Terracotta Lamps II : 1967-2004 [1 ed.] 9781621390329, 9780876619308

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Isthmia Volu m e X

T er r acot ta L a mps II: 1967–20 04

ISTHMIA RESULTS OF EXCAVATIONS CONDUCTED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS

I Oscar Broneer, Temple of Poseidon (1971) II Oscar Broneer, Topography and Architecture (1973) III Oscar Broneer, Terracotta Lamps (1977) IV Mary C. Sturgeon, Sculpture I: 1952–1967 (1987) V Timothy E. Gregory, The Hexamilion and the Fortress (1993) VI Steven Lattimore, Sculpture II: Marble Sculpture, 1967–1980 (1996) VII Isabelle K. Raubitschek, The Metal Objects (1952–1989) (1998) VIII Catherine Morgan, The Late Bronze Age Settlement and Early Iron Age Sanctuary (1999) IX Joseph L. Rife, The Roman and Byzantine Graves and Human Remains (2012)

Isthmi a EXCAVATIONS BY THE UNI V ERSIT Y OF CALIFOR NI A AT LOS A NGELES A ND THE OHIO STATE UNI V ERSIT Y UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE AMER ICA N SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS

Volume X

Terr acotta Lamps II: 1967–2004 by

Birgit ta Lindros Wohl

AMER ICA N SCHOOL OF CLASS ICAL STU DI ES AT ATHE N S PR I NCETON, N E W J ERSE Y 2 017

Publication of this book has been aided by a grant from the von Bothmer Publication Fund of the Archaeological Institute of America

© American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 2017 ISBN: 978-0-87661-930-8 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Isthmia : excavations by the University of Chicago, under the auspices of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens   v. cm.   Includes bibliographical references and index.  Contents: v. 1. Temple of Poseidon / by Oscar Broneer—v. 2. Topography and architecture / by Oscar Broneer—v. 3. Terracotta lamps / by Oscar Broneer— v. 4. Sculpture I : 1952–1967 / by Mary C. Sturgeon—v. 5. The Hexamilion and the fortress / by Timothy E. Gregory.   1. Isthmia (Greece)—Antiquities. 2. Greece—Antiquities. 3. Excavations (Archaeology—Greece—Isthmia. I. Title II. Broneer, Oscar, 1894 –1992. III. Sturgeon, Mary C. (Mary Carol), 1943– IV. Gregory, Timothy E. V. University of Chicago. VI. University of California, Los Angeles. VII. Ohio State University. DF261.I85B76 938´7 76-362971 printed in the united states of america by thomson-shore, incorporated, dexter, michigan

To my parents, John and Rosa Lindros, in grateful memory

PREFACE

T

he present volume treats the lamps and lamp fragments found over several decades at the Isthmian Sanctuary of Poseidon by the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) and the Ohio State University (OSU). Excavations were carried out by UCLA starting in 1967 under the direction of Paul Clement. Since 1987 his work has been continued by the Ohio State University and Timothy Gregory, who has followed in Clement’s footsteps. The University of Chicago’s excavations at Isthmia, starting in 1952 under the initiative of Oscar Broneer and continued under Elizabeth Gebhard, have resulted so far in volumes I–IV and VII–VIII of the Isthmia series. Volumes V, VI, and IX have been published from the UCLA/OSU excavations, and more are in preparation. Future results from both contributing institutions will continue to illuminate different aspects of the shared site. While the Chicago excavations have concentrated primarily on the central parts of the sanctuary, that is, the temples, the theater, and the stadia, the UCLA/OSU excavations have contributed to our knowledge of the immediately surrounding areas and their functions. The findspots of the lamps in this volume are therefore both diverse and dispersed, both secular and religious, and include part of a cemetery, a bath, fortification structures, and a possible housing area. Due to the more peripheral nature of the areas constituting the UCLA/OSU excavations, the stratigraphy has often been less disturbed and thus more recoverable than that in the excavations of the central areas. Volume III of the Isthmia series, Terracotta Lamps, and the present volume, Terracotta Lamps II: 1967–2004, are therefore somewhat different in scope and coverage, while partially overlapping and clearly complementary. In 1930 Oscar Broneer laid the foundations for Greek lamp studies with Corinth IV.2: Terracotta Lamps. With the great increase in the number of lamps now available for study, the typology he established then has inevitably been modified over the intervening period of almost a century. In spite of possible refinements over time, it is still both necessary and desirable to refer to Broneer’s established nomenclature and classifications when working in the Corinthia, for which the categories were designed in the first place.1 The material treated here covers over 1,000 years of Isthmian history, from the 6th century B.c. into the 7th century A.d., as well as a handful of later, Byzantine examples. The coverage, however, is not even; some periods are much more heavily represented. In fact, in a given period, the absence or presence of lamps, or their scarcity or plenty, clearly mirrors the historical, political, and religious vicissitudes at the sanctuary over these centuries. The variations depend naturally on local history (e.g., Mummius’s devastation of Corinth in 146 B.c.), as well as on the degree of chance in the choice of areas excavated (e.g., secular 1. On the general problem of distinguishing lamp typologies, see the discussion in Bailey 1980, pp. vii–x.

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versus those of cult use). For this reason, some chapters are much shorter than others. For example, Greek-period lamps and wheelmade local lamps are very few among the UCLA/ OSU finds, although they are well enough known from other excavations and have received full analysis elsewhere.2 On the other hand, Corinthian lamps of type XXVII not only make up a large portion of the lamps presented here, but also call for a more comprehensive assessment in light of much new material found at Corinth since Broneer’s publication in 1930. Since there is as yet no broader study of this type of lamp, an overview of the information available to date is in order here, in part because it helps us to put the Isthmian material in context. Likewise, in spite of their small number among the UCLA/OSU finds, the 5th- and 6th-century A.d. lamps in the Corinthia raise many questions in need of future study and consideration, riding on the wave of growing scholarly focus and interest in late antiquity. There are, finally, no plastic lamps, but one bronze lamp (41) and a few lamps of unusual or elaborate shape (224 –227). The present volume is divided into two parts. The first part is a reasoned discussion, or commentary, on the various types of lamps published in the catalogue. It points out the ways in which the UCLA/OSU lamps enrich our knowledge of individual lamp types and hopefully contributes to a greater understanding of the site of Isthmia and the types of lamps used there over time. Thus, the chapters in this narrative and analytic section are arranged by broad types and follow the order in which the lamp types are presented in the catalogue. Furthermore, these chapters attempt to touch on several aspects apart from the essentials of fabric, local stratigraphy, and chronology. Wider iconographical questions, as well as topics such as economics, internal commercial organization, and export patterns, are all vitally interesting matters that an excavation catalogue can only deal with in a partial or preliminary manner. The second part is a typical object catalogue, providing detailed descriptions of all the lamps and lamp fragments excavated from 1967 to 2004 by the UCLA/OSU teams. As is well known, the Corinthia is still lacking a comprehensive social and economic history.3 The writer of such a broad history would find much useful information in the lamp catalogues that now exist for Greece in general and the Corinthia in particular. Lamps are to an astonishing extent a microcosm of the surrounding world at large, speaking through, for example, their frequency, the patterns of their trade, and their iconography. Some working procedures in this volume may require an explanation. In the interest of consistency with Isthmia III, the same method has been followed here, in that all pieces ­excavated, including fragments, are accounted for in this volume and are inventoried individually when they cannot be joined securely. Thus over 1,300 lamps and fragments are ­reported under 432 catalogue entries. The full accounting of all fragments and their classifications will make it possible for anyone to use the material for their own purposes at a later time. The catalogue entries also indicate when lamps are from a particularly interesting deposit. Likewise, individual variations of rim patterns may be listed separately, however unprepossessing the fragment, since an attempt is made to stress the multiplicity that exists in this respect. Dimensions are in meters unless otherwise noted. Clay and glaze color are indicated by reference to the classifications in Munsell Soil Color Charts. The following abbreviations are used: L. = length W. = width H. = height Diam. = diameter 2. Corinth IV.2, Agora IV, Isthmia III, and Kerameikos XI. 3. See, however, Engels 1990 and Rothaus 2000.

est. = estimated max. = maximum p. = preserved dim. = dimension



PREFACE

ix

The reason for the paucity of drawings in relation to catalogue entries is obvious: most pieces are too fragmentary to allow a profile. Every attempt has been made, however, to provide drawings for one representative example of each type of lamp and for lamps that hold crucial positions in evolutionary and chronological arguments. Where illustrations are not supplied, references to parallels are. When this project was started some 25 years ago, much less had been written about lamps. For Greece, Agora IV and VII were beacons. But, for instance, neither of Bailey’s valuable studies, Roman Provincial Lamps (1988) and Lamps of Metal and Stone, and Lampstands (1996), had been published, nor Kenchreai V, not to mention a large number of articles. Since a wave of lamp scholars has emerged in the last few decades, I have been able to profit from the knowledge of my colleagues in many ways. One of the great rewards of a long project like this is that it transports an author to many diverse places, bringing one into contact with numerous scholars for the sharing of and exposure to information. It is a great pleasure to acknowledge the many debts incurred in the process of preparing this book. Before everybody else stands the late Paul A. Clement II, whom I was fortunate to have known for 25 years, first as my professor and mentor in California, and later as my excavation director and colleague in Greece. He invited me to write about the lamps and provided a most sustaining confidence and support in the work. Unfortunately, he did not live to see the whole manuscript, but he did read and approve of great parts of it. I can only hope that some of the exacting standards he set for himself and his collaborators have been realized in this volume. He generously shared many of his ideas about Isthmia, as well as his remarkable memory of the details of the excavations. Further thanks go to my colleagues at Isthmia, especially Timothy Gregory, whose sustaining encouragement and steady friendship has been of essential importance to me and is much appreciated; thanks also go to Lita Gregory, David Jordan, and Michael Mills, for their inspiration and collegial helpfulness in diverse ways at different times. Plan 2 was made by Frederick P. Hemans after an earlier plan by William B. Dinsmoor Jr., and appears courtesy of the University of Chicago Excavations at Isthmia. My work at Corinth would not have been as profitable without its former staff, Charles K. Williams II and Nancy Bookidis. Their hospitality, help, and freely shared professional knowledge have meant a great deal to me and this project, as is amply testified in the text. A very special thanks goes to Kathleen Slane, with whom I have been able to repeatedly discuss many aspects of the lamps from Isthmia and Corinth. Her generosity and enthusiasm have made these exchanges particularly valuable, even when we have held slightly divergent views. It furthermore was a privilege to meet and confer for many years with my countryman Oscar Broneer, the Nestor of lamp studies. For his kind advice and support I am truly grateful. I also owe thanks to the Agora Excavations in Athens for their assistance in many ways, and especially to T. Leslie Shear Jr., John McK. Camp II, and Jan Jordan. The content of this volume has been considerably enriched by conversations and correspondence with the following individuals: Donald Bailey, Eric (Pierre) Berggren, Judith Perlzweig Binder, Francine Blondé, Jean Bussière, Eva-Maria Cahn-Klaiber, Anastasia Dinsmoor, Jon Frey, Jochen Garbsch, Elizabeth Gebhard, Virginia Grace, Gottfried Gruben, Emanuela Fabricotti, Karen Garnett, John Hayes, Ulrich Hübinger, Lambrini Koutoussaki, John Lund, Jeanne Marty, Stephen Miller, Angelika Möhring, Ioannis Motsianos, Carlo Pavolini, Matthias Riedel, Henry Robinson, Rita Roussos, Axel Rügler, Guy Sanders, Christa Schauer, Jürgen Schildbach, Axel Seeberg, Ulrich Sinn, Antonio Di Vita, Mary Walbank, Hector Williams, James Wiseman, and Orestes Zervos. Since its inception in 2003, the International Lychnological Association (ILA) has provided an inspiring and lively forum for discussions of ancient lamps, which I am grateful to

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be part of, especially through its energetic and remarkable founder, Laurent Chrzanovski, and its president, Arja Karivieri. Several persons have been helpful in providing access to collections; I want to thank Baldo Conticello, Ursula Knigge, Helmuth Kyrieleis, Stephen Miller, and Carl Nylander. I would also like to thank Bodil Nordström and Patricia Felch for creating early digital renderings of the manuscript; Martha B. Bredemeyer, Karen D. Hutchinson Soteriou, Giuliana Bianco, and Anna Scott for coping admirably with material often difficult to translate into understandable drawings; and Marie Alanen for enthusiastic and valuable computer support early on. The photographic skills of Emile Serafis, Marie Mauzy, and Alexander Porter are evident here, and I owe them many thanks. Finally, I want to express my gratitude to the institutions that have generously provided funds to make this work possible: the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Samuel H. Kress Foundation, and the Dean of the (now Mike Curb) College of Arts, Media, and Communication and the Office of Research and Sponsored Projects of the California State University at Northridge. I am very thankful for their support, as well as for assistance from the Getty Research Institute in Los Angeles and the American School of Classical Studies at Athens and its staff over several years. To their ranks belong also the three readers of the manuscript, who gave valuable suggestions. Finally, the staff of the ASCSA Publications Office in Princeton are most warmly and gratefully acknowledged, especially Carol Stein, and, in an early stage, Andrew Reinhard; they were always ready to show the way and share their solid professionalism. Finally, I thank Colin Whiting, who made the editorial process lively and enjoyable.

CONTENTS

LIST of ILLUSTRATIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY and ABBREVIATIONS

xiii xv

  1. ARCHAIC AND CLASSICAL GREEK LAMPS (1–16) 1   2. LATE HELLENISTIC AND ITALIAN-T YPE LAMPS (17–74) 5   3. BRONEER T YPE XVI LAMPS (75–82) 13   4. PALAIMONION LAMPS (83–102) 17   5. UNGLAZED Corinthian (BRONEER T YPE XXVII), LATE CORINTHIAN (POST-BRONEER T YPE XXVII), and UNUSUAL LAMPS (103–227) 21   6. PRE-GLAZING ATHENIAN LAMPS (BRONEER T YPE XXVIII) (228–300) 47   7. GLAZED ATHENIAN LAMPS (BRONEER T YPE XXVIII) (301–373) 53   8. POST-GLAZING ATHENIAN LAMPS (BRONEER T YPE XXVIII) (374–394) 59   9. LAMPS OF THE 5TH AND 6TH CENTURIES (395–428) 63 10. BYZANTINE LAMPS (429–432) 71 CATALOGUE CONCORDANCE

73 145

INDEXes General index

157

index of Disk Iconography

159

index of Base signatures and Designs

161

PLANS FIGURES PLATES

ILLUSTRATIONS

Tables   1. Makers of Corinthian Lamps with Latin Names   2. Selected Combinations of Motifs and Signatures on Type XXVII Lamps

PLANS   1. Plan of the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Isthmia   2. Plan of the major monuments of the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Isthmia   3. Detail of Tower 14 with the Long Wall   4. Sections and plan of the tunnel in the area East of Temenos   5. Plan of the Roman Bath   6. State plan of the Northeast Gate of the Hexamilion fortress

FIGURES   1. Archaic and Classical Greek lamps. Late Hellenistic and Italian-type lamps. Broneer type XVI lamps. Palaimonion lamp   2. Unglazed Corinthian lamps. Late Corinthian lamps. Pre-glazing Corinthian lamps. Glazed Athenian lamps   3. Glazed Athenian lamps. Post-glazing Athenian lamps. Lamps of the 5th and 6th centuries   4. Rim patterns of Corinthian Broneer type XXVII lamps   5. Rim patterns of Corinthian Broneer type XXVII lamps   6. Lamps of the 5th and 6th centuries: cross disks, common rim patterns

PLATES   1. Archaic and Classical Greek lamps   2. Archaic and Classical Greek lamps   3. Archaic and Classical Greek lamps   4. Late Hellenistic lamps   5. Italian-type lamps   6. Italian-type lamps   7. Italian-type lamps   8.  Italian-type lamps   9.  Broneer type XVI lamps 10. Palaimonion lamps 11. Palaimonion lamps

29 31–32

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12. Unglazed Corinthian lamps: category A 13. Unglazed Corinthian lamps: category B-1 14. Unglazed Corinthian lamps: category B-1 15. Unglazed Corinthian lamps: category B-1 16. Unglazed Corinthian lamps: categories B-1, B-2 17. Unglazed Corinthian lamps: categories B-2, C 18. Unglazed Corinthian lamps: category C 19. Unglazed Corinthian lamps: category C 20. Unglazed Corinthian lamps: categories D, E 21. Unglazed Corinthian lamps: base fragments 22. Late Corinthian lamps imitating Broneer type XXVII 23. Late Corinthian lamps imitating the Athenian tradition of Broneer type XXVIII 24. Unusual lamps from the tunnel complex in the area East of Temenos 25. Unusual lamps from the tunnel complex in the area East of Temenos 26. Pre-glazing Athenian lamps: figured disks 27. Pre-glazing Athenian lamps: figured disks 28. Pre-glazing Athenian lamps: figured disks 29. Pre-glazing Athenian lamps: figured disks 30. Pre-glazing Athenian lamps: figured disks 31. Pre-glazing Athenian lamps: ray disks 32. Pre-glazing Athenian lamps: rosette disks 33. Pre-glazing Athenian lamps: miscellaneous abstract disks 34. Pre-glazing Athenian lamps: miscellaneous abstract disk, base fragments 35. Pre-glazing Athenian lamps: base fragments, rim fragments 36.  Glazed Athenian lamps: figured disks 37.  Glazed Athenian lamps: figured disks 38.  Glazed Athenian lamps: figured disks 39.  Glazed Athenian lamps: figured disks 40.  Glazed Athenian lamps: rosette disks 41.  Glazed Athenian lamps: rosette disks 42.  Glazed Athenian lamps: rosette disks 43.  Glazed Athenian lamps: rosette disks 44.  Glazed Athenian lamps: rosette disks 45.  Glazed Athenian lamps: miscellaneous abstract disks 46.  Glazed Athenian lamps: ray disk, plain disks 47.  Glazed Athenian lamps: plain disks, multiple-nozzle lamp 48.  Glazed Athenian lamps: base fragments 49.  Glazed Athenian lamps: base fragments 50. Post-glazing Athenian lamps: figured disks 51. Post-glazing Athenian lamps: rosette disks 52. Post-glazing Athenian lamps: plain disks 53. Lamps of the 5th and 6th centuries: local copies of Corinthian and Athenian models 54. Lamps of the 5th and 6th centuries: North African–type lamps 55. Lamps of the 5th and 6th centuries: North African–type lamps 56. Lamps of the 5th and 6th centuries: North African–type lamps 57. Lamps of the 5th and 6th centuries: circular lamps, imitation of lamp from Asia Minor, metal handle shield 58.  Byzantine lamps

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

Agora = The Athenian Agora: Results of Excavations Conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton IV = R. H. Howland, Greek Lamps and Their Survivals, 1958. V = H. S. Robinson, Pottery of the Roman Period: Chronology, 1959. VII = J. Perlzweig, Lamps of the Roman Period: First to Seventh Century after Christ, 1961. XXIV = M. A. Frantz, Late Antiquity: a.d. 276–700, 1988. Alt-Ägina I.2 = W. W. Wurster and F. Felten, Die spätrömische Akropolismauer. Die christliche Siedlung (Alt-Ägina I.2), Mainz 1975. Anselmino, L., and C. Pavolini. 1981. “Terra sigillata: Lucerne,” in Enciclopedia dell’arte antica, classica e orientale. Atlante delle forme ceramiche I: Ceramica fine romana nel bacino Mediterraneo, Rome, pp. 184 –208. Arbeiter, A. 2008. “Der Kaiser mit dem ChristogrammNimbus: Zur silbernen Largitionsschale Valentinians in Genf,” HelvArch 154, pp. 42–73. Atasoy, S. 2005. Bronze Lamps in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum: An Illustrated Catalogue (BAR-IS 1436), Oxford. Aupert, P. 1976. “Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques en Grèce en 1975,” BCH 100, pp. 591–745. ———. 1980. “Objets de la vie quotidienne à Argos en 585 ap. J.-C.,” Études argiennes (BCH Suppl. 6), pp. 395–457. Bailey, D. M. 1965. “Lamps in the Victoria and Albert Museum,” OpAth 6, pp. 1–83. ———. 1975. A Catalogue of Lamps in the British Museum I: Greek, Hellenistic, and Early Roman Pottery Lamps, London. ———. 1980. A Catalogue of Lamps in the British Museum II: Roman Lamps Made in Italy, London. ———. 1985. Excavations at Sidi Khrebish Benghazi (Berenice) III.2: The Lamps (LibAnt Suppl. 5), Tripoli. ———. 1987. “The Roman Terracotta Lamp Industry: Another View about Exports,” in Les lampes de terre cuite en Méditerranée des origines à Justinian. Table ronde du C.N.R.S., tenue à Lyon du 7 au 11 décembre 1981 (Travaux de la Maison de l’Orient 13), ed. T. Oziol and R. Rebuffat, Lyon, pp. 59–63. ———. 1988. A Catalogue of Lamps in the British Museum III: Roman Provincial Lamps, London. ———. 1996. A Catalogue of Lamps in the British Museum IV: Lamps of Metal and Stone, and Lampstands, London. Baratte, F. 1971. “Une curieuse expédition ‘archéologique’ en Tunisie: La mission Hérisson,” RLouvre 21, pp. 335– 346. Barbera, M., and R. Petriaggi. 1993. Museo Nazionale Romano: Le lucerne tardo-antiche di produzione africana (Cataloghi dei musei e gallerie d’Italia n.s. 5), Rome. Barr, R. 1996. “Greek and Hellenistic Lamps from Ilion,” Studia Troica 6, pp. 159–200.

Bartoli, P., and G. Bellori. [1691] 1972. Le antiche lucerne sepolcrali figurate raccolte dalle cave sotterranee, e grotte di Roma, repr. Portland. Bass, G. F., and F. H. van Doorninck. 1971. “A Fourth-Century Shipwreck at Yassi Ada,” AJA 75, pp. 27–37. Bassett, S. E. 1903. “The Cave at Vari, VI: The Terra-cotta Lamps,” AJA 7, pp. 338–349. Bastianelli, S. 1940. “Civitavecchia: Rinvenimenti nell’area della città,” NSc 18, pp. 183–198. Beaton, A. E., and P. A. Clement. 1976. “The Date of the Destruction of the Sanctuary of Poseidon on the Isthmus of Corinth,” Hesperia 45, pp. 267–279. Beazley, J. D. 1940. “A Marble Lamp,” JHS 60, pp. 22–49. Behrens, G. 1949–1950. “Fabrikate des Lampen-Töpfers Romanesis im Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum,” MZ 44 –45, pp. 163–165. Benton, S. 1938–1939. “Excavations in Ithaka, III: The Cave at Polis, II,” BSA 39, pp. 1–51. Bessi, V., and C. Moncini. 1980. Lucerne romane nelle collezioni del Museo teatrale alla Scala: Guida alla mostra, Milan. Biers, W. R., and D. J. Geagan. 1970. “A New List of Victors in the Caesarea at Isthmia,” Hesperia 39, pp. 79–93. Boardman, J., and E. La Rocca. 1978. Eros in Greece, New York. Bonifay, M. 2004. Études sur la céramique romaine tardive d’Afrique (BAR-IS 1301), Oxford. Bonnet, J. 1988. Lampes céramiques signées: Définition critique d’ateliers du Haut Empire, Paris. Bovon, A. 1966. Lampes d’Argos (Études péloponnésiennes 5), Paris. Brants, J. 1913. Antieke terra-cotta lampen uit het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden, Leiden. Brendel, O. J. 1970. “The Scope and Temperament of Erotic Art in the Greco-Roman World,” in Studies in Erotic Art, ed. T. Bowie and C. V. Christenson, New York, pp. 3–69. Brommer, F. 1963. Die Skulpturen der Parthenon-Giebel, Mainz. Broneer, O. 1927. “A Late Type of Wheel-Made Lamps from Corinth,” AJA 31, pp. 329–337. ———. 1930. “The ‘Armed Aphrodite’ on Acrocorinth and the Aphrodite of Capua,” CPCA 1, pp. 65–84. ———. 1955. “Excavations at Isthmia, 1954,” Hesperia 24, pp. 110–141. ———. 1962. “Excavations at Isthmia, 1959–1961,” Hesperia 31, pp. 1–25. Brückner, A. 1931. “Mitteilungen aus dem Kerameikos V: Vorbericht über die Ergebnisse der Grabung 1929,” AM 56, pp. 1–11. Bruneau, P. 1971. “Lampes corinthiennes,” BCH 95, pp. 437–501.

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Roux, G. 1958. Pausanias en Corinthie (Livre II, 1 à 15): Texte, traduction, commentaire archéologique et topographique, Paris. Rudolph, W. W. 1979. “Excavations at Porto Cheli and Vicinity, Preliminary Report V: The Early Byzantine Remains,” Hesperia 48, pp. 294 –324. Rügler, A. 1990. “Die Datierung der ’Hallenstrasse’ und des ’Festtores’ im Kerameikos und Alarichs Besetzung Athens,” AM 105, pp. 279–294. Salapata, G. 2006. “The Tippling Serpent in the Art of Lakonia and Beyond,” Hesperia 75, pp. 541–560. Salomonsen, J. 1968. “Études sur la céramique romaine d’Afrique: Sigillée claire et céramique commune de Henchir el Ouiba (Raqqada) en Tunisie Centrale,” BABesch 43, pp. 80–145. ———. 1969. “Spätrömische rote Tonware mit Reliefverzierung aus Nordafrikanischen Werkstätten. Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur reliefgeschmückten Terra Sigillata Chiara ‘C,’” BABesch 44, pp.  4 –109. Samaria III = J. Crowfoot, J. M. Crowfoot, and K. M. Kenyon, The Objects from Samaria (Samaria-Sebaste: Reports on the Work of the Joint Expedition in 1931–1933 and of the British Expedition in 1935 III), London 1957. Sanders, G. D. R. 1987. “An Assemblage of Frankish Pottery at Corinth,” Hesperia 56, pp. 159–195. Schauenburg, K. 1960. Perseus in der Kunst des Altertums (Antiquitas 3.1), Bonn. Schauer, C. 1991. “Μήτρες λύχνων πρωτοχριστιανικής εποχής από την Ολυμπία,” in Achaia und Elis in der Antike. Akten des 1. Internationalen Symposiums, Athen, 19.– 21. Mai 1989 (Meletemata 13), ed. A. D. Rizakis, Athens, pp. 373–378. Schefold, K. 1979. “Die Andromeda des Nikias,” in Studies in Honour of Arthur Dale Trendall, ed. A. Cambitoglou, Sydney, pp. 155–158. Schleif, H., and R. Eilmann. 1944. “Badeanlage am Kladeos,” OlBer 4, pp. 32–104. Schneider, G. 1993. “X-ray Fluorescence Analysis and the Production and Distribution of Terra Sigillata and Firmalampen,” in The Inscribed Economy: Production and Distribution in the Roman Empire in the Light of instrumentum domesticum (JRA Suppl. 6), ed. W. V. Harris, Ann Arbor, pp. 129–137. ———. 2000. “X-ray Fluorescence Analyses of Vernice Nera, Sigillata, and Firmalampen from North Italy,” in Produzione ceramica in area padana tra il II secolo a.C. e il VII secolo d.C.: Nuovi dati e prospettive di ricerca. Atti del Convegno internazionale, Desenzano del Garda 8–10 aprile 1999, ed. G. P. Brogiolo and G. Olcese, Mantua, pp. 103–106. Shear, T. L. 1925. “Excavations at Corinth in 1925,” AJA 29, pp. 381–397. ———. 1926. “Excavations in the Theatre District of Corinth in 1926,” AJA 30, pp. 444 –463. Siebert, G. 1966. “Lampes corinthiennes et imitations au Musée National d’Athènes,” BCH 90, pp. 472–513. Slane, K. W. 1986. “Two Deposits from the Early Roman Cellar Building, Corinth,” Hesperia 55, pp. 271–318. ———. 1994. “Tetrarchic Recovery in Corinth: Pottery, Lamps, and Other Finds from the Peribolos of Apollo,” Hesperia 63, pp. 127–168. ———. 2008. “The End of the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore on Acrocorinth,” Hesperia 77, pp. 465–496. Slane, K. W., and G. D. R. Sanders. 2005. “Corinth: Late Roman Horizons,” Hesperia 74, pp. 243–297.

