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English Pages [168] Year 2009
BAR 475 2008
The Bronze Age Pottery of the Isle of Man
WOODCOCK
Evidence for cultural movement around the Irish Sea basin
Jennifer Woodcock Illustrations by
THE BRONZE AGE POTTERY OF THE ISLE OF MAN
Brian Williams
BAR British Series 475 2008 B A R
The Bronze Age Pottery of the Isle of Man Evidence for cultural movement around the Irish Sea basin
Jennifer Woodcock Illustrations by Brian Williams
BAR British Series 475 2008
ISBN 9781407303765 paperback ISBN 9781407321363 e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407303765 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
BAR
PUBLISHING
Contents Figures.............................................................................ii
Collared Urns............................................................36
Preface and Summary ..................................................iii
Undecorated or plain urns.........................................36
Acknowledgements .........................................................iv
Unclassifiable pottery................................................37
1.An introduction to the Isle of Man............................1
Matching the ‘Needham’ chronology.............................37
2.The background to archaeological research on the Isle of Man: A short history of Manx archaeology and its foremost contributors..............................................13
5.The Manx Bronze Age pottery in its northern Irish Sea context: evidence from the Island and the surrounding areas.........................................................38
Published sources of ceramic and other evidence...........18
The validity of comparative studies ...............................38
The major published sources.....................................18
Methodology...................................................................38
The lesser published sources ...................................21
Previous research ...........................................................39
The unpublished documentary evidence...................22
General discussion..........................................................39
Discussion.......................................................................22
Fabric analysis ..........................................................39
3.The supporting evidence for the study....................24
Form and decoration. ................................................41
Introduction.....................................................................24
The comparative pottery studies......................................41
Scientific analysis of the Manx pottery..........................25
6.Chronological relationships between the Isle of Man and neighbouring areas................................................50
Radiocarbon dating ..................................................25
The ceramic dating evidence..........................................52
Lipid analysis............................................................26 Fabric analysis – thin section analysis.......................26
Summary and conclusions from the chronological and comparative studies.........................................................54
Summary.........................................................................27
7.The nature of contact................................................57
4.The Manx Bronze Age pottery.................................28
Summary.........................................................................60
Terminology....................................................................28
A catalogue of the Bronze Age pottery from the Isle of Man................................................................................62
The sources of the pottery included in the study............28
Bibliography................................................................133
The Pottery......................................................................33
Appendix 1 Distribution of Bronze Age pottery with contexts........143
Beakers......................................................................33
Appendix 2 Distribution of Burials Bronze Age or Bronze Age in type................................................................................145
Accessory vessels .....................................................33 Vases .........................................................................34
Appendix 3 A record of lost evidence..............................................150
Bowls ........................................................................34 Vase urns ..................................................................35
Appendix 4 Radiocarbon dates.........................................................152
Encrusted urns...........................................................35
Appendix 5 Manx Museum Accession numbers..............................155
Cordoned Urns..........................................................35
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Figures Figure 1.1: The Isle of Man in its Irish Sea Context.........1
Figure 6.3: Chronological distribution of cordoned urns51
Figure 1.2: Topographical map of the Isle of Man............6
Figure 6.4: Chronological distribution of collared urns..51
Figure 1.3: The administrative land divisions, (Northside/ Southside, Sheadings and Parishes)................................10
Figure 6.5: Chronological distribution of undecorated pottery vessels.................................................................52
Figure 2.1: P.M.C. Kermode's illustrations of the Ballaseyr collared urn [67] and the Sky Hill cordoned urn [46]..................................................................................15
Catalogue Figure 1: Beaker [1] and Bowls [45]...........116
Figure 2.2: P.M.C. Kermode's illustrations of the Whitehouse [28] and the Garey Meen [27] encrusted urns .........................................................................................15
Catalogue Figure 3: Bowls [1217]................................118
Figure 3.1: Summary table of Needham's chronology and periodisations..................................................................25
Catalogue Figure 5: Beaker/Food Vessel type decoration [2325] and Encrusted urns [2728]..............................120
Figure 4.1: Summary of Bronze Age pottery by context ........................................................................................28
Catalogue Figure 6: Cordoned urns [2935].................121
Catalogue Figure 2: Bowls [611]..................................117
Catalogue Figure 4: Vases [18 and 19] and Vase urns [20 22]..................................................................................119
Catalogue Figure 7: Cordoned urns [3641] and razor associated with PortyShee urn [37]............................122
Figure 4.2: Distribution of Bronze Age pottery with the known contexts................................................................29
Catalogue Figure 8: Cordoned urns [4246].................123
Figure 4.3: Distribution of Burials of Bronze Age or Bronze Age type..............................................................30
Catalogue Figure 9: Cordoned urns [4751]..................124
Figure 4.4: Numbers of principal vessel types from each parish, based on the most reliable evidence available.....31
Catalogue Figure 10: Cordoned urns [5257]................125
Figure 4.5: Relationships between cist and pottery vessel type (only reliably documented evidence included)........31
Catalogue Figure 12: Collared urns [7076]..................127
Catalogue Figure 11: Collared urns [6569].................126
Catalogue Figure 13: Collared urns [7778], undecorated [7982] and unclassifiable vessels [8385]....................128
Figure 4.6: Principal vessel types by parish....................32 Figure 4.7: Relationships between human remains and vessel types.....................................................................33
Catalogue Figure 14: Miscellaneous decorated sherds from Port Cranstal (Phurt) [Study 1].............................129
Figure 4.8: An analysis of bowls by context and style....34
Catalogue Figure 15: Ronaldsway village [Study 2], representative rim sherds (114)....................................130
Figure 5.13: General distribution of vessels of the bowl, cordoned urn and collared urn traditions........................40 Figure 6.1: Radiocarbon dates associated with ceramic material...........................................................................50
Catalogue Figure 16: Ronaldsway village [Study 2], representative base sherds (1519) and representative cordon types (2032).....................................................131
Figure 6.2: Chronological distribution of bowls and vases. .........................................................................................51
Catalogue Figure 17: South Barrule [Study3], cordon and rim sherds......................................................................132
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Preface and Summary This publication is based upon my PhD thesis In search of a cultural identity: a study of the Manx Bronze Age in its Irish Sea context which was submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool in September 2001 (Woodcock 2001). The original study encompassed not only the material culture of the Manx Bronze Age (the metalwork, ceramics, the datable lithics and the limited range of personal items found on the Island), but also included the entire range of sites and monuments thought to be of Bronze Age date. The intention of this report is, however, to concentrate essentially only on the ceramic evidence. In an attempt to establish or infer movement of people, objects and/or technology from archaeological evidence of similarity in form, decoration and use, the nature of the ceramic assemblages from the Isle of Man and those from other contemporary communities living around the Irish Sea were discussed in the original study. Evidence for contact was sought primarily with those areas most clearly visible from the Island itself, from the north and east of Ireland, from southwest Scotland (concentrating essentially on Dumfries and Galloway and, to a lesser extent southern Argyll) and from northwest England, essentially Cumbria and the north Lancashire coastal area. Ceramic evidence from Anglesey and the north Wales coast with its immediate hinterland, and from parts of northwest England, including Merseyside and Cheshire to within 25 miles of the coast was also taken into consideration. In addition, on the basis of a limited number of radiocarbon dates, an attempt was also made to address the problems of establishing a possible sequential relationship within the northern Irish Sea area and a Bronze Age chronology for the Isle of Man. Whilst all these topics are to be readdressed in this publication, and some additional radiocarbon dates will be used to support the suggestion of a chronological progression, one of the other major objectives here is to provide a comprehensively illustrated and descriptive catalogue of the Manx Bronze Age pottery for the benefit of future researchers. Note: Reference numbers included throughout the text and presented in square brackets (for example [1] or [Study 1]) cross refer to the descriptions provided in the Catalogue of the Bronze Age pottery which appears towards the back of the book, (p 62).
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Acknowledgements funding which covered the cost of the additional radiocarbon dates undertaken at the Radiocarbon Laboratory, University of Groningen.
I remain indebted to all those people who encouraged and supported me during the course of my original fieldwork and museum studies; they include my family; my colleagues and advisers at the University of Liverpool and at academic institutions elsewhere within the area of comparative reference the curatorial and library staff at the Manx Museum, colleagues in the Centre for Manx Studies and the many friends on the Isle of Man who were unstinting in their support, either providing me with useful information or actually accompanying me on my fieldwork.
Despite the help received from all those mentioned above, responsibility for the thoughts expressed in this publication and any inaccuracies contained within it rest with the author. JJW 2008
The impetus for producing this report from the original thesis was provided, in the first instance, by my examiners Chris Mee and John Waddell. Thereafter, the support and encouragement which I received over a considerable period of time from colleagues, Peter Davey, Nick Johnson and Fenella Bazin (Centre for Manx Studies); Sinéad McCartan (Ulster Museum); Steve Burrow (Amgueddfa Cymru National Museum Wales); Alison Sheridan and Trevor Cowie (National Museum of Scotland) and Allison Fox and Andrew Foxon (Manx National Heritage) motivated me to persevere and complete the task. I owe a great debt of gratitude to Andrew Wilson who has undertaken the, to me, awesome task of formatting this volume in accordance with BAR's specifications. I would also like to thank the following people for their help and advice and for assistance with proof reading during the course of production of this study, Nancy Jenkins, Jonty Trigg, Peter Davey and particularly my husband Geoffrey Woodcock who has been a source of constant encouragement and support and who has spent many hours of patient proof reading. I should, in addition, like to thank Peter Davey for his help and advice with the geological/geomorphological information included in Chapter 1. I must also record my sincere thanks to the illustrator of this volume, Brian Williams, who not only produced the pottery drawings, but also the distribution maps and the chronological charts. I would like to thank him too for his advice on presentation and particularly for the careful observations he made while he was handling and drawing the pottery. His drawing skills and his professional observations have been invaluable. Finally, I would like to thank both Stephen Harrison and the Trustees of Manx National Heritage and Charles Guard and the members of the Manx Heritage Foundation for the financial assistance they generously provided to enable me to seek help with the illustrations for the volume. I must also thank Manx National Heritage for the iv
1.
An introduction to the Isle of Man
“Rising from the middle of the Irish Sea, within sight of each of the three kingdoms, with a history and association so distinct, yet so intimately linked with those of the rest of Britain, this interesting Island presents in its geological structure features which connect it alike with England, Scotland, and Ireland, while at the same time it retains a marked individuality in regard to some of the rocks that form its framework”. Sir Archibald Geikie (1897, 22). This quotation was used by Grahame Clark in his seminal paper on Manx archaeology published in the Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society in 1935, and, as Clark says, ‘the prehistory, no less than the geology of the Isle of Man, is of absorbing interest from its geographical position in relation to the larger units of the British Isles’ (Clark 1935, 70).
Although the process of extrapolation from present to past is seldom entirely satisfactory, a description of the Isle of Man as it is today is relevant to an examination of its prehistoric past. Despite the huge changes wrought by both prehistoric and modern man on the environment, the acknowledged climatic variations both during and since the Bronze Age and the considerable remodelling of the coastline brought about by the resulting sea level changes, the nature of the Island during the Bronze Age was undeniably essentially similar to that found today.
The use of modern national terminology, namely Ireland, Scotland, Wales and England, may be open to criticism on the basis that, whilst the philosophy of national identity is appreciated by modern man, it cannot be determined if this concept was apparent in prehistoric times. It may be argued that, although tribal boundaries/land divisions undeniably existed, the clear ‘national’ boundaries, the arbitrary lines which today identify the nations of the British Isles from each other England from Scotland, England from Wales, or even Ireland from Scotland may not, during the prehistoric period, have played the same cultural role which is observed today. The modern researcher is left with little choice but to be aware of this alternative, yet continue to assess the archaeological evidence in its modern national context.
On a clear day, from various points on the Island, one can plainly see the Cumbrian hills, the hills of Dumfries and Galloway, the Mourne mountains and Slieve Croob, County Down and, rather less clearly and less frequently, Holyhead Mountain on Anglesey and the Snowdon mountain range on mainland Wales. The familiarity and ease with which early man moved around the north western seaboard of Europe and the British Isles in small boats is not in question, and just as the inhabitants of the neighbouring lands fringing the Northern Irish Sea basin will have been aware of the Island and its people, and may indeed have sought shelter around its shores during exploratory and trading sea trips, so will the prehistoric Manx have been equally conscious of the presence of their neighbours across the sea.
It is significant, at this stage, to stress the modest dimensions of the Isle of Man. An examination of figure 1.1 emphasises the disparity in size between the Island and the adjacent lands around the northern Irish Sea. There is a popular misconception that islands are peripheral places, isolated, enclosed and inward looking. The reality is actually somewhat different, islands are seldom totally isolated and the Isle of Man is no exception. With the possible exception of a period towards the end of the Neolithic when the archaeological evidence of the unique and definitely insular ‘Ronaldsway Neolithic Culture’ (Piggott 1954, 346351) suggests a protracted phase of isolation or cultural independence (Burrow 1997, 2627 and 1999, 3435), the inhabitants of the Isle of Man probably always maintained contact with their neighbours around the Irish Sea Province. Even during the late Neolithic, it is unlikely that the island was ever totally geographically or socially isolated although it is highly probable that the Manx communities, living as they did on a small, circumscribed island, were well placed to recognise their own individuality and separateness.
Figure 1.1: The Isle of Man in its Irish Sea Context
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Quine (1911, 1) writes that the presence of an island in the Irish Sea is first recorded in Caesar’s description of Britain (BC 54), where it is mentioned that ‘Mona’ lies midway across the sea separating Britain and Ireland. Despite the fact that the name Mona is that generally also applied to Anglesey, off the northwestern tip of North Wales, this particular allusion is an unmistakeable reference to the Isle of Man.
Three small islands lie off the coast of the Isle of Man. St Patrick’s Isle at Peel in the west and St Michael’s Isle at the northern end of the Langness Peninsular are both small and rocky and both are now joined by causeways to the mainland. The third, the Calf of Man, lies about half a mile off the southwest end of the Island separated by the Calf Sound and the rocky islet of Kitterland from the mainland. The Calf has a precipitous rocky coastline about 8 kilometres in length; it is approximately 2.5 kilometres long from northeast to southwest and about 1.5 kilometres from one side to the other. It is approximately 250 hectares in area. It is only possible to make landfall at four places. The island has been sporadically settled and farmed in historic times (Lockington Marshall 1978, 12) but although there is no overt evidence of prehistoric occupation, the discovery from time to time of worked flint indicates that it was also exploited during the prehistoric period.
The Isle of Man has, rather appropriately, also been called the Midway Isle, (Quine 1911, 5), situated as it is at a central point in the British Isles between 54°3'N and 54°N and between 4°17'W and 4°50'W. The shortest distances to the coasts of the lands fringing the northern Irish Sea basin are 26 kilometres from the Point of Ayre (the most northerly point of the Isle of Man) to Burrow Head in Dumfries and Galloway; 45 kilometres from Ramsey on the northeast coast of the Island to St Bee’s Head in Cumbria; 72 kilometres from the Calf of Man off the southern end of the Island to Holyhead on Anglesey and 42 kilometres from Peel on the west coast to Strangford Lough in County Down.
Geology and mineralisation
The principal modern published geological survey of the Island is that produced by the British Geological Survey in 2001 (Chadwick et al). The publication includes a 1:50,000 map showing both the solid and the drift geology together with a popular synthesis (Pickett 2001). Pickett describes the oldest rocks of the Isle of Man as follows:
The Island itself, measured from the Calf Sound in the south to the Point of Ayre, is just over 50 kilometres long. At its widest (west to east), between Douglas and a point just north of Peel it is just over 22 kilometres, whilst, at its narrowest, (west to east) it is approximately 16 kilometres. The coastline is around 130 kilometres long and the total area of the Island is in the region of 60,000 hectares.
“The hilly backbone of the Isle of Man and many of its rugged coasts are composed of a sequence of rocks known collectively as the Manx Group (previously called the Manx Slates). These were deposited as layers of sand, silt and mud at the southern margin of the Iapetus Ocean about 490 to 470 million years ago, during the Ordovician period. The layers of sediment on the ocean floor gradually hardened into sedimentary rocks, becoming layers of sandstone, siltstone and mudstone. When the Iapetus Ocean finally closed and the continents of Laurentia and Avalonia collided, these rocks were squashed, heated and tilted to form the upended and folded rocks of the Manx Group. A sequence of similar, but younger rocks, known as the Dalby Group can be found along the stretch of coast south of Peel. These rocks are thought to have been deposited in the Silurian period, at about the time the Iapetus Ocean was closing”.
It seems likely that the sea conditions prevalent today are essentially similar to those prevailing during the prehistoric periods. A large tidal range (over 8 metres on spring tides) means that exceptionally strong currents are common around the Island. Inshore currents, particularly around the rocky headlands of the south of the Island and in the north around the Point of Ayre, are very strong and some bays have contrarotating currents. Nevertheless, the modern Admiralty charts suggest that those familiar with the coast would have had little difficulty in making landfall on the Island, particularly around the Northern Plain and in some of the more sheltered bays of the south. Indeed, at a conference held on the 10th of April 1999, entitled Anglesey and the Ancient Seaways, O. Roberts and C. Jones of the School of Ocean Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, presented findings which showed that, by making use of tides, winds and currents, experienced navigators could have made passage from Anglesey to the Island in as little as ten hours. Similar voyages from western Ireland or from southwest Scotland to the Isle of Man could equally have been achieved by a combination of accomplished seamanship, strong paddlers, good weather and the use of the carefullyloaded and wellballasted logbuilt boats known to have been designed and constructed during the Bronze Age.
There are, in addition, two major areas of later rock. One, consisting of a small basin of Carboniferous rocks, is in the southeast of the Island around Castletown, the Plain of Malew. This Castletown Limestone Group is approximately 143 square kilometres in area and consists largely of limestone with some intrusive volcanic material (basaltic lavas, conglomerates and ash). It outcrops along the south coast at Scarlett (Quirk, Burnett and Thomas 2006). The second, smaller area is confined to the triangular, lowland area of the Peel Embayment where it outcrops on the west coast and extends inland until it meets the Manx Group where it is obscured by the 2
overlying drift. It is roughly 4.8square kilometres in area and is made up red sandstones and conglomerates of probable Devonian age (Quirk and Thomas 2006).
In 1892, a significant brine lake was accidentally discovered at the Point of Ayre and the salt was extracted for industrial purposes; work ceased following a drop in demand in the postwar period and the site was cleared in 1957 (Robinson 1990a, 224).
In the north of the Island, the central mountain ridge ends abruptly at a steep fault which downthrows the Manx Group to the north beneath the Northern Plain. This area is covered by thick glacial deposits. The ground level lies about 30 metres above the present sea level and buries the solid bedrock to at least 30 metres below sea level. Boreholes drilled through the full depth of the drift confirm that the bedrock, which is exceptionally regular and even and possibly a marine platform of a preglacial period, lies at a depth of 60 metres below ground level. Beneath the drift, the solid rock encountered is Carboniferous limestone which appears to lie on the Manx Group succeeded in a northerly direction unconformably by PermoTriassic sandstones and shales (Jackson 2001).
The drift material, which covers most of the Isle of Man to varying depths, has been investigated in detail and appears to fall into two major groups. The first group is the drift which has been derived from local rocks fragmented under the weight of the Irish Sea ice sheet. This drift (or till) is distributed for the most part over the centre of the Island, particularly in the uplands and in places provides a very thick blanket masking the underlying bedrock and pre glacial topography (Chiverrell, Innes, Thomas, Gonzales, Roberts and Coope 2006, 222236). The second group is the foreign or extrainsular drift. This material, which originated on the land masses lying to the north of the Island and was transported south during the last period of glacial activity, is distributed thickly over the Northern Plain (Chiverrell, Innes, Thomas, Gonzales, Roberts and Coope 2006, 236239). It can also be identified, up to a height of approximately 180 metres, draped along the western and eastern coastal plateaux and the lowland areas in the south of the Island. The foreign drift can be distinguished from the locallyderived material on the basis of its lithic content; some of the fragments of erratic material can readily be identified to their sources in north west Britain and further afield to southern and western Scotland as far distant as Ailsa Craig. Flint tends to occur only in the foreign drift, and for this reason it is generally accepted that discoveries of flint tools or unworked flint pebbles in upland areas above 180 200 metres are likely to have been transported there by human action (Chiverrell, Thomas, Long and Roberts 2001, 107).
There are, in addition, three small Caledonian granite intrusions which have been commercially exploited through time. Intrusive igneous rocks are found as granite around Foxdale in the centre of the south of the Island, as diorite/granodiorite/granite complex at Oatlands in the southeast of the Island and as granodiorite at Dhoon on the east coast where it is intruded into the Lonan Flags just north of Laxey. In addition, there is an intrusion of gabbro at Poortown immediately to the east of Peel and numerous tertiary dykes of diabase, epidiorite, camptonite and olivinedolerite, which appear from the geological map to be particularly prevalent around the rocky coast of the south of the Island where they swarm around the Castletown Limestone. These intrusive rocks are only readily identifiable where they are exposed on the coast (Quirk and Burnett 2006).
Climate and rainfall
The Isle of Man has a number of metalliferous ore deposits, the most significant being of lead and zinc, iron and a small amount of copper. All have been successfully mined at some time in three major groups, at Laxey with the Snaefell mine, at the Foxdale and Glen Rushen mines and at Bradda Head, Port Erin (Ford, Quirk and Thomas 2006; Dackombe 1990, 39). The mineralisation occurs largely along the central ridge of the uplands and is associated with the periods of intense folding which took place during the deposition of the Manx and Dalby Groups. Some deposits seem to have originated from the metamorphic aureole associated with the areas of granite intrusion. In addition to Bradda Head, where green staining is still visible on the steep cliffs above the sea, copper has been found in a number of places such as on Langness (Tellet 1902, 199), between Balladoole and Poyll Vaaish in the southwest of the Island (Doonan and Hunt 1999, 6469) and around Ballaglass, north of Laxey, but in no place was copper ever present in large quantities.
Russell’s pioneering work on the Manx hill peats (Russell 1978, 3949) followed by Chiverrell’s more recent studies (Chiverrell 2006, 284285) have made it abundantly clear that there was a marked deterioration in climate towards the end of the Bronze Age and, whilst it would be unwise to attempt to reconstruct or deduce any specific information about the prehistoric climate from modern figures, it is not unreasonable to suggest that many of the aspects prevalent today, especially climatic variations across the Island, were present during the Bronze Age. Being surrounded by the Irish Sea and influenced by the Gulf Stream (which enters it by two channels, St George’s Channel from the south and the North Channel from the northwest) the Island has a pleasantly equable climate with a mean annual temperature of just below 10° C (49° F). The coldest months are January, February and March, and July and August are the hottest, although it is unusual for the summer temperature to reach 27°C (80°F). The monthly average sunshine is 130 hours, with an average of 210 hours 3
in April, May and June. Snow is infrequent, except at the highest altitudes, where it may sometimes lie in the north facing hollows for a long period. The prevailing wind is from the southwest with an average wind speed, measured at Ronaldsway Airport, of 14.6 knots (pers. comm. G. Salisbury, Assistant Scientific Officer, Ronaldsway Meteorological Office, 16.02.1998).
D. The soils associated with glacial deposits, particularly on the Northern Plain, essentially loamy sands and sandy loams, ideal for grazing, but also good arable land. (Typical brown earths). E. The soils associated with peaty deposits such as the Ballaugh Curraghs and the Lough Cranstal area of the Northern Plain and Greeba Curragh in the Central Valley, organic peaty and silty loams. Where these areas have been reclaimed and made accessible, they provide good grazing and cropping. (Earthy oligo fibrous peat soils).
The rainfall varies considerably from place to place, with areas in the lee of the central hills getting less rain that those on the windward side. For this reason, the northern plain of the island is, in general, warmer, sunnier and drier than the south. Looking at the rainfall figures, lowlying coastal regions receive about 850900mm annually, but sites in the uplands can get over 1200mm a year. These upland areas are also colder and windier and more often in mist than those at sea level.
Although it is the parent material which dominates and determines the composition of any soil, it has to be borne in mind that, source material apart, soils change through time. Soils are dynamic systems and interact with the changing meso and micro climates, the altitude range, drainage and topography, as well as other external factors such as the effects caused by the plants which colonise them and the animals, including man, which exploit them.
Soils
Until the publication of two Centre for Manx Studies Research Reports, Numbers 5 and 9, both of which cover the agricultural soils of the Island (Fullen, Harris and Kear, 1996 and Harris, Fullen and Hallett 2001), there had been no single soil survey of the Isle of Man, although the results of work carried out in the 1970s are published by the North of England Soils Discussion Group (Kear 1982). In this work, Kear considers the oceanic character and mountainous nature of the Isle of Man and makes it possible to draw parallels with the soils of upland Wales, Cumbria and the Southern Uplands of Scotland, concluding that virtually all the main soil groups common to the rest of Britain are represented on the Island. The wide variety of Manx soils is discussed in the 1996 and 2001 publications, where the authors subdivide Manx agricultural soils on the basis of the parent material, that is, the glacial and fluvio glacial drift and the underlying bedrock from which they are derived (1996, 7 and 2001, 12). Soils are classified and describe in five categories, A E.
Category A above, for example, includes the Manx hill peats which are discussed by Russell (1978, 3949). He concludes that the acidic nature of the Manx uplands has been increased and enhanced through time by both human interference and climatic changes. The clearance of the naturallyoccurring light birch and oak woodland by prehistoric hunting communities, combined with deterioration in climate and an increase in rainfall towards the end of the Bronze Age, all contributed towards and encouraged the growth of blanket peat in the upland regions (Chiverrell, Thomas and Harvey 2001, 16). The subsequent buildup of ironpan and the consequent inhibited drainage increased the acidity of the underlying soils and has resulted in the development of the heather and bilberry moorland present today.
Vegetation and natural history
The indigenous flora and fauna of the Isle of Man differs somewhat from that found in the rest of the British Isles in that the range of plant and animal species found on the Island is significantly smaller (Allen 1984, 13).
A. The loamy soils associated with slates, flags and shales which are the most widespread and found extensively overlying the central uplands, particularly in the east in Maughold, Laxey and Baldrine and at Cronk y Voddy, the Braaid and the Lezayre uplands. (Typical brown podzolic soils).
The flora of the Isle of Man. D.E. Allen (1984)
B. The soils associated with the limestone areas; these neutral to alkaline soils, probably the most fertile of the Manx soils, are found only in the south of the Island. (Typical brown calcareous soils).
writes that, whilst the flora of the Island is unusual in its geographical diversity, it is in no way botanically spectacular. Although this subject area is still rather understudied, there is an increasing awareness of the importance of nature conservation on the Island. A number of areas of special ecological interest have been designated.
C. The soils associated with the small area of Peel sandstone and Neb gravels which are particularly well drained but subject to rapid drying. (Typical brown sands).
The Manx Wildlife Trust and Manx National Heritage are starting to commission professional management plans for the care and maintenance of their properties and, as discussed below (the Ballaugh Curraghs), are increasing the number of their nature reserves on a regular basis. 4
Whilst the Isle of Man lacks a number of types of habitats (such as large lakes, saltmarsh, slowflowing rivers and upland meadows), the diversity of habitats present on the Island has meant that many of the familiar plant species of the rest of the British Isles are found (Tomlinson and Charter 2006). The Island is especially rich in the plants of both the rocky and the sandy shore; flowering plants of many varieties are found in the upland glens. The curragh areas, in particular, contain a wide variety of more unusual plant species such as myrtle (Myrica gale), bog bean (Menyanthes trifoliata) and Royal Fern (Osmunda regalis) (Tomlinson and Charter 2006, 399).
reindeer (Tomlinson and Pooley 2006). During the Holocene, however, there was a greater variety of mammals than are present today and include red deer and a single archaeological record of roe deer. Of the predators, the bones of wild cat have been found and the wolf may also have existed on the Island, although this creature, like the fox for which placename evidence alone survives, was probably eradicated early in historic times (McCarroll, Garrad and Dackombe 1990, 76; Pooley 2006, 416). It seems probable that hares, ancestors to the brown hare, are indigenous to the Island, but there is no evidence to support the presence of badgers or moles nor is there any evidence of snakes, though lizards are found. A number of animals such as the polecat ferret, the brown rat and the mountain hare, now relatively widespread, are thought to be introductions, either accidentally or by design through the centuries, but none of them is indigenous to the Island (Garrad 1978a, 6875; Tomlinson and Pooley 2006, 299).
The maximum limit of medieval agriculture, demonstrated by the upper limits of the quarterland farm boundaries, lies at a height of approximately 600 feet (c. 180 metres) above sea level (Davies 1956, 103105). By the beginning of the 20th century, however, the limit of cultivation was generally regarded as extending to the 700 foot line (215 metre), with the total area of mountain waste and common not less than 40,000 acres (16,000 hectares) (Quine 1911, 13). Today the situation has changed considerably with many areas above 250 metres having been taken into regular cultivation. The lowland areas are essentially farmed, both arable and grazing. The high profile of the winds has had an effect on the settlement pattern, many farms being carefully located in sheltered pockets, using small groups of trees as windbreaks, although most of the natural tree cover is confined to the sheltered glens and valleys running down towards the coasts from the central mountain mass. Some of the glens which were accessible to the centres of population were landscaped and planted during the Victorian period.
Evidence from a cave site, Perwick Cave (SC 200670) in the south of the Island, which can be dated to between 196 BC and AD 532 (Chiverrell, Davey, Gowlett and Woodcock, 1999, 326; Tomlinson and Pooley 2006, 298) confirms the presence of a variety of molluscs and crustaceans and there is also evidence of a number of cliffnesting seabirds still extant today. Bones of the Great Auk pay testament to the onetime presence of this now extinct coastdwelling bird (Garrad 1978, 6175 and Fisher 1997, 296). For the Bronze Age inhabitants of the Island, the availability of naturally occurring food is, therefore, uncontested. Plant food such as roots, fungi, nuts and berries were plentiful (McCarrol, Garrad and Dackombe 1990, 71) and to this list can be added plants of the coast and seashore. In addition to the wide variety of mammals once extant on the Island, sea and freshwater fish, wildfowl, shellfish, crustacea and a range of seabirds and their eggs which were available to the prehistoric populations are still plentiful today.
The overall lack of tree cover was commented upon by both 17th and 18thcentury writers and, with the exception of some extensive areas of Forestry Board plantation, the Manx uplands are now quite bare of trees and dominated by poor grassland and acidtolerant plants. Although there is little evidence for largescale exploitation of the Manx uplands prior to the Bronze Age (Chiverrell, Thomas and Harvey 2001, 16), the destruction of the native Manx ‘wildwood’ seems to have started with the first Mesolithic hunters and gatherers who used fire to clear areas of woodland in order to improve food supply (Blackford, Innes and Davey 2004). The decimation of the woodland continued with the introduction of permanent settlement and the beginning of farming when there was a growing need for timber for building and for fuel and an increase in the land used for permanent grazing. The consequent development of peat and the increasing acidification of the upland soils will have made later recolonisation by woodland impossible.
The Manx landscape may be divided into a number of physiographic regions (Dackombe and McCarroll 1990, 10 17) see below.
The Central Upland Area
Moore (1900, 8) describes the general shape of the Isle of Man as that of a ‘heraldic lozenge’, that is, it is irregularly oblong. It is aligned, in its elongated form, approximately northnortheast to southsouthwest with a central range of mountains running along its axis. Snaefell, the highest mountain at 621 metres, together with North Barrule at 565 metres, lies at the northeast end of the range with South Barrule at a height of 483 metres and Cronk ny Arrey Laa (437 metres) at the southwestern end where the range terminates abruptly at the coast. Between North Barrule and South Barrule there are a number of summits above 450 metres. Most of the uplands are blanketed in drift which has resulted in a fairly smooth and undulating
The fauna of the Isle of Man. Late glacial deposits
have provided abundant evidence of the giant deer, (Megaloceras giganteus) (Chiverrell, Innes, Thomas, Gonzales, Roberts and Coope 2006, 261272) but deposits of this period have not yielded evidence of either horse or 5
Figure 1.2: Topographical map of the Isle of Man
6
topography, although some of the higher peaks and the hilltops, such as Mount Karrin (SC 3752 9234), penetrate through the till.
area was designated an International Ramsar Wetland Site and currently extensive areas now owned by Manx National Heritage and the Manx Wildlife Trust (formerly the Manx Nature Conservation Trust), are managed and maintained as nature reserves.
The Northern Plain The roughly triangular lowland in the extreme north of the Isle of Man is very different in character from the rest of the Island. The area includes the whole of the parishes of Bride, Jurby and Andreas, the major part of Ballaugh, a small area of Kirk Michael and a large part of lowland Lezayre, totalling nearly 10,125 hectares, approximately one sixth of the Island. It is composed predominantly of Pleistocene glacial and associated deposits (Dackombe and Thomas, 1985). In the north it extends to the coast where the Point of Ayre is the most northerly point. There are two major morainic features, one, a range of more or less continuous low hills, the Bride Hills, which extends from Shellag Point on the northeast coast and westwards to around Jurby Head (the Jurby Ridge), and the other, thereafter following the coast southwest as a gentle ridge to beyond Kirk Michael where it is known as the Orrisdale Ridge. The most prominent part of the Bride Hills consists of a series of rounded hummocks threaded with small dry valleys, and this element rises to a maximum height of 105 metres. An area of postglacial beach sands and gravels has been deposited against the northern edge of these low hills and now forms the raised beach deposits of the Ayres. There is only one stream of any consequence. It rises to the north west of the village of Bride and flows north, through Lough Cranstal, to disappear underground before reaching the coast.
The Ballaugh Curragh drains to the north and west into the Killane River which flows into the sea on the west coast of the Island between the Jurby and Orrisdale Ridges, just north of Ballaugh Cronk and, in part, also drains north into the Lhen Trench. The Lhen river, which originally flowed south into Lake Ramsey (Thomas and Chiverrell 2004, 72), now flows north through the managed channel of the Lhen Trench which turns to the west to pass through the dunes to the sea half way between Jurby Point and the Point of Ayre. The reversal of flow was created by the digging of the Trench in the 17th century in order to drain the Curraghs (Davey et al 2001, 2831). Although much of the Island is composed of rocks resistant to erosion, the coast of the north of the Island consists of less resistant Pleistocene and Holocene deposits and these sandy ‘brooghs’ are very susceptible to erosion. Whilst there has been some accretion at the Point of Ayre, much of the 25 kilometres of coastline around the northwest and northeast sides of the Northern Plain provide an almost continuous crosssection through the quaternary deposits, periodically exposing archaeological evidence of prehistoric exploitation and settlement of the area formerly inland of the present coast. In summary, therefore, with the exception of the morainic Bride Hills in the north and northeast and the Jurby and Orrisdale Ridges in the west, the Northern Plain now consists of flat to gently undulating welldrained farmland, both arable and pasture. Numerous prehistoric sites have been identified throughout the area (Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age), with a particularly heavy concentration of Mesolithic and Bronze Age sites on the sheltered sloping banks of the Lhen Trench where the earliest inhabitants would have been well placed to exploit the light, easily cleared woodland, the fine, fertile and welldrained arable soils, the coast and the adjacent wetland areas for fishing and wildfowling (McCartan 2004, 108).
The Northern plain is bounded on the south by a scarp slope, the present northern limit of the central mountain ridge. This line of demarcation extends from the town of Ramsey in the east to Kirk Michael in the west. The edge of the hills here probably represents the preglacial coastline and terminates very abruptly, dropping from a height of between 223255 metres to the plain below. Here the Sulby River, which originated in the hills flows northeast towards the sea at Ramsey. Although the Island no longer has any natural, extensive stretches of open water, there were once many shallow lakes and boggy meres in the north of the Island. Lough Cranstal, now a boggy area of willow carr, lies in a depression on the northern margin of the Bride Moraine (Dackombe and Thomas 1985, 67). The remains of another large wetland area, now greatly reduced in size, the Ballaugh and Lezayre Curragh an extensive basin of willow carr, lies in the south of the area along the foot of the scarp slope, inland, beyond the low sandy hills fringing the west coast. This area, which was managed until comparatively recently primarily for grazing, is drained by a number of small canalised streams most of which are now neglected and untended. Many of the small fields defined within these streams are largely abandoned and much of the area is reverting to nature. In September 2006, however, the
The Coastal Plateaux On the eastern side of the Island, the mountains of the central range and their lateral spurs incline gradually down to the eastern coastal plateau. On the western side of the Island, the drop to the sea is marginally steeper and the western coastal plateau is not as wide as that on the east of the Island. The glens formed between the lateral spurs of the hills are some of the most beautiful features of the Manx scenery. On the east of the Island, these glens are little more than a continuation of the slopes of the hills above but in the north and west, Glen Auldyn, 7
Sulby Glen, Glen Moar and Glen Rushen are characteristically steeper and more deeply cut. In most of the valleys, the local drift masks the preglacial profiles.
the Island, has remained basically stable for an unprecedented length of time, probably for the last 23 thousand years.
The Plain of Malew
River systems and drainage
In the south of the Island, the welldefined, gently undulating, lowland plain falls steadily from a height of about 80 metres in the north, to the coast in the south between Port St Mary and Castletown. In contrast to the other areas around the Manx uplands, it lies largely below 159 metres above sea level. The central area, lying north of Castletown, is underlain by the Lower Carboniferous limestone which is exposed in places. The locally derived drift is fertile, easily worked and is now intensively farmed as both arable land and pasture. During the prehistoric period, like the Northern Plain, these south facing slopes would have been fertile, and welldrained with light woodland and very favourable to exploitation. Several major Bronze Age settlement sites have been identified in this part of the south of the Isle of Man, Ronaldsway Village [Study 2], Billown [Study 4] and that on the summit of South Barrule [Study 3].
Together with the drainage of the Northern Plain discussed above, the rest of the Isle of Man is well endowed with rivers and streams which flow essentially both east and west from the watershed of the central mountain ridge. From the watershed at Greeba in the Central Valley, which lies at around 45 metres above sea level, streams flow northwest into the River Nebb to meet the sea at Peel or towards the southeast to join the River Dhoo which flows into the sea at Douglas. All the large rivers have their sources close to the central mountain ridge. In the south of the Island, the Silverburn and the Glen Rushen River both rise in the hollow between South Barrule and Cronk ny Arrey Laa. On the east side of South Barrule lies the source of the Santon Burn, which flows to the southeast, and the Foxdale River, which flows to the northwest, to join the River Nebb. In the northern hills, similar sourcepoints lie between Colden and Garraghan. Between PenyPhott and Snaefell lies the source of the East Baldwin branch of the Douglas River and a northflowing branch of the Sulby River. From a third point between Snaefell and Laxey, the Laxey River flows east to the sea and the Glen Auldyn stream runs northwest to join the Sulby River near its junction with the sea. On the western side of the northern hills, the River Dhoo rises in a boggy area immediately southwest of Slieu Dhoo and flows north through Ballaugh Glen to the coast at Ballaugh Cronk.
The Central Valley When Quine (1911, 1213) discusses the northern and southern mountains he takes the division between north and south to lie along the rift of the Central Valley, the ‘Gap of Greeba’. This essentially faultguided valley is now tectonically inactive, but it represents a zone of weakness which has, in the past, been exploited by water and ice (Quirk and Burnett 2006, 57). It runs from Douglas through to Peel, where it passes into the low, undulating area of the Peel embayment (Dackombe and McCarroll 1990, 14), effectively cutting right across the Island and the central mountain ridge and providing a means of access from one coast to the other without the severe gradients of other inland routes. This lowlying valley was undoubtedly an important resource for prehistoric man, giving access from one side of the Island to the other, and importantly, it contained an area of wetland curragh providing a source of freshwater fish and wildfowl. Taking this anomaly as a dividing point, the upland area to the north lying above the 240 metre contour is approximately 8,100 hectares in area. The hills to the south above this height covering an area of approximately 3,640 hectares are less significant.
Administrative land divisions
The origins of the Manx land divisions are obscure, but as research and survey continues, suspicions are growing that some of the major land divisions, still operating to this day, namely the major treen boundaries, may have originated in prehistoric times. Certainly, the discovery of a continuation of occupation from prehistoric to modern beneath the quarterland farm of Kerrowdhoo (Higgins 1995, 60) suggests that this hypothesis needs always to be borne in mind. For this reason a brief account of the administrative land divisions is provided here. Davies (1956, 100116) summarises the main characteristics of the units and examines their relationship to geography and geomorphology and Killip (1978, 401 412) discusses the history of the development of the land divisions and the evolution of the field patterns, many of which survive intact today. As shown in Figure 1.3, the primary land division of the Island falls into two more or less equal parts, ‘Northside’ and ‘Southside’, each being a judicial district. The boundary between the two districts follows the watershed along the central mountain mass. Thus, under the ancient system of jurisdiction, Peel was the capital town of the north and Castletown the capital of the south (Oswald 1860, 87).
The Coastline of the Isle of Man The results of research on relative sea level changes based on radiocarbon dating of subtidal and intertidal peat beds suggest that, around the end of the Bronze Age, the sea level in the Irish Sea lay about 1m below that of the present day, somewhere within the presentday intertidal range (Scourse 1999). Whilst changes in sea level and currents have undeniably affected erosion of the coastline of the Isle of Man particularly, as mentioned above, around the 25 kilometres of the Northern Plain, it would suggest that the coastline of most of the British Isles and 8
The next tier of land divisions are the six sheadings; Rushen, Middle and Garff lie within Southside whilst Northside is made up of the sheadings of Glenfaba, Michael and Ayre. The next subdivision is to the parish level, parishes being the ecclesiastical and electoral units. The parishes vary in size; the smallest being Santon and the largest is Lezayre.
those of southwest and western Scotland and of the north of Ireland (Henshall 1978, 171175 and Henshall and Lynch (eds.) forthcoming). Most of the megalithic burial monuments lie on the coastal plateaux within sight of the sea; none is known from the northern plain nor is there any evidence for sites of this type in the central upland areas of the Island.
The units below this administrative level are the treens which were originally divisions for assessing rent and tax. A treen may consist of around four quarterland farms. Quarterlands are the smallest administrative unit from which tax was collected. They originally represented the holding of a single Manx family and appear, like the treen boundaries, to be of considerable antiquity. The farm holdings were generally laid out so that each had a share of the full range of land types, from the upland rough grazing down to the lower, good quality agricultural land. In addition, many quarterlands run down to and have some access to the coast. These farming units are spread largely along the coastal plateaux around the Island and through the length of the central valley.
The later Neolithic inhabitants, the people of the Ronaldsway culture (c. 3,0002,000 BC), like their predecessors, appear to have been familiar with the whole of the Island. This unique and insular culture group is recognisable by its unusual coarse pottery and distinctive lithic tool kit (Moffatt 1997, 177217; Coope and Garrad 1988, 67 and Burrow 1997a and 1997b and 1999). The Ronaldsway Neolithic burials, many in flat grave cemeteries, have been found throughout the Island, with an apparent preference for a location within a few kilometres of the coast. Ronaldsway burials also occur beneath mounds such as those identified within the cemetery mound of Killeaba from which there is also evidence of Bronze Age use [1315]. This phenomenon is less common but suggests continuity into the Bronze Age or, at the very least, an awareness of former use.
A summary of the human occupation of the Isle of Man, (after Davey and Woodcock 1996,
Burrow (1999, 3334) suggests that the adoption, during the later Neolithic, of the singular and distinctive forms indicative of the Ronaldsway culture may have been a Manx expression of identity, the manifestation of an independent cultural path, entirely independent of their neighbours, and one in which they stepped out of the spiral of competitive emulation to offset the possibility of being judged by the increasingly high standards that this required and which they, as a small island group, may have been unable to fulfil.
166169). There is no direct evidence of a Palaeolithic presence on the Island. The earliest settlers were probably groups of Mesolithic huntergatherers (7,0004,000 BC) leaving behind them evidence of both a microlithic (7,0005,000 BC) and a heavybladed (5,0004,000 BC) industry. Archaeological evidence by way of scatters of flint waste suggests that these early settlers lived both around the coasts and at a number of inland sites, but with a concentration of heavybladed sites on the Northern Plain. It is difficult to establish if visits were made periodically, or whether the Island was settled on a permanent basis at this time.
Evidence of the Beaker cultural package (Burgess and Shennan 1976, 309323) is uncommon, though not entirely absent from the Island as there is a fine Beaker from a cist (Barroose) in Lonan [1]. This discovery might suggest that the Manx communities were, by this time, no longer isolated from the mainstream of cultural thought and indeed Burrow (1999, 34) suggests that the changes to more localised power structure occurring at this time may have presented the Manx with the opportunity to reintegrate themselves into the wider social and political networks of the time. Certainly by the early Bronze Age, the archaeological evidence confirms that the Manx populations were no longer operating in isolation from their near neighbours around the northern Irish Sea. Indeed the Manx evidence suggests that it is highly probable that, at this time, intimate contact with their neighbours to the west may have influenced the Manx to adopt the practice, commonly found in Ireland, where pottery of the ‘bowl tradition’ was included with crouched inhumations in classic beaker fashion (Waddell 1998, 119).
The farming communities of the early/middle Neolithic period (c. 4,0003,000 BC) have left little evidence of their settlements, although chance finds of flint and stone tools typical of those from the western seaboard of Europe, suggest that they roamed freely across the entire Island. Their megalithic burial monuments, which are the most conspicuous evidence of their presence, date primarily to the earlier period and fit neatly into the general trend of megalith building in the Northern Irish Sea Basin. Just as there is definite evidence of early Neolithic contact between Ireland and North Wales (Lynch 1991, 7078) where the presence of BarclodiadyGawres on Anglesey with its passage and cruciform chamber is typical of the tomb types of the Boyne valley, so the ten principal Manx megalithic burial monuments also suggest contact between the Isle of Man and other areas. Although the Meayll Circle in Rushen has its own unique features, the rest seem to reflect the traditions of other parts of the British Isles, particularly 9
Figure 1.3: The administrative land divisions, (Northside/Southside, Sheadings and Parishes)
10
In Ireland beaker pottery is more commonly found in domestic situations and other components of the ‘beaker package’, like wrist guards, survive only as stray finds. These objects are unknown on the Isle of Man.
west coast, are situated in spectacular positions. Undeniably other keeill sites have already been lost to coastal erosion or agricultural improvement. A number of keeills, such as Corrody in Lezayre [21] show an interesting continuity in ritual custom and there appears to be some tradition of occupying the position of former Bronze Age burial monuments as noted by antiquarians such as P.M.C. Kermode. He claimed to have identified possible Bronze Age pottery from a number of keeill sites examined during the course of preparation of The Manx Archaeological Survey which was undertaken by the Isle of Man Natural History and Antiquarian Society between 1909 and 1966 (Moore 1968, vii).
Archaeological evidence suggests that Bronze Age exploitation spans the Island. Settlement evidence and funerary monuments occur throughout and tantalising glimpses of evidence for early occupation of the Manx uplands are hinted at by the presence of enclosed fields, low, linear banks of turf and stone which thread their unrecorded way over most of the heathercovered hills. No scientific date has, as yet, been assigned to these features, but on occasions they can be seen to predate features of known Norse and even early Iron Age date (Davey, Johnson and Woodcock 1997, 11; Woodcock in preparation b). The palaeoecological evidence shows that much of the lowland area of the Island was under cultivation at some time or other during the Bronze Age and, that increasingly, people were moving into the hills to farm (Chiverrell et al 2004). The Bronze Age population may, until the deteriorating climate made life uncomfortable or uneconomic, have continued to exploit and settle these upland regions (Chiverrell, Thomas and Harvey 2001, 16).
Numbers of impressive burial mounds, including some containing ship burials, may be dated to the influence of the Norse invaders (AD 900930) (Wilson 1998, 361). The majority of these sites are found around the coast of the Northern Plain with a concentration on the Jurby and Orrisdale ridges along the northwest coast. The majority of such mounds remain unexcavated. Williams (1997, 1 32) points out that there are few burial sites where reuse of old monuments can be discerned without any ambiguities. In his experience, many barrows have been inadequately excavated and published, especially those conducted by nineteenthcentury antiquarians. Recent work in Orkney (Downes 1999, 324329) also supports the need for caution about the identity of the ubiquitous mound and for this reason a degree of caution needs to be exercised in designating mounds in the north of the Island exclusively to either Viking or Bronze Age groups. As mentioned above, archaeological evidence suggests that certainly as early as the Iron Age and during the Norse period some of the marginal land on the slightly less exposed slopes of the uplands was being farmed (Woodcock in preparation b).
The Manx Iron Age is placed by Freke (1990, 106) to somewhere between 500 BC and AD 500. Most of the around 22 known Manx promontory forts (the majority later to be reinhabited during the Norse period) lie around the south and southeast coast of the Island. From this period, there are also a number of inland fortified sites which include several large, woodconstructed ‘roundhouses’ in defendable positions. Bersu, who excavated the Ballacagen and Ballanorris roundhouse sites (Bersu, 1977), suggests that the population at this period felt the need for both communal and individual defence, although there is no archaeological evidence to suggest that this was a period of unrest. Radiocarbon dates from recent excavations on Slieau Curn in the northern hills have confirmed that the hills were inhabited on a permanent or a seasonal basis during the Iron Age, continuing into the period of Norse influence and later (Woodcock, in preparation b).
There was no Norman occupation of the Island. There followed a period between the ceding of the Island to the Scots by Norway in 1266 when it was subject to a good deal of turbulence. Subsequently, possession of the Island passed back and forth between Scotland and England until it was gifted to Sir John Stanley in 1406 and stable government replaced war and anarchy (Kinvig 1975, 8696). The two castles at Peel and Castletown, together with their associated settlements and harbours, expanded considerably during this period. Three monastic houses are known to have been based on the Island, the Cistercian orders at Rushen Abbey at Ballasalla and the Priory (nuns) at Douglas, both Norse foundations. The third was the Order of Friars Minor at Ballabeg in the Plain of Malew (Kinvig 1975). It is highly possible that many of the quarterland Manx farms had their origins in the medieval period, but others, such as Kerrowdhoo Farm in Bride appear to have existed on the same site since prehistoric times (Higgins 1995, 6061).
There is no overt evidence for any Roman occupation of the Isle of Man, although the Romans would undoubtedly have been aware of this island in the northern Irish Sea. There have been a number of finds of Roman coins and some fragments of Roman pottery, but contexts are unreliable and it is possible that these items may have arrived on the Island after the Roman period. The principal field monument of the Early Christian period (c. AD 5001,000) is the Keeill (an early Celtic Christian chapel or cell) with its accompanying cemetery. At least 200 keeill sites are known on the Island (Kinvig 1975, 47). None has been identified in the higher mountains and in the marshy lowlands, but some, such as Lag ny Keeilley on the 11
The Island prospered under the control of the Stanley and Atholl families in the early modern period (AD 1406 1830) (Dickinson 1997) and during this period there was a rapid increase in mining, fishing and harbour developments. As a response to external troubles such as the threat from the Spanish Armada, the English Civil War and the concerns over the Napoleonic war, a series of coastal forts and batteries were built.
Summary
Despite its exposed and decidedly northern position in the Irish Sea, archaeological evidence indicates that the Island was first visited during the Mesolithic period, and from this time seems to have provided a hospitable and agreeably pleasant environment for succeeding generations of huntergatherers, fishermen and farmers. Its fertile and easilycleared soils were suitable for cultivation. The curragh wetlands, the open hills and sheltered valleys were accessible for hunting, freshwater fishing and wildfowling and its long coastline with sheltered bays and inlets was convenient for exploitation of the marine environment throughout the year. Thus the Island’s inhabitants, until the Bronze Age, when it seems likely that the inhabitants became aware of their limited copper resources and the absence of tin necessary for the production of bronze, were probably completely self sufficient. Indeed, until comparatively recently, farming and fishing have formed the central focus of a substantially adequate, although austere, Manx economy.
At the end of the 19th century, most of the commercial enterprise on the Isle of Man resulted from the rise of the tourist industry with the advent of the Victorian seaside holiday. Industrial evidence from this period is largely related to the fishing industry, essentially boat building, rope and net works and fish preserving. The extractive industries (mining, quarrying, salt extraction and the excavation of gravel as aggregate for road building) were active and the Manx narrowgauge railway was constructed during this period, principally to serve the industrial needs of the community. The relative importance of fishing and farming gradually diminished with the introduction of small manufacturing industries and the meteoric rise of the tourist industry towards the end of the 19th century. As a major source of income, tourism continued until the Second World War but, with the growth of overseas holidays, visitors to the Island suddenly decreased, the exception being the annual T.T. races which still bring in a large number of visitors during a short period in early summer (Winterbottom 2000, 216228; 262268). Evidence of activities associated with the First and Second World Wars are represented on the Island by sites with a largely coastal distribution. Most obvious are those in the north of the Island where the remains of two wartime airfields, Andreas and Jurby, still survive and on the coastal plain, north of the Bride Hills, it remains possible to identify the footings of many radio and radar masts and associated structures. The Island was selected for the internment of enemy aliens during both World Wars. Male internees were held at Knockaloe, near Peel, during the First and Second World Wars and during the Second World War a number of mixed camps were established in Douglas, Peel, Ramsey and Port Erin. These camps contributed to both the Island’s economy and also to its demography (Robinson 1990b, 143). With its special status, external to the United Kingdom and parallel to that of the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man has been able to develop its financial sector. Aided by an advantageous tax regime financial services have become the main source of economic activity. A protocol annexed to the United Kingdom’s Treaty of Accession to the European Economic Community in 1972 put the Isle of Man into a special relationship with the EEC and its successor the European Union, though the Island has not been a member or an associate member of either (Winterbottom 2000, 277 278). At the present time, the Island’s position visàvis the European Union remains complex. 12
2.
The background to archaeological research on the Isle of Man: A short history of Manx archaeology and its foremost contributors
The foundations of Manx archaeology rest firmly on the shoulders of a few enthusiastic Victorian (c.18401900) and Edwardian (c. 19001912) antiquarians. A very great deal of the information and evidence for the Bronze Age pottery which will be discussed in this volume relies heavily on the discoveries, observations and records made at the end of the 19th and early part of the 20th centuries by these men and women. The majority of the Bronze Age finds in the Manx Museum derive from this early period as most of the Bronze Age and other prehistoric sites were noted at this time and most of the ‘excavations’ carried out were undertaken by these antiquarians and their followers.
Society (The Manks Society) which was established for the “Publication of National Documents”. William Kermode was, in addition, one of nine members of the Archaeological Commission appointed in 1876 by Governor Lock to report on the ‘Prehistoric Monuments and Antiquities of the Isle of Man’. He was an early advocate of the need for a National Museum and Library for the Island, but his greatest contribution to Manx archaeology lay perhaps in the encouragement and motivation of his talented family, in particular his fifth son, Philip Moore Callow Kermode (Caine 1986, 1112).
P.M.C. Kermode (18551932) and his contribution to Manx archaeology
The modern archaeologist consulting the early published accounts of discoveries and investigations or attempting to read through the manuscript diaries and notes of antiquarians held in libraries and museums rapidly becomes aware of the inconsistencies and the less than rigorous approach to contextual observation and recording of the day. The records held in the Manx Museum are no different; early Manx archaeology differs little from elsewhere in this respect. The antiquarian observations frequently appear to furnish frustratingly limited detail but, bearing in mind these shortcomings, and in the absence of more accurate data one is left to rely on the opinions expressed at the time and trust to the thought processes and powers of observation of the specialists of the day. These were intelligent men and women who were breaking new ground on the Island and undoubtedly working with access to limited published sources for guidance and comparison. At the end of the 19th century P.M.C. Kermode, one of the foremost scholars of his time, is formally on record as feeling that the Manx antiquarians were, to a large extent, isolated from the rest of the British Isles. Indeed he was correct. Little Manx material, with the exception of the work on bronzes by Evans (1881), was published in any major British journal until after the First World War. Brief penportraits of the leading Manx antiquarians and archaeologists who have played a central role in the development of archaeology on the Island are included below.
Philip Moore Callow Kermode was born in Ramsey on the 21st of March 1855. After studying law he was admitted to the Manx Bar in 1878 and practised as an advocate in Ramsey. He was the first Director of the Manx Museum and it is he, perhaps above all his contemporaries, who may be regarded as the true father of Manx archaeology. It was P.M.C. Kermode, together with a group of likeminded compatriots, who were ultimately responsible for the establishment of the Isle of Man Natural History and Antiquarian Society. As he was to say… “...in the Isle of Man where there are no museums, no library and where there are no experts or learned professors to be consulted, the only way forward is for those with an interest in natural history and antiquities to band together to help each other...” He continued by declaring that the initial aim of those involved in the movement should be to encourage the establishment of a good museum of Natural History and, of equal importance, to acquire a library of standard reference books covering the different sciences (Kermode 1889c, 66 67). The following is a copy of the letter circulated to most members of the existing Manks Society and anyone else he thought likely to be interested. Dear Sir,
William Kermode (18401890)
It is proposed to form a Club for promoting the Study of Natural History in the Isle of Man.
