The conquest of New Spain, Vol. 2 3n203z483

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Che Makluyt Society. ——————- 0.

THE

CONQUEST OF NEW SPAIN. VOL. II.

SECOND SERIES.

No. XXIV.

ISSUED FOR I9IO.

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THE VALLEY OF MEXICO. 49 Such springs were also to be seen in and around the Lake of Mexico, but not in such considerable numbers, and there must also have been one or more on the site of the City which supplied its earliest inhabitants with drinking water, although in later Indian times the supply was brought in an aqueduct from a fine spring near Chapultepec.

“The population of Tenochtitlan (the City of Mexico) at the time

of the conquest is variously stated. No contemporary writer estimates it at less than sixty thousand houses, which by the ordinary rules of reckoning would give three hundred thousand souls. Ifa dwelling often contained, as it asserted, several families, it would swell the amount considerably higher.” !

.The supply of food for such a population must have been a matter

of no little difficulty, for the soil on the hill-sides is scanty, many of the slopes are composed of éefefat/e, a mixture of volcanic ash and scoria fit only for growing maguey,? and consider-

able surfaces are covered with lava and carry no loam at all. The scarcity of good soil must have led to an intensive cultivation, and this is also shown by the care with which manure was collected,?

as is the case in China and Japan to-day. -

Food must have been brought from very considerable distances, and the want of a sufficient supply from the near neighbourhood

must have had much to do with the predatory nature of the Aztec dominion. NOTE ON THE DRAINAGE.

From the time of the Spanish settlement the security of the city from floods and the drainage of the valley became the preoccupation

of the Spanish Viceroys. After a severe inundation in 1555, Don

Luis de Velasco replaced the Albarradon of Netzahualcoyotl, which had fallen into decay, by a similar and shorter dyke somewhat

nearer the city. At the beginning of the seventeenth century a French engineer, Henri Martin, known in Mexico as Enrico Martinez,

planned a system of drainage and a cutting (known as the fajo de Nochistongo) through the mountain rim to the north-east of the valley, but this work was only partly carried out during the following years and was not completed until the end of the eighteenth century.

The flood of 1865 again brought the question of drainage into prominence, and new works, including a large canal and a large tunnel, were commenced and brought to a satisfactory conclusion in the year 1900.

The lakes of Zaltocan and Zumpango are now almost dry during the summer months. The Lake of Chalco has been drained dry,

8 Text page 72. | , — VOL. II. _«E

1 Prescott, Conquest of Mexico. 2 The American aloe, Agave americana, from which pulque is made.

50 THE CITY OF MEXICO. excepting the southern edge round Mixcuic, and is now one vast maize field. Zochimilco 1s reduced to a swamp traversed by many water-ways

and the water from its springs is being utilized for the supply of drinking water to the City. Texcoco alone remains, in a shrunken condition, and no further drainage of its waters is contemplatea, as the evaporation from its surface is one of the main factors contributing to the equable climate of the valley.

THE CITY OF MEXICO. The two towns of Tenochtitlan and Tlaltelolco appear to have risen side by side, each retaining control of its own local affairs, until the time of Axayacatl, the sixth ruler of Tenochtitlan (1473), when,

after a fierce battle in the streets of the City, Tlaltelolco was conquered, its chiefs killed, and it became a part of the City of Tenochtitlan. It is, however, this growth of the City in two distinct parts that accounts for the existence of the two centres of religious worship, the great teocalli of Tenochtitlan with its surrounding courts

and temples (where the Cathedral of Mexico now stands), and the still larger and more important teocalli of Tlaltelolco and the adjacent temples, courts, and priests’ houses, etc., which are so fully described by Bernal Dfaz in the text. The following quotation is from the writings of the “ Anonymous Conqueror,” who himself beheld Mexico in the days of Montezuma:—

“The great city of Temistan (Tenochtitlan), Mexico, has and had many wide and handsome streets; of these two or three are the principal streets, and all the others are formed half of hard earth like a brick pavement, and the other half of water, so that they can go out along the land or by water in their boats and canoes which are made of hollowed wood, and some are large enough to hold five persons. The inhabitants go abroad some by water in these boats and others

by land, and they can talk to one another as they go. There are other principal streets in addition, entirely of water which can only be

traversed by boats and canoes, as is their wont, as I have already said, for without these boats they could neither go in nor out of their houses.

“And this is the fashion of all the other towns which I have said are situated on the fresh water part of this lake. There were, and still are, in this City very handsome and fine houses belonging to the chieftains, so large and with such offices (Estancias), dwelling rooms, and gardens both above and below that they are wonderful to behold.