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Spier, J. 1992. Ancient Gems and Finger Rings: Catalogue of the Collections, The J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu. Spitzer, D. C. 1942. “Roman Relief Bowls from Corinth,” Hesperia 11, pp. 162–192. Steinhauer, G. 1974. “Ἀρκαδία: Ἀνασκαφαί,” ArchDelt 29, B′2, pp. 295–304. Stewart, P. 2000. “Cult Images on Roman Lamps,” Hephaistos 18, pp. 7–28. SwCyprusExp IV.3 = O. Vessberg and A. Westholm, The Hellenistic and Roman Periods in Cyprus (SwCyprusExp IV.3), Stockholm 1956. Threpsiades, J., and E. Vanderpool. 1964. “Themistokles’ Sanctuary of Artemis Aristoboule,” ArchDelt 19, A′, pp. 26–36. Todisco, L. 1978. “Una coppa a rilievo con imprese di Eracle da Isthmia,” AnnBari 21, pp. 51–60. Touchais, G. 1978. “Chronique des fouilles et découvertes archéologiques en Grèce en 1977,” BCH 102, pp. 641– 770. Trost, C., and M.-C. Hellmann. 1996. Lampes antiques de la Bibliothèque Nationale III: Lampes chrétiennes, Paris. Tusa, V. 1958. “Aspetti storico-archeologici di alcuni centri della Sicilia occidentale,” Kokalos 4, pp. 151–162. Ugolini, L. M. 1942. Albania Antica III: L’acropoli di Butrinto, Rome. Valenza Mele, N. 1981. Museo nazionale archeologico di Napoli: Catalogo delle lucerne in bronzo, Roma. Varone, A. 2001. Eroticism in Pompeii, trans. M. Fant, Los Angeles. Vegas, M. 1966. Die römische Lampen von Neuss (Novaesium 2; Limesforschungen 7), Berlin. Vessberg, O. 1953. “Hellenistic and Roman Lamps in Cyprus,” OpAth 1, pp. 115–129. Vida, T., and T. Völling. 2000. Das slawische Brandgräberfeld von Olympia (Archäologie in Eurasien 9), Rahden/Westfalen. Vorberg, G. 1932. Glossarium Eroticum, Stuttgart. Waage, F. O. 1933. “The Roman and Byzantine Pottery,” Hesperia 2, pp. 279–328. ———. 1934. “Preliminary Report on the Medieval Pottery from Corinth: I. The Prototype of the Archaic Italian Majolica,” Hesperia 3, pp. 129–139. Waldhauer, O. 1914. Kaiserliche Ermitage: Die antiken Tonlampen, St. Petersburg. Walter, H. 1958. “Das Gebiet südlich der Bäder am Kladeos: Der archäologische Befund,” OlBer 6, pp. 41–73. Walters, H. B. 1914. Catalogue of the Greek and Roman Lamps in the British Museum, London. Webster, T. B. L. 1995. Monuments Illustrating New Comedy (BICS Suppl. 50), 3rd ed., rev. J. R. Green and A. Seeberg, London. Weege, F. 1926. Der Tanz in der Antike, Halle/Saale. Welch, K. 1999. “Negotiating Roman Spectacle Architecture in the Greek World: Athens and Corinth,” in The Art of Ancient Spectacle (Studies in the History of Art 56),

ed. B. Bergmann and C. Kondoleon, Washington D.C., pp. 125–145. Wiedemann, T. E. J. 1992. Emperors and Gladiators, New York. Williams, C. K., II. 1986. “Corinth and the Cult of Aphrodite,” in Corinthiaca: Studies in Honor of Darrell A. Amyx, ed. M. del Chiaro and W. R. Biers, Columbia, Mo., pp. 12–24. Williams, C. K., II, and P. Russell. 1981. “Corinth: Excavations of 1980,” Hesperia 50, pp. 1–44. Williams, C. K., II, and O. H. Zervos. 1982. “Corinth, 1981: East of the Theater,” Hesperia 51, pp. 115–163. ———. 1983. “Corinth, 1982: East of the Theater,” Hesperia 52, pp. 1–47. ———. 1985. “Corinth, 1984: East of the Theater,” Hesperia 54, pp. 55–96. ———. 1986. “Corinth, 1985: East of the Theater,” Hesperia 55, pp. 129–175. ———. 1988. “Corinth, 1987: South of Temple E and East of the Theater,” Hesperia 57, pp. 95–146. ———. 1989. “Corinth, 1988: East of the Theater,” Hesperia 58, pp. 1–50. Williams, H. 1981. “A Ship of Actium on a Roman Lamp,” IJNA 10, pp. 23–27. ———. 2002. “Ship Representations on Ancient Lamps,” in Tropis VII. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Ship Construction in Antiquity, Lamia, 28–30 August 1996, vol. 2, ed. H. E. Tzalas, Athens, pp. 857–866. Wiseman, J. 1969. “Excavations in Corinth, the Gymnasium Area, 1967–1968,” Hesperia 38, pp. 64 –106. ———. 1972. “The Gymnasium Area at Corinth, 1969– 1970,” Hesperia 41, pp. 1–42. ———. 1979. “Corinth and Rome I: 228 B.c.–A.d. 267,” ANRW II.7.1, pp. 438–548. Wohl, B. L. 1981. “A Deposit of Lamps from the Roman Bath at Isthmia,” Hesperia 50, pp. 112–140. ———. 1993. “Lamps from the Excavations at Isthmia by UCLA,” in The Corinthia in the Roman Period: Including the Papers Given at a Symposium Held at the Ohio State University on 7–9 March, 1991 (JRA Suppl. 8), ed. T. E. Gregory, Ann Arbor, pp. 130–138. ———. 2005. “Darkness and Light. Lamps from a Tunnel at Isthmia,” in Chrzanovski 2005, pp. 211–216. ———. 2012. “Ancient Corinth: Lamps, Sculpture, and Travel,” in Chrzanovski 2012, pp. 355–364. ———. 2015. “Circular Lamps in the Late Antique Peloponnese,” in Bridge of the Untiring Sea: The Corinthian Isthmus from Prehistory to Late Antiquity (Hesperia Suppl. 48), ed. E. R. Gebhard and T. E. Gregory, Princeton, pp. 341–351. Wollmann, H. 1917. “Retiarier-Darstellungen auf römischen Tonlampen,” RM 32, pp. 147–167. Wright, K. S. 1980. “A Tiberian Pottery Deposit from Corinth,” Hesperia 49, pp. 135–177. Yegül, F. 1992. Baths and Bathing in Classical Antiquity, Cambridge, Mass.



BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

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Abbreviations of Periodic als, SerIEs, and Reference Works AA = Archäologischer Anzeiger AJA = American Journal of Archaeology AM = Mitteilungen des Deustchen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung AnnBari = Annali della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia, Università di Bari ANRW = H. Temporini and W. Hasse, eds. Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, Berlin 1972– ArchCl = Archeologia classica ArchDelt = Αρχαιολογικόν Δελτίον BABesch = Bulletin antieke beschaving: Annual Papers on Classical Archaeology BAR = British Archaeological Reports BAR-IS = British Archaeological Reports, International Series BCH = Bulletin de correspondance hellénique BICS = Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London BJb = Bonner Jahrbücher des rheinischen Landesmuseums in Bonn und des Vereins von Altertumsfreunden im Rhein­lande BSA = Annual of the British School at Athens CP = Classical Philology CPCA = University of California Publications in Classical Archaeology Délos = Exploration archéologique de Délos faite par l’École française d’Athènes Ephesos = Forschungen in Ephesos veröffentlich vom Österreichischen Archäologischen Institut in Wien FdD = Fouilles de Delphes, École Française d’Athènes FuB = Forschungen und Berichte: Staatliche Museen zu Berlin GettyMusJ = The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal GRBS = Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies HelvArch = Helvetia archaeologica IJNA = International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration IvE = H. Wankel et al., Die Inschriften von Ephesos (Bonn 1979–1984)

JdI = Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts JHS = Journal of Hellenic Studies JRA = Journal of Roman Archaeology Kenchreai = Kenchreai: Eastern Port of Corinth. Results of Investigations by the University of Chicago and Indiana University for the American School of Classical Studies at Athens Kerameikos = Kerameikos: Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen Kokalos = Kokalos: Studi pubblicati dall’Istituto di storia antica dell’Università di Palermo KölnJb = Kölner Jahrbuch für Vor- und Frühgeschichte LibAnt = Libya Antiqua LIMC = J. Boardman, Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae (Zurich 1981–2009) MZ = Mainzer Zeitschrift NSc = Notizie degli scavi di antichità ÖJh = Jahreshefte des Österreichischen archäologischen Instituts in Wien OlBer = Bericht über die Ausgrabungen in Olympia Olynthus = Excavations at Olynthus Conducted by the Johns Hopkins University Expedition under the Auspices of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Greece, Baltimore OpAth = Opuscula Atheniensa QAL = Quaderni di archeologia della Libia RE = A. Pauly and G. Wissowa, Real-Encyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft (1893–1978) RLouvre = La revue du Louvre et des musées de France RM = Mitteilungen des Deustchen Archëologischen Institus, Römische Abteilung RömQSchr = Römische Quartalschrift für christliche Altertumskunde und Kirchengeschichte RStPomp = Rivista di Studi Pompeiani StMisc = Studi miscellanei: Seminario di archeologia e storia dell’arte greca e romana dell’Università di Roma SwCyprusExp = The Swedish Cyprus Expedition

1

 ARCHAIC AND CLASSICAL GREEK LAMPS (1–16)

T

he Greek lamps of the Archaic and Classical periods from the UCLA/OSU excavations at Isthmia (Plans 1, 2) are not very numerous. The 20 inventoried items comprise all of the lamp fragments found from these periods and date from the early 6th century to at least about 300 B.c. Only three complete or nearly complete lamps were discovered. This scarcity might appear surprising in comparison with the number of examples reported in Isthmia III.1 However, this is explained partly by the general concentration of the UCLA/ OSU excavations on post-Classical building phases of the sanctuary. The provenience of the UCLA/OSU material of the Archaic and Classical periods is therefore concentrated in a few areas. One lamp (2) comes from the Northwest Area and five (3–6, IPL 1970-33) from the area East of Temenos;2 in the latter case, their early date makes them an exception to the material found there at large, and their presence explains little about the findspot itself. The remaining 14 lamps (1, 7–16, and IPL 1968-19, 1970-23, and 1977-1), however, all come from the so-called West Cemetery, west of the sanctuary at the outskirts of the modern village of Kyras Vrysi. Many more remains of lamps might have been expected, considering the large number of tombs discovered (126 in all).3 The closely related North Cemetery at Corinth demonstrates the frequency of lamps as grave gifts. However, at Corinth lamps were not frequently deposited in graves until the middle of the 5th century B.c., and their greatest concentration was in the 4th century.4 Although the chronological limits of the burials in the West Cemetery extend from the first quarter of the 6th to at least the end of the 4th century B.c., the majority of its burials are from the 6th and 5th centuries. If we assume the same pattern of use was prevalent at both Isthmia and Corinth, this explains the low rate of lamps recovered. The area has furthermore been much disturbed over the centuries by both grave robbers and the plow, as the mixed fill between the tombs shows. The context is thus too heavily contaminated to provide a more precise dating. However, this mixed fill yielded some lamp fragments of unique interest (such as 1) that are much earlier than any North Cemetery lamps from Corinth. With the exception of a few unusual examples, the lamps of the Archaic and Classical periods from the UCLA/OSU excavations conform to the typologies derived from previously known material in the Corinthia, including Kenchreai. These 20 lamps are so fragmentary that it is impossible to give most of them more than a general assignation to known categories. But the fact that the site was not a substantial living city, as were neighboring communities, must always be taken into account. 1. See the tables in Isthmia III, pp. 84 –91. 2. See Plan 2. The Northwest Area is a small section around the northwest corner of the precinct of the Temple of Poseidon; it was also excavated by Broneer, who found equally few Archaic and Classical lamp fragments. See Isthmia III, p. 87. 3. The graves in the cemetery range from the early phases of

the sanctuary, i.e., the early 6th century B.c., to about 300 B.c. Where the Hellenistic tombs are located is, at the moment, not known. See Clement and Thorne 1974; O’Roark 1989. A study of this cemetery is planned by Rife and Risser: see Isthmia IX, p. vii, n. 1. 4. See Corinth XIII, pp. 81, 150–151.

2

ARCHAIC AND CLASSICAL GREEK LAMPS

Kenchreai V summarizes the character of Classical lamps from Kenchreai and Corinth thus: “Attic lamps tended to dominate the Corinthian market.”5 Although one hesitates to generalize on the basis of very limited material, such a situation does not seem to have prevailed at Isthmia, where Attic imports in this period are rare, representing only four of the 20 pieces found.6 Corinthian imitations of Attic types (six of 20) were, on the other hand, more frequent than Attic imports. The use of these lamps in the sanctuary and in burials could account for this. With three exceptions (1, 7, 16), all the lamps and fragments from the West Cemetery are Corinthian, and thus in all likelihood were less expensive. Quality was possibly less important in lamps not intended for ordinary use. But it is interesting that the rest of the grave goods, by contrast, are predominantly Attic. Some of the lamps merit special comment. The first is 1, a unique variant of clay lamp derived from a marble model.7 Marble lamps as such are primarily an archaic phenomenon and often of considerable elaboration. Their shapes range from circular and semicircular to square and triangular. An alteration along the rim between the suspension lugs and nozzles is common, and the nozzles are often in the shape of heads, either human or animal. Several lamps have double bottoms with two superimposed basins. The suspension lugs may vary in shape and can be perforated for use or simply remain as decorative elements. Lamp 1 falls into this latter category. In general the circular marble lamps have more analogies in clay than other marble lamp shapes. This seems, however, not to reflect the use of the potter’s wheel; many of the rounded clay lamps were moldmade, which resulted in characteristically sharp and clear angles. Howland suggested that these large, relatively rare lamps were produced by potters rather than lamp makers.8 Their primary use, in any material, appears to have been for cult rituals in temples. Because it was found in the West Cemetery, however, 1 was in all likelihood a grave gift, though it remains possible that it was intended as a temple lamp. Second, a group of four lamps (11–14) from inside the tombs of the West Cemetery calls for further comment. They all belong to a late, local variety of Broneer’s type IV frequently found in the North Cemetery and at the Asklepieion of Corinth.9 The type is without parallels from the Athenian Agora and its typologies, but a few rare Athenian examples have been found in the Kerameikos, along with one imported Corinthian example.10 This late variety is not found among the lamps published in Corinth IV.2, but is discussed in passing in Corinth XIII.11 The four lamps from the West Cemetery therefore provide a useful additional series. The following order is based on evolutionary and comparative stylistic grounds, as the contexts of the tombs were heavily contaminated. 11, late 5th to early 4th century B.c. 12, second half of 4th century B.c. 13, second half of 4th century B.c. 14, late 4th into early 3rd century B.c. 5. Kenchreai V, p. 4. 6. There was a higher frequency of Attic lamps in the Classical period at Isthmia, but they do not exceed 35% of the total number found (Isthmia III, pp. 6–17). 7. The fullest treatment of archaic marble lamps is found in Beazley 1940 and in a bibliographical follow-up on imitations in bronze or clay in Kerameikos XI, pp. 173–174; see also Bailey 1996, pp. 117–119. That list can be further augmented; see 1 in the catalogue. Corinth IV.2 has no category for this early type lamp; however, p. 35, type I, no. 43, fig. 17, is a clay lamp inspired by stone models, though not so indicated. Nor is that suggested for the following lamps: Isthmia III, pp. 4 –5, no. 1,

pl. 1, of square shape; Agora IV, pp. 19–20, no. 58, pls. 3, 31); Corinth VII.2, pp. 161–162, no. An 328, fig. 3, pl. 83. 8. Agora IV, p. 19. 9. See Corinth XIII, pp. 150–151, and Corinth XIV, pp. 129– 130, pl. 47; Kenchreai V, p. 4, no. 1, pl. 1, is close to 15. 10. Kerameikos XI, pp. 24 –25, type RSL 2; the Corinthian lamp no. 68 is closest to 12; the shape is also found at Olynthos (Olynthus XIV, pl. 145) and on Delos (Délos XXVI, no. 30, pl. I). Corinth has yielded at least one Athenian example: L-2469 from the Asklepieion. 11. Corinth XIII, pp. 150–151.

ARCHAIC AND CLASSICAL GREEK LAMPS

3

This group should be preceded by the fragmentary 10 from the cemetery fill, tentatively assigned to the last quarter of the 5th century. Its size and shape suggest that it had a narrower rim and lower body than the rest; that is, it was close to the standard 5th-century Athenian version from which it developed, as seen, for example, in Howland type 21B lamps.12 Although their absolute chronological dating is much less certain, the evolutionary criteria for this late version of type IV are well established. These criteria include a general evolution in size from a large and flat lamp to a comparatively smaller and higher one. In this process, the relationship between the curvature of the body toward the rim and the size of the central opening was important: “The gradual closing in of the top in this type is not achieved by a widening of the rim as much as by a narrowing of the body itself.”13 This change in proportion probably took place under the influence of other contemporary lamps, such as Broneer types VI and VII. The result is never a flattening of the top, but a continuation of the round curve of the body profile; the distinct inward-bent curve of the inner rim, typical of the 5th-century version, gradually disappears. Furthermore, the bottom tends to thicken, which is not necessarily related to the appearance of a distinctly offset base. The shape of the base is an important distinguishing mark, but unfortunately not subject to consistent rules. A slightly raised base early in this series (11) is followed by different treatments, so that during the 4th century the body often simply curves into the base (12 and 13). Still another variation of the base is that the transition from the curve of the wall to the base is distinguished by a groove. This variation began in about the 3rd quarter of the 5th century; though Isthmia does not have such an early example, 14 illustrates the phenomenon well. However, the appearance of this new alternative base treatment in no way eliminated previously existing ones: the flat bottom, with or without a groove, continued in Corinth alongside the slightly raised base as late as the third quarter of the 4th century and is found as late as about 300 B.c.14 It is also well known that the nozzle tends to become longer and narrower. A horizontal band handle is almost always present, but it grew thicker over time and was fastened less horizontally (and in general, increasingly sloppily). While these criteria are clear indications of a linear development over a long period of time, their manifestation in specific items is often inconsistent. Early features in one aspect of a lamp do not necessarily disappear when a new tendency is introduced in another aspect. This disparity is possibly due to differences between potters’ workshops, which may in themselves have been fairly consistent. The Isthmia series helps us then to trace the tail-end development of a certain Corinthian style. But it should be stressed that none of the other lamps of Broneer’s type IV from Corinth is, in terms of evolution, as late as 14. It has been suggested in passing that this late variety was designed primarily for funerary functions and is of inferior quality to those intended for ordinary use.15 The discovery of this lamp type at the West Cemetery at Isthmia, along with the example from the Kerameikos and the absence of this variety in the Athenian Agora, certainly lends support to the notion that this type of lamp had a preferred and specific use. But that it was not a firm rule to use this shape exclusively for funerary purposes is demonstrated by the discovery of similar lamps at Delos, Olynthos, and the Corinthian Asklepieion.16 12. Agora IV, pp. 46–47, esp. no. 168, pls. 6, 34, dated ca. 430–420 B.c.; see also Kerameikos XI, pp. 23–24, nos. 59–60, dated to the second half of the 4th century. 13. Corinth IV.2, p. 40. 14. Respectively, Corinth XIII, p. 283, no. 455-2, and p. 289, no. 484-5. 15. Palmer writes, “That the latest, deepest, and crudest [lamps] of Type IV are specifically grave furniture seems likely for a number of reasons: many of them are miniatures; and many unglazed; none of them shows signs of burning; and

they are proportionately much more numerous in the Cemetery than in well groups where good, practical Attic lamps occur frequently” (Corinth XIII, p. 151; see also p. 81). Other Corinthian tombs have also yielded this type of lamp, e.g., L-1976-31 from the Anaploga area. None of the four lamps from the West Cemetery at Isthmia shows signs of burning (i.e., use), and neither do the 4th-century lamps from the North Cemetery at Corinth. 16. See above, n. 10.

2

 LATE HELLENISTIC AND ITALIAN-T YPE LAMPS (17–74)

T

he areas covered by the UCLA/OSU excavations at Isthmia have not yielded any material, including lamps, from the period of about 300 B.c. to the revival of the Isthmian sanctuary in the 1st century A.d.1 The first lamps to come to light again after this hiatus are of two very different traditions. As they were found in parallel chronological contexts, they have here been grouped together into one chapter. These are late Hellenistic lamps (17–25), basically of the eastern Mediterranean tradition (both wheelmade and moldmade), and Italian moldmade lamps of the early Imperial period (26–74). These two different lineages are explored under separate headings in both this chapter and the catalogue. This lack of finds at Isthmia from ca. 300 B.c. to the 1st century A.d. is not attributable solely to the choice of areas excavated. The destruction of Corinth by L. Mummius in 146 B.c. was a decisive factor as well. Between that catastrophe and the founding of Corinth as a Roman colony by Julius Caesar in 44 B.c., the Isthmian sanctuary was abandoned, while the Isthmian Games were celebrated elsewhere, probably at Sikyon.2 In fact, normal life apparently did not resume at Isthmia until some time in the 1st century A.d. Although the epigraphic evidence may suggest a date early in the first half of the century,3 more recent work and an overall assessment by the Chicago excavations puts the earliest archaeological indications of renewed construction no earlier than the middle of the 1st century.4 This resumption in the 1st century A.d. is corroborated by one of the first archaeological finds from the UCLA/OSU excavations, deriving from an area immediately to the west of the Hexamilion fortress near Tower 14 (Plan 3). Here were found the remains of a wall (the so-called Long Wall) oriented roughly north–south, the presence of which was verified intermittently over a stretch of 50 m.5 This wall formed part of a 1st-century structure of an unidentified nature and extent, which may have been connected with an entrance complex to the sanctuary. The line of the road coming through the Isthmian arch in the center of the 1. For Hellenistic lamps from the Chicago excavations, see Isthmia III, pp. 18–26. 2. Isthmia II, p. 67. While the city of Corinth was destroyed, other Peloponnesian communities such as Argos continued to function commercially, though on a limited, reorganized basis; see Koutoussaki 2008, pp. 126–128. 3. See Corinth VIII.3, pp. 70–73, no. 153, for the inscription where the donation to (among other recipients) the Isthmian sanctuary is mentioned; this is dated by Kent to approximately A.d. 25, though the donor, whose name is partially uncertain, could also be an individual in office by the mid-1st century A.d. The early-1st-century inscriptional evidence is also discussed by Biers and Geagan (1970) and Geagan (1989). 4. The rebuilding of the ruined sanctuary is separate from the return of the Games from Sikyon and not necessarily con-

temporary with it. The latter event most likely took place in stages: first a return to Corinth (shortly after 44 B.c.?), then to Isthmia (possibly in connection with Nero’s visit to the Games in A.d. 67). An excellent summary of the complex evidence for the resumption of the Isthmian Games is found in Gebhard 1993, pp. 78–89. See also Gebhard 1973; Gebhard and He­ mans 1992; Gebhard, Hemans, and Hayes 1998. A detailed reexamination by Kajava (2002) of the inscription cited above in n. 3 and its context, however, suggests a date in the early 40s for the return of the Isthmian Games. 5. Clement 1968, p. 142; Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 136–138, figs. 3–5. For possible associations between the Long Wall and other unexcavated structures, see Frey and Gregory 2016, p. 486, n. 92.

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later Northeast Gate runs near Tower 14 on its course toward the Theater and the Temple of Poseidon.6 This stretch of the wall is documented either by a remaining single course of blocks or by its heavy rubble footing. A fill very rich in pottery and lamps, predominantly of the 1st century A.d., was found in the footing trench, by its concentration constituting an open deposit. This deposit contained all of the Hellenistic lamps from the UCLA/OSU excavations (except one, 25) and the great majority of the imported lamps of Italian type, along with their early imitations.7 The only complete metal lamp from the excavations was also found here (41). In addition, the deposit also yielded several examples of a local variety of lamp, Broneer’s type XVI.8 All of the pottery in the footing trench appears to have been put down as a fill on a single occasion as part of the leveling of the sloping ground for the construction of the wall. There is, however, a considerable chronological range among the lamps, which would suggest that the fill was gathered from a nearby dump(?) somewhere in or near the sanctuary. The oldest lamps (17–22) can be dated to the first quarter of the 1st century A.d., which makes them the earliest archaeological indications of some early, but limited, resumption of activities in or around the sanctuary at that time. The latest pieces in the deposit, on the other hand, date toward the end of the 1st century and beyond (e.g., 25, 48, 51, and 59), which gives us a terminus post quem for the construction of this wall. There is reason to believe that the visit of Nero to the Isthmian Games in A.d. 67 gave rise to some building activity, particularly in the Theater.9 Five coins from the 1st century were also found, but none later than Nero.10 But the lamps demonstrate that the structure under discussion must, however, postdate Nero and fall toward the very end of the 1st century, if not later. One reason for construction at the end of the 1st century might be earthquakes. In Corinth there are indications of an earthquake sometime between A.d. 70 and 77, resulting in a late-1st-century cleanup and reconstruction.11

Late Hellenistic Lamps (17–25) The general scarcity of Hellenistic lamps is understandable in light of both the temporary abandonment of the sanctuary from 146 to 44 B.c. and the areas and levels covered by the UCLA/OSU excavations. The lamps discovered range typologically from the end of the 1st century B.c. to the end of the 1st century A.d., and in a few cases even beyond that (24, 25). Among them have emerged examples of three types previously not found in the sanctuary, namely, Broneer types XV, XVIII (two varieties), and XIX.12 They are all moldmade and fragmentary, and only one example is nearly intact (17); all are imports to the Corinthia, mainly from Athens, with one certain example from Asia Minor (18). The selection thus attests to the poverty of local lamp production still prevailing in the Augustan and JulioClaudian eras.13 6. See Marty Peppers 1979, p. 143; Isthmia II, pp. 87–89; Isthmia V, pp. 52–53. 7. For the vigorous export of Italian lamps all over the Roman Empire in the 1st century A.d., see Bailey 1987. 8. For a discussion of type XVI lamps, see below, pp. 13–15. There is evidence of later intrusions into the area of the socalled Long Wall in the form of pottery, lamps, and coins; these intrusions are connected primarily with the construction of the nearby Tower 14 of the Hexamilion fortress in the early 5th century A.d. See Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 145–146, and Isthmia V, pp. 95–109. 9. See Gebhard 1973, pp. 84 –87. The Isthmian arch may

also date from this occasion: see Gregory and Mills 1984, pp.  424 –426. 10. See Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 137–140, and Clement n.d., nos. 44, 47, 48, 50, 52. 11. See the inscription in Corinth VIII.2, pp. 18–19, no. 20; and see Slane 1986, esp. pp. 315–318, for the debate over the date of the earthquake and the changing trade patterns in the Corinthia toward the end of the 1st century. 12. See 17, 19, 21–23; cf. Isthmia III, pp. 2, 26. 13. For the simple wheelmade products, see the type XVI lamps below, pp. 13–15.



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The Athenian lamps are all of common varieties presented in Agora IV. The best preserved, 17, is of particular interest. This bulbous lamp has a filling-hole surrounded by a flaring, raised collar that ends in a flat, neat ridge. Scheibler points out that a raised collar separately added onto a biconical body has Athenian predecessors, though the ultimate origin of this type may not necessarily be Athens.14 Many have been found at Olympia.15 But an eastern Aegean origin is also possible for the general form of lamps with raised collars, as evidenced by both the large quantity of such lamps from Delos16 and the form of the socalled Ephesos lamps in general (i.e., Broneer type XIX and Howland type 49A, where the larger disk rather than just the narrow filling-hole has a raised collar).17 A flat ridge at the top of the collar is also found on another imported lamp fragment (18). This example might strengthen the argument for the eastern Aegean development of the raised collar around the filling-hole, since the small fragment is of an unusually fine, light gray fabric with black glaze, characteristic of eastern Aegean lamps. It is distinguished not only by its distinct profile and fabric, but also by being the only example of this type found at Isthmia, though the type is common at Corinth18 and to a lesser extent at Kenchreai.19 Two further Hellenistic lamp fragments (24 and IPL 1972-58), examples of so-called alpha-globule lamps, derive not from the Long Wall deposit but from the housing complex of the area East of Temenos. They underscore the fact that this Hellenistic type of lamp continued to be made, at least in Athens, well into and through the 2nd century b.c., while the local production of this lamp in the Corinthia was rare at this time.

Italian-Type Lamps (26–74) The other group of early Imperial imported lamps in the Tower 14 deposit consists of Italian types. However, examples of its various categories have also been found outside the area around Tower 14, mostly in the section east of the temple, called the area East of Temenos (Plan 2). This area was very rich in minor finds, especially from the 2nd century A.d. to the final destruction of the sanctuary in the late 4th century. Furthermore, some varieties were also recovered from the Northwest Area and a few other locations.20 In general one difference between the Italian-type lamps from the area around Tower 14 and those from other locations in the sanctuary can be summarized as follows: the former group comes from more homogeneous contexts with 1st-century A.d. material, whereas the latter group (i.e., from the area East of Temenos) comes from contexts that contain nothing that can reasonably be dated before the middle of the 1st century A.d.; instead, both the lamps and other material extend the chronological range of these contexts through the 2nd century, and in some cases probably later, given the presence of so-called red-on-white lamps.21 However, the 14. Kerameikos XI, p. 96. 15. Schleif and Eilmann 1944, p. 89, pls. 65, 66. 16. Délos XXVI, pp. 28–29, esp. nos. 291, 302, 307, 310, pls. 5:D, 6:E. 17. Corinth IV.2, pp. 66–70; Agora IV, pp. 166–169. On the Ephesos lamp in particular, see the recent summary with references in Giuliani 2005, pp. 139–142; Kenchreai V, pp. 7–8, has a brief, informative discussion of the Ephesos lamp with bibliography to date; see also Barr 1996, pp. 191–193. None of these examples have a raised flaring collar; the fullest treatment remains Bailey 1975, pp. 88–112. The bulbous lamp with a raised collar had a long pedigree, possibly ranging from the 2nd century B.c. well into the 1st century A.d. See Schleif and

Eilmann 1944, p. 90; Agora IV, p. 121, type 37C, no. 504; Kerameikos XI, p. 96, no. 594. 18. In Corinth the Ephesos lamp appears shortly after the resettlement in 44 B.c., in both imported versions and local copies and molds. See the summary in Bailey 1975, p. 90, n. 8; see also Wright 1980, pp. 172–173. The type seems to have come to a rather sudden end in the early 1st century A.d.: Williams and Zervos 1989, pp. 24 –25; see also Williams and Russell 1981, pp. 43–44. 19. Kenchreai V, pp. 7–8. 20. See Plan 2 and above, p. 1 with n. 2. 21. See 51–55, and below, pp. 9–10.