A serious concern for Manx archaeology developed towards the end of the 19th century. This interest was generated by a group of educated Manxmen with an enthusiasm and concern for their heritage. One in particular, the Reverend William Kermode, chaplain of St Paul's Ramsey and later Vicar of Maughold and Rector of Ballaugh, was to play a significant role. He, like many welleducated clergymen of the period, had a wide range of ‘gentlemanly’ interests, including history, archaeology, geology and natural history and in 1858 he became a founder member of the Manx
A preliminary meeting will be held on Tuesday, December 23rd, at 4 o'clock, p.m., at Mr Birchall's House, 64, Derby Square, Douglas, which you are respectfully invited to attend. Yours faithfully, Philip M.C. Kermode R.W.O. Rutledge 13
Edwin Birchall, FLS Douglas, Dec. 5th, 1879. (Preface to Yn Líoar Mannínagh, Vol 1, Part 1, MDCCCLXXXIX (1889)
Until such time he counselled his fellow members that the Society should confine itself to… “...examining those barrows and earthworks which we find are being demolished or damaged and securing the contents, if possible, before they become altogether destroyed or lost. We should especially act as a vigilance committee, and do our utmost to prevent the destruction of, and to guard from injury, those ancient rude remains which furnish us with the history, imperfect though the record must be, of our Island in days gone by....”
The Isle of Man Natural History and Antiquarian Society (IOMNHAS) was thus founded in 1880 and Manx archaeology, as a serious study, was born. In 1888, a small volume of transactions was published by the Society and in 1889 there was a decision to continue with this policy of publication. It was also agreed that news on topics of general antiquarian, geological and natural history interest should be regularly published by means of a ‘Quarterly Magazine’ in order that the presence and ambitions of the Society be brought to a wider audience. The journal was initially entitled Yn Líoar Mannínagh, being translated as ‘the Manks Book’. Articles and reports from members of the Society appeared regularly in the journal from this time. Regular contributions were made by members who have now, in Manx archaeological and historical circles, become household names and include the Reverend E.B.Savage, Professor W.A.Herdman from Liverpool University, Miss A.M.Crellin, Mr A.W.Moore and Mr F.Swinnerton. The most prolific contributor of all of these was P.M.C.Kermode himself writing on subjects as varied as entomology, geology, botany and archaeology.
At the eighth annual meeting on 3rd March 1887, the Honorary Secretary, W.J. Cain, drew the attention of the Society to what he regarded as their most exigent need. They had, by this time, established a small but useful library of scientific and antiquarian publications, but still lacked a museum. They were, Cain and Kermode felt, at a greater disadvantage than similar organisations in England, where, it was said, ‘there was scarcely a town of any size which did not have its own museum’. There were, on the Isle of Man, no facilities for anyone wishing to identify specimens, indeed, it had been distressing for the Society to have to refuse generous gifts of scientific and antiquarian objects because they had no place in which to store them. Until such time that it could acquire rooms of its own, Mr Cain suggested that the Society should enter into an arrangement with the School of Art where objects could be displayed, providing both a service for the members of the Society and an additional resource for the students of the School of Art (Cain 1889, 100).
Following the initial publication of the transactions in 1888, Yn Líoar Mannínagh was produced regularly until May 1905. Thereafter the Society’s journal was published under the title of the Proceedings of the Isle of Man Natural History and Antiquarian Society (PIOMNHAS). By 1886, P.M.C. Kermode in his address as retiring President, announced that the Society had survived the ‘trying period of infancy’ and progress had been ‘constant if not rapid’. They no longer looked on four members as constituting ‘quite a big meeting’. Although they had not yet attained all their aims, he was satisfied that the Society had, to date, accomplished some good, and indeed had been proved to satisfy a particular need (Kermode 1889c, 6677). At this stage, Kermode expressed the opinion that there was room within the Society for an Association to be formed for the sole purpose of dealing exhaustively and methodically with the archaeology and specifically the prehistory of the Isle of Man. Such a group, it was hoped, would provide a vehicle for the publication of excavation results and ‘well illustrated’ reports and the initial aim was to construct a complete catalogue of known antiquities. The presence of an extensive and valuable collection of archaeological material originating on the Island pottery, flint implements, stone and bronze tools and ornaments and the ancient wooden ‘canoes’ from Santon, Maughold and German he considered could form the basis of a collection for the establishment of a national museum. Indeed Kermode’s fervent hope was that the formation of the Society, followed by the establishment of a National Museum and Library, might bring ‘men of leisure and scientific attainment’ to settle on the Island.
Preparation for the establishment of a museum had already been initiated by the formation of the Manx Museum and Ancient Monuments Trustees empowered by an Act of Tynwald in 1886. In 1887 the Reverend E.B. Savage, the retiring President of the Society, again tackled the question of the National Museum, in particular the antiquarian element. He stressed the desirability of a display strategy which was systematic and logically arranged and deprecated those collections which resembled an ‘old curiosity shop’. Ironically, the eclectic PittRivers collection in Oxford was held up as a possible model. Savage made a plea to Manxmen, both at home and abroad, to be prepared to donate objects in their possession for the benefit of the public collection (Savage 1889, 102). Thus the nucleus of a collection was being assembled, although it was not until 1922 that permanent premises were secured for the Museum. As early as 1887 the members of the British Association for the Advancement of Science visited the Isle of Man and, by this time, the Society was regularly sending delegates to attend the meetings of the British Association. In September 1894, the IOMNHAS acted as host to the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society and in September 1896 they received their second visit from the British Association. In 14
such ways the work of the Society and Manx archaeology was becoming known and accepted by organisations in other parts of the British Isles.
1914). This small volume which is packed with detail provides a surprising amount of valuable archaeological and historical data and is supplemented by reproductions of old photographs and drawings. It contains information on a number of sites and associated finds for which no other evidence is readily accessible.
Manx archaeology continued to be led by P.M.C. Kermode in his capacity, first as a member of the Manx Museum and Ancient Monuments Trustees and later, in 1905, as its Secretary. His role in the promotion of the study of Manx archaeology continued following his appointment as the first Director of the Museum. He instigated a number of surveys which resulted in published works, including his own extensive study of the Manx Crosses (Kermode 1907). There being no Manx equivalent of the Inventories issued by the Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments, in 1908, following a suggestion made by the IOMNHAS that a survey of all the historic and prehistoric remains on the Island should be made, it was agreed that this Archaeological Survey should be limited, initially to Ancient Keeills or Chapels, and Rhullics or Christian Burial Grounds’ (Bruce 1968, ix). Kermode was instrumental in the production of the first five reports, the first four of which were published between 1909 and 1915, the fifth report, prepared by Kermode in 1918, was eventually published in 1935 as a tribute to him after his death. The first five reports have been reissued in a single volume (Kermode et al 1968). The sixth report, prepared by J.R. Bruce, was also published in 1968. Kermode was also responsible for a number of more general works on Manx Archaeology. In 1904, together with
Figure 2.2: P.M.C. Kermode's illustrations of the Whitehouse [28] and the Garey Meen [27] encrusted urns (courtesy of Manx National Heritage)
Two years before his death in 1932, Kermode published a comprehensive list of all the known historical and archaeological sites and monuments. The volume is simply entitled List of Manx Antiquities (Kermode 1930). This list, set out parish by parish with references to the appropriate sheet of the Ordnance Survey 25 inch maps of the Island, effectively summarises the state of archaeological knowledge at that date. It contains many references to Bronze Age monuments and associated finds, including the pottery, which constitute the vast majority of the ‘Pre Christian Remains’ sections included in the publication. This work is an indispensable resource to anyone attempting to compile an inventory of the Bronze Age sites, objects and monuments of the Isle of Man.
Figure 2.1: P.M.C. Kermode's illustrations of the Ballaseyr collared urn [67] and the Sky Hill cordoned urn [46] (courtesy of Manx National Heritage) W.A. Herdman, Kermode published what he himself described as a ‘considerable accumulation of unpublished notes and drawings’ on the antiquities of the Island, entitled Manks Antiquities. A second and slightly revised edition was published in 1914. In the preface they expressed some concern about the gaps in their knowledge of the ‘ancient relics of Man’. They finished by hoping that the volume would be of interest to the Manx people and to ‘the more intelligent of the summer visitors’! (Kermode and Herdman 15
In view of the high proportion of sites and finds of Bronze Age date identified during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it is not surprising that Kermode’s contribution to Bronze Age studies is unparalleled. In addition, his skill as a draughtsman and illustrator has left the Bronze Age researcher with a wonderful resource. Kermode frequently annotated his field notes and museum records with meticulously detailed drawings (Figures 2.1 and 2.2). The distinctive identifying Kermode initials found on many sketches testify to his accuracy and eye for detail and several apparently unprovenanced objects in the Museum collection have been reidentified from his drawings. His value to Manx archaeology and Bronze Age studies can never be overestimated.
money, undertook a number of small but significant archaeological excavations (Caine 1986, 1719 and Cubbon 1986, 34). These included a number of Bronze Age sites, a cist grave at Ballafurt, Santon (Megaw 1950, 141143) and two sites, Staarvey [39 and 70] and Bishopscourt Farm [6, 7 and 89] (Woodcock 1999a, 8998 and 1999c 99110). In 1957 Basil Megaw left the Island to take up the position of Director of the School of Scottish Studies at the University of Edinburgh, but he always retained his Manx links and interests and was generous with his time and advice both to the present writer and to many others who followed in his footsteps.
William Cubbon (18651955)
Following the resignation of Basil Megaw in 1957, Marshall Cubbon, the Secretary and Assistant Director of the Museum, was appointed to the position of Director. Like his predecessors, he took over the responsibility for all archaeological work on the Isle of Man. Despite the frustrations of lack of time and money to employ assistance, he personally undertook and published two excavations of fundamental importance for Bronze Age studies. One, the multiperiod burial mound of Killeaba near Ramsey from which three 'bowl food vessels' were retrieved [1315] (Cubbon 1978b, 6995) and the second, Clay Head, a ‘burnt mound’ or ‘cooking place’ site (Cubbon 1964, 566596 and 1974a, 5153). During his period as Director, he established a precedent for inviting eminent archaeologists from a wide range of other universities and institutions to come and undertake archaeological research and excavations on the Island, a policy which proved of great benefit to Manx archaeology.
A. Marshall Cubbon
Following the death of P.M.C. Kermode in 1932, William Cubbon, the Secretary and Librarian of the Manx Museum, was appointed to the post of Director. He was a member of the Society having served as Secretary between 1920 and 1924, and as President in 1925. His interests were diverse but he undertook and published the results of a number of archaeological excavations. He retired from his position in the Museum in 1940 (Caine 1986, 1719). William Cubbon was also an inexhaustible fieldworker who undertook a number of excavations. The most notable, from the point of view of Bronze Age studies, was the excavation and publication of the Billown Circle and adjacent mound from which some sherds of pottery were retrieved [107] (Cubbon 1936a and b). He also investigated a Bronze Age cist at Orristal, (Cubbon 1932) and then excavated a major funerary monument at Knocksharry; neither of these two sites produced any ceramic evidence of Bronze Age type. Most of the results of his fieldwork were recorded on his series of annotated maps which have subsequently been collated and included on a single six inch Ordnance Survey map set held in the Manx Museum.
Other contributors to Manx archaeology
Other academics who have made considerable contributions to Manx archaeology, though not specifically to Bronze Age studies, include Mr Frederick Swinnerton who, working at the end of the 19th century, excavated and reported in detail on the Mesolithic sites at Glen Wyllin and Port St Mary, a site which may have been reused during the Bronze Age [115]; Dr Gerhard Bersu, already mentioned above, who undertook a great many valuable investigations of Manx Iron Age and Norse sites; Mr J. R. Bruce who compiled the sixth and final volume of the Manx Archaeological Survey; Professor H.J. Fleur from Manchester University, who worked with the Reverend S.N. Harrison at the megalithic site of Cashtal yn Ard and at the Norse site of the Braaid; Dr C.A. Ralegh Radford who worked at Peel Castle and Miss Audrey Henshall of the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland who with Mrs Frances Lynch reappraised the Manx megalithic sites (Henshall and Lynch in preparation). Professor Christopher Morris worked on the keeill site which was later submerged by the Sulby reservoir; Professor Etienne
Basil R.S. Megaw (19132002) B.R.S. Megaw, an Ulsterman and a graduate in Archaeology and Anthropology from Cambridge, was the first professional archaeologist to join the staff of the Manx Museum. He was appointed as Assistant Director in 1936 and succeeded to the post of Director on the retirement of William Cubbon. Archaeological work on the Island was continued in his absence, on wartime activities between 1943 and 1946, by his wife Eleanor Megaw who served as Honorary Acting Director during that period. It was during this time that, perhaps unexpectedly, a very considerable amount of important archaeological excavation was undertaken by the distinguished German archaeologist, Dr Gerhard Bersu who was interned on the Island between 1940 and the end of the war. On his return from war service, Basil Megaw continued his work on the archaeological collection established by Kermode and, despite an extreme shortage of assistance and 16
Rynne of University College Galway worked with Miss Sheila Cregeen, a local amateur archaeologist of considerable experience and standing, at the Bronze Age site of Upper Lhergydhoo [18, 38 and 80], Mr David Freke of Liverpool University Rescue Archaeology Unit directed the complex excavations at Peel Castle, and Professor Sir David M Wilson, the acknowledged expert on the Viking period in the Isle of Man.
amongst the earliest. Much important and detailed archaeological information which is included in the early journals anonymously is likely to have been submitted by one or other of the general members of the Society. One such, Miss A. Crellin, either undertook or observed the examination of several archaeological sites and submitted her findings to the early volumes of Yn Líoar Mannínagh, (Crellin 1889a, 1113; Crellin A.M. 1889b, 166167 and Crellin 1901, 122126). In addition to the unpublished manuscript field notes and records of Cubbon and Kermode, the Manx Museum Library also holds the unpublished manuscript notes and diaries of a number of other amateur archaeologists such as the Reverend E.B. Savage and the geologist G.W. Lamplugh. The Manx museum has also been the fortunate recipient of the private collections from local amateur enthusiasts. The museum holds the extensive assemblage of worked flint objects from the parishes of Patrick and German, accumulated by Mr C.H. Cowley in the early part of the 20th century, together with his field notes and records (Garrad 1978b, 109118). More recently the extensive collection of worked flint and pottery fragments from the north of the Island, including much material from Port Cranstal (Phurt) [Study 1], assembled and carefully recorded by Mr Alan Skillan, has been accessioned into the museum collection.
More recently, between 1995 and 2004, Professor Timothy Darvill and his students from Bournemouth University School of Conservation Sciences have been working in and around the area of Billown Quarry in Malew, an area which has produced much Ronaldsway Neolithic and later evidence. As excavation at ‘Site C’ has progressed, however, increasing evidence of Bronze Age exploitation and a considerable amount of pottery [Study 4] has been identified (Darvill 1996a and b, 1998, 1999b and 2000). Working with him, Dr Stephen Burrow has, in addition, undertaken an extensive study of the Manx Neolithic (Burrow unpublished PhD thesis, 1997a; 1997b, 1149 and 1999, 2738). Although the principal research interest of Dr Peter Gelling of Birmingham University, who worked for many seasons on the Isle of Man, was centred on the Iron Age and early medieval periods, his work has impinged, purely incidentally, on Bronze Age studies. Following the completion of a programme of work on promontory forts, he spent many years investigating and mapping the mounds and associated features at early medieval shieling sites such as Injebreck and Bloc Eary. Gelling, using placename evidence for example, was of the opinion that the mounds identified by Kermode in the Archallagan area [75] were shielings (Gelling 1961b 124) although this theory has not been substantiated and indeed the archaeological evidence (Anon 1913, 1819) would suggest otherwise and support Kermode's identification of Bronze Age burials. Gelling’s investigations of the hillfort on South Barrule unexpectedly, revealed important evidence for Bronze Age studies, the presence of an enclosed settlement of small round houses on the summit which could be dated by pottery [Study 3] and a radiocarbon date to the Late Bronze Age (see Appendix 4).
Archaeological excavations too have historically relied heavily on the assistance of amateurs and the Society had, at one time, a Field Section whose members regularly assisted B.R.S. Megaw with his excavations. Over the last 30 or more years, the Department of Continuing Education, University of Liverpool, has organised regular evening and weekend courses in archaeology on the Island. Attendance at these courses generated an interest and awareness of the archaeology of the Island and resulted in a regular body of increasingly competent volunteers who can today be called upon by the Centre for Manx Studies (see below) to help with fieldwalking, survey projects and excavation. In recent years too, the Island has been particularly fortunate in the number of independent, skilled and dedicated fieldworkers such as Mr M.B. Pitts, Mr A. Skillan, Mr R. Farrer, Mr R. Middleton and others, who, working singly or in groups, regularly monitor the farming activities in their area. Their discoveries have often resulted in the identification of new prehistoric sites (Pitts 1999, 63 73).
Another visiting academic who has worked on the Island in the recent past is Professor Peter Woodman of University College, Cork. He was initially instrumental in initiating and maintaining a reappraisal of the Manx Mesolithic, a task which is currently being continued by Miss Sinéad McCartan of the Ulster Museum.
The Centre for Manx Studies, The University of Liverpool During 19921993, the multidisciplinary Centre for Manx Studies was established by the University of Liverpool and based in Douglas under the directorship of Dr Peter Davey. This organisation has, in addition to promoting the study of a wide variety of Manx topics from music and language studies to environmental issues and geology, provided an
The role of amateur archaeologists Amateurs have always played a central role in Manx archaeology, the founder members of the IOMNHAS being
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additional impetus to the study of all periods of Manx archaeology. Its role as a centre for the promotion of Island studies has enabled it to bring together not only academics from different disciplines but also to unite and maintain contact between scholars with the same or related research interests.
Published sources of ceramic and other evidence The major published sources
Unfortunately most ceramic evidence only features purely incidentally in the earliest Manx publications. The first serious attempt to publish any information on Manx antiquities was Vestigia Insulae Manninae Antiquiora, (Oswald 1860) published by the Manx Society. The second chapter is devoted to ‘Ancient remains of earthworks in the Isle of Man’, many of which are Bronze Age in date. Eight years later there followed Antiquitates Manninae or ‘Manx Antiquities’ edited by the Revd J.G. Cumming (Cumming 1869). Both volumes contain a wealth of detail of use to the modern archaeologists but little detailed information on pottery. The evidence both volumes provide, however, needs to be used judiciously and Vestigia requires serious decoding, written as it was at a time before chronology and periodisation had been explored.
The Centre has, since its inception, also been responsible for the organisation of a number of small research excavations designed to attempt to fill gaps in the knowledge of prehistoric periods in advance of the publication of a new edition of A History of the Isle of Man (Moore 1900) see below. In addition it continues to be the principal organisation regularly undertaking archaeological assessments of major developments proposed for the Island and works in close collaboration with staff at the Manx Museum. Manx archaeology has benefited greatly from the assistance and enthusiasm generated by researchers based in the Centre. Following the establishment of the Manx Museum in 1922, the Journal of the Manx Museum together with the PIOMNHAS were the principal means of publishing archaeological information from the island. However, with the demise of the Journal of the Manx Museum during the 1980s, the Centre for Manx Studies’ series of Research Reports have filled a major gap and provided a valuable additional vehicle for the publication of Manx archaeological projects. In addition its director, Dr Peter Davey has been responsible for editing two volumes of conference papers devoted almost solely to Manx archaeology and published in the British Archaeological Reports British Series (Davey (ed.) 1978 and 1999) and a further volume is currently in preparation (Davey (ed.) in preparation a). Currently also in preparation under the editorship of Dr Davey is Volume 2 of A New History of the Isle of Man, devoted to a chronological summary of the current state of knowledge of the prehistory of the Isle of Man (Davey (ed) in preparation b). This publication forms a part of the series of volumes making up the revised version of A History of the Isle of Man (Moore 1900) referred to above. None of the small researchfunded excavations in preparation for this work has, sadly, proved to be of Bronze Age significance.
Following a memorable visit by the Cambrian Association in 1865, an important paper on the stone monuments of the Isle of Man appeared in Archaeologia Cambrensis (Barnwell 1866, 4660) and was later also published on the Island in Antiquitates Manninae (Barnwell 1868, 92 106).This paper refers to a number of Bronze Age sites and to the associated finds. The increased interest in and concern for the Manx monuments which developed around this time was later attributed by Kermode to this visit (Kermode 1929, 167178). A.W. Moore’s A History of the Isle of Man, published in 1900, contains only a very brief and general chapter entitled ‘The Earliest Inhabitants’. From this account, it is possible to see that there was, indeed, a developing appreciation of prehistoric archaeology. Of relevance to Bronze Age studies, he comments on ‘cupmarks’ and their possible function; he speculates on the use of fire and heated stones in the manufacture of ‘canoes’. He refers to stone circles, tumuli, cists and for the first time to the urns associated with the burials. Even at this date, the lack of bronze weapons and implements is noted and he comments that singularly few have survived suggesting that this phenomenon may be explained by the fact that nearly all the tumuli or cists had been broken into (Moore 1900, 41). Little of the evidence he quotes can, however, be positively identified to any specific site.
Thus, Manx archaeology, in common with that in many other areas of the British Isles, first became established as a serious study towards the end of the 19th century. The formation, under the leadership of a group of well educated and highly motivated antiquarians, of the IOMNHAS and the subsequent establishment of the Manx National Museum, provided a sound base for the investigation of all periods of Manx archaeology The antiquarian concern for the ancient relics of Man had over a period of 100 years grown from a ‘gentleman’s pursuit’ into the fullyfledged academic discipline that it is today.
At the end of the 19th century and during the early part of the 20th, published material is found predominantly in the Manx journals, locally generated under the editorship of P.M.C. Kermode, whose enthusiasm and literary talents were unbounded. As described above, the first significant publication appeared in the guise of a small volume of transactions of the Isle of Man Natural History and Antiquarian Society which was published by the Society in
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1888 under the title of Yn Líoar Mannínagh. Following this start, four volumes of the Journal, spanning the period from the inception of the Society up to its Twentysixth Annual General Meeting which was held in Castle Rushen in May 1905, were published under the same title. Thereafter, the Society's journal was published as the Proceedings of the Isle of Man Natural History and Antiquarian Society, with Volume I, Numbers 19, covering the period from August 1906 to August 1914.
analysis of the bronzes, well in advance of its time, undertaken by Mr W.A. Fyffe, the Manx Public Analyst. Of considerable importance, perhaps, is the negative evidence which emerges, for just as Moore had remarked before him (Moore 1900, 41) so Kermode, too, comments on the lack of contextual information for the Manx bronzes. For over 70 years Kermode’s article and his singular interpretation of Fyffe’s work was unsurpassed. None of the metalwork finds can be closely linked with any ceramic discoveries with the exception of the bronze razor found with the cordoned urn from PortyShee [37]. This analytical work on bronzes has since been superseded by the more comprehensive analysis of Manx bronzes undertaken by Northover in 1998 (Davey, Northover, O'Connor and Woodcock 1999, 5560).
After the First World War the increasing success of P.M.C. Kermode, E.B.Savage and their contemporaries in encouraging Manx involvement in mainstream archaeology began to bear fruit, and more reports of Manx excavations were accepted for publication in national journals such as the Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society and the Antiquaries Journal.
William Cubbon’s article on the excavation of a Ronaldsway Neolithic cemetery at Knocksharry in German in 1930 is rather deceptively entitled ‘Bronze Age Cemetery Site at Knocksharry’ (Cubbon 1934, 446453). This site has since been assigned to the late Neolithic Ronaldsway culture. The information contained in the report, including the description of the ceramic material is, therefore, of little use in a study of the Bronze Age, although it does provide an interesting step in the progression of archaeological thought which has taken place since the recognition of the Ronaldsway Neolithic as a peculiarly Manx culture group, see below (Clark 1935, 8591).
Despite the apparently increasing interest in archaeology, the growing size of the Society and the large number of archaeological sites of obvious importance, surprisingly little systematic investigation appears to have been undertaken on the Island, and few formal reports were published before the 1930s. The really early antiquarian reporting was enthusiastic and probably accurate within the limits of contemporary knowledge, but many records are unfortunately both very brief and open to misinterpretation in the light of present day received knowledge. The exception to this deficiency was the work, commenced in 1909, of The Manx Archaeological Survey. Although the primary objective was the documentation of the keeills and other early Christian monuments scattered throughout the Isle of Man, the reports also include a number of brief references to Bronze Age evidence such as the possible discovery of fragments of pottery, where this impinged upon the early Christian sites.
In 1935 Dr Grahame Clark, the then Director of the Cambridge University Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, gave a lecture under the auspices of the Manx Museum and Ancient Monuments Trustees in which he effectively summarised all the existing prehistoric archaeological evidence from the Island. In the ‘The Prehistory of the Isle of Man’, which was published both in the Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society (Clark 1935, 70 92) and subsequently in the Journal of the Manx Museum (Clark 1936, 8894, 103107 and 123129) he illustrates a number of the Bronze Age vessels known at the time and comments on ‘the distinctive coarse, roundbased cremation urns found exclusively on the Isle of Man’. These he proposed should be assigned to what he described as the ‘Ultimate Bronze Age’. It was only later, following the investigation of a late Neolithic domestic site located during wartime extensions at Ronaldsway Airport, that Bruce, Megaw and Megaw (1947, 139160) were able to place Clark’s ‘Ultimate Bronze Age’ at the very end of the Neolithic. Since then the uniquely distinctive pottery vessels and flint assemblage characterising this group has been assigned to the now accepted ‘Ronaldsway Neolithic culture’ (Burrow 1997b) and (Moffatt 1978, 177217).
The first significant and detailed reports on the investigation of a specifically Bronze Age site were those produced by P.M.C. Kermode describing the discovery of four urns found during the destruction of an unnamed mound and the supervised demolition of the adjacent mound, Cronk Aust [10, 45, 60 and 105] (Kermode 1887, 91) and (1889b, 88 92). The latter included meticulously detailed evidence of the composition of the mounds, a description of the decorative detail of the urns and of the burials found within the mounds. In 1923 Kermode produced an article entitled ‘Bronze Implements in the Manx Museum’ to complement an illustrated, descriptive list of 22 bronze implements from the Island which had been handed to a Committee on the distribution of Bronze Age implements at a meeting of the British Association in Edinburgh two years previously. This article was published in the Antiquaries Journal (Kermode 1923, 228230) and includes the results of a metallurgical
Dr Clark’s lecture, and the resulting publications, constitute the first truly academic summary of all the prehistoric evidence from the Isle of Man. He provides a comprehensive synopsis of contemporary intellectual 19
thought based on the material evidence from the Island, from the Mesolithic to his ‘Ultimate Bronze Age’. He divides the Manx Bronze Age into Early, Middle, Late (and Ultimate) and endeavours, by making comparison with evidence from other parts of the British Isles, to apportion cultural material accordingly and to identify its likely derivation, an undertaking relevant to the present study of the Manx Bronze Age pottery.
Through time, a number of other Bronze Age sites have received attention. The excavation of a cist at Ballafurt (Megaw 1950, 141143) produced no pottery and extensive excavations of a ‘group of cairns’ at Clay Head (Cubbon 1964, 566596) revealed not funerary monuments with pottery but a group of ‘burnt mounds’ or ‘cookingplace sites’ with typical internal arrangements. Subsequent radiocarbon dating indicated a prolonged period of reuse (Cubbon 1974a, 5153).
Whilst, as explained above, it is now accepted that Clark’s identification of an ‘Ultimate Bronze Age’ may have been misplaced, he summarised the current state of knowledge of the Manx Bronze Age by way of clear illustrative photographs, line drawings, distribution maps and a register of 47 Bronze Age (and Ronaldsway Neolithic) sites from which typologically datable cultural evidence had been found. His paper provides the first clear attempt to draw together and review all the Manx evidence of the time. Since its publication, his work has provided a valuable base line from which all researchers and students interested in the prehistoric archaeology of the Island have operated.
Gelling’s excavations on the summit of the hillfort of South Barrule which unexpectedly produced evidence of Bronze Age occupation and the presence of an assemblage of pottery [Study 3] (Gelling 1961a, 1963, 1970, 1972, 1978 and 1986) are ostensibly slanted towards an Iron Age audience. They vary marginally in content and detail, particularly with regard to the illustration and description of the pottery. They do, however, provide interesting similarities between this assemblage and the Bronze Age pottery from sites such as Ronaldsway Village [Study 2] and that found, but not yet studied in detail, from Billown Quarry [Study 4].
Whilst Bronze Age pottery does not feature centrally in many other published reports, two articles were published on the excavation of Ronaldsway Village and probable associated burial ground beneath Ronaldsway Airport [Study 2] (Cubbon 1938, 151160) and (Neely 1940, 7286). Both authors describe the results of the excavations which were undertaken between 1935 and 1937 on the multi period site overlying the Bronze Age settlement. Neely’s report contains the only known plan of the Ronaldsway Village site and, although appearing to show much detail, it is unfortunately often ambiguous. It is, for example, impossible to establish a satisfactory context for any of the pottery, funerary or domestic. Cubbon’s article, though briefer, provides some small details omitted from Neely’s delayed and retrospective publication. The present writer’s assessment of the pottery from the Ronaldsway Village site (Woodcock 1993) is summarised in (Woodcock 1999b, 121 137) and in Study 2 of the Catalogue. Taken in conjunction with the two earlier articles, this information provides a useful starting point for a study of funerary and the domestic pottery assemblages of the Manx Bronze Age. A reappraisal of this multiperiod site was also undertaken by Laing and Laing (1987, 389415) but the references to the Bronze Age pottery and its context are inconsequential.
There is a passing reference to fragments of urn found during the excavations as Balladoole [58] (Bersu and Bruce 1974, 632665). The original context of the pottery, however, is unclear and Bruce (1968 and 1968a, 42) is in little doubt that the sherds were probably discovered in antiquity and reburied by the finder elsewhere on site. Probably the most significant excavation of a late Neolithic/ Early Bronze Age site was undertaken in 19681969 by the then Director of the Manx Museum, A.M. Cubbon. The excavation of a large mound (Killeaba), traditionally considered to be a burial place and described in Oswalds's Vestigia (1860, 5758) as ‘once surmounted by a stonebuilt grave with a large capstone’ yielded archaeological evidence of both Ronaldsway Neolithic and Early Bronze Age date, including inhumations, cremations, cists and pottery of both Bronze Age [13, 14 and 15] and Ronaldsway Neolithic type. It was subsequently published in the Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society where the pottery is illustrated and discussed in detail (Cubbon 1978b, 6995). Thus a new standard of excavation publication was established by Marshall Cubbon during the 1970s. Reports now become more detailed and are extensively illustrated. Scientific dating becomes routine and more commonplace and specialist investigations, such as those on human and animal bone and environmental remains, are routinely procured and included with the reports. The increased rigour of excavation and recording standards, together with the supplementary reports, now provide the researcher with the type of detail so lacking in the earlier Manx accounts.
The results of the excavations carried out at Billown Circle and the adjacent/overlapping mound of probable Bronze Age date in 1929 were eventually published in 1945 (Cubbon 1945ac, 506516) and suggest that the area was complex and had been heavily disturbed. Whilst reference is made to the fragments of pottery [107] the reader is left to grapple with a number of imponderable relationships and unsatisfactory classifications.
20
With the publication of the papers presented at the 1977 conference, Man and Environment in the Isle of Man (Davey (ed.) 1978), the lowprofile of Bronze Age research on the Isle of Man first becomes truly apparent. The principal Bronze Age contributor was P.J. Davey with his paper ‘Bronze Age Metalwork from the Isle of Man’ (Davey 1978, 219232). Following in the footsteps of P.M.C Kermode’s 1923 study of bronzes from the Island (Kermode 1923, 228230), and adding to the list included in Clark’s article on Manx prehistory (Clark 1935, 9192), Davey’s paper brought uptodate the record of bronze finds from the Island. However, apart from the summary of Miss S. Cregeen’s work at the megalithic chambered tomb at Ballaharra (Cregeen 1978, 141163) which contains a reference to some pottery indicative of a Bronze Age presence [9 and 71] and the note of a chance find of a small, complete 'vase food vessel' [19] from Lhergeyvreck, Kirk Michael (Cubbon 1978a, 416 419), Bronze Age pottery is not discussed further in this publication.
unreported Bronze Age excavations, Staarvey [39 and 70] (Woodcock 1999a, 8999) and Bishopscourt Farm [6, 7 and 89] (Woodcock 1999c, 99110); the results of a small rescue excavation of a pit containing Bronze Age pottery identified in the eroding face of the Crawyn Brooghs [35 and 36], (Woodcock and Davey 1999, 111120) and a study of the Bronze Age pottery assemblage from Ronaldsway Village [Study 2] (Woodcock 1999b, 121137). Bronze Age ceramic material is also briefly referred to in some of the other presentations (Darvill 1999a, 20; Pitts 1999, 65 and 71 and Higgins 1999, 141 and 142). The volume also contains a useful paper listing all the radiocarbon dates accumulated over a 30year period, up until 1998, including the details of 14 Bronze Age radiocarbon dates (Chiverrell, Davey, Gowlett and Woodcock 1999, 321336). The prevailing policy, whereby only papers presented at general lecture meetings of the IOMNHAS during the year are accepted for publication in the PIOMNHAS, together with the demise of the Journal of the Manx Museum in the early 1980s, has limited the Manx outlets for archaeological publication. The absence of a suitable vehicle for the publication of shorter papers and the lack of an ‘Archaeological Note’ section in the PIOMNHAS, may be responsible for the unfortunate absence of published information about much of the archaeological work which has been undertaken on the Island over the last twenty years. Some of this information does, however, survive in note form in the Manx Museum and will be discussed below.
Over the last 20 or so years, a number of small Bronze Age excavations have been carried out by volunteers and members of staff of the Manx Museum, largely directed by the late Dr Larch Garrad. Most such investigations were undertaken either in response to rescue situations or simply as a part of routine Museum research following field walking discoveries. Although details of the fieldwork and excavations are held in the Museum archives, few of these investigations have been formally published, or, if so, have been included only as brief and comparatively uninformative notes in the PIOMNHAS (Garrad 1990, 157 168 and 1992, 7982). The results of one such rescue excavation undertaken in 1988 at the domestic site of Ballachrink on the Andreas/Jurby boundary in 1988 were published in greater detail in the PIOMNHAS (McCartan and Johnson 1990, 611 and 1992, 105122). The flint and pottery from this site reinforced the problems and difficulties of separating the late Neolithic Ronaldsway period from the early Bronze Age on the Isle of Man. Both the pottery, including one sherd of coarse Ronaldsway ware and 84 thinwalled, decorated sherds, possibly food vessel in type [26] and the range of flint tools and byproducts of flint working suggested, at that time, that the site dated archaeologically to the end of the third millennium BC. A radiocarbon date from a cereal grain retrieved from a further period of excavation at this site in 1999 (Johnson and Woodcock in preparation) produced a date of 2 sigma cal BC 23951980 (see Appendix 4).
The lesser published sources
In common with other parts of the British Isles, much of the archaeological heritage of the Isle of Man was damaged or destroyed by the farming community, by roadbuilders and, more recently, by property developers. Surprisingly little information about the demolished sites and mislaid finds was recorded at the time and much valuable information has been irretrievably lost. Despite these losses, a considerable amount of information does survive from the end of the 19th century and early 20th century having been passed, one suspects by word of mouth, from the original observer to sympathetic local antiquarians. A number of short notes covering such discoveries and losses found their way into the earlier editions of Yn Líoar Mannínagh. Although often providing useful information, sadly the descriptive detail in these shorter notes or articles is frequently insufficient to determine precisely to which prehistoric period a site should be attributed and regularly suggest that many fragmentary or imperfect ceramic finds were destroyed, discarded or ‘reburied’ leaving no description of their form or decoration. Miss Crellin’s account of the opening of the burial mound known from the Museum records as Whitehouse, [22, 28, 50, 109 and possibly also 56 and 57] (Crellin 1889a, 1113) is amongst
Bringing the overview of the published material with ceramic evidence uptodate, in 1999, following a second major conference held in Douglas in January 1998, the presentations, now including several describing the discovery of Bronze Age pottery, were published in the BAR British Series under the title of Recent Archaeological Research on the Isle of Man (Davey (ed.), 1999). This particular volume includes papers on two previously 21
the more informative of such accounts, but nevertheless lacks the type of information provided by modern excavators. Despite their inadequacies, these descriptions can, at best, provide some indication of the date for lost monuments, and, at worst, give an indication of how many sites may have been destroyed during the period since records were first kept.
contained in the notes. Whilst three such sets of excavation records have now been sorted and published, Upper Lhergydhoo, [8, 38 and 80] (Woodcock 1996, 231246); Bishopscourt Farm [6, 7 and 89] (Woodcock 1999c, 99110) and Staarvey [39 and70] (Woodcock 1999a, 8998), detailed evaluations of the records from several other Bronze Age excavations remain outstanding.
Similarly, a number of interesting accounts of the regular field visits of the members of the IOMNHAS, together with details of their finds like those made on Sky Hill (Tellett 1901, 8687) were included in the early volumes of the PIOMNHAS. There is perhaps an unfortunate tendency amongst modern researchers to dismiss the observations of these early amateur archaeologists. Their somewhat anecdotal accounts are too often disregarded as superficial or inaccurate. Most of the recorders were intelligent, observant individuals with a deep interest in the antiquities of the Isle of Man. Their accounts, although brief and frequently deficient with regard to scale and dimension, were, within the limits of the current state of knowledge, likely to have been as faithful a record as they were able to produce, or consider appropriate. Such accounts remain a responsible source of information which should be interpreted accordingly.
The library of the Manx Museum holds a complete set of Ordnance Survey maps of the Isle of Man, including the 1/2500 series produced between 1868 and 1870. Many of these largescale maps have been annotated with archaeological information such as the chance find spots of unknown ‘urns’ (see Appendix 3). These large scale maps also give the individual plot numbers. The museum library also holds a complete run of the modern six inch Ordnance Survey maps together with copies of the 1st edition 1868/1869 series which have been annotated with notes and a variety of other information of archaeological importance. The information which has been extracted from the personal map sets compiled by antiquarians such as P.M.C. Kermode, the Reverend E.B. Savage and William Cubbon is not detailed but is of immense importance. Notes and data provided by archaeologists like B.R.S. Megaw, E.M. Megaw and David Craine as well as the observations of the geologist, G.W. Lamplugh, have also been included by museum staff on the same annotated 1st edition six inch map set.
Whilst notes on chance finds used, customarily, to appear in the Journal of the Manx Museum, in Yn Líoar Mannínagh or in the early volumes of the PIOMNHAS, currently, unless a special opportunity for publication arises, new discoveries are generally recorded only in the Museum's own records and in the Manx National Monuments Register.
Complete sets of all the major Manx publications are held in the Museum Library and include all the copies of Yn Líoar Mannínagh and the PIOMNHAS. There is a full set of the Journal of the Manx Museum and copies of all the Annual Reports of the Manx Museum and National Trust which contain notes of archaeological evidence from all periods. All the volumes on Manx topics published by the Manks Society and a full range of books covering a wide range of Manx issues, from archaeology to natural history, geology, political history and literature, are included in the library collection and are available for study. In addition, the Library subscribes to the majority of major archaeological and historical journals published in the areas fringing the northern Irish Sea.
The unpublished documentary evidence
Most unpublished notes, photographs and plans and thus a considerable research resource are contained only in the archives and working documents of the Manx Museum. These records include the early Curator’s journal/notes; the Accessions and Loans registers; the day books and the various card indexes and computerised site lists used by curatorial staff through the years. When the present research was commenced most of the primary site information was contained only on Ordnance Survey record cards which formed the basis of the National Monuments Register, supplemented by a variety of manuscript notes of visits and investigations undertaken by Museum staff through the years. The computerised database of sites, monuments and archaeological finds is, at the time of writing, still under construction and not yet available to outside researchers. Surviving unpublished excavation records, including annotated sketches, assorted photographs and excavation notes of variable quality, are also held in the Museum, linked by their primary reference number (PRN) to the National Monuments Register. These documents contain much useful information, which is not easily accessible and a great deal of work on individual site archives is required to enable a researcher to extract all the information
The unpublished manuscript field notes and diaries of the most active antiquarians, such as the Reverend E.B. Savage, P.M.C. Kermode and William Cubbon, are also held in the Library and contain sketches and notes of their excavations and associated ceramic finds together with their fieldwork notes and opinions. Whilst a number of early manuscripts survive, most are in a poor state of repair and are, in general, not readily available for consultation. The filing of archaeological photographs is somewhat idiosyncratic. Some are considered to be a part of the archaeological record and, as such, are held with the National Monuments Register, whilst others, despite their 22
archaeological content are deemed the property of the Museum library and are stored parish by parish under their auspices. The Museum also holds runs of aerial photographs.
train, and indeed, seem to have relished the opportunity afforded by their archaeological activities to visit their friends throughout the Island. Indeed the British Association excursion to the Island in 1896 was undertaken, almost exclusively, using the rail network.
Discussion
The evidence which it has been possible to gather from the wide range of sources detailed above, together with an examination of the pottery itself, form the basis for the study of the Manx Bronze Age pottery discussed in the following chapters.
An examination of the published and unpublished records, both antiquarian and modern, discussed above, reveals no single specific reason to account for why some sites, rather than others, have been examined and, again, why some sites rather than others have been formally published. Currently, however, whilst all aspects of archaeology are controlled by regulations covered in Section 23 of the Manx Museum and National Trust Acts 1959 to 1986, for many years there was no formal policy for notifying ‘the authorities’ of new discoveries. Without the conscientious, informal records kept by Kermode, Cubbon, Savage and others, details of many previous small investigations would have been lost. Those records which survived and were accepted for publication in the early journals appear to have been those apparently reported on either by the excavator or by a discreet observer. It is hard to determine whether the early Manx journals, Yn Líoar Mannínagh and the early volumes of the PIOMNHAS had a formal publication policy; a huge number of archaeological (and other) contributions were certainly written by Kermode himself, although undeniably some brief accounts, such as those produced by Miss Crellin (1889a1891 were readily accepted for publication. Examination of the records makes it apparent that virtually all the early published sites are funerary monuments. Indeed, from a total of 25 sites for which there is some responsible published information, 17 have a distinct funerary element, the remainder being essentially domestic in type. The distribution of the early published sites, therefore, appears to rest largely on the physically prominent nature of the mounds and the durable nature of funerary urns and stone cists. This finding is perhaps not surprising since it reflects the general survival and upstanding nature of sites on the Island and, indeed, probably also throughout the rest of the British Isles. The surprisingly widespread and nonspecific distribution of the early published sites on the Isle of Man may, to some extent, also be illuminated by an entirely nonarchaeological phenomenon. Although the compact nature of the Island itself will have facilitated access to all but the most isolated mountain areas, the railway network, which developed following the establishment of the Isle of Man Railway Company in 1873 and the end of the 19th century, provided an efficient public transport service and enabled passengers to travel with ease around the Island until motor travel became more common (Bawden, Garrad, Qualtrough and Scratchard, 1972, 4144). Kermode's own manuscript notebooks suggest that the early Manx antiquarians, led by Kermode himself, appear to have been quite undeterred by the prospect of travelling anywhere around the Island by 23
3.
The supporting evidence for the study
Introduction
alignments, cairns, monoliths, sculptured and inscribed crosses, sacred wells and ancient chapels. Roadmakers and menders have lent a hand with the larger stones. It is salutary to think that the memory of such conscientious levellers has perished more swiftly than that of most of the anachronisms they abolished...” (Gill 1932, 467).
Prehistoric pottery with its recognisable and distinctive changes in style and ornamentation provides one of the most useful means of comparison between similar culture groups. Bronze Age pottery with its characteristic forms, decoration, fabric composition and surface finish is particularly useful for this purpose. Bearing in mind the relative abundance of ceramic evidence from Manx sites, it was considered that the Manx pottery could provide a useful, though not exclusive, means of evaluating similarities and differences between individual groups living on the Island itself. This evidence could also provide a means whereby these groups might themselves be compared with other Bronze Age communities visible across the Irish Sea in south west Scotland, the north west of England, Ireland and, further away but still within possible contact, North Wales.
Although accounts, such as Oswald's Vestigia (Oswald 1860, 47 and 50) include stories of the devastation of mounds and cairns (the most common source of the ceramic finds), the reality is that despite the apparent destruction of large numbers of prehistoric monuments, many Bronze Age sites and associated finds have not been totally destroyed. Perhaps, due to the superstitious nature of the Manx farmers or possibly to the large numbers of sites which formerly existed, many funerary monuments have survived virtually intact and there is still evidence that others have been overlooked in the face of road development and the changes in agricultural technology. Many funerary monuments, cist burials or simple unmarked graves probably still remain, concealed for future study. The loss of the covering mound has not always meant the complete destruction of a monument and modern excavations at sites such as The Cronk at Upper Lherghydhoo, where pottery [18, 38 and 80] and other funerary evidence have been retrieved, have shown that such monuments and finds may yet survive undisturbed (Woodcock 1996, 231246).
There is, on the Island, a requirement that all archaeological finds should be reported to the police or museum authorities within 14 days of their discovery. Thus finders have for many years routinely been encouraged to deposit material in the Manx Museum. In general, most newly discovered material is reported to the Manx Museum by the finder and accessioned into the collection. Certainly, objects are occasionally retained by their finders, generally with the knowledge of the authorities, but any finds of significance are either in the Manx Museum or available elsewhere for study. It seems likely that a representative sample of every class and form of pottery once in use on the Isle of Man during the Bronze age still exists, or if lost, has been carefully described
Sadly, but not uniquely, the quality of past excavation has been variable. The museum records and early volumes of the Manx journals provide instances of hastilyconducted antiquarian excavations, apparently for the sole purpose of recovering objects for exhibition, where unfortunately damaged or fragmentary vessels have been discarded as having no value for display purposes. Unsurprisingly, these early excavated sites were probably amongst the more prominent and bestpreserved burial monuments.
Despite its small geographical size, the Isle of Man is fortunate in possessing examples of nearly all the monument types which are characteristic of the Bronze Age of northwest Britain. It is richer in some classes of monument than in others but there appear to be few significant voids in the archaeological record. Field observation and evidence from historical records suggest that the principal gaps lie in the traditionally most vulnerable categories of monument; those most likely to have represented an obstruction to agriculture and communication such as the late Neolithic/early Bronze Age freestanding stone monuments, alignments, stone circles and standing stones. It is with regard to this class of monument that the Island is indeed poorer for the labours of the farmers and roadbuilders as observed by the author of the following quotation, which itself provides an interesting snapshot of the perception of the survival of archaeological evidence in the early part of the 20th century.
Although evidence for Beaker material [1] (and possibly [2326]) is uncommon and interestingly slight, and there are only two records of probable accessory vessels [2 and 3], the full range of Bronze Age pottery types found in the northern and western British Isles has nevertheless been recorded from the Island. Here, amongst the ceramic remains, there are no true voids in the archaeological record. Full details of all those pots which can still be traced are included in the catalogue of pottery located towards the end of this publication. The survival of artefacts, particularly pottery, found at the end of the 19th century and the early part of the 20th century depended on the condition of the material at the time of discovery as well as the perspectives of the finder.
“Progressive and energetic Manx farmers have done much to hasten the disappearance of fairy hillocks, earthworks of defence and of assembly, stone circles, avenues and 24
As mentioned in Chapter 2, published and unpublished manuscript notes include many statements such as ‘urn found but crumbled away...’ and ‘... so corroded it fell to pieces’ thus demonstrating that the art of conservation was very much in its infancy and fragmentary and decaying objects were not generally considered worthy of retention. In addition, it was not unusual for only selected sherds, the best preserved fragments, to be retained for display. The antiquarian annotations such as ‘urns found’, ‘urns found in 1888, now lost...’ and ‘urns found, reburied by the farmer ...’ to be seen on the first edition six inch OS map sets hint at finds apparently reported to the authorities but neither examined nor accessioned into the museum collection. Much ceramic material was, as discussed above, collected and, together with the more durable objects of bronze, flint and stone, is now stored or displayed in the Manx Museum.
Scientific analysis of the Manx pottery
In addition to the study of form and decoration, a number of scientific methods of analysis and examination have been used during the course of the study of the pottery. The results have all added to the body of knowledge about the Manx Bronze Age pottery and have been of use as an additional means of making comparisons between the Island material and that from similar communities located around the northern Irish Sea (see Chapters 4 and 5).
Radiocarbon dating Over the last 30 years more than 200 radiocarbon dates have been carried out on Manx material. Of this group, a total of 45 fall within Needham's Periods 1 and 2 (MetalUsing Neolithic) to Period 7 (Late Bronze Age) (Needham 1996, 121140) (see Figure 3.1).
In the early years of the 20th century, some of the pottery accessioned into the museum collection was aggressively cleaned and imaginatively reconstructed [21, 22 and 27]. Many of these urns were reassembled on the slimmest of evidence and undeniably mistakes in form were made. Reconstruction was undertaken using a variety of media, including papier maché, plaster and cheesecloth and often liberally coated with a resinous preservative, usually on both sides. These methods of reconstruction often cover and obscure details of decoration, fabric and finish. Some repairs were made using thick, heavy adhesive applied directly to dusty, dirty, broken surfaces and, as a result, many of these repairs have now broken down. There appears too, at one time, to have been a policy of reconstructing vessels omitting a few characteristic sherds [5 and 28] for use in small displays. This practice has occasionally given rise to confusion and has erroneously suggested that several pots had identical decoration. Occasionally objects thought to have been deposited at the museum cannot be found and it seems possible that some objects have been lost or destroyed after they were accepted by the museum, or alternatively, become confused with similar material from another site. Some items may, despite a record to the contrary, not have been retained by the museum in the first place.
Figure 3.1: Summary table of Needham's chronology and periodisations (adapted from Needham 1996) These Manx dates, which have been obtained from a variety of sites, can be subdivided into those of a purely archaeological nature and those which afford essentially environmental evidence. Materials used for dating include peat, charcoal, human bone (both cremated and unburnt), animal bone, shell, burnt grain and, from the site of Ronaldsway Village [Study 2], carbonized residues or deposits on pottery. Appendix 4 lists the 19 dates which can best be linked closely to the Bronze Age pottery described in the catalogue [10, 26, 13, 7, 53, 4, 39/70, 18, 31 and 30; Study 1 one sample; Study 2 four samples; Study 3 one sample and Study 4 three samples].
Direct archaeological evidence for the domestic sites of the Manx Bronze Age communities is scarce and there is little clear information about the nature of their dwellings. Most evidence for settlement comes from the eroding coast of the north of the Island and from areas where surface finds of flint, pottery and ‘burnt mound’ material have been exposed by coastal erosion and by agricultural activity. Whilst none of these apparent areas of settlement has provided evidence in the form of structural remains, considerable quantities of pottery [5, 8, 23, 26, 32, 35, 36, 59, 61, 68, 69, 79, 83, 87, 88, 110 and 111] and [Studies 1, 2 and 4] have been retrieved and enable a fuller picture of Bronze Age activity on the Island, both funerary and domestic, to be appreciated.
Suitable material from which to date the Manx pottery is limited. Accessioning into the Manx Museum of human bone and other associated material with potential for radiocarbon dating appears to have been somewhat at the whim of the early excavators. Although the discovery of bone was frequently noted, excavators did not always specify any details of condition and context and chose either to retain or discard it as they thought fit. Where material was retained it would appear that frequently only a representative sample was kept. More recently, however, archaeologists have been assiduous in conserving all finds 25
from excavations including soil samples of all types, peat, wood and all fragments of human remains, cremated and unburnt. All such material, whatever the state of preservation, is now always accessioned into the museum collection.
The porous nature of prehistoric pottery is particularly useful in that it allows these food residues or other stored material to be absorbed into the matrix of a vessel and, potentially, to be retained over a long period of time. Lipid analysis, the scientific analysis of pottery fabric, is limited only to pottery which has been carefully preserved; sherds should neither have been washed nor undergone any restoration process. It is also of particular importance that contact with plasticisers should be avoided during storage (Johnson 1993). These criteria tend to limit the number of sherds available for analysis, but a limited programme of lipid analysis, commissioned by Manx National Heritage, was undertaken by Mr N.C. Johnson under the supervision of Dr R.P. Evershed, then of the Department of Biochemistry, University of Liverpool, on a total of 20 samples from the Ronaldsway Village assemblage [Study 2], (Johnson 1993 and Woodcock 1999b, Appendix 1, 136 137).
Amongst the Manx collections, there has for many years been only a limited amount of unburnt human bone closely associated with pottery which was suitable for ‘conventional’ radiocarbon dating. Now, following recent advances in dating techniques, the newly established expertise in dating carbonate (cremated) bone (Lanting and Brindley 1998, 18), the number of bone samples suitable for dating purposes has been extended and the potential for building up a more comprehensive pottery chronology for the Island has increased. As a consequence, a group of new dates on cremated bone was recently commissioned by the Manx Museum for this study. The development of a local chronology has increased the potential for making comparison with the other areas around the Island (Brindley 2007, 297325). The relevance of these dates is discussed further in Chapters 4 and 6.
Although such methods of analysis involve the destruction of a small portion of the sherd, this damage can, with care, be limited. The exercise has not, to date, been extended to include pottery from other Manx Bronze Age sites and for this reason, it has not been possible to make use of the currently available information for comparative purposes. Suitable material may still be present in the collection of the Manx Museum and could be used for future investigation. The results of the lipid analysis from Ronaldsway Village are included in Study 2.
In spite of this ever accumulating series of dates, however, there still remain gaps in knowledge and the establishment of an absolute chronology for Manx sites and pottery would benefit from being developed further. A limited number of samples of cremated bone closely associated with pottery vessels are still available in the Manx Museum which may yet be used to extend the present information.
Fabric analysis – thin section analysis
During the initial study and the compilation of the catalogue, any exposed fabric visible on the Bronze Age pottery held in the collection of the Manx Museum was examined macroscopically using a x10 hand lens. The results of the assessment indicated that a great deal of the pottery contained inclusions of a similar rock type, a dark volcanic or metamorphic material. The fragments were invariably angular and freshly crushed, with little observable evidence of weathering and were identified as probably being olivine dolerite. This material is readily available on the Island and a number of tertiary dykes are exposed on the Langness Peninsular close to the important Ronaldsway Village site from which the largest assemblage of Bronze Age pottery on the Island originates [Study 2]. Similar sources of dolerite are not necessarily easily accessible from all parts of the Island but could, obviously, have been obtained if desired.
The residues adhering to prehistoric pottery also provide a potential source of radiocarbon dating. Although much of the pottery in the museum was aggressively conserved and cleaned on accessioning into the collection before the importance of such deposits was known, carbonised material does still survive on some sherds from a variety of sites, both funerary and domestic and the method of storage has reduced the possibility of contamination to a minimum. Thus, in addition to the four dates established on carbonized material found on some of the Bronze Age pottery from Ronaldsway Village [Study 2], there remains the potential to extend the dating programme still further by this means.
Lipid analysis
Residues from foodstuffs and other organic material heated in unglazed pottery may be absorbed into the porous surface of the vessel wall. These residues are occasionally seen as surface discolouration, but they frequently leave no visible evidence. By a process of gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, it has become possible to detect the presence of preserved epicuticular leaf wax components (Evershed, Heron and Goad 1991, 540544) and other fatty materials (Evershed, Heron, Charters and Goad 1992, 187208) which have become absorbed into the surface of the pot and, once identified, may determine the use to which the pottery had been put.
