The Book of Nahum: Translation, Commentary, Notes and Edited Text 9781463214715

Citation preview

T H E BOOK OF N A H U M

T

[12]

HAUPT:

THE BOOK OP NAHUM

13

(a) 3 8 Amon ((3) water around her (7) she (5) 0 and Egypt, and there is no end (e) Put (f) was there (if) 10 even (0) all (() 11 Thou too, shalt seek shelter from foes! (K) 14 Tread the clay ! 2 6 (X) strengthen thy bulwarks ! O) 16b the locusts shed 27 and fly (>•) 17b They alight in hedges when cool grows the day; When arises the sun, ««their place is not known. (£) 16a Thy traders outnumber the stars in the sky ; 17a Like grasshoppers thy like crickets vv thy scribes. [charmers,28 (0) 15a Like locusts will it devour thee ! (tt) 12 all (p) 13 lo! («•) 12b If shaken, they drop into the mouth of the eater! (t) 13 The gates of the land are open to foes (u) 18 0 King of Assyria (0) on the hills ( x ) 19 every one (>/6 n|531 mrr it is better to read f® n p r - » 6 '"Ipi. The preceding clause, n ^ H J l ffJMCpK mm, is scribal expansion; the addition of mm after npy'Kb was suggested by the Decalogue (Ex. 20 7 Deut. 511) ; cf. the remarks on the gloss "itOIS in 2 1; BIB, 3 9. The gloss mrr after n p r s b certainly belongs to the preceding clause, not to the following, m r t o a i flBlM; contrast G e s . - K a u t z s c h , § 143, a. After the gloss rtrtnai D'BK-pK mm had been prefixed to nj?J n p r « 1 ? , the conjunction 1 was inserted before Hp3. The prefixed adjectives in rtrtlM D'5SX""pX erhh, monosyllabic; blJl, ugdol, dissyllabic) are proclitic; cf. TIT'IH and p^BTPPD in 31; mm-DK3, 3 4 2 1 4 ; " P T n i ¥ , 2 2 ; »«"¡"to«, 313; arc-Hypi t s i s r ^ p , 32; a-in-anb, 3 s ; ^rripJK, 24«; D-ov'jipa, 2 s; s p a - i a and ^ b a » , 210; ain'SaKn, 2 u ; cf. my remarks on the Song of Lamech, A J S L 20 m. The 1 in r B " W J may be due to dittography of the 1 ; cf. Hair, v. 6 and TBI}1?, 21.' W e must not, with N, substitute "ton for rD, following Ex. 34 6 Num. 14 is Neh. 917 Joel 2 is Jon. 4 2 Pss. 103 8 145 a; tcn"b~3 would not have been corrupted to PD1 The glossator meant to emphasize the fact that if J H V H does not wreak vengeance at once, it is not lack of power which prompts H i m to defer the punishment, but His patience. H e is all-powerful, but long-suffering. (2 b ) The second b v a (AJSL 20 150, n.*) of couplet vii was inserted in the Received Text after the opening line of this psalm, because the second hemistich of 2" begins with Dpi; cf. the remarks on the misplacement of 3 2-3 (see p. 23). The clause n p y i t b Hp3 was transposed along with 2 b , and the gloss Pfe-'ytn D"B*-pX mm was added in order to supply a corresponding hemistich. The stem "1503 is not identical with "itS3, to watch = ~l!£3, just as "ft®, to be angry, is not identical with "a©, to watch; cf. Kings 129 24. Heb. to be angry, corresponds to Assyr. Samaru, and "®33 to Assyr. natfi.ru which is generally read nadaru ( H W 452). The stem is a Saphel (see p. 24, below) of 1», and 183 is a Niphal of I S (see BA I159, below). Both 1ft© and U33 mean originally to be embittered; "103 is connected with Arab, mutirr (TIB) bursting out (of wrath). [21]

22

JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITEKATUKE (10) T h e first two words, 1ITO, belong to ,ff'D KVrrfes, v. 9 b . The noun "TD means both pot and thorn; cf. Eecl. 7 o.

The glossator

who added a'32D (instead of D'KSD) understood D'TE to mean thorns, whereas D'ifOD D'TD means wine-jars, lit. jars wined, i.e. filled with wine (cf. toss-pot, swill-pot, swill-bowl, swill-tub, etc.). add nan-D, although they. end of this chapter.

The

After

A f t e r D'tfOD C T D we must

is perhaps preserved in mbp -a, at the

had been erroneously inserted before Jlbp,

this noun was changed into the verbal form JYl'rp. might be retained,

if we

The

read: — T ) 3 p fffeX pbp""3.

would introduce the oratio directa as in Ruth 110 etc. represent the Aramaic noun

before I ^ p I u that case ¿¡il Wfcp may

cf. A J S L 23 235, n. 48.

The gloss DX3D31 before D'SISD means even if they drink (tope).

I t is

the infinitive Qal, and the prefixed 3 is concessive, as in Dlpp2 ' 3 , 2 i ; cf. J A O S 25 72, n. 2.

T h e meaning is Even if they be wine-jars (wine-

bags, i.e. soakers, topers, drunken sots) they will be burnt like dry stubble. Even if they be full of wine as wine-jars, we will cause their wine (Gen. 9 24) to evaporate.