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presence of red-on-white lamps is somewhat unexpected, since in general foreign imports from the East wane distinctly in the Corinthia from the end of the 1st century and beginning of the 2nd century, when local lamp makers developed great skill in the fine relief work seen in the lamps of Broneer’s type XXVII (see Chapter 5). In the area around Tower 14 all the common 1st-century A.d. variations of moldmade lamps are represented: volute lamps, lamps with rounded nozzles, alpha-ear lamps, and one factory lamp, that is, Broneer types XXI–XXVI. Their distribution, however, is not even. The Italian-type lamps in the area fall mainly toward the second half of the century. The majority of identifiable lamps are of Broneer’s type XXIV, the popular double-volute lamp that may appear in Greece as early as the 2nd quarter of the 1st century and continues to appear through the century. A handful of recognizable type XXV lamps with rounded nozzles are also recorded; there is reason to suspect that their number would further increase if the fragments now lacking secure diagnostic features were complete. This type XXV variant is not securely attested until the mid-1st century.22 In spite of the fragmentary nature of the material, it is fully presented here in view of the importance of augmenting in every way our knowledge of the Corinthia in the 1st century A.d., a critical period of recovery in so many respects for the city of Corinth and the surrounding area. The dominant position of Italy in the Mediterranean lamp market of the 1st century A.d. is well known. The characteristics and the evolution of these individual types during the following centuries has gradually become clearer.23 However, one aspect in need of more attention, particularly in the Greek context, is the distinction between original Italian imports and local copies of them.24 The problem of assigning a Corinthian origin to a lamp from a 1st-century context has been touched upon in passing,25 but deserves further attention for an understanding of the creative inspirations of Corinthian lamp makers in the wake of the establishment of the Roman colony. Many of the disks and disk fragments of Italian-type lamps in this chapter have relief decor. Most of these images arose in Italy before the middle of the 1st century A.d., and while the earlier disks featured complex, often subtle compositions, it is well known that from the Flavian period onward the trend was different. The spread of lamps over large parts of the empire was based on mass production, with resulting lower aesthetic standards and the emergence of a simplified iconography of an emblematic nature. This general evolution is certainly mirrored in the Isthmian lamps, but unfortunately the material is too limited for further conclusions about local preference for certain subjects motivated by, e.g., the cult aspects of the site.26 About half of the lamps in this section can be assigned an Italian origin and will not be further discussed in detail outside the catalogue (26–41). The other half (42–74) is very diverse. Apart from individual examples of indeterminate provenience (69–74), there are at least four groups that are quite distinguishable on the basis of their fabric and glaze in combination with their shape and decoration. The organization of the subsequent discussion and catalogue is based on these groups. 22. For a summary of the general background and origin of the volute lamp, see, e.g., Kenchreai V, pp. 14 –16. Bailey 1980, pp. 293–295, under his type O, has a thorough discussion of the first appearance, wide-ranging influence, and longevity of this type XXV variant. 23. See below, pp. 22–26. 24. This need also exists for non-Greek copies of Italiantype lamps imported into Greece, such as the lamps by Romanesis. Lamp studies in the Roman provinces have in general addressed this problem head on; see, e.g., Vegas 1966, pp. 78–

81; Leibundgut 1977, passim. 25. Agora VII, p. 7; Isthmia III, passim in the catalogue; and with greater focus in Wright 1980. 26. Compare the interesting results of the study of a large body of Swiss material in Leibundgut 1977, pp. 190–193, showing a decisive preference for disk subjects relating to gladiatorial games and entertainment in general on lamps from military camps (the major findspots in Switzerland) compared to other standard images more congruous with a civilian market.



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Corinthian Imitations of Italian-Type Lamps (42–50) Italian-type lamps, dating to the earliest years of the 1st century A.d., displayed a fundamental, well-known difference from lamps of the previous era. While Hellenistic lamps carried their decor (if any) on their wide shoulders, Italian-type lamps shifted the formal and decorative emphasis to a more or less circular disk, a pattern that prevailed for centuries. While in other areas of the Mediterranean Italian-type lamps continued to exert a strong influence and were copied for a considerable length of time, the situation was somewhat different in Greece. The spectacular rise of the Corinthian lamp market from the beginning of the 2nd century stemmed the tide in Greece—and especially in Corinth—of Italian imports, including the otherwise very popular factory lamp. Corinthian lamps of Broneer’s type XXVII spread not only to Athens but were widely exported across Greece.27 That these imported Italian lamps acted as a strong inspiration from the late 1st century A.d. for the development of type XXVII lamps is clear from a number of parallel elements of form and decoration (see Chapter 5). But imports made their mark before that, through direct imitation and through copying by surmoulage (creating a mold for new objects by making an impression from a preexisting object), as in many other places. It has been argued that these Corinthian imitations began to appear in the third quarter of the 1st century.28 But a deposit in the Corinthian forum, probably from a tavern destroyed by an earthquake early in the reign of Tiberius, might point to an even earlier date.29 It contained, among other things, Italian-type lamps, six of which are tentatively ascribed a Corinthian origin based on their fabric and glaze. The lamps in this section, which I suggest are also Corinthian copies of Italian-type imports, are, however, clearly not typologically as early as the lamps of the Corinthian forum deposit. Their fabrics are identical to countless items in Corinth, even accounting for the slight variations found in the light clay there. Also important for this attribution is the particular way that the flaking glaze adheres (or does not adhere) to the soft fabric. Lamp 42 even exhibits the greenish tint that Corinthian clay often acquires when over-fired. If 45 indeed belongs among Corinthian imitations of Italian-type lamps, it is in a category somewhat apart. Its parallels are among the very late 1st-century, rather sizable Italian-type lamps contemporary with Corinthian lamps of Broneer’s type XXVII that are usually covered with a thick, dark red to brown glaze.30

Red-on-White Lamps (51–55) This group is perhaps the easiest to isolate. Red-on-white lamps are made of a distinctly red clay of either a rather light and fine variety or a darker, coarser variety; both are covered first with a white slip (pipe clay), then by a red glaze that takes on an unusual luminosity due to the white undercoating. In form, they exhibit some variations: there are volute nozzles, but most have U-shaped or heart-shaped nozzles. When there is a disk representation at all, the iconography largely corresponds to that of Italian-type lamps, but of a late variety, often with single objects. Lamp 55 may therefore be a rare exception featuring a gladiatorial scene. An eastern Aegean origin for red-on-white lamps seems certain. For the specific production center of these lamps, however, there are several candidates, primarily in Asia Minor where the type is most frequently found. Ephesos is the most likely source, but we must keep 27. See below, pp. 30–32, and Kenchreai V, pp. 90–91. 28. Agora VII, p. 7. 29. Wright 1980, esp. pp. 171–174.

30. See, e.g., Corinth IV.2, p. 179, no. 474, pl. X; Agora VII, p. 89, no. 210, pl. 7.

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in mind that there was more than one center of production; red-on-white lamps were also made, for example, at Pergamon.31 The few examples from precisely datable contexts seem to point to a period of use from the late 1st century A.d., continuing through the 2nd century and occasionally extending into the 3rd century.32 The UCLA/OSU fragments should, however, with one exception, be dated in the later ranges. The exception is 51, from the Tower 14 deposit; it has the earliest type of rim of the five Isthmian fragments from the UCLA/OSU excavations and is assigned to the end of the 1st or early 2nd century. All the others come from the area East of Temenos from contexts mostly of the second half of the 2nd century or even into the early 3rd century. Future publications of material from the eastern Mediterranean may further elucidate the duration of this special technique.

Knidos-Area Lamps, Including the Workshop of Romanesis (56–61) At least six pieces are assigned to this group. Their clay is characterized by a hard, medium beige fabric of more substantial weight than the previously discussed lamps, containing some white and black inclusions. Their glaze has a predominantly reddish orange tone and is at times thick but never evenly applied; the bottom halves in particular are generally only partially covered, and in streaks when they are. Among these six examples, the four preserved nozzles all have double volutes (Broneer type XXIII). Where enough is preserved to read, four disks have reliefs. The most significant ones are 56, with Herakles and the hind, signed ΡΟΜ[ΑΝΗ]SΙ|S; 57, with the rare motif of three hunchbacks, known to belong to the repertory of the same artist; and lastly, 59, a rim fragment with a raised wreath, which has direct parallels to lamps of the same workshop.33 Since Knidos was the most likely center of activity for Romanesis and his long-lasting workshop, all of the Isthmian fragments of this ware have been assigned to that origin, without implying that all should also be attributed to the same artist.34 A good deal has been written on this workshop as the most prominent representative of the large-scale Knidian pottery production of the Roman period. Future publications, especially of museum holdings, might reveal further lamps from this workshop and make it possible to trace more accurately the commercial spread of its lamps.35 The popularity of lamps from the workshop of Romanesis carried them widely, from Egypt to the Crimea, from Syria to northern Italy, but with a heavy concentration on the coast of Asia Minor. The possible export patterns of his lamps in the northern and western Roman provinces have so far only been provisionally established.36 But these patterns hold some possible interest for areas where the export of 31. See Heimerl 2001, esp. the discussion on pp. 93–94, further updating the valuable treatment, list of findspots, and bibliography in Kenchreai V, pp. 30–32. See also Agora VII, pp. 5–6, nos. 155–204; these 50 examples give a good general idea of the range of decor. To those examples can be added five more in Kerameikos XVI, pp. 87–88, nos. 23–27, pl. 2. In view of the relatively few such lamps discovered in Greece outside of Athens, it is startling that Argos reports ca. 80; see Koutoussaki 2008, pp. 128–130. The numbers from Isthmia are modest: three in Isthmia III (pp. 58, 60, nos. 2447, 2469, 2486) and five more presented here. 32. See Agora VII, p. 5; Kenchreai V, p. 32; Heimerl 2001, p. 94; Koutoussaki 2008, pp. 143–147. Heimerl confirms that the technique was also used on Pergamene relief ceramics. 33. See the catalogue entries of these lamps for further examples assigned to Romanesis from Athens, Kenchreai, and

the British Museum; the fabric and glaze of this group are also consonant with those parallels. 34. Bailey (1988, pp. 331–332) suggests that only lamps signed by Romanesis should be considered products from his workshop. 35. The most comprehensive study of the shop was done by Heres (1968), followed by a brief discussion by the same author (1972, pp. 163–165); see also Behrens 1949–1950. Informative summaries of many aspects to date are found in Kenchreai V, pp. 27–30, with a discussion of the name Romanesis and the potential relationship of his workshop to Italian lamp makers; Bailey (1988, pp. 331–332) discusses this relationship further. 36. Leibundgut (1977) does not report any signatures, though a few examples of motifs connected with this workshop are reported from Switzerland, Germany, and England (see 57 and Bailey 1988, p. 48).



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this workshop’s lamps intersects with areas that have numerous imports of Italian-type lamps. This especially applies to factory lamps, which might have limited the market for lamps from Romanesis’s workshop. According to Heres, lamps from the workshop of Romanesis began to appear in the last third of the 1st century A.d. and continued to be manufactured through the first third of the 2nd century.37 This long span of production also raises wider questions about the workshop’s organization, voiced briefly by Heres.38 Was there more than one workshop? What was the relationship between the signature and the bearer of the name?39

Lamps of Thin Fabric and Metallic Glaze (62–68) The last identified group of lamps is conspicuous by its very fine, hard, and thin ware in a rosy shade of beige (very slight, specific variations are noted in the catalogue). Apart from the thinness of their fabric, these lamps are characterized by a relatively thin glaze with a metallic sheen applied evenly over the whole lamp, including the bottom. This glaze is of two tones, either a distinct grayish rose or a dark grayish brown (possibly a consequence of different firings). Formal similarities also justify grouping them closely together: they have large alphas in relief with broken bars and forked ends within a single groove on the base, flat, narrow rims with fine, thin shoulder rills, and occasionally a short channel to the wickhole. Among the lamps with the grayish rose glaze, two have ear lugs (63 and IP 3782). As these two are not physically connected to bases with alphas on them, we cannot call them alpha-ear lamps in the strictest sense. This is, in any event, a category of a shifting nature. Ear lugs of varying shapes as well as alphas on bases occur on lamps of the 1st and 2nd centuries, but the relationship between the two features is irregular.40 Both numerically and chronologically, the alpha base is the more extensive of the two features. A single alpha on the base already appears among Hellenistic lamps as early as the second half of the 2nd century B.c.41 and is particularly frequent in the 1st and 2nd centuries A.d.42 It was especially popular in Athens and is encountered also with types other than ear lamps, such as the so-called globule lamps.43 The alpha was most commonly rendered in relief with a broken crossbar, either small in size or more frequently, as on 64 –66, covering the whole base area. The letter A does not occur on Italian lamp bases.44 Though the occurrence of alphas on bases had a longer duration, the ear lug 37. Heres 1968, pp. 201–203; Cahn-Klaiber (1977, pp. 29– 30) proposes a somewhat longer period, from before the mid1st century to the mid-2nd century, a possibility strengthened by a lamp from Cyprus (see Bailey 1988, p. 332). 38. Heres 1968, p. 206. 39. The evolution of the decorative patterns on these lamps shows the effect of the push toward large-scale fabrication: while the 1st-century disks often have the ambitious compositions of early- to mid-1st-century Italian lamps (e.g., 56, 57), the 2nd-century Romanesis lamps resort to an emblematic scheme (e.g., 60), that is, they fall in line with the iconographic developments at large of Roman lamps of the 1st and 2nd centuries. 40. The nomenclature is frequently inconsistent in modern scholarship and requires care: at times the phrase “alpha-ear lamp” is applied to a lamp without an alpha on the base, and at other times lamps with both features are simply called “ear lamps.” 41. See Agora IV, p. 161, nos. 635–637, pls. 25, 48; Kerameikos XI, pp. 152, 159–161 (where it is combined with different disks), including examples from the 1st century B.c. 42. For the numerous alpha-globule lamps of the 1st and

2nd centuries in Athens, see 24 and Agora VII, pp. 15–17. A single, incised alpha can be found on lamps through the 4th century: see Agora VII, p. 29, and Isthmia III, p. 78, no. 3038, pl. 13. 43. For such lamps imported to Athens, see Agora VII, pp. 14 –17, 79, 83, nos. 80–84, 118–119; and for Attic lamps of these types, pp. 105–107, nos. 397–417 (ear lamps and alphaear lamps), 418–438 (alpha-globule lamps). The single alpha most likely has no consistent meaning over the centuries in which it appears. Suggestions vary, and include the alpha as a shop signature or as a symbol of Athens when used there, with no satisfactory single conclusion concerning its widespread use; see Agora IV, p. 161; Agora VII, pp. 16–17. “Ear lamps” here means well-shaped swallowtail or wave-shaped handle lugs; they are most frequently combined with plain disks and have a channel leading to a rounded nozzle. There are certain similarities to factory lamps (e.g., 70). However, ear lugs also occur occasionally on lamps with figured disks and even volute nozzles, e.g., Oziol 1977, p. 116, no. 276, pl. 16. See also Kerameikos XVI, pp. 12–13. 44. See Bailey 1980, pp. 233–236, type G, for examples of Italian-made ear lamps.

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LATE HELLENISTIC AND ITALIAN-T YPE LAMPS

had a greater geographical spread and is found all around the Mediterranean and in NorthCentral Europe. Its beginnings can be traced to the Late Republic or early Augustan age.45 All of the parallel examples personally observed both in Greece and Italy are, however, of a much coarser, heavier fabric than the group under discussion. The only one that comes close to the Isthmian examples is Agora VII, p. 79, no. 82, pl. 4, also of a grayish rose glaze and assigned an eastern Aegean origin.46 The Isthmian group has a curious combination of features: the round nozzle would tend to indicate a date after the middle of the 1st century, but the fine rills of the rim are generally not found with such a nozzle. A mid-1st-century date for most of them would accommodate these factors in the absence of other indicators. On the whole, few of the shoulders of this group fit Loeschcke’s patterns more than approximately.47 What emerges is the impression of a somewhat different paragon than that behind their Italian predecessors. In spite of a good number of lamps with alphas on their bases and of ear lamps made in both Athens and Asia Minor, it is not currently possible to establish the origin of either phenomenon. Much speaks, however, in favor of an eastern Aegean origin for both, particularly the metallic luster of the fabric on early examples (see those cited under 63) and the absence of parallels from the West. However, no striking parallel has been found so far and no specific center can be suggested at the moment.

Lamps of Uncertain Provenience (69–74) In this category two specific lamps need mention. The first is 69, a Broneer type XXI lamp of the gray fabric and dark glaze usually associated with Ephesos-type lamps; it has a handle shield decorated with a leaf pattern. The large size of 69 is not unique in the Corinthia,48 but the signature ΔΑ|ΜΟΤ|ΕΛΗϹ is: Damoteles is so far unknown as a lamp maker. The other is 70, the sole example of a factory lamp, a type very common in Italy but rare in Greece (see the discussion in the catalogue entry). 45. See Loeschcke 1919, pp. 228–229, type G. The list of ear lamps from known sources can now be extended far beyond what is reported in Agora VII, p. 14. In addition to Bailey 1980, pp. 233–236, nos. Q1092–Q1097, pl. 38, the following can be added, but they do not constitute a complete list: Heres 1968, pp. 33, 45, 52, 55, 63, 89, nos. 118–120, 201, 202, 237, 268, 340, 597, pls. 16, 25, 29, 32, 38, 62; Cahn-Klaiber 1977, pp. 363, 369, 375, nos. 263, 285, 303, pls. 26, 29, 31; Leibundgut 1977, pp. 239, 255, 263, 267, 268, nos. 347, 523, 630, 632, 663, 674, pls. 7, 8; Isthmia III, p. 58, no. 2447, pl. 28; Hayes 1980, p. 49, no. 220. A number of 1st-century A.d. ear lamps have been found at Mytilene, lending further support for an eastern Aegean provenience for the ear lug (H. Williams, pers. comm.).

46. There are formal differences, however, as the Athenian example has no alpha on its base and has a longer nozzle. Its early date (the first half of the 1st century A.d., based on its context) must be considered unusual, as round nozzles are not otherwise documented before the middle of the century. See Bailey 1980, pp. 233–234. 47. For his chronological evolution of early Italian lamp shoulders, see Loeschcke 1919, p. 213, fig. 2. His typologies are followed in the catalogue. 48. See e.g., Corinth IV.2, p. 169, nos. 398, 399, 409, pl. VII; more recently, Wright 1980, p. 161, no. 114, pl. 33 (of Tiberian date); and Williams and Zervos 1982, pp. 130–131, nos. 45, 46, pl. 141 (from the late 1st century B.c. to the early 1st century A.d.).

3

 BRONEER T YPE XVI LAMPS (75–82)

T

he types of lamps found in the Tower 14 deposit1 provide a good representation of the variety (if not the proportions) used in the 1st century A.d. in the Corinthia at large. The heavy reliance on imports of Eastern lamps into Corinth is only slightly mirrored at Isthmia, as the break in activity after the destruction of 146 B.c. lasted longer there than at Corinth itself. On the other hand, the deposit speaks clearly of the growth of the Italian lamp trade after Corinth was refounded as a Roman colony, both in its variety of forms and in the inspiration for imitations that Italian lamps provided.2 A third category also present in the deposit consists of a local wheelmade variety of lamp, Broneer’s type XVI (75–82). It is common in Corinth itself, where it most likely was manufactured, and is well known in scholarly literature since the late 1920s.3 Apart from Corinth, the other major place of discovery is Isthmia, while its appearance in the rest of Greece and beyond is quite sporadic.4 The need for an inexpensive alternative to more costly imported lamps, whether from the eastern or western Mediterranean, presumably accounts for the popularity and longevity of the type XVI lamp. Its straightforward sturdiness and practicality must also have added to its attraction. Type XVI lamps are mostly made from a rather rough, local variety of fabric with many inclusions, close to the clay reserved for making local cooking ware. A light buff fabric is occasionally used among the very earliest examples; 75 may be one such lamp.5 Every feature is dictated by practicality alone: the sizable loop handle, the rim around the disk to prevent spilling oil, and the substantial, blunt-edged nozzle. Some have a self-slip, others do not; there is no decoration.6 For occasional whitewash on the surface, see 76. Much has been written on the origin of and formative influences on type XVI lamps. Though it is clear that it comes out of the Hellenistic tradition of wheelmade lamps, the details of its development are not settled.7 Whatever the background, type XVI, as it is known in the Corinthia, belongs to the period after the Roman colony was founded, emerging at 1. See above, pp. 5–6. 2. See above, pp. 8–9. 3. See Broneer 1927; Corinth IV.2, pp. 56–60, 149–157, nos. 196–293; Wright 1980; Slane 1986; Corinth XVIII.2, pp. 9–10; Slane (Corinth XVIII.2, p. 9, n. 4) suggests that a few lamps found in Corinth may have been made elsewhere. For lamps of this type from Sicily, see below, n. 7. 4. See Isthmia III, pp. 26–34. References to the few Greek examples found outside the Corinthia at Athens, Delos, Delphi, Argos, Kenchreai, and Galaxidi are noted in Kenchreai V, p. 10, n. 17. 5. See Williams and Russell 1981, p. 44. 6. Broneer provides a good description of the manufacture

of these lamps in Isthmia III, p. 27. The presence or absence of a slip appears to have no chronological significance. Very occasionally the lamp will have two or three nozzles; no such examples were found in the UCLA/OSU excavations, but are recorded at Corinth. See Corinth IV.2, pp. 57, 156, no. 284, fig. 25 (with three nozzles), and p. 156, no. 285, pl. V (a very unusual example with two nozzles opposite each other). 7. See Isthmia III, pp. 26–27, where the Greek roots are stressed; see, however, Bailey 1975, pp. 315–316, nos. Q677, Q678, pl. 124, for local Sicilian lamps with a closely related shape. See also, e.g., Tusa 1958, p. 154, fig. 54:1, for examples from Selinus.

14

BRONEER T YPE XVI LAMPS

Isthmia along with the resumed activities there in the 1st century A.d., and possibly precedes the major importation of Italian lamps.8 Its manufacture lasted beyond the importation of Italian-type relief lamps into the mid-2nd century and beyond, interlinked with another local lamp with a specifically Isthmian character, the so-called Palaimonion lamp. This Palaimonion lamp, in turn, continued in use after type XVI lamps ceased to be made (see below, p. 17). In 1930, Broneer set the end of the production of type XVI lamps to around A.d. 100;9 the discoveries at Isthmia, however, have allowed us to extend that date into some point in the first half of the 2nd century.10 Recent investigations at Isthmia confirm this date and shed light on the hero cult of Palaimon, centering around three sacrificial pits in the vicinity of his temples.11 These pits (A, B, and C) all contained bones, pottery, and lamps, including a good number of new finds of type XVI lamps. Type XVI lamps are not numerous in the material from the UCLA/OSU excavations: there are only 20 pieces in all, deriving from a variety of locations. A few examples, however, have significant contexts. Lamps 76 and 78 are from the Tower 14 deposit, which dates to the 1st century A.d. and largely to the second half of that century (see above, p. 6). Lamp 80 was found with several type XXVII lamp fragments and two Palaimonion lamp fragments, pointing to a date of at least the first half of the 2nd century. The nozzle fragment IPL 1971-72 (see 81) was discovered near the bottom of a well deposit from the area East of Temenos also containing a coin of Marcus Aurelius and some fragments of a Broneer type XXVII lamp.12 The only presence of a type XVI lamp in the Roman Bath, the nozzle IPL 1978-198 (see 78), was found with four fragments of type XXVII lamps. The combined evidence then of the lamps from the UCLA/OSU excavations at Isthmia and from the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore at Corinth suggests that type XVI lamps continued to be made well into, and possibly beyond, the mid-2nd century.13 Intrinsic dating criteria stemming from formal, evolutionary factors have also been explored in the material from Corinth, with interesting results. Allowing for the individuality of handmade (i.e., wheelmade) objects, certain general tendencies of change in the profiles of these lamps can nevertheless be observed.14 The examples from the early 1st century have either a straight upper profile or a single curve.15 They also tend to have a predominantly flat or shallow disk and a simple string-cut base. Lamp 75 clearly has early characteristics and is distinctly different from the rest. Toward the end of the 1st century it appears that a double curvature profile was preferred, aided, but not solely created, by the introduction of a flaring rim. This profile was often combined with a deeper disk and a generally smaller filling-hole. Of the seven examples of type XVI lamps from the UCLA/OSU excavations with body profiles relatively well pre8. More recent finds from Corinth suggest a shift to Broneer’s type XVI in the early years of the 1st century A.d.: see Williams and Zervos 1989, p. 25. 9. Corinth IV.2, pp. 58–59. 10. Corinth XVIII.2, p. 10, resurrecting Broneer’s preliminary verdict (1927, p. 337). 11. For the sequence, location, and revised dates of the cult areas and temples of Palaimon, see Gebhard, Hemans, and Hayes 1998, pp. 416–417, 436–441, 442–444, and also below, p. 17. Broneer’s excavations recorded 771 lamps of this type (i.e., about one-fourth of all the lamps he excavated); see Isthmia III, p. 26. Of those, 675 came from the Palaimonion and strongly suggest a cultic connection. 12. Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 261–263, 265, fig. 77:d. The coin is there identified as belonging to the reign of Antoninus Pius; see, however, Clement n.d., no. 62.

13. See Corinth XVIII.2, p. 10. 14. This evolution was noticed already by Broneer (Corinth IV.2, pp. 58–59), though his dating can now be adjusted. These developments are explored in three detailed stages in Corinth XVIII.2, pp. 9–10. 15. See Wright 1980, pp. 160–161, nos. 109, 110, both from a Tiberian context. These impressions are confirmed by the material from manhole 1981-3 at Corinth, dated at the latest to A.d. 1–10: see Williams and Zervos 1982, p. 131, no. 48 (with a vertical upper profile), no. 49 (with a single curve). The upper part of the bowl of several lamps from the Cheliotomylos area also have a straight profile. For parallel straight and curved profiles, see, respectively, Isthmia III, pp. 29, 31, nos. 352, 480, pls. 5, 19, though no precise dating is given to them there.



BRONEER T YPE XVI LAMPS

15

served, all but one (75) have this double curvature (see, e.g., 81, 82).16 These tendencies continued during the 2nd century and became more pronounced, including the addition of a slightly raised base (e.g., 82). It is also possible that the nozzle forms display an evolutionary development, having a straight end in the early stage and flaring corners in later stages. It must be stressed that these formal features provide only very general guidelines and cannot be expected to occur consistently. The variations are quite understandable; this unpretentious, wheelmade product was, after all, produced by many individual hands. 16. See also, e.g., Slane 1986, p. 299, nos. 135–137; for a profile of this stage, see Isthmia III, p. 31, no. 492, pl. 5.

4

 PALAIMONION LAMPS (83–102)

W

hile type XVI lamps in the Corinthia were used in both secular and ritual circumstances, the other locally wheelmade lamp type, the so-called Palaimonion lamp, has only been attested in ritual contexts. In the Corinthia it is almost exclusively limited to the Isthmian sanctuary. Though the general configuration of a bowl containing a raised central socket for the wick also occurs elsewhere in the Mediterranean and the northwestern Roman Empire, the Isthmian lamps have their own unique characteristics and apparently were created at that location solely for a ritual purpose.1 This type of lamp is wheelmade and consists of a bowl of varying height and diameter for the oil, at times with a projecting rim, mostly with a flat edge. In the center there is a tubular socket, also of varying height and shape, perforated with slits or holes for the flow of oil to the wick placed inside it. There is no handle. A variety of local fabrics were used, from the pale, fine, mealy Corinthian clay to the more orange versions of the same and the coarse, brick-red clay often used in Corinthian plain ware. Though the presence of fine, paler clay certainly is found in early, well-made versions, it is also seen in lamps as sloppily made as many of the brick-red plain ware. The fabric is therefore of limited use as a chronological indicator. The chronological development of Palaimonion lamps is linked to the occurrence of type XVI lamps. When first published, the Palaimonion lamps were dated by Broneer from the mid-1st century A.d. through the end of the 2nd century, with group B first appearing in the late 1st or early 2nd century.2 More recently, however, renewed investigations and excavations in 1989 of the Sanctuary of Poseidon and the Palaimonion by the University of Chicago have shown both that Palaimonion lamps may not have been manufactured until ca. A.d. 60–80 and that they continued in use into the early decades of the 3rd century.3 1. The full account of this lamp type is found in Isthmia III, pp. 35–52, pls. 6, 7, 22–26, with a discussion of related shapes on pp. 35–37, 83. Two fragments from Corinth were identified after the publication of Isthmia III: one in the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore made of a pale, local clay (Corinth XVIII.2, p. 26, no. 10, fig. 1), and another east of the Theater in a context dated before the middle of the 1st century A.d. (L-1988-16). The closest parallels from outside the Corinthia, lamps from Samaria, were used in the cult of Kore, and suggest that this specific form of lamp was primarily designed for ritual use (Samaria III, pp. 373–374, fig. 88:11, pl. XXIII). In addition to the list in Isthmia III (pp. 35–37) of related though not identical examples outside the Corinthia, see Bailey 1988, p. 172, nos. Q1650 (with handle), Q1651, Q1652, pl. 10. These lamps are all reported by Walters (1914) and come from northern Europe, where a great many have been found. For example, 77 were found in Switzerland alone (Leibundgut 1977, p. 297, no. 980); many of these Swiss lamps are very similar to Loeschcke 1919, pp. 124 –131, 262–263, type XIV (Tüllenlampen), nos. 1044 –1049, pl. 20. In Nijmegen, the

Museum Het Valkhof has 42 further examples, mostly from tombs (see Vegas 1966, p. 77, no. 300, pls. 5, 10). A lamp seen by this author in the Musée Archéologique in the Hôtel de Sade at St. Rémy was found in 1974 at Glanum; H. Williams (pers. comm.) reports one such lamp in the Musée du Pays Châtillonnais in Châtillon-sur-Seine. The vessels reported as “torch-holders” in the Cesnola Collection from Cyprus seem unlikely to have been lamps: see Myres 1914, p. 104, nos. 796– 798. 2. See Isthmia III, p. 49. 3. These chronological revisions of ca. 50 years forward in time are thoroughly reported in Gebhard, Hemans, and Hayes 1998, pp. 416–417, and esp. in the discussions of pit A (pp. 430–433), pit B (pp. 436–438), and pit C (pp. 442–444); see also their pottery catalogue, pp. 446–454. The later study also adds information and variants of Palaimonion lamps not recorded in Isthmia III. For the relationship between Palaimonion lamps and Broneer type XVI lamps, see above, p. 14; the implications for the revival of the Isthmian sanctuary are discussed above, p. 5 with n. 4.