Samples of dolerite from some of the dykes in the south of the Island, together with gravel samples from the lower levels of a trench excavated on the site of Ronaldsway Village (Higgins 1998, 139152), and 12 representative samples of pottery from Ronaldsway Village itself were submitted to a consultant geologist, Dr J.R. Senior of the University of Durham for microscopic examination. Five further fragments of pottery from a variety of other Bronze Age sites [53, 58, 63, 86 and 113] were also included for examination. 26
Dr Senior’s reports are included with the relevant pottery descriptions in the catalogue and the Ronaldsway Village material is discussed in Study 2. Interestingly, he pointed out that, as dolerite is inherently less stable than other available ‘fillers’, the apparently careful selection of this rock type as a tempering material suggested a detailed knowledge of the qualities of the dolerite, sophisticated and wellregulated firing conditions and a well organised production effort. In the Manx Museum store there remains a variety of Bronze Age sherds from a wide range of site types, all of which would make suitable and interesting subjects for thin section examination. The analysis of the fabric could be of use in extending the information on both the location, method of manufacture and the degree of communication existing between groups producing pottery across the Island. As the preference for dolerite as a tempering material during the Bronze Age has also been noted elsewhere in the west of Britain (Lynch 1991, 358; Stanford 1982, 309 and 318; Williams and Jenkins 1976, 126 and Wardle 1987, 17), the discovery of this partiality on the Isle of Man suggests that it may be possible to make hitherto unsuspected links between the manufacturing methods or ritual preferences of Bronze Age communities living right across the north and west of Britain.
Summary
A comprehensive study of the Manx pottery, its form, its method of manufacture, the decorative designs and, where possible also its radiocarbon date, has made it possible to attempt a comparison with material of a similar period from neighbouring communities around the Irish Sea. As suggested at the start of this chapter, this evidence can be used as a means of evaluating similarities and differences between individual pottery producing groups on the Island itself and could also provide a means whereby these groups might themselves be compared with their neighbours in Scotland, Ireland, northwest England and Wales. It is generally accepted that pottery vessels themselves, due to their bulk and comparatively fragile nature, do not travel. It is the inspiration that does. Do similarities in pottery design necessarily suggest that there was contact between the island groups themselves and between them and other Bronze Age communities visible from the Island across the Irish Sea? The proposal will be discussed further in the following chapters.
27
4.
The Manx Bronze Age pottery
Terminology
to Ó'Ríordáin and Waddell (1993, 536) and to Waddell (1998, 146) simply as ‘bowls’ or ‘vases’. ‘Enlarged food vessels’ will be known, in this publication, as ‘vase urns’ and the term ‘accessory vessel’ will generally be employed rather than the alternative ‘pygmy urn’ or ‘incense cup’.
Writing from an Irish, perhaps indeed unconsciously from a northwest British Isles, perspective, John Waddell (1990, 25) summarises the misleading and poorlydefined nature of both classification and terminology implied by names such as ‘food vessel’ and ‘cinerary urn’. On the Isle of Man,
Figure 4.1: Summary of Bronze Age pottery by context (only reliably documented information included) as Waddell has noted in other areas, urns which have been described as ‘food vessels’ are indeed found accompanying human remains in burials and yet also, on occasions, containing the cremated bone. Although the origin of some ‘food vessels’ (bowls, vases and vase urns) are unknown, most are from funerary contexts although at least one example (the sherds representing a bowl from Port Cranstal [8]) is plainly from a domestic site. As demonstrated in Figure 4.1, the Manx cordoned and undecorated ‘cinerary’ urns are also known to serve both a funerary and a domestic function. Although Longworth (1984, 4748 and 7678) records collared urns from many contexts, more Manx collared urns appear to come from burials than from any other source. Particularly in an Irish context, Waddell (1990, 5) and Ó'Ríordáin and Waddell (1993, 34) are in favour of adopting a simple and more logical terminology. Whilst having no objection to the retention of the descriptive terms ‘cordoned’ and ‘collared’, they suggest abandoning ‘food vessel’ in favour of ‘bowl’ or ‘vase’ and the ‘enlarged food vessel’, they believe, along with others (Kavanagh 1973, Cowie 1978, Gibson 1978 and 1986), should be included in the vase tradition. The present writer has decided to classify the Manx vessels similarly, primarily by physical appearance rather than by an assumed function (see also introduction to the Catalogue). Thus although the descriptive terms ‘cordoned’, ‘collared’, ‘encrusted’, ‘plain’ and ‘Beaker’ have been adopted here, all vessels falling into the ‘bowl’ and ‘vase’ tradition will be described according
Whilst it has been suggested that ‘encrusted’ urns should be included as part of the ‘vase urn’ tradition, the two Manx examples will continue to be described here as ‘encrusted’. The generic expression ‘food vessel’ will thus only be used where it is described as such by another authority or when referring to bowls, vases and vase urns as a collective term.
The sources of the pottery included in the study The Manx vessels originate from a variety of contexts: chance finds of unknown origin, virtually complete vessels and sherds of pottery from areas of probable settlement such as those continually eroding from around the north and northwest coasts of the Island and, most commonly, from burials of various types. Just as there is a full range of monument types present on the Island, so too the variety of ceramic material includes, with one notable exception (accessory vessels), all classes of pottery characteristic of the Bronze Age of the northwest of the British Isles. Good descriptions of accessory vessels have, however, survived. All too often, the antiquarian records provide only the most basic information about the location of the pottery finds. Figure 4.2 shows the locations of pottery finds, with an indication of the probable context from which they came (see Appendix 1 for key to sites, catalogue numbers and site types). Figure 4.3 shows the distribution of all the known funerary monuments which can be classified as either 28
Figure 4.2: Distribution of Bronze Age pottery with the known contexts (see Appendix 1 for key to numbers)
29
Figure 4.3: Distribution of Burials of Bronze Age or Bronze Age type (see Appendix 2 for further information and Figure 1.3 for parish boundaries)
30
unmistakeably Bronze Age or, from their appearance, likely to be Bronze Age in date. This distribution map also indic ates which of the sites have produced recognizable Bronze Age pottery, those from which small sherds of unclassifi able pottery of possible Bronze Age date have been re trieved and those with no suitable ceramic dating evidence. Appendix 2 contains the key to codes; ● = A (with pottery); = B (with unclassifiable pottery) and ○ = C (with no ceramic dating evidence). It is clearly apparent that the lat ter category is the most common but, as many of the monu
ent funerary contexts and a variety of different pottery ves sels have been found in at least 20 of these. As Figure 4.5 shows, it is urns of the bowl/vase tradition which are most commonly associated with cist burials, although examples of both cordoned and collared vessels have been found in cists. The majority of the known cists have been found beneath mounds, sometimes singly but, on occasions, two or more beneath the same mound. There are also examples of cists
Figure 4.4: Numbers of principal vessel types from each parish, based on the most reliable evidence available see also Figure 4.6 ments have never been fully examined, some, which super ficially resemble Bronze Age burial sites, may not be of that date. Finally, the distribution map Figure 4.6 attempts, using the most reliable evidence available, to demonstrate the in cidence of the principal Bronze Age vessel types from each parish. Figure 4.4 shows the same information, but in a slightly different form. The exact number of vessels from the major settle ment sites in the parish of Malew, Ronaldsway Vil lage (Study 2), South Barrule (Study 3) and Billown Quarry C (Study 4) has been estimated.
where no grave marker is now evident, suggesting the loss or destruction of former above ground evidence. Cist construction varies; some are of boulder construction, others of stone slabs and the dimensions vary considerably (Woodcock 2001, 182190). Both cremated and unburnt bone is found in cists and indeed fifteen of the sixteen known inhumations came from cist burials. Figure 4.7 shows that a range of pottery accompanied cremation burials though it would appear, on the basis of available evidence, that only bowls are found with inhumations. Cremated human remains may be accompanied by a vessel, contained within an upright vessel, or laid beneath an inverted urn placed either directly on the ground or occasionally, like the cordoned urn from Upper Lhergydhoo [38] (Woodcock 1996, 242), deliberately inverted on to a stone slab.
Over 78 probable Bronze Age cists have been recor Figure 4.5: Relationships between cist ded on the Island. and pottery vessel type (only reliably They come from documented evidence included) a range of differ
The only absolutely indisputable Beaker [1] was found in a cist from which there was no surviving evidence of human remains. The vessel was apparently associated only with some ‘fragments of charcoal and two flints, a scraper and a slightly chipped nodule’ (Quine 1925, 270272). 31
Figure 4.6: Principal vessel types by parish see also Figure 4.4 and note quantity of undecorated vessels from Parish of Malew (see Studies 2, 3 and 4)
32
In summary, therefore, the Bronze Age vessels discussed in this study have originated from both funerary and domestic sources (see Figure 4.1). More vessels appear to have been associated with cremated remains than with inhumations and most have come from burials. The majority have survived by virtue of being included in graves. A substantial number come from cists; others were included with human remains beneath mounds. Others have been found, usually by chance, in unmarked flat graves exposed during agricultural activity. Additional grave goods are comparatively rare on the Island.
In general, direct Beaker influence on the Island appears to have been very limited and, in view of the apparent insularity of the Island during the late Neolithic Ronaldsway period, it is perhaps surprising that this generally ubiquitous vessel is found on the Island at all. As referred to in Chapter 1, it seems likely that, during this period, the Manx had adopted the practice, commonly found in Ireland, where pottery of the ‘bowl tradition’ was included with crouched inhumations in classic Beaker fashion (Waddell 1998, 119). Indeed in Ireland Beaker pottery is more commonly found in domestic circumstances than in burials.
The context for each item of pottery is discussed in the relevant entry in the Catalogue.
Accessory vessels There are two recorded instances of possible accessory vessels but, unfortunately, neither pot has survived. One, attributed to a mound (Ballameanagh Beg [3]), was apparently not handled by Kermode himself as it was unfortunately destroyed before he had an opportunity to see or acquire it. He does, however, describe it as measuring 3" high by 3½" in diameter at the mouth and 2½" at the
The Pottery Beakers
There is only one (reconstructed) Beaker [1] from a cist at Baroose in Kirk Lonan. It has been classified as a Group N3
Figure 4.7: Relationships between human remains and vessel types (only reliably documented information included) Late Northern beaker (Clarke 1970, 484, No 374). There is, however, also a miscellaneous collection of small, barely diagnostic sherds which could be either Beaker or fragments from one of the more highly decorated ‘food vessel’ groups. They come from a variety of sources. Sherds have been found at burial monuments such as the Borrane [25] and the Cronk, Ballachrink [24]. Close to the latter site, a number of highly decorated fragments of possible Beaker pottery were collected from a multiperiod domestic site (Neolithic/Bronze Age) at Ballachrink [26] (McCartan and Johnson 1992, 105122).The settlement area around Port Cranstal (Phurt) [Study 1] on the eroding northeast coast has produced a great deal of both middle and late Neolithic (Burrow 1997, 43) and Bronze Age pottery, including some fragmentary, highlydecorated incised sherds which could possibly be Beaker material. Kermode (1915b, 150), claimed to have seen – “a few of them from Maughold and from Ballaugh”, but none appears to have been preserved.
bottom. It was apparently undecorated. He mentions, too, that it was discovered together with another urn as “one urn inside another just large enough to hold it”. There is no description of the second, probably larger vessel (Kermode 1902, 117). Later, in his 1930 List of Manx Antiquities, he again describes this small vessel as an urn from Ballameanagh of “Food Vessel type, measuring 3" by 3½" to 2½" at the base and also undecorated”. On this occasion there is no mention of a second vessel. Evidence for the second accessory vessel [2] comes from a clear report of a “perfect beautiful incense cup, mouth upwards and filled to the edge with an unctuous and different soil to the surrounding soil. Protruding from it were two [burnt] bones sufficiently distinct for recognition”. The vessel came from the corner of a cist in a mound/cairn on Peel Hill (Wood 1936, 133134). No further descriptive information is given. 33
Neolithic and Bronze Age date. No tangible evidence of burials has been identified to date. The Ballakoigh Brooghs on the other hand have, over the years, produced evidence both of settlement and burials although early finds such as the bowl [5] were not reported in detail. The Ballacannell urn [12] was a chance find, reputedly located mouth down, 18ins below the surface, empty (Kermode 1915c, 14). The elaborately decorated sherds from Rheast Buigh [16] were also a chance find made by an experienced fieldworker who found no evidence of any funerary remains in the immediate area. The Park Farm bowl [17], although a product of fieldwalking, was loosely associated with the remains of a cremation burial accompanied by a cordoned urn [53] but the sherds were surface finds and not clearly associated with any funerary remains themselves. Neither the bowl [9] nor the collared sherds [71] from the megalithic tomb of Ballaharra could be identified specifically to a burial but the site had been heavily disturbed (Cregeen 1978, 141164). Both vessels must be seen as representing the presence of secondary burials in the Neolithic monument (Henshall and Lynch (forthcoming) and Woodcock (forthcoming)).
Urns of the ‘vase and bowl tradition/food vessels’. Vases
Of the two vases from the Island, one bipartite vessel, Lhergyvreck, Kirk Michael [19] was found upright in a gravelfilled hollow. There were no associated human remains or other finds (Cubbon 1978a, 416419). The other vessel of this type is a tripartite vase, a small perfect urn found in the stoneslab cist at The Cronk, Upper Lhergydhoo, German [18]. It was found with a cremation burial which was entirely separate and may have originally been contained in a biodegradable container such as a leather bag. The cist also contained a series of small personal bone objects including bodkins, a pin and two toggle beads (Woodcock 1996, 231246).
Bowls
In 1999, the writer discussed six of the bowls in their Manx context (Woodcock 1999c, 107). Since that date, two further finds have been made and some vessels included in the Manx Museum’s collection under the general term ‘Food Vessel’ have been reappraised. The total number of Manx bowls now stands at 14. Ten pots come from clear funerary contexts, one from a domestic site and there are three for which the context is uncertain. Figure 4.8 provides an analysis of Manx bowls by context and styles. Five different styles are represented and have been classified according to the system adopted by Waddell (1990, 35) and O'Ríordáin and Waddell (1993, 34).
The bowl from Cronk Aust [10] was found in around 1872 within one of two large mounds. It had been placed mouth upwards and filled with calcined bone. It was associated with a curiouslyshaped and decorated cordoned urn [45] covering a further cremation. As far as it is possible to determine, both burials were contemporary (Kermode 1889b, 8892). Three bowls [1315] were excavated from the large mound, Killeaba at Ramsey (Cubbon 1978b,
Figure 4.8: An analysis of bowls by context and style (C = cremation; I = inhumation; U = no evidence) The precise context for the two small pieces of bowl from the eroding cliffs at Port Cranstal (Phurt) [8] is unclear, but the area has largely produced evidence of prehistoric settlement including hearths, flint and pottery of both
6995). This monument produced evidence of both Ronaldsway Neolithic and Bronze Age burials and it is of interest that the later burials clearly respected the position of the earlier ones. Of the three bowls from this site, the simple 34
bowl [13] accompanying an inhumation came from a cist, the substantial tripartite vessel [15] came from a pit associated with a cremation, whilst the ribbed bowl [14], possibly deliberately broken, was found within a ‘seemingly deliberate setting of four stones’. An internal deposit from this vessel was examined but apparently did not represent food remains (Cubbon 1978b, 84).
Whitehouse urn [28] which is decorated with incised chevrons and raised bosses, was found in 1869 in a mound together with several other urns. Of these only a cordoned urn [50] and the vase urn [22] together with some unclassifiable sherds [109] can still be identified and, as described above, the cremated remains could not be ascribed to any particular vessel. Neither of the two vessels was apparently associated with grave goods. Note: future researchers should be aware that, from time to time, these two vessels have been confused with each other (see Figure 2.2 for original drawings).
Five of the bowls come from cists (two associated with cremations and three with inhumations). One comes from Bullnallow, Gretch Veg [11], one from Killeaba [13] and two from cists beneath one mound on Bishopscourt Farm in Ballaugh [6] and [7]. The smaller of these two bowls (Bowl A) was associated with a cremation and came from the smaller cist; the larger bowl (Bowl B), which was associated with an inhumation, was found in the larger of the two cists. A small fragment of unclassifiable pottery [89], evidence of a further disturbed burial, was also found during the excavation of this mound in 1943 (Woodcock 1999b, 99 110). Human bone from the burial gave a radiocarbon date ranging between 21221688 cal BC, see Appendix 4. In 1888, two cists with no above ground markers were excavated in this immediate area; each contained an inhumation, and one also held the small ribbed Bowl [4] (Kermode 1930, 24 (11) and 25 (13). A radiocarbon date from the human bone associated with this little bowl produced a wellmatched Bronze Age date ranging between 19741696 BC, see Appendix 4 and Chiverrell, Davey, Gowlett and Woodcock (1999, 328).
Cordoned Urns The cordoned urn appears to be the most common Bronze Age vessel to be found on the Island. There is evidence for in excess of 54 examples from both domestic and funerary contexts. A total of 36 cordoned urns are described in the catalogue [29 to 64] and information on further cordoned vessels is included in Studies 2, 3 and 4, the major settlement sites in the Parish of Malew. The largest assemblage of cordoned material comes from the Ronaldsway Village settlement/cemetery site [Study 2] where cordoned sherds are mixed with a good deal of undecorated pottery (Woodcock 1993 and 1999b, 121137). Inadequate recording at the time of discovery has meant that possible funerary and domestic wares cannot satisfactorily be separated from each other. For the purpose of statistical analysis, however, and in the absence of evidence to the contrary, all vessels have been ascribed to the domestic site. The number of vessels was, of necessity, somewhat arbitrarily assessed (Woodcock 1993), but the possibly conservative estimate of a total of 16 cordoned urns and 22 undecorated/plain urns was deemed appropriate. A substantial but still unquantified number of cordoned sherds are also known to have been found at Site C, Billown Quarry 2 but the material is still awaiting post excavation analysis see Study 4.
Vase urns
Few urns which fall into this category have been positively identified from the Island. The urns from Corrody, Lezayre [21] and from Whitehouse, Kirk Michael [22] are of bipartite vase form, and, with the highlydecorated rim sherds from the Magher y Clagh site on the Bishop’s Demesne in Ballaugh [20], all come from burial contexts. The precise form of the latter could not be established from the few surviving sherds. Other vessels of this type may be accounted for amongst the highly decorated sherds [2326] which are all too fragmentary for unambiguous identification.
Whilst some vessels, like that from Cronk y King [51] and the remarkable and uniquely decorated vessel from Dandy Hill, Ballafurt [52] are represented by a considerable number of sherds, many other vessels of this class are represented by only a few, sometimes just single fragments, with clearly raised, applied or pinchedup cordons. It is frequently not possible to estimate the size of the pot, but the thickness of the wall in many cases suggests that most were substantial, although some smaller urns have been identified. The Smeale pot [29] and the smallest from Kerrowkneale [41], for example, are almost dainty. There are a number of virtually complete cordoned urns, one particularly fine example is that from Sky Hill [46] (see also Figure 2.1). The large cordoned vessel with a decorated collar from Garrey Meen [33] appears to have been accurately reconstructed as have some of those from Kerrowkneale [40, 41 and 42]. Other examples, such as the urn from GobyVollee [44], have been what can only be
The Corrody vessel and the sherds from Magher y Clagh were both associated with cremated bone, but whilst the Whitehouse mound is clearly a funerary monument, none of the cremated bone which was found on excavation can now be ascribed to any particular vessel from the site. None of the vase urns were associated with any other grave goods.
Encrusted urns
Only two of these elaborately decorated vessels are known from the Island; both come from the north and both come from funerary contexts. The Garrey Meen urn [27] which was decorated with loops and swags and said to have been filled with black material and bone came from a mound which also contained a large threecordoned urn [33]. The 35
described as ‘imaginatively’ reconstructed and probably bear little resemblance to their original form. The curiously shaped cordoned urn [45], found with a finely decorated bowl [10] from the Cronk Aust mound appears unparalleled anywhere. At least five of the Manx cordoned vessels have three cordons [35, 37, 40, 42 and 46] and the unusual Dandy Hill, Ballafurt vessel appears to have three horizons of paired cordons [52].
date, therefore, evidence for a total of 14 collared urns is thought to exist and all are described in the Catalogue [65 to 78]. The more recent identifications include sherds from a second collared urn from Braust [66]; four rim sherds forming part of a collar from vessel [72] from Kerrowkneale and two collared sherds from the megalithic court tomb of Ballaharra [71] (Woodcock forthcoming). Most of the Manx collared urns appear to have come from burials. Indeed those from Braust [65 and 66], Ballaseyr [67], Staarvey [70], Ballaharra [71], Ooie ny Fawr [74], the Borrane [77] and the possible Archallaghan pair [75] are funerary in origin. The origin of some of the other vessels is less clear. The two from the Ballakoigh Brooghs [68 and 69], the sherds from Craig ny Mult [76] and the unprovenanced urns [73 and 78] were all found around the beginning of the twentieth century and have poor histories.
The large threecordoned urn from PortyChee/Shee [37] was found inverted over cremated bone and a tanged, doubleedged bronze razor (IOMMM 811) (O'Connor 1999, 4546 [13]), (see also illustration alongside the urn [37]) an exceptional discovery on the Island. The similarly fine threecordoned urn from Garrey Meen [33], apparently associated with the primary burial, was also inverted over a cremation but produced no grave goods, nor have any of the more recently discovered inverted cordoned urn burials such as those from Kerrowmooar Farm, Ballig Bridge [30 and 31] produced either metalwork or other finds. Whilst, as mentioned above, there is comparatively little evidence for grave goods, apart from pottery, on the Isle of Man, some additional material has been found with cordoned urn burials. The cremated bone found with the cordoned urn from the Upper Lhergydhoo mound [38] contained two items of burnt flint, a planoconvex knife and a leafshaped flint blade (Woodcock 1996, 242243). The calcined scraper and planoconvex knife together with some white quartz, a small burnt animal tooth and a rounded bone disc found amongst cremated bone from the cist at Staarvey, however, may have been associated with either the cordoned vessel [39] or the collared urn [70] (Woodcock 1999, 9596).
Decoratively, the urns are dissimilar. The vessels from the northern parishes of Ballaugh, Jurby and Andreas are all decorated with a variety of cordimpressed designs whilst other methods of decoration such as fingertip grooves, a combination of horizontal lines and zigzag patterns, crude deeplyincised lines and incised lines decorate the other vessels. Decoration of the internal rim bevel occurs in some and not in others and the Borrane pot [77] apparently lacks any decorative features at all. It is generally more common for accessory vessels to be found associated with collared urns than with other vessels but Longworth (1984, 4950) mentions 13 and possibly as many as 16 instances where two collared urns were found together in a grave similar to those at Archallaghan [75] and two instances, like that at Staarvey, where a collared and a cordoned urn [70 and 39] were found together.
Amongst the collection in the Manx Museum there is a number of what might be described as ‘hybrid’ urns (those combining features of both collared and cordoned vessels). Amongst this group is the collared urn from the Ballakoig Brooghs, Ballaugh [69] and to a lesser extent the Ballaseyr vessel [67] (Longworth 1984, 214 (766) and (765)). Both of these urns also have incipient cordons. Similarly, the twisted cordimpressed panel between the rim and the upper cordon of the large cordoned urn from the mound Garrey Meen [33] could be described as a collar demarcated by the upper cordon.
Amongst the Manx examples, the Staarvey vessel alone is associated with other grave goods which include (as described above) some miscellaneous pieces of white quartz, a small burnt animal tooth, a rounded bone disc and two objects of burnt flint (the planoconvex knife and the endscraper). It could not be conclusively determined, however, if these objects were associated with the collared urn or the accompanying cordoned urn [39]. The distribution pattern of the collared urns is not particularly informative, but they do appear predominantly to occur in the north and west of the Island.
Collared Urns Whilst Longworth (1984, 214 [765769]) describes only five collared urns from the Island, information on a total of 10 such vessels (including evidence from an illustration of a double cist containing two collared urns from the Archallaghan area [75] published in the Proceedings of the Isle of Man Natural History and Antiquarian Society (Anon 1913, 19) is included in a retrospective excavation report on the discovery of the Staarvey vessel [70] (Woodcock 1999a, 9697). Since that date, however, evidence for more likely collared vessels has been identified amongst sherds found in the Manx Museum collection during the pottery study. To
Undecorated or plain urns Large numbers of undecorated sherds of probable Bronze Age date have been found on the Island, the majority of which come from the domestic sites which have been identified in the southern parish of Malew (Ronaldsway Village, Billown and the settlement on South Barrule). It is unclear how many such vessels can be accounted for amongst the sherds from Billown (Study 4) as the post 36
excavation analysis of material from this site remains outstanding, but most of the sherds from South Barrule (Study 3) are undecorated. An estimate of vessels, based on the undecorated sherds from Ronaldsway Village (Study 2), suggest a minimum of 22 plain urns from this site. Amongst undecorated pottery from other sites on the Island, the only substantially complete urn without decoration is a small reconstructed vessel from an uncertain context in the eroding Crawyn/Ballakinnag Brooghs on the coast of the north west of the Island. Sufficient original material from this vessel [79] survives to make it reasonably certain that it always lacked decoration. Similarly, the overall appearance and size of the plain sherd found in or near the churchyard at Maughold [82] suggests that this was from an undecorated pot, though it remains possible that sherds from the lower part of the body were decorated.
Whilst the Manx pottery chronology is based only on a total of 15 out of the 19 Bronze Age dates known for the Island, they do relate to a broad range of pottery types (bowls and a vase, Beaker/decorated sherds, collared, cordoned and plain vessels see Figure 6.1) and, although further dates could clarify detailed issues of a relational nature, it seems unlikely that additional evidence will substantially undermine the present sequence. The radiocarbon dates achieved on the various Manx pottery vessels are discussed in greater detail in Chapter 6 and are listed in Appendix 4
There are also two vessels, one from the burial mound at Upper Lhergydhoo [80] and an urn found by chance at the Spinney, Baldrine Hill [81], for which only the lower, undecorated half survives. Whilst the absence of any associated decorated sherds in the vicinity suggest that these vessels were probably plain, there remains the possibility that the critical evidence of a collar, cordon or other ornamentation may have been present on the absent upper half. As the majority of the undecorated pottery appears to be from domestic rather than funerary contexts and these two incomplete vessels seem to be funerary in origin, there must, therefore, remain a strong possibility that they were originally decorated.
Unclassifiable pottery
Pottery attributed to this category is made up of 33 miscellaneous sherds or groups of sherds [83115] which lack any useful diagnostic features such as a rim, a base or any decoration. In some cases neither the vessel itself nor a sufficiently detailed description of it survives. In yet other instances, the surviving sherds are too small and fragmentary to be of any real diagnostic value. All those described in the catalogue seem likely, however, either from their fabric and surface finish or from their context, to be Bronze Age in date. In addition to the surviving unclassifiable ceramic material, antiquarian references in the older volumes of the Manx journals, in manuscript records and often just as annotations on maps, refer to the discovery, from time to time, of fragments of pottery or buried urns. Whilst these references provide no clear evidence by which such finds can be dated, some, it can be assumed, will be Bronze Age in date. A list of the unclassifiable or lost evidence is given in Appendix 3.
Matching the ‘Needham’ chronology
The chronological sequence adopted for use throughout this book is that proposed and discussed by Dr S. Needham (Needham 1996, 121140), see Figure 3.1 above. 37
5.
The Manx Bronze Age pottery in its northern Irish Sea context: evidence from the Island and the surrounding areas
The validity of comparative studies
around the northern Irish Sea (Davey 1978, 219232). During Needham’s Periods 1 and 2, evidence from two Manx copper axes suggests contact with Ireland during the earliest period of metal use. This influence appears to have continued throughout the early and middle Bronze Age. Thereafter, whilst some evidence for Irish contact may still be perceived in the bronze objects found on the Island, it would appear that the influence may also, as discussed by Brendan O’Connor (1999, 55), have come from the east, from Wales and England. The discovery of a bronze razor found with the cordoned PortyShee vessel [37] referred to in Chapter 4 is further discussed below if only for its role in providing a suggested link between Bronze Age communities within the area of comparative reference.
The question of the validity of inferring contact of a social or economic nature between separate groups from archaeological evidence, such as pottery class, form and decoration, has troubled academics for many years and options and ideas have passed through a number of phases. The most abiding, or as Gamble expressed it ‘the default setting for most archaeological enquiry’, is the ‘Culture History’ approach (Gamble 2001, 22). The pessimism expressed during the 1950s by such as Gordon Childe (1951, 55) and Smith (1955, 37) about the legitimacy of determining political or social information from surviving archaeological evidence was to some extent, set aside by academics such as Colin Renfrew, who recognised that, whilst it was not possible to determine any direct knowledge from the ‘remote past’, it was possible to ‘wrestle information from the relics of the past by a process of inference’ (Renfrew 1984, 4).
In a discussion of social and economic contact, radiocarbon dating evidence may also be of use. The collection of 15/19 radiocarbon dates (see Appendix 4) has not only contributed to the establishment of a Manx Bronze Age pottery chronology, as mentioned in previous chapters, but has also made it possible to discuss the possible date and direction of flow of ideas and goods around the northern Irish Sea basin and, perhaps, suggest whether the Isle of Man was playing a central or primarily a peripheral role in the process of exchange and social contact throughout the area. The chronological relationships between the Island and its neighbours are discussed in more detail in Chapter 6.
Adopting this view one might assume that the pragmatic process of comparing evidence within as compact and geographically accessible an area as the northern Irish Sea province is an entirely logical and comparatively simple task. It seems reasonable to expect to find evidence of cultural or economic contact between contemporary groups living within visible distance of each other, linked by the ‘superhighway’ of the sea. What might actually be surprising would be to discover conspicuous differences in cultural evidence, obvious variations in the decoration or form of pottery and metalwork; the presence or absence of certain classes of objects or sites; observable differences in the form of monuments or even contrasting evidence from the associations between classes of monuments and portable cultural material.
Figure 1.1 shows the Isle of Man in its northern Irish Sea setting, an area picturesquely and perhaps slightly ironically described by Mackinder as ‘The British Mediterranean’, (Bowen 1970, Fig. 4 (a), 21). Although there is a well founded assumption that early man was well able to move all around the northwestern seaboard of Europe and the British Isles with familiarity and ease, for the purpose of this study evidence for contact is sought primarily from those regions most clearly visible from the Island itself. Included are the counties of the north and east of Ireland; Cumbria and the north Lancashire coast and southwest Scotland, essentially Dumfries and Galloway but, to a lesser extent, southern Argyll. Ceramic material from Anglesey and the north Wales coast and its immediate hinterland and from other areas of northwest England such as Merseyside and Cheshire is also taken into consideration.
Accordingly, the testimony for ‘contact’ in the widest sense, as justified above, is based on an objective examination of the pottery: that is a comparison of the ceramic evidence from the Island and from the communities in the ‘wider area of comparative reference’. The intention here is to seek similarities in both form and decorative design to serve as evidence to establish if the various Bronze Age communities living around the northern Irish Sea were aware of the cultural and social conventions of their neighbours. This method is, inevitably, an imperfect means of comparison but the best available. Metalwork, being less subject to local traditions than pottery, is likely to be of greatest use in establishing trade or cultural links and it is certainly of relevance that an examination of Manx metalwork has already demonstrated evidence of contact between the Island and the other areas
Methodology
Analysis and comparison between the Manx pottery and vessels from the neighbouring areas has been undertaken using a combination of both typologicallydistinct forms and the most rudimentary of decorative criteria. No attempt has been made to emulate the kind of stylistic analysis undertaken by Sheridan (1993 5165), though her
38
observations have been noted. The pottery selected for comparative study concentrates essentially on the most complete of the Manx vessels (or those with clear diagnostic features) the best of the Manx bowls and vases [419]; the vase urns [2022]; the two encrusted urns [27 and 28] and the most complete of the cordoned [2964] and collared [6578] urns – held in the Manx Museum collection.
Association published in 1970 also addressed the question of relationships around the Irish Sea Basin (Savory 1970, 3849; Herity 1970, 2937 and Bowen 1970, 1328). The latter specifically attempts to quantify exchange using evidence derived from the Isle of Man and suggests, based on an analysis of finds included in Clark’s list (Clark 1935, 9192), that during the Bronze Age contact between north east Ireland and northwest England was most active; contact with southwest Scotland and the east coast of Ireland less so, whilst there appeared to be little evidence of contact between the Isle of Man and areas to the south (Bowen 1970, fig 7 and 26).
When searching for Scottish parallels, every effort has been made to limit the search to the extreme southwest of Scotland but some vessels from Argyll are included and it would indeed have been possible to locate similarities from further afield. In Ireland, again every effort has been made to limit comparative evidence to Ulster and Leinster, but some examples from County Waterford have been included and there were, inevitably, clear similarities to be found amongst evidence from further west. Although the establishment of links beyond the wider area of comparative reference is beyond the remit of this study, if similarities in form and decorative design are indeed evidence of contact, strong similarities noted between some of the small highly decorated Manx vases and bowls and others observed from Northumbria and from Hastings Hill, Durham, reinforce the already observed but limited distribution of early vessels through the lowland border country between the Solway and the Tyne (Waddell 1992) see Figure 5.1.
Waddell (1992, 2940) too continued the study of past contacts between Ireland and the rest of the British Isles. In the field of Bronze Age studies he has explored the distribution of, amongst other objects, bowls, cordoned and collared urns, across the Irish Sea and the rest of the British Isles. The conclusions reached by him and others are that it is valid to assess contact across the Irish Sea by examining the incidence and distribution of both artefacts and monuments and all concluded that contact around this area had regularly been taking place throughout prehistory. Figures 5.15.3, which are based on Waddell’s distribution maps (Waddell 1992), show the general distribution of bowls, cordoned urns and collared urns as he determined it (although the Manx information has been added by the writer), and demonstrate evidence of communication between Ireland, the Isle of Man and the rest of the British Isles. As discussed below, there is strong evidence from the incidence of bowls and cordoned urns showing similarities in both form and decoration to demonstrate a distinct north west British Isles connection during the Bronze Age which encompassed the Isle of Man.
The parallels drawn between the vessels included in the comparative study vary considerably; sometimes the predominant likeness is that of form, on other occasions it is the similarity in decorative design that is the most striking. Where possible, parallels have been selected to encompass both criteria. Inevitably this exercise has been somewhat subjective.
Previous research
General discussion
Clark (1935, 8385, Anon 1936, 103107 and 123129) was the first person to attempt an assessment, albeit limited, of the nature of contact beyond the Isle of Man during the prehistoric periods. He used worked flint as his evidence for external Mesolithic contact; pottery and megalithic monuments for the Neolithic period and both pottery and the single gold disc from Andreas in the north of the island as evidence for contact beyond the Island during the Bronze Age. He was, for example, of the opinion that the decorative style and form of the Cronk Aust Bowl [10] shared both Irish and Welsh influences. He observed that the decoration on the two Encrusted Urns, Garey Meen [27] and Whitehouse [28] were clearly Irish in concept. He also saw parallels between the reconstructed vessel from Goby Volley [44] and one from Kilkenny and another from Fermanagh (Abercromby 1912, No 559 and No 570).
Fabric analysis Evidence from fabric analysis, the examination and sourcing of both clays and the lithic inclusions in pottery fabrics (Williams and Jenkins 1999, 189230: Sheridan 1993, 4850 and Wardle 1987, 17), confirms that, unlike metalwork, it would seem that pottery vessels, with few exceptions, did not move far from their origins (Parker Pearson 1995, 89, 93 and 95). Most ceramic vessels seem to have been produced close to source, from local clays. Pots did not travel, but ideas probably did. The suggestion that some of the small sturdy Manx bowls, such as those from Ballacannell [12], Magher y Clagh, Bishop’s Demesne [4] and indeed the small Vase from Lhergyvreck in Kirk Michael [19], would have been sufficiently robust to have been transported without damage is purely speculative in the context of seeking contact between groups around the northern Irish Sea.
In addition to the work undertaken by Margaret Davies (1945, 125144 and 1946, 3860), three papers presented at a conference held by the Cambrian Archaeological
39
Figure 5.13: General distribution of vessels of the bowl, cordoned urn and collared urn traditions (all after Waddell 1992)
40
Unlike simple comparison of form and decoration, fabric analysis provides a more scientific approach to determining the origins of pottery. A limited programme of thinsection analysis of a group of vessels from Ronaldsway Village [Study 2] (Woodcock 1993, 5660; 1999b, 132133) revealed the consistent use of olivine dolerite as a tempering material. Sheridan (1993, 7175) also, noted the high incidence of this rocktype in her thinsection analysis of 25 Irish vessels, the majority of which are from central or eastern counties. This predilection for the use of freshly crushed dark igneous rock types in pottery fabric has proved to be relatively commonplace elsewhere in the west of Britain (Lynch 1991, 358; Stanford 1982, 309 and 318). Williams and Jenkins (1999), in their examination of 82 Bronze Age vessels from Anglesey, certainly observed this preference.
expressions of individual potters, perhaps of men or women moving to settle in a new place on marriage or for economic reasons. They might be copying patterns observed elsewhere or using designs which echoed memories of a cultural homeland.
Unfortunately, this relatively new form of evidence is seldom commented upon in the older published corpuses of pottery. Although personal observation of accessible broken surfaces visible on the pottery inspected by the writer in museum collections throughout the area of comparative reference established that dark igneous rock was frequently included as a temper in pottery, it was not possible to assemble sufficient data to make use of this observation in the comparative assessment. It is, nevertheless, of interest, as Dr Senior pointed out (see Chapter 3) that, as dolerite is inherently less stable than other available tempers, the apparently careful selection of this rock type as a tempering material suggested a detailed knowledge of the qualities of the dolerite, sophisticated and wellregulated firing conditions and a well organised production effort throughout a wide area, possible from the late Neolithic on and into the Bronze Age.
Beaker [1] is included in Clarke’s corpus (Corpus no. 374) as a Late Northern (N3) type (Clarke 1970, 484 and 562). There are no clear parallels in the immediate area of comparative study. The nearest analogies taken from Clark’s listings are a possible vessel from Loughash, Giants Grave in County Tyrone (Corpus no. 1942F); one from Spring in County Londonderry (Corpus no. 1932F); the PantySaer vessel (Corpus no. 1827F) from Anglesey and a possible N3 beaker from Mainsriddle in Dumfries (Corpus no. 1698F).
Archaeologically, the multipurpose use of many vessels has been observed from cooking pot to funerary vessel but these changes in use do not necessarily preclude that certain forms or styles were originally designed for a specific purpose, only to take on a further role in the course of their lifespan.
The comparative pottery studies Parallels for the Manx beakers. The Baroose
Fragments of possible Beaker material from Ballachrink [26] are now too small to be identified as such with confidence and were not available for study. Drawings of these sherds, however, (McCartan and Johnson 1992, 113 Figure 5); some sherds from the Cronk, Ballachrink [24] and the drawings of decorated sherds from Luce Sands, Wigtownshire (McInnes 1966, 65 Figure 3 and Cowie 1996, 1173.) show startling similarities. Indeed, most of the Torrs Warren, Luce Sands pottery (Cowie 1996, Figures 1723, 25, 31) appears virtually indistinguishable from that found at Port Cranstal (Phurt) [Study 1] on the eroding coast of the northern plain of the Isle of Man where, on a fine day, the two areas are clearly visible to each other.
Form and decoration.
There are any number of reasons which might explain the driving force behind the production of pottery vessels to a limited number of recognisable typological shapes or forms (styles) and a multitude of decorative designs. A point emphasised by ethnographic studies is the use made of specific symbols to denote a variety of points of significance to the individual, the family group or to the wider community. Gamble discusses very simply and very clearly a variety of archaeological concepts, including the classification of ‘cultures’, the principles of popularity which suppose that ‘things are similar because people share the same ideas and cultural premises’ (Gamble 2001, 60).
Summary. Beaker material is not common in the area of comparative reference and possible examples bearing resemblances in decoration and form to the Baroose beaker are few. There are two vessels from Ireland; one from Wales and some possible fragments of beaker material from south west Scotland (Woodcock 2001, 287288).
Parallels for the Manx vases. The two vases [18 and
19] from the Isle of Man are quite dissimilar. The closest parallels come from Ireland, which is unsurprising as Simpson (1965, 26) lists only five vases from southwest Scotland; a total of 18 from the rest of Scotland and north east England and ‘more than double that number among published material from Ireland’. The Upper Lhergydhoo vase [18] appears very typical of many of the Irish vessels in shape although it is not easy to find clear decorative
The decorative element on pottery vessels could equally be an aspiration to emulate or surpass the achievements of their neighbours, either within their own community or further afield. It might include simple rivalry, flattery, or something yet more significant such as a means of bonding or of communication between neighbouring cultures to express a relationship or allegiance. Alternatively, similarities in decoration could be no more than the creative 41
parallels. A vessel from Cairngaan, Kirkmaiden now in Stranraer Museum (196665) and four others from Ireland, Eniskillen, County Fermanagh (no. 425); Greenhills, County Dublin (no. 422); Aghacross, County Cork (no. 405) (O'Ríordáin and Waddell 1993) and one from Drumnakeel, County Antrim (2:83) (Williams 1985, 5455) resemble this vase only superficially. The small, rounded Lherhyvreck pot [19] could not readily be paralleled within the extended study area, except to some degree in Ireland, but appears, perhaps coincidentally rather than significantly, to be very similar in form and decoration to certain vessels from northeast England (Gibson 1978, nos. 48, 50 and 51).
The surviving sherds from Ballaharra [9], like the Bishopscourt vessels, are dominated by a vertical design, much favoured in Ireland. Recourse to Ó'Ríordáin and Waddell’s volume (1993), together with an examination of the collections in the National Museum of Ireland and the Ulster Museum, produced no really close decorative parallels but the best analogy seems to be the sherd from burial 3, Greenhill, County Dublin (no. 370) and two vessels,?Glenwhirry, CountyAntrim (no. 34) and ?Mount Stewart, County Down (no. 43) which bear some similarities.
Summary. The four examples of vase form identified
The highly distinct decorative design incorporating a sinuous band of plain relief and comb impressions on the Rheast Buigh sherds [16] can only be paralleled in Ireland by vessels from Tamnyagan, County Derry (no. 81) and Blackhill County Kildare (no. 90), both included by Ó'Ríordáin and Waddell (1993). By contrast, the small, chunky Ballacannell bowl [12], formerly described as a bipartite urn but now reclassified as a bowl albeit of somewhat anomalous form, is matched only from Scotland by a small pot from Balcalk, Tealing, Forfar (Abercromby 1912, no. 269) and another from Craigenhollie, Old Luce (Abercromby 1912, no. 407).
amongst the Irish material suggest the closest parallels with the Manx material lie in Ireland. Whilst there is one example from southwest Scotland, no vase forms bearing distinct resemblances to the Manx vessels have been identified from elsewhere in the other areas bordering the northern Irish Sea (Woodcock 2001, 288289).
Parallels for the Manx bowls. The Cronk Aust bowl [10] can best be paralleled with an unprovenanced vessel from the Ulster Museum, though similar elements of decoration are apparent on other vessels described by O'Ríordáin and Waddell (1993) such as the bowl from Connor, CountyAntrim (no. 33) and another unprovenanced vessel (no. 72). The two horizons of deeply impressed elliptical motifs, in particular, are also a feature on the Glenwhirry bowl, CountyAntrim (no. 2). The star on the base of the Cronk Aust bowl is similar to that on a pot from Grange, County Roscommon (no. 53) and another from Crouk, County Tyrone (no. 59). In 1935, Clark (1935, 83) observed that stars with a number of rays had northern Irish parallels and he felt that the falserelief technique, so often found on these vessels, was also predominantly Irish. Clark’s suggested parallel for the Cronk Aust bowl, formerly thought to be from Denbigh (Clark 1935, 82), has more recently been identified as originating from Eskdale in Cumbria (Hallam 1993, 4350).
The Killeaba vessel [13], clearly a simple bowl and, although well worn, is another of the ‘vertical decoration’ tradition. As such, the inspiration appears to be of Irish origin as discussed above and as defined by Ó'Ríordáin and Waddell (nos. 4, 7, 11, 16, ?34, 41, 51, 54 and 55). Killeaba vessels [14 and 15], have been described as vaselike in shape (Cubbon 1978, 84), but examination of the original vessels suggests that, in accordance with the definitions set out by Ó'Ríordáin and Waddell (1993), both are tripartite bowls (without lugs). This form can be widely paralleled throughout Ireland and southwest Scotland. Killeaba [14] resembles two pots described by Ó'Ríordáin and Waddell 1993), one a vessel from Newry, County Down (no. 147) and another found at Aghnaskeagh, County Louth (no. 165). On the other hand, Killeaba [15] may be paralleled by a pot from Machrie Moor, Arran (Abercromby 1912, no. 252). He also illustrates a number of similarlyshaped vessels from western Scotland. A vessel from Barns Farm, Fife (Watkins 1982, 100, fig. 14) NMS catalogue number EQ 901 (A. Sheridan pers. comm.) also bears a strong resemblance to Killeaba [15].
The impression created by the use of two panels of vertical decoration similar to that seen on the two bowls from Bishopscourt Farm [6 and 7] appears common in Ireland, principally in the north and east (Ó'Ríordáin and Waddell 1993, nos. 4, 7, 11, 16, 41, 51, 54 and 55 amongst others). A small bowl from Straid, Londonderry (Brannon and Williams1990, 38) also fulfils this criterion. A similar decorative concept is also apparent on occasional bowls from Scotland (two from Argyll) (Abercromby 1912, nos. 303, 306 and 386).
So, too, the tripartite shape of the bowl from Bullnallow, Gretch Veg [11] appears to be more widespread than most forms included above. Analogies for tripartite vessels come from the entire northern study area but principally from Ireland, for example from Shantallow, County Londonderry (Williams 1988, 135136); Ballymacilroy, County Antrim (nos. 106 and 107); Newry, County Down (no. 147) and Merginstown, County Wicklow (no. 229) all of which are illustrated by Ó'Ríordáin and Waddell.
The compact little bowl from Magher y Clagh [4] appears to be a ribbed variant. It could not easily be paralleled but resembles both a small vessel from Hasting Hill, County Durham (Gibson, 1978, no. 59) and the bowl from County Wexford (Ó'Ríordáin and Waddell 1993, no. 346), which is probably that identified by Abercromby (1912, no 391) as Ballyhale, Gorey. 42
Vessels of this tripartite form are also found beyond the immediate area of comparison in northeast England, where Gibson (1978, 7) describes them as ‘Food Vessels’. It is not always easy to determine the subtle differences between Gibson’s vase and bowl forms but on the Ó'Ríordáin and Waddell criteria, the Manx vessels are clearly bowls. The squat form, sometimes, like the Bullnallow bowl [11], incorporating an unperforated lug or stop has been identified by Sheridan (1993, 59) in northeast Ireland. Whilst the form is not unknown in south and west Scotland, like the bowl from Lephinmore, Saddell (in the Campbeltown Library and Museum), and one from Ayr (Hunterian Museum) (Simpson 1965, No 11), there are no convincing parallels for the Manx bowls from the south west, from Dumfries and Galloway. The vessels from Askham, Cumbria and from Crail in Fife (Abercromby 1912, nos. 164 and 264) are perhaps more vaseshaped, but are clearly related. Hallam’s Cumbrian examples (nos.17, 18 and 19) and described as ‘Yorkshire Vases’ (Hallam 1990, 211212), should perhaps, more appropriately be included in this category.
Parallels for the Manx vase urns. Only the upper
portions of the Corrody vessel [21] and the Whitehouse vessel [22] survive. The fragments of decorated rim from Magher y Clagh, Bishop’s Demesne [20] are too fragmentary to be of use for comparative purposes. From this limited and possibly deceptive evidence, it is possible to see parallels for the Whithouse pot throughout northern Britain and Ireland. The decoration on the vessel from Springfield Ainstable in Cumbria described by Cowie (1978, CUM 4) has Manx connotations and the vessels from Cairngrieff in Lanarkshire (Abercromby 1912, no 517) and two unlocalised vessels, one from the National Museum of Ireland (no. 1860:209) and the other in the Ulster Museum (no. 6341914), show both similarities in form and decorative design. Vessels with other similarities in form and decoration can be identified amongst the northeastern pots (Gibson 1978) beyond the area of comparison. Possible additional parallels come from Hamilton, Strathclyde (Morrison 1968, No 119), Whitford, Flintshire (Savory 1980 No 328:3) and Cae Mickney and Bedd Branwen, Anglesey, (Lynch 1991). No significant matches could be found amongst the published literature or the Museum collections for the unusual Corrody vessel [21], although there are two pots of the same general form from Norfolk (Abercromby 1912, nos. 479 and 480).
Further south, the Grappenhall bowl from north Cheshire (Warrington Museum Ref 45'33.1) confirms the widespread nature of this vessel type. Apart from the one Cumbrian example, Hallam (1993, 45) could trace no other ‘simple’ bowls between the area she describes as lying between the Solway and Clwyd. Lynch (1991, 186188), however, records just one from Merddyn Gwyn, Anglesey but their absence is conspicuous in the rest of north Wales. The more elaborate tripartite and ribbed forms, however, appear more universal.
Summary. Once again, although based on comparatively
little Manx evidence, possible parallels for the vessels can be found throughout the region of comparative reference, no particular area suggesting closer links to the Island than any other (Woodcock 2001, 295).
Parallels for the Manx encrusted urns. This class
of vessel appears to be generally rare in Wales, (Lynch 1991, 2000) although similarities to the Garey Meen vessel [27] can be seen in one from Pendine in Carmarthenshire (Savory 1980, 208). Hallam (1990, 131) also points out that these vessels are less common in northwest England and north Wales, quoting only five examples. Fox (1927, 115 127, map) does however suggest they are more common in the British Isles north and west of a line from the Bristol Channel to the Humber.
The general distribution of bowls classified according to Ó'Ríordáin and Waddell (1993) is shown in Figure 5.1 and indicates a concentration of this vessel type essentially in the north and east of Ireland and south and west Scotland, extending through the central valley to the east coast.
Summary. The north and east of Ireland appear to provide most of the parallels for the Manx bowls and more than 17 examples with similar decoration or form can confidently be identified. A number of bowls with comparable decorative characteristics can be identified in Scotland, all falling within the area indicated in Figure 5.1, though, perhaps surprisingly, none showing similarities to the Manx vessels has been recorded in Dumfries and Galloway (the nearest Scottish landfall for those crossing from Northern Ireland or the Isle of Man). Examples of pots of bowlform with similarities to the Manx bowls, and likewise Irish examples, are also known from northwest England (Cumbria and north Cheshire) but this vessel type appears to be rare in North Wales, with just one example from Anglesey, bordering the Irish Sea basin (Woodcock 2001, 290294).
With reference to the Manx urns, as only the upper portions of Garey Meen [27] and Whitehouse [28] survive, decoration alone has been used for comparative purposes here. Morrison (1968) lists six examples of encrusted urns from southwest Scotland, two of which may be compared with the much abraded Garey Meen example having simple zigzag moulding and small studs or bosses. One from Glen Luce Sands is a more elaborate version of the motif (Abercromby 1912, no. 533 and Morrison 1968, no. 80). Morrison also describes a vessel from Torhouskie, Dumfriesshire (no. 75) and another from Uddingston in Lanarkshire (no. 126) which are similar in decorative design to the Garey Meen pot. Similarly, readily comparable variations of this design are also noted from Ireland by
43
Kavanagh (1973). She describes two from County Antrim, one from Livery (no. 8), the other from Craigarogan (no. 3) and another from Clogskelt in County Down (no. 26). All bear similarities in decoration to Garey Meen [27]. Other examples with some decorative similarities are illustrated in her publication and include those from County Down (nos. 27, 29 and 31), from County Meath (no. 59) and from County Wicklow (nos. 84 and 87).
with either two, or often three, cordons are likely to have been accurately reconstructed. Full descriptions are provided in the Catalogue. Only the most complete or reliably reconstructed Manx vessels have been included in the comparative exercise below.
Associated material (Bronze razors). O’Connor
(1999) suggests that the close association between the bronze razor (illustrated with the associated PortyShee cordoned urn [37]) indicates links with both Scotland and Ireland, a point reinforced by Waddell (1995, 120121). Morrison (1968, 8990) records six cordoned urns containing bronze objects from southwest Scotland, although only the Shuttlefield, Lockerbie vessel (no. 99) held a razor. Examples from northeast Ireland include the large vessel from Gortrighy, County Antrim (Kavanagh 1976, 359, no. 4). It is unclear from her publication which cordoned urn from Rath in County Louth held the razor, no. 37 (as listed, 305) or no. 39 (as described, 369370), but despite some differences in decorative detail, the second (restored) urn can be closely paralleled with the PortyShee cordoned vessel. Two similar associations between razor and cordoned urn come from the southwest of Ireland (Kavanagh 1976, nos. 53 and 55). The former (from Harristown, County Waterford) has a ‘familiar’ Manx appearance. Unfortunately, the contextual information available for the tanged razor from Holywell, Flintshire (Morgan 1990, 2, 5 and 11, no. 5 and Thompson 1957, 71) has been lost. Whilst suspecting its origins were probably southern, Morgan saw typological similarities to the Porty Shee razor. A cordoned urn from Llanddyfnan, Anglesey too may have held a razor or small knife (Savory 1980, 53; Lynch 1991, 175) but the object was too damaged for certain identification. The associations between these two classes of object (bronze razor and cordoned urn) undoubtedly suggest a link across the Irish Sea which includes the Isle of Man during the Bronze Age.
The simpler combination of large hollow boss and incised herringbone design found on the Whitehouse vessel [28] was less easy to parallel, but large bosses of this type are found in different combinations and three are described by Kavanagh (1973): two vessels from County Meath (nos. 61 and 63) and another from Greenhills, County Dublin (no. 36). Clarke (1935, 85) too, was of the opinion that the encrusted urns represented an Irish influence on the Isle of Man. He pointed to what he described as ‘exact parallels in Ireland’ for the Whitehouse urn, one of which was a vessel from Templepatrick, County Antrim. He also observed similarities in decoration on a vessel from Aglionby, Carlisle which he described as an ‘area accessible to Irish influence’.
Summary. The encrusted urns, like the closely
associated vase urns, have a fairly wide distribution and vessels bearing similarities to the Manx vessels are found in both Ireland, southwest Scotland and indeed throughout the area of comparative study. The decoration found on the two Manx vessels is, however, strongly suggestive of an Irish origin (Woodcock 2001, 296297).
The Manx cordoned urns a general discussion Whilst Waddell (1993, 1214) reports over 80 cordoned urns from both domestic and funerary sites in Ireland and Morrison (1968, 80) lists 33 from southwest Scotland, there are in excess of 54 examples from the Isle of Man, a surprising number bearing in mind the size of the Island. Kavanagh (1976, 320321) records that Irish vessels are most commonly found inverted over cremations in a simple pit, sometimes laid upon a flat stone; that in excess of one third come from cemeteries, and that the use of a mound is unusual. All these details have similarly been noted on the Isle of Man, although it is conceded that, as many of the finds were located at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, the precise contexts of some finds are sometimes not entirely clear.
Decoration. McInness observes that a number of
cordoned urns from Scotland and Ireland are, with the exception of the cordons themselves, “unornamented”, although such plain forms “do not appear to be found in England” (McInnes 1966, 57). It is thus of considerable interest that it is also unusual for Manx cordoned urns to have additional decoration. Indeed, the greatest concentration of cordoned material comes from Ronaldsway Village [Study 2] where, interestingly, not one incised or impresseddecorated sherd was found amongst the huge assemblage (just under 5,000 sherds) (Woodcock, 1993 and 1999b, 126). Where additional decoration does occur on the Isle of Man, with the possible exception of the unusual vessel from the Rheast, Druidale [49], it is only found lying between the rim and top cordon and is essentially confined to simple incised or impressed designs like that found on vessels [33, 35, 46, 47 and 50]. The exceptions include vessel [40] (Kerrowkneale) where a line of small stabs occurs below the lower two of the three
The majority of the Manx cordoned urns are represented only by a limited number of sherds, generally between four and eight, though there are 56 fragments from the burial mound of CronkyKing [51] and an estimate had to be made of the number of vessels represented at Ronaldsway Village [Study 2] and Billown [Study 4]. Whilst a few vessels have been reconstructed from limited evidence, the majority of the mediumsized, vase or barrelshaped pots 44
cordons; the series of impressed hollows below the rim of the unusual Cronk Aust pot [45] and the three rows of paired ridges which once encircled the impressive vessel from Dandy Hill, Ballafurt [52]. Amongst the Ronaldsway Village material, however, two or three pieces bear the added refinement of a ‘skeumorph’ ring/loop handle suspended below a cordon immediately beneath the rim. This feature, which also occurs on one sherd from South Barrule [Study 3], is one of the characteristics of the Wessex Biconical Urns (Woodcock 1993, 77), a point of questionable significance in the present context.
