The city Eleusinion (better version) 0876612311

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The City Eleusinion

Margaret M. Miles The Athenian Agora, Vol. 31, The City Eleusinion. (1998), pp.

iii-v+vii+ix-xxii+1-9+11-33+35-103+105-185+187-209+211-215+217-221+223-233. Stable URL: httn://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1558-8610%281998%2931 %3Ciii%3A TCE%3E2.0.C0%3B2-G

The Athenian Agora is currently published by American School of Classical Studies at Athens.

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THE ATHENIAN AGORA RESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS CONDUCTED

BY

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS

VOLUME XXXI

THE CITY ELEUSINION BY

MARGARET M. MILES

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS PRINCETON,

NEW

1998

J ERSEY

Published with the assistance of a grant from the Arthur Vining Davis Foundations.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Miles, Margaret M.

The city Eleusinion I by Margaret M. Miles p.

em.-(Athenian Agora; v. 31)

Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-87661-231-1

(alk. paper)

I. Eleusinion (Athens, Greece) 2. Agora (Athens, Greece) 3. (Athens, Greece}-­

Antiquities. 4. Excavations (Archaeology}--Greece-Athens. teries 6. Eleusis (Greece}--Religion. I. Title. II. Series.

5. Eleusinian mys­

DF287.A23M55 1998 914.95'12-dc21

97-32514

CIP

©THE AM ERICAN S cHooL OF C LAsSICAL STUDIEs

AT ATHENS

1998

TYPESETTING BY THE STAFF OF AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES PUBLICATIONS

6--8 CHARLTON STREET,

PRINCETON, NEW J ERSEY

PLATES BY THE LITHOPRINT COMPANY, AUSTIN, TEXAS PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY EDWARDS BROTHERS, INCORPORATED,

ANN

ARBOR, MICHIGAN

For Richard and Dione Miles

C ONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

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......................................................................... 1

1. THE EARLY SANCTUARY .............................................................. 11 2.

THE S ANCTUARY IN THE ARcHAIC PERIOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

3. THE TEMPLE OF TRIPTOLEMOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4. THE S ANCTUARY IN THE 5TH AND 4TH CENTURIES B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

5. THE S ANCTUARY IN THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

6.

................................................8.7

THE S ANcTUARY IN THE RoMAN PERIOD

7 . THE PLEMOCHOE, AN ELEUSINIAN VESSEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

CoNTEXT PoTTERY DEscRIPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 05 CATALOGUE I: INSCRIPTIONS

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CATALOGUE II: ARCHITECTURAL PIECES AND ALTARS CATALOGUE III: ScuLPTURE GENERAL INDEX

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EPIGRAPHIC AL INDEX

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INDEX oF ANciENT AuTHORS PLANs PLATES

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187 211

217

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231

. 233 .

ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1 0. 11. 12. 1 3. 1 4. 1 5. 1 6. 1 7. 1 8. 1 9. 2 0. 21. 22 . 23. 24. 2 5. 26. 2 7. 28. 2 9. 30. 3 1.

Plan, distribution of finds relevant to the Eleusinian cult ............................................. 7 Plan of Akropolis and adjacent areas .............................................................. 1 3 Section A-A' ................................................................................ 1 4- 1 5 Plan, 6th century B.c., restored ................................................................... 24 Temple, actual-state plan ........................................................................ 37 Temple, restored plan ........................................................................... 46 Temple, restored elevation ....................................................................... 4 7 Plan, mid 5th century B.c., restored ............................................................... 58 Plan, 2nd century B.c., restored .................................................................. 70 Detail of area around Propylon ................................................................... 73 Plan, Roman period, restored .................................................................... 86 Perspective view of the Athenian Agora, ca. A.D. 1 50 ............................................... 92 Marble plemochoe A 24 1 0 ..................................................................... 1 00 Section key 1 06 Section D-D': fill against Archaic peri bolos wall, northeast ........................................ 1 1 3 Section J-J': fills near northeast corner of temple ................................................. 1 20 Section C-C': fill around temple, west ........................................................... 1 29 Section B-B': fill around temple, north .......................................................... 1 38 Section E-E': fill around temple, northeast ...................................................... 1 40 Section F-F': fill around temple, east ............................................................ 1 44 Section G-G': fill around temple, southeast ...................................................... 1 45 Section H-H': fill around temple, east ...... ...... . ...... .. . ........ . ... . ...... . .. ..... . . . .... .. . 1 47 Section M-M': across upper terrace ............................................................. 1 52 Section K-K': fill, in Room 2 of lower terrace .................................................... 1 58 Section I-I': across lower terrace ................................................................ 1 64 Section L-L': fill, in Room 3 of lower terrace .................................................... 1 70 Cover tile A 2 743 .............................................................................. 2 1 1 Antefix A 296 ................................................................................. 2 1 2 Antefix A 897 ................................................................................. 2 1 2 Antefix A 898 ................................................................................. 2 1 3 End tile A 2740 ................................................................................ 2 1 3 .

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PLANS 1. Key plan for sections 2. Eleusinion: actual-state plan 3. Eleusinion: actual-state plan, Section I I PLATES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5-8. 9. 1 0. 11. 1 2, 1 3. 1 4.

Agora excavations, views of southwest area Views of Eleusinion under excavation Eleusinion after excavation, 1 960 Archaic sanctuary, with views of Rocky Outcrop and Archaic peribolos wall The Temple of Triptolemos Retaining wall for middle terrace Foundations of Monument Base Lower terrace, storerooms and bases for monuments Propylon East scarp of excavations

X

15. 1 6. 1 7. a. b, c. 1 8, 1 9. 20, 2 1 . 22, 23. 24--2 6. 27-3 1 . 32, 33, 35. 34. 36--40.