I entered the house of a principal lord more than four times on purpose to see it, and I always walked about until I was tired, and | never managed to see the whole of it. It was the custom to have near the entrance of all the Lords’ houses very large halls and offices around

THE CITY OF MEXICO. 51 a large patio, but in this house there was a hall so vast that it would easily hold more than three thousand persons, and it was so large that on the floor above (z.¢. the roof) there was a terrace where thirty horsemen could have run a tilt as in a plaza.” Cortés in his second letter to the Emperor says : -—

“There are many very large and fine houses in this City, and the reason of there being so many important houses is that all the Lords of the land who are vassals of the said Montezuma have houses in this City and reside therein for a certain time of the year, and in addition to this there are many rich Citizens who also possess very fine houses. All these houses in addition to having very fine and large dwelling rooms, have very exquisite flower gardens both on the upper apart-

ments as well as down below.” ! |

‘The principal houses were of two stories, but the greater number of houses were of one storey only. The materials, according to the importance of the buildings, were tezontli* and lime, adobes ? formed

the walls plastered with lime, and in the suburbs and shores of the island (the houses were constructed) of reeds and straw, appropriate for the fishermen and the lower classes.” * I am strongly of opinion that the very simple style of construction of the houses of ancient Mexico still survives, and can be seen to-day in any of the villages in the neighbourhood, and a photograph of such houses is given facing page 48. There is, however, this difference, that

nowadays the adobe walls of the houses are frequently left bare, while in ancient Mexico the walls were almost invariably covered with a highly burnished white plaster.

Of the external ornament or decoration of the more important houses or palaces we know nothing, as the destruction of the City was complete. Ifthe ornamentation was elaborate we hear nothing about it from the conquerers, and it must in any case have been of plaster or some perishable material, otherwise some fragments of it would have survived. It seems therefore probable that the architectural decoration of the houses was of a very simple character, and that the more

elaborate stone work was reserved for the teocallis and temples of their gods.

Notwithstanding the above qualifications, the ancient City of Tenochtitlan must have been a place of much beauty and even of considerable magnificence, and it could not have failed to make a vivid impression on the Spaniards, who, it must be remembered, until they set foot in Yucatan, two years earlier, had seen nothing better during the twenty-five years of exploration of America than the houses 1 Cortés’ second letter. 2 Tezontli, a volcanic stone, easily worked, of a beautiful dull red

colour. 3 Adobes, sun-dried bricks. 4 Orozco y Berra, Hist. de Mexico, vol. iv., p. 281. E2

52 THE CITY OF MEXICO. of poles and thatch of Indian tribes, none of whom had risen above a state of barbarism. Much no doubt was due to the natural surroundings ; the white City with its numerous teocallis was embowered in trees and surrounded by the blue waters of the lake sparkling under a tropical sun, a lake that was alive with a multitude of canoes passing

and repassing to the other white cities on its shores, and in every direction the horizon was closed with a splendid panorama of forest-

covered hills, while to the south-east the eye always rested with delight on the beautiful slopes and snow-covered peaks of the two great volcanoes. It is an enchanting scene to-day, in spite of the shrinkage of the lakes, the smoke from factory chimneys, and the somewhat squalid surroundings of a modern city, and but little effort of imagination is needed to appreciate the charm that it must have exercised in the days of Montezuma. The Viga Canal still survives as a water-way by which produce is brought into Mexico from the market gardens or chinampas of Lake Zochimilco, and it was only at the end of the eighteenth century that the canal which ran from the Viga Canal along the south side of the great square past the convent of San Francisco was finally filled in. For many years the roadway beside it was known as the “Calle de

Canoas,” and the names Puente de la Lefia (Fire wood bridge), Portal de las Flores, etc., still mark the localities where the different commodities were sold on the banks of the Canal. Indeed, the course of many an old water-way can still be traced in the modern City by the names which have clung to the localities since the days of the conquest and are now attached to the streets. The Upsala map seems to show that there was an embankment or pallisade along the east side of the City, necessary as a protection against the wash of the waves from the lake, but on the other sides the entrance of the numerous canals was probably through tree-lined chinampas and orchards, similar to the approach to Xochimilco at the present day. (Gardens and groves were evidently numerous in the City itself ; the Mexicans were distinguished for their love of flowers, and there is no climate where gardening is more remunerative than in these tropical highlands when water is plentiful. The flowering plants cultivated on the roofs of the houses must have added greatly to the picturesque aspect of the streets and canals. Bernal Diaz tells us how clean the surroundings of the great temple were kept, where not a straw or a spot of dust could be seen (filth seems to have been confined to the temples themselves where the horrid rites of their religion were performed), and this cleanliness probably extended to the City itself, for it will be observed by any traveller in Mexico or Central America that the purely Indian villages of considerable size are almost always kept swept and tidy, while this is not the case in the towns and villages inhabited by the mixed race.

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Lo ON CAE RDEV EER WSADPEAEM

BOOK VI. THE STAY IN MEXICO. CHAPTER LXXXIX. How the Great Montezuma came to our quarters wtih many Caciques

accompanying him, and the conversation that he had with our Captain.

