The Ancient Synagogue of Beth Alpha 9781463213282

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T H E A N C I E N T SYNAGOGUE O F B E T H ALPHA

GORGIAS CLASSIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPRINTS

14

The Ancient Synagogue of Beth Alpha An Account of the Excavations Conducted On Behalf of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem

ELEAZAR LIPA SUKENIK

GORGIAS PRESS

2007

First Gorgias Press Edition, 2007 Copyright © 2007 by Gorgias Press LLC All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC. Published in the United States of America by Gorgias Press LLC, New Jersey

This edition is a facsimile reprint of the original edition published by Oxford University Press, London, 1932.

Published with the permission of The Hebrew University Magnes Press, Jerusalem, Isreal.

ISBN: 978-1-59333-696-7 ISSN: 1935-4401

& IG

GORGIAS PRESS 46 Orris Ave., Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA www.gorgiaspress.com

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standards. Printed in the United States of America

Frontispiece

Hie Synagogue at Beth Alpha

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Centre of Mosaic Floor: The Chariot of the Sun

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INTRODUCTION TO THE REPRINT

E . L. SUKENIK, ANCIENT SYNAGOGUES, AND THE BIRTH OF "JEWISH ARCHAEOLOGY"

"The important work that lies before me is the creation of Jewish Archaeology" —E. L. Sukenik, Personal Journal, July, 1928.1

Anyone who wishes to sense the unique culture of Jewish Jerusalem's academic elite during the years near the founding of the Jewish state would do well to visit Jerusalem's Sanhedria cemetery. This modern necropolis is situated near what was then Jewish Jerusalem's northeastern frontier with Jordan, close to a significant and well-known array of first-century monumental tombs [picture 1], Since medieval times, this complex has been called the "Tombs of the Sanhedrin," and it is said that members of the ancient Sanhedrin were interned there.2 The modern Sanhedria cemetery contains a cluster of graves belonging to many of the greatest of Jerusalem's academic culture during its age of giants—from biblicist Umberto Cassuto (d. 1951) through talmudist Jacob Nahum Epstein (d. 1952) and archaeologist E. L. Sukenik (d. 1953) [picture 2], The grave markers at Sanhedria are generally simple rectangular constructions made of limestone, bearing the name of the deceased, and his dates. There is no visual continuity between the ancient tombs of Sanhedria and the modern ones, save for two monuments—those of Sukenik and of his wife Hasia. The base of Sukenik's monument is modeled upon Herodian ashlars, and the carvings on the sides are drawn from first century ossuaries. The script of the Hebrew inscription is drawn from that of the Dead Sea Scrolls.3 The inscription on Sukenik's tomb translates: "Eleazar Lipa Sukenik, discoverer and interpreter of Jewish antiquities (megakh ve-hoker Yisrael)."

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It is likely that Sukenik was the first Jew whose tomb was decorated with Second Temple period motifs in almost 2000 years! This unique monument memorializes the life of a scholar who spent his entire adult life establishing the discipline of "Jewish Archaeology." 4 From his studies of ancient synagogues, Biblical archaeology, the archaeology of Jerusalem and, in his later years, the Dead Sea Scrolls, Sukenik almost singlehandedly (and certainly single-mindedly) made archaeology a central pillar of the academic Judaic Studies curriculum. At the very center of Sukenik's project was the study of the ancient synagogue. Born in Bialystok, Poland, in 1889, Sukenik spent four years as a student of the Slobodka Yeshiva, one of the leading jeshivot of his day. He came to Palestine in 1912. Early on Sukenik set out to be the "Jewish archaeologist" par excellence. During the early 1920's he spent a year studying archaeology at the University of Berlin. A profound influence upon Sukenik's scholarship was the American scholar, the father of "Biblical Archaeology," William Foxwell Albright. Where Albright was dedicated to creating "Biblical Archaeology," Sukenik was focused upon discovering the Jewish archaeological legacy—from Biblical through Talmudic Cited by N. Silberman, A Prophet Amongst You: The Ufe of Yigael Yadin: .Soldier, Scholar and Mythmaker of Modern Israel (Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1993), 23. 2 Z. Vilnay, "Tombs of the Sanhedrin," Encyclopedia Ariel (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1979), 6475-6479, Hebrew. 3 Dan Barag has conjectured (in conversation in May, 2001) that the markers were probably designed by Sukenik's student Nahman Avigad, together with Hasia. One wonders whether son Yigael Yadin, who throughout his life was concerned with Sukenik's legacy, wasn't involved as well. 4 This essay is part of a broader discussion of the origins of "Jewish archaeology" that will appear in my "Jewish Archaeology ": Art and Judaism During the Greco-Roman Period, forthcoming. 1

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INTRODUCTION TO THE REPRINT

times, in Palestine and in the Diaspora. Like many of his contemporaries, Sukenik hoped to prove that Jews, like all "real" nations, had an ancient and venerable artistic tradition.5 This approach was called "Jewish Archaeology," borrowing this terminology from the Catholic discipline known as "Christian Archaeology." Sukenik's career was promoted by another American: Hebrew University president Judah L. Magnes. Magnes conceived the need for the new university to develop a program in "Jewish Archaeology" as part of his broader vision for modern Jewish culture and particularly for cultural Zionism. In supporting Sukenik, Magnes was out of step with the developing faculty of his own university, which was strongly text-focused and which kept Sukenik at bay and outside of the Institute for Jewish Studies. Magnes' approach was well in tune, however, with the approach to Jewish culture that had developed among the German Jewish elite of America since the turn of the century, and particularly its interests in the ancient synagogue. 6 American Jewry did not found Jewish Archaeology as a field in America, as some had hoped it would. 7 Rather, America's vision of an ancient yet renewed Jewish culture facilitated "Jewish Archaeology" in Palestine. Magnes' personal relationships were essential to this support. It should be remembered that Magnes was previously assistant rabbi of New York's prestigious Congregation Emanuel, and that Mrs. Magnes was the sister of the prominent American Louis Marshall, for a time president of Congregation Emanuel. 8 Reading the correspondence between Sukenik, Magnes, and others at the university from the midtwenties onward, now preserved in the archives of the Hebrew University, one is struck with the excitement with which Sukenik set about creating "Jewish Archaeology." Sukenik's reports contain electrifying descriptions of his most recent discoveries and organizational triumphs. I translate from the Hebrew one particularly colorful example, written to the management of the Institute for Jewish Studies on "13 Adar II 5687" (March 17,1927): 9 On Sunday this week I visited the ruins of Arbel (Horvat Arbel) [picture 3]. As I later understood, it is easier to arrive to this site by way of Kefar Hittin. The view from the site of the synagogue is fantastic ('ne'hedar). From the east the Hermon may be seen in all its glory and the plain of Ginnosar in all its breadth. To the north stand the mountains of the upper Galilee and to the west spreads forth the valley of Hittin—or as it was once called, the Valley of Arbel. Potsherds are scattered all around and show the community that was here. In the synagogue and its surroundings we prepared approximately ten photographs. There are few remains. Only one of the lintels and a corner column are still in situ. There are other fragments of pavement, though, I am sorry to say that we could not photograph them due to the numerous wild plants that today cover the site. Excavation of the site will certainly reveal more elements of the synagogue.. . 10

Magnes' and Sukenik's shared vision called for the creation of a center for the study of "Jewish Archaeology" at the Hebrew University. Sukenik set about to collect objects of Jewish antiquity (including facsimiles), 11 either through purchase or excavation, to publish them in a scholarly manner. They were to be the basis for a national museum to be built on the Hebrew University's Mt. Scopus campus. This project was intended to reach beyond Palestine, to include the Jewish diaspora as well. Magnes and Sukenik began work to acquire ancient synagogue sites in the Galilee—Chorazin, Baram, Gush Halav, Nabratein, Khirbet Shema and Arbel. Congregation Emanuel, Cincinnati's Hebrew Union College (Magnes' alma mater) under president Julian Morgenstern, and Stephen S. Wise's Free Synagogue in New York were all enlisted to adopt ancient synagogues and thus support the Hebrew University's project to "redeem" ancient synagogues. The goal was to excavate and reconstruct these synagogues, creating what can only be called Zionist archaeological parks, parallel to the Franciscan park at Capernaum. These Zionist sites were to assert ancient Jewish culture in the old-new land, just as the new Zionist settlements accomplished modern Jewish colonization. 12 On this imperative, see K. Bland, The Artless Jew: Medieval and Modern Affirmations and Denials of the Visual (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000); M. Olin, The Nation Without Art: Examining Modem Discourses on Jewish Art (Omaha: University of Nebraska Press, 2002); Fine, Jewish Archaeology": Art and Judaism During the Greco-Roman Period, part 1. 6 See my "Building an Ancient Synagogue on the Delaware: Philadelphia's Henry S. Frank Memorial Synagogue," Journal of the American Jewish Archives, forthcoming. 7 See L. Blau, "Early Christian Archaeology from the Jewish Point of View, Hebrew Union College Annual 3 (1926), 157— 215. 8 On Magnes, see: W. M. Brinner & M. Rischin, eds. Like All the Nations? The Life and Legacy of Judah L. Magnes (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987). 9 Hebrew University Archives, "Institute of Archaeology," file 144. 10 For the history of excavation of the Arbel synagogue, see Z. Ilan & A. Izdarechet, "Arbel," New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Eand, ed. E. Stern (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society & Carta, 1993), 1: 87-89. 11 Letters to Magnes from Sukenik, received December 12, 1926 and August 14, 1927. 12 See my "'The Redemption of Ancient Synagogues': The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, American Jewry and the Creation of 'Jewish Archaeology'," Archaeology and Religion in Modern Israel, eds. Z. Shiloni & M. Feige. (Jerusalem: Ben Zvi Institute, forthcoming), Hebrew. 5

INTRODUCTION TO THE REPRINT

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Magnes went so far as to offer Marshall the stone of a Galilean synagogue to serve as the cornerstone of Congregation Emanuel's new building at Fifth Avenue and 65th streets in Manhattan!13 This flare for the dramatic was a hallmark of his presidency of the Hebrew University. A historically significant stone was in fact set as the cornerstone of the Hebrew University's "Museum of Jewish Antiquities" [pictures 4 & 5]. Opened in 1941, this Bauhaus-style building was literally "built on a corner stone taken from the Third Wall of Jerusalem (begun by Agrippa I about A.D. 40)."14 The discovery of the Third Wall of Second Temple period Jerusalem was among Sukenik's crowning achievements. Through careful scholarship, and good luck, he and L. A. Mayer located the wall in 1925-1927 in a place that other scholars rejected.15 A carved ashlar from the Third Wall was indeed set as the cornerstone of the "Museum of Jewish Antiquities". Visible in early photographs, this well dressed stone was buried beneath planting soil and forgotten. The ashlar was rediscovered by Prof. Dan Barag and the author on May 29, 2001. This use of ancient Jewish masonry to draw a direct connection between the ancient Jewish presence in Palestine and the Zionist endeavor goes a long way toward explaining the ideological background of Sukenik's project. Beyond his academic achievements, Sukenik provided the nascent state with an archaeological heritage that well suited Zionism's self-perception as an old-new national movement. His academic pursuits served a far broader program of nation building. Utilizing his personal connections in America to the fullest, Magnes sent Sukenik to Philadephia's Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning, to complete his doctoral studies. E. L. Sukenik received his doctorate there in 1926. The minutes of a 1926 faculty meeting contain a detailed "Report on the Thesis of Mr. E. L. Sukenik".16 The entry commences: The thesis presented by Mr. E. L. Sukenik on the ancient synagogues of Palestine consists of eighty pages in Hebrew, with the chapter on Naaran being translated into English on thirty-three pages. The whole is accompanied by an album of photographs and reproductions. The first Four chapters (pages 1-11), given here only in summary, are to be enlarged in the future. Chapter 1 deals with the history of discovery and research, chapter 2 with the architectural plan of the structures, 3 with the orientation and 4 with the ornamental decorations. Mr. Sukenik then treats in all the ruins of the synagogue at Capernaum, of the court and terrace about the synagogue and of the inscriptional material [sic.]. The other synagogues described, are those of Chorazin [picture 6], Meron, Kefr Birim and Naaran. In dealing with Naaran, the author treats most minutely of the inscriptional material.

Na'aran, just north of Jericho, was investigated by British archaeologists and excavated by French archaeologists of the Ecole Biblique in Jerusalem in 1919.17 Sukenik was the first to publish the results of the excavation. The Dropsie report was written and signed by noted Biblicist, Semiticist and avid Zionist Max L. Margolis, and approved by historian Abraham Neuman and by Solomon L. Scoss (or, Skoss), an expert in Judeo-Arabic philology. This dissertation was directly the result of Sukenik's work at the Hebrew University under Magnes' direction. It was clearly the basis for the first part of Sukenik's 1934 volume, Ancient Synagogues in Palestine and Greece.xi Sukenik consciously fashioned himself as more than "just" a Palestinian archaeologist. He intended to be the world-renowned scholar of all Jewish antiquities. In 1928 Sukenik set out for Greece, his trip financed by the Hebrew University.19 There he participated in the excavation of a synagogue mosaic on the island of Aegina [picture 7]. While in Athens, Sukenik frequented the library of the German Archaeological Institute. With great excitement, he wrote to Magnes that he had "discovered" the synagogue at Priene in Asia Minor

See Hebrew University Archives, "Institute of Archaeology," file 144. This suggestion was not acted upon. On Congregation Emanu-El, see R. Wischnitzer, Synagogue Architecture in America, (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1955) 125-130. 14 "Jewish Antiquities Museum to be Opened Today," ]erusatem Post, April 3, 1941. 15 E. L. Sukenik & L. A. Mayer, The Third Wall of ]erusalem. An Account of Excavations (Jerusalem: Hebrew University & London/ Oxford University Press, 1930). 16 Dropsie College Faculty Minutes (1926), 321-322. Seth Jerchower of the Center for Advanced Judaic Studies Library of the University of Pennsylvania informed me that, "E. L. Sukenik received his Ph. D. from Dropsie College in 1926 (the information is found both in the Dropsie College Register for 1926-27, as well as in the Dropsie College Faculty Minutes)." 17 On this synagogue, see M. Avi-Yonah, "Na'aran," New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Tand, ed. E. Stern (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society & Carta, 1993), 3:1075-1076. 18 E. L. Sukenik, Ancient Synagogues in Palestine and Greece (London: Oxford University Press, 1934). Silberman, A Prophet Among Youa 23, calls this work a "modest dissertation," writing that "For this he was awarded a quick—not to say unprecedented—doctor of philosophy degree." There is no suggestion of such a negative value judgment in the Dropsie records. At any rate, the dissertation has been lost by the Dropsie library. An unfortunate and pernicious rumor in some scholarly circles suggests that since Dropsie no longer possesses Sukenik's dissertation, it was never written. 19 Letter from Sukenik to Magnes, received January 29, 1928. 13

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INTRODUCTION TO THE REPRINT

while in this library. 20 His discovery came when Sukenik opened the final report of the German excavations published in 1904 (unavailable to him in Palestine), and found an early synagogue described as a hauskirche, a "house church." The fact that the large menorah plaque from Priene was found in the Byzantine church blinded the scholars to the synagogue remains, which they asserted to be Christian. Sukenik was indeed the first to identify the Priene synagogue as a synagogue, as he was the first in so many other areas of Jewish Archaeology. The excitement with which he describes this synagogue in Synagogues in Palestine and Greece,21 together with his gentle chiding of the excavators, can only be understood in terms of Sukenik's earlier correspondence with Magnes. Sukenik's towering achievement during this period was the result of a chance discovery. In late 1928 the digging of an irrigation canal at the new Kibbutz Heftziba in the Jezreel Valley had revealed a beautiful floor mosaic. Sukenik excavated the synagogue in early 1929. The synagogue of Beth Alpha [pictures 8 & 9] became a sensation throughout Jewish Palestine, and around the world. The Beth Alpha synagogue established Sukenik's credibility even within the Hebrew University. 22 Sukenik's report, published in Hebrew as well as English, was financed by Congregation Emanuel, through the agency of its late president, Marshall. Sukenik's interpretative approach, following Albright, assumed continuity between sacred texts and archaeological discovery. This textual interest built upon his own traditionalist upbringing, though it should be emphasized that Sukenik saw himself first and foremost as an archaeologist. Until the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, he did not engage in textual scholarship (other than inscriptions). Sukenik actively worked to bridge the gap between his work and the text scholars of the Institute of Jewish Studies—with varying degrees of success. The discoveries at Beth Alpha did much to raise the status of archaeology within Zionist academic contexts, though archaeology was not accepted among the disciplines of the Institute for Jewish Studies of the Hebrew University, and Sukenik's academic status was left unresolved through much of his career. A summary presentation of Sukenik's scholarly odyssey, Ancient Synagogues in Palestine and Greece was presented orally as the highly prestigious Schweich lectures of the British Academy in 1930. This volume capped the first part of his career and established Sukenik as the preeminent "Jewish archaeologist" he had hoped to be. Sukenik's sense of accomplishment is evident in the conclusion to his Schweich Lectures:23 New discoveries are constantly being made, in Palestine as well as in the centres of the Diaspora, which will undoubtedly add new details to our conception of the early synagogues. But even now we may safely predict that these details will not change the conception as a whole.