ILLUSTRATIONS Stoa Section I I, Byzantine House D Section I I Hadrianic/Antonine Aqueduct Circular Building Plemochoai Skyphos by Makron, London E 1 40 (photo British Museum) Doric frieze above side door of Little Metropolitan Church (photos M. M. Miles) Terracotta objects from the Eleusinion Catalogue 1: Inscriptions Catalogue II: Architectural Pieces Catalogue II: Altars Catalogue III: Sculpture

SELE CT BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS GENERAL WORKS

Agora = The Athenian Agora: &suits ofExcavations Conducted by the American Sclwol of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton I = Evelyn B. Harrison, Portrait Sculpture, 1 953 III = R . E. Wycherley, litera ry and Epigraphical Testimonia, 1 95 7 IV= Richard H. Howland, Greek Lamps and Their Survivals, 1 958 V = Henry S. Robinson, Pottery of the Roman Period: Chronology, 1 959 VI = Claireve Grandjouan, Terracottas and Plastic Lamps of the Roman Period, 1 96 1 VII =Judith Perlzweig, Lamps of the Roman Period, First to Seventh Century after Christ, 1 96 1 VIII = Eva T. H. Brann, Late Geometric and Protoattic Pottery, Mid Eighth to Late Seventh Century B.C., 1 962 XI = Evelyn B. Harrison, Archaic and Archaistic Sculpture, 1 965 XII = Brian A. Sparkes and Lucy Talcott, Black and Plain Pottery of the 6th, 5th, and 4th Centuries B.c., 1 970 XIII = Sara A. Immerwahr, The Neolithic and Bronze Ages, 1 97 1 XIV = Homer A. Thompson and R. E. Wycherley, The Agora ofAthens, 1 972 XVI = A. Geoffrey Woodhead, Inscriptions: The Decrees, 1 997 XIX = G. V. Lalonde, M. K. Langdon, and M. B. Walbank, Inscriptions: Horoi, Poletai Records, and uases of Public Lands, 1991 XXI = Mabel Lang, Graffiti and Dipinti, 1 97 6 XXII = Susan I. Rotroff, Hellenistic Pottery: Athenian and Imported Moldmade Bowls, 1 982 XXIII = Mary B. Moore and Mary Zelia Pease Philippides, Attic Black-Figured Pottery, 1 986 XXIV = Alison Frantz, Late Antiquity, A.D. 267-700, 1 988 XXV = Mabel L. Lang, Ostraka, 1 990 XXVI =John H. Kroll, with Alan S. Walker, The Greek Coins, 1 993 XXVII = Rhys F. Townsend, The East Side of the Agora: The Remains beneath the Stoa ofAttalos, 1 995 XXVIII =Alan L. Boegehold et at., The Lawcourts ofAthens: Sites, Buildings, Equipment, Procedure, and Testimonia, 1 995 Agora Guide = The Athenian Agora: A Guide to the Excavations and Museum, 4th ed., revised byJ. McK. Camp, Athens 1 990 Alderink, L.J. 1 989. "The Eleusinian Mysteries in Roman Imperial Times," ANRW 11. 1 8.2, pp. 1 457- 1 498. Aleshire, S. 1 988. "The Athenian Archon Hoplon," Hesperia 57, pp. 253-255. ---. 1989. The Athenian Asklepieion: The People, Their Dedications, and the Inventories, Amsterdam. --- . 1 99 1 . Asklepios at Athens: Epigraphic and Prosopographic Essays on the Athenian Healing Cults, Amsterdam. Antonaccio, C. 1 995. An Archaeology ofAncestors: Tomb Cult and Hero Cult in Early Greece, Lanham, Md. /Landon. Arafat, K. W 1 996. Pausanias' Greece: Ancient Artists and Roman Rulers, Cambridge. "Apxdov -cwv MVT)[.Le:lwv -cwv "A9Y)vwv xed -c�� "A"C"CLX��. V. N. Bardane and G. E. Malouchon, eds., Athens 1 992. Bakalakis, G. 1 99 1 . "Les kernoi eleusiniens," Kernos 4, pp. 1 05- 1 1 7. Bequignon, Y 1 958. "Demeter, deesse acropolitaine," RA II, pp. 1 49-1 7 7 . Berard, C. 1 974. Anodoi: Essai sur l'imagerie des passages chthonies [Bibliotheca Helvetica Romana 1 3], Neuchatel. Beschi, L. 1 988. "Demeter," in LIMC IY, pp. 844-892 . Bianchi, U. 1 976. The Greek Mysteries, Leiden. Binder, J. Forthcoming. "The Early History of the Demeter and Kore Sanctuary at Eleusis," in Ancient Greek Cult Practice from the Archaeological Evidence. Proceedings of the Fourth International Seminar on Ancient Greek Cult, ed. R. Hagg (Acta lnstituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae 1 5) , Stockholm 1 998. B1ok,J. 1 990. "Patronage and the Pisistratidae," BABesch 65, pp. 1 7-28. Boardman,]. 1 97 2 . "Herakles, Peisistratos, and Sons," RA, pp. 57-7 2. --- . 1 975. "Herakles, Peisistratos, and Eleusis," JHS 90, pp. 1 - 1 2 . --- . 1 989. "Herakles, Peisistratos, and the Unconvinced," JHS 1 09, pp. 1 58- 1 59. Boersma, J. S. 1 970. Athenian Building Policy from 561I 0 to 405 I 4 B.C., Groningen. Bohtz, C . H. 1 98 1 . Altertiimer von Pergamon, XIII: Das Demeter-Heiligtum, Berlin. Bolle, K. W 1 987. "Secrecy in Religion," in Secrecy in Religions: Studies in the History of Religions, K. W Bolle, ed. [Numen Suppl. 49], Leiden, pp. l -24.

xu

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

Bookidis,

N. 1 990.

"Ritual Dining in the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore at Corinth: Some Questions,"