18

PALAIMONION LAMPS

The Palaimonion lamps from Broneer’s excavations, published in Isthmia III, constitute the single most numerous type found by Broneer (1,222 lamps) and even more came to light in 1989. The heaviest concentration was in the Palaimonion and the areas immediately east of the Temple of Poseidon and the Earlier Stadium.4 In the later (UCLA/OSU) excavations, some 80 such lamps were found, all fragmentary; one-third are in fact so damaged as to make it impossible to distinguish or confirm the specific characteristics outlined above. The dating of these fragments is consequently fairly general. Because the ritual use of this type of lamp was apparently particularly associated with the Palaimonion, it is not surprising that practically all of the examples from the UCLA/OSU excavations derive from a contiguous area called the area East of Temenos (Plan 2). During excavations in 1970 and 1971 in the areas southeast of the Propylon and the Earlier Stadium’s retaining wall, four trenches overlapped with the areas already investigated by Broneer in 1955–1956.5 With few exceptions, the majority of the lamps derive from the trenches nearest to Broneer’s Palaimonion excavations, mostly within 10–12 m north of the Earlier Stadium’s retaining wall. The contexts here were, however, disturbed by several consecutive construction phases in the area over the first few centuries A.d. Broneer’s subdivisions of A-1 to A-6 and B-1 to B-4 are based on variations of the features described, such as the socket, oil holes, and relation of socket to bowl, especially in combination with different Corinthian clay types. These categories are more organizational by nature than evolutionary or chronological, though clearly type A lamps are earlier than type B. In the latter group the differences reflect a general deterioration in quality, shown in a tendency toward a smaller bowl, the disappearance of the rim, and more numerous and unevenly shaped openings of the socket in combination with different, often darker and coarser Corinthian clay types. In lamps of Broneer’s types A-1 to A-3 the socket was added separately after making the bowl. In practice, this technique is observable only in broken lamps (e.g., 85), since added clay was worked around the joint to conceal it. The differing openings for the flow of oil to the wick give evidence of some experimentation toward effectiveness. One might ask if type A-1 with its single slit from the top of the socket, or type A-6 with two slits from the top to the bottom, would have been as practical and durable as other (later?) solutions. A single opening (type A-3) or a double one (type A-4), always at the base of the socket, combined with a relatively low height, must have produced a less fragile socket. The two openings of type A-4 are usually large, with the socket either pierced with varying crudeness (e.g., 92) or neatly cut by two parallel slits with the clay in between removed (e.g., 84). Type B lamps exhibit three narrow, uneven slits near the bottom, often but not always evenly distributed around the circumference. Did three slits so placed (e.g., 98) work better than two large openings (e.g., 91)? Type A lamps are much more numerous than the later type B lamps, and it is increasingly tempting—especially for type A lamps—to link their physical differences with a variety of fairly contemporary, individual shops, varying taste, and differing economic aims, rather than with a consistent evolution. This impression is reinforced by one further factor, namely, the treatment of the base. The great majority of Palaimonion lamps have simple, flat, string-cut bases made with varying degrees of care. In addition, a small number of lamps have so-called trimmed 4. See Plan 2; Isthmia II, pp. 99–112, esp. pp. 100–102; Isthmia III, pp. 35–52. 5. See Clement 1971, p. 105, and the trench plan in Clement 1972, p. 226, fig. 1, and compare with Isthmia II, plan II, and the revisions in Gebhard, Hemans, and Hayes 1998. In addition to those finds, 17 of the 83 total Palaimonion lamp

fragments from the UCLA/OSU excavations were recovered in 1993 from a modern dump of 1969–1972. Those 17 fragments are all quite small, and with great likelihood also come from the area East of Temenos, close to the Palaimonion, since all of the other examples (with one stray exception) were found there.

PALAIMONION LAMPS

19

bases, in which the interior is treated to produce a central, offset area reminiscent of much plain-ware pottery, whence it most certainly derives. Eight of the 83 examples from the UCLA/OSU excavations have this feature (88, 89, 91, 95, 98, IPL 1970-214, 1970-217, and 1993-9). Of these eight lamps, five are made of the fine, paler clay, but the trimmed base is also found on lamps of the coarse, brick-red clay (e.g., 89). Lamps of the whitish clay may have been more expensive due to the cost of cleaning the material (and a smaller clay supply?), but did not necessarily result in a more elegantly executed lamp. Trimming of the base occurs occasionally on lamps with three openings in the socket, but is more frequent on lamps with two openings. This is not surprising, since lamps with two openings constitute the most common category. As is the case with the lamps of type XVI, some Palaimonion lamps also show traces of whitewash, possibly of ritual significance (e.g., 90, 93).6 On the whole, the Palaimonion lamps from the UCLA/OSU excavations confirm the established typology and emphasize their locally restricted use within the sanctuary area at large. 6. See Isthmia III, p. 37.

5

 UNGLAZED Corinthian (BRONEER T YPE XXVII), LATE CORINTHIAN (POST-BRONEER T YPE XXVII), and unusual LAMPS (103–227) Unglazed Corinthian Lamps (Broneer t ype XXVII) (103–197) In the early years of the 2nd century, the Corinthian lamp industry began to issue a moldmade, unglazed lamp of high artistic quality and fine detail made possible by the use of plaster molds.1 This characteristic, now well-known lamp was continuously produced for approximately two centuries, dominating the market in Greece and exported widely (though not on a large scale) in spite of its thinness and fragility.2 Broneer, who designated this lamp as his type XXVII, classified them into four categories in 1930, and in 1977 added a fifth:3 A. Ray disk with ovules on rim (e.g., 105) B. Ray disk with vine rim (e.g., 114) C. Figured disk with ovules and panels on rim (e.g., 139) D. Channel-and-panel lamps (e.g., 158) E. Oversized lamps (e.g., 162)4

These categories, based on decor, were also originally intended to have chronological significance; however, their usefulness is now to a great extent formal, as the various categories have been shown to have coexisted in a time frame considerably longer than Broneer originally suggested. In addition, the groups may indeed have first appeared in a slightly different chronological order than the order of these categories. Furthermore, new variations have emerged not easily covered by these categories. 1. Broneer’s fundamental study on Corinthian unglazed lamps is found in Corinth IV.2, pp. 90–102, 116–117, and continued in Isthmia III, pp. 64 –72. Important revisions made possible by finds from Athens are in Agora VII, pp. 6–9, and passim; further useful assessments are in Kenchreai V, pp. 35–41, and most importantly, Corinth XVIII.2, pp. 13–17. Siebert 1966 and Bruneau 1971 and 1977 have valuable descriptions of museum holdings and iconography, but do not take an independent position on chronology (though Bruneau 1971, p. 443, suggests a modification of Broneer’s categories). To this should be added, e.g., Petropoulos 1994 (on lamps from Patras), among several other recent contributions concerning smaller holdings. 2. For a select list of findspots of type XXVII lamps outside the Corinthia, see Kenchreai V, pp. 90–91; see also Petridis 1992, pp. 664 –667. Both can no doubt be expanded. A more general

overview of the export patterns of various lamps of the Roman period can be found in Bailey 1987, pp. 59–61. 3. For these categories in general, see Corinth IV.2, pp. 90– 91; Isthmia III, pp. 66–70. In 1930 Broneer created type XXX for lamps with a central handle (both Corinthian unglazed and Athenian unglazed and glazed examples): Corinth IV.2, pp. 116–117, pls. 20, 21. He wisely abandoned this division in 1977, putting such unglazed Corinthian lamps under type XXVII:e and such Athenian lamps under type XXVIII; compare Isthmia III, p. 71, no. 2847, pl. 30, with those in Corinth IV.2, pls. 20, 21. 4. For another example of this rare category, see Williams and Zervos 1985, p. 62, no. 18a, pl. 10. This lamp was made from the same mold as Isthmia III, p. 71, no. 2843, pls. 8, 30, and later made into an incense burner.

22

UNGLAZED CORINTHIAN, LATE CORINTHIAN, AND UNUSUAL LAMPS

Type XXVII was the single most frequently found type of lamp in the UCLA/OSU excavations. It was present in all the areas explored, but in very unequal numbers. The overwhelming majority came from the area east of the Temple of Poseidon, the area East of Temenos, a fact that aids in dating the earliest use of the area to the 2nd and 3rd centuries.5

The Formative Period The whole lamp industry in Corinth following the establishment of the Roman colony has in recent decades undergone some important reevaluations and clarifications, a process that is likely to continue. Concerning the early period, the hypothesis of a relatively sudden emergence of type XXVII lamps has now been much altered, as the nature of the relationship between imported Italian-type glazed lamps and the local production in Corinth of imitations of these lamps in the 1st century A.d. has gradually become more clearly mapped out. That Corinthian unglazed lamps are stylistically and technically closely related to Italiantype moldmade lamps has always been stressed. The two resemble one another not only in their decoration and general proportions, but also by the moldmade process of manufacturing both their upper and lower parts. Ultimately, however, the principal contribution of Italian-type lamps of the 1st century A.d. was to transfer the main decorative area to the disk from the shoulder, which had been the predominant location for decor in the Hellenistic period. This change from rim to disk was maintained in subsequent centuries of indigenous Greek production, from the unglazed Corinthian lamps to the unglazed and glazed Athenian ones inspired by Corinthian models. Perlzweig had already pointed out that the artistic independence of type XXVII lamps visà-vis Italian-type 1st-century A.d. imports was the result of some period of local copying of imports. She assigned this learning process on the part of Corinthian lamp makers to the third quarter of the 1st century.6 This laboratory period spent mastering the technique and thus bridging the transition from local wheelmade lamps to delicate mold decor can, however, possibly be extended to span the larger part of the 1st century, as shown by Italian-type lamps most likely made of local clay found in a Tiberian deposit in Corinth.7 Along with direct copying, gradual experimentation with forms merely inspired by Italian-type imports also began. This process resulted in Corinthian lamps, sometimes glazed like their Italiantype models, sometimes not, eventually crystallizing into the well-known, elegant lamps of Broneer’s type XXVII. Products found in the Corinthia from this transitional period include the following features borrowed from Italian-type imports (Broneer types XXIII, XXIV, and XXV), often slightly modified: ovules or oblique leaves on the rim, volute nozzles, and disks that are often plain, but occasionally with figured relief decor as on Italian-type lamps. In summary, there are groups of lamps identical or nearly identical to type XXVII in form, and in some instances the only difference is the absence or presence of glaze.8 Such examples include, for example, lamps with a central handle, two nozzles, and an oval base; circular lamps with oblique leaves on the rim; lamps with ray disks and ovules on the rim; and tear-shaped lamps

5. Of the ca. 360 lamps and lamp fragments of Broneer’s type XXVII, about 270 came from the area East of Temenos; for the distribution of types from the Chicago excavations, see Isthmia III, pp. 84 –91, with additions in Gebhard and Hemans 1992 and 1998; Gebhard, Hemans, and Hayes 1998.

6. Agora VII, p. 7. 7. Wright 1980, especially pp. 171–174. 8. See the examples cited in Agora VII, p. 7, n. 17, and the discussions in Isthmia III, p. 64, and Kenchreai V, pp. 37–39.



UNGLAZED CORINTHIAN LAMPS (BRONEER T YPE XXVII)

23

with ovules or oblique leaves on the rim.9 These specific examples occur both in glazed and unglazed versions made of the same quality of clay. In addition, such parallels are repeatedly found together. The short Italian-type handle ending well above the base (e.g., 37) was maintained in the early production of Corinthian unglazed lamps, often flanked by incised circles (e.g., 103, 105, and 106). In time, however, the tip was made to extend either toward or all the way to the base (e.g., 117, 119). The prevalent pattern of grooving on the handle also changed: on glazed Corinthian imitations (as on their Italian models), only the upper section has grooves (e.g., 45, 49); exceptions are rare and late (e.g., 50). Among the unglazed Corinthian lamps, on the other hand, the situation is reversed: grooving only on the upper part of the handle is exceptional and early (e.g., 106).10 Furthermore, the rim profile changed from the outward-slanting line typical of Italiantype glazed lamps of the late 1st and 2nd centuries to a flat or nearly flat rim on unglazed Corinthian lamps. Naturally there are transitional examples that contain an interesting mixture of these features, leading up to the fully developed type XXVII lamps of the 2nd century and on.11 While many ideas that early Corinthian lamps of the 1st century A.d. borrowed from Italian sources became an integral part of the repertory for type XXVII lamps of the 2nd and 3rd centuries, not all such early features survived this initial stage. Apart from the glaze, volute nozzles, tear-shaped forms, short handles, and stamped leaves on the rims also soon disappeared.12 The contexts of pre-type XXVII lamps and type XXVII lamps proper show that they are often found together. The date of this formative period is more difficult to fix with precision. Since the UCLA/OSU material lacks examples of the typologically earliest type XXVII lamps, and the Kenchreai stratigraphy is notoriously unclear, Corinth itself becomes crucial for understanding the development of this type, with a focus on excavations in the Theater area. The following six typologically early lamps found at Corinth have fairly well dated contexts: L-4353 (Corinth XVIII.2, pp. 14 –15, no. 17, pl. 1): unglazed, bust of Athena on disk, plain, sloping shoulder, only one framing groove, semi-volutes on nozzle, dated A.d. 100–150. 9. The following examples are not meant to be comprehensive. Lamps with a central handle, two nozzles, and an oval base: e.g., Corinth L-4204 (red glaze, oblique leaves on the rim, loop handle); L-1984-25 (red glaze, oblique leaves on the rim), comparable to Corinth IV.2, p. 283, no. 1434 (nearly identical, but unglazed with large ovules on the rim). Circular lamps with oblique leaves on the rim: Corinth XVIII.2, p. 27, no. 16, pl. 1 (red glaze, ray disk, pierced handle with no grooves on lower part, small central circle on base), comparable to Corinth IV.2, p. 187, no. 548, fig. 110 (unglazed), or to Bruneau 1977, p. 286, no. 75, figs. 41–42 (unglazed, signed ΚΡΗϹΚΕΝΤΟϹ in small letters, with central circle in signature). Circular lamps with ray disks, ovule rims, and kite nozzles: e.g., Corinth L-4151 (olive brown glaze), comparable to 105 (unglazed), or Corinth L-4105 (unglazed), or Corinth IV.2, p. 188, no. 556, pl. XI (unglazed, signed ΕΥΠΛΟΥΔ with central circle in signature). Tear-shaped lamps with ovule rims and kite nozzles: e.g., Corinth L-4214 (glazed), comparable to Corinth L-4215 (unglazed, signed ΑΠΟΛΛΟΦΑΝΟΥ all on one line). Tear-shaped lamps with oblique leaves on the rim: Corinth L-1982-15

(glazed, triangular nozzle), comparable to Corinth L-1984-11 (unglazed, Broneer type XXV, signed ΚΡΗϹΚΕΝΤΟϹ with central circle in signature); see Williams and Zervos 1985, p. 66, no. 36, pl. 13). 10. See Corinth XVIII.2, p. 15. 11. E.g., a glazed lamp (50) also with two grooves on the lower part of a short handle, but a slanting shoulder corresponding to Loeschcke’s type VIIb; or an unglazed lamp (Corinth XVIII.2, p. 28, no. 17, pl. 1) with strong lingering qualities of Italian-type imports such as semi-volutes on the nozzle (characteristic of Broneer’s type XXIV) and an outward-slanting rim. Neither one has the framing ring around the disk characteristic of type XXVII, but instead have only a single groove, which reinforces their early placement within the evolution of this type. 12. Corinth IV.2, p. 91; lingering examples of oblique leaves on unglazed lamp rims include, e.g., Agora VII, p. 90, nos. 216, 219, 220, pl. 7; Bruneau 1977, p. 276, no. 67, figs. 27, 28 (from Amphissa); p. 286, no. 75, figs. 41, 42 (from Alexandria).

24

UNGLAZED CORINTHIAN, LATE CORINTHIAN, AND UNUSUAL LAMPS

Two lamps from the Anaploga well:13 L-4215: unglazed, almond-shaped, ovules on rim, pointed nozzle, no volutes, signed ΑΠΟΛΛΟΦΑΝΟΥ in small letters all on one line (an indicator of early date). L-4216: unglazed, Chimaira on disk, ovules on rim with panels, signed ΠΟΥΠΛΙΟΥ, a name so far not attested in later Corinthian production.

Finally a group of lamps discovered in the Theater area at Corinth: L-1984-11 (Williams and Zervos 1985, p. 66, no. 36, pl. 13): unglazed, almond-shaped, stamped leaves on rim, pointed nozzle with inner volutes, signed ΚΡΗϹΚΕΝΤΟϹ with a circle impressed centrally in the name, an unmistakably early feature going back to the circle alone on glazed Italian-type lamps (see below, p. 30, n. 59).14 L-1984-15 (Williams and Zervos 1985, p. 66, no. 37, pl. 13): unglazed, ray disk, tendril rim. L-1984-19 (Williams and Zervos 1985, pp. 66–67, no. 38, pl. 13): unglazed, fragmentary disk with Hermes, ovules on rim. Both L-1984-15 and L-1984-19 were found in a fill of the middle to the second half of the 2nd century with a worn coin of Hadrian. With these lamps was also found a glazed lamp of type XXV with oblique leaves on the rim and two nozzles, proving that Italian-type lamps did not cease being produced abruptly in the Corinthia with the appearance of unglazed type XXVII lamps.15

Thus much points to a period in the early 2nd century for the first emergence of some Corinthian unglazed lamps, but alongside a considerable overlap with earlier types. Another subsidiary source of influence on Corinthian lamps is also of Italian origin, but from a different sphere and of a date somewhat later than lamps with volutes or rounded nozzles: the so-called factory lamp. Though this widespread, mass-produced Italian-type lamp never really took hold in Greece, as stated above,16 it was responsible for inspiring certain features on Greek lamps, such as the lugs on the rim, which in increasingly flattened form survived for several centuries as panels on both Corinthian and Athenian lamps.17 Furthermore, the theatrical masks seen on factory lamps occasionally found their way onto the disks of type XXVII lamps.18 While the aforementioned features can be considered direct borrowings from factory lamps, the background of the so-called channel-and-panel lamp (Broneer’s category D) is likely to be somewhat different. This particular combination of features was probably not a Corinthian creation but derived from several Italian intermediaries. Bailey considers a lamp 13. Other lamps found with L-4215 and L-4216 include a red-on-white lamp (L-4213) and an Italian-type glazed lamp with Hephaistos on the disk and ovules on the rim (L-4218). This points to the 2nd century for the emergence of type XXVII; Robinson, however, dates the context pottery to the late 2nd into the early 3rd century (Corinth notebook 278, p. 117). A mold for almond-shaped lamps found in Athens may indicate that production also took place there (see Knigge and Rügler 1989, p. 94, fig. 20). 14. Kreskens is one of the earliest makers of type XXVII lamps; the name also occurs as a potter, especially in the northwestern parts of the empire. See, e.g., Miltner 1930, pp. 86–88 with n. 69. 15. Williams and Zervos 1985, p. 66, no. 35, pl. 13. For another instance of glazed Italian-type lamps being produced into the Hadrianic period, thus overlapping with fully developed type XXVII lamps, see Williams and Zervos 1986, p. 145, no. 14, pl. 32 (also from the Theater area); see also Ken-

chreai V, pp. 38–39; Corinth XVIII.2, p. 15, n. 35. 16. See above, p. 9, and 70, which is, however, not Italianmade. 17. See Agora VII, p. 8. For lamps with transitional features, see Isthmia III, pp. 61, 68. 18. For factory lamps with theatrical masks on the disk, see, e.g., Bailey 1980, pp. 283–284, nos. Q1168, Q1169, pl. 52; for type XXVII lamps with such representations, see Corinth IV.2, p. 205, no. 702, pl. XII, and the discussion under 159. While the early type XXVII lamps with masks have flat disks, as on their source (factory lamps), in later Corinthian versions, the disk has become noticeably convex with a strong slant towards the central filling-hole. This is analogous with the general tendency of the disks of Corinthian lamps to become more convex, a condition less convenient for accommodating masks, as seen on, e.g., L-1984-20 (late 2nd/early 3rd century); Ugo­lini 1942, p. 190, no. D7.5, fig. 195; Bailey 1988, p. 404, nos. Q3242, Q2343, pl. 116.



UNGLAZED CORINTHIAN LAMPS (BRONEER T YPE XXVII)

25

type from central Italy, also found in North Africa, to be the origin of the Corinthian channel-and-panel lamp. These lamps not only borrow the high framing ring, masks, and raised lugs from the factory lamp, but also include a shallow concave channel at the outer edge of the rim.19 Williams points to the same origin on the basis of a fully developed channel-andpanel lamp in Berlin signed by the North African lamp maker Aufidius Fronto.20 Broneer also stresses the North African connection between type XXVII lamps and the use of knobs/ panels.21 These transitional experiments seem to indicate that Italian-type lamp makers in North Africa were probably responsible for the steps leading to category D lamps in Corinth. Theoretically, a lamp such as Corinth IV.2, p. 186, no. 541, pl. XI, might be an import either from Italy or from North Africa. But an Italian background may also be betrayed by the small, rounded nozzle almost always found on Italian-type lamps instead of the kite-shaped nozzle customary for type XXVII lamps. The height of the panels of type XXVII lamps has been used as a chronological indicator (the higher panels being earlier, recalling the functional use of the lug).22 While it is certainly true that panels on unglazed Corinthian lamps otherwise exhibiting early features are significantly raised and even slightly pyramidal,23 there is no uniform consistency later on. By the mid-2nd century panels have in general taken on the standard flat form, and toward the end of the century they begin to impinge on the framing ring. However, a lamp such as 158, dated into the 2nd century, has a pyramidal lug covering the channel alone. Its inspiration may ultimately lie elsewhere or testify to the remembrance of the earlier shape from some source not immediately recoverable. When did these traits from factory lamps first appear on type XXVII lamps? The panels alone are part and parcel of the earliest unglazed Corinthian efforts. The examples deriving from Corinth itself make it hard to justify a date before A.d. 100 for their earliest appearance.24 Unglazed channel-and-panel lamps, however, emerge only alongside fully-developed type XXVII lamps (from the second quarter of the 2nd century?), but examples have also been found bearing some very early characteristics.25 The Italian-type lamps that gave rise to the channel-and-panel lamps are dated to the late 1st and into the 2nd century. Broneer acknowledged already in 1930 that what raised the technical level of lamp making in 1st-century A.d. Corinth was not only the inspiration of imported lamps but probably also the heavy influx of Italian lamp makers, who would have formed part of the strongly Roman population at the time.26 Signatures on both Italian-type lamps and on Corinthian lamps are of great importance in establishing this connection. As Broneer pointed out, at least nine Latin names of makers of factory lamps are identical with those of Corinthian lamp makers transliterated into Greek, which led him to conclude that many Corinthian workshops were started in the 1st century by immigrant freedmen trained in the craft in Italy.27 19. E.g., Bailey 1980, p. 335, no. Q1326, pl. 72, with further examples, and discussion on p. 332. 20. See Heres 1972, p. 79, no. 495, pl. 53, quoted in Kenchreai V, p. 39, n. 37 (where, however, “no. 584” is in error). 21. The examples quoted by Broneer are passing combinations of Italian-type lamps with volutes and knobs/panels on the rim, as well as lamps with U-shaped nozzles: see Isthmia III, pp. 64 –65 (referring to Brants 1913), nos. 1036, 1038, and 1040, all by Aufidius Fronto; see also Deneauve 1969, pp. 188– 191, nos. 878–898, pls. LXXX, LXXXI, of which one (no. 884) also is signed by Aufidius Fronto. 22. Agora VII, p. 8. 23. E.g., Corinth IV.2, pp. 202–203, no. 679, pl. XII, signed ΚΡΕϹΚ|ΕΝΤΟϹ with a central circle stamped in the signature. 24. E.g., Corinth IV.2, pp. 202–203, no. 679, pl. XII (see pre-

vious note): this lamp has only one framing groove around the disk, not the standard wide ring; the panels, handle, and nozzle are flanked by impressed circles. Corinth L-4216 also qualifies: see above, p. 24. 25. E.g., a channel-and-panel lamp from the Cheliotomylos area in Corinth (T-1940) is signed by Kreskens in small letters with a central stamped circle in the signature. 26. Corinth IV.2, pp. 96–97; see also Wiseman 1979. 27. Corinth IV.2, pp. 97–98. Furthermore, Perlzweig reported examples of the signatures Gaios and Sposianos on Italiantype lamps, both also known as makers of type XXVII lamps (Agora VII, p. 7 with n. 17); one more example with the name Gaios is found in Kenchreai V, p. 38. For possible identical ligature signatures on both type XXV and type XXVII lamps, see Agora VII, p. 7, and Kenchreai V, p. 36.

26

UNGLAZED CORINTHIAN, LATE CORINTHIAN, AND UNUSUAL LAMPS

While this mirrors the probable situation at large, some caution is advisable in assuming direct identity of individuals based, often enough, only on common names.28 The precise relationship in 1st-century Corinth between immigrant lamp makers and local apprentices, and between Italian imports and locally made copies (either from Italian molds or from molds made from imported lamps), cannot then be established in detail. But it is in this cross-current environment that the high-quality lamp of type XXVII was born, just as the immediate impact of foreign pottery was fading.29

Evolution The early development of Corinthian type XXVII lamps rose from Italian-type lamps beginning around A.d. 100 or shortly after, as outlined above. After that, however, the chronology of their evolution is not always clear. One reason for this uncertainty, increasingly evident, is the relative absence of substantial evolutionary features.30 The formal qualities of Broneer’s five categories, once introduced, last for a long time and remain rather stable. Examples of type XXVII lamps that can be securely dated are relatively few, but in recent decades some advances have been made. The general tendency points to a somewhat later appearance of the various categories than originally suggested, but a longer duration for each.31

Category A Lamps with ovules on the rim combined with plain or ray disks form a group that is clearly the earliest among type XXVII lamps, especially examples with proportionally wide rims and small, deep disks, such as 103, or one from the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore found with a coin of Hadrian.32 Lamps with substantial or double ovules were also found with coins of Hadrian at Olympia and with coins of Faustina the Elder at Delphi.33 The continued production of this category is verified down into at least the late 2nd century.34

Categories B-1 and B-2 The combination of a ray disk and a rim that has vines and clusters of grapes (B-1, 110–121) or tendrils or a wreath without grapes (B-2, 122–127) became immensely popular once it was introduced. These lamps were probably responsible for the disappearance of category A lamps and must also have reduced the output of category C lamps, the type with a figured disk, which in fact preceded category B (see below). Datable indications of this category’s 28. See Agora VII, p. 48, n. 62. 29. As has been pointed out, the near absence of factory lamps in Corinth indicates a lack of need for them: the local lamp industry was already self-sufficient by the time of the greatest spread of the factory lamp, that is, the late 1st and 2nd centuries. See Agora VII, p. 7. 30. See Agora VII, p. 8, for an initial basic list of distinguishable early and late features; these criteria have been reexamined with an attempt to further refinement in Corinth XVIII.2, pp. 16–17. 31. Agora VII, pp. 7–8, was the first publication to stress the need to extend the duration of type XXVII throughout the 3rd century, while Broneer (Isthmia III, p. 64) had maintained a duration only into the 3rd century. Subsequent publications with a revised (i.e., later) dating include Kenchreai V, pp. 35– 41, and Corinth XVIII.2, pp. 13–17. 32. Corinth XVIII.2, p. 15, no. 18, pl. 1. 33. Olympia: Schleif and Eilmann 1944, p. 90, fig. 70, n. 4. Delphi: FdD V.1, pp. 190–191, concerning Tomb I (with lamp

nos. 541, 542) and Tomb II (with lamp nos. 543, 544). Each tomb contained a coin of Faustina the Elder, minted at Delphi in A.d. 141. Tomb I is problematic, however, as it had been reopened several times. Lamp nos. 542 and 543 correspond to Bruneau 1971, pp. 465–466, no. 21, and pp. 460–461, no. 12, respectively. 34. See Corinth XVIII.2, pp. 15–16 and n. 41, for a discussion of pit 1947-1 in the southeast part of the Forum, which contained a group of lamps with a coin of Commodus. From this group comes Corinth XVIII.2, p. 28, no. 20, pl. 2, dated to the early 3rd century. No example of a category A lamp has been identified among the deposits from the area East of Temenos in the UCLA/OSU excavations, which are all later. Nor are they found in lot 2100 from the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore, dated A.d. 250–300 (Corinth XVIII.2, p. 16), or in the mid-3rd-century destruction of a house east of the Theater in Corinth (Williams and Zervos 1983). This absence suggests that this category emerged early and did not last much beyond A.d. 200.