1973), nos.38, and 39) and from Harristown in County Waterford (no.53). Several vessels from the Luce Sands area of southwest Scotland, (McInness 1966, 7980, Urn no. 193) and (Morrison 1968, nos. 66, 74 and 62) show marked similarities in form to a number of other Manx pots as does a further vessel in Dumfries Museum (1967 615.1) from Mid Gleniron Farm, Glenluce. None of these vessels has, however, the three cordons more typical of some Manx vessels. Abercromby too includes a number of vessels with a marked ‘Manx appearance’ (nos. 504a; 504c and 504e), all from Fife. Not one, however, provides an exact parallel.
It is also of note that, whilst most of the cordoned urns from the Island have one or two encircling cordons, it is not unusual for Manx vessels to have three cordons [35, 37, 40, 42, 46, 49 and 52]. Taking into consideration some of the incomplete vessels [33] and [51] and the quantity of Ronaldsway Village sherds (Woodcock 1993), there may be further examples of this more unusual form of decoration.
The best analogies for the ‘unornamented’ cordoned vessels found on the Island occur in southwest Scotland. Again, however, no examples with three cordons exist (Morrison 1968). Abercromby (1912) does include one such from St Andrews (504a). Kavanagh (1976) illustrates only four ‘unornamented’ cordoned urns from Ireland, from Knockfast, County Westmeath (no. 55); Smarmore, County Louth (no. 40); Ballon Hill, County Carlow no. 9) and Killycreen, County Antrim (no. 5). None matches completely in form with the slightly ‘rounded’ Manx vessels, although a number of ‘ornamented’ versions of this essentially barrel shape are found throughout Ireland.
Parallels for the Manx cordoned urns. On the Island, as discussed above, cordoned urns are plentiful and it is those urns with more than two encircling cordons and the Manx tendency to fill only the panel between rim and upper cordon with additional decorative designs that makes them unusual and distinctive. Establishing strict parallels between the Manx vessels and those from other areas is not easy, but based on similarities in form, numbers of cordons and the presence of additional incised or impressed decoration, there is clear evidence to suggest an association of ideas between users of these vessels who were living around the northern Irish Sea at this time.
The fine, slim, straightsided, threecordoned urn from Sky Hill [46] is closest in shape to the Seamill vessel from West Kilbride, despite the difference in decoration and two cordons (Morrison 1968). In general the Sky Hill vessel resembles some of the plain urns from southwest Scotland. The vessels from Misk KnowesArdeer Sands, Steventson (with or without cordons) are of similar upright form (Morrison 1968, nos. 18, 19, 22, 23, 27 and 28), as are a group from Luce Sands also discussed by Morrison (nos. 64 and 79).
Hallam (1990, figure 27) has identified only two cordoned vessels from Cumbria and four from Lancashire, Merseyside and northeast Wales. The cordoned vessel from Greystoke (Richardson and Hallam 1995, 3538) should more properly be classed as a collared urn. Although, in general, this class of vessel is uncommon throughout Wales (see Figure 5.3) several cordoned urns have been found in northwest Wales and, in particular, in Anglesey where one such may have contained a razor or a small knife which was too damaged to be identified clearly (Savory 1980, 53; Lynch 1991, 175). There are marked similarities in general form between some of these Welsh vessels and one or two of the smaller, reconstructed Manx urns, although clearly not in decoration. Pot 5 from Llanyddyfan on Anglesey (Savory 1980, 82; Lynch 1991, 174 figures 47 and 194, figure 54), certainly provides the best comparison for a threecordoned vessel such as Garey Meen [33].
Analogies for some other Manx cordoned vessels have proved problematic throughout the area. The form and decoration of the Cronk Aust cordoned urn [45] confounded delegates at a meeting of the Bronze Age Forum held in Edinburgh in 2000 and the only possible parallel identified is on the collar decoration on an unprovenanced vessel, possibly from Ulster (Kavanagh 1976, no. 51). The random circular impressions on the Irish example are similar to the indentations found on the Cronk Aust pot; the Manx design is, however, purposefully spaced. There was also some difficulty in locating parallels for the decoration on two of the cordoned vessels, Whitehouse [242] and Crawyn Brooghs [691]. The poorly executed ‘hurdle’ design looks as though it could be a throwback to the Ronaldsway Neolithic (Woodcock 1999, 117) as exemplified on a small reconstructed pot from Glencrutchery, Onchan [84]. Clark (1935, 89) had already observed the similarities between the decoration on the Whitehouse vessel and the Glencrutchery pottery
Satisfactory parallels in form and decoration for the three cordoned Garey Meen urn [33] and that from PortyShee [37] can also be found in both Dumfries and Galloway and in Ireland. Irish parallels for the Garey Meen urn can be observed from Rath in County Louth (Kavanagh 45
and crude incised designs which he had noticed ‘occur frequently on degenerate cordoned urns of the highland zone of Britain’. One of the vessels from Steventson (Abercromby 1912 No 535f), cited above, does bear a similar design below the rim, but is undeniably not a cordoned urn. It is of note that a small Bronze Age vessel from a cist at Pitreavie, Dunfermline (Beveridge 1886, 244) appears similarly decorated and, from the illustration, virtually identical to the little ‘Neolithic’ Glencrutchery pot [84].
Parallels for the Manx collared urns. The decoration on the Manx collared urns, unlike that commonly though not uniquely found elsewhere, is limited to the collar section only. Whilst the vessel shapes are not hard to identify in other places, the style of decoration on collar alone is more difficult to parallel. The discovery of a further probable seven or eight collared urn sherds amongst the collection in the Manx Museum over and above those vessels discussed by Longworth (1984, 214 nos. 765769), has increased the number of collared urns from the Island. Not one of the ‘new’ sherds, however, is sufficiently diagnostic to enable Series, Style or Form to be determined (Woodcock 2001). All the Manx vessels discussed by Longworth fall into his Secondary Series (three of Form IA [67, 69 and 78], two of North Western Style, Form III [68] and one of Form I/II [70]).
Whilst parallels for those vessels with both cordons and skeuomorph loops from Ronaldsway Village [Study 2] and the sherd from South Barrule [Study 3] might perhaps be sought amongst the encrusted urn tradition, Savory (1980, 207, no. 399.4) illustrates a cordoned vessel from Clocaenog in Denbighshire with some similar characteristics. The use of threecordoned decoration, observed on a number of Manx vessels and referred to above, occurs more frequently in Scotland than elsewhere, three vessels from Edinburgh and Stobshiel in East Lothian, (Abercromby 1912, nos. 504d, 504e and 510). Elsewhere, there is the single threecordoned urn from Llanyddyfan on Anglesey (Lynch 1991, 174, no. 5) and (Savory 1980, 218, no. 404:10) already mentioned above, but, with the possible exception of the damaged urn from Cush, County Limerick (Kavanagh 1976, no. 30), there are no true threecordoned vessels from Ireland.
Assessed on the evidence based on Longworth’s description of the Manx vessels (Longworth 1984, 214), and accordingly on the three styles identified on the Island (Woodcock 2001, 289299, Figure 7.24), there appear to be 20 vessels of Secondary Series, Form IA known from within the study area. Three of these come from the Isle of Man, four from northwest England; one from southwest Scotland; eight from north Wales and four from the east of Ireland. There are two vessels of Secondary Series, North Western Style (Form I/II), one being the Manx urn from Staarvey [70] and the other a vessel from Cumbria. Of the 12 vessels of Secondary Series, North Western Style (Form III) identified from the area, one is Manx (from the Ballakoig Brooghs [68]), nine are from northwest England (with an unusual gap in the record from the centre of the region), and one each has been identified from both Dumfries and Galloway and north Wales. Only on the Isle of Man and in Cumbria do all three types occur.
An interesting technique for producing low cordons by running a blunt tool around the vessel to create a furrow and associated ridge similar to that used on the Dandy Hill urn [52], also appears to good effect on the Gortrighy vessel from County Antrim (Kavanagh 1976, no. 4) and possibly, too, on an unprovenanced vessel also described by Kavanagh (no.60) and suggests further evidence for the sharing of ideas. No further examples have been found.
Summary. Whilst no vessels bearing all the combination
The closely incised decoration found on the heavy rimmed Staarvey vessel [70] together with similar fragmentary decorative evidence from Ballaharra [71] and possibly too from Craig ny Mult [76], would seem to be as common elsewhere as is the impressed, twisted cord which is found on most of the other Manx vessels being used for comparison. The closest parallel for the Staarvey urn, however, appears to be one found in Guisborough, North Yorkshire (Longworth corpus no. 160), well beyond the extended area of comparative reference. Examples with similar form and collar decoration include those from Urswick Hall, Cumbria (Longworth corpus no. 421) and St Cuthbert Without in Cumbria (Longworth corpus no. 220). The limited collar decoration on the pot from Scarawalsh, County Wexford (Kavanagh 1976, No 44) and the ‘hurdle’ decoration on the Manx pot from Ballakoig Brooghs [68] may both be paralleled at Stanton Moor 25, Derbyshire (Longworth corpus no.331);
of characteristic features seen on the Manx cordoned urns (form, decoration and number of cordons), can be traced, combinations of similar features do exist and would tend to confirm the evidence of contact between people across the Irish Sea which is apparent in the metalwork and other classes of pottery. Whereas the Irish material looks entirely familiar to the Manx researcher, the evidence from the cordoned urns suggests that, in contrast to the Early Bronze Age when bowls and vases show clear links with Ireland, inspiration for cordoned urn design and decoration appears to be equally closely allied to southern and southwestern Scotland and not exclusively to Ireland. It is interesting that only from these larger vessels, the cordoned and the collared urns (see below) does contact with Wales (Anglesey and the northeast of Wales) also become apparent in the Manx ceramic archaeological record (Woodcock 2001, 302208). 46
Wykeham, North Yorkshire (Longworth corpus no.1319); Warter, Humberside (Longworth corpus no.759) and from Astley Hall Farm, Chorley (Longworth corpus no. 807). In each instance though, decoration continues below the collar. The closest analogy for the Ballakoig pot actually comes from Ford CLXXXVI, Northumberland (Longworth corpus no.1051).
Sea. She demonstrates a concentration of vessels in County Down and southwest Lancashire and significant numbers in west Wales, Cumbria and southwest Scotland. Longworth also states that, in Britain, this style is dominant north of a line from Dorset to the Wash (not including the north west of Scotland), but including the east of Ireland. The Isle of Man is central to this area. Nevertheless, evidence compiled by Waddell in 1992 suggests that this form is less common on the Isle of Man, in Ireland and throughout the north and west of Scotland than it is in England, Wales and southeast Scotland (Figure 5.3).
Longworth’s Secondary Series, Form IA combines the features of collar and ridge/pinchedup cordon some distance below the collar edge on Manx urns. Only on the larger vessel [69] from the Ballakoigh Brooghs, Ballaugh, does this ridge most closely resemble a cordon, albeit pinched up from the fabric. The closest parallel in form to this pot comes from Wales, from Llangeinwen on Anglesey (Longworth corpus no. 2127). The collar decoration is most closely paralleled on another Welsh vessel from Moel Fammau, Llanferres (Longworth corpus no. 2021). It is notable that the cordoned urn from Ballyrainey, County Down (Kavanagh 1976, No 22) also closely resembles this vessel.
Whilst it has proved easier to locate parallels for the Manx vessels of Secondary Series, Form IA in north Wales than elsewhere, and whilst the North Western Style urns found on the Island appear to be more closely related to those found in Cumbria and north Lancashire than anywhere else, it is difficult to see how a further analysis of this ubiquitous class of vessel on the basis of form or decorative design could do more than confirm the evidence of contact between the Isle of Man and its neighbours already apparent from other classes of Bronze Age pottery.
The combination and form together with the limited zig zag collar decoration, albeit of impressed ‘maggot’ shapes rather than of twisted cord, which is present on the urn from Llangeinwn, Anglesey (Longworth corpus no. 2126) markedly resembles the Ballaseyr vessel [67], although in some ways, despite the pronounced collar, the decoration on the vessel from Forgan, Fife (Longworth corpus no.1818) seems more readily comparable than anything closer to home.
Parallels for the Manx plain/undecorated urns. On the Island, most, though not all, undecorated pottery derives from domestic sites, essentially those discussed in Studies 24, with perhaps the addition of the small ‘mugshaped’ pot from the Crawyn Brooghs [79]. Undecorated vessels appear uncommon in funerary contexts. Two apparently undecorated urns, one from Upper Lhergydhoo [80] and the vessel from The Spinney, Baldrine Hill [81], are from clear funerary contexts. Both survive as bases only and may, as discussed in the Catalogue, have been decorated vessels, perhaps vase urns, cordoned or collared forms from which the diagnostic evidence has been lost. There is, therefore, a difficulty in using these two pots for comparative purposes.
The unprovenanced collared urn [78] which is unusually decorated with blunt, fingertip lines and a rounded zig zag, described but not illustrated by Longworth (corpus no. 769), could not be decoratively paralleled anywhere.
Summary. Longworth (1983) demonstrates the great variability of decorative design found on collared urns and, despite limiting the analysis and search for parallels to three forms of Secondary Series urns, one should be wary about the value of using decoration and the apparent Manx convention of limiting the ornamental design to the collar as a useful means of comparison. The variations are too great; precise parallels are difficult to identify.
There is also an inherent difficulty in using undecorated, straight or slightly bowsided vessel and broken sherds as a means of suggesting social contact between areas because, in general, plain sherds lacking characteristic features are frequently listed but seldom illustrated or discussed in detail in excavation reports. Evidence for comparison is often just not available. The use of dating evidence combined with contextual information may, however, constitute a more valid means of comparison.
Longworth’s distributions also demonstrate the widespread nature of the collared urn (Longworth 1984, 2933). Kavanagh (1976, 313) describes as many as 51 collared urns from Ireland as an essentially eastern phenomenon, with an exceptional concentration in Counties Antrim and Down. She does not, however, discriminate to type. Hallam (1990, 132) points out that collared urns are the most common vessel (over 200 recorded examples) from northwest England (Hallam 1999, 32, Fig. 24) and shows that vessels of North Western Style are relatively common around the Irish
The closely associated cordoned and undecorated material from the domestic site of Ronaldsway Village [Study 2] has been radiocarbon dated to between 1500 805 cal BC and similar material from a hearth on the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age hill fort of South Barrule [Study 3] is dated to between 806306 cal BC. This information suggests that both undecorated vessels and 47
cordoned urns were in use in a domestic context during the Middle to Late Bronze Age. Similarly, in Ireland where the excavations at Haughey’s Fort, County Armagh (Mallory, Moore and Canning 1996, 1720) have produced Bronze Age pottery of a similar type to that found on the Island, the radiocarbon dates range between 1245900 cal BC. Whilst there is no reported association with cordoned pottery, the settlement context and the ceramic evidence, both of type and date, would suggest some possible relationship between the two areas.
tends to seek wide parallels for these sherds but does not seriously look to the west. The discovery that the potter used a tuffaceous rock, probably originating locally, as temper, is of interest and might indicate a degree of isolation or independence here, not apparent on the Isle of Man.
Summary. Using a combination of form, lack of decoration, context, the use of olivine dolerite as temper and the dating evidence, parallels for the undecorated vessels found on the various settlement sites in the south of the Isle of Man can most readily be found in Ireland. At Haughey’s Fort and at Navan, the dating evidence together with comprehensive pottery reports has made comparison with the Manx material simpler and more obvious. Plain pottery is, however, present throughout the area, though the lack of radiocarbon dates and contextual evidence from southwest Scotland and northwest England make it difficult to establish an appropriate means of comparison between undecorated pottery from these regions.
There are both similarities and differences between the Manx and the Irish pots. The apparent form of the vessels, the variety of rim profiles and the consistent use of dolerite as temper found at Haughey’s Fort (Boreland 1996, 2124), can be closely paralleled with the Ronaldsway Village material. The results of Boreland’s comparison with superficially similar pottery from Navan (Boreland 1996, Appendix 8) are, however, difficult to analyse without direct assessment of the pottery, which was not readily available for inspection. If the type, size and frequency of the inclusions found in the Ronaldsway Village sherds selected for thinsection analysis (Woodcock 1993) are used as criteria for comparison, however, the Manx pottery compares equally favourably with pottery from both Irish sites. If the criteria for comparison is restricted to the surface finish, the Manx vessels resemble more closely those from Navan, whilst the lack of additional decoration on sherds from Haughey’s Fort was reminiscent of the Manx material. Boreland’s assessment did, however, find evidence of coilconstruction, whereas the Manx pots were clearly built up, slabstyle from a pinchedup base (Woodcock 1993 and 1999b).
Conclusions
With the exception of the readily identifiable and conventionally decorated bowl and vase forms (Irish Scottish/HibernoScottish vessels) (Gibson and Woods 1990, 182) which undeniably owe their origins to Irish influence, the nature of the similarities observed amongst the different assemblages from the Island and the neighbouring communities are not easy to define. The generalised shapes common to Bronze Age pottery throughout northwest Europe can clearly be identified throughout the ‘wider study area’. None of the pottery, except the bowls and vases, is unique to the Irish Sea province, although the cordoned forms may, to some extent, be defined as ‘regional urns’, generally restricted to the ‘highland zone’ and particularly to northern and western Britain (Gibson 1986, 49; Gibson and Woods 1990, 130131).
Morrison (1968) includes a number of plain, bucket shaped vessels of various sizes in his corpus of pottery from southwest Scotland. He illustrates four such vessels from Nelson Street, Largs, Ayrshire; five from Misk Knowes, Steventson and at least four from Luce Sands. There is no dating evidence. The plain urn with only a row of perforated holes immediately below the rim from Creetown (Garrocher Farm) now in Dumfries Museum, is virtually identical to a vessel (No C14) from an assemblage of undecorated vessels found in pits on the edge of the Capel Eithin cemetery, a site on Anglesey, producing essentially collared urns. Lynch is entirely happy with a Late Bronze Age date (ranging 803412 cal BC) (Lynch 1991, 353, 395). Lynch also comments on the evidence from Late Bronze Age palisaded settlements, some becoming major hill forts in later centuries, and notes the use of ‘rough simple pottery, much less sophisticated than the Earlier Bronze Age styles’ (Lynch 1990, 13).
It is sometimes possible to establish the favoured use of olivine dolerite as a temper, a medium commonly used in the north and west (Williams and Jenkins 1999). Decoration, however, like form, is consistently achieved by use of recognised Bronze Age techniques such as applied, or more commonly pinchedup, raised designs of pellets, swags and encircling ribs. Regimented, incised and impressed motifs, frequently incorporating chevrons, hatched triangles, zigzags and hurdling are common, as are a similar range of designs created using impressed, twisted cord. No single technique is typical to the north and west. All are found throughout a wider area of the British Isles. The similarities in the combination of decoration and form observed between vessels from the Island and pottery of the same class from other parts of the wider area of comparative reference are sometimes subtle. The
Undecorated pottery from Kirkhead Cave in Cumbria, probably from a large undecorated urn is likened by Gilks to other vessels from possible domestic sites at Walney Island and Pilling in Lancashire (Gilks 1987, 3742). He 48
stylistic criteria adopted for comparison between the Manx pottery and the other areas discussed above may have been overelaborate and certainly subjective, but the results do appear to demonstrate probable strands of contact between the Isle of Man and all areas around the northern Irish Sea basin at various times through the Bronze Age. Often, perhaps, the likenesses observed were essentially subjective; an impression of similarity created by the distribution of zones of decoration on the body of the vessel, the number and appearance of the cordons, recurrent combinations of designs and associations between different techniques of creating the design. This study of the Manx pottery has, however, shown how readily the sites and finds of the Manx Bronze Age merge into the distribution pattern already observed by Waddell and others (Davies 1945, 125144; Davies 1946, 3860; Bowen 1970, 1328; Herity 1970, 2937; Savory 1970, 38 49; Lynch 1990, 119; Waddell 1992, Figures 4 and 5, 33 34), see also Figures 5.15.3. The similarities in form and decoration between the pottery of all types from the Island with the wider area do definitely seem to confirm Burrow’s observations that, following an apparent period of cultural isolation at the end of the Neolithic (the Ronaldsway Neolithic), by the early Bronze Age influence and contact was once again flowing back and forth between the Island and the majority of its neighbours (Burrow 1999, 35). An early Irish link is undeniable as are the affinities with southwest Scotland. Both English and Welsh links are also clearly present, but appear more tenuous. The Welsh link would appear essentially strongest during the later Bronze Age, a finding perhaps validated by the metalwork (O’Connor 1999, 55). As referred to above, the chronological relationships between the Isle of Man and its neighbours which can tentatively be established by using the radiocarbon dating evidence will be discussed further in Chapter 6.
49
6.
Chronological relationships between the Isle of Man and neighbouring areas
As discussed in Chapter 5, the pottery types and decorative styles from the Isle of Man and other areas around the northern Irish Sea suggest a high probability that some kind of social or economic interaction was taking place in this area during the Bronze Age. It seems
chronology (Needham 1996, Figures 2 and 3) – see Figure 3.1. The Manx dates include those on four bowls: that from Cronk Aust [10] (cremated bone); from Killeaba [13] (cremated bone); from Bishopscourt Farm [7] (unburnt bone) and from the Magher y Clagh/Croit
Figure 6.1: Radiocarbon dates associated with ceramic material likely, therefore, that by using radiocarbon dated pottery from the Island and from the wider area of comparative reference, the resulting chronological sequence might make it possible to determine whether, following the apparent period of cultural isolation suggested by the significant divergent cultural package attributed to the late Neolithic Ronaldsway culture, there was a predominant direction in which ideas might have migrated to the Island and around the areas bordering the Irish Sea. The evidence might also suggest if there could have been a controlling centre or a source for this cultural imperative.
Hom Ralfe, Bishop's Demesne bowl [4] (unburnt bone). The only vase date comes from cremated bone from the cist found beneath the mound at The Cronk, Upper Lhergydhoo [18]. There is one date for a collared vessel on cremated bone which is very closely associated with a cordoned urn, Staarvey [39 and 70]. There are also four dates from carbon encrusted sherds from either cordoned or plain urns from the Ronaldsway Village site [Study 2]. Cordoned urn dates are also available from the two vessels from Kerrowmooar Farm [30 and 31] and from the Park Farm urn [53]. All were obtained from cremated bone. Finally there are a further two dates from material closely associated with pottery, a cereal grain from Ballachrink [26] which has Beaker/‘food vessel’ associations and a date on charcoal from a hearth on South Barrule [Study 3] which appears, like those from Ronaldsway Village, to date cordoned and plain vessels. These additional estimations enable the pottery dates to be increased to 15. The 15 Manx radiocarbon dates tabulated in Figure 6.1 (see also Appendix 4 where the full list of Bronze Age dates is given) form the basis for comparison. By relating the Manx dates to those established from other areas (Woodcock 2001, 313331) and shown in diagrammatic form in Figures 6.2 to 6.5, it is hoped to demonstrate a
There are obviously shortcomings to this sort of exercise essentially because of a paucity of scientific dating evidence. The project could not be based on systematic sampling, it was necessary to work within the restraints of the available evidence. The difficulty in locating dated Beaker pottery from areas around the northern Irish Sea basin, for example, explains the absence of statistics for this class of vessel. There are, however, 13 Manx radiocarbon estimations specifically on pottery which are valuable for comparison with those from the wider area of comparative reference together with Stuart Needham’s archaeological 50
Figure 6.2: Chronological distribution of bowls and vases. Cronk Aust [10], Killeaba [14/15], Bishopscourt Farm [7], Bishop’s Demesne [4] and Upper Lhergydhoo [18]
Figure 6.3: Chronological distribution of cordoned urns. Park Farm [53], Kerrowmooar Farm 1 [30], Kerrowmooar Farm 2 [31], Ronaldsway Village 14 [Study 2] and South Barrule [Study 3]
Figure 6.4: Chronological distribution of collared urns Staarvey [70]
51
Figure 6.5: Chronological distribution of undecorated pottery vessels Ronaldsway Village 14 [Study 2] and South Barrule [Study 3]
chronological distribution pattern which might highlight any evidence for a significant direction for the transfer of ideas and influence between the Manx people and their nearest neighbours around the Irish Sea. Note. Figures 6.2 to 6.5 demonstrate the chronological relationship between radiocarbondated pottery of various classes (bowls and vases; cordoned vessels; collared urns and undecorated urns). In these charts, whereas the Manx pottery dates are shown individually, only the overall span of dates which have been established for similar classes of pottery from Wales, Ireland, Scotland and northwest England are illustrated. Where available the appropriate Needham radiocarbondated sequence for the British Isles (Needham 1996) is included at the bottom of each chronological chart.
The dating evidence from Wales owes a great deal to the work undertaken by Frances Lynch (Lynch 1991). Ann Hallam’s MA thesis (1990) has also assembled some dates for collared urns from northwest England. The large quantity of information from Ireland is due essentially to the radiocarbon dating programme implemented by A.L. Brindley and J.N Lanting of the Vakgroep Archeologie, Gronigen in 1990 through the Oxford AMS system and is now included in Brindley (2007). Personal research by Brindley and Lanting on the dating of cremated bone (Lanting and Brindley 1998, 18) provided further information. With the exception of a group of Irish dates kindly provided by Brindley in advance of the most recent publication, evidence for the span of radiocarbon dates for the various areas shown in the chronological distributions (Figures 6.26.5) was extracted from a variety of sources including published and unpublished material.
Despite an increase in the number of dating projects of Bronze Age pottery undertaken on both Irish and Scottish material the record remains very uneven, and the marked paucity of evidence from southwest Scotland makes even the Manx evidence appear comparatively robust. Use, however, is made of any dates which were available during the period of research (Woodcock 2001, 313331). Any relevant new radiocarbon dates from Ireland and Scotland included in the recent publication by Anna Brindley The Dating of Food Vessels and Urns in Ireland, (Brindley 2007) have been taken into consideration. Unfortunately this publication does not include any of the Manx pottery dating evidence (Brindley 2007, 297325), neither the published radiocarbon dates (Chiverrell, Davey, Gowlett and Woodcock 1999) nor does it take into account those dates specifically undertaken at the laboratories in Groningen and funded by Manx National Heritage in 2006 in order to provide reliable comparative data for this present volume.
Where dates were originally presented as cal BC, it has been assumed that this signified calibration to 2 sigma cal BC. All other dating evidence formerly presented as bc or BP was calibrated by the writer to 2 sigma cal BC using the conversion programme (Calib 4.3) available on line (Woodcock 2001, 321).
The ceramic dating evidence Bowl and vase forms. Figure 6.2 demonstrates that, in general, the dates for the late metalusing Neolithic/Early Bronze Age Manx bowls and vases appear to reconcile well with the Needham chronology and his span of “Irish Food vessel” dates. The bowl type appears, perhaps, to arrive on 52
the Isle of Man a little later than Needham has found elsewhere but does fall within the span of dates which he has established. The date for the earliest Manx bowl, that from Cronk Aust [10], is marginally earlier than those few known from Scotland, but is clearly considerably later than the earliest known date for Irish bowls. It is of interest that, whilst the Manx bowls appear to overlap to some degree with the Irish dates, both the bowls from Ballaugh (Bishopscourt/Bishops Demesne) [6 and 7] are slightly later. This evidence might hint that there was a slight time lag before this style became established on the Island. At the same time, the timelapse in dates suggests that the transmission of ideas was likely to have been from west to east during the early Bronze Age, perhaps hinting at a move out from Ireland in a northeasterly direction, apparently incorporating the Isle of Man within a progress up into Scotland. The bowl/vase tradition seems likely, therefore, to have originated in Ireland where, as Waddell has pointed out, it appears to have adopted the role played by Beaker material elsewhere (Waddell 1998, 118119). As discussed earlier, the Manx bowls and vases do appear to have been used in burials where in other areas Beakers may have been included.
the latest bowl dates from Ireland. The Islay dates are, at present, amongst the earliest from Scotland but compare favourably with the Manx bowl dates. Although the differences in date are minimal, the Islay and Manx dates support the suggested transmission of ideas from west to east, from the west coast of Scotland inland and across central Scotland to Angus and Fife. The radiocarbondated vases from Ireland have a slightly broader timespan than that suggested by Needham. The date range for No 42, from Drumnakeel, County Antrim, extends into the Middle Bronze Age. Comparison between the Irish vase dates and the marginally later dates from central and eastern Scotland, quoted by Steward and Barclay (1997, 39) further support the west to east movement apparent from the bowl evidence.
Cordoned urns. Early excavation techniques and
recording methods have meant that it has not always been possible to establish the chronological sequence of multiple burials beneath the same mound but there does appear to be a recurring association of cordoned urns and ‘early’ pottery in some Manx burial monuments. At Cronk Aust, a bowl [10] and a cordoned urn [45]) were found within the same mound. A similar situation occurs at Garey Meen and at Whitehouse where cordoned urns [33] and [50] and encrusted urns [27] and [28] were also found within the same mound. The burials within the mound at The Cronk, Upper Lhergydhoo had been heavily disturbed by modern agriculture but the vase [18], the plain vessel [80] and the cordoned sherds [38] were apparently closely associated and at Park Farm, where cordoned sherds [53] and bowl fragments [17] were retrieved by field walking in approximately the same area, the two vessels would appear to be similarly contemporary.
The present evidence does suggest that Irish vases appear slightly later in the bowl/vase sequence and also slightly later than those dated from Scotland. This inconsistency, it is suggested, is more likely to be due to an absence of evidence than to the original state of affairs. As it stands, the Manx vase from Upper Lhergydhoo [18] falls well within the range of known Irish and Scottish dates. Beyond the immediate area of reference, dating evidence from Mains of Melgund, Angus, ranging 18801534 and 19701694 cal BC (Taylor, Rideout, RussellWhite and Cowie 1998, 65); from Almondbank, Perthshire, 2136 1694 cal BC; from Westhaugh of Tulliemet, Tayside, 18841537 cal BC and from Reswallie Mains, Angus, 16111266 cal BC (Steward and Barclay 1997, 39) further suggests that the Scottish bowls and vases, like the Manx examples, ‘came into fashion’ slightly later than they did in Ireland. There are a number of other radiocarbon dates for vases and bowls from eastern Scotland, all of which were described as ‘broadly consistent with other dated Bronze Age burials’ (Taylor, Rideout, RussellWhite and Cowie 1998, 65 and Stewart and Barclay 1997, 39) and yet others from Dunfermline, Inverness and Islay (Sheridan pers comm, 5.3.2001). Although this evidence also comes from beyond the limits of the study area, it is perhaps of relevance in assessing the possible direction of transmission of ideas from west to east.
There are now a number of radiocarbon dated cordoned urns from the Isle of Man. Figure 6.3 suggests that on the basis of present radiocarbon evidence this class of urn becomes popular on the Island just slightly earlier than elsewhere (Ireland, Scotland and northwest England). It is of note that the dates for cordoned urns from burials, the two vessels from Kerrowmooar Farm [30 and 31], the cordoned sherds from Park Farm [53] and the date from the Staarvey cist burial (which may be attributed to either a collared [70] or a cordoned vessel [39]) are all earlier than those from the settlement sites of Ronaldsway Village [Study 2] and South Barrule [Study 3]. It is apparent that on the Island these vessels seem to have continued in use on domestic sites beyond the conventionally accepted span of dates elsewhere. The earlier dates recently achieved for the funerary cordoned urns are thus reassuringly compatible with evidence from Ireland and from Needham’s chronology. One Scottish date of 2 sigma cal BC 16261408 which comes from Benderloch in Argyll (MacGregor 1998, 156) is not sufficient from which to draw conclusions.
A small group of dates for both bowls and vases from Islay, Ardnave, 22811896 cal BC; Kilellan, 21361772 cal BC, and Kentraw, 20181698 cal BC (Steward and Barclay 1997, 39) lie comfortably within the range of the (slightly earlier) Irish vase dates and within the span of 53
At Church Lawton in Cheshire, at the southern limit of the area of comparative study, there is an exceptionally late cordoned urn from a funerary context with a date of 811399 cal BC (Hallam 1990, Appendix 5) (not shown on the chart Figure 6.3). This date, far later than Needham’s span for these vessels, is something of a puzzle. Gibson (1986, 53) however, points out that in northern England cordoned urns commonly continue in use till later and should be considered as a northern equivalent of the DeverelRimbury tradition. No radiocarbon dating evidence was found to support this suggestion. Whilst the paucity of cordoned vessels from both Wales and northwest England does sustain Waddell’s proposed distribution of these vessels (Figure 5.2), it also suggests that cultural influence for cordoned urns is circulating around the northern Irish Sea between Ireland and Scotland and influencing some of the inhabitants of the Isle of Anglesey (the threecordoned urn from Llanddyfnan) (Lynch 1991, Figure 47, 174). Further dating evidence is needed, however, particularly from southwest Scotland, before it will be possible to be certain if the dissemination of ideas apparent from the bowl evidence continues to be maintained by the users of cordoned urns or if the source of inspiration has shifted.
of burial tradition at this site rather that any contemporaneity of Bronze Age use. Lack of contextual evidence, however, makes this suggestion difficult to establish. As Figure 5.3 shows, this class of vessel is present, though less well represented in Ireland than it is elsewhere in the areas around the northern Irish Sea. Assuming that contact between the collared urn traditions on mainland Britain was as well established and widespread as Longworth’s distribution maps suggest, with vessels present from Anglesey to Cumbria (Longworth 1984, Figures 15, 23, 29 and 38), ideas could equally have been reaching the Isle of Man from its clearly visible neighbours in northwest England rather than from Ireland as is suggested by the bowl and vase evidence.
Undecorated/plain pottery. Figure 6.5 shows how satisfactorily the dates for the undecorated pottery from Ronaldsway Village [Study 2] and South Barrule [Study 3] match those from Ireland, in particular the dates from another domestic site, Haughey’s Fort in County Armagh (1254900 cal BC) (Boreland 1996, 24). Note. Needham (1996) does not include undecorated wares in his chronological records. The limited evidence, however, does suggest parallels both in design and use between the Irish communities and those on the Isle of Man at this time. The only other radiocarbondated pottery which might come into this undecorated category is earlier in date and described only as ‘Bucket Urns’ (Ashmore 1997, 265). This evidence is from a funerary context in southwest Scotland (Balloch Hill), and may, therefore, be a ‘red herring’.
Collared urns. To date, only one Manx collared urn has been scientifically dated, the Staarvey vessel [70] found together with cordoned sherds [39] in a single stoneslab cist (Woodcock 1999a, 8998). Figure 5.6 demonstrates that, unsurprisingly, in view of the known extensive range and distribution of this class of vessel, the radiocarbon date for the Staarvey vessel(s) sits well within the range of dates suggested by Needham, those known from North West England (Hallam 1990, Appendix 5) and from Wales (Longworth 1984, 140). Not shown in the chart (Figure 6.4), however, are any Scottish dates as none could be found, nor the Irish dates which have only recently become generally available (Brindley (2007, Fig.36, 140). On the basis of the evidence provided by Brindley, the span of dates which have been achieved on Irish cordoned urns is very similar to that recorded by Needham in his 1996 publication.
Summary and conclusions from the chronological and comparative studies. Whilst it is conceded that the use of pottery form and decoration for comparative purposes discussed in Chapter 5 is, by its subjective nature, slightly speculative, the information which has accumulated undeniably hints that the early Manx, the Irish and to a slightly lesser extent the Scottish pottery, may have had a common cultural background which suggests that contact may have ebbed and flowed, differing marginally in intensity through time.
The dating evidence assembled for collared urns for northwest England spans a long period of time and the sole Manx date provides no surprises, particularly in view of the close association at Staarvey [70] with cordoned sherds, a vessel type which, as discussed above, appeared on the Island in the Early Bronze age and continued in use till the end of the Late Bronze Age. There are other incidences on the Island where cordoned and collared sherds are closely associated in funerary contexts and include those from the Borrane in Patrick [77 with 62 and 63]. At Kerrowkneale in Jurby it is also suggested that the cordoned urns attributed to this site [40, 41 and 42] are contemporary with the associated collared urn [72]. The discovery of both bowl [9] and collared sherds [71] in the megalithic tomb at Ballaharra may suggest a continuation
Similarly, based on comparatively limited evidence, comparison of the Manx radiocarbondated vessels with similar, though not precise, parallels from Ireland, Scotland, northwest England and North Wales suggests that very early on, towards the end of the late metalusing Neolithic, influence and transmission of cultural ideas, particularly in the form of the small pots of bowl and vase shape, flowed from west to east, out of Ireland towards the northeast. The dates and the archaeological evidence would suggest the likelihood that the inspiration for these vessels reached the 54
west coast of Scotland and the Isle of Man at around the same time, some time during the late metalusing Neolithic (Figures 6.1 and 6.2). As Figure 5.1 shows, a scattering of bowls has been identified running from Dumfries and Galloway across to northeast England and the Borders. Similarly, bowls are found further to the north in Islay, on Kintyre and on Arran, spreading across the central lowland belt of Scotland to the east coast through Perthshire to Tayside. Taking the archaeological evidence and the available dating evidence into consideration, this scatter is suggestive of a continuation of a movement of cultural ideas from west to east during this period.
Surprisingly, in view of the extensive range and distribution of this class of vessel throughout England and Wales, the collared urn would seem to be amongst the less common vessels found in Ireland and on the Isle of Man. In 1984, Longworth described five collared urns from the Isle of Man and since then a further possible seven or eight vessels have been recognised from illustrations or from rim sherds stored in the Manx Museum. Contextual information about the majority is lacking. Fewer examples of this class of vessel exist than might be expected. The recently acquired Irish dates and the single Manx date do, however, all fall easily within the known range from elsewhere (Figure 6.4), but for this reason the process of direction and dissemination of ideas for this vessel type is not as clear as it is for the bowl and vase forms. As suggested above, it is more than possible that the origins of the collared urn are to be found on the east of the Irish Sea in northwest England and Wales.
The distribution of cordoned vessels shown on Figure 5.2 reflects a northeast/southwest distribution, similar to that of the bowls and vases. The Isle of Man is firmly located within the path of this spread. This evidence again seems to confirm that, at this slightly later period in the Early Bronze Age, the Island was firmly established in the Highland zone tradition of pottery use alongside its neighbours in Ireland and Scotland. The distribution map (Figure 5.2) seems to suggest that cordoned urns were particularly ‘fashionable’ both on the Island and apparently also in the area around the Firth of Forth in the east of Scotland. How accurately this archaeological evidence represents the true picture is uncertain as careful study has revealed that many of the Manx vessels are represented by only by a few sherds. It seems highly likely that similar evidence may lie unrecorded in museum collections elsewhere throughout the area. Certainly it would seem unusual if the evidence of a large number of cordoned vessels from this comparatively small Island was not mirrored elsewhere on the suggested route from west to east across Scotland
Evidence from the other classes of Bronze Age pottery is only of limited use in identifying social and economic links between the Island and the other areas around the northern Irish Sea. The lack of Beaker material and the use of bowls in funerary contexts during this early period identified in Ireland (Waddell 1998, 118119) is, as discussed above, also reflected on the Island where there is a paucity of Beaker evidence and bowls and vases are also similarly used in burials. Decorative parallels for the two Manx encrusted urns suggest an Irish connection, but vessels of this class are found throughout the area, and to date there is no dating evidence associated specifically with the two known examples [27 and 28] beyond their association with cordoned material. There is little useful comparative information to be determined from the few vase urns identified on the Island, and none has been scientifically dated.
As discussed above, on the Isle of Man during the Early Bronze Age, cordoned urns are essentially being used in funerary contexts and some are, indeed, often associated with other vessels (bowls, encrusted and collared urns). Cordoned vessels from funerary contexts accord well with dated material from Ireland and Scotland, as well as falling happily within the range of dates given by Needham (1996). During the Middle and Late Bronze Age, however, cordoned urns appear more commonly in use on settlement sites such as Ronaldsway Village [Study 2] and South Barrule [Study 3] and, indeed, although no dating has been undertaken on Bronze Age pottery from the settlement site at Billown Quarry [Study 4], large quantities of cordoned pottery have been found there (Darvill pers. com.). For this reason, and on the basis of the archaeological and the scientific dating evidence, it might be suggested that by the Middle and Late Bronze Age the Manx may, to some extent, once again be going their own way, unaffected by ‘fashion’ and the immediate influence of their neighbours – except by the ‘Irish’ inhabitants of Haughey’s Fort.
Whilst there are definite similarities between the undecorated pottery found on the domestic sites in the south of the Island and two Irish sites, Haughey’s Fort and Navan (where the pottery has been carefully examined and scientifically dated), reference to articles and excavation reports show that plain pottery is ubiquitous throughout the British Isles. Although similarities clearly exist in form, use and date between the Manx and Irish material, similar evidence may exist elsewhere unexamined and unrecorded. The preference for the use of olivine dolerite as a temper discussed in Chapters 3 and 5 suggests the transmission of a specialist knowledge around the north and west of the British Isles (Sheridan 1993, 7175; Lynch 1991, 358; Stanford 1982, 309 and 318 and Williams and Jenkins 1999, 189230) in which the Isle of Man, despite its comparatively isolated position, was included. Unfortunately, just how and why this practice became ‘popular’ over such a wide area cannot be determined from the archaeological evidence.
55
Whilst it is acknowledged that the discussion in Chapter 5 and above is based on somewhat limited typological (ceramic decoration and form) and chronological data, the resulting evidence nevertheless supports Burrow’s contention that, by the end of the period during which the Ronaldsway Neolithic culture was dominant on the Isle of Man, social and economic influence and contact were once again flowing back and forth between the Island and its neighbours (Burrow 1999, 35) and, indeed, continued to do so during the Bronze Age. It is of note that once the Bronze Age is well established and less distinctive forms of pottery are available for comparison, the pattern of dissemination discussed above is less easy to determine. The route of contact, though not necessarily the direction of contact, probably continued once the relationship between the Island and its neighbours had been fully re established. It is likely that ideas ebbed and flowed back and forth around the wider area of comparative reference as people traded and exchanged or just routinely came into contact with their neighbours across the sea. The sea would only have been a barrier to those who chose to make it so.
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7.
The nature of contact
The existence during the Bronze Age of social, cultural and economic contact between the communities bordering the northern Irish Sea basin (including, to a lesser extent, the Isle of Man) has been observed and discussed in outline, rather than in detail, by a number of writers. These researchers include Lynch (1990, 713); Waddell (1992, 29 40; 1995a, 113122 and 1995b 161163); Bowen (1970, 13 28); Herity (1970, 2937) and Savory (1970, 3849). Others such as Davies (1945, 125144 and 1946, 3860) also considered the nature of contact during the preceding Neolithic period. There are also other references which confirm that this direction of thought has existed for a considerable period of time. At a meeting of the Cambrian Archaeological Association held in Douglas on the Isle of Man in 1929, for example, one speaker (Professor Lloyd), when referring to the origins of language, spoke of the ‘early relations between Wales and the Island’, continuing to elaborate that these were “not as close as those of Ireland and Man”. Graham Clark (1935, 8385) was, however, the first to look specifically at the Manx cultural material (pottery and metalwork) and attempt to seek parallels from beyond the Island.
technology was amazingly sophisticated and both small log boats and ‘rafts’ and larger, more refined, boats were being constructed and used on inland, coastal and even crosschannel routes. Knowledge of the winds, currents and tides would have been second nature to a maritime people such as those living around the coasts of northern Europe and the larger islands. Travel across water will not have presented the same problems to prehistoric peoples as it does to nonmaritime individuals today. Movement around the coasts of northern Europe and across wider expanses of water like the Irish Sea during the Bronze Age is not in question. In a discussion of the access and contact between communities around the northern Irish Sea basin, the importance of the degree of intervisibility between the Isle of Man, Scotland, Ireland, northwest England and North Wales cannot be stressed too heavily. It is of importance to be aware that, apart from the apparent period of isolation at the end of the Neolithic, regular contact between the Island and its neighbours appears to have been unbroken since the Mesolithic (see Chapter 1). Whether the dominance of the Ronaldsway Neolithic culture indicates an elective decision for segregation by the Manx themselves or, less likely, resulted from some organised policy of exclusion by their neighbours, the reason for the evidence of a resumption of contact needs to be sought. If, on the other hand, social contact was never totally abandoned (as seems likely), but maintained informally throughout the regime of the Ronaldsway Neolithic, the appearance of bowls and vases, particularly those included in graves in the manner of Beaker pottery elsewhere (except Ireland) equally needs explanation.
In this volume, the clear similarities in form and decoration which are perceptible on the Bronze Age pottery from the Isle of Man and analogous material from other areas surrounding the northern Irish Sea (see Chapter 5), confirm some of Clark’s theories. He suggests the likelihood that voyagers, visitors or settlers, moving from one area to another, are bringing with them recollections of their pottery styles and some of the customs of their homeland. The archaeological evidence suggests that these new forms are, in time, adopted and become established on the Island. The comparative evidence discussed in Chapter 5 may admittedly be regarded as tenuous. Whilst, the material discussed is limited, it is suggested that there is significant potential for further advances in comparative studies to be made. The widespread use of olivine dolerite during the late Neolithic and Bronze Age is clearly of cultural significance but other kinds of fabric analysis would be less helpful as it has been established that most prehistoric pottery is manufactured from clays which can be sourced close to home.
It is possible to suggest from archaeological and environmental evidence (Woodcock 2001, 360366) that, during the late Neolithic/Ronaldsway period of apparent social and cultural isolation, the Manx communities were basically selfsufficient, unified, economically viable and evidently peaceable. In seeking an explanation, it is worth considering that only when the sustainability of a circumscribed area, like an island, becomes unbalanced, when resources can no longer support the population due to a period of poor harvests, major episodes of sickness or disease or an unexpected increase in population. In such circumstances groups might need to look beyond their boundaries to their neighbours for additional support. The dearth of essential (or desirable) material goods is probably the greatest motivating factor for folkmovement and economic or social contact between neighbouring groups. Groups confident in their own social context do not need to compete with, or emulate, their neighbours and, in the case of the Isle of Man, it seems unlikely that they would aspire
There remains, even today, a misconception that small islands are in some way different, slightly removed from modern society, even isolated or backward. Yet in this age of sophisticated electronic technology and modern travel, access to islands, such as the Isle of Man, is not generally possible without recourse to some method of organised public transport by air or by sea. Few travellers are independent of timetables! As the research of those such as McGrail (1981 and 1981a) and others have more recently demonstrated, Bronze Age boatbuilding 57
to possess the material culture of others. The exception being particular items which they could not supply themselves tools and weapons of copper and bronze synonymous with wealth, status and power.
competently. Nor is it possible to look at any individual Manx object and, on typological grounds, say that it had been locally made. Consequently, there is, as yet, no unambiguous evidence to indicate exploitation of copper for local use on the Island, and only equivocal evidence of local metal working.
Little is known of the early history of metalworking on the Isle of Man, but careful fieldwork such as that undertaken by Doonan and Eley (2000, 4553) has been recently increasing knowledge. As mentioned in Chapter 1, there are no sources of tin on the Island but both copper and lead ore deposits are present. Robertson (1794 reprinted 1970, 8384) writes of a “pool in the mountainous parts of KirkChristRushen, of so vitriolic quality, that no ducks or geese can live near it; which probably proceeds from the particles of copper that are discovered on all sides of those mountains”. Copper staining is clearly visible on coastal exposures in the south of the Island, notably at Bradda Head, at Scarlett and on Langness. Copper is also found at less obvious localities such as that south of Port Mooar in Maughold. The surface evidence of green staining would have been readily discernable during the Bronze Age. Doonan and Hunt have suggested that the discovery of a number of possible mauls and hammerstones (mining tools) found close to the ‘characteristic workings at North Bradda’ adds weight to the case for early exploitation here (1999, 68). The evidence at Bradda Head may, indeed, indicate some exploitation, but it was probably limited and short term (Peter Northover pers comm, 24.1.2001). As Northover also points out (1999, 59), the availability of a natural resource does not necessarily mean that it was exploited.
For this reason, it might be reasonable to suggest that, for the most part, the metallurgical requirements of these apparently lowkey but selfsufficient farming and fishing communities could only have been met from trade or exchange with their neighbours. During both the Early and Late Bronze Age, finished metal tools appear to have come from Ireland, whilst during the middle period, the series of socketed axes found on the Island appear to come from either Wales or northwest England (Woodcock 2001, 273279). Some objects of late Bronze Age metalwork found on the Island are of leaded bronze and it is just possible that, at this time, local metalworkers may have been able to make use of local lead. Despite the use of modern, sophisticated technology, however, the ability to provenance lead to specific ore fields cannot be achieved (Northover 1999, 56) and there is no typological evidence to suggest that these few objects were locally produced. By way of an explanation for the appearance of objects of probable Irish origin (pottery and metalwork) on the Isle of Man, it seems eminently possible to suggest that once the knowledge of procuring and working copper was established in Ireland, the status and advantages of the new metallurgy was communicated to their neighbours through the informal ‘grapevine’ which had probably persisted, contrary to the archaeological evidence, through the Ronaldsway period. It seems possible that the desire to possess these objects of copper and bronze may have prompted the resumption of both economic and formal cultural contacts between the early Manx and their Irish neighbours.
There is no evidence, at present, to suggest that serious exploitation or processing of copper ores was taking place anywhere on the Island during the early Bronze Age. The absence of locally available tin would have been a major obstacle to progress. Evidence for smelting, casting and forging of copper was identified at Billown (Site O) during the 1999 season of excavations. Radiocarbon dates, however, suggest this activity could be dated to the middle or later first millennium BC (around 350 BC) (Doonan et al, 2000, 2325).
It seems highly likely that, during the earliest period of bronze technology, the Manx themselves were unaware of the potential of their own mineral resources. Undoubtedly, the technology to exploit and work copper and bronze must have been initiated from outside. It seems probable that this striking resumption of contact with the Isle of Man was made at this time by ‘prospectors’ or other adventurers seeking new sources of copper and tin in order to further their desire for wealth and status, positions by now occupied in their homeland by an existing select élite.
The ability to repair and resharpen bronze tools would, however, have been an essential skill which might have gone hand in hand with the ability to rework and recycle imported scrap metal, a practice widely recognised elsewhere (Muckelroy 1980, 106107). The only possible evidence for local bronze working is limited to a fragment from a sword mould found in the eroding Crawyn Brooghs on the northwest coast; to an ingot and the incompletely cast sword from the Ballagawne hoard and from a broken, but reworked, sword from Foxdale (Davey, Northover, O'Connor and Woodcock 1999, 3962). A bronze vessel rivetted patch from Strandhall suggests that someone was capable of repairing sheet metal
At the same time, similarities in pottery form and decoration, together with the chronological evidence discussed in Chapter 6, suggest the same kinds of ambitious groups were similarly venturing from Ireland to the northeast, towards the west coast of Scotland. 58
As intimated above, it is likely that, although the Manx appear to have culturally distanced themselves from their neighbours during the period of Ronaldsway Neolithic primacy, the informal social contact established from Mesolithic times onwards between the coastal orientated peoples of the Irish Sea basin will have remained as before. The very presence of other places clearly visible to those living around the Irish Sea can only have stimulated the natural human response to visit and explore the lands they could see so easily. Quite apart from planned expeditions with, or without, a definite end in mind, recurrent, informal meetings between fishing parties from different areas are likely to have occurred frequently and communities living on the north coast of the Isle of Man probably often acted as hosts to small groups, or individuals, taking refuge in bad weather. The marked similarities in environment, the period and extent of occupation, the evidence of landuse and the large and almost identical array of cultural material found centred around Port Cranstal (Phurt) [Study 1] in the extreme north of the Island and the Torrs Warren, Luce Sands area of Galloway (Cowie 1996, 11105) make light of that intervening stretch of sea.
to genetic traits, to the surrounding mainland populations’ it was not possible to show where the strongest links lay (Mitchell and Sunderland 1978, 77107). The pros and cons of using ancient DNA as an aid to understanding the past are currently under consideration (Woodman 2000, 2022 and Cooney 2001, 3435) and, whilst genetic studies of prehistoric populations might reveal some evidence of the archaeologically detectable links between the Bronze Age population of the Isle of Man and their immediate neighbours, no work has yet been undertaken on Manx human remains of this date. Pottery, as emphasized above, is unlikely to be traded; pottery does not travel easily yet ideas do. It is, therefore, likely that pottery and the variation and similarities in pottery decoration, hold the key to the proposition that the maintenance of contact between areas with few other obvious resources to stimulate regular economic exchange is due to a regular interchange of people probably most commonly as ‘marriage’ partners. Whereas contemporary ethnographic studies indicate that both women and men act as potters, there is clearly no hard and fast rule. It is not possible to determine if this was so in prehistory. It might be suggested that males, with their undoubted enhanced physical strength were predominantly more likely to have been required for the heavier assignments such as land clearance, preparation of soil, building and highrisk, highreward tasks such as hunting. Women, hampered to a large extent by childrearing, although undeniably capable of and frequently also undertaking many arduous tasks, may have been more effectively employed on the lighter, low risk, dependable, domestic tasks (including the gathering of food) around or close to the settlement. Such tasks would, according to traditional thought, include pottery manufacture. Certainly this allocation of work is currently found amongst the western Pueblos of eastern Arizona, where customs appear to have changed little since prehistoric times (Hill 1972, 325325).
Other theories to account for the evidence of an apparent resumption of contact between the Island and its neighbours during the early Bronze Age include the purely social need for a wider exchange of marriage partners. The genetic pool on the Isle of Man may well have been abnormally reduced during the Late Neolithic period of isolation. Indeed, there is on the Island itself no specific evidence of isolation between the Manx communities themselves. Despite some minor archaeological indication of cultural differences between ‘Northside’ and ‘Southside’ (Figure 1.3), there is no evidence that any social divide was created by the geographical barrier of the central mountain ridge. No parts of the Island appear to have been unaware of the rituals, customs and styles of their neighbours and social communication between isolated farming and fishing groups was probably regularly maintained. Undeniably though, access from one side of the Island to the other across the central mountain ridge may have presented as much difficulty as travel by sea.
Whilst it is difficult to prove, it appears likely that once farming and possible hereditary links to the land become established, women (more commonly than men) married out of the settlement where they were born and raised. With them, to their new homes, will have travelled the domestic customs and decorative styles and designs which they had learned from their mothers and grandmothers and in turn passed on to the next generation of daughters (Hill 1972, 325). Although this observation need not necessarily be negated if potters were male, it is generally considered that it is through females that most domestic cultural traits become dispersed, both in the form of goods as dowries or bride prices (although there is no tangible archaeological evidence of this during the Bronze Age) or, as indicated above, by transfer of technical skills and decorative designs. Culturally, women appear to have been more readily and less effortlessly accepted into new family circles.
It might be suggested, therefore, that with resumed ‘international’ contact, the need for ‘new blood’ could have restimulated the desire for contact with groups beyond the Island. Some will have set off towards the lands visible on the horizon with the intention of staying to make new homes, others to return from routine fishing trips with marriage partners, some will have perished but hand in hand with the interchange of people will have travelled elements of their portable material culture such as the pottery see below. Genetic studies, based on the blood groups of a random section of the population of the Isle of Man undertaken during the 1970s indicate that although the ‘indigenous Manx population exhibited some similarities, with respect 59
Itinerant males moving, for whatever reason, from the community of their birth into a new environment or culture group might be accepted on the basis of the additional support and specialist skills which they could lend to the community. Prospectors and smiths with the knowledge and ability to work and smelt copper and bronze probably customarily moved from community to community, seeking work where it was available were likely to have been both welcomed and honoured for their abilities. If they settled into a new community, however, it is likely that, whilst retaining their independent status as craftsmen, they would probably have been required to accept the prevailing cultural and social package. It is particularly unlikely that they would have been encouraged to implement changes of a domestic nature. It is even less likely that unskilled males joining an established group would have influenced the customs and traditions of their adoptive community.
evidence of both style and date from collared urns also suggests an input of ideas and, therefore, some contact with Wales and northwest England. There are parallels in burial traditions which seem to link the Isle of Man and Ireland during the early period. These similarities, which are marked not only by the presence of analogous ceramic vessels (bowls and vases) in cist burials, but also by negative evidence: the absence of Beakers in cist burials. As Waddell observes ‘In Ireland it is some makers of pottery of the Bowl tradition who adopt the practice of crouched unburnt burial with accompanying pot in classic Beaker fashion’ (Waddell 1998, 119). A similar funerary tradition appears to have been adopted on the Isle of Man in the early Bronze Age although, on the Island, both inhumations and cremations can be accompanied by these vessels. Beaker pottery is comparatively uncommon in Ireland and definitely rare on the Isle of Man. Other components of the Beaker ‘package’, like wrist guards, do survive in Ireland as stray finds. They are, however, unknown on the Isle of Man.