No sooner had he spoken these words then our author's smugness was overtaken by new discoveries— which he immediately embraced. In an appendix to Ancient Synagogues that belies his own conclusion, Sukenik discussed finds made between the close of the lectures and their publication in 1934. These include: the synagogue at Stobi, discovered in 1931, the first report of which was published in Serbia in 1932; The Hammath Gader synagogue, which Sukenik excavated in 1932; the Dura Europos synagogue, discovered in 1929 and visited by Sukenik in 1933; and the Huseifa synagogue, first uncovered in 1933. Reflecting back upon his comment in 1949 with the maturity of age, Sukenik writes that, "in some ways my assumption was justified, but, as is usual with predictions (and to my great satisfaction in this case), fate dealt otherwise." 24 Dura Europos was by far the most spectacular of these "new" finds. Sukenik took up the challenge of this monument with great vigor, producing a monograph on the Dura Europos synagogue. Publication of The Dura Europos Synagogue and its Pictures (in Hebrew) was delayed until 1947, due to the war. This is the work of a mature scholar.25 Our author presents a careful analysis of each painting in terms of ancient Jewish literature, particularly Rabbinic literature. Unlike other interpreters, he made full use of inscriptions, and of the Dura Jewish liturgical parchment. Throughout his oeuvre, Sukenik's interpretations are marked by their lack of tendentious meta-theories. He provides a cautious and measured statement of the synagogue in light of extant parallel artifacts and literature. Sukenik's Dura volume is generally ignored outside of Israel, mainly because it is written in Hebrew and was not translated into a European language. His analysis was not superseded, Letter from Sukenik to Magnes, February 29, 1928. Sukenik, Ancient Synagogues in Palestine and Greece, 42-43. 22 See the comments of A. Elon, "Politics and Archaeology," The Archaeology of Israel: Constructing the Vast, Interpreting the Present, eds. N. A. Silberman & D. Small. (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997), 34-47; Silberman, A Prophet Among You, 26-27; E. M. Meyers, "Ancient Synagogues : An Archaeological Introduction," Sacred Realm: The Emergence of the Synagogue in the Ancient World, ed. S. Fine (New York : Oxford University Press, 1996), 3-6. 23 Sukenik, Ancient Synagogues in Palestine and Greece, 78. 24 E. L. Sukenik, "The Present State of Synagogue Studies," Louis M. Rabinowit^ Tund for the Exploration of Ancient Synagogues 1 (1949), 12-13. 25 E. L. Sukenik, Bet ha-keneset shel Dura-Europos ve-Tsiyurav (Jerusalem: Mosad Bialik, 1947). See also his "The Mosaic Inscriptions in the Synagogue at Apamea on the Orontes," HUCA 23, part 2 (1950/51), 541-551. 20 21

INTRODUCTION TO THE REPRINT

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however, by C. Kraeling's final report of the Dura synagogue. In 1949, with Israel's independence secured, Sukenik inaugurated the Louis M. Rabinomt^ Fund for the Exploration of Ancient Synagogues, dedicated to synagogue studies and financed by the noted American Jewish philanthropist Louis M. Rabinowitz. 26 This brief survey of Sukenik's life as a scholar of synagogues is nothing less than the history of a scholarly discipline. Sukenik's overwhelming significance for synagogue studies is expressed in the fact that in 1979 A. T. Kraabel titled his own comprehensive survey of diaspora synagogues, "The Diaspora Synagogue: Archaeological and Epigraphic Evidence since Sukenik." 27 Fifty years since Sukenik's demise, and generations since their original publication, Sukenik's studies of ancient synagogues retain much of their original interest—even as our knowledge has grown exponentially, conceptualizations have developed and theories of dating have changed. The freshness of Sukenik's prose, the excitement that is expressed on almost every page, his clear vision, moderation and careful interpretations are still necessary and exciting reading for all who care about the archaeology and culture of the ancient synagogue. Reading his writings has inspired more than one young student, the present author included, to dream of ancient synagogues, and to build careers studying this fascinating institution. The fact that both the Hebrew and English versions of Sukenik's Beth Alpha are being reprinted together is reason to celebrate. These parallel texts provide rich sources for the development of archaeological terminology in modern Hebrew. This Gorgias Press edition, issued in commemoration the fiftieth anniversary of Sukenik's demise, is testimony to the abiding value of Sukenik's "Jewish Archaeology." May the memory of E. L. Sukenik V ' T , "discoverer and interpreter of Jewish antiquities," be a blessing for all of us. Steven Fine, Jewish Foundation Professor of Judaic Studies, University of Cincinnati Rosh Hashanah, 5764 September 26, 2003

26 It is not without significance that Sukenik's post-World War II synagogue investigation and Kraeling's Dura volume were both financed by one individual, Louis M. Rabinowitz. Rabinowitz also founded an institute for research in Rabbinics at the Jewish Theological Seminary. 27 A. T. Kraabel, "The Diaspora Synagogue: Archaeological and Epigraphic Evidence since Sukenik," Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt 19.1. (Berlin and New York: Walther de Gruyter, 1979), 479-510.

1. Sanhedria Tombs, Jerusalem Photograph by Steven Fine.

2. Sukenik's Tomb in the modern Sanhedria Cemetery. Photograph by Steven Fine.

3. Sukenik in the Arbel Synagogue. From Sukenik's Photograph Albums. Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Institute of Archaeology.

4. Museum of Jewish Antiquities, now the Institute of Archaeology, Mt. Scopus. The ashlar from the Third Wall of Jerusalem is in the bottom right corner. Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Public Relations Division.

6. The Chorazin Synagogue Throne. From Sukenik's Photograph Albums. Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Institute of Archaeology.

7. Sukeiiik in the Aegina Synagogue, with the Excavators. From Sukcnik's Photograph Albums. Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Institute of Archaeology.

8. Sukenik Lecturing Visitors to the Beth Alpha Mosaic, Shortly after the Excavation. From Sukenik's Photograph Albums. Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Institute of Archaeology.

9. Sukenik at Kibbutz Heftziba with his student and draftsman Nahman Avigad. From Sukenik's Photograph Albums. Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Institute of Archaeology.

10. The Dura Europos Synagogue. From Sukenik's Photograph Albums. Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Institute of Archaeology.

THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF

LOUIS MARSHALL President of the Temple Emanu-EI Congregation, New York, 1916-1*2»

C O N T E N T S Page Introduction Chapter I.

5 The Site

8

Chapter II.

The Remains of the Structure

11

Chapter III.

The Mosaic Pavement

21

Chapter IV.

The Two Inscriptions

43

Chapter V.

Sundry Discoveries

48

Chapter VI.

General Survey

50

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (in text) Fig.

1.

Photographing the mosaic

Fig.

2.

Building erected to protect the remains of the synagogue .

6 .

7

Fig.

3.

Beth Alpha and neighbourhood

Fig.

4.

South-east corner of the synagogue

11

8

Fig.

5.

Longitudinal section of synagogue and courtyard, looking east

12

Fig.

6.

Cross section through synagogue, looking south

12

Fig.

7.

Condition of pillar-debris as found at the time of excavation .

13

Fig.

8.

Flat tile from the roof

14

Fig.

9.

Arched tile

14

Fig. 10.

Reconstruction of part of the roof tiling

14

Fig. 11.

Stone vessel for the Washing of Hands

15

Fig. 12.

Stand for water-vessel

15

Fig. 13.

Drum of columns from the gallery

16

Fig. 14.

Blocks of half-columns from the gallery

16

Fig. 15.

Portion of column with base

16

Fig. 16.

Capital of column from the gallery

Fig. 17.

Attempt to reconstruct the synagogue:

16 cross section,

looking

south Fig. 18.

Attempt

17 to

reconstruct

the

synagogue:

longitudinal

section,

looking west Fig. 19.

Attempt

to

17 reconstruct

the

façade

of

the

synagogue

in

its

first stage

18

Fig. 20.

Fragment of Ionic capital

18

Fig. 21.

Fragment of square capital

19

Page Fig. 22.

Fragment of a Jewish gilt vessel

19 20

Fig. 23.

Fragment of a Jewish gilt vessel, from Rome

Fig. 24.

Bronze Plate from Na'ana

Fig. 25.

Carving of an Aran ha-Qodesh on a lintel in Capernaum .

Fig. 26.

Carving of an flron ha-Qodesh on stone, from the synagogue

23 .

in Peki'in Fig. 27.

24 25

A n flron ha-Qodesh on the mosaic pavement in the ancient synagogue of Na'aran

26

Fig. 28.

From the mosaic found in the ancient synagogue of Jerash .

27 27

Fig. 29.

A Jewish earthenware lamp from Palestine

Fig. 30.

A capital from the ancient synagogue in Capernaum

Fig. 31.

Carving from the ancient synagogue in Peki'in

. . .

28 29

Fig. 32.

Carved stone from the ancient synagogue in Priene . . . .

30

Fig. 33.

Portion of a Jewish tombstone from the catacomb at Monteverde

30

Fig. 34.

Bottom of a glass vessel with gilt pictures

31

Fig. 35.

Fragment of a glass vessel with gilt pictures

31

Fig. 36.

A lion carved in basalt, found in the ancient synagogue at

Fig. 37.

Carving of a lion's

Chorazin

32 head, from

the ancient synagogue

at

Kefar Bir'im

33

Fig. 38.

Bottom of a glass vessel with gilt pictures

34

Fig. 39.

"Spring," from a Roman mosaic in North Africa

39

Fig. 40. Fig. 41.

Bottom of a bowl on which is engraved a picture of the Sacrifice of Isaac

41

Reproduction of the Aramaic inscription

43

Fig. 42.

Earthenware vessel found at Beth Alpha

48

Fig. 43.

Brass bracelet

49

Fig. 44.

Fragment of Arabic vessel

49

Fig. 45.

Plan and section of fhe tomb

49

Fig. 46.

Plan of Na'aran synagogue

51

Fig. 47.

The Bema in the Beth-Alpha synagogue

52

Fig. 48.

The Bema in the Aleppo synagogue

53

Fig. 49.

Cycle of the Zodiac in the Ma'aran synagogue

54

Fig. 50.

Reconstruction of the Zodiac tablet in the Kefar Bir'im synagogue

57

P L A T E S Frontispiece Plate

1.

Centre of mosaic floor: The Chariot of the Sun a. Bottom of a gilt glass-vessel (Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum, Berlin) b. Portion of a panel showing Sun-Chariot; synagogue at Na'aran

between

pp.

20—21

b. Scorpion; synagogue at Na'aran

„

„

„

b. Virgin; synagogue at Na'aran

„

„

„

„

„

representing Autumn; synagogue at Na'aran

„

„

36—37

„

„

„

„

„

„

„

„

„

Plate

2.

a. Bull; synagogue at Na'aran

Plate

3.

a. Lion; synagogue at Na'aran

Plate

4.

a. Balances; synagogue at Na'aran

Plate

5.

b. Fishes; synagogue at

Na'aran a. Panel representing Spring; synagogue at Na'aran

b. Panel

Plate

6.

Sacrifice of Isaac (Vatican Codex of Cosmas Indikopleustes)

Plate

7.

a. Portion of the tesselated pavement of the synagogue at Jerash

Plate

8.

b. Frieze with figures of the Zodiac; synagogue at Kefar Bir'im A fourteenth-century Jewish rug from Spain (Department of Moslem Art; Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum, Berlin)

(at end of Volume) Plate I.

1. Facing south: Mountains of Gilboa

2. Facing east: Beisan, Jordan Valley, moun-

tains of Gilead Plate II.

1. Facing north: The Hill of Moreh and Mount Tabor

Plate III.

Isometric view of remains of synagogue and court

Plate IV.

The synagogue after excavations

Plate V.

1. Central nave showing Bema and Apse

Plate VI.

Reconstructed plan of synagogue

Plate VII.

Reconstruction: perspective view, looking south

Plate VIM.

Panel A : Ark of the Law, ritual objects, etc.

Plate IX.

Detail: Ark of the Law

Plate X.

Panel B: Signs of the Zodiac

Plate XI.

1. Detail: Aries (Ram)

Plate XII.

1. Detail: Gemini (Twins)

Plate XIII.

1. Detail: Leo (Lion)

2. The excavations in progress

2. Bema and eastern aisle

2. Detail: Taurus (Bull) 2. Detail: Cancer (Crab)

2. Detail: Virgo (Virgin)

Plate XIV.

1. Detail: Libra (Balance)

Plate XV.

1. Detail: Sagittarius (Archer)

2. Detail: Scorpio (Scorpion)

Plate XVI.

1. Detail: Aquarius (Water-bearer)

Plate XVII.

1. Detail: The Seasons—Spring (Nisan)

2. Capricornus (Goat) 2. Detail: Pisces (Fishes) 2. Detail: The Seasons—Summer (Tammuz)

Plate XVIII. 1. Detail: The Seasons—Autumn (Tishri) 2. Detail: The Seasons—Winter (Tebeth) Plate XIX.

Panel C: Sacrifice of Isaac

Plate XX.

1. Portion of southern border

Plate XXI.

1. Portion of eastern border

Plate XXII.

1. Lion, to the east of the main entrance

Plate XXIII. 1. Portion of western border

2. Portion of eastern border 2. Portion of eastern border

Plate XXIV. Carpet design in western aisle Plate XXV.

The two inscriptions, Aramaic and Greek

Plate XXVI. Drawing of the mosaic pavement at Jerash Plate XXVII. Ground-plan showing mosaic

2. Buffalo, to the west of main entrance

2. Portion of western border

In the Introduction an account is given of the discovery of the Beth Alpha synagogue, to whidi

nothing need here be added.

The author

however, seizes this opportunity of expressing his gratitude to the members of the Beth-Alpha Settlement for their friendly attitude towards

himself

and his colleagues during the work of excavation: the days spent at Beth Alpha will long be remembered. The expenses incurred through the excavation and in publishing the results have been met by the Temple Emanu-EI, New-York. This

volume,

dedicated to the memory of their late President, Louis Marshall, is a slight return for their

generous

donation to the Hebrew University. Also, a

tablet set up by the University in the building erected over the remains of the synagogue, records that the work of excavation was carried out

at

the expense of the Emanu-EI Congregation, New-York, during the presidency of the late Louis Marshall. The author has the pleasant duty of expressing here his thanks to the many scholars who have helped in providing the illustrations and photographs which he has used for his work. The Dominican Fathers of the French School of Archaeology, Jerusalem, Père Vincent and Père Savignac, have been most generous in supplying sketches and photographs (mostly unpublished) of the Na'aran synagogue. Mr. J. W. Crowfoot, Director of the British School of Archaeology, Jerusalem, has permitted the use of several photographs from the Jerash excavations.

Professor Sarre, Director of the Department

of Moslem Art in the Kaiser-Friodrich-Museum, Berlin, kindly provided the photograph of the Jewish carpet from Spain, and Dr. Vollbach of the same Museum, a photograph of the stone from the Priene synagogue. Professor Dante Lattes, of Rome, kindly undertook the labour of providing a photograph of the Sacrifice of Isaac from the K o s m a s M S . in the Vatican library, and Mr. I. Aharoni, head of the Department of Systematic Zoology in the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, has been so good as to identify the animals shown in the mosaic pavement at Jerash.

The author is indebted to the Rev.

Dr. H. Danby, Canon of St. George's Cathedral, Jerusalem, for translating the Hebrew original of this volume, and to Dr. L. A. Mayer, of the Hebrew University, for help in reading the proofs. The photographs of the Beth Alpha mosaics are the work of Mr. J. Schweig, Jerusalem. Mr. N. Reiss, draughtsman of the Department of Archaeology in the Hebrew University, is responsible for most of the illustrations included in the volume, as well as for the originals of the coloured plates. Mr. J. Pinkerfeld, architect, is responsible for the drawings of the Beth Alpha synagogue as reconstructed. It is an especial pleasure to the author to express here his deep gratitude to these three helpers for their valuable and painstaking services. In the transliteration of Hebrew and Arabic terms it has not been possible, owing to the limitations of the printing press, to make use of a full and consistent system of diacritical marks.

INTRODUCTION At the end of December, 1928, the members of the Beth Alpha settlement (situated on "Jewish National Fund" land) announced that in the course of digging a channel for conveying water to their fields from the er-Rihaniya spring they had come upon remnants of a building paved with mosaic. This was on the slope of the hill south of Khirbet Beit Ufa.

After the narrow strip of exposed mosaic

had been cleaned there could be seen certain emblems of the Cycle of the Zodiac and, above them, Hebrew characters. The workmen at once stopped their digging, and one of their number was sent to Jerusalem to announce the discovery to the Zionist Executive, the Government Department of Antiquities and the Hebrew University, and to ask what to do with their discovery and how to continue their irrigation channel. From their description it at once seemed likely that a synagogue had been discovered in a locality formerly occupied by an ancient Jewish settlement.

The people of Beth Alpha were asked

to cover up the strip of mosaic, and it was resolved to excavate the site. Although the rainy season is hardly suited for archaeological field-work it was decided to begin excavation at once so as to make it possible to continue the irrigation channel, which was indispensable for Beth Alpha before the end of winter; and they could not continue the channel until the extent of the synagogue site had been determined. The Department of Antiquities issued the necessary permit to the Hebrew University without delay, and on January 9, 1929, the present writer reached Beth Alpha. The work of excavation began next day.

It continued seven weeks, ending on February 26.

Occasionally the heavy rain which fell that year, sometimes for days on end, 1 interrupted the work; but excavation was again possible immediately after the rain stopped, since the slope on which Beth Alpha lay was such that water never accumulated but flowed away.

Usually only the upper surface

was soaked and an hour's sunshine, especially if there was some wind as well, sufficed to dry the ground.

About ten of the local workmen were engaged in the work of digging, and two carts

shifted the excavated earth and stones outside the enclosure of the Hephzi-Bah group-settlement. The first task was to trace the outline of the building.

The lines of the eastern and western

walls were soon discovered. They were only a little below ground level. Immediately afterwards we succeeded in fixing also the line of the southern wall.

Only then did we begin clearing the inner

area of the ruins which was filled with limestone and basalt debris, remnants of the walls and pillars which had collapsed with the shaking of the building's foundations.

For obvious reasons we began

by clearing the area adjacent to the channel already dug up, until we reached a layer of plaster, some 20 to 25 cm. thick, which, as later became evident, covered the whole space of the central nave.

Above or within this layer of plaster, and only rarely below it, were fragments of tiles, both

flat and convex types.

When the mosaic was no longer in danger from the stones heaped around,

we began to clear the mosaic pavement itself.

One after another were revealed the various pictures

1 At my request M r Zvl Neumann, of the " H a - S h o m e r ha-Tza'ir" group at Beth Alpha, gave me the following particulars. According o their rainfall records the average winter rainfall at Beth Alpha was 400 mm., while that for the winter 1928-9 was 610 mm. The usual rainfall in the months January-February was 200 to 230 mm., whereas in that year it was 400 mm.

Beth

6

Alpha

of the Cycle of the Zodiac, with the "Chariot of the S u n " in the middle and the Four Seasons at the corners.

All the pictures were excellently preserved except in a few isolated places.

Here and

there (for example in the picture of Capricorn) traces of ancient repairs were noticeable. Mr. N. Reiss, draughtsman of the Archaeological Department of the University, made full-scale copies of the pictures, while the workmen continued uncovering the inner structural details: the foundations of the pillars, the benches against the walls, the Bema

and the apse.

After a fortnight's work we came to the second panel, south of the Cycle of the Zodiac. In it were depicted various ritual objects.

Then, north of the circle, appeared the picture of the Sacrifice of Isaac.

Of the other parts of the synagogue we

cleared the two side aisles and found the doors leading from the courtyard to the synagogue. After the greater part of the mosaic pavement had been cleared the photographer Mr. J. Schweig was invited from Jerusalem to take photographs of the pictures.

With the

help of scaffolding over four metres high he was

Fig. i. Photographing the mosaic

excavation. Many people, from the Valley of Jezreel and elsewhere, set out to inspect this

interesting discovery but were prevented by the rains, which made the roads impassable.

Sometimes

in the course of the work the river Jalud overflowed over large tracts of the surrounding country, so that for days together we were almost isolated. On one of these rainy days Dr. J. L. Magnes, Chancellor of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, accompanied by Dr. John Haynes Holmes of New York, reached us on horseback. We had just begun to clear the section of the pavement on which was depicted the Sacrifice of Isaac.

Our guests were much

interested in these remnants of the Jewish past now being laid bare, and also in the picture of the new life now coming into existence in this furthermost point of the modern Jewish settlement in

Introduction the Valley of Jezreel.

7

The local Hebrew Labour Organization were much interested in this discovery

and Mr. D. Zakkai, one of the staff of the Labour daily DCLVQT, and Mr. S. Yavnieli, Director of the Organization's "Cultural Committee", came from Tel-Aviv to visit the excavation. In the last few days of work we were visited by Mr. J. W. Crowfoot, Director of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, and Mrs. Crowfoot, accompanied by Dr. I. Ben-Dor of the Archaeological Expedition of the Pennsylvania University Museum, then at work at Beisan.

A group of German scholars who came

from Jerusalem to inspect our work were forced to turn back at 'Ain Harod, since their car could not go farther owing to the rainfloods which they encountered at Zer'in.

Very much appreciated

was the visit of the architect Mr. J. Pinkerfeld who stayed with us for a few days before the concluding stages of the excavation and whom we were able to consult on various matters dealing with the structure of the synagogue. As the work drew to a close we began to be concerned with the problem of the future of the ruins and mosaics. It was clearly essential to keep the pavement intact and leave the mosaics in situ, especially as the local inhabitants could be wholly trusted to take care of them. But it was essential to put up some protection over the mosaics to preserve them from the winter rains and the heat of the glaring sun of the tropical summer in the Valley. Since we had not then the funds for such a building, we decided to cover up the mosaics immediately on the completion of the excavation.