UNGLAZED CORINTHIAN LAMPS (BRONEER T YPE XXVII)

27

earliest production are approximate but have been put as early as the end of the 2nd century or into the early 3rd on the basis of lamps from Athens and the South Stoa at Corinth.35 Most such lamps belong to the 3rd century.36 Several other lamps without numismatic context corroborate a date of the 3rd century for the introduction of this decor and the period of its greatest popularity.37 There were, however, from the beginning several variations of category B-1, the vine-andcluster pattern (see below, pp. 39–41), which crystallized into a few recurring models. Among them, one in particular came to dominate, marked by leaves with four distinct “eyes” and long “whiskers” (type 5; see 117–120; Fig. 4). Its popularity is attested to by the amount of lamps recovered and by the numerous retouched examples. Its longevity is demonstrated by the fact that it continued to be made, along with its variants, possibly into the early 4th century (see below, p. 40). A variant of it (121) has the unusual number of five items per half, that is, three leaves and two clusters. As this was to become standard on similar Athenian vine lamps, and 121 is late and heavily retouched, it may well reflect Athenian influence. A particular variant of the vine rim, B-2, is constituted by tendrils or wreaths without clusters of grapes, a less numerous category (type 6; see Figs. 4, 5). The variations are many, and hardly any duplicates are recorded, which is not surprising given the fragility of plaster molds. The delicacy of the tendril-rim patterns makes it reasonable to assign them an early place in the evolution of vine rims. This is corroborated by the existence of such rims on imported Italian-type glazed lamps of the 1st century A.d.38 Furthermore, also corroborating an early dating, a new tendril version was found in the Theater area of Corinth on a type XXVII lamp from a context most likely of the mid-2nd century (as it also included two lamps with type XXV nozzles).39 Some lamps with fine tendril rims prove that the pattern as such continued to appear into the 3rd century.40 The decorative tendril or wreath without clusters of grapes should then be regarded as a phenomenon parallel to, rather than merely an initial stage of, the ordinary vine-and-cluster rim.41

Category C Figured disks have become the hallmark of the high quality of technical skill in the Corinthian lamp industry at its height. The initial early dating of the appearance of lamps of this category42 has been modified by modern scholars. There are in fact few fixed points available. But evidence from the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore at Corinth in particular has 35. Respectively: Agora VII, p. 94, no. 271, pl. 8 (turn of the 2nd/3rd century, signed ϹΠΩϹΙ|ΑΝΟΥ); Corinth I.4, p. 141, pl. 46:2a (signed ϹΕΚΟΥΝΔΟΥ). 36. An example from Leukas found with coins of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus belongs to a late-variety rim, no. 5 (see below, p. 40), and should be placed at the earliest in the beginning of the 3rd century despite these coins: see Dörpfeld 1927, vol. 1, p. 322, tomb 9; vol. 2, inset 75, no. 6; cf. Corinth XVIII.2, p. 16, n. 49. 37. At Isthmia, deposit B1 from the area East of Temenos contained a large number of type XXVII lamps, of which several were category B; their context dates no earlier than the mid-3rd century. See Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 215–221. 38. For an example from Corinth, see Williams and Zervos 1983, p. 20, no. 55, pl. 9 (dated to the late 1st century); for such lamp rims continuing to be made in Italy through the 2nd century and possibly beyond, see Bailey 1980, p. 368, no. Q1394, pl. 83 (dated A.d. 175–225); pp. 363–364, no. Q1385, pl. 82

(dated A.d. 150–200). These are, however, combined with a figured disk. 39. Williams and Zervos 1985, p. 66, no. 37, pl. 13. 40. L-3760 was found with a coin of Commodus (Corinth XVIII.2, p. 15 and n. 41, with a discussion of pit 1947-1). See also L-1990-12, dated to the 3rd century and signed ΚΑ[ΛΛΙSΤΟΥ], and Isthmia III, p. 69, no. 2833, pls. 10, 11, 30, the base of which has three concentric grooves, generally considered a late feature of type XXVII, influenced by Athenian lamp makers of the 3rd century. 41. Agora VII, pp. 23–24, gives an overview of the most common Athenian rim patterns of the 3rd–4th centuries; although most can undoubtedly claim an Athenian origin, some may reflect tendril patterns that do indeed make an earlier appearance in Corinth. 42. Broneer suggested a Hadrianic date: Corinth IV.2, p. 95, and Isthmia III, p. 65.

28

UNGLAZED CORINTHIAN, LATE CORINTHIAN, AND UNUSUAL LAMPS

tilted the date of the earliest production of these lamps toward the latter half of the 2nd century.43 The figured disk was as a rule combined with panels on the rim, which was either left plain, decorated with ovules, or very exceptionally had a wreath or leaf pattern.44 The figured-disk lamps datable to the 3rd century (by general context or signature, when possible) seem, however, to confirm the impression that the peak of this artistry was reached in the late 2nd or early 3rd century. After this point blurring sometimes occurs, possibly owing to the reuse of molds or the practice of retouching, especially of the rim and framing ring. Slane suggests a further criterion for distinguishing lateness in such lamps: shrinkage of the disk in relation to the size of the rim, resulting in a ground line for the figure(s).45 The very end of the figured disk tradition (from the late 3rd into the early 4th century) shows serious decrepitude, with retouching so coarse as to render the original almost unrecognizable, as can be seen on, e.g., 203 (Tyche) or 208 (a panther).

Category D The origin of channel-and-panel lamps was discussed above (pp. 24 –25), where its probable emergence in an unglazed form was dated well into the 2nd century, that is, in the early stages of the production of fully developed type XXVII lamps. An important connection between the emergence of categories A and D is established by a deposit from the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore in Corinth, dated through a group of lamps found with a coin of Hadrian, that anchors category D to the early stages of the development of type XXVII.46 At Isthmia only a few fragments of the sunken channels of category D lamps were found (158– 160) in the UCLA/OSU excavations. The first of these, however, has a panel in the form of a raised, truncated pyramid, suggesting an early 2nd-century date.47 The disks of the channel-and-panel lamps were occasionally plain, but most carried a figured composition or three masks.48 Ambitious disk compositions are rare. On the whole category D lamps are not numerous, and the duration of this category into the 3rd century is inadequately attested.49 But, as the form is taken over by later Athenian unglazed lamps, we may assume that lamps of this variety continued to be made at least into the early to mid-3rd century.

Signatures and Workshops The great majority of Corinthian unglazed lamps have a signature, usually incised on the bottom, but rarely on the side.50 There is, however, no need to suspect the Corinthian authenticity of the relatively few lamps lacking a signature.51 The signatures are regularly in 43. See especially the detailed discussion in Corinth XVIII.2, pp. 15–16. 44. For wreaths on category C lamps, see, e.g., 135; IPL 1970-74; Kenchreai V, p. 44, no. 164, pl. 8. For a fine leaf spray on a category C lamp, see, e.g., Corinth XVIII.2, p. 31, no. 34, pl. 3. An exceptional vine-and-cluster pattern is found on an oversized lamp of category E: Isthmia III, p. 71, no. 2843, pl. 30. 45. Corinth XVIII.2, p. 17. 46. Corinth XVIII.2, pp. 13, 15; see also Kenchreai V, pp. 38– 39. 47. Agora VII, p. 8. 48. See, e.g., Agora VII, p. 93, no. 250, pl. 8, for the former; for the latter, see Corinth IV.2, pp. 205–206, nos. 702, 703, fig. 139, pl. XII. 49. A decorated channel is, however, generally not found on lamps before the 3rd century, though the fragmentary 191 may be an exception.

50. For a rare example on the side of a lamp, see Agora VII, p. 90, no. 215, pls. 7, 52. Inscriptions on the base are always written across the lamp with the handle at the top on one or more lines; a rare exception is Petridis 1992, p. 651, no. 1, fig. 2, with the name written from the handle to the nozzle. 51. This suspicion was voiced by Bruneau 1971 (p. 438, n. 4; p. 445, n. 32) in a thoughtful section on Corinthian workshops; however, several lamps of undoubted Corinthian origin disprove this idea. See, e.g., Corinth IV.2, p. 192, nos. 590, 591; L-1768, L-3755, and L-1985-1. See also the comments in Corinth XVIII.2, p. 14, on the paucity of signatures on lamps from the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore; Kenchreai V, p. 44, no. 168; Siebert 1966, p. 489, no. 9. Lastly, see also 206, 208, and 211, though all are worn and Late Corinthian. A curious condition can be seen on L-1990-1 from Corinth, where a thin layer of extra clay smeared over the base seems to have deliberately obliterated an existing signature; was this possibly added to conceal the unauthorized borrowing of a signed mold?



UNGLAZED CORINTHIAN LAMPS (BRONEER T YPE XXVII)

29

Table 1. Mak ers of Corinthian Lamps with Latin Names Name

Dates of Operation

Antonios

from early 2nd century

Balerios

2nd–3rd century

Flabios

2nd–3rd century

Gaios

2nd–3rd century (also attested as a maker of Italian glazed lamps)

Karpos

2nd–3rd century

Kreskens

early 2nd–3rd century

Loukios

early 2nd–3rd century

Markos

early 2nd–3rd century

Oktabios

2nd–3rd century

Onesimos

2nd–3rd century

Ponpeianos

early 2nd century

Pouplios

early 2nd century

Seberos

2nd–3rd century

Sekoundos

late 2nd–early 3rd century

Sposianos

late 2nd–early 3rd century (also attested as a maker of Italian glazed lamps)

Tertios

from early 2nd century

Greek letters whether the name is of Latin or Greek origin.52 The overlap in nomenclature between makers of Italian-type lamps in Italy and makers of type XXVII lamps in Corinth has long been commented upon and is discussed above as a sign of Italian migration to Corinth from the time of the refounding of the city as a Roman colony.53 Most of the Latin names begin to appear on typologically very early lamps, while only a few are part of the peak production of the late 2nd and early 3rd centuries. The preliminary list in Table 1 may be modified by future studies. Very few of these Latin signatures, however, are attested on Late Corinthian lamps.54 Greek names, on the other hand, are found from the earliest stages of type XXVII,55 but tend—as far as is presently known—to dominate after A.d. 200.56 It is most likely that the majority of these signatures were incised not on the half-dry lamp, as is often assumed, but rather on the archetype; witness the small air bubbles in the crevices of the lettering also characteristic of other decor on Corinthian moldmade lamps.57 Though it is impossible to prove that such a procedure was always followed, it also has implications for the already vague meaning of these signatures. That the name incised is rarely that of an individual maker is clear from a number of factors; for example, the longevity of several given signatures far exceeds a human’s active life span. Instead, as is often observed, a signature indicates a workshop, the name probably reflecting the owner of the original workshop. This situation has been outlined in detail for Athenian lamp makers.58 The 52. Corinth XVIII.2, p. 14, no. 36, pl. 3, may be an exception. The list in Table 1 is brought together from a large number of diverse sources; some of the most useful are, in addition to various publications from Corinth, Siebert 1966; Bruneau 1971, 1977; Kenchreai V; Petridis 1992. 53. Corinth IV.2, pp. 97–98; Kenchreai V, pp. 36–37; and see above, pp. 25–26. 54. E.g., [ΜΑ]ΡΚΙΑΝ[Ο]Υ on a Late Corinthian glazed lamp: Corinth IV.2, p. 191, no. 583, pl. XXX. For the special case of Preimos, see below, pp. 33, 47, and 137; with the excep-

tion of Preimos, Roufos, and Sposianos (once), no Latin names are found on Athenian lamps (see Agora VII, pp. 51, 137, no. 1221, for a possible signature of Sekoundos). 55. E.g., Epagathos, Epiktetos, and Apollophanes. 56. See, however, Kenchreai V, p. 93 with n. 39. 57. See Bonnet 1988, p. 15, and Corinth XVIII.2, p. 13. For the archetype as a prototype from which generations of molds were made, see, among others, Agora VII, p. xv. 58. Agora VII, p. 26.

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UNGLAZED CORINTHIAN, LATE CORINTHIAN, AND UNUSUAL LAMPS

relationship between an individual archetype and a signature remains, however, less clear. In comparison with Athens, there is at Corinth a strikingly large overlap in the use of identical or closely related disk representations by several different workshops. This may not in itself be surprising, given the amazingly wide repertory of images on Corinthian lamps. If a signature was made on an archetype, this would reasonably tend to make for less flexibility in transferring disk representations between workshops. How to account for these images being used by different workshops is not obvious, but the multiple ways that the lettering of any given signature breaks, even on lamps with similar decor on the disk, at the very least indicates that there were many different archetypes in use for each disk representation.59 Finally, since the significance of a signature thus is commercial (relating to a workshop) rather than artistic (relating to an individual), it leaves open the identification of the creative artist who designed these fine disk compositions and the specific circumstances of his trade. Was he someone anonymous, who may have distributed identical archetypes to several different shops?60 Whether he worked under the aegis of one shop or independently cannot of course be established, but this method of distribution makes it difficult to pinpoint the characteristics of any single Corinthian workshop (though at times the iconographic relationship to Athenian workshops can be of help).61 As a total breakdown of the decorations and signatures on known complete Corinthian lamps falls outside the scope of this volume, the list in Table 2 is only a sample of the interrelations between signatures and identical or very close disk decor.62 More than sixty unique signatures are known from Corinthian lamps.63 The UCLA/OSU excavations have found thirteen reasonably certain names, all previously recorded, and a number of unidentifiable fragments of signatures. Unfortunately, the number of lamps with both their top and bottom preserved is limited, and thus only a few items can be added to the known decorative repertory of a given workshop. Bruneau attempted an interesting, but narrowly based, survey of Corinthian workshops with a particular view to the size of the workshops and the proportions of their known exports outside of Greece.64 Even without a systematically updated list, it is clear that the workshops vary greatly in the quantity of their output. To the shops classified as “very large” 59. See the individual catalogue entries, especially those with the signatures of Kallistos, Posphorous, or Sekoundos. By contrast, however, there are rarely signature divisions even of long names on early lamps (especially category A); the letters are made smaller to fit one line. See, e.g., 103 (ΕΠΙΚΤΗΤ[ΟΥ]); Siebert 1966, pp. 479–500, no. 15, figs. 12, 20 (ΑΠΟΛΛΟΦΑΝΟΥ); Corinth L-3560 (ΕΠΑΓΑΘΟΥ with central incised circle); Bruneau 1977, pp. 293–294, no. 83, fig. 52 (ΖΩϹΙΜ[ΟΥ] with central incised circle), and p. 286, no. 75, figs. 41, 42 (ΚΡΕϹΚΕΝΤΟϹ with central double incised circle); Williams and Zervos 1985, p. 66, no. 36, pl. 13 (ΚΡΕϹΚΕΝΤΟϹ with central incised circle). The central incised circle on the base is, as mentioned, always an early chronological indicator, and was adapted from Italian lamps, where the circle is found alone; see, e.g., Bailey 1980, p. 160, no. Q859, fig. 111. 60. This was already suggested by Fremersdorf (1922, pp. 44 –49) and reiterated by Broneer (Corinth IV.2, p. 99), who presupposes that the name incised on the archetype reflects the name of the potter to whom the artist was selling the mold, rather than the artist himself. 61. The problem of the interrelationship between Corinthian shops is discussed in Bruneau 1971, pp. 439–441, and with some further examples, pp. 458–460. A clearer picture requires the study and publication of all or most of the numerous such lamps at Corinth still unpublished.

62. A full listing of known signed type XXVII lamps from Corinth was planned by Bruneau 1971, pp. 438–439, but never made. Table 2 clearly cannot be complete without all the lamps from Corinth that preserve both their top and their base, but this selection gathers several known examples of the frequent interchange of identical (or nearly identical) images and various signatures. The phenomenon is discussed in Bruneau 1971, pp. 440–441, and passim. The subject deserves further study. 63. Bruneau 1971, p. 439. 64. Bruneau 1977, pp. 284 –286. Though based only on the lamps of his two articles (1971 and 1977), the survey probably provides a fair assessment. The conclusion reached is that a very small percentage of the lamps he surveys (7%) were found outside of Greece (while a good number were found within Greece but outside the Corinthia). The largest producers are not surprisingly found to be the greatest exporters. The small percentage of exports may be owing to two factors: Corinthian lamps had strong local iconographic ties, and lamp production in Corinth was never of the same industrial proportions as in, e.g., Athens. Were Corinthian lamps in fact not exported on a commercial level but rather distributed by means of personal purchases? See also the list of Corinthian lamps outside the Corinthia in Kenchreai V, pp. 90–91, and the overlapping and augmented list in Petridis 1992, pp. 664 –667.



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Table 2. Selected Combinations of Motifs and Signatures on Type XXVII lampS Subject

Signatures

Category A

Rays/ovules (rim type 1)

Agemonos, Dionysios, Epagathos, Epiktetos, Euplous, Gapophoros(?), Kreskens, Loukios, Minikianos, Phtongos, Poplios, Preimionos, Sposianos, Tertios, Zosimas, Zosimos

Category B

Rays/vine (rim type 2)

Alekios(?), Balerios, Euporos, Iason(?), Kallistos, Loukios, Oktabios, Sekoundos, Sposianos, Synphoros

Rays/vine (rim type 3)

Euporos, Eutyches, Oktabios, Sposianos

Rays/vine (rim type 4)

Loukios

Rays/vine (rim type 5)

Alexandros, Balerios, Eugodas(?), Kairos, Kallistos, Kreskens, Loukios, Oktabios, Onesimos, Posphoros, Sekoundos, Synphoros, Zosimas

Rays/vine, no grapes (rim type 6)

Kallistos, Kreskens

Category C (Figured Disk)

Aeneas fleeing with father

Apollophanos, Loukios, Ponpeianos

Amazonomachy

Eutychedos

Andromache chained

Sposianos(?)

Aphrodite armed

Gaios, Pardos

Aphrodite with Eros

Loukios

Artemis as huntress moving right

Loukios, Soteridas

Artemis Laphria standing with dog

Loukios, Oktabios, Phthongos

Athena Promachos, bust left

Abaskantos, Aktaios, Dionysios, Loukios, Markianos (late, glazed), Sposianos

Attis reclining with tree

Posphoros, Preimos, Sekoundos(?)

Bacchante walking right with thyrsos

Gaios, Loukios

Bacchante walking left with thyrsos

Loukios

Cockfight

Loukios

Dionysos with kantharos/thyrsos/panther

Elpis (without panther), Sposianos

Eros standing with shield/spear

Posphoros, Sposianos

Eros with thyrsos on shoulder

Sekoundos, illegible

Ganymede seated left with eagle

Abaskantos

Grotesque entertainer

Loukios

Herakles standing with club/skin (not bearded)

Preimos

Herakles standing with club/skin (bearded)

Epitynchanos

Herakles and Nemean lion

Flabios

Herakles dragging Kerberos

Kallistos

Herakles with golden apples

Zosimas

Hermes walking left with ram

Euporos, Loukios

Lapith/Centaur fight

Abaskantos

Leopardess toward right

Sposianos

Maenad reclining (variants)

Preimos, Soteridas, Sposianos

Nereid riding on Triton

Markos, Seberos

Perseus with Medusa head

Sposianos

Poseidon standing toward left

Eunomos

Pygmy and crane

Kreskens, Loukios

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UNGLAZED CORINTHIAN, LATE CORINTHIAN, AND UNUSUAL LAMPS

Table 2 (continued) Subject

Signatures

Sacrifice or butchery(?), altar on right

Eros, Minikios

Satyr bust left with thyrsos/pipes

Soteridas

Selene bust, frontal

Parchos

Selene bust (variant)

Karpos(?)

Symplegma a tergo

Kreskens

Symplegma on bed

Oktabios

Tyche standing with cornucopia

Markianos (late, glazed), Oktabios, Zosimos (late, glazed)

Victory standing with wreath

Kallistos, Preimos

Zeus enthroned, frontal

Preimos

Category C (Decorative/Ornamental Disk)

Rosette

Olympianos, Preimos

Rosette swirling left

Leonteos, Loukios, Neikandros, Olympianos

Double rosette (some varieties)

Loukios, Olympianos, Posphoros, Zosimos, illegible

Peltae (four shields, central square)

Euporos, Sposianos,

Peltae (variant)

Epitynchanos, Sposianos

(Epagathos, Kallistos, Loukios, Preimos, Sekoundos, and Sposianos) we must add Posphoros. The most noticeable absences at Isthmia (from both the Chicago and UCLA/OSU excavations) are Epagathos, Loukios, and Sposianos.65 On the other hand, a few otherwise rare names have emerged in the UCLA/OSU material: Alexandros(?) on 172, Ponpeianus on 178, and Philomousos on 148. In the later phases of the Corinthian production of type XXVII lamps in the 3rd century, a few signatures are not surprisingly shared by lamps from Corinth and lamps produced by the growing Athenian lamp industry, further attesting to the exchange of ideas that the formal qualities of the lamps themselves represent. Philomousos can now be added to the names Epagathos, Preimos, and Sekoundos(?)as a signature found at both Corinth and Athens. Lamp 148 carries the signature ΦΙΛΟ|[ΜΟΥϹ]Ο|[Y] and is of good Corinthian fabric; in addition to the signature, the lamp also shows two other features primarily, but not exclusively, at home in Athens: a handle with three grooves above and below the join, and three concentric (uneven) grooves on the base. As the signature is known on six Attic examples from the Athenian Agora and one from the Kerameikos, the primary workshop of Philomousos was presumably in Athens66 and this so far single example from Corinth is an exception.67 Broneer made passing remarks on the interrelationship between Corinth and Athens, later discussed at some length in Agora VII on the basis of lamps from both cities, and fol65. Loukios could possibly appear on 176. It is perhaps of some interest that the “very large” shops include the three shops—Kallistos, Posphoros, and Sekoundos—with the greatest amount of variation in how the signature is divided. One might guess that the more variation found in these divisions, the more molds can be postulated, and thus the more lamps were produced by each shop. For the career of Sposianos, see Corinth XVIII.2, pp. 14 –16 with n. 32. 66. See Agora VII, p. 55; Karivieri 1996, pp. 140–141; Kerameikos XVI, p. 63.

67. Another form of Athenian influence seen on Corinthian lamps of the 3rd century is also connected with the signature (though it does not appear on the lamps presently discussed): next to Posphoros’s name on the base is occasionally seen an incised bell-shaped leaf, the hallmark especially of the Athenian Leaf Shop. See, e.g., Bruneau 1971, pp. 483–491, no. 46, figs. 46, 50; Williams and Zervos 1986, p. 154, no. 17, pl. 33. A Corinthian lamp signed ΖΩϹΑ also has a fine leaf in relief at the bottom of the handle: Athens, National Archaeological Museum 3151.



UNGLAZED CORINTHIAN LAMPS (BRONEER T YPE XXVII)

33

lowed by Karivieri’s observations concerning later literature.68 Its nature will be further analyzed in the following chapter. The names of three lamp makers in particular highlight this artistic and technical connection. Sekoundos was a Corinthian lamp maker whose signature on a single Athenian lamp is an exception.69 The name Epagathos, on the other hand, has been found on several lamps in Athens of Attic clay as well as Corinthian imports; the workshop associated with his name may or may not have had a base in both cities.70 The workshop of Preimos presents a unique case: a fine output in Corinth (e.g., 137) is followed by an even more distinguished period of production in Athens, all spanning about a century and a half. It has been much debated whether the same workshop moved to Athens or these were simply two different lamp makers. A significant fact is that while the Corinthian influence on Attic lamps is considerable in the early-3rd-century upswing of activity at Athens, not one single disk representation is shared by the two shops. On the other hand, the delicate Corinthian vine rims around ray disks were evidently much admired in Athens (see, e.g., 258, and below, p. 51).71 In the end nothing much has emerged to alter the earlier judgment that the interrelationship between the two Preimos workshops remains unclear.72

Iconography of Disk Representations It is well known that the disk representations on lamps were inspired by a variety of iconographic sources in antiquity, especially from statuary, coins, gems, and medallions, but also sarcophagi and even wall paintings. Lamps of both categories C and D of Broneer’s type XXVII have figured disks. The relatively small series of Corinthian lamps, paired with the many workshops known, resulted in a striking wealth and variety of images, from ambitious, complex compositions to abstract decorative patterns, a continuously growing repertory bearing witness to the favored imagery of the 2nd and 3rd centuries. This richness is in need of systematic study, which, however, will remain incomplete without a full survey of all the material found in Corinth since 1930, along with the major collections known in places like Sparta and Patras. From the beginning, Broneer was able to make some interesting links between disk representations and specific sculptural works now lost but known from coins, such as the armed Aphrodite from Acrocorinth.73 The link with coins is especially obvious, as the surfaces of coins and lamps present similar compositional challenges. Our knowledge of these kinds of links has been further strengthened by Siebert and Bruneau; the latter, in particular, defined the iconography of Corinthian lamps and its dependence on other art forms quite well, suggesting a strong local context for the imagery with special reference to cults of the area.74 The existing wealth of images does not easily allow for close classifications of these representational categories. In spite of a slowly growing body of subject matter, the general categories established by Siebert still cover the great majority:75 68. Corinth IV.2, pp. 111–113; Isthmia III, pp. 72–73; Agora VII, pp. 17–19; Karivieri 1996, pp. 44 –46. There are also shorter pertinent remarks on the topic in, e.g., Kenchreai V, pp. 50– 51, and Corinth XVIII.2, pp. 16–17. 69. Agora VII, p. 137, no. 1221, pl. 25. 70. Agora VII, pp. 24, 32. Of special interest is p. 164, no. 2122, pl. 34, which imitates or copies an early 2nd-century Corinthian lamp type: witness the small circles flanking the end of the handle, the single groove on the base, and the central circle in the signature. 71. For recent suggestions that Patras, not Corinth, was the home of Preimos, as well as the main source of inspiration for lamp makers and artisans in the Athenian rise to prominence,

see the discussion in Karivieri 1996, pp. 32–33, 45. 72. Nor can either shop be connected to the known Italian lamp maker Primus: see Agora VII, p. 48, n. 62. 73. Corinth IV.2, pp. 98–99; see also Broneer 1930; Bruneau 1977, pp. 261–265; Kenchreai V, p. 40; Imhoof-Blumer and Gardner 1964, pp. 25–27, pl. G; Williams 1986. 74. Siebert 1966, esp. pp. 510–513; Bruneau 1971, pp. 448– 453, 457, and 489–491, and 1977, pp. 262–265, 271. For a more systematic investigation of the iconographic relationship between lamps and freestanding sculpture, see Roussos 1988 for a broad survey; see also Wohl 2012. 75. Siebert 1966, pp. 511–512.

34

UNGLAZED CORINTHIAN, LATE CORINTHIAN, AND UNUSUAL LAMPS

• Mythology and classical iconography • Scenes of documentary value for human life, especially gladiatorial games • Purely decorative/ornamental subjects (vegetal themes as well as symplegmata)

It seems, however, more logical to include symplegmata under “scenes of documentary value” and leave “decorative, ornamental subjects” as a separate category. This is done here. All of these categories flourished already on Italian-type lamps, which clearly supplied the models for Corinthian figured disks in general. Even without a complete conspectus of extant figured disks on Corinthian lamps, certain general tendencies can be summarized. The following preliminary observations are drawn from the finds from the UCLA/OSU excavations, here used to highlight some of the primary iconographic tendencies of Corinthian type XXVII lamps, which in general have not been as well explored as Athenian lamps.

Mythology and Classical Iconography As mentioned above, within Siebert’s first category, links between disk representations and local cults are particularly strong.76 It is safe to state that in few Greek cities can one find so much of the local cult mirrored in its lamps as in Corinth during the production of type XXVII lamps. Broneer stressed the iconographic reliance on visual sources, especially in connection with the armed Aphrodite on Acrocorinth; he also pointed to another aspect deserving elaboration, namely, that figures on different lamps could exhibit minor variations in posture or attributes while adhering to the same general subject matter.77 This phenomenon is most obvious in a favorite topic occurring in several series: a standing, frontal Herakles. Lamp 133 shows a young man leaning on a club held in his right hand, with a lion skin over his left arm, while the counterweight position is supported by the left leg. Parallels are found, but so too are close variations: for example, a bearded Herakles, his right hand resting on a huge club(?), a lion skin over his left arm, with the counterweight on his right leg.78 The statuesque, even static qualities of these repeated compositions are in striking contrast to earlier lamp representations, which relied more on literary than on visual sources, such as a selection from the heroic deeds of Herakles (whether the 12 canonical labors or others) found on Italian-type lamps (e.g., 56).79 The 12 labors were not wholly abandoned by the Corinthian lamp makers, as shown by a lamp found on Corfu depicting Herakles dragging Kerberos and signed ΚΑΛΛΙSΤΟΥ.80 A fragmentary disk with Herakles and the Nemean lion was found at Isthmia and the same scene is also seen on an example in Mainz.81 76. The occasional non-Greek topic on a Corinthian lamp gives an interesting insight into the Roman background of the population. For example, Aeneas carrying Anchises is found on type XXVII lamps from both Corinth (now in Athens) and Patras (Corinth IV.2, p. 102, with n. 5). Stewart (2000) argues for a closer relationship between the iconography of lamps and their function than is commonly assumed. 77. Corinth IV.2, pp. 98–99. Most likely this reflects different lamp makers creating variations on a favorite topic, but a more complete explanation requires more and fully preserved lamps; see above, Table 2. 78. A third variant may be represented by 134, a fragment on which the standing figure holds a club(?) in his left hand. See Imhoof-Blumer and Gardner 1964 for two coin variations, fairly analogous to the types discussed: p. 156, no. 23, pls. F:CIII, FF:XII. See the respective catalogue entries for discussions of individual sculptural models. 79. For the emergence of the 12 labors and variations in their number and identity, see LIMC V, 1990, pp. 5–6, 15–16 (for the Roman period), s.v. Herakles (J. Boardman). Though Herakles in many aspects and guises was an immensely popu-

lar topic in Roman times, Picard points out that Pompeian painters almost totally avoided the cycle of the 12 labors when treating Herakles; it returned to fashion only toward the end of the 2nd century. See Picard 1968, p. 99, and Corinth IX.2, pp. 91–114. 80. See Michaud 1972, p. 682, fig. 232; Aupert 1976, p. 625, fig. 71. The type was apparently popular for export: the same composition, including the wreath rim, is found on some lamps from Cyprus (though these are local copies). See Oziol 1977, p. 214, nos. 633, 634, pl. 35. A parallel in Stockholm is probably also a local Cypriot copy; see SwCyprusExp IV.3, p. 127, no. 16, fig. 39:15. 81. Menzel [1954] 1969, p. 89, no. 541, pl. 47:7, signed ΦΛΑΒΙΟΥ; Isthmia III, p. 68, pl. 31. The Nemean lion became a favorite with later Athenian lamp makers: see 313. Pausanias (5.25.7) mentions a sculptural work on this subject in Elis and Strabo (10.2.21) describes Lysippos’s series of sculptures on the labors of Herakles that originally stood in a sacred precinct near Alyzia in Acarnania. See Roussos 1988, pp. 108–118, for a discussion of the potential sculptural models for most such lamps.