Of incidental interest is that at the same time that evidence from bowl and vase forms suggests a strong link between the north of Ireland, the Isle of Man and south west Scotland, Frances Lynch has noted pottery evidence suggesting that contact between Ireland and Wales appears to have diminished (Lynch 1979, 1). Despite the modern computerised evidence indicating the ease with which a passage between Anglesey and the Isle of Man could have been accomplished (Roberts 1999), there is also equally little evidence of contact between North Wales and the Isle of Man at this time.
Whilst the criteria adopted for comparison of the vessels from the wider area of comparative reference (all of which manifest similar decorative traits to those found on the Manx pottery) may have been elaborate, the data does demonstrate the strands of contact between the Isle of Man and all the areas around the northern Irish Sea basin through time. Both the English and Welsh ‘links’ are clearly present, but appear more tenuous than those with Ireland and Scotland. The evidence undeniably suggests that the Manx, the Irish, and to a slightly lesser extent the Scottish pottery, have a common cultural background hinting at contact which has spread and receded, differing marginally in intensity through time. The Welsh link appears essentially to be at its strongest in the later part of the Bronze Age.
Further support for the Irish Sea basin relationship comes again from Frances Lynch, in her book on prehistoric Anglesey (referring to material evidence from Peny Bonc). She writes that she is clear in her own mind that in the northwest of the British Isles enduring links and relationships existed essentially between the lands bordering the Irish Sea rather than with southern Britain and Wessex (Lynch 1991, 158159). Dr Joan Taylor of the University of Liverpool, however, basing her arguments on the intricately worked designs on the spacer plates of jet necklaces linking Angus, Argyll and Bute with Wessex, would disagree (pers. comm. September 2000). Both these experts are working from essentially similar data; their separate conclusions demonstrate how difficult it is to interpret archaeological evidence with confidence.
At the start of the Bronze Age, therefore, the old social and cultural contacts between the peoples of the Irish Sea province seems to have been extended once again to include the inhabitants of the Isle of Man. Where the emphasis on this relationship lay (whether it was initially purely commercial, or if this small island was ever sufficiently highly regarded to be included in a general social, political and economic federation of northwest groups) is impossible to establish from the archaeological record alone. It can be argued that where social or economic relationships are present, they automatically co exist, irretrievably entwined, side by side.
Summary
This study has described the typological evidence for similarities in form and decorative design of Bronze Age pottery from the Isle of Man and its neighbours and the chronological relationship between the Manx forms and similar types from other areas. It clearly demonstrates that, although the earliest contact with the Island originated from Ireland, it would appear that the links and bonds, once established, continued to ebb and flow, principally between Man, Ireland and Scotland. The
To accept the reintegration of the Manx into the northern Irish Sea ‘confederation’ as a purely economic relationship, sustained solely on commercial trade or exchange, seems unrealistic. In view of the strong geographical similarities between the Island, and the other communities located within the Irish Sea province, each with its maritime coastline and hinterland of 60
farmland, woods and hills, it is difficult to discern which items they could not have acquired for themselves, without the obvious perils of crossing the Irish Sea. The type of contact which is likely to have existed between the farming and fishing communities of the Island and similar economic groups around the Irish Sea province is not easy to evaluate. What is apparent is that apart from economic sources of copper and tin, all the communities around the Irish Sea would probably have been self sufficient on a daytoday basis. Metallurgy, it might seem, was the driving force for the contact at this time. There is every reason to suspect that the Island, whilst clearly not playing a leading role in the implementation and spread of the new bronze working technology was, nevertheless, well aware of these innovations. It is unlikely that it was in no way geographically, culturally or economically isolated any longer. The findings resulting from this pottery study may not constitute a marked paradigm shift. They do, however, securely relate the communities on the Isle of Man during the Bronze Age to their neighbours within the context of the entire northern Irish Sea Province.
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A catalogue of the Bronze Age pottery from the Isle of Man Introduction Terminology: an explanation of the Manx Bronze Age pottery classification Following the lead taken initially by Waddell (1990, 35) and O'Ríordáin and Waddell (1993, 34) for the classification of Irish pottery (see also Chapter 4), the Bronze Age vessels from the Isle of Man have been classified, as far as possible, according to their physical appearance rather than by any assumed function. Thus, the terms cordoned, collared, encrusted, plain or undecorated and Beaker have been retained. Pottery customarily falling into the ‘food vessel’ tradition has, therefore, also been classified according to O'Ríordáin and Waddell (1993, 536) by their appearance and thus the terms bowl and vase are used for the range of small funerary vessels sometimes also known as ‘HibernoScottish’ or ‘Irish’ to denote their main areas of distribution (Gibson and Woods, 1990, 158). Vase urn is used here in preference to enlarged food vessel and accessory vessel is generally employed rather than the alternative terms ‘pygmy urn’ or ‘incense cup’. ‘Food vessel’ is used only where, in the absence of more information, there is no sensible alternative. The illustrations There has, in the past, been a policy for damaged and fragmentary vessels to be reconstructed or ‘repaired’ in order that they could be displayed in the Manx Museum. Whereas some of the reconstructions have been executed with skill, other vessels have clearly been reconstructed with a degree of ‘imagination’ and, with hindsight it is obvious that errors were made. Furthermore, the application of internal supporting fabric, or gauze, thick glazes and other preservatives often make it difficult to see the surface of the sherds to establish their true thickness and indeed, on occasions, to identify original material from that used in the reconstruction process. The pottery illustrated in this volume has, unless otherwise state, all been drawn from the original material. The illustrator did occasionally identify differences in detail omitted by former researchers, for example where Longworth (1984, 214. No 766) failed to observe the decoration on the inside of the rim on the collared urn from Ballaugh [69]. In some instances where it is now apparent that a vessel should have been reconstructed with a flat base rather than a round one, the reconstructed base has been ignored. In other instances, however, where no better alternative shape could be established, faith has been placed on the observations apparently made by antiquarian excavators at the time of discovery and the fully reconstructed form has been drawn. The key pot drawing below shows the conventions adopted by the illustrator. Where it is not easy to determine the difference between the original sherds and the reconstruction material, this problem is further discussed in the written description. When difficulties arose in determining the orientation of single sherds, the decision about the final orientation was made, where possible, between the illustrator and the author.
The pottery illustrations (catalogue figures 1 17) are reproduced at the end of the catalogue. 62
The format The catalogue of pottery is separated primarily into the classes of Bronze Age pottery given above. Within each section the descriptive detail is presented parish by parish in alphabetical order Andreas, Arbory, Ballaugh, Braddan, Bride, German, Jurby, Lezayre, Lonan, Malew, Marown, Maughold, Michael, Onchan, Patrick, Rushen and Santon see Figure 1.3 (Administrative Land Divisions). The Manx Museum accessions numbers (IOMMM), where known, are included in each entry but are not reproduced alongside the illustrations which are identified only by the catalogue number. Appendix 5 provides a further means of cross referencing the catalogue number with the museum accession number(s). Those sherds which were too fragmentary or undiagnostic to benefit from illustration are included in the catalogue and described where possible. A written description is also provided for any vessels or pottery sherds considered to be of significance but which have been lost and are no longer available for drawing. Studies 1 4 For reasons of diversity, quantity of material, and in one instance, because of lack of detailed information, the pottery assemblages from four significant areas of Bronze Age settlement are discussed and illustrated separately at the end of the catalogue. Study 1 covers the miscellaneous range of Bronze Age sherds discovered intermittently over the years from Port Cranstal in the Parish of Bride in the north of the Island; Study 2 includes the large group of pottery from Ronaldsway Village; Study 3 discusses the pottery from the hillfort of South Barrule and Study 4 covers the pottery from Billown which has not yet been studied in any detail. Ronaldsway Village, South Barrule and Billown are all located in the parish of Kirk Malew in the south of the Island. Referencing in the text The catalogue numbers referred to in the text throughout the volume are shown in square brackets. Unclassifiable evidence At the end of the catalogue there is a list of ceramic finds referred to casually in either antiquarian manuscripts, early published documents or included as “urn found” on the annotated maps held in the Manx Museum library. Although these references do not provide unambiguous evidence by which to identify the pottery, some finds are likely to be Bronze Age in date. The use of single and double inverted commas Throughout the catalogue, double inverted commas are used to indicate a direct, unedited quotation taken from a written source. When single inverted commas are used around an apparent quotation, this practice indicates some minor re wording by the author.
Beaker pottery (Catalogue figure 1 and see also catalogue figure 5, numbers 2325)
1. Baroose/Barroose: Ballameanagh, Kirk Lonan (SC 422806) (IOMMM 21298) This vessel has been classified as Late Northern (N3) type (Clarke 1970, 484 and 562). It has been comprehensively reconstructed but no complete profile exists, there being a gap just above the base. In its reconstructed form (as illustrated) it stands to a height of between 178 and 183mm, varying slightly from one side to another. The vessel has a rim diameter of 59mm; the base diameter is 8mm and the walls of the pot are 8mm thick when measured through the rim. The belly lies 85mm below the top of the vessel. The rim is ornamented with short angled lines of comb impressed decoration and the upper body is similarly decorated in horizontal bands, both incised angled crosses and comb impressed patterns but there is also an element of ‘falserelief’ decoration. The ornamentation on the lower part of the body is less horizontal and includes a vertical and sloping decorative element. The fabric of the beaker appears to be well oxidised but there are no broken edges to confirm if this colour extends through the thickness of the wall.
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Context Documentary evidence suggests that the vessel was found in 1919 in a ‘short cist’, a secondary interment on the site of an alleged long barrow in a field described as lying ‘behind Baroose Cottages some 80 yards to the left of the Douglas to Laxey road’. The vessel which was in fragments was reputedly accompanied by two items of flint and quantities of charcoal. Canon Quine (1925) reported that ‘the upper edges of the cist were about nine inches below the surface, the lid slab having evidently been removed’. The pot which was reconstructed by Canon Quine, Mr A.H. Curphey and later by a Mr A. Knox is currently on display in the Manx Museum.
Accessory Vessels
2. Peel Hill, Peel, Kirk German (centred SC 238839) IOMMM none (not illustrated) This vessel no longer survives; the only known description is included below. Context The vessel is known to have come from a cairn, one of a number found on the ridge of Peel Hill. The cairns were excavated in 1878 and in 1936 Mr R. Wood (1936, 13234) wrote an account for the Journal of the Manx Museum, describing a cairn of earth and stones covering a stone cist which contained a cremation on a layer of white pebbles. In the southwest corner of the cist there was a ‘small elaboratelydecorated incense cup, mouth upwards, filled with unctuous soil and two unrecognisable bones’. A few flint chippings were found in the mound. Two other vessels [97] and [98] are also recorded as having been excavated from ‘the cairns on Peel Hill’. None was accessioned into the Museum collection and there is no record of what happened to any of them.
3. Ballameanagh Beg: Ballameanagh, Kirk Lonan (SC 425803) IOMMM none (not illustrated) This small pot appears, from a contemporary description on the basis of its small size, very likely to have been an accessory vessel. Kermode (1902, 117) first described it as measuring ‘3in high by 3½in in diameter at the mouth and 2½in at the bottom’ and said that ‘it bore no pattern’. He also noted, at that time, that there appeared to have been one urn inside another just large enough to hold it. In 1930, Kermode again lists a pot from this same site this time describing it as ‘urn of Foodvessel type from Ballameanagh, (3in by 3½ to 2½in at the base) plain, now lost’ (Kermode (1930, 54, No. 26). Context There is little information about the circumstances of this discovery but the vessel(s) would appear to have come from ‘a mound’. Neither has survived and no description exists of the larger of the two. In 1902, Kermode plaintively wrote that the urn ‘fell into the hands of the coroner, and not finding a purchaser had been left about, handled and finally destroyed before he (Kermode) went to see it’.
Bowls (Catalogue figures 1 – 3)
4. Magher Y Clagh/Croite Hom Ralfe: Bishop's Demesne, Ballaugh (SC 3351 9330) IOMMM 995 This compact little bowl appears to fall within the variant group of the ribbed bowl tradition (O'Ríordáin and Waddell 1993. 1619). It is a complete, small, ribbed bowl with a rim diameter of 109mm. It rests slightly unevenly, and stands between 93 and 96mm high depending on which side it is measured. The base, which is slightly offset but reasonably flat, has a diameter of 50mm. The rim is around 12 mm thick and is certainly thicker than the rest of the body which could not easily and accurately be assessed. The rim is flat and inward facing and decorated with a deep, sharplyincised herringbone pattern. The top third of the vessel, from the rim to lowest ridge, measures around 33mm and this zone is also decorated with a deeply incised herringbone pattern, made up of four horizontal bands of decoration with a ridge or raised beading between each horizon. Below this decorative area the pot is plain. The vessel is externally oxidised, but internally it is slightly reduced and greyish in colour. The external surface appears smooth but has been coated with resin/varnish. Internally the finish is rougher and, again, has been coated with a ‘protective’ resin/varnish. There are few gritty fragments penetrating the surfaces, where present, they measure between 1 4mm across. The general appearance of the pot suggests that it was built up using coils of clay. 64
Context The site was first excavated in 1888 following the discovery of two cists, one which contained the bowl which was later ‘cleaned’ and presented to the Manx Museum. A further excavation, seeking material suitable for radiocarbon dating, was undertaken by Dr Larch Garrad of the Manx Museum in 1987. A radiocarbon date on the human bone retrieved on this occasion gave an early Bronze Age date (2 sigma cal BC 19741696) (see Appendix 4). At the time of the 1987 excavation, Dr Garrad’s unpublished notes reported the discovery of a further cremation burial and three decorated rim sherds [20]. All the funerary remains appear likely originally to have been associated with a standing stone and a further slab cist which contained only some partially cremated human remains (the crown of a skull with an articulated lower jaw) which was found in an adjacent plot.
5. Ballakoig Brooghs, Ballaugh (centred SC 3360 9590/SC 3350 9580) IOMMM 3078 and IOMMM 5334 This bowlshaped vessel has been reconstructed from three sherds, an outwardturned rim and two body sherds. The illustration omits the reconstructed rounded base on the grounds that it is almost certainly inaccurate but attempts to show the likely form of the original bowl and a continuation of the decorative design. In its present form it appears to fall into the tripartite bowl tradition (O'Ríordáin and Waddell 1993, 1015). The decoration which appears to cover the entire body consists of closely incised chevrons. This design is also included on the inside of the rim. Three horizontal incised lines are also present around the belly of the pot. This horizon also has a slightly raised, stylistic, entirely non functional lug. The decorative design has been carefully and convincingly reproduced on the plaster used for reconstruction, making it difficult to appreciate at a brief glance how little of the vessel is original. The fabric is essentially oxidised but there is one small area of reduction. Small angular inclusions, possibly of olivine dolerite, penetrate the external surface but as the entire interior surface, including those of the original sherds, has been obscured with reinforcing plaster it cannot be visualised. A single sherd (IOMMM 5334), clearly originally from this vessel, was omitted from the reconstruction, a convention not infrequently observed by the curatorial staff of the Manx Museum at one period. This sherd is stored separately from the bowl. Context Over the years a number of finds of pottery, flint and metalwork together with evidence of settlement such as pits and areas of burning have been exposed by the rapidly eroding cliffs at the Ballakoig Brooghs [23, 68, 69 and 83] and at other areas along the north west coast of the Island such as the Crawyn Brooghs [32, 35, 36, 79, 87 and 88] and the Orrisdale Brooghs [110 and 111]. On the 1st edition 6” OS map, P.M.C. Kermode indicates the position of the discovery in 1881 by his father, W. Kermode, of three urns, one of which would appear to be this vessel which was said to have been associated with a perforated bone needle and a fragmentary strip of bronze (IOMMM 640). Kermode (1930, 24, Nos. 5 and 6) also makes reference to the discovery of ‘urns’ from this eroding coast. The precise location of these objects has long since been eroded away by the sea and it is neither easy to establish the precise find spots nor the vessels to which he refers. They could be those included in this catalogue as numbers [68 and 69] but see also [23 and 83].
6. Bishopscourt Farm: Cottiers Field, Ballaugh (SC 3328 9274) IOMMM 7369
This (Bowl A) is the smaller of two bowls from the same mound. It is a ‘simple bowl’ (O'Ríordáin and Waddell 1993, 6 9). It is a thinwalled, smooth, curving vessel with a rim diameter of 115mm and a base diameter of 75mm. The bowl is slightly lopsided and measures between 87 and 93mm from base to rim externally and between 74 and 80mm from base to rim internally. The maximum body diameter at a point 45mm below the rim is 141mm. The walls are between 9 and 10mm thick and but only between 8 and 9mm thick through the rim. The bowl, which has been reconstructed from approximately 13 fragments, is 85% complete around the rim. The base is undecorated and slightly hollow with a hint of a foot ring. The rim is simple, inturned and essentially rounded though it has been slightly pinched to form an acute angle at the top edge. The pot is lightbuff in colour with a few faintly discernable reduced patches, but the core is dark. The external surface has been well smoothed but the interior, although carefully worked, is rough with inclusions penetrating the surface. Some finger impressions can be seen at the angle of the base and the wall. The inclusions, some of which are up to 8mm across, are essentially light in colour and appear likely to be of some form of weathered igneous or metamorphic material, possibly dolerite. The decoration consists of the typically broad horizontal bands of ornamentation frequently found on this type of vessel (O`Ríordáin and Waddell 1993, 6). It is largely made up of finely incised lines, but there is a small element of ‘falserelief’. Below the rim, there is a border of finelyincised, closely spaced, obliquely sloping strokes, followed by a zone of lightlyimpressed, narrow and vertical, elongated elliptical panels, slightly more pointed at the top than at the bottom. Each has been infilled with lightlyincised, sloping lines 65
running in the opposite direction to those above. Immediately below this horizon, there is a line of impressed triangular nicks (false relief), then a repeat of the incised band of obliquelyincised lines. Beneath this strip, there is a further band of deeplyimpressed triangular nicks and another horizontal band made up of vertical elliptical panels similar to those above. At the point at which the walls meet the base of the bowl there is a further row of impressed triangular nicks. Context Both this vessel and Bowl B [7] described below came from a burial mound in which there were two slab cists. The smaller of the two vessels (Bowl A) was associated with a cremation and the smaller of the two cists, whereas the larger pot (Bowl B) was found in the larger cist and was associated with a crouched inhumation. During the course of the excavation by B.R.S. Megaw in 1943, a single sherd of unclassifiable coarse pottery was also found [89]. It is of interest that, despite slight differences in size and form, the two bowls (A and B) are remarkably similar in decoration, both in design and implementation. There is, therefore, a strong suggestion that they are the work of the same potter (Woodcock 1999c, 99110).
7. Bishopscourt Farm: Cottiers Field, Ballaugh (SC 3328 9274) IOMMM 7370 Bowl B, the larger of the two vessels from the same mound as Bowl A [6] is a ‘bipartite bowl’ (O'Ríordáin and Waddell 1993, 69). The vessel is similarly thinwalled and finely made with a smooth, curving profile and a slight ‘waist’, 52mm below the rim. The indentation coincides with a 12mm wide band of incised, sloping decoration. The rim diameter is 135mm and the base measures 85mm across. The bowl stands 101mm high from the base to the top of the rim externally and 90mm internally. The maximum body diameter at a point 30mm below the rim is 159mm. The vessel wall is between 10 and 11mm thick and the rim is 9mm deep. The bowl has been reconstructed from approximately 17 fragments and is almost complete. The base is flat and undecorated. The simple rim is turned inwards, it is flat, but has a slightly rounded edge. The pot is lightbuff in colour, but a chip on the exterior reveals a dark core. The external surface has been carefully finished and smoothed and, although the inside of the bowl has been carefully rounded, it is less well finished than the exterior with some finger marks visible. Some lightcoloured inclusions penetrate the surface. These fragments of stone, like those noted in Bowl A [6] may be of weathered dolerite. The decoration below the rim consists of a band of lightly incised obliquely, sloping lines, below which there is a zone of plain, impressed, shallow, elongated elliptical panels with rounded tops and bottoms. Below this horizon, the top border is repeated again. Immediately beneath this panel, and almost developing into a herringbone design, there are some wellspaced, deep, deliberatelyexecuted short strokes. The lowest decorative zone returns to the plain, vertical, roundtopped, narrow panels which fade away into the base. There is no ‘false relief'’ decoration on this bowl. A radiocarbon date on the human bone associated with this bowl gave an early Bronze Age date (2 sigma cal BC 21221688) (see Appendix 4). Context See entry 6.
8. Site 2, Port Cranstal (Phurt), Kirk Bride (centred NX 468 028) IOMMM 20060311/41 and 42 This bowl (or bowls) is represented by two small, wellfinished, highly fired and highly decorated sherds which were apparently found closely associated with each other. Insufficient material survives to make it possible to establish details of the original form or indeed to determine if they were from the same vessel or from two similar vessels. In profile, the largest sherd is well rounded and appears to have come from the widest part (belly) of the pot. The incised decoration on this sherd consists of two horizons of closelyspaced, sloping, incised lines, one group sloping to the left, the other sloping towards the right. The upper and lower panels are separated by a further narrow, horizontal band of decoration around 12cm wide. This band is demarcated above and below by a deeply incised line and is infilled with closely spaced, vertical incised lines. The decoration is essentially shallow but clear and appears to have been executed using a sharp, but slightly rounded point The smaller sherd is similarly decorated with incised lines which appear to form some sort of zigzag pattern above (or below) a series of horizontal incised lines. This sherd is considerably eroded. The external surface is oxidised but the core is reduced and very dark in colour. The fabric of both sherds is fine with small angular grains of lightcoloured temper, possibly quartz. This detail, together with the surface finish, suggests that both sherds could have come from the same pot. A radiocarbon date from an area of burning (burnt mound) exposed at Site 2 produced an Early Bronze Age date (2 sigma cal BC 19401680) (see Appendix 4).
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Context This area is discussed in greater detail in Study 1 where other prehistoric evidence of occupation eroding from this stretch of sandy cliffs in the northeast of the Island is described and discussed. Whereas some flint and further pottery of probable Bronze Age date attributed to this area has been accessioned into the museum collection, with the possible exception of the cordoned sherd [59], none has any distinguishing features or is accompanied by any helpful contextual evidence.
9. Ballaharra Megalithic tomb, Kirk German (SC264 824) IOMMM 84132 The bowl is represented by a total of 25 decorated body sherds and two undecorated base sherds. The form and zonal decoration indicate that this vessel is of the ‘simple bowl’ type with a base diameter less than the maximum diameter of the body (O'Ríordáin and Waddell 1993, 69). There are no rim sherds and the body sherds can be assembled into a series of joining sections one group of 3 sherds; one group of 8 sherds; one group of 4 sherds; two joining sherds and eight unjoined fragments. The larger groups can be linked providing a convincing reconstruction even though the base could not be joined to the walls and the rim was missing. This reconstruction has meant that there remains some uncertainty about which way up the body sherds should lie but the vessel has been drawn in what appears to be the most convincing orientation. The decorative design clearly establishes that all the fragments have come from the same vessel. The diameter of the bowl around its maximum curve is about 150mm and its surviving height is 80mm. It is extensively decorated. The ornamentation consists of a narrow horizon of small, deeply indented, crescent shaped/oval impressions contained between two parallel, horizontal incised lines. This band runs around the body near its maximum diameter. On either side of this band there are similar, though more widelyspaced, vertical lines. The spaces between those above the horizontal band have alternatively been left plain or infilled with broken strings of vertical indentations produced, perhaps, by a fine comb. Those below the band run down and appear to slope inwards towards the suggested base. The space between these vertical lines has been left plain. The vessel is thinwalled, approximately 8mm thick and finely made. The fabric is hard, wellfired and generally oxidised; both internal and external surfaces are a light buff colour. There is a slight sandwich effect on some of the sherds but this darker core is not uniformly present throughout the vessel. The outer surface of the bowl has been carefully and skilfully finished with no evidence of inclusions penetrating the surface. The inside has also been carefully smoothed, but is harsh to the touch with rough inclusions penetrating the surface. These inclusions are uniform in size, angular and surprisingly large, some up to 5mm across. They have not been conclusively identified but may be of altered or slightly weathered dolerite, or of a similar igneous or metamorphic material. The two base sherds have broken from the vessel at the weakest point, the angle where the base of the bowl meets the wall. There is no decoration on the underside of the base. Context These bowl fragments together with some sherds from a collared urn [71] were retrieved during the course of the rescue excavation of a megalithic tomb in 1971 (Cregeen 1978, 141164; Henshall and Lynch (eds), forthcoming; Woodcock, forthcoming). The Bronze Age burials had been subjected to considerable disturbance and their precise context is unclear. Two small jet/shale beads of Bronze Age type were also found amongst fragments of human bone from the immediate area, but again, their original context is unclear. Ballaharra is the only Manx megalithic tomb which had produced evidence for reuse during the Bronze Age.
10. Cronk Aust, Kirk Christ Lezayre (centred SC 437 966) IOMMM 1117 This highly decorated bowl is typical of the bipartite bowl form (O'Ríordáin and Waddell 1993, 69). The bowl has been carefully and accurately reconstructed from some 24 fragments. It is reinforced internally and has been heavily varnished and it is not, therefore, possible to examine the fabric in detail. The exterior is a warm buff colour, carefully finished with no evidence of inclusions penetrating the surface. The original internal surface has been totally obscured. The decoration had been skilfully executed and it is not possible to improve upon P.M.C. Kermode’s own description of the decorative design (Kermode 1889b, 8992). “It was evidently handmade, and was fairly well baked, and formed of clay without the mixture of crushed stones we frequently find. Within, the rim, which is oblique, terminating in a sharp edge, is surrounded by an angular waved band sharply cut and slightly raised. Outside the design consists of two rows of elliptic, but rather pointed figures sunk in the surface, each covered with finely crossed lines; between the ends of these above and below are roughly triangular nicks. The spaces between these two rows, and above the upper and below the lower one, are occupied by a repetition of an ornament consisting of three bands divided by broad deeply indented lines, the middle band plain, the other two covered 67
by fine lines crossed; a variation, which may be accidental, occurs in the central space, where the lines, instead of being crossed, meet in the centre so as to form a herringbone pattern. The ornamentation as described occupies the whole of the space from the rim to the bottom, but does not stop there, for on the bottom we find the mystic Pentagon or five pointed star roughly drawn, and it is very interesting to note that the artist, who evidently began from one point and worked round, miscalculated the distance, and, finding the last stoke did not meet the first as it should done to complete the fifth point of the star, added one more stroke, but left the first unerased. Within this star the surface is plain, but outside it the spaces between the points are occupied by the cross line ornament continued from round the rim. All the ornamentation appears to have been worked by a sharp pointed stock, or some such instrument, while the clay was soft”. Kermode further describes the form as ‘rising perpendicularly for about a quarter of an inch, then rapidly expanding and attaining its greatest diameter about one and a quarter inches from the bottom’ and continues to say that ‘a little above this point it becomes slightly constricted again expanding and then incurving at the rim’. On examination, the rim diameter is 135mm and the base diameter is 84mm. The flat, decorated, inturned rim is 11mm deep. Externally, from base to rim, the bowl measures 145mm whereas it is 95mm deep internally. The maximum body diameter at 64mm below the rim is 150mm and the walls are around 11mm thick. A radiocarbon date undertaken on cremated bone associated with this bowl gave an early Bronze Age date (2 sigma cal BC 22912035) (see Appendix 4). Context Kermode (1930, 39, Nos. 1 and 2) describes ‘a tumulus at the corner of the lane with the highroad to Andreas, levelled in 1886: urns found’ and another mound ‘about 50 yards to the east of the last, levelled when the road was lowered in about 1872: two urns found 12in. to 24in. high, one having a pattern of cross lines’. Although the first mound reputedly held two large urns (not surviving) and tentatively suggested by Kermode (1889b) to have been plain [105] and cordoned [60], this bowl and a surviving cordoned urn [45] would appear to have come from the second mound. No information beyond that recorded retrospectively by Kermode (1887, 91 and 1889b, 8892) is available.
11. Bullnallow: Gretch Veg, Kirk Lonan (SC 4425 8541) IOMMM 1651 This is a complete vessel of tripartite bowl type (O'Ríordáin and Waddell 1993, 1115). It stands between 111 and 112mm high with a rim diameter of 145mm. The shallow, inwardfacing rim is 17 mm thick. On close examination of the interior, the rim can be seen to be considerably undermined by fingering. The base is slightly convex and not completely circular, measuring between 5760mm in diameter. The whole of the external surface is decorated in horizontal bands in a combination of false relief and incised horizontal and vertical lines. A centrallyplaced horizontal band, approximately 20 mm wide and commencing 63mm above the base is also decorated with a number of unperforated lugs. The inturned rim is decorated with three parallel lines and diagonals, running top left to bottom right. The base is decorated with two circular arrangements of short curved lines; an outer one which runs around the outer edge of the base curving in towards the centre and an inner pattern of similarly incised semicircular lines leaving the centre of the base undecorated The vessel is superficially oxidised with a creamyorange surface. Abrasions on the rim reveal that the core of the fabric is reduced. The interior of the pot has been coated with resin, but looks smooth and well finished. The exterior feels slightly gritty through the decoration. The designs on this vessel could have been achieved using a single tool in different ways or by the use of a number of different tools. Context Kermode (1930, 52, No. 6) records ‘Cist. Bullnallow, about ½ m. W.S.W. of Ballaragh Wesleyan Chapel. A small Urn found’. The slab cist of Manx series rock is still visible exposed in a ditchless mound on the edge of this plot at the above OS grid reference. Museum records suggest that the small, undiagnostic sherd of prehistoric pottery [106] may also have come from this site.
12. Ballacannell, Kirk Lonan (SC 433 828) IOMMM 1650 This small vessel, described by Clark (1935, 91 (14)) as a ‘bipartite urn’ is more properly classified as a bowl. Although similar in many respects to O'Ríordáin and Waddell's ‘tripartite’ group (1993, 1015) it does not fit entirely happily into this category and should perhaps better be included amongst their group of ‘unclassified and anomalous’ bowls (O'Ríordáin and Waddell 1993, 1718). A complete profile survives, but the vessel is extensively damaged towards the bottom, and it is impossible to assess the base in detail although it measures approximately 63mm in diameter. It is slightly irregular in shape and stands between 115 and 118mm high. It is comparatively wide mouthed, the rim diameter 68
being approximately 118mm. The walls are thick and are 9mm at the rim. The upper part of the vessel is decorated with oblique lines of twisted cord impressions above a low ridge or cordon which is also defined by two horizontal lines of twisted cord decoration. This ‘cordon’ lies 44mm below the rim and is between 9 and 12mm wide. There is a further horizontal line of twisted cord impressions immediately below the rim, above the decorated panel. Careful examination reveals that the twisted cord used in decoration was probably between 15 and 21cm long. The pot has been varnished with a ‘protective’ resin which partially obscures the fabric. The outer surface of the bowl appears to be mixed in colour, being both oxidised and reduced in irregular patches. Those inclusions which are visible are dark and angular and vary in size between 69mm across. The lower body is marginally smoother and finer than the decorated area above the ‘cordon’. Context This little bowl was apparently found in the early part of the 20th century, mouth down, empty and resting on a small slate with another above it. There was no evidence to suggest that it was ever associated with a burial (Corlett 1933, 132) or that it had come from a mound (Kermode 1930, 53, No.16).
13. Killeaba, Ramsey, Kirk Maughold (SC 4516 9370) IOMMM 7311/3 This complete vessel is of the ‘simple’ bowl type (O'Ríordáin and Waddell 1993, 69). The rim diameter is 145mm and the base is 70mm in diameter. The maximum body diameter at a point 45mm below the rim is 165mm. Externally the pot is 108mm high but internally it is only 92mm deep, indicating the presence of a thick base. The walls are 10mm thick at the rim, gradually increasing in thickness towards the base. The underside of the flat base is enclosed by a rather faint, flowerlike, sixpointed star, the plain rays of which extend up from the base on to the lower part of the bowl (see illustration). The rim has a slight outward lip with an inward facing bevel. The fabric is fairly uniformly buff in colour, both inside and out, but there are some distinctly orangered patches on the exterior. There is a single patch of carbon darkening on the interior. The bowl is wellmade and carefully finished inside. The external surface suggests that some smoothing took place after decoration as the designs are blurred in places. It is difficult to identify the coarse component of the fabric, but some fragments are visible on the underside of the base, the maximum size being approximately 2.3mm across. The decoration consists of a border of two rows of fine, incised zigzags which are visible immediately below the rim, then a plain band below on which there was a further incised wavy line and a plain horizontal string. The next band is made up of two sets of impressed triangular nicks, the apices facing towards each other (‘false relief’), below which there are two bands of vertical whippedcord impressions. The next horizon is made up of a repeat of the ‘falserelief’ triangular nicks below which there is a final, single band of the vertical whippedcord ornament overlapped in places by the plain ‘petals’ of the flowerlike star. A radiocarbon date on cremated bone from this vessel gave an early Bronze Age date [2 sigma cal BC 2133 – 1910) (see Appendix 4). Context All three bowls [1315] described here came from a large, apparently glacial mound which had been utilised as a burial place containing at least 11 cremations and an inhumation. The mound was known to have been of funerary significance for many years (Oswald 1860, 5758) as finds of cists, pottery and burnt bones had been made when it was opened in 1850 (Kermode 1930, 45, No.3). Excavations by A.M. Cubbon of the Manx Museum in 1968 and 1969 found evidence of burials of both Ronaldsway Neolithic and Bronze Age date, the later burials clearly respecting the position of the earlier ones (Cubbon 1978b, 6995). The three bowls [13, 14 and 15] were retrieved during the course of the later excavation (Cubbon 1978b, 88), only the simple bowl [13] came from a cist. A radiocarbon date undertaken in 2006 on cremated bone associated with one bowl gave an early Bronze Age date (2 sigma cal BC 2133 – 1910) (see Appendix 4). Another sample of cremated bone thought to have been associated with the bowl [15] was submitted at the same time but produced a Ronaldsway Neolithic date (2 sigma cal BC 3360 – 3089), which, whilst a useful confirmation of Ronaldsway Neolithic use of the site (Burrow 1997b, 41), is almost certainly due to a muddling of the bone samples during either the initial recording stage or later, during storage in the museum.
14. Killeaba, Ramsey, Kirk Maughold (SC 4516 9370) IOMMM 7311/4 This small urn is of the bowl tradition and probably best described as a variant on a ribbed bowl (O'Ríordáin and Waddell 1993, 1617). The rim is not completely circular but measures, on average, 150mm in diameter. The bowl is wider around its belly than across both the rim and the base, being around 180mm at the widest point. The base has been partially reconstructed but appears to measure around 75mm across. Overall the vessel is 136mm high. The wall is between 1213mm thick. The vessel, which is heavily decorated, has an inwardfacing rim decorated with thumbnail 69
shaped ‘false relief’ impressions which are echoed in three similar horizontal bands on the exterior surface. It is ribbed and decorated between the two lower horizontal panels of false relief and again on the lower portion of the vessel with combimpressed horizontal lines. The zone beneath the false relief panel at the rim has an arrangement of three lines of horizontal incised grooves divided up by vertical whippedcord impressions. The decoration is carefully executed and finished, but is slightly blurred in places. The surface is oxidised to a beigeorange. Context See entry 13
15. Killeaba, Ramsey, Kirk Maughold (SC 4516 9370) IOMMM 7311/5 This sturdy, ridged bowl falls within the tripartite bowl tradition (O'Ríordáin and Waddell 1993, 1015). The rim diameter varies between 170 and 178mm. The rim is flat and inward facing, 1314mm thick and decorated with a zigzag arrangement of twisted cord impressions. The pot stands between 151 to 158mm tall, being slightly uneven from one side to the other. The walls of the vessel are comparatively thick and the base is solid. The base has been partially reconstructed, but measures around 75mm in diameter. The two decorative ridges running horizontally around the central area of the pot appear to have been created by being pushed out from the inside, leaving a negative impression on the interior of the pot. The ridges are demarcated decoratively with horizontal lines of impressed whipped cord designs. The decoration appears to degenerate down the pot, the finest quality workmanship being evident in the upper zones, above the lower ridge. Below that level the decoration is less imaginative and ornate and consists of whipped cord impressions in horizontal rows similar to those found on [14] above. Similar cord impressions, made up of lengths of cord between 2040mm long, both between and above the two ridges and below the rim are, however, arranged more randomly in an interesting, loose chevron pattern. There seems to have been an attempt to smooth the external surface of the vessel before the decoration was applied, a process which exposed some inclusions in the fabric, some angular, some platey, some as much as 1mm long. The internal surface is coarser and less well finished, with further inclusions penetrating the surface. The vessel is not highly fired, and is superficially oxidised to a buff colour. The surface is very cracked and fissured and there is some internal sooting and some external blackening on the outside of the rim. Context See entry 13
16. Rheast Buigh, Arrasey Area 5, Kirk Patrick (SC 252 782) IOMMM 990161 The finds from this site consist of thirteen sherds of pottery from the same vessel, a simple or bipartite bowl which is almost certainly of the necked variety (O'Ríordáin and Waddell 1993, 610). The distinguishing features of these bowls as described by Waddell and O'Ríordáin are ‘flexible’ and some variants can lie between one type and another. The fragmentary nature of these sherds makes it difficult to determine the form accurately as there is no complete profile. This small vessel has a slight neck and an outward turned rim 112mm in diameter, there being 15% of the rim present. The extreme tip of the rim is no more than 4mm thick. The body below the neck swells out roundly and the diameter around the largest part of the vessel appears to be around 120mm (15% of this part of the vessel is present). The wall of the pot here is 10.5mm thick, essentially due to the decorative design, whereas most of the sherds are only 9mm thick. The single base sherd is sturdy and complete. It is 65mm in diameter and between 12 and 15mm thick. Two clearly incised lines, 3mm apart, run around the circumference of the base, encircling an area 65mm in diameter. Both the size and form of the base compare favourably with other bowls from the island. The fabric, revealed most clearly on the interior surface, contains fairly wellweathered fine, wellsorted fragments of a dark igneous or metamorphic rock, possibly olivine dolerite. The interior is thus quite rough to the touch but the inclusions do not appear to penetrate the fabric on the exterior of the pot. The decorative design is intricate and consists of a mixture of combimpressed chevrons and zigzag lines some of which are outlined with incised lines. There is a sinuous, ribbonlike band of plain relief running around the upper part of the belly of the bowl. This band is demarcated by incised lines and is not of consistent thickness as it alternately swells out and then narrows as it runs around the widest part of the vessel. Below this horizon, widelyspaced combincised chevrons continue to the broken edge of the sherd and seem likely to have continued right down to the base. The fabric is essentially reduced in colour; the interior is creamygrey on some sherds whereas the exterior is darker and more brown in colour. The vessel appears to have been broken for many years and iron oxides have percolated into the fabric and precipitated within the cracks, in places forcing the fabric apart.
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Context The sherds were discovered by an experienced fieldworker during the course of a regular programme of field walking in this upland area. There was no evidence of any structures or funerary remains in the immediate vicinity of the discovery. The area which has produced many chance finds of prehistoric date is known for the presence of ‘quartz mounds’ of middle Neolithic date (Pitts 1999, 6374; Davey and Woodcock 2003; Woodcock, in preparation c).
17. Park Farm, north of Clannagh Road, Kirk Santon SC 321 745) IOMMM 88130B (south pot) This fairly crudely decorated little bowl is represented by a total of 11 sherds, including three rim sherds. The fragments, suggest a simple bowl (O'Ríordáin and Waddell 1993, 69). The surviving sherds are all on average around 10mm thick. The rim diameter is approximately 155mm whereas at the widest part of the pot the diameter is between 160 and 170mm. The rim is flat and inturned. There are no base sherds and it is, therefore, not possible to determine the full height of the bowl. The decorative design has been incised into the surface of the vessel and consists of three horizontal, parallel lines lying just below the rim. Beneath this band there are a series of quite deep vertical incised lines which come down to a further band of 3 or possibly 2 horizontal and more or less parallel lines at just below what appears to be the widest part of the bowl. Below this horizon there is a further series of vertical lines similar to those above. The comparatively unskilled nature of the decoration, although unusual, is not without precedent in vessels of this type. The surfaces are now roughened and weathered, but may never have been finely finished. The bowl is very well fired and hard. On initial examination the sherds appeared to be pale buff in colour, but this was due to a surface coating of light coloured clay. One sherd was washed and revealed the fabric to have a markedly reduced interior with a thin, oxidised outer surface with a slight blush on one edge. The surface of the cleaned sherd was midbrown, when wet, and noticeably flecked with black inclusions which penetrated the fabric, both externally and internally. The inclusions consist of small angular fragments of a very dark rock, probably dolerite or similar igneous material. Context The bowl sherds were found by chance by Museum staff during the course of an investigation of an area which had produced sherds from a cordoned urn [53] together with cremated bone and a concentration of white quartz (Garrad 1988). The bowl sherds which were found on the surface near the cordoned material were not directly associated with it or any other funerary evidence. An adjacent area on the south side of the Clannagh Road has produced pottery and burials of Ronaldsway Neolithic date (Burrow 1997b, 42).
Vases (Catalogue figure 4)
18. The Cronk: Upper Lhergydhoo, Kirk German (SC 2803 8522) IOMMM 80387/IOMMM 84151A This undamaged vessel falls into the tripartite vase category (O'Ríordáin and Waddell, 1993, 2527). The rim diameter is 160mm and the diameter of the base is 80mm. The pot stands to a total height of 145mm with the distance from base to the top of shoulder being about 92mm. The wall is 10mm thick, measured through the rim. The vase is decorated on the inside of the neck with a combination of incised horizontal lines and zigzags. Externally there are two parallel groups of horizontal lines on the neck of the vessel, below which, at shoulder level, there is a panel of triangular crosshatching and open diamondshaped figures running horizontally around the vessel level with the shoulder. The flat top of the rim is also decorated with indistinct crosshatching. The lower one third of the pot is ornamented with incised cross hatching right down to the base. The fabric is oxidised and both the interior and exterior surfaces are fine, smooth and carefully finished. Context The site of the Cronk was known to antiquarians (Kermode 1930, 12 [10]) but the low mound was gradually reduced in height by farming activities and not investigated until a slab cist was accidentally exposed during ploughing. The vase was found within the cist during the course of excavation by S.M. Cregeen and E. Rynne in 1980 and 1981(Woodcock 1996, 231246). The central cist with its contents was almost certainly the primary burial beneath the mound which also contained a minimum of two further burials, one associated with a cordoned urn [38] and another with the lower half of what appeared from the surviving remains to be an undecorated vessel [80]. The contents of the cist also included a cremation, probably originally enclosed within some biodegradable bag or container, two bone toggle beads, two bone bodkins and a bone pin. A hollowbased flint arrowhead was found in the soil adjacent to the cist but was not directly associated with it (Woodcock 1996, 236 and 240). A radiocarbon date from cremated bone found in the cist and closely associate with this vase gave a date of 2 sigma cal BC 18801640 (see Appendix 4). 71
19. Lhergyvreck, Kirk Michael (SC 3175 9020) IOMMM 6412 This small fairly rounded vessel falls within the bipartiteanomalous vase range according to O’Ríordáin and Waddell (1993, 2731). It is a very solid, well made, compact little pot with a base resembling a small pedestal foot. It has an outward turned lip with a flat inwardfacing rim. There is a small raised ridge running around the body of the pot approximately 28mm below the rim. The vessel is complete except for some small chips around the rim. It stands 111mm high. The base measures 63mm in diameter and the rim is 120mm across. The pot measures 137mm around the widest part which is marked by the raised ridge. As far as could be determined, the wall thickness is around 11mm. The inward facing rim is decorated with incised, sloping lines. The zone between the rim and the cordon is decorated with unbroken horizontal incised lines. The ridge is decorated with vertical incisions which match a similar design on the outer edge of the rim. Immediately below the encircling rib there is a line of small impressed chevrons. Below this horizon the remainder of the body is covered by an incised herringbone pattern which is made up of four rows of sloping lines which run right down to the narrow base. The internal and external surfaces are buffpink in colour, but the fabric, where exposed by chips, is a very dark grey with medium sized grits. The vessel has been carefully finished both inside and out. Context This little vase was found by chance in 1963 during the course of building operations. It was located, mouth upwards, in a pit around 30cm deep and 110cm long with sloping sides, lying some 75cm below the modern ground surface. No structures or other finds were noted in the immediate vicinity and there was no funerary evidence associated with it (Cubbon 1978a, 416419). Vase Urns (Catalogue figure 4)
20. Magher Y Clagh: Croite Hom Ralfe: Bishops Demesne, Ballaugh (SC 3351 9330) IOMMM none The only evidence for this pot comes from three joining rim sherds from the upper part of a highly decorated vessel. The dimensions suggest that it is likely to fall into the category of the larger ‘vase’ tradition although insufficient material survives to be certain of its shape or size. The rim is flattopped and inwardfacing with a marked external lip and a diameter, measured to the outer edge, of around 340mm. About 15% of the rim is present. The deeply incised decorative design completely covers the outer surface of the sherds. It is made up of zigzag lines forming triangles which are, in turn, infilled with horizontal incised lines. The flat, inwardfacing rim is decorated with incised lines radiating from the inner to the outer edge. There is a low ridge, or cordonlike feature, running horizontally around the body of the vessel approximately 50mm below the rim. This ridge is marked, at 10mm intervals, by short vertical lines. The fabric is oxidised and hard. Both the internal and external surfaces have been carefully finished and the interior is smooth to the touch. The fracture is irregular and inclusions are sparse. Note The illustration was drawn from a sketch originally produced by the excavator together with reference photographs taken by the author. The sherds could not be relocated in the Manx Museum. Context The sherds, which were identified from the excavator’s original drawings, were found by chance amongst excavated material from the site but do not seem to have been formally accessioned into the museum collection. According to unpublished notes (L.S. Garrad 1987) they were found, by chance, during the course of the 1987 excavation to gather further material for radiocarbon dating of the bowl [4] which was originally found in 1888.
21. Corrody, Kirk Christ Lezayre (SC 3754 8922) IOMMM 1178 Only the neck and shoulders of this vessel, which is of vase urn size and type, have survived. The pot has been reconstructed below this level but the lower part and base are not shown in the illustration. The surface of the vessel is decorated by a continuous series of low horizontal corrugations (ridges). There is no other surface decoration. The rim is flattopped, and slightly inward facing. The lip turns outwards and the upper part of the vessel slopes down to an 72
angular shoulder which at 70mm below the rim is the widest part of the pot. Below this point the vessel appears to taper in towards its base. 70% of the rim survives, from which it is possible to determine a diameter of 180mm. The diameter of the vessel at its widest part, the shoulder, is around 220mm. Neither the diameter of the base nor the height of the vessel can be assessed accurately, although the vessel as rebuilt looks ‘balanced’ with a height of approximately 240mm. The wall, as far as can be determined, is around 15mm thick. The fabric and external finish is rather rough and due to the form of decoration is uneven, yet carefully executed. There are some dark angular inclusions, possibly of dolerite or similar rock type penetrating the surface on the rim and the outside. The interior finish is poor. Context The sherds were found in 191214 during the course of excavation, by P.M.C Kermode, of a keeill (small early Christian chapel). This structure had been built on top of a large, low, flattopped mound which was, in turn, contained within a stone circle (Kermode, 1915a, 8 and 1930, 40 [14]). The vessel was found ‘beneath the floor in an inverted position and contained cremated bone’. The find spot of the urn is said to coincide with the centre of the mound. Note Kermode and fellow antiquarians also record the discovery of fragmentary, decomposed sherds of prehistoric pottery, suggested by them to be Bronze Age in type, beneath some other Manx keeills. None of the pottery has survived.
22. Whitehouse, Kirk Michael (centred SC 3230 9110) IOMMM 3070 The Accessions Register records “Cinerary urn. Across mouth 8½", depth inside 7 3/4", outside 8 3/8". Bowl shaped. Reconstructed A.H. Curphey”. This urn was stored amongst the unprovenanced vessels in the Manx Museum collection. The only means by which it can be identified to the Whitehouse site is from a Kermode drawing (MD14/50/6) stored amongst papers in the Manx Museum library. It is shown by Kermode, prior to reconstruction, with a flat base. Kermode's undated notes (MD14/50/6) describe the vessel: “From the fragments recovered the diameter would appear to have been about 9 in at the top and 4½ in at the bottom. As the urn had been broken by a plough and but a few small fragments had been found it is now impossible to fix the exact height. The ornamented part is 4½ in. The thickness is ¼ in. The markings appear to have been made not by grass etc being pressed on but by some sharp instrument used when the clay was soft......” The remainder of his notes are, unfortunately, undecipherable. This vase urn was, in keeping with the thought current at the time but ignoring the apparently misplaced Kermode drawing, reconstructed with a round base from the rim sherds alone. The rim diameter, measured to the outer lip is 210mm and around 80% of the original rim has survived. The rim is everted, the level top is decorated with two clear rows of triangular/square indentations, possibly executed with a sharp stick. On the outer edge of the lip there is a continuous line of impressed circular punctures. Between the rim and above a shallow cordon/raised ridge, there is an encircling panel of widely spaced, incised chevrons. The ridge, which has been gently pinched up from the wall of the vessel, is decorated along its crest by a further line of circular stab impressions. Below the ridge there is another band of incised chevrons. The wall thickness could not be estimated with ease because of the angle of the rim but is fairly substantial. The urn is well finished and finely decorated. The fabric is oxidised. Much of the internal surface could not be examined due to the excessive amount of plaster used to support the reconstruction, but the fabric appears to be coarse with quite large inclusions which penetrate the wall on the interior and to a lesser extent the outer surface. No sherds appear to have survived from the lower part of this pot. Context Antiquarian records indicate that there were several major Bronze Age burial mounds in this area on the north side of Kirk Michael. All seem to have contained numbers of vessels (Crellin A.M. 1889a, 1113; 1889b, 166167; 1901, 123; Crellin J.C. 1989, 307308 and Kermode and Herdman 1914, 67). The excavation records do not always make it obvious which mound is under discussion and precise locational information is often omitted. It is clear from the undated Kermode records mentioned above, however, that this vase urn and an encrusted urn [28] came from the same mound and indirect evidence suggests that a cordoned vessel [50] and a number of sherds [109] also probably originated from the same site. It is apparent that many vessels from the mounds in this area have been lost but two, unprovenanced, reconstructed cordoned urns [56 and 57] may, it has been suggested, also have come from this mound or one of its immediate neighbours. 73
Sherds with Beaker/Food Vesseltype decoration (Catalogue figure 5) Amongst the Manx Bronze Age pottery collection there are several examples of highly decorated (incised and impressed) sherds. Insufficient evidence survives to enable any of them to be classified with accuracy but the decoration suggests that they could have come from either beaker pottery or from one of the classes of elaborately decorated ‘food vessel’ (bowl, vase or vase urn). In addition to those listed below, further material of a similar nature found at Port Cranstal, Phurt, Kirk Bride is discussed more fully in Study 1 below.
23. Ballakoig Brooghs, Ballaugh (centred SC 3360 9590/SC 3350 9580) IOMMM 545335 This vessel is represented by one small, wellfired body sherd approximately 8mm thick with incised decoration. This fragment of pottery was relocated after completion of the pottery study and, although drawn from the original by the illustrator, has not been examined by the author. Context See entry 5. This fragment is thought to have come from a cist which was found in 1881 eroding from the sandy cliffs of the Ballakoigh Brooghs. The retreating coastline of the north west of the Island has, over the years, produced much evidence of prehistoric occupation [5, 68, 69 and 83].
24. The Cronk, Ballachrink, Jurby. (SC 391 117) IOMMM 5211a This vessel is represented by a single rim fragment decorated with three horizontal lines of impressed, twisted cord decoration. On the museum record card dated 13.11.1939, B.R.S. Megaw of the Manx Museum describes the sherd as “fairly smooth with a bluish core and pinky brown surface. The rim is slightly flattened, but it does not resemble the internal bevel of a Vase food vessel. ? Beaker ware”. The rim is indeed flattened and very slightly inwardfacing but, as handmade prehistoric pottery can vary in detail and shape from one side of a pot to another, it does not definitely preclude the possibility that this sherd could have come either from a pot of decorated vase or bowl type or from beaker ware. The sherd is 10mm thick. Context This sherd, together with some unclassifiable sherds [100, 101 and 102], are chance finds from the structure of one of two adjacent burial mounds (Kermode 1930, 28 Nos. 3 and 4). One mound, excavated in the 1930s and subsequently levelled, was definitely of Norse period. It is uncertain if the mound from which these fragments originated was of that date into which some Bronze Age material had been accidentally incorporated, or whether it was a Bronze Age mound which had been reused in the Viking period.
25. The Borrane, Dalby Mountain, Kirk Patrick (SC 2303 7686) IOMMM 8150 This vessel is represented by a single sherd, which is described in the Manx Museum Accessions Register as “sherd with impressed food vessel style of decoration”. This small, combimpressed body sherd is 12mm thick. It is a little deformed, the external, decorated surface being slightly concave. It is hard and well finished. Although the sherd is largely reduced, the external surface is oxidised. The thickness and decoration suggests that it is likely to be either from a beaker or possibly from a vessel of decorated vase type. Context This sherd is the only one of its type from a grasscovered burial mound which appears first to have been investigated, probably unofficially, in antiquity. Following further damage by ploughing in 1980 the site was subsequently excavated by members of staff of the Manx Museum. The manuscript excavation notes which are held in the museum do not provide any detailed information and the excavation has never been formally published. It is the most westerly of a group of three mounds in this immediate area. Other pottery from the excavation includes evidence for two cordoned urns [62 and 63]; sherds from a collared urn [77] and some unclassifiable ceramic material [114].
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26. Ballachrink, Jurby (boundary with Kirk Andreas) (NX 3932 0018) IOMMM 88161 (not illustrated) In 1995, the pottery sherds from the first season of excavation at this site (1988) were removed for study at Bournemouth University School of Conservation Sciences. No descriptive information was included with the sherds on their return to the Manx Museum and the formal report from Bournemouth remains outstanding at the time of writing. The material was returned to Manx Museum separated into the following fabric types. A (1 sherd); B (1 sherd); C (3 bags samples/crumbs); D (1sherd); E (15 samples); F (10 samples) and G (49 samples/sherds. No information about the fabric types A – G was available at the time of the inspection or subsequent writing. The material inspected by the writer was in too fragmentary a condition for any useful macroscopic assessment to be made. The fragments of Bronze Age pottery retrieved from a second season of excavation in 1999 were similar in type to those from the earlier investigation and were highly decorated. It was thought that they could equally be of beaker or decorated bowl or vase type. Context The multiperiod site at Ballachrink site was initially identified by fieldwalking at which time a scatter of around 550 fragments of worked flint was identified. The pottery fragments were retrieved from two seasons of excavation, first in 1988 (McCartan and Johnson 1992, 105122) and subsequently in 1999 (Johnson and Woodcock, in preparation). Johnson, in the 1992 publication, (111114) describes the recovery of 84 sherds from the excavation representing a possible “minimum of 25 vessels of probable Ronaldsway Neolithic and Beaker/early Bronze Age date”. A selection of sherds, drawn before examination in Bournemouth, is illustrated in his paper but could not be reproduced here. A radiocarbon date from a cereal grain from an occupation layer retrieved in 1999 produced an early Bronze Age date of 2 sigma cal BC 23951980 (see Appendix 4).
Encrusted Urns (Catalogue figure 5)
27. Garey Meen, Dollagh Mooar, Ballaugh (SC 3496 9472) IOMMM 3064 This encrusted urn,decorated with loops/swags and knobs, marked 3063 is displayed on a stand marked 3064. Detailed Kermode drawings, dated 1898, confirm, however, that it had been confused and switched with an encrusted urn from Cronk y Croghee, Whitehouse [28] which is decorated with bosses but no swags. A note in the Accessions Register made by Dr L.S. Garrad, dated 17.ix.71. explains that the numbers were transposed following reconstruction. The entry in the Accessions Register records “Cinerary Urn. Across mouth 12 1/2", depth inside 10 3/4", outside 11 3/4" with pellets, from tumulus at Garey Meen, Ballaugh. Reconstructed by A.H. Curphey”. This vessel has been inaccurately reconstructed with a round base (not shown in the illustration) and for this reason it is not possible to determine the original form of the lower part of the urn. The rim diameter, measured to the outer edge, is 360mm. A total of 35% of the rim survives but none of the fragments join. It is flattopped with a marked external flange or lip. Because of the lack of base sherds no estimate of its former height could be made. The fabric is thoroughly oxidised outside to a bright orange red. It is quite well finished, although the surface has been badly scratched, probably due to overenthusiastic cleaning. The raised decoration consisting of swags and small circular bosses is no longer crisp but blurred and worn, and some small dark inclusions are visible penetrating fabric. The flattopped, everted and slightly inwardfacing rim is decorated with slightly sloping, irregularlyspaced incised lines. (See Figure 2.2) Context This vessel comes from a mound described by Kermode (1930, 24 [9]) as a ‘Tumulus on Dollaghmooar’. A manuscript note made by P.M.C. Kermode on an early sketch held in the Manx Museum and dated 1898, reports that the encrusted urn was said to have ‘come from the east side of the mound and was filled with black material and bone’. A large three cordoned urn [33] was also found in this mound.