But

the local people begged us to keep them exposed a little longer to allow their neighbours and the general public to see the discovery.

So, on the local authorities undertaking the responsibility of guarding

the uncovered mosaics, and after we had repaired the broken portions of the pavement with cement and surrounded the entire excavated portion with a wire fence, we agreed to leave them open. After Mr. E. T. Richmond, Director of the Department of Antiquities, had inspected the work in company with the present writer, the Department decided to put up a building to safeguard the excavated synagogue. During the spring of 1929, particularly during Passover, there were numerous visitors to Beth Alpha.

But owing to the delay, due to various reasons, in putting up a protective structure, there

was no choice but to cover up the mosaics before the onset of the hot summer months.

Not until

the Department of Antiquities had set up a building (Fig. 2) over the synagogue remains could the mosaic pavement be laid bare again. The Directors of the Jewish National Fund rented the site to the Hebrew University which, by a special contract with the Department of Antiquities, was also entrusted with the guardianship over the synagogue.

A caretaker was appointed from among the Beth Alpha settlers to look after the

ruin and shew it to visitors.

Chapter I. T H E

S I T E

The great valley stretching from Mount Carmel to the Jordan narrows at its eastern end into the Vale of Jezreel, so called after the town Jezreel (Zer'in) situated at its western approach.

Mount

Gilboa forms its southern boundary and the Hill of Moreh its northern boundary; and it is cut into two by the river Jalud which flows through its entire length.

It is this eastern outlet of the great

valley which served in ancient times as one of the great lines of communication between east and west.

On one of the lower tiers of the northern slope of Gilboa, where the valley broadens out and

the mountain range changes its direction to south-east, lies Khirbet Beit Ufa, beside which the new Jewish colony, Beth Alpha, has been established (Fig. 3). The valley's rich soil and the abundance of water make the district well fitted for agricultural settlements: indeed the scattered ruins and Tells in the neighbourhood afford population once settled here.

evidence of a dense

Owing, however, to the absence of public security the settlements in

the actual valley were deserted and only the hill villages survived.

The greater part of the valley

around the upper reaches of the river Jalud is now cultivated by the new Jewish colonies founded since the Great War. The Gilboa range to the south shuts in the outlook for a great distance (PI. I. 1); but in every other direction Beth Alpha looks over a wide stretdi of territory.

Eastwards, to the side of the valley

which widens here as it descends to the Jordan, rises up Tell el-Hosn, the site of the ancient Beth Shean,

Fig. 3. Belh Alpha and neigbourhood (based on the Palestine Exploration Fund Map, Sheet IX)

The with the modern town to t h e south.

Site

9

The J o r d a n valley itself is not visible but only its background,

the mountains of Cilead, rising u p like a steep wall (Pl. I. 2). reaches a s far as the Carmel range.

On a clear day the western outlook

Along t h e entire northern horizon stretches t h e range of the

Hill of Moreh (Nebi Dahi), on whose southern spurs and foothills are scattered Kefar Yeheskiel ('Ain Taba'un), Geva, Tel-Yosef and "Ain Harod (the last two have recently changed their sites from the southern side of t h e valley at t h e foot of Qilboa to t h e northern side); and t h e Arab villages Kumieh and Shata. Behind the eastern extremity of this range there rises u p the top of Mount Tabor surmounted by the recently built Franciscan monastery picked out in white (Pl. II. 1). The whole neighbourhood is rich in historical memories.

Mount Tabor, the Hill of Moreh, 'Ain

Harod, the Mountain of Qilboa and Beth Shean are n a m e s f a m o u s in the story of the Israelitish tribes' struggle for existence in the time of the J u d g e s and the early days of the Hebrew people. The recent excavations by the Pennsylvania

University

Museum have laid bare in the ancient Beth

Shean r e m n a n t s of the "Temple of Ashtaroth" where the Philistines put the arms of the first Hebrew king, who fell on Mount Gilboa. Beth Shean is also known in t h e later periods of Hebrew history. But there is no historic or literary memory bound u p with t h e site where the remnants of the Beth Alpha synagogue were f o u n d . 1 The first reference to this place is found in a short itinerary by a former Prussian consul in Jerusalem, Dr. E. G. Schultz, who visited it in the a u t u m n of 1847.

He came to Khirbet Beit Ufa

from the village Fuku'a, and he says of it: "Die Ruinen sind wüst, aber das Baumaterial beträchtlich.

Roh gearbeitete, aber sehr altertümliche Sarkophage sind a m Fusse des Berges und an dem

steilen A b h ä n g e zerstreut." 5 He considered

this place identical with the fortress of

Bethulia (Hmifcaüa) mentioned in the

Book of Judith (4, 6), over against the Vale of Jezreel. The Arabic n a m e Beit Ufa is, in his opinion, a corruption of t h e n a m e Bethulia. In addition to what has already been urged against such an identification, it is possible to say that our investigations showed that there are on this site no traces of any occupation earlier than the end of the Roman period in Palestine/' In 1852 the American explorer Edward Robinson passed by the site on his way from Beth Shean to Hasbeia,' 1 and in the account of his journey he mentions the two sarcophagi at the foot of Gilboa and also speaks of the heaps of masonry scattered a b o u t on the north of the Beth Shean road.

He disagrees with Schultz's theory that here stood the fortress of Bethulia. In t h e spring of 1870 the French scholar V. Guérin visited the ruins.

From his description it

appears that the site remained still unchanged : "C'est un petit village arabe entièrement a b a n d o n n é et dont les maisons bâties en m e n u s matériaux et en pisé,

sont a moitié renversées.

Un peu au sud de ce village jusqu'au

pied septen-

trional du Djebel Foukou'ah, le massif du Djelboe des Livres saints, s'étendent, sur un terrain onduleux -qui s'élève graduellement, de nombreux a m a s de pierres, la plupart d'assez dispersées au milieu des hautes herbes épineuses.

grandes dimensions et

Parmi ces vestiges d ' u n e petite ville entièrement

detruite, je remarque deux antiques sarcophages, mesurant l'un et l'autre 2.30 m. de long sur 1 m. de large. Ils étaient décorés de rosaces et de quelques autres ornaments, actuellement trop dégradés 1 There is nothing to support the theory offered by B. Braslawski {Qovetz t'h'qirath Eretz Yisrael vattiqotheha, Vol. I. pt. 2. p. 132), that Beth Alpha is Beth Heifa, of whose people it is said (b. Meg. 24b), that, like the people of Beth Shean and Taba'on, they pronounce 'ayin like aleph; and that the name Beth Heifa was corrupted to Beth Alpha. The word "Beth" was added under the influence of the preceding name. 2 E. G. Schultz, Mitteilungen lieber cine Heise durch Samarien and üalilaea, Zeitschrift d. Deutschen Morgenland ¡sehen Oesellschaft, Bd. III (1849), p. 48. 3 On the question of the site of Bethulia see E. Schürer, Geschichte des Juedischen Volkes im Zeiteiter Jesu Christi,4 Bd. III, p. 230, n. 20. 4 E. Robinson, Laier Biblical Researches in Palestine and in the Adjacent Regions. Boston 1BS7, p. 336 ff.

10

Beth

pour être nettement distingués.

Alpha

Le couvercle de l'un de ces sarcophages

gît â terre à côté du

monument, â peu près intact ; celui du second a été brisé, et l'on en retrouve plus loin des fragments." 1 Similar to the foregoing is the description of the English investigators who surveyed the country in the year 1865: " . . . foundations of buildings and walls. There are in the ruins many stones well dressed, and apparently older than the Arabic work.

This place was proposed by Schultz for the lost Bethulia of

the Book of Judith, but neither its site nor its surroundings seem to agree with the story.

It is,

however, an ancient site. Guérin found a little to the right of the ruined and abandoned village, numerous heaps of stones, the greater part of fair dimensions, and dispersed in the midst of high thornbushes.

Among these remains were noted also two ancient sarcophagi, each measuring 9 feet

10 inches long, by 3 feet 3 inches broad decorated by rare ornaments. The lid of one of these sarcophagi lay still on the ground nearly uninjured, that of the second was broken."-' In 1921 the Jewish National Fund acquired this land from the Sursock family of Beyrut, and in 1922 two Groups (Q'viltzoth) were stationed there, and they still cultivate the site.

One of the first

settlers, Mr. Zvi Neumann, has provided me with a few details of his first visit to this site some time before the new settlers pitched their tents there.

I here give his account in his own words :

"From the Rihaniya springs in the west to the Sakhne springs in the east extended several swamps of such a kind that it was impossible to cross them on foot. The hill on which our buildings have been put up was on the west entirely covered with stony debris.

On reaching the site of this

debris we sat down to rest and there we met two bedouin who had just caught a wild boar some distance away and were engaged in killing it and flaying it.

In spite of the prevailing desolation

we saw that the land held hidden stores of blessing, for around the swamp which covered the plain in front of the hill, which now serves us as a threshing-floor, there was rich vegetation and fodder growing wild.

The widespreading plain gradually merging with the mountain in gentle slopes, ensured

the possibility of irrigation which compelled a positive answer to the question of our settling here." * * *

What was the name of this place when the synagogue was still in existence? The present writer is of the opinion that the old name is still closely preserved in Arabic. places in Palestine are connected with personal names:

Many

for example, Kefar Nahum, Beth Hanina,

Kefar Hanania. There is no doubt that names like these show that the land was formerly the private property of some great landowner who, perhaps, cultivated his land

through tenants or slaves/'

Towns or villages belonging to individuals are mentioned in several passages in Talmudic literature.4 Of Rabbi Eleazar ben Harsum it is told that his rich father left to him a thousand villages.''

The

most general name for such small settlements which supported themselves by agriculture, is Kiryatha." Rabbi Yehudah the Patriarch had twenty-four such "Kiryoth."'

The landowner may afterwards have

sold his land to his tenants or to others; or it might also happen that a place which belonged to many cultivators afterwards passed into the possession of a single person. s

If such a settlement

arose on a previously unoccupied site it would most probably receive the landowner's name and continue to be known by his name even after the land ceased to be his private property. 1 V. Gucrin. Description tie la Palestine, Samarie, T. I, p. 303f. 2 Survey of Western Palestine. Memoirs, Vol. II. p. 121. 3 O n these latifundia et. S. Krauss. Talmudische Archaeologie (Hebrew Edition), T I. 1. p. 46 and specially fl. Gulak. l.'liei/er tot'dot h ha-Mishpat hn-lvri bit'qufath ha-Talmml, pt. I. Dine qarqa'oth p. 26 ff. 4 Gulak. I. c. 5 Yoma 35b. 6 Krauss. I. c. 7 j. Sanh. I 2. 8 CI. Erubin V G. "If a town having a single owner is made into a town having many owners they make a single crub for the whole; but if a town having many owners is made into a town having a single owner they may not make a single erub for tlie whole."

The Remains of the Structure

11

The personal name Ufa (RDi?'*) is known in Talmudic literature as the name of an Amora who was a companion from childhood of Rabbi Johanan bar Napaha. 1

The name Beit-llfa given to this

place points therefore to a "Kiryah" of which the land formerly belonged to one named Ufa and which was cultivated by tenants who had settled there.

Chapter II.

THE REMAINS OF THE STRUCTURE A s may be seen from the plans (PI. III. and XXVII.) and the photograph (PL IV.), the remains of the Beth Alpha synagogue are mainly the foundations of a basilica with vestibule and courtyard. Remains of walls belonging to these sections still survive varying in height from 0.55 to 1.65 metres and we were able to determine their outline exactly; on the other hand, but little is left of the chamber adjoining the synagogue on the west. Like most of the ancient synagogues north of Jerusalem and west of the Jordan,

the building

is

orientated in an approximately southerly direction. A divergence to the west from this general direction (27 degrees S.W. by compass), which is actually justified in that Jerusalem is S.W. of Beth Alpha, is most probably

accidental

and

due perhaps to the lie of the terrain.2

0.5 —+—

Its shape is that of a prolonged rectangle whose

10 _

Fig. 4. South-east corner of the synagogue

shorter sides are not parallel and do not meet the longer sides at right angles. On the south side of the rectangle an apse projects, and on the west side is an adjoining chamber, but the extent of this we could not fix definitely. The total length of the structure is 27.70 metres and the breadth (excluding the adjoining chamber) about 14.20 metres. The thickness of the synagogue walls is from 70 to 85 cm.; thickness of the walls of the courtyard is 60 to 78 cm. of varying sizes.

The walls are built of untrimmed limestone

The foundation stones are bigger and more carefully shaped.

rally took more care with the corners of the building.

the

The builders natu-

Fig. 4 shows the south-east corner of the

1 Taanith 2ia, Zebahim 21a, etc. In the Talmud Yerushalmi the name occurs in the form Hilfi fa^'n). S. Klein (/.rxhonruu, I iv, p. 334) considers that the origin of the name lira is "Alpha," the first letter of the alphabet. 2 So, too, we cannot expcct the absolute precision of the magnetic compass in the orientation of ancient synagogues towards Jerusalem. The remnants of buildings whose plan is still recognizable show s o m e such system as the following. West of the Jordan those lying mainly north of Jerusalem and also north-east of it, are orientated to the south. A n exception is the s y n a g o g u e at Khirbet S e m a q a : although it lay north of Jerusalem the question of its orientation was apparently decided by its nearness to the sea. so that it is orientated towards the east. W e are still ignorant of the orientation of ancient synagogues lying south of Jerusalem, but it can be assumed that it was towards the north. Those situated east of the Jordan, and also those north-east of Jerusalem, are orientated westwards. The system is best illustrated by the orientation of certain synagogues which lie near each other, e. g. Kefar N a h u m a n d Chorazin west of the Jordan, and E d ' D i k k a , east of the J o r d a n : of these the first two are orientated southwards and the third westwards.

Beth

Alpha

synagogue.

The two lower courses, not visible from the

outside, are higher (40 to 43 cm.) and project from the walls.

Inside, the walls were plastered with a coating of

lime several centimetres thick.

In applying the plaster a

hold was secured by means of broken earthenware which caused the plaster to adhere to the wall.

The potsherds

which we could still separate from the plaster were mostly of the ribbed pottery typical of the end of the Roman and the beginning of the Byzantine period.

On several pieces

of the plaster simple designs of flowers in red were still perceptible. The contained area of the synagogue was not great: some 10.75 metres in length (north to south), and 12.40 metres broad (east to west).'

Two rows of pillars divide

the synagogue into three naves. The breadth of the central nave is about 5.40 m„ the western aisle 2.75, and the eastern aisle 3.10 m. Alongside the walls are stone benches of untrimmed blocks covered with plaster.

At first the

synagogue had benches only along three of the walls (and not along the north wall).

Afterwards they were put in

also along the north wall on either side of the central door, and between the two pillars beside the Bema.

The

width of the benches varies from 55 to 70 cm. The widest benches (about one metre) are those on the south at the two sides of the apse.

The benches are from 35 to 46

cm. high (fig. 5, 6). We found still in position the bottoms of the two rows of pillars which stood on the floor of the building without any stylobate.

Their height varied from 0.43 to

1.30 metres. The only one missing was the base of the third pillar from the south in the western row, which was broken down during the digging of the irrigation channel. While the rest of the building was of limestone, basalt was used for the pillars.

Basalt is not found locally and

must have been brought from a distance of at least three and a half kilometres.- Most of these stones were basalt blocks trimmed on three sides only. The inner face was left virtually untouched, and it was thus necessary to fill in the space where two blocks met with small stones and mortar. Each course of the pillars was made up of two 1 This is the smallest of the ancient synagogues yet discovered. For the sake of comparison we give here the approximate measurements of other ancient synagogues: Meron 27 by 13,50 m.; Capernaum 23 by 16.50 m.; Chorazin 21 by 15 m.; Na'aran 22 by 15 m.; Ed-Dikka (in Trans-Jordan) 14 by 10.50 m. 2 The basalt strata in the neighbourhood can be seen in the geological map appended by Dr Picard to his article Zar Geologie der Rman-Kbene, Zeitschrift des deutschen Palastina-Vereins (1929). vol. 52.

The Remains of the Structure

13

blocks of a size equal to the wider or narrower side of the pillar, and arranged regularly "header" and "stretcher" fashion.

In each row there were five square pillars, each measuring a b o u t 52 by 52 cm.

(the last pillar to the south of the east row measured 61 cm. in breadth). the two rows were attached to the walls.

The endmost pillars in

The distance between the pillars was from 2.05 to 2.20 m.

The pillars also were covered with a layer of plaster and this was still adhering in places at the time of our excavation. The stones from t h e pillars, differing as they do in shape and especially in colour from the other stones scattered a m o n g the debris, m a d e it plain before we had been at work a fortnight how this ancient synagogue had been destroyed. These basalt blocks were in every case found east and west of the pillar bases. Fig. 7, showing how those stones fell which belonged to the second pillar from the south in the east aisle, indicates

^d. .

•

•.,•"',".»"••-.

the results of a strong earth-tremor, the direction of which was approximately west to e a s t . 1 South of the central nave, in the middle of the synagogue, three narrow steps lead u p to a platform 75 cm. above floor-level, projecting in the shape of an apse from the main

rectangle

of the

structure.

The platform is built u p in two levels, the lower o n e (divided into two steps — see PI. Ill) is half a metre above floor-level, and t h e second another 25 cm. higher.

The

depth of the apse is 2.40 m., and its width a b o u t 3.80 m., and it pro-

Fig. 7. Condition or pillar-debris as found at the time of excavation. To the right the foundations of the central pillar of the eastern row are s e e n ; and close by, the bench constructed later than the mosaic pavement

jects s o m e 2.30 m. beyond the main rectangle.

On the surface of the lower level of the platform,

at either side of the steps and 2.22 m. apart, are two perpendicular, rounded hollows (16 cm. deep and 20 cm. wide), cut into the entire depth of the platform down to floor-level. This platform was plainly used as the place for the Aran ha-Qodesh,

and it is probable that there stood in the two

hollows t h e columns bearing the curtain which, as is the custom in synagogues, concealed the Aron

ha-Qodesh (PI. V. 1). When we began to clear the floor of this platform we found almost in its centre a small cavity about 80 cm. deep. It was o n e metre long and 8 0 cm. wide, and rounded on the south side.

The

cavity was walled in and its sides plastered. It had been covered above with flagstones, o n e of which was still in place (Fig. 5).

Among the rubbish which filled it we found thirty-six Byzantine bronze

coins, but unfortunately t h e great majority of them were defaced and eaten away by the ravages of time. It is probable that this cavity served as the treasury of the synagogue, and that these coins, in course of time, dropped down to the floor of the cavity. Near the east end of the platform, a little to the north of it, was built a small bema

against

the second pillar in this row (PI. V. 2), 1.55 m. long, 0.90 wide and 0.45 high. The step leading to it was 24 cm. high and 27 wide.

Beside it was another built-up bench, occupying all the space

between two pillars; and this also was led u p to by a step, fls became obvious after we had cleared 1 This is in accordance with the geological fault running through this district, as shown in the map referred to in the previous note.