UNGLAZED CORINTHIAN LAMPS (BRONEER T YPE XXVII)

35

Herakles’ popularity in the Peloponnese in general, and in Corinth in particular, is well attested, and both temples and statues are noted by ancient authors; however, specific attempts to connect variations of Herakles on disk representations with lost sculptural originals have been inconclusive.82 Another disk representation with firm grounding both in sculptural models and in local cults is Poseidon (136), who held a special position all over the Isthmus. The image on our one fragment is better seen in a well-preserved parallel from North Africa, probably a Corinthian import.83 He is shown standing toward his left, his right foot on a prow, with a trident in his left hand (a dolphin would probably have been to the right). Clearly a famous statue is represented, as there are numerous reproductions, echoes, and minor variations of the same composition in many media and with a wide geographical spread.84 Several sculptural examples of such a Poseidon exist in Roman copies; the best known is in the Lateran Museum in Rome.85 To determine which ancient work lies behind 136 is, however, more problematic. Many temples and statues to Poseidon are attested in ancient literature in Corinth, Lechaion, Isthmia, and Kenchreai, but mostly without any specific details.86 Suggestions for matching the figure of Poseidon on 136 with any of the literary testimonia include the statue in the harbor of Kenchreai, the Isthmian cult statue, works in the Isthmian pronaos, a group of Athena and Poseidon on the Athenian Acropolis, and, finally, statues in Corinth itself.87 The statues at Kenchreai, Isthmia, and Athens are probably less likely to be the source than a statue in Corinth. Although coins with this composition are found in various cities,88 Corinthian coins with this theme have long been regarded as strong indications that such a statue existed in the city, especially when seen in combination with other evidence.89 A particular aspect of this debate is triggered by a passage in Lucian referring to a bronze statue of Poseidon that Corinth commissioned Lysippos to make for an unspecified location; though a link between this statue made by Lysippos and the well-known Lateran type is accepted by most scholars, the question of its original location remains open.90 In the absence of a definite answer, one further suggestion 82. Pausanias (2.3.2, 2.4.5) saw two statues of Herakles in Corinth. Scranton tentatively identified Temple H in Corinth with Herakles on the basis of the fondness Commodus had for that deity: see Corinth I.3, pp. 50–51, 70. See also Lisle 1955; Corinth IX.2, p. 96, for a more recent brief summary of Herakles’ presence in Roman Corinth; and Bruneau 1971, pp. 448– 453. Compare also the sculptural fountain group of Herakles and the Nemean lion at Isthmia: see Broneer 1962, pl. 9:a; see also Isthmia IV, pp. 117–118, no. 30, pls. 52, 53:a. 83. Siebert 1966, p. 478, fig. 6, taken from de Cardaillac 1922, p. 70, fig. 77 (the lamp itself is no longer extant), apparently an import, though it lacks a signature. Lamp 136 is too fragmentary to warrant a photo, but the presence of all the essential features makes the identification certain. The same scheme can be seen on Kerameikos XVI, p. 89, no. 37, pl. 3, and on a lamp with Poseidon in the same pose from Tarsus (Goldman 1950, pp. 131–132, no. 438, fig. 113); the latter is most likely a local copy made in Asia Minor, as it was found with several other disk fragments of the same type. 84. See Johnson [1927] 1968, pp. 144 –147; see also Moreno 1976 for an excellent overview of the iconographic echoes of such a statue in other media over a long period, especially small-scale art and coins. Gemstones featuring this composition can be added here, e.g., Spier 1992, p. 107, no. 268, with further references; see also Fossing 1929, nos. 340–343, 546. 85. Inv. no. 10315; details concerning this statue are discussed by Moreno (1976, p. 83). See also LIMC VII, 1994, pp. 452–453, nos. 34 –38, pl. 355, s.v. Poseidon (E. Simon). 86. See Roux 1958, pp. 187–188, and esp. Paus. 2.1.7–9,

2.2.3, and 2.3.4 –5; see also the discussion in Roussos 1988, pp. 68–76. The general importance of Poseidon in the whole area is manifested as well by his appearing on the greatest variety of local coin types (Engels 1990, pp. 93, 97). 87. Kenchreai harbor: Kenchreai V, p. 40, n. 51; Isthmian cult statue: Lange 1879; Picard 1963, p. 492; Johnson [1927] 1968, pp. 142–143; Athenian Acropolis: Siebert 1966, p. 481, citing Paus. 1.24.3. A summary of the many complex arguments concerning Corinthian statues of Poseidon is found in Wohl 2012, esp. p. 357, n. 31. See also Kent 1952, Moreno 1976, and below, nn. 89, 91. 88. See the list in Johnson [1927] 1968, pp. 145–146. 89. Corinthian coins: Imhoof-Blumer and Gardner 1964, p. 16, no. 10, pl. D:LIII; Johnson ([1927] 1968, p. 145, 148, no. 1) argues that the occurrence of this composition on the coins of Demetrios Poliorketes strengthens the argument for a Corinthian origin, as Corinth played an important role in his career. A cameo in Vienna (Johnson [1927] 1968, p. 146, no. 2) shows Poseidon standing with his left foot propped up surrounded by symbols of the Isthmus and the Games; while it confirms there was a link between this composition and the Corinthia, it could point to either Isthmia or Corinth as the location where such a statue stood. 90. Iupp. Trag. 9: ναί, ἀλλὰ σὲ μέν, ὠ ἐννοσίγαιε, χαλκοῦν ὁ Λύσιππος καὶ πτωχὸν ἐποίησεν, οὐκ ἐχόντων τότε Κορινθίων χρυσόν. Johnson ([1927] 1968, pp. 142, 147–151) notably disputes this link; Picard (1963, pp. 491–513) adds complementary information, which, however, is unfortunately mired in much subjective interpretation of it as a Roman copy.

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is attractive: it might have been part of the victory monument set up by Timoleon in Corinth in 341 B.c.91 By contrast, two mythological heroines repeatedly seen on lamps both in Corinth and elsewhere are less likely to draw their origin from either sculpture or local cults: Andromeda and Leda. Andromeda’s plight was a popular topic in art, especially from the 4th century B.c. on, when (according to Pliny) Nikias produced a famous painting thought to have been the source for all subsequent compositions of Andromeda’s trial, whether in painting or sculpture.92 Though nothing in Pliny implies the presence of Perseus in the painting, modern scholars have regarded the compositions that show Andromeda at the moment of liberation by Perseus as the closest to the original.93 Concerning 128, however, we are faced with a composition of Andromeda alone and still chained. The relationship of this variant to Nikias’s composition is uncertain.94 Substantial large scale sculpture of the topic is scarce.95 Likewise, 135 represents a subject not related to the Corinthia: Leda and the swan. No sculpture depicting this pair is attested in ancient literature, though examples on lamps can be found representing the story.96 None of these variants, however, are of type XXVII, which is best represented by an Athenian lamp assigned to the workshop of Preimos (see 135); no Italian-type lamp depicting this subject is as elegantly rendered as this Greek 3rd-century version. The frequency of the topic suggests that a known sculptural group may have existed with the figures possibly arranged approximately as they are on the Greek and Cypriot lamps, with Leda reclining on the left and the swan on the right.

Scenes Documenting Human Life Gladiatorial scenes The majority of the lamps of this category are made up of disks with gladiatorial scenes. The origin and popularity of this theme on disk representations naturally began with Roman lamps in Italy, where their frequency peaks in the early 1st century A.d. This theme spread, however, from there to all of the provinces of the Roman empire that imported lamps, where they were subsequently copied locally.97 55, e.g., is an Italian-type red-on-white lamp probably from Asia Minor. But such subjects were also very common on Corinthian type XXVII lamps. The UCLA/OSU excavations at Isthmia have recovered three: 139, 140(?), 141; earlier excavations discovered another fragment and at Corinth these lamps make up a substantial group.98 Attempts have been made to distinguish subtypes and categorize the large variety of 91. Tentatively suggested by Roussos (1988, pp. 70–75), who brings to bear the archaeological remains of plinth blocks for a bronze statue, as discussed in Kent 1952. This theory is supported by Moreno (1976; 1995, pp. 220–221), who favors a Lysippan identity of the Poseidon type represented by the Vatican copy. For Timoleon’s dedication, see Diod. Sic. 16.80.6. See Wohl 2012, pp. 357–358, for further discussion of Poseidon’s statuary at Corinth. 92. Plin. HN 35.132, the only ancient literary reference to an ancient artwork depicting Andromeda. 93. See LIMC I.1, 1990, pp. 774  –790, s.v. Andromeda (K. Schauenberg). Several Roman wall paintings portray the event, e.g., the Villa of Diomedes in Pompeii: see pp. 781, 789, no. 69. See also Schefold 1979. 94. The small size of the disk is, however, not the reason for isolating her; several Roman lamps exist with much more crowded compositions depicting the same story. See LIMC I.1, 1981, pp.  782–783, nos.  82, 98, 99, s.v. Andromeda (K. Schauenberg); see also Schauenburg 1960, p. 68, pl. 29:3, 4; for Roman wall paintings of Andromeda enchained, see LIMC I.1, 1981, pp. 778–779, s.v. Andromeda (K. Schauenberg). Phillips 1968

argues for the iconography evolving instead from the area of Tarentum from the 4th century B.c. 95. See LIMC I.1, 1981, p. 782, s.v. Andromeda (K. Schauenberg). What exists may indeed be influenced by Nikias; see Schefold 1979, p. 157, n. 15. 96. For the sculptural echoes of this composition, see Roussos 1988, pp. 136–141. Various compositional versions are already known on Italian lamps and are especially frequently found on lamps from Cyprus. From Italy: Bailey 1980, p. 10 (with Leda standing); Bailey 1988, pp. 4 –5; from Cyprus: Bailey 1988, p. 315, nos. Q2581–Q2584, pl. 70 (with Leda seated on the left, the swan hovering on the right); from Egypt (all with Leda standing): Bailey 1988, p. 248, no. 2028, pl. 42; Oziol 1977, p. 158, no. 469, pl. 25; p. 235, nos. 691–694, pl. 39. 97. For the former, see Bailey 1980, pp. 51–55; for the latter, see Bailey 1988, pp. 55–58. 98. For the fragment from earlier excavations, see Isthmia III, p. 69, no. 2839, pl. 31; for this subject on Corinthian lamps, see Corinth IV.2, pp. 101–102, 197–200, nos. 630–653, pls. XVII, XVIII.



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compositions. There remain, however, occasional disagreements concerning the identification of gladiator types from literary descriptions. Wollman’s early study on the retiarius-versussecutor contest seeks, along with Bailey, to clarify this matter (see 139). Another interesting aspect of gladiatorial representations on lamps is the light they shed on the particular circumstances of the local popularity of this iconography. It is well known that lamps with this topic account for the majority of lamps at imperial sites with military settlements.99 The case of Corinth calls for special attention. As a Roman colony, Corinth was an exception in Greece by having the only mainland amphitheater recorded (Knossos and Gortyn being others). Much higher numbers are found in further East Greek areas. Corinth’s amphitheater no doubt is linked to the city’s role as a Roman foundation. Though we know that gladiatorial games were also performed in remodeled theaters in different Greek locations, various negative contemporary attitudes accompanied the practice, especially in the 1st century A.d. This is evident in Athens, for example.100 The existing, rare amphitheater at Corinth lies east of the city and is still unexcavated. The earliest literary mention of this monument is assumed to be a mid-4th century A.d. geographer who states that Corinth “has an outstanding amphitheater structure.”101 De Waele argues that the reign of Diocletian was the most likely time of its construction.102 In addition, archaeological evidence shows that both the Odeion and the Theater in Corinth were converted into arenas in the early part of the 3rd century.103 A recent study, however, has argued convincingly that in fact the amphitheater was part of the original city plan of Julius Caesar.104 This could even render the fictional quality of Apuleius’s Metamorphoses a reality.105 A further argument for the earlier date comes from recent explorations and mapping of Roman Corinth, which place the amphitheater at the very northeast edge of the city, similar to other Roman colonies of the period. It may thus indeed have existed in an early form contemporary with and mirrored by the type XXVII lamps from Isthmia with gladiatorial scenes on their disks.106

Symplegmata scenes This popular and distinct group of lamp decorations, logically fitting under aspects of human life, deserves a subcategory of its own (see above, p. 34) as is provided here.107 Iconographic 99. See, e.g., Leibundgut 1977 for Switzerland, and above, p. 8, n. 26. 100. See Agora VII, pp. 123–124, corroborated by the small numbers of Athenian-made lamps with gladiators depicted on their disks. For a discussion of the Athenian objections, see Welch 1999, pp. 130–133. The attitudes and practices clearly varied in the Greek East, and in later centuries, creating a very complex situation; for scholarship stressing an alternate opinion of acceptance and enthusiasm for both games and gladiators, see, e.g., Wiedeman 1992, esp. pp. 128–129. 101. Expositio totius mundi et gentium, 52.11–13: Corinthum enim civitatem multum in negotio et habentem opus praecipuum amphitheatri (see Rougé 1966, p. 188); see also the analysis in Oliver 1980. 102. De Waele 1928, p. 29; see also Corinth I.I, pp. 89–91. 103. Odeion: Corinth X, p. 146–147; Theater: Corinth II, pp. 94 –97, 140–141. Shear (1925, pp. 381–388; 1926) has previously suggested that the Theater was made into an arena in the earliest days of the colony. The later excavations of the Theater have been essential for refining our knowledge: see Williams and Zervos 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989; for an excellent summary of the various architectural stages of the Theater, see Corinth IX.3, pp. 3–7. 104. Welch (1999, pp. 133–140) also argues for this date on

the basis of building techniques. Dio Chrysostomos’s disparaging remark (31.121) that the gladiatorial games at Corinth were conducted in an unattractive, dirty ravine outside the city has drawn varied interpretations. That Dio, writing in the later 1st century A.d., here manifests a negative, Greek bias against such games is easy to agree with. However, the topographical description also rings true: a rocky depression could easily be utilized as the start of the formation of a cavea. But that Dio would invent these unhealthy qualities is not likely: Hoskins Walbank (1986, pp. 342–352) suggested some time ago that the sinister quality derived from its location adjacent to nearby burials. I am grateful to Mary Hoskins Walbank for discussing these matters with me at an early stage. 105. Such an early date would lend some credibility to the ending of Apuleius’s famous work. I suggest here that we might consider that the stage where Lucius (as an ass) is to perform was the amphitheater (10.34), from which he makes a topographically convenient escape to Kenchreai and freedom (10.35). 106. Romano 2005, pp. 586 (with n. 4), 602, fig. 15. Romano suggests that the amphitheater was built in the Augustan period. 107. See also 142–145.

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derivations are elusive and very few exact parallels can be established between Corinthian lamps and earlier Italian-type lamps, where the theme is also popular and varied.108 The sources for erotic lamp compositions must have been as diverse as for Corinthian lamps in general, but have been minimally explored by modern scholars.109 The following suggestions are preliminary, but gems, relief bowls, stamped tokens, and mirror covers all treated the topic of intercourse and could have provided iconographic models for the compositionally similar disk representations.110 Though much of this material antedates the Isthmian lamps by several centuries, the general spatial organization of figures is remarkably consistent in many media over this time span.111 With this in mind one might also speculate about the influence of Roman wall paintings, where standardized images of Hellenistic eroticism were perpetuated and transmitted to later centuries for copying into other art forms. Campanian society, in particular, has preserved a large number of compositions of erotic couples taken from general, circulating models. These may, through lost intermediaries and examples in other media no longer extant, have been the inspiration for later lamp makers. It is clear that certain iconographically erotic topics developed early in Greek art were transferred by means of often fragile media, and in the end made up a common large store from which all the lamps under consideration (whether Italian, Corinthian, or Athenian) could draw their particular representations. For example, although no precise, contemporary models can be found for the Corinthian lamps, there are close compositional proximities among earlier Corinthian bronze mirrors.112 The timelessness of this theme also makes for a high degree of basic compositional similarity—no doubt dictated by the need for explicit two-dimensional clarity, all within the limits of a circular space. It is also noteworthy that no period within this long time span showed any particular iconographic preference. A systematic study would no doubt strengthen the hypothetical trends exemplified among the relevant compositions below.

Decorative/Ornamental Subjects Another theme, purely ornamental subjects, includes vegetal patterns, whether naturalistic or geometricized and abstract. In contrast to the imaginative variations of figured disks, the Corinthian lamps do not introduce any striking novelty in the purely decorative field. Lamp 150 has a rosette with four peltae; 151, a swirling rosette; 153, a double rosette; 155– 157, branch patterns. In fact, the major formal shift away from Italian-type models consisted in concentrating on imaginative variations of vegetal motifs for the rim. 108. See Bailey 1980, pp. 64 –70. Nor is there much precise similarity between Corinthian and subsequent Athenian renderings; for the former, see Corinth IV.2, pp. 200–201, nos. 658, 659, 661, 665, pl. XXVIII; Isthmia III, pp. 68–69, nos. 2827, 2831, 2836(?), pl. 31; for the latter, see Agora VII, pp. 122–123, nos. 808–834, pls. 18, 19. 109. No doubt due to previous scholarly prudery and general “Victorian” attitudes. For example, “obscene” is a scholarly index category in 1930 (e.g., Corinth IV.2, p. 332; cf. Johns 1982, p. 30), while by 1977 the more neutral symplegma had been commonly accepted (e.g., Isthmia III, p. 109). 110. See Brendel 1970 and Boardman and La Rocca 1978, passim; for coin-shaped tokens that carried similar scenes, see Vorberg 1932, pp. 386–387. 111. One example is particularly instructive for the survival of certain compositions over centuries: the image of three individuals, two male and one female, interlocked in sexual activity. An early occurrence of this scene is found on a bowl by

the Brygos Painter (early 5th century B.c.): see Vorberg 1932, p. 187; Boardman and La Rocca 1978, p. 97. An identical composition, though less elegantly rendered, appears on a much later Italian-type lamp (1st century A.d.): see Vorberg 1932, p. 186. Further examples of the same motif recurring over long time spans are found in Brendel 1970, fig. 23, of the 5th century B.c., compared to fig. 46, from Roman Campania, and Boardman and La Rocca 1978, p. 134, of the 4th century B.c., compared to pp. 162–163, of the 1st century B.c. We simply lack the intermediary steps or links to fully understand how this motif developed. The appearance of this composition on such chronologically disparate pieces should, however, warn against dismissing models separated by long periods of time, and may reinforce the idea that there existed circulating compositional pattern books. 112. Boardman and La Rocca 1978, pp. 133–136; see also the discussion below, pp. 50–51, relating to Athenian treatments of the same topic.



UNGLAZED CORINTHIAN LAMPS (BRONEER T YPE XXVII)

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Rim Decorations A significant characteristic of the decoration of type XXVII lamps consists in the large variety of rim patterns. Just like the ovules that are a Corinthian hallmark, vegetal patterns abound. The seven most significant decorative patterns so far known are classified here as rim types 1–7 (with variants) and are visually presented on Figures 4 and 5. Rim types 2–5 all contain an alternating rhythm of leaves and clusters of grapes, but vary enough in significant detail to represent four distinct archetypal patterns from which the imagination of Corinthian lamp makers made minor deviations. In Corinth, the predominant arrangement consists of two leaves and two clusters of grapes per half (the exception is type 4; see Fig. 4); very occasionally there are five items per half.113 A complete classification is nearly impossible, as the minor variations are too numerous and previously unrecorded varieties keep emerging from recent excavations, especially in Corinth.114

Type 1: Ovules Type 1 rims (e.g., 187; Fig. 4) reflect some of the earliest decoration on type XXVII lamps, combining ovules with plain disks or ray disks. As a frame for figured disks, ovules continued to be used into the second half of the 3rd century. The ovules may be small/medium (e.g., 105) or large in size, and in their most careful and elaborate form, the eggs are delineated by a double outline (e.g., 130). At present we cannot, however, assign any chronological significance to the size of the ovules.115

Type 2: Vines and Clusters of Grapes On type 2 rims (e.g., 110; Fig. 4), the leaves are the distinguishing mark: a serrated outline is shaped either into a tripartite form (e.g., 110) or to a more cohesive oblong type (e.g., 111). The four items per half are well spread apart with an eye to artistic simplification. In both type 2 and type 5 rims, the stem of the topmost leaf (that closest to the handle) grows from the inner side of the rim, that is, from the framing ring. Type 2 rims emerge at the end of 2nd century, but apparently were not made as long as type 3.

Type 3: Vines, Clusters of Grapes, and Climbers The creator of this category not only came up with an unusually delicate rim design, but also paid some attention to the appearance of real vines (e.g., 114; Fig. 4). An unevenly serrated but not oblong leaf is combined with grape clusters by interlocking vines ending in corkscrew flurries or “climbers.” A fine balance is achieved between realistic observation and the artful arrangement of nature. Another characteristic of this type is that the topmost leaf grows with a winding stem from the outer edge of the rim. That the significant details of such a design were easily lost in a worn mold can be seen from another example (115), showing that retouching was difficult without losing the delicate details. The decoration of 113, by contrast, is crisp though fragmentary. 113. In the latter case, the usual form is three leaves and two clusters: our only example is 121, with Isthmia III, p. 67, no. 2800, pl. 30, as a close parallel. On Athenian imitations on the other hand, five items are the standard: see below, p. 51, and Agora VII, p. 145, no. 1506, pl. 28. 114. The drawings on Figures 4 and 5 were made by Karen D. Hutchinson Soteriou, from whose drafting skills I have learned much. A few fragmentary rims have been drawn as complete where the remains permitted (e.g., IPL 1970-147,

under 116, rim type 4, or 187, rim type 1). Three of the rim drawings on Figure 5 depict lamps found in Corinth; I am indebted to Charles K. Williams II for permission to include them here. Prior publication of rim drawings (e.g., Corinth IV.2, p. 80, fig. 38) include only segments without much comment. 115. This suggestion by Broneer (Corinth IV.2, p. 92) needs modification, as both small and large ovules appear early. See also Kenchreai V, p. 38, n. 35.

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This particular variant of a vine-and-cluster rim became a favorite on Athenian lamps of the 3rd century, where it occurs frequently, especially before the Herulian destruction of A.d. 267. The workshops of Elpidephoros, Preimos, and Pireithos in particular were producers of such lamps, done in a light color, Corinthianizing clay.116 Even though Corinth is the origin of most vine-rim variants, and type 4 rims occur on Corinthian lamps at an early date, it is not at all clear whether type 3 rims originated in Corinth or Athens, especially as these rims were also combined at Athens with the Corinthian ray disk.117 Assuming Athens to be where type 3 rims originated, Corinthian-made examples must be regarded as one of several stylistic ideas borrowed by Corinthian lamp makers in the wake of growing Athenian lamp production in the early 3rd century.118 On the other hand, the occurrence of this type of rim with vines and climbers (five items per half) on a rare, oversized Corinthian lamp could well be used in support of a Corinthian origin for type 3 rims; the lamp derives from pit C in the Palaimonion, which has recently been redated to the late 2nd century or possibly later.119 The presence of five items on each half is here clearly dictated by the large size of the lamp.

Type 4: Vines, Clusters of Grapes, and Hooks Type 4 rims with markedly raised round clusters of grapes surrounded by tendrils and leaves that form reversing hooks (e.g., 116; Fig. 4) occur occasionally and are also known on Athenian imitations.120 The Corinthian versions pack six items onto each half by reducing their scale, while the Athenian examples as a rule only have four. These lamps date to the 3rd century.

Type 5: Vines, Clusters of Grapes, and Leaves with “Whiskers” Type 5 rims (e.g., 117; Fig. 4) are by far the most common of the vine rims. The leaves are again distinct: four segments are concentrically outlined to form leaves and the tip of the vine consists of a whisker-like spray. Lamps 117, 118, and 119 come from molds that are still clear. Coarseness and heavy-handed retouching in later examples do not necessarily go hand in hand with a diminished size, as many lamps must have been made within each series (see, e.g., 120, 121). The popularity and widespread use of this variant among workshops was probably due to the relative ease that the simplicity of the design allowed for clear retouching.121 These lamps date from the early(?) 3rd century and possibly continue into the early 4th, the latter date suggested by some late, retouched examples with red slip/glaze.122

Type 6: Tendrils without Clusters of Grapes Type 6 rims with thin tendrils with leaves but no fruit (e.g., 122, Corinth L-187; Figs. 4, 5) are more rare than vine-and-cluster rims, and the series were apparently limited, as no two exact

116. See, e.g., Agora VII, pp. 145–146, nos. 1499, 1511, 1540, pl. 28. 117. It has been argued that this rim is an Athenian invention and hallmark: Agora VII, p. 23, type 2, pl. 51. 118. The Athenian preference for five items on each half of the rim has already been mentioned. Pointing to a more mixed picture, however, is the fact that some Athenian lamps also follow the Corinthian standard of four items on each half of the rim, e.g., Agora VII, nos. 1474, 1481, 1499, pl. 28. Rims with five items on each half on Corinthian lamps appear rarely and late (e.g., 121, from the second half of the 3rd century) and can be assumed to reflect Corinthian lamp makers following the Athenian preference.

119. Isthmia III, pp. 70–71, no. 2843, pls. 8, 30. See Gebhard, Hemans, and Hayes 1998, pp. 442–443, on the dating of the third phase of the Palaimonion and on pit C in general. 120. With 116 were also found three further separate fragments. For an Athenian imitation, see Agora VII, p. 145, no. 1470, pl. 28. One such Corinthian lamp of unknown provenience is published in Menzel, [1954] 1969, p. 82, no. 540, fig. 47.5, signed LOUKIOU. Kenchreai V, p. 55, no. 243, pl. 10, should be reassigned to Corinth; one further parallel is Corinth L-1781. 121. One clear result of retouching consists in the grapes rising distinctly above the level of the leaves. See, e.g., 117, 118. 122. See 199 and Corinth IV.2, p. 190, no. 578.



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parallels are recorded thus far. In fact, new additions have been found in later excavations at Corinth and Patras.123 This type clearly represents a unique category, the variations of which are many and of such fantasy that they evade firm classification. This type is an excellent witness to the aesthetic potential of the plaster-mold tradition, which could satisfy the taste for delicate detail. The two variants presented here are sufficiently well preserved to be restored in full: type 6a has leaf buds and type 6b both leaf buds and small rosettes.124 This type probably emerged before the mid-2nd century and continued into the 3rd (see above, pp. 26–27).

Type 7: Wreaths Type 7 rims have leaves in orderly wreath-like formations (Fig. 5). They are common and also show great variety, from a firmly knitted garland (e.g., 123, type 7a, or 124, type 7b) to a looser and sparser placement of the component parts (e.g., 126, type 7c); occasionally panels are also included on the rim (e.g., Corinth L-4808, type 7d, or Corinth L-4272, type 7e). The raised wreath rim became one of the fundamental Athenian characteristics from the early 3rd century.125 A Corinthian lamp such as 124 may therefore be a Corinthian echo of a contemporary Athenian pattern, while 123, however, is an example of a Corinthian wreath rim antedating the revival of Athenian lamp production. The mold used to produce 123 might have been worn, but there is little doubt that the use of a small wreath only occupying the inner half of the rim reflects an early stage of an evolution never seen in Athens. The wreath rim therefore is likely to be 3rd-century Athenian appropriation and modification of a somewhat earlier Corinthian idea. These rims are the first beginnings of what was to become the most common and persistent rim decoration of late antiquity, the branch, and its concave counterpart, herringbone (see below, p. 57).

Summary The rims discussed above fall into certain combinations with regard to their accompanying disk decorations. The four vine patterns (2–5) are nearly always combined with ray disks; exceptions are the few unique oversized lamps, such as Isthmia III, p. 71, no. 2843, pl. 30, which has a figured disk. Lamps with tendril rims (type 6) have ray disks, with an occasional exception, such as Isthmia III, p. 69, no. 2833, pl. 30, which has a diamond-shaped rosette on its disk. Wreath rims, on the other hand, are combined either with ray disks (e.g., 123; Corinth XVIII.2, pp. 28–29, no. 22, pl. 2) or rosette disks (e.g., Kenchreai V, p. 45, no. 188, pl. 9; Corinth XVIII.2, p. 31, no. 34, pl. 3), or even with plain(?) disks (see 124). As the sunken channels of channel-and-panel lamps occasionally became decorated, rim wreaths may be found there.126 Decorated channels are in general rare on Corinthian lamps, and only two fragments have been discovered at Isthmia by the UCLA/OSU excavations, 191 and IPL 1971-275.127 None so far found has been dated before the 3rd century. Who the creators of these different vines and wreaths were is not presently known. Even the identities of artisans in certain shops are hidden owing to the widespread use of a limited number of

123. Corinth: Williams and Zervos 1985, p. 66, no. 37, pl. 13. Patras: Papapostolou 1974, p. 351, pl. 218, especially the three lamps in the lower row, all with different tendril rims; the same lamps are recorded by Petropoulos (1978, pp. 296– 299, nos. 1471–1473, pls. 84, 85). 124. For further examples, see Isthmia III, p. 69, no. 2833, pl. 30; Morizio 1980, p. 135, no. 5, pl. III. A variant treatment can be found on IPL 1971-275 (under 149): this lamp has a tendril in a sunken channel, similar to Corinth IV.2, pp. 190–

191, no. 582, pl. XII. 125. Agora VII, p. 23, type 17; for an example, see Agora VII, p. 114, no. 711, pl. 16. 126. Bruneau 1971, pp. 494 –501, no. 56, figs. 59, 60; 1977, p. 273, no. 61, figs. 15, 16. 127. For examples from elsewhere in the Corinthia, see Corinth IV.2, pp. 190–191, no. 582, pl. XII (tendril); p. 205, no. 700, pl. XII (herringbone); and Kenchreai V, p. 44, no. 164, pl. 8 (wreath).

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types. Since naturalistic renderings of vegetal motifs were relatively uncommon among Greeks of previous eras, it is tempting to see the inspiration for these rims (especially tendrils and leaves in reversing hooks) as emanating from the Italo-Roman taste so amply manifested in both Roman architecture and small-scale art. The Augustan period following the resettlement of Corinth as a Roman colony provided one impetus, the Hadrianic era another.

