart. 0321.0 heart: Two red hearts placed diagonally. 0318.0 helmet: A steel helmet ornamented with a gold vizor ('proper to the son of a knight'). From rear of helmet a bough with 4 branches of laurel. 0192.0

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heron: A falcon seizing a crane or heron, but the heron draws blood with his beak from the falcon's throat. The motto at the top on a silver scroll. 0258.0 heron: Four birds (herons?) feeding. 0294.0 horn: A pair of horns. 0042.0 horse: A horseman with drawn sword knocks another man from the saddle of his horse. 0097.0 horse: A soldier mounted on a white horse. He wears red breeches, a sword by his by his side, and a helmet with red and white (yellow in Williams ms) feathers. He shoots a gun. 0148.0 horse: A soldier on a horse at right with drawn sword facing a group of other mounted soldiers. Motto at top. 0373.0 horse: A white horse on which is an armed man in red breeches. His helmet has a red feather between two white. In his hand he has an unsheathed sword with a gold hilt. 0261.0 horse: An armed man mounted on a grey horse. In his right hand he holds a vertical sword. He wears an orange sash and in his helmet silver and orange feathers. 0347.0 horse: An armed man galloping on a white horse. He wears an orange sash. From his mouth issues first motto in black letters on silver scroll. The second motto at bottom in gold letters. 0345.0 horse: An armed man on a white horse. Over right shoulder a gold sash. A yellow plume on helmet. His right hand holding an unsheathed sword. Motto at top on banner with three folds. 0324.0 horse: An armed man mounted on a white horse. He wears red breeches, an orange sash, and a helmet with three orange feathers. In his hand he has a raised unsheathed sword with a gold hilt. 0445.0 horse: An armed man on a white horse with an unsheathed sword. In his helmet a plume of yellow feathers. Over his right shoulder a yellow sash. 0260.0 horse: An armed man riding full speed on a white horse. He has a general's staff in his hand and wears yellow sash. In his helmet are three yellow feathers. 0400.0 hooks: The first three men have grappling hooks (not in Williams ms) as if attempting to pull down walls of the city. 0198.0 horse: An soldier galloping on a white horse. Over his right shoulder an orange sash. In his helmet, orange and white feathers. Clouds inscribed with the word 'Deus.' 0180.0 horse: Armed man on horse with book (Bible?) in left hand on which is inscribed the first half of the motto ('Si sinistra nequeat'). 0411.0 horse: Armed man on a white horse. He wears blue breeches and red sash. He has an upraised sword. Motto below in black letters on gold banner. 0390.0 horse: At right a mountain. An armed man wearing orange sash and helmet with three orange feathers, mounted on a white horse and about to climb mountain. 0071.0 horse: At right on a horse (saliant) is a soldier. In his

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helmet three feathers (blue, yellow, & white). An unsheathed sword in his right hand. 0115.0 horse: Black horse with gold saddle and bridle. Motto in on bridle. 0196.0 horse: From right march foot soldiers, their guns presented against an armed man on a bay horse. He has three yellow feathers in his helmet. He wears red breeches. 0222.0 horse: Gold man on white horse at centre. In a circle around him is the motto in gold letters. 0052.0 horse: King Charles I on white horse with the crown on his head, the sceptre in his hand, and many men before in postures of supplication. 0281.0 horse: On a green plain, an armed man on a bay horse. In his right hand a vertical sword with gold hilt. In his helmet three feathers, one red, two yellow. 0219.0 horse: Trampling on the dragon on a white horse ('currant'), an armed man wearing a red sash and red and white feathers in his helmet. 0419.0 horse: Two armed men on white horses fighting each other. Man on right has plume of red feathers, a red sash, and red breeches. 0029.0 horse: Two white horses facing each other and equipped with holsters and pistols. At right beside one horse, an armed man who wears helmet with three orange feathers and an orange sash. 0304.0 horseman: A horseman with drawn sword knocks another man from the saddle of his horse. 0097.0 horseman: An armed horseman trampling upon Cupid. 0009.0 host: To left two arms issue from clouds, the one supporting a chalice with a h ost over it, the other holding a sword to defend them. 0322.0 house: Landscape with houses, cornfields, etc., invaded by a beggarly people. 0028.0 island: A green island [Ireland] from which numerous spouts of blood flow. 0157.0 ivy: An armed hand with sword issues from cloud at right and strikes at the ivy entwined around an oak tree. 0221.0 Jesuit: A friar (Jesuit?) dressed in grey robe with beads and cross at waist attempts to pull down on the lighter side at left. 0111.0 Jesuit: At bottom right, a Jesuit priest; a cardinal; a soldier with three red feathers in helmet; a bishop, his right hand uplifted and in his left a sword. 0198.0 Jesuit: Facing king is a friar (or Jesuit) in long brown garment with black walking staff in left hand. 0099.0 judge: To left stands man in fur-lined cloak (a judge). 0083.0 king: At right a gold throne on which sits king (Charles I) with crown, sceptre, royal crimson mantle. To his left a bishop in black with square cap with his left hand near king's heart. 0099.0 king: King Charles I on white horse with the crown on his head, the sceptre in his hand, and many men before in postures of supplication. 0281.0 king: King crowned and armed. He holds drawn uplifted

sword. Motto below in black letters on white banner. 0208.0 king: Motto on banner at top left. At top right an empty throne surrounded by people. At centre a coach drawn by four horses with King (?) inside. 0361.0 king: On right side on gold throne sits King Charles I, holding in left hand a gold sceptre. 0450.0 king: Swarm of bees with the King (Queen) bee in the centre. 0356.0 knot: A man holding a sword in one hand and in the other a knot. 0434.0 lamp: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left a silver armed arm issuing from a cloud and holding a silver lamp. 0141.0 lance: With his left he kills white dragon with lance-thrust through dragon's neck. 0381.0 lance: A lion and a unicorn struggle for a crown imperial upon a lance. The crown is almost thrown off by the horn of the unicorn, but is held in place by the lion's paw. 0386.0 landscape: From bottom right issues a hand with olive branch. At bottom right centre a blue book (Bible?), at bottom left centre an oval containing a landscape (?) with green trees (?). 0422.0 landscape: Landscape with houses, cornfields, etc., invaded by a beggarly people. 0028.0 laurel: A gold pelican vulning itself to feed its young. Surrounding it is a laurel wreath. Around the outside of the wreath is the motto. 0362.0 laurel: A green laurel wreath at right with quatrefoil top and bottom. At left a skull. 0271.0 laurel: A green thistle with a laurel wreath. 0311.0 laurel: A green wreath of laurel tied at bottom with red ribbon in form of trefoil. Motto in black letters in circle around wreath. 0376.0 laurel: A skull at right and a wreath of laurel at left. Motto above in black letters on white horizontal banner. 0020.0 laurel: A skull. Each side of the skull adorned with a laurel wreath. 0215.0 laurel: A steel helmet ornamented with a gold vizor ('proper to the son of a knight'). From rear of helmet a bough with 4 branches of laurel. 0192.0 laurel: A sword and two laurel branches. Above is sun and around it a laurel wreath, out of which and on either side a branch of laurel spreads downwards. 0269.0 laurel: An armed hand out of clouds extending downwards and holding a green laurel wreath, at the bottom of which is a gold rose. 0460.0 laurel: An imperial gold crown. Below, a hand from a cloud holds a wreath of laurel at right. Motto is below in gold letters. 0089.0 laurel: An oval wreath of laurel at right, on each side of which a gold quatrefoil (poppy). A skull at left turned toward right. Below is motto in gold letters. 0270.0 laurel: Anarmed man. On his helmet, red and white

Indexes and Lists feathers. His right hand holds unsheathed sword (falchion). His left holds laurel wreath. His left foot tramples on gold bishop's mitre. 0315.0 laurel: At centre a white crane with gold beak and talons within a green laurel wreath. The crane holds a gold stone in one talon. Both mottoes in gold letters. 0462.0 laurel: At right a black double-headed phoenix. First motto in gold letters on silver scroll. Second motto in gold letters to left encircled by green laurel wreath. 0162.0 laurel: At right an oval wreath of laurel. At left a skull. Motto is below in gold letters. 0021.0 laurel: Cloud at bottom right from which issues a gold hand holding a gold sword encircled by a gold laurel wreath. At left centre a canton azure with saltire argent. 0006.0 laurel: First motto at centre in gold letters inside green laurel wreath. Second motto also in gold letters. 0474.0 laurel: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. At bottom left a skull encircled by a silver laurel wreath. 0032.0 laurel: Gold laurel wreath. Above on semic-circular white banner is motto in black letters. 0203.0 laurel: Gold thistle of Scotland with purple flower within green laurel wreath. First motto in gold letters around thistle. Second motto in gold letters upon two silver scrolls top and bottom. 0230.0 laurel: In each corner a gold branch of laurel. In top right corner, blue clouds and sun in glory. Beneath in left bottom corner, a gold sundial on a white stone base. 0010.0 laurel: Naked hand from right with laurel wreath. Motto below in gold letters. 0003.0 laurel: Head of a goat, encircled by a laurel wreath, at centre of saltire 0050.4 laurel: Two laurel wreaths. 0171.0 laurel: Within a laurel wreath, daggers held by hands guarding the Parliament building, in which nine men are seated. 0290.0 laurel: Laurel wreath at right and skull at left. Motto below in black letters. 0273.0 leopard: At right, an armorial crest: on a silver and red heraldic wreath, a demi arm and hand issuant, clothed in red and holding a vertical sword, on which, in the middle, a leopard's head. 0288.0 lightning: At upper right is gold crest of winged lightning and thunderbolt surmounted by a crown (Carnegie crest). Below crest is first motto. Second motto in gold letters on silver scroll at left. 0091.0 lily: At centre a red pot (lily pot) with green foliage. 0126.0 lintstick: A hand issuing from a cloud holding a lintstick. 0275.0 lion: A lion and a unicorn struggle for a crown imperial upon a lance. The crown is almost thrown off by the horn of the unicorn, but is held in place by the lion's paw. 0386.0 lion: A lion dormant. 0257.0 lion: A lion running free having broken its chain. 0201.0

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lion: A lion. In front of him a pile of bones. 0247.0 lion: At four extremities of saltire are red 1 ion (top right), red heart (bottom right), silver bear (top left), black cross (bottom left). 0054.0 lion: At top left the Home crest of silver lion's head on blue and silver heraldic wreath with gold crown above. First motto in gold letters on silver scroll above the crest. 0440.0 lion: Crowned lion passant below which is first motto. Above are royal arms on a flag, at the top of which is the second motto. 0086.0 lion: Red lion rampant crowned gold. First motto at top in gold letters. To either side of the lion's head the letters 'CR' ('Charles Rex'). Second motto at bottom in gold letters. 0128.0 lion: Five dogs attack a lion. The dogs have labels from their mouths, each with the name 'Pym.' A large dog has a label from his mouth with the name 'Kimbolton.' 0385.0 lion: Gold crowned lion passant below gold crown and motto on silver label. 0085.0 lion: In circlet a trophy of weapons and flags, against which a white rampant lion stands guard. In its right paw, an unsheathed sword with gold hilt. 0334.0 lion: In circlet, a trophy of weapons and flags, against which a white rampant lion stands guard. In its right paw, an unsheathed sword with gold hilt. Its left paw rests on a helmet on pile. 0335.0 lion: Lion couchant with inscription: 'Lion of the tribe of Judah. 0484.0 lion: Motto on diagonal stripe (bend). At bottom right an heraldic wreath (or and argent) above which a gold lion's paw erased. 0030.0 lion: On an heraldic wreath a crowned lion's head (erased). A gold heraldic crescent at the neck of lion to denote a second son. 0307.0 lion: On top of a rock a Lion rampant (or a man). Another steep rock on the other side of a river. 0235.0 man: Clouds at top. In centre the sun and naked arm and hand that catch a falling man dressed in red. He appears to be falling from or past rugged rocks towards the sea. 0001.0 man: Gold man on white horse at centre. In a circle around him is the motto in gold letters. 0052.0 map: A white map of Great Britain, and over each county and island the black letter of its name. At top the motto in gold letters. 0098.0 mitre: A bishop on the ground in black and white clerical robes. He wears a square cap. On his legs a large gold mitre. Above is gold book (Bible?). 0236.0 mitre: A bishop's mitre pierced by a sword with a crown imperial at its point. At left a hand fires a pistol at both. 0430.0 mitre: A broken crown and sceptre, and a broken mitre. 0204.0 mitre: A crown above, a mitre below. To the side the Parliament building interior. The motto in black letters on a white banner in four folds. 0252.0 mitre: A crown at left and a mitre at right. 0406.0

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mitre: An armed man. On his helmet, red and white feathers. His right hand holds unsheathed sword (falchion). His left holds laurel wreath. His left foot tramples on gold bishop's mitre. 0315.0 mitre: At right, clouds from which issue an arm and hand clothed in gold holding a skull. Opposite at left is a gold bishop's mitre. At top in black letters is the motto on a silver scroll. 0212.0 mitre: To right a group of armed men who attack a many-headed beast (Hydra? Beast of Babylon?) with pikes. The beast wears various hats, including a bishop's mitre and a square cap. 0466.0 moon: Sun (with first motto) obscured by cresent moon (with second motto). 0378.0 moor: Near bottom, on a silver and black heraldic wreath, the swarthy head of a bearded man (probably a Moor). At the top on a silver scroll in three folds, the motto in black letters. 0336.0 mountain: A cloud at right from which emerges a naked arm and hand holding a hammer uplifted against a green mountain to left. Motto in black letters on silver scroll above. 0050.0 mountain: At right a mountain. An armed man wearing orange sash and helmet with three orange feathers, mounted on a white horse and about to climb mountain. 0071.0 mullet: In fess a mullet of six points argent from which issue eight gold arrows their points outward. Motto in black letters on white scroll. 0458.0 musket: A sword at right and a musket at left. Across them a silver scroll with motto in black letters. 0254.0 musket: He faces an armed group of his enemies, who have pikes and m uskets and are dressed in red. 0115.0 naked: A kneeling naked woman at left. At right, a man with beard in red hat and shirt with drawn sword holds her hair with his left hand as if about to kill her. 0058.0 naked: A naked man with sword in hand and erect penis. 0182.0 oak: A green branch of an oak. 0426.0 oak: An armed hand with sword issues from cloud at right and strikes at the ivy entwined around an oak tree. 0221.0 odd: A die at centre showing only the odd numbers. 0447.0 oil: A ship at sea with flags of St George at fore and aft and at stern. A fire at top of centre mast on to which a naked arm from cloud at top centre pours oil from jug. 0305.0 olive: Armed arm and hand from cloud at right side holding raised unsheathed sword and olive branch. 0183.0 olive: From bottom right issues a hand with olive branch. At bottom right centre a blue book (Bible?), at bottom left centre an oval containing a landscape (?) with green trees (?). 0422.0 olive: Two crossed olive branches. Above is motto in black letters on silver label in three folds. 0101.0

olive: Two olive branches encircle motto on circular white label which in turn encircles the Commonwealth arms. 0125.0 open: Death or dead man on ground. Standing on him is Hope with hair and wings of gold. She holds open book in left hand. Her right hand rests on gold anchor. 0309.0 ostrich: A gold ostrich, holding in its beak the tip of an unsheathed sword that extends horizontally. Below on a scroll is the motto. 0161.0 ostrich: Vertical unsheathed sword with gold handle between two ostrich feathers upon heraldic wreath. 0251.0 oven: From middle to top an arch representing a burning oven or fiery furnace. Below is motto in black letters on a silver scroll. 0375.0 palm: A green palm tree. Motto in black letters on horizontal silver banner. Below palm tree are arms of Gardiner. 0472.0 palm: At base a blue cloud from which rises a left hand displaying its palm, the wrist partly clothed in crimson with a silver edge. 0145.0 palm: Grey castle at centre surrounded by a green wreath. At top right a branch (tree?), possibly of palm, from which hangs a black book (Bible?) by a chain. 0114.0 palm: Two silver palm leaves encircling the motto. At each corner small sprays of palm. 0164.0 papal: From clouds at top right issues a naked arm and hand holding an unsheathed sword which points at a gold triple Papal crown which lies in bottom left corner. 0110.0 paper: With left hand he presents a paper to the king. 0450.0 parchment: A partly opened parchment roll with a red seal with the inscription in black letters 'Magna Charta.' The motto is at the top in black letters on a silver scroll in three folds. 0306.0 parchment: An armed man with a white plume in his helmet. In right hand he holds a sword. In left hand he holds a book (Bible?). On his arm a parchment (Magna Charta). In the right corner clouds. 0427.0 paw: Motto on diagonal stripe (bend). At bottom right an heraldic wreath (or and argent) above which a gold lion's paw erased. 0030.0 pelican: A gold pelican vulning itself to feed its young. Surrounding it is a laurel wreath. Around the outside of the wreath is the motto. 0362.0 pelican: A gold pelican with its young in the nest and feeding them blood from its breast. Above is motto in black letters on silver scroll in three folds. 0286.0 pelican: A white pelican perched on blue anchor, vulning itself. Blood flows from its breast. 0119.0 pelican: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. To left a gold pelican in nest vulns itself to draw blood for its young. 0287.0 pen: A naked arm and hand from clouds on left holding an iron stilus (pen) pointing to an inscription: 'I Petri Cap. 2 Ve. 0237.0

Indexes and Lists pen: On the arms of a cross (in saltire), an unsheathed sword with a gold hilt and a golden pen. Across these horizontally is a silver scroll with the motto in black letters. 0357.0 penis: A naked man with sword in hand and erect penis. 0182.0 phoenix: At right a black double-headed phoenix. First motto in gold letters on silver scroll. Second motto in gold letters to left encircled by green laurel wreath. 0162.0 pike: He faces an armed group of his enemies, who have pikes and muskets and are dressed in red. 0115.0 pistol: A bishop's mitre pierced by a sword with a crown imperial at its point. At left a hand fires a pistol at both. 0430.0 pistol: An armed man discharging a pistol. He wears a red and two white feathers in his helmet and a scarlet sash. 0325.0 pistol: From cloud at top right issues a naked hand holding a pistol with gold barrel that points diagonally down to bottom left. Motto is along barrel of pistol. 0026.0 portcullis: From cloud at top centre issues a gold portcullis. Motto below in black letters on white banner in three folds. 0095.0 pot: At centre a red pot (lily pot) with green foliage. 0126.0 prison: At top a silver label like a screw with motto in black letters to represent words of armed men below who are rushing out of a wte prison (Newgate) at bottom puritan: In the centre a round head. On its top the letter P (for Puritan) but Kightly's source says an axe. From a cloud issues hand with a sword. 0117.0 pyramid: A pyramid that has been beaten by winds and storms. 0104.0 pyramid: A green mount with a silver reversed pyramid, surmounted by a gold ducal crown. The motto to either side of this device. 0045.0 rain: At top left, clouds discharging rain. At top right corner appears the sun and sunbeams. The motto in black letters on silver horizontal scroll of three folds in lower half. 0296.0 rebus: A circle at the centre of which is an 'E.' Around the outside of the circle are the letters 'D,' 'C,' T,' 'G,' 'M,' 'R,' 'G,' 'R,' 'P,' 'B,' 'M' to form a rebus (the motto). 0068.0 retreat: A battle between two armies, one in retreat. A white flag with white canton and red cross lies on ground at bottom centre. Victorious leader has yellow feathers in helmet. 0147.0 river: Bullrushes in a river, dashed by its waves. 0002.0 river: On top of a rock a Lion rampant (or a man). Another steep rock on the other side of a river. 0235.0 robin: A large cage two doves inside. Above perches a robin redbreast. From its beak a silver label on which is the motto in black letters. 0263.0 rock: A large rock in front of which is a gold anchor. 0172.0 rock: At centre a pale grey castle standing upon a blue-grey

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rock and encircled by a green wreath. At top right issues a gloved hand holding a vertical unsheathed sword. 0055.0 rock: Clouds at top. In centre the sun and naked arm and hand that catch a falling man dressed in red. He appears to be falling from or past rugged rocks towards the sea. 0001.0 rock: Extending from bottom right diagonally, some rugged cliffs (rocks), near base of which, as if in trouble and anguish, an armed man. He wears five white and red feathers in his helmet. 0439.0 rock: On top of a rock a Lion rampant (or a man). Another steep rock on the other side of a river. 0235.0 rock: Waves of the sea dashing against a large rock. The motto is above on a silver banner in black letters in three folds. 0189.0 rope: A gallows with a rope hanging ready. 0486.0 rope: First motto on horizontal white banner at bottom. Second motto at top. At centre a bearded soldier, his right hand on hilt of sword. Around his neck a rope. 0083.0 rosary: At centre the Virgin and Christ child within a rosary. 0243.1 rosary: Below is the second motto and below that the triple crown of the Pope with his crosier and staff, and a rosary. 0453.0 rosary: In scale at left a rosary and various other unidentifiable objects. 0111.0 rosary: With his right hand he presents the king with a rosary. 0099.0 rose: An armed hand out of clouds extending downwards and holding a green laurel wreath, at the bottom of which is a gold rose. 0460.0 rose: Five red roses stalked green at centre of saltire. 0050.2 rose: On right side, a gold sparrow. On left side a rose. Motto in black letters on silver label in three folds. 0409.0 roundhead: A hand holding a sword issuing from a cloud and cleaving the head of a Roundhead. 0209.0 roundhead: A roundhead in green breeches on horseback, with short hair, riding away without a hat. 0377.0 saltire: At centre a small white saltire. Below it the first motto in gold letters on white scroll. On reverse the second motto in gold letters. 0367.0 scales: A vertical sword with a gold hilt at right. A pair of silver round-bottomed scales at left. At the top is inscribed the word 'lusticia' in silver letters. 0366.0 scales: Cloud at top centre from which issues a naked hand holding balance and pair of scales. In right scale a gold book (Bible) weighs all down. 0111.0 sceptre: A broken crown and sceptre, and a broken mitre. 0204.0 sceptre: An erect column surmounted by a crown enfiled by a sceptre in bend dexter and a naked sword with gold hilt sinister, saltire-wise. Motto on right. 0159.0 sceptre: An open book (Bible?) with clasps, inscribed 'Inseparabilia.' Above is a crown enfiled by a

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sceptre in bend dexter and a naked sword in bend sinister, saltire-wise. 0084.0 sceptre: At right a gold throne on which sits king (Charles I) with crown, sceptre, royal crimson mantle. To his left a bishop in black with square cap with his left hand near king's heart. 0099.0 sceptre: At top a gold crown lined in red. Below crossed gold sword and sceptre. First motto gold letters at bottom on white scroll. On reverse is second motto only in gold letters. 0250.0 sceptre: Horizontal gold sceptre, above which is a golden crown. 0293.0 sceptre: King Charles I on white horse with the crown on his head, the sceptre in his hand, and many men before in postures of supplication. 0281.0 sceptre: On right side on gold throne sits King Charles I, holding in left hand a gold sceptre. 0450.0 scroll: The bishop holds a s croll in his left hand. 0107.0 sea: Clouds at top. In centre the sun and naked arm and hand that catch a falling man dressed in red. He appears to be falling from or past rugged rocks towards the sea. 0001.0 sea: Waves of the sea dashing against a large rock. The motto is above on a silver banner in black letters in three folds. 0189.0 serpent: To left the Virgin Mary holding the infant Jesus in her arms, and with her heels trampling on a serpent's head. 0063.0 seven: Naked arm and hand issue from cloud at right and pointing to seven gold stars. Motto at top in black letters on white banner. 0017.0 shield: A gold Corinthian column with a low round base. In the middle of the shaft is a shield with the arms of the City of London. 0451.0 shield: A silver shield on which horizontally (in fess) is inscribed the motto. On left side of shield near base is the gold pommel of a sword. 0195.0 shield: A walnut tree, on which hangs a blue shield with 3 gold fleurs-de-lis with a charge to denote 1st son. 0142.0 shield: At right a silver shield with black cross molline. Motto diagonally in black letters. 0082.0 ship: A ship at sea with flags of St George at fore and aft and at stem. A fire at top of centre mast on to which a naked arm from cloud at top centre pours oil from jug. 0305.0 ship: A three-masted ship at sea. On each mast is flag of St George. The stern is on fire and at top right are clouds from which bends an angel. 0173.0 ship: Ship in full sail steered by man in black hat with purple (?) feathers. Motto above on gold banner in two folds. 0292.0 shroud: A Bible and a shroud. 0242.0 sickle: A tree cut down exept for one green sprout. Death stands to left side holding an ax or sickle. 0179.0 skeleton: Religion or Hope (woman in blue with gold wings) standing on a skeleton (Death). Close by a broken cross. Attached to one arm of cross is a red bridle. 0207.0 skull: A green laurel wreath at right with quatrefoil top and

bottom. At left a skull. 0271.0 skull: A large two-storey building representing the Parliament House. On the apex of the roof are two human heads (skulls). Motto below in black letters on silver banner in three folds. 0448.0 skull: A skull at right and a wreath of laurel at left. Motto above in black letters on white horizontal banner. 0020.0 skull: A skull at bottom centre. Motto above in black letters on gold banner in three folds. 0213.0 skull: A skull. 0027.0 skull: A skull. Each side of the skull adorned with a laurel wreath. 0215.0 skull: An oval wreath of laurel at right, on each side of which a gold quatrefoil (poppy). A skull at left turned toward right. Below is motto in gold letters. 0270.0 skull: Arm clothed in red and naked hand extended from cloud at right holding skull. Motto at bottom in black letters on white banner. 0214.0 skull: At right an oval wreath of laurel. At left a skull. Motto is below in gold letters. 0021.0 skull: At right, clouds from which issue an arm and hand clothed in gold holding a skull. Opposite at left is a gold bishop's mitre. At top in black letters is the motto on a silver scroll. 0212.0 skull: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. At bottom left a skull encircled by a silver laurel wreath. 0032.0 skull: Laurel wreath at right and skull at left. Motto below in black letters. 0273.0 snake: At top right a crowned gold dove (eagle) standing on a red and white heraldic wreath (Lord Balmerino's crest). A snake rears up from the wreath. 0370.0 snake: Three green snakes embowed. 0248.0 soldier: A soldier at left with raised sword killing a bishop at right. The armed man wears red breeches and has red and white feathers in his hat. First motto on white banner at top. 0107.0 soldier: A soldier, his helmet adorned with silver and blue feathers. On his breast a red human heart in flames. His left arm and hand akimbo. In his right an unsheathed sword with a gold hilt. 0127.0 soldier: A soldier mounted on a white horse. He wears red breeches, a sword by his by his side, and a helmet with red and white (yellow in Williams ms) feathers. He shoots a gun. 0148.0 soldier: A soldier on a horse at right with drawn sword facing a group of other mounted soldiers. Motto at top. 0373.0 soldier: A walled city. A gap in wall defended by two soldiers. Man on right has sword and trowel. The other has open book and sword, and from his mouth ascends the first motto. 0198.0 soldier: A walled city. A gap in wall defended by two soldiers. Man on right has sword and trowel. The other has open book and sword, and from his mouth ascends the first motto. 0198.0 soldier: An soldier galloping on a white horse. Over his right shoulder an orange sash. In his helmet,

Indexes and Lists orange and white feathers. Clouds inscribed with the word 'Deus.' 0180.0 soldier: At left an army of foot soldiers in retreat. Several of their weapons are on the ground and their standard is partly lowered. The soldiers wear yellow (red in Williams ms) breeches. 0433.0 soldier: At right on a horse (saliant) is a soldier. In his helmet three feathers (blue, yellow, & white). An unsheathed sword in his right hand. 0115.0 soldier: First motto on horizontal white banner at bottom. Second motto at top. At centre a bearded soldier, his right hand on hilt of sword. Around his neck a rope. 0083.0 soldier: From right march foot soldiers, their guns presented against an armed man on a bay horse. He has three yellow feathers in his helmet. He wears red breeches. 0222.0 sparrow: On right side, a gold sparrow. On left side a rose. Motto in black letters on silver label in three folds. 0409.0 spear: At bottom, on its back, a dragon with part of a spear in its neck. The broken part of the spear shaft lies at bottom left. 0419.0 spear: On a blue and gold heraldic wreath, an armed right hand grasping near the bottom a broken gold tilting spear. Motto at top on silver banner in black letters. 0372.0 spear: The goddess Pallas with a spear in left hand and a book or roll of papers in the right. She is dressed in crimson, blue, and gold, and stands on a green mount. 0452.0 sphere: A sphere at centre. Below is motto in black letters on white banner in three folds. 0018.0 sphere: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. At bottom left a globe (?) or sphere (?). 0464.0 spindle: A spindle winding up thread. 0005.0 square: A bishop on the ground in black and white clerical robes. He wears a square cap. On his legs a large gold mitre. Above is gold book (Bible?). 0236.0 square: At right a silver column on a square base. Issuing from the left an armed arm and hand with an unsheathed sword. The sword is broken against the column. 0043.0 square: From below an armed hand grasps sword at handle to make a square. 0338.0 square: On a rock, an armed man in red breeches and a yellow sash, in his helmet yellow and black feathers. In his left hand a black square cap. 0217.0 square: To right a group of armed men who attack a many-headed beast (Hydra? Beast of Babylon?) with pikes. The beast wears various hats, including a bishop's mitre and a square cap. 0466.0 staff: An armed man riding full speed on a white horse. He has a general's staff in his hand and wears yellow sash. In his helmet are three yellow feathers. 0400.0 staff: Below is the second motto and below that the triple

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crown of the Pope with his crosier and staff, and a rosary 0453.0 stag: At top right a brown stag below a green tree with gold acorns upon silver and red heraldic wreath. Below this is first motto in red letters. Second motto in gold letters to left. 0425.0 stag: Head of a stag supported by five hands. 0009.0 star: A red heart above which is a gold crown. Seven red stars below. The mottoes in gold letters. 0224.0 star: At top right a red star. At centre a cloud from which issues a naked hand holding a vertical unsheathed sword which is ensigned by a gold crown lined in red. 0437.0 star: In top right corner a star (?). Motto at base. 0383.0 star: First motto in black letters on white scroll at top. Below at top centre is six-pointed silver star (estoil) and below that a candle in a gold candlestick. 0423.0 star: Naked arm and hand issue from cloud at right and pointing to seven gold stars. Motto at top in black letters on white banner. 0017.0 stilus: A naked arm and hand from clouds on left holding an iron stilus (pen) pointing to an inscription: 'I Petri Cap. 2 Ve. 0237.0 stone: A church. Near to south side on ground some loose stones. At west end, a man in crimson breeches holding vertical unsheathed sword in right hand and trowel in left. 0428.0 stone: At centre a white crane with gold beak and talons within a green laurel wreath. The crane holds a gold stone in one talon. Both mottoes in gold letters. 0462.0 stone: In each corner a gold branch of laurel. In top right corner, blue clouds and sun in glory. Beneath in left bottom corner, a gold sundial on a white stone base. 0010.0 storm: A pyramid that has been beaten by winds and storms. 0104.0 string: A gold harp with all the strings broken. Motto at bottom in gold letters. 0121.0 sun: A cloud from which stream rays from the sun. An armed hand and a sword. 0106.0 sun: A silver circlet like a sun. A silver fleur-de-lis in each corner. 0429.0 sun: A sword and two laurel branches. Above is sun and around it a laurel wreath, out of which and on either side a branch of laurel spreads downwards. 0269.0 sun: At top centre the sun surrounded by clouds. Motto at bottom in black letters on white banner in two folds. 0449.0 sun: At top centre clouds with sun. At top left and right are two gold doves flying, each holding label in three folds with motto in gold letters. 0338.0 sun: At top left, clouds discharging rain. At top right corner appears the sun and sunbeams. The motto in black letters on silver horizontal scroll of three folds in lower half. 0296.0 sun: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left a black roundel surrounded by clouds out of

