The Buddha's Wizards: Magic, Protection, and Healing in Burmese Buddhism 9780231547376

Belief in wizard-saints who protect their devotees and intervene in the world is widespread among Burmese Buddhists. The

184 88 9MB

English Pages [237] Year 2018

Report DMCA / Copyright

DOWNLOAD PDF FILE

Table of contents :
Contents
Acknowledgments
A Note On Abbreviations
A Note On Transliteration
Introduction
1. Vanguards Of The Sāsana
2. The Buddha’S Chief Wizard
3. Women Of The Wizard King
4. Pagodas Of Power
5. Wizards In The Shadows
Conclusion. Affectual Relationships
Notes
References
Index
Recommend Papers

The Buddha's Wizards: Magic, Protection, and Healing in Burmese Buddhism
 9780231547376

  • 0 0 0
  • Like this paper and download? You can publish your own PDF file online for free in a few minutes! Sign Up
File loading please wait...
Citation preview

THE BUDDHA’S WIZARDS

THE BUDDHA’S WIZARDS MAGIC, PROTECTION, AND HEALING IN BURMESE BUDDHISM

THOMAS NATHAN PATTON

Columbia University Press New York

Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 1HZSHUVRQ@ WKHUH DUH RQH WKRXVDQGLPLWDWRUVDQGWHQWKRXVDQGLPSRVWRUVµ%UDFGHOD3HUUL qUHSXWLWZHOO´LQDFRQWH[WLQZKLFKFLYLOLDQVDUHWKHWDUJHWRIDOO VRUWVRISUHGDWLRQV>ZHL]]č@SOD\RQWKHRYHUVHQVLWLYLW\DERXWWKH SRWHQWLDOJUHHGLQHVVRIDOONLQGVRIULWXDOVSHFLDOLVWV7KH\PDNH DQDGYDQWDJHRIWKHLUDYRLGDQFHRIULWXDOSURFHGXUHVVXFKDVLQWHUDF WLRQV LQYROYLQJ PRQHWDU\ H[FKDQJH LQ WKH FHUHPRQLHV૰૰૰૰7KH\ SDUWLFXODUO\ LQVLVW RQ WKH IDFW WKDW WKH\ GR QRW WUDGH SURWHFWLRQ DJDLQVW PRQHWDU\ R˫HULQJVµ 7KH IDPRXV FDUWRRQLVW DQG VRFLDO

WIZARDS IN THE SHADOWS

129

FULWLF8%D*\DQLOOXVWUDWHGWKLVSUHGDWRU\IHDUDPXVLQJO\ZLWKD VFDUWRRQ VHHˡJ¬  7ZRVKDPDVFHWLFVWHOOWKHLUJXHVWVWKDWWKHPDQZHDULQJWKHWXU EDQ LV WKH WHDFKHU RI WKH IDPRXV ZHL]]č %R %R $XQJ DQG %R 0LQ *DXQJWKDWKHDEVWDLQVIURPHDWLQJDQGGULQNLQJDQGRQO\VPRNHV FLJDUHWWHVDQGWKDWKLVZHL]]čFRQJUHJDWLRQLVPXFKJUHDWHUWKDQ RWKHUV:KHQWKHGRQDWLRQWKDWRQHRIWKHJXHVWVOHIWIRUWKHWZR DVFHWLFV JRHV PLVVLQJ WKH EDOG DVFHWLF LPPHGLDWHO\ DFFXVHV KLV KHUPLW FRPSDQLRQ RI WDNLQJ LW &XUVLQJ DW KLP DQG JUDEELQJ KLV WKURDWWKHEDOGDVFHWLFFDXVHVDN\DWQRWHWRSRSRXWRIWKH KHUPLW·V PRXWK ZKHUH KH KDG LW KLGGHQ :KHQ D IHPDOH GHYRWHH UXVKHVRYHUWRVHHZKDWWKHVFX˨HLVDERXWWKHEDOGDVFHWLFTXLFNO\ WHOOV KHU WKDW ZKHQHYHU DQ\RQH ZULQJV KLV KHUPLW IULHQG·V QHFN PRQH\ ZLOO SRS RXW RI KLV PRXWK 7KH IHPDOH GHYRWHH WHOOV KHU IULHQGWKDWWKHKHUPLWLV´9HU\SRZHUIXOIRUZKHQHYHURQHFKRNHV KLPDN\DWQRWHZLOODSSHDUIURPKLVPRXWKµ