Both Antiochus Epiphanes and his nephew, De-

metrius I, werehabitual drunkards; see H a u p t , Ecclesiastes (Baltimore, 1905)

p. 38, below.

Polybius states that Demetrius

Nicanor was defeated by Judas Maccabseus at Adasa;

(whose friend see

Purim, p. 4, 1. 42) was drunk most of the t i m e ; cf. A V i l l r i c h ,

Haupt, Judaica

(Gottingen, 1900) p. 31; see also Judith 12 20 and H a u p t , Purim, p. 29, 11. 10. 17. crovTas

W e read in 1 Macc. 3 5 that Judas Maccabseus rous Tapacr-

TOV [ X a w ] a w r o v e\6yi3" in 2 6 and Dns1J3 l ^ W in 3 3 are misplaced

glosses to I^CIO

at

end of 2 4, and the last clause of c. 2 is a mis-

placed gloss to the beginning of that chapter. •YnNB 1S3p 2 4.

T h e last clause in 2 11,

"0B1 is a misplaced (incorrect) gloss to D'li'pna b'rTPJK,

Cf also the remarks on rrbp '3 at the end of c. 1. a

T h e second section of the Book of Nahum is composed of three sixline stanzas with 3 + 2 beats in each line. W e find the same meter in section For the misnomer < ¡ U p m e t e r ' see A J S L 20 m, n. 9.

[22]

HATTPT : THE BOOK OF NAHtXM

23

(31) T h e term TU refers here to Nineveh ; c f . v. 7. B u t Nineveh in this Maccabean section is a poetic name for Assyria = Syria, just as the Seleucidan Kingdom with its new capital Antioch is called Daughter of Babylon in Ps. 137 8 ; see my remarks in OLZ 10 en, n. 13. T h e term TU may mean, not only city, but also state, just as Lat. civitas means both city and state. The Heb. word ¡"0*113, province (originally judicial district) means in Aramaic and Arabic : city. Arab, bdlad means both land and city ; Assyr. mâtu, land, appears in Syriac as RHÛ, native land, country, birthplace, domicile, home ; t h e plural means little toims. I n the cuneif o r m texts, Damascus, Tyre, Sidon, etc., have either the determinative âl, city ( = Heb. tent, originally domicile ; cf. A J S L 22 199, § 10) or the determinative mât, land. Judah, Edom, Moab, Ammon, Haurân have occasionally the determinative âl, city, although the names of these countries are not identical with the names of their capitals ; see E . S c h r a d e r , Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung (Giessen, 1878) p. 95; F r i e d r i c h D e l i t z s c h , Wo lag das Paradies? (Leipzig, 1881) p. 288, 11. 2. 5; pp. 294, 295, etc. I n a popular German poem Doctor Faust we read : Die grosse Stadt Portugal, | Gleich soil abgemalet sein ; see Des Knaben Wunderhorn, ed. by E d . G r i s e b a c h (Leipzig, 1906) p. 143. Nineveh symbolizes the Assyrian empire and its daughter, the Seleucidan Kingdom, just as the City of Rome represented the Roman Empire. A poet could call Antiochus Epiphanes a Ninevite, just as O v i d calls Romulus and Remus Iliadae fratres, or as Scipio Africanus is called a Dardanian, or as we find Teucrian or Man instead of Roman, or Erichthonian instead of Athenian. Similarly the Maccabean poets call t h e Jews Jacob or Joseph ; cf. Obad. is ; 1 Macc. 128 3 7 45. F o r the reason why this first line of 3 has been placed after 2 14 see the note on 214, below, p. 29. T h e two nouns pTBTOTO form a copulative compound like Assyr. çixirrabî, young and old ( H W 565 a ; cf D e l i t z s c h , Assyr. Gr.'2, §199) or plîTmjÇI in Ps. 45 5 (see the translation in H a u p t, Ecclesiastes, p. 37). T h e vocalization ¡113Ç1 instead of HT3SJ1 is due to the recession of the accent before the following p"llt : 'ânâu&h became ' dnudh ; contrast Z A T 21343 and D u h m , ad loc. T h e preceding nSK ~3Tb!J must be read 'al-dvar-emth instead of 'al-dvar-eme'th (for emett, ement, amint). T h e third hemistich, s p a W t r v b , is a scribal expansion based on the preceding verses at the end of c. 2 (1, ix). F o r the unaccented verbal f o r m after cf n. 70 to my paper on Ps. 23 in A J S L 21 us. Assyr. mûsu, night (cf. Heb. PttK) is connected with tfffl, IT'S, just as Syr. IOS, evening, is derived from K3B, to turn, to decline (K&V fl1? K3B). C/. my remarks on the etymology of crepusculum in my paper cited above, p. 16, at the end of n. 12. (2, 3) Verses 2 and 3 belong, not to section 3, but to 1, where they have been displaced by a gloss (1, ¡3). They may have been inserted in 3 owing to the similarity of bbft 311 in 3 3 and 'ÎUI 3hB in 3 4, just as [23]