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Indexes and Lists

which the sun is appearing. 0297.0 sun: Clouds at top. In centre the sun and naked arm and hand that catch a falling man dressed in red. He appears to be falling from or past rugged rocks towards the sea. 0001.0 sun: In each corner a gold branch of laurel. In top right corner, blue clouds and sun in glory. Beneath in left bottom corner, a gold sundial on a white stone base. 0010.0 sun: In right corner a sun breaking through heavy dark blue clouds. Motto below in black letters on white label in three folds. 0113.0 sun: Motto at top on horizontal label. At centre a closed book (Bible?) with clasps within a golden sun. 0298.0 sun: Possibly a sun in splendour. 0246.0 sun: Sun (with first motto) obscured by cresent moon (with second motto). 0378.0 sun: The sun enveloped by clouds. 0262.0 sun: Unicorn with ermine coat standing erect before gold sun. 0243.0 sundial: In each corner a gold branch of laurel. In top right corner, blue clouds and sun in glory. Beneath in left bottom corner, a gold sundial on a white stone base. 0010.0 sword: ' To right an armed arm and hand lift curved sword that is flaming at tip. 0467.0 sword: A bishop's mitre pierced by a sword with a crown imperial at its point. At left a hand fires a pistol at both. 0430.0 sword: A church. Near to south side on ground some loose stones. At west end, a man in crimson breeches holding vertical unsheathed sword in right hand and trowel in left. 0428.0 sword: A cloud from which stream rays from the sun. An armed hand and a sword. 0106.0 sword: A gold ostrich, holding in its beak the tip of an unsheathed sword that extends horizontally. Below on a scroll is the motto. 0161.0 sword: A hand and a sword. 0170.0 sword: A hand holding a sword issuing from a cloud and cleaving the head of a Roundhead. 0209.0 sword: A hand issuing from a cloud, holding a sword. 0392.0 sword: A horseman with drawn sword knocks another man from the saddle of his horse. 0097.0 sword: A kneeling naked woman at left. At right, a man with beard in red hat and shirt with drawn sword holds her hair with his left hand as if about to kill her. 0058.0 sword: A man holding a sword in one hand and in the other a knot (the Gordian knot?). 0434.0 sword: A naked arm and hand issue from clouds at left. In the hand a vertical unsheathed sword (falchion), the black handle composed of the three beams of a cross moline. 0132.0 sword: A naked hand from bottom right with an unsheathed sword. 0024.0 sword: A naked man with sword in hand and erect penis. 0182.0 sword: A open book (Bible), with gold edges and crimson

binding, inscribed in black letters 'Sacra Scriptura.' An unsheathed sword. Motto at top on silver label. 0037.0 sword: A red naked hand issuing from bottom right holding a raised sword. 0316.0 sword: A silver shield on which horizontally (in fess) is inscribed the motto. On left side of shield near base is the gold pommel of a sword. 0195.0 sword: A soldier at left with raised sword killing a bishop at right. The armed man wears red breeches and has red and white feathers in his hat. First motto on white banner at top. 0107.0 sword: A soldier, his helmet adorned with silver and blue feathers. On his breast a red human heart in flames. His left arm and hand akimbo. In his right an unsheathed sword with a gold hilt. 0127.0 sword: A soldier on a horse at right with drawn sword facing a group of other mounted soldiers. Motto at top. 0373.0 sword: A sword and two laurel branches. Above is sun and around it a laurel wreath, out of which and on either side a branch of laurel spreads downwards. 0269.0 sword: A sword at right and a musket at left. Across them a silver scroll with motto in black letters. 0254.0 sword: A sword with a gold hilt besmeared with blood and encircled by a silver ribllon with the motto in black letters. 0394.0 sword: A sword. 0487.0 sword: A vertical sword at centre impaling the Pope's triple crown of gold, with the English crown imperial on the point of it. 0481.0 sword: A vertical sword with a gold hilt at bottom right beneath diagonal motto in black letters. 0329.0 sword: A vertical sword with a gold hilt at right. A pair of silver round-bottomed scales at left. At the top is inscribed the word 'lusticia' in silver letters. 0366.0 sword: A vertical unsheathed sword. Motto on scroll in circular device around the sword. 0014.0 sword: A walled city. A gap in wall defended by two soldiers. Man on right has sword and trowel. The other has open book and sword, and from his mouth ascends the first motto. 0198.0 sword: A white horse on which is an armed man in red breeches. His helmet has a red feather between two white. In his hand he has an unsheathed sword with a gold hilt. 0261.0 sword: A winged figure (an angel or possibly St Michael) dressed in gold and holding a raised sword in right hand. Motto below in gold letters in two horizontal lines. 0435.0 sword: An angel in white holding a sword with a gold handle cutting the chains of St Peter. 0417.0 sword: An armed arm and hand with a vertical unsheathed sword issuing from dark cloud on right. Motto in gold letters at bottom. 0432.0 sword: An armed arm and hand issue from cloud at left holding raised unsheathed curved sword (falchion). First half of motto at top right in gold

Indexes and Lists letters. 0371.0 sword: An armed arm and hand issuing from clouds at left and holding a vertical unsheathed sword (falchion). 0038.0 sword: An armed hand with sword issues from cloud at right and strikes at the ivy entwined around an oak tree. 0221.0 sword: An armed man on a white horse with an unsheathed sword. In his helmet a plume of yellow feathers. Over his right shoulder a yellow sash. 0260.0 sword: An armed man with a white plume in his helmet. In right hand he holds a sword. In left hand he holds a book (Bible?). On his arm a parchment (Magna Charta). In the right corner clouds. 0427.0 sword: An armed man wearing red breeches, orange sash, and helmet with three yellow feathers. He cuts the Gordian knot with his sword (falchion). 0402.0 sword: An armed man mounted on a white horse. He wears red breeches, an orange sash, and a helmet with three orange feathers. In his hand he has a raised unsheathed sword with a gold hilt. 0445.0 sword: An armed man with right hand extended with a raised sword with gold hilt. Left hand akimbo. His helmet with white and tawny (Williams, 13) feathers. 0093.0 sword: An armed man mounted on a grey horse. In his right hand he holds a vertical sword. He wears an orange sash and in his helmet silver and orange feathers. 0347.0 sword: An armed man on a white horse. Over right shoulder a gold sash. A yellow plume on helmet. His right hand holding an unsheathed sword. Motto at top on banner with three folds. 0324.0 sword: An armed man. In his helmet a white feather. His left arm akimbo with hand on hilt of sword. A gold book (Bible) in his right hand. Motto in gold letters below. 0218.0 sword: An erect column surmounted by a crown enfiled by a sceptre in bend dexter and a naked sword with gold hilt sinister, saltire-wise. Motto on right. 0159.0 sword: An open book (Bible?) with clasps, inscribed 'Inseparabilia.' Above is a crown enfiled by a sceptre in bend dexter and a naked sword in bend sinister, saltire-wise. 0084.0 sword: Anarmed man. On his helmet, red and white feathers. His right hand holds unsheathed sword (falchion). His left holds laurel wreath. His left foot tramples on gold bishop's mitre. 0315.0 sword: Armed arm and hand from cloud at right side holding raised unsheathed sword and olive branch. 0183.0 sword: Armed arm and naked hand from cloud at left holding raised unsheathed sword. 0342.0 sword: Armed arm and hand from cloud at left with raised sword. Motto at right of banner on vertical screw. 0340.0 sword: Armed arm and hand from cloud at left holding vertical unsheathed sword. 0241.0 sword: Armed arm and naked hand from cloud at left

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holding raised unsheathed sword. Motto below in gold letters. 0337.0 sword: Armed arm and naked hand from cloud at left holding raised unsheathed sword. Motto below in gold letters. 0313.0 sword: Armed arm and naked hand from cloud at left with raised unsheathed sword. 0363.0 sword: Armed left arm and hand issue from cloud at right with vertical unsheathed sword. Motto at top on banner of three folds. 0353.0 sword: Armed man with raised sword in right hand but with left hand raised to forehead in gesture of thought. Motto above on banner. 0225.0 sword: At bottom right, a Jesuit priest; a cardinal; a soldier with three red feathers in helmet; a bishop, his right hand uplifted and in his left a sword. 0198.0 sword: At bottom right a cloud from which issues an unsheathed sword. 0338.0 sword: At centre a cloud from which issues an arm and hand holding a vertical unsheathed sword ensigned with gold crown. Motto in gold letters. 0054.0 sword: At centre a pale grey castle standing upon a blue-grey rock and encircled by a green wreath. At top right issues a gloved hand holding a vertical unsheathed sword. 0055.0 sword: At centre naked arm and hand issue from cloud holding vertical unsheathed curved sword (falchion). 0244.0 sword: At centre severed head of Charles I, bleeding, a hand issuing from a cloud, holding a sword. 0076.0 sword: At left, hand holding raised unsheathed sword about to cut off the head of the Hydra at right. 0438.0 sword: At middle left, a vertical closed book (Bible?) with gold clasps and binding. At right upper corner are clouds, from which issues a naked arm and hand, holding an unsheathed sword. 0277.0 sword: At right a cloud from which issues hand holding vertical sword with gold hilt. Motto at centre in black letters on banner in three folds. 0312.0 sword: At right a silver column on a square base. Issuing from the left an armed arm and hand with an unsheathed sword. The sword is broken against the column. 0043.0 sword: At right an armed arm and hand from a cloud with a drawn sword pointing to right side. 0278.0 sword: At right, an armorial crest: on a silver and red heraldic wreath, a demi arm and hand issuant, clothed in red and holding a vertical sword, on which, in the middle, a leopard's head. 0288.0 sword: At right on a horse (saliant) is a soldier. In his helmet three feathers (blue, yellow, & white). An unsheathed sword in his right hand. 0115.0 sword: At right side clouds shaded with crimson, from which issue an armed arm and hand holding a vertical unsheathed sword. 0314.0 sword: At top a gold crown lined in red. Below crossed gold sword and sceptre. First motto gold letters at bottom on white scroll. On reverse is second

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motto only in gold letters. 0250.0 sword: At top left a naked arm and hand from clouds, holding an unsheathed sword. Motto in black letters below on silver banner in three folds. 0174.0 sword: At top right a cloud from which issues a naked hand holding an unsheathed sword that is pointed diagonally down to bottom left. 0457.0 sword: At top right a red star. At centre a cloud from which issues a naked hand holding a vertical unsheathed sword which is ensigned by a gold crown lined in red. 0437.0 sword: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left the figure of Judith holding a sword with Holofernes' severed head impaled upon it. 0088.0 sword: Clouds at right, from which issues armed arm and hand holding a raised sword (falchion) with a gold hilt. The motto in black letters at top on silver label in three folds. 0092.0 sword: Blue clouds in right corner from which issues a naked arm and hand holding an unsheathed sword with a gold hilt. To left is closed book (Bible?) with gold clasps. 0279.0 sword: Book (Bible) at base inscribed 'Verbum dei.' It rests on clouds from which issues at right an armed arm and hand holding flaming sword above book. 0468.0 sword: Cloud at bottom right from which issues a gold hand holding a gold sword encircled by a gold laurel wreath. At left centre a canton azure with saltire argent. 0006.0 sword: Cloud at top from which issues naked hand holding sword which points down across an open book (Bible?) to gold crown. Motto at bottom on horizontal white label. 0470.0 sword: Clouds at centre from which issue two arms and hands. At right an arm and hand holding an unsheathed sword as if ready to strike. At left, the left arm and hand holding a mason's trowel. 0181.0 sword: Clouds on left and right sides. From right side issues arm and hand, holding a vertical unsheathed sword ensigned on the point with a ducal crown. From left issue two right arms. 0393.0 sword: First motto on horizontal white banner at bottom. Second motto at top. At centre a bearded soldier, his right hand on hilt of sword. Around his neck a rope. 0083.0 sword: From black and red clouds on right issues a naked arm and hand holding a vertical sword with gold hilt. Motto in black letters on gold scroll at left. 0149.0 sword: From blue material at right issues armed arm and hand with raised sword. From red material at left issues naked hand with a book (Bible?). 0469.0 sword: From bottom issues a naked hand holding a vertical unsheathed sword. 0422.0 sword: From bottom issues an armed right arm and hand

holding an uplifted unsheathed sword. Above the sword is the motto in black letters on silver scroll of three folds 0139.0 sword: Angel in gold top right with unsheathed sword. 0147.0 sword: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. At bottom left a globe (?) or sphere (?). 0464.0 sword: From cloud at right issues armed arm and hand with raised sword. Motto below on horizontal white banner. 0328.0 sword: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. To left a gold book (Bible?) inscribed: 'Verbum Dei.' Motto at top in black letters on silver banner in three folds. 0339.0 sword: From cloud at right issues a naked arm and hand with raised sword. 0153.0 sword: From cloud at top centre issues armed arm and right hand with raised sword. Motto below in black letters on white scroll in three folds. 0358.0 sword: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. To left a gold pelican in nest vulns itself to draw blood for its young. 0287.0 sword: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. At bottom left an altar with fire upon it. Motto above in black letters on silver banner in three folds. 0176.0 sword: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand holding a vertical unsheathed sword. First motto above in gold letters on silver scroll. 0087.0 sword: From cloud at top right issue an armed arm and hand with raised sword. Motto below in black letters on white banner. 0057.0 sword: From cloud at bottom centre issues a naked hand holding a raised unsheathed curved sword (falchion). First motto in red letters below blade of sword. 0226.0 sword: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. At bottom left a skull encircled by a silver laurel wreath. 0032.0 sword: From clouds at right issues naked arm and left hand holding an unsheathed sword with gold hilt. 0331.0 sword: From clouds at top right issues a naked arm and hand holding an unsheathed sword which points at a gold triple Papal crown which lies in bottom left corner. 0110.0 sword: From clouds to right issues an armed left arm and hand holding an unsheathed sword with a gold hilt as if to strike the armed men. 0433.0 sword: From right a hand clothed in red with sword pointing to red heart below. Motto in black letters above and below device. 0025.0 sword: From right side issue an armed arm and hand grasping an unsheathed sword. Near the bottom, the motto in black letters on gold scroll of three folds. 0036.0 sword: From top left issues armed arm and hand holding unsheathed sword. Motto in black letters on silver scroll in three folds near bottom. 0135.0 sword: From white cloud at left centre issues an armed arm

Indexes and Lists and naked hand holding a vertical unsheathed curved sword (falchion). Motto in black letters on white banner in four folds. 0431.0 sword: From white clouds at base issue an armed arm and hand, holding a vertical unsheathed sword. Above the sword at the top is the motto in black letters on a silver scroll of three folds. 0122.0 sword: He holds a sword (falchion) and out of his mouth issues a silver scroll with the motto. 0029.0 sword: He holds his unsheathed sword as if to strike the friar whom he grips by the left shoulder. 0099.0 sword: He shouts 'Quarter' and is pursued by a cavalier wearing a green coat and red sash and with a drawn sword. 0377.0 sword: Armed man on a white horse. He wears blue breeches and red sash. He has an upraised sword. Motto below in black letters on gold banner. 0390.0 sword: His right hand holds a vertical sword. 0450.0 sword: In circlet, a trophy of weapons and flags, against which a white rampant lion stands guard. In its right paw, an unsheathed sword with gold hilt. Its left paw rests on a helmet on pile. 0335.0 sword: In circlet a trophy of weapons and flags, against which a white rampant lion stands guard. In its right paw, an unsheathed sword with gold hilt. 0334.0 sword: In his hand a sword raised forward as if to strike the soldiers. 0222.0 sword: In his hand an unsheathed sword. 0419.0 sword: In right hand he holds raised sword on which is inscribed second half of motto ('Dextra debet'). 0411.0 sword: In the centre a round head. On its top the letter P (for Puritan) but Kightly's source says an axe. From a cloud issues hand with a sword. 0117.0 sword: King crowned and armed. He holds drawn uplifted sword. Motto below in black letters on white banner. 0208.0 sword: Motto in black letters on blue label issues from mouth of horseman who carries vertical unsheathed sword. 0071.0 sword: Motto in black letters on silver banner in screw at left. From right issues naked arm and hand with vertical unsheathed sword. 0332.0 sword: Motto on banner in three folds. From cloud at top left issues an armed arm and naked hand holding an unsheathed sword. On blade of sword is inscribed 'fiat Justitia.' 0048.0 sword: Naked right arm and hand issue from cloud at right holding a vertical unsheathed sword (falchion). 0346.0 sword: On a green plain, an armed man on a bay horse. In his right hand a vertical sword with gold hilt. In his helmet three feathers, one red, two yellow. 0219.0 sword: On the arms of a cross (in saltire), an unsheathed sword with a gold hilt and a golden pen. Across these horizontally is a silver scroll with the motto in black letters. 0357.0

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sword: St Michael standing at right dressed in white and with gold wings. He holds a gold flaming sword in his right hand. 0381.0 sword: The first motto issues from an armed man at right presenting his sword to the breast of a kneeling bishop at left. The bishop responds with the words 'Nolo, Nolo, Nolo. 0477.0 sword: Threatening him with an unsheathed sword is a man at right, wearing red sash and red feathers in hat. 0016.0 sword: Three pairs of hands folded in each other. On each side of them issuing from a cloud three naked arms and hands holding unsheathed swords. 0384.0 sword: To left two arms issue from clouds, the one supporting a chalice with a host over it, the other holding a sword to defend them. 0322.0 sword: Two unsheathed swords, their points towards the men, lie on ground. 0281.0 sword: Vertical unsheathed sword with gold handle between two ostrich feathers upon heraldic wreath. 0251.0 sword: With his sword in his right hand he chops the corners off. 0217.0 table: A committee seated at a table. 0444.0 table: At centre a green tree growing through a table. Two heads (winds) blow upon the tree. First motto in red letters on two upper arms of saltire. 0289.0 temperance: On arm of anchor is red bridle for Temperance. 0309.0 thistle: A green thistle with a laurel wreath. 0311.0 thistle: Gold thistle of Scotland at centre above which is a gold crown lined in red. In a circle around the device is the first motto in gold letters. Second motto only in gold letters on reverse. 0231.0 thistle: Gold thistle of Scotland with purple flower within green laurel wreath. First motto in gold letters around thistle. Second motto in gold letters upon two silver scrolls top and bottom. 0230.0 thistle: The thistle of Scotland, with gold leaves and a purple flower. Motto in gold letters in circle around thistle. 0229.0 thistle: Thistle at centre of saltire 0050.1 thread: A spindle winding up thread. 0005.0 throne: At right a gold throne on which sits king (Charles I) with crown, sceptre, royal crimson mantle. To his left a bishop in black with square cap with his left hand near king's heart. 0099.0 throne: Motto on banner at top left. At top right an empty throne surrounded by people. At centre a coach drawn by four horses with King (?) inside. 0361.0 throne: On right side on gold throne sits King Charles I, holding in left hand a gold sceptre. 0450.0 throne: The Pope (in centre) on a golden throne and wearing a gold mantle ornamented with rubies, and a triple crown. 0016.0 thunderbolt: At upper right is gold crest of winged lightning and thunderbolt surmounted by a crown (Carnegie crest). Below crest is first motto. Second motto in gold letters on silver scroll at

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left. 0091.0 tree: A green palm tree. Motto in black letters on horizontal silver banner. Below palm tree are arms of Gardiner. 0472.0 tree: A green tree on a brown mound. Motto in black letters on gold horizontal banner at base of tree. At top left a human head (Wind) blows upon the tree. 0404.0 tree: A green tree. Motto in black letters on silver horizontal banner. 0012.0 tree: A tree cut down exept for one green sprout. Death stands to left side holding an ax or sickle. 0179.0 tree: A walnut tree, on which hangs a blue shield with 3 gold fleurs-de-lis with a charge to denote 1st son. 0142.0 tree: At centre a naked arm issues from cloud and points at green tree. 0245.0 tree: At centre a green tree on green base. First motto above in black letters. Second motto in gold letters at top, bottom and sides. 0391.0 tree: At centre a green tree growing through a table. Two heads (winds) blow upon the tree. First motto in red letters on two upper arms of saltire. 0289.0 tree: At top right a brown stag below a green tree with gold acorns upon silver and red heraldic wreath. Below this is first motto in red letters. Second motto in gold letters to left. 0425.0 tree: Grey castle at centre surrounded by a green wreath. At top right a branch (tree?), possibly of palm, from which hangs a black book (Bible?) by a chain. 0114.0 trophy: A trophy of weapons. 0240.0 trousers: An Irishman 'in Trowzes' (trousers) hanging from the gallows. Motto above in black letters on silver banner. 0155.0 trowel: A church. Near to south side on ground some loose stones. At west end, a man in crimson breeches holding vertical unsheathed sword in right hand and trowel in left. 0428.0 trowel: A walled city. A gap in wall defended by two soldiers. Man on right has sword and trowel. The other has open book arid sword, and from his mouth ascends the first motto. 0198.0 trowel: Clouds at centre from which issue two arms and hands. At right an arm and hand holding an unsheathed sword as if ready to strike. At left, the left arm and hand holding a mason's trowel. 0181.0 unicorn: A blue and gold heraldic wreath above which is silver unicorn rampant, with gold hooves, mane, horn and tail, and a gold scarf about neck. 0069.0 unicorn: A lion and a unicorn struggle for a crown imperial upon a lance. The crown is almost thrown off by the hom of the unicorn, but is held in place by the lion's paw. 0386.0 unicorn: Unicorn with ermine coat standing erect before gold sun. 0243.0 victory: The Lamb of God with banner of victory (Cross of St George) fighting with the many-headed beast

described in Revelations. 0187.0 wall: A black wall surrounding an open book in which is the inscription 'Legis Evangelii.' Inside also is a silver scroll with the motto in black letters. 0158.0 walnut: A walnut tree, on which hangs a blue shield with 3 gold fleurs-de-lis with a charge to denote 1st son. 0142.0 wave: Waves of the sea dashing against a large rock. The motto is above on a silver banner in black letters in three folds. 0189.0 wave: Bullrushes in a river, dashed by its waves. 0002.0 weapon: A trophy of weapons. 0240.0 weapon: At left an army of foot soldiers in retreat. Several of their weapons are on the ground and their standard is partly lowered. The soldiers wear yellow (red in Williams ms) breeches. 0433.0 weapon: In circlet, a trophy of weapons and flags, against which a white rampant lion stands guard. In its right paw, an unsheathed sword with gold hilt. Its left paw rests on a helmet on pile. 0335.0 weapon: In circlet a trophy of weapons and flags, against which a white rampant lion stands guard. In its right paw, an unsheathed sword with gold hilt. 0334.0 wheel: Fortuna with her wheel holding a crown in her right hand and extending left hand with five halters to five men. 0062.0 wind: At each corner the head of a cherub (wind) blowing. Space for the motto on diagonal screw. 0249.0 wind: A green tree on a brown mound. Motto in black letters on gold horizontal banner at base of tree. At top left a human head (Wind) blows upon the tree. 0404.0 wind: A pyramid that has been beaten by winds and storms. 0104.0 wind: At centre a green tree growing through a table. Two heads (winds) blow upon the tree. First motto in red letters on two upper arms of saltire. 0289.0 wind: The candle has just been extinguished by a human head (W ind) issuing from clouds at left. 0423.0 wing: On right side two hands draw a gold bow and shoot an arrow at a winged human heart. 0039.0 woman: A kneeling naked woman at left. At right, a man with beard in red hat and shirt with drawn sword holds her hair with his left hand as if about to kill her. 0058.0 woman: At centre a woman in blue tunic and gold skirt with disheveled hair and bare feet stands with raised arms on green mound. Below her is first motto in black letters on gold banner. 0268.0 wreath: 1st motto at top right above crest of crown and gold dragon standing on heraldic wreath of blue and gold. To left is second motto in gold letters on silver scroll. 0150.0 wreath: A skull at right and a wreath of laurel at left. Motto above in black letters on white horizontal banner. 0020.0 wreath: A blue and gold heraldic wreath above which is silver unicorn rampant, with gold hooves, mane,

Indexes and Lists horn and tail, and a gold scarf about neck. 0069.0 wreath: A gold pelican vulning itself to feed its young. Surrounding it is a laurel wreath. Around the outside of the wreath is the motto. 0362.0 wreath: A green laurel wreath at right with quatrefoil top and bottom. At left a skull. 0271.0 wreath: A green wreath of laurel tied at bottom with red ribbon in form of trefoil. Motto in black letters in circle around wreath. 0376.0 wreath: A skull. Each side of the skull adorned with a laurel wreath. 0215.0 wreath: A sword and two laurel branches. Above is sun and around it a laurel wreath, out of which and on either side a branch of laurel spreads downwards. 0269.0 wreath: An armed hand out of clouds extending downwards and holding a green laurel wreath, at the bottom of which is a gold rose. 0460.0 wreath: An heraldic crest: on a silver and black heraldic wreath, standing on a bundle of arrows with gold shafts, a white falcon with gold bells ('belled or'). At top a blank silver label. 0239.0 wreath: An imperial gold crown. Below, a hand from a cloud holds a wreath of laurel at right. Motto is below in gold letters. 0089.0 wreath: An oval wreath of laurel at right, on each side of which a gold quatrefoil (poppy). A skull at left turned toward right. Below is motto in gold letters. 0270.0 wreath: Anarmed man. On his helmet, red and white feathers. His right hand holds unsheathed sword (falchion). His left holds laurel wreath. His left foot tramples on gold bishop's mitre. 0315.0 wreath: At centre a white crane with gold beak and talons within a green laurel wreath. The crane holds a gold stone in one talon. Both mottoes in gold letters. 0462.0 wreath: At centre a pale grey castle standing upon a blue-grey rock and encircled by a green wreath. At top right issues a gloved hand holding a vertical unsheathed sword. 0055.0 wreath: At right a black double-headed phoenix. First motto in gold letters on silver scroll. Second motto in gold letters to left encircled by green laurel wreath. 0162.0 wreath: At right an oval wreath of laurel. At left a skull. Motto is below in gold letters. 0021.0 wreath: At right, an armorial crest: on a silver and red heraldic wreath, a demi arm and hand issuant, clothed in red and holding a vertical sword, on which, in the middle, a leopard's head. 0288.0 wreath: At top left the Home crest of silver lion's head on blue and silver heraldic wreath with gold crown above. First motto in gold letters on silver scroll above the crest. 0440.0 wreath: At top right a brown stag below a green tree with gold acorns upon silver and red heraldic wreath. Below this is first motto in red letters. Second motto in gold letters to left. 0425.0 wreath: At top right a gold cock with red beak, crest and

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wattles standing on blue and white heraldic wreath. Motto in gold letters on white scroll. 0056.0 wreath: At top right a crowned gold dove (eagle) standing on a red and white heraldic wreath (Lord Balmerino's crest). A snake rears up from the wreath. 0370.0 wreath: Cloud at bottom right from which issues a gold hand holding a gold sword encircled by a gold laurel wreath. At left centre a canton azure with saltire argent. 0006.0 wreath: First motto at centre in gold letters inside green laurel wreath. Second motto also in gold letters. 0474.0 wreath: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. At bottom left a skull encircled by a silver laurel wreath. 0032.0 wreath: Gold laurel wreath. Above on semic-circular white banner is motto in black letters. 0203.0 wreath: Gold thistle of Scotland with purple flower within green laurel wreath. First motto in gold letters around thistle. Second motto in gold letters upon two silver scrolls top and bottom. 0230.0 wreath: Grey castle at centre surrounded by a green wreath. At top right a branch (tree?), possibly of palm, from which hangs a black book (Bible?) by a chain. 0114.0 wreath: Heraldic crest of silver goat's head with gold horns on a blue and silver heraldic wreath at centre. Immediately above is first motto in gold letters on silver scroll. 0420.0 wreath: Laurel wreath at right and skull at left. Motto below in black letters. 0273.0 wreath: Motto on diagonal stripe (bend). At bottom right an heraldic wreath (or and argent) above which a gold lion's paw erased. 0030.0 wreath: Naked hand from right with laurel wreath. Motto below in gold letters. 0003.0 wreath: Near bottom, on a silver and black heraldic wreath, the swarthy head of a bearded man (probably a Moor). At the top on a silver scroll in three folds, the motto in black letters. 0336.0 wreath: On a blue and gold heraldic wreath, an armed right hand grasping near the bottom a broken gold tilting spear. Motto at top on silver banner in black letters. 0372.0 wreath: On an heraldic wreath a crowned lion's head (erased). A gold heraldic crescent at the neck of lion to denote a second son. 0307.0 wreath: Vertical unsheathed sword with gold handle between two ostrich feathers upon heraldic wreath. 0251.0 wreath: Within a laurel wreath, daggers held by hands guarding the Parliament building, in which nine men are seated. 0290.0

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INDEX OF PICTURES (PROPER NAMES) Babylon: The Whore of Babylon with all her trinkets. The Scottish army entering England. The Whore of Babylon utters the first motto, and the Scottish army the second. 0267.0 Beast of Babylon: The Lamb of God with banner of victory (Cross of St George) fighting with the many-headed beast described in Revelations. 0187.0 Beast of Babylon: To right a group of armed men who attack a many-headed beast (Hydra? Beast of Babylon?) with pikes. The beast wears various hats, including a bishop's mitre and a square cap. 0466.0 Beast of Babylon: To right a group of armed men who attack a many-headed beast (Hydra? Beast of Babylon?) with pikes. The beast wears various hats, including a bishop's mitre and a square cap. 0466.0 Bible: A Bible. 0202.0 Bible: A Bible and a shroud. 0242.0 Bible: A bishop on the ground in black and white clerical robes. He wears a square cap. On his legs a large gold mitre. Above is gold book (Bible?). 0236.0 Bible: A blue (gold in Add. 5247) closed book (Bible) with gold clasps, a map (view, picture) of City of London. Motto in gold letters. 0200.0 Bible: A book (Bible?) with red cover on which are royal arms in gold. Motto in black letters at top on silver scroll in three folds. 0478.0 Bible: A open book (Bible), with gold edges and crimson binding, inscribed in black letters 'Sacra Scriptura.' An unsheathed sword. Motto at top on silver label. 0037.0 Bible: An armed man with a white plume in his helmet. In right hand he holds a sword. In left hand he holds a book (Bible?). On his arm a parchment (Magna Charta). In the right corner clouds. 0427.0 Bible: An armed man. In his helmet a white feather. His left arm akimbo with hand on hilt of sword. A gold book (Bible) in his right hand. Motto in gold letters below. 0218.0 Bible: An open book (Bible?) with clasps, inscribed 'Inseparabilia.' Above is a crown enfiled by a sceptre in bend dexter and a naked sword in bend sinister, saltire-wise. 0084.0 Bible: Armed man on horse with book (Bible?) in left hand on which is inscribed the first half of the motto ('Si sinistra nequeat'). 0411.0 Bible: At middle left, a vertical closed book (Bible?) with gold clasps and binding. At right upper corner are clouds, from which issues a naked arm and hand, holding an unsheathed sword. 0277.0 Bible: At top a gold book (Bible) with first two words of motto in gold letters. Below a city (London) with final two words of motto in gold letters. 0199.0 Bible: At top an upright book (Bible?), clasped and embossed in gold. Motto in black letters on silver

horizonal label or scroll in three folds. 0456.0 Bible: At top an open book (Bible?) with gold edges. At bottom is motto in black letters on silver scroll of three folds. 0389.0 Bible: Blue clouds in right corner from which issues a naked arm and hand holding an unsheathed sword with a gold hilt. To left is closed book (Bible?) with gold clasps. 0279.0 Bible: Book (Bible) at base inscribed 'Verbum dei.' It rests on clouds from which issues at right an armed arm and hand holding flaming sword above book. 0468.0 Bible: Canton with cross of St George with dagger (arms of City of London). An open book (Bible) with motto inscribed upon it. 0416.0 Bible: Cloud at top from which issues naked hand holding sword which points down across an open book (Bible?) to gold crown. Motto at bottom on horizontal white label. 0470.0 Bible: Cloud at top centre from which issues a naked hand holding balance and pair of scales. In right scale a gold book (Bible) weighs all down. 0111.0 Bible: From blue material at right issues armed arm and hand with raised sword. From red material at left issues naked hand with a book (Bible?). 0469.0 Bible: From bottom left to middle right side, silver clouds. Near middle at bottom a vertical closed book (Bible?) with gold clasps. On front cover, it is inscribed 'Verbum Dei. 0467.0 Bible: From bottom right issues a hand with olive branch. At bottom right centre a blue book (Bible?), at bottom left centre an oval containing a landscape (?) with green trees (?). 0422.0 Bible: From cloud at right issues an armed arm and hand with raised sword. To left a gold book (Bible?) inscribed: 'Verbum Dei.' Motto at top in black letters on silver banner in three folds. 0339.0 Bible: Grey castle at centre surrounded by a green wreath. At top right a branch (tree?), possibly of palm, from which hangs a black book (Bible?) by a chain. 0114.0 Bible: Motto at top on horizontal label. At centre a closed book (Bible?) with clasps within a golden sun. 0298.0 Bible: Motto on banner at top. At centre a gold closed book (Bible). 0137.0 Bible: One or five buff Bibles. 0151.0 Bible: The first motto at top in black letters on silver scroll. Below, an open book (Bible?). 0453.0 Britain: A white map of Great Britain, and over each county and island the black letter of its name. At top the motto in gold letters. 0098.0 Calvin, John: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left an armed man setting fire to John Calvin's book Institutes. 0413.0 Charles I: At centre severed head of Charles I, bleeding, a hand issuing from a cloud, holding a sword. 0076.0 Charles I: At right a gold throne on which sits king (Charles I) with crown, sceptre, royal crimson