0. Murray, ed., Oxford, pp. 86-94.

in Sympotica,

. 1 993. "Ritual Dining at Corinth," in Greek Sanctuaries: New Approaches, N. Marinatos and R. Hagg, eds., New York, pp. 45-6 1 . Bousqet,J. 1 993. "La tholos de Delphes et les mathematiques preeuclidiennes," BCH 1 1 7 , pp. 285-3 1 3. Bowie, T. , andJ. Thimme. 1 97 1 . The Carrey Drawings of the Parthenon, Bloomington, Ind. Brann, E. 1 96 l a. "Late Geometric Well Groups from the Athenian Agora," Hesperia 30, pp. 93- 1 46. . 1 96 l b. "Protoattic Well Groups from the Athenian Agora," Hesperia 30, pp. 305-379. Brenk, E, SJ. 1 97 7 . In Mist Apparelled: Religious Themes in Plutarch's Moralia and lives [Mnemo.ryne Suppl. 48], Leiden. Brommer, E 1 963. Die Skulpturen der Parthenongiebel, Mainz. . 1 980. "Plemochoe," AA, pp. 544-549. Broneer, 0. 1 942. "The Thesmophorion in Athens," Hesperia 1 1 , pp. 250-274. Brumfield, A. 1 98 1 . Attic Festivals ofDemeter and Their Relation to the Agricultural Year, Salem, N.H. Budde, L., and R. Nicholls. 1 964. Catalogue of Greek and Roman Sculpture in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. Burkert, W. 1 983. Homo Necans, Berkeley. . 1 985. Greek Religion, Cambridge, Mass. . 1 98 7 . Ancient Mystery Cults, Cambridge, Mass. Camp,J. McK. , II. 1 974. "Greek Inscriptions," Hesperia 43, pp. 3 1 3-324. . 1 979. ·�Drought in the Late 8th Century B.c.," Hesperia 48, pp. 397-4 1 1 . . 1 984. "Water and the Pelargikon," in Studies Presented to Sterling Dow [GRBS Mon. 1 0], Durham, pp. 37-4 1 . . 1 986. The Athenian Agora: Excavations in the Heart of Classical Athens, London. Castren, P. 1 989. "The Post-Herulian Revival of Athens," in Walker and Cameron 1 989, pp. 45-49. , ed. 1 994a. Post-Herulian Athens: Aspects of lift and Culture in Athens, A.D. 267-529 [Papers and Monographs of the Finnish Institute at Athens 1 ], Helsinki. . 1 994b. "General Aspects of Life in Post-Herulian Athens," in Castren 1 994a, pp. 1 - 1 4. Cavanaugh, M. B. 1 996. Eleusis and Athens: Documents in Finance, Religion, and Politics in the Fifth Century B.c., Atlanta, Georgia. Childs, W. A. P. 1 993. "Herodotos, Archaic Chronology, and the Temple of Apollo at Delphi," Jdi 1 08, pp. 399-44 1 . . 1 994. "The Date of the Old Temple of Athena on the Athenian Acropolis," in Coulson et a l. 1 994, pp. 1-6 . Choremi-Spetsieri, A . 1 994a. «H o 06 � -cwv Tpm6owv xcxL -ccx XOPTJYLX&: !-LVTJ!ldcx O''t'T)V cxpxctlcx A9�vcx», i n Coulson et a/. 1 994, pp. 3 1 -42. . 1 994b. "The Ancient Street of the Tripods in Athens" �ecture, Washington, D.C., 1 993), abstract in A]A 98, 1 994, p. 283. Clinton, Myth and Cult= K. Clinton, Myth and Cult: The Iconography of the Eleusinian Mysteries, Stockholm 1 992. Clinton, Sacred Officials= K . Clinton, The Sacred Officials of the Eleusinian Mysteries [TAPS 64.3], Philadelphia 1 974. Clinton, K. 1 97 2 . "Inscriptions from Eleusis," �px ' Ecp, 1 9 7 1 [ 1 97 2], pp. 8 1 - 1 36. ---. 1 979. "IG 1 2 5, the Eleusinia, and the Eleusinians," A]P 1 00, pp. 1 - 1 2 . ---. 1 980. ·� Law i n the City Eleusinion Concerning the Mysteries," Hesperia 49, pp. 258-288. ---. 1 982. "The Nature of the Late Fifth-Century Revision of the Athenian Law Code," in Studies in Attic Epigraphy, History, and Topography [Hesperia Suppl. 1 9], Princeton, pp. 27-3 7 . --- . 1 986. "The Author o f the Homeric Hymn t o Demeter," OpAth 1 6, 43-49. --- . 1 98 7 . "The Date of the Classical Telesterion at Eleusis," in Studies Mylonas II, pp. 254-262. --- . 1 988. "Sacrifice in the Eleusinian Mysteries," in Early Greek Cult Practice: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium at the Swedish Institute at Athens, 26-29 June 1986, R. Hagg, N. Marinatos, and G. Nordquist, eds., Athens, pp. 69-80. ---. 1 989a. "The Eleusinian Mysteries: Roman Initiates and Benefactors, Second Century B.c. to A.D. 267 ," ANRW 11. 1 8.2, pp. 1 499-1 539. ---. 1989b. "Hadrian's Contribution to the Renaissance of Eleusis," in Walker and Cameron 1 989, pp. 56-68. --- . 1 993. "The Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore at Eleusis," in Greek Sanctuaries: New Approaches, N. Marinatos and R. Hagg, eds., New York, pp. 1 1 0-1 24. ---. 1 994a. "The Eleusinian Mysteries and Panhellenism in Democratic Athens," in Coulson et al. 1 994, pp. 1 6 11 7 2. --- . 1 994b. "The Epidauria and the Arrival ofAsclepius in Athens," in Ancient Greek Cult Practicefrom the Epigraphical Evidence: Proceedings of the Second International Seminar on Ancient Greek Cult, Swedish Institute at Athens, 22-24 November 1991, R. Hagg, ed., Stockholm, pp. 1 7-34. --- . 1 996. "The Thesmophorion in Central Athens and the Celebration of the Thesmophoria in Attica," in ---