Late Corinthian Lamps (Post-Broneer Type XXVII) (198–223) “Late Corinthian lamps” here include late-3rd- to 4th-century lamps, both glazed and unglazed, mostly postdating the lamps traditionally called type XXVII. Some imitate earlier Corinthian type XXVII lamps (198–205), others imitate Athenian type XXVIII lamps (206– 219). Included within this latter category are some lamps of the 5th century that are assumed to have immediately preceded the resumption of large-scale, serialized production of lamps in Corinth in the 5th and 6th centuries amply represented by, for example, the finds from the Fountain of the Lamps.128 There are also a handful of Corinthian(?) lamps included here of a miscellaneous or uncertain type (220–223). The status of lamp production in Corinth after the waning manufacture of fine, unglazed lamps (Broneer’s type XXVII) has long raised questions, but these are being gradually resolved. Broneer extends the time frame of the production of unglazed lamps well into the 3rd century.129 But even earlier it was suggested that such lamps were produced throughout the 3rd century.130 The studies by Garnett illuminate the 5th and 6th centuries in Corinth, but still leave a gap in the 4th century that has been commented on by Williams, among others.131 A more recent study of Roman pottery and lamps from the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore in Corinth has given thoughtful consideration to the problems of the possible continuity of Corinthian lamp making into the 4th century.132 The Isthmia material concurs with the conclusions of this study, in that the present evidence for continued lamp production in Corinth in the 4th century is meager both in numbers and quality. One explanation is simply that Athenian imports supplied needs at Corinth until the major revival of Corinthian serialized and imitative production, starting in the 5th century. But the period of the late 4th century through the early 5th century has still left us with questions deriving from several factors, especially involving bewildering similarities between Corinthian and Athenian products of the period. The Corinthian fabric became grittier and less refined compared to the fabric used in the late 3rd century, and its color at times verges on reddish yellow. Thus some products are almost indistinguishable from lamps made from the lighter fabric used in Athens to produce imitations of Corinthian lamps. Furthermore, this uncertainty is at times exacerbated by stylistic cross-fertilization, that is, when Corinthian lamp makers borrowed from Athenian lamp makers who had already borrowed from Corinthians (e.g., the use of two concentric grooves on the base, raised globules on the rim, or even iconographic disk motifs such as Eros walking or standing).133 128. The lamps from the Fountain of the Lamps have been studied by Garnett (1970, 1975) and will be discussed further in subsequent chapters. 129. Isthmia III, p. 64. 130. Agora VII, p. 8. 131. Garnett 1970, 1975; Kenchreai V, p. 41. 132. Corinth XVIII.2, esp. pp. 21–23. 133. I have profited from and enjoyed many discussions with Kathleen Slane on these issues. Our respective materials share many similarities, e.g., the numerous handles of this

period that derive from worn molds and present a peculiar carelessness in the joining of the two halves of a given lamp. The result is that the handle is characteristically crooked when seen from the back; see, e.g., 205. The treatment of handles is also irregular in regard to the presence of grooves: occasionally there are three on the upper and two on the lower part, or none on lower part. Handles are also often narrow, uneven, and solid. This group is largely from the 4th century, though it is uncertain how far into it they should be dated.



UNUSUAL LAMPS FROM THE TUNNEL COMPLEX IN THE AREA EAST OF TEMENOS 

43

A few lamps (210–219) have here been tentatively dated to or into the early 5th century. Their stylistic inspiration comes largely from Athens but the fabric is unmistakably Corinthian. They precede the beginning of the revival of large-scale production of lamps at Corinth in the 5th century, referred to above, and cannot be considered part of the serialized Corinthian production that is especially obvious in the lamps from the Fountain of the Lamps. Their earlier date is clear primarily because they lack the typical technical characteristics described by Garnett, such as leftover clay between the upper and lower molds resulting in a “joining ridge” of clay between the two halves of a lamp, the so-called “webbing” or ledge of extra clay.134 Particularly significant is Garnett’s demonstration that the light-colored clay of lamps from the Fountain of the Lamps that imitated Athenian lamps places them among the earliest in a local production that she believes began in the early 5th century.135 In summary, areas of uncertainty still exist in trying to assign the lamps just discussed to a particular geographic or chronological niche. The differences between Corinthian and Athenian products in this transitional century continue to be partially indistinct.136

Unusual Lamps from the Tunnel Complex in the Area East of Temenos (224–227) General Characteristics of the Tunnel Complex It is suitable at this point to introduce and discuss an area east of the Temple of Poseidon designated the “area East of Temenos” (but also called, in past publications, the “East Field”). It is located between the Temple and the west wall of the Hexamilion fortress (Plan 2). This region was excavated from 1970–1972 and has been reinvestigated from 2007 to the present; it is rich in lamps, coins, and interesting pottery.137 Among the lamps are Corinthian products of the types discussed in this chapter, some Athenian lamps (pre-glazing, glazed, and post-glazing), plus a few lamps of unusual shape that are possibly directly connected with the function of the place. Within the area East of Temenos, a tunnel was found provided with entrance shafts at both ends (Plans 2, 4).138 It stretches for ca. 11 m, oriented roughly east–west, with a slight bend to the north at the eastern end (H. ca. 1.5 m., W. ca. 0.5 m). While the tunnel was cut into undisturbed soil, the entrance shafts have steps leading downward and were once covered by shallow brick vaulting. On the southern wall of the eastern entrance are also footholds; along the northern wall twelve lamp holes were cut out, but on the south side only 134. Garnett 1975, p. 183–184, esp. no. 3, pl. 43. 135. Garnett 1975, pp. 187, 192, nos. 9–11, pl. 43. 136. These uncertainties have been variously dealt with by previous authors. Broneer (Isthmia III, pp. 72–74) designates a transitional category for such lamps, standing between the waning production of his type XXVII lamps in Corinth and the emergence of the influential Athenian lamps of his type XXVIII: type XXVIIIA, which contains late Corinthian glazed lamps along with Corinthian and Athenian unglazed examples that are hard to separate for the reasons discussed above. Williams (Kenchreai V, p. 47) distinguishes the later Corinthian lamps with a separate catalogue heading. However, only one lamp under that heading is dated to the 4th century (no. 228), a glazed imitation of an Athenian lamp; it should perhaps be assigned to the 5th century. Slane (Corinth XVIII.2) chooses to add descriptive subheadings, meticulously clarifying characteristic features in relation to previous classifications. The

present study follows her general principles, though not always using the same divisions or nomenclature. 137. The area had some modest habitations(?) of uncertain use and relation to sanctuary activity. Many overlapping building phases have been recorded, starting probably in the 2nd century, and lasting to the end of activity in the sanctuary. A coin treasure dated to the end of the 4th century was found here, most likely hidden at the arrival of Alaric in A.d. 396. For an important recent, digitally based study clarifying the stratigraphy, plans, and possible functions of the structures of the area East of Temenos, including the integration of the tunnel complex, see Ellis and Poehler 2015. 138. The tunnel and the open shaft at its western end were excavated in 1970 and the stepped entrance at its eastern end in 1971: see Clement 1971, p. 108; 1972, p. 224; Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 268–271, figs. 79, 80.

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UNGLAZED CORINTHIAN, LATE CORINTHIAN, AND UNUSUAL LAMPS

one. Lamps of considerable interest were recovered from the tunnel itself, the fill of both shafts, and the floor area of a small room or court surrounding the open shaft at the western end.139 Some 28 lamps (including fragments) were inventoried, mostly Corinthian, ranging from the 2nd century to the 4th and occasionally into the 5th. The main bulk, however, comes from the latter half of the 3rd into the early 4th century and consists of Late Corinthian and Athenian lamps. Of the contextual material, four coins are particularly relevant:140 IC 1970-76: Lucius Verus, A.d. 161–169, from the last 10 cm of soil over the floor of the area surrounding the west shaft. IC 1970-77: Probus, A.d. 276–282, from the floor level of the area surrounding the west shaft. IC 1970-67: Maximian Herculius, A.d. 295 or later, from the tunnel itself, 12 cm over the undisturbed hard floor. IC 1970-75: Licinius, A.d. 308–311, from the last 10 cm of soil over the floor of the area surrounding the west shaft (the same location as no. 1).

The inventoried pottery includes some unusual pieces, unique even for the sanctuary, all of a potentially ritual nature; they are, however, difficult to date due to their singular quality.141 The uninventoried context pottery indicates that the tunnel and the two shafts were open in the 5th century and possibly into the 6th; the material is too mixed to provide a readable stratification.142

Four Unusual Lamps Some of the lamps from the tunnel complex in the area East of Temenos belong in the context of this chapter (143, IPL 1970-180, 1970-189, and 1971-13); others will be treated further in subsequent chapters. Four lamps of unusual shape, however, will be commented upon briefly here. Three multiple-nozzle lamps, all of elaborate but different shapes, were recovered from the area surrounding the west shaft. A large multiple-nozzle lamp (225) is of Italian type, as is a square lamp with a large field on top for figured decor (227). The elaborate corona lamp (226) cannot be tied to any particular area of origin, as the type was common in many Mediterranean areas. The presence of these lamps together might suggest a ritual use for the area. Discovered in the tunnel itself was 224, a lamp of a shape at home in Asia Minor and the eastern Mediterranean but possibly of Corinthian clay. The signature ΑΡΧ|ΕΠΟ|ΛΙϹ 139. In the immediate vicinity of the west court’s pavement, on a slightly higher level, a deposit of nearly one hundred coins was found, none later than A.d. 395, along with a hoard of small sculptures. See Clement 1972, pp. 228–229; Beaton and Clement 1976; Isthmia VI, pp. 1–2. 139. The distribution of these lamps is as follows: type XXVII: five (143, IPL 1970-180, 1970-189, 1971-13, and 1971-204); Late Corinthian: nine (206–208, 220, 221, IPL 1970-163, 1970-167, 1970-168, and 1970-181); Athenian pre-glazing lamps: six (231, 249, 277, IPL 1970-165, 1970-166, and 1970-188); Athenian glazed and post-glazing lamps: three (380, IPL 1970-140, and 1971-3); unknown type: one (425); lamps of elaborate and unusual forms: four (224 –227). 140. For a full description of the coins, see Clement n.d., nos. 65, 111, 121, and 117 respectively.

141. The pieces are an unused thymiaterion (IPR 1970-70), a basin (IPR 1970-94), a fragmentary krater with applied snakes crawling over the handles (IPR 1970-80), and a fragmentary vessel with a plastic application (IPR 1970-63). Possible parallels are dated to the 3rd and 4th centuries: see Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 268–277. See also Isthmia II, p. 29, pl. 14:c, for a snake krater (IP 363) from the Chicago excavations similar to IPR 1970-80; this vessel was also published as Broneer 1955, p. 134, no. 30, pl. 52:d. Michaud 1971, p. 848, fig. 103, illustrates a similar vessel. For an interpretation of these “drinking” snakes, see Salapata 2006, p. 549, n. 34, who suggests a Corinthian oinochoe bearing such snakes had connections to a chthonic cult. 142. My thanks to John Hayes and Timothy Gregory for reading the pottery.



UNUSUAL LAMPS FROM THE TUNNEL COMPLEX IN THE AREA EAST OF TEMENOS 

45

is not otherwise known from Greece, but has been recorded on two lamps from the Chersonese.143 Some of these lamps may be imports, others local copies of imports. But all of them bear witness to the special importance of the area by their concentrated occurrence here. The material from all three sections of the tunnel complex thus points to a concentration of use from the middle of the 3rd well into the 4th century. The floor of the room surrounding the west shaft was exposed at least throughout this period. The majority of the lamps in the tunnel can be assumed to have been used in the niches. There was, however, access to the area into the 5th century and possibly beyond, as shown by, for example, 220, 221, 380, 425, and IPL 1971-3, in addition to the context pottery. It is a reasonable possibility that the function of the complex was religious in nature, of a local, semiofficial quality, and that the area around the western shaft was an antechamber that might have called for special illumination, as is suggested by the accumulation of these unusual lamps. The coin hoard and the group of small-scale sculptures in the west entrance shaft could also support the notion that this area had some special importance, irrespective of how and when they were deposited there.144 143. Waldhauer 1914, p. 62, nos. 482, 483, pl. XLV. 144. See Isthmia VI, pp. 1–2, nos. 3, 4, 6, 89, 90, and 91, for a discussion of the sculpture hoard. See also Wohl 2005 for an

overall view of the tunnel complex, where, however, a different dating of the sculptures is suggested.

6

 PRE-GLAZING ATHENIAN LAMPS (Broneer Type XXVIII) (228–300)

A

s imported Italian lamps had been the main inspiration for the upswing of the Corin‌thian lamp industry in the early 2nd century, so too did developed Corinthian lamps become the artistic springboard for the next important stage in Greek lamp making a century later. From the early 3rd century, lamp production at Athens experienced a rapid revival that was destined to far outstrip Corinth, both in the longevity of its dominance in Greece and in the extent of its export market.1 The reasons for this upswing are not clear.2 That Corinthian lamps were a central source of this revitalization is, however, seen not only in the use of specific Corinthian decorative schemes, e.g., kite-shaped nozzles, ovules on the rim, and signatures known from both cities, but also in the absence of glaze and the early Athenian imitation of the light color of clay characteristic of Corinth. During this transitional period, the signature ΠΡΕΙΜΟΥ attracts special attention, the name occurring on Corinthian type XXVII lamps (see above, p. 33) before its appearance on Athenian lamps throughout the 3rd century. In Athens, Preimos is one of the most “Corinthianizing” lamp makers of the early 3rd century, as is attested by his frequent use of ovules, tendrils, and/or rosettes on the rim.3 In addition, the role of Philomousos can serve to illustrate the complexity of interrelations between Athenian and Corinthian workshops. As mentioned above, this Athenian lamp maker also signed a Corinthian-made lamp of type XXVII, 148, with ovules on the rim. In Athens his signature is combined with a vineand-cluster rim of the standard Corinthian variant with four items on each half of the rim instead of the common Athenian version with five items (see below, p. 51).4 The decorative program borrowed from Corinth in the early 3rd century, however, was soon broadened into a field of great variety in Athens. While Corinthian originality had mainly concentrated on a large variety of figured-disk compositions, Athenian lamp makers of the 3rd century also focused on a rich array of rim decorations and developed a stronger sense of three-dimensional modeling (see below, pp. 51–52).5 In addition, a sturdier fabric than that used for Corinthian lamps must also have contributed to the attraction of these Athenian lamps as export items. Finally, most Athenian lamps (in contrast to Corinthian products) were made using clay molds, only exceptionally—and early on—using plaster molds.6 1. The first fundamental work on Athenian lamps of the Roman period is Agora VII, a scholarly model that steers with clarity through a complex network of issues. Karivieri 1996 expands and updates many aspects of the subject, augmenting Perlzweig’s perspective by also taking Kerameikos lamps into account. The excellent Kerameikos XVI finally brings to light the lamps of this site and a period of Athenian lamps not covered by the Agora material. See also Chapter 7. 2. Agora VII, p. 17; Karivieri 1996, pp. 45–46. 3. Agora VII, pp. 48–50; Karivieri 1996, pp. 45, 125–129. 4. E.g., Agora VII, p. 55, no. 1503; see also Karivieri 1996,

pp. 141–142. 5. Agora VII, p. 18, states that the Corinthian lamp makers “confined themselves to a very few rim patterns.” This is in fact somewhat misleading. As pointed out above (p. 39), the accumulated material from recent discoveries shows a very high degree of individuality among, e.g., the tendril patterns of type XXVII lamps. The fragility of plaster molds and of the thin Corinthian ware has also left fewer survivors in comparison with the mass-produced vine patterns of Athens. 6. Corinth XVIII.2, pp. 17–18 with n. 58.

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In the Roman period the presence of Athenian lamps in the Corinthia was very slight until well into the 3rd century due to early Imperial imports from the west as well as large-scale local production. For instance, the lamp type that had been dominant in Athens during the 1st and 2nd centuries—the alpha-globule lamp, of a late Hellenistic tradition—is very rare on the Isthmus, though somewhat more frequent in Corinth itself (see 24). The finest products of the renewed Athenian lamp industry in the 3rd century antedate the Herulian sack of Athens in A.d. 267 and feature, for example, a fairly consistent use of pierced handles, a light buff color of clay, and signatures in raised, not incised, letters including raised leaf signatures.7 So far only a few early examples of such lamps have emerged in the Corinthia (see below, pp. 49–50). It is in the later half of the 3rd century that Athenian imports began to make real inroads into the local Corinthian market, eventually becoming the most prevalent lamps in the Corinthia in the 4th century.8 This pattern is strongly confirmed by the finds from the UCLA/OSU excavations at Isthmia.

Distribution and Dating The distribution of pre-glazing Athenian lamps over the areas excavated by UCLA/OSU is far from balanced. There are fewer than ten examples from most areas, while the majority derive from the Roman Bath (ca. 190) and the area East of Temenos (ca. 80). The latter, an area of several structures so far largely unidentified, saw its most intense activity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, so the presence of so many pre-glazing lamps is thus no surprise. Their preponderance in the Roman Bath is, however, different, and derives not only from the bath structure itself but primarily from a dump/deposit to the immediate southeast of the Roman Bath referred to as the South Deposit (Plan 5).9 In this deposit alone were recovered around 130 pieces out of the ca. 190 total pre-glazing lamps and lamp fragments from the general Roman Bath area. This dump/deposit was contained within an area roughly 10 × 10 m that had a complex stratigraphy intersecting with the prior Greek bathing establishment south of the Roman Bath. Among the pottery and general debris was a heavy concentration of lamps, all apparently discarded there as the result of deliberate dumping. The material could have come from the Roman Bath or potentially from any area of the sanctuary, and ranges from the early 3rd through the early 5th century with a majority of fragments dating to the 3rd and into the early 4th century. This concentration suggests that there was an early phase of the deposit around A.d. 300 followed by a later redeposit(?) after the Roman Bath fell out of use, which would account for the post-A.d. 300 material. The most important conclusion from this deposit for the lamps presently under discussion is the evident contemporaneity of Late Corinthian glazed lamps and Athenian pre-glazing products around A.d. 300. As the contexts of the pre-glazing Athenian lamps from the UCLA/OSU excavations provide limited independent dating criteria, this intersection is vital. This date is also corroborated in another area: the tunnel complex in the area East of Temenos (discussed above, pp. 43–45). Coins are regrettably so far lacking from the South Deposit near the Roman 7. Agora VII, pp. 17–18, 20; Agora XXIV, pp. 1–5. 8. Agora VII, pp. 66–67. 9. While two deposits, the South and the North Deposit (see below, pp. 48–49 and 54 –56, respectively), account for major concentrations of lamps in the Roman Bath, lamps and fragments were in fact found in every room. For trench and field book specifications for the South Deposit, see trench 78-1 in FB (field book) MMT 1978, pp. 4 –7, 25–93; FB SN 1978,

pp. 6–9, 25–35, 57–87; trench 78-29 in FB SN 1978, pp. 9, 12, 87–109; trench 78-31 in FB SN 1978, pp. 9, 12–13, 121–147; trench 80-1 in FB Roman Bath 80-1, pp. 4 –11, 14, 25–195; trench 92-7 in NB (notebook) 11, pp. 87, 99–100; trench 93-1 in NB 11, pp. 134 –198; trench 2003-1 in NB 13, pp. 129–135; trench 2003-2 in NB 13, pp. 147–155; trench 2004-1 in NB 13, pp. 173–175; trench 2004-2 in NB 16, p. 28; trench 2004-3 in NB 16, p. 40.



THE ARTISTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CORINTH AND ATHENS

49

Bath, but in the tunnel complex in the area East of Temenos, Late Corinthian lamps (though none glazed) were found together with pre-glazing Attic lamps and coins of the late 3rd into the early 4th century. The contents are also strikingly similar to the contents of the early-4thcentury deposit K 20:1 in Athens10 and the late 3rd- or early-4th-century pit 1966-1 in Corinth.11 Further chronological anchoring of the South Deposit lamps consists of four lamps with the signature of Soteros, whose activity dates to the late 3rd into the early 4th century.12 An argumentum ex silentio for this dating is the absence of any signature from the four shops that flourished mainly before the Herulian invasion: Preimos, Elpidephoros, Pireithos, and the Leaf Shop. Additional dating criteria can be derived from the treatment of the handle. Attic lamp makers of the 3rd century largely followed the Corinthian practice of the 2nd and 3rd centuries of piercing the handle, a custom mostly given up toward the turn of the 3rd–4th century.13 The Isthmia material generally confirms these observations: a mere 28 pierced handles were found, of which only about half a dozen are made of a pale orange clay, and only two are very finely rendered, while the rest are sloppy, mostly made of coarser clay, and are thus possibly of post-Herulian date (as they lack other diagnostic features). Of these pierced handles, none derives from the South Deposit and only one from the tunnel complex in the area East of Temenos. In conclusion, then, very few pre-glazing lamps or lamp fragments from the UCLA/OSU excavations belong to the early stages of the manufacture of this type of lamp, that is, to the early to mid-3rd century.

The Artistic Relationship between Corinth and Athens The artistic interrelations between lamp makers of Corinth and Athens were complex. Athenian borrowings from Corinth in the early part of 3rd century have already been referred to (see above, pp. 47–48). Apart from the light color of the fabric, the kite-shaped nozzle, and the combination of a ray disk and a vine rim, there is the consideration of signatures that appear in both cities (see above, pp. 32–33). But Athenian lamp makers soon made modifications, and special additions emerged that were destined to become recognizable Athenian hallmarks, such as two framing rings around the disk, two (or more) grooves on the base, raised signatures, and new versions of the vine rim. In spite of the large-scale importation of Athenian lamps to Corinth, ideas continued to move back and forth between the two cities, and local manufacturers at Corinth came to produce lamps inspired by Athenian models.14 By the mid-3rd century the result was a substantial artistic cross-fertilization between the two cities. Corinthian clay of this period tends to become heavier and more reddish yellow. Imported Athenian features on Corinthian-made lamps create quite a bewildering situation, even for a trained eye. We find in the Corinthia multiple grooves on the base (e.g., 218), an occasional leaf in relief (e.g., 213), and even the iconographic motif of a Dioskouros (e.g., 211). Other examples of the latter phenomenon can be seen as the fading Corinthian lamp industry borrowed several disk motifs with Athenian origins, such as Eros on 132(?), 10. Agora VII, p. 226; one lamp (p. 98, no. 319, pl. 9) in this deposit has an almost complete parallel to a Late Corinthian lamp, 203, from the South Deposit; among the Attic lamps in the South Deposit, many have near counterparts in this Athenian deposit. 11. Corinth XVIII.2, p. 17, n. 54; see also Slane 1994. The South Deposit at Isthmia has close parallels to lamps in pit 1966-1, especially to eight Late Corinthian glazed fragments, of which only one is inventoried: Corinth L-4839a, b, signed

ΜΑΡΚΙ[ΑΝ]|ΟΥ (Slane 1994, p. 151, no. 68, pl. 35). 12. Agora VII, pp. 53–54; the four lamps are 236, 272, 273, and IPL 1978-66. 13. Corinth XVIII.2, p. 18 with n. 61. 14. There are even instances of Corinthian imitations of Athenian imitations of originally Corinthian motifs: see, e.g., the ray-and-vine lamps that have five items on each half: Williams and Zervos 1983, p. 17, nos. 39–41, pl. 8.

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PRE-GLAZING ATHENIAN LAMPS

206, and 207. Thus Athens spread her influence on many levels. While the repertories of known Athenian workshops have been thoroughly treated in all aspects,15 the Isthmian material adds significant information concerning the export of lamps from these workshops to the Corinthia.

Signatures and Signs Signatures on early Athenian pre-glazing lamps were frequently raised (i.e., made in the mold), in contrast to the Corinthian practice of incising (also often done in the mold).16 This is primarily a feature on Athenian lamps before the Herulian invasion, but there are very few examples in the UCLA/OSU material.17 Furthermore, only four examples preserve the disk together with a letter signature: 236, which bears a centaur, is signed Ϲ;̣ 246 adds a new item to the repertory of the signature Ι, a beast or canopy symplegma; 252, which depicts a ship under sail, presents a thus far unknown signature, ΑΒΑ; and 267, which has a plain disk, is signed ΕΥΤ|ΥΧΗ. Among the decipherable signatures (where the base is not joined to an extant disk), we find some names of major Athenian lamp makers: Eutyches and Soteros, including on one lamp signed by both (272); Leonteos (274); and Pireithos(?), a name frequent in Athens but rarely found in the Corinthia, has one tentative attribution (278). Furthermore, Athenian lamp makers introduced a series of signs and symbols, some of which may be regarded as shop identifications. A leaf in relief is the hallmark of the Leaf Shop (e.g., 234, with a walking bull on the disk, and 279, a base fragment), which produced numerous distinctive lamps primarily from the beginning of the Athenian revival in the early 3rd century until the Herulian invasion. An incised leaf, on the other hand, is found on lamps from the late 3rd century on (e.g., 249, with eight S-spirals on the rim and two fish on the disk, and 280, also with eight S-spirals on the rim). The relationship between these two workshops remains uncertain, though similar stylistic tendencies are apparent, such as a predilection for eight S-spirals on the rim.18

Disk Compositions The emblematic nature of many new Athenian disk compositions has been frequently noted and commented on.19 This artistic enrichment of lamp disks was drawn from many sources, some known, some not, such as sarcophagi, terracotta vessels, and coins. Especially prominent among the figured disk motifs are Eros in various compositions (240–244),20 other mythological figures (228–232, 251), and eventually the all-pervasive rosette (262–265). These can all be easily traced to specific media. One frequent category, however, erotica in 15. See above, n. 1. 16. Corinth XVIII.2, p. 13. 17. See 234, 256, 277, 278, and 279 (with a raised leaf), all with fragmentary letters. 18. Agora VII, pp. 57–59; Karivieri 1996, pp. 146–151. Further similar signs found include an incised eight-spoked star (264), incised crossed branches (241), a single branch with the signature E (271), a star-shaped cluster of globules (269), and five(?) small incised circles (281). These signs have a more uncertain significance, but persist through all the phases of the Athenian lamp industry. The authors of Agora VII (p. 28) and Corinth XVIII.2 (p. 18), assume that they are mold marks, but Kerameikos XVI, p. 53 with n. 74, holds that the branch is a signature.

19. E.g., Kübler 1952; Agora VII, pp. 22–23, reports, “None of the disk representations or rim patterns were the creation of the Attic lamp maker; all were borrowed from other arts or, rarely, earlier lamps.” 20. See the striking table 5 in Kerameikos XVI, p. 50, for proportional amounts. An observation in Corinth XVIII.2, pp. 15–16 with n. 43, is of interest: of all the various compositions with Eros, no. 29 is the only one of certain Corinthian origin; furthermore, an example in the Kanellopoulos Museum (no inv. no.) can be added to the lamps cited on p. 16, n. 43. In addition to the general proclivity for amorous themes in the Roman period, Eros also represented the soul, as suggested by the frequent presence on sarcophagi; see Henig 1974, p. 97.



THE ARTISTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CORINTH AND ATHENS

51

general (245–248), has been less well explored as to its visual antecedents.21 Several avenues of inspiration are possible: metal objects, vase paintings, and especially Roman wall paintings produce some striking similarities, perhaps transmitting long-standardized presentations of sexual behavior.22

Rim Patterns An additional strength of Athenian lamp makers was their creation of a series of new, imaginative rim patterns in addition to what was borrowed from Corinth, such as ovules and variations of vines. It is here tentatively assumed that Corinth was the originator of all vine patterns in the late 2nd and early 3rd centuries—including tendril patterns.23 But in the transfer to Athens these rim patterns underwent changes and modifications. Comparing the rims on Figures 4 and 5 to those in Agora VII, pl. 51, the following observations can be made. The overwhelming favorite in Corinth, type 5, was not adopted at all in Athens; neither was type 2; type 4—clusters of grapes within reversing hooks—was only occasionally made in Athens, but in a modified form with only four items on each half of the lamp.24 It was instead type 3, with small climbers inserted, that was destined to become the Athenian favorite. It occurs in two variations: either with four items on each half of the lamp (two leaves and two clusters of grapes), a fairly rare occurrence in Athens,25 or with five items per half, a common Athenian arrangement rarely found in Corinth (and then probably inspired by Athenian lamps?).26 Between these two variations there are noticeable differences. The former group (with four items per half) consists of lamps considerably smaller than the latter group (with five items per half) and certainly smaller than the average size of the Corinthian lamps that provided their initial inspiration.27 The examples from the Athenian Agora are finely and clearly modeled, mostly made of a light color of clay, and in most cases were signed ΕΛΠΙΔΗΦ|ΟΡΟΥ.28 This variation seems to have ended with the Herulian invasion. The latter group of lamps with vine rims probably began to be manufactured equally early (i.e., early in the first half of the 3rd century), as several examples are found made in the same light clay. This variation, however, lived on beyond A.d. 267 into the 4th century. It is not unusual to find such lamps as large as 0.085 m wide or more.29 21. E.g., Kübler (1952) does not deal with the subject. It should be pointed out that the sources of erotica on the disks of these lamps seem to have a somewhat different provenience than the sources of other disk representations on Athenian lamps. 22. “Standardized” here implies the iconographic requirements for two-dimensional clarity and the limitations of the field of display, i.e., the circle of the lamp disk, coin, or medallion; cf. the iconographic discussion of similar constraints for the disks of type XXVII lamps above, pp. 37–38. The bibliography of the subject has grown much in the last decades along with a broadening analysis of the usage, scope, and social implications of such imagery in the Roman world. Of the many examples, Johns 1982 and Jacobelli 1995 are particularly useful and from somewhat different perspectives. The former especially has done much to analyze past scholarly hypocrisy and put the study of erotic imagery on a sensible basis for researching Roman society and its concepts of sexuality, however divergent these were from the norms of later eras. This approach is also followed by, e.g., Clarke 1998 (with excellent illustrations

and bibliography) and Varone 2001. Valuable treatments focusing mainly on social implications and moral attitudes include, e.g., McGinn 2002 and Guzzo and Ussani 2009 (the latter with some useful illustrations). 23. This is strongly suggested by both older and more recent finds in Corinth and Patras; see above, pp. 39–42. 24. E.g., Agora VII, p. 145, no. 1470, pl. 28. 25. E.g., Agora VII, p. 145, no. 1474, pl. 28; the only such Athenian lamp in the Isthmia material is 257. 26. E.g., Agora VII, p. 146, no. 1540, pl. 28. From the Isthmia material, 259 is an Athenian example and 121 is Corinthian. 27. This smaller size (with an average width of 0.065 m in comparison to the average Corinthian width of ca. 0.080 m) is represented by Agora VII, p. 145, nos. 1481–1495. 28. Agora VII, pp. 31–33, e.g., no. 1481, pl. 34. 29. The five items per half were usually three leaves and two clusters of grapes (e.g., 259), but occasionally a reversed combination is found with three clusters of grapes and two leaves; see Agora VII, p. 145, no. 1506, pl. 28.