WIZARD ILLUMINATI 'XULQJWKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\DQGWKHˡUVWGHFDGH RIWKHWZHQW\ˡUVWDOOIRUPVRIPHGLDGHDOLQJZLWKZHL]]čUHODWHG VXEMHFWPDWWHUZHUHSURELELWHGE\WKHJRYHUQPHQW+RXWPDQQRWHG WKDWERRNVRQVXFKWRSLFVZHUHSURKLELWHGIURPEHLQJVROGLQERRN VKRSVGXULQJKLV\HDUVRIˡHOGZRUNLQWKHV$QGGXULQJP\ \HDUVRIˡHOGZRUNPRVWZHL]]čUHODWHGSXEOLFDWLRQVZHUHEDQQHG DOWKRXJKVHYHUDOPDJD]LQHVZHUHDOORZHGWREHSXEOLVKHGVRORQJDV stories of ZHL]]čDQGWKHLUVXSHUQDWXUDODELOLWLHVZHUHRPLWWHGRU FRXFKHGLQˡFWLRQDODFFRXQWV)RUVRPHUHDVRQWKHHDUO\VVDZ DYHU\ODUJHQXPEHURIZHL]]čUHODWHGDUWLFOHVSULQWHGLQPDJD]LQHV EXWE\WKHODWHVWKHQDWLRQDOFHQVRUERDUG 3UHVV6FUXWLQ\ %RDUG  SURKLELWHG VXFK VWRULHV IURP EHLQJ SXEOLVKHG DQG ZRUGV VXFK DV ZHL]]č DQG bodaw FRXOG QRW EH SULQWHG 2QH RI WKH UDUH LQVWDQFHVZKHUHVXFKZRUGVZHUHSHUPLWWHGWREHSULQWHGZDVLQ