Indexes and Lists mantle. To his left a bishop in black with square cap with his left hand near king's heart. 0099.0 Charles I: Bleeding head of Charles I severed by ax held by hand issuing from left. Motto on banner at right. 0397.0 Charles I: King Charles I on white horse with the crown on his head, the sceptre in his hand, and many men before in postures of supplication. 0281.0 Charles I: On right side on gold throne sits King Charles I, holding in left hand a gold sceptre. 0450.0 Christ: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left the figure of Christ delivering the Fathers out of Limbo. 0459.0 Christ: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left the Resurrection of Christ. 0112.0 Christ: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left Christ carrying his cross on his shoulder. 0285.0 Christ: Virgin and Christ child within rosary. 0243.1 Commonwealth: Two olive branches encircle motto on circular white label which in turn encircles the Commonwealth arms. 0125.0 Cupid: An armed horseman trampling upon Cupid. 0009.0 Death: A tree cut down exept for one green sprout. Death stands to left side holding an ax or sickle. 0179.0 Death: Death or dead man on ground. Standing on him is Hope with hair and wings of gold. She holds open book in left hand. Her right hand rests on gold anchor. 0309.0 Death: Religion or Hope (woman in blue with gold wings) standing on a skeleton (Death). Close by a broken cross. Attached to one arm of cross is a red bridle. 0207.0 England: The Whore of Babylon with all her trinkets. The Scottish army entering England. The Whore of Babylon utters the first motto, and the Scottish army the second. 0267.0 Fathers: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left the figure of Christ delivering the Fathers out of Limbo. 0459.0 Fortuna: Nude woman (Occasio or Fortuna) with long hair, standing upon a ball and holding a cloth above her head. 0382.0 Fortuna: Fortuna with her wheel holding a crown in her right hand and extending left hand with five halters to five men. 0062.0 God: Arms of Rogers family of Dorset at top right. At top right corner a cloud from which issue the two mottoes. The eye of God in the cloud. At bottom right, a green trefoil. 0418.0 God: The Lamb of God with banner of victory (Cross of St George) fighting with the many-headed beast described in Revelations. 0187.0 Gordian knot: A man holding a sword in one hand and in the other a knot (the Gordian knot?). 0434.0 Gordian knot: An armed man wearing red breeches, orange

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sash, and helmet with three yellow feathers. He cuts the Gordian knot with his sword (falchion). 0402.0 Hell: He rides from a green hill into a fire representing the flames of Hell. 0400.0 Holofernes: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left the figure of Judith holding a sword with Holofernes' severed head impaled upon it. 0088.0 Hope: Death or dead man on ground. Standing on him is Hope with hair and wings of gold. She holds open book in left hand. Her right hand rests on gold anchor. 0309.0 Hope: Religion or Hope (woman in blue with gold wings) standing on a skeleton (Death). Close by a broken cross. Attached to one arm of cross is a red bridle. 0207.0 Hydra: At left, hand holding raised unsheathed sword about to cut off the head of the Hydra at right. 0438.0 Hydra: To right a group of armed men who attack a many-headed beast (Hydra? Beast of Babylon?) with pikes. The beast wears various hats, including a bishop's mitre and a square cap. 0466.0 Institutes: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left an armed man setting fire to John Calvin's book Institutes. 0413.0 Ireland: A green island [Ireland] from which numerous h Jesus: To left the Virgin Mary holding the infant Jesus in her arms, and with her heels trampling on a serpent's head. 0063.0 Judith: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left the figure of Judith holding a sword with Holofernes' severed head impaled upon it. 0088.0 Lamb of God: In Harl 1377 the armed men are replaced by a lamb (Lamb of God) with lance and cross. 0466.0 Limbo: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left the figure of Christ delivering the Fathers out of Limbo. 0459.0 Lamb of God: The Lamb of God with banner of victory (Cross of St George) fighting with the many-headed beast described in Revelations. 0187.0 London: A blue (gold in Add. 5247) closed book (Bible) with gold clasps, a map (view, picture) of City of London. Motto in gold letters. 0200.0 London: A gold Corinthian column with a low round base. In the middle of the shaft is a shield with the arms of the City of London. 0451.0 London: At top a gold book (Bible) with first two words of motto in gold letters. Below a city (London) with final two words of motto in gold letters. 0199.0 London: Canton with cross of St George with dagger (arms of City of London). An open book (Bible) with

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motto inscribed upon it. 0416.0 Magna Charta: An armed man with a white plume in his helmet. In right hand he holds a sword. In left hand he holds a book (Bible?). On his arm a parchment (Magna Charta). In the right corner clouds. 0427.0 Mary: To left the Virgin M ary holding the infant Jesus in her arms, and with her heels trampling on a serpent's head. 0063.0 Newgate: At top a silver label like a screw with motto in black letters to represent words of armed men below who are rushing out of a white prison h Occasio: Nude woman (Occasio or Fortuna) with long hair, standing upon a ball and holding a cloth above her head. 0382.0 Pallas: The goddess Pallas with a spear in left hand and a book or roll of papers in the right. She is dressed in crimson, blue, and gold, and stands on a green mount. 0452.0 Parliament: A crown above, a mitre below. To the side the Parliament building interior. The motto in black letters on a white banner in four folds. 0252.0 Parliament: A large two-storey building representing the Parliament House. On the apex of the roof are two human heads (skulls). Motto below in black letters on silver banner in three folds. 0448.0 Parliament: Within a laurel wreath, daggers held by hands guarding the Parliament building, in which nine men are seated. 0290.0 Pope: The Pope (in centre) on a golden throne and wearing a gold mantle ornamented with rubies, and a triple crown. 0016.0 Pope: Below is the second motto and below that the triple crown of the Pope with his crosier and staff, and a rosary. 0453.0 Pope: A vertical sword at centre impaling the Pope's triple crown of gold, with the English crown imperial on the point of it. 0481.0 Religion: Religion or Hope (woman in blue with gold wings) standing on a skeleton (Death). Close by a broken cross. Attached to one arm of cross is a red bridle. 0207.0 Resurrection: Below canton the second motto. Below that an imperial crown and the inscription 'CR.' To left the Resurrection of Christ. 0112.0 Scotland: Gold thistle of Scotland at centre above which is a gold crown lined in red. In a circle around the device is the first motto in gold letters. Second motto only in gold letters on reverse. 0231.0 Scotland: Gold thistle of Scotland with purple flower within green laurel wreath. First motto in gold letters around thistle. Second motto in gold letters upon two silver scrolls top and bottom. 0230.0 Scotland: The thistle of Scotland, with gold leaves and a purple flower. Motto in gold letters in circle around thistle. 0229.0 Scotland: The Whore of Babylon with all her trinkets. The Scottish army entering England. The Whore of Babylon utters the first motto, and the Scottish army the second. 0267.0

St George: A ship at sea with flags of St George at fore and aft and at stern. A fire at top of centre mast on to which a naked arm from cloud at top centre pours oil from jug. 0305.0 St George: A three-masted ship at sea. On each mast is flag of St George. The stern is on fire and at top right are clouds from which bends an angel. 0173.0 St George: The Lamb of God with banner of victory (Cross of St George) fighting with the many-headed beast described in Revelations. 0187.0 St Michael: A winged figure (an angel or possibly St Michael) dressed in gold and holding a raised sword in right hand. Motto below in gold letters in two horizontal lines. 0435.0 St Michael: St Michael standing at right dressed in white and with gold wings. He holds a gold flaming sword in his right hand. 0381.0 St Peter: An angel in white holding a sword with a gold handle cutting the chains of St Peter. 0417.0 Tower of London: At top centre the White Tower (Tower of London). Motto below in black letters on white banner in three folds. 0442.0 Virgin: To left the Virgin Mary holding the infant Jesus in her arms, and with her heels trampling on a serpent's head. 0063.0 Virgin: At centre the Virgin and Christ child within a rosary. 0243.1 Warwick Castle: Warwick Castle with portcullis, towers, and battlements. On it a red flag with white canton, charged with cross of St George. 0408.0 White Tower: At top centre the White Tower (Tower of London). Motto below in black letters on white banner in three folds. 0442.0 Whore of Babylon: The Whore of Babylon with all her trinkets. The Scottish army entering England. The Whore of Babylon utters the first motto, and the Scottish army the second. 0267.0

INDEX OF PICTURES (INSCRIPTIONS) 'Aut hunc aut super hunc' [Either this or higher than (above) this] 0022.0 'CALV:INSTIT.' [Calvin's Institutes] 0413.0 'CR' [Carolus rex] 0128.0 'CR' [Carolus rex] 0063.0 'CR' [Carolus rex] 0088.0 'CR' [Carolus rex] 0112.0 'CR' [Carolus rex] 0141.0 'CR' [Carolus rex] 0011.0 'CR' [Carolus rex] 0322.0 'CR' [Carolus rex] 0285.0 'CR' [Carolus rex] 0297.0 'CR' [Carolus rex] 0413.0 'CR' [Carolus rex] 0459.0 'Deus videt' [God sees] 0220.0

Indexes and Lists 'Deus' [God] 0180.0 'Fiat justitia' [Let there be justice] 0048.0 'I PETRI CAP. 2 VE. 17' [1 Peter 2:17] 0237.0 'lehovah nissi' [Unless Jehovah] 0165.0 'lehovah' 0412.0 'IMS' [abbreviation representing Greek form of 'Jesus'] 0178.0 'Inseperaribilia' [Inseparable] 0084.0 'lusticia' [Justice] 0366.0 'Jesus' 0178.0 'Kimbolton' 0385.0 'Legis evangelii' [The Gospels of the Law] 0158.0 'Lex populi' [The Law for the People] 0393.0 'Lion of the tribe of Judah' 0484.0 'Magna Charta' [The Great Charta] 0306.0 'Pym' 0385.0 'Quarter' 0377.0 'Quel dio' 0288.0 'Religio' [Religion] 0305.0 'Respublica' [The Republic] 0305.0 'Romans XIII' 0238.0 'Sacra scriptura' [The holy scriptures] 0037.0 'Vervum dei' [The Word of God] 0339.0 'Verbum dei' [The Word of God] 0393.0 'Verbum dei' [The Word of God] 0467.0 'Verbum dei' [The Word of God] 0468.0 'Vincat veritas' [The truth conquers] 0111.0

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INDEX OF LATIN MOTTOES abluo: Abluimur non obruimur 0002.0 abundo: Nee dormirent nee dormitarent Apostoli se donee maledictio [maledicta] secta norant liberates [libertates] dixit lesus [unus] vestrum me prodet [Motto 1]. Abundantior miserecordiae est deus quam homo nequitiis [Motto 2]. 0222.0 abutor: Quousque tandem abuteris patientia nostra 0385.0 accendo: Accendia cura sionis 0004.0 acies: Terribilis ut acies ordinata 0431.0 acies: Ut nubes contra solem sic acies contra deum 0449.0 actio: Actione et virtute / Covenant for Crovne and Kingdome 0006.0 admitto: Pro divinis qui admittit servat. Pro humanis vim vi 0327.0 adquiro: Acquirit eundo 0005.0 adsum: Cave adsum 0038.0 aeneus: Hie murus aeneus esto 0158.0 aequus: Aequum est pro christo mori / Vivat Carolus rex 0011.0 aequus: Non ab equo sed in aequo victoria 0253.0 aequus: Non in equo sed ab aequo victoria 0256.0 aetas: Virtus in aetate floresit magis 0472.0 aeternus: Convertentur vel confundentur in aeternum 0049.0 aether: Crudella vindicat aether 0058.0 agito: Agitata viresco 0012.0 agnus: Vincit agnus 0466.0 albus: Per me sint omnia protinus alba 0291.0 alter: Alterius non sit qui suus esse potest 0014.0 amicus: Quos pietas virtus et honor fecit amicos 0384.0 amor: Fide et amore 0119.0 amor: Pro regia et patria tantum valet amor 0362.0 amor: Sanctus amor patriae dat animum 0398.0 amor: Sanguine pro patria officio fungar / Pro rege et grege amor mihi arma ministrat 0399.0 anchora: In Christo Petra est anchora fixa sp[eravi] 0172.0 angelus: Bona consciencia bonus angelus 0035.0 anglicus: Pro rege ut rex revera anglicae 0361.0 anglicus: Pro S.P.Q.A. [i.e. Pro senatu populoque anglico] 0368.0 angustus: Per angusta ad augusta / Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdoms 0289.0 anima: Ne anima deficia[t] 0220.0 animus: Opes non animum 0276.0 animus: Sanctus amor patriae dat animum 0398.0 ara: Pro aris et focis 0308.0 ara: Pro aris et focis 0309.0 arbor: Surculus factus arbor 0426.0 arceo: Odi profanum vulgus et arceo 0266.0 arduus: In arduis et tote magnanimi 0171.0 arma: Ad arma volans 0007.0 arma: Deo et victricibus armis 0076.0 arma: lustis pax quaeritur armis 0192.0 arma: Sanguine pro patria officio fungar / Pro rege et grege amor mihi arma ministrat 0399.0

aspicio: Adspice ut adspiciar 0010.0 assulto: Irritus ingenti scopulo fluctus assultat 0189.0 astrum: Astra tenens dominatur 0017.0 audax: Contra audentior ito 0046.0 augustus: Per angusta ad augusta / Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdoms 0289.0 auspex: Auspice Christo 0019.0 auspex: Christo duce et auspice vincam 0040.0 auspex: Vincimus auspice Christo 0464.0 auspex: Vincimus auspice Christo 0465.0 ausum: Magnis aut excidam ausis 0203.0 auxilium: De supra auxilium 0067.0 barbarus: Barbarus has segetes? 0028.0 beatus: Bella beatorum bella 0033.0 beatus: Bella beatorum bella 0031.0 beatus: Bella beatorum bella 0032.0 beatus: Rex et regina beati, sibi, suisque 0392.0 bellum: lustissimum bellum inquissimae paci antefero 0193.0 bellum: lustissimum bellum iniquissimae paci antefero 0194.0 bellum: Melius est mori in bello quam videre mala gentis nostrae 0208.0 bellum: Per bellum ad pacem 0290.0 bellus/bellum: Bella beatorum bella 0031.0 bellus/bellum: Bella beatorum bella 0032.0 bellus/bellum: Bella beatorum bella 0033.0 beo: Beet deus egressum 0030.0 bonus: Tandem bona causa triumphal 0429.0 caementum: Tarn gladio quam trulla / Sanguis caementum facit 0428.0 causa: Causa patet 0037.0 causa: lusta triumphal causa 0191.0 causa: lusta triumphal causa 0190.0 causa: Non sine causa 0261.0 causa: Non sine causa 0260.0 causa: Nostra est causa dei 0264.0 causa: Tandem bona causa triumphal 0429.0 caveo: Cave adsum 0038.0 cieo: Aut cita mors aul victoria laela 0020.0 civis: En quo discordia cives 0097.0 civis: Quis furor o cives 0380.0 cogo: Fides temerata coegil 0121.0 collide: Si collidimur frangimur 0406.0 comes: Virlulis comes invidia 0476.0 compello: Non nisi compulsus 0258.0 compesco: El sacris compescuit ignibus ignes 0105.0 concordia: Rara est concordia fratrum 0386.0 concors: Concordes resonem da deus alme sonos 0044.0 conflator: Quasi ignis conflatoris 0375.0 confundo: Convertenlur vel confundentur in aeternum 0049.0 coniuralor: Merces coniuraloris 0209.0 coniuralor: Merces coniuraloris 0210.0 conor: Conanlia frangere frango 0043.0 conscienlia: Bona consciencia bonus angelus 0035.0 conslanlia: Conslanlia coronalrice 0045.0 consumo: Splendebunl lamquam slellae / Lucendo aliis consumor 0423.0 conlra: Quis conlra nos 0379.0 convenio: Propler deum evangelium el convenlum 0369.0

Indexes and Lists converto: Convertentur vel confundentur in aeternum 0049.0 cor: Exortum est in tenebris lumen rectis corde 0106.0 cornu: Ad quid exaltatis cornu? 0009.0 cornu: Quid si refulsero / Vae cornibus meis 0378.0 corona: Fugienti nulla corona 0143.0 coronatrix: Constantia coronatrice 0045.0 corono: Finis coronat opus 0123.0 corono: Finis coronat opus 0124.0 corono: Victoria honorabit mors coronabit 0461.0 eras: Qui non est hodie, eras minus aptus erit 0376.0 credo: Experto crede Roberto 0109.0 credo: Experto crede 0108.0 crudelis: Crudella vindicat aether 0058.0 cura: Accendia cura sionis 0004.0 cura: Pro cure [cura] thure iure / Et rege lege grege 0312.0 deficio: In te defixi sunt oculi nostri / Sic pacem querimus 0180.0 deficio: Ne anima deficia[t] 0220.0 demonstro: Vias tuas domine demonstra mihi 0458.0 despero: Deo duce nil desperandum 0071.0 desuper: Fortitude mea desuper / Vivat Carolus rex 0141.0 dextera: Si sinistra nequeat dextra debet 0411.0 discordia: En quo discordia cives 0097.0 dissipo: Exurgat deus dissipentur inimici 0110.0 dissipo: Exurgat deus dissipentur inimici / Vivat Carolus rex 0112.0 dissipo: Exurgat deus dissipentur inimici 0111.0 dissipo: Exurgat et dissipabuntur 0113.0 dissipo: Sic deus impios dissipabit 0412.0 divido: Uniti valemus, divisi frangimur 0443.0 divinus: Pro divinis qui admittit servat. Pro humanis vim vi 0327.0 do: Date Caesari 0066.0 dolor: Absque dolo 0003.0 dolor: Transibit / Pro dolor 0439.0 dominor: Astra tenens dominatur 0017.0 donum: Dona dei utraque regi 0089.0 dormio: Nee dormirent nee dormitarent Apostoli se donee maledictio [maledicta] secta norant liberates [libertates] dixit lesus [unum] vestrum me prodet [Motto 1]. Abundantior miserecordiae est deus quam homo nequitiis [Motto 2]. 0222.0 durus: Gaudet patientia duris 0145.0 dux: Christo duce et auspice vincam 0040.0 dux: Deo duce nil desperandum 0071.0 dux: Deo duce vincimus 0072.0 dux: Dux facti mulier 0094.0 ecclesia: Pro Christo et ecclesia 0310.0 egressus: Beet deus egressum 0030.0 ensis: Immedicabile vulnus ense rescindendum 0170.0 episcopo: Visne Episcopare? / Nolo, Nolo, Nolo 0477.0 equus: Non ab equo sed in aequo victoria 0253.0 equus: Non in equo sed ab aequo victoria 0256.0 erigo: Semper iactatus semper erectus 0403.0 eo: Acquirit eundo 0005.0 evangelium: Pro evangelio 0328.0 evangelium: Propter deum evangelium et conventum 0369.0

305

exacuo: Pro rege exacuunt 0356.0 exalto: Ad quid exaltatis cornu? 0009.0 excido: Magnis aut excidam ausis 0203.0 exosus: Exosus deo et sanctis / Root and branch 0107.0 expers: Experto crede 0108.0 expers: Experto crede Roberto 0109.0 exspiro: Spiro his: his expirabo 0422.0 exsurgo: Exurgat deus dissipentur inimici 0110.0 exsurgo: Exurgat deus dissipentur inimici 0111.0 exsurgo: Exurgat deus dissipentur inimici / Vivat Carolus rex 0112.0 exsurgo: Exurgat et dissipabuntur 0113.0 exsurgo: Exurgo 0114.0 extra: Ut extra sic intra 0448.0 extremus: In extremis apparet deus 0173.0 facio: Aut inveniam aut faciam 0024.0 felix: Fideliter faeliciter 0120.0 ferio: Fero dum ferio 0115.0 ferre: Fero dum ferio 0115.0 ferrum: Nee ferro nee igne 0223.0 festino: Festina lente 0116.0 fidelis: Fideliter faeliciter 0120.0 fides: Fide et amore 0119.0 fides: Fides temerata coegit 0121.0 fides: Pro fide semel tradita 0332.0 fides: Pro fide vide 0333.0 fides: Pro fide semel tradita 0331.0 fides: Pro fide semel tradita 0329.0 fides: Pro fide semel tradita 0330.0 finis: Finem dat mihi virtus 0122.0 finis: Finis coronat opus 0123.0 finis: Finis coronat opus 0124.0 flecto: In nomine Jesus omne genu flectitur / Vivat Carolus rex 0178.0 floreo: Floreat respublica 0125.0 floresco: Virtus in aetate floresit magis 0472.0 fluctus: Irritus ingenti scopulo fluctus assultat 0189.0 focus: Pro aris et focis 0308.0 focus: Pro aris et focis 0309.0 foedo: Malem [Mallem] mori quam tardari [ in Cole] / foedari [in Williams ms & in Blount] 0205.0 fortis: Fortis est veritas 0140.0 fortitudo: Fortitudo mea desuper / Vivat Carolus rex 0141.0 fortitudo: Sapientia et fortitudine 0401.0 frango: Conantia frangere frango 0043.0 frango: Si collidimur frangimur 0406.0 frango: Uniti valemus, divisi frangimur 0443.0 frater: Rara est concordia fratrum 0386.0 fraus: Prudentia fraudis nescia 0370.0 fructus: Fructus virtutis 0142.0 fugio: Fugienti nulla corona 0143.0 furor: Quis furor o cives 0380.0 gaudeo: Gaudet patientia duris 0145.0 gaudeo: Gaudet tentamine virtus 0146.0 gens: Melius est mori in bello quam videre mala gentis nostrae 0208.0 genu: In nomine Jesus omne genu flectitur / Vivat Carolus rex 0178.0 gladius: Gladius lehovae et Gideonis 0147.0 gladius: Tarn gladio quam trulla / Sanguis caementum

306

Indexes and Lists

facit 0428.0 gladius: Tradentur in manus gladii 0438.0 gloria: Aut hoc aut illud ex utrisque coloria (gloria) 0021.0 gloria: Aut hoc aut illud ex utrisque coloria (gloria) 0021.0 gloria: Soli deo gloria 0416.0 gratia: Dei gratia 0070.0 gratia: Gratia et pax 0153.0 grex: Pro cure [cura] thure iure / Et rege lege grege 0312.0 grex: Pro lege et grege 0334.0 grex: Pro lege et grege 0335.0 grex: Pro lege et grege 0336.0 grex: Pro rege lege grege 0357.0 grex: Pro rege et grege 0349.0 grex: Sanguine pro patria officio fungar / Pro rege et grege amor mihi arma ministrat 0399.0 gubernatio: Perfectissima gubernatio 0293.0 haeresis: Cunctas haereses interemisti / Vivat Carolus rex 0063.0 haeresis: Sic pereunt haereses / Vivat Carolus rex 0413.0 hodie: Qui non est hodie, eras minus aptus erit 0376.0 honor: Aut mors aut honor 0026.0 honor: Quos pietas virtus et honor fecit amicos 0384.0 honor: Virtute honor 0474.0 honoro: Victoria honorabit mors coronabit 0461.0 humanus: Pro divinis qui admittit servat. Pro humanis vim vi 0327.0 iactatus: Semper iactatus semper erectus 0403.0 ignis: Et sacris compescuit ignibus ignes 0105.0 ignis: Nee ferro nee igne 0223.0 ignis: Quasi ignis conflatoris 0375.0 immedicabilis: Immedicabile vulnus ense rescindendum 0170.0 immotus: Et manet immota 0104.0 impius: Amoveantur impii, et stabiliter pax 0015.0 impius: Contra impios 0047.0 impius: Sic deus impios dissipabit 0412.0 impugno: Hoc non est impugnare 0160.0 impune: Nemo me impune lacessit 0231.0 impune: Nemo me impune lacessit 0230.0 impune: Nemo me impune lacessit 0229.0 incolumis: Ut servat incolumen 0451.0 inimicus: Contra inimicos Caroli 0048.0 inimicus: Exurgat deus dissipentur inimici 0110.0 inimicus: Exurgat deus dissipentur inimici / Vivat Carolus rex 0112.0 inimicus: Exurgat deus dissipentur inimici 0111.0 iniquus: lustissimum bellum iniquissimae paci antefero 0194.0 iniquus: lustissimum bellum inquissimae paci antefero 0193.0 iniustus: Nequaquam caelatem sed iuvare iniustus spes mea sola deo est 0232.0 innocens: Innocens vincet 0187.0 interimo: Cunctas haereses interemisti / Vivat Carolus rex 0063.0 intra: Ut extra sic intra 0448.0 invenio: Aut inveniam aut faciam 0024.0 invidia: Virtutis comes invidia 0.476.

ito: Contra audentior ito 0046.0 iugum: luga pauca supersunt 0185.0 ius: Pro cure [cura] thure iure / Et rege lege grege 0312.0 iustitia: Eripiendo malos a rege stabilitur iusticiae solium 0100.0 iustitia: Eripiendo malos a conspectu regis stabilitur iustitiae solium 0099.0 iustitia: Fiat iustitia 0117.0 iustus: lusta triumphal causa 0190.0 iustus: lusta triumphal causa 0191.0 iustus: lustis pax quaeritur armis 0192.0 iustus: lustissimum bellum inquissimae paci antefero 0193.0 iustus: lustissimum bellum iniquissimae paci antefero 0194.0 iustus: Non est lex iustior ulla 0254.0 lacero: Pro patria lacerata pugno 0344.0 lacero: Pro patria lacerata pugna 0343.0 lacesso: Nemo me impune lacessit 0231.0 lacesso: Nemo me impune lacessit 0230.0 lacesso: Nemo me impune lacessit 0229.0 laetus: Aut cita mors aut victoria laeta 0020.0 laudo: Est aliquid laudanda velle 0102.0 lente: Festina lente 0116.0 leo: Liber leo revinciri nescit 0201.0 lex: Deo et lex lea 0074.0 lex: Lex suprema salus patriae 0199.0 lex: Lex suprema salus patriae 0200.0 lex: Non est lex iustior ulla 0254.0 lex: Preserva [praeserva] legem domine 0306.0 lex: Pro cure [cura] thure iure / Et rege lege grege 0312.0 lex: Pro lege et grege 0334.0 lex: Pro lege et grege 0336.0 lex: Pro lege et grege 0335.0 lex: Pro rege lege grege 0357.0 lex: Pro rege et lege 0350.0 lex: Pro rege et lege parati 0351.0 lex: Pro rege et notis legibus Angliae 0352.0 lex: Religio protestantium, leges angliae, libertates parlamentorum 0388.0 lex: Salus populi suprema lex 0397.0 lex: Si leges rerum [regum?] 0409.0 liber: Liber leo revinciri nescit 0201.0 liberatrix: Pietas liberatrix 0294.0 libertas: Mors aut libertas 0213.0 libertas: Nee dormirent nee dormitarent Apostoli se donee maledictio [maledicta] secta norant liberates [libertates] dixit lesus [unum] vestrum me prodet [Motto 1]. Abundantior miserecordiae est deus quam homo nequitiis [Motto 2]. 0222.0 libertas: Pro libertate 0337.0 libertas: Pro rege regno et libertate 0359.0 libertas: Religio protestantium, leges angliae, libertates parlamentorum 0388.0 luceo: Splendebunt tamquam stellae / Lucendo aliis consumor 0423.0 lucrum: Mors mihi lucrum 0214.0 lucrum: Religionem non lucrum 0389.0 lumen: Exortum est in tenebris lumen rectis corde 0106.0 lyra: Musica monarchia lyra 0216.0

Indexes and Lists magnanimus: In arduis et tote magnanimi 0171.0 maiestas: Non maiestate securus 0257.0 maledico: Nee dormirent nee dormitarent Apostoli se donee maledictio [maledicta] secta norant liberates [libertates] dixit lesus vestrum me prodet [Motto 1]. Abundantior miserecordiae est deus quam homo nequitiis [Motto 2]. 0222.0 malum: Melius est mori in bello quam videre mala gentis nostrae 0208.0 malum: Omne malum ab aquilone / Vae tibi babylon 0267.0 malum: Tantum religio poterat suadere malorum 0430.0 malus: Eripiendo malos a conspectu regis stabilitur iustitiae solium 0099.0 malus: Eripiendo malos a rege stabilitur iusticiae solium 0100.0 mancipo: Mallem mori quam mancipari 0206.0 maneo: Et manet immota 0104.0 manus: Tradentur in manus gladii 0438.0 manus: Victoria a manu domini 0460.0 medius: Hoc medio 0159.0 medius: Nil medium 0235.0 melior: Det meliora deus 0077.0 melior: Meliora spero 0207.0 merces: Erit altera merces 0101.0 merces: Merces coniuratoris 0209.0 merces: Merces coniuratoris 0210.0 meritum: Cuiquam meritum 0062.0 millesimus: Millissimus 0211.0 misericordia: Nee dormirent nee dormitarent Apostoli se donee maledictio [maledicta] secta norant liberates [libertates] dixit lesus vestrum me prodet [Motto 1]. Abundantior miserecordiae est deus quam homo nequitiis [Motto 2]. 0222.0 monarchia: Musica monarchia lyra 0216.0 mons: In monte videbitur deus 0177.0 mons: In monte videbitur deus 0176.0 morion Aequum est pro christo mori / Vivat Carolus rex 0011.0 morion Aut morear vota servam 0025.0 morion Decorum est pro patria mori 0069.0 morion Malem [Mallem] mori quam tardari [in Cole] / foedari [in Williams ms & in Blount] 0205.0 morion Mallem mori quam mancipari 0206.0 morion Melius est mori in bello quam videre mala gentis nostrae 0208.0 morior: Mori potui quam papatus 0212.0 morion Pro Christo mori dulce / Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0311.0 morior: Pro deo pugnamus, pro rege oramus, pro patria moriamur 0321.0 morior: Unum restat bene mori 0445.0 mors: Aut cita mors aut victoria laeta 0020.0 mors: Aut mors aut honor 0026.0 mors: Aut mors aut vita decora 0027.0 mors: Mors aut libertas 0213.0 mors: Mors mihi lucrum 0214.0 mors: Mors vel victoria 0215.0 mors: Victoria honorabit mors coronabit 0461.0 mulier: Dux facti mulier 0094.0 munus: Non hos quaesitum munus in usus 0255.0