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The Role of Religion in the Ear!J Greek Polis. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Greek Religion, Swedish Institute in Athens, October 1992, R. H�gg, ed., Stockholm, pp. 1 1 1 - 1 25 . Coldstream, J. N . 1 973. Knossos: The Sanctuary ofDemeter, Oxford. . 1 97 7 . Geometric Greece, London. Cole, S. G. 1 984. "Demeter in the Ancient Greek City and Its Countryside," in Placing the Gods: Sanctuaries and Sacred Spaces in Ancient Greece, S. E. Alcock and R. Osborne, eds., Oxford, pp. 1 99-2 1 6. Cook, R. M. 1 987. "Pots and Peisistratan Propaganda," ]HS 1 07 , pp. 1 67-169. Coulson, W., 0. Palagia, T. L. Shear Jr., H. A. Shapiro, and F.J. Frost, eds. 1 994. The Archaeolcgy ofAthens and Attica under the Democracy: Proceedings ofan International Conference Held at the American School ofClassical Studies a t Athens, December 4-6, 1992, Oxford. Coulton, Greek Stoa = J.J. Coulton, The Architectural Develcpment of the Greek Stoa, Oxford 1 976. Darcque, P. 1 98 1 . "Les vestiges myceniens decouverts sous le Telesterion d'Eleusis," BCH 1 05, pp. 593-605. Daverio Rocchi, G. 1 987. "La le:pex 6pycl:c:; e la frontiera attico-megarica," in Studi de antichita in memoria di Clementina Gatti [Quaderni di Acme 9], Milan, pp. 97- 1 09. . 1 988. Frontiera e con.fini nella Greca antica , Rome. Day,J. 1 980. The Glcry ofAthens, Chicago. DeMaris, R. E. 1 995. "Demeter in Roman Corinth: Local Development in a Mediterranean Religion," Numen 42, pp. 1 05-1 1 7 . de Polignac, F. 1 995. Cults, Territory, and the Origins of the Greek Ci9'-State, Chicago. Trans. of lA naissance de La cite grecque, Paris 1 984. Detienne, M. 1 979. "The Violence of Well-Born Ladies: Women in the Thesmophoria," in The Cuisine of Sacrifice among the Greeks, M. Detienne andj.-P. Vernant, eds., Chicago, pp. 1 29- 1 47 . Deubner, L . 1 959. Attische Feste, Darmstadt. Dietrich, B. C. 1 982. "The Religious Prehistory of Demeter's Eleusinian Mysteries," in lA Soteriolcgia dei culti orientali nell'impero romano, U. Bianchi et al. , eds. [EPRO 92] , Leiden, pp. 445-47 1 . Dinsmoor, W. B. 1 950. Architecture ofAncient Greece, 3rd ed., London. Dinsmoor Jr., W. B. 1 982. ·�nchoring Two Floating Temples," Hesperia 5 1 , pp. 4 1 0-452. Dow, S. 1 933. "The List of Archontes, IG 112 1 706," Hesperia 2, pp. 4 1 8-446. . 1 93 7 . ·�thenian Decrees of 2 1 6-2 1 2 B.c.," HSCP 48, pp. 1 05-1 26. Dow, S., and R. Healey, SJ. 1 965. A Sacred Calendar ofEleusis [Harvard Theological Studies 2 1 ], Cambridge, Mass. Dowden, K. 1 980. "Grades in the Eleusinian Mysteries," RHR 1 97, pp. 409-427 . Dugas, C. 1 950. "La mission du Triptoleme d'apres l'imagerie athenienne," MEFR 62, pp. 7-3 1 [= Receuil Charles Dugas, Paris 1 960, pp. 1 23- 1 39]. Duncan, U. K. 1 96 1 . "Notes on Lettering by Some Attic Masons in the Sixth and Fifth Centuries B.c., " BSA 56, pp. 1 79- 1 88. Eleusiniaka = Kourouniotes 1 932 Eschbach, N. 1 986. Statuen atif panatheniiischen Preisamphoren des 4. Jhs. v. Chr., Mainz am Rhein. Farnell, L. R. 1 907. The Cults of the Greek Ci9' States, III, Oxford. Ferguson, W. S. 1 944. "The Attic Orgeones," HThR 37, pp. 6 1 - 1 40. Foccardi, D. 1 98 7 . "Religious Silence and Reticence in Pausanias," in Regions of Silence: Studies o n the Difficul9' of Communicating, M. G. Ciani, ed. [London Studies in Classical Philology 1 7] , Amsterdam, pp. 69- 1 1 3. Foley, H. P. , ed. 1 994. The Homeric Hymn to Demeter: Translation , Commentary, and Interpretive Essays, Princeton. Follet, S. 1 976. Athenes au lie et au IIr siecle: Etudes chronolcgiques et prosopographiques, Paris. Foucart, P. 1 914. Us mysteres d'Eleusis, Paris. Frazer,]. G. 1 898. Pausanias's Description of Greece, repr. New York 1 965. Frost, F. 1985. "Toward a History of Peisistratid Athens," in The Craft of the Ancient Historian, J. Eadie and J. Ober, eds., London, pp. 57-78. Fullerton, M. 1 990. The Archaistic S9'le in Roman Statuary [Mnemo.ryne Suppl. 1 OJ, Leiden. Furley, W. D. 1 996. Andokides and the Herms: A Study ofCrisis in Fifth-Century Athenian Religion [BIGS Suppl. 65] , London. Garland, R. 1 985. The Greek Way ofDeath, London. Garnsey, P. 1 988. Famine and Food Supp!J in the Graeco-Roman World, Cambridge. Geagan, D. J. 1 96 7. The Athenian Constitution after Sulla [Hesperia Suppl. 1 2] , Princeton. ---. 1 983. "Greek Inscriptions from the Athenian Agora," Hesperia 52, pp. 1 55- 1 72. Giraud, D. 1 989. "The Greater Propylaia at Eleusis: A Copy of Mnesikles' Propylaia," in Walker and Cameron 1 989, pp. 69-75. --- . 1 99 1 . ' EA.e:ucnc:;, 'H Kuplll ' Etao5oc:; -roO 'Ie:pou -r�c:; ' EA.e:uatvoc:;, Athens. ---