=i ‘eae = HEN the Great Montezuma had e\\ 2% Fe dined and he knew that some time e \y/ \ipe had passed since our Captain and

2) is B all of us had done the same, he (& DS ee al le)quarters came inwith theagreatest state to =E our numerous com: pany of chieftains, all of them his kinsmen. When Cortés was told that he was approaching he came out to the middle of the Hall to receive him, and

Montezuma took him by the hand, and they brought some seats, made according to their usage and very richly

decorated and embroidered with gold in many designs,

and Montezuma asked our Captain to be seated, and both of them sat down each on his chair. Then Montezuma

began a very good speech, saying that he was greatly rejoiced to have in his house and his kingdom such valiant

gentlemen as were Cortés and all of us. That two years ago he had received news of another Captain who came to

$4 {tNTERVIEW BETWEEN MONTEZUMA AND CORTES.

Chanpoton, and likewise last year they had brought him news of another Captain who came with four ships, and

that each time he had wished to see them, and now that he had us with him he was at our service, and would give us of all that he possessed; that it must indeed be true that we were those of whom his ancestors

in years long past had spoken, saying that men would come from where the sun rose to rule over these lands, and that we must be those men, as we had fought so valiantly

in the affairs at Potonchan and Tabasco and against the

Tlaxcalans; for they had brought him pictures of the battles true to life. Cortés answered him through our interpreters who always accompanied him, especially Dofia Marina, and said

to him that he and all of us did not know how to repay him the great favours we received from him every day. It was true that we came from where the sun rose, and were

the vassals and servants of a great Prince called the Emperor Don Carlos, who held beneath his sway many and

great princes, and that the Emperor having heard of him

and what .a great prince he was, had sent us to these parts to see him, and to beg them to become Christians, the same as our Emperor and all of us, so that his soul and those of all his vassals might be saved. Later on he would further explain how and in what manner this should be done, and how we worship one only true God, and who He is, and many other good things which he should listen to, such as he had already told to his ambassadors Tendile,

and Pitalpitoque and Quintalbor when we were on the sand dunes. When this conference was over, the Great Montezuma had already at hand some very rich golden jewels, of many patterns, which he gave to our Captain, and in the same manner to each one of our Captains he gave trifles of gold, and three loads of mantles of rich feather work, and to the soldiers also he gave to each one

CORTES RETURNS MONTEZUMA’S VISIT. 66

two loads of mantles, and he did it cheerfully and in every

way he seemed to be a great Prince. When these things

had been distributed, he asked Cortés if we were all brethren and vassals of our great Emperor, and Cortés replied yes, we were brothers in affection and friendship, and persons of great distinction, and servants of our great King and Prince. Further polite speeches passed between Montezuma and Cortés, and as this was the first time he had come to visit us, and so as not to be wearisome, they

ceased talking. Montezuma had ordered his stewards that, according to our own use and customs in all things, we should be provided with maize and [grinding] stones, and women to make bread, and fowls and fruit, and much

fodder for the horses. Then Montezuma took leave’ of

our Captain and all of us with the greatest courtesy, and we went out with him as far as the street. Cortés ordered us not to go far from our quarters for the present,

until we knew better what was expedient. I will stop here and go on to tell what happened later.

CHAPTER XC. How on the following day our Captain Cortés went to see the Great Montezuma, and about a certain conversation that took place.

THE next day Cortés decided to go to Montezuma’s palace, and he first sent to find out what he intended doing and to let him know that we were coming. He took with him four captains, namely Pedro de Alvarado Juan Veldsquez de Leon, Diego de Ordas, and Gonzalo de Sandoval, and five of us soldiers also went with him. When Montezuma knew of our coming he advanced to the middle of the hall to receive us, accompanied by many

of his nephews, for no other chiefs were permitted to

,7*

50 CORTES EXPLAINS HIS MISSION. enter or hold communication with Montezuma where he then was, unless it were on important business. Cortés and he paid the greatest reverence to each other and then they took one another by the hand and Montezuma made him sit down on his couch! on his right hand, and he also bade all of us to be seated on seats which he ordered to be brought. Then Cortés began to make an explanation through our interpreters Dofia Marina and Aguilar, and said that he and all of us were rested, and that in coming to see and

converse with such a great Prince as he was, we had completed the journey and fulfilled the command which

our great King and Prince had laid on us. But what he

chiefly came to say on bchalf of our Lord God had already been brought to his [Montezuma’s] knowledge

through his ambassadors, Tendile, Pitalpitoque and Quintalbor, at the time when he did us the favour to send the golden sun and moon to the sand dunes; for we told them then that we were Christians and worshipped one truc and only God, named Jesus Christ, who suffcred

death and passion to save us, and we told them that a cross (when they asked us why we worshipped it) was ‘a sign of the other Cross on which our Lord God was crucified for our salvation, and that the death and passion which He suffered was for the salvation of the whole human

racc, which was lost, and that this our God rose on the third day and is now in heaven, and it is He who made

the heavens and the carth, the sea and the sands, and created all the things there are in the world, and He sends the rain and the dew, and nothing happens in the world without His holy will. That we believe in Him and worship Him, but that those whom they look upon as vods are not so, but are devils, which are evil things, and if their looks are bad their deeds are worse, and they could Estrado,

MONTEZUMA’'S REPLY. 57 sec that they were evil and of little worth, for where we had set up crosses such as those his ambassadors had scen, they dared not appcar before them, through fear of them, and that as time went on they would notice this.