307

murus: Hie murus aeneus esto 0158.0 musica: Musica monarchia lyra 0216.0 muto: Muto quadrata rotundis 0217.0 necessitas: Ingens telum necessitas 0186.0 nequitia: Nee dormirent nee dormitarent Apostoli se donee maledictio [maledicta] secta norant liberates [libertates] dixit lesus vestrum me prodet [Motto 1]. Abundantior miserecordiae est deus quam homo nequitiis [Motto 2]. 0222.0 nesco: Liber leo revinciri nescit 0201.0 nihil: Nil medium 0235.0 nomen: Quantum vis legio nomen 0373.0 nos: Deus nobiscum 0079.0 nos: Deus nobiscum 0078.0 nos: Deus nobiscum 0080.0 nos: Deus pro nobis 0081.0 nubes: Ut nubes contra solem sic acies contra deum 0449.0 nubilus: Non solem, sed nubilos 0262.0 nubilus: Post nubila phoebus 0296.0 nubilus: Post nubila phoebus / Vivat Carolus rex 0297.0 nutrior: Hoc nutrior 0161.0 obruo: Abluimur non obruimur 0002.0 oculus: In te defixi sunt oculi nostri / Sic pacem querimus 0180.0 odi: Odi profanum vulgus et arceo 0266.0 officium: Sanguine pro patria officio fungar / Pro rege et grege amor mihi arma ministrat 0399.0 omnis: Illuc omnes 0169.0 oppositus: Sentio oppositus 0404.0 ops: Opes non animum 0276.0 opus: Finis coronal opus 0124.0 opus: Finis coronat opus 0123.0 oro: Ora et pugna iuvit [iuvat] et iuvabit lehovah 0278.0 oro: Ora et pugna iuvit [iuvat] et iuvabit lehova 0277.0 oro: Ora et pugna. Iuvat et iuvabit lehovah 0279.0 oro: Pro deo pugnamus, pro rege oramus, pro patria moriamur 0321.0 papatus: Mori potui quam papatus 0212.0 paro: In utrumque paratus 0181.0 paro: In utrumque paratus 0183.0 paro: In utrumque paratus 0182.0 paro: Patria poscente paratum 0287.0 paro: Patria poscente paratum 0286.0 paro: Pro rege et lege parati 0351.0 patientia: Gaudet patientia duris 0145.0 patientia: Patientia victrix 0284.0 patientia: Quousque tandem abuteris patientia nostra 0385.0 patina: Pro deo rege et patina (patria) / Vivat Carolus rex 0322.0 patior: Patior ut vincam / Vivat Carolus rex 0285.0 patria: Decorum est pro patria mori 0069.0 patria: Deo et patriae 0075.0 patria: Lex suprema salus patriae 0199.0 patria: Lex suprema salus patriae 0200.0 patria: Omne solum forti patria 0268.0 patria: Partim patria 0283.0 patria: Patria poscente paratum 0286.0 patria: Patria poscente paratum 0287.0 patria: Pro deo rege et patina (patria) / Vivat Carolus rex

308

Indexes and Lists

0322.0 patria: Pro deo principe et patria 0320.0 patria: Pro deo et patria pugno 0316.0 patria: Pro deo rege et patria 0323.0 patria: Pro deo et patria 0315.0 patria: Pro deo et patria 0314.0 patria: Pro deo pugnamus, pro rege oramus, pro patria moriamur 0321.0 patria: Pro patria lacerata pugno 0344.0 patria: Pro patria 0342.0 patria: Pro patria lacerata pugna 0343.0 patria: Pro protestantibus / Sic patriam quatimus 0345.0 patria: Pro regia et patria tantum valet amor 0362.0 patria: Pro religione rege et patria 0367.0 patria: Pro religione / Pro patria [on other side] 0364.0 patria: Pro religione et patria 0365.0 patria: Pro religione et pro patria 0366.0 patria: Pugna pro patria. Nee temere nee timide 0371.0 patria: Sanctus amor patriae dat animum 0398.0 patria: Sanguine pro patria officio fungar / Pro rege et grege amor mihi arma ministrat 0399.0 paucus: luga pauca supersunt 0185.0 pax: Amoveantur impii, et stabiliter pax 0015.0 pax: Donee pax reddit terris 0090.0 pax: Fiat pax in virtute tua (cxxi psalm) 0118.0 pax: Gratia et pax 0153.0 pax: In te defixi sunt oculi nostri / Sic pacem querimus 0180.0 pax: lustis pax quaeritur armis 0192.0 pax: lustissimum bellum inquissimae paci antefero 0193.0 pax: lustissimum bellum iniquissimae paci antefero 0194.0 pax: Pacem petimus 0280.0 pax: Pacem te poscimus omnes 0281.0 pax: Per bellum ad pacem 0290.0 pax: Pro pace et veritate 0340.0 pax: Pro pace pugno 0341.0 pax: Pro pace et veritate 0338.0 pax: Pro pace et veritate 0340.0 pax: Pro pace et veritate 0339.0 pax: Veritas et pax 0457.0 perennis: Quarta perennis erit 0374.0 pereo: Ne pereat robor 0221.0 pereo: Si pereo, pereo 0410.0 pereo: Sic pereunt haereses / Vivat Carolus rex 0413.0 perfectus: Perfectissima gubernatio 0293.0 peto: Pacem petimus 0280.0 petra: In Christo Petra est anchora fixa sp[eravi] 0172.0 pietas: Pietas liberatrix 0294.0 pietas: Quos pietas virtus et honor fecit amicos 0384.0 placeo: Quod vult mea Stella placebit 0383.0 plebs: Decet regem regere plebem 0068.0 populus: Dominus vindicat populum suam / Vivat Carolus rex 0088.0 populus: Pro S.P.Q.A. [i.e. Pro senatu populoque anglico] 0368.0 populus: Salus populi suprema lex 0397.0 posco: Pacem te poscimus omnes 0281.0 possum: Alterius non sit qui suus esse potest 0014.0 possum: Mori potui quam papatus 0212.0

possum: Tantum religio poterat suadere malorum 0430.0 potestas: Rex in potestatem sui pugnans 0393.0 praevaleo: Veritas est magna et prevalebit 0456.0 praevenio: Praestat praevenire 0304.0 preces: Praemis, nee praeliis, sed praecibus 0303.0 preces: Precibus viribus 0305.0 preservo: Preserva [praeserva] legem domine 0306.0 princeps: Pro deo principe et patria 0320.0 proelium: Praemis, nee praeliis, sed praecibus 0303.0 prodo: Nee dormirent nee dormitarent Apostoli se donee maledictio [maledicta] secta norant liberates [libertates] dixit lesus [unus] vestrum me prodet [Motto 1]. Abundantior miserecordiae est deus quam homo nequitiis [Motto 2]. 0222.0 profanus: Odi profanum vulgus et arceo 0266.0 profugio: Sub umbra profuge 0425.0 protestans: Pro protestantibus / Sic patriam quatimus 0345.0 protestans: Religio protestantium, leges angliae, libertates parlamentorum 0388.0 provideo: lehova providebit 0164.0 prudentia: Prudentia fraudis nescia 0370.0 pugno: Ora et pugna. luvat et iuvabit lehovah 0279.0 pugno: Ora et pugna iuvit [iuvat] et iuvabit lehova 0277.0 pugno: Ora et pugna iuvit [iuvat] et iuvabit lehovah 0278.0 pugno: Pro deo et patria pugno 0316.0 pugno: Pro deo pugnamus, pro rege oramus, pro patria moriamur 0321.0 pugno: Pro pace pugno 0341.0 pugno: Pro patria lacerata pugna 0343.0 pugno: Pro patria lacerata pugno 0344.0 pugno: Pro reformatione pugnandum 0347.0 pugno: Pugna pro patria. Nee temere nee timide 0371.0 pugno: Rex in potestatem sui pugnans 0393.0 quadro: Muto quadrata rotundis 0217.0 quadro: Non quadratus 0259.0 quadro: Utcunque quadratus 0447.0 quaero: In te defixi sunt oculi nostri / Sic pacem querimus 0180.0 quaero: lustis pax quaeritur armis 0192.0 quartus: Quarta perennis erit 0374.0 quatio: Pro protestantibus / Sic patriam quatimus 0345.0 rams: Rara est concordia fratrum 0386.0 rectus: Exortum est in tenebris lumen rectis corde 0106.0 reddo: Reddite Caesari 0387.0 reformatio: Pro reformatione pugnandum 0347.0 reformatio: Pro reformatione 0346.0 refulgeo: Quid si refulsero / Vae cornibus meis 0378.0 regia: Pro regia et patria tantum valet amor 0362.0 regina: Rex et regina beati, sibi, suisque 0392.0 regnum: Pro deo rege et regno 0324.0 regnum: Pro rege parliamento et regno 0358.0 regnum: Pro rege et regno 0354.0 regnum: Pro rege regno et libertate 0359.0 rego: Decet regem regere plebem 0068.0 religio: Pro rege religione et Parliamento 0360.0 religio: Pro religione / Pro patria [on other side] 0364.0 religio: Pro religione 0363.0 religio: Pro religione et patria 0365.0

Indexes and Lists religio: Pro religione et pro patria 0366.0 religio: Pro religione rege et patria 0367.0 religio: Religio protestantium, leges angliae, libertates parla-mentorum 0388.0 religio: Religionem non lucrum 0389.0 religio: Tantum religio poterat suadere malorum 0430.0 religio: Virtute honor 0474.0 repulsa: Virtus repulsae nescia sordidae 0473.0 res: Si leges rerum [regum?] 0409.0 rescindo: Immedicabile vulnus ense rescindendum 0170.0 resono: Concordes resonem da deus alme sonos 0044.0 respublica: Floreat respublica 0125.0 respublica: Pro deo rege et republica 0325.0 respublica: Pro deo et republica 0319.0 respublica: Pro deo rege et republica 0326.0 retineo: Virtutem violenter retine [NAM has "retinet"] 0475.0 retrorsum: Nulla vestigia retrorsum 0265.0 revinco: Liber leo revinciri nescit 0201.0 reviresco: Reviresco 0391.0 rex: Decet regem regere plebem 0068.0 rex: Dona dei utraque regi 0089.0 rex: Eripiendo malos a rege stabilitur iusticiae solium 0100.0 rex: Eripiendo malos a conspectu regis stabilitur iustitiae solium 0099.0 rex: Pro cure [cura] thure iure / Et rege lege grege 0312.0 rex: Pro deo et rege 0317.0 rex: Pro deo rege et regno 0324.0 rex: Pro deo et rege 0318.0 rex: Pro deo rege et republica 0325.0 rex: Pro deo pugnamus, pro rege oramus, pro patria moriamur 0321.0 rex: Pro deo rege et patria 0323.0 rex: Pro deo rege et republica 0326.0 rex: Pro deo rege et patina (patria) / Vivat Carolus rex 0322.0 rex: Pro rege et lege 0350.0 rex: Pro rege et notis legibus Angliae 0352.0 rex: Pro rege et regno 0354.0 rex: Pro rege 0348.0 rex: Pro rege et grege 0349.0 rex: Pro rege et parliamento 0353.0 rex: Pro rege ut rex revera anglicae 0361.0 rex: Pro rege exacuunt 0356.0 rex: Pro rege et lege parati 0351.0 rex: Pro rege et veritate 0355.0 rex: Pro rege lege grege 0357.0 rex: Pro rege regno et libertate 0359.0 rex: Pro rege parliamento et regno 0358.0 rex: Pro rege religione et Parliamento 0360.0 rex: Pro religione rege et patria 0367.0 rex: Rex et regina beati, sibi, suisque 0392.0 rex: Rex in potestatem sui pugnans 0393.0 rex: Sanguine pro patria officio fungar / Pro rege et grege amor mihi arma ministrat 0399.0 rex: Si leges rerum [regum?] 0409.0 rex: Ut rex noster sit noster rex 0450.0 rideo: Neque rideo neque timeo 0233.0 robur: Ne pereat robor 0221.0

309

robustus: Tunis robusta nomen lehova 0442.0 rotundus: Muto quadrata rotundis 0217.0 ruber: Rubra sanguine ut sanguinem sistat 0394.0 sacer: Et sacris compescuit ignibus ignes 0105.0 salus: A caelo salus 0001.0 salus: E caelo sola salus 0095.0 salus: Lex suprema salus patriae 0199.0 salus: Lex suprema salus patriae 0200.0 salus: Salus populi suprema lex 0397.0 salus: Sola salus salutis in domino 0415.0 salus: Sola salus salutis in domino 0415.0 sanctus: Dabitur victoria sanctis 0064.0 sanctus: Exosus deo et sanctis 0107.0 sanctus: Sanctus amor patriae dat animum 0398.0 sanguis: Hibernia sanguine stillat 0157.0 sanguis: Rubra sanguine ut sanguinem sistat 0394.0 sanguis: Sanguine pro patria officio fungar / Pro rege et grege amor mihi arma ministrat 0399.0 sanguis: Tarn gladio quam trulla / Sanguis caementum facit 0428.0 sapientia: Sapientia et fortitudine 0401.0 scindo: Scindatur quod solvi nequeat 0402.0 scopulus: Irritus ingenti scopulo fluctus assultat 0189.0 secta: Nee dormirent nee dormitarent Apostoli se donee maledictio [maledicta] secta norant liberatos [libertates] dixit lesus vestrum me prodet [Motto 1]. Abundantior miserecordiae est deus quam homo nequitiis [Motto 2]. 0222.0 securus: Non maiestate securus 0257.0 seges: Barbarus has segetes? 0028.0 senatus: Pro S.P.Q.A. [i.e. Pro senatu populoque anglico] 0368.0 sentio: Sentio oppositus 0404.0 sequor: Qui sequitur vincit 0377.0 servo: Aut morear vota servam 0025.0 servo: Pro divinis qui admittit servat. Pro humanis vim vi 0327.0 servo: Ut servat incolumen 0451.0 signum: In hoc signo + vinces 0175.0 sinister: Si sinistra nequeat dextra debet 0411.0 sisto: Rubra sanguine ut sanguinem sistat 0394.0 sol: Non solem, sed nubilos 0262.0 sol: Ut nubes contra solem sic acies contra deum 0449.0 solus: E caelo sola solus 0095.0 solvo: Scindatur quod solvi nequeat 0402.0 solvo: Solvit vincula Deus / Vivat Carolus rex 0417.0 sonus: Concordes resonem da deus alme sonos 0044.0 sordidus: Virtus repulsae nescia sordidae 0473.0 spero: Dum spiro spero 0093.0 spero: Dum spiro spero 0092.0 spero: In Christo Petra est anchora fixa sp[eravi] 0172.0 spero: Meliora spero 0207.0 spero: Vincere spero 0463.0 spes: In hec (hac) spe vivo 0174.0 spes: Nequaquam caelatem sed iuvare iniustus spes mea sola deo est 0232.0 spiro: Dum spiro spero 0093.0 spiro: Dum spiro spero 0092.0 spiro: Spiro his: his expirabo 0422.0 splendeo: Splendebunt tamquam stellae / Lucendo aliis consumor 0423.0

310

Indexes and Lists

Stella: Quod vult mea Stella placebit 0383.0 Stella: Splendebunt tamquam stellae / Lucendo aliis consumer 0423.0 stillo: Hibernia sanguine stillat 0157.0 sto: Stat ad hue 0424.0 suadeo: Tantum religio poterat suadere malorum 0430.0 super: Aut hunc aut super hunc 0022.0 super: Aut hunc aut super hunc 0023.0 supersum: luga pauca supersunt 0185.0 supra: De supra auxilium 0067.0 surculus: Surculus factus arbor 0426.0 sustento: Sustentat deus 0427.0 tango: Nolite tangere christos meos 0252.0 tantus: In tanto sed non in toto 0179.0 tardo: Malem [Mallem] mori quam tardari [in Cole] / foedari [in Williams ms & in Blount] 0205.0 telum: Ingens telum necessitas 0186.0 temere: Nee temere nee timide 0225.0 temere: Nee temere nee timide 0224.0 temere: Pugna pro patria. Nee temere nee timide 0371.0 temero: Fides temerata coegit 0121.0 temptamen: Gaudet tentamine virtus 0146.0 tenebrae: Exortum est in tenebris lumen rectis corde 0106.0 terra: Caelum et terrra testis 0036.0 terra: Donee pax reddit terris 0090.0 terribilis: Terribilis ut acies ordinata 0431.0 testis: Caelum et terrra testis 0036.0 timeo: Nee timide nee timere 0226.0 timeo: Neque rideo neque timeo 0233.0 timidus: Nee temere nee timide 0225.0 timidus: Nee temere nee timide 0224.0 timidus: Nee timide nee timere 0226.0 timidus: Nee timidus nee tumidus 0227.0 timidus: Pugna pro patria. Nee temere nee timide 0371.0 totus: In arduis et tote magnanimi 0171.0 totus: In tanto sed non in toto 0179.0 trado: Pro fide semel tradita 0332.0 trado: Pro fide semel tradita 0329.0 trado: Pro fide semel tradita 0331.0 trado: Pro fide semel tradita 0330.0 transeo: Transibit / Pro dolor 0439.0 triumpho: In veritate triumpho 0184.0 triumpho: lusta triumphat causa 0191.0 triumpho: lusta triumphat causa 0190.0 triumpho: Tandem bona causa triumphat 0429.0 trulla: Tam gladio quam trulla / Sanguis caementum facit 0428.0 tumidus: Nee timidus nee tumidus 0227.0 turris: Tunis robusta nomen lehova 0442.0 tus: Pro cure [cura] thure iure / Et rege lege grege 0312.0 umbra: Sub umbra profuge 0425.0 unio: Uniti valemus, divisi frangimur 0443.0 usus: Non hos quaesitum munus in usus 0255.0 valeo: Uniti valemus, divisi frangimur 0443.0 vanitas: Maiorum vanitas 0204.0 ventus: Nee vi nee ventu 0228.0 verbum: Verbum dei / Veritati succumbo 0453.0 veritas: Fortis est veritas 0140.0 veritas: In veritate triumpho 0184.0 veritas: Pro pace et veritate 0340.0

veritas: Pro pace et veritate veritas: Pro pace et veritate veritas: Pro pace et veritate veritas: Pro rege et veritate veritas: Verbum dei / Veritati succumbo veritas: Veritas erit victrix veritas: Veritas erit victrix veritas: Veritas est magna et prevalebit veritas: Veritas et pax veritas: Vincit veritas veritas: Vincit veritas veritas: Vincit veritas veritas: Vincit veritas veritas: Vita et omnia pro veritate veritas: Vita veritati omniaque veritas: Vita veritati omniaque verna: Non verna vestigium: Nulla vestigia retrorsum via: Vias tuas domine demonstra mihi victor: Victor redit de barathro / Vivat Carolus rex victoria: Aut cita mors aut victoria laeta victoria: Dabitur victoria sanctis victoria: Mors vel victoria victoria: Non ab equo sed in aequo victoria victoria: Non in equo sed ab aequo victoria victoria: Omnis victoria a domino victoria: Victoria a manu domini victoria: Victoria honorabit mors coronabit victrix: Deo et victricibus armis victrix: Patientia victrix victrix: Veritas erit victrix victrix: Veritas erit victrix video: Pro fide vide vigilo: Vigilando vinco: Christo duce et auspice vincam vinco: Deo duce vincimus vinco: In hoc signo + vinces vinco: Innocens vincet vinco: Patior ut vincam / Vivat Carolus rex vinco: Qui sequitur vincit vinco: Vincere spero vinco: Vincimus auspice Christo vinco: Vincimus auspice Christo vinco: Vincit agnus vinco: Vincit veritas vinco: Vincit veritas vinco: Vincit veritas vinco: Vincit veritas vinculum: Solvit vincula Deus / Vivat Carolus rex vindico: Crudella vindicat aether vindico: Dominus vindicat populum suam / Vivat rex vir: Precibus viribus viresco: Agitata viresco virtus: Actione et virtute virtus: Fiat pax in virtute tua (cxxi psalm) virtus: Finem dat mihi virtus virtus: Fructus virtutis virtus: Gaudet tentamine virtus virtus: Nescit virtus stare loco

0339.0 0340.0 0338.0 0355.0 0453.0 0454.0 0455.0 0456.0 0457.0 0469.0 0468.0 0467.0 0470.0 0478.0 0479.0 0480.0 0263.0 0265.0 0458.0 0459.0 0020.0 0064.0 0215.0 0253.0 0256.0 0269.0 0460.0 0461.0 0076.0 0284.0 0455.0 0454.0 0333.0 0462.0 0040.0 0072.0 0175.0 0187.0 0285.0 0377.0 0463.0 0464.0 0465.0 0466.0 0469.0 0468.0 0467.0 0470.0 0417.0 0058.0 Carolus 0088.0 0305.0 0012.0 0006.0 0118.0 0122.0 0142.0 0146.0 0234.0

Indexes and Lists virtus: virtus: virtus: virtus: virtus:

Quos pietas virtus et honor fecit amicos 0384.0 Virtus in aetate floresit magis 0472.0 Virtus repulsae nescia sordidae 0473.0 Virtute honor 0474.0 Virtutem violenter retine [NAM has "retinet"] 0475.0 virtus: Virtutis comes invidia 0476.0 vis: Nee vi nee ventu 0228.0 vis: Pro divinis qui admittit servat. Pro humanis vim vi 0327.0 vis: Quantum vis legio nomen 0373.0 vis: Vim vi 0462.1 vita: Aut mors aut vita decora 0027.0 vita: Vita et omnia pro veritate 0478.0 vita: Vita veritati omniaque 0479.0 vita: Vita veritati omniaque 0480.0 vivo: In hec [hac] spe vivo 0174.0 voco: Quo tu dea vocas 0382.0 volo: Ad arma volans 0007.0 volo: Est aliquid laudanda velle 0102.0 volo: Quod vult mea Stella placebit 0383.0 votum: Aut morear vota servam 0025.0 vulgus: Odi profanum vulgus et arceo 0266.0 vulnus: Immedicabile vulnus ense rescindendum 0170.0

INDEX OF LATIN MOTTOES NAMES)

(PROPER

Anglia: Pro rege et notis legibus Angliae 0352.0 Anglia: Religio protestantium, leges angliae, libertates parlamentorum 0388.0 Apostoli: Nee dormirent nee dormitarent Apostoli se donee maledictio [maledicta] secta norant [libertates] dixit lesus vestrum me prodet [Motto 1]. Abundantior miserecordiae est deus quam homo nequitiis [Motto 2]. 0222.0 Aquilo: Omne malum ab quilone / Vae tibi babylon0267.0 Babylon: Omne malum ab aquilone / Vae tibi babylon 0267.0 Barathrum: Victor redit de barathro / Vivat Carolus rex 0459.0 Caelestis: Nequaquam caelatem sed iuvare iniustus spes mea sola deo est 0232.0 Caelum: A caelo salus 0001.0 Caelum: E caelo sola solus 0095.0 Caelum: Caelum et terrra testis 0036.0 Caesar: Date Caesari 0066.0 Caesar: Deo et Caesari 0073.0 Caesar: Reddite Caesari 0387.0 Carybdis: Per syllam et caribdem petimus elizium 0292.0 Carolus: Aequum est pro christo mori / Vivat Carolus rex 0011.0 Carolus: Contra inimicos Caroli 0048.0 Carolus: Cunctas haereses interemisti / Vivat Carolus rex 0063.0 Carolus: Dominus vindicat populum suam / Vivat Carolus rex 0088.0 Carolus: Exurgat deus dissipentur inimici / Vivat Carolus rex 0112.0

311

Carolus: Fortitude mea desuper / Vivat Carolus rex 0141.0 Carolus: In nomine Jesus omne genu flectitur / Vivat Carolus rex 0178.0 Carolus: Patior ut vincam / Vivat Carolus rex 0285.0 Carolus: Post nubila phoebus / Vivat Carolus rex 0297.0 Carolus: Pro deo rege et patina [patria] / Vivat Carolus rex 0322.0 Carolus: Sic pereunt haereses / Vivat Carolus rex 0413.0 Carolus: Solvit vincula Deus / Vivat Carolus rex 0417.0 Carolus: Victor redit de barathro / Vivat Carolus rex 0459.0 Christus: Nolite tangere christos meos 0252.0 Christus: Aequum est pro christo mori / Vivat Carolus rex 0011.0 Christus: Auspice Christo 0019.0 Christus: Christo duce et auspice vincam 0040.0 Christus: In Christo Petra est anchora fixa spferavi] 0172.0 Christus: Pro Christo et ecclesia 0310.0 Christus: Pro Christo mori dulce 0311.0 Christus: Vincimus auspice Christo 0464.0 Christus: Vincimus auspice Christo 0465.0 Dea: Quo tu dea vocas 0382.0 Deus: Det meliora deus 0077.0 Deus: In extremis apparet deus 0173.0 Deus: In monte videbitur deus 0177.0 Deus: In monte videbitur deus 0176.0 Deus: Nee dormirent nee dormitarent Apostoli se donee maledictio [maledicta] secta norant liberatos [libertates] dixit lesus vestrum me prodet [Motto 1]. Abundantior miserecordiae est deus quam homo nequitiis [Motto 2]. 0222.0 Deus: Beet deus egressum 0030.0 Deus: Concordes resonem da deus alme sonos 0044.0 Deus: Dei gratia 0070.0 Deus: Deo duce vincimus 0072.0 Deus: Deo duce nil desperandum 0071.0 Deus: Deo et lex lea 0074.0 Deus: Deo et Caesari 0073.0 Deus: Deo et patriae 0075.0 Deus: Deo et victricibus armis 0076.0 Deus: Deus nobiscum 0079.0 Deus: Deus nobiscum 0080.0 Deus: Deus nobiscum 0078.0 Deus: Deus pro nobis 0081.0 Deus: Dona dei utraque regi 0089.0 Deus: Exosus deo et sanctis 0107.0 Deus: Exurgat deus dissipentur inimici 0111.0 Deus: Exurgat deus dissipentur inimici 0110.0 Deus: Exurgat deus dissipentur inimici / Vivat Carolus rex 0112.0 Deus: Nequaquam caelatem sed iuvare iniustus spes mea sola deo est 0232.0 Deus: Nobiscum deus 0251.0 Deus: Nostra est causa dei 0264.0 Deus: Pro deo rege et patina [patria] / Vivat Carolus rex 0322.0 Deus: Pro deo rege et patria 0323.0 Deus: Pro deo principe et patria 0320.0 Deus: Pro deo rege et republica 0326.0 Deus: Pro deo et patria pugno 0316.0

312

Indexes and Lists

Deus: Pro deo 0313.0 Deus: Pro deo rege et regno 0324.0 Deus: Pro deo et patria 0315.0 Deus: Pro deo et patria 0314.0 Deus: Pro deo et rege 0318.0 Deus: Pro deo pugnamus, pro rege oramus, pro patria moriamur 0321.0 Deus: Pro deo et republica 0319.0 Deus: Pro deo rege et republica 0325.0 Deus: Propter deum evangelium et conventum 0369.0 Deus: Quis ut deus 0381.0 Deus: Si deus nobiscum, quis contra nos? 0408.0 Deus: Si deus nobiscum quis contra nos 0407.0 Deus: Sic deus impios dissipabit 0412.0 Deus: Soli deo gloria 0416.0 Deus: Solvit vincula Deus / Vivat Carolus rex 0417.0 Deus: Sustentat deus 0427.0 Deus: Ut nubes contra solem sic acies contra deum 0449.0 Deus: Verbum dei / Veritati succumbo 0453.0 Dominus: Dominus vindicat populum suam / Vivat Carolus rex 0088.0 0269.0 Dominus: Omnis victoria a domino Dominus: Preserva [praeserva] legem domine 0306.0 0415.0 Dominus: Sola salus salutis in domino Dominus: Vias tuas domine demonstra mini 0458.0 0460.0 Dominus: Victoria a manu domini Elyzium: Per syllam et caribdem petimus elizium 0292.0 Evangelium: Pro evangelic 0328.0 Evangelium: Propter deum evangelium et conventum 0369.0 Gedeon: Gladius lehovae et Gideonis 0147.0 Hibernia: Hibernia sanguine stillat 0157.0 lehova: Gladius lehovae et Gideonis 0147.0 lehova: lehova providebit 0164.0 lehova: lehovah nissi 0165.0 lehova: Ora et pugna. luvat et iuvabit lehovah 0279.0 lehova: Ora et pugna iuvit [iuvat] et iuvabit lehova 0277.0 lehova: Ora et pugna iuvit [iuvat] et iuvabit lehovah 0278.0 lehova: Tunis robusta nomen lehova 0442.0 lesus: In nomine Jesus omne genu flectitur / Vivat Carolus rex 0178.0 lesus: Nee dormirent nee dormitarent Apostoli se donee maledictio [maledicta] secta norant liberates liberatos [libertates] dixit lesus vestrum me prodet [Motto 1]. Abundantior miserecordiae est deus quam homo nequitiis [Motto 2]. 0222.0 Legio: Quantum vis legio nomen 0373.0 Pallade: Utraque Pallade 0452.0 Parlamentum: Religio protestantium, leges angliae, libertates parlamentorum 0388.0 Parlamentum: Pro rege et parliamento 0353.0 Parlamentum: Pro rege parliamento et regno 0358.0 Parlamentum: Pro rege religione et Parliamento 0360.0 Phoebus: Post nubila phoebus 0296.0 Phoebus: Post nubila phoebus / Vivat Carolus rex 0297.0 Robertus: Experto crede Roberto 0109.0 Sion: Accendia cura sionis 0004.0 Scylla: Per syllam et caribdem petimus elizium 0292.0

Zerubbabel: Coram Zerubbabel

0050.0

Indexes and Lists INDEX OF ENGLISH MOTTOES battle: Help us in the day of battle, for without thee man's help is vain 0156.0 bide: I byd my time / Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom 0162.0 bleeding: England bleeding 0098.0 branch: Root and branch 0107.0 break: Thou shalt break them with a rod of iron 0435.0 build: Let us arise up and build. God shall fight for us. / Let us down with it to the ground 0198.0 captain: Nay, but as a captain of the host of the Lord am I now come 0219.0 cause: For the cause of the Lord I draw my sword 0135.0 chariot: Sume put ther trusst in Charetes and som in horses but we will rember the nam of the Lord our god. / Our Fathers hoped in thee thaye trusted in thee and you didsst deleuer them 0418.0 country: Covenant for Religion, Crovne, and Covntry 0230.0 country: Covenant for Religion, Croune, and Country 0053.0 country: For God and his country 0127.0 country: For Religion, Country, Crown and Covenant 0132.1 country: For religion, King and Country / A ma puissance 0133.0 country: For Religioun, the Covenant, and the Countrie 0134.1 courageous: Be ye very courageous for the Lord fighteth for us 0029.0 covenant: Covenant for Crovne and Kingdome 0006.0 covenant: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom 0102.0 covenant: Covenant for religion, King and Kingdomes 0055.0 covenant: Covenant for Religione, Croune, and Kingdomes 0474.0 covenant: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0311.0 covenant: Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdome 0370.0 covenant: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0367.0 covenant: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdome 0051.0 covenant: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom 0162.0 covenant: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0420.0 covenant: Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdom 0440.0 covenant: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0114.0 covenant: Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdomes 0091.0 covenant: Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdomes 0087.0 covenant: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 1650 0052.0