14

Beth

Alpha

the mosaic pavement, the bema and the adjacent bench were built at a later period, since both concealed part of the pictures of the mosaic. Also belonging to this later period were the benches in the north of the synagogue, at either side of the main entrance, which were likewise built over the mosaic pictures. When we had cleared away the debris and reached the floor of the building we found, particularly in the central nave, a great many fragments of tiles of two different kinds of clay, one reddish and the other greyish-brown, and a thick layer of plaster (20 to 25 cm.) covering the floor's surface. There was also a layer of plaster in the side aisles but not so thick; but here no tiles were found. This layer of plaster was clearly the remains of the plaster which, as we have seen, covered all the parts of the building inside the synagogue, and which was the first to fall to the floor as a result of the shaking by the earthquake. Most of the tile fragments were found above the plaster or in its upper layer, and the fragments of only one complete tile were found lying on the actual surface of the mosaic, to the south near the platform. Among the fragments two types of tile could be distinguished, one flat and the other convex.

The first kind (Fig. 8) was flat, but its edges were raised along some two thirds of it

surface. The straight portion served as a rest for the tile laid behind it in the same row. When the flat tiles had been arranged in position, they were covered by the arched, convex tiles and secured together with mortar. We found one upper tile still joined to part of a bottom tile, apparently broken off from its place when the building collapsed (Fig. 9). fls may be seen from the illustration the upper tile tapers towards its end, so enabling the next upper tile to rest upon it. The tiles were made of rather coarse, burnt clay, moulded and mixed with straw. To lessen the effect of their porous nature the upper surface was coated with a thin layer of fine clay while the lower side was left rough.

In

many cases fragments of plaster were found on the lower sides showing

Fig. 10. Reconstruction or part of the roof tiling

that the rows of tiles were not laid immediately on the rafters but that a layer of mortar separated them. Such a device protected the house from the winter rains and the summer heat, fln attempt to reconstruct part of the roof may be seen in Fig. 10, which was prepared by Mr. Pinkerfeld.

The Remains of the Structure

15

The row of benches beside the western wall was interrupted by three steps leading to the sidechamber adjoining the synagogue on that side. The south sidepost of the door was broken down, but the north sidepost still stood to a height of 56 cm. Three holes in the threshold, for two doorhinges and for a bolt in the middle, indicate that there was a two-winged door. chamber was higher than that of the actual synagogue.

The floor of this

The southern wall of the chamber still

remained, prolonging the southern wail of the synagogue for a further 3.80 m., and also a small part of its western wall. It was no longer possible for us to determine its northern limit. It is reasonable to suppose that this chamber extended to the north at least as far as this door. The synagogue could be entered on the north side by three doorways, each leading into one of the naves.

The central doorway was 1.30 m. wide, that to the west 96 cm., and that to the

east 98 cm. The west side of the main entrance was broken down, but not so the side entrances, whose sideposts were still standing in situ to a height of 60 cm. From the holes in the threshold of the main entrance it is apparent that it was equipped with a two-winged door. North of the synagogue was a narrow vestibule, 2.57 metres wide. Beside the walls, to the east and west, were benches 60 cm. broad and 45 cm. high.

Many changes and repairs had been carried

55 f

Fig. 12. Stand for water-vessel

Fig. 11. Stone vessel for the W a s h i n g of Hands

out on the northern wall of the vestibule. Of a narrow ledge, running the length of this wall and built of basalt, little more than half has survived. Its western portion is wholly destroyed. Both the manner of its construction and its low level (25 cm.) indicate that it once served as a step by which they used to descend from the higher courtyard to the vestibule. The bases of the wall still standing are later in date and were built after the façade of the synagogue had once collapsed.

Within

this wall, as parts of the structure, were also inserted drums of columns, one of which, to the east, still appears standing in situ.

The length

of the courtyard in

front of the vestibule is

9.65 m. Both from the picture of the mosaics and from the foundations revealed during excavation it may be inferred that in the middle of the courtyard was a place intended for some vessel containing water for the washing of hands.

It may be that the same purpose was served by the stone

vessels found not far from the courtyard, when foundations were being dug for one of the colony buildings (Fig. 11, 12).

Probably such a water-vessel also stood on the fixed round stand outside the

north wall of the vestibule.1

Near the south-east corner of the courtyard and built upon the mosaic

pavement is a portion of foundation belonging to some later building in the courtyard whose nature it is not possible to determine. Entrance to the courtyard was by a doorway to the west, on the side facing the site of the ancient village. I

Three sudi stone vessels were found near the synagogue at Capernaum (Orfali,

Capharnaum ft ses mines,

Paris 1922. p. 64, Fig. 115).

16

B e t h ft 1 p h a fls we have seen already, the remains of the building indicate several structural alterations

made during the lifetime of the synagogue.

Besides the internal additions, like the bema and the

few benches in the central nave on either side of the main entrance and between the pillars near the bema, later changes are perceptible in the structure of the northern wall, the façade of the synagogue. The later period of this wall is obvious from the fashion of its construction, which marks a change for the worse compared with the other parts of the building. The inferior mortar, which immediately

65 U3

*

3 8 — *

* — 3 7 — y

Fig. 13. Drums of columns from the gallery

-37-

35

Fig. 14. Blocks of half-columns from the gallery

* — 53 — / Fig. 15. Portion of column with base

crumbled during the excavation, and also certain structural details introduced into this wall, such as plain building stones, show that this wall was once hastily repaired after having collapsed or become unsafe in places, possibly as the result of an earthquake. In such a building, built mainly of unhewn stones all very much alike, it is naturally difficult to guess, from the remaining fragments, the character of what was destroyed. tails found in this wall afford suggestions of the possibility of reconstructing the synagogue's façade as it was at its earliest stage.

But structural de-

*

*

In the same line

as the eastern row of pillars, and also east of it, there are in the walj two drums of columns, one of which together with its base was cut out of a single block of stone.

It is probable that these two drums are

^

fragments of columns from a portico that once formed the façade of the synagogue.

If we assume that a similar column stood in line with the

western row of pillars, we can imagine, with the addition of two more columns in the centre, a row of six columns between two anthae, one of which, that to the east, still survives. Plate VI is an attempt to reconstruct the scheme of the synagogue as it was in its earliest stage.

26

3

Fig. 16. Capital of column from the gallery

in the northern end of the synagogue were found certain remains, such as portions of columns (Fig. 13), half-columns (Fig. 14), a fragment of a column with base (Fig. 15) and a second fragment comprising a simple capital and part of the column-shaft (Fig. 16). These elements, which have no place at all in the arrangements of the lower story, indicate the presence of a gallery which must have served as the "Women's Vestibule."

17

The Remains of the Structure

Fig. 17 shows this upper story reached by means of steps in the chamber adjoining the western side, fit Chorazin also, there are steps leading to the Women's Gallery in a western chamber adjoining the synagogue, and not as at Capernaum, where the approach is from outside. The two inside rows of pillars served as a support to this gallery which, as usual, extended

Fig. 17. Attempt to reconstruct the synagogue: cross section, looking south

around three sides of the building, excluding only the south side where stood the flrk of the Law (Fig. 18). Because of the distance, 5.40 m„ between the two rows of pillars, it can be accepted as certain that the northern part of the gallery was built above the portico of the synagogue's façade.

In

Beth Alpha, therefore, this portico was not a particular section standing in front of the façade, as, e.g. in Capernaum and Kefar Bir'im, but was included within the façade itself.

Fig. 19 is an at-

tempted reproduction of the façade of the synagogue. There is another fact, duly noted during the excavation, which confirms the existence of a gallery over the two side aisles and the portico, fls already mentioned, a thick layer of plaster covered the floor of the central nave, and above this layer roof-tiles were scattered. But this was not the case

Fig. 18. Attempt to reconstruct the synagogue: longitudinal section, looking west

Q

Beth

18

Alpha

Fig. 19. Attempt to reconstruct the façade of the synagogue in its first stage

with the other parts of the building: although they were covered with a thin layer of piaster fallen from the walls and the ceilings above them, no tiles at all were found above this layer.

This can

be explained only by the fact that between the roof and the floor the gallery structure intervened. That tiles were found above the layer of plaster in the central nave, and in one case also on the actual mosaic pavement, may perhaps show that there was no proper ceiling to the synagogue, 25

-V2.V

and that the beams and rafters which rested on the walls of the building were left uncovered on the inner side. The tiles likewise show that the roof was not flat but sloping, as at Capernaum and

21

Chorazin. We have already spoken of the kinds of tiles and the formation of the roof. We found no remains of the epistyles of the pillars and gallery columns.

Indeed it is

possible that for this purpose Fig. 20. Fragment of Ionic Capital

they used wooden

beams

of

which no trace remains. Yet Mr. Pinkerfeld's theory is more probable, that the gallery and the roofbeams were supported on arches of untrimmed stones, a cheaper material, yet in keeping with the style of the synagogue building (PI. VII). We found it difficult to determine what had been the position of two other fragments of masonry.

One of these, found in the forecourt of the synagogue, was a portion of a Ionic capital,

similar in type to others found in other ancient synagogues, e.g. in (Jmm el-'flmed (Fig. 20).

The

The Remains of the Structure

19

other was part of a square capital on which were carved a c a n t h u s leaves, found by Mr. Isser linger, a m e m b e r of t h e "Hephzi-bah" group-settlement, near the irrigation channel by the southern wall of the synagogue (Fig. 21). Indications as to the arrangements of windows were wholly lacking. Since there were no signs of windows in the walls up to the height of wall that remained, it may be supposed that the light chiefly c a m e from windows in the gallery, and above the apse in the southern wall. * * *

O n e detail in the internal arrangement of the synagogue still remains to be considered, namely the purpose of the hollows in the lower level of the platform In front of the apse (see above, p. 13). It may be that in them were put the stands of the two Menorahs that stood before the flrk, or that they were used for the supports of a wooden grating that shut in the raised portion within the apse at either side, leaving it open only in the centre. But as already mentioned, it seems more likely that in these hollows were b e a m s of wood or columns supporting the curtain (paroketh)

Fig. 21.

F r a g m e n t of s q u a r e capital

Fig. 22.

which was so arranged as

F r a g m e n t of a J e w i s h gilt vessel

to be rolled back towards the two sides (see t h e illustration of the curtain on the mosaic pavement). This theory finds support from illustrations on s o m e of the Jewish gilt glass vessels found in Rome, in o n e of which columns bearing t h e curtain can clearly be seen in front of the flrk. The position of the c o l u m n s is clearly shown on the fragment of a similar vessel -bearing on its edge the inscription ....CI BIBRS CUM EVLOGIfl CONPjARI]. 1 (Rg. 22)

The broken lower half shows

a couch, x>.iv»i, and in front of it a kind of table with a dish on it, on which a fish is to be seen, apparently suggesting t h e Sabbath meal which was laid out in the synagogue.

In the upper part,

between two seven-branched candlesticks, a Scroll and a Shofar, stands a gable-roofed Aron

ha-Qodesh,

with two acroteria at the sides of the base of the roof. The doors of the ark are open, and rolledup scrolls rest on four shelves, two on each.

The Scrolls on the upper shelves are partly covered

by the half-drawn curtain. The curtain is attached by rings running on a bar suspended

on two

pillars; these are crowned with capitals but stand on plain pedestals. The empty spaces above the flrk and elsewhere are decorated with leaves and circles. On the bottom of another gilt glass vessel from Rome (now in the Kaiser Friedrich Museum, Berlin, Inv. 6700) a curtain can be seen looped towards the sides, and suspended over the ha-Qodesh.

Aron

Here again the picture is divided into two parts by a three-lined inscription, of which

s o m e of the final letters of t h e third row, owing to lack of space, are written o n e beneath the other below this row. I

Qarruccl. Storia

dell'arte

Christiana.

T. IV. Pl. 490, Fig. 3.

Beth

20

Alpha

Below the inscription is a round table, and on it a dish containing a fish.

SALBO.

Around the table is a couch, arranged se-

mi-circlewise, as on the fragment described above.

DOMINO

CVM C O I V G E

Particularly

.no/inw

11 oUKV.

ET

c m iv

re. LI A.

VITALE FILIOS

dLNLK

important for our purpose is the upper part of the picture. In the centre of it is portrayed an

Aron ha-Qodesht

approached

by several steps, obviously part of the platform on which the Ark stood, as we have seen in the Beth Alpha apse. 1

^

Bet-

(PI 1

S

a)

ween the open doors four shelves can be seen with Scrolls, six in each, piled one above the other. Above is a curtain, looped towards the sides. It differs, however, from the previous illustration in not showing the two pillars from which the curtain hangs.

Such

differences are common in these illustrations. Menorahs one found on each side of the Ark with various ritual objects beside them: a Lulab and Ethrog beside the right-hand Menorah, and beside the left-hand Menorah a Shofar and a two-handled jar intended apparently for the wine needed for Kiddush and Habdalah. Palm-branches above the Menorahs fill up the empty '**"' - â f / " S M P ^ ^ N w

space in the conventional style. 2 This arrangement of the curtain-

.^uliirtll 1

B i^jg^v f;

\

supports in front of the

AA 1

Aron ha-Qodesh

explains the well-known picture on one

» J

of these (Fig.

23). :i

cups published by De Rossi In a hall surrounded on three

sides by a row of pillars, of which a bird's-eye view is given, stands a smal structure approached by several

steps.

The structure is surmounted by a gable roof of which again, in contrast to the (K-ffe

\

t^duiâc^^f^

W- ' ¿ d f M f l f

.«J^/^X

/

Mt

/ /

Utafij

..• ' - | h S m r^SÂSy

other similar illustrations, a bird's-eye view is given. shown on

A tree or a Menorah is

the tympanum of the robf.

The façade of the building shows four pillars, with a partly opened double door between them. Two independent columns

Fig. 23. Fragment of a Jewish gill vessel, from Rome

Stand On either side, and in front stands a lighted seven-branched candlestick, two

double-handled flasks for oil or wine, a Lulab and Ethrog, and certain other objects difficult to identify.

Within

the space surrounded by columns is written OIKOS IIJII(vii)S A ABE

EYAOriA(v).

On the outer side of the columns are two small buildings flanked by palm-trees. The whole of the left hand part of the surrounding inscription is broken, but from comparison with the other inscriptions which accompany such cups it may be completed (IIîe Çi'i«ai? |«fiù nûv) 2QN 11ANTONDe Rossi explains the picture as Solomon's Temple, and the two columns at the side as Jachin and Boaz.

This explanation is reproduced in every book dealing with Christian and Jewish art of

1 Another gilt cup, described in Garrucci, op. cit., PI. 490, Fig. 6, also shows steps in front of an Aron ha-Qodesh. 2. A photograph of the upper part, taken from the back of the transparent vessel, and therefore with the right and left sides reversed, has been published in Kohl-Watzinger, Antike Synagogen, p. 143, Fig. 281. O n the photograph given here see also Beyer-Lietzmann, Die jueiischr Kalakombc ¡1er Villa Torlonia iu Rom, Berlin 1930, p. 45. PI. 29. Lietzmann points out the final letters below the third line. 3 D c Rossi. Verre représentant te temple de Jérusalem. Archives de l'Orient Latin, t. Il, 1883. p. 439 ff.

Plate 1

Beth Alpha

"3 £ ir. S w uO c; > a i« £ E * 3 a 3 'as d C

-s ì

E -C £ = fc

s

pa s

dM

Plate 2.

Beth Alpha

Beth Alpha

Plate 3.

Plate 4.

Beth Alpha

The M o s a i c

Pavement

21

that period, and it has given occasion for many curious feats of exegesis and caused all sorts of intentions to be read into this picture.

But, in the present writer's opinion, the small structure in

the middle of the picture, differing only in its treatment of perspective from other pictures on Jewish cups, is simply the Aron was hung.

ha-Qodesh,

and the side-columns are the supports on which the curtain

The curtain itself is not shown here in order not to conceal the Ark.

shown in front of it are also found in all such pictures.

The ritual objects

It should be noted that these columns are

extremely plain, and are more like wooden poles than columns. If the artist had intended to depict Jachin and Boaz, the description of whose capitals occupies so important a place in I Kings VII 1 5 — 2 2 , he would certainly have given them more ornate capitals than those in this picture.

The hall with

columns on three sides can also represent the hall of an ancient synagogue of the type of, e.g., the synagogue at Capernaum, whose central nave had three rows of columns.

The title O I K O S I I ' I I X I I ^

also befits a synagogue, just as we find the title otx»; applied to a synagogue in several Jewish inscriptions in the Diaspora. 1

In the present writer's opinion there is no doubt that the object of

the middle sentence is to invoke a blessing on the synagogue, "the House of Peace" corresponding to similar inscriptions in Palestinian synagogues (Kefar Bir'im and 'Alma): " M a y peace rest on this place." and the like.2

Chapter III.

THE MOSAIC PAVEMENT The whole floor of the structure — synagogue, vestibule and courtyard — was paved with mosaic. The pavement of the western annexe has not been preserved, but scattered black and white tesserae were found there, showing that it also was similarly paved.

A s may be seen from Plate XXVII. parts of

the pavement of the courtyard, vestibule and eastern aisle of the synagogue were adorned with simple geometrical figures with little variety of colour: squares filled in with criss-cross lines and the like. Only the pavement of the central nave and western aisle contains more complicated pictures and more variety of colouring. The tesserae vary in size according to the nature of the pictures. Those in the courtyard pave ment are more than 4 sq. cm. (22 by 20 mm. and 24 by 21 mm.); those of the eastern aisle and vestibule are smaller (17 by 13, and 18 by 14 mm.). The tesserae of the pictures are mostly smaller than one square centimetre (8 by 8 millimetres, 10 by 9, 11 by 7, 9 by 9).

The coloured glass

cubes sometimes used were generally smaller still (9 by 7, or 9 by 8 mm.).

1

S e e Oehler. Epigraphische

Beitraege

zur Geschichte

des Judcntiims.

Monatssdirift f. Gesdi. und Wissensdi. des Judentums, 1909.

p. 292 ff. No. 57, giving an inscription from Phocoea: T d r i o v ^ T y r i t c n v o ; t u p ' E v . t f S o i v i i ; fc[ai0(>uc| in by " K o s m a s Indikopleustes."

The Alexandrian

Kosmas wrote in the middle of the sixth century a kind of encyclopedia in which he carefully compiled from older works various information helpful towards the understanding of the Bible. book was widely circulated during the following centuries and

This

it has come down to us in several

copies, the oldest of which (9th century) is that preserved in the Vatican Library (Vat. gr. 699).

This

work was illustrated from the outset, as may be inferred from certain portions of the text and also from the similarity between the pictures in various copies.

Therefore the picture of the sacrifice in

the Vatican manuscript (PI. 6) may be regarded as a description of the Sacrifice from that period. In addition to all the details of the Beth Alpha mosaic, this picture also shows Isaac carrying the wood.

Here too are various inscriptions, such as 'A[l(.mu|i, 'lowly. oii;i.-rfiiu'>|iiv.:, and the like. In spite of

the differences in the details of these two pictures and the Christian elements in the Kosmas manuscript, there is a great resemblance between them; and the two may be related to the same Alexandrian prototype, which may well have been Jewish and one of the pictures with which they were accustomed to adorn the Holy Scriptures.

THE M A R G I N A L PICTURES, ETC. (Plates X X — X X I V ) All three panels are contained within a wide border (from 60 to 90 cm.) whose breadth and the pictures occupying it vary on the several sides.

O n the south side, against the apse, we are 1

shown in squares (right to left) a bird with long red legs, a hen with chickens, and a pomegranate tree. In the trapezoids beneath them are seen a cluster of grapes with its leaves attached, and, next to it, a fish (PI. XX. 1). Along the whole of the eastern border are two intertwined vine branches, enclosing in most cases pictures of various animals.