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Graf, F. 1 974. Eleusis und die orphische Dichtung Athens in vorhellenistischer Zeit, Berlin. Graindor, P. 1 92 7 . Athenes sous Auguste, Cairo. . 1 930. Un milliardaire antique: Hfrode Atticus et safamille, Cairo. . 1 93 1 . Athenes de Tzbere a Trqjan , Cairo. . 1 934. Athenes sous Hadrien, Cairo. Grossman, B. 1 959. "E1eusinian Gods and Heroes in Greek Art" (diss. Washington University 1 959). Habicht, C. 1 982. Studien ;:ur Geschichte Athens in hellenistischer Zeit [Hypomnemata 7 3] , Gottingen. . 1 985. Pausanias' Guide to Ancient Greece, Berkeley. . 1 989a. '�then und die Seleukiden," Chiron 1 9, pp. 7-26. . 1 989b. Hellenistic A thens and Her Philosophers (David Magie Lecture, 1 988), Princeton. . 1990. '�thens and the Atta1ids in the Second Century B.c., " Hesperia 59, pp. 56 1 -5 7 7 . --- . 1 992. '�thens and the Pto1emies," GIAnt 1 1 , pp. 68-80. Hagg, R. 1 987. "Gifts to the Heroes," in Gifls to the Gods: Proceedings ofthe Uppsala Symposium 1985, T. Linders and G. Nordquist, eds., Uppsala, pp. 93-99. Hamilton, R. 1 992. Choes and Anthesteria, Ann Arbor. Harrison, E. B. 1 967. "U and Her Neighbors in the West Pediment of the Parthenon," in Essays in the History of Art Presented to Rudo!fWittkower, D. Fraser, H. Hibbard, and M. J. Lewine, eds., Bristol, pp. 1 -9. Hayashi, T. 1 992. Bedeutung und Wandel des Triptolemosbildes vom 6.-4. Jrh. v. Chr. [Beitrage zur Archaologie 20] , Wtirzburg. Hayes, John W. 1 972. Late Roman Pottery, London. Higgins, R. 1 967. Greek Terracottas, London. Holloway, R. 1 99 1 . The Archaeology ofAncient Sici?J, London and New York. Hopkinson, N. 1 984. Callimachus: Hymn to Demeter, Cambridge. H()rmann, H. 1 932. Die inneren Propyliien von Eleusis, Berlin. Jeffery, L. H. 1 948. "Boustrophedon Sacral Inscriptions from the Agora," Hesperia 1 7, pp. 86- 1 1 1 . --- . 1 990. Local Scripts ofArchaic Greece, 2nd ed., rev. with a supplement by A. W. Johnston, Oxford. Johnston, S. I. 1 990. Hekate Soteira: A Study ofHekate's Roles in the Chaldean Oracles and Related literature, Atlanta. Jones, C. P. 1 996. "The Panhellenion," Chiron 26, pp. 29-56. Jones,]. E. 1 982. ·�nother Eleusinian Kernos from Laureion," BSA 77, pp. 1 9 1- 1 99. Judeich, W. 1 93 1 . Topographie von Athen 2 [Handbuch der Altertumswissenshcafl 3, 2] , Munich. Kalpaxis, T. 1986. Hemiteles: Ak;:identelle Unfertigkei t und "Bossen-Stil" in der griechischen Baukunst, Mainz am Rhein. Kapetanopoulos, E. 1968. "Leonides VII of Melite and His Family," BCH 92, pp. 493-5 1 8. Kappel, L. 1 989. "Das Theater von Epidauros: Die mathematische Grundidee des Gesamtentwurfs und ihr m()glichen Sinn," Jdl 1 04, pp. 83- 1 06. --- . 1 992. Paian: Studien ;:ur Geschichte einer Gattung [Untersuchungen zur antiken Literatur und Geschichte 37] , Berlin. Kastriotou, P. 1 908. fAUJt"tet -cou ' E!hiLxou Mouae:lou, KIX-cil).. o yoc; 7te:p�yp1Xcp�x6c;, Athens. Kazamiakes, K. 1 994. «H oMc; "t>, 1\px 'Ecp, pp. 102- 1 12. Kolb, F. 1 97 7 . "Die Bau-, Religions- und Kulturpolitik der Pisistratiden," Jdl 92, pp. 99- 1 38. Kourouniotes, K. 1 9 1 0. « 1\ViXOXIXcp� 7t1X pet -couc; 1\ytouc; 1\Jtoa-c6)..o uc;», Ilp1Xx-c�xa 1 9 1 0, pp. 136- 1 43. --- . 1 932. ' E).. e: uaw�IXxa, Athens. --- . 1 936. Eleusis: A Guide to the Excavations and Museum, Athens. Kron, U. l 992a. "Frauenfeste in Demeterheiligttimern: Das Thesmophorion von Bitalemi: Eine archao1ogische Fallstudie," AA, pp. 6 1 1--650. --- . 1 992b. "Heilige Steine," in Kotinos: Festschrift for Erika Simon , Mainz am Rhein, pp. 56-70. Kyle, D. G. 1 987. Athletics in Ancient Athens, Leiden. Lambrinoudakis, V. 199 1 . "The Sanctuary on Naxos and the Birth of Monumental Greek Architecture," in New Perspectives in Ear?J Greek Art, D. Buitron-Oliver, ed. [Studies in the History of Art, Symp. Papers 1 6] , Washington, D.C., pp. 1 7 3- 1 88. Lambrinoudakis, V., and G. Gruben. 1 987. "Das neuentdeckte Heiligtum von Iria auf Naxos," AA, pp. 569--62 1 . Lang, F. Archaische Siedlungen in Griechenland: Struktur und Entwicklung, Berlin. ---