24

JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE

the 0-line in X (12 b ) has been inserted after the X-line (1 2") owing to the beginning Dpi. Cf. also the conclusion of the note on 2 i4b (p. 29). (4) The clause |n nSID is a gloss to the following D'EBO nbt?3, and the line after GTSIM is a gloss to the entire "?t£>B. The verb "OB means here, not to sell, but to cheat, deceive, cozen, beguile, entice. Arab, makkar means swindler. Cf. also BA 114, n. 7; contrast H W 456 a ; see also AJSL 23 248. For the original meaning of cheat (and shyster) see my paper Some Germanic Etymologies, AJP 27 wo, below. The O'JUt and D'BtPS are the allurements of Hellenic culture; cf. 1 Macc. 111 4a 2 Macc. 4 13. The p"BBff)lDafter ,TBtt>33 should stand after niiOX mm in v. 5. After WI the meter requires the insertion of and instead of we must read so, too, in (the Maccabean appendix to 1 ) 2 14 and Jer. 5126. For instead of Si) cf. the notes on 1 9. It is possible that the author of the late passage Jer. 5125 read Tb* 'MH instead of • ^ B bBtt "MH; cf. the note on for OT}, Nah. 313. The IVnTOan "H, Jer. 5125 is the Seleucidan Kingdom; cf n. 22 on Ps. 68, AJSL 23 229. (5) The primary meaning of n^J is to remove (German wegziehen). This may mean to remove from one place to another or to remove the covering, to uncover. The hemistich iptrbv t f b w "Pi^Jl does not mean I will pull up thy skirts over thy face, but 1 will uncover (lift up) thy skirts to affront thee; 'JB'•bo means (as an insult) to the face, as an affront; cf. Job 111 Is. 65 8. H u g o G r o t i u s explains: Tracto te non ut matronam, sed ut meretricem; cf. Ez. 16 37 Is. 47 2 8. In the late passage Jer. 13 26 we find T'7'®' ^Eton TpST1?!?. jm n"1J after TrSIM is a gloss, also the hemistich "pibp ncbattl at the end of the verse. (6) The hemistich B ^ t f fbv TCbrm does not mean I will cast abominable filth upon thee, but I will cast abominations, i.e. indignities, upon thee. The primary meaning of fplf is to excite disgust; it is, as H u p f e l d suggested long ago, a Saphel of p p ; just as the V in DV2W, bpV, "OtP, bciV, r W . f -IB1P, 13W, ip®, "J®, bx (see note on 3 s) etc., is a causative prefix (cf. JBL 19 78, below) which may be connected with Arab, sdbab, cause, or some similar word, just as the sa prefixed to the future in Arabic ( W r i g h t - D e G o e j e , 2 19) is shortened from saufa, in the end; cf. also Syr.tfn, now = rWOTT, Syr. "tpfltfK, last year = ffip + TWO; t The verb rfw often means to cause to transmit or deliver a message, e.g. Hagg. 112 : 'cmbK' omri1?« mrr in1?® -«wo . . . toajn 'an , "Ot bit i s a m , they listened to the words of the prophet Haggai (which were) in accordance with what their God, Jahveh, had caused him to deliver to them. Nor does Is. 37 4 mean The words of the Bab-shakeh whom the King of Assyria has sent ( G e s . - K a u t z s c h , § 138, a) but The words of the Rab-shakeh, which the King of Assyria has caused him to transmit. Also in 2 K 1916 the suffix in inb© refers to the Rab-shakeh ; contrast Kings 277 62. Cf. 2 S 1122 1 K 14 6 Is. 55 n Jer. 42 5 21 43 1. [24]