The southern portion of this border was concealed

by the Bema built over it, and part of the edging of mosaic next to it was also covered by the bench built there.

The first pictures near the bench are a basket, obviously filled with fruit, like

that on the western border, and a fox eating grapes from the vine. The next two pictures, very attractively coloured, are a many-hued pheasant and a man holding a bird in his hand (PI. XX. 2). Part of this picture of the man holding a bird and part of the space next to it are damaged; yet it is still possible to recognize in the damaged part remains of an animal with tumed-up tail. long ears of the next animal clearly indicate the hare.

The

After the hare the succession of animals is

interrupted by three objects (? goblets) in yellow and brown, difficult to identify (PI. XXI. 2). A cat (?) and a bird conclude this series of pictures between the vine branches (PI. XXI. 1). The border on the north contains two inscriptions (see next chapter) and two large pictures, a lion on the east (PI. XXII. 1) and an ox (or buffalo) on the west (PI. XXII. 2). The lion and the ox, strongest among wild beasts and cattle,- seem to be depicted here as guards at the two sides of the main door into the synagogue. A s we have said before, at some time later than the laying of the mosaic, two benches were built here, half concealing these pictures.

Apparently they were careful

not to damage the mosaic, for when we took town the benches we found the pictures intact and unhurt. The western border is filled with squares. In them are seen baskets of fruit, a bunch of grapes (PI. XXIII. 1), a vessel containing fruit (PI. XXIII. 2), and other figures. 1 Acording to Mr. I. Aharoni it is the lllmantapus Candidas. 2 Cf. Canticles R., o n Ammudav "axa kesephi R. Berediia and R. B u n in the name of R. Abbahu, ( A m o n g bcastsl four are mighty: the most mighty among birds is the eagle, the most mighty a m o n g cattlc Is the ox, the most mighty a m o n g wild animals is the lion, etc."

The Two

Inscriptions

43

Of the mosaic pictures elsewhere in the synagogue, mention should be made of the northern half of the west aisle in which are several carpet designs (PI. XXVII).

Specially attractive is that in

front of the door leading to the chamber adjoining the synagogue (PI. XXIV.). This "carpet" measures 1.95 by 1.45 metres. Its design is quite simple: a guilloche border and inside it a series of circles. But the mingling of colours (black, yellow, grey, dark red and pink) makes the combination attractive.

Chapter IV. THE

TWO

INSCRIPTIONS

(PI. XXV)

In the border of the mosaic in the central nave, on the north, between the two animals on either side of the main doorway, and in the very entrance, are two inscriptions, the one inflramaic and the other in Greek. As can be seen from the plan (PI. XXVII) the western side of this doorway suffered badly when the building fell.

The bench built later to the west of the doorway saved the

picture below it, but the exposed part of the mosaic, east of the bench, was damaged by heavy stones that fell on it. Thus the whole of the right side of the Aramaic inscription, nearest that side of the doorway, was destroyed.

Part of the enclosing rectangle, the ansa on the right, and a few

isolated letters at the begining of the lower lines on that side, are all that have survived.

The Greek

inscription, however, has been preserved in its entirety: it was further removed from the doorway, and it was damaged only at the very bottom of the edge, on the right. The two inscriptions adjoin one another, and each is contained in a tabula

ansata.

THE A R A M A I C INSCRIPTION (Fig. 41) The rectangle containing the inscription measures 1.18 by 0.60 metres.

The inscription is of

seven lines with letters averaging 4 cm. in height. The lines are not straight but slope down slightly

• n v r i r < . T \ o ^

Fig. 41. Reproduction of (he Aramaic inscription

p

oiv oi Tf/viiai oi xufivovrr; to i'yyov rnfito Maijiavc); xui 'Avivuc utdc "May t h e c r a f t s m e n w h o carried o u t this work, Marlanos and his son H a n i n a , 1 b e held in remembrance!1' MNI2HOY35IXY — i for rj a n d for , a r e c o m m o n alternatives in t h e orthography of contemporary inscriptions. In a first a c c o u n t t h e present writer suggested t h e reading (miafhriotv t-i, corresponding to t h e usual Aramaic phrase in s y n a g o g u e inscriptions 3t)^ p w r .

But Dr. Schwabe has rightly pointed

o u t that t h o u g h such a reading m i g h t b e possible it lacks analogy. The u should, therefore, b e regarded as t h e p r o n o u n oi as In t h e second line. TKXNITH — T F / V T T U I with t h e c h a n g e elsewhere f o u n d of t. for ai. rew |B1K,* a n d m e a n s o n e occupied in skilled from Syria,

denoting

TK/VLTII;

corresponds with the Heb-

labour. T h e s a m e epithet also occurs in inscriptions

t h e skilled builder or contractor w h o p e r h a p s was also t h e architect of t h e

structure which h e built. 8 KAMNONTK2 — t h e verb zu(™.i indicates work requiring much resource a n d , often, special skill. In m o d e r n Greek »'I *"i'ii? ™ " d o n o t s o . " 4 They probably used this verb xu|iw> to indicate t h e special n a t u r e of t h e work of mosaic laying, or they chose it rather than minu b e c a u s e t h e latter, like 13JT or fiEW. could b e used also in t h e s e n s e of " m a k e a gift of."'' TO EITON TOYTU — in instead of o. Cf. ?i>Y"v

nTira2 r o j a n r n

Plate IV t

nr

The Synagogue at Beth Alpha Ks^irron

nDJsrrrro

X Central Nave showing Berna and Apse

2 Berna and eastern Aisle

D'DSNMI ¡TD^H . r W S I S r ! n j ^ S C " 1

nmron

ru>»Dm n a n

2

The Synagogue at Beth Alpha

ttebK-rraa nD»rrrra

Plate VI

i mb

The Synagogue at Beth Alpha xebK-rpaa" noaarrrra

Plate VA 1 nib

The Synagogue at Beth Alpha K s b i r n m nDjarrna

Plate VIII n nib

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-'ns i»®1? laata mina ntn noaan .n'aanan nn^wan 'v-í>y nana» noaan nx xin yaip n^xn ouwpn -jao .'-'•pya n'wann nxa1? í n « « nsipn T13P ,m3iyn by iay x^ xw BIS i'BW'p ]uso3 pi «.b anrixna nai» nr n'aanan rindan .insana os x^x ÍTB®B ]Dp p!?n ix nipj^ ,aaax ,np'aon ^a'B 1 ? ,]"iy HPBX 'xi ntn a»an'a lina a^ix .in'aan t n s ta nx nyií> ,ina nxu oaipaa BHaiyn D'vnpn ri'oxm no'aan ai nai ,n'sn nnn 'a na'aon .3mta isa nn'n /rtn -Vy nona» a»a,vna praa nn^ana® •»»an aun 'm ty«nn ¡pma noan-iru man -46 w * no'aan ni'ní» nn'n nans o'aaun ' v bv abv 'ip'j /-mw iS3 x^i Sbvnb nai-ixa iaa ,a-iys ixa ,nmra p-rn nays xsaan ,nr noaa-n'af? /iai xaVx-n'a ,«naa a-an'ai» o'ann waana onnx D'BIB Tiy 'x*na u1? n^a' nrn a*a.ra /laa'xon p^n la'xiw iaa .noaan-'na *pya3 nrn ia'®n xs nsw naipnn nx oa ynpi> ianta'3 v •pn» J * n o i ? n'®ann nxo1? T , p oxa a'an'a ^ , D ' B i » ' p n bv n ' i i ^ i x ' a i x n npnan l i e by n'oaan© nxna jioaan-n'a nmn by nnasa® ,®ia3 nnsian n'oaan bv OB'OBa nanwap ,naina i n e 1®aa n3 ii»nw D'aw B'aip'n bv mspy mxni» ipbx a»an'a nssia nx®aw d't>i®3 ."530-31 naws nnasa pisa nr .7nB'tai» ixsaw lasy os'osn bv pbta aa ^nan1? nwßx ainx a'aip'n .a-an'a bv lai'p 'a' 1

Kohl-Watzinger, op. c., p. 125 ff. .134

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îaipa ' î r w :Tmyb -iwbx n x i n n^xwa by î p s a ricana m n ' l a ' » * b i s

na

i n x a BX ' a ,iasy n o » n - n ' 3 3 " l a w n ^ n n a n ' a xV n n n n - n o B a ' m i a v a i a p ,«na®n'V aaisn T p a t 1 ? nan / ' B ' t i a

.-'mna-neaa B ' a w B ' ^ i a p s ^ n x B ' m i p BVixi ,nra u ' ® a

pias

bn ' n a ' x any-nyi> B ' y n ' m

]'x

.nxra a i a i y n by B H ' y a ,'iaa s n i p - y n x ^ x ^ x aon'V p x B x s a n Bipai a n m a ' b V » / . T n a o

bv

•as n ' i i ' j n T i i a 1

1

. n o : a a - i i ' a bv oipaa 01 nann ? n » B X 1

' a ' j s n - p y a a xs® ' U ' p n T - ^ y

T n a m p a -jx , X B ^ K - n ' 3 3 B ' x s i a î a x p , m n ^ n n i T o a atn ' « i t r a l ' x

.XB^>x-ri'33w at^ 'a'Sfln w w p

]&ixa b i

axiîw wa

x a s a ' i n » 'BÎ?a n : n a a n n ' a » , n ' 3 n n asss . n ' a ^ i y a ni

BB'db

bv

pbn

b i j j w , ' p y a n ' P i p n n x nr

ns'pnm

na'yu-x

nxii?

,pyja»

nosan-n'sa

nan^aV n a n n x n aa®3 n l » n j atn

*?ya nxwanan

B'xp'i'an^ ' r u m a 'ii^ix'aixa ® n a a - n ' 3 ayoa

,aann

ayss "?y n^s:

,inn'

'3 mn^a

noian-n'a

nanyV m ; ®

,'Bnsa

, i ' y i i o j s n i 3 x a fri 1921 3'3X3 i - n ' a n x - n m n ' ."ntn nos3n-n'3 no® Vs n x

naina

,b'!?wit3w

"»Tip miron oyn 'Bto n^s na'nn nx i t m d b j i «nip -eba nnrnnw oyn 'sto nn'je fViBi' B'jpt l'n ns'a, 1 •>m m « nimn »an .('k /a n'jjm js) "'iai i^y ba naimb na'nn n * v « ' ' * 0 w ' W n o , i(»"s ,'t n ^ » .kîibdw) ' w K i ^ - i n x « n n o »ta'»n ttn -j-Sb «bi . « s - w ip i d » 'juibsm »îpua n'2si min ibd btu 1 » ip nusb | ' w n nasn v » P pwvr Krauss, Synagogale iDJl Elboeen. Der jüdische Gottesdienst, p. 470 ¡DJ n«1 .('3 Î1B1D ^33) " « J ' i n n WWB Ka'Sl Kn >13® n« BJ «pDWi V (Antike Synagogen in Galiläa, p. 3G4) iM'SBM'bmp bs* D"K31on nt

Altertümer, p. 361 ff. B":iBpB nana nn^enn .yoite »

.•> i v s 195 'V.« .'K na» ,V3Tfi .n'pTiyn noan-'naa® nwo bv «cnnp .p'jpiB a'ioai Clermont-Ganneau, La mosaïque juive de 'Ain Dofiq, Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Inscriptions et Beiles Lettres, 1919, p. 87 ff. — Vincent, Le Sanctuaire juif d'Ain Doûq; Revue Biblique, 1919, p. 532 ff. " Vincent, R. B. 1921, p. 442 f.; Vincent-Carirère, La Synagogue de Noaran, R. B. 1921, p. 579 ff.

44

xabx-ma

n w M nainaaa ,Bb«n (paludamcntum) D'x'axaa b'ya xia «nabi mabaa u x a e n p a ,]'a'b a n s a , w n -«'alb») 'BU 'a = M n i n n t by yaaaa y i y p i c a 'awa ...IVSTI... yasaa bv bxa® i x a m a x n r m x pi jaioa a y a s a Dips .vovma ixw

bxa® ixa® a m i i v x

.aaia ara'bi abx 'ab bya .('a ,i"b ,air a n a y 'a

.oipaaw 'awn nyaua n'a nx n r ' x a 'an ' b n paw B mxa

.¡rwip'j = NIKM nainaa 'T-by bv injn 'sb ,Dba o'a"» myaoaa o'jan® n a n s ' i a 'asbw nsipnb , i r b n .'myaeon ritrpa OVOBOJX » ' l x x a w oinn 'ba nan?

p

. n i p n m m p i D ' J B I "75A I A N A P | " x b

nrsaa pirn xb n'aiyaa n r s o a a b i w apua o i a i x nam ' w y laa .(42 ii'x) oins l a x a n s

.ae'.i «piwi

x w a a n rpbbaa w i i x a i aaia »Via if

is

*

•KDVK-JPM '31» Bin

bv -or -44

*

6

• y s i a ata oisoa .D'liai bv

•KB^irjvan neina tom -43 -iv*

mpb

bv IT a n x .aaia m a n p moipna OA .Dipab Qipaa ibiBbB nx ab'pa 'baa

'pbn v a n'aiat ^ a bv o'inx D'iaw .-'bna bv asi'bya aaawa at oiaoa D'ba lxxaa ixsr-n'a nrvfltia 01 .jaw m u bv o'ia ia»ab on «]x o"ixi ,nc»a-n'ab anas ,IIJIX I O ' X i a 'T-by u n v s n ' i n s i x x a w D'lax D'xsa 'as? a n s a n w b a vbv f a o'nnn D'pi 0'ip Btpipa inoww ,(43 ii'x) nsnn: bv ]»p r a x xia ana inxa .(44 i r s ) D'jabxa 'JBbw aaipnaa 'any Din 'baa ixixi «jna bv i a » - ' i » a nxya xia m i ' p y a

.as

.n'X'a

an'yr D'pbn a n y a aaaax lain 'i»y a \ i ata 'baa bv api aaawa m n w o 'baa 'JB .ai'aa T o - p x bv .aaa o i a i x yaxa myixi ' B I V X a'tyi aaanx yax 'j'x .oipa 'abs D'Tnxa isna byv onMaa D'aara aa i y axxai® n'aiya ap'aipa lbxa m x a m

yii'

i:xxa rn'ixa n'aiy ap'aip bv o n a x o'naw .'-xa .noaaa-n'a naiin nx anoa® aavVya i s y a naawa DA noaaa-n'a aowa UIBBW ]ain lmxa paiyai ran'a 1 ? n ' n u a - n ' a i n p y a .a 27 bv pmaa onaiya ]ax mmb bv r n w ,ypipb nana bns xb abarui ,Dipan nx mpib D'VyiB ii>'x u i a y a .Dpbaa a'a lapa .lap bv

na«® an'a D'aaxa rni®»

.(45 ii's) p x nim^ a'Bxna lypipi VJBII aaixa n e a lapa "]ina .a 0.75 lpajn .a o.5o l a m ,.a 2.35 laix maiV ]'aa .Din i x a a'a w x i ® m x - i a n a x y v a ,nax p x aspira napa 'JBT by D'aiaw raw aoaaa ,axiaa ,a»aw® ,yiiu a'a w x i a » Dipab bya "pya D'oyia o i n 'to 'law .aaxa ix napb ]rx ,v

i'ya

•«sbK-n'an u p bv m a n

-45 n n

»n'O:T'aa asipna by D'xia iapa i s y a IXXBJB?

lb'x p

MS1? n n n x D'I® ata mpaV -pao lxxaj xsbx-n'a 'WJX ->b IIBOW 'BA .'iia' napb nwnb ,XIB'X .N'aiar 'ba DJ oama IB'aaw ,ar OIB'BB a i a p .pinttn piss nun ,rcjsn-n'2

n'jiVunsb Dira

nipsaon "pno p^onb

nupoon bp 1

'' Q. M. Fitzgerald, Beih-Slian Excavations 1921-1923. The Arab and Byzantine level. Vol. Ill PI. XXX, 33. Publications of the Palestine Section of the University of Pennsylwania Museum, Philadelphia 1931.

HUT®

43 n ' j a s « n x awnV ,xid'x ^ i n pix

n1?»^ B'xna « x v m i ;

nix'sa

n ' n i w x n1? ] ' x ,n nn-np x'n n'UPBX® 'B-Vy-«]x® ,pnsa n x m

.«i m p a s f bv i s a

« p ^ n s tf Z vit3s ,p® ,a'wryi non ,m'3Bp bv n n a d'®^®i

o ' a u a n nía® m v s ' t e a myn '3a te launn® m a n ns vn® m a

nxu

i^n^i nm®a u t o

nainsn

,nxrn ntepn '®sx® ny®1? *i®bx ._x »ai nswan inx ®m ' j a 1« *rnx ®'x ' T - t y nan'iw mni'a .fin '33 í'ít peo 'te® ,o'3aisn ruin -pis^ w b v v

nmn

.D'tsna .ana-ix ína'a m s n n ,nmxn ' i a i y .nxa - ntCD .4

nanpn mi®na i s e a n *]®an íx Ka ]t» .mi®n n^'nna na® ,mxn nx

n®p *ik®3® r n ' n ipna

'xn m i s m®n) n ' x n p a u n x ntea ' k mxn - "oa ^a p a i i n « .íaunn® nonn .nossn-'na mansa nji®xn ]xs y s i a

ais

mi®

nrran aio pa'o ix

®n®n .in' nnaina 'i / a

»(yapnx ntea .5

n 11 ®

i®sk ' a i nten '3bV® nvmxn nx - ' 2 " i , . . .«xn'np» nten ntenn - ' p mxn nxnss nn®n n ^ x n a ."•ai xnpV 'Vix n 11 ®

js

una o® n x i 3 s - . , , N

.ní>yaí> aam®3 n1?® '3a'n ipn p n 3a

' x n x'n mi®n bv n s w x m mxn

p^aT

® ' - ^ a n t a b . . . .n mxa í>'nnan .7

mi®

nVan «po - ' j mxn , n x u s ,man®3 nn®n «poa . . . ' 3 3 it mi® ntenna o'V®rf? ®' 4 nn® n a r i s •pysa® mansa wxxa® las , p x

rparn •pis1? isn'3® maisn

riainan

»oo'osn n®y3 na® naipnn by m o c a

.insxtea ípoynn® tnaixn '3® nx

-pstn1?

,n'aixn ,n3i®xm nawsn® Tiya

,n'3vn ,n'mx® nawsn nxa .D'aisan nx nsia^ nvstai nsxten

.trian D'p'njm nossn-'naa D'inxa ,no3sn-'na bv mansa nn's® n33'x a'saixn b® ir nimns mstn os «fay» ix «nwy» tysn® p ' s a o^ix ,D'3i® j'3a 'pte «nay» íx «i®y»® ,iax3 an'^y® ,D'®sx ma® ,03ax a n n nx ai®n3 nx nyt» x1? .o'saixn íx o ' a u a n an b"3n a'wsxn ax njrri" f x .«ais» laiaa d j ®a®a .o'3així> x^i D'auaV m s i x s íWn mansn hv

^nin

®an n^ya x»n nainsn .a'o 4 - 3 m'mxn ñau i ' a 0.27 í a m i 'a 1.18 nsins namsn la® jaten -pw .itV nnna 1» pi'ia n n a a ]3'x p - i a s i m^'nna p'x® ,mn® MNISBOYS1NY

TE

.1

X N 1 T E Y K AMNO N TES TU

TUEPI'ON MAI'IANOü AX1NA2

TOY

.8

KA I

.1

YOS

.ó :xnpí" t i » nainsn nx

(D'381Xn laloVl Q-niSI .X

Mvr|ftO(ooiv ot tExvItai oí xúuvovtii? xi> i(jynv toOto Mayiavíi; xai 'A'víwi? níóc .'isa X3'3m oi3io"i» :nxtn nsxten nx

íx'nn®

'nxsnna ,xinn p i n a mansn "7® n'BUWTixa a'^'Ji a ' B i V ' n - « Dipaa p ' s i »

:no3sn-'na mansa ^"nn w x n

a'xn' nn nvno)oi.v

•I^KI 137 'oj> ;¡ "IBD ,*8 mv ."rsvi.a « nains^ mi» .o n

xnpí» 'nysn n3i®xm

nono» ,mpnn A» 01 nm

1

manan

41

bv «pTX ix 'p nxip^ i v s k it mx .min« DinjD

' j í ««sä

,nvnix 'n® n a n ix n m a mx x'n .n'Bio

???

