The Cambodian Agony 9781138896727, 9781315179056

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ROUTLEDGE REVIVALS

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The Cambodian Agony

Routledge Revivals is an initiative aiming to re-issue a wealth of academic works which have long been unavailable. Encompassing a vast range from across the Humanities and Social Sciences, Routledge Revivals draws upon a distinguished catalogue of imprints and authors associated with Routledge, restoring to print books by some of the most influential academic scholars of the last 120 years.

Edited by David A. Ablin & Marlowe Hood

Routledge Revivals

ROUTLEDGE REVIVALS

The Cambodian Agony Edited by David A. Ablin & Marlowe Hood

ISBN 978-1-138-89672-7

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To Our Parents

First published 1990 by M.E. Sharpe Reissued 2018 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon 0X14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint o f the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 1990 by Taylor & Francis No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notices No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use of operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact. A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 90021763 ISBN 13: 978-1-138-89672-7 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-1-315-17905-6 (ebk)

Source: United States Department of State.

CONTENTS Preface Abbreviations Editors’ Note Publisher’s Note

ix xi xiv xiv

Marlowe Hood and David A. Ablin The Path to Cambodia’s Present

xv

Demographics and Social Structure Meng-Try Ea Recent Population Trends in Kampuchea May Ebihara Revolution and Reformulation in Kampuchean Village Culture

3 16

International Relations David W. P. Elliott Deadlock Diplomacy: Thai and Vietnamese Interests in Kampuchea

65

Anthony Barnett Cambodian Possibilities

93

David R. Hawk International Human Rights Law and Democratic Kampuchea

118

Politics Serge Thion The Pattern of Cambodian Politics

149

David P. Chandler A Revolution in Full Spate: Communist Party Policy in Democratic Kampuchea, December 1976

165

Timothy Carney The Heng Samrin Armed Forces and the Military Balance in Cambodia

180

Agriculture and Economic Development John V. Dennis, Jr. Kampuchea’s Ecology and Resource Base: Natural Limitations on Food Production Strategies

213

Joel R. Charny Appropriate Development Aid for Kampuchea

243

Orlin J. Scoville Rebuilding Kampuchea’s Food Supply

267

Refugees Michael Vickery Refugee Politics: The Khmer Camp System in Thailand

293

J.D. Kinzie The “Concentration Camp Syndrome” Among Cambodian Refugees

332

Cynthia M. Coleman Cambodians in the United States

354

Chronology of Cambodian History with Em phasis on Recent Events

375

Biographies of Key Figures

398

G lossary

402

Recom m ended Secondary Sources on Post-1970 Cambodia

414

David A. Ablin Appendix: Introduction to the 1990 Edition

415

Contributors

431

Source: United States Department of State.

PREFACE This book emanated from an international conference, “ Kampuchea in the 1980s: Prospects and Problems,” organized by the editors and held in November 1982 at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Prince­ ton University. The conference brought together more than 200 scholars, policy makers, relief organization officials, journalists, and observers from all over the world. Some of the papers included here were solicited for the conference, others after it had adjourned. Those originally presented at the conference have been updated and considerably expanded for this publication. This book was a collective enterprise. Taking into consideration the confer­ ence from which it emanated, several dozens of people were involved in its creation. A staff of student volunteers logged hundreds of hours of work during the months preceding the conference. Our coworkers included Peter Benda, Hwa Soo Chung, Richard Hoffman, Ronald Lillejord, John Mosler, Long Nguyen, April Oliver, Page Pulver, Jim Reynolds, Lucy Swift, and David Williamson. We are most grateful to Mark Steiner, without whose enormous contribution things would have been quite desperate indeed. Many of the faculty at Princeton University gave freely of their time and wisdom in helping us prepare for the conference and edit the book. We were both moved by the generous help and support provided by our faculty advisers, Professors Leon Gordenker, Richard Ullman, and Lynn White. Professor Miles Kahler and Dr. David Morell were very helpful in getting the project off the ground. Many of the participants in the conference and contributors to the book were also invaluable counselors: John McAuliff, Murray and Linda Hiebert, Robert Porter, Sina Than, and Joel Charny. Funding for the conference and this book came from several sources. We would like to thank Dr. Enid C. B. Schoettle, Dr. Paul Balaran, and The Ford Foundation; Dr. Laurence Stifel and The Rockefeller Brothers Fund; Mrs. Geral­ dine Kunstadter and The Albert K. Kunstadter Family Foundation; President William G. Bowen and The President’s Fund at Princeton University; and Dean Donald Stokes, Dean Ingrid Reed, and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. We are indebted to the entire staff of the Woodrow Wilson School for their technical and logistical support. We think especially of Suzanne Cox, Sally ix

Jt

PREFACE

Coyle, Monica Hamilton, Edna Lloyd, Joyce Mix, Agnes Pearson, Audrey Pitman, and Ginie Reynolds. We would also like to acknowledge the tireless and consistently cheerful help of Elizabeth Speir and Melanie Thompson. Myron Sharpe and the editors at M. E. Sharpe, Douglas Merwin and Arnold Tovell, were unfailingly helpful and patient. Thank you. Finally, Marlowe extends a personal apology to Cathy Yeh for having bur­ dened her with so many of the problems stemming from the conference and this book.

ABBREVIATIONS

ACVA AFSC ANS ARRK ASEAN BP CCSDPT CGDK CIA CIDSE

COMECON CPK CWS DK DSM III FANK FAO FBIS FEER FUNCINPEC

FUNK GRUNK

American Council of Voluntary Agencies American Friends Service Committee Armée Nationale Sihanoukienne (National Army of Siha­ nouk) Consortium for Agricultural Relief and Rehabilitation in Kampuchea Association of South East Asian Nations Bangkok Post Committee for the Coordination of Services to Displaced Persons in Thailand Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea Central Intelligence Agency (U.S.) Cooperation Internationale pour le Développement et la So­ lidarité (International Cooperation for Development and Solidarity) Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Communist Party of Kampuchea Church World Service Democratic Kampuchea Diagnostic and Statistical Manual o f Mental Disorders, 3d ed. Forces Armées Nationales Khmeres (Khmer National Armed Forces) Food and Agriculture Organization (UN) Foreign Broadcast Information Service (U.S.) Far Eastern Economic Review Front Uni National Pour un Cambodge Indepéndant, Neutre, Pacifique, et Cooperatif (National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful and Cooperative Cambo­ dia) Front Uni National du Kampuchea (National United Front of Kampuchea) Gouvernement Royal d’Union Nationale du Kampuchea (Royal Government of National Union of Kampuchea) xi

xii

ABBREVIATIONS

HEW HHS ICK ICP ICRC ICSC INS IRC IRRI KCP KGP KID KK KNAF KNUFNS KPNLA KPNLAF

KPNLF KPRAF KPRP KR KUFNCD KUFNS MOULINAKA NADK NAK NGO NIMH NR NUFK OECD ORR

Department of Health, Education and Welfare (U.S.) Department of Health and Human Services (U.S.) International Conference on Kampuchea (UN) Indo-China Communist Party International Committee of the Red Cross International Commission of Supervision and Control Immigration and Naturalization Service (U.S.) International Rescue Committee International Rice Research Institute Kampuchean Communist Party (same as Communist Party of Kampuchea) Khmer Guided Placement Project (U.S.) Khao-I-Dang (