28. Whitehouse, Kirk Michael, Kirk Michael (centred SC 3230 9110) IOMMM 3063 The second encrusted urn from the Isle of Man also comes from the north of the Island. The note in the Accessions Register records “Cinerary urn, encrusted. Across mouth 12", depth inside 10 1/8", outside 10 1/2". From tumulus at Whitehouse (Cronk y Croghee). Reconstructed by A. H. Curphey [cr 8 fragments from cin urn encrusted from Whitehouse]”. Only 5 sherds can now be accounted for. 75
Despite the fact that a Kermode drawing (MD14/50/7) held in the Manx Museum library shows the vessel to be flat based, this urn has, like that described above, been reconstructed with a round base using only three rim sherds. The reconstructed base is not shown in the illustration. Two further rim sherds, clearly from this vessel, appear to have been deliberately omitted from the reconstruction in order that they could be more conveniently displayed in the Museum and are stored separately. The walls are substantial, around 18mm thick. Only 25% of original rim survives, and the vessel has been reconstructed with a rim diameter of around 300mm. The absence of any base sherds or other body sherds makes if impossible to establish the former height of the urn. The rim is everted with a flattened outer edge to the lip. The inwardfacing flat surface of the rim is decorated with incised chevrons and the edge of the lip is also decorated with a series of inclined incised lines. Below the rim the urn is decorated with a panel composed of incised chevrons, beneath which there is a horizontal row of raised round bosses with hollow centres. (See Kermode drawing, Figure 2.2). Context See entry 22. This vessel was definitely associated with the vase urn [22] and probably also with the cordoned urn [50] and the sherds [109]. Other unprovenanced material [56 and 57] may also have originated from excavations undertaken on mounds in this immediate area
Cordoned Urns (Catalogue figures 6 – 10) Note The largest assemblage of cordoned vessels from the Isle of Man comes from Ronaldsway Village, Kirk Malew, a settlement site excavated during the 1930s (Neely 1940. 7286). An analysis, discussion and a description of the pottery from this site (Woodcock 1993, and 1999a 121137) is included in Study 2.
29. Smeale, Kirk Andreas (NX 4190 0186) IOMMM 2642 Only the lower part of this small cordoned urn survives to a height of 125mm. It has broken immediately above a cordon along what appears to be a line of weakness and it is possible that there may have formerly been a second, upper cordon. The flat base is almost complete and measures 100mm in diameter. The vessel, at the height of the surviving cordon, measures 160mm in diameter. The external surface is smooth and wellfinished though there are some small, rounded cavities which suggest that some fragments of limestone may have been included in the fabric which burnt out during firing. There are a number of dark inclusions penetrating the surface of the base. The interior of the vessel is obscured by the reinforcing material used in reconstruction and could not be inspected. The fabric is oxidised to a pinkish orange. Context This small pot comes from a site described by Kermode (1930, 31 [3]) as a ‘tumulus by the side of the highroad’. Various manuscript notes describe the mound as around 38ft in diameter and 6ft 6 inches high and suggest that the funerary evidence was disturbed by roadwidening at which time an ‘urn with bone and ashes’ was found and reburied. It appears likely that the vessel referred to was that subsequently recorded as being retrieved by Kermode together with further scraps of urn with ‘bone and ashes’. Although this additional material was accessioned into the Manx Museum collection (IOMMM 3817 and IOMMM 6798), none was found in the museum store (see Appendix 3).
30. Kerrowmooar Farm (2), Ballig Bridge, Kirk Andreas (SC 3960 9920) L 22149/1 (Pottery on loan to the Manx Museum)
This twocordoned vessel is represented by a total of 49 sherds and a number of broken and crushed fragments. Of these, six sherds are from near the base and ten are rim sherds, all of which can be joined leaving only one small gap. The rim is flattopped although slightly undulating and uneven. It is, on average, between 10 and 12mm thick and approximately 300mm in diameter, around 90% of the rim being present. The body wall varies between 14 and 16mm in thickness. The largest sherd is 140145mm deep. Due to excessive damage to the base it is not possible to achieve a full profile and thus establish the original height of the urn nor is it possible to assess the base diameter. The decoration consists of two very shallow and poorly executed cordons running horizontally around the upper part of the vessel. The top cordon lies approximately 40mm below the rim, and the lower one a further 40mm below the first. The lower cordon is less well formed than the upper one and is discontinuous in places. Neither is clearly evident in section, and although pinched up from the fabric of the pot wall, both appear somewhat ‘halfhearted’ in construction. The fabric is coarse,
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tempered with poorlysorted subangular grits, a large proportion of which appear to be of olivine dolerite or similar dark igneous or metamorphic material. The maximum grain size is between 89mm across. As a result of this coarse temper, the exterior surface of the vessel is rather ‘bumpy’, but clear attempts had been made to smooth over the inclusions. The internal surface has been similarly carefully finished. Firing was uneven and the upper part of the urn, as far as the lower cordon, is essentially reduced, the black colouration extending right through the thickness of the vessel wall. Below the lower cordon, the pot is externally oxidised, initially only on the surface, but the orange colouration increases and penetrates increasingly deeply through the wall until at 100mm below the rim, the oxidisation penetrates twothirds of the way through the thickness of the wall. The internal surface remains markedly reduced. On the exterior, between the rim and the upper cordon, there is a raised black deposit. This surface encrustation of tarry material could be detached with a blade. There is no evidence of similar encrustation on the inside of the urn. The vessel, which had been lifted for later excavation in the Manx museum, was examined by the present writer (Woodcock 1999d). A radiocarbon date on the cremated bone from this vessel gave a date of (2 sigma cal BC 17291506) (see Appendix 4). Note The vessel has not been reconstructed and the illustration of the upper part of the urn is drawn from the most complete sherd. Context The two cordoned urns (30 and 31) were found in 1992 and 1999 respectively. Both had been inverted over cremated remains and were exposed by ploughing resulting in damage to the base of one and the destruction of the base of the other. There was no surviving above ground evidence to mark their position. Pottery and funerary remains of both Ronaldsway Neolithic (Burrow 1997b, 38) and Bronze Age date have been found in this immediate area, suggesting the presence of a flat grave cemetery in use over a long period of time.
31. Kerrowmooar Farm (1), Ballig Bridge, Kirk Andreas (SC 3960 9920) L 22149/2 (Pottery on loan to the Manx Museum) This cordoned vessel was in a semiexcavated state at the time of the examination. It was, therefore, difficult to make a full examination without disturbing the pot or disrupting the contents. It was also neither possible to determine if the rim had survived in its entirety, nor to determine its form. Examination of the available sherds together with an inspection (as far as possible) of the remainder of the pot within its box suggested that it was probably, like [30] above, also a twocordoned urn. This vessel too had been buried in an inverted position over a cremation but agricultural activity had completely destroyed the base. There was no evidence to suggest that there had ever been a third, lower cordon, although it is conceivable that one may have existed and these sherds lost. The sherds available for examination suggest that the urn was approximately 240250mm in diameter at around the level of the upper cordon. The relationship between the upper cordon and the rim could not be established from the sherds available for inspection but it seems likely that the vessel was slightly narrower around the rim, a slightly barrelshaped vessel. The two cordons present had clearly been pinched up from the body of the urn as an examination of the broken edges of the excavated sherds showed no evidence of a join. Both cordons were clearly visible, but they were very shallow, standing no more than between 1 and 2mm from the vessel wall. They lie approximately 70mm apart when measured from crest to crest. The vessel wall, measured through a number of the loose sherds, varies between 11 and 14mm in thickness. The external surface is oxidised, and where the excavated sherds have been cleaned the surface colour can be seen to vary from dull orange to light orangered. The internal surface of those sherds examined was reduced. An examination shows that reduction/oxidisation extends almost equally, halfandhalf through the vessel wall. The external surface is rough and uneven with small inclusions penetrating the fabric, but clear attempts had been made to smooth it. The interior is smooth and wellfinished although small inclusions penetrating the wall can be seen and felt. The fabric is soft and easily scratched with a fingernail. The fracture is irregular. The inclusions, which are a maximum of 7mm across, consist of moderatelysorted angular and subangular fragments of a dark material, probably dolerite or similar metamorphic or igneous rock. There is no surface encrustation on the sherds examined (Woodcock 1999e). A radiocarbon date on the cremated bone from this vessel gave a date of 2 sigma cal BC 18751536 (see Appendix 4). Note Although the fully excavated pot was never seen by the author, this vessel was drawn by the illustrator from sherds made available to him following completion of the excavation by staff of the Manx Museum. Context See entry 30.
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32. Crawyn Brooghs/Ballakinnagh Brooghs, Ballaugh (centred SC 339 965) IOMMM 7141 There are a total of 14 sherds accessioned under this number, one rim sherd with a cordon, four body sherds with cordon decoration and nine plain body sherds. It seems likely that the group represents at least two vessels but it is not possible to be certain if there are more than two represented. Only the rim sherd with the cordon is illustrated here. Cordoned urn 1 Three sherds, IOMMM 7141/1, 7141/11 and 7141/14 appear to be from the same vessel, a pot with walls approximately 9mm thick. The rim sherd (illustrated) has a flat top and an inwardly bevelled rim. It is apparent from the section that the cordon has been applied to the vessel wall. This decorative strip lies 39mm below the rim. The fabric is hard and oxidised. The external and internal surfaces are slightly rough and irregularities can be felt beneath the surface. The fracture is irregular. The vessel has, nevertheless, been carefully finished. No base sherds were found and it was not possible to establish a full profile. Insufficient rim sherds survive to enable a rim diameter to be determined. Cordoned urn 2 The other sherds (not illustrated) appear to come from a different vessel or vessels and are, on average, between 12 and 14mm thick. One body sherd suggests a possible diameter at this point of around 240mm, but it was not possible to establish a profile. Insufficient rim survives to enable a rim diameter to be determined. The sherds are, for the most part, oxidised and hard. The surface has been carefully finished but the texture varies from fine to coarse. No rim or base sherds are present. Three sherds have an applied cordon and one sherd has broken immediately above and along the line of the cordon suggesting a possible line of weakness. Context The approximate find spot of these cordoned sherds is shown on the 1st edition OS map and annotated by Kermode as ‘Hearth stones, shards and flint chips at 4ft in the cliff’. Similar material found by E. Megaw in 1955 in the same area is described as ‘Cordoned urn sherds with bevelled rim and ashes from Plot 79, hearth 4ft down in cliff face’. The accessioned sherds described above would appear likely to be those found by Mrs Megaw. Archaeological material of both Ronaldsway Neolithic and Bronze Age type continue to the present day to erode from the sandy cliffs around the north and north west coast of the Island see also [35, 36, 79, 87 and 88]. Such evidence confirms the former existence of an extensive area of prehistoric settlement in the coastal strip around the north of the Isle of Man. See also Ballakoig Brooghs [5, 23, 68, 69 and 83] and Orrisdale Brooghs [110 and 111].
33. Garey Meen, Dollagh Mooar, Ballaugh (SC 3496 9472) IOMMM 566 This large threecordoned urn has a flat, steeply sloping inward facing rim, almost triangular in section. It is 30mm deep and is decorated with impressed twisted cord zigzags. The mouth of the vessel is 370mm in diameter, there being around 45% of original material present. The top cordon lies between 80 and 85mm below the rim and defines the lower edge of the panel of decoration which is almost like a collar with a very slight overhang. This top section, lying between the rim and the upper cordon, is decorated with crisscross twistedcord impressions. The middle cordon lies approximately 125mm below the top cordon and is the most clearly defined. The lowest cordon which is barely perceptible is a further 100mm below the middle one and lies along the line of the break which might represent a point of weakness resulting from manufacture. The lower part of the vessel has been reconstructed and no original base sherds survive. The reconstructed base diameter is 270mm, which appears likely to be rather wider than the original. The reconstructed height is 450mm, but this, again, seems almost certainly shorter than the original. Externally, the fabric is buff in colour; the interior has been coated with brown reinforcing material which totally conceals the surface. The fabric is well fired and the vessel has been carefully finished. Dark inclusions are just visible where they have worn through the surface finish and may well be of olivine dolerite. Context See entry 27. A manuscript note describing this vessel as a threecordoned urn with a decorated collar section suggests that it was found inverted over a cremation in the centre of the mound. The encrusted urn [27] is said to have come from the east side of the mound.
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34. Cronk Coar, Ballabeg: Corvalley, Ballaugh. (SC 3358 9494) IOMMM 542786 Under discussion here are a total of seven body sherds which appear to be from a single vessel. Four have a small, raised cordon which appears, from a study of the section, to have been pinched up from the body of the pot and subsequently shaped. Only one is illustrated. No rim or base sherds are present, but it is possible to establish that the vessel had a circumference of 220mm at one point around the body. The walls are uniformly 13mm thick, and all are generally oxidised. The external surface is smooth and the internal surface slightly rough. Both surfaces appear to have been carefully finished. The fabric is hard and the fracture hackly. Context This plot in which there are two burial mounds has produced fragments of pottery of both Ronaldsway Neolithic (Burrow 1997b, 40) and Bronze Age date over a long period of time [90 94]. The antiquarian records, some of which go back to the nineteenth century (Oswald 1860, 50) are not easy to follow but much of the material apparently found in the immediate vicinity of these mounds has been lost. The precise context of the cordoned and other associated sherds of Bronze Age type [90 – 94] is unclear as the area has been considerably disturbed through time and the context of the finds has not been identified. It is possible that some originated from one of the mounds and others may have been surface finds. A.M. Cubbon, who in 1977 excavated a cist in this plot, reported that ‘cordoned sherds were found amongst the pottery’ (unpublished excavation notes). It is not possible to identify his sherds from amongst the others previously found in this plot as all appear to have been stored together.
35. Crawyn Brooghs, Ballaugh (SC 3395 9660) IOMMM 95182/1 (Vessel 1) This vessel is represented by a total of 105 sherds, the largest and most informative of which is illustrated. There are ten rim sherds, several possible base fragments, 73 undecorated body sherds and 21 cordoned body sherds. The vessel is a threecordoned urn with a crudely decorated, lowprofiled ‘collar’ or upper section, approximately 64mm deep. The decorative design around this area consists of a series of more or less vertical and horizontal incised lines forming a very rough and irregular chequered pattern, somewhat inexpertly accomplished. The base fragments retrieved are too small to establish a diameter, and there being no complete profile, the original height of the vessel cannot be determined. The top cordon lies 54mm below rim; the second cordon is 56mm below that and the third lies 88mm below the middle one. All three cordons are broad and flattened and all were probably pinched up from the fabric, following which the exterior of the urn was smoothed over. The external rim diameter is approximately 300mm and over 40% of original rim is present. The wall of the vessel, measured through the rim, is 14mm, though some body sherds are up to 19mm thick. The rim is simple and flattopped with a slight internal bevel. Both internal and external surfaces of the pot are smooth and carefully finished. The section between the rim and the upper cordon is encrusted, inside and out, with a dark, tarry, carbonised material which obscures the external decorative design in places. The external surface is light buff in colour except for the blackened upper section. One base sherd, however, is distinctly oxidised. The fabric is coarse with some large angular inclusions including quartz, feldspar and some dark igneous or metamorphic material, possibly dolerite. Context The two cordoned urns [35 and 36] were excavated in July 1995 from one pit which appeared in profile in the eroding cliffs of the Crawyn Brooghs (Woodcock and Davey 1999, 111120). This area has produced similar evidence of prehistoric occupation over the years. See also entry 32.
36. Crawyn Brooghs, Ballaugh (SC 3395 9660) IOMMM 95182/2 (Vessel 2) This vessel is represented by six small rim fragments which are clearly distinguishable from Vessel 1 [35] found in the same pit. The shape of the rim is very similar to that of Vessel 1, being flattopped, but the internal bevel is marginally steeper. Whilst not always diagnostic in itself as it is not unusual to discover a single, handmade, prehistoric vessel where the rim form varies considerably from one side of the same urn to the other, close examination showed this rim to be slightly thinner, 12mm13mm thick, and possibly less accomplished, with inclusions penetrating the surface more frequently than they do on Vessel 1. The rim is approximately 200mm in diameter, with the caveat that the measurement is made from a single, comparatively small sherd. The fabric and the inclusions appear identical to those in Vessel 1 and a similar dark carbonized deposit is present on the exterior surface below the rim. The internal surface is clearly visible 79
on one sherd only. Whereas this vessel appears irregularly blackened in places, there is no obvious internal ‘highwater mark’. The largest sherd (illustrated) shows evidence of having originally had an applied cordon 40mm below the rim top. Here the applied strip has broken away from the surface of the pot leaving a bare, roughened, lightcoloured patch unaffected by the carbonized deposit. There is no evidence of decoration on any of the other sherds. Context See entries 32 and 35.
37. PortyShee/Chee or Purt ny Shee, Kirk Braddan (SC 3703 7712) IOMMM 567 This three cordoned urn has been completely coated with a resinous substance which prevents a detailed examination of the surface finish. The interior of the pot has been reinforced with fabric and paper and the base has been reconstructed. The vessel as it now stands is 367/376mm high. The rim diameter is between 320 and 305mm and it is not completely circular. The base diameter, following reconstruction, is 120mm. The rim is flattopped, 12mm thick, inward facing and the internal edge appears slightly pinched. It is difficult to establish the thickness of the wall of the pot but it appears to be around 12mm. The external surface, assessed through the glaze, is gritty, but an attempt appears to have been made to smooth it. The fabric appears oxidised with some patches of sooting visible on the external surface. The general impression is that of a slightly barrelshaped urn tapering slightly towards the base. The upper ‘cordon’ could be described as being a vague hollow running around the urn above a very slightly raised ridge, approximately 71mm below the rim. The second cordon lies 138mm below the rim and the third cordon is 234mm below the rim. This lowest cordon is more pronounced than the two above it. It is apparent that definite attempts have been made to keep the cordons horizontal and parallel despite the large size of the urn. Context This vessel was found following ploughing in 18845. It was inverted over some fragments of partially cremated bone and a bronze razor (illustrated) with a damaged cutting edge (IOMMM 811). No further information about the circumstances of the discovery appears to exist.
38. The Cronk: Upper Lhergydhoo, Kirk German (SC 2803 8522) IOMMM 84151C Evidence for this vessel consists of a total of 202 sherds. Decoration appears to have been limited to a single, rounded, applied cordon lying immediately below the rim (representative sherd illustrated). Measurements made from the larger sherds suggest that the rim diameter was approximately 420mm and the base approximately 140mm across. The walls are on average between 13 and 17mm thick. No attempt has been made to reconstruct the vessel and it is not possible to deduce its height. The fabric is coarse with angular inclusions penetrating the surface. These fragments are variable in size, some up to 11mm across and include quartz and fragments of dolerite some apparently freshly crushed and others more weathered. All the sherds are essentially oxidised, particularly on the outside, some areas being markedly orange in colour, although others are buff. The core of many of the sherds is reduced. Context These fragments of cordoned pottery were found scattered across the northwest quadrant of the mound during the course of excavation. The site notes suggest that the vessel may have been buried in an upright position, standing on a roughly rectangular slab of shale upon which were carved two cupmarks. The discovery of a vitrified leafshaped flint blade and a burnt planoconvex knife amongst the scattered cremated bone suggest these objects may have been included, together with the cremation, within the pot itself (Woodcock 1996, 242243). No direct relationship between the remains of this vessel, the vase [18] and the ‘plain’ urn [80] all from the same mound, could be established. See also entries 18 and 80.
39. Staarvey, Kirk German (SC 2800 8420) IOMMM 7248 A total of 22 sherds of pottery and some very small broken fragments, too small to be of diagnostic value, are located in the museum store. Of the material examined, only one sherd still has both its internal and external surface; it is approximately 14mm thick. Only one surface survives on all the other fragments and it is often difficult to be sure whether it is the interior or the exterior of the sherd that is present, although in most cases it is possible, from the slight curve present, to hazard a guess. Only one small rim sherd was found; it was too fragmentary to be of any diagnostic value. There were no base sherds amongst the assemblage available for study, although photographs taken at the time of 80
the discovery suggest that some were collected. It is unclear why the material has deteriorated to its present condition. The surviving sherds, however, show that the surfaces of this urn were smooth and had been carefully finished, with some considerable attention to detail. The majority of the sherds are undecorated but there are two small body sherds which are both ornamented with a rather shallow, incised lattice design (one illustrated). From their fabric and colour both clearly came from this vessel although it is not possible to ascertain from which part of the vessel they originated. Further evidence of former decoration comes from two joining fragments of an applied cordon (illustrated) the outer surface of both of these cordon fragments is carefully finished but the reverse is roughened to allow the cordon to bond to the body of the vessel. The cordon is 19mm wide and would have stood approximately 7mm proud of the vessel wall. As far as it is possible to determine from the fragmentary nature of the sherds, the fabric of the vessel is oxidised throughout, there being no sandwich effect visible. Although the fabric of the pot is rather coarse, no inclusions can be seen to penetrate the surface. Those visible in section are angular and vary between 1mm and 5mm across and include some fragments of olivine dolerite (Woodcock 1999a, 9395). Note the primary museum records have led to an erroneous assumption that this, the second vessel from the Staarvey cist, was a collared urn, similar in type to [70] from this same context. It seems likely that the entry in the Manx Museum Accessions Register, dated 6th of December 1947, which reads “Part of cinerary urn, evidently of same type as last found by J F Cowley of Museum staff during excavation of cist on Staarvey farm....” may have been made prior to a detailed examination of the sherds. The absence of any identifiable rim sherds and the discovery of the two joining cordon fragments suggest that this, unlike the other vessel [70] was not a collared urn. Context The fragments of this vessel together with a more or less complete collared urn [70] were found together in a single stoneslab cist which was disturbed by farming activities in 1947. It was subsequently excavated by B.R.S. Megaw, J.F. Cowley and other members of staff of the Manx Museum (Woodcock 1999a, 8998). A radiocarbon date undertaken on cremated bone from this cist produced a date of 2 sigma cal BC 19541695 (see Appendix 4).
40. Kerrowkneale (Summer Hill area), Jurby (SC 3827 9812) IOMMM3340 This vessel is a large reconstructed cordoned urn with three, very faint, low cordons each blending into the fabric of the vessel. There is a horizontal line of semicircular impressions running around the pot immediately below each of the two lower cordons. Most of the flattopped rim survives and there is a full profile present from rim to base. The urn is 260mm high, the rim is 228mm in diameter, there being around 90% of original material present and the base, which is almost entirely reconstructed, measures 125mm across. The walls are 11mm thick. The external surface has been carefully finished with a coarsegrained yet even surface; the internal surface is also carefully finished but feels sandy to the touch. Context The origin of the four cordoned vessels [4043] described below together with a possible collared vessel [72] attributed to this site is not entirely clear. The sherds from Vessels 1 and 2 [42 and 43] stored together in a box attributed to ‘Jurby July 1934 Pottery’, were accompanied by a note by L.S. Garrad marked “Kerrowkneale Summerhill Rd, Jurby. 1934 11/15 Plot 786 SC 38279812 3340 & 3341”. A further note included with the material was marked “Radcliffs Lane, Summer Hill, K Andreas 1934. Jurby 1934”. The two reconstructed vessels [40 and 41] were located together, on stands, in a cupboard in the museum store. Manuscript notes and letters highlight but do not help to clarify a rather remarkable similarity between the circumstances of discovery and apparent subsequent reburial of two urns from Kerrowkneale and two urns said to have been found at the Faaie (area centred SC 377 978) which could not be identified in the museum collection. Both lots of vessels are described as found by “Corrin during draining, inverted and filled with black stuff”. Three of the five vessels share the same two accession numbers whereas the sherds of Vessels 1 and 2 [42 and 43] do not appear to have been formally accessioned into the museum collection at all.
41. Kerrowkneale (Summer Hill area), Jurby (SC 3827 9812) IOMMM3341 This reconstructed cordoned urn is smaller than that described above. There are two low cordons which have been well smoothed into the fabric. The vessel is 145 mm high and the flattopped rim diameter is 120mm, 45% of the rim surviving. A full profile from rim to base is present but much of the base is reconstructed and currently measures 90mm across. The wall is 10mm thick. Externally the surface is smooth, fine and well finished. The internal surface is slightly rough to the touch, but finely and carefully finished. Context See entry 40. 81
42. Kerrowkneale (Summer Hill area), Jurby (SC 3827 9812) IOMMM none (Cordoned Vessel 1) This small urn is represented by nine joining sherds which were reconstructed using viscous glue which has subsequently darkened and dried out. Many of the sherds have now separated, leaving a coating of glue on both broken edges. This vessel is a small, straightsided, essentially plain, coarsely finished pot with sloping walls and large inclusions which penetrate the surface both internally and externally. A complete profile, rim to base, is present. It was careful observation by the illustrator that revealed the presence of the three faint horizontal encircling cordons. The vessel is 120mm high; the rim is simple, but not flat topped, more ogival in shape. The base, which has a central perforation, is 140mm in diameter; there is more than 50% of original material present. Although only around 10% of the rim survives, measurements suggest the vessel had a rim diameter of 220mm. The wall is, on average, 11mm thick. The fabric colour is mixed, essentially reduced, though the exterior has a slightly pink tinge which extends into the fabric of the pot to a depth of around 5mm. Context See entry 40.
43. Kerrowkneale (Summer Hill area), Jurby (SC 3827 9812) IOMMM none (Cordoned Vessel 2) The fabric and finish of the 26 sherds from this twocordoned vessel, is virtually identical to that described for Vessel 1 [42]. Here both the cordons are low and irregular (one diagnostic sherd illustrated) and whereas these cordons do not, on initial examination appear to have been applied, one sherd has a scar suggesting that this method of manufacture may indeed have been used. It appears, however, that once applied to the body of the urn the surface was carefully smoothed to blend the cordon into the fabric. The only other decoration present is to be found on the one surviving rim sherd (not illustrated) and consists of two roughly incised and not quite parallel lines running around the rim about 510 mm below the top. This rim sherd is flattopped and inward facing but is too small to attempt an accurate estimation of the rim diameter. There are no base sherds and it is not possible to construct a complete profile and calculate the overall height of the vessel. The walls of the vessel are uneven and vary in thickness, most sherds being around 12mm thick but when measured through a cordoned section the thickness increases to 17mm in some places and slightly less in others. The body of the urn is coarse and uneven with many inclusions penetrating the surface on both inside and outside. The external surface is slightly oxidised but the interior is reduced. Note It was initially difficult to distinguish the undecorated sherds from those of Vessel 1 [42]. Their marked similarity undoubtedly explains why both sets of sherds were placed together in the same storage box. Context See entry 40.
44. GobyVollee, Kirk Christ Lezayre (SC 373 942) IOMMM 3075 This vessel has been somewhat imaginatively reconstructed from a number of sherds, none of which appear to have originally joined each other. The result is an urn of unusual shape. The illustration attempts to show both some of the original sherds and the reconstructed form. The rim, which is flattopped, has been reconstructed in such a way to give the impression that the top was perfectly horizontal although it seems unlikely that this was the original shape. A number of sherds have a clear cordon; these have been linked to form a ridge approximately 80mm below the rim although there is no good evidence to suggest this was the original position. The fabric of the sherds is very coarse but reconstruction precludes examination of the broken edges and it is not possible to determine the thickness of the wall, the overall shape or the original size of the urn although the fabric and ‘decoration’ suggest that it is likely to be Bronze Age in date. Context. These sherds are recorded in the museum register as a ‘chance find’. Some sherds of Ronaldsway Neolithic type, similarly attributed to this site, are also held in the Manx Museum store and a note included with them suggests that they were also found with this vessel and had possibly been omitted from the reconstructed version. Examination of the additional sherds shows that there are considerable differences in texture and thickness and it seems unlikely that they are from the reconstructed vessel described above.
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45. Cronk Aust, Kirk Christ Lezayre (SC 437 966) IOMMM 573 This vessel is a complete, but unusual, irregularlyshaped cordoned urn which tapers to a narrow base. There are two clearly evident cordons and a panel of simple decoration extending from below the rim for a depth of 80mm where there is a slight ridge, suggesting, perhaps, an attempt at creating the effect of a collar. The decorative design consists of a series of somewhat irregular, obliquely sloping lines of seven to eight impressed holes made with a more or less circular tool. The base of each little pit is noticeably rounded. The lines of impressed holes run from bottom left to top right and all finish at approximately the same level; there appears, thus, in some places, to be a horizontal intent to the pattern. The inwardfacing rim which is undecorated has been pinched up and is slightly concave in profile. The interior surface of the pot has been heavily fingered and pinched and a number of impressed hollows are apparent. The mouth of the vessel is surprisingly regular in shape for a handmade pot and the rim is 239mm in diameter in one direction and 238mm in the other. The base is 90mm in diameter. The vessel stands 282mm tall. The rim is 19mm thick and slopes inward at a 40 degree angle. Below the rim, the wall is between 13 and 15mm thick. The upper cordon, which runs approximately around the middle of the vessel, lies 134 mm below the rim. The second cordon is a further 58mm below that. These cordons appear to have been pinched up from the fabric, there is certainly no evidence to suggest that they were applied, and both have been well smoothed into the wall of the vessel. The urn has been varnished throughout with a resinous material which obscures the fine detail but it is possible to see that the external surface is generally oxidised with some fire cloud or smoke discolouration around the upper portion. Context See entry 10.
46. Sky Hill, Cronk Allisha, Kirk Christ Lezayre SC 4234 9331) IOMMM 572 (also known as Magher ny Hoaryn) This lovely example of a threecordoned urn was described by Tellett (1901, 8687) as “A fine specimen of an urn was now recovered; a portion having been exposed by weathering and the rubbing of a sheep. It measured 12 and a half inches high; nine inches in diameter across the mouth, and five inches in diameter at the bottom; the walls were half an inch thick and the bottom one inch thick. It is very plain and simple in design, without pattern, except for some fine diagonal lines around the brim, which, however, looks as if it has been ornamented with a cross hatch, which had got defaced by rubbing or squeezing, while the clay was soft; at intervals of about three inches are three plain mouldings, standing out 116th inch; the colour is reddish brown, darker near the rim”. This is a small, upright threecordoned urn. It is almost complete having only been repaired in small areas. The rim is flat and inward facing, and measures 220mm in diameter. 75% of the original material is present. The base is almost complete and is 135mm in diameter. The upper cordon lies 65mm below rim; the second cordon is 60mm below the top cordon and the third 100mm below that. The top cordon stands proud and was definitely applied as it is possible to see that it is peeling away from the surface in places. The two lower cordons have been carefully blended into the body of the pot and could have either been applied or pinched up from the surface. Both interior and exterior surfaces have been heavily varnished and it is difficult to see the incised crosshatched decoration mentioned by Tellett clearly. An original drawing by Kermode of this urn is shown in Figure 2.1. The surface has, in general, been carefully finished, though inclusions penetrate the wall on the interior and the exterior surface is a little uneven. Context This vessel came from one of three mounds on Sky Hill, the more northerly of two described by Kermode (1930, 39[5]) as ‘another Tumulus about 66 yds from it’ (Cronk Allisha). The vessel was excavated by P.M.C. Kermode and the Revd. W. Morris in 1898. It was discovered in an inverted position, filled with calcined bone. Stones had apparently been built up around the mouth to protect it in a similar fashion to that found around the collared urn from the cist at Staarvey [70]. Of the other two mounds on Sky Hill, one of the Cronk Allisha mounds has remained undisturbed, whereas the other known as Cronk Crock contained an urn of Ronaldsway Neolithic type.
47. Cornaa area, Kirk Maughold (SC not established) IOMMM 67121 This vessel is represented by a collection of three rim sherds and two body sherds of Bronze Age type. Each sherd is around 12mm thick, smooth to the touch and carefully finished. Measurement of the largest rim sherd suggests that the rim diameter was around 260mm but as only 10% of the vessel is present this estimation must remain unreliable. The 83
rim is ogival and steeply inturned and decorated on the inside with incised cross hatching. The exterior decoration consists of a single uneven, incised horizontal line running around the vessel, immediately below the top of the rim. Beneath this line there is a decorative panel of deeplyincised, irregularlyspaced diagonal crisscross lines below which, on two of the rim sherds, there is a low, well smoothed cordon or change of angle, too insignificant to suggest that this could have been a collared urn. These sherds are sufficiently similar in texture and general appearance to make it likely that they all come from the same vessel see illustrations. Context The provenance for these sherds is uncertain but museum records suggest that they all came from the Cornaa area. A note in the Accessions Register suggests that they could have been found at the site of the megalithic burial chamber of CashtalynArd (see also entry 82) but no further evidence could be found to support this theory.
48. Dreemskerry or Dreem y Jeeskaig, Ballaragh, Dhoon Glen, Kirk Maughold (SC area of 478 912 or 4565 8618) IOMMM 3081B This cordoned urn has been ‘imaginatively’ reconstructed from four rim sherds. One particularly large sherd (see illustration) shows the presence of a shallow, finger impressed hollow and a slightly raised ridge running around the outside of the vessel immediately below the rim. 47mm below this horizon there is a shallow step in the vessel wall followed approximately 45mm lower by a further similar step. The impression is of a threecordoned urn although the ‘cordons’ are not ridges but a series of stepped edges, similar to those found demarcating the lower edge of a collar. The rim is spread, shown as horizontal and flattopped and 19mm wide. The rim diameter is 195mm, based on 40% of original rim. The wall of the vessel is between 17 and 18mm thick. There is no full profile and no base sherds survive. The reconstruction has made it impossible to inspect the fabric clearly, but the visible surfaces appear to have been carefully though not skilfully finished. Context There is considerable confusion about the origin of the sherds included in this reconstruction and other sherds [108] apparently also from this area. This reconstructed vessel is associated with a faded label saying “Maughold. Above the old Lhergies on? Quilleach’s land. Dreemnaaskaig”. The 1st edition OS map held in the Manx Museum is annotated in this approximate area with the note ‘urns found c. 1900’. There is however, no evidence that these vessels survived to be accessioned into the museum collection, or of what date they were. Other records suggest that some of the sherds may have been found during the construction of the railway but there is no unambiguous evidence to confirm this assertion. Note Ten further sherds [108] also attributed to this site/area are held in the museum but examination confirms that none of this additional material has come from the vessel described above; they could represent the remains of three, possibly four, separate vessels.
49. The Rheast, Druidale, Kirk Michael (SC 359 879) IOMMM none (antiquarian illustration by kind permission of Manx National Heritage, redrawn for this publication) The only evidence for this cordoned vessel comes from a drawing and a handwritten description by the Revd Savage (manuscript held in the Manx Museum). A copy is included in the National Monuments Register. The drawing (see illustration) is of an elaborately decorated vessel which is shown as slightly trumpetshaped with a flaring neck about twice as wide as the flat base. It appears to have been a threecordoned urn, of which the top two panels were decorated with twisted cord impressions. The drawing shows two lines of impressed cord decoration running around the inward facing rim. The panel between the rim and the upper cordon is decorated with a series of upright zigzags, each made up of four slanting lines. The area between the first and second cordon is filled with diagonal crosshatching whereas the panels below the second and third cordon and that extending down to the base are undecorated. The drawing also suggests that there is a line of twisted cord impressions immediately above and below each of the three cordons. The Revd Savage’s own description of the vessel can be summarised as follows: ‘A third, highly decorated urn, 3 feet 2 inches in circumference around the top and 5½ inches across the base and 14 inches high. It could have been a rather upright threecordoned urn, of which the top two panels were decorated. The ornamental portion of the urn appeared to be formed by impressing a small cord on the clay before it was baked it was about three quarters of an inch in thickness’. 84
Context The site from which this vessel came was excavated by a William Harrison in 1874 and three urns were found. One was the highly decorated vessel under discussion and two others are described by Savage as ‘two urns of common coarse clay containing burnt bones’. Savage also noted that the urn under discussion had been taken out “quite perfect but was unfortunately broken by one of the men stumbling while carrying it away”. He further says that the urn “apparently from this site, came from the square grave which was opened in 1874 at one end was a tall upright stone partly thrown down. Underneath the turf sod, about 12 inches, was found a layer of white quartz closely packed over the entire length of the grave. At some little space beneath these was found an urn of coarse clay, everted, covering charred bones. Some larger quartz (stones) were placed around the grave”. The site now consists of a semirecumbent standing stone and three flattopped, largely grassedover cairns composed almost entirely of white quartz. It is marked on the Manx Museum annotated 1 st edition OS map as ‘white stones, 3 urns’.
50. Whitehouse, Kirk Michael (centred SC 3230 9110) IOMMM 3065 The Accessions Register in the Manx Museum records “Cinerary urn from Whitehouse (No 1) Across mouth 9", Depth inside 9 5/8", outside 10". Indefinite pattern, strokes. Reconstructed by A. H. Curphey”. This urn has been reconstructed with a round base (not shown in the illustration) on the evidence of seven rim sherds. There is, however, a sufficiently long profile (130mm) to show two slightly raised cordons some 55mm apart. The horizon between the rim and the top cordon is 33mm deep and is decorated with a poorly executed and irregular chequered design of horizontal and vertical incised lines. The wall varies between 11 and 13mm in thickness and there are no base sherds. The reconstruction makes it impossible to examine the fabric in detail. The surfaces have been over cleaned and scoured and feel rough to the touch, although, in general, the vessel appears to have been carefully finished. Despite the presence of a rather unusual ogival rim, and the somewhat unconventional decoration, there seems little doubt that this vessel is Bronze Age in date. Context This vessel like the vase urn [22], the encrusted urn [28] and the sherds [109] appears to have come from the same mound. See entry 22.
51. Cronk y King, Kirk Patrick (SC 2704 7959) IOMMM 83216 A total of 56 sherds, all clearly from the same vessel represent the remains of this cordoned urn. No attempt has been made at reconstruction and although all appear to have come from one vessel this cannot be confirmed. The general impression gained from an examination of individual sherds is that they came from a very large, robust, bucketshaped urn, which sloped out and up fairly steeply from the base curving inwards again towards the rim above the upper cordon to a level, flattopped rim. Finger prints are visible around the edges of the rim where the clay was moulded into shape. The estimated rim diameter assessed from five sherds, representing 48% of original rim, is between 340 and 360mm. The base diameter was assessed from two sherds, (36% present) and measures 160mm. The wall of the pot is on average 13mm thick or 15mm thick when measured through the cordons. Although the drawings suggest that this vessel had three cordons (one rim sherd has a cordon and there is a body sherd with two cordons lying between 110mm and 120mm apart) it is possible that if the middle section (see illustration) was reversed, the lower of the two cordons illustrated might be found to correspond with the upper one. The illustrations do suggest that all three cordons differ marginally in appearance from each other but this evidence is not unusual in a handmade vessel where it is common to find differences in size and shape of cordons from one side of a pot to another. All the cordons examined are robust and well rounded and roughened patches where fragments have broken from the surface indicate that they were applied rather than pinched up from the surface. There is no other decoration. The urn has been carefully finished and all the surfaces are essentially smooth to the touch. The fabric is hard, wellfired and reduced in colour. The fracture is irregular and some of the inclusions are over 20mm in diameter. Many of the breaks in this vessel run horizontally around the body either immediately above, or immediately below, a cordon. The lines of weakness in this plane may suggest that the pot was built up in rings or strips and the cordons applied for additional strength. Context The urn is from a mound which was excavated by W. Cubbon in April 1933. His excavation notes have not survived but a note included in the museum records states “Urn, crushed, round white quartz pebble at rim, inverted over slate slab. Layer of stones above urn, then about equal depth of soil below modern turf. Large white quartz boulder on modern turf”.
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52. Dandy Hill: Ballafurt: Port Erin, Kirk Christ Rushen (SC 1950 6880) IOMMM 5242 and IOMMM 3868 An examination of the colour, fabric and form of these two groups of sherds (IOMMM 5242 presented to the museum in 1914, and IOMMM 3868 presented in 1937) confirms that they are from the same vessel. Some reconstruction has been attempted and the group currently consists of a total of 17 sherds (the repaired fragments being counted as a single sherd). Sherd IOMMM 3868/1, for example, has been reconstructed from 16 smaller fragments. There are no base sherds amongst the group and only one large fragment of rim has survived. A complete profile of the vessel could not be established and for this reason it is not possible to determine the original height of the urn. The rim which measures 10.5mm in depth is simple, flattopped and slightly inward facing. The rim diameter is approximately 220mm, 22% of original material being present. Examination of the body sherds shows that the vessel may have had a maximum body diameter of 240mm and the pot was probably slightly barrelshaped. The wall of the pot is, on average, 11mm thick. The fabric is hard and well fired. The sherds are, for the most part, dark grey with conspicuously light inclusions. The inclusions are angular and fairly regular in size, the largest particle measures approximately 4mm across. These clasts are very soft and appear to be breakingdown or ‘decomposing’. There are no fresh breaks in the fabric to aid identification of the minerals, but some of the material is undoubtedly wellweathered dolerite. The external surface has been carefully finished although it is rough to the touch. The decoration consists of a number of pairs of very shallow, horizontal cordons or ridges placed at spaced intervals down the body of the pot. Too few joining sherds survive to make it possible to gauge the distance between each of the pairs of cordons, but one sherd demonstrates a gap of approximately 40mm between lines of decoration. The surviving sherds suggest that there was a minimum of three horizons of paired ridges, the first line close below the rim of the vessel. Each cordon is, on average, 15mm wide and is raised by about 3mm from the surface of the vessel wall. The cordons are not applied to the surface of the vessel wall but appear to have been created by a process of running a stick, or similar blunt tool, around the circumference of the pot thus forming shallow channels or grooves. These grooves, in turn, create the effect of raised cordons which may have subsequently been enhanced. Although the pairs of cordons or ridges are very clear on the surface of the urn they are less apparent in section (Woodcock, in preparation a). Note The presence of paired cordons such as these is unparalleled on the Isle of Man. Context The sherds appear to have been found during the course of some construction work in 1913. The records suggest that the urn had been inverted over burnt bones and charcoal. It is unclear why they became separated into two groups and no further information exists to explain this division or the circumstances of their discovery.
53. Park Farm, north of Clannagh Road, Kirk Santon (SC 321 745) IOMMM 88130A (north pot) This vessel is represented by a total of 23 unweathered sherds. All are substantial, averaging 1617mm in thickness, though there were also a number of slightly thinner sherds as might be expected in a handmade pot. Examination of the cordoned sherds showed some marginally different shapes and might suggest the presence of at least two lines of cordon decoration. Several sherds have been illustrated to demonstrate the inconsistency in cordon and body shape but there was no doubt in the mind of the excavator, Dr L.S. Garrad of the Manx Museum (pers. comm.) and (Garrad 1988), that only one vessel was present. The cordons are of significant size, about 7mm deep, and have been applied rather than pinched up from the body of the vessel. They are well made and carefully smoothed to blend into the surface of the pot. On one sherd (not shown) there is, however, a clear line below the cordon suggesting that it had been demarcated from the body using a small, hard, pointed tool. Both internally and externally the surface finish is good and the external surface has been particularly carefully smoothed. All the sherds are essentially oxidised to a pinkish orange outside with the fabric being uniformly buffyellow throughout. On the interior of most sherds there is a thin, dark residue of carbon, sometimes penetrating into the fabric. On some of the rim sherds the carbonized deposit extends up over the flat rim itself. One body sherd had a marked coating of carbon on the broken edge suggesting the presence of a crack in the fabric while the urn was still in use. The distribution of carbon on the rim and some of the thinner sherds suggests that they came from the upper part of the vessel and that the urn may, at some stage been inverted into a fire/embers. The fabric is coarse but the dark coloured inclusions are uniform in size, the largest averaging 34mm across. All are similar in type, angular and of apparently freshlycrushed rock fragments. One sherd, although appearing from the outside to have a wellsmoothed cordon, was found on inspection of the inside surface to be sharply curved and may have had a marked shoulder.
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Note One sherd from this vessel, temporarily allocated the accession number IOMMM 88144 at the request of the Manx Museum, was submitted to Dr J.R. Senior of the University of Durham for petrological analysis (Woodcock 1993, 182). He reported as follows, “In thin section this sherd has a similar appearance and composition to sherd 6148A, i.e. a sherd submitted from The Borrane, Patrick [63] but the clay had more quartz inclusions (in overall proportion 60% clay/40% inclusions) and the larger clasts also include some examples of limestone – dolerite”. Context This site was investigated by Dr L.S. Garrad (Garrad 1988) of the Manx Museum following the discovery of the cordoned urn sherds and some white quartz exposed by farming activities. Whereas the bowl sherds [17] had been discovered by chance and had not been associated with any funerary evidence, the cordoned material was associated with cremated bone and a concentration of white quartz, both pebbles and fractured lumps. A radiocarbon date on the cremated bone produced a date of 2 sigma cal BC 20071750 (see Appendix 4). It is of interest that an adjacent area on the south side of the Clannagh Road has produced pottery and burials of Ronaldsway Neolithic date (Burrow 1997b, 42). See also entry 17.
54. Unprovenanced [A] IOMMM none This cordoned urn is represented by a group of 26 highly weathered sherds, only one of which is illustrated. None of the sherds have been cleaned or marked and all remain covered in root hairs and humic material suggesting that up and until the time of their discovery they had been lying partially exposed in an upland region for an extended period of time. The sherds are coarse, rough to the touch and very poorly finished, but this is probably no more than the result of a protracted period of exposure in this respect they strongly resemble the pottery from the settlement site on South Barrule – [Study 3]. The majority of the sherds are undecorated, but two have a wellrounded and fairly prominent cordon which, from the broken edge, can clearly be seen to have been applied. The curve on the cordoned sherds suggests that the diameter of the vessel at cordon height could have been around 200mm. There are two possible base sherds, both 13mm thick, but there was insufficient material to determine the base diameter. There are no rim sherds present amongst the group. The vessel wall varies in thickness; some sherds are around 9mm thick, although the maximum thickness noted is between 12 and 13mm. The discrepancy in the measurements may be due to weathering and/or to the handmade nature of the vessel. The fabric is hard and fine, with wellsorted small angular fragments of a dark material. There are some dark, possibly carbonised, deposits on both the internal and external surfaces of some sherds. Context The circumstance of the discovery of these sherds is not recorded but it was thought that they might have been found during land clearance in the Rheast Buigh/Cross Vein, Arrasey area of Kirk Patrick, an area of upland rough grazing. They had not, at the time of the present study, been formally accessioned into the museum collection.
55. Unprovenanced [B] IOMMM 3068 The entry in the Accessions Register entry reads “Cinerary urn. Across mouth 9 3/8in, depth inside 9in, outside 9 7/8in and across bottom 4 3/4in. Reconstructed A.H Curphey”. This vessel has been reconstructed as a midsized urn with two cordons it is labelled “7.? Ballaugh”. The reconstructed rim diameter is 235mm and the base 120mm across. The vessel now stands 270mm high. As neither rim nor base sherds survive it is impossible to establish a full profile. It has been illustrated here to show only the original sherds. The external surface finish is good and smooth but the sherds have been energetically cleaned. The cordons are not very prominent. The fabric is externally oxidised but as the interior has been coated with plaster none of the original surface is visible. Context Records suggest that this vessel may have come from the Ballaugh area in the north of the Island but no further information exists.
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56. Unprovenanced [C] IOMMM 3067 The entry in the Accessions Register entry reads “Cinerary Urn. Across mouth 6 3/4in, Depth inside 6 3/4in, outside 7 5/8”inand across bottom 3 1/2in. Reconstructed A H Curphey”. This is a small urn with a very discreet low cordon giving the impression of a shoulder, similar to that found on a ‘vase’, and lying approximately 50mm below the rim. This raised ridge has been carefully smoothed into the body of vessel and there is no means to establish if r it was applied or pinched up from the wall of the pot. The vessel has been illustrated in its reconstructed form as sufficient original material survives to allow the full profile to be determined. The rim diameter is 160mm, assessed from around 50% of original rim. It appears, in its reconstructed form, to be flat topped, but as the rim is damaged and has been recreated with plaster, the precise shape cannot be determined with certainty. 95% of the base has survived allowing a base diameter of 90mm to be calculated. The vessel stands 190mm high. The sherds have been aggressively cleaned, and the surfaces are both weathered and abraded. The external surface is rather rough with small, dark inclusions of what appears to be an igneous or metamorphic material penetrating the surface. The internal surface has been concealed beneath a layer of plaster. Context P.M.C. Kermode was unable to provenance this vessel but it has been suggested that it, like [57] could have come from one of the Whitehouse mounds. See entry 22.
57. Unprovenanced [D] IOMMM 3066 The entry in the Accessions Register entry reads “Cinerary Urn. Across mouth 7 1/2in, Depth inside 7 3/8in, outside 8 1/8in and across bottom 4 1/8in. Reconstructed A H Curphey”. The upper part of this cordoned urn has been reconstructed from a total of 4 rim sherds. The rim is flattopped and slightly misshapen, possibly due to reconstruction, and has a diameter of around 200mm estimated from around 45% of the original rim. The low, shallow and gently sloping cordon lies 70mm below the rim. The urn had broken around the level of the cordon, suggesting a line of weakness at this position. The sherds were energetically cleaned prior to reconstruction. The external surface is oxidised and slightly uneven, although it appears carefully finished and well smoothed. The interior surface is obscured by a coating of plaster. Context P.M.C. Kermode was unable to provenance this vessel but it has been suggested that it too, like [56] could have come either from either one of the Whitehouse mounds or from somewhere in the parish of Kirk Maughold. See entry 22.
58. Balladoole: Chapel Hill (Keeill Vael), Kirk Arbory (SC 246 682) IOMMM 7322If: IOMMM 7327: IOMMM 7325If (not illustrated) Four of the five sherds which make up this group appear likely to have come from the same vessel, two cordoned sherds (IOMMM 7322If and IOMMM 7327) and two plain body sherds both marked IOMMM 7325If. A further undecorated sherd also, confusingly, marked IOMMM 7322If and labelled “found in excavation of later levels” is included with this assemblage but, in the opinion of the author, might not be from the same vessel. All the sherds are oxidised although the plain sherd (IOMMM 7322If) is slightly reduced. All are around 12mm thick, and have a fine grained sandy appearance. The inclusions are rounded and weathered and the fracture is irregular. The cordon is low and well rounded. The surface has been carefully and smoothly finished. Note the undecorated sherd (IOMMM 7322If) was submitted to Dr J.R. Senior of the University of Durham for petrological examination (Woodcock 1993, 276). His report reads, “Clay matrix red to reddish brown in colour (Munsell 2.5YR 5/4 5/6 with little evidence of working of the clay (little alignment of the inclusions in the fabric. Inclusions prominent large, angular clast of fine grained dolerite (5.00 x 2.00mm), highly altered with only the plagioclase laths surviving and some secondary calcite. Large regular clasts of coarse, very altered ?dolerite, only the plagioclase feldspar component just recognisable, the ferromagnesian minerals are seen just as iron ghosts (up to 3.1 x 4.5mm in size). A few rounded metaquartzite grains c. 0.2 x 0.2mm in size.
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Comment a difficult sherd to comment on as the rock inclusions are so altered. Was this pot fabricated using rotten material or is the poor preservation due to firing technique or subsequent burial? It seems most likely that this pot was made using dolerite temper with small quantities of quartz contaminant present, but the inclusion of the finegrained dolerite fragment is interesting”. See also Dr Senior’s report on an unclassifiable sherd (IOMMM 7325 IIg) from this site [86]. Context Balladoole is a complex multiperiod site with finds and structural evidence ranging from Mesolithic to early Medieval in date. In 1918 Kermode excavated the keeill lying within the area defined on the low eminence and apparently identified some urn fragments in its southwest angle. These fragments were described on a label in his handwriting as “from site of urn burial, Keeill Vale, Balladoole, Arbory Aug. 1918”. The area was also excavated by Gerhard Bersu in 194546 who produced evidence for several periods of use including a small stoneslab cist which apparently contained a cremation and possibly a bone pin which is no longer extant (Bersu and Bruce 1974, 632665). Bruce (1968 and 1968a, 42) is in no doubt that the urn fragments described above were probably discovered elsewhere on the site and reburied by the finder at this convenient spot.
59. Port Cranstal (Phurt), Kirk Bride (centred NX 468 028) IOMMM 85120B/3 (not illustrated) This single sherd provides the only evidence for cordoned urns from this exposed and continually eroding area in the northeast of the Island. The cordon stands around 5mm above the wall of the vessel, which is 21mm thick. Its surfaces are smooth and carefully finished and the fabric is recognisably Bronze Age in type. Context Unfortunately precise details of the find spot of this cordoned sherd were not recorded when it was accessioned into the museum collection, although it is generally accepted that it originated from the region of Site 2, (see [Study 1] where the prehistoric evidence and the Bronze Age finds eroding from the sandy cliffs is discussed in greater detail). See also entry 8.
60. Cronk Aust, Kirk Christ Lezayre (centred SC 437 966) IOMMM none (not illustrated) Two vessels, tentatively described by Kermode (1889b, 89) as ‘large’ and either ‘plain’ or ‘cordoned’ came from the ‘adjacent mound’ to that which produced the bowl [10] and the cordoned urn [45]. Neither vessel has survived but, in view of the dependable nature of Kermode’s observations, for the purpose of the archaeological record and statistical analysis, this entry is included to cover the cordoned vessel, the other urn cautiously remains as ‘unclassified’ and is included below [105]. Context See entry 10.
61. Billown (Site C), Kirk Malew (centred SC 268 702) IOMMM none (not illustrated) The Bronze Age pottery from this multiperiod site has been described by Darvill (1996, 3536) as “a substantial assemblage of late Bronze Age pottery… there are examples of vessels with heavy horizontal cordons”. Information currently available about the pottery retrieved during the course of excavations at this site and their present whereabouts is discussed in Study 4. Context See Study 4.
62. The Borrane, Dalby Mountain (west of road), Kirk Patrick (SC 2303 7686) IOMMM 8147D (not illustrated) This vessel is represented by three body sherds from a vessel with a low, wellrounded cordon. The sherds vary between 14 and 17mm thick and, with the exception of one undecorated example, all are rather soft. Although the fabric appears similar to the sherds from the collared urn [77] from this same mound these cordoned sherds are less well made and more friable; neither do they appear to be part of the other cordoned urn [63] also identified from this site. Context See entry 25. 89
62. The Borrane, Dalby Mountain (west of road), Kirk Patrick (SC 2303 7686) IOMMM 8148A and IOMMM48B (not illustrated) Evidence for the presence of a second cordoned urn from this mound comes from three sherds which appear to be from the same vessel. Each has a similar sharp cordon lying immediately below the rim. The wall of the pot is 12mm thick and the fabric is very soft and friable. Two sherds from this vessel were submitted to Dr J.R Senior of the University of Durham for petrological analysis (Woodcock 1993). His report reads, “Sherd 8148A Clay matrix with many crystal fragment inclusions (size from 0.01 mm upwards) particularly angular clinopyroxene and angular to subangular quartz and quartz aggregates (all the quartz shows metamorphic strain textures). The enclosed large angular clasts show coarse crystal intergrowth of clinopyroxene with some alteration around the rims". "Sherd 8148B largely clay matrix with very few large clasts. In the clay a few rounded grains and composite grains of alkaline feldspar with some quartz and metaquartzite grains showing strained interference textures. An occasional fragment of clinopyroxene and plagioclase feldspar was also seen in the clay matrix. Two large clasts of type (a) Olivine Dolerite were present, one fairly fresh with concentrations of olivine and clinopyroxene, the other now altered almost beyond recognition”. Dr Senior was of the opinion, however, that both sherds were from the same vessel. Context See entry 25
64. Strandhall, Kirk Christ Rushen (SC 241 690) IOMMM 83203a (not illustrated) The finds from this site consist of two body sherds from one, or possibly two, very similar urns. The undecorated sherd is smooth, carefully finished, reduced in colour and 15mm thick. The cordoned sherd is 18mm thick, but similarly finished and also reduced in colour. The cordon is very shallow and wellblended into the vessel wall. There is no evidence of any other surface decoration. It is impossible to deduce the size or shape of the vessel from these fragments, but the decorated sherd is substantial and the fabric contains one or two very large angular grits, suggesting it had come from a large vessel. Both sherds had an irregular fracture. Context The pottery was found during the investigation of a stone slab cist which had been disturbed by ploughing. The area around the cist was heavily disturbed and there was no above ground evidence for a former mound. In addition to the cist, there were a number of other stone features for which no satisfactory explanation could be found and the two sherds of pottery were recovered from one of these. A radiocarbon date from cremated bone found in an adjacent area, however, produced an early Neolithic date suggesting a former, earlier use of the site. The manuscript excavation records contain no further constructive information.