¡ v o n p o / n n K i . . . :i««n n-n®n ' T u ? nx

snp 1 ?

' 3 - 1 '1 i k

'nysn •xsi'x-maa nivann by nji®xm 'nxs-iM

: («ivB' na») nan ®"n®a xbh ®*i®a wia'pn " p i ^y «a1? n n m » p i n a wiab 'na®n ¡ v o n ' m a n n dho -j^a

'3-1

nVnn nx

a m a x lax -1 ! : v n n bvto i'ra "?y »omia n'n® Bmax bv man* m B'iuyna nan«»

•jiuna l a w » ,-isx®^a *?y xanna n'n® . t o r n bv man« nr B'auyna nan« x h

/in Bina bx /n

n»

fem 'p x'n miwn ntoinna» .uimxn mxn inyri>® ,-pyn -'],"b®bx 'biis .«an pnxV imaiaai i'inV» xin nx»n m w n

i>a n«

.(xnom xp-ia®) m n o a

^na

«a'xonn n^io» 'nb ' u a - r p o n

xnp^

,xin ny®a ,anaan d®^> nnwn ntoinna Dipa *ny i x » » xi>i ^«im

.«n^on pial®^ a i a n x i . . .1» : c 1 ? » »

jiyrn

.2 nn®a " » « n

by "japrin1?» i x a

«Zur Inschrift von

x'n npim it nannx

my®n®

ryrfr ®'

^an

«in a-nan®

Beth-Alpha weiss icli nur zu bemer- :ama (22.230) 'V« ' b i s anaaa p ^ i

ken, dass n^sn vielleicht mit BBn graben, polieren zusammenhängt.

'ans

•T'on wäre dann die Arbeit,

welche die beiden Stifter ausführten n"Bn ^bbrb. Syrisch gibt es Pael BBn für "insculpsit" ,xniBn "sulcus". Auch ns'en b. Chull. 25" gehört hier, weil an die Formung von Holz und Metall gedacht ist». iBoa

dwibi it n^a na® piosa iaa ,iaxy man paa by n a n a it nnwa 'a .ny®

ntoaa m x ^ n s n

4

: i o'np

.ans

Barrois axn .'inj 1 ? b® bi " i m l r x ,xnnx aax ,naaia® . « w w x;®xi» ( a " /t) x u y

.ntn DB^osa 'a x^aoa® «•?"«» n^aa iaa

mxn n^sana ^ B i n - m a n axyn b® r x nxTn

m u i a n'Baa >pp®a by® n m o nainaa xisaV v nxm nn®n J i m s rix® .awn1? nya 'ax nBia ^ax «yip®a 'aa-ty

T - t y n a o i e r n nmo"? mxpnaxn n'ii^ix'anxn n n ^ a n »T-^y nxsasw ,ion i r n a a ruva niKB

van

D'wam J ' » 1 ? UN71 x'ai'Bjx

maman nmm nxTn n'Djan bv 'anyan ny®n .1 ««Dt^on

.2

n ^ p n i

.3 .4

wntrnn

.5

bv

natas

nxtn n'B»n

n^Dr®«

.6

«in

Nnj?

.7

pB31

.8

xsini

.9

B'aiaanx

w b n

.10

B^ia®

ptoon

.11

n®am

K(t?ojni

.12

ni'SBpi

xni:i

.13

non

M&n

.14

B'wiyi

Knabtai

.15

nna

anno

.16

(K)KDyaiÄ

.17

nixa y a i x

.18 la

fin

n'pxnn nxîtinn

P t w n

-I3Í»

.19

npsi

aa

111 'ay ,'2 -iBD ,'k rav /pa-in

1

.117 'BP ,DB '-• " Nouvelles découvertes archéologiques de Synagogues, Revue des Études Juives, LXXXIX (1930), p. 407, 11. 1. 4

Découverte d'une Synagogue à Beit-Alpha, Revue Biblique XXXIX (1930), p. 265 ff.

9

Publication of an American Expedition to Syria in 1899— 1900, Part IV ; Enno Littinann, Semitic Inscriptions, Chapter I,

Syriac Inscriptions, p. 15, No 6.

K B ^ x - n ' a

40

nnxn oaax p m ^ n n a p a ' isas? o ' T i w n a mxi 1 ? iwbx» to .nw íaa'x m n » n y n » » 1

yr

xv ^ a a i x n i n n poy nanan nainan naxVaa ."jxa® i s a naa nnaaa

x?

n m i n a ,nipona man D'ays w

nnna ixs' nvmxni ,anan nwyaa ^»a®n

nspna 1

d^ixi .rrw ? nnna

jbix toai ,'iayn anan nx di

ik D'io'a naina x'n n ^ a a nxt1? «pial ,ion nainan bv ooaen 'sna m i ' » p'aai .maVipa -nVa on i n ' .'Wa p i x a p i man nx i'an^> i p b x ,na i y lVinap ^ x i w - p K a D'p'nyn noaan-'na bv nianaa o r « » ,o'bid n»ya na© ,nsipnn by miBoan ,mai©xin n ' m w

'nwa x'n nxrn nainan bw nnp'yn

nnia'»n

lma'sm osy iaVa .D'p'nyn noaan-'na bv nianaa - p x n xsaasr ]iipxin m p s n lnr 'a ,OB'Osn

nyapV

iraniana 1 ? tu a i í a i y ,nrn noaan-n'a bv wsipn

manan i s i x .Wan nimxan n'Tin'n n'BU'Bsn

, - p x n ntya nnx naina n y p i íaina niia 'a© ma p u n mx^® mai®xm nutans b x i P ' - p x a

nnin'n

] » » y a n "i'nwi (n)xa nVn» :xw naai® ,n^>an-D' D i n a nnnx D'aw 'as^ nxsaaw , n i w ' n naxan miti .'(rne 1 ? 433) «nwipa m a p i n ^ n n » 3 nabo

yapn«

D W B D n nKD ' a

n o . . .

.1

nniD^.

.2

n « o n . . .

.3

paian»

.4-

?

""ST...

^>3 3 0 . I

p

.5

X

.6

3

.7 .1

1

" m a m a nn'.i it mx ? ¡'a mxn bw "p'^yn p^nn nx 'o mxn 'aa^ i'anb n y

iwbx-üD

m i ®

...

i v s x "pifc / o ' x i i x t i ,ixa oya p i ixwa naaaw ,:\b nanpn mxn .(minx o'ayD n nanaa » ' » íaa) .ncB,DB misa ,nuBp |a

iia^na í m w o'aax

nos'DD

xin

yap

nxrn

,L¿...¿

miwy.i

^a'D

mssin

ani»

:pyaa

^ysn

meya»

«]ii :'n

,a*'

'b

kobos

:n'aiyai

nK

,nai

inx mayi

noaan-n'a

,iay

: n ' i i o a cu n w a w a n

>ysnx

imaa

.«nnoaipi nrnaip n n » a »

nssiav ]'ja

nx»V

.uop

manan

,yap

dj

nxsai

mxn

bv

nwya nasaa

,nnt?3

osya

y ; p n «

pya

oj-nflt5>3

x'n»

:nxrn

n^ix®

km nban

p x nnxa

» i ® a - ( ! ' p

ni»n

a m a ®

M"Vr»i m a v a

n"?an

nswa

mis)

.OD'osn

.«mesial

-

nxiin

nxtn

maio

tf>an

nx

xnp1?

noB'os

.b'os'obi ob'os .numai

miaV

jnpfiN

nax^aV

.«n'in

D'xna

D'jaxa

iwbx nxrn nnwn nx

ncB'DD

.2

'ib^w mxn T i w - n n i 3 / .nni3^

nna

n y a i p a ®

n 11

v

1

. .la^wn ? p i a a iwdx 'xb? ,o'a»n i s o a » » » n a nxtn nn®n n^wxia

1

:o^bm ? iwdk nxtn ni>an nx .in' m i a i n a 'l ,'3 nvmxn t'D mxn bv p ^ y n nspn xin 6 - n

a'Wni> naw i a i x n - n 3 t e .in1' m i a i n a ' i ,'1 nvmxn »'aixn oia'B'rsn nsoina 'iocorív»; own -

Diroon

.nannxn mxn bxowaw ipn nx ,ibidb ^ ' x i ]xaai .od'dd.i niwyn p i

n y a p nainaa n a ^ a

maipxin n n i p n 'n©a» nyvb

.n^'iin naiam tymaan m a i n i i v s a

v

nxrn nax^a^ xsin® na ^y ,nxiaa .3

JlSD m e n . . .

n u n n x n o'^an 'n® n x n p naa^ xm n i n a

nannxn mxn dx ,i'an^ npp n n ' a onwn

nnip 1 ? ,1"BB-,imD •ib'si

.nx»n n i w n naana v> a i

'ji

.o

.«

'®ip

nanpn n"?an «110 bv minxn ni'mxn in na nyi^> I'K d^ixi

: Cowley, A Jewish Tomb-stone, Q . S t , 1925, p. 2 0 7 ff.;

k'd

m i ®

.nv.ipviyi

Daiclies, ibid. 1926, p.

ni'prt n'iayn n u n n v^p

31 f.

1

. o ^ w .dibds1? n'tsenn n«os -«a

39

manan

'n®

nn^s ,(i ni'*

mW o'aay ína®x ,íiitb ^o oaina D'^aan .o^ian nuoaa nx D'R^aa aiya i s a .'íai (2 nvs , r a mW hvpb aai .n'anyaa arsea bv 'Jissa p^na ns rata^ my nna no^an-n'a bv onasa D'p^aa® OB'OBa n v s a lina as'Via aira» ,n^-ra 'as1?® a u p a n ' s «ía n n ' 3 as' .(ra mW ûtîik a ' n w 'H's íaina V'aaa a^vn :bi®b h sin ni'sa osy .pya 'a 1.45 laan 'a 1.95 n'owa -pix .(i"a aiW nojaa-n'a^ asesa 'Waa amaa ana» (Tnn aaa tan» ,hbk ,aias ,na®) cyasa naiam dí>ik .D^iry bv n n w lainai r m b aa>yj a'rnoaip

'yan

pie

m a n a n ^m? (a"a mí?) ,®aa ao'jaa t ^ i '»tria ansa •nayto o«aa-^ya 'a® pa ,]iasa .nnanaa aj'Boa bv OB'DBa nuoaa !?ao ,(i»a aiW 'Wan tr®ma 71ra mm1? i®bk® 'sa .n'jva a-wai fl'anna naxa ,mana 'n® musa: n ' s a by pn ,nncn ansaV aaaa® ,misan í>0B0a .ata nnca bv 'anyaa p"?nn pjan nieoiann ny®a mva oiaa t - b y .vby iVbj® nnaaa a^asa T - ^ y pirj i1? rnraa® a^uan oa'oaa p"?n dí>iki ,vnana® nvnixi n ' w a inxa ,anm uiea p t e a p^n pn .anaa tí? nai®»na ira® jraixn nainaa bv »»vi i s a bi .n-wa nainaa a n w t o a man®a n«r naiyV .no^D1? m®a at isa© nuwana n m n ' » m a nnnx n r r r a ñau ^31 ,it v ^ ir nixsa: mansa 'n® .amsoa bv 'ia»a pnana aspa pi ayjsa® ,nnaaa m i ' apiana .tabula ansata -jiña aains (4i n ' s ) r p o - i K n

nairan

ni'nwa bv ysiaoa aaua .nnw ya® na x'a /» 0.60 íann 'a 1.18 ,ñaman ruinj íaw ,|aí>aa 711«« mai mi® ^a bv 'ja'a aspa® .t .bunvb j'a'a p p yiB'®a nirrpi nn®' j r x nm®a .a"0 nyaix

r y j T i ^ - z . b

O •

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r n

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i r

r

r < T r

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y

r

A •n'mwi nawsn i» npiwn -41 n'jt

38

xa^x-n'a

x'sina n y a ynaaí? o*a®a ib nm^wn T a a y s i a B'uya ^ r a > x a iaiy orna» n n x a .®x m y i a i^>y® ,VIVAS IN E T E R N O Z[eses] ,moi3n ty® m ^ n n

manan nnx nxsaa i v s ^ a'aoa

,by\ab ibbt n s

.ni'ni ®a®a pa «oidd>13» bv a n u í a n mii'Bxa n y ípsnoa «"n .meo 'bix b'tps.i b'x®ij j w u r a n nuaxa i w a ,nnmxa m v ' B w p a .ífl'oia n a c a bv yop í>a!? .'pVa-ptoi ,iison n®ia

n'nnnai

nisipna

nx ,i®bx® aaa i y , i v s a n e a xí>x , n n i a

ni'pya i i ' S .va «B^x-n'a ob'ob bv a s i p n a amx n r s ' .uan nx raon 1 ? nxan naira ,ip'ya r n - ' a n a Kosmas) n í a t í i oxaoip B®a y i r n a n a » (Xp® m'pwa «px aa® »anBi^p'sax pya r a o ^ n'w®a asan ysaxa ian nmioB^xn axaoip .Indikopleuste 3 ) mxa ^ a a i x a pisa a'a ntn i s e a .wnpa-'ana naaní» ®a®í> n i V c a nui® m y i 1 D'p'ny a i a o fina a a i n n a o a nia®ja n «'a (rnoí> n T w n a

axaaa) p a

ap'ny mva® ,nnnx mpnyna u'Vx yam d'j®

Din» maipaa jrrt iwax® las .onvsa o®ipa v w x i a n'a ata n a n a .(Vat. ^r. 699) xana® ixp'axna ixp'&xna® r a - a n s a ® a r p y a i r s a ,mji®a mpnyaa® B ' i r s a ^ a vv

.naxnana p-ia3i nsen bv bbsm®

1

- m a a ®'® o'p^nn ^a ? ,«]ou ar i v s a .xvia aaipna a r p y a iix'n bv x a a n n u o ^

,i®sx (6 niV)

•'íai ,'A(i(iaúu. 'imuat ni'n.-io&uóiifvo.; las m i l » mana p w ixa dj .D'sya nx x®ua pns' i r s di ,xbVx a i y r a i v> ,oxaoip bv r a - a n s a ® D ' i x u a

B'ipai a!?xa D'ivxa 'i® a ^ i a a aaa® .a'Diaa

nna^

1

o'sau r a aaa® ,B'ii'xaa m x - 'Tin i x a jan' .'«naoaí'x owbibtib^ on-w xsia r x on^ nwaxi .on^'a .»npa-^ana nx vwpb

(T'3 ,1-5 ,a»a ,x»a / a mni1?) '131 m a D D n ia-1831 a3i® m j o a n a n n

n r s

.D'nsn nyaixa (713/3 n"o 60-90) nam n u o a rispia mx^aon

vbv

}'a'a .a'yian Tina a n i s a .D'oexn vb , n m i s a .ana» nx D'xVBan d i v s . i an b'jiw

D'^ai ^ya iiy

•rty by D'ajy "7135?« o'T'iSB annnap ni'SBiaa .psioa ]iai ^yi n'misxi nbja ix n^uam ,-'nianxi n w n x D'x!?i3i nta a» B'a^nwaa ]bi ' i i w -"j® a'iaiy m í a isa® n u o a n p i x

.(1 i v s / s niW s i í'inxi

n u o a n yap .í^y anaaj® na'aa 'T-^y aoisa n u o a a bv ' a m a nspn .o'siw a « n - ^ y a ' i r s ,aní» .asina x1?» ' x n ) "?o an Voaoa vbv

D'awxin o'ii'sn .d® naaj® >obo -«T-^y ip"?na xin «ix nowa nr inx®

- a i ' j r o s n :nr inx® D'ii'sa 'i® aa Bn'yasa i n v a n'B1 .]Bin 'a:ya ^aix í>yi®i (aiya isa® nrs ,mi'a i i ' s a .D'ana n n x ® ivxni n s s n ay ®'xn i r s a pbn .(2 i v s / 3 mW 11^® iibs p'ínaa ®'xm a f l i j a 73-iax a y s i a a a'nn bv nisixaa B'Jtxn .nVya1? ^»sia ia:»® ,'n-^ya ' T i ® Tan1? nxt taa i®bx o n a a B ' i ' i s a a (?D'yaj) D'asy a®í>® 'i'-^y B"na-'^ya n n ® npoDJ na:ixa i r s i n x Jiaaixn nx n í a

nu"sa

^na® a ' i i ' s a n n ® nx D'a"ea n e s i (t) í>inn .(2 i r s ,x»a mW aniaa b>y Tiayb a®p® ,aiai aias yasa .(1 ii'S ,x"3 mW p i n D'^iu a ' i i ' s 'i®i (xan pisa i a r p ]n'Vy) manan 'n® nx íysaxa

'ji®

p s s isa® n u o a a p^n

D'tya ,n®ai .mxn® n x u .(2 i v s ,a"3 mW aiyaa ixn íx n®i (1 i t s ,a"3 rsb) n n a a rpix .a^n-^ya bv nsipna ,ua b^b