313

covenant: Covenant for Religion, King, & Kingdom 0056.0 covenant: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0054.0 covenant: Covanant for Religion, Croune, and Kingdomes 0462.0 covenant: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdome 0391.0 covenant: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom 0425.0 covenant: Covenant for Religion, Croune, and Country 0053.0 covenant: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom 0268.0 covenant: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdoms 0289.0 covenant: Covenant for Religion, Crovne, and Covntry 0230.0 covenant: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0231.0 covenant: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdome 0224.0 covenant: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdome 0226.0 covenant: Couenant for Religion King and Kingdomes 0437.0 covenant: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0152.0 covenant: Covenant for Religion Crovne and Kingdom 0050.1 covenant: Covenant for Religion, Crovne and Kingdomes 0050.3 covenant: Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdom 0440.0 covenant: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom 0162.0 covenant: Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdomes 0052.2 covenant: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0050.4 covenant: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0420.0 covenant: For Christ's Croun and Covenant 0125.1 covenant: For Covenant, Religion, Kinge, and Kingdomes 0126.0 covenant: For Religion, Country, Crown and Covenant 0132.1 covenant: For Religioun, the Covenant and the Countrie 0134.1 covenant: For God, the King, Religion and the Covenant 0129.0 crown: Covanant for Religion, Croune, and Kingdomes 0462.0 crown: Covenant for Religione, Croune, and Kingdomes 0474.0 crown: Covenant for Religion, Crovne, and Covntry 0230.0 crown: Covenant for Religion, Croune, and Country 0053.0 crown: Covenant for Crovne and Kingdome 0006.0 crown: For Christ's Croun and Covenant 0125.1

314

Indexes and Lists

crown: For Religion, Country, Crown and Covenant 0132.1 cuckold: Come, cuckolds 0042.0 cuckold: Come out you cuckold 0041.0 cuckold: Cuckold wee come 0059.0 cuckold: Cuckolds we come 0060.0 cuckold: Cuckolds we come 0061.0 deliver: Sume put ther trusst in Charetes and som in horses but we will rember the nam of the Lord our god. / Our Fathers hoped in thee thaye trusted in thee and you didsst deleuer them 0418.0 deserve: He is a rebel and deserves it 0155.0 die: Die to live 0082.0 die: Died Abner like a fool 0083.0 die: Doe or die / Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdomes 0087.0 distract: For these distracted times 0138.0 do: Doe or die / Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdomes 0087.0 down: Let us arise up and build. God shall fight for us. / Let us down with it to the ground 0198.0 dread: Dred God / Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdomes 0091.0 due: Give Caesar his due 0086.0 end: Trev to the ende / Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdom 0440.0 escape: Shall they escape for their wickedness o lord 0405.0 father: Sume put ther trusst in Charetes and som in horses but we will rember the nam of the Lord our god. / Our Fathers hoped in thee thaye trusted in thee and you didsst deleuer them 0418.0 fight: Be ye very courageous for the Lord fighteth for us 0029.0 fight: Let us arise up and build. God shall fight for us. / Let us down with it to the ground 0198.0 fight: We are released to fight for the Gospel, Laws and Liberty 0483.0 fool: Died Abner like a fool 0083.0 give: Give Caesar his due 0086.0 grace: God send grace / For religion, King, and Kingdomes. 0150.0 grace: Grace me gyde / Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0152.0 guide: God is my guide, fall on 0148.0 guide: Grace me gyde / Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0152.0 heathen: Why do the heathen rage 0485.0 help: Help us in the day of battle, for without thee man's help is vain 0156.0 hope: Sume put ther trusst in Charetes and som in horses but we will rember the nam of the Lord our god. / Our Fathers hoped in thee thaye trusted in thee and you didsst deleuer them 0418.0 horse: Sume put ther trusst in Charetes and som in horses but we will rember the nam of the Lord our god. / Our Fathers hoped in thee thaye trusted in thee and you didsst deleuer them 0418.0 innocent: Innocent valiant 0188.0 iron: Thou shall break them with a rod of iron 0435.0 just: That war is just which is necessary 0432.0

king: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom 0268.0 king: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0250.0 king: Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdom 0440.0 king: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom 0162.0 king: Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdomes 0050.2 king: Covenant for Relgion, King and Kingdomes 0420.0 king: Covenant for Relgion, King and Kingdomes 0050.4 king: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdome 0226.0 king: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdoms 0289.0 king: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0231.0 king: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0367.0 king: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom 0425.0 king: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdome 0391.0 king: Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdome 0370.0 king: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdome 0224.0 king: Couenant for Religion King and Kingdomes 0437.0 king: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0311.0 king: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 1650 0052.0 king: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdome 0051.0 king: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom 0102.0 king: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0114.0 king: Covenant for Religion, King, & Kingdom 0056.0 king: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0054.0 king: Covenant for religion, King and Kingdomes 0055.0 king: Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdomes 0087.0 king: Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdomes 0091.0 king: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0152.0 king: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom 0162.0 king: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0420.0 king: Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdom 0440.0 king: For Covenant, Religion, Kinge, and Kingdomes 0126.0 king: For God, the King, Religion and the Covenant 0129.0 king: For God, the King and against all traitors / God save the King 0128.0 king: For King and Parliament 0130.0 king: For religion, King and Country 0133.0 king: For religion, king and Parliament 0134.0 king: For the King and Protestant Religion 0136.0 king: For religion, King, and Kingdomes. 0150.0 king: I will strive to serve my Sovereign King 0163.0 kingdom: Covanant for Religion, Croune, and Kingdomes 0462.0 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, Crovne, and Kingdomes 0050.3 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdom 0440.0 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom

Indexes and Lists 0162.0 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdomes 0050.2 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0420.0 kindgom: Covenant for Relgion, King and Kingdomes 0050.4 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom 0268.0 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0250.0 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdoms 0289.0 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0311.0 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdome 0226.0 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0231.0 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdome 0224.0 kingdom: Covenant for Religione, Croune, and Kingdomes 0474.0 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom 0425.0 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdome 0391.0 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdome 0370.0 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0367.0 kingdom: Covenant for Crovne and Kingdome 0006.0 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King, & Kingdom 0056.0 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdome 0051.0 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0054.0 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 1650 0052.0 kingdom: Covenant for religion, King and Kingdomes 0055.0 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom 0102.0 kingdom: Couenant for Religion King and Kingdomes 0437.0 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0114.0 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdomes 0087.0 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdomes 0091.0 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0152.0 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom 0162.0 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0420.0 kingdom: Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdom 0440.0 kingdom: For Covenant, Religion, Kinge, and Kingdomes

315

0126.0 kingdom: For religion, King, and Kingdomes. 0150.0 law: For lawfull lawes and liberties 0131.0 law: We are released to fight for the Gospel, Laws and Liberty 0483.0 liberty: For lawfull lawes and liberties 0131.0 liberty: For the liberty of the Gospel 0137.0 liberty: We are released to fight for the Gospel, Laws and Liberty 0483.0 lip: Open thou my lips, and my mouth shall shew forth 0275.0 live: Die to live 0082.0 lose: Lose this, lose all 0202.0 mouth: Open thou my lips, and my mouth shall shew forth 0275.0 necessary: That war is just which is necessary 0432.0 nought: Spa[ir nocht] 0420.0 0218.0 oath: My oath and sword maintain this word 0271.0 one: One of these 0270.0 one: One of these 0273.0 one: One of these 0039.0 peace: Charles, thus peace flies to thee peace: For truth and peace 0139.0 peace: Peace and all truths 0288.0 peace: Truth and peace 0441.0 protestant: For the King and Protestant Religion 0136.0 rage: Why do the heathen rage 0485.0 rebel: He is a rebel and deserves it 0155.0 reformation: For reformation 0132.0 religion: Covanant for Religion, Croune, and Kingdomes 0462.0 religion: Covenant for Religion, Crovne and Kingdomes 0050.3 religion: Covenant for Religion Crovne and Kingdom 0050.1 religion: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom 0440.0 religion: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom 0162.0 religion: Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdomes 0050.2 religion: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0420.0 religion: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0050.4 religion: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0231.0 religion: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdome 0226.0 religion: Covenant for Religion, Crovne, and Covntry 0230.0 religion: Covenant for Religion, Croune, and Country 0053.0 religion: Couenant for Religion King and Kingdomes 0437.0 religion: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdome 0224.0 religion: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0250.0 religion: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0367.0

316

Indexes and Lists

religion: Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdome 0370.0 religion: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0311.0 religion: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdoms 0289.0 religion: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom 0268.0 religion: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdome 0391.0 religion: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom 0425.0 religion: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom 0102.0 religion: Covenant for religion, King and Kingdomes 0055.0 religion: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0114.0 religion: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdome 0051.0 religion: Covenant for Religion, King, & Kingdom 0056.0 religion: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 1650 0052.0 religion: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0054.0 religion: Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdomes 0087.0 religion: Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdomes 0091.0 religion: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom 0162.0 religion: Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0420.0 religion: Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdom 0440.0 religion: For Covenant, Religion, Kinge, and Kingdomes 0126.0 religion: For God, the King, Religion and the Covenant 0129.0 religion: For Religion, Country, Crown, and Covenant 0132.1 religion: For religion, King and Country 0133.0 religion: For religion, king and Parliament 0134.0 religion: For Religioun, the Covenant and the Countrie 0134.1 religion: For the King and Protestant Religion 0136.0 religion: For religion, King, and Kingdomes. 0150.0 religious: Religious valient 0390.0 right: He maintaine my right 0168.0 rod: Thou shalt break them with a rod of iron 0435.0 root: Root and branch 0107.0 round: At all that's round 0018.0 rouse: Who shall rouse him up? 0484.0 serve: I will strive to serve my Sovereign King 0163.0 spare: Spa[ir nocht] 0420.0 strength: God is my strength 0149.0 sword: For the cause of the Lord I draw my sword 0135.0 sword: My oath and sword maintain this word 0218.0 sword: The sword of the Lord and of Gideon 0433.0

time: For these distracted times 0138.0 time: I byd my time 0162.0 traitor: For God, the King and against all traitors / God save the King 0128.0 true: Trev to the ende 0440.0 trust: Sume put ther trusst in Charetes and som in horses but we will rember the nam of the Lord our god. / Our Fathers hoped in thee thaye trusted in thee and you didsst deleuer them 0418.0 truth: For truth and peace 0139.0 truth: Peace and all truths 0288.0 truth: Truth and peace 0441.0 tyranny: Until this tyranny be over past. LVII Psalm 0444.0 untie: This shall untie it 0434.0 vain: Help us in the day of battle, for without thee man's help is vain 0156.0 valiant: Innocent valiant 0188.0 valiant: Religious valient 0390.0 valiantly: Through God we shall do valiantly 0436.0 war: That war is just which is necessary 0432.0 wear: Win it and wear it 0486.0 wear: Win it and wear it 0487.0 wickedness: Shall they escape for their wickedness o lord 0405.0 win: Win it and wear it 0487.0 win: Win it and wear it 0486.0 word: My oath and sword maintain this word 0218.0

INDEX OF ENGLISH MOTTOES (PROPER NAMES) Abner: Died Abner like a fool 0083.0 Antichrist: Antichrist must downe. If you support him he will pall upon you. 0016.0 Caesar: Give Caesar his due 0086.0 Charles: Charles, thus peace flies to thee 0039.0 Christ: For Christ's Croun and Covenant 0125.1 Emanuel: Emanuel 0096.0 England: England bleeding 0098.0 George: Saint George 0396.0 Gideon: The sword of the Lord and of Gideon 0433.0 God: Dred God 0091.0 God: For God, the King and against all traitors / God save the King 0128.0 God: For God and his country 0127.0 God: For God, the King, Religion and the Covenant 0129.0 God: God is my guide, fall on 0148.0 God: God is my strength 0149.0 God: God send grace 0150.0 God: God with us 0151.0 God: If God be with us who shall be against us? 0166.0 God: Let us arise up and build. God shall fight for us. / Let us down with it to the ground 0198.0 God: Sume put ther trusst in Charetes and som in horses but we will rember the nam of the Lord our god. / Our Fathers hoped in thee thaye trusted in thee

Indexes and Lists and you didsst deleuer them 0418.0 God: Through God we shall do valiantly 0436.0 Gospel: For the liberty of the Gospel 0137.0 Gospel: We are released to fight for the Gospel, Laws and Liberty 0483.0 Heaven: Only in Heaven 0273.0 Heaven: Only in Heaven 0274.0 Lord: Shall they escape for their wickedness o lord 0405.0 Lord: Be ye very courageous for the Lord fighteth for us 0029.0 Lord: For the cause of the Lord I draw my sword 0135.0 Lord: Nay, but as a captain of the host of the Lord am I now come 0219.0 Lord: The sword of the Lord and of Gideon 0433.0 Parliament: For King and Parliament 0130.0 Parliament: For religion, king and Parliament 0134.0

317

318

Indexes and Lists

INDEX OF FRENCH MOTTOES aimer: Aimez loyaulte 0013.0 ame: Dieu comforte mon coeur, et console mon ame 0084.0 amour: Adieu 1'amour, vive la guerre 0009.0 appui: Et dieu mon appuy 0103.0 appui: Soyez, mon dieu, ma garde et mon appuy 0419.0 aviler: Craindre dieu et non avire [?avilir] 0057.0 avirer: Craindre dieu et non avire [?avilir] 0057.0 cause: Pour la cause courage 0301.0 ceci: Pour ce cey [ceci] 0298.0 chercher: Dans la guerre je cherche la paix 0065.0 coeur: Dieu comforte mon coeur, et console mon ame 0084.0 courage: Pour la cause courage 0301.0 craindre: Craindre dieu et non avire [?avilir] 0057.0 craindre: Sans craindre 0400.0 droit: Dieu et mon droit 0085.0 droit: Dieu et mon droit / Give Caesar his due 0086.0 eternel: La saintete a 1'eternels 0196.0 faire: Prest a faire 0307.0 ferme: Soies ferme 0414.0 foi: Garde ta foy 0144.0 foi: Pure foy ma joye 0372.0 fort: La fort[e] 0195.0 garden Garde ta foy 0144.0 garden Soyez, mon dieu, ma garde et mon appuy 0419.0 grogner: Groygne que vouldra 0154.0 guerre: Dans la guerre je cherche la paix 0065.0 guerre: Adieu 1'amour, vive la guerre 0009.0 harmonic: Paice la meilleus harmonic 0282.0 joie: Pure foy ma joye 0372.0 loyaulte: Aimez loyaulte 0013.0 paix: Paice la meilleus harmonic 0282.0 paix: Dans la guerre je cherche la paix 0065.0 ployer: Plustost romp[u] que ploy 0295.0 pret: Prest a faire 0307.0 pret: Tovt Prest 0437.0 puissance: A ma puissance 0133.0 pur: Pure foy ma joye 0372.0 rompre: Plustost romp[u] que ploy 0295.0 roi: Vive le roy 0482.0 saintet6: La saintete a 1'eternels 0196.0 verit6: Pour la verite 0302.0 vouloir: Groygne que vouldra 0154.0

INDEX OF FRENCH MOTTOES (PROPER NAMES) Dieu: Craindre dieu et non avire [?avilir] 0057.0 Dieu: Dieu comforte mon coeur, et console mon ame 0084.0 Dieu: Dieu et mon droit 0085.0 Dieu: Dieu et mon droit 0086.0 Dieu: Et dieu mon appuy 0103.0 Dieu: Soyez, mon dieu, ma garde et mon appuy 0419.0

Evangile: Pour 1'evangile Evangile: Pour 1'evangile

0299.0 0300.0

INDEX OF ITALIAN MOTTOES speranza: Speranza mi da la vita vita: Speranza mi da la vita

0421.0 0421.0

INDEX OF SPANISH MOTTOES gobierno: Viva el rey y muera el mal govierno morir: Viva el rey y muera el mal goviemo rey: Viva el rey y muera el mal govierno

0481.0 0481.0 0481.0

Indexes and Lists MOTTO INDEX (TRANSLATIONS) above: above: above: above:

Either this or higher than (above) this Either this or higher than (above) this Help from above My strength is from above / Long live King

0022.0 0023.0 0067.0 Charles 0141.0 abundant: The apostles would neither slumber nor sleep while the accursed sects knew their freed men [liberties?]. Jesus said: 'One of you will betray me.' [Motto 1] God is more abundant in mercy than man in wickedness. [Motto 2] 0222.0 abuse: For how long will you abuse our patience? 0385.0 accursed: The apostles would neither slumber nor sleep while the accursed sects knew their freed men [liberties?]. Jesus said: 'One of you will betray me.' [Motto 1] God is more abundant in mercy than man in wickedness. [Motto 2] 0222.0 act: Ready to act 0307.0 advance: Let the bolder (man) advance against (the enemy) 0046.0 aflame: Aflame (burning) with love for Sion 0004.0 against: Who is against us? 0379.0 age: Virtue flowers more with age 0472.0 ahead: It is better to be ahead 0304.0 aid: My God, be thou my protection and my aid 0419.0 all: In so much but not in all 0179.0 aloof: I detest the common crowd and keep aloof 0266.0 altar: For altar and hearth 0308.0 altar: For altar and hearth 0309.0 ancestor: The vanity of ancestors (predecessors) 0204.0 anchor: To Christ the rock has my anchor been fastened, [in him] I have hoped 0172.0 angel: A good conscience is a good angel 0035.0 anger: What is this anger, o citizens? 0380.0 annoint: Touch not my annointed ones 0252.0 another: Let not he who can be his own man belong to another 0014.0 arise: I arise 0114.0 arise: Let God arise and let his enemies be scattered 0110.0 arise: Let God arise and let his enemies be scattered 0111.0 arise: Let God arise and let his enemies be scattered / Long live King Charles 0112.0 arise: Let him (God?) arise and they (enemies?) will be scattered 0113.0 arms: Flying to arms 0007.0 arms: Peace is sought with just [justice] arms 0192.0 arms: With God and victorious arms 0076.0 army: As a cloud against the sun, so an army against God 0449.0 assail: One must not assail this 0160.0 attack: No one attacks me with impunity 0229.0 attack: No one attacks me with impunity 0230.0 attack: No one attacks me with impunity 0231.0 avenge: God will avenge his people / Long live King Charles 0088.0 avenge: Heaven avenges cruelty 0058.0 backwards: No steps backwards 0265.0

319

barbarian: Will some barbarian (reap) these crops? 0028.0 battle: Terrible as a battle line drawn up 0431.0 battle: You press hard not with battles but with prayers 0303.0 bend: Sooner broken than bent 0295.0 best: The very best government 0293.0 bestow: With steadfastness bestowing the crown 0045.0 betray: The apostles would neither slumber nor sleep while the accursed sects knew their freed men [liberties?]. Jesus said: 'One of you will betray me.' [Motto 1] God is more abundant .in mercy than man in wickedness. [Motto 2] 0222.0 better: I hope for better things 0207.0 better: May God give better (things) 0077.0 between: Nothing in between 0235.0 beware: Beware, I am ready 0038.0 bishop: D you want to be a bishop? I do not, I do not, I do not! 0477.0 bless: May God bless our going out 0030.0 blessed: King and Queen, blessed to themselves and to their (followers) 0392.0 blood: Both by the sword and the trowel / Blood makes (this) cement (bond) 0428.0 blood: I will discharge (my) blood as (my) duty for (my) country. My love for King and people provides me with weapons 0399.0 blood: Ireland is dripping with blood 0157.0 blood: Red with blood in order to halt the bleeding 0394.0 bold: Let the bolder (man) advance against (the enemy) 0046.0 bond: Both by the sword and the trowel / Blood makes (this) cement (bond) 0428.0 bow: At the name of Jesus every knee shall bow / Long live King Charles 0178.0 bravery: With wisdom and bravery 0401.0 brazen: Let this be a brazen wall 0158.0 break: I break that which tries to break 0043.0 break: Sooner broken than bent 0295.0 break: United we are strong, divided we are broken 0443.0 breathe: I live (breathe) by these things: I die by these things 0422.0 breathe: While I breathe, I hope 0093.0 brother: Rare is the harmony of brothers 0386.0 breathe: While I breathe I hope 0092.0 burn: Aflame (burning) with love for Sion 0004.0 care: Take care for the faith 0333.0 carry: I carry while I strike 0115.0 cause: Courage for our cause 0301.0 cause: Finally the good cause triumphs 0429.0 cause: Not without cause 0260.0 cause: Not without cause 0261.0 cause: Our cause is God's 0264.0 cause: The cause is clear 0037.0 cause: The just cause triumphs 0190.0 cause: The just cause triumphs 0191.0 cement: Both by the sword and the trowel / Blood makes (this) cement (bond) 0428.0 centre: With this at the centre 0159.0

320

Indexes and Lists

chain: God loosens the chains / Long live King Charles 0417.0 chalice: For God, the King, and the chalice (country) / Long live King Charles 0322.0 change: I change square things into round things 0217.0 church: For Christ and (his) Church 0310.0 church: For devotion, incense [i.e. church], and right / For King, law, and people 0312.0 citizen: Behold whither discord is driving our citizens 0097.0 citizen: What is this anger, o citizens? 0380.0 city: That city is a rebellious city and hurtful unto kings 0446.0 clash: If we clash (with one another), we are shattered 0406.0 cleanse: We are cleansed, not crushed 0002.0 cloud: After the clouds, the sun (Phoebus) / Long live King Charles 0297.0 cloud: After the clouds, the sun (Phoebus) 0296.0 cloud: As a cloud against the sun, so an army against God 0449.0 cloud: Not the sun but the clouds 0262.0 comfort: From heaven our only comfort 0095.0 commons: It is fitting that the King should rule the commons 0068.0 companion: Envy is a companion of virtue 0476.0 compell: Not unless compelled 0258.0 complain: Let him complain that wishes to 0154.0 confound: They will be turned around (converted) and confounded forever 0049.0 conquer: He conquers by marching 0005.0 conquer: He who follows conquers 0377.0 conquer: I hope to conquer 0463.0 conquer: I suffer that I may conquer / Long live King Charles 0285.0 conquer: The Lamb conquers 0466.0 conquer: Truth conquers 0470.0 conquer: Truth conquers 0467.0 conquer: Truth conquers 0468.0 conquer: Truth conquers 0469.0 conquer: Under this sign you will conquer 0175.0 conquer: We conquer with Christ as our guide 0465.0 conquer: We conquer with Christ as (our) guide 0464.0 conquer: With Christ as leader and guide, I shall conquer 0040.0 conquer: With God as our leader, we shall conquer 0072.0 conqueror: He returns a conqueror from the lower world (Limbo) / Long live King Charles 0459.0 conscience: A good conscience is a good angel 0035.0 conspirator: The reward for conspirators 0209.0 conspirator: The reward for conspirators 0210.0 constrain: Faith that has been defiled constrains 0121.0 consume: Like a consuming fire 0375.0 consume: They will shine like stars / I am consumed by shining on others 0423.0 contaminate: I would prefer to die rather than turn aside / be contaminated 0205.0 convert: They will be turned around (converted) and confounded forever 0049.0 country: Everything only for a strong country [1st motto]

0268.0 country: Fight for (your) country neither rashly nor timidly. 0371.0 country: Fight for your torn country 0343.0 country: For country 0342.0 country: For God and country 0314.0 country: For God and country 0315.0 country: For God and country 0075.0 country: For God, King, and Country 0323.0 country: For God, Prince, and Country 0320.0 country: For God, the King, and the chalice (country) / Long live King Charles 0322.0 country: For palace and country our love is thus much strong 0362.0 country: For religion and country 0365.0 country: For religion and country 0366.0 country: For religion / For country 0364.0 country: For religion, King, and country 0367.0 country: I fight for my torn country 0344.0 country: I fight for God and country 0316.0 country: I will discharge (my) blood as (my) duty for (my) country. My love for King and people provides me with weapons 0399.0 country: It is fitting to die for one's country 0069.0 country: On behalf of Protestants we thus make our country tremble 0345.0 country: Our country in part 0283.0 country: The supreme law is the welfare of the country 0199.0 country: The sacred love of country gives courage 0398.0 country: The supreme law is the welfare of the country 0200.0 country: We fight for God, we pray for our King, let us die for our country 0321.0 country: With our country asking for a man who is prepared 0287.0 country: With our country asking for a man who is prepared 0286.0 courage: Courage for our cause 0301.0 courage: The sacred love of country gives courage 0398.0 courage: Through deeds of courage 0006.0 courage: Wealth [is] not courage [spirit] 0276.0 crop: Will some barbarian (reap) these crops? 0028.0 crowd: I detest the common crowd and keep aloof 0266.0 crown: No crown for him who flees 0143.0 crown: The end crowns the work 0124.0 crown: The end crowns the work 0123.0 crown: Victory will honour, death will crown 0461.0 crown: With steadfastness bestowing the crown 0045.0 cruelty: Heaven avenges cruelty 0058.0 crush: We are cleansed, not crushed 0002.0 cut: An incurable wound must be cut away with a sword 0170.0 cut: Let what cannot be untied be cut through 0402.0 darkness: In the darkness a light has arisen for the upright in heart 0106.0 dash: To no avail the wave dashes against the mighty rock 0189.0 death: Death or Liberty 0213.0 death: Death or victory 0215.0

iNDEXES AND lISTS death: Either a swift death or a joyous victory 0020.0 death: Either death or a fitting life 0027.0 death: Either death or honour 0026.0 death: For me death is gain 0214.0 death: Victory will honour, death will crown 0461.0 deceit: Wisdom unversed in deceit 0370.0 deceit: Without deceit 0003.0 deed: Through deeds of courage 0006.0 defeat: Virtue unfamiliar with sordid defeat 0473.0 defile: Faith that has been defiled constrains 0121.0 demand: We all demand peace from you 0281.0 desert: To every man his deserts 0062.0 despair: With God as our leader, we must not despair 0071.0 detest: I detest the common crowd and keep aloof 0266.0 devotion: For devotion, incense [i.e. church], and right / For King, law, and people 0312.0 die: I live (breath) by these things: I die by these things 0422.0 die: I would die rather than be a papist 0212.0 die: I would prefer to die rather than be transferred (sold) 0206.0 die: I would prefer to die rather than turn aside / be contaminated 0205.0 die: It is better to die in war than to see the wickedness (wicked deeds) of our people 0208.0 die: It is fitting to die for one's country 0069.0 die: It is just to die for Christ / Long live King Charles 0011.0 die: One thing remains - to die well 0445.0 die: Or may I die to keep my vows 0025.0 die: To die fittingly for Christ 0311.0 die: We fight for God, we pray for our King, let us die for our country 0321.0 difficult: In difficult circumstances altogether magnanimous 0171.0 difficult: Through difficult circumstances to holy things 0289.0 discord: Behold whither discord is driving our citizens 0097.0 dishonour: To fear God and not [?to dishonour] 0057.0 divide: United we are strong, divided we are broken 0443.0 divine: In matters divine, he who lets in (surrenders) preserves: in matters human, meet force with force 0327.0 drip: Ireland is dripping with blood 0157.0 duty: I will discharge blood as (my) duty for (my) country. My love for King and people provides me with weapons 0399.0 earth: Heaven and earth are (my) witness 0036.0 earth: Until peace returns to earth 0090.0 end: The end crowns the work 0123.0 end: The end crowns the work 0124.0 endurance: Endurance rejoices in harsh times 0145.0 endure: Facing it, I endure 0404.0 enemy: Against the enemies of Charles 0048.0 enemy: Let God arise and let his enemies be scattered 0111.0 enemy: Let God arise and let his enemies be scattered 0110.0

321

enemy: Let God arise and let his enemies be scattered / Long live King Charles 0112.0 enemy: Let him (God?) arise and they (enemies?) will be scattered 0113.0 enemy: Let the bolder (man) advance against (the enemy) 0046.0 envy: Envy is a companion of virtue 0476.0 eternal: The fourth will be eternal 0374.0 eternity: Holiness for eternity 0196.0 everyone: Thither everyone 0169.0 evil: All evil from the north / Woe to thee, Babylon 0267.0 evil: Such great evil could religion persuade (men to commit) 0430.0 exalt: To what do you exalt this horn? 0009.0 experience: Trust the experienced (man) 0108.0 experience: Trust the experienced Robert 0109.0 extinguish: He extinguished fires with sacred fires 0105.0 extreme: God appears in extreme circumstances 0173.0 eye: Our eyes are fixed upon thee / Thus seek we peace 0180.0 face: Facing it, I endure 0404.0 faith: (A) pure faith (is) my joy 0372.0 faith: Faith that has been defiled constrains 0121.0 faith: For the faith once and for all handed down 0331.0 faith: For the faith once and for all handed down 0329.0 faith: For the faith once and for all handed down 0330.0 faith: For the faith once and for all handed down 0332.0 faith: Guard your faith 0144.0 faith: Take care for the faith 0333.0 faith: With faith and with love 0119.0 faithfully: Faithfully and favourably 0120.0 fall: Or I shall fall through great ventures 0203.0 falter: Lest my soul falter 0220.0 favourably: Faithfully and favourably 0120.0 fear: I neither laugh nor fear 0233.0 fear: To fear God and not [?to dishonour] 0057.0 fear: Without fear 0400.0 few: A few yokes remain 0185.0 fight: Fight for (your) country neither rashly nor timidly. 0371.0 fight: Fight for your torn country 0343.0 fight: I fight for peace 0341.0 fight: I fight for my torn country 0344.0 fight: I fight for God and country 0316.0 fight: Pray and fight. Jehovah helps and will help 0279.0 fight: Pray and fight. Jehovah helps and will help 0277.0 fight: Pray and fight. Jehovah helps and will help 0278.0 fight: The King is a person fighting in his own power 0393.0 fight: We fight for God, we pray for our King, let us die for our country 0321.0 fight: We must fight for the Reformation 0347.0 find: I shall find [them] or make [them] quiet 0024.0 FINE: tHE WARS OF THE SAINTS ARE FINE 00032.0 FINE:tHE WARS 0031.0 fine: The wars of the saints are fine 0033.0 fire: He extinguished fires with sacredes 0105.0 fire: Like a consuming fire

fire: Neither by sword nor by fire firm: Be firm 0414.0

0375.0 0223.0 0414.0

322

Indexes and Lists

fix: Our eyes are fixed upon thee / Thus seek we peace 0180.0 flee: Flee beneath the shade (protection) 0425.0 flee: No crown for hi flourish: May the R flourish: Though shaken, flower: Virtue flowers more with age 0472.0 fly: Flying to arms 0007.0 follow: He who follows conquers 0377.0 force: In matters divine, he who lets in (surrenders) preserves: in matters human, meet force with force 0327.0 force: Neither by force nor by a wind's [blast] 0228.0 force: [Match] force with force 0462.1 fourth: The fourth will be eternal 0374.0 free: A lion that is free knows no restraint 0201.0 freedom: The Protestant religion, the laws of England, the freedoms of parliaments 0388.0 friend: Those whom godliness, virtue, and honour have made friends 0384.0 fruit: The fruit of virtue 0142.0 gain: For me death is gain 0214.0 gain: Religion not (selfish) gain 0389.0 gift: A gift not sought after for such use 0255.0 gift: Both gifts from God are for the King 0089.0 give: Give unto Caesar 0066.0 glory: Either this or that, (but) glory in either case 0021.0 glory: To God alone the glory 0416.0 go: May God bless our going out 0030.0 goal: Virtue gives me the goal 0122.0 godliness: Godliness the liberator 0294.0 godliness: Those whom godliness, virtue, and honour have made friends 0384.0 good: Finally the good cause triumphs 0429.0 government: The very best government 0293.0 grace: Grace and peace 0153.0 grief: It will pass / Oh what grief! 0439.0 guard: Guard your faith 0144.0 guide: We conquer with Christ as our guide 0465.0 guide: We conquer with Christ as (our) guide 0464.0 guide: With Christ as (my) guide 0019.0 guide: With Christ as leader and guide, I shall conquer 0040.0 halt: Red with blood in order to halt the bleeding 0394.0 hand down: For the faith once and for all handed down 0329.0 hand down: For the faith once and for all handed down 0332.0 hand down: For the faith once and for all handed down 0330.0 hand down: For the faith once and for all handed down 0331.0 hand: Victory from the hand of the Lord 0460.0 harmonious: Grant, O kindly God, that I may send forth harmonious sounds 0044.0 harmony: Peace is the best harmony 0282.0 harmony: Rare is the harmony of brothers 0386.0 harmony: [Though] wounded, [we act] all in harmony 0197.0 harp: Music, monarchy, and harp 0216.0 harsh: Endurance rejoices in harsh times 0145.0

haste: Make haste slowly 0116.0 hate: Hated of God and his saints 0107.0 heart: God comfort my heart and console my soul 0084.0 heart: In the darkness a light has arisen for the upright in heart 0106.0 hearth: For altar and hearth 0308.0 hearth: For altar and hearth 0309.0 help: Help from above 0067.0 heresy: Thou hast overcome all heresies / Long live King Charles 0063.0 heresy: Thus heresies perish / Long live King Charles 0413.0 high: Either this or higher than (above) this 0022.0 high: Either this or higher than (above) this 0023.0 hold: Hold fast forcefully to virtue 0475.0 holiness: Holiness for eternity 0196.0 holy: Through difficult circumstances to holy things 0289.0 holy: Victory will be given to the holy ones (saints) 0064.0 honour: Either death or honour 0026.0 honour: Honour through virtue 0474.0 honour: Those whom godliness, virtue, and honour have made friends 0384.0 honour: Victory will honour, death will crown 0461.0 hope: By no means [ . . . ? ] my only hope is in God 0232.0 hope: Hope gives me life 0421.0 hope: I hope for better things 0207.0 hope: I hope to conquer 0463.0 hope: I live in this hope 0174.0 hope: To Christ the rock has my anchor been fastened, [in him] I have hoped 0172.0 hope: While I breathe, I hope 0093.0 hope: While I breathe I hope 0092.0 horn: But if I shine, alas for my horns 0378.0 horn: To what do you exalt this horn? 0009.0 horse(back): Victory (rests) not on horse(back) but upon right (justice) 0253.0 horse(back): Victory (rests) not on horse(back) but on right (justice) 0256.0 human: In matters divine, he who lets in (surrenders) preserves: in matters human, meet force with force 0327.0 hurtful: That city is a rebellious city and hurtful unto kings 0446.0 impunity: No one attacks me with impunity 0229.0 impunity: No one attacks me with impunity 0230.0 impunity: No one attacks me with impunity 0231.0 incense: For devotion, incense [i.e. church], and right / For King, law, and people 0312.0 incurable: An incurable wound must be cut away with a sword 0170.0 innocent: The innocent will overcome 0187.0 inside: As is the outside, so is the inside 0448.0 joy: (A) pure faith (is) my joy 0372.0 joyous: Either a swift death or a joyous victory 0020.0 just: I prefer a most just war to a most unjust peace 0193.0 just: I prefer a most just war to a most unjust peace 0194.0