The favour he now begged of him was his attention to the words that he now wished to tell him; then he explained to him very clearly about the creation of the world, and how we are all! brothers, sons of one father and one mother who were called Adam and Eve, and how such a brother as our great Empcror, grieving for the perdition

of so many souls, such as those which their idols were leading to Hell, where they burn in living flames, had sent us, so that after what he [Montezuma] had now heard he would put a stop to it and they would no longer adore these Idols or sacrifice Indian men and women to them, for we were all brethren, nor should they commit sodomy

or thefts. IIe also told them that, in course of time, our Lord and King would send some men who among us Icad very holy lives, much better than we do, who will explain

to them all about it, for at present we merely came to sive them duc warning, and so he prayed him to do what he was asked and carry it into effect. As Montezuma appeared to wish to reply, Cortés broke off his argument, and to all of us who were with him he said: “with this we have done our duty considering it is the first attempt.” Montezuma replicd—*“ Scfior Malinche, I have understood your words and arguments very well before now, from what you said to my servants at the sand dunes, this about three Gods and the Cross, and all those things that you have preached in the towns through which you have come. We have not made any answer to it because here throughout all time we have worshipped our own gods, and

thought they were good, as no doubt yours are, so do not trouble to speak to us any more about them at present. Regarding the creation of the world, we have held the same

58 THE DISCUSSION CONTINUED. belief for ages past, and for this reason we take it for certain that you are those whom out ancestors predicted would come from the direction of the sunrise. As for your great King, I feel that I am indebted to him, and I will give him of what I possess, for as I have already said, two years ago I heard of the Captains who came in ships from the direction in which you came, and they said that they were the servants of this your great King, and I wish to know if you are all one and the same.

Cortés replied, Yes, that we were all brethren and servants of our Emperor, and that those men came to examine the way and the seas and the ports so as to know them well in order that we might follow as we had done. Montezuma was referring to the expeditions of Francisco Herndndez de Cérdova and of Grijalva, when we first came on voyages of discovery, and he said that ever since that time he had wished to capture some of those men who had come so as to keep them in his kingdoms and cities and

to do them honour, and his gods had now fulfilled his desires, for now that we were in his home, which we might

call our own, we should rejoice and take our rest for there we should be well treated. And if he had on other occasions sent to say that we should not enter his city, it was not of his free will, but because his vassals were afraid, for they said that we shot out flashes of lightning, and killed many Indians with our horses, and that we were

angry Teules, and other childish stories, and now that he had seen our persons and knew we were of flesh and bone, and had sound sense, and that we were very valiant, for these reasons he held us in much higher regard

than he did from their reports, and he would share his possessions with us. Then Cortés and all of us answered that we thanked him sincerely for such signal good will, and Montezuma said, laughing, for he was very merry in

his princely way of speaking: “ Malinche, I know very

MONTEZUMA’S GIFTS TO THE SPANIARDS. $0

well that these people of Tlaxcala with whom you are such good friends have told you that I ama sort of God or Teul, and that everything in my houses is made of gold and silver and precicus stones, I know well enough that you are wise and did not believe it but took it as a joke. Behold now, Sefior Malinche, my body ts of flesh and bone like yours, my houses and palaces of stone and wood and lime ; that I am a great king and inherit the riches of my

ancestors is true, but not all the nonsense and lies that they have told you about me, although of course you treated it as a Joke, as I did your thunder and lightning.”

Cortés answered him, also laughing, and said that opponents and enemies always say evil things, without truth in them, of those whom they hate, and that he well

knew that he could not hope to find another Prince more magnificent in these countries, and that not without

reason had he been so vaunted to our Emperor. While this conversation was going on, Montezuma secretly sent a great Cacique, one of his nephews who was in his company, to order his stewards to bring certain pieces of gold, which it seems must have been put apart

to give to Cortés, and ten loads of fine cloth, which he apportioned, the gold and mantles between Cortés and the

four captains, and to each of us soldiers he gave two golden necklaces, each necklace being worth ten pesos, and two loads of mantles. The gold that he then gave us was worth in all more than a thousand pesos and he gave it all cheerfully and with the air of a great and valiant prince. As it was now past midday, so as not to appear importunate, Cortés said to him: “ Sefior Montezuma, you always have the habit of heaping load upon load in every day conferring favours on us, and it is already your dinner time.” Montezuma replied that he thanked us for coming

to see him, and then we took our leave with the greatest courtesy and we went to our lodgings.

60 DESCRIPTION OF MONTEZUMA And as we went along we spoke of the good manners and breeding which he showed in everything, and that we should show him in all ways the greatest respect, doffing

our quilted caps when we passed before him, and this we always did, but let us leave this subject here, and pass on.

CHAPTER XCI. Of the manner and appearance of the Great Montezuma and what a great Prince he was.