H A U P T : T H E BOOK O F N A H U M

25

see A J S L 22 251 23 248. The reflexive n of the ^ttfifin, on the other hand, represents = HK = fllK = flj = see Proverbs 51 6 15. In Aram. B3p = p p the infixed 3 was originally prefixed: BpJ; so, too, in Assyr. sanaqu = saqu; see the note on D'pT, v. 10. The noun YPV denotes something disgusting, detestable, infamous, disgraceful, ignominious. Cf. p. 21, below. The following verb, T n b a j i , 1 shall disgrace (insult, dishonor) thee is a gloss; cf. J e r . 14 21: TJ133 KM b a y r b « "1»1£> |i>»b ptOPT^X, Do not reject us for Thy name's sake, do not make vile the throne of Thy glory (i.e. Jerusalem with the Temple). (7) The first clause of v. 7, TIT ^"iO bo ¡TiTI, is an explanatory gloss to 'XhS at the end of the preceding verse. The last clause, 'fnr'BnJB «P|MK ps», is a gloss to a b ' T r •»!. The participle D'HnJD does not mean providers of a funeral meal ( Z A T 22 sis) but comforters, i.e. sympathizers, mourners; cf. J o b 2 11: x-ab HIT n s j f i ian?bl l^'TJ 1 ?, also Is. 5119. The primitive meaning of DH3 is to cause to stop sighing; see my notes on Is. 40 in D r u g u l i n ' s Marksteine (Leipzig, 1902) p. 46 and A J S L 22 251. Heb. D'BnJiS might mean also avengers (see H a u p t , Ecclesiastes, p. 39, n. 8 on I V ; Kings 187 20) but this meaning is not suitable in a gloss to NB'TO' 'HI. For vv. 8-19 see section J. (111) Before K2T ^ 8 8 we must insert As stated above (p. 22) the last word of v. 10, xba, may be a corruption of Kbn; it is possible, however, that this X^B is a misplaced corrective gloss to in v. 12, and may be the original reading for *pWB in v. 14 (see below). The omission of xbn may be due to the gloss tfbfi; glosses often displace original readings of the t e x t ; cf the note on C"C3 n a m in 2 9*> and my remarks on Cant. 5 15 6 e in A J S L 19 10 15. Instead of Kbfi we must read O-K1?», and for S'abtji we must restore the singular, abtr. The plural ending may have been abbreviated so that ffxbfi was written 'Kb»; cf. Kings 80s. The final clause, b s ' b i pi?1', must be inserted after the first hemistich. I n pentapodies the hemistichs are often transposed; cf. the remarks on v. 14 and the Maccabean Song of Derision (2 K 19 21-28) in Kings 278 28 38 45; also my restoration of the first couplet of Ps. 23 in A J S L 21 136 and couplet iv of the Maccabean psalm in the Book of Jonah, A J S L 23 256; see also below, the notes on 3 is 13 and 2 5 (1, ¡3). mrrThe fourth hemistich of this verse is the first clause of v. 14, HJS1 where we must read vbr instead of "J'bu (cf. TjmTl? instead of a m i s in 3 9 and "¡"bu instead of in Is. 52 14, quoted in the note on v. 12; see also note 13, third paragraph, to my paper on Ps. 68 in A J S L 23 22?; contrast A M I for 214) and omit HIT as a gloss. T h e piDB eyiD of v. 11 should be placed after vbl? niSl; but ffl» must be pointed as infinitive absolute, rflXl; cf. Kings 132 2. V. 12 belongs to stanza iii; v. 12a and v. 13 are glosses. The b r ^ S fL" and n j n m,T"b» Pi is the prototype of Haman in the

[25]

26

JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE

Book of Esther, Nicanor w h o threatened to burn J H V H ' S Temple on Mount Zion; see 1 Macc. 7 26 86 42; cf. 2 Macc. 14 33 15 32. I n 2 Macc. 15s he is called a rpuraXir^pios, cf. H a u p t , Purim, p. 5. (14) In y. 14 the final hemistich nibp"^ ""Op Q't'X must be transposed; "O may be omitted, and instead of Hlbp we may read J'bp, as suggested by W. The may be a misplaced remnant of the concessive clause HÖH "O, which must be inserted after D'KiaD ffTD in v. 10; it is improbable that "O is merely due to dittography of the preceding suffix ; contrast note on roafc&ö, 2 14. As stated above, p. 22, '3 may be retained before Jl^p, if we r e a d : " p a p CTX ¡"bp":. T h e c l a u s e "TO

m r Hb, no more

of thy name

shall

be sown,

is

meaningless and unmetrical. Instead of »"VP we must read H T , and for "|ötrö we must substitute thy corpse, while Kb and "TIS must be omitted. The verb "DP at the beginning of 2 6 is a misplaced corrective gloss to OTP; it should be pointed "in 1 ; cf. 6 - i1t w r a 1- \

DIN 1J3D VINni V W 1 0 , he recovered appears in connection with lb XB1 he was healed, lit. some one healed Urn; cf. Kings 289 19. W e must read: I'THST 3101 p r 1331?!; cf. also in Is. 6 13. The addition of HUT and flX in the present passage is due to a glossator. (4) An additional (misplaced) gloss to this hemistich SETO is the clause U'SH DTD in v. 4 ; cf. my remarks on Ps. 68 10 11 in A J S L 23 226. ( 3 ) For pXJ 2° we must insert ¡S3; cf. Ps. 8015. But it would be a mistake to substitute this reading also for pXJ 1°. After pXJ in the first hemistich ¡533 could easily be corrupted to pXJ, just as we have bbfiS instead of 3X1 in 1 4 ; see above, ad loc. If the reading had been |B3 in both hemistichs, the corruption to pXJ could not be accounted for. J The third section consists of two seven-line stanzas followed by an appendix of four lines. Each line has 2 + 2 beats, i.e. the same meter which we find in Ps. 1 6 ; cf. H a u p t , Purim, p. 18. The first two stanzas were written before the fall of Nineveh in B.C. 606, the appendix was added after Judas Maccabasus' victory at Adasa in 161 B.C. For the heading, ffiM X'i», see above, p. 18, ad 11. (3 8) Instead of & we must not point XJ, although the cuneiform name is Ni'(u) i.e. Ne'(u) = Egypt. ne(t) which means City ( B A 1697). W e find an 0 in Hebrew instead of Assyr. e or i, not only in JtfX, 'MX'' = Assyr. resu, fenu, ekul, but also in pi~P = Sarru-kenu and in pIPHDX = ASur-axa-iddina; see Ezra-Neh. 3123. £®[ pax is a gloss. For D'HiO (with X) read with tf; see Kings 280 27 and cf. above, p. 27, the note on I X » HS-fBX, 2 2. The plural antf 1 is intensive ( = the great Nile) just as ^ 3 3 nTTO bp, Ps. 1371 means By Babylon's great river, i.e. the Euphrates; see OLZ 10 65. Also D'TIi is a pluralis intensivus like