130

WIZARDS IN THE SHADOWS

DQDUWLFOHZULWWHQE\DQDXWKRUZKRZDVKRVWLOHWRWKHZHL]]čDQG ZKRUHIHUUHGWRPHE\QDPHDVDIRUHLJQHUZKRKDGFRPHWR0\DQ PDUWRVWXG\VXFKVXEMHFWV 7KLVKDVDOOFKDQJHGZLWKWKHUHFHQWSROLWLFDOGHYHORSPHQWVLQ 0\DQPDU:LWKLQZHHNVRIWKHJRYHUQPHQWDEROLVKLQJWKH3UHVV 6FUXWLQ\%RDUGLQ)HEUXDU\¬SXEOLVKHUVEHJDQSXWWLQJZHL]]č ERRNVEDFNLQWRFLUFXODWLRQ$WOHDVWWZHQW\QHZERRNVRQ%R0LQ *DXQJZHUHSXEOLVKHGLQWKHIROORZLQJIRXU\HDUVDORQH3XEOLFD WLRQVJHQHUDOQHZVVWRULHVDQGQRZZHEVLWHVDERXW%R0LQ*DXQJ DQG RWKHU ZHL]]č LQFUHDVLQJO\ PDQLIHVW DQG FLUFXODWH ZHL]]č FXO WXUDOIRUPVWKDWH[WHQGEH\RQGWKHVHPLVHFUHWDVVRFLDWLRQVSUHYL RXVO\KDUGWRˡ QGZL]DUGVDLQWSXEOLFDWLRQVDQGWKHFRXQWU\RI 0\DQPDULVHOIWRUHDFKDPXFKZLGHUSXEOLFVSKHUH:KHUHDVSUH YLRXVO\WKHUHZDVRQO\DKDQGIXORIJRYHUQPHQWDSSURYHGPRQR JUDSKV GHGLFDWHG WR WKH ZHL]]č WKH SDVW FRXSOH RI \HDUV KDV ZLW QHVVHG DQ H[SORVLRQ RI ZHL]]čUHODWHG SXEOLFDWLRQV DUWLFOHV RQ GHYRWHHV·H[SHULHQFHVIHDWXUHGLQORQJU XQQLQJSRSXODUUHOLJLRXV PDJD]LQHVDQGHYHQ@ ´7KHVRFDOOHGZHLNVDZKRLVQRRWKHUWKDQDFLUFXV FRQMXUHUDQGWKHPLQLRQRI83R.\LQKDYHYDQLVKHGIRUSDUWVXQNQRZQEXW VL[UHEHOVKDYHEHHQFDXJKWµ  DQG´'XULQJDOOWKLVWLPHXQNQRZQWRDQ\ RQHRILPSRUWDQFHIXUWKHUVHGLWLRQZDVDIRRW7KH¶ZHLNVD· QRZIDUDZD\SHG GOLQJWKHSKLORVRSKHU·VVWRQHWRLQQRFHQWYLOODJHUVLQ0DUWDEDQ KDGSHUKDSV GRQHKLVMREDOLWWOHEHWWHUWKDQKHLQWHQGHGµ    7KH'KDPPDSDGD$ٓٓKDNDWKčWH[WLQTXHVWLRQLV&´6WRU\RIWKH3UHVHQW7KH (OGHU-DWLODµ,QKLVVWXG\RIparittaLQ6RXWKDQG6RXWKHDVW$VLD-DLQLSRLQWV RXWWKDWWKHWHUPYLMMčGKDUDRQO\DSSHDUVLQFRPPHQWDULDODQGSDUDFRQRQLFDO OLWHUDWXUHDQGLVXVHGZKHQUHIHUHQFLQJDFODVVRISUDFWLWLRQHUVVLPLODUWRZKDW KHVHHVZLWKWKHsiddhaRIWKH7DQWULFWH[WV -DLQL   6HH6WURQJ ² DQG6WDGWQHU  IRUPRUHGHWDLOHGDFFRXQWV RIWKLVFKURQLFOH  /DPPHUWVD  )RUPRUHRQWKH.DSSčODӓNčUDVHH/DPPHUWVE  ,WKDQN/LOLDQ+DQGOLQIRUEULQJLQJWKLVPXUDOWRP\DWWHQWLRQ  6HH*UHHQ  IRUPRUHRQWKLVPXUDO

1. VANGUARDS OF THE SĀSANA

143

  7KHUHLVDYDVWDPRXQWRI%XUPHVHODQJXDJHVRXUFHVWKDWSURYLGHGHWDLOHG ࠚ H[SODQDWLRQVDQGDQDO\VHVRIWKHZHL]]čˡJXUH6HHIRULQVWDQFH%KXQµ7HMD     

  

 



        