THE Great Montezuma was about forty years old, of good height and well proportioned, slender, and spare of flesh,

not very swarthy, but of the natural colour and shade of an Indian. He did not wear his hair long, but so as just to cover his ears, his scanty black beard was well shaped and thin. His face was somewhat long, but cheerful, and

he had good eyes and showed in his appearance and manner both tenderness and, when necessary, gravity. He

was very neat and clean and bathed once cvery day in the afternoon. He had many women as _ mistresscs, daughters of Chieftains, and he had two great Cacicas as his legitimate wives, and when he had intercourse with

them it was so secretly that no one knew anything about it, except some of his servants. He was free from unnatural offences. The clothes that he wore one day, he did not put on again until four days later. He had over two hundred chieftains in his guard, in other rooms close to his own, not that all were meant to converse

with him, but only one or another, and when they went to speak to him they were obliged to take off their rich mantles and put on others of little worth, but they had 1 Blotted out in the original: ‘‘about the hour of (Ave Maria)

evening prayer.”—G. G.

AND HIS MODE OF LIVING. 61 to be clean, and they had to enter barefoot with their eyes lowered to the ground, and not to look up in his face. And they made him three obcisances, and said: “Lord, my Lord, my Great Lord,” before they came up to him, and then they made their report and with a few words he dismissed them, and on taking leave they did not turn

their backs, but kept their faces toward him with their eyes to the ground, and they did not turn their backs until they left the room. I noticed another thing, that when other great chiefs came from distant lands about disputes or business, when they reached the apartments of the Great Montezuma, they had to come barefoot and with poor mantles, and they might not enter directly into the Palace, but had to loiter about a little on one side of the Palace door, for to enter hurriedly was considered to be disrespectful. For each meal, over thirty different dishes were prepared

by his cooks according to their ways and usage, and they

placed small pottery brasiers beneath the dishes so that they should not get cold. They prepared more than three hundred plates of the food that Montezuma was going to eat, and more than a thousand for the guard. When he was going to cat, Montezuma would sometimes go out with his chiefs and stewards, and they would point out to

him which dish was best, and of what birds and other things it was composed, and as they advised him, so he would eat, but it was not often that he would go out to see the food, and then merely as a pastime. [ have heard it said that they were wont to cook for him

the flesh of young boys, but as he had such a variety of dishes, made of so many things, we could not succeed in seeing if they were of human flesh or of other things, for they

daily cooked fowls, turkeys, pheasants, native partridges, quail, tame and wild ducks, venison, wild boar, reed birds,

pigeons, hares and rabbits, and many sorts of birds and

62 HOW MONTEZUMA’S MEALS WERE SERVED.

other things which are bred in this country, and they are so numerous that I cannot finish naming them in a hurry ; so we had no insight into it, but I know for certain

that after our Captain censured the sacrifice of human beings, and the eating of their flesh, he ordered that such food should not be prepared for him thenceforth.

Let us cease speaking of this and return to the way things were served to him at meal times. It was in this way: if it was cold they made up a large fire of live coals of a firewood made from the bark of trees which did not give off any smoke, and the scent of the bark from which the fire was made was very fragrant, and so that it should not give off more heat than he required, they placed in front of it a sort of screen adorned with figures of idols worked in gold. He was seated on a low stool, soft and

richly worked, and the table, which was also low, was made in the same style as the seats, and on it they placed

the table cloths of white cloth and some rather long napkins of the same material. Four very beautiful cleanly women brought water for his hands in a sort of

deep basin which they call “xicales,”! and they held others like plates below to catch the water, and they brought him towels. And two other women brought him

tortilla bread, and as soon as he began to eat they placed before him a sort of wooden screen painted over

with gold, so that no one should watch him eating. Then the four women stood aside, and four great chicftains who were old men came and _ stood beside them, and with these Montezuma now and then conversed, and asked them questions, and as a great favour he would

give to each of these elders a dish of what to him tasted best. They say that these elders were his near relations, and were his counsellors and judges of law suits, and the 1 Gourds.

HOW MONTEZUMA’S MEALS WERE SERVED. 63

dishes and food which Montezuma gave them they ate standing up with much reverence and without looking at his face. He was served on Cholula earthenware either red or black. While he was at his meal the men of his guard who were in the rooms near to that of Montezuma, never dreamed of making any noise or speaking aloud.

They brought him fruit of all the different kinds that the land produced, but he ate very little of it. From time to time they brought him, in cup-shaped vessels: of pure gold, a certain drink made from cacao which they said he took when he was going to visit his wives, and at the time he took no heed of it, but what I did see was that they brought over fifty great jugs of good cacao frothed up, and he drank of that, and the women served this drink to him with great reverence. Sometimes at meal-times there were present some very

ugly humpbacks, very small of stature and their bodies almost broken in half, who are their jesters, and other Indians, who must have been buffoons, who told him witty sayings, and others who sang and danced, for Montezuma was fond of pleasure and song, and to these he ordered to be given what was left of the food and the jugs of cacao. Then the same four women removed the table cloths, and

with much ceremony they brought water for his hands. And Montezuma talked with those four old chieftains about things that interested him, and they took leave of him with the great reverence in which they held him, and he remained to repose. As soon as the Great Montezuma had dined, all the men

of the Guard had their meal and as many more of the other house servants, and it seems to me that they brought

out over a thousand dishes of the food of which I have spoken, and then over two thousand jugs of cacao all frothed up, as they make it in Mexico, and a limitless

quantity of fruit, so that with his women and female

64 THE USE OF TOBACCO. servants and bread makers and cacao makers his expenses must have been very great.

Let us cease talking about the expenses and the food for his household and let us speak of the Stewards and the