Indexes and Lists just: It is just to die for Christ / Long live King Charles 0011.0 just: Peace is sought with just [justice] arms 0192.0 just: The just cause triumphs 0191.0 just: The just cause triumphs 0190.0 just: There is no law more just 0254.0 justice: By removing the wicked from the King's sight, the throne of justice is established 0099.0 justice: By removing the wicked from the King's sight, the throne of justice is established 0100.0 justice: Let justice be done 0117.0 justice: Victory (rests) not on horse(back) but on right (justice) 0256.0 kill: Kill, kill 0395.0 justice: Victory (rests) not on horse(back) but upon right (justice) 0253.0 king: As is our King, so be our King 0450.0 king: By removing the wicked from the King's sight, the throne of justice is established 0100.0 king: By removing the wicked from the King's sight, the throne of justice is established 0099.0 king: For devotion, incense [i.e. church], and right / For King, law, and people 0312.0 king: For God and the king 0317.0 king: For God and the king 0318.0 king: For God, King, and State 0325.0 king: For God, King, and State 0326.0 king: For God, King, and Kingdom 0324.0 king: For God, King, and Country 0323.0 king: For King and truth 0355.0 king: For King and people 0349.0 king: For King and Parliament 0353.0 king: For King and kingdom 0354.0 king: For King and law 0350.0 king: For King, kingdom, and liberty 0359.0 king: For King, law, and people 0357.0 king: For King, Parliament and the kingdom 0358.0 king: For King, religion, and Parliament 0360.0 king: For religion, King, and country 0367.0 king: For the King as truly the King of England 0361.0 king: For the King and the known (established) laws of England 0352.0 king: For the King 0348.0 king: I will discharge (my) blood as (my) duty for (my) country. My love for King and people provides me with weapons 0399.0 king: If the laws of things [of Kings?] 0409.0 king: Long live the King 0482.0 king: King and Queen, blessed to themselves and to their (followers) 0392.0 king: Ready for the King and law 0351.0 king: That city is a rebellious city and hurtful unto kings 0446.0 king: The King is a person fighting in his own power 0393.0 king: They sharpen [their stings] for the King 0356.0 king: We fight for God, we pray for our King, let us die for our country 0321.0 King: Both gifts from God are for the King 0089.0 King: It is fitting that the King should rule the commons 0068.0

323

kingdom: For God, King, and Kingdom 0324.0 kingdom: For King and kingdom 0354.0 kingdom: For King, kingdom, and liberty 0359.0 kingdom: For King, Parliament and the kingdom 0358.0 knee: At the name of Jesus every knee shall bow / Long live King Charles 0178.0 laugh: I neither laugh nor fear 0233.0 law: For devotion, incense [i.e. church], and right / For King, law, and people 0312.0 law: For King and law 0350.0 law: For King, law, and people 0357.0 law: For law and people 0335.0 law: For law and people 0334.0 law: For law and people 0336.0 law: For the King and the known (established) laws of England 0352.0 law: If the laws of things [of Kings?] 0409.0 law: Preserve the law, oh God 0306.0 law: Ready for the King and law 0351.0 law: The Protestant religion, the laws of England, the freedoms of parliaments 0388.0 law: The supreme law is the welfare of the country 0200.0 law: The supreme law is the welfare of the country 0199.0 law: The welfare of the people is the highest law 0397.0 law: There is no law more just 0254.0 law: [Latin unsatisfactory. Perhaps, 'Choose for God and Law'] 0074.0 leader: A woman is the leader of the enterprise 0094.0 leader: With Christ as leader and guide, I shall conquer 0040.0 leader: With God as our leader, we shall conquer 0072.0 leader: With God as our leader, we must not despair 0071.0 left: If the left (hand) cannot, the right (hand) must 0411.0 liberator: Godliness the liberator 0294.0 liberty: Death or Liberty 0213.0 liberty: For King, kingdom, and liberty 0359.0 liberty: For liberty 0337.0 liberty: The apostles would neither slumber nor sleep while the accursed sects knew their freed men [liberties?]. Jesus said: 'One of you will betray me.' [Motto 1] God is more abundant in mercy than man in wickedness. [Motto 2] 0222.0 liberty: [2nd motto] I have known liberty 0083.0 life: (My) life and all things for truth 0478.0 life: (My) life and everything for truth 0479.0 life: (My) life and everything for truth 0480.0 life: Either death or a fitting life 0027.0 life: Hope gives me life 0421.0 light: In the darkness a light has arisen for the upright in heart 0106.0 lion: A lion that is free knows no restraint 0201.0 live: I live (breath) by these things: I die by these things 0422.0 live: I live in this hope 0174.0 look: Look so that I may be looked at 0010.0 loosen: God loosens the chains / Long live King Charles 0417.0

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Indexes and Lists

love: Aflame (burning) with love for Sion 0004.0 love: Farewell love, long live war 0009.0 love: For palace and country our love is thus much strong 0362.0 love: I will discharge (my) blood as (my) duty for (my) country. My love for King and people provides me with weapons 0399.0 love: Love loyalty 0013.0 love: The sacred love of country gives courage 0398.0 love: With faith and with love 0119.0 loyalty: Love loyalty 0013.0 magnanimous: In difficult circumstances altogether magnanimous 0171.0 majesty: Not secure in his majesty 0257.0 make: I shall find [them] or make [them] quiet 0024.0 man: Let not he who can be his own man belong to another 0014.0 man: The apostles would neither slumber nor sleep while the accursed sects knew their freed men [liberties?]. Jesus said: 'One of you will betray me.' [Motto 1] God is more abundant in mercy than man in wickedness. [Motto 2] 0222.0 march: He conquers by marching 0005.0 master: He is supreme being master of the stars 0017.0 mercy: The apostles would neither slumber nor sleep while the accursed sects knew their freed men [liberties?]. Jesus said: 'One of you will betray me.' [Motto 1] God is more abundant in mercy than man in wickedness. [Motto 2] 0222.0 monarchy: Music, monarchy, and harp 0216.0 mountain: God shall appear on the mountain 0177.0 much: In so much but not in all 0179.0 mountain: God shall appear on the mountain 0176.0 music: Music, monarchy, and harp 0216.0 name: With so much strength my name is Legion 0373.0 necessity: Necessity is a mighty weapon 0186.0 nothing: Nothing in between 0235.0 nourish: By this I am nourished 0161.0 oak: Lest the oak perish 0221.0 outside: As is the outside, so is the inside 0448.0 overcome: The innocent will overcome 0187.0 overcome: Thou hast overcome all heresies / Long live King Charles 0063.0 palace: For palace and country our love is thus much strong 0362.0 papist: I would die rather than be a papist 0212.0 pass: It will pass / Oh what grief! 0439.0 patience: For how long will you abuse our patience? 0385.0 patience: Patience (is) victorious 0284.0 peace: By war to peace 0290.0 peace: For peace and truth 0340.0 peace: For peace and truth 0339.0 peace: For peace and truth 0338.0 peace: Grace and peace 0153.0 peace: I fight for peace 0341.0 peace: I prefer a most just war to a most unjust peace 0193.0 peace: I prefer a most just war to a most unjust peace 0194.0 peace: I search for peace in the war 0065.0

peace: May the wicked be taken away and peace be firmly (established) 0015.0 peace: Our eyes are fixed upon thee / Thus seek we peace 0180.0 peace: Peace be within thy walls (KJV). 0118.0 peace: Peace is sought with just [justice] arms 0192.0 peace: Peace is the best harmony 0282.0 peace: Truth and peace 0457.0 peace: Until peace returns to earth 0090.0 peace: We all demand peace from you 0281.0 peace: We seek for peace 0280.0 people: For devotion, incense [i.e. church], and right / For King, law, and people 0312.0 people: For King and people 0349.0 people: For King, law, and people 0357.0 people: For law and people 0336.0 people: For law and people 0335.0 people: For law and people 0334.0 people: For the senate (Parliament) and people of England 0368.0 people: God will avenge his people / Long live King Charles 0088.0 people: I will discharge blood as (my) duty for (my) country. My love for King and people provides me with weapons 0399.0 people: It is better to die in war than to see the wickedness (wicked deeds) of our people 0208.0 people: The welfare of the people is the highest law 0397.0 perish: If I perish, I perish 0410.0 perish: Lest the oak perish 0221.0 perish: Thus heresies perish / Long live King Charles 0413.0 persuade: Such great evil could religion persuade (men to commit) 0430.0 please: My star will please as she wants to 0383.0 power: The King is a person fighting in his own power 0393.0 praiseworthy: It is something to want praiseworthy things 0102.0 pray: Pray and fight. Jehovah helps and will help 0278.0 pray: Pray and fight. Jehovah helps and will help 0279.0 pray: Pray and fight. Jehovah helps and will help 0277.0 pray: We fight for God, we pray for our King, let us die for our country 0321.0 prayer: With prayers (as our) strength 0305.0 prayer: You press hard not with battles but with prayers 0303.0 predecessors: The vanity of ancestors (predecessors) 0204.0 prepare: Prepared with either 0183.0 prepare: Prepared with either 0181.0 prepare: Prepared with either 0182.0 prepare: With our country asking for a man who is prepared 0287.0 prepare: With our country asking for a man who is prepared 0286.0 preserve: In matters divine, he who lets in (surrenders) preserves: in matters human, meet force with force 0327.0 preserve: Preserve the law, oh God 0306.0

Indexes and Lists preserve: So he preserves (us) unharmed 0451.0 prevail: Truth is mighty and will prevail 0456.0 prince: For God, Prince, and Country 0320.0 protection: Flee beneath the shade (protection) 0425.0 protection: My God, be thou my protection and my aid 0419.0 protestant: On behalf of Protestants we thus make our country tremble 0345.0 protestant: The Protestant religion, the laws of England, the freedoms of parliaments 0388.0 provide: Jehovah will provide 0164.0 puff up: Neither timid nor puffed up 0227.0 pure: (A) pure faith (is) my joy 0372.0 queen: King and Queen, blessed to themselves and to their (followers) 0392.0 quiet: I shall find [them] or make [them] quiet 0024.0 rare: Rare is the harmony of brothers 0386.0 rashly: Fight for (your) country neither rashly nor timidly. 0371.0 rashly: Neither rashly nor timidly 0225.0 rashly: Neither timidly nor rashly 0226.0 ready: All ready 0437.0 ready: Beware, I am ready 0038.0 ready: Ready for the King and law 0351.0 ready: Ready to act 0307.0 reap: Will some barbarian (reap) these crops? 0028.0 rebellious: That city is a rebellious city and hurtful unto kings 0446.0 red: Red with blood in order to halt the bleeding 0394.0 reformation: For the Reformation 0346.0 reformation: We must fight for the Reformation 0347.0 rejoice: Endurance rejoices in harsh times 0145.0 rejoice: Virtue rejoices in trial 0146.0 religion: For King, religion, and Parliament 0360.0 religion: For religion 0363.0 religion: For religion and country 0365.0 religion: For religion and country 0366.0 religion: For religion / For country 0364.0 religion: For religion, King, and country 0367.0 religion: Religion not (selfish) gain 0389.0 religion: Such great evil could religion persuade (men to commit) 0430.0 religion: The Protestant religion, the laws of England, the freedoms of parliaments 0388.0 remain: A few yokes remain 0185.0 render: Render unto Caesar 0387.0 republic: May the Republic flourish 0125.0 restraint: A lion that is free knows no restraint 0201.0 reward: The reward for conspirators 0210.0 reward: The reward of (for) an ally 0209.0 reward: There will be another reward 0101.0 right: For devotion, incense [i.e. church], and right / For King, law, and people 0312.0 right: God and my right 0085.0 right: Victory (rests) not on horse(back) but upon right (justice) 0253.0 right: Victory (rests) not on horse(back) but upon right (justice) 0256.0 0086.0 right: [1st motto] God and myright right [=right hand]: If the left (hand) cannot, the right (hand) must 0411.0

325

rock: To Christ the rock has my anchor been fastened, [in him] I have hoped 0172.0 rock: To no avail the wave dashes against the mighty rock 0189.0 round: I change square things into round things 0217.0 rule: It is fitting that the King should rule the commons 0068.0 sacred: He extinguished fires with sacreds 0105.0 sacred: The sacred love of country gives courage 0398.0 safety: Salvation's safety lies in God alone 0415.0 saint: Hated of God and his saints 0107.0 0032.0 saint: The wars of the saints are fine 0033.0 saint: The wars of the saints are fine 0031.0 saint: The wars of the saints are fine saint: Victory will be given to the holy ones (saints) 0064.0 salvation: From heaven (comes) salvation 0001.0 salvation: Salvation's safety lies in God alone 0415.0 scatter: Let God arise and let his enemies be scattered 0110.0 scatter: Let God arise and let his enemies be scattered 0111.0 scatter: Let God arise and let his enemies be scattered / Long live King Charles 0112.0 scatter: Let him (God?) arise and they (enemies?) will be scattered 0113.0 scatter: Thus God will scatter the wicked 0412.0 search: I search for peace in the war 0065.0 sect: The apostles would neither slumber nor sleep while the accursed sects knew their freed men [liberties?]. Jesus said: 'One of you will betray me.' [Motto 1] God is more abundant in mercy than man in wickedness. [Motto 2] 0222.0 secure: Not secure in his majesty 0257.0 seek: Our eyes are fixed upon thee / Thus seek we peace 0180.0 seek: Peace is sought with just [justice] arms 0192.0 seek: We seek for peace 0280.0 sell: I would prefer to die rather than be transferred (sold) 0206.0 send: Grant, O kindly God, that I may send forth harmonious sounds 0044.0 shade: Flee beneath the shade (protection) 0425.0 shake: Though shaken, Iflourish 0012.0 sharpen: They sharpen [their stings] for the King 0356.0 shatter: If we clash (with one another), we are shattered 0406.0 shield: The strong [shield?] 0195.0 shine: But if I shine, alas for my horns 0378.0 shine: They will shine like stars / I am consumed by shining on others 0423.0 show: Show me thy ways, O Lord 0458.0 sign: Under this sign you will conquer 0175.0 slave: No slave 0263.0 sleep: The apostles would neither slumber nor sleep while the accursed sects knew their freed men [liberties?]. Jesus said: 'One of you will betray me.' [Motto 1] God is more abundant in mercy than man in wickedness. [Motto 2] 0222.0 slowly: Make haste slowly 0116.0 sordid: Virtue unfamiliar with sordid defeat 0473.0

326

Indexes and Lists

soul: God comfort my heart and console my soul 0084.0 soul: Lest my soul falter 0220.0 sound: Grant, O kindly God, that I may send forth harmonious sounds 0044.0 spirit: Wealth [is] not courage [spirit] 0276.0 sprout: The sprout has become a tree 0426.0 square: I change square things into round things 0217.0 square: Not square 0259.0 square: Square in every way 0447.0 stand: It stands unmoved 0104.0 stand: It still stands 0424.0 star: He is supreme being master of the stars 0017.0 star: My star will please as she wants to 0383.0 star: They will shine like stars /1 am consumed by shining on others 0423.0 state: For God and the State 0319.0 state: For God, King, and State 0325.0 state: For God, King, and State 0326.0 steadfastness: With steadfastness bestowing the crown 0045.0 step: No steps backwards 0265.0 sting: They sharpen [their stings] for the King 0356.0 strength: With so much strength my name is Legion 0373.0 strength: My strength is from above / Long live King Charles 0141.0 strength: With prayers (as our) strength 0305.0 strike: I carry while I strike 0115.0 strong: The name of Jehovah is a strong tower 0442.0 strong: The strong [shield?] 0195.0 strong: Truth is strong 0140.0 strong: United we are strong, divided we are broken 0443.0 suffer: I suffer that I may conquer / Long live King Charles 0285.0 summon: O Goddess, whither do you summon us? 0382.0 sun: After the clouds, the sun (Phoebus) 0296.0 sun: After the clouds, the sun (Phoebus) / Long live King Charles 0297.0 sun: As a cloud against the sun, so an army against God 0449.0 sun: Not the sun but the clouds 0262.0 support: God is my support 0103.0 support: God upholds (supports) 0427.0 surrender: In matters divine, he who lets in (surrenders) preserves: in matters human, meet force with force 0327.0 swift: Either a swift death or a joyous victory 0020.0 sword: Both by the sword and the trowel / Blood makes (this) cement (bond) 0428.0 sword: Neither by sword nor byfire 0223.0 sword: The sword of Jehovah and Gideon 0147.0 sword: An incurable wound must be cut away with a sword 0170.0 sword: They shall fall by the sword 0438.0 tear: Fight for your torn country 0343.0 tear: I fight for my torn country 0344.0 terrible: Terrible as a battle line drawn up 0431.0 thanks: Thanks be to God 0070.0 thing: If the laws of things [of Kings?] 0409.0

this: For this thousand: Thousands timid: Neither timid nor puffed up timidly: Fight for (your) country neither rashly nor

0298.0 0211.0 0227.0 timidly. 0371.0 timidly: Neither rashly nor timidly 0225.0 timidly: Neither timidly nor rashly 0226.0 today: He who is not suitable today will be less so tomorrow 0376.0 tomorrow: He who is not suitable today will be less so tomorrow 0376.0 toss: Always tossed about [but] still upright 0403.0 touch: Touch not my annointed ones 0252.0 tower: The name of Jehovah is a strong tower 0442.0 transfer: I would prefer to die rather than be transferred (sold) 0206.0 tree: The sprout has become a tree 0426.0 tremble: On behalf of Protestants we thus make our country tremble 0345.0 trial: Virtue rejoices in trial 0146.0 triumph: Finally the good cause triumphs 0429.0 triumph: In the truth I triumph 0184.0 triumph: The just cause triumphs 0191.0 triumph: The just cause triumphs 0190.0 trowel: Both by the sword and the trowel / Blood makes (this) cement (bond) 0428.0 trust: Trust the experienced Robert 0109.0 trust: Trust the experienced (man) 0108.0 truth: (My) life and everything for truth 0479.0 truth: (My) life and all things for truth 0478.0 truth: For King and truth 0355.0 truth: For peace and truth 0339.0 truth: For peace and truth 0338.0 truth: For peace and truth 0340.0 truth: For truth 0302.0 truth: In the truth I triumph 0184.0 truth: The word of God. I yield to the truth 0453.0 truth: Truth and peace 0457.0 truth: Truth conquers 0470.0 truth: Truth conquers 0467.0 truth: Truth conquers 0468.0 truth: Truth conquers 0469.0 truth: Truth is mighty and will prevail 0456.0 truth: Truth is strong 0140.0 truth: Truth wil be the victor 0455.0 truth: Truth will be the victor 0454.0 try: I break that which tries to break 0043.0 turn: I would prefer to die rather than turn aside / be contaminated 0205.0 turn: They will be turned around (converted) and confounded forever 0049.0 unconquered: They have sent us these unconquered things 0250.0 unharmed: So he preserves (us) unharmed 0451.0 unite: United we are strong, divided we are broken 0443.0 unjust: I prefer a most just war to a most unjust peace 0193.0 unjust: I prefer a most just war to a most unjust peace 0194.0 unmoved: It stands unmoved 0104.0

Indexes and Lists untie: Let what cannot be untied be cut through 0402.0 uphold: God upholds (supports) 0427.0 upright: Always tossed about [but] still upright 0403.0 upright: In the darkness a light has arisen for the upright in heart 0106.0 us: God be (is) with us 0078.0 us: God be (is) with us 0079.0 us: God be (is) with us 0080.0 us: God is for us 0081.0 use: A gift not sought after for such use 0255.0 vanity: The vanity of ancestors (predecessors) 0204.0 venture: Or I shall fall through great ventures 0203.0 victor: Truth wil be the victor 0455.0 victor: Truth will be the victor 0454.0 victorious: Patience (is) victorious 0284.0 victorious: With God and victorious arms 0076.0 victory: All victory from the Lord 0269.0 victory: Death or victory 0215.0 victory: Either a swift death or a joyous victory 0020.0 victory: Victory (rests) not on horse(back) but on right (justice) 0256.0 victory: Victory (rests) not on horse(back) but upon right (justice) 0253.0 victory: Victory from the hand of the Lord 0460.0 victory: Victory will be given to the holy ones (saints) 0064.0 victory: Victory will honour, death will crown 0461.0 virtue: Envy is a companion of virtue 0476.0 virtue: Hold fast forcefully to virtue 0475.0 virtue: Honour through virtue 0474.0 virtue: The fruit of virtue 0142.0 virtue: Those whom godliness, virtue, and honour have made friends 0384.0 virtue: Virtue cannot stand in [one] place 0234.0 virtue: Virtue flowers more with age 0472.0 virtue: Virtue gives me the goal 0122.0 virtue: Virtue rejoices in trial 0146.0 virtue: Virtue unfamiliar with sordid defeat 0473.0 vow: Or may I die to keep my vows 0025.0 wall: Let this be a brazen wall 0158.0 wall: Peace be within thy walls (KJV). 0118.0 want: It is something to want praiseworthy things 0102.0 war: By war to peace 0290.0 war: Farewell love, long live war 0009.0 war: I prefer a most just war to a most unjust peace 0193.0 war: I prefer a most just war to a most unjust peace 0194.0 war: I search for peace in the war 0065.0 war: It is better to die in war than to see the wickedness (wicked deeds) of our people 0208.0 war: The wars of the saints arefine 0032.0 0031.0 war: The wars of the saints arefine war: The wars of the saints arefine 0033.0 0034.0 war: The wars of the saints arefine watch: By watching 0462.0 wave: To no avail the wave dashes against the mighty rock 0189.0 way: Show me thy ways, O Lord 0458.0 wealth: Wealth [is] not courage [spirit] 0276.0 weapon: I will discharge (my) blood as (my) duty for (my)

327

country. My love for King and people provides me with weapons 0399.0 weapon: Necessity is a mighty weapon 0186.0 welfare: The supreme law is the welfare of the country 0199.0 welfare: The supreme law is the welfare of the country 0200.0 welfare: The welfare of the people is the highest law 0397.0 white: As far as I am concerned, let everything forthwith be white 0291.0 wicked: Against the wicked 0047.0 wicked: By removing the wicked from the King's sight, the throne of justice is established 0099.0 wicked: By removing the wicked from the King's sight, the throne of justice is established 0100.0 wicked: May the wicked be taken away and peace be firmly (established) 0015.0 wicked: Thus God will scatter the wicked 0412.0 wickedness: The apostles would neither slumber nor sleep while the accursed sects knew their freed men [liberties?]. Jesus said: 'One of you will betray me.' [Motto 1] God is more abundant in mercy than man in wickedness. [Motto 2] 0222.0 wickedness: It is better to die in war than to see the wickedness (wicked deeds) of our people 0208.0 wind: Neither by force nor by a wind's [blast] 0228.0 wisdom: With wisdom and bravery 0401.0 wisdom: Wisdom unversed in deceit 0370.0 wish: Let him complain that wishes to 0154.0 witness: Heaven and earth are (my) witness 0036.0 woman: A woman is the leader of the enterprise 0094.0 word: The word of God. I yield to the truth 0453.0 work: The end crowns the work 0123.0 work: The end crowns the work 0124.0 wound: An incurable wound must be cut away with a sword 0170.0 wound: [Though] wounded, [we act] all in harmony 0197.0 yoke: A few yokes remain 0185.0

INDEX OF PROPER NAMES (MOTTO TRANSLATIOhNS Apostle: The apostles would neither slumber nor sleep while the accursed sects knew their freed men [liberties?]. Jesus said: 'One of you will betray me.' [Motto 1] God is more abundant in mercy than man in wickedness. [Motto 2] 0222.0 Babylon: All evil from the North / Woe to thee, Babylon 0267.0 Caesar: For God and Caesar 0073.0 Caesar: Give unto Caesar 0066.0 Caesar: Render unto Caesar 0387.0 Charles: After the clouds, the sun (Phoebus) / Long live King Charles 0297.0 Charles: Against the enemies of Charles 0048.0

328

Indexes and Lists

Charles: At the name of Jesus every knee shall bow / Long live King Charles 0178.0 Charles: For God, the King, and the chalice (country) / Long live King Charles 0322.0 Charles: God loosens the chains / Long live King Charles 0417.0 Charles: God will avenge his people / Long live King Charles 0088.0 Charles: He returns a conqueror from the lower world (Limbo) / Long live King Charles 0459.0 Charles: I suffer that I may conquer / Long live King Charles 0285.0 Charles: It is just to die for Christ / Long live King Charles 0011.0 Charles: Let God arise and let his enemies be scattered / Long live King Charles 0112.0 Charles: My strength is from above / Long live King Charles 0141.0 Charles: Thou hast overcome all heresies / Long live King Charles 0063.0 Charles: Thus heresies perish / Long live King Charles 0413.0 Charybdis: Through Scylla and Charybdis we seek for heaven 0292.0 Christ: For Christ and (his) Church 0310.0 Christ: It is just to die for Christ / Long live King Charles 0011.0 Christ: To Christ the rock has my anchor been fastened, [in him] I have hoped 0172.0 Christ: To die fittingly for Christ 0311.0 Christ: We conquer with Christ as (our) guide 0464.0 Christ: We conquer with Christ as our guide 0465.0 Christ: With Christ as (my) guide 0019.0 Christ: With Christ as leader and guide, I shall conquer 0040.0 Covenant: For God, the Gospel, and the Covenant 0369.0 England: For the King and the known (established) laws of England 0352.0 England: For the King as truly the King of England 0361.0 England: For the senate (Parliament) and people of England 0368.0 England: The Protestant religion, the laws of England, the freedoms of parliaments 0388.0 Gideon: The sword of Jehovah and Gideon 0147.0 God: As a cloud against the sun, so an army against Go d 0449.0 God: Both gifts from God are for the King 0089.0 God: By no means [...?] my only hope is in God 0232.0 God: For God 0313.0 God: For God and the king 0317.0 God: For God and the king 0318.0 God: For God and the State 0319.0 God: For God and country 0315.0 God: For God and country 0075.0 God: For God and Caesar 0073.0 God: For God and country 0314.0 God: For God, King, and State 0326.0 God: For God, King, and State 0325.0 God: For God, King, and Country 0323.0 God: For God, King, and Kingdom 0324.0

God: For God, Prince, and Country 0320.0 God: For God, the King, and the chalice (country) / Long live King Charles 0322.0 God: For God, the Gospel, and the Covenant 0369.0 God: God and right 0085.0 God: God appears in extreme circumstances 0173.0 God: God be (is) with us 0080.0 God: God be (is) with us 0079.0 God: God be (is) with us 0078.0 God: God comfort my heart and console my soul 0084.0 God: God is for us 0081.0 God: God is my support 0103.0 God: God is [be] with us 0251.0 God: God loosens the chains / Long live King Charles 0417.0 God: God shall appear on the mountain 0177.0 God: God shall appear on the mountain 0176.0 God: God upholds (supports) 0427.0 God: God will avenge his people / Long live King Charles 0088.0 God: Grant, O kindly God, that I may send forth harmonious sounds 0044.0 God: Hated of God and his saints 0107.0 God: I fight for God and country 0316.0 God: If God is with us, who can be against us? 0407.0 God: If God is with us, who can be against us? 0408.0 God: Let God arise and let his enemies be scattered 0110.0 God: Let God arise and let his enemies be scattered 0111.0 God: Let God arise and let his enemies be scattered / Long live King Charles 0112.0 God: Let him (God?) arise and they (enemies?) will be scattered 0113.0 God: May God bless our going out 0030.0 God: May God give better (things) 0077.0 God: My God, be thou my protection and my aid 0419.0 God: Our cause is God's 0264.0 God: Preserve the law, oh God 0306.0 God: Salvation's safety lies in God alone 0415.0 God: Thanks be to God 0070.0 God: The apostles would neither slumber nor sleep while the accursed sects knew their freed men [liberties?]. Jesus said: 'One of you will betray me.' [Motto 1] God is more abundant in mercy than man in wickedness. [Motto 2] 0222.0 God: The word of God. I yield to the truth 0453.0 God: Thus God will scatter the wicked 0412.0 God: To fear God and not [?to dishonour] 0057.0 God: To God alone the glory 0416.0 God: We fight for God, we pray for our King, let us die for our country 0321.0 God: Who is like God? 0381.0 God: With God and victorious arms 0076.0 God: With God as our leader, we must not despair 0071.0 God: With God as our leader, we shall conquer 0072.0 God: [1st motto] God and myright 0086.0 God: [Latin unsatisfactory. Perhaps, 'Choose for God and Law'] 0074.0 Goddess: O Goddess, whither do you summon us?