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Larson,]. 1 995. Greek Heroine Cults, Madison. Laubscher, H. 1 966. "Skulpturen aus Tralles," lstMitt 1 6, pp. 1 1 5- 1 29. Lauenstein, D. 1 987. Die Mysterien von Eleusis, Stuttgart. Lauter, H. 1 985. Der Kultplat;:; aufdern Turkovuni [AM, Beiheft 1 2] , Berlin. Lawton, C. 1 995. Attic Document Reliefs: Art and Politics in Ancient Athens, Oxford. Le Bonniec, H. 1 958. I.e culte de Ceres a Rome des origines a lafin de la Ripublique: Etudes et commentaires, Paris. Le Dinahet, M.-T. 1 984. "Sanctuaires chthoniens de Sidle de l'epoque archai'que a l'epoque classique," in I.e temple grec, G. Daux, ed., Lyons, pp. 1 37-1 52 . Lewis, D . M. 1 966. '�ter the Profanation o f the Mysteries," i n Ancient Society and Institutions: Studies Presented to Vutor Ehrenberg, E. Badian, ed., Oxford, pp. 1 7 7-1 9 1 . Linders, T. 1 988. " Kerchnos and Kerchnion-Not Kernos but Granulation," OpAth 1 7 , pp. 229-230. Lindner, R. 1 982. "Die Giebelgruppe von Eleusis mit dem Raub der Persephone," ]d/ 97 , pp. 303--400. . 1 984. Der Raub der Persephone in der antiken Kunst [Beitrage zur Archaologie 1 6] , Wurzburg. LSAG 2 = Jeffery 1 990 LSCG= Sokolowski 1 969 LSCG Supp. = Sokolowski 1 962 McCredie,]., et al. 1 992. Samothrace, 7: The Rotunda of Arsinoe, Princeton. MacDowell, D. M. 1 962. Andokides, On the Mysteries, Oxford. Martorana, G. 1 985. ll riso di Demetra, Palermo. Matheson, S. B. 1 994. "The Mission of Triptolemus and the Politics of Athens," GRBS 35, pp. 345-372. Mattingly, H. 1 96 1 . "The Athenian Coinage Decree," Historia 1 0, pp. 1 48-1 88. Meiggs, R. 1 972. The Athenian Empire, Oxford. Meiggs, R., and D. M. Lewis. 1 989. Greek Historical Inscriptions 2 , Oxford. Meritt, B. D. 1 934. "The Inscriptions," Hesperia 3, pp. 1-1 1 4. . 1 936. "Greek Inscriptions," Hesperia 5, pp. 355--430. . 1 940. "Greek Inscriptions," Hesperia 9, pp. 97- 1 33. . 1 94 1 . "Greek Inscriptions," Hesperia 1 0, pp. 38-64. . 1 942. "Greek Inscriptions," Hesperia 1 1 , pp. 275-303. . 1 945. '1\.ttic Inscriptions of the Fifth Century," Hesperia 1 4, pp. 6 1- 1 33. . 1 946. "Greek Inscriptions," Hesperia 1 5, pp. 1 69-253. . 1 947. "Greek Inscriptions," Hesperia 1 6, pp. 1 47-1 83. . 1 948. "Greek Inscriptions," Hesperia 1 7 , pp. 1-53. . l 957a. "Greek Inscriptions," Hesperia 26, pp. 5 1-97. ---. 1 957b. "Greek Inscriptions," Hesperia 26, pp. 1 98-22 1 . --- . 1 960a. "Greek Inscriptions," Hesperia 29, pp. l -77. --- . 1 960b. '1\.ddenda et Corrigenda," Hesperia 29, pp. 4 1 7--4 1 8. --- . 1 963. "Greek Inscriptions," Hesperia 32, pp. 1 -56. --- . 1 967. "Greek Inscriptions," Hesperia 36, pp. 5 7- 1 0 1 . --- . 1 968. "Greek Inscriptions," Hesperia 3 7 , pp. 266-298. --- . 1 97 7 . '1\.thenian Archons, 347/6--48/7 B.c., " Historia 26, pp. 1 6 1- 1 9 1 . --- . 1 979. "The Omitted Day in Athens and the Mysteries," ZPE 35, pp. 1 45- 1 5 1 . Meritt, B. D., and H. G. Wade-Gery. 1 963. "The Dating of Documents to the Mid-Fifth Century, II," JHS 83, pp. 1 00- l l 7 . Meritt, L . S . 1 982. "Some Ionic Architectural Framents from the Athenian Agora," i n Studies in Athenian Architecture, Sculpture, and Topograplry [Hesperia Suppl. 20] , Princeton, pp. 82-92. --- . 1 993. "The Athenian Ionic Capital," in Eius Virtutis Studiosi: Classical and Postclassical Studies in Memory of Frank Edward Brown, Russell T. Scott and Ann Reynolds Scott, eds. [Studies in the History of Art, Symp. Papers 23], Washington, D.C., pp. 3 1 5-325. Metzger, H. 1 965 . Recherches sur l'imagerie athinienne, Paris. Metzger, I. R. 1 985. Eretria , VII: Das Thesmophorion von Eretria, Bern. Meyer, M. 1 989. Die griechischen Urkundenreliefs [AM, Beiheft 1 3] , Berlin. Mikalson, J. D. 1 975. The Sacred and Civil Calendar of the Athenian Year, Princeton. --- . 1 984. "Religion and the Plague in Athens, 4 3 1 -4 2 3 B. c., " in Studies Presented to Sterling Dow [ GRBS Mon. 1 0], Durham, pp. 2 1 7-225. Milchhoefer, A. 1 88 1 . Die Museen Athens, Athens. Miles, M. M. 1 989. '1\. Reconstruction of the Temple of Nemesis at Rhamnous," Hesperia 58, pp. 1 3 1-249. Miller, S. G. 1 978. The Prytaneion: Its Form and Function, Berkeley. ---

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ABBREVIATIONS

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SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