Treasurers and the stores and pantries and of those who had charge of the houses where the maize was stored. [ say that there would be so much to write about, each thing

by itself, that I should not know where to begin, but we stood astonished at the excellent arrangements and the great abundance of provisions that he had in all, but I must add what I had forgotten, for it is as well to go back and relate it, and that is, that while Montezuma was at table eating as I have described, there were waiting on him two other graceful women to bring him tortillas, kneaded with eggs and other sustaining ingredients, and these tortillas were very white, and they were brought on plates covered with clean napkins, and they also brought him another kind of bread, like long balls kneaded with other kinds of sustaining food, and “pan pachol” for so they call it in this country, which is a sort of wafer. There were also placed on the table three tubes much painted and gilded, which held “guzdambar mixed with certain herbs which they call tadaco, and when he had finished eating, after they had danced before him and sung and the table

was removed, he inhaled the smoke from one of those tubes, but he took very little of it and with that he fell asleep.

Let us cease speaking about the service of his table and

go back to our story. I remember that at that time his steward was a great Cacique to whom we gave the name of

Tapia, and he kept the accounts of all the revenue that was brought to Montezuma, in his books which were made

of paper which they call Amal, and he had a great house full of these books. Now we must leave the books and the accounts for it is outside our story, and say how Monte-

THE ARMORY. 65 zuma had two houses full of every sort of arms, many of them richly adorned with gold and prccious stones. There were shields great and small, and a sort of broadswords, and others like two-handed swords set with stone knives which cut much better than our swords, and lances

longer than ours are, with a fathom of blade with many knives set in it, which even when they are driven into a buckler or shield do not come out, in fact they cut like

razors so that they can shave their heads with them. There were very good bows and arrows and double-pointed lances and others with one point, as well as their throwing sticks, and many slings and round stones shaped by hand,

and some sort of artful shields which are so made that they can be rolled up, so as not to be in the way when

they are not fighting, and when they are needed for fighting they let them fall down, and they cover the body

from top to toe. There was also much quilted cotton armour, richly ornamented on the outside with many coloured feathers, used as devices and distinguishing marks, and there were casques or helmets made of wood

and bone, also highly decorated with feathers on the outside, and there were other arms of other makes which,

so as to avoid prolixity, I will not describe, and there

were artizans who were skilled in such things and worked at them, and stewards who had charge of the arms.

Let us leave this and proceed to the Aviary, and I am forced to abstain from enumerating every kind of bird that was there and its peculiarity, for there was everything from the Royal Eagle and other smaller eagles, and many

other birds of great size, down to tiny birds of manycoloured plumage, also the birds from which they take the rich plumage which they use in their green feather work. The birds which have these feathers are about the size of

VOL. IT. F

the magpies in Spain, they are called in this country

66 THE AVIARY Ouezales, and there are other birds which have feathers of five colours—green, red, white, yellow and blue; I don’t remember what they are called ; then there were parrots of many different colours, and there are so many of them

that I forget their names, not to mention the beautifully marked ducks and other larger ones like them. From all these birds they plucked the feathers when the time was right to do so, and the feathers grew again. All the birds that I have spoken about breed in these houses, and in the setting season certain Indian men and women who look

after the birds, place the eggs under them and clean the

nests and feed them, so that each kind of bird has its proper food. In this house that I have spoken of there is a great tank of fresh water and in it there are other sorts of birds with long stilted legs, with body, wings and tail all red ; I don’t know their names, but in the Island of Cuba they are called Ypzris, and there are others something like them, and there are also in that tank many other kinds of birds which always live in the water.

Let us leave this and go on to another great house, where they keep many Idols, and they say that they are their fierce gods, and with them many kinds of carnivorous beasts of prey, tigers and two kinds of lions, and animals something like wolves which in this country they call jackals and foxes, and other smaller carnivorous animals, and all these carnivores they feed with flesh, and the greater number of them breed in the house. They give them as food deer and fowls, dogs and other things which they are used to hunt, and I have heard it said that they

feed them on the bodies of the Indians who have been sacrificed. It is in this way: you have already heard me say that when they sacrifice a wretched Indian they saw open the chest with stone knives and hasten to tear out the palpitating heart and blood, and offer it to their Idols

in whose name the sacrificeis made. Then they cut off

AND HOUSE OF THE WILD ANIMALS. 67 the thighs, arms and head and eat the former at feasts and banquets, and the head they hang up on some beams, and the body of the man sacrificed is not eaten but given to these fierce animals. They also have in that cursed house many vipers and potsonous snakes which carry on their

tails things that sound like bells. These are the worst vipers of all, and they keep them in jars and great pottery vessels with many feathers, and there they lay their eggs