  2UVL  ,QWHUYLHZ'0)  )HPDOHVGRKDYHWKHSRWHQWLDOWREHFRPHZHL]]čKRZHYHU  &30  ,QWHUYLHZ=020&ROOLQV  VHHVWKHPHWDSKRURIUDGLRZDYHVDQG DQWHQQDHDVHYLGHQFHWKDWUHJDUGOHVVRILWVKLVWRULFDODQWHFHGHQWVWKHZHL]]č SKHQRPHQRQLV´QRZDIDFWRIPRGHUQLW\µ6SLUR  PDNHVQRWHRID ´WDOOEULFNWRZHUµWKDWZDVXVHGDVDVWDWLRQWRUHFHLYHPHVVDJHVWUDQVPLWWHG E\WKHZHL]]č  ,QWHUYLHZ'73)  3HUVFRPP.bedin@GRHVQRWGLUHFWO\UHIHUWRVHFWLRQVRIWKHIRXU6DQVNULWVedas DQG WKHLU FRPPHQWDULHV WKHUH DUH VRPH ORRVH VLPLODULWLHV ZLWK VRPH RI WKHVH SUDFWLFHV DQG SUDFWLFHV LQ YDULRXV WHOOLQJ RI WKH Artharva Veda $9 µ Q  7KH%XGGKLVWKHUPLWYRFDWLRQWKDWVXUYLYHVLQ0\DQPDUDQG7KDLODQG DQGWRDOHVVHUH[WHQWLQRWKHUSDUWVRIPDLQODQG6RXWKHDVW$VLD ZDUUDQWV IXUWKHUVWXG\)RULQVWDQFHWKHKHUPLWVRI0\DQPDUDQG7KDLODQGZHDUVLP LODUO\VW\OHGFRQLFDOKDWVWKHRULJLQVRIZKLFKDUHXQFOHDU7KHbodaw YHQHU DEOHJUDQGIDWKHU RI0\DQPDUDQGluang pho YHQHUDEOHIDWKHU RI7KDLODQGDUH DOVRZRUWK\RIIXUWKHUVWXG\0\JXHVVLVWKDWWKHVHVWUDQGVDQGOLQHDJHVKDYH FRPPRQRULJLQVDQGKDYHWDNHQRQORFDOFXVWRPVZLWK0\DQPDU·VZHL]]č EHFRPLQJWKHPRVWRUJDQL]HGRIWKH6RXWKHDVW$VLDQOLQHDJHV)RUGHWDLOVRI WKHRUGLQDWLRQSURFHGXUHRIDKHUPLWVHH%L]RW  )RUGHWDLOVRQWKHOLIH DQGSUDFWLFHVRIKHUPLWVLQ0\DQPDUVHH-RWLND    7KHYLG\čGKDUDZDVDVWDQGDUGˡ[WXUHRI,QGLDQIDQWDV\DQGDGYHQWXUHOLWHUD WXUH WKURXJKRXW WKLV SHULRG )RU PRUH RQ YLG\čGKDUD VHH 6QHOOJURYH   DQG 3U]\OXVNL  ² 6HH DOVR 9RQ +LQXEHU  ² 7DRLVW DOFKHP\PD\KDYHUHDFKHG,QGLDYLDPDULWLPHURXWHVEHJLQQLQJLQDWOHDVW WKHVL[WKFHQWXU\&( :KLWH )RUPRUHRQSRVVLEOHZHL]]čFRQQHF WLRQVWR7DRLVPVHH3UDQNH²  :KLWHZULWHVWKDWWKH´DOFKHPLFDOV\VWHPµSUDFWLFHGE\DVSLULQJZHL]]č´KDV DGHFLGHGO\7DRLVWVWDPSWRLWµ Q DQGWKDWWKHZHL]]č´DUH LQGHEWHGDWOHDVWLQSDUWWR,QGLDIRUWKHLUNQRZOHGJHRIWKHPHUFXULDOµ     7KHUHDUHLQLWLDWLRQULWXDOVEXWWKHVHDUHIRUGHYRWHHVZKRZLVKWREHFRPHD PHPEHURIDSDUWLFXODUZHL]]čDVVRFLDWLRQDQGQRWWREHFRPHDZHL]]č6HH .HLNR7RVD  RQLQLWLDWLRQV  :KLWH  :KLWH  7RVD  $VLVWKHFDVHZLWKFXOWVKRZHYHUWKH\UDUHO\RXWOLYHWKHLUOHDGHU6FKREHULQ ² IRU LQVWDQFH DWWHPSWHG WR YLVLW WKH VLWH RI D ZHL]]č FXOW WKDW

1. VANGUARDS OF THE SĀSANA

   

      

 

     

     