xvii

. 1 942. "Greek Inscriptions," Hesperia 1 1 , pp. 230-249. . 1 946. "Greek Inscriptions," Hesperia 1 5, pp. 1 38-1 65 . . 1 953. "The Attic Stelai," Hesperia 22, pp. 225-3 1 1 . . 1 96 1 . "Five New Fragments of the Attic S telai," Hesperia 30, pp. 2 3-29. . 1 969. "Two Illustrated Epigraphical Notes," AJA 65, pp. 367-370. . 1 98 1 . "The Last Day of the E1eusinian Festival," .ZPE 4 1 , pp. 1 45-1 48. Raftopou1ou, E. 1 985. "Neue archaistischer P1astik im Athener Nationalmuseum," AM 1 00, pp. 355-365 . Rangabe, A . R. 1 842-1 855. Antiquitis helliniques, ou &perwire d'inscriptions e t d'autres antiquites decouvertes depuis l'affranchissemmt de Ia Grece, 2 vo1s., Athens. Raubitschek, A. E. 1 943. "Greek Inscriptions," Hesperia 1 2, pp. 1 2-88. . 1 949. "Phaidros and His Roman Pupils," Hesperia 1 8, pp. 96- 1 03. . 1966. "Greek Inscriptions," Hesperia 35, pp. 241 -251. Raubitschek, I. K., and A. E. Raubitschek. 1 982. "The Mission of Tripto1emos," in Studus in Athenian Architecture, Sculpture, and Topograph:J [Hesperia Suppl. 20] , Princeton, pp. 1 09- 1 1 7 . Rhodes, P.j. 1 972. The Athenian Boule, Oxford. . 1 99 1 . "The Athenian Code of Laws, 4 1 0-399 B.c.," JHS 1 1 1 , pp. 87-1 00. Richardson, N.j. 1 974. Homeric Hymn w Demeter, Oxford. Roberts, S. R. 1 986. "The Stoa Gutter Well: A Late Archaic Deposit in the Athenian Agora," Hesperia 55, pp. 1-74. Robertson, N. 1 990. "The Laws of Athens, 4 1 0-399 B.c.: The Evidence for Review and Publication," JHS 1 1 0, pp. 43-75. Ross, L. 1 852. Das Theseion und der Tempel des Ares in Athen , Halle. Rotroff, S., and]. Oakley. 1 992. Debrisfrom a Public Dining Place in the Athenian Agora [Hesperia Suppl. 25] , Princeton. Rubensohn, 0. 1 889. "Kerchnos," AM 23, pp. 27 1 -306. . 1892. DU Mysterimheiligtiimer in Eleusis und Samothrake, Berlin. . 1 955. "Das Weihehaus von E1eusis und sein Al1ersheiligstes," Jdl 70, pp. 1 --49. Rtig1er, A. 1 990. "Die Datierung der 'Ha11erstrasse' und des 'Festtores' im Kerameikos und Alarichs Besetzung Athens," AM 1 05 , pp. 279-294. Sakurai, M., and A. E. Raubitschek. 1 987. "The E1eusinian Spondai (IG 13 6, lines 8--47)," in Studus Mylonas II, Athens, pp. 263-265. Schauenburg, K. 1 953. "Pluton und Dionysos," Jdl 68, pp. 38-72 . Schmidt, E . 1 97 7 . "Zu einigen Karyatiden i n Athen, Rom und London," AA, pp. 257-274. . 1 982. Geschichte der Karyatide: Funktion und Bedeutung der menschlichen Trager- und stiitifigur in der Baukunst, Wtlrzburg. Schwarz, G. 1 987. Tripwlemos: Ikonographu einer Agrar- und Mysteriengottheit [Grazer Beitriige Suppl. II], Graz. Schweigert, E. 1 939. "Greek Inscriptions," Hesperia 8, pp. 1-47. Sfameni Gasparro, G. 1 986. Misteri e culti mistici de Demetra , Rome. Shapes and Names= G. Richter and M. J. Milne, Shapes and Names of Athenian Vases, New York 1935 Shapiro, Art and Cult = H. A. Shapiro, Art and Cult under the Ijrants in Athens, Mainz am Rhein 1 989. Shear, T. L. 1 936. '�chaeological Notes," AJA 40, pp. 403-4 1 4. . 1 937. "The Campaign of 1 936," Hesperia 6, pp. 333-38 1 . --. 1 938. "The Campaign of 1 937," Hesperia 7 , pp. 3 1 1 -362. --. 1 939. "The Campaign of 1 938," Hesperia 8, pp. 20 1 -246. --. 1 940. "The Campaign of 1 939," Hesperia 9, pp. 26 1 -307. Shear Jr., T. L. 1 97 1 . "The Athenian Agora: Excavations of 1 970," Hesperia 40, pp. 24 1 -279. --- . 1 973a. "The Athenian Agora: Excavations of 1 97 1 ," Hesperia 42, pp. 1 2 1 - 1 79. --- . 1 97 3b. "The Athenian Agora: Excavations of 1 972," Hesperia 42, pp. 359--40 7. --- . 1 975. "The Athenian Agora: Excavations of 1 973-74," Hesperia 44, pp. 3 3 1 -374. --- . 1 978. "Tyrants and Buildings in Archaic Athens," in Athens Comes of Age: From Solon w Salamis, Princeton, pp. 1 - 1 9. --- . 1 98 1 . "The Demolished Temple at Eleusis," in Studi£5 in Athenian Architecture, Sculpture, and Topograph:J [Hesperia Suppl. 20] , Princeton, pp. 1 28- 1 40. --- . 1 993. "The Persian Destruction of Athens: Evidence from Agora Deposits," Hesperia 62, pp. 383--482. --- . 1 994. "'Iaov61-lovc; • ' 1\.6�vetc; hmT)e:lac;), on which stood defendants and prosecutors, described by Pausanias ( 1 .28.5). For further discussion of cults using stones (portable, for the most part), see: E. Maas, "Heilige Steine," RhM 78, 1 929, pp. l -25; Latte, RE III ( 1 929), cols. 2295-2305 ( 1 929); Nilsson, GGR, 13 , pp. 20 l -206; K.ron l 992b; on portable sacred stones at Eleusis, and a sacred official called 6 Al96cpopoc; -rou te:pou /..l9ou, see Clinton, Myth and Cult, pp. 1 2 1 - 1 23; a seat for the Lithophoros was reserved in the Theater of Dionysos in Athens (inscribed te:pecuc; AL96pou), IG II2 507 7 . 29 E. Vanderpool (Hesperio. 2 5 , 1 966, pp. 27 5-276) suggests that this inscribed rock may b e associated with the two special rocks on the Areopagos noted above. But since it was found in the Eleusinion (in late fill), it could have come from the sanctuary itsel(

THE ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIES

21

locations, and they gave witness to the events of her drama. 30 Rocks and rocky outcroppings are also depicted in vase painting and sculpture as part of the setting suitable for Demeter and her circle, and they provide the atmosphere for underworld scenes. 3 1 Although no specific, direct evidence is preserved that the Rocky Outcrop on the upper terrace was sacrosanct in antiquity, its location and prominence within the Archaic peribolos wall, the presence of deposits of votive offerings near it, and the known importance of such outcroppings for cults of Demeter make this a reasonable and likely conclusion.