and rear their young, and they give them to eat the bodies of the Indians who have been sacrificed, and the flesh of dogs which they are in the habit of breeding. We

even knew for certain that when they drove us out of Mexico and killed over eight hundred of our soldiers that

they fed those fierce animals and snakes for many days on their bodies, as I will relate at the proper time and season. And those snakes and wild beasts were dedicated

to those savage Idols, so that they might keep them

company. : Let me speak now of the infernal noise when the lions

and tigers roared and the jackals and the foxes howled and the serpents hissed, it was horrible to listen to and it seemed like a hell. Let us go on and speak of. the skilled workmen he [Montezuma] employed in every craft that was practised among them. We will begin with lapidaries and workers in gold and silver and all the hollow work, which even the great goldsmiths in Spain were forced to

admire, and of these there were a great number of the best in a town named Atzcapotzalco,! a league from Mexico. Then for working precious stones and chalchihuites, which are like emeralds, there were other great artists. Let us go onto the great craftsmen in feather work, and painters and sculptors who were most refined;

from what we see of their work to-day we can form a

3 8 1 Escapucalco in the text.. , F2

68 THE CRAFTSMEN AND ARTISTS.

judgment of what they did then, for there are three Indians to-day in the City of Mexico named Marcos de Aquino, Juan de la Cruz and El Crespillo, so skilful in their work as sculptors and painters, that had they lived in the days of the ancient and famous Apelles, or of Michael Angelo Buonarotti, in our times, they would be placed in

the same company. Let us goon to the Indian women who did the weaving and the washing, who made such an immense quantity of fine fabrics with wonderful feather

work designs; the greater part of it was brought daily from some towns of the province on the north coast near Vera Cruz called Cotaxtla, close by San Juan de Ulua, where we disembarked when we came with Cortés.

In the house of the Great Montezuma himself, all the daughters of chieftains whom he had as mistresses always wore beautiful things, and there were many daughters of Mexican citizens who lived in rettrement and wished to

appear to be like nuns, who also did weaving but it was wholly of feather work. These nuns had their houses near the great Cue of Huichilobos and out of devotion to

it, or to another idol, that of a woman who was said to be their mediatrix in the matter of marriage, their fathers placed them in that religious retirement until they married, and they were [only] taken out thence to be married.

Let us go on and tell about the great number of dancers kept by the Great Montezuma for his amusement,

and others who used stilts on their feet, and others who

flew when they danced up in the air, and others like Merry-Andrews, and I may say that there was a district full of these people who had no other occupation. Let us

go on and speak of the workmen that he had as stone cutters, masons and carpenters, all of whom attended to the work of his houses, I say that he had as many as he wished for. We must not forget the gardens of flowers and sweet-scented trees, and the many kinds that there

THE GARDENS. 69 were of them, and the arrangement of them and the walks,

and the ponds and tanks of fresh water where the water entered at one end and flowed out at the other; and the baths which he had there, and the variety of small birds that nested in the branches, and the medicinal and useful herbs that were in the gardens. It was a wonder to see, and to take care of it there were many gardeners. Everything was made in masonry and well cemented, baths and walks and closets, and apartments like summer houses

where they danced and sang. There was as much to be seen in these gardens as there was everywhere else, and we could not tire of witnessing his great power. Thus as a consequence of so many crafts being practised among them, a large number of skilled Indians were employed.

As I am almost tired of writing about this subject and my interested readers will be even more so, I will stop talking about it and tell how our Cortés in company with many of our captains and soldiers went to see Tlaltelolco,!

which is the great market place of Mexico, and how we ascended the great Cue where stand the Idols Tezcatepuca

and Huichilobos. This was the first time that our Captain went out to see the City, and I will relate what else happened.

CHAPTER XCII. How our Captain went out to see the City of Mexico and Tlaltelolco, which is the great market place and the great Cue of Huichilobos, and what else happened.

AS we had already been four days in Mexico and neither the Captain nor any of us had left our lodgings except to

go to the houses and gardens, Cortés said to us that it would be well to go to the great Plaza and see the great 1 Tutelulco in the text.

70 CORTES VISITS THE TEMPLES | Temple of Huichilobos, and that he wished to consult the Great Montezuma and have his approval. For this purpose

he sent Jeronimo de Aguilar and the Dofia Marina as messengers, and with them went our Captain’s small page named Orteguilla, who already understood something of

the language. When Montezuma knew his wishes he sent to say that we were welcome to go; on the other hand, as he was afraid that we might do some dishonour

to his Idols, he determined to go with us himself with many of his chieftains. He came out from his Palace in his rich litter, but when half the distance had been traversed and he was near some oratories, he stepped out of the litter, for he thought it a great affront to his idols to

go to their house and temple in that manner. Some of the great chieftains supported him with their arms, and the tribal lords went in front of him carrying two staves like sceptres held on high, which was the sign that the Great Montezuma was coming. (When he went in his litter he carried a wand half of gold and half of wood, which was held up like a wand of justice). So he went on and ascended the great Cue accompanied by many priests, and he began to burn incense and perform other ceremonies to Huichilobos. Let us leave Montezuma, who had gone ahead as I have

said, and return to Cortés and our captains and soldiers, who according to our custom both night and day were armed, and as Montezuma was used to see us so armed when we went to visit him, he did not look upon it as any-

thing new. I say this because our Captain and all those who had horses went to Tlaltelolco on horseback, and nearly all of us soldiers were fully equipped, and many Caciques whom Montezuma had sent for that purpose

went in our company. When we arrived at the great market place, called Tlaltelolco, we were astounded at the number of people and the quantity of merchandise