13ra® 'bs .noasn-n-'a Vx T^ian 'wxia nnaa

xV® íx n n n ® ' x n

.csní» i y n^xn D'ii'sn nx id'3® d^dbd

i i 'j®^ B ^ n a - n i s ,'ninnaai n r n a nr Dipaa .ca-'OBn rpvyb ninixa

.oís í?3 '^a B'ab® a ' i v s a nx annna « x s a b^obd.1 nx í m i n i®xs 'a .oa'oaa nx bpbpb •ucn nw K>m 3a« nwV n^wswn n-n1; t ^ n r nn np'nnn ,rsB?no roa» puse: niWEJn mw b1 d'ivs: 1 .1VBB fífli T,r» .(p. Stieger, Die altcliristliclie Oralikimst, Miinchen 1927, p. 781 D'-.yj CJ o'X^'.B a>B'í>3fl neón bl mnsn Tiasb «S» maS ®> i r s i ncnn mjrn n-non » n a nn-'a« n« w^» n^n nn Dnyjn 'Jw» /in asnn .-nonn n» bi Ü® pimi n»yan mpsi» anp mi' l'x ,nxn» ,nipa noma .mina nx nraa nuaoa msiB3 o'npi pan 'i3X .myiow moie .«^"X nini» .'nr bv i'D:ya niyau l'Jipi pyn by obb' ii>'xa xi>x ,pxn by ia*ix 'ran laiy ^«n nx n^aoan ,nai»fln rn »p n's^ na»» >xn nwp l'^x» .po'? byav «nb&r. ^N» nainan 'T>-i>y ii'sa a^aia Tn «p bv 'a'a»n .tbx /in «nyan Vx -¡t niwn bx» :o.Tiax^ a'a»n p tnp» 'n xxain ,nx 'np mysi» uaa® (pyn ay) nna 'nvy ima nxsiai K"?atjn bv jr^yn p'rna xin naipa» ,nr .x^aon mioa^ fina lana .ìrax nmax bv ìt x'n ,nnai ba nx bj n i n » nxVaan ,x^aoa n ' » x m main nbyab iy nvn ,-|Tik byn 'ìoy Vanoan ism ,ia npit na'»® ,|pt i>ya ,a'j®a xa wx-omax n^axan nx p'tn' n'aa'n n'a .a'awn ja xan bìpb xw a'»pai pa'i? iw .nassa anann ,i»xn .l'Vionpa 'jd bv p'Vyn 'Vxawn p^nn nx uxsa myib .naian ^y ìwvb pnx' nx a'T n'!?xawn n'ai nViun .«Dm3K» ama wm1? bya .onn amax nmpyn m'a .o'ni'n B'yaxa Tixan ibu «]pn»a nani» ,npi nnna ®iai> ,-D'j®a -p nyi-pns' ni's vb a»j d'xsbj anain .D'inx n'na D^y pya o ' x u pnx' bv ia:ù i>ya .amax mix p'ina b'jbV B'^y» 'Vix aism^ w u'jbì>» n'xa .msipnn ìyw raay» ,py "?y D'taia n^x a'siy ìx y>na ,n'sa o'xu arx nyan 'nnxa o'xxaan .«pns^» ama i»x"ii> bya .nrn os'osa .yavia nara -raiy x^aan bv 'ia'n nxpa .nan"?n naanna lama» >nya ypw lysaxa nanna bnaa i:i'x m'pyn bv nr n's nmxa n'isun nuaxa® nt xbu by n'ii'xna nx »ìd1? ì^ay nnsi:n n'oaan max .nsipnn ,Tn'n pn .Bn'«?a "nV »aia m'pyn rwie lisi1? ]an bv ìnyaan ,i'ax 'T-i>y laip1? xain® mn ,D'syn nx x«n:n iaipi> nViyn ian ,i'ax tnxin i>'xn ,ua nx tjimr^ amax ^n l'bx® D'ifisii ItPBff - O'inx Q'DIDl D'Sipn poa una oya w yeia Dna® .D'^aoa nnmn dx pxi 3'xn nina oysi pns' 'ii's nx nxi>ni n'jwn nxana ny i:x D'xsia .niaaipopaw mponsa mn» mnoua m'pyn •m'psa ni'» nm n'ton 013 /rjpnp -40 TTI moia ,ob'ob 'ii'sa .D'isipno ^y® D'avana :m'pyn bv mila nnt'Bxa pi ìpsnon nuwxm msipna .'!'iai T-'ana '»wp ,nn: ,nanai i» 'mns .manna vìì ia» ysm nx T'si> naa ,oaax ,ani» /lai ,a'syn nV'an nx x»i: pnr ."rxi» B'iia pnxi amax (40 H'X) Boulogne-sur-mer -a xsaj® ,n'3iar ì>bo by mm ni |'aa a'iix'nn mx .pnx' nx Bin»^> aniax D'»ia xin n'i>xa®n i t nxi ni>3xan nx n'ia'n ira p'rna mxp mix ®iai>n amax j"no"? n'wann nxana .naran nx a'xn q.tj® ]'a .13» 'iinx^ nnwp l'ii naa^ any laiy ,uiaa f?» 'ria ,pnx' .pns' nxnp^ vmvsna

tow yv iy dsoq V« by aa'3J By m t e t e i d ' y r w bpa

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ny^pa a n s a xwia ata

.ona 'bxa»a p"?nn dk íaxxa , t " mW p p a nx nteoan ,yia'ia bv nainnnn n r e a , 7 3 - 1 ™ » m a m vb

n e i p n » ,ir

D ' i i x a pyn ' i o i a u r a

na

anaa nvnix i v x a jnjxa x t o ,]aixn bv n ' nx a w a ' i ' s a 11* n'jxatfV® « p a n n s i p r i » nainaa .(2 -iva nx i n r a

a'uma xb - mxí> ]i'innip ,mywn - x w

vr

awya aaxy aoipna i i ' x o »

, a i » m dx .nayn .n'niaaxa i n t e '

a'niaw a c a a a®x m a i í r i e ^

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nx Vaoan a n s a xin niBipna i ' a

axaa

xbx , i a t e tnx ípa > 1 1 3 xí> ,B'3Ba ' a u n ara ob'obs Bioaa n a w x i n Dyea . n i ^ i y a i nixba d'jd n^ya i » x a nia'iy i n ' 3 n i x

D ' r y a di . p x y

B'asa l i n a

«]xm axaa nx B'teai

asipnb «ion msipna i x p nx B'Dwpaa otj'wana laba

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aiaaa

ípa

.yana m i s a n y ixwa asa p i i , B i v x a

ix»a

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• n s a a bp-rni annan bs B'xia

.pina

vnn 1 ? a»p ^pia vb

ai'ixaa

o'axyn maa nx

. « n t r r i n e i p n » na'B'^ aína n m i a i n w axa a&x mana n i x w a aaipna

.(2 i i ' s , n " mW « p i n a

m a s maiy

n'aa'a »jasa by

.a^xawí»

ni'mxa . n i ' T 'n® 'bya ( í ) o i a n m x s aa nx Vaoaa a n a a

'sas |a 'iaab

maa

,ana® nx at^ina aa«^ ít aaipna .amapt nx o'o'tea n " n t e p B'aaa o^anaai maayi nnoiaa a'is .o^va o ^ y a i n'^xawa as:aV ^ya xsi'a aasa ^ r y a p i x a p a n a aaí> . h a s xí> dh ' i d x1?! a i s x^ i r s a i'xi •inaa at ^ao a w a bv pbn at'xí> pee te a v x w a a r x « r 2 B MBIpn» nainaa ,nyi^ a®p - a'^yaw .paya r w a

tj'^px ? n a ' a i . ^ x i w - p x n yac* n a i ^ D'xna 133'x «]iina bv at i i x t 'a ,«]'oin^ i n s

, D n r * a T * i ® a ^n^ ipbxw nan noipn

'sa ,pya bv

t ' i w n i jo'i nioipn ' i i w

B'B33 D'ioinB D'baoa .aaipr m a l a

D'niaa

1

OB'OBaw nwipna 'bao b'3"w

i p ' y a n x w j nisipna y s i x a

.(49 t i ' s ) «n'a'B

roipn»

xB^x-n'aa

.D'Disien bv

nainsa p i ania^wa a i x w

an®

]'x

oibb^

Diana

ií>rj»

nao nsipnai 'noib

aona

•'bbsn

nojipn» nx D ' x n Cx ,5 mV) ii'X3 .asipn bsb a n a i ' a a o'Bia'ioxa ana o m y j ]3-ia3i

,1ixaa asya nx awnb a'a iwbx . p p f y aj'a'Vi n o s a^xawí» .axaab mama a ' T ® ^ n x " i x w ' t t o d d i aj®a a'a xbab'x ,n aeipn T'xan t)i3'ioxn ,o'yna bpnb

a i x n s oyas nVisa aa'xw ,nxta nirna nina nx nsrnsa ('a ,5 mV) ,'[i]®n nsipnb bynv nui'Vya a'nixnp t í >

,a®xib í>ya ]xs «]x t i s b

xaí>x-n'aa las

awisb

b^ya

.n'bxawa a i ' 3 ap'taa m a m w

.OB'OBa ínixs®

nsinsa .moipna

moipna n i ' s

ix®a

.'3313 ,a»'í>B^ nxwa®

( o " m*)

'i

«i»3D

l'ai nanpa xteea |'a a r i s a , j ' i n ' c ^ dvtxi n a » yaxa D'bpi bv

m i ® aai ,(a*o 40) a a m a y i x i

.«pns' m ' p y » n ' s ab'saa ,nxta xbaon nx ají ata ' x i p a a atnaa p"?n ninpibn niwBaa bs nx oa oni'xa mbyaí? ]xa an'a D'aaixa n:ns yaia B'awa ia ixVai ,B'a^x bv

í i i ' s nx byie1? x'*ia^ ® u

omax

n?xs ,ia® nni'3 ' n a n a

oiaiaa

.nxt m v y a ,iay n x w a r i-ins

D'nyia

.«D'atxa» Vta bv

'a® n'í> .baay n w p nxisbi «]3ix ®ian n a n ii'xa

íaa ,|xa d i

axia xbaon bv

'í»xa»a axpa

.^í'bya i s n 'xn p i axia nanb i a y a iBiya

'a®a aDwa» axya ?bn nx 'iaab íronni? ,13 T - b y

mix

.iiwxia

lyaaa

ai ' i i n x a at B'axy 'aw i i ' x s » '»ípa nx o'aaixn

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naina

te

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bv

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ata pbaai?

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onn» D n u i a

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bv

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a'n

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JIB at'xl?

aawa

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mW

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ran

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at

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toòi

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a r e a n w i p n y a n x 'tosa a n i s e , 0 ' p i a ' j a n x l'ani? awp .("nexawi> n ' p ^ n

npania a'inn

x'n

.1 vmb

by

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n's

iV»xa n ® p n

byav

7

n»xu

«n®p»

n^xa®n

n®pa

ma'n

Vao , t x a n y .ai^a i x ® î

,nianp

n j i ® (1 i l ' s

pbnn

«]bii î i m ® , m n xV . m n j i p n i ^ j i 1

mi'« D'ayo ? ,ix y s ® a n ' a ,t"»

m W 13^®

i x 1X33 D'à i t

'n®3

Tpsa

rnv

o®a

rr^w

.(2 i v s

'nwi ® x i n a o'n^pa

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nxa

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anpyn

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pn ,mn

xin®

i x 113 t V

r -by

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mi

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wn KB^M-n^aa m a n i v » ,a"n nKQa

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pbn)

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nn n D i p n n a

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p ' t n a n ® ' x n 111 ' p ^ n bv

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n v n p : bv

bv

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p ® x m "?ran p i

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-by

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mis

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xi^aa

•inr

nitoan

n o B i p a n"?a®n . r r ' n t n p 1 ? i y n n a ' ® ' a s a 'tonV a y s a n , n a n x f f t a ® rreiy m a i n

d ' j w D'ipi ty

.(2 t p ï

34

.b^ib wbm nVi b^bu «s* nSpa r m

:1

nSinan bVui. :nvya u n Viim 'a-qw p-nS

p » v^y iw* MBS ï p nawv K»m B'taB t b n r a .nuno n e ^ njnw i h w . m i n e ,ns' n^ina *>m .(d'd») i-d-« r6 « n p (onp-iei i r

uaiDi .yw'K nin

tfib

B«Knip moisn nspBi .(atrium) M'.inM

n-ioip -ipm Bipea p i e wik n^aKOi p p nyj n^iD

.-ji

.(F. Boll, Sphaera, Leipzig: 1903, p. 513 1BB3 Karl Dyroff n m ) . ' o t o r v BWTO» « « y n o . m w .«B^jno» 3'rob .Androctonus bicolor l'on Klîi «innK

4

1D bv i n v u n 'fl^

Boll-Bezold, Sternglaube und Sterndeutuny;, dritte Auflage nach der Verfasser Tod herausgegeben

von

:nm '

.W. Gundel 1926, p. 52 ji^I? » w tut

tpib "pis

i;tDn m i s 'eb

33

n'ivxi

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nB*i

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'fia / p y 1 bv OB'OBa «11®» "?ta » r w onna ni'ai'a i r v

a» Vía .{1 "its , a " aiV) D'ai un a ,a'axa naipn bv vnnxn Vtan p i Twn p m n e o a'tarn njnsi ,o'Vrrw ' t a D'pita o'snaV oa'w .ta' nia^roa ni'aa'a Dan'® ,aim *iy® '!?ya oní»' 'j® n n s a ]xa nxina Dnxn ípa .o'ainnna i'Viw nx o'taa tnaix a m oo pn e w p Va ioina pitan .oamaa naaV iy bttpji 1X .o'aixna nisia 'a® p l»10^ -pitan 'b nx T'sV DT>n i'aa n v a 'a'B'a'iBa ibixV «]Oii .a'Vy eta®nV inta' m a a n®p an'n pixn 'as* ]xa mayw n'TPsn aa'tanBa ni'mx ]a íasy n ' s a a naiaV nitaaa .«Dx'0-'aixn»a ,niai*®a i'T nxBa .ata «ta axia n ' s a V» 'taan .«D^isn» ¡nopon to yi'Vyn 'taava aspav nainaa Potamon na'aaa anixa i s a a p i o a ]'a nx ]aixa iV ina f p n nsipn bv ]icxnn Vran yasa .mxu ¡rx i'3'y la'BVi .a^yaV laoawa -lisa ] » i o a .(2 i i ' s , a " niV) TiVx'a nasa di »na .potamios lama |'naaí> ipbxw ,vapta 'nw nixsi' aua^i i'ton m x u «|ua ' i s a .taipaa íait Vy ,'xni ,nxia r n a a íaa ,ir naina .nimipn manaaa jnnsa ajnV maiw ,11'sV Vya» ,«]tnD» .nainaa ni'mx .]a'J'w nx di .naya anaa í'T nx ja'x x^p .D'iaxa mx t - V y nnwyi ^a-mx® ni^iaa Vyaw manan pnoa |'a 'a ,('a ,2 m1?) ía Tan1? nxt taa i ' i y i»dx ,oiaj pyaaw p i o n a Vna pta® ai nnaV .Maia squinado :D'a xsaia joion xin dv i i x a a D'aua 'Bi^'n oa í'yas .(1 mvt ,1" m1?) a ' i x a ,it neipn bv 'j®n Vtaa xin a^sia 'nta mrt .niBiwa i'3'wa nimxi aanxa íaw1? n ' x u nyen i'cai o'iiBsn mofna i'taia ,a^yaV ia:t .aiaxa bv ¡i'Vya® nainaa mi'a ni"jya xtan a'nan nxea .('x 3 niV) í'Vya® nainam ni'aipa b'Vam 'nw nispi aira :ixa aya pn i x w pyia at Vta n»sa nMin mynn riM

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Synagogale Altertümer, p. 3 8 0 .

npo'fi nni* -, c n

n i ' » ) " w o n u nimt « V u i n n K«HK m n « v n 13 « « t a a n K n w i a i »am ttbìy na^ i p s o ' o v n „ s

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XB^X-n'a

30

•B»nss PVURN j»sn»aa »MM •rtiaa IM*TO»-36 TP* r n B'naaw naaaa-n'aa aa® nnoaa B'taaV "IWBX Ji^taa ' w ' i x ' t a i nies Di B'naaw B'anaa D'iawn -'naa uixa mta^ T a aty .B'naai mna-iDaa® D'taaa nya lorin ,nra tao bv » x n J i m * 'tas 'a® taa® ,0'iann p 'nx»a anj'anxaa nsaa 'apina i n * bv isna .Djna nesa ,ffi?j?n ^Vaaw o'p'nyn noaan p x a nx i i ' p w nn« .mal® nip'pn n n w n^y »man® ,nnx nViay p x /nxn HIIITA p a warum n'aa D'p'iiy D T » TA I'K at LOAA nara® anvsa iaa ,(37 W O NYO VB® anx v*i im® ,nVaa nxta maipaa iaa jitn anxa ® x w poo ta pxi .pnna mxw niai®x*ia nxaa n w n a w a V© n1?« nata onn« jioaaa-n'aa i m » tasa pta xia ,p -noaa naanna® ,nBTB* a i j a a i auaa la'Vin® n i m a a r ^ nay mnxa 'taa® ,OJ»K ,a®ia nnaiaa aa'soa amaa xxaa anxa tas® ,maiyai

anatia 1

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B*wtaa anvxa ta eVix jiBaaa-n'a o m a ein:

'awV xiai jiBaaa-'naa ataa o'taoa b® aaipa naia pao ta .'njni» ,B"PX®B aa'x ^ m i p a - p x 'JBV ba ®IB®B^ atfaa® j i n a ' a trxpxnn laanaa ,mmxa m i ' aoipna .anna-neo vi8®a ia® p x a ' i x »'»an p r y tax ,ataa B'TAE aaa TajraV MR> IST xl? ,nBaaa-'naa

bv B ' ö t a a a B ' - i v x a

B«n-'taa nj'^an naa^ nsni nxta a'xpxna® awn1? px b^IXI jja'NIBN nx IB®p® B'BSPBoa BMX v x i ? va aixt'ßa noMn-n'aa® ,iax B'JTP p B i x p

i n

bv vnivpn^ nma jwaaa-'naa D^uy a'tas Da ix

. 8 ®Tipn-im v ^ fjra B'aion n m x bv B'tao 'a® T ' a axaa n y i i ' s a nx mxi^ w ,xiaa p t a *>v onvsa ^'na .xtaoaw B'pna aviopa xi^'a^ l a t a Bnjwpa ' x n .n'^xawa nnaaa r^sr «|aya nxi n'aa'n anaaa t1?® "nosn maiy vbyv ,fya bv 'a'xaa .63 'oy ,bb 1 IM ,pp pa msp o'naa nDan-fl>3 ranmae ,\pe»» njnevn n« Q'IBID (Antike Synagogen, p. 55) •uj'smrSiip ' D'iwyn p 'ua "mpiiiH, ¡rn D'nsa dw ,133 nyw Dn mm iaa n'n onvon njwaw .n'oion nrson V» mn ,n'3"i» an '«rni» ,em UMSDV rrvjn rrnepe^aiM b» Dianen D'nawn T njo nnn«w n mym jiDian-n'a cma» cinnitn n-iayn nwna'iwiw ,ain noian-n'a bt n,B*uuv3a ooiw n'^iBDiipn 'w ivoi in'ta nSun n'iawn n* .pi«^ .Binj-nsaa loa ."iiiA mwy ' D. Kaufmann, Gesammelte Schriften, vol. I, p. 87 ff.

n ' T i ' s i

29

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•Aus alter und neuer Zeit» (Illustrierte Beilage zum Isr. Familienblatt,

n i l n p j ' B 'n fe

ntSHB3B n ' l V i n m

nun '

. H a m b u r g No. 28, I I Juli 1929) w i l l KßSwTi'aaw B«ivsn -a ,injn n * m n o (19 'op ,'a

'k n » . a ' B i j u n t o . T i w o ' n ^ m a n n r w n » jnpaee 'iv*

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hob) o ' a t e mitoa r S w n i m m .n'Bnpoa n i - i » bn ons'ban «t c S d b

W . F. Albright, The third campaign at Teil Beit n m .D-DIO"!!^ Sna ' J J » SHpD2 nbinlw n^KH tos K-n ,"K3 na v

nusojw

Mirsim, Bulletin of the American School of Oriental R e s e a r c h , N . 39, p. 7. .63 'BS

4

28

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3

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í'Vy® l a m a ' n - ^ y aa np^na v n a'aman ,osy ínix^ c a n a n a o Vía® nxia ,0'xsaa oa -n'a

' m a p^iaa •>®'D®ra m x xin®

í r x i i x a n asya® ,iy®^ »ax nou jioiaa faxaa uaa® ,p'n -pro ajina nVaa xí>x ,xí>Dna^ i'x wi

Ji^aa

ia® ]iixa

ivs

n"?aan i'^y® vb

xbv

,oian

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m í a iBO bv n ' x n y p ' a . o n s o a orna® xixaV i®bx D'annan a^ana o n n x a oa

4

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r ,m

P'™"

" =

-ny a'^y nx®ua .(35 i r x ) ip'oxna a n a ® a n ' i n y p ® .'•mya 'aprt 'í>ix i y r a a í>aiyaa a®iaa p i

pxa

n'ypipa aa .(22 i r s )

]'a a^aa n i ' i s a DU(LCIS)

nVoiBaa pxV p - i a a i Dina-iBaa® ninia 1 ? ,,!(38 i v s ) i n x 'taa n m x a T>ai ia'a nieip» n n a i y v

,D'ap aya® nbya anaa t ^

axxaa 11 p x

xVx ] i i x vb

*b a^aa m i x a

pa®

.pxa

.pypBa® p'nya noiaa-n^a

.(32 ii'x) i o ' p - p T i B d® Vy® nxaia-n'aa i'^iaa nya nxxain ' V i s a nVowa p x

bv

niwa*

i®an®a nxta a^oaaa i'aaa jmdo 1 ? n ' y a i a nxa1? nnix D'on'a ansina® .iiiBX'na n1?® n i n a a'oaa n s s i a n y nmxa p'ny noaa-n'a^ na«® an'n n i ' i s a a p x a ® .pao bs |'xi D'inx D'p'ny D'j'aa bv . 7 n'isia n'oaaa , n x i ® i

onnw

T i x a ' i i ,0'iBiaa mix a'aaoa myoa® .noiaa-n'a inixV 'Vi»!

