The Aryan Future 9781463221713

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T h e Aryan Future

A n a l e c t a Gorgiana

329 Series Editor George Anton Kiraz

Analecta Gorgiana is a collection of long essays and

short

monographs which are consistently cited by modern scholars but previously difficult to find because of their original appearance in obscure publications. Carefully selected by a team of scholars based on their relevance to modern scholarship, these essays can now be fully utili2ed by scholars and proudly owned by libraries.

The Aryan Future

Edward Hopkins

1 gorgia* press 2009

Gorgias Press LLC, 180 Centennial Ave., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA www.gorgiaspress.com Copyright © 2009 by Gorgias Press LLC Originally published in All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC. 2009

1

ISBN 978-1-60724-587-2

ISSN 1935-6854

Extract from The ^American Journal of Philology 13 (1892)

Printed in the LTnited States of America

AMERICAN

JOURNAL

OF

VOL. X I I I , i.

WHOLE NO. 49. I.—THE A R Y A N

Part Part Part Part Part

I. II. III. IV. V.

PHILOLOGY

FUTURE.

The Participle in the Rig-Veda. Participial and Verbal sy-Futures in the Rig-Veda. The Indo-Iranic Future. T h e Sigmatic Future. The Primitive Future. PART I.—THE VEDIC

PARTICIPLE.

In the Rig-Veda are found not only verbals of purely adjectival significance, but also adjectives of verbal character, which like active participles govern the accusative. The province of such verbals is enlarged in later literature by the application of terminations, hitherto intransitive, in a new active sense. T h e usage is doubtless Aryan, and includes nouns as well as adjectives. 1 1 In this paper A r y a n means Indo-European, Indo-Germanic, Teutarian, etc. Purely adjectival in the R i g - V e d a are, for instance, the verbals vivici, sisásdni, gavisd. In later literature the terminations -aka, -uka, etc., are added to those of active sense in a, i, in, u, van, nu, ani of the Vedic period. T h e simple root, participles proper modified by affix, ¡tap-stems, gerunds, infinitives, so-called absolutes, and stems in anc complete the Vedic list. Compare Gaedicke, Accusative, p. 184 s q . — w h o rightly rejects dilsú and didrksu (P. W . and Grassmann with accusative). T h e corresponding forms dipsú, sisásií take no object till late (Whitney, Gr. 1178 f. to modify). For -aka, -uka compare R . V . pavakd, sanukd (without object) with the later and active ghatuka, etc. Nominal construction of other sort is almost unknown in the R i g - V e d a , except in the case of infinitives (Gaedicke, p. 192 ; D e l b r ü c k , Syntax, p. 181). W i t h the noun mím ktmena, A . V . , compare the adjective, R . V . 8. 11. 7, tvñmkáma, perhaps also the noun vanamkarana, and, A . V . 19. 2. 5, ayaksmamkdrana (noun-adjective, Index ; P. W . °a-karand). Both uses are familiar to

AMERICAN

JOURNAL

OF

VOL. X I I I , i.

WHOLE NO. 49. I.—THE A R Y A N

Part Part Part Part Part

I. II. III. IV. V.

PHILOLOGY

FUTURE.

The Participle in the Rig-Veda. Participial and Verbal sy-Futures in the Rig-Veda. The Indo-Iranic Future. T h e Sigmatic Future. The Primitive Future. PART I.—THE VEDIC

PARTICIPLE.