145

0HQGHOVRQ KDG ZULWWHQ DERXW LQ WKH HDUO\ V 0HQGHOVRQ  D E RQO\WRˡQGLWLQDFWLYH 6FKREHU 7RVDLQKHUUHVHDUFK on ZHL]]čDVVRFLDWLRQVDOVRIRXQGWKDWPRVWRIWKHPZHUHLQDFWLYH,YLVLWHG GR]HQVRIZHL]]čFKDSWHUVWKURXJKRXW0\DQPDURQO\WRˡQGPRVWLQDFWLYHDV ZHOO XVXDOO\ RQO\ D KDQGIXO RI IDPLO\ PHPEHUV RU DUGHQW GLVFLSOHV VWLOO DWWHQGLQJWRWKHPDLQVKULQHRUKHDGTXDUWHUVIRUWKDWFKDSWHU  5R]HQEHUJ  6FKREHU  )R[HXV  7XUQHU·VUHVHDUFKVKRZVWKDWKXQGUHGVRI%XGGKLVWOD\DVVRFLDWLRQVZHUH IRXQGHGLQ%XUPDIURPWRLQDQDWWHPSWWRVWHPWKHGHFOLQHRI%XG GKLVP 7XUQHU   7KHWHUPLVQRWRQO\UHVHUYHGIRUZHL]]čJURXSV,WDOVRUHIHUVWRPRQDVWLFOLQ HDJHV)RUPRUHRQWKLVDVSHFWRIgaing,VHH&DUELQH    )RUPRUHRQVXFKSUDFWLFHVVHH3UDQNH  DQG3DWWRQ    &DUELQH  &DUELQH  &DG\  6PLWK  &DUELQH&DG\QRWHVWKDWZKHQWKHODLW\UHDOL]HGWKDWWKH\FRXOGQRW VDYH WKH PRQDUFK\ OD\ DQG FOHULFDO OHDGHUV IURP 0DQGDOD\ DQG %XGGKLVW&RXQFLO@µ 0HQGHOVRQ    )R[HXV$SDUWIURPWKH6L[WK&RXQFLOLWVHOIWKH%XGGKD-D\DQWLFHO HEUDWLRQVGXULQJWKHPLGVLQVSLUHGDKRVWRIRWKHUDFWLYLWLHVHOVHZKHUH LQWKH%XGGKLVWZRUOGPRVWQRWDEO\LQ6UL/DQNDZKHUHDV*HRUJH%RQGQRWHV ´PLOOHQQLDOH[SHFWDWLRQVFKDUDFWHUL]HGWKH%XGGKLVWV·LQWHUSUHWDWLRQVRIWKH -D\DQWLDQQLYHUVDU\µ  )UDVFK  SRLQWVRXWWKDWWKH6L[WK&RXQ FLOLQ0\DQPDUSURYLGHGDQLPSHWXVIRU%XGGKLVWVLQRWKHUSDUWVRI$VLDWR DWWHPSWWRVSUHDGWKHdhammaDFURVV$VLDVXFKDVLQ,QGLD   3UDQNHQRWHVWKDWVXEVHTXHQWSXEOLFDWLRQVE\WKH0LQLVWU\RI5HOLJLRXV$˫DLUV WKDWGLVFXVVWKHVčVDQD·VOLIHVSDQRPLWUHIHUHQFHWRWKHWKHRU\     )R[HXV$FFRUGLQJWRDQHZVSDSHUHGLWRULDO*HQHUDO1H:LQ·V JRYHUQPHQW´LVVXHGDGHFUHHSURKLELWLQJWKHSURGXFWLRQRIDQ\ˡOPGHSLFW LQJQDWVJKRVWVZLWFKHVHWFDV¶SDUWRIWKH5HYROXWLRQDU\*RYHUQPHQW·V H˫RUWWRUHPRYHWKHREVFXUDQWLVWLQˣXHQFHRIVXSHUVWLWLRXVEHOLHIVRQWKHSHR SOH·૷µ Nation,$XJXVW¬ 4XRWHGLQ+R   )R[HXV   7RVD   +RXWPDQ   .HLNR7RVD3HUVFRPP   )R[HXV5R]HQEHUJ ² DOVRQRWHVDQWL0XVOLPUKHWRULFLQ WKHZHL]]čJURXSVKHVWXGLHG´,VQ·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´.\DXNSDGDXQJLVPHQWLRQHGDV%XGGKLVP·VODVWVWURQJKROGKLJKSRLQWRI WKHUHVLVWDQFHDJDLQVWDFKLPHULFDOSHULO$QGWKHIRXUweikzaEHFRPHZDU KHURHVEHFDXVHKHURHVDUHQHHGHGIRUWKLVIDEULFDWHGZDULQZKLFKˡFWLYH DJJUHVVRUVDOWKRXJKGHIHDWHGIURPWLPHWRWLPHVWLOOVHHWKHLUH[LVWHQFH VSDUHGDVWKRXJKEHWWHUWRIXOˡOOWKHLURULJLQDOIXQFWLRQWRVHUYHDVDVSHF WHUIRU%XGGKLVWVµ.\DXNDSGDXQJLVWKHVLWHRI0RXQW3RSDZKLFKLVWKHUHI XJHRIZHL]]č   )R[HXV   3HUVFRPP$'0