[30]

HAUPT : THE BOOK OF NAHUM

31

D T « , tra-lü, etc. (see Kings 206 m 270, n.*) : 3 T Q D1K = Syria on the Great River, i.e. the Euphrates. The clause 7bD"ö is a gloss to the following D*n it might also be a variant (see Kings 213 4s) to the last hemistich of this verse, attain D'D (cf. the note on 2 4b, i.e. 1, ß) but this is improbable. For Ü1 b'n read BVI fl^Tl; the relative pronoun prefixed to this clause may be omitted. The term D' is used also of a large river, just as iamm and bahr in Arabic; c f . Is. 19s. The Assyrians, on the other hand, called the Persian Gulf näru marratu, the Bitter (i.e. Salt Water) River; cf. J A O S 16 civ and the comments on the Babylonian map of the world in the translation of Ezekiel (SBOT) p. 100, 1. 36; see also the descriptive pamphlet Die Regenbogen-Bibel (Leipzig, 1906) p. 10. For DJÖ, at the beginning of the last hemistich, point D'Ö ( W ) . In Gen. 6 n', on the other hand, J . D. M i c h a e l i s read DV2: — n« tfOB 'JOT "~KH bv c a ^ m - ! ; see E. S u e s s , Die Sintfluth (Prag, 1883) pp. 27, 50. I pointed out in K A T 2 (1883) p. 66, n. 3 (cf. A J S L 1 iso, n. 2) that VlSO was a popular adaptation of Assyr. abubu, deluge; c f . K A T 3 (1902) p. 546,, n. 2. For D = X see also Kings 190 26; H a u p t , Purim, p. 23, 1. 23. (9) For fiBJW point a¡3X1?. The following BIB nitp'¡W BnatBl is a gloss; fiJtp fW O ^ Ö l belongs, to B71B, and tSIB is an addition to D'Slbl, derived from Ez. 30 5; cf. the remarks on the glosses 6 and , also K, y and 3, ir. The verb Til is a gloss; cf. the gloss !Tn in Is. 5 i Cant. 811; see AJSL. 19 196, below. For i m i M read, with W, n m t l » ; cf T^C instead of V1?» in 114. F o r the prefixed 3 see Numbers 57 46. (10) The D3 before ¡Tb'riJ is due to vertical dittography; cf. Kings 86 so and below, note on v. 13. For the imperfect, l!Ptä"V, read the perfect, IIWäT; c f . IpFH in the last hemistich. The ' may be due to dittography of the "I; cf. the note on •p-VQ!!1?, 2 l C = 1 = "DThe prefixed ba is a scribal expansion, derived from Lam. 4 i 2 w; Lam. 2 19 is a gloss; cf. the gloss rrern ba 1PK13 in Is. 51 w. For the accentuation TT (so, too, Obad. 11) instead of ' T see above, p. 18. The form IT might, of course, be derived from ¡"IT = m i , Assyr. nadu, to cast, throw, just as we have in Assyrian: inpabtu, aer-ring, from 35Ü = 2SC1, Eth. uefb; or in Arabic: uaqir alongside of naqir, trough ( A J S L 23 244) but the reading IT is preferable. The verb is not denominative, derived from T , as W suggests. Heb. D,|5t is an Assyrian loanword: ziqq — zing = sinqu, from sanaqu, to bind, confine =: Arab. l2 of v. 9, while v. 9 a must be inserted between w . 7 and 8. The clause at the beginning of v. 9 b , D'DJ .IBMI, is a gloss. The first word of this gloss has displaced the verbal predicate of ¡TBU at the end of v. 9"; cf. the note on K^a for in 111. The original text of this hemistich was •^'''"C which appears in the Received Text as HB.11 KM The K in naniK , .Ta , a must be canceled, and the two consonants >11 should be transposed; cf. 1?T1 for IH1\ 1 7 ; 3,1^1 for 3.111?, 3 3. The imperatives 1DBI? lias? are addressed by the Ninevite captains to their soldiers. At the end of the first hemistich we must insert p , 5?r', they (the Ninevite captains) yell. This verb has dropped out here just as B^ST at the end of 17 or n i 3 n (or pnjn) in Ps. 68 21 ( A J S L 23 m, n. 36). * Cf. Lat. iram colligere, sitim ab aestu colligere, etc.

[43]

44

JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE

T h e second hemistich, ¡UBti ¡"K", refers again to t h e N i n e v i t e soldiers: t h e y do n o t t u r n b a c k in their panic, their disorderly flight cannot be stopped. T h i s sudden f r i g h t of the soldiers is n o t due to the assault of t h e besiegers, b u t to t h e flooding of t h e city. F o r t h e intransitive H i p h i l n3BB c f . USn, J e r . 47 3 quoted in t h e note on "irn, 31. (7) T h e p l u r a l n n n j n is due to t h e preceding ^ U ® ; c f . J B L 19 g, Lat. praedam tollere, French enlever une file (Heb. X'lM, Jud. 2123; cf. I S 17 34, etc.). R u b e n ' s emendation ¡T?nin = Assyr. etillitu (which was endorsed by C h e y n e , JBL 15 iw) is just as gratuitous as his reading "pnSB for " p , 3 a ; The conjectures proposed by Ruben, P S B A 20 m-185 are singularly infelicitous. Not one of the Assyrian and Arabic words which he finds in Nahum (e.g. rBB, to sound, infantry, "JD, canal-bed, to be frightened, nbnu, lady) occur in the Book. His metrical reconstruction of the text is impossible. For the three synonyms, 'T^ITI ¡"inbin HHSim, cf. the first hemistich of v. 11. In Jud. 027, on the other hand, the accumulation of synonyms is due to scribal expansion, and the entire verse is a gloss; cf. ZDMG 56 716-719 and above, p. 38. W e must read: ^ e i - s t p i r p -upas i n » (7)