Collared Urns (Catalogue figures 11 – 13)
65. Braust, Kirk Andreas (NX 426 007) IOMMM 8511A This collared urn appears to fall into Longworth's Secondary Series (form unclear, probably IA). There is a shallow ridge or step defining the lower edge of the collar. Examination of a sherd which was not used in the reconstruction currently on display suggests that the vessel is narrower at the rim (around 340mm in diameter) than around the lower edge of the collar where the vessel appears to expand to measure around 390mm in diameter. The collar from rim to lower edge measures 109mm. The inside of the flat inturned rim is decorated with two parallel cord impressed lines, joined at approximately 18mm intervals by short oblique lines. The collar, which is around 18mm thick, is decorated with horizontal twisted cordimpressed zigzag lines. Those running up to the top right appear better executed than those to the top left, which are less clear where the cord appears to have dragged. The decorative panel is enclosed between single horizontal lines, running just below the rim and along the lower edge of the collar above the change in angle. The horizontal line of lower cord appears to be 280mm long before a break can be observed, thus suggesting the 90
length of the cord which was originally used by the potter for decorative effect. The line of the upper cord is less clear and obscured by surface accretions. There are no surviving base sherds. The external surface finish is very good and carefully smoothed. The interior finish is also good, particularly close to the rim, but lower down, the surface is rough to the touch where inclusions penetrate the fabric. The pot is hard and wellfired, with some dark patches, particularly on the collar. The inclusions in the fabric are dark, small, regular and angular and appeared likely to be of igneous or metamorphic rock. Context The remains of this vessel, together with another sherd [66], were found during an excavation in December 1984 following the discovery of sherds and cremated bone in the upper plough soil. The ‘collapsed’ vessel was found lying on its side in a small hollow, close to the surface, and surrounded by packing stones. Although there was no apparent evidence for any associated structure, manuscript records indicate that the excavator wondered if the packing stones might represent a former stony mound. It was not, at the time of discovery, possible to determine if the vessel had been placed in the ground in an upright or inverted position. In an attempt to explain the proximity to the surface, the excavator further suggested that the vessel might have been found earlier and reburied by its original finder.
66. Braust, Kirk Andreas (NX 426 007) IOMMM 8511B This sherd was not drawn from the original which could not be located at the time of the study, but was copied from a drawing made by the excavator, Dr L.S.Garrad of the Manx Museum. Her careful sketch showed a sherd with oblique cordimpressed decoration, and probably from near to the rim of a collared urn. The lower edge of the ‘collar’ appears markedly rounded. The drawing suggested that the body of the vessel wall was around 10mm thick with the collar area being at least double that thickness. No other information was available although Dr Garrad (pers. comm.) expressed the opinion that this sherd from the Braust excavation, although similar in many respects to the better preserved collared urn [65], almost certainly came from a second vessel. Context See entry 65
67. Ballaseyr, Kirk Andreas (SC 4225 9835) IOMMM 596B This vessel is a large, partially reconstructed collared urn of Longworth’s Secondary Series, Form IA (Longworth 1984, 214, No 765). A complete profile is present and the vessel stands 430mm tall. The rim diameter is 340mm, over 80% of which survives. The inwardfacing, flat rim is 22mm deep and is decorated with short, diagonal, twisted cordimpressed lines between two parallel single cordimpressed lines. The collar which is 100mm deep is decorated with a twisted cord, zigzag/herringbone design, enclosed between single lines of twisted cord, one lying immediately below the rim, the other immediately above the lower edge of the collar. There is a further shallow ridge or change in angle 70mm beneath the collar, below which the vessel slopes fairly steeply down to the base which is approximately 110mm in diameter. The surface colour is patchy, there being both reduced and oxidised areas. The external finish is fine and smooth with no evidence of inclusions penetrating the surface. The interior surface is concealed beneath reinforcing material. Context.The site is described by Kermode (1930, 32 [14]) as a tumulus, consisting of a mound of red sand and gravel, about 24ft in diameter by 6 ft high. It was excavated by him in 1884 or 1885 (Kermode and Herdman 1914, 6567). The urn was found inverted and halffilled with calcined bone, near the centre of the mound, lying on the original ground surface (Kermode 1889a, 5254). An original illustration is included in Kermode's mss notebook IX, 84, held in the library of the Manx Museum and is shown in Figure 2.1.
68. Ballakoig Brooghs, Ballaugh (centred SC 3360 9590/SC 3350 9580) IOMMM 571 This is a small, almost complete, collared urn of Longworth Secondary Series, North Western Style, Form III (Longworth 1984, 214, No 767). Only the base is missing and is not illustrated, but in its reconstructed form it measures 95mm in diameter. The maximum height, measured from the reconstructed base, is 240mm. The rim is complete and measures 850mm across. It is a little misshapen and has a flat top which is slightly inturned and decorated with a single line of twisted cord impression. The collar is 60mm deep and the wall thickness, measured through the collar, is 14mm. 91
The surface finish is difficult to assess as it has been coated with a layer of varnish but both interior and exterior surfaces appear to have been carefully worked. The collar is decorated with lines of twisted cord impressions consisting of 14 blocks of alternating vertical and horizontal lines. One block of horizontal lines also has a little zigzag playfully incised across it in the same orientation (not shown). Context See entry 5.
69. Ballakoig Brooghs, Ballaugh (centred SC 3360 9590/SC 3350 9580) IOMMM 3069 This is a partially reconstructed collared urn of Longworth Secondary Series, Form IA (Longworth 1984, 214. No 766).Although a fragment of base exists, there is no complete profile. In its reconstructed form it stands 300mm high. The rim is flattopped and sharply inwardfacing, giving an almost pointed effect to the top of the rim which is 290mm in diameter, 50% of the original being present. The base has been reconstructed to measure 140mm in diameter. Decoration consists of a raised ridge 125mm below the rim which defines the lower edge of the collar. There is a further, shallow ridge approximately 90mm below the lower edge of the collar. Both ridges appear to have been pinched up from the body of the vessel and blended into the fabric. The collar is decorated with twistedcord zigzag impressions enclosed between single twisted cord lines, one some 16cm below the rim, and the other immediately above the lower edge of the collar. There is a twisted cord zigzag decoration on the internal rim bevel which is particularly difficult to see on the reconstructed pot where it has been obscured by the paste and gauze reinforcement. This line of decoration is, however, clearly visible on a rim sherd (IOMMM 3069x) which was, in the fashion of the day, apparently not included in the reconstructed vessel. The design is also clearly shown on a sketch made by P.M.C. Kermode, dated 1898, which is included with the NMR site card. No such decoration is, however, shown by Longworth (1984, plate 198 (b)). The surface finish is good and the vessel has been carefully smoothed. The upper section of the pot is slightly darker in colour than the lower portion, which is well oxidised. Caveat Two further sherds (not illustrated) were identified in the museum store. Both were marked 3069X, possibly because the larger of the two strongly resembled those from this urn. Neither sherd, and particularly not the smaller of the two (a tiny piece of rim), appear to have come from this urn but could not be identified to any other. Context See entry 5.
70. Staarvey, Kirk German (SC 280 842) IOMMM 7247/IOMMM 83215) This virtually undamaged vessel is a collared urn of Longworth Secondary Series, NorthWestern Style, Form I/II, (Longworth 1984, 214, (768)). There is some vertical cracking, possibly postexcavational, otherwise the urn is sound. There is a considerable hollow on the external surface of the base which confirms an observation made by the excavator at the time of its discovery. The urn measures 434mm in height; the rim diameter is 359mm and the base diameter is 127mm. The thickness through the collar, which is between 79 and 81mm deep, is 15mm. The walls of the vessel are on average also around 15mm thick. The vessel is very regular and well made, with a heavy, markedly overhanging collar and a tapering base. The top is level and the rim is flat topped. The urn is straightsided although the base appears to be being slightly offset from centre, approximately 10/15mm outoftrue. The fabric appears to be almost completely oxidised but a chip in the surface reveals some reduction of the core. Small, regular, angular inclusions can be seen penetrating the both internal and external wall surfaces. The inclusions in the collar section appear to be slightly coarser and more mixed in size, the largest measuring approximately 8mm across. The inclusions are all dark in colour and apparently of a freshlycrushed igneous or metamorphic rock. Although the difference in the nature of the fabric of the collar and the body of the vessel suggests that the pot was made in two sections, bonding has been very successfully achieved and there is no cracking or other surface evidence of a join between collar and body. Decoration is confined to the collar section alone and consists of finelyexecuted incised triangles infilled with closely spaced parallel lines. The external surface of the urn below the collar has been carefully finished, possibly wetwiped, although it remains slightly rough to the touch. Note In addition to the accompanying cordoned urn [39], a planoconvex knife, a flint endscraper and a flat bone disc were found with the cremated bone closely associated with this vessel (Woodcock 1999a, 9596). A radiocarbon date on cremated bone associated with this vessel and the accompanying cordoned sherds gave a date of 2 sigma cal BC 1954 1695 (see Appendix 4). This collared urn had been placed in the cist in an inverted position with a ring of stones around its mouth see also Sky Hill [46]. Context See entry 39. 92
71. Ballaharra Megalithic Tomb, Kirk German (SC 264 824) IOMMM 84133 Collared Urn This collared urn of Longworth Secondary Series, North Western style, is represented by two sherds of thick pottery, which seem likely to have come from the same vessel. The rim sherd consists almost entirely of thickened collar with a simple, very slightly convex rim. It measured 80mm from side to side and 88mm from top to bottom. The collar itself is 70mm deep and is slightly concave. When the thickness of the collar was assessed, it was found to be 20mm through the rim, 21.5mm through the lower edge and 16mm at a point halfway down the collar. Although probably only around 10% of the original rim is present, it suggests that it came from a vessel with a diameter of around 260mm. The external surface of the sherd is light buff in colour. The interior is also light buff, shading to black for the upper 36mm of the sherd, apparently a carbon deposit rather than the result of differential firing. There is no evidence of any blackening on the outer surface of the sherd, but the darkening can be seen on the inner edge of the flat rim. The fabric is hard, well fired and gritty, and the inclusions are angular and consist essentially of fragments of dolerite or other similar dark grained igneous or metamorphic rock, the largest of which is up to 9mm across. The fracture is hackly. The collar is decorated on the outside by roughly incised, linear triangles infilled with hatching. Below the collar a very small section of the body survives and the tips of some deeply incised lines, slanting downwards from left to right, can just be discerned. The inside of the collar is also ornamented with an irregular pattern of incised, crossing lines, which appear likely to have been arranged in chevrons or diamonds (see illustrations). The top of the rim is also decorated with a regular, deeply, incised lattice design. The decoration made assessment of the external surface finish difficult, but the interior appears to have been carefully smoothed with only slight roughness caused by the inclusions penetrating the surface. The body sherd measures 42mm by 59mm and is 14mm thick. It is light buff on both surfaces, with some darkening of the inside surface penetrating to a depth of 12mm, possibly as a result of absorption of the former contents of the vessel or perhaps as a result of uneven firing. Like the rim sherd, this fragment is hard, well fired and gritty with similar dark, angular inclusions; the fracture is hackly. The outer surface is decorated with a lightly incised, uneven lattice. It is possible to determine, by an examination of the surface visible between the decorative incisions, that both surfaces had been smoothed and carefully finished with only slight roughness resulting from penetration of the surface by the inclusions (Woodcock, forthcoming). Context See entry 9.
72. Kerrowkneale (Summer Hill area), Jurby (SC 3827 9812) IOMMM 3341B This vessel is represented by a total of 14 sherds, four decorated rim sherds, three decorated body sherds, the rest are plain. They were located in the museum store in a box marked “Kerrowkneale, Summer Hill area. 3341B 1934 Gift J.Radcliffe”. The rim fragments join to form almost 60% of the rim/collar section. 55mm below the top of the rim the lower edge of the ‘collar’ is defined by a slight ridge which is extremely low and almost imperceptible in places. This ‘collar’ section is decorated with a poorly executed horizontal line of twisted cord impression immediately (8mm) below the rim and another similarly indistinct line immediately above the ridge demarcating the edge of the collar. Similar twisted cord has been used to create a series of intermittently spaced vertical lines in the space between the two horizontal lines. The decoration is not easily visible on all the sherds except under oblique light. The pot itself gives the impression of having been straight sided, but as only the upper portion survives this cannot be confirmed. The vessel is oxidised on the outside and reduced inside. The fabric, inspected in section, is very coarse with some large, dark, igneous or metamorphic inclusions, some of which strongly resemble olivine dolerite. Contex As discussed above [40] the context of all of the vessels [40, 41, 42, 43 and 72] apparently all from Kerrowkneale, is ambiguous.
73. “North of the Island”: Berrag/Ballahasney (OS grid reference uncertain) IOMMM 67107 The vessel is represented by three reconstructed joining sherds from just below the rim of a large vessel, probably a collared urn. It appears likely to be of Longworth Secondary Series. The rim top is not present but it is possible to determine that the diameter of the mouth of the vessel was around 300mm, there being approximately 15% of original material present. The lower edge of the collar is raised by 6mm from the body of the vessel. Examination of the broken
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edge shows no evidence to suggest this was applied to the body of the vessel. The sherds are around 16mm thick. The decoration consists of a horizontal band of three lines of twisted cord impressions running around the vessel immediately above the defining lower edge of the collar. Above this horizon, it is possible to see the lower part of a series of sloping lines, also composed of a similar pattern of three lines of twisted cord impressions, possibly originally forming either a zigzag pattern or a series of triangles. The fabric is hard and wellfired and the surface is smooth and wellfinished, although there are now a number of small eroded cavities present. The sherds are reduced and beige in colour. Context The Accessions Register notes “fragment of urn and 6 pieces of human bone probably Ballahasney (Barrag/Berrag) Jurby April 1897”. Dr L.S. Garrad of the Manx Museum (pers. comm.) confirmed that the origin of these sherds had become confused over the years.
74. Ooie ny Foawr: Mount Karrin, Kirk Christ Lezayre (SC 3752 9234) IOMMM 5281 The ceramic material in the Manx Museum collection attributed to this site consists of 15 sherds and includes 2 to 4 possible rim sherds from a collared urn or urns. Despite the poor condition all the sherds appear, on the basis of fabric and overall finish, to be Bronze Age in date. The decoration is described in the Accessions Register as “one with maggot pattern, the other with hatched triangles and reserved spaces”. The two best preserved sherds on display in the mezzanine gallery of the Museum are, however, clearly from a collared urn. On neither sherd is the top of the rim fully preserved and only the internal edge survives. There is now insufficient evidence to support the antiquarian assertions, no doubt made on the basis of the varied decoration, that the sherds may have come from two vessels. Although rim sherds are present, it is less clear, because of damage and poor preservation, whether all the other decorated sherds (not illustrated) are rim sherds from this or a second vessel or whether they could be body sherds. All are abraded and appear to have been overcleaned thus emphasising the degree to which the inclusions penetrate the surface and virtually obscuring all evidence of a shallow hatched design. The sherds vary between 12 and 15mm in thickness but several of the smaller ones are no more than crumbs lacking any diagnostic detail. Whereas the tops or possible tops of all the rims are poorly preserved, sufficient material survives to see that it was probably rounded and inward facing. There is insufficient material present to enable an accurate assessment of a diameter or diameters to be made. Context Kermode (1901, 157 [8]) describes the site as a “Circle of Quartz” and in 1930 (39 [9]) as a “tumulus on the northwest slope of Carrin ... (48ft by 4ft high)”. Currently it survives as a grasscovered mound with an encircling kerb of 15 white quartz boulders. It was excavated in 1904 but records suggest that it had been disturbed earlier. On this occasion, a small flint axe (Manx Museum Register number 1655) was found together with the pottery fragments which were said to have come from “an area around 3ft square, a few feet below the surface of the crown of the mound”.
75. Archallaghan Plantation, Kirk Marown (centred SC 304 782) IOMMM none – (antiquarian illustration) The evidence for two probable collared urns for which no other information survives, comes from an illustration showing a steepsided, rather conical grasscovered cairn overlying a stone slab cist which is shown divided by a septal stone slab into two compartments. Each half contains an inverted collared urn of probable Longworth Secondary Series type. Context In 1899 Kermode (1930, 1 [624]) recorded the presence of a group of cairns “from 400 to 700 yards west of Earyjora, Archallaghan”. He mapped eleven cairns in the plantation on the west of the road, and a further seven which were being ploughed out on farmland east of the road. A copy of his map is held with the Manx Museum record cards. An account of a field visit by members of the Isle of Man Natural History and Antiquarian Society to this area in around 1912, (Anon 1913, 19) refers to the opening of a number of tumuli in the area in 1872 and mentions the discovery of urns. The article includes the illustration which was said by Kermode himself to show ‘urns typical of those found in 1872’. The cist appears similar in form to the double cist excavated at Staarvey, Kirk German [70].
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76. Craig ny Mult, Kirk Maughold (SC 45 89) IOMMM 7130 A and B These two heavy, bulky, decorated rim sherds are believed to have come from a single vessel, or possibly from two very similar vessels. It is difficult to determine the precise class of vessel from which they came, but it seems likely to have been a collared urn. Both sherds are 80mm deep and 18mm thick and come from a vessel with a probable rim diameter of around 260mm. The deep, flat inward facing rim is 38mm deep. The decorated external surface is fairly roughly finished, but the internal surface has been carefully smoothed. Both sherds are similarly oxidised on the external surface, but reduced within. Sherd A (illustrated) is heavily coated with varnish and is fairly crudely decorated with deeplyimpressed grooves and incised lines. The design on the flat inward facing rim is of incised lines and a row of deep, roughly triangular stab marks. Sherd B (not illustrated) is less heavily varnished and similar in form but the decoration, although comparable to that on Sherd A, is slightly less well executed and less clear. Context. The precise origin of these two substantial rim sherds is unclear. An anonymous antiquarian record, possibly from Kermode, describes “pieces of rim of an urn, originally about 10.25 inches in diameter across the mouth, ornamented with grooves and diagonal lines”. A further anonmyous note suggests that the finds were from a ‘flat grave’. The Accessions Register describes them as “Two sherds from urn(s) from Craig ny Mult, Maughold (listed in old NHAS inventory but never given a museum number)”.
77. The Borrane, Dalby Mountain, Kirk Patrick (SC 2303 7686) IOMMM 8147A, B and C This vessel is represented by four rim sherds from a collared urn. They do not join and only one is illustrated. The collar is plain and undecorated and measures 58mm from the top of the rim to the lower edge of the collar. The vessel wall, measured through the collar, is between 13 and 15mm thick. Approximately 30% of the rim survives, from which it is possible to suggest that the diameter was around 200mm. The rim itself is slightly rounded, steeply inturned and 23mm in depth. The fabric is coarse and typically Bronze Age in type. The urn is wellfired and wellfinished and distinguishable from the other sherds from the site [25, 62, 63 and 114] by being denser and less friable, although still rather soft. Context. See entry 25.
78. Unprovenanced [F] IOMMM 3085 A collared urn of Longworth Secondary Series, Form 1A (Longworth 1984, 214, No. 769). The Accessions Register entry records that this is a ‘Cinerary Urn. Height 17⅛ins’. Width of mouth 14 ½ins, width of bottom 7 ½ins’. Dr L.S. Garrad of the Manx Museum has added “Reconstructed by A.H.Curphey”. This large vessel has been reconstructed from a few sherds incorporated into a lot of plaster with no true evidence of their original position. The upper part is illustrated here in its reconstructed form but this reconstruction, particularly the area below the lower edge of the collar should, perhaps, be viewed with caution. The collar, which is 120mm deep, has a small flat, inwardfacing rim. Immediately below the rim, which measures 370mm in diameter, (about 25% of original material present), the collar is decorated with a series of three horizontal fingertip grooves above a wide, rounded zigzag produced by the same method. The fabric is oxidised to a pale bufforange, although there is a little surface reduction around the rim. It is possible to determine a number of dark inclusions penetrating the surface of the fabric externally. The internal surface is obscured by plaster. The fabric is hard and well fired. The vessel is clearly marked ‘3085’. Context Future researchers should be aware that there has been some confusion over both the numbering and provenance of this vessel over time and it has been variously attributed to Garey Meen, Ballaugh [33] and to Ballaseyr, Andreas [67]. The vessel has also, at one stage, been marked wrongly identified as IOMMM 3086. The Ballaseyr and Garey Meen urns have now both been satisfactorily identified and the present writer has been unable to locate any further information to assist in identifying the origin of this vessel.
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Undecorated pottery (Catalogue figure 13)
General observation Large quantities of undecorated pottery have been found on the principal domestic sites of Bronze Age date in the south of the Island. The main source of such material is the Ronaldsway Village site, Kirk Malew (Study 2); there is also a considerable assemblage of undecorated pottery from the settlement on South Barrule, Kirk Malew (Study 3). The multiperiod site of Billown, Kirk Malew (Study 4) has also produced a large quantity of undecorated pottery similar in type to that found elsewhere in the Parish. Note Two apparently undecorated vessels [80 and 81] are discussed amongst this group. In both cases their upper sections have been destroyed and with them the diagnostic evidence of their class. Either vessel could, for example, be the remains of a collared, cordoned or vase urn of some kind.
79. Crawyn Brooghs/Ballakinnag Brooghs, Ballaugh (SC 339 965) IOMMM 3072 This is a small, undecorated, straightsided vessel with a slightly round, flat topped rim. Despite suggestions that it might be late Neolithic in date (see below) it appears, from the fabric composition, equally likely to be Bronze Age. It has been reconstructed from three sherds to stand 110mm high, although examination of the surviving sherds suggest it was probably originally no more that 90mm tall. The walls are 10mm thick and the single rim sherd suggests a diameter of around 100mm although only 25% of rim is present. The two surviving base sherds represent approximately 25% of the original and suggest a base diameter of 80mm. The fabric is coarse but lacks the large angular coarse inclusions typical of Ronaldsway Neolithic pottery. It is reduced in colour and there is no evidence of any decoration. The surface of the vessel has been smoothed and carefully finished. A note included in the Manx Museum Accessions Register under the date of receipt says “[Ballaugh Brooghs 1894 (Crawyn) 4 urns, 4 flints donor PMCK. Small flatbased pot found by Rev Wm Kermode at Crawyn Brooghs, Ballaugh Parish, 1894 along with 4 flints”. The note indicates that the reconstruction was undertaken by A H Curphey in around 1930 and says that one sherd bore an impression, probably that of a grain of corn. The writer, at the time, was of the opinion that ‘the simple rim and type of pottery’ might suggest that the little pot could be assigned to the Ronaldsway Neolithic culture but, as discussed above, the fabric would suggest otherwise. This small urn is, however, a further piece of archaeological evidence from this stretch of the eroding coast of the north and west of the Island which has produced evidence of prehistoric exploitation, both Neolithic and Bronze Age, over a long period of time. Context See entry 32.
80. The Cronk: Upper Lhergydhoo, Kirk German (SC 2803 8522) IOMMM 80387/84/151B The upper portion of this vessel has been destroyed and with it any evidence of decoration or diagnostic rim. The undecorated lower half has been reconstructed using a considerable amount of plaster between the sherds. The reconstructed base measures approximately 130mm in diameter. The walls are between 10 and 13mm thick and the reconstruction stands to a height of 235mm at which point it has a diameter of 300mm. The external fabric has been carefully smoothed producing a fine finish and there is no evidence of any decoration. Internally it is rough and coarse with large, darkcoloured inclusions penetrating the surface. The interior is reduced, but externally the walls are oxidised. Context The surviving remains of this vessel were found in an upright position in a small shallow pit lying immediately to the west of the cist containing the vase [18]. It contained some cremated bone, a small amount of charcoal and two small clay spheres, one perforated, the other only partially perforated (Woodcock 1996, 237238 and 242). A relationship between this vessel and the cordoned urn [38] from the same mound could not be established. See also entries 18 and 38.
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81. The Spinney, Baldrine Hill, Kirk Lonan (SC 4290 8140) IOMMM 76174 / 612348 (the ‘Garwick Urn’) Only the lower part of this urn survives. The upper portion of the vessel was destroyed prior to retrieval and, with it, any diagnostic evidence of its class. It might, therefore, like the Upper Lherghydoo vessel [80] have been a cordoned, collared or vase urn of some kind. A note by B.R.S. Megaw accompanying the photographs referred to below indicates that, as far as he was able to determine, the vessel was “a thickwalled yet flatbottomed vessel with straight fairly steeply sloping sides. There was no rim and it was found upright. It stood around 78inches high”. Careful examination apparently revealed no evidence of any decoration on the surviving sherds from the lower part of the urn. This vessel could not be examined in detail by the present writer because of its fragile nature but was later drawn, from the original, by the illustrator. Context. The Accessions Register states “76174. Urn, dug up in Commander Quine`s garden (? 1943) Baldrine Hill, Lonan”. Six monochrome photographs (No. 78, C27) are held in the Manx Museum Library and show the vessel in an upright position in a hollow during the course of excavation but are otherwise uninformative. The photographs are the principal source of information about the discovery and retrieval of this vessel. There is no record of the presence of human remains.
82. St Maughold Monastery/Churchyard, Kirk Maughold (SC 4930 9170) IOMMM 3831X This vessel is represented by a plain, very upright rim sherd with a flat but slightly rounded inturned top. The sherd is around 12mm thick and appears to come from a vessel with a rim diameter of around 165mm, 13% of original material being present. This sherd is wellfired, hard and reduced in colour but has been heavily conserved and is coated with varnish which obscures much of the surface. Although there are no particular diagnostic features present, the fabric and finish both strongly suggests that this sherd is of Bronze Age date. Context Kermode (1930, 45 [5]) records “Two Urns found, 1834, at 30ft. S.E. of the Church. Fragments of Urn in the embankment on its E. side, about 84 yds. E. of the Church”. No other information is available and it seems unlikely that this single sherd represents all the finds of which Kermode wrote. Note Other items also accessioned under the code IOMMM 3831 are recorded as having been found ‘during excavations of Cashtl yn Ard’ (CashtalynArd) see also [47], by Professor Fleur in 19326 and others as ‘found previously by Rev. Canon S.N. Harrison’. This particular sherd, IOMMM 3831X is, however, clearly marked as ‘probably from parish churchyard’.
Unclassifiable pottery (Catalogue figure 13) Note The material described in this section is that which could not be assigned to any of the recognised classes of Bronze Age pottery. In some instances neither the vessel nor a sufficiently detailed description of it has survived and in other cases the sherd itself lacks any of the characteristics which enable it to be assigned to a specific vessel type.
83. Ballakoig Brooghs, Ballaugh (centred SC 3360 9590/SC 3350 9580) IOMMM 5241 Despite antiquarian drawings suggesting the form and decoration of this urn, it cannot be classified with any certainty amongst the usual repertoire of Bronze Age pottery found on the Isle of Man. Nor can it now be reconstructed from the fragmentary sherds that have survived. The vessel is represented by 26 fragmentary and friable sherds stored in a box in the Museum Store marked “to be sorted out” together with three better preserved rim sherds with lightly incised, slightly inclined line decoration currently in the museum display see illustration. The display material is accompanied by one of two sketched reconstructions, this one attributed to P.M.C. Kermode, dated 1884 and marked ‘Ballakoig, Ballaugh’. The Accessions Register entry indicates that the material was stored for some time before being recognised but describes the contents as “Fragments of friable pottery, part of an urn of Late Bronze Age style”. The description continues, “as far as can be seen it may have been of squat barrel shape with flat base (‘round edged base’) and 97
internally bevelled rim. Both rim and walls have rough scorings”. An accompanying sketch in the register shows a small bucketshaped vessel annotated “suggested reconstruction may have stood about 6" 9" high”. The herringbone design shown in this sketch does not, however, agree with that on the sketch accompanying the display material. The pottery assemblage thus consists of a total of 29 sherds, although only around 15 are sufficiently well preserved to be of diagnostic value. Included in the stored material are five base sherds, three of which are undecorated and two with some decoration; six decorated and three plain body sherds and some small fragments of decorated, flattopped, inward facing rim. Despite the small percentage of rim present, assessment suggests that the rim diameter could have been around 120mm. The sherds vary in thickness, the majority ranging between 8mm and 14mm, with most around 10mm thick. Just one sherd (IOMMM 5241/5), however, is 16mm thick and could have come from another vessel. Whereas the base sherds indicate a flatbased pot, the diameter could not be established. The sherds are now breaking down rapidly and those examined could no longer be reconstructed to reproduce the original design which consists of a series of closely spaced incised, vertical and slightly inclined lines clearly apparent on the display material. There is, however, evidence of some incised decoration on the flattopped rim. Kermode’s illustrations imply that the decoration extended over the entire surface of the vessel, from the rim to base, but the presence of plain body sherds suggest that this may not have been so. The sherds are generally dark in colour, although not completely reduced. Small, lightcoloured inclusions penetrate the surface and contrast markedly with the reduced fabric of the pot. The inclusions strongly resemble fragments of decayed igneous or metamorphic stone. Context See entry 5.
84. Glencrutchery: Industrial Children's Home and Glencrutchery, White Lady site, KirkConchan (Onchan) (SC 386 778) IOMMM 21300 This small flatbased vessel has been included in the catalogue because it bears a number of characteristics of Bronze Age pottery (fabric and the incised decoration) but there is considerable doubt about its precise context on a site which has produced pottery of both Ronaldsway Neolithic and Bronze Age date. It is possible that this small urn should be attributed to the Ronaldsway Neolithic culture and, as such, would come into Moffatt’s Class C.1 (Moffatt 1978, 197). It is a small, roughlymade urn with a slightly rounded profile and a flat base. It is crudely decorated with two, more or less parallel and horizontal, incised lines wandering around the body approximately 40mm below the rim. The rim is between 200 and 220mm in diameter, there being 70% of original rim present. Only 40% of the base is present, but it appears to have been around 100 to 110mm in diameter. No complete profile can be created but the pot has been reconstructed to be about 160mm tall. The walls are 9mm thick. The fabric is soft and oxidised with some dark patches. The surface feels very smooth on some sherds, possibly the result of postexcavation cleaning, but on others inclusions penetrate the surface. The inclusions are dark and may well include some igneous or metamorphic material such as olivine dolerite. Context This site was excavated over a thirty year period from 1890 on in an area of sand quarrying. Most of the finds were recovered during the first eight years and came from at least two distinct sites (Burrow 1997b, 40). One area, from which much of the ceramic remains originated, was clearly late Neolithic in date and the other, of likely Bronze Age date, consisted of a stony mound with a cist or ‘stone lined grave’ (Kneen, 1901, 45) and contained a fragment of an urn and cremated bone. Although the site has produced one of the largest ceramic assemblages from the Island, unfortunately little care was taken to keep the finds in their original context groups and, as a result, it is probably one of the least well understood. It is thus impossible to establish from which part of the site this reconstructed vessel originated, see also entry 113.
85. Agg ny Crosh, Arrasey, Kirk Patrick (SC 2566 7910) IOMMM 980372 The fabric and finish of this body sherd suggest that it is Bronze Age in date although no parallels for the decoration have been identified on the Island. The sherd is 11mm thick; it is smooth and well finished with some flakes of mica showing on the surface. The fabric is finegrained with wellsorted, angular inclusions which appear to be composed of a mixture of quartz, mica and some dark fragments which could be igneous or metamorphic in origin. The decoration is unusual and consists of a series of more or less parallel, regularlyspaced, slightly curved, incised lines, approximately 10mm apart. The lines appear to follow the slightly rounded shape of the vessel (not readily apparent on the illustration). 98
Context The sherd was found, by chance, during field walking and was associated with a hearthlike feature in an area which has also produced numerous patches of fractured white quartz (Pitts 1999, 71). Such quartz spreads, formerly raised cairns composed almost entirely of angular fragments of white quartz, appear exclusive to the Isle of Man and have been dated to the middle Neolithic (Davey and Woodcock 2003, 128135). To date only irrefutably Neolithic material has been found in these contexts. The relationship between this sherd and the quartz mounds is tenuous.
86. Balladoole: Chapel Hill (Keeill Vael), Kirk Arbory IOMMM 7325 IIg (not illustrated) This sherd differs from the other probable Bronze Age sherds from this site [58]. It is around 18mm thick and reduced to a dark brown colour. The surface has been carefully, though roughly finished. The fracture is hackly with large irregular, angular inclusions. There is a small patch of carbon on one surface but it is not possible to determine, from the profile of the sherd, whether it is on the internal or the external surface. There are no diagnostic features, but the general appearance suggests a likely Bronze Age date. This sherd, like IOMMM 7322If [58] was submitted to Dr J.R. Senior of the University of Durham for petrological examination (Woodcock 1993, 276). He reported as follows. “Clay matrix brown in colour (Munsell 7.5YR 5/2) with no obvious work texture to the sherd. Inclusions more inclusions than clay matrix. These very regular inclusions are probably highly altered dolerite. Plagioclase feldspar can be recognised (but strained and impossible to identify precisely). Altered ferromagnesian minerals (?clinopyroxene), possible orthopyroxene. There is little evidence of olivine in the clasts either fresh or altered. These inclusions range up to 4.4 x 3.5mm in size. Diagnosis a very thickwalled pot, out of necessity, due to the amount and size of the temper added. The temper was undoubtedly a crushed dolerite, whether it was olivine dolerite or not is debateable. This is a poor example of pottery manufacture with very little clay material to bond the angular fragments together a “Friday pot” which would have little strength and indeed may have been a failure” [sic]. Context It is unclear if this sherd was associated with the others described above or if it came from elsewhere on the site found during the course of the various phases of excavation. See entry 58.
87. Crawyn Brooghs, Ballaugh (SC 339 965) IOMMM 7145 (not illustrated) This group of four sherds was identified by Mrs E. Megaw from a “hearth in the face of Ballakinnagh Broogh”. They are all extremely eroded and although the fabric suggest that they are Bronze Age in date, it is not possible to establish their original thickness or identify any decoration. Context See entry 32.
88. Crawyn Brooghs, Ballaugh (SC 339 965) IOMMM 88638 (not illustrated) There is no further helpful contextual information available for this group of three sherds. They are all between 12 and 13mm thick, the fabric is soft, and all are reduced in colour with a very palegrey exterior. The surface finish is good, smooth on the outside, but rough on the inside. There are no discernible diagnostic features but their general appearance suggests that they are Bronze Age in date. Context See entry 32.
89. Bishopscourt Farm, Ballaugh (SC 3328 9274) IOMMM none (not illustrated) This single miscellaneous sherd came from the mound which contained the two bowls [6] and [7]. It is a small body sherd of prehistoric pottery 12mm thick. It is reduced in colour, smooth to the touch and has been carefully finished on both the interior and exterior surfaces. There are no diagnostic features, but it appears likely, from both its context and fabric, to be Bronze Age in date. Context See entry 6. 99
Note. The sherds described below in catalogue numbers [90 to 94] all appear to have originated from the same site but were accessioned into the Museum collection on different occasions. Their relationship to each other and to the cordoned vessel [34] cannot be established.
90. Cronk Coar, Ballabeg: Corvalley, Ballaugh (SC 3358 9494) IOMMM 7394 (not illustrated) This group of five sherds appears likely to have come from a single pot, or from very similar vessels. All are undiagnostic plain body sherds which vary between 14 and 17mm thick. All are essentially oxidised, well fired, and appear to be Bronze Age in type. Context See entry 34.
91. Cronk Coar, Ballabeg: Corvalley, Ballaugh. (SC 3358 9494) IOMMM 67100 (not illustrated) These two sherds appear to come from a similar vessel. Both are plain body sherds lacking any diagnostic features but appear likely, from their general appearance and fabric, to be Bronze Age in date. Both are 12mm thick, reduced in colour, and wellfired with a hackly fracture. The external surface is smooth and carefully finished, whereas the interior is slightly rougher with inclusions penetrating through the fabric. Context See entry 34.
92. Cronk Coar, Ballabeg: Corvalley, Ballaugh. (SC 3358 9494) IOMMM 8434B (not illustrated) There are no diagnostic features on any of this group of seven body sherds, but they appear to be Bronze Age in character and seem likely to have come from one or from several very similar vessels. The sherds vary in thickness between 10 and 14mm. All are reduced in colour. All the sherds have been carefully smoothed and well finished Context See entry 34.
93. Cronk Coar, Ballabeg: Corvalley, Ballaugh. (SC 3358 9494) IOMMM 1186 (not illustrated) These four plain sherds which include a rim sherd from a vessel with a possible rim diameter of approximately 260mm have been allocated the same accession number. Despite the written record there is no reason to assume that all sherds came from the same vessel. Apart from the one rim, none has any distinguishing feature, nor is there anything which might link them together. All are, however, Bronze Age in appearance. Context See entry 34.
94. Cronk Coar, Ballabeg: Corvalley, Ballaugh. (SC 3358 9494) IOMMM 7749 (not illustrated) These two sherds have been allocated the same accession number. Both appear to be Bronze Age in character but are too fragmentary to be identified further. Context See entry 34.
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95. East Kimmeragh (Cronk y Vowlan field), Kirk Bride (NX 4421 0000) IOMMM 84195 (not illustrated) The evidence for this vessel consists of one small decorated body sherd on which only the external surface survives. The decoration consists of a single deeply incised line. There is insufficient material to classify it, but the nature of the fabric and general finish suggest a Bronze Age date. Context Two excavations were carried out at this site by members of staff of the Manx Museum in 1984. This sherd of pottery together with scattered fragments of cremated bone, charcoal, pebbles, fragments of white quartz and a piece of slate came from a probable ‘boulder’ cist. An adjacent ‘slab’ cist contained an inhumation, the remains of a child, and a pressureflaked planoconvex knife. No detailed excavation records appear to have survived.
96. Cronk y Vowlan (East Kimmeragh), Kirk Bride (NX 4433 9990) IOMMM none (not illustrated) The sherds from this urn have not survived. It is, however, described in Yn Lìoar Mannínagh, I: II, 184 and 365 (1889) as an urn approximately 12" high. It was said to be unornamented. The report suggests that only base sherds survived, one of which was approximately 240mm thick. The surface finish was described as “bright red, and smooth (not polished), the inner pale grey, between a dark grey; mixed with crushed stones”. Context Kermode (1930, 35 [6]) describes this as “Site of Tumulus seven furlongs S.S.W. of Church. Referred to by Feltham (1798) as ‘a high mound surrounded by stones,’ Mx. Soc. VI, 152. Opened in 1866, but now ploughed over. Cist, Urn, Flints; Bronze axe, M. 805. Granite bounders from it were broken and build into the Church Tower”. The fragments of flint and pottery were apparently destined for the collection of the Isle of Man Natural History and Antiquarian Society, but did not, apparently, reach the Manx Museum.
97. Peel Hill, Peel, Kirk German (centred 238 839) IOMMM none (not illustrated) The only evidence for the former existence of this vessel comes from an account by Mr R. Wood (Wood 1936, 132 1340). In his account he mentions an undecorated urn, but provides no further information. Like the other vessels reputedly from the cairns on Peel Hill [2 and 98], this vessel was not accessioned into the museum collection. Context See entry 2.
98. Peel Hill, Peel, Kirk German (centred 238 839) IOMMM none (not illustrated) This vessel is described by Wood (1936, 132134) as a ‘large urn, 12 inches high and decorated with chevrons and three projecting rims with perforations around the upper parts’. The ‘projecting rims’ might suggest a cordoned urn, but no accurate classification can be made from this description. Like vessels [2 and 97], this urn too has been lost. Context See entry 2.
99. Ballacross Sandpit: Glebe Lane Sandpit, Kirk German (SC 261 835) IOMMM 67109 (not illustrated) Kermode (1930, 13 [15]) records the discovery of some flints and sherds of an urn from what appears, from the description, to be this area. The Manx Museum Accessions Register also records the presence of a ‘collection of flint artefacts (9) and sherds of undecorated? Bronze Age pottery (2) gathered on edge of Glebe Lane Sandpit…’ This single, small, cordimpressed rim sherd is all that can be identified amongst the museum collection which is attributed to this site. The external surface only survives and the rim is flat topped and inward facing. The general appearance suggests that it may well be Bronze Age in date but it cannot be classified further. 101
Context The circumstances of the discovery of probable prehistoric pottery in the area of the Glebe Lane Sandpit are unclear but, are probably, chance finds resulting from fieldwalking. It is not possible to be sure if this sherd is one of those noted in Kermode’s List of Antiquities (1930 [15], 13).
100.The Cronk, Ballachrink, Jurby. (SC 391 117) IOMMM 5211b (not illustrated)
This small, undecorated fragment is 14mm thick. It is discussed by B.R.S Megaw on the museum record card dated 13.11.1939, as a “slightly larger sherd of coarser, dark brown ware, c. ½ inch thick. The interior face is coated with carbonaceous matter”. The fragment, like [101] and probably also [102], appears to be Bronze Age in type. Context See entry 24.
101.The Cronk, Ballachrink, Jurby. (SC 391 117) IOMMM 80257 (not illustrated) This plain body sherd is around 10mm thick. It is oxidised with a blackened outer surface and sandy interior. Although it is not possible to classify this sherd to a vessel type, the fabric and finish suggest that it is Bronze Age in date. Context See entry 24.
102.The Cronk, Ballachrink, Jurby. (SC 391 117) IOMMM 84301 (not illustrated) The sherds accessioned into the museum collection under this number and described on the museum record card as ‘plain body sherds of probable Bronze Age pottery’ were not located in the museum collection or examined by the present writer but appear, like those described above [100 and 101] to be rightly allocated to this section of the catalogue. Context See entry 24.
103.Ballacain, Jurby (SC 3563 9730) IOMMM 5006 (not illustrated) This sherd is described in the Manx Museum Accessions Register as a ‘fragment of foot of ornamented vessel of hard smooth ware’ and is assigned to Ballacain. The sherd is marked IOMMM 5006 but an accompanying label describes it as IOMMM 5008. The diameter of this base sherd is 140mm and the wall, rising from the base, is between 10 and 16mm thick. The decoration is described as “horizontal ornament, like evolved Food Vessel”. This sherd has acquired a patina through excessive handling, indeed the ‘decoration’ which is atypical could be intentional, but could equally have resulted from handling and cleaning. Although the inclusions in the fabric are similar to those found in other Bronze Age pottery, this fragment is difficult to assign to any particular vessel type. Context Kermode (1930, 28 [17]) writes of “Urns found on Ballacain, 100 yds N. of the house”. Although there is no certain way of linking this sherd to Kermode’s reference, no other evidence could be found to identify it.
104.Cronk Mooar, Jurby (SC 343 982) IOMMM 3812 (not illustrated) These fragments of pot consist of two ‘pea sized’ fragments too small to be of any diagnostic value. They are undoubtedly prehistoric and the fabric suggests that they are likely to be Bronze Age in date. Context These minute fragments of pottery were found when the undisturbed ground surface beneath this acknowledged Viking burial mound was reexamined in 1945.
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105.Cronk Aust, Kirk Christ Lezayre (centred SC 437 966) IOMMM none (not illustrated) The two vessels, neither of which have survived, which were found in the second Cronk Aust mound, adjacent to that which had produced the bowl [10] and the cordoned urn [45], were tentatively and retrospectively described by Kermode (1889b, 89) as ‘large’ and either ‘plain’ or ‘cordoned’. The latter has been included in the cordoned urn section [60] and the former, which is included here, can only be described as ‘unclassifiable’. Context See entry 10.
106.Bullnallow, Gretch Veg, Kirk Lonan (SC 4425 8541) IOMMM 3814 (not illustrated) This small sherd is too fragmentary to be of diagnostic value. Only one surface survives, the fabric is smooth with small gritty inclusions and, although it is undoubtedly prehistoric, it is impossible to say categorically that it is Bronze Age in date. Context There is some doubt about the provenance of this small sherd. The entry in the Accessions Register records “Fragment(s) of pottery from Cist, Gretch veg, Lonan, E. Rydings, Jan 99”. A later note, however, suggests that the fragment may possibly have come from “King Orry`s Grave, (a megalithic chambered tomb) but more likely [to have been found] at time of discovery of the food vessel IOMMM 1651” [11], that is from the cist discussed in entry 11.
107.Billown Circle Mound, Kirk Malew (SC 2602 6960) IOMMM 76184 (not illustrated) These two undecorated thickbodied sherds are attributed to this site although inadequate information survives to explain their precise context. The surface of both is slightly rough, but they have been carefully finished. One sherd is 13mm thick, the other nearly 14mm thick and they appear to have come from a single vessel. Both are greybuff in colour and although there are no specific diagnostic features, they are very different in fabric and appearance from the Ronaldsway Neolithic sherds which also came from the same site. They both appear more typical of Bronze Age pottery. Context Eight sherds of Ronaldsway Neolithic pottery and these two undecorated body sherds were recovered from a heavily disturbed mound (Kermode 1930, 72, No. 9 and Cubbon, W. (1936a, 145146 and 1936b, 146) which was adjacent to and partially overlapped the remains of the Billown Stone Circle (Oswald 1860, 64 and Kermode 1930, 71, No. 1). Although the much disturbed mound appears to postdate the circle the chronological evidence is unclear. For a further summary of the evidence from this site see Darvill (1996b, 5 and 4447).
108.Dreemskerry /Dreem y Jeeskaig/Dreem ny Askaig, Ballaragh, Dhoon Glen, Kirk Maughold (area of SC 478 912 or 4565 8618) IOMMM 3081 (not illustrated) There are a total of 10 sherds eight plain body sherds, one decorated rim sherd and one fragment of ‘cordon’ which appear to represent three or possibly four different vessels each of which has been attributed to this site. Seven plain body sherds, each 13mm thick, are ascribed to Vessel 1. Vessel 2 is represented by a single, unremarkable sherd 9mm thick. The single rim sherd appears to represent Vessel 3. The inside wall of this sherd is rather irregular, and it varies in thickness between 15 and 16mm; it is flattopped and inward facing and about 14mm thick. It may have been decorated, there are two feebly executed horizontal incised lines just below the rim, but although these marks may have been deliberately executed, they could possibly be due to postexcavational damage. The sherd is oxidised but there are some dark patches (firecloud) on both faces. It has been well finished. In addition, the assemblage also included a substantial fragment of detached cordon, 8mm thick. It could, in theory, have come from any of the supposed vessels although none of the surviving sherds show evidence of a scar to indicate the position of a former cordon. It is unlikely to have come from the reconstructed cordoned urn[48]. Context See entry 48. 103
109. Whitehouse, Kirk Michael (centred SC 3230 9110) IOMMM 5336 (not illustrated) This group of sherds consists of a total of nine undecorated fragments of Bronze Age pottery including one fragment of possible base, seven plain body sherds and a small piece of flattopped rim. All are attributed to a “barrow at Whitehouse”. The fabric of all the sherds is coarse with large inclusions. Examination of the fabric suggests that all the sherds could have come from a single vessel although most are very fragmentary and much damaged, and have lost one surface. All are approximately 13mm thick, but none is of sufficient size to make it possible to deduce any information about the overall size or shape of the vessel from which they came. Context See entry 22.
110.Orrisdale Head area, Kirk Michael (area SC 320 931) IOMMM 67128 (not illustrated) This group of sherds consists of three fragments of undecorated coarse prehistoric pottery. There are no diagnostic features. One is 16mm thick, the other two are between 12 and 13mm thick, but all appear to be Bronze Age in type. Context It is now difficult to attribute individual sherds to precise OS grid references, but records indicate that prehistoric pottery has consistently been retrieved from the eroding sandy cliffs along this northwest coast see also Crawyn Brooghs [32, 35, 36, 79, 87 and 88] and Ballakoig Brooghs [5, 23, 68, 69 and 83].
111.Orrisdale Head, Kirk Michael (area SC 320 931) IOMMM 85133 (not illustrated) The pottery included under this accession number consists of seven sherds of Neolithic pottery amongst which there is one plain base sherd, 10mm thick, of probable Bronze Age fabric type. Antiquarian records, (Kermode 1930, 19 [8]) indicate that in 1884 one “Urn” was found close to the site of Keeill Pharlane. It is unclear if this vessel survived whole or indeed to what period it could be attributed and although this base sherd is unlikely to have come from the Pharlane pot it is further evidence of the quantity of pottery of both Neolithic and Bronze Age date which did come from the immediate area. Context See entry 110.
112.Arderry, Flaice Hill, East Baldwin Valley, Kirk Conchan (Onchan) (SC 3752 8315) IOMMM none (not illustrated) The few fragments of pottery stored with the other excavated material (a flint scraper and some cremated bone) from this site are very fragmentary and undiagnostic but they appear to be Bronze Age in type. Context The site was first examined in 1929 by W. Cubbon. The following year, Kermode (1930, 58 [1]) included the following entry in his List of Manx Antiquities, “foundations of Cairn about 50 by 60ft” and included a mention of the presence of one exposed cist. In 1974 the site was again examined by members of staff of the Manx Museum (Cubbon A.M. 1974) and two cists were found. Both were empty but a cremation burial said to be associated with pottery was found in the eastern half of the cairn. The excavation records are not helpful.
113.Glencrutchery: Industrial Children's Home and Glencrutchery, White Lady site, Kirk Conchan (Onchan) (SC 386 778) IOMMM 7219 (not illustrated) The majority of the ceramic material from this site is Ronaldsway Neolithic in date – see [84] and Burrow (1997b, 40). The present writer was unable, due to lack of time, to examine each sherd in the assemblage stored together under the general heading of ‘the Glencrutchery sites’ but found five sherds which appeared markedly different from the majority of the material. They include two base sherds, IOMMM 7219/48 and 7219/50, and three plain body sherds, IOMMM 7219/54; 7219/108 and 7219/122, and all are typically Bronze Age in type though there are no decorative characteristics to enable them to be identified to any particular class. It seems likely that further Bronze Age material 104
might yet be found amongst this large group of miscellaneous,unsorted material and, antiquarian reports of finds from a cist within a ‘stony mound’ (Kneen 1901, 45) indicate that some sherds were, indeed, collected from a likely Bronze Age context during the course of the original excavations. These sherds were described by Kneen as follows, “fragment of cinerary urn, which originally might have measured about 12 ins high. One piece about 3in square and three quarters of an inch thick had the outer surface of a dark reddish hue, much disintegrated; with inner dark brown and smooth, betwixt black; the paste mixed with coarse crushed stones”. Pottery precisely answering Kneen’s description could not, however, be identified from amongst the assemblage, nor were they identified by S. Burrow during his examination of the finds accessioned under the heading of the ‘Glencrutchery sites’. In 1993, a single sherd (designated only as ‘Sample 4’) and until then identified as Ronaldsway Neolithic in date, was selected by the writer for thin section analysis on the grounds that it bore a marked resemblance to much of the Bronze Age pottery from Ronaldsway Village (Study 2). Dr J.R. Senior of the University of Durham reported, “Sample 4 Glencrutchery. Clay matrix dark brown central areas (Munsell 7.5YR 3/2) to brown outer areas (Munsell 7.5 YR 4/4); the clay in this sherd shows distinct signs of being worked (i.e. swirl marks and orientation of smaller inclusions). Inclusions numerous and very noticeable, even to the naked eye. Very fresh and angular clasts of olivine dolerite (sizes range from 0.1 3 x 3.4 mm) the olivine is still recognisable, ranging from fresh to altered in appearance; clinopyroxene, plagioclase (labradorite) and iron oxide (?magnetite) can also be recognised and these with the olivine dolerite seem to exist as phenocrysts within a finer matrix. The clay matrix also has fresh crystal fragments. Also present are some angular to subrounded quartz grains (showing metamorphic strain features) up to 0.9 mm in size. Diagnosis this large pot fragment is particularly thickwalled, probably a reflection of the abundance of fresh olivine dolerite clasts so obvious in this sample. The presence of the angular to sub rounded metaquartzite fragments are probably contaminants from either the source site of the olivine dolerite or the fabrication site” Note ‘Sample 4’ could not, unfortunately, be relocated during the subsequent inspection of the Glencrutchery pottery for illustrating, but the presence of the freshly prepared olivine dolerite strongly suggests that it was indeed Bronze Age in date. Context See entry 84.
114.The Borrane, Dalby Mountain, Kirk Patrick (SC 2303 7686) IOMMM 8149B (Not illustrated) Amongst the other finds [25, 62, 63 and 77] from this site, this single plain, undecorated body sherd from a thinwalled vessel could not be classified to a specific vessel type. The sherd is 8mm thick, the surface finish is good, the fabric is soft and friable and both the context and the appearance suggest that this is Bronze Age in type. Context See entry 25.
115.Port St Mary, Alfred Pier, Kirk Christ Rushen (SC 212 673) IOMMM 7123 (not illustrated) The evidence for possible Bronze Age exploitation at this site comes from two undecorated sherds, a body sherd and a possible base fragment. The core of each sherd is grey and reduced, but the exterior surface is lighter in colour with small dark ‘freckles’. The fabric is very coarse with some flecks of mica and angular fragments of a finegrained, light coloured igneous or metamorphic rock. There is little surrounding clay matrix. The possible base sherd is 16mm thick and the body sherd is 19mm thick. Both internal and external surfaces are poorly finished and rough. The fabric is hard and the fracture irregular. The pottery from this site is said by Megaw (1938, 236) to have been identified by Piggott as ‘Neolithic A’, but Dr S. Burrow (pers. comm., October 1997) is satisfied that these sherds are not Neolithic in date. Although they are undoubtedly prehistoric in type and appear very likely to be Bronze Age in date, the lack of diagnostic features and the context in which they were found make it difficult to classify or date them with certainty. Context The multiperiod site from which these sherds came is no longer extant but was first recorded by Swinnerton (1889, 137139 and 1902, 640641). His section drawing, reproduced by Clark (1935, 75), suggests a large cist with as 105
many as three or four smaller cists extending on either side. Clark was, unfortunately, not able to locate Swinnerton’s original plans of the site. Human bones (those of an old adult, a young adult and a child) were retrieved from the cists which appear also to have contained marine shells, small animal bones and some worked flint including a leafshaped arrowhead. The cists seem to have been constructed upon an earlier living surface containing large quantities of Mesolithic flints and designated by the excavators as ‘flint earth’. The Manx museum records and Swinnerton’s notes suggest that the sherds of pottery came from the surface of the ‘flint earth’, but neither was apparently directly associated with the cists themselves.