150

2. THE BUDDHA’S CHIEF WIZARD

2 . T H E B U D D H A’ S C H I E F W I Z A R D    

        

   



  

 0RӓࠛVYHµNKY\DQࠛ²  %UDFGHOD3HUULqUH  )RUDFFRXQWVRI%R0LQ*DXQJ·VOLIHZULWWHQLQ(QJOLVKVHH)R[HXV ²  DQG0HQGHOVRQ D   6DUNLV\DQ]  %R0LQ*DXQJˡJXUHVSURPLQHQWO\LQWKHZRUNRI0LFKDHO 0HQGHOVRQ E D  DV ZHOO DV LQ SDUWV RI 0HOIRUG 6SLUR   7KH 3DWKDPDP7D\D:HL]]č$VVRFLDWLRQ·VDJHQGDZDVWRSURSDJDWHWKHOLIHVWRU\ RI%R0LQ*DXQJWKURXJKRXWWKHFRXQWU\LQWKHODWHV  0HQGHOVRQ  %HUJOLH  ,QWHUYLHZ8%70FRQGXFWHGE\8.KLQ0DXQJ7KDQ    ,QWHUYLHZ8%10FRQGXFWHGE\8.KLQ0DXQJ7KDQ    )R[HXV  ,QWHUYLHZ8%10FRQGXFWHGE\8.KLQ0DXQJ7KDQ  ,QWHUYLHZ8%7 0FRQGXFWHGE\8.KLQ0DXQJ7KDQ    ,QWHUYLHZ8%70FRQGXFWHGE\8.KLQ0DXQJ7KDQ    )RUPRUHRQWKHZD\V%R0LQ*DXQJZDVYLHZHGGXULQJWKLVWLPHE\WKHYLO ODJHUVRIWKHDUHDVHH15.  ²  ,QWHUYLHZ 8+00 FRQGXFWHG E\ 8 .KLQ 0DXQJ 7KDQ   6WRULHV RI RWKHUZHL]]č VDLQWV EHLQJ LPSULVRQHG LQWHUURJDWHG RU VKRW DW E\ &RPPX QLVW-DSDQHVHDQG%ULWLVKVROGLHUVDUHTXLWHFRPPRQDPRQJGHYRWHHV'KDP PDFDUL\D 8 $XQJ .\DZ 0RH·V DFFRXQW RI ZHL]]č $EKD 3\X DQG %RGDZ 3\X VXUYLYLQJGURZQLQJDQGDVVDVVLQDWLRQDWWHPSWVE\-DSDQHVHVROGLHUVLVRQH VXFKH[DPSOH 90QR¬>@²   )R[HXV  ,QWHUYLHZ8.60FRQGXFWHGE\8.KLQ0DXQJ7KDQ    'HERLFNTXRWLQJ&DFLROD  $UQROGDQG'H:DOG  7KHHQWLUHLVVXHRIModern Asian StudiesQR¬  SURYLGHVLQVLJKWLQWRWKLVSKHQRPHQRQ5R]HQEHUJ  DOVRSRLQWVRXW WKHHPSKDVLVKLVZHL]]čGHYRWHHLQIRUPDQWVSODFHGRQPRGHUQWHFKQRORJ\ ZKHQUHODWLQJWKHPLUDFXORXVIHDWVRIWKHLUVDLQW)RUH[DPSOHPDQ\GHYR WHHVSRVVHVVHGSKRWRJUDSKVRIRQHRIWKHLUZHL]]čVWDQGLQJRQWKHKRRGRID MHHS2WKHUVUHOLVKHGWHOOLQJVWRULHVDERXWKRZWKHZHL]]čFRXOGRXWZDONDFDU JRLQJDWIXOOVSHHGRUDSHUVRQ·VFDPHUDZRXOGIDLOWRWDNHDSKRWRRIDZHL]]č LISHUPLVVLRQZDVQRWREWDLQHGˡUVW5R]HQEHUJ·VLQWHUSUHWDWLRQLVWKDWDSKRWR FRQVWLWXWHVD´OLWHUDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQµRIWKHZHL]]čRYHUVXFKWHFKQRORJ\   DQGWKDWVFLHQFHKDV´EHHQSXWLQWKHVHUYLFHRIWKHZHLN]DDQGLWVSRZHU GRPHVWLFDWHGµ    :HZLOOVHHLQFKDSWHU¬IRUH[DPSOHWKH%R0LQ*DXQJUHODWHG´FDWDVWURSKH SDJRGDVµZHUHPHDQWWRSURWHFWWKHVXUURXQGLQJDUHDVIURPZDUIDPLQHDQG QDWXUDOGLVDVWHUV  .\DZ0\DLQJ  ,QWHUYLHZ8.60FRQGXFWHGE\8.KLQ0DXQJ7KDQ    +RXWPDQ