P^W1

Si« jro n^n pa (p)

rrbn pa Sw y-o (a)

The second hemistich of v. 8 has dropped out, just as in Cant. 812, etc.; cf. H a u p t , Biblische Liebeslieder (Leipzig, 1907) p.47, 1. 3. Similarly we must supply in Ps. 110 4 after i 6 l (¡TUT) C3!M the hemistich oblB—TO; cf. also the restoration of the last hemistich of couplet iv of Ps. 45 in H a u p t , Ecclesiastes (Baltimore, 1905) p. 37. After HKSin nnbrn nnbrtwe must insert "jban b j » ; cf. Ps. 45 10 Neh. 2e. X e n o p h o n (Anab. iii, 4 n ) says of the rti^os ( = Assyr. duru, wall, castle, fortress) near Mespila, i.e. the Acropolis of Nineveh (see above, p. 8) : ivravOa Xiyerai Modern yvvq /3as Karatfavyiiv ore airwWvtrav rrjv apx^v vrrb Hcpv Mi;Sot • TtivrrjV St rrjv rroXiv iro\iopKu>v o Hepauv ¡3a(TiXev'; OVK 18vva.ro ovrt \povw kXeiv ovrt fiLq. • Zeis 8kfipovTyKaTeirX.r)£e roiis evoiKovvras Kat oi'rms ¿aXa>. We must, of course, substitute Assyrians for Medians, and Medians for Persians; cf. Daniel, 29 is. Heb. bJW is identical with "Utf, dam (Ex. 13 12 Deut. 713 28 i is a ) and Assyr. Hgreti (for Sigrati) ladies of the palace; see Ezra-Neh. 6712. For the interchange of b and 1 cf. Arab hadil, cooing = hadir; see above, note on "1-n, 32; cf. also flTWU?, chains = Arab, silsila, pi. salasil; Aram. K5FIH, loin (Arab, xaqxra, pi. xaudfir) = Heb. D'l'bn (Assyr. xinfa) and Heb. HJabs, widow = Arab, armala; also Aram. KlV^niJ (or KJTJilfi) = Lat. margarita, Greek p/ipyapirr], etc. ( N o l d e k e , Syr. Gr.% § 9 3 ) . For heart = breast cf. the German phrase Hand aufs Herz. (10) The rhythm is improved by inserting 1 before I S 2°. For the unaccented 113 1° cf. the note on E , - n , 1 6. Before 1 3 3 we must insert bbv I'rttfl, and for I b 3 we had better read 133, just as we must substitute 1 3 3 for 1133 in Ps. 16 9, etc. (cf. Genesis 107 50). For the erroneous insertion of the mater lectionis 1 cf. Kings 30116. Heb. "133 b b c i W l would be in Assyrian: Sallata kabitta Mlu (see HW 663 b ). The prefixed O before (read mikkol-kli) need not be omitted, as W suggests. [46]

HAUPT:

THE BOOK OF NAHUM

47

( 1 1 ) The three terms H p V a a i H p ' a f i l H p l 3 are generally supposed to be substantives; W : Ode und Verodung und Verheerung; A. R. S. K e n n e d y (in H a s t i n g s ' Dictionary of the Bible, 3 475"): a wild and weary waste. ¡ I p T G B , however, is clearly a fem. part. Pual, and we had better substitute participles (as in 3 3) for the first two terms, reading n p p a a i n p i p a , i.e. p a r t Q u i and Poal of p p a ; of. B " p p 3 D i p p a 2 3. The two forms were originally written defective ( f l p p a t t l n p p a ) and the p was haplographed. W cites Is. 2 4 1 : n p b l D I p X H p p i a n r p ,13,1. On the other hand, we must point ri3?3Hb, for the liturgy, instead of nsuab; see AJSL 23 226, n. 2; of. also Kings 184 6. The stem DDfi is connected with ,1010; cf. Ps. 6 7: npfiK Wla-D, I water my bed with tears; see Ezekiel 64 29. In Syriac, K2VDC means watery (i.e. running, tearful) eyes; X'pfi a watery heart, is a cowardly n heart; CSlX means to enervate. Ileb. D»3 his heart becomes watery means his courage fails; he is discouraged, disheartened, dejected. In Arabic, masus means impure, brackish water, also pure water; of. Kings 270 si. I11 Ethiopic, masdua, iemsu means to liquefy, to dissolve, and the quadriliteral masdna, to putrefy, is derived from the same root (DIB — DDB). Syr. Xn'DB KniTl*? means a putrid corpse. For KTITUP = X ^ t f = xna 1 ?» see above, on "JD1?!? mP, 1 u. The last clause of v. 11, *mXB 15t3p -331 (cf. Joel 2 s) is a misplaced (erroneous) gloss to DT^ria, v. 4 ; see above, p. 43. (12) The Xin after HID» should be inserted after ITS; cf. Sin-1» Ps. 2410, n t e t o x etc. r r r f e(aG e - ns .r -oK , a1u9t»z. s c h , §136, c ; N o l d e k e , Syr. GrJ, §221) also