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Study 1 Site 2 Port Cranstal (Phurt), Kirk Bride (Centred NX 4676 0208) (Catalogue figure 14) General Whereas the prehistoric pottery (Neolithic and Bronze Age) which has been accessioned into the Manx Museum over the years is only recorded as originating from this general area along the northeast coast of the Island, three main centres of prehistoric occupation have, more recently, been identified by field workers. These sites are contiguous but differ from each other by the date and types of find (worked flint and pottery) which have eroded from the sandy cliffs and been collected and recently accessioned into the Museum collection. Site 1 is centred on NX 468 028. Finds from this stretch of the coast consist essentially of pottery and flint of middle Neolithic date. Post holes, wickerlined storage pits and other evidence of occupation have also been revealed by the coastal erosion. Site 2 which is centred on NX 4676 0208 has produced finds of Bronze Age pottery and some worked flint of both Neolithic and Bronze Age type and, at the time of writing, there is still a significant burnt mound consisting of a pit filled with charcoal enriched soil and heat fractured stone visible in section in the eroding sandy cliff here. Charcoal extracted from this feature has produced a Bronze Age date (2 sigma cal BC 19401680), (Gonzalez et al 2000) (see Appendix 4). Site 3, centred on NX 467 025, has produced finds which have been dated to the late Mesolithic, the middle Neolithic and to the late Neolithic (Ronaldsway) period. No Bronze Age material appears to have been found in this area. Although most of the ceramic material accessioned into the Manx Museum from the general Port Cranstal area is Neolithic in type (Burrow 1997b, 43), there is some Bronze Age pottery in the collection. There is, for example, at least one cordoned sherd [59] (not illustrated). Some of the other pottery finds from this area, such as IOMMM 85120B/1, 2 and 4; 84103/170; 84103E and G various; 84227/138; 8556/203 and 204; 87295/186 and 839A (none of which is illustrated) are identifiable as Bronze Age from their fabric alone and cannot be classified further. Unfortunately, as stated above, the position of most of the finds was not recorded in sufficient detail at the time of discovery to be able to establish retrospectively from precisely which area (site) they had come. In 2006, a quantity of clearly diagnostic Bronze Age pottery, collected over a period of years, was accessioned into the Manx Museum collection (IOMMM 20060311/25, 26 and 3945). These fragments, decorated with incised or impressed designs of Bronze Age type, together with a wide range of undecorated sherds (not illustrated) were all collected by one fieldworker from the immediate area of Site 2. Note Although it has been suggested that some of these highlydecorated sherds could be ‘grooved ware’ (A.C.C. Johnson of Manx National Heritage, pers. comm.), this pottery type is very unusual on the Island and it is more probable that these decorated sherds, with a fabric more typical of Bronze Age pottery, have come from vessels of beaker or food vessel (bowl, vase or vase urn type). The two small, wellrounded sherds [8] discussed above, however, are more likely to have come from a bowl or bowls. Context and Summary This stretch of coast in the northeast of the Isle of Man consists of low, eroding, sandy cliffs with pits and evidence of other domestic structural features; spreads of burnt material are also periodically exposed in section. A buried plough soil lying beneath blown sand has produced the finds of prehistoric pottery and worked flint (Gonzalez et al 2000, 350 and 358). As described above, three principal concentrations of finds (Sites 1–3) have been recognised along this strip of coast and material has been collected and accessioned into the museum for many years and, until recently, with little attention to precise location. The Bronze Age finds appear to be concentrated essentially around Site 2 where charcoal from a ‘burnt mound’ has produced a Bronze Age date. This site, like the rest of the area, including Sites 1 and 3, has been regularly monitored by a local fieldworker, Mr A. Skillan. The majority of the finds collected by him have been retrieved from the beach below the cliffs and comparatively little material has been found in situ. No formal excavations have been carried out in the fields inland of this 400 to 500 metre length of coast but, like the other coastal areas around the northwest of the Island the Ballakoig/Ballaugh Brooghs [5, 23, 68, 69 and 83]; the Crawyn Brooghs [32, 35, 36, 79, 87 and 88] and the Orrisdale Brooghs [110 and 111] the archaeological evidence indicates that the lowlying fertile plain of the north of the Isle of Man was probably intensively and extensively occupied during the prehistoric period. All the sandy coastal areas around the north of the Island continue to erode and expose new sites and finds (Woodcock and Davey 1999, 111 120).
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Study 2 Ronaldsway Village, Kirk Malew (SC 2902 6858) (Catalogue figures 15 and 16) General The Bronze Age pottery from Ronaldsway Village, and the now unidentifiable cemetery site which must had lain close by, constitutes the largest group of prehistoric pottery from the Isle of Man. The collection which has been accessioned into the museum collection as one group (IOMMM 64145), consists of approximately 5,000 sherds of both domestic and funerary wares. The majority of the sherds have, due to sheer weight of numbers, not been illustrated but representative examples of rim, cordon and base types are shown. The assemblage was studied and analysed in more detail by the present writer for an undergraduate dissertation as part of a B.A. Honours degree in Archaeology at the University of Liverpool (Woodcock 1993). Copies of the dissertation are held in the Centre for Manx Studies, Douglas, Isle of Man (CMS Books No 419) and in the library of the Manx Museum. In the absence of any reliable evidence about the funerary pottery from the adjacent burial site (see Context and Summary below), the ceramic material is all discussed together under the heading of ‘Ronaldsway Village’. The pottery assemblage is made up of cordondecorated wares, some more elaborate than others, and plain, undecorated pottery only (Woodcock 1993 and 1999a, 121137) but can be further broken down into ‘Coarsewares’ and ‘Finewares’ see ‘Waretypes’ below. The pottery The assemblage can be subdivided into approximately 342 base sherds; 415 rim sherds; 327 decorated (cordoned) body sherds and in excess of 3,900 undecorated body sherds. Estimates of the number of vessels present have been attempted using a variety of criteria. All the methods produced discrepancies. A vessel count based on the measurement of rim diameters suggested a minimum of 31 vessels present (almost certainly an underestimate) whereas other methods suggested a minimum of 38/40 vessels were represented. Ultimately, the number of vessels represented was somewhat arbitrarily and perhaps conservatively assessed as a total of 16 cordoned urns and 22 plain urns (Woodcock 1993 and 1999a, 129). Because of the variability in the position and number of cordons identified on some of the sherds, it was not easy to determine how many of the vessels were really plain and how many were cordon decorated. Rim types During the 1960s, an initial attempt to study the collection initially identified 47 different rim types; further study, however, suggests that most of the variables could be accounted for by the idiosyncratic nature of handmade prehistoric pottery. It is unlikely that the small variations in rim shape initially noted reflected an intention to produce a variety of forms and, indeed, examples do exist where the profile of the rim varies from one side of a sherd to the other. A representative selection of rim sherds is illustrated (catalogue figure 15, nos. 114) but see also cordon illustration (catalogue figure 16, no. 30) in which the position of a cordon may have been created as a variation on rim type. Base types The bases identified within the group seem to divide readily into five distinct forms (catalogue figure 15, nos. 1519). Decorated sherds – cordon types (See catalogue figure 16, nos. 2032). Cordons running horizontally around the body of the vessel, very occasionally and unusually, with the added refinement of a loop suspended from a horizontal cordon (31) and (32), are the only decorative features on the Ronaldsway Village pottery. Taking into consideration the obvious disparity expected on handmade pottery and bearing in mind the method of fabrication (applied or pinched up from the wall of the vessel), the cordons on the Ronaldsway Village pottery appear to divide into five general forms (2030). Type 1 (20 and 21) is narrow and very prominent with a sharp symmetrical profile, whereas Type 2 (22 and 23) remains prominent but here the profile is asymmetrical. Type 3 (24 and 25) is still narrow and prominent, but the profile is marginally more rounded. Cordon Type 4 (26 and 27) is more spread and flatter although Type 5 (28 and 29) is still flatter and some examples of this form (29) are barely perceptible blending closely as they do into the wall of the pot. The addition of a wellrounded cordon close beneath the rim (30) appears to create an intentionally more complex profile which might perhaps be considered as a further variable on the rim types. Waretypes and pottery forms Despite the overall coherence of the assemblage, due essentially to the macroscopic similarity in fabric composition (matrix and coarse components), the pottery can roughly be divided into two ware types, ‘Fineware’ and ‘Coarseware’. These waretypes are based on the overall appearance of the sherd and in particular on the thickness of the pottery (Woodcock 1999b, 124). No complete pots survive and little reconstruction of the pottery 108
has been attempted but where it is possible to establish the original form, either from the limited reconstructions or from the size and shape of the sherds, both the ‘Fineware’ and ‘Coarseware’ vessels appear to be either straightsided or ‘barrelshaped’, similar to the examples shown in the rim illustrations (2 and 3). Occasional examples of open forms are found but these are uncommon see rims (9 and 14). Radiocarbon dating The lack of aggressive conservation of the assemblage has meant that carbonised surface residues have survived on many of the Ronaldsway Village sherds. Four charcoalencrusted sherds were submitted for dating and produced a reasonably coherent group of later Bronze Age dates: (2 sigma cal BC 1160805; 2 sigma cal BC 1312899; 2 sigma cal BC 14201004 and 2 sigma cal BC 15061043) (see Appendix 4). Lipid analysis In 1992 a limited programme of lipid analysis commissioned by Manx National Heritage was undertaken by Mr N.C. Johnson of the Centre for Manx Studies under the supervision of Dr R.P. Evershed, then of the Department of Biochemistry, University of Liverpool (Johnson 1993, 183188). A sample of 20 sherds 10 ‘Fineware’ and 10 ‘Coarseware’ examples, were selected for examination. Although internal residues are often visible, particularly on some of the base sherds from Ronaldsway Village, none of the sherds released for examination showed any evidence of surface discolouration. The examination identified lipids on only three ‘Fineware’ sherds and analysis showed that the residues were derived mainly from vegetables although a small proportion suggested that meat had also been cooked in these vessels. The remaining 17 sherds produced no identifiable residues. The results tentatively suggest that some of the ‘Finewares’ were domestic cooking pots, from which could be argued that the ‘Coarsewares’ were more likely to be storage vessels or even the funerary urns (Woodcock 1993, Appendix 17; Woodcock 1999b, 133 and Appendix 1, 136 137). Thin section analysis In 1992 a representative selection of 12 sherds from this assemblage was submitted to Dr J.R. Senior, a consultant geologist, at The University of Durham (Woodcock 1993, 5660 and Appendix 17, 175182). He reported that all the sherds consisted of two components; the usual clay bonding material and a coarse fraction consisting of copious amounts of freshly crushed igneous rock together with small amounts of sand and other material which might represent local contaminants. The clay was a finegrained reddish (iron rich) earthenware variety. None of the clays showed any sign of recrystallisation probably because the temperatures of firing were too low to facilitate the growth of secondary minerals. The added coarse fraction consisted of large amounts of coarse Olivine Dolerite; the clasts were angular and appeared to be newly crushed. Where the individual clasts were larger than average, it was noted that they were more likely to be weathered prior to their inclusion in the clay matrix. Most sherds also contained small amounts of quartzose material and occasional clasts of limestone were also recognised Context and Summary The site was first discovered in 1935 when levelling, prior to the construction of the airport, uncovered early Christian burials and a large quantity of prehistoric pottery. William Cubbon, who was observing the work in progress, recorded that a large group of ‘cinerary’ urns were disturbed although, as “the work was carried out by a gang of some 20 men using motor lorries” and much material had already been removed prior to his arrival, it was difficult to retrieve any detailed contextual evidence for these vessels (Cubbon W. 1938, 151160). The remainder of the material was retrieved during the course of three seasons of excavation carried out between 1935 and 1938 by Mr G J H Neely, the Inspector of Ancient Monuments (Neely 1940, 7286). The site was finally destroyed in 1943, when the surface levels were further reduced in preparation for an extension of the runway (Bruce, Megaw and Megaw 1947, 141). Neely (1940, 85) also recorded the discovery of “a badly crushed cordoned urn from beyond the northern boundary of the site” which he suggested confirmed the former presence of a cemetery associated with the Bronze Age settlement. Unfortunately due to poor recording at the time of the initial discovery and the subsequent excavations there is no satisfactory means of separating the ‘cinerary’ urns, noted by William Cubbon on the occasion of his watching brief, from the remainder of the excavated domestic material. The pottery was later accessioned into the collection of the Manx Museum under one number (IOMMM 64145) and has since then been, as explained above, studied and discussed as a single group. No excavation notes have survived, the only contemporary record is the Register containing the ‘Inventory of Finds from Ronaldsway Excavations, 19351937’ which was completed in part by the excavator and in part by Mr B.R.S Megaw at the Manx Museum. The information contained in this document is, therefore, incomplete and not as informative as it might be and little detailed information is provided about the quantity of pottery and its context. Mr Neely’s own unpublished notes, written retrospectively, survive in the Manx Museum Register of Ancient Monuments but do no more than mention the presence of pottery and suggest that he did not find it of relevance in an interpretation of the site. Some black and white photographs taken during the course of the excavations are held in the museum, but do not 109
provide any helpful information about the context of the pottery finds. Two short contemporary reports on the excavation were published in the Proceedings of the Isle of Man Natural History and Antiquarian Society, (Cubbon 1938, 151160) and (Stenning 1938, 145151). A summary was written for the Journal of the Manx Museum (Megaw 1940, 181) and in the same year the excavations were reported in the Antiquaries Journal. This publication contains the only known plan of the excavation. Neely places less emphasis on the pottery than on the other finds and it is difficult to determine the relationships between the circular structures he excavated and the prehistoric pottery (Neely 1940, 7286). During the summer of 2008, following completion of this volume, an archaeological assessment and excavation carried out in advance of plans to extend the northern taxiway at Ronaldsway Airport, revealed further structures and a considerable quantity of Bronze Age pottery. Both the structures and the pottery were similar in nature to those found during the course of the 19351937 excavation. The ‘new’ site lies some 300 metres to the northeast of ‘Ronaldsway Village’. The archaeological assessment and excavations were undertaken by Oxford Archaeology North for the Isle of Man Department of Transport.
JJW July 2008.
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Study 3 Settlement on South Barrule, Kirk Malew (SC 258 759) (Catalogue figure 17) General Most of the sherds from this site are very weathered and decayed due to long exposure in acid conditions. Most of the pottery is very dark in colour and many sherds are heavily encrusted with ironpan, having been affected by the ironrich groundwater. The surface finish is very variable, some sherds are coarse and harsh to the touch although on others the surface is surprisingly smooth, possibly the result of some postexcavational cleaning process. Inclusions of a dark igneous material, possibly olivine dolerite, are visible on some of the weathered surfaces as flat, platy flecks, but in general, the inclusions are angular and regular in size and most are up to a maximum of 5mm in diameter. The fragmentary nature and poor survival of the majority of the sherds making up the four groups from this site (IOMMM 6131; 6133; 61184 and 97408) from the series of excavations carried out by Dr P.S. Gelling between 1960 and 1968 (Gelling 1961a, 146148; 1963, 313323; 1970, 145147; 1972, 258292; 1978, 233243 and 1986) make it virtually impossible to determine the total number of vessels present. No attempt has been made to reconstruct any of the vessels, but based solely on the sherds described below, an attempt has been made to do a vessel count which suggest that it is likely that the assemblage represents at least one cordoned urn and approximately 14 undecorated vessels. The pottery finds appear to have been accessioned in accordance with the excavated groups in which they were found. The exception is the group IOMMM 97408, a total of 230 sherds which appear to consist of previously unrecorded material from excavations undertaken by P. S. Gelling in 1968 from ‘a hut on the east side’ and which were only taken into the museum collection at a much later date. IOMMM 6131 (not illustrated) This undecorated base sherd has a possible diameter of 180mm, there being approximately 15% of the base present. The wall of the sherd is 16mm thick and there is a heavy, black deposit in the angle of the base and the wall. The Accessions Register records “Large sherd of pottery, approximately 2¼" by ½" with some fragments of food still adhering to it. From the hut site excavated by Mr P.S. Gelling within the inner rampart of South Barrule Hill Fort, August 1960”. Note This sherd is recorded as representing a single vessel. IOMMM 6133 Only the cordoned sherd described below and an unusual example of Rim Type 2, have been illustrated (see catalogue figure 17, nos. 1 and 2). This assemblage consists of a total of 84 sherds. Most are undecorated body sherds but there is one cordoned sherd, six base sherds and 14 rim sherds from which four, or possibly five, different rim types can be identified. These groups are described below. The Accessions Register contains the information, “Large collection of pottery sherds of varying sizes from hut site within inner rampart of S. Barrule. (Excavated by P.S. Gelling, August 1960)”. Cordoned sherd This sherd (1) is 16mm thick and the diameter, assessed with a standard rim measuring chart, is approximately 280mm. The cordon is 25mm wide and 5mm thick. It appears to have been applied to the body of the vessel. Rim type 1 This group consists of five straight, vertically sided sherds with a flattopped, horizontal rim and slightly rounded edges. Each sherd appears to be from a vessel with a rim diameter of approximately 240mm. On average the sherds are 14mm thick. These rim sherds could possibly be a variant of Rim type 5. Rim type 2 This group consists of three examples, including one slightly unusually shaped sherd (2) (IOMMM 61 33/D2) which is illustrated. With the exception of the latter, these rim sherds are markedly outwardturned suggesting an open form. All have well rounded rim edges and are not typical of any other Manx Bronze Age pottery forms. It was not possible to assess the rim diameter. The sherds all vary in thickness between 13 and 15mm. Rim type 3 The three sherds which make up this group have inwardfacing, typically Bronze Age flat rims. The sherds also curve very slightly inwards and appear to be from a barrelshaped, verticalsided vessel. The thickness of the wall varies between 14 and 16mm. 111
Rim type 4 There is only one rim sherd of this form, a simple ‘ogival’ rim, and although the form is not typically Bronze Age, the fabric is similar to the remainder of the sherds in the group. It is 12mm thick Rim type 5 In this group there are two sherds with a simple rim with a well rounded top which is possibly a variant of rim type 1. One is 14mm thick; the other is 12mm thick. Base sherds This group of six base sherds, none of which show any evidence of decoration, appear to be from the same or from very similar vessels. None of the fragments is sufficiently complete to make it possible to assess the base diameter of the urn or urns from which they came. Note The estimated vessel count, based on rims and bases and the presence of the single cordoned sherd, suggests a minimum of eight vessels in this accession group. IOMMM 61184 (not illustrated) This small assemblage is made up of one plain, somewhat vertical, rim sherd with a wellrounded top and a total of nine plain body sherds. Assessment using a standard rim measurement chart suggests that the rim is from a vessel with a diameter of around 220mm. The group is described in the Accessions Register as “A collection of 10 pieces of pottery from the excavation of the Celtic Hill fort on South Barrule in the summer season of 1961, from the site of the large hut”. Note On the basis of their finish and fabric all seem likely to have come from a single vessel. IOMMM 97408 (not illustrated) A total of 230 sherds make up this group which appears to have been retrospectively accessioned into the museum collection. Most are plain body sherds but 15 rim sherds and 10 base sherds can be identified. Rim sherds With the exception of one exceptionally robust sherd with a steeply inward facing, flat rim and an average thickness of 18mm, all the rims are remarkably similar in form and all measure between 12 and 14mm thick. Only two sherds are of sufficient size to assess a possible rim diameter which, in both instances, suggests they were from a vessel or vessels with a rim diameter of approximately 450mm. The form of the sherds suggests they were from vertically sided pots with simple rims and tops which varied between being wellrounded to being slightlyrounded but with a flattened horizontal top. One sherd manifesting all the different rim shapes was found and suggests that these minor differences are no more than the end result expected of handmade pottery. Base sherds All of the bases are very fragmentary and incomplete. It is tentatively suggested that four variants of heel form are represented. One type has a wellrounded heel and outward sloping wall; another has an angular heel and straight, gentlysloping outer wall; a third has a sharp, slightly pedestallike heel and a steep, more vertical wall. The fourth form has a well rounded heel and a slightly inward sloping wall. Note The estimated vessel count, based on rims and bases, suggests a minimum of five vessels present in this group. Radiocarbon dating None of the pottery itself could be dated but charcoal found during the excavation of the later of two hearths in one of the circular huts produced a late Bronze Age radiocarbon date of 806 386 (2 sigma cal BC ), (Chiverrell et al 1999, 327 [32])(see Appendix 4). Although none of the pottery is recorded as having a direct relationship with the hearth, its discovery during the excavation of the hut circles lying inside the inner rampart and the relatively close association with ceramic material (Gelling 1961a, 146148; 1963, 313323; 1970, 145147; 1972, 285 292; 1978, 233243 and 1986, 4) is significant. Context and Summary An early description of the hillfort of South Barrule comes from Oswald (1860, 61) and in his List of Manx Antiquities Kermode (1930, 72 [1]) describes the site from which the pottery originated as “Large camp on the summit of S. Barrule”. A summary of the notes written by a number of Ordnance Survey recorders included in the Manx NMR describes the site as a ‘hilltop defensive area, roughly oval in plan and about 500ft by 600ft, enclosed within two widelyspaced, stonebuilt ramparts. Both the inner and the outer rampart differ from each other in the complexity of their construction’. Within the inner rampart, the remains of between 30 and 70 hutcircles have been 112
identified by different recorders through time; the discrepancy in numbers probably being accounted for by the thick surface cover of heather. Examination of the pottery retrieved from the three seasons of excavation suggests that a minimum of 15 vessels are represented and all, with the exception of one cordoned urn, are undecorated. Marked similarities in both form and fabric can be observed between the pottery from this site and the collection of Bronze Age material retrieved during the 1935 excavations in and around the Ronaldsway Village site (Study 2). The similarities in both form and fabric found in the pottery from South Barrule and Ronaldsway Village and other Bronze Age sites, together with the radiocarbon date from the hearth on South Barrule, seem to confirm a late Bronze Age origin for the hilltop site. It is of interest that both Ronaldsway Village and the Bronze Age settlement at Site C, Billown Quarry (Study 4) would have been visible from the summit of South Barrule.
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Study 4 Site C, Billown Quarry 2, Kirk Malew (SC 268 702) General The multiperiod prehistoric settlement site identified at Site C, Billown Quarry 2 was excavated by Professor T. Darvill with assistance from volunteers and students from Bournemouth University School of Conservation Sciences between 1995 and 2004. A number of the areas examined during the annual excavations produced, in addition to Neolithic material (Burrow 1997b, 39), evidence of exploitation dating from the later Mesolithic through to and including the Bronze Age, Iron Age and early Christian periods. The pottery At the time of writing in 2006/2007, none of the Bronze Age pottery had been accessioned into the collection of the Manx Museum and was not, therefore, accessible for illustration and study. All the pottery and other finds await postexcavation analysis in Bournemouth. Darvill (1996a, 3536), however, describes the pottery which had been retrieved by excavation at that stage as a “substantial assemblage of late Bronze Age pottery totalling over 9kg in weight”. He writes that a preliminary inspection of the material suggests that at least eight individual vessels are represented, but that this view might change when the remainder of the material within the structure (a round house) is excavated. Sherds from five vessels are illustrated in his publication and are described as representing ‘the range of both coarse and fine wares present’. The fabrics are described as ranging from ‘heavily tempered oxidized wares with coarse grits (? dolerite) and grog’ down to ‘fine textured semireduced wares with light grog tempering’. He writes that there was no ‘decoration’ but that there were some ‘thickwalled body sherds with heavy horizontal cordons’. The rims, he describes as including ‘flattopped, internally bevelled, everted, and ribbed styles’ and the vessel forms include ‘open, closed, and neutral shapes’. Darvill (1998, 14) also describes the material from the Bronze Age house excavated in Site C as “a dense scatter of bucketurn style pottery” and comments that, as a whole, the group could be paralleled amongst early first millennium BC, essentially postDeverelRimbury, assemblages from western Britain. He was of the opinion, at that time, that similarities could be observed with the pottery recovered from South Barrule (Study 3) commenting particularly on the horizontal cordons and internally bevelled rims. The present writer suggests that the Billown pottery is also markedly similar to the huge assemblage of sherds, both cordoned and undecorated, from the settlement site at Ronaldsway Village (Study 2). Radiocarbon dating The radiocarbon dates from this site (Darvill 1999b, 12, 15, 35 and 51; 2000a, 22 and 2001a, 15) demonstrate the extent of Bronze Age use of the site. Charcoal from the fill of the final recut of an enclosure ditch (F127) dates to the early Bronze Age (2 sigma cal BC 2107 1780); a middle Bronze Age radiocarbon date was obtained from a ‘furnace/oven’ feature (F418) (2 sigma cal BC 1370 903) and a late Bronze Age date was achieved from a ‘ring ditch’ (F630) (2 sigma cal BC 759 259)(see Appendix 4). Context and Summary The Bronze Age exploitation of this multiperiod site may be more extensive than first thought. Darvill (1996a, 2124) describes a subcircular or Dshaped structure with a central hearth at ‘Site C’. East of this area, in the north end of ‘Site K’, Darvill (1998 1416) goes on to describe a number of areas with pits, postholes and gulleys, representing the remains of a structure and associated working area (furnace, possibly metalworking) of Middle Bronze Age date. At this time, parallel walls and ditches of a Late Bronze Age field system were found cutting through the earlier Bronze Age activity. During the excavations in 2000, 5 or 6 circular structures were defined but not excavated. Associated with the structures were a cobbled track ways and an extensive field system. When excavation of this part of the site was resumed, a substantial assemblage of Middle Bronze Age/Late Bronze Age pottery was found in and around the structures (Darvill pers. comm. 2.10.2006). He was of the opinion that the pottery dated mainly to around 1000 BC and further commented that, in light of the results of his programme of radiocarbon dating, there were probably far more Bronze Age features than previously thought. He was, for example, of the opinion that some sections of what had originally been thought to be a Neolithic enclosure ditch were either Bronze Age in origin, or recut during the Bronze Age (pers. comm. 2.10.2006). No other information will be available until the postexcavation analysis has been completed. Summary Whereas occupation and exploitation of the area of Billown Quarry 2 took place over a long period of time, from the Neolithic through to the Iron Age and later, the site was clearly of great importance during the Bronze Age when it was a settlement of some substance with evidence for farming and metalworking. Only a very small proportion of the pottery has been examined to date but, on this limited evidence, appears to suggest that like the neighbouring 114
settlement sites in Kirk Malew, South Barrule and Ronaldsway Village, the principal forms of pottery present are cordoned and undecorated vessels. For the purpose of statistics, and in the absence of further detailed information, a purely nominal figure of three cordoned urns and five plain urns has been attributed to the Billown site. This figure will undoubtedly, in time, be found to be an underestimation.
A record of lost evidence A list of lost or unclassifiable ceramic material of possible Bronze Age date is included in Appendix 3. The evidence for these finds has been identified from an examination of the first edition 6 inch and 25 inch ordnance survey maps and the annotated 6 inch ordnance survey maps held in the Manx Museum library together with references gleaned from both early books and journals and unpublished antiquarian manuscript documents.
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Catalogue Figure 1: Beaker [1] and Bowls [45]
116
Catalogue Figure 2: Bowls [611] 117
Catalogue Figure 3: Bowls [1217] 118
Catalogue Figure 4: Vases [18 and 19] and Vase urns [2022] 119
Catalogue Figure 5: Beaker/Food Vessel type decoration [2325] and Encrusted urns [2728]
120
Catalogue Figure 6: Cordoned urns [2935] 121
Catalogue Figure 7: Cordoned urns [3641] and razor associated with PortyShee urn [37] 122
Catalogue Figure 8: Cordoned urns [4246] 123
Catalogue Figure 9: Cordoned urns [4751] 124
Catalogue Figure 10: Cordoned urns [5257] 125
Catalogue Figure 11: Collared urns [6569] 126
Catalogue Figure 12: Collared urns [7076] 127
Catalogue Figure 13: Collared urns [7778], undecorated [7982] and unclassifiable vessels [83 85] 128
Catalogue Figure 14: Miscellaneous decorated sherds from Port Cranstal (Phurt) [Study 1]. Scale – all at 1:2
129
Catalogue Figure 15: Ronaldsway village [Study 2], representative rim sherds (114) 130
Catalogue Figure 16: Ronaldsway village [Study 2], representative base sherds (1519) and representative cordon types (2032). Scale – all at 1:3 except 31 131
Catalogue Figure 17: South Barrule [Study3], cordon and rim sherds (12).
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Appendix 1 Distribution of Bronze Age pottery with contexts (where known) (see Figure 4.2) Site types. F = funerary. CF = chance find. D = domestic.
No.
OS grid ref.
Site, type and catalogue no.
Vessel type
1 2 3 4 5
NX 41900186 NX 39320018 NX 42600070 SC 39109970 SC 39609920
Cordoned ?Beaker/? other Collared ?Beaker /? other
6 7
SC 37009800 SC 38279812
Smeale (F) [29] Ballachrink (D) [26] Braust A (F) [65] The Cronk, Ballachrink (? F) [24] Kerrowmoar Farm, Ballig Bridge (F) [30, 31] North of Island (CF) [73] Kerrowkneale (F) [4043]
8 9
SC 42259835 SC 43779663
Ballaseyr (F) [67] Cronk Aust (F) [10, 45]
10 11
SC 33909650 SC 33559595
Crawyn Brooghs (D) [32] Ballakoig Brooghs (D) [5, 68, 69]
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
SC 33959660 SC 33589494 SC 34969472 SC 37309420 SC 33519330 SC 33289274 SC 37529234 SC 4234 9331 SC 45169370 SC 47809120 SC 37548922 SC 32459109
Crawyn Brooghs (D) [35, 36] Cronk Coar (F) [34] Garey Meen (F) [27, 33] GobyVollee (?F) [44] Magher y Clagh (F) [4] Cottier’s Field (F) [6, 7, 89] Ooie ny Fawr (F)[74] Sky Hill (F) [46] Killeaba (F) [1315] Dreemskerry (? F) [48,108] Corrody (F) [21] Whitehouse (F) [22, 28, 50,109]
24 25 26 27 28
SC 31759020 SC 35908790 SC 45008900 SC 44258541 SC 28038522
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
SC 28008420 SC 23808390 SC 26408240 SC 43308280 SC 42908140 SC 42208060 SC 42508030 SC 27047950 SC 25307820 SC 23037686
39 40 41
SC 25807590 SC 30407820 SC 37037712
Lhergyvreck (? F) [19] The Rheast (F) [49] Craig ny Mult (? F) [76] Gretch Veg (F) [11] The Cronk, Lhergydhoo (F) [18, 38, 80] Staarvey (F) [39, 70] Peel Hill (F) [2, 97, 98] Ballaharra (F) [9, 71] Ballacannell (CF)[12] The Spinney, Baldrine (?F) [81] Baroose (F) [1] Ballameanagh Beg (?F) [3] Cronk y King (F) [51] Rheast Buigh (area) (CF) [16] Borrane, Dalby Mtn (F) [25, 62, 63, 77, 114] South Barrule (D) [Study 3] Archallagan (area) (F) [75] PortyShee (F) [37] 143
Cordoned x 2 Collared Cordoned, Collared, Plain Collared Cordoned, Bowl Unclassified x 2 Plain, cordoned + sherds Collared x 2 Bowl + sherds Cordoned x 2 ? Cordoned + sherds Cordoned + Encrusted Cordoned Bowl + decorated sherds Bowl x 2 + sherd Collared Cordoned Bowl x 3 Cordoned + sherds Vase Urn Vase Urn, Encrusted, Cordoned, unclassified + sherds Vase Cordoned + misc. urns Collared Bowl Vase, Cordoned + Plain Collared, Cordoned Accessory + unclassified x 2 Bowl, Collared Bowl Plain Beaker Accessory v. + unclassified Cordoned Bowl Collared, Cordoned x 2 Beaker/FV + unclassified Cordoned + Plain ++ Collared x 2 Cordoned
42 43 44 45 46 47 48
SC 38277760 SC 32107450 SC 26807020 SC 19506880 SC 24106900 SC 24606820 SC 29026858
Glencrutchery (? D) [84,113] Park Farm (F) [17, 53] Billown C (D) [Study 4] Dandy Hill, Ballafurt (?F) [52] Strandhall (F) [64] Balladoole (F) [58,86] Ronaldsway Village (D/F) [Study 2]
144
Unclassified pot + sherds Bowl + Cordoned Cordoned + Plain (over 9 kg) Cordoned Cordoned Cordoned + unclassified Cordoned 40 % + Plain 60%
Appendix 2 Distribution of Burials Bronze Age or Bronze Age in type (see Figure 4.3) Cross reference to captions on Figure 4.3 A = ● (with pottery). B = (with ‘unclassifiable’ pottery). C = (with no ceramic dating evidence). Note. The term ‘unclassifiable’ refers to an urn or to sherds which no longer survive, or which are now too fragmentary to be able to determine a date, but could be either Ronaldsway Neolithic or Bronze Age in date. The funerary sites included in the distribution map (Figure 4.3) are described in detail in Woodcock J.J. (2001) In search of a cultural identity: a study of the Manx Bronze Age in its Irish Sea context, Volume 2, PhD thesis, University of Liverpool, where they are presented and discussed in parish order.
Kirk Andreas A B A B B C C A C A
Kirk Arbory A C C
Ballaugh A A A A C C A A B C A C B C C
Braust Leodest Smeale Keeill Tushtag Ballavarry Ballaradcliffe Ballaghaue Ballaseyr Andreas church Kerrowmooar Farm
NX 42600070 NX 40230085 NX 41900186 NX 42850135 SC 40359878 SC 40499960 SC 42009935 SC 42259835 SC 41409916 SC 39609920
Balladoole Ballagawne keeill Ballaglonney keeill
SC 24606820 SC 23957188 SC 25687272
Crawyn Brooghs Ballakoig Brooghs Bishop’s Demesne Bishop’s Demesne Old Rectory Glebe Ballamona Beg Bishopscourt Farm Garey Meen Corvalley Cronk Unjin Cronk Coar Squeen Farm Cronk Skeilt Ballacooiley (lost) Black Mountain
SC 33959660 SC 33609590 SC 33519330 SC 33229306 SC 34009570 SC 35089588 SC 33289274 SC 34969472 SC 33359475 SC 33199350 SC 33589494 SC 35509420 SC 33709310 SC 32509430 SC 37108970
Kirk Braddan B A B C C B C
Camlork keeill Port y Shee Ballig, Quine's Hill Baldwin Creg y Whallian The Close Caley's Grave
SC 35777870 SC 37037712 SC 34947368 SC 36508360 SC 34588235 SC 36508820 SC 35807790 145
Kirk Bride C A B C B B B
East Kimmeragh East Kimmeragh x 2 Cronk y Vowlan Crosby Farm Cronk Bouyr Glentruan West Kimmeragh
SC 44210000 SC 44210000 SC 44339990 SC 44509990 NX 43540243 NX 44290112 NX 43700035
Kirk German C C B C B C C B C A C B B B A A B B B C C A C B
Balngey SC 28947975 Cairn ny Wheeyl SC 29007973 Lhiabba Vooar SC 28938747 Skerestal SC 29708763 Crosh Mooar SC 27928541 Lhergydhoo area SC 26708470 Lhergydhoo SC 27878578 Meir ny Foawy SC 27588496 Lhergydhoo SC 27858505 The Cronk, ULhergydhoo SC 28038522 Ballagyr SC 26908540 Giant’s Grave SC 27758194 Kennaa SC 29118010 The Hump SC 27318240 Ballacross Sandpit SC 26108350 Staarvey SC 28008420 Cronk Yn Yeul SC 30437956 Beary Mountain SC 30208220 Ballahimmin Keeill SC 31558553 Cronk y Toshee SC 29508660 Cronk y Voddy SC 30808580 Ballaharra tomb SC 26408240 Keeill Moirrey SC 26168343 Peel Hill SC 23808390
Jurby C C C A C A B B B C A C B
Cronk y Vargee Sartfield Bretney Cronk, Ballachrink Cronk Mwyllin Kerrowkneale The Faaie Jurby School Ballacain Cronk Breck below Cronk Mooar Cronk Elliott (lost) Keeill Pheric
Christ Church Lezayre C C B A B
Lhergyrhenny Gob y Vollee Ramsey Brooghs Ooie ny Fawr Killabragga
SC 38000000 SC 35529918 SC 36199931 SC 39109970 SC 37519832 SC 38279812 SC 37709780 SC 36109930 SC 35639730 NX 37580092 SC 34309820 SC 34159747 SC 34699809
SC 37708877 SC 37109350 SC 44989553 SC 37529234 SC 37739096 146
A B C C A B C C C C A
Cronk Aust Cronk Aust Craig Bouyr Cronk Allisha Magher ny Hoayrn Glen Auldyn Brookdale Brookdale Slieau Managh Clagh Height Corrody keeill
SC 43769662 SC 43799663 SC 42539350 SC 42299327 SC 42349331 SC 43479190 SC 42769217 SC 43289211 SC 41139167 SC 40848851 SC 37548922
Cairn Gerjoil Ballakilley Farm Ballakilley Farm Ballachrink Ardwoaillach The Dreem Shonest Cronk Athona Social Cottage Killkellan Ballameanagh Beg Cronk ny Fannagh A Cronk ny Fannagh B Cronk ny Fannagh C Clay Head Baroose Ballaquirk Ballagawne Baldrine Hill
SC 39328409 SC 43307978 SC 43057960 SC 44638497 SC 40488411 SC 44608600 SC 41998192 SC 41908356 SC 42148343 SC 43208245 SC 42508030 SC 42698154 SC 42648151 SC 42558144 SC 44018068 SC 42208060 SC 44308450 SC 43008100 SC 42908140
Ronaldsway shore Clough Willy Cronk ny Shee Ballacroak A Ballacroak B Magher ny Grongan Ballagilbert Cooilcam Ronaldsway Village Ronaldsway Airport Billown Circle mound Fairy Hill, Herristal
SC 29406864 SC 28807640 SC 28717522 SC 29877358 SC 29987372 SC 25607350 SC 25557385 SC 30337278 SC 29026858 SC 29006864 SC 26026960 SC 29877145
Archallaghan Archallaghan Ballingan The Nab Ballachrink Keeill Keeill Lingan
SC 30407820 SC 30507818 SC 32567749 SC 34828037 SC 30727671 SC 32707730
Kirk Lonan C B B C C B C C B B B C C C C A C B A
Kirk Malew B C C C C C C C A A A C
Kirk Marown A B C C B B
147
Kirk Maughold A A A C C C A C B C B C C B C C C C
Kirk Michael B B B B B B C C C C C C A C B C C C B B
Killeaba Dreem ny Jeeskaig Dreemskerry The Barony Cornaa Keeill Vael (Barony) Craig ny Mult Ballellin Thallo Vitchell Dhoon Quarry Cronk y Cat Ballajora Maughold Head Maughold Monastery Maughold Head Ballure Upper Claghbane Magher e Kew
SC 45169370 SC 45658618 SC 47809120 SC 46708710 SC 46908840 SC 46108750 SC 45008900 SC 45008700 SC 45008600 SC 45608710 SC 46879114 SC 47689083 SC 49619155 SC 49309170 SC 49609160 SC 45709340 SC 44509310 SC 45709090
Cooil Shellagh Ballakinnag Ballalonna Cronk ny Guiy The Rheast Druid's Circle Orrisdale Orrisdale Ballacooilley Slieau Curn Cronk y Croghee Whitehouse 1 Whitehouse 2 Lhergyvreck Cronk Aile Cronk Guckley Carn Vael Upper Ballanea Cronk y Sthowyr Orrisdale Brooghs
SC 32248955 SC 32958981 SC 32908953 SC 32838832 SC 35908790 SC 32379337 SC 32309340 SC 32009286 SC 33519138 SC 34179064 SC 32329161 SC 32209120 SC 32459109 SC 32069039 SC 32539355 SC 31228945 SC 34228969 SC 31728838 SC 32809367 SC 32009310
Kirk Conchan (Onchan) B C A B A
Ballachrink Ballachrink Arderry Cronk ny Urn Glencrutchery (keeill)
SC 39027983 SC 39107980 SC 37528315 SC 40808020 SC 38607780
Ballahutchin The Borrane The Borrane The Lhaggan Knockaloe Corrin’s Hill Cronk y King
SC 22647776 SC 23037686 SC 23217694 SC 24047901 SC 23708250 SC 23368305 SC 27047959
Kirk Patrick C A C C C C A
148
Kirk Christ Rushen B A B A C A
Kirk Santon C C C C C C C B A C
Glenchass Cloughen Corra Cronk ny Arrey Laa Port St Mary 1 Port St Mary 2 Dandy Hill
SC 19006700 SC 22157164 SC 22457469 SC 21206730 SC 21206730 SC 19506880
Arragon Mooar A Arragon Mooar B Mount Murray Mount Murray Crogga Crogga Ballachrink Oatlands Park Farm Ballakelly
SC 30547038 SC 30407056 SC 32557546 SC 32007520 SC 33507270 SC 31307100 SC 31207170 SC 32937286 SC 32107450 SC 32147199
149
Appendix 3 A record of lost evidence The material listed below is known only from maps and other published or unpublished manuscript records. In most instances insufficient detail survives to make it possible to establish the type or class of vessel and it is possible that some of the material may have been Ronaldsway Neolithic in date. Most of the pottery listed below was never accessioned into the collection of the Manx Museum. Some finds were not reported to the proper authorities at the time of discovery or were, perhaps, thought to have been in such poor condition that they were not worth saving. Where some description of a ‘lost’ vessel has survived, for example those from Cronk Aust [60 and 105], from Archallaghan [75] or those from Peel Hill [2, 97 and 98] the details have been included in the general catalogue of Bronze Age pottery.
Andreas Keeill Tushtag Gob Gorym? Leodest Ballavarry? Smeale
Braddan
Camlork keeill Ballalig, Quines Hill The Close Carraghyn
Bride
Greenland Farm Glentruan
Lonan
Chibbyr Pherric Cronk ny Fannag South Clay Head cist/mound Ballagawne Killkellan
Kirk Michael
Druid’s Circle Whitehouse Cooill Shellagh Ballakinnag Ballalona Cronk ny Guiy Cronk Dhoo Cronk Aile Cronk Sthowyr Orrisdale brooghs The Rheast
(NX 42850135) (NX 39310243) (NX 40230085) (SC 403598780) (NX 4190 0186)
Urns Urn Sherd Urn Sherds (IOMMM 3817 and 6798)
(SC 35777870) (SC 349473680 (SC 36508820) (SC 36008500)
Sherds Urn Urns x 3 Urn
(SC 45200270) (NX 44290112)
Reputed collared rim Urn
(SC 42148343) (SC 42558144) (SC 44018068) (SC 43008100) (SC 43208245)
Urns Urn Possible urn(s) Urns and sherds x 2 Urns
(SC 32379337) (SC 32459109) (SC 32248955) (SC 32958981) (SC 32908953) (SC 32838832) (SC 33648620) (SC 32539355) (SC 32809367) (SC 32009310) (SC 35908790)
Urns Urns (additional) Urns Urns Urns Urns Urns Urns Urns Urns Urns (additional)
(SC 39027983) (SC 40908010)
Urn Urn
(SC 22707870)
Leece's Urn
Onchan Ballachrink Begoade Farm
Patrick Ballalby
150
Rushen Glenchass Cloughen Corra
(SC 19006700) (SC 22157164)
Urn Urn
(SC 32147199) (SC 33507270) (SC 31307100) (SC 32937286) (SC 30817182)
Urn Urn Urn Urn Urn
Santon Ballakelly Crogga Crogga area Oatlands Cronk Ashen
151
Appendix 4 Radiocarbon dates Catalogue No 10
GrA29956 2 sigma cal BC 2291 (2174) 2035 Cronk Aust , Lezayre, (centred SC 437 966) Cremated bone from a bowl (IOMMM 1117).
3760 ± 40 BP
Catalogue No 26 [AA39826] (GU9124) 2 sigma cal BC 23951980, cal BP 43453930 Ballachrink, Jurby, (NX 393 001) Cereal grain from occupation layer, associated with flint tools and pottery fragments (including some thought to be Beaker or decorated ‘food vessel’ in type).
Catalogue No 14 or15
GrA30213 2 sigma cal BC 2133 (2005) 1910 Killeaba, Maughold, (SC 4516 9370) Cremated bone from one of the bowls (IOMMM 7311/4 or 11/5).
3755 ± 55 BP
3640 ± 35 BP
Study 4 Beta125766 2 sigma cal BC 2107 (1938, 1927, 1924) 1780 Billown, Malew, (centred SC 268 702) Charcoal from fill of final recut of enclosure ditch (F127).
3590 ± 40 BP
Catalogue No 7 GU2698 3560 ± 70 BP 2 sigma cal BC 2122 (1887) 1688 Bishopscourt Farm, Cottier’s Field, Ballaugh, (SC 333 927) Human bone from cist associated with bowl (IOMMM 7370).
Catalogue No 53 GrA29939 2 sigma cal BC 2007(1877) 1750 Park Farm, Santon, (SC 321 745) Cremated bone from cordoned urn (IOMMM 88130).
3540 ± 40 BP
Catalogue No 4 GU2699 3530 ± 50 BP 2 sigma cal BC 1974 (1878, 1833, 1825, 1791, 1790) 1696 Bishop’s Demesne (Magher y Clagh/Croit Hom Ralfe), Ballaugh, (SC 335 933) Human bone from cist associated with small ridged bowl (IOMMM 995).
Catalogue Nos 39 and 70 GrA29940 2 sigma cal BC 1954(1835) 1695 Staarvey, German, (SC 2800 8420) Cremated bone from collared urn (IOMMM 7248/83215) and/or associated cordoned urn (IOMMM 7247).
152
3515 ± 45 BP
Study 1
AA29331 (SURRC) 2 sigma cal BC 19401680 Site 2 Port Cranstal (Phurt), Bride, (centred NX 4676 0208) Charcoal [PH 972/147] and JBI ref [PH 02/144] from ‘burnt mound’ shown in section.
Catalogue No 18
GrA29936 2 sigma cal BC 1880 (1752) 1640 The Cronk, Upper Lhergydhoo, German, (SC 2803 8522) Cremated bone from vase (IOMMM 84150).
3480±50 BP
3440 ± 40 BP
Catalogue No 31
GrA29957 2 sigma cal BC 1875 (1699) 1536 Kerrowmooar Farm, (Ballig Bridge) Andreas (SC 3960 9920) Cremated bone from cordoned urn (IOMMM L221592).
Calalogue No 30
GrA29947 2 sigma cal BC 1729 (1605) 1506 Kerrowmooar Farm (Ballig Bridge), Andreas (SC 3960 9920) Cremated bone from cordoned urn (IOMMM L221591).
3400 ± 45 BP
3325 ± 40 BP
Study 2
OxA4053 3060 ± 80 BP 2 sigma cal BC 1506 (1312) 1043 Ronaldsway Village, Malew, (SC 290 685) Carbon from cordoned/plain vessel (IOMMM 64.145/1026).
Study 2
OxA4052 3010 ± 75 BP 2 sigma cal BC 1420 (1259, 1232, 1227) 1004 Ronaldsway Village, Malew, (SC 290 685) Carbon from cordoned/plain vessel (IOMMM 64.145/1024).
Study 4
Beta110692 2910 ± 70 BP 2 sigma cal BC 1370 (1112, 1097, 1088, 1058, 1054) 903 Billown, Malew, (centred SC 268 702) F418 charcoal lining of hearth/oven.
Study 2
OxA4054 2905 ± 75 BP 2 sigma cal BC 1312 (1110, 1050) 899 Ronaldsway Village, Malew, (SC 290 685) Carbon from cordoned/plain vessel (IOMMM 64.145/1028).
Study 2
OxA4051 2800 ± 80 BP 2 sigma cal BC 1160 (922) 805 Ronaldsway Village, Malew, (SC 290 685) Carbon from cordoned/plain vessel (IOMMM 64145/946).
153
Study 3
Birm119 2473 ± 84 BP 2 sigma cal BC 806(754, 694, 535)386 South Barrule, Malew, (SC 2580 7590) Charcoal from secondary hearth in hut circle on the hill fort associated with cordoned and plain pottery.
Study 4 Beta140095 2 sigma cal BC 759 (401) 259 Billown, Malew, (centred SC 268 702) Charcoal from F630 fill of ring ditch.
2360 ± 60 BP
154
Appendix 5 Manx Museum Accession numbers Catalogue no Site name
Vessel represented
Accession number
[1]
Barroose
Beaker
IOMMM 21298
[2]
Peel Hill (lost)
Accessory vessel
None
[3]
Ballameanagh Beg (lost)
Accessory vessel
None
[4]
Magher y Clagh
Bowl
IOMMM 995
[5]
Ballakoigh Brooghes
Bowl
IOMMM 3078 and IOMMM 5334
[6]
Bishopscourt Farm
Bowl
IOMMM 7369
[7]
Bishopscourt Farm
Bowl
IOMMM 7370
[8]
Port Cranstal (Phurt), Site 2
Bowl (s)
IOMMM 2006311/41+42
[9]
Ballaharra
Bowl
IOMMM 84132
[10]
Cronk Aust
Bowl
IOMMM 1117
[11]
Bullnalow, Gretch Veg
Bowl
IOMMM 1651
[12]
Ballacannell
Bowl
IOMMM 1650
[13]
Killeaba
Bowl
IOMMM 7311/3
[14]
Killeaba
Bowl
IOMMM 7311/4
[15]
Killeaba
Bowl
IOMMM 73/11/5
[16]
Rheast Buigh, Arrasey
Bowl
IOMMM 990161
[17]
Park Farm
Bowl
IOMMM 88130B
[18]
The Cronk, Upper Lhergydhoo
Vase
IOMMM 80387 and IOMMM 84151A
[19]
Lhergyreck
Vase
IOMMM 6412
[20]
Magher y Clagh, Bishop’s Demesne
Vase urn
None
[21]
Corrody
Vase urn
IOMMM 1178
[22]
Whitehouse
Vase urn
IOMMM 3070
[23]
Ballakoigh Brooghs
Decorated sherd
IOMMM 545335
[24]
The Cronk, Ballachrink
Decorated sherd
IOMMM 5211a
155
Catalogue no Site name
Vessel represented
Accession number
[25]
The Borrane, Dalby
Decorated sherd
IOMMM 8150
[26]
Ballachrink
Decorated sherds
IOMMM 88161
[27]
Garey Meen
Encrusted urn
IOMMM 3064
[28]
Whitehouse
Encrusted urn
IOMMM 3063
[29]
Smeale
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 2642
[30]
Kerrowmooar Farm
Cordoned urn
L. 22149/1
[31]
Kerrowmooar Farm
Cordoned urn
L. 22149/2
[32]
Crawyn Brooghs
Cordoned urns
IOMMM 7141
[33]
Garey Meen
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 566
[34]
Cronk Coar
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 542786
[35]
Crawyn Brooghs
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 95182/1
[36]
Crawyn Brooghs
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 95182/2
[37]
PortyShee
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 567
[38]
The Cronk, Upper Lhergydhoo
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 84151C
[39]
Staarvey
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 7248
[40]
Kerrowkneale
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 3340
[41]
Kerrowkneale
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 3341
[42]
Kerrowkneale
Cordoned urn
None
[43]
Kerrowkneale
Cordoned urn
None
[44]
GobyVollee
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 3075
[45]
Cronk Aust
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 573
[46]
Sky Hill
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 54572
[47]
Cornaa
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 67121
[48]
Dreemskerry
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 3081B
[49]
The Rheast (lost)
Cordoned urn
None
[50]
Whitehouse
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 3065
[51]
CronkyKing
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 83216
[52]
Dandy Hill
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 3868/5242 156
Catalogue no Site name
Vessel represented
Accession number
[53]
Park Farm
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 88130A
[54]
Unprovenanced [A]
Cordoned urn
None
[55]
Unprovenanced [B]
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 3086
[56]
Unprovenanced [C]
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 3067
[57]
Unprovenanced [D]
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 3066
[58]
Balladoole
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 7322If, IOMMM 7327 and IOMMM 7325If
[59]
Port Cranstal (Phurt) l area
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 85-120B/3
[60]
Cronk Aust (lost)
Cordoned urn
None
[61]
Billown, Site C
Cordoned urns
None
[62]
The Borrane, Dalby
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 81-47D
[63]
The Borrane, Dalby
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 81-48B and B
[64]
Strandhall
Cordoned urn
IOMMM 83-203a
[65]
Braust A
Collared urn
IOMMM 85-11A
[66]
Braust B
Collared urn
IOMMM 8511B
[67]
Ballaseyr
Collared urn
IOMMM 596B
[68]
Ballakoigh Brooghs
Collared urn
IOMMM 571
[69]
Ballakoigh Brooghs
Collared urn
IOMMM 3069
[70]
Staarvey
Collared urn
IOMMM 7247 and IOMMM 83215
[71]
Ballaharra
Collared urn
IOMMM 84133
[72]
Kerrowkneale
Collared urn
IOMMM 3341B
[73]
North of the Island
Collared urn
IOMMM 67107
[74]
Ooie ny Fawr
Collared urn
IOMMM 545281
[75]
Archallaghan (lost)
Collared urns
None
[76]
Craig ny Mult
Collared urn
IOMMM 7130A
[77]
The Borrane, Dalby
Collared urn
IOMMM 8147A
[78]
Unprovenanced [F]
Collared urn
IOMMM 3085
[79]
Crawyn Brooghs
Undecorated
IOMMM 3072 157
Catalogue no Site name
Vessel represented
Accession number
[80]
The Cronk, Upper Lhergydhoo
Undecorated
IOMMM 80387 and IOMMM 84151B
[81]
The Spinney, Baldrine
Undecorated
IOMMM 76174 and IOMMM 612348
[82]
Maughold Churchyard
Undecorated
IOMMM 3831X
[83]
Ballakoigh Brooghs
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 5241
[84]
Glencrutchery (White Lady)
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 21300
[85] [86]
Agg ny Crosh, Arrasey
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 980372
Balladoole
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 7325IIg
[87]
Crawyn Brooghs
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 7145
[88]
Crawyn Brooghs
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 88638
[89]
Bishopscourt Farm
Unclassifiable
None
[90]
Cronk Coar
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 7394
[91]
Cronk Coar
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 67100
[92]
Cronk Coar
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 8434B
[93]
Cronk Coar
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 1186
[94]
Cronk Coar
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 7749
[95]
East Kimmeragh
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 84195
[96]
East Kimmeragh (lost)
Unclassifiable
None
[97]
Peel Hill (lost)
Unclassifiable
None
[98]
Peel Hill (lost)
Unclassifiable
None
[99]
Ballacross Sandpit
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 67109
[100]
The Cronk, Ballachrink
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 521 1b
[101]
The Cronk, Ballachrink
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 80257
[102]
The Cronk, Ballachrink
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 84301
[103]
Ballacain
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 5006
[104]
Cronk Mooar
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 3812
[105]
Cronk Aust (lost)
Unclassifiable
None
[106]
Bullnallow, Gretch Veg
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 3814
158
[107]
Billown Circle mound
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 76184
[108]
Dreemskerry
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 3081
[109]
Whitehouse
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 5336
[110]
Orrisdale Head
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 67128
[111]
Orrisdale Head
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 85133
[112]
Arderry, Flaice Hill
Unclassifiable
None
[113]
Glencrutchery, White Lady
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 7219
[114]
The Borrane, Dalby
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 8149B
[115]
Alfred Pier
Unclassifiable
IOMMM 7123
Study 1. Site 2, Port Cranstal (Phurt) The sherds illustrated in the Catalogue, together with a group of undecorated material which has not been described or illustrated, have been accessioned into the collection of the Manx Museum as IOMMM 20060311/25, 27, 39, 40, 43, 44 and 45. [8]
Bowl sherds
IOMMM 20060311/41 and 42
[59]
Cordoned sherd
IOMMM 85120B/3)
Study 2.
Ronaldsway Village
1
Rim sherd
IOMMM 64145/731
2
Rim sherd
IOMMM 64145/435
3
Rim sherd
IOMMM 64145/1178
4
Rim sherd
IOMMM 64145/458
5
Rim sherd
IOMMM 64145/833
6
Rim sherd
IOMMM 64145/136
7
Rim sherd
IOMMM 64145/24
8
Rim sherd
IOMMM 64145/866
9
Rim sherd
IOMMM 64145/758
10
Rim sherd
IOMMM 64145/848
11
Rim sherd
IOMMM 64145/830
All the pottery finds from this site have been accessioned into the museum collection under one number IOMMM 64145. In 19921993, however, during the course of the assessment of the Ronaldsway Village pottery by the present writer, an individual study number was allocated to each diagnostic sherd and appended to the accession code (Woodcock 1993).
159
12
Rim sherd
IOMMM 64145/872
13
Rim sherd
IOMMM 64145/853
14
Rim sherd
IOMMM 64145/948
15
Base sherd
IOMMM 64145/418
16
Base sherd
IOMMM 64145/140
17
Base sherd
IOMMM 64145/503
18
Base sherd
IOMMM 64145/146
19
Base sherd
IOMMM 64145/193
20
Cordoned sherd
IOMMM 64145/919
21
Cordoned sherd
IOMMM 64145/922
22
Cordoned sherd
IOMMM 64145/63
23
Cordoned sherd
IOMMM 64145/480
24
Cordoned sherd
IOMMM 64145/215
25
Cordoned sherd
IOMMM 64145/51
26
Cordoned sherd
IOMMM 64145/85
27
Cordoned sherd
IOMMM 64145/975
28
Cordoned sherd
IOMMM 64145/471
29
Cordoned sherd
IOMMM 64145/80
30
Cordoned sherd
IOMMM 64145/923
31
Cordon/looped sherd
IOMMM 64145/999
32
Cordon/looped sherd
IOMMM 64145/842
Study 3.
Settlement on South Barrule
1
Cordoned sherd
IOMMM 6133
2
Rim sherd
IOMMM 6133/D2
Study 4.
Site C, Billown Quarry 2
None of the pottery from this site has been accessioned into the Manx Museum at the time of writing.
160