2. THE BUDDHA’S CHIEF WIZARD

151

  +RXWPDQ   7KLVVXFFHVVLYHUHELUWKPRWLILVDORQJVWDQGLQJRQHIRUPDMRUˡJXUHVIRXQG LQDOO%XGGKLVWWUDGLWLRQV7KH-čWDND JHQUHRIOLWHUDWXUHFKURQLFOLQJWKHSUH YLRXVOLYHVRIWKH%XGGKD DUHWKHPRVWZHOON QRZQDQGUHYHUHGWKURXJKRXW WKH%XGGKLVWZRUOG   ,QFKDSWHU¬ZHVDZWKDWDQDGXOW%R0LQ*DXQJZDVVDLGWRKDYHFRQYHQHG WKHZHL]]čH[HFXWLYHFRXQFLOPHHWLQJLQHYHQWKRXJKKHZRXOGKDYHEHHQ DERXWˡYH\HDUVROGDWWKHWLPH   5H\QROGV   2QHGHYRWHHZKRZDVIDPLOLDUZLWK7LEHWDQ%XGGKLVPWROGPHWKDW%R0LQ *DXQJZDVH[KLELWLQJ´FUD]\ZLVGRPµ6HH'L9DOHULR·VThe Holy Madmen of Tibet IRUDWKRURXJKGLVFXVVLRQRIWKHWRSLF,QWHUHVWLQJO\WKHVHFRQGPRVWUHYHUHG ZHL]]čLQ0\DQPDUWRGD\WKHZHL]]č·V@dhatµ $XWKRU´+RZGR\RXWZRKDYHDNDUPLFUHODWLRQZLWKHDFKRWKHU"µ 6D\DPD´,QDSUHYLRXVOLIH,ZDVKLVGDXJKWHUµ1