' Instead of HSJ-ia read, with W, rr.L'fi. For C-rt.zb n-L'tt cf. '-Z-b B'lT«, Jer. 47 a, quoted above, p. 39. At the beginning of the second line omit the relative pronoun; cf. 3, y. The addition of after is superfluous; so, too, at the beginning of the following verse. For iOa1? read, with W (following © irov iiropcvQi) AeW TOV dacXOtiv tKti, 3 ad quam ivit leo ut ingrederetur illuc, & JOfl1? blJB^ x n x b r x n ) x i a 1 ? . This mistake is due to vrtob 1 ? at the end of the following line. Before ¡T^K omit "13; this gloss is derived from 1TH3 in the following line. (13) For the omission of !T"iK before see the notes on the preceding verse. For "tO read " O ; cf. t»X3 for ©X3, v. 4. In Esth. 1 is, on the other hand, we must read (cf. Job 39 25) for "121; the 1 before ^-¿p is the Warn apodosis: ^ptpl means: Whenever there is disrespect, there is wrath; cf. the gloss in Eccl. 5 6: D ^ a m r n i p b f i a h a ^ S , in many a dream there are vanities. For "^I sufficiency see Proverbs 60 si. In Arabic, kufia, sufficiency, means especially food. (14) The last couplet is a Maccabean appendix, just as the last four lines of 3. I t is, therefore, not necessary to substitute, with W, mascu-

[47]

48

JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE

line suffixes. In the Maccabean appendix to 3 we must substitute feminine forms for the masculine suffixes; is a gloss; see above, p. 36. The feminine suffixes refer to the D'fil TO, i.e. the Seleucidan Kingdom, and this may be the reason -why the beginning of 3 has been inserted after the conclusion of 1 ; cf. above, p. 29. For T^K 'Jin we must read again, as in the Maccabean passage 3 4, T 1 ?» be: m i . For read thy lair ( = German Lager) i.e. the camp of the Syrians. For the burning of the Syrian camp JEtt» cf. 1 Macc. 4 20. For the confusion of the suffixes cf. the note on ybv nip 1H instead of vbo rnri. The readings H333D, thy thicket ( S m e n d apud W ) and n33"lK, thy den ( P S B A 20 m ; see above, ad nn1?!},"!, v. 8) are not good. © TO nXr/dos crao read n33h. In Arabic the lion is called er-rabid or errabbad; this would be in Hebrew: f a r , and fan. The corruption of •pan 'to ^33"!, aasn was influenced by 331,-1 r r k B !PK3 in v. 4. The scribe who wrote "^331 for probably understood D'TB^S ¡¡TK~iB (v. 5) to mean that the Ninevite chariots were burnt. The following clause, 3in _l ?3Kn T f S S I , is a gloss {cf. Ps. 137 9; see OLZ 10 ee). Also ¡HKa after TH3H must be omitted. The last clause of c. 2 is a gloss to the first verse of this chapter.

I N D E X To

CHAPTERS

AND V E R S E S

OF T H E R E C E I V E D

TEXT

With Corresponding Sections, Stanzas, and Glosses in the present edition. 1

1* 1" 2» 2» 3a 3b 4-8 9» 9bo 10 11 12 13 14

3, heading heading K, i vii vii i ii-vi vii vi viii a, ii iii 0 ii

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9» 9" 10-14

3, iii ii iii 1, ii p iii iv V iv iii vi-x

[48]

3 1 2-3 4-7 8-11 12-13 14 15" 15" 16« 16b 17 17» 18-19

i i. ii a, i J, i. ii, 1 ii , 6 - 7 2-3 5 4 f

—i

£ V

iii

48

JOURNAL OF BIBLICAL LITERATURE

line suffixes. In the Maccabean appendix to 3 we must substitute feminine forms for the masculine suffixes; is a gloss; see above, p. 36. The feminine suffixes refer to the D'fil TO, i.e. the Seleucidan Kingdom, and this may be the reason -why the beginning of 3 has been inserted after the conclusion of 1 ; cf. above, p. 29. For T^K 'Jin we must read again, as in the Maccabean passage 3 4, T 1 ?» be: m i . For read thy lair ( = German Lager) i.e. the camp of the Syrians. For the burning of the Syrian camp JEtt» cf. 1 Macc. 4 20. For the confusion of the suffixes cf. the note on ybv nip 1H instead of vbo rnri. The readings H333D, thy thicket ( S m e n d apud W ) and n33"lK, thy den ( P S B A 20 m ; see above, ad nn1?!},"!, v. 8) are not good. © TO nXr/dos crao read n33h. In Arabic the lion is called er-rabid or errabbad; this would be in Hebrew: f a r , and fan. The corruption of •pan 'to ^33"!, aasn was influenced by 331,-1 r r k B !PK3 in v. 4. The scribe who wrote "^331 for probably understood D'TB^S ¡¡TK~iB (v. 5) to mean that the Ninevite chariots were burnt. The following clause, 3in _l ?3Kn T f S S I , is a gloss {cf. Ps. 137 9; see OLZ 10 ee). Also ¡HKa after TH3H must be omitted. The last clause of c. 2 is a gloss to the first verse of this chapter.