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i^

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. C B M ' ® I I B c a x ^ a m i s s D ' a n a bv E N ' s .bt'S^

D'y'Bia

•na'a . n ^ a o a

nwiy

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.x'na

.(35 i v s .bmb a a i n s onst?

x»a i x

an'n

nsipna

,mpn

'IBB nsi:

'BWpa

nnapa

*b n n w n

'naa

n^aoa una®

^3

wwa

w i s

Tina

ix

nnoaa

V

xpn

^aa

una® iaia

,BIM-iDa

m v

,ayi3 B'ana mi®ox

D'mn'a

oian

B'aanaa

n'aiata

Bin a "?ao X ' n ® osax

B'XII

0*131

a'iai> awpi

aian

aaipria

.:!nvayj3

isa)

ny

'taa

aavn

'a

o'Ktea n'j-ipi iipwan » i b s nyua w m

Sukenik, Designs of the Torah shrine in :ni r» 1 » " « 1 "•™tsl> V3ip W i n I W O

ir'ry

aaa

'1®

ap'nya

"xa

D'SW

itfiab

bv

inv

a w

B'-MX ,pn'

KBVx-n'3 i v s a

Sjns nnn lanon .(Discoveries at Pekiin, Q. St. 1930, p. 210 ff.

flirna niMwm rwpao rrtytA .n^upn pun -sn m

B'toa

.-a'anam

.ini'3

by

DI

.niBiyV

nioiyn

N^M 506 TIOP ,VA P^I ,1930 NBIPN .«VP'PBS M^IN,) 'AS-P ^ bt ROWM DDIBM IVSN IW i > a n B ' i p 3 jnxn n n s KM nnx ,aaa a^PN a»ia®a

•noaaa-'naa anna-nsa na&a naw ,«aa'n»a îx «|nx»a

n'nnoai

n'waa

naan an'a a'aaxa

ayaa .'aaipa aia n'm nanpa n'ayo1? . T a i p a a'aysi n i n a xia B'BSBB .pina « a np'ya aa B'ia»a rnintatsa -risa p-ma»

.l'aaa nwaa -ry B'ÎWB .a'yian 'nin'B a'x-ia a'saa® ,aVisa nta ^>ya KW m n

L'a» >|axa apaisa B'JIP B"jiBpB'aiK a'Bwp .aa'ae nruaa Vy niaaiaa nriaaa aa mx-ia HO nimnB .ata» aiB'Ba paa ^y aa «]x a'x-ia .B'nai aiaa-nsaa noaaa-'na manna riaaw . m p - p u ó a'a»» ar l'aa i w x m n ' s a Jimaa

TBH i m a

ninta ^ x w - p x a

axaa V® B'aïawa ma» n'srjna îaxa-'pB'rip »ai®

noaa-n'ai> ,axiaa ,*]"» a'a oBa .o'-ixsaw nari nxaaa-n'a i " a r a i m a B'BÎiian . a ' i n a a a ' s n p a

rtw

aa i y iVaa» ,«snipa-jvix» 'H'sa

,nsnna Vw "my OB 'as ^y xin ^ x w - p i x a 4

xsaaw

(24 i i ' s ) a^ai t V w aaya î s a a aiayw

.non waa r>toa / a 0,50 xin ara oca -îoip ."'aipa inixa a'a®

ßeyer-Lietzmann, Die jüdische Katakombe der Villa Torlonia in Kom, 1930; 13, 5 mm1?. Müller-Bres: Die Inschriften der jüdischen Katakombe am Monteverde zu Rom, Leipzig 1919. NN 35, 173, 179, 180. Stassof-Günzburg, L'ornement hébreu, Berlin 1905, Pl. XI,; Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft zur Erforschung jüdischer Kunstdenkmäler, Frankfurt a. Main III — IV, Fig. 6. : DJ nm (rtin ISDHD mjA na yi'M Clermont-Ganneau, Mission en Palestine el en Syrie, pp. 78—79, no. 62 ' .0en bf nrrtDen yi-iKn nino bv rop uh nbnn D'ipinn Dussaud, Les monuments Palestiniens et Judaïques, Paris 1912, no 97. 'IWW AWRT v .DB n'nu no AW» bf nano MA BBÌT CÌJWI .MN' AW NNW NVNNDD MY-R P * RTTN mpon by •• " -Vi ìw nav-3 jiojsn-n'aV in i * ma"» ,R; tteó; nawan r'jira naw ino nnn Vyw ,ntn isaa uio-;ra-òp Mtev mpainsn nnnon nDM-n^ab r.s"» fw»nw ."z^yb ìow nairon wjnmw nvmna tiv nn'n n-Spp .omopa di a*»» aapiaw uV non mnia 1

1

.16 "NOS ,D» nui .TT'nn I»PA s i y a n a »

20

ítboiíi n a a a .ob'obs i s n a rrn - ixnni fruya ,no»n-n'a - p a n n o »

ta

-'pírn .asa «]Xiia íitt xw «]x«? roma ¿mwa í x s a s » .minea nuaVi nina® bb'bb ' j a x d^iío ,aaxin

inr

m u s a ' o n p a ,t*a mV fina mxiV i » b x ® 'bs ,i'a raa^a bv manan nraom fruya ,isnn bv> a s n a maiyaai n'taiaa arsaa nssi p i

.norial B'atasa a i p a l b i n a B'yana : B'm-niBiyai hibwb

nwnn

n a s i a » aí?x .ob'obh 'mx i^na ]n maiw .O'ii'sn 'bix!? Bxnaa .b'JU ' a n a l D'aana D'ivx mina aV'aa anyai mnnaa nrson ' j a s ja p a maop i(b*b 21:24 » » * a 20:22) Boyaría Dneauao 'js?a i m '

ixaa

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(inarx)

pii'

(Dcoax)

buo

cjbi« 1 ?

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jurua maiat bv ni'aipa wanwaV o'xVxi vn Cmoi p r v ) B'inaxa amana»

,mvpni

ip'ya . a m i a

nuaixa

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' T - ^ y íVp^pnjp a^xa maipaa iaí?B . i i s a a OB'OBa

1'3 i n i an^ lypaai ypipa 'jbb m n ® ,(niaj;) a i » a o'te nax ' » i »

^y B'ona nosm bv B'jep

t

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u

by nax ^jia n u y w

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,nnaiy asa ' i s

a'J»a 'Bta nnxa míala la'jawa ,m'aya a x i »

B'jnai

. b ' j w b ' j u 'í>ya B'ip nvua

. « a Vw m a a 'ií>na d:d a x i i ,m^>nj b'Ibs jiiy^sa

tt

.mnp

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19

n n j

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,ainxi . i m w a i n u w n u n a m n n v s n

'oivi

.run

o'janin ia n i n n i » m

ta'nn

hpx

O D i e a « ^ mpn jnsi

.«v-np-jviK» xi>x U ' n i m i r n m o w n byv o ' m x n o n r x n a 'a'tspeonsn n ' s n |Bixa -jx Viaan , n ' x n r a m a ® a n ^ y ® a m a y n onix on r m f c p n'Tiayni nrx f

.niVn n a n s n

nn'n

.]n«n nxna n x moaV k ?® ' i a a jxa n i ' i s a

)

S

D

n

¿ ¡ y H M f ^ d j l l f t ^ V

D"isa

o ' T i s a n w n p n - ^ a a*

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n x ' n w -Tsiai p ' V Dna p i a n a i " s n T n ' x D'a^aa aiwn p ^a Blpa o s i n a n ' n n n i a

w i a imBr ram'» ro to n-yp-i? -23 urt

•mrn» nanna 8» to mypi? -22 -n-s

n«rt>»a D'Tiay «]pian B^ixn .nrn i v s a in w x a m u p i p a ini' 1 m i m a ani» p'jya n'ni? n n i ,(a»a-i-B /») n ' y s a x n n r s o n n n ' n la® nx

ux

o>xsib®

bvnb

ainj-nsa

D®a .noaa-n'ai» p

bv

noaan-n'a oiD'oa .p'ny n o j a - n ' a dVik 01 nvn 1 ?

di a'xna

o i k o i : i p i i n i i s nxinn

ainan BBwaa nmanw pso i>a , ' n y r t p x i .'n^iin n i n n a n v m x a» U K b'xsibw n i a i a n n a m

.a'iiay

m m n ' nianaa

bv

mnw

bw

m s

vbv

nspia

n o j a n - n ' a ^ ¿oixoc

*iran

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. - 'lai «ntn Bipan

by

oibv

»,t» :(xai?yi oyna nsa) " x a

no:an-'naar

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Oehler, Epigraphische Beiträge zur Oeschichte des Judentums, Monatsschrift f. Gesch. u. Wissensch, d. Judentums, nm

nianaa

1

Tütiov ütqÜtoivik; toi" 'ErarSomic tov olxov xui tov nFyiPoi.ov to» v.-rtiiflo'»' ! n'plEB H31TO No. 57 1909, p. 292 ff. Tov *at(ioxei>u ] « n

mina

n»sna

muan nx

a'biy

nsV

lama

n n « byv

aoiisan

iay

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IPSORV.

,ní>ya!?a a n a

,nt |'ya a n n x n an'a'ai a m a y

tenoa1?

B'nrsna

n'xnn

teana

.iten

D'irsa

'®'a®n

FELIX.

S ('x B'n'a®

,i

m 1 ?)

a«i3®

p'í>i n n n a

nnaiy

í>ya l a i

no®n n »

'jbV n a n e n

BTiay ipian

no®n

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nx ni^an

,]xa l o a a n ,®^i®a

,aniay

»

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nnnx

fina

btVi

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a^op

mana^

nni®

rmnn

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Vy n a y ^ n®p®

n'xiVxsx

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anos

a'inx B'iiayí»

- j i ñ a a ^ i x i ,'Vxa®n

B'ssni fina

'iiay

i'aan

.nnnx

nimaa

bv

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.maja

ninxi

nansn

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nisa nr

bv 4

o^iy

T^ya

-jiña

i' 1 ?«®

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íx

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nmnsn

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,iop

p^nn te n a ® B ' n a y n

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. o i k o s ipii(vi|)2 a a b e KYAOriA(v)

.(iiíf ríinm; |iktú tmv) üun i i a x t q n : na^®ní> *i®bx 1

'is

.anan

m i 3 a - i ' 3 B Í > i B ' - n a y ••ac a n a i y i ' s a n n s '3®í» . n x p a a

B'raa

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.^a

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.mx^aan

«®Tipn-]ii«»

B'Tisan

BENER Y

n'n® ,nirr' 'n®

n y a i » b ' « u i'aan n ' t n a . m u a m f y T i s a j»n

b ' s b '3® ,B'3p n y a ® n ^ y a n p V n

nainana

misa

VITALE

I

nwn

pnn

p^ina

n'®^>®n

CVM COIVOE ET FILIOS.

.(23 ITS) aanna

ai

.lanas

í'Vy®

.btisí»

nK uV i x a 1

]xa

"iwna

SALBO. DOMINO

a'aoa

aí>m

nwnp

dtid® '3®V

n o a ^ 11 , a i p a

ninten

^aní» , n x u a , i y i » a

ivsn

an'ra®

na

®Tipn

mninan

teana

:B'3i®

rtow

.'ii'sa® moiana

nrisa

nnna

pín®í>

,pxn

n n x tea ® ® - ® ®

anpn

i1«

naina

133'jyV n n ' a a i ® n

13'xn® l a a

n t e i p a n n a n a n n ' x n s n^ya^ . p a n'i^n

aon-a®ia

•roano ninis 'm iat> -21 t p ï

nsp^> n n n a

nxns n a i n a ^

'sna

|n® . n n n x

nxaan nanan

®í>®a miwn

. n ' s n V® p ^ y n n s ® n x w

'xti

byv

a®

ntepnan

,nm®

"jn^w

. a n p n o j a j i e n ^y l a a , n ^ n y p u

pnna

mai'tyn miwp

n'nvmxa

-|ns v i s a uanaa

'isí>

nbya^

by

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o'oa

nuuun myaaa

(Inv. 6 7 0 0 ) i ' t e a a

irsn

.un

i^yi

,a'3p

a ' o ' a a "?y a i a i y n , n n m a

atjwipa "ivsa

n ' a a nya m i a ® n , x a n a nx

ninte

ntea

p"?n . n n x tea a ^ w - B ' w . o ^ V i i a o n s o

nteipan

a n o i y a a ' n a y '3® by ' í ^ n n o í a ]vix^

-ibi®i

"?ya f T i p - p « -

ya-mai

m u n n Tina® nanan

a

'^ya ¡aína

mu®1? a ' a B a naina nn'n® n^xn

moian

byv

a'ni'sn

Oarrucci, Storia dell'arte Christiana, T. IV, 3 IV* ,490 mV. .6 i t ' s .490 nrt ,Oarrucci bv

-Vmp bt> B-1BD3 l a s BD-ioni .njionn by /p-oV

1BB3 m'ison , m n * namm d « bf dj nwm e m p n i n R bnow i'D"i .^pvn »ten

Beyer-Lietzmann, Die jüdische Katakombe 1BD3 DJ jiJD n«1

neyiv

nu-no

2

bv Ti'Vyn 'snn nrts

3

)n p m -19 i v i j i i s ^ lwanwn®

tu d i s k

-tobx

uxxa

vtb y r n

'nayi

n u a i x n bv

ni'^'BD'Bsna

a n p a n 'j®a ' 3 . i ^ e i p j ' B na bv u n y v n m i ' n n r u n x t - t a a ainx .Bite nx®j x1? p a ® .('t mb) « n m n p a i y s ' a

bv n i n p a

nt

w a n ® , n o » n - n ' a bv n'aan jbix ioi> o ' x n a i m i ' i>ir l a i n ,bbi ' « x a nin®p

rn

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Survey of Western Palestine. Memoirs, vol. II., p. 121.

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. i .K I*I bv

isp

yoa n x ' r a

- n ' a » by .1847 na® v n o a n u n n a n n n n x i p a

pbi® v i

n«saa win

iton

bv

rto

n«

D'n®ten law

13»

] ' « d^IKI . i n v i v n m x a m s i p n a i ? x i ® ' mn

oipan r i m s

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n«an

bv

nai®xm

D'yamn

: n x i a I B O ' ,nyipp i s a n

PI

nyrn

ma®a D É P I T S

rrVx y s n ®

,«KS!?K

„Die Ruinen sind wüst, aber das Baumaterial beträchtlich. Roh gearbeitete, aber „sehr altertümliche Sarkophage sind am Fusse des Berges und an dem steilen Ab„hange zerstreut" '-. laran b x y i r

pnyV b i a a ®

(»erw.mia, B e t h u l i a ) n ' i n n a .^'•jina

n®n ® i a ' ® lnyi ? « i n x s V x - n ' a

.'n'asnb i«®-n'aa i a n a .pia'an n x n x

njiBX n i i n s a

rn®

D'aax

bv

.n'Vm :DTipn 13*83 i x ® a

mpan®

n«ia m x ' n a

iay

,'xpiaxn ipinn

'3iyn

a®n

«in IBOS

B®n . « n ' i i n ' »

,nn oipa3 i s y

1852 n a ® 3

IBO' a ' i a a i y i a h n •'bnb t r a s i p i o n 'a® n x v a t a

maiy nmx isaa

ay ntn oipan n x ninrt

1

iny'03 n x ' n a

niaisn

isaan

m

mpaa®

. p < s .1 ' n s i x n

bv ipinn

wiy®ni> l a a n a

nsiwn

nx

ips

xw

.i«®-n'aa

i87o na®

xw -jn1?

3'3«3

„C'est un petit village arabe entièrement abandonné et dont les maisons, bâties „en menus matériaux et en pisé, sont à moitié renversées. Un peu au sud de ce „village jusqu'au pied septentrional du Djebel Foukou'ah, le massif du Djelboe des „Livres saints, s'étendent, sur un terrain onduleux qui s'élève graduellement, de nomb r e u x amas de pierres, la plupart d'assez grandes dimensions et dispersées au milieu „des hautes herbes épineuses. Parmi ces vestiges d'une petite ville entièrement détruite, je remarque deux antiques sarcophages, mesurant l'un et l'autre 2 m. 30 de „long sur 1 mètre de large. Ils étaient décorés de rosaces et de quelques autres ornements, actuellement trop dégradés pour être nettement distingués. Le couvercle „de l'un de ces sarcophages gît à terre à coté du monument, à peu près intact ; celui „du second a été brisé, et l'on en retrouve plus loin des fragments" : 1865 n a ® 3 f i « n n « m a ® ,o'Vsa«n D ' i p i n n D'IDOB® n a

a

o i «in D ' a n p n

o'iixn1?

nan

„...foundations of buildings and walls. There are in the ruins many stones weil „dressed, and apparently elder than the Arabic work. This place was proposed by „Schultz for the lost Bethulia of the Book of Judith, but neither its site nor its sur„roundings seem to agree with the story.

mn " » B e r n ' s » » (132 'op ,'a IBD ,'K T O Btwn ,('a , r s

.3) "'OL VBSK

.fi'mp'njn

v

K nvpnb jviayn m a n n yaip) »peateia

1

P ? p w a s " W M no'n n»a « u n I*B n ' a

to

îmjwn

1

: -»sa vaenn bjw ."nti'H-n^ï,

-i'jfiV® Den njiB»n3 w n nth n e i e s i " t t a , nten .no- to n^ V» — tteta n'ab wanw " n B ' m v a , 3

E. G. Schultz, Mitteilungen über eine Reise durch Samarien und Galilaea. Zeitschrift d. Deutschen MorgenlSndischcn

Gesellschaft, Bd. III (1849), p. 48. Schürer, Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter : tat KISD^ IBM« " n ' t a 3 „ to nmpe i W

noiiBB n'EUl^S'a

3

Jesu Christi4 III. Bd., p. 231, n. 20. * E. Robinson, Later Biblical Researches in Palestine and in the Adjacent Regions, Boston 1857, p. 336 ff. '

V. Guérin, Description de la Palestine, Samarie, T. I. p. 303 f.

li»m D

1

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pia fi

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.(Palestine Exploratìon Fund, Slieet IX. ras 'uW nraom KBÌxrB'a -3 un

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