THE SANCTUARY AND THE ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIES The beginning of the celebrations of the Eleusinian Mysteries was once traced back even to the Bronze Age, but now the date is thought to be somewhat later, probably in the later Geometric period. 3 2 Kevin Clinton has argued that the start of the Eleusinian Mysteries, one aspect of the cult of Eleusinian Demeter, should be pre-Solonian, before the composition of the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, and perhaps even earlier in the 7th century B.c.33 The Homeric Hymn to Demeter has 30 The &ye/..cunoc; ltE'tpcx (Mirthless Rock) at Eleusis, on which Demeter sat mourning her lost daughter, has been identified variously; for testimonia, previous views, and a convincing new identification, see Clinton, Myth and Cult, pp. 1 4-27, passim. Pausanias describes three other places with rocks significant to Demeter: circuits of large unworked stones at Hermione, within which they enact cXlt6ppY)'tCX le:p&: to Demeter (2. 34. 1 0); at Pheneos in Arcadia in the sanctuary of Eleusinian Demeter was set up the "petroma," consisting of two large stones fitted to one another, within which were kept writings referring to the ritual, opened every other year and read to the initiates; people also swore important oaths on the petroma (8. 1 5.2); at Megara there was a rock named 1\vcxx/..�ap�c; (Recall), because, it was said, Demeter there called back her daughter during her search, and the Megarian women enacted this each year ( 1 .43.2). 3 1 Lists and previous bibliography in Metzger 1 965, pp. 4H8; further discussion and recent additions in Clinton, Myth and Cult, pp. 1 4- 1 6. Hades seated on a rock with Persephone nearby also occurs in Attic vase painting and may be depicted on a metope from Temple E at Selinous: ARV 2 750 (Berlin inv. 3276, a: white-ground lekythos); 4 1 5.2 (kylix near Brygos Painter); earlier scenes in black-figure: ABV 373, 1 76, 383. 1 2 (E. 0stby, "The Sculptural Program of Temple E at Selinus," llpcxx"t�x&: 12th Congress, pp. 200-208). In Athens, the enigmatic sculpted frieze from the Temple on the llissos River may show an underworld scene, with figures seated on rocks (photographs in Travlos, Pictorial Dictionary, s.v. Artemis Agrotera, p. 1 1 9, fig. 1 62). 32 Earlier discussions of the date of the beginning of the Mysteries have assumed continuity from the Bronze Age, based on early remains under the later Telesterion at Eleusis (summarized in Mylonas 1 96 1 , pp. 38-63; critical discussion in Richardson 1 974, pp. 5- 1 1 ). A careful restudy of the literary, historical, and archaeological evidence has shown conclusively that there is nothing positive to connect the Bronze Age traces with the later Telesterion and the Eleusinian Mysteries, despite the previous widespread acceptance of the idea: P. Darcque, "Les vestiges myceniens decouverts sous le Telesterion d' Eleusis," BCH 1 05, 1 98 1 , pp. 593-605. Since there are foundations dated by Mylonas to the Late Geometric period, and votive offerings which could be that early, presumably the cult of Demeter at Eleusis (and perhaps the celebration of the Eleusinian Mysteries) could have begun at that time Oate 8th to early 7 th century B.c.) . This represents a return to Noack's original opinion published in 1 927 (pp. l l - 1 5): that the buildings on the terrace at Eleusis cannot be earlier than the Late Geometric period. Further discussion in Binder, forthcoming. 33 Much of the previous discussion of the date of the Mysteries has been built on speculations about the date of the unification of Attica, the political "takeover" of Eleusis by Athens, and possible battles fought between them, but detailed scrutiny of the evidence yields little positive evidence of disputes that could be dated reliably to or after the 7th century B.c. See Padgug 1 972; Osborne 1 985, pp. 1 74- 1 82; Clinton, Myth and Cult, pp. 29-37 ; Clinton 1 993, pp. 1 1 0- 1 1 5, with earlier bibliography; Foley 1 994, pp. 1 69- 1 75; Parker 1 996, pp. 97- 1 0 1 . The most important evidence for a pre-Solonian date is the role of the archon basileus, who had charge of the administration of the Mysteries and of ancestral sacrifices (Aristotle, Ath.Pol. 57 . 1 -2), and a passage in Andokides ( 1 . 1 1 1) noting that according to Solonian law, the Boule met in the Eleusinion after the Mysteries. The authenticity of the Solonian law is argued by Clinton ( 1 982); further discussion of the revision and its relationship to Solonian law in Robertson 1 990 and Rhodes 1 99 1 .

22

THE EARLY SANCTUARY

been regarded as our primary "text" for the Eleusinian Mysteries, but, as Clinton has argued, the foundation of the Mysteries in the hymn seems secondary to its concern with other aspects of the cult of Demeter that are probably connected to the Thesmophoria, a much older cult. Consequently, the much-debated date of the composition of the hymn should not necessarily affect the date of the start of the Mysteries. 34 Clinton is surely right to separate the date of the Mysteries and the date of the hymn; the hymn can serve only as a terminus ante q uem for the Mysteries. An important part of the Eleusinian Mysteries from at least the Late Archaic period onward was the procession that linked the center of the city with the sanctuary at Eleusis, out on the western border of Attica; this cultic "link" between two or more sanctuaries in the central city and Attica is paralleled in the cults of Dionysos of Eleutherai and Artemis Brauronia. 35 The link was made visible by the procession and its audience, by the bringing of the Sacred Objects first from Eleusis to the city and then back again, escorted by the crowd of participants. The processions reflected the unity of Athens and reinforced a sense of community through group participation in the rites and the shared religious experience. So powerful a symbol of Athenian ritual had this become by the 5th century that an epiphany of the Eleusinian procession was interpreted as an explicit voice of divine allegiance to the Athenian cause in the Persian War (Herodotos 8.65; Plutarch, Them. 15). The physical requirements for the symbolic action of the procession would have included a suitable location for securing the Sacred Objects during the first part of the festival in central Athens and a suitable place for the preliminary sacrifices. The archaeological evidence shows that there was a sanctuary on the north slope of the Akropolis by the 7th century B . C . , presumably dedicated to Demeter as it was a century later. Hence, the link with Eleusis could have begun in the 7th century B . C . The city sanctuary was probably used for celebrations of the Thesmophoria in Athens, as was the sanctuary at Eleusis. 3 6 The Thesmophoria was an old festival, widespread throughout the Greek world, and one which seems to have been celebrated very locally, in multiple sanctuaries in any given community. 3 7 In the city of Athens, the participants were women married to c1t1zens, and the emphasis in the rituals was on fertility of both mothers and crops, which ensured the continuing prosperity of the city. 38 The festival of the Thesmophoria and its 34 For the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, see Richardson 1 974, esp. pp. 1 2-30; Foley ( 1 994, pp. 1 69- 1 78) provides a critical summary of the historical context of the hymn and suggests that it was intended for a Panhellenic audience; she thus resolves many of the perceived "problems" surrounding the presumed knowledge and intent of its author. 35 For discussion of the implications of central and peripheral locations of sanctuaries, see de Polignac 1 995, esp. pp. 85-88. Osborne comments on other instances of cults linking the center and periphery of a polis and disputes some of de Polignac's interpretations (Classical Landscape with Figures, London 1 987, pp. 1 66- 1 7 1 ; Osborne 1 989). The civic aspect of the Eleusinian Mysteries is emphasized by Zaidman and Pantel ( 1 992, pp. 1 32- 1 40, 1 88, and passim) and by Burkert ( 1 987). 36 For the festival, see Broneer 1 942; Parke 1 977, pp. 82-88; Brumfield 1 98 1 , pp. 70- 1 03; Burkert 1 985, pp. 242246; Foley 1 994, pp. 7 1 -75. The Thesmophoria in Attic demes is discussed by Parker ( 1 987, pp. 1 37- 1 47 , esp. p. 1 42). For the Thesmophoria at Eleusis, see Clinton 1 988; 1 993; Clinton, Myth and Cult, pp. 29-37 , 96-99, and passim. 37 The setting for the Thesmophoria is the Pnyx in Aristophanes' Thesmophoria�!loc;] [- - - - - - - -] [- - - - - - - -]

II

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