AND MARKET PLACE. 7 I that it contained, and at the good order and control that

was maintained, for we had never seen such a thing before. The chieftains who accompanied us acted as guides. Each kind of merchandise was kept by itself and

had its fixed place marked out. Let us begin with the dealers in gold, silver, and precious stones, feathers, mantles, and embroidered goods. Then there were other wares consisting of Indian slaves both men and women; and I say that they bring as many of them to that great

market for sale as the Portuguese bring negroes from Guinea ; and they brought them along tied to long poles, with collars round their necks so that they could not escape,

and others they left free. Next there were other traders who sold great pieces of cloth and cotton, and articles of twisted thread, and there were cacahuateros who sold cacao.

In this way one could see every sort of merchandise that

is to be found in the whole of New Spain, placed in arrangement in the same manner as they do in my own country, which is Medina del Campo, where they hold the fairs, where each line of booths has its particular kind of

merchandise, and so it is in this great market. There were those who sold cloths of henequen and ropes and the cofaras' with which they are shod, which are made from the same plant, and sweet cooked roots, and other tubers which they get from this plant, all were kept in one part of the market in the place assigned to them. In another part there were skins of tigers and lions, of otters

and jackals, deer and other animals and badgers and mountain cats, some tanned and others untanned, and other classes of merchandise.

Let us go on and speak of those who sold beans and sage and other vegetables and herbs in another part, and to those who sold fowls, cocks with wattles, rabbits, hares,

38* 1 Sandals.

72 DESCRIPTION OF THE MARKET PLACE

decr, mallards, young dogs and other things of that sort in their part of the market, and let us also mention the fruiterers,and the women who sold cooked food, dough

and tripe in their own part of the market; then every sort of pottery made in a thousand different forms from

great water jars to little jugs, these also had a place to themselves ; then those who sold honey and honey paste

and other dainties like nut paste, and those who sold lumber, boards, cradles, beams, blocks and benches, each article by itself, and the vendors of ocote! firewood, and

other things of a similar nature. I must furthermore mention, asking your pardon, that they also sold many canoes full of human excrement, and these were kept in the

creeks near the market, and this they use to make salt or for tanning skins, for without it they say that they cannot

be well prepared. I know well that some gentlemen laugh at this, but I say that it is so, and I may add that on all the roads it is a usual thing to have places made of reeds or straw or grass, so that they may be screened from the passers by, into these they retire when they wish to

purge their bowels so that even that filth should not be lost. But why do I waste so many werds in recounting what they sell in that great market, for I shall never finish

if I tell it all in detail. Paper, which in this country is called Amal, and reeds scented with /sguzdamoar, and full

of tobacco, and yellow ointments and things of that sort are sold by themselves, and much cochineal is sold under the arcades which are in that great market place, and there are many vendors of herbs and other sorts of trades. There are also buildings where three magistrates sit in judgment, and there are executive officers like Alguacz/s who inspect the merchandise. I am forgetting those who sell salt, and those who make the stone knives, and how they split them 1 Pitch-pine for torches

AND TEMPLE AT TLALTELOLCO. 73 off the stone itself ; and the fisherwomen and others who sell some small cakes made from a sort of ooze which they get out of the great lake, which curdles, and from this they

make a bread having a flavour something like cheese: There are for sale axes of brass and copper and tin, and gourds and gaily painted jars made of wood. I could wish that I had finished telling of all the things which are sold there, but they are so numerous and of such

different quality and the great market place with its surrounding arcades was so crowded with people, that one would not have been able to see and inquire about it all in two days. Then we went to the great Cue, and when we were already approaching its great courts, before leaving the market place itself, there were many more merchants, who,

as I was told, brought gold for sale in grains, just as it is taken from the mines. The gold is placed in thin quills of the geese of the country, white quills, so that the gold can be’seen through, and according to the length and thickness of the quills they arrange their accounts with one another, how much so many mantles or so many gourds full of cacao were worth, or how many slaves, or whatever other thing they were exchanging.

Now Jet us leave the great market place, and not look at it again, and arrive at the great courts and walls where the great Cue stands. Before reaching the great Cue there is a great enclosure of courts, it seems to me larger than the plaza of Salamanca, with two walls of masonry surrounding it and the court itself all paved with very smooth

great white flagstones. And where there were not these stones it was cemented and burnished and all very clean, so that one could not find any dust or a straw in the whole place.

When we arrived near the great Cue and before we had

ascended a single step of it, the Great Montezuma sent

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