I N D E X To

CHAPTERS

AND V E R S E S

OF T H E R E C E I V E D

TEXT

With Corresponding Sections, Stanzas, and Glosses in the present edition. 1

1* 1" 2» 2» 3a 3b 4-8 9» 9bo 10 11 12 13 14

3, heading heading K, i vii vii i ii-vi vii vi viii a, ii iii 0 ii

2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9» 9" 10-14

3, iii ii iii 1, ii p iii iv V iv iii vi-x

[48]

3 1 2-3 4-7 8-11 12-13 14 15" 15" 16« 16b 17 17» 18-19

i i. ii a, i J, i. ii, 1 ii , 6 - 7 2-3 5 4 f

—i

£ V

iii

HAUPT: Wiley? I : • •

inaia

most

THE BOOK OF NAHÜM

pJHÖl I I"

49

VrtTâ ""¡TS'

rrtfcöi

r-ih

i-ja-itD ^ v r p r r i *

jrçso

b a y -»an I I thmtti 1SD

^ ' ' J ^ n

D'^Tû'ni

1

u

x

P

(a)

33-in n'-isV tys'a' 2 4» (¿3)

îïïiT D'piaj

D'TSSO | î r t o n

5»

î n i a r n a ¡lptypntr

33-;n "SSinn 1 n m n a

5«

m x s is3p o t a 'j3i 2 1 1 ( e ) rr/ix 13 (*)

ix

rpip

Tb'v >i

m r r a c

13

-IU ( 0

r v u S n x p r f m (5)

r n « (0)

TOK

12

SSn 3"vi D'DJ n o m

3 3

(7)

2

(f)

9»

p«a

tpTsai

14

(\)

Dn««3 îSifs'1 8 8 (ff)

oro^ra î S w 2 6 (»»)

ABBREVIATIONS The abbreviations AJSL, BA, HW, JAOS, JHUC, OLZ, ZDMG are explained above, pp. 15-17, nn. 2, 1, 11, 14, 5, 4, respectively.—For A J P , ASKT, AV, EB, JBL, KAT, KB, OT, PSBA, SBOT, ZA, ZAT, ZK, JW, Œ, S , 3, see this J O U R N A L (JBL) 19ss ; cf. AJSL 18 207 28252 and H a u p t , Purim (Leipzig, 1906) p. 53. — M = M a r t i ; N = N o w a c k ; W = W e l l h a u s e n . — T h e names of Biblical Books printed in italics denote the Critical Notes on the Hebrew text in SBOT ; the first number after the name refers to the page ; the second, to the line ; e.g. Kings 301 w = Critical Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Kings (SBOT) page 301, line 16.

[49]

HAUPT: Wiley? I : • •

inaia

most

THE BOOK OF NAHÜM

pJHÖl I I"

49

VrtTâ ""¡TS'

rrtfcöi

r-ih

i-ja-itD ^ v r p r r i *

jrçso

b a y -»an I I thmtti 1SD

^ ' ' J ^ n

D'^Tû'ni

1

u

x

P

(a)

33-in n'-isV tys'a' 2 4» (¿3)

îïïiT D'piaj

D'TSSO | î r t o n

5»

î n i a r n a ¡lptypntr

33-;n "SSinn 1 n m n a

5«

m x s is3p o t a 'j3i 2 1 1 ( e ) rr/ix 13 (*)

ix

rpip

Tb'v >i

m r r a c

13

-IU ( 0

r v u S n x p r f m (5)

r n « (0)

TOK

12

SSn 3"vi D'DJ n o m

3 3

(7)

2

(f)

9»

p«a

tpTsai

14

(\)

Dn««3 îSifs'1 8 8 (ff)

oro^ra î S w 2 6 (»»)

ABBREVIATIONS The abbreviations AJSL, BA, HW, JAOS, JHUC, OLZ, ZDMG are explained above, pp. 15-17, nn. 2, 1, 11, 14, 5, 4, respectively.—For A J P , ASKT, AV, EB, JBL, KAT, KB, OT, PSBA, SBOT, ZA, ZAT, ZK, JW, Œ, S , 3, see this J O U R N A L (JBL) 19ss ; cf. AJSL 18 207 28252 and H a u p t , Purim (Leipzig, 1906) p. 53. — M = M a r t i ; N = N o w a c k ; W = W e l l h a u s e n . — T h e names of Biblical Books printed in italics denote the Critical Notes on the Hebrew text in SBOT ; the first number after the name refers to the page ; the second, to the line ; e.g. Kings 301 w = Critical Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Kings (SBOT) page 301, line 16.

[49]

50

JOURNAL OP BIBLICAL LITERATURE

run 13

Sa 12 (tt)

(p)

pSp

15« (o>

Saw 'fl-Stf iSojl Mm -]Sd 18 (v) T o n ijnjri m a y

'yw vh