In the Rig-Veda are found not only verbals of purely adjectival significance, but also adjectives of verbal character, which like active participles govern the accusative. The province of such verbals is enlarged in later literature by the application of terminations, hitherto intransitive, in a new active sense. T h e usage is doubtless Aryan, and includes nouns as well as adjectives. 1 1 In this paper A r y a n means Indo-European, Indo-Germanic, Teutarian, etc. Purely adjectival in the R i g - V e d a are, for instance, the verbals vivici, sisásdni, gavisd. In later literature the terminations -aka, -uka, etc., are added to those of active sense in a, i, in, u, van, nu, ani of the Vedic period. T h e simple root, participles proper modified by affix, ¡tap-stems, gerunds, infinitives, so-called absolutes, and stems in anc complete the Vedic list. Compare Gaedicke, Accusative, p. 184 s q . — w h o rightly rejects dilsú and didrksu (P. W . and Grassmann with accusative). T h e corresponding forms dipsú, sisásií take no object till late (Whitney, Gr. 1178 f. to modify). For -aka, -uka compare R . V . pavakd, sanukd (without object) with the later and active ghatuka, etc. Nominal construction of other sort is almost unknown in the R i g - V e d a , except in the case of infinitives (Gaedicke, p. 192 ; D e l b r ü c k , Syntax, p. 181). W i t h the noun mím ktmena, A . V . , compare the adjective, R . V . 8. 11. 7, tvñmkáma, perhaps also the noun vanamkarana, and, A . V . 19. 2. 5, ayaksmamkdrana (noun-adjective, Index ; P. W . °a-karand). Both uses are familiar to

2

AMERICAN

JOURNAL

OF

PHILOLOGY.

In the R i g - V e d a , unless reduplicated (¿-stems), the active a d j e c tives are usually limited to c o m p o u n d s , used either with a p r e p o sition or with the accusative immediately p r e c e d i n g . H o w near t o g e t h e r lie adjective and participle m a y be seen b y c o m p a r i n g the application of the former in the «-class, b y far the largest g r o u p of active adjectives. 1 Beside invanto vigvam stands vigvam . . . . invas, the difference b e i n g that the former is felt as stating an additional fact, the latter as an appellation o f the p r e c e d i n g subject. T h e syntactical construction is, h o w e v e r , identical. That the restriction to c o m p o u n d s is not found in other classes (turvani, saksdni, kamin) s h o w s that the line o f demarcation was at first still less distinct, for w h e n the adjective is u n c o m p o u n d e d it m a y be replaced b y a participle that m a k e s an independent clause. A g a i n , active adjectives are not restricted to the simple stem, but are found m a d e , e. g . from causals, as in the case of nidharayd, -ihkhaya, -ejaya\ nor is there a n y other difference than that defined a b o v e b e t w e e n nidharayas and nidhardyantas. T h e constantly increasing n u m b e r of adjectives in a causes the verbals of this declension to be felt as m o r e peculiarly adjectival, and finally results in confining such verbals to cases that exhibited only this relationship with the rest of the sentence, the sole exception b e i n g the adjective of this class c o m p o u n d e d with a preposition, as is well illustrated b y the first of G a e d i c k e ' s e x a m p l e s : valamrujah . . . tndro drdha cid arujdli, ' he that b r e a k s the vala b r e a k s up the strengthened places.' 2 T h e simple root m a y be used to m a k e such an adjective, svarvid, dhiyamdhas, svarsas, or the v e r b a l form + t, svarjit, as well as without modified object, agvasas. O c c a s i o n a l l y a striking c o r r e s p o n d e n c e between a d j e c t i v e and participle is found, as in parihnit, verbal to hvr used e x a c t l y like a participle, while the true participle is u s e d only as an adjective, avikvarant. A s the participle m a y be used in t h e superlative, the G r e e k , w h e r e , h o w e v e r , are f o u n d f e w e r forms, the c o n s t r u c t i o n b e i n g m o r e poetical and individual.

A e s c h y l u s h a s vipi/Mc (an e n d i n g not u s e d a c t i v e l y

in the R i g - V e d a , G a e d i c k e , p . 190), ovpio;, pijesio;, cvviaTup a n d the v e r b a l n o u n s Tvpoxoftiros, TrsfiiraoTrjQ ; S o p h o c l e s , vi;ifio(; ; E u r i p i d e s ,