Indexes and Lists 0382.0 Gospel: For God, the Gospel, and the Covenant 0369.0 Gospel: For the Gospel 0328.0 Gospel: For the Gospel 0300.0 Gospel: For the Gospel 0299.0 Heaven: From heaven (comes) salvation 0001.0 Heaven: From heaven our only comfort 0095.0 Heaven: Heaven and earth are (my) witness 0036.0 Heaven: Heaven avenges cruelty 0058.0 Heaven: Through Scylla and Charybdis we seek for heaven 0292.0 Ireland: Ireland is dripping with blood 0157.0 Jehovah: Jehovah will provide 0164.0 Jehovah: Pray and fight. Jehovah helps and will help 0279.0 Jehovah: Pray and fight. Jehovah helps and will help 0277.0 Jehovah: Pray and fight. Jehovah helps and will help 0278.0 Jehovah: The name of Jehovah is a strong tower 0442.0 Jehovah: The sword of Jehovah and Gideon 0147.0 Jehovah: Unless Jehovah 0165.0 Jesus: At the name of Jesus every knee shall bow / Long live King Charles 0178.0 Jesus: The apostles would neither slumber nor sleep while the accursed sects knew their freed men [liberties?]. Jesus said: 'One of you will betray me.' [Motto 1] God is more abundant in mercy than man in wickedness. [Motto 2] 0222.0 King Charles: After the clouds, the sun (Phoebus) / Long live King Charles 0297.0 King Charles: At the name of Jesus every knee shall bow / Long live King Charles 0178.0 King Charles: For God, the King, and the chalice (country) / Long live King Charles 0322.0 King Charles: For God, the King, and the chalice (country) / Long live King Charles 0322.0 King Charles: God loosens the chains / Long live King Charles 0417.0 King Charles: God will avenge his people / Long live King Charles 0088.0 King Charles: He returns a conqueror from the lower world (Limbo) / Long live King Charles 0459.0 King Charles: I suffer that I may conquer / Long live King Charles 0285.0 King Charles: Let God arise and let his enemies be scattered / Long live King Charles 0112.0 King Charles: My strength is from above / Long live King Charles 0141.0 King Charles: Thou hast overcome all heresies / Long live King Charles 0063.0 King Charles: Thus heresies perish / Long live King Charles 0413.0 Lamb: The Lamb conquers 0466.0 Legion: With so much strength my name is Legion 0373.0 Limbo: He returns a conqueror from the lower world (Limbo) / Long live King Charles 0459.0 Lord: All victory from the Lord 0269.0 Lord: Show me thy ways, O Lord 0458.0 Lord: Victory from the hand of the Lord 0460.0

329

Lower World: He returns a conqueror from the lower world (Limbo) / Long live King Charles 0459.0 North: All evil from the north / Woe to thee, Babylon 0267.0 Pallas: Pallas in either (guise) 0452.0 Parliament: For King and Parliament 0353.0 Parliament: For King, Parliament and the kingdom 0358.0 Parliament: For King, religion, and Parliament 0360.0 Parliament: For the senate (Parliament) and people of England 0368.0 Parliament: The Protestant religion, the laws of England, the freedoms of parliaments 0388.0 Phoebus: After the clouds, the sun (Phoebus) / Long live King Charles 0297.0 Phoebus: After the clouds, the sun (Phoebus) 0296.0 Robert: I trust the experienced Robert 0109.0 Scylla: Through Scylla and Charybdis we seek for heaven 0292.0 Sion: Aflame (burning) with love for Sion 0004.0 Zerubbabel: Before Zerubbabel 0050.0

Indexes and Lists

330

ALPHABETICAL MOTTOES

LIST

OF

LATIN

A caelo salus From heaven (comes) salvation Abluimur non obruimur We are cleansed, not crushed Absque dolo Without deceit Accendia cura sionis Aflame (burning) with love for Sion Acquirit eundo He conquers by marching Actione et virtute Through deeds of courage Ad arma volans Flying to arms Ad quid exaltatis cornu? To what do you exalt this horn? Adspice ut adspiciar Look so that I may be looked at Aequum est pro christo mori / Vivat Carolus rex It is just to die for Christ / Long live King Charles

0001.0 0002.0 0003.0 0004.0 0005.0 0006.0 0007.0 0009.0 0010.0

0011.0 Agitata viresco Though shaken, I flourish 0012.0 Alterius non sit qui suus esse potest Let not he who can be his own man belong to another 0014.0 Amoveantur impii, et stabiliter pax May the wicked be taken away and peace be firmly (established) 0015.0 Astra tenens dominatur He is supreme being master of the stars 0017.0 Auspice Christo With Christ as (my) guide 0019.0 Aut cita mors aut victoria laeta Either a swift death or a joyous victory 0020.0 Aut hoc aut illud ex utrisque coloria (gloria) Either this or that, (but) glory in either case 0021.0 Aut hunc aut super hunc Either this or higher than (above) this 0022.0 Aut hunc aut super hunc Either this or higher than (above) this 0023.0 Aut inveniam aut faciam I shall find [them] or make [them] quiet 0024.0 Aut morear vota servam Or may I die to keep my vows 0025.0 Aut mors aut honor Either death or honour 0026.0 Aut mors aut vita decora Either death or a fitting life 0027.0 Barbaras has segetes? Will some barbarian (reap) these crops? 0028.0 Beet deus egressum May God bless our going out 0030.0 Bella beatorum bella 0031.0 The wars of the saints arefine Bella beatorum bella 0032.0 The wars of the saints arefine

Bella beatorum bella 0033.0 The wars of the saints arefine Bona consciencia bonus angelus A good conscience is a good angel 0035.0 Caelum et terrra testis Heaven and earth are (my) witness 0036.0 Causa patet The cause is clear 0037.0 Cave adsum Beware, I am ready 0038.0 Christo duce et auspice vincam With Christ as leader and guide, I shall conquer 0040.0 Conantia frangere frango I break that which tries to break 0043.0 Concordes resonem da deus alme sonos Grant, O kindly God, that I may send forth harmonious sounds 0044.0 Constantia coronatrice With steadfastness bestowing the crown 0045.0 Contra audentior ito Let the bolder (man) advance against (the enemy) 0046.0 Contra impios Against the wicked 0047.0 Contra inimicos Caroli Against the enemies of Charles 0048.0 Convertentur vel confundentur in aeternum They will be turned around (converted) and confounded forever 0049.0 Coram Zerubbabel Before Zerubbabel 0050.0 Crudella vindicat aether Heaven avenges cruelty 0058.0 Cuiquam meritum To every man his deserts 0062.0 Cunctas haereses interemisti / Vivat Carolus rex Thou hast overcome all heresies / Long live King Charles 0063.0 Dabitur victoria sanctis Victory will be given to the holy ones (saints) 0064.0 Date Caesari Give unto Caesar 0066.0 De supra auxilium Help from above 0067.0 Decet regem regere plebem It is fitting that the King should rale the commons 0068.0 Decorum est pro patria mori It is fitting to die for one's country 0069.0 Dei gratia Thanks be to God 0070.0 Deo duce nil desperandum With God as our leader, we must not despair 0071.0 Deo duce vincimus With God as our leader, we shall conquer 0072.0 Deo et Caesari For God and Caesar 0073.0 Deo et lex lea [Latin unsatisfactory. Perhaps, "Choose for God and Law"] 0074.0 Deo et patriae For God and country 0075.0

Indexes and Lists Deo et victricibus armis With God and victorious arms 0076.0 Det meliora deus May God give better (things) 0077.0 Deus nobiscum God be (is) with us 0078.0 Deus nobiscum God be (is) with us 0079.0 Deus nobiscum God be (is) with us 0080.0 Deus pro nobis God is for us 0081.0 Dominus vindicat populum suam / Vivat Carolus rex God will avenge his people / Long live King Charles 0088.0 Dona dei utraque regi Both gifts from God are for the King 0089.0 Donee pax reddit terris Until peace returns to earth 0090.0 Dum spiro spero While I breathe I hope 0092.0 Dum spiro spero While I breathe, I hope 0093.0 Dux facti mulier A woman is the leader of the enterprise 0094.0 E caelo sola solas [solacium] From heaven our only comfort 0095.0 En quo discordia cives Behold whither discord is driving our citizens 0097.0 Eripiendo malos a conspectu regis stabilitur iustitiae solium By removing the wicked from the King's sight, the throne of justice is established 0099.0 Eripiendo malos a rege stabilitur iusticiae solium By removing the wicked from the King's sight, the throne of justice is established 0100.0 Erit altera merces There will be another reward 0101.0 Est aliquid laudanda velle It is something to want praiseworthy things 0102.0 Et manet immota It stands unmoved 0104.0 Et sacris compescuit ignibus ignes He extinguished fires with sacred fires 0105.0 Exortum est in tenebris lumen rectis corde In the darkness a light has arisen for the upright in heart 0106.0 Exosus deo et sanctis Hated of God and his saints 0107.0 Experto credo I trust the experienced (man) 0108.0 Experto credo Roberto I trust the experienced Robert 0109.0 Exurgat deus dissipentur inimici Let God arise and let his enemies be scattered 0110.0 Exurgat deus dissipentur inimici Let God arise and let his enemies be scattered 0111.0 Exurgat deus dissipentur inimici / Vivat Carolus rex Let God arise and let his enemies be scattered / Long live King Charles 0112.0 Exurgat et dissipabuntur Let him (God?) arise and they (enemies?) will be

331

scattered 0113.0 Exurgo I arise 0114.0 Fero dum ferio I carry while I strike 0115.0 Festina lente Make haste slowly 0116.0 Fiat iustitia Let justice be done 0117.0 Fiat pax in virtute tua (cxxi psalm) Peace be within thy walls (KJV). 0118.0 Fide et amore With faith and with love 0119.0 Fideliter faeliciter Faithfully and favourably 0120.0 Fides temerata coegit Faith that has been defiled constrains 0121.0 Finem dat mihi virtus Virtue gives me the goal 0122.0 Finis coronal opus The end crowns the work 0123.0 Finis coronat opus The end crowns the work 0124.0 Floreat respublica May the Republic flourish 0125.0 Fortis est veritas Truth is strong 0140.0 Fortitude mea de super / Vivat Carolus rex My strength is from above / Long live King Charles 0141.0 Fructus virtutis The fruit of virtue 0142.0 Fugienti nulla corona No crown for him who flees 0143.0 Gaudet patientia duris Endurance rejoices in harsh times 0145.0 Gaudet tentamine virtus Virtue rejoices in trial 0146.0 Gladius lehovae et Gideonis The sword of Jehovah and Gideon 0147.0 Gratia et pax Grace and peace 0153.0 Hibernia sanguine stillat Ireland is dripping with blood 0157.0 Hie murus aeneus esto Let this be a brazen wall 0158.0 Hoc medio With this at the centre 0159.0 Hoc non est impugnare One must not assail this 0160.0 Hoc nutrior By this I am nourished 0161.0 lehova providebit Jehovah will provide 0164.0 lehovah nissi Unless Jehovah 0165.0 Illuc omnes Thither everyone 0169.0 Immedicabile vulnus ense rescindendum An incurable wound must be cut away with a sword 0170.0

332

Indexes and Lists

In arduis et tote magnanimi In difficult circumstances altogether magnanimous 0171.0 In Christo Petra est anchora fixa sp[eravi] To Christ the rock has my anchor been fastened, [in him] I have hoped 0172.0 In extremis apparet deus God appears in extreme circumstances 0173.0 In hec (hac) spe vivo I live in this hope 0174.0 In hoc signo + vinces Under this sign you will conquer 0175.0 In monte videbitur deus God shall appear on the mountain 0176.0 In monte videbitur deus God shall appear on the mountain 0177.0 In nomine Jesus omne genu flectitur / Vivat Carolus rex At the name of Jesus every knee shall bow / Long live King Charles 0178.0 In tanto sed non in toto In so much but not in all 0179.0 In te defixi sunt oculi nostri / Sic pacem querimus Our eyes are fixed upon thee / Thus seek we peace 0180.0 In utrumque paratus Prepared with either 0181.0 In utrumque paratus Prepared with either 0182.0 In utrumque paratus Prepared with either 0183.0 In veritate triumpho In the truth I triumph 0184.0 Ingens telum necessitas Necessity is a mighty weapon 0186.0 Innocens vincet The innocent will overcome 0187.0 Irritus ingenti scopulo fluctus assultat To no avail the wave dashes against the mighty rock 0189.0 luga pauca supersunt A few yokes remain 0185.0 lusta triumphal causa The just cause triumphs 0190.0 lusta triumphal causa The just cause triumphs 0191.0 lustis pax quaeritur armis Peace is sought with just [justice] arms 0192.0 lustissimum bellum inquissimae paci antefero I prefer a most just war to a most unjust peace 0193.0 lustissimum bellum iniquissimae paci antefero I prefer a most just war to a most unjust peace 0194.0 Laesi concorditer omnes [Though] wounded, [we act] all in harmony 0197.0 Lex suprema salus patriae The supreme law is the welfare of the country 0199.0 Lex suprema salus patriae The supreme law is the welfare of the country 0200.0 Liber leo revinciri nescit A lion that is free knows no restraint 0201.0 Magnis aut excidam ausis Or I shall fall through great ventures 0203.0

Maiorum vanitas The vanity of ancestors (predecessors) 0204.0 Malem [Mallem] mori quam tardari [in Cole] / foedari [in Williams ms & in Blount] I would prefer to die rather than turn aside / be contaminated 0205.0 Mallem mori quam mancipari I would prefer to die rather than be transferred (sold) 0206.0 Meliora spero I hope for better things 0207.0 Melius est mori in bello quam videre mala gentis nostrae It is better to die in war than to see the wickedness (wicked deeds) of our people 0208.0 Merces coniuratoris The reward for conspirators 0210.0 Merces coniuratoris The reward for conspirators 0209.0 Millissimus Thousands 0211.0 Mori potui quam papatus I would die rather than be a papist 0212.0 Mors aut libertas Death or Liberty 0213.0 Mors mihi lucrum For me death is gain 0214.0 Mors vel victoria Death or victory 0215.0 Musica monarchia lyra Music, monarchy, and harp 0216.0 Muto quadrata rotundis I change square things into round things 0217.0 Ne anima deficia[t] Lest my soul falter 0220.0 Ne pereat robor Lest the oak perish 0221.0 Nee dormirent nee dormitarent Apostoli se donee maledictio [maledicta] secta norant liberates [libertates] dixit lesus vestrum me prodet [Motto 1]. Abundantior miserecordiae est deus quam homo nequitiis [Motto 2]. The apostles would neither slumber nor sleep while the accursed sects knew their freed men [liberties?]. Jesus said: "One of you will betray me." [Motto 1] God is more abundant in mercy than man in wickedness. [Motto 2] 0222.0 Nee ferro nee igne Neither by sword nor byfire 0223.0 Nee temere nee timide Neither rashly nor timidly 0225.0 Nee temere nee timide Neither rashly nor timidly 0224.0 Nee timide nee timere Neither timidly nor rashly 0226.0 Nee timidus nee tumidus Neither timid nor puffed up 0227.0 Nee vi nee ventu Neither by force nor by a wind's [blast] 0228.0 Nemo me impune lacessit No one attacks me with impunity 0229.0 Nemo me impune lacessit

Indexes and Lists No one attacks me with impunity 0230.0 Nemo me impune lacessit No one attacks me with impunity 0231.0 Nequaquam caelatem sed iuvare iniustus spes mea sola deo est By no means [ . . . ? ] my only hope is in God 0232.0 Neque rideo neque timeo I neither laugh nor fear 0233.0 Nescit virtus stare loco Virtue cannot stand in [one] place 0234.0 Nil medium Nothing in between 0235.0 Nobis haec invicta miserunt They have sent us these unconquered things 0250.0 Nobiscum deus God is [be] with us 0251.0 Nolite tangere christos meos Touch not my annointed ones 0252.0 Non ab equo sed in aequo victoria Victory (rests) not on horse(back) but upon right (justice) 0253.0 Non est lex iustior ulla There is no law more just 0254.0 Non hos quaesitum munus in usus A gift not sought after for such use 0255.0 Non in equo sed ab aequo victoria Victory (rests) not on horse(back) but on right (justice) 0256.0 Non maiestate securus Not secure in his majesty 0257.0 Non nisi compulsus Not unless compelled 0258.0 Non quadratus Not square 0259.0 Non sine causa Not without cause 0260.0 Non sine causa Not without cause 0261.0 Non solem, sed nubilos Not the sun but the clouds 0262.0 Non verna No slave 0263.0 Nostra est causa dei Our cause is God's 0264.0 Nulla vestigia retrorsum No steps backwards 0265.0 Odi profanum vulgus et arceo I detest the common crowd and keep aloof 0266.0 Omne malum ab aquilone / Vae tibi babylon All evil from the north / Woe to thee, Babylon 0267.0 Omne solum forti patria Everything only for a strong country [1st motto] 0268.0 Omnis victoria a domino All victory from the Lord 0269.0 Opes non animum Wealth [is] not courage [spirit] 0276.0 Ora et pugna iuvit [iuvat] et iuvabit lehova Pray and fight. Jehovah helps and will help 0277.0 Ora et pugna iuvit [iuvat] et iuvabit lehovah Pray and fight. Jehovah helps and will help 0278.0 Ora et pugna. Iuvat et iuvabit lehovah

333

Pray and fight. Jehovah helps and will help 0279.0 Pacem petimus We seek for peace 0280.0 Pacem te poscimus omnes We all demand peace from you 0281.0 Partim patria Our country in part 0283.0 Patientia victrix Patience (is) victorious 0284.0 Patior ut vincam / Vivat Carolus rex I suffer that I may conquer / Long live King Charles 0285.0 Patria poscente paratum With our country asking for a man who is prepared 0286.0 Patria poscente paratum With our country asking for a man who is prepared 0287.0 Per angusta ad augusta Through difficult circumstances to holy things 0289.0 Per bellum ad pacem By war to peace 0290.0 Per me sint omnia protinus alba As far as I am concerned, let everything forthwith be white 0291.0 Per syllam et caribdem petimus elizium Through Scylla and Charybdis we seek for heaven 0292.0 Perfectissima gubernatio The very best government 0293.0 Pietas liberatrix Godliness the liberator 0294.0 Post nubila phoebus After the clouds, the sun (Phoebus) 0296.0 Post nubila phoebus / Vivat Carolus rex After the clouds, the sun (Phoebus) / Long live King Charles 0297.0 Praemis, nee praeliis, sed praecibus You press hard not with battles but with prayers 0303.0 Praestat praevenire It is better to be ahead 0304.0 Precibus viribus With prayers (as our) strength 0305.0 Preserva [praeserva] legem domine Preserve the law, oh God 0306.0 Pro aris et focis For altar and hearth 0308.0 Pro aris et focis For altar and hearth 0309.0 Pro Christo et ecclesia For Christ and (his) Church 0310.0 Pro Christo mori dulce To die fittingly for Christ 0311.0 Pro cure [cura] thure iure / Et rege lege grege For devotion, incense [i.e. church], and right / For King, law, and people 0312.0 Pro deo principe et patria For God, Prince, and Country 0320.0 Pro deo pugnamus, pro rege oramus, pro patria moriamur We fight for God, we pray for our King, let us die for our

334

Indexes and Lists

country 0321.0 Pro deo rege et patina (patria) / Vivat Carolus rex For God, the King, and the chalice (country) / Long live King Charles 0322.0 Pro deo rege et patria For God, King, and Country 0323.0 Pro deo rege et regno For God, King, and Kingdom 0324.0 Pro deo rege et republica For God, King, and State 0325.0 Pro deo rege et republica For God, King, and State 0326.0 Pro deo For God 0313.0 Pro deo et patria For God and country 0314.0 Pro deo et patria For God and country 0315.0 Pro deo et patria pugno I fight for God and country 0316.0 Pro deo et rege For God and the king 0318.0 Pro deo et republica For God and the State 0319.0 Pro deo et rege For God and the king 0317.0 Pro divinis qui admittit servat. Pro humanis vim vi In matters divine, he who lets in (surrenders) preserves: in matters human, meet force with force 0327.0 Pro evangelic For the Gospel 0328.0 Pro fide semel tradita For the faith once and for all handed down 0329.0 Pro fide semel tradita For the faith once and for all handed down 0330.0 Pro fide semel tradita For the faith once and for all handed down 0331.0 Pro fide semel tradita For the faith once and for all handed down 0332.0 Pro fide vide Take care for the faith 0333.0 Pro lege et grege For law and people 0334.0 Pro lege et grege For law and people 0335.0 Pro lege et grege For law and people 0336.0 Pro libertate For liberty 0337.0 Pro pace et veritate For peace and truth 0338.0 Pro pace et veritate For peace and truth 0339.0 Pro pace et veritate For peace and truth 0340.0 Pro pace pugno I fight for peace 0341.0 Pro pace et veritate For peace and truth 0340.0 Pro patria lacerata pugna Fight for your torn country 0343.0

Pro patria lacerata pugno I fight for my torn country 0344.0 Pro patria For country 0342.0 Pro protestantibus / Sic patriam quatimus On behalf of Protestants we thus make our country tremble 0345.0 Pro reformatione For the Reformation 0346.0 Pro reformatione pugnandum We must fight for the Reformation 0347.0 Pro rege For the King 0348.0 Pro rege et grege For King and people 0349.0 Pro rege et lege For King and law 0350.0 Pro rege et lege parati Ready for the King and law 0351.0 Pro rege et notis legibus Angliae For the King and the known (established) laws of England 0352.0 Pro rege et parliamento For King and Parliament 0353.0 Pro rege et regno For King and kingdom 0354.0 Pro rege et veritate For King and truth 0355.0 Pro rege exacuunt They sharpen [their stings] for the King 0356.0 Pro rege lege grege For King, law, and people 0357.0 Pro rege parliamento et regno For King, Parliament and the kingdom 0358.0 Pro rege regno et libertate For King, kingdom, and liberty 0359.0 Pro rege religione et Parliamento For King, religion, and Parliament 0360.0 Pro rege ut rex revera anglicae For the King as truly the King of England 0361.0 Pro regia et patria tantum valet amor For palace and country our love is thus much strong 0362.0 Pro religione / Pro patria [on other side] For religion / For country 0364.0 Pro religione et patria For religion and country 0365.0 Pro religione et pro patria For religion and country 0366.0 Pro religione rege et patria For religion, King, and country 0367.0 Pro religione For religion 0363.0 Pro S.P.Q.A. [i.e. Pro senatu populoque anglico] For the senate (Parliament) and people of England 0368.0 Propter deum evangelium et conventum For God, the Gospel, and the Covenant 0369.0 Prudentia fraudis nescia Wisdom unversed in deceit 0370.0 Pugna pro patria. Nee temere nee timide

Indexes and Lists Fight for (your) country neither rashly nor timidly. 0371.0 Quantum vis legio nomen With so much strength my name is Legion 0373.0 Quarta perennis erit The fourth will be eternal 0374.0 Quasi ignis conflatoris 0375.0 Like a consuming fine Qui non est hodie, eras minus aptus erit He who is not suitable today will be less so tomorrow 0376.0 Qui sequitur vincit He who follows conquers 0377.0 Quid si refulsero / Vae cornibus meis But if I shine, alas for my horns 0378.0 Quis contra nos Who is against us? 0379.0 Quis furor o cives What is this anger, o citizens? 0380.0 Quis ut deus Who is like God? 0381.0 Quo tu dea vocas 0 Goddess, whither do you summon us? 0382.0 Quod vult mea stella placebit My star will please as she wants to 0383.0 Quos pietas virtus et honor fecit amicos Those whom godliness, virtue, and honour have made friends 0384.0 Quousque tandem abuteris patientia nostra For how long will you abuse our patience? 0385.0 Rara est concordia fratrum Rare is the harmony of brothers 0386.0 Reddite Caesari Render unto Caesar 0387.0 Religio protestantium, leges angliae, libertates parlamentorum The Protestant religion, the laws of England, the freedoms of parliaments 0388.0 Religionem non lucrum Religion not (selfish) gain 0389.0 Reviresco 1 flourish again 0391.0 Rex et regina beati, sibi, suisque King and Queen, blessed to themselves and to their (followers) 0392.0 Rex in potestatem sui pugnans The King is a person fighting in his own power 0393.0 Rubra sanguine ut sanguinem sistat Red with blood in order to halt the bleeding 0394.0 SA.--SA Kill, kill 0395.0 Salus populi suprema lex The welfare of the people is the highest law 0397.0 Sanctus amor patriae dat animum The sacred love of country gives courage 0398.0 Sanguine pro patria officio fungar / Pro rege et grege amor mihi arma ministrat I will discharge (my) blood as (my) duty for (my) country. My love for King and people provides me with weapons 0399.0 Sapientia et fortitudine

335

With wisdom and bravery 0401.0 Scindatur quod solvi nequeat Let what cannot be untied be cut through 0402.0 Semper iactatus semper erectus Always tossed about [but] still upright 0403.0 Sentio oppositus Facing it, I endure 0404.0 Si collidimur frangimur If we clash (with one another), we are shattered 0406.0 Si deus nobiscum quis contra nos If God is with us, who can be against us? 0407.0 Si deus nobiscum, quis contra nos? If God is with us, who can be against us? 0408.0 Si leges rerum [regum?] If the laws of things [of Kings?] 0409.0 Si pereo, pereo If I perish, I perish 0410.0 Si sinistra nequeat dextra debet If the left (hand) cannot, the right (hand) must 0411.0 Sic deus impios dissipabit Thus God will scatter the wicked 0412.0 Sic pereunt haereses / Vivat Carolus rex Thus heresies perish / Long live King Charles 0413.0 Sola salus salutis in domino Salvation's safety lies in God alone 0415.0 Soli deo gloria To God alone the glory 0416.0 Solvit vincula Deus / Vivat Carolus rex God loosens the chains / Long live King Charles 0417.0 Spiro his: his expirabo I live (breath) by these things: I die by these things 0422.0 Splendebunt tamquam stellae / Lucendo aliis consumor They will shine like stars / 1 am consumed by shining on others 0423.0 Stat ad hue It still stands 0424.0 Sub umbra profuge Flee beneath the shade (protection) 0425.0 Surculus factus arbor The sprout has become a tree 0426.0 Sustentat deus God upholds (supports) 0427.0 Tarn gladio quam trulla / Sanguis caementum facit Both by the sword and the trowel / Blood makes (this) cement (bond) 0428.0 Tandem bona causa triumphal Finally the good cause triumphs 0429.0 Tantum religio poterat suadere malorum Such great evil could religion persuade (men to commit) 0430.0 Terribilis ut acies ordinata Terrible as a battle line drawn up 0431.0 Tradentur in manus gladii They shall fall by the sword 0438.0 Transibit / Pro dolor It will pass / Oh what grief! 0439.0 Tunis robusta nomen lehova The name of Jehovah is a strong tower 0442.0 Uniti valemus, divisi frangimur United we are strong, divided we are broken 0443.0

336

Indexes and Lists

Unum restat bene mori One thing remains - to die well 0445.0 Urbs ilia, urbs rebellis, et nocens regibus That city is a rebellious city and hurtful unto kings 0446.0 Ut cunque quadratus Square in every way 0447.0 Ut extra sic intra As is the outside, so is the inside 0448.0 Ut nubes contra solem sic acies contra deum As a cloud against the sun, so an army against God 0449.0 Ut rex noster sit noster rex As is our King, so be our King 0450.0 Ut servat incolumen So he preserves (us) unharmed 0451.0 Utraque Pallade Pallas in either (guise) 0452.0 Verbum dei / Veritati succumbo The word of God. I yield to the truth 0453.0 Veritas erit victrix Truth will be the victor 0454.0 Veritas erit victrix Truth wil be the victor 0455.0 Veritas est magna et prevalebit Truth is mighty and will prevail 0456.0 Veritas et pax Truth and peace 0457.0 Vias tuas domine demonstra mihi Show me thy ways, O Lord 0458.0 Victor redit de barathro / Vivat Carolus rex He returns a conqueror from the lower world (Limbo) / Long live King Charles 0459.0 Victoria a manu domini 0460.0 Victory from the hand of the Lord Victoria honorabit mors coronabit 0461.0 Victory will honour, death will crown Vigilando 0462.0 By watching Vincere spero 0463.0 I hope to conquer Vincimus auspice Christo 0464.0 We conquer with Christ as (our) guide Vincimus auspice Christo 0465.0 We conquer with Christ as our guide Vincit agnus 0466.0 The Lamb conquers Vincit veritas 0467.0 Truth conquers Vincit veritas 0468.0 Truth conquers Vincit veritas 0469.0 Truth conquers Vincit veritas 0470.0 Truth conquers Virtus in aetate floresit magis 0472.0 Virtue flowers more with age Virtus repulsae nescia sordidae 0473.0 Virtue unfamiliar with sordid defeat Virtute honor 0474.0 Honour through virtue

Virtutem violenter retine (NAM has "retinet") Hold fast forcefully to virtue Virtutis comes invidia Envy is a companion of virtue Visne Episcopare? / Nolo, Nolo, Nolo Do you want to be a bishop? I do not, I do not, Vita et omnia pro veritate (My) life and all things for truth Vita veritati omniaque (My) life and everything for truth Vita veritati omniaque

0475.0 0476.0

I do not! 0477.0 0478.0 0479.0 0480.0

Indexes and Lists ALPHABETICAL MOTTOES

LIST

OF ENGLISH

Antichrist must downe. If you support him he will pall upon you. 0016.0 At all that's round 0018.0 Be ye very courageous for the Lord fighteth for us 0029.0 Charles, thus peace flies to thee 0039.0 Come out you cuckold 0041.0 Come, cuckolds 0042.0 Covanant for Religion, Croune, and Kingdomes 0462.0 Covenant for Crovne and Kingdome 0006.0 Covenant for Religion, Crovne, and Covntry 0230.0 Covenant for Religion Crovne and Kingdom 0050.1 Covenant for Religion, Crovne and Kingdomes 0050.3 Covenant for Religion, King, & Kingdom 0056.0 Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom 0425.0 Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom 0268.0 Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdom 0440.0 Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom 0162.0 Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom 0102.0 Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdom 0162.0 Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdome 0391.0 Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdome 0370.0 Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdome 0226.0 Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdome 0051.0 Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdome 0224.0 Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0289.0 Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0311.0 Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0152.0 Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0114.0 Covenant for Religion King and Kingdomes 0437.0 Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0050.4 Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0420.0 Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0055.0 Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdomes 0050.2 Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0054.0 Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0053.0 Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdomes 0087.0 Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0231.0 Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdomes 0091.0 Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 1650 0052.0 Covenant for Religione, Croune, and Kingdomes 0474.0 Cuckold wee come 0059.0 Cuckolds we come 0060.0 Cuckolds we come 0061.0 Die to live 0082.0 Died Abner like a fool / Libertatem novi [2nd motto] I have known liberty 0083.0 Doe or die / Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdomes 0087.0 Dred God / Covenant for Religion, King, and Kingdomes 0091.0 Emanuel 0096.0 England bleeding 0098.0 For Christ's croun and covenant 0125.1 For Covenant, Religion, Kinge, and Kingdomes 0126.0 For God and his country 0127.0 For God, the King and aganist all traittouris / God save the

337

King 0128.0 For God, the King, Religion and the Covenant 0129.0 For King and Parliament 0130.0 For lawfull lawes and liberties 0131.0 For reformation 0132.0 For religion, King and Country / A ma puissance 0133.0 For religion, King, and Kingdomes 0150.0 To the utmost of my power [2nd motto] 0133.0 For religion, king and Parliament 0134.0 For Religioun, the Covenant and the Countrie 0134.1 For Religion, Country, Crown and Covenant 0132.1 For the cause of the Lord I draw my sword 0135.0 For the King and Protestant Religion 0136.0 For the liberty of the Gospel 0137.0 For these distracted times 0138.0 For truth and peace 0139.0 God is my guide, fall on 0148.0 God is my strength 0149.0 God send grace 0150.0 God with us 0151.0 Grace me gyde / Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0152.0 He is a rebel and deserves it 0155.0 Help us in the day of battle, for without thee man's help is vain 0156.0 I byd my time 0162.0 I will strive to serve my Sovereign King 0163.0 If God be with us who shall be against us? 0166.0 If you offer to plunder or take our cattel, Be assured we will bid you battel 0167.0 He maintaine right 0168.0 Innocent valiant 0188.0 Let us arise up and build. God shall fight for us. / Let us down with it to the ground 0198.0 Lose this, lose all 0202.0 My oath and sword maintain this word 0218.0 Nay, but as a captain of the host of the Lord am I now come 0219.0 One of these 0270.0 One of these 0271.0 One of these 0273.0 Only in Heaven 0273.0 Only in Heaven 0274.0 Open thou my lips, and my mouth shall shew forth 0275.0 Peace and all truths 0288.0 Religious valient 0390.0 Saint George 0396.0 Shall they escape for their wickedness o lord 0405.0 Spa[ir nocht] / Covenant for Religion, King and Kingdomes 0420.0 Sume put ther trusst in Charetes and som in horses but we will rember the nam of the Lord our god. / Our Fathers hoped in thee thaye trusted in thee and you didsst deleuer them 0418.0 That war is just which is necessary 0432.0 The sword of the Lord and of Gideon 0433.0 This shall untie it 0434.0 Thou shalt break them with a rod of iron 0435.0 Through God we shall do valiantly 0436.0 Trev to the ende 0440.0

Indexes and Lists

338

Truth and peace 0441.0 Until this tyranny be over past. LVII Psalm 0444.0 We are released to fight for the Gospel, Laws and Liberty 0483.0 Who shall rouse him up? 0484.0 Why do the heathen rage 0485.0 Win it and wear it 0486.0 Win it and wear it 0487.0

ALPHABETICAL MOTTOES .

LIST

OF

FRENCH

Soyez, mon dieu, ma garde et mon appuy My God, be thou my protection and my aid Tovt Prest All ready Vive le roy Long live the King

ALPHABETICAL MOTTOES

OF

0437.0 0482.0

ITALIAN

(WITH TRANSLATIONS)

(WITH TRANSLATIONS)

Adieu 1'amour, vive la guerre Farewell love, long live war Aimez loyaulte Love loyalty Craindre dieu et non avire [?avilir] To fear God and not [?to dishonour] Dans la guerre je cherche la paix I search for peace in the war Dieu comforte mon coeur, et console mon ame God comfort my heart and console my soul Dieu et mon droit God and my right Dieu et mon droit / Give Caesar his due [1st motto] God and my right Et dieu mon appuy God is my support Garde ta foy Guard your faith Groygne que vouldra Let him complain that wishes to La fort[e] The strong [shield?] La saintete a 1'eternels Holiness for eternity Paice la meilleus harmonic Peace is the best harmony Plustost romp[u] que ploy Sooner broken than bent Pour ce cey [ceci] For this Pour 1'evangile For the Gospel Pour 1'evangile For the Gospel Pour la cause courage Courage for our cause Pour la verite For truth Prest a faire Ready to act Pure foy ma joye (A) pure faith (is) my joy Sans craindre Without fear Soies ferme Be firm

LIST

0419.0

Speranza mi da la vita Hope gives me life

0421.0

0009.0 0013.0 0057.0 0065.0 0084.0 0085.0 0086.0 0103.0 0144.0 0154.0 0195.0 0196.0 0282.0 0295.0 0298.0 0299.0 0300.0 0301.0 0302.0 0307.0 0372.0 0400.0 0414.0

ALPHABETICAL MOTTOES

LIST

OF

SPANISH

(WITH TRANSLATIONS)

Viva el °rey y °muera el mal °govierno Long live the King but death to the bad governmen0481.0

Indexes and Lists BEARER INDEX Party affiliations are indicated as follows: C = Covenant; K = King [includes 1641U2 flags for expedition to Ireland]; P = Parliament; S = King (Scottish Royalists) 0309.0 Agerman: Agerman, John Allured (P) 0391.0 Aikman: Aikman (C) 0206.0 Allen: Allen (P) 0176.0 Arnall: Arnall (P) 0132.1 Argyll: Argyll, Marquis of (C) 0080.0 Ashley: Ashley, John (P) 0233.0 Ayloffe: Ayloffe, Thomas 0147.0 Aylworth: Aylworth, Richard (P) Balfour: Balfour of Burleigh, John, 2nd Lord (C) 0268.0 Balfour: Balfour, William (P) 0010.0 Balfour: Balfour, Sir William (P) 0281.0 Balmerino: Balmerino, John Elphinstone, Lord (C) 0370.0 Barnard: Barnard (P) 0286.0 Barne: Barne, John (P) 0190.0 Barton: Barton, Nathaniel (P) 0194.0 Berkeley: Berkeley, Sir John (K) 0028.0 Berry: Berry, James (P) 0351.0 Berry: Berry, James (P) 0407.0 Bishnell: Bishnell (?) (P) 0083.0 Biwell: Biwell (Boswell?) (P) 0160.0 Blackwall: Blackwall, John (P) 0158.0 Blackwell: Blackwell, John (P) 0004.0 Booth: Booth (P) 0260.0 Bosville: Bosville (Boswell), Thomas (K) 0377.0 Boughtell: Boughtell (P) 0036.0 Boys: Boys, John (P) 0435.0 Bragge: Bragge, Nicholas (?) (P) 0278.0 Brereton: Brereton, Sir William (P) 0078.0 Bridges: Bridges, Sir John (P) 0282.0 Brooke: Brooke, Robert Greville, Lord (P) 0376.0 Brougham: Brougham, Lord (K) 0273.0 Brown: Brown (P) 0288.0 Brown: Brown, John (P) 0156.0 Browne: Browne, Richard (P) 0271.0 Buller: Buller (P) 0336.0 Burgh: Burgh (K) 0183.0 Butler: Butler, James (P) 0069.0 Byron: Byron, Sir Nicholas (K) 0012.0 Cain: Cain, Benjamin (P) 0303.0 Cain: Cain, Benjamin (P) 0258.0 Calendar: Calendar, James Livingstone, Earl of (C) 0231.0 Cambridge: Cambridge, Owen (P) 0340.0 Cansfield: Cansfield, Sir John (K) 0118.0 Capel: Capel, Lord Arthur (K) 0293.0 Carmichael: Carmichael, John (P) 0335.0 Carnarvon: Carnarvon, Robert Dormer, Earl of (K) 0385.0 Carnarvon: Carnarvon, Robert Dormer, Earl of (K) 0387.0 Carnegie: Carnegie, Lord James (C) 0091.0 Carr: Carr, ?William (P) 0302.0 Carr: Carr, Gilbert (?) (P) 0458.0 Cartwright: Cartwright (P) 0473.0 Gary: Gary, Sir Horatio (P) 0039.0 Gary: Gary, Sir Horatio (K) 0041.0 Castleton: Castleton (P) 0237.0

339

Cecil: Cecil [3rd son of Earl of Salisbury] (K) 0155.0 Chaffm: Chaffin (?Chafine) (P) 0029.0 Charles I: Charles I, King (K) 0086.0 Charles II: Charles II, King (S) 0076.0 Christall(?): Christall(?) (C) 0289.0 Chute: Chute, Nathaniel (?) (P) 0040.0 Clark: Clark (P) 0433.0 Compton: Compton, Sir Charles (K) 0046.0 Compton: Compton, Sir William (K) 0266.0 Constable: Constable, Henry (K) 0175.0 Constable: Constable, Sir William (P) 0414.0 Conway: Conway (eldest son of Lord Conway) (K)0119.0 Cooke: Cooke, Edward (P) 0217.0 Cooper: Cooper (P) 0148.0 Copley: Copley (P) 0132.0 Copley: Copley (P) 0082.0 Copley: Copley, Lionel (?) (P) 0219.0 Coupar: Coupar, James Elphinstone, Lord (C) 0425.0 Courtney: Courtney, Sir William (P) 0093.0 Cox: Cox (P) 0333.0 Cranston: Cranston, Lord (C) 0462.0 Creed: Creed, Richard (P) 0369.0 Crichton: Crichton, William (C) 0150.0 Culpepper: Culpepper, Sir John (K) 0448.0 Dalton: Dalton, Thomas (K) 0106.0 Danish lord (unnamed): Danish lord (unnamed) (K) 0045.0 Danish lord (unnamed): Danish lord (unnamed) (K) 0084.0 Danish lord (unnamed): Danish lord (unnamed) (K) 0159.0 Deane: Deane, Robert (?) (K) 0317.0 Debee: Debee, John (K) 0061.0 Denbigh: Denbigh, Basil Fielding, 2nd Earl of (P) 0249.0 de Salogy: de Salogy, Nicholas (P) 0364.0 Digby: Digby, Sir John (K) 0169.0 Dingley: Dingley (P) 0483.0 Disbrowe: Disbrowe (Desborough, Disborough), John (P) 0240.0 Dobbins: Dobbins (P) 0092.0 Dodding: Dodding, George (P) 0173.0 Dokinfeld: Dokinfeld (P) 0454.0 Douglas: Douglas, Alexander (P) 0166.0 Douglas: Douglas, Richard (C) 0087.0 Dowett: Dowett (Dewit, Diet, Duet), Francis (P) 0427.0 Dowett: Dowett (Dewit, Diet, Duet), Francis (P) 0402.0 Dowett: Dowett (Dewit, Diet, Duet), Francis (K) 0434.0 Dunlas: Dunlas, George (P) 0360.0 Edwards: Edwards (P) 0379.0 Eglinton: Eglinton, Alexander Montgomery, Earl of (C) 0250.0 Erskine: Erskine (?) (C) 0244.0 Essex: Essex (P) 0339.0 Essex: Essex, Robert Devereux, Earl of (P) 0476.0 Evelyn: Evelyn, Sir John (P) 0349.0 Fairfax: Fairfax, Ferdinando, Lord (P) 0481.0 Fairfax: Fairfax, Charles (P) 0120.0 Farmer: Farmer (Ward), John? (P) 0099.0 Fenwick: Fenwick, John (K then P) 0136.0 Fiennes: Fiennes (Fines) (P) 0399.0 Fiennes: Fiennes, Francis (P) 0079.0

340

Indexes and Lists

Fiennes: Fiennes, John (P) 0113.0 Fiennes: Fiennes, Edward (?) (P) 0021.0 Fiennes: Fiennes, Nathaniel (P) 0452.0 Fines: Fines (P) 0048.0 Fleetwood: Fleetwood, George (P) 0149.0 Flemming: Flemming, John (?) (P) 0325.0 Foolwick: Foolwick (?) (P) 0361.0 Forbes: Forbes, Lord (C) 0152.0 Fortescue: Fortescue, Sir Faithful (P the K) 0195.0 Gardiner: Gardiner, Samuel (P) 0472.0 Gerard: Gerard, Charles Gerard, Lord (K) 0018.0 Geste: Geste (P) 0127.0 Gibbons: Gibbons, Robert (P) 0168.0 Godfrey: Godfrey, John (P) 0464.0 Gold: Gold (P) 0304.0 Gold: Gold (P) 0261.0 Gold: Gold (P) 0450.0 Graves: Graves (Greaves), John (P) 0345.0 Greenaway: Greenaway (P) 0389.0 Greene: Greene, Elijah (P) 0032.0 Grenville: Grenville, Sir Richard (P) 0098.0 Greville: Greville (P) 0445.0 Grey: Grey of Groby, Thomas, Lord (P) 0243.0 Grey: Grey of Groby, Thomas, Lord (P) 0290.0 Grove: Grove, John (P) 0139.0 Gunter: Gunter, John (P) 0038.0 Gwilliams: Gwilliams (Williams), William (P) 0016.0 Hacker: Hacker (Hatcher), Henry (P) 0326.0 Hacket: Hacket, Simon (P) 0153.0 Hacket: Hacket, Simon (P) 0457.0 Hambleton: Hambleton, Archibald (P) 0033.0 Hammond: Hammond, John (P) 0065.0 Hammond: Hammond, Thomas (P) 0234.0 Hampden: Hampden, John (P) 0265.0 Harley: Harley, Edward (P) 0329.0 Harrison: Harrison (?), Lord [identity unclear] (P) 0298.0 Hartop: Hartop, Sir Edward (P) 0189.0 Harvey: Harvey, Edmund (P) 0199.0 Hastings: Hastings, Lord Ferdinando (P) 0375.0 Hatton: Hatton, Robert (?) (K) 0062.0 Hatton: Hatton, Sir Richard (?) (K) 0444.0 Hawkeridge: Hawkeridge (P) 0439.0 Hay: Hay, John (Master of Yester) (C) 0420.0 Haynes: Haynes, Hezekiah (P) 0007.0 Herbert: Herbert, William (P) 0096.0 Hesilrige: Hesilrige (or Haselrig), Sir Arthur (P) 0274.0 Hippsley: Hippsley, Sir John (P) 0396.0 Home: Home (Hume), Lord (C) 0440.0 Hooker: Hooker (P) 0306.0 Hopton: Hopton, Sir Ralph (Lord) (K) 0105.0 Hopton: Hopton, Sir Ralph (Lord) (K) 0163.0 Hungerford: Hungerford, Sir Edward (P) 0103.0 Huntly: Huntly, George Gordon, Marquis of (S) 0128.0 Inchiquin: Inchiquin, Murrough O'Brien, Earl of (K) 0044.0 Ingoldsby: Ingoldsby (P) 0319.0 Ingoldsby: Ingoldsby (P) 0330.0 Ireton: Ireton, Henry (P) 0327.0 Jacklen: Jacklen (P) 0122.0 Janson: Janson (P) 0017.0 Jarvis: Jarvis, Thomas (P) 0192.0

Jones: Jones, Michael (P) 0228.0 Kellaway: Kellaway (or Ellaway) (P) 0475.0 Kem: Kern, Samuel (P) 0198.0 Kempe: Kempe, Thomas (P) 0074.0 Kenuricke: Kenuricke (Kenwricke, William?) (P) 0239.0 Kighly: Kighly, Edward (P) 0324.0 Knights: Knights (P) 0347.0 Lambert: Lambert, John (P) 0355.0 Lambert: Lambert, John (P) 0451.0 Laugharne: Laugharne (Laughorne), Rowland (P then K) 0211.0 Langrish: Langrish (P) 0212.0 Lawrence: Lawrence, Adam (?) (P) 0185.0 Layton: Layton, William (K) 0085.0 Leslie: Leslie (?) (C) 0126.0 Leveson: Leveson, Thomas (K) 0161.0 Leveson: Leveson, Thomas (K) 0395.0 Leveson: Leveson, Thomas (K) 0246.0 Litcott: Litcott (or Lidcoat) (P) 0100.0 Livesey: Livesey, Sir Michael (P) 0130.0 Lloyd: Lloyd, Andrew (P) 0277.0 Long: Long, Walter? (P) 0031.0 Lucas: Lucas, John, Lord (K) 0070.0 Ludlow: Ludlow, Edmund (P) 0453.0 Luke: Luke, Sir Samuel (P) 0200.0 Lumley: Lumley (or possibly John Luntley) (K) 0352.0 Mainwaring: Mainwaring, Robert (P) 0332.0 Mainwaring: Mainwaring, Robert (P) 0273.0 Maleverer: Maleverer (Mallevory), James (P) 0393.0 Manchester: Manchester, Edward Montagu, Earl of (P) 0441.0 Manring: Manring, Henry (P) 0365.0 Markham: Markham, Anthony(?) or Henry(?) (P) 0135.0 Markham: Markham, Anthony(?) or Henry(?) (P) 0410.0 Martin: Martin (?), William (K) 0462.1 Mason: Mason, Benjamin(?) (P) 0043.0 Massingberd: Massingberd (P) 0180.0 Mauchline: Mauchline, Lord (?), son of Earl of Loudon (C) 0051.0 Mauchline: Mauchline, Lord, son of Earl of Loudon (C) 0162.0 Meddop: Meddop (P) 0460.0 Meldram: Meldram (P) 0081.0 Meldram: Meldram (P) 0429.0 Middleton: Middleton, Henry (?) (P) 0107.0 Middleton: Middleton, Sir Thomas (P) 0184.0 Mildmay: Mildmay, Henry (P) 0415.0 Mills: Mills (TMiles), Gabriel (P) 0315.0 Molyneux: Molyneux, Caryl (K) 0009.0 Molyneux: Molyneux, Lord Richard (K) 0378.0 Montgomery: Montgomery, Sir James (K) 0101.0 Montgomery: Montgomery, Sir James (K) 0276.0 Montrose: Montrose, James Graham, Marquis of (S) 0203.0 Montrose: Montrose, James Graham, Marquis of (S) 0235.0 Montrose: Montrose, James Graham, Marquis of (S) 0384.0 Morgan: Morgan, Thomas (K) 0381.0 Morley: Morley, Herbert (P) 0253.0 Morley: Morley, Herbert (?) (P) 0421.0

Indexes and Lists Moule: Moule (P) 0145.0 Moulson: Moulson, Thomas (P) 0343.0 Neale: Neale, William (P) 0075.0 Neale: Neale, John (P) 0320.0 Nelthorpe: Nelthorpe (Nelthrop), John (P) 0196.0 Nerne: Nerne, Alexander (P) 0177.0 Niarne: Niarne, John (K) 0058.0 Noke: Noke (P) 0047.0 Norris: Norris, William (alias Robinson) (P) 0254.0 Norton: Norton, Richard (P) 0269.0 Norwich: Norwich, Sir John (P) 0310.0 Norwood: Norwood, John (P) 0050.0 Owen: Owen, Henry (P) 0480.0 Packer: Packer, William (P) 0401.0 Parker: Parker, William (P) 0213.0 Parry: Parry, Walter (P) 0478.0 Peake: Peake, Sir Robert (K) 0090.0 Peake: Peake, Thomas (?) (P) 0461.0 Peart: Peart (Pert, Pearte) (P) 0341.0 Pennyfather: Pennyfather, Thomas (P) 0174.0 Pennyfather: Pennyfather, Thomas (P) 0287.0 Percy: Percy (Pearse, Perce), Sir Thomas (P) 0123.0 Percy: Percy (Pearse, Perce), Sir Thomas (P) 0124.0 Peren: Peren (P) 0222.0 Peto: Peto, Sir Edward (P) 0242.0 Peto: Peto, Sir Edward (P) 0408.0 Picks: Picks (K) 0060.0 Porter: Porter, Samuel (P) 0331.0 Pudsey: Pudsey, Peter (K) 0438.0 Pudsey: Pudsey, Ralph (K) 0094.0 Purefoy: Purefoy, William (P) 0372.0 Pyle: Pyle (P) 0308.0 Radcliffe: Radcliffe (K) 0404.0 Rainsborowe: Rainsborowe (Rainsborough), William (P) 0397.0 Rainsborowe: Rainsborowe (Rainsborough), William (P) 0467.0 Ranelagh: Ranelagh, Viscount (P) 0256.0 Rawdon: Rawdon, Sir Marmaduke (K) 0205.0 Reeve: Reeve, Thomas (P) 0428.0 Richardson: Richardson (?) (C) 0474.0 Roberts: Roberts (P) 0344.0 Rogers: Rogers (K) 0418.0 Roper: Roper (P) 0394.0 Rugeley: Rugeley, Simon (P) 0110.0 Rugeley: Rugeley, Simon (P) 0305.0 Russell: Russell, Sir Francis (?) (P) 0436.0 Salkield: Salkield (Salkilds), William (P) 0366.0 Sandberd: Sandberd (P) 0477.0 Sanders: Sanders, Sir William (P) 0314.0 Sands: Sands, Edwin (P) 0463.0 Saunders: Saunders (P) 0193.0 Scott: Scott, Edward (P) 0299.0 Scott: Scott, Edward (P) 0300.0 Sedascue: Sedascue (Sadowski), George (P) 0296.0 Sedley: Sedley, Sir Isaac (P) 0143.0 Sellenger: Sellenger (St Leger), Sir William (K) 0179.0 Sheffield: Sheffield, James (P) 0283.0 Sheffield: Sheffield, Samuel (or Sampson) (P) 0071.0 Sheffield: Sheffield, Thomas (P) 0227.0 Shelbourne: Shelbourne (P) 0468.0

341

Sidney: Sidney, Algernon (P) 0398.0 Silver: Silver (P) 0423.0 Skinner: Skinner, Augustine (P) 0022.0 Skinner: Skinner, Augustine (P) 0023.0 Skippon: Skippon, Philip (P) 0279.0 Smyth: Smyth, Thomas (K) 0140.0 Sparrow: Sparrow (P) 0409.0 St George: St George (P) 0419.0 St Nicholas: St Nicholas, Thomas (P) 0064.0 Stamford: Stamford, Henry Grey, Earl of (P) 0133.0 Stenchion: Stenchion, James (P) 0465.0 Stephens: Stephens (Stevens), Richard (P) 0334.0 Stephens: Stephens (Stevens), Richard (P) 0270.0 Stewart: Stewart, Alexander (?) (C) 0055.0 Sutherland: Sutherland, Sir Alexander (?) (C) 0437.0 Sydenham: Sydenham, William (P) 0019.0 Taylor: Taylor, Elias (P) 0095.0 Temple: Temple, Edmund (P) 0232.0 Temple: Temple, Purbeck (P) 0456.0 Tenant: Tenant, William (P) 0424.0 Thomson: Thomson, (George or Francis) (P) 0455.0 Thorpe: Thorpe, Robert (P) 0115.0 Tirrell: Tirrell (Tyrrell), Thomas (P) 0400.0 Tower Hamlets Regiment: Tower Hamlets Regiment (P) 0164.0 Trenchard: Trenchard, Douglas (K) 0121.0 Turner: Turner, James (?) (C) 0230.0 Turner: Turner, Richard (P) 0165.0 Twistleton: Twisleton, Philip (?) (P) 0181.0 Twistleton: Twistleton, Philip (P) 0412.0 Tyldesley: Tyldesley, Sir Thomas (K) 0362.0 Tyrell: Tyrell (Tirrell) (P) 0154.0 Unnamed Officer: Unnamed officer in Laugharne's Horse (P then K) 0313.0 Unnamed Officer: Unnamed officer in Laugharne's Horse (P then K) 0337.0 Unnamed Officer: Unnamed officer in Laugharne's Horse (P then K) 0342.0 Unnamed Officer: Unnamed officer in Laugharne's Horse (P then K) 0363.0 Urry: Urry (Hurry), John (later Sir John) (P then K) 0229.0 Vaughan: Vaughan, Sir George (K) 0108.0 Vivers: Vivers, George (?) (P) 0479.0 Walker: Walker (P) 0138.0 Waller: Waller, Sir William (P) 0142.0 Walton: Walton, Valentine (P) 0146.0 Wansey: Wansey, Master (P) 0131.0 Ware: Ware, John (P) 0338.0 Washboume: Washbourne, Heriot (P) 0218.0 Webster: Webster (P) 0137.0 Welch: Welch (Walsh?), Sir Robert (K) 0109.0 West: West, Edmund (P) 0215.0 Whitby: Whitby (P) 0321.0 White: White, John (P) 0442.0 Widdrington: Widdrington, Sir Edward (K) 0073.0 Willoughby: Willoughby of Parham, Francis Williams, Lord (P) 0262.0 Winchester: Winchester, John Paulet, Marquis of (K) 0013.0 Wingate: Wingate, Edward (P) 0263.0

342 Wither: Wither, George (P) Wood: Wood (P) Wood: Wood (?) (C) Wormsley: Wormsley, Christopher (K) Wray: Wray, Sir Christopher (P) Wright: Wright (P) Yate: Yate, Rice (Rhys) (K) Young: Young (P) Youth of 15: Youth of 15 (K) Zinzan: Zinzan, Sir Sigismond (P)

Indexes and Lists 0357.0 0186.0 0245.0 0207.0 0432.0 0170.0 0388.0 0037.0 0426.0 0295.0

Indexes and Lists

343

Lists of Flag Devices According to Political Allegiance Party affiliations are indicated as follows: C = Covenant; CL = Clubmen; FM = Fifth Monarchist; ICC = Irish Catholic Confederacy; K = King [includes 1641U2 flags for expedition to Ireland]; P = Parliament; S = King (Scottish Royalists)

Covenant C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C

0006.0 0050.1 0050.2 0051.0 0052.0 0054.0 0055.0 0056.0 0066.0 0087.0 0091.0 0102.0 0114.0 0125.1 0126.0 0129.0 0132.1 0150.0 0152.0 0162.0 0226.0 0230.0 0231.0 0244.0 0245.0 0250.0 0268.0 0289.0 0311.0 0367.0 0370.0 0371.0 0391.0 0420.0 0425.0 0437.0 0440.0 0462.0 0474.0

Clubmen CL

0167.0

Fifth Monarchist FM

0484.0

Irish Catholic Confederacy ICC ICC ICC ICC ICC

0011.0 0063.0 0088.0 0112.0 0141.0

ICC ICC ICC ICC ICC ICC ICC ICC

0178.0 0243.1 0285.0 0297.0 0322.0 0413.0 0417.0 0459.0

King K then P K then P K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

0136.0 0177.0 0002.0 0005.0 0009.0 0012.0 0013.0 0014.0 0018.0 0024.0 0027.0 0028.0 0041.0 0042.0 0044.0 0045.0 0046.0 0049.0 0058.0 0059.0 0060.0 0061.0 0062.0 0070.0 0073.0 0084.0 0085.0 0086.0 0089.0 0090.0 0094.0 0097.0 0101.0 0104.0 0105.0 0106.0 0108.0 0109.0 0117.0 0118.0 0119.0 0119.0 0121.0 0140.0 0155.0

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

0157.0 0159.0 0161.0 0163.0 0163.0 0169.0 0175.0 0179.0 0182.0 0183.0 0201.0 0205.0 0207.0 0208.0 0209.0 0210.0 0216.0 0223.0 0238.0 0246.0 0252.0 0255.0 0257.0 0259.0 0266.0 0273.0 0275.0 0276.0 0284.0 0293.0 0301.0 0317.0 0348.0 0352.0 0354.0 0356.0 0362.0 0373.0 0374.0 0377.0 0378.0 0380.0 0381.0 0385.0 0386.0 0387.0 0388.0 0392.0 0395.0 0403.0 0404.0 0406.0 0416.0 0418.0 0422.0

K K K K K K K K K K K

0426.0 0430.0 0431.0 0434.0 0438.0 0444.0 0446.0 0447.0 0448.0 0462.1 0482.0

King (Scottish Royalists S S S S S

0076.0 0128.0 0203.0 0235.0 0384.0

Parliament P P P P P P P p p p p p

p

p p p p P P p p P p P P P P P P P P P

then K then K then K then K then K then K then K

0195.0 0211.0 0229.0 0313.0 0337.0 0342.0 0363.0 0476 0 V^T / \J,\J

0001.0 0003*J 0 \J\J\J \J 0004 0 V/V/v/*T.V/ t

0007 0 \J\J\J 1 »\J OOOQ 0 v/v/V/^.V/

001 \j\j * o\jt\jn 001 0 \j\j i ^j5 ,\j OO1 \J\J 1 fi \J .O \J

001 0 \J\J L 7 I ,\J

0019.0 0020.0 0091 \J\J£ 1 .0 \J 0099 \j\j&t£t,\j0 0023.0 0025 0 \j\j£j.\j

0026.0 0029.0 0030.0 0031.0 0032.0 0033.0 0035.0 0036.0 0037.0

Indexes and Lists

344 P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P p P P p P P p p p p p P p p p P p p p p p

0038.0 0039.0 0040.0 0043.0 0047.0 0048.0 0050.0 0057.0 0064.0 0065.0 0067.0 0069.0 0071.0 0072.0 0074.0 0075.0 0077.0 0078.0 0079.0 0080.0 0081.0 0082.0 0083.0 0092.0 0093.0 0095.0 0096.0 0098.0 0099.0 0100.0 0103.0 0107.0 0110.0 0111.0 01130 0115.0 01200 0122.0 01230 0124.0 0125.0 0127.0 0130.0 01310 01320 01330 0134.0 01350 0137.0 0138.0 0139.0 01420 0143.0 01440 Q145X) 01460 0147.0 0148.0 0149.0 0151.0 0153.0

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

0154.0 0156.0 0158.0 0160.0 0164.0 0165.0 0166.0 0168.0 0170.0 0171.0 0173.0 0174.0 0176.0 0180.0 0181.0 0184.0 0185.0 0186.0 0187.0 0188.0 0189.0 0190.0 0191.0 0192.0 0193.0 0194.0 0196.0 0197.0 0198.0 0199.0 0200.0 0202.0 0204.0 0206.0 0212.0 0213.0 0214.0 0215.0 0217.0 0218.0 0219.0 0220.0 0221.0 0222.0 0225.0 0227.0 0228.0 0232.0 0233.0 0234.0 0237.0 0239.0 0240.0 0241.0 0242.0 0243.0 0247.0 0248.0 0249.0 0251.0 0253.0

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

0254.0 0256.0 0258.0 0260.0 0261.0 0262.0 0263.0 0264.0 0265.0 0267.0 0269.0 0270.0 0271.0 0273.0 0274.0 0277.0 0278.0 0279.0 0280.0 0281.0 0282.0 0283.0 0286.0 0287.0 0288.0 0290.0 0291.0 0292.0 0294.0 0295.0 0296.0 0298.0 0299.0 0300.0 0302.0 0303.0 0304.0 0305.0 0306.0 0307.0 0308.0 0309.0 0310.0 0312.0 0314.0 0315.0 0319.0 0320.0 0321.0 0323.0 0324.0 0325.0 0326.0 0327.0 0328.0 0329.0 0330.0 0331.0 0332.0 0333.0 0334.0

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

0335.0 0336.0 0338.0 0339.0 0340.0 0341.0 0343.0 0344.0 0345.0 0346.0 0347.0 0349.0 0350.0 0351.0 0353.0 0355.0 0357.0 0358.0 0359.0 0360.0 0361.0 0364.0 0365.0 0366.0 0368.0 0369.0 0372.0 0375.0 0376.0 0379.0 0382.0 0383.0 0389.0 0390.0 0393.0 0394.0 0396.0 0397.0 0398.0 0399.0 0400.0 0401.0 0402.0 0405.0 0407.0 0408.0 0409.0 0410.0 0411.0 0412.0 0414.0 0415.0 0419.0 0421.0 0423.0 0424.0 0427.0 0428.0 0429.0 0432.0 0433.0

Indexes and Lists P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

0435.0 0436.0 0439.0 0441.0 0442.0 0443.0 0445.0 0449.0 0450.0 0451.0 0452.0 0453.0 0454.0 0455.0 0456.0 0457.0 0458.0 0460.0 0461.0 0463.0 0464.0 0465.0 0466.0 0467.0 0468.0 0469.0 0470.0 0472.0 0473.0 0475.0 0477.0 0478.0 0479.0 0480.0 0481.0 0483.0 0485.0 0486.0 0487.0

345