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PRE-GLAZING ATHENIAN LAMPS

The real strength of the burgeoning Athenian lamp industry, however, was, as mentioned, the creation of a great variety of new rim decorations.30 Existing studies have demonstrated the connection between certain workshops and preferred rim decor. Many emerged before the Herulian invasion; some survived into the 4th century and beyond, and others did not, while others continued on in modified, simplified forms. Most are characterized by a high degree of three-dimensionality, at least in their initial stages. After A.d. 267 the use of relief gradually gives way to incision.31 Among these rim types, the following are of special interest and frequency. Interlocking spirals appeared early on and later crystallized into eight separate S-spirals divided by panels (e.g., 234); these in turn were replaced by wavy lines (e.g., 245, 288), which came to dominate glazed and post-glazing Athenian lamps.32 The S-spirals appear to have been the particular creation and favorite of the Leaf Shop.33 The raised wreath, on the other hand, originated in Corinth (e.g., 123, 124), was taken over with variations by Athenian lamp makers in the 3rd century (e.g., 242, 250), eventually turned into a coarser branch, and finally transformed into herringbone (e.g., 332), an incised, simplified offspring frequently used on glazed and post-glazing Athenian lamps, ousting more complex patterns.

Conclusion In summary, the Isthmian pre-glazing material does not proportionally contain much early material from that phase. Our holdings give a generally late impression, dating primarily from the end of the 3rd into the 4th century, a range also suggested by the signatures. Figured disks were fading in importance, and rims in their subordinate way confirm this relative lateness by their general lack of the Athenian richness in this respect. It thus conforms to what has already been said about Athenian trade in Corinth and the Corinthia at this time. On the other hand, a few possible examples of pre-Herulian imports are present in the Isthmian material: 234, 268, 285, 287, and 290, several of which are fragments. 30. See Agora VII, pp. 23–24, pl. 51; this list of Athenian rim types is expanded in Karivieri 1996, pp. 69–71. 31. See Agora VII, p. 24. 32. The material from the UCLA/OSU excavations con-

tains ca. 20 or more glazed examples, not counting fragments. 33. For the rims made by the Leaf Shop, see Agora VII, pp. 57–59, pl. 51:14 –16; for expanded discussion of this workshop, see Karivieri 1996, pp. 146–151.

7

 GLAZED ATHENIAN LAMPS (Broneer Type XXVIII) (301–373)

T

he successful revival of the Athenian lamp industry in the 3rd century, discussed in the previous chapter, resulted in a large-scale, broad export market out of Athens.1 Athenian lamp makers produced a body of material that exhibited, through the 4th and into the 5th century, a basically coherent evolution from prior forms and repertories. Nevertheless, scholars have long been aware of a new phase of Athenian production starting approximately at the end of the first quarter of the 4th century. From a technical point of view, glaze was reintroduced and the fabric is usually heavier and darker or more intensely red than that of the pre-glazing lamps; finally, from an iconographical standpoint, the repertory of both disk representations and rim patterns, so richly expanded in the pre-glazing phase, was substantially narrowed to concentrate on a limited body of repeated designs.2 That a distinct phase started in the early decades of the 4th century is also indicated by the very limited overlap of workshop signatures between pre-glazing and glazed lamps, though motifs were more extensively borrowed.3 The mass production of lamps at Athens and their export to the Corinthia is also manifested by frequent instances of identifiably Athenian moldmate lamps.

Distribution and Dating Inventoried fragments of glazed Athenian lamps are, however, very unevenly distributed over the areas excavated by UCLA/OSU. The large majority found in or in the immediate vicinity of the Roman Bath derives from two deposits of very different natures: the North Deposit (see below, pp. 54 –56) and the previously discussed South Deposit (see above, pp. 48–49). Though lamps and fragments were found in almost every room of the Roman Bath, this does not, however, imply that they were used for illumination in that building. Daytime bathing was, of course, the rule, and the structure had ample fenestration.4 Concentrations of lamps further afield are much smaller and merely indicate that other areas saw some activity during the late 4th and into the 5th century. This is true for the area East of Temenos and especially the Northeast Gate of the Hexamilion fortress.5 As mentioned above, the earliest appearance of glazing on Athenian lamps has been dated toward the end of the first quarter of the 4th century, and no findings at Isthmia have 1. See, e.g., Agora VII, pp. 65–67. 2. See, e.g., Agora VII, pp. 21–24; see also Karivieri 1996, p. 48. This contraction coincided with the predominant use of clay molds necessitated by the desire for mass production (see below, pp. 63–64). 3. See Agora VII, pp. 24 –28, for a discussion of these signa-

tures; for example, Eutyches’ workshop is one of the few with a vibrant production in both the pre-glazing and glazed phases (Agora VII, pp. 34 –35). 4. See Yegül 1992, pp. 35, 382–383, for the preferred hours for bathing and related matters. 5. See Plan 6 and Isthmia V, passim.

54

GLAZED ATHENIAN LAMPS

emerged to alter that. A similar consensus, however—even with some modifications—did not evolve until fairly recently concerning the termination of this phase, and the question was under debate for some time. Traditionally, the glazing phase was considered to have come to an end at Athens in about A.d. 360.6 Since the late 1960s, however, much material has come to light suggesting that the glazing process extended into the 5th century. This realization progressed through several stages. Garnett was the first to propose an adjustment, doing so on the basis of the so-called Fountain of the Lamps in Corinth.7 Serving a secular purpose during the Roman period, probably as part of a bath complex and then as a fountain, the complex suffered a collapse in the later part of the 4th century—earthquakes in A.d. 365 or 375 have been suggested as specific causes—after which the Fountain took on a new function: it became a ritual depository of ca. 4,000 lamps from the late 4th through at least the mid-6th century, and possibly to the end of the 6th century. In the lots deemed oldest, Athenian imports, both glazed and post-glazing lamps, are the most numerous. Garnett thus tentatively advanced the continued production of glazed lamps to at least A.d. 375. Subsequent finds at Isthmia by the UCLA/OSU excavations support a further extension of the time span in which Athenian lamps were glazed. A large open deposit of lamps in the northern part of the Roman Bath exhibits striking similarities with the material from the Fountain of the Lamps in the quality of the lamps, the distribution of their signatures, and the occasional appearance of moldmates.8 The circumstances surrounding the North Deposit of the Roman Bath suggest an accumulation after the structure was partially or completely abandoned as a bathing establishment, possibly following a partial destruction by Alaric in A.d. 395. This deposit is thus seen as reflecting the defensive activities taking place after Alaric’s invasion of Greece, which included the early-5th-century construction of the Hexamilion across the Corinthian Isthmus.9 The interrelation between the Hexamilion construction, which in part used the walls of the Roman Bath, and the North Deposit seems stratigraphically clear, and on the basis of this evidence the following conclusions were drawn. The deposit was remarkably homogeneous, with approximately 260 mended items from about 550 fragments. Only 20 are not Athenian glazed. It probably represents a dump of used lamps put down during a relatively brief period in the early years of the 5th century, and it is suggested that for the most part the lamps were produced not long before that. The use of glazing on Athenian lamps would thus, on the basis of this evidence, be extended beyond the end of the 4th century and securely into the early 5th. At the time of Wohl's 1981 article on this subject, the physical extent of the North Deposit was given fairly conservative perimeters within rooms I and VI of the Roman Bath (Plan 5) while the more sparsely distributed lamp fragments toward the west of room VI were excluded.10 Further material came to light during a 1990 excavation of the west end of room VI. Especially important is a north–south drain along the western end of the room in which about a dozen lamps and fragments were found; it now seems logical to include these

6. Agora VII, p. 64 (where the date is called a “working hypothesis”). The tentative nature of this date was repeatedly stressed by Perlzweig. She herself assisted in opening up the question of redating these late Athenian lamps by suggesting that the date they ceased to be glazed be moved forward by about half a century. See Kenchreai V, p. 104; Karivieri 1996, p. 14. 7. Garnett 1970, pp. 153–155; her 1970 thesis was followed by an important article in 1975. This study makes clear the dif-

ficulty of separating lots due to the fact that the excavation took place partly underwater. For the excavation in general, see Wiseman 1969, pp. 75–78; 1972, pp. 9–33. 8. See Wohl 1981 for a report on all aspects of the original excavation and an assessment of the material from this deposit. 9. See Isthmia V, pp. 141–142, as well as the earlier reports listed there, esp. Clement 1975. 10. Wohl 1981, pp. 117, 119–120, fig. 3.



DISTRIBUTION AND DATING

55

in our consideration of this open deposit.11 These additions suggest that the deposit spread from its central concentration, caused presumably by a natural shifting of the floor layers westward (where the main drains of the room were located).12 In the North Deposit as a whole the post-glazing lamps are few in number, indicating a cessation of activity related to the deposit around the time of the transition from glazed to post-glazing lamps in the beginning of the 5th century.13 The homogeneity already referred to is striking, and the lamps are of a preponderantly late quality within the typology of glazed Athenian lamps. Not only are there very few figured disks, but those existing are invariably of late types (e.g., 301, with a bust of Athena; 308, with Eros; 311, with two fish; 314, with a seated lion). Rosette disks dominate the deposit, mostly accompanied by herringbone rims, a hallmark combination of late-4th-century production and its dwindling lack of imagination. Lateness is also evidenced by coarse retouching, broad and backward-sloping handles,14 and tear- or heart-shaped bases.15 The latter became particularly characteristic of post-glazing Athenian lamps, resulting logically from a growing tendency toward lamps of oval or oblong shapes. Furthermore, shrunken size and square disks are also markers of lateness among these lamps.16 Important independent support for the date of the North Deposit came with Rügler’s 1990 article concerning the Kerameikos. A reassessment of the date of certain buildings to A.d. 400 in relation to a large deposit of lamps there presented many parallels to the North Deposit lamps and thus securely anchored the end of the use of glaze well into the 5th century.17 Rügler remarked, however, that the Kerameikos lamps probably should be considered somewhat later than the Isthmian lamps of the North Deposit on the basis of one additional late characteristic of the Kerameikos deposit, namely, the presence of piriform-shaped lamps (i.e., where the nozzle tends to melt into the general shape of the lamp and does not stand out as a separately distinguishable entity from the main roundel).18 Clearly this phenomenon went hand in hand with a tendency toward an oval shape in general. Rügler saw this prevailing in the late Kerameikos deposit but found but little evidence of it at Isthmia. The point is important, but the North Deposit material contains at least a dozen examples of piriform-shaped lamps, though they were not illustrated in the article Rügler used as the basis for his statements (their incomplete or fragmentary state militated against fuller illustrations in 1981).19 When these fragmentary examples from the North Deposit at Isthmia are considered, the difference between this deposit and the Kerameikos material is considerably minimized. 11. It was even possible to establish a join between a fragment from the western floor of room VI and one from the north–south drain in the western end of that room. Intersecting with this channel was an east–west channel, apparently dug after the construction of the Roman Bath along the north edge of room VI. See Gregory 1995, pp. 289–290, fig. 2. Lamps were found in both channels. 12. For the history of the Roman Bath, these debris-filled drains give the essential date of the abandonment of the facility as no earlier than the late 4th into the early 5th century. See Rothaus 2000, pp. 144 –146; see also Gregory 1995 (on which Rothaus bases his analysis). 13. Examples of post-glazing lamps from this deposit include 376 (published in Wohl 1981, p. 136, no. 45) and 381. 14. E.g., 361 and Wohl 1981, p. 136, no. 44. 15. E.g., 336, 358, and 361. Descriptions of bases being more oval in shape are marked by a certain ambiguity and inconsistency in much published material. The following definitions are adhered to here: tear-shaped bases are rounded at

the handle and pointed at the nozzle; almond-shaped bases are pointed at both ends; heart-shaped bases have two converging loops toward the handle and are pointed at the nozzle. Unfortunately some guesswork is required for broken or incomplete examples. 16. E.g., 341, 361, and Wohl 1981, p. 136, no. 44. 17. Rügler 1990; this was the archaeological evidence behind Perlzweig’s redating. Kerameikos XVI (published in 2002) reflects Rügler’s 1990 study. 18. See, e.g., 322 (where the nozzle is somewhat distinguished from the body) and 314 (a piriform-shaped lamp) for a comparison of the shapes. It is in fact difficult to find clear examples of the prior category (which is considered earlier) among the glazed lamps of the North Deposit; for a clear example of the phenomenon, see, e.g., 249 (a pre-glazing lamp from the area East of Temenos). 19. In this catalogue, see 314, 321, 334, and several further fragments listed under these catalogue entries.

56

GLAZED ATHENIAN LAMPS

Another important addition to the discussion also came in 1990 from Corinth itself. A thorough study of the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore on the slopes of Acrocorinth revealed that its top layers contained glazed Athenian lamps along with very few post-glazing lamps.20 The conclusions reached there at the time, based on other significant ceramic material as well, suggested an earlier date for a transition from glazed to post-glazing Athenian lamps, namely, the third quarter of the 4th century (the same as the original dating in Agora VII, later changed). This conclusion was, however, modified in two further publications from Corinth. First is the important reconsideration of the chronology of the Late Antique pottery at Corinth by Slane and Sanders, who clearly demonstrated that glazed Athenian lamps, though few, could be identified in Corinth in the first half of the 5th century.21 Secondly, Slane produced a meticulous restudy of the ceramic material from the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore with additional evidence focusing in part on the transition from glazed to post-glazing lamps.22 One of the main contributions for lamp research outside the realm of this particular sanctuary is Slane’s systematic attempt at distinguishing late-4th-century glazed lamps from early-5thcentury ones.23 Her summary is most helpful as a general guide that allows for some variations. In her 1990 publication of the material from the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore, Slane further suggested that the North Deposit at Isthmia might be a secondary dump unconnected to the Hexamilion’s construction,24 as very few of the lamps show the characteristic late glazed features that would warrant dating them to the early 5th century, such as elongated shapes and/or tear- and almond-shaped definitions.25 In spite of these well-taken observations (and many informative conversations), a number of factors militate against disassociating the North Deposit from this construction. The stratigraphic sequence at Isthmia, especially the mingling of silt, charcoal, and lamps, along with the general homogeneity of the lamp material,26 in our view still points to the North Deposit as primarily the result of use by squatters, construction workers, and/or soldiers who discarded both lamps and pottery during a period of possibly intermittent occupation.27 Finally, Karivieri’s work on Late Antique Athenian lamps reinforced the dating of glazing into the 5th century, even as late as the middle of the century.28

Iconography and Signatures From a practical point of view, glazing was likely to be appreciated by users for its ability to contain oil more effectively.29 But aesthetically and iconographically, the glazed stage represents in some ways a lowering of the standards set earlier by 3rd-century Athenian lamp 20. Corinth XVIII.2, esp. pp. 4 –6, 19–21. 21. Slane and Sanders 2005, esp. pp. 249–250. 22. Slane 2008. This study was particularly aimed at establishing an endpoint for the cult of Demeter on Acrocorinth. 23. See table 3 in Slane 2008, p. 486. 24. Corinth XVIII.2, p. 20 with n. 82; reiterated in Slane 2008, p. 466. 25. As seen on, e.g., 358, 361. Note, however, that Karivieri 1996, pp. 75, 132, dates no almond-shaped base earlier than the second quarter of the 5th century. 26. See Wohl 1981, p. 119, n. 18, which discusses the few fragments that are earlier than the majority (20 out of 550, or ca. 3.6%). Five Athenian pre-glazing pieces (267, 269, 285, IPL 1976-52, and 1976-59) are the most noteworthy. All are small except 267, which was not yet found in 1981. They date from the first half of the 3rd century (285) to the early 4th century (267); three were found in the drains of rooms I, II,

and VI, which could well antedate the North Deposit. 27. Karivieri (1996, pp. 49–50) supports Slane’s view that this was a secondary deposit. In trying to account for the typological range of the lamps, as well as the dating of the east– west channel in room VI, she offered a somewhat hypothetical interpretation that, however interesting, is not in agreement with that of the excavators (P. A. Clement and T. E. Gregory, pers. comm.). 28. This work (Karivieri 1996), focused on the 4th to the 6th century, is an expansion and partial update of the later phases covered in Agora VII; see esp. pp. 3, 14, 53. A collegiate and stimulating discussion thus concluded, in Karivieri 1996 and Slane and Sanders 2005, what had been advocated already on a minor scale, in Wohl 1981 and Corinth XVIII.2. 29. Karivieri (1996, pp. 52–53) suggests that glazing might also have increased the price of lamps.



ICONOGRAPHY AND SIGNATURES

57

makers. The range of figured-disk motifs is reduced to about a dozen that recur with monotonous predictability. Complex compositions give way to designs of stiff and simplified linearity, and the taste for abstract, simple decor is clear from the preponderance of rosette disks accompanied by plain or herringbone rims, as mentioned above, p. 55, and as seen on, for example, 331 and 332.30 These tendencies become more pronounced after the mid-4th century.31 Coarse retouchings are frequent in order to compensate for the blurriness resulting from using old molds, as on 308.32 The diminished repertory of disk motifs draws almost exclusively on one source: prior Athenian pre-glazing lamps. A few figural compositions of some frequency escape this generalization, best exemplified by 302, a running boar, and 313, Herakles and the Nemean lion. Neither is an original design, but presently known finds indicate that these two had a somewhat more distant iconographic origin (see their respective catalogue entries). The panther and krater seen on 316, however, is a new image not found in Athens before the second quarter of the 4th century.33 Complex but common compositions from the pre-glazing phase, such as gladiators or erotica, practically disappear (with a few exceptions). The Isthmian material from the UCLA/OSU excavations follows in this respect the standard tenets of evolution among Athenian lamps, whether found in Athens or elsewhere. A strikingly small number of glazed fragments have figured disks at all: only 31 identifiable and 13 non-identifiable pieces among the 157 inventoried disks and fragments, or 28%. Agora VII provided the essential list of repertories attributed to specific Athenian shops named for their signatures.34 Subsequent studies have only made minor additions at, for example, Kenchreai or the Fountain of the Lamps at Corinth; the Kerameikos, however, has seen substantial additions.35 Only three figured disks from the UCLA/OSU excavations at Isthmia preserve a signature. The theater mask on 315 is already known in the repertory of Stratolaos, but 318 may be a potential addition to his repertory: its disk has a venator and animal(?). And if the letter Δ—at times fragmentary—is correctly read, that shop has two new images in its repertory: two fish (311) and a boar running to the right (see 302). Stratolaos lamps are known to have been a particularly favored import into the Corinthia; his is the single most frequent signature, with nine examples among the glazed Athenian lamps from the material under discussion.36 A branch (with or without a signature) is on the other hand the single most often seen sign on both glazed and post-glazing lamps; its meaning remains uncertain (see above, p. 50, n. 18, and 271). For the appearance of small circles, see 326. Just as the rich array of pre-glazing disk images becomes diminished among glazed lamps, so too does the variety of rim patterns develop into a repetitive preference for a few types in this later period. In order of frequency, these patterns are plain, herringbone, wavy lines, and vines.37 While the preference thus tends toward incised rather than raised patterns, 30. It must, however, be stressed that there are multiple imaginative variations of the rosette pattern; the many separate entries in the catalogue and the plates try to do justice to this fact. 31. See Agora VII, pp. 21–24. 32. Kübler (1952, p. 142) stresses that the glaze itself is responsible for some blurriness; see, e.g., 314, 316. The practice of using clay molds of course contributed to the same problem; see above, pp. 47, 53 (n. 2). 33. Agora VII, p. 131. 34. See Agora VII, pp. 29–59. Karivieri (1996, pp. 83–151) incorporated this list with minor additions. 35. See Kenchreai V, passim; Garnett 1970, pp. 161–163 (six known shops with new representations); Kerameikos XVI, pp. 339–340 (which provides a full list of Attic shop names,

overlapping with and augmenting Agora VII). 36. See Agora VII, pp. 51–52, and Karivieri 1996, p. 132. From the UCLA/OSU excavations at Isthmia come 315, 318, 328, 332, 347, 356, IPL 1971-9, IPL 1976-35, and IPL 1978-67. Among the rest of the signatures present, ΚΥ has four examples, ΕΥΤΥΧΗϹ and Δ have three each, Τ has two, and Ι and the Leaf Shop have one each. There are also some uncertain signatures. Isthmia III reports no example of ϹΤΡΑΤΩΛΑΟϹ, which, however, is not surprising given the nature of the areas they excavated, which generally are earlier. Cf. Wohl 1981, p. 138. 37. The same order of frequency is reported in Corinth XVIII.2, p. 19, pointing to a homogeneous import pattern into the Corinthia; see Agora VII, pp. 22–24, for a description of the variety of rim patterns being made at Athens.

58

GLAZED ATHENIAN LAMPS

vines remain an option. This rim type ultimately harks back to the delicate Corinthian antecedents of the 2nd century (see above, pp. 39–40, and Figs. 4, 5). The glazed Athenian versions, however, are derived directly from the patterns and preferences established by Athenian lamp makers of the pre-glazing phase in the 3rd century. The form of vine most preferred on glazed lamps (two leaves and three clusters on each half) is a reversal of the favored form among Athenian pre-glazing rims (three leaves and two clusters on each half).38 The vines are predominantly from second-generation molds and the clusters were often retouched in the mold, making them rise well above the rest of the surface (as on 326). Signs of difficulty of retouching molds are evidenced by the variety of solutions: at times the clusters are left worn totally smooth (as on IPL 1970-140), or the grapes rise as little punched knobs from a flat surface (as on, e.g., 325), almost representing an independent design with little relation to the original intent. The customary disk on both 2nd- and 3rd-century lamps with vine rims has rays. On 4thcentury glazed lamps, however, the all-pervasive rosette disk is by far the favorite (see 321 for a discussion), though a few ray disks still survive (e.g., 344). The treatment of the handle likewise underwent a certain evolution continuing the tendencies begun in the pre-glazing phase. While the handle generally was pierced throughout the 3rd century, a method of puncturing but not piercing through it was initiated around A.d. 300. At times the handle was even left fully solid, which was to become the standard procedure on glazed lamp handles. The pre-glazing lamps from the UCLA/OSU excavations at Isthmia have very few fully pierced handles, indicating that the import of Athenian lamps is a phenomenon predominantly from the late 3rd century on.39 Pierced or punctured but not pierced handles on glazed lamps can therefore most likely be dated relatively early in the glazing phase. The present excavation has only a few: four lamps (344, IPL 1967-19, 1969-84, 1970-177) with pierced, and eight (348, IPL 1970-115, 1971-147, 1971-225, 1972-16, 1972-60, 1976-23, and 2004-8) with punctured but not pierced handles. A similar situation is also found elsewhere in the Corinthia. In addition, the handles most often have three grooves on the upper part, a feature already introduced occasionally on pre-glazing lamps. 38. Both forms are in turn an adaptation of the Corinthian vine rim type no. 3; see above, pp. 39–40, and Fig. 4.

39. See above, p. 48, and Corinth XVIII.2, p. 18 with n. 61.

8

 POST-GLAZING ATHENIAN LAMPS (Broneer Type XXVIII) (374–394)

T

he glazing reintroduced on Athenian lamps in the early part of the 4th century was in time replaced by unglazed lamps from the early 5th century on. The unglazed lamps of the first half of the 5th century especially show, not surprisingly, a generally strong formal continuity with lamps of the prior glazing stage, and certain shops indeed produced both kinds.1 Some overlapping features are shared by both late glazed and early post-glazing lamps in the period of about A.d. 380–420.2 They consist of some changes in shape seen in embryonic form among glazed lamps that then constituted standard characteristics of post-glazing lamps.

Distribution and Dating The 5th century—the period of all of the post-glazing lamps recorded here—saw only limited human presence at Isthmia, and the distribution of lamps over the excavated areas correlates with other finds to reinforce a picture of drastically reduced activity. Furthermore, what life can be traced was concentrated around the revitalized parts of the old sanctuary, namely, the Hexamilion, with its many defensive towers, and especially the Northeast Gate of the fortress.3 But the area East of Temenos also continued to see some activity. The heaviest concentration of finds dates from the early decades of the 5th century and is presumably connected with the building of the Hexamilion wall and the probable bivouacking of construction crews along the wall, as, for example, in the former Roman Bath. After that the lamp material grows scarcer and Athenian imports cease to appear around the mid-5th century. Around this time the urgency of military defense had lessened to a point where some tombs could be constructed inside the Northeast Gate; one of these tombs contained a coin of Marcian (A.d. 450–457).4 The importation of Athenian post-glazing lamps into the Corinthia primarily seems, then, to be a phenomenon of the first half of the 5th century, before the revival of the local lamp industry (see Chapter 9). A few examples, however, are probably somewhat later (e.g., 377 and 385).

Evolution There is a considerable variety of shapes among late unglazed Athenian lamps. But one particularly noticeable post-glazing characteristic, referred to above, is a tendency toward oval or otherwise elongated shapes in general. The time-honored circular base often 1. E.g., ΚΥ, ϹΤΡΑΤΩΛΑΟϹ, Τ, and ΧΙΟΝΗ; see Agora VII, p. 64. 2. A much longer period of contemporaneous production is suggested by Karivieri (1996, pp. 52–53); see, however, Slane 2008, p. 489, n. 87.

3. See Isthmia V. 4. See Wohl 1981, p. 114; see also Isthmia V, pp. 43–44, 77– 80, 142, 144, on graves at the Northeast Gate, and pp. 109, 114, 116, on graves at other towers. Some of these graves predate the Hexamilion, some postdate it.

60

POST-GLAZING ATHENIAN LAMPS

becomes tear- or almond-shaped. Of these, the almond shape possibly appeared slightly later and lasted into the late 5th/early 6th century.5 Other common traits are bases with a branch and circles and/or a square disk. The bases are mostly incised with double grooves.6 The relationship between the shape of the base to the disk is curious. In the early part of the 5th century many elongated bases occur on Athenian lamps whose circular tops give no reason to expect such a configuration. It is a result of the complex stylistic qualities of the 5th century, and an oval base may also simply have been found to provide a more stable resting surface. As a consequence, the walls of these lamps become more vertical and their bodies proportionately longer, even when the disk has no channel. This can be seen in the finest Athenian lamps of the first half of the 5th century, those from the shop of Soteria.7 The noticeable tendency toward a more elongated body shape in general is not likely to have been influenced by North African imports, since those belong primarily to the late 5th and early 6th centuries.8 Was the elongation of Athenian lamps then an indigenous, original development? That remains uncertain, as does the origin of a channel running from the disk to the wick-hole on a number of post-glazing lamps (e.g., 377, 386, and 387). It cannot be wholly ruled out that these Athenian channel lamps, which sometimes had tear-shaped disks, were inspired by the occasional channels found on lamps imported from Asia Minor as well as those on North African lamps, where the feature occurred very early. Or it might, on the other hand, be seen as a natural result of the general elongation already mentioned. Furthermore, the nozzle tends to become more consistently integrated with the body, a feature already seen on late glazed Athenian lamps and discussed above, p. 55. All examples from the UCLA/OSU excavations with the nozzle area intact show this tendency (see, e.g., 374, 381, and 385). The disks frequently acquired multiple filling-holes, a very rare feature on late glazed lamps.9 As plain disks are common on post-glazing lamps, several filling-holes cause no particular design problems (see, e.g., 385). But contrary to expectations, these are equally frequent on figured disks, where the image and the filling-holes have to accommodate one another. This is naturally done more or less successfully (see, e.g., 374, 377, 378, and 379). The last three disks feature crosses, and examples are plentiful of filling-holes found in identical positions (above and below the arms of the cross) all throughout the 5th and 6th centuries. Rosette disks, however, only exceptionally are found with multiple fillingholes.10 This feature persists on Athenian lamps, Corinthian imitations of Athenian lamps, and Athenian imitations of lamps from Asia Minor and North Africa (see Chapter 9).

5. See, e.g., Karivieri 1996, p. 75, and above, p. 55, n. 15. 6. An interesting and indicative context group from the Northeast Gate testifies to the mixed quality of these transitional early decades of the 5th century: 327, a glazed Athenian lamp with a rosette disk and a base with a branch on a stand within two circular grooves; 331, a glazed Athenian lamp with a rosette disk and two tear-shaped grooves on the base; 390, a post-glazing Athenian lamp with a handle, part of the rim and ̣ ̣ 393, a postbase, and on the base, part of a signature: ΕΥ; glazing Athenian lamp with a pierced handle; a coin, Clement n.d., no. 321, of Arcadius, dated A.d. 402–408; IPR 1967-30, a large, grooved amphora of the late 4th to early 5th century; and IPR 1967-39, a fragment of stamped ware dated to the mid-5th century. 7. Agora VII, pp. 52–53; Karivieri 1996, pp. 135–137. For representative examples of profiles of the period, see 377, 385 (both by Soteria), and Agora VII, p. 180, no. 2499, pl. 50 (also

by Soteria). 8. Hayes type I lamps dated to the late 4th and into the early 5th century have, however, been found in Greece, though sparingly: see Bass and van Doorninck 1971, pp. 36–37, figs. 32, 33, pl. 3. 9. One such glazed example is Agora VII, p. 135, no. 1119, pl. 22. See Corinth XVIII.2, p. 22 with n. 94, where the earliest appearance of multiple filling-holes is placed “no earlier than the mid-4th century”; in a later study the phenomenon is dated to the 5th century (Slane 2008, pp. 486–487), which seems more likely. Kerameikos lamps with multiple filling-holes are dated to the mid-5th century and on (e.g., Kerameikos XVI, pp. 284 –285, nos. 4568–4580, pl. 78). 10. See Karivieri 1996, p. 240, no. 258, pl. 44, a large and unusually shaped lamp from the Athenian Agora, and several among Kerameikos XVI, pp. 281–282, nos. 4533–4552, pls. 76, 77.



ICONOGRAPHY

61

Additionally, the handles of post-glazing lamps have a distinct evolution, even if it only appears intermittently. The trend moves toward consistently broader handles that still have grooves, but continuing in width down to the base ring. Solid handles prevail and a backwardsloping profile is frequent. This is exemplified by, for example, 381, 383, and 385.11 Finally, the range of clay colors is noticeably larger among the post-glazing lamps than among the glazed, and in general tends toward paler, less intensely red tones. This is on the whole accompanied by a cleaner, better-levigated clay.

Iconography This period is marked by a mixture of stylistic references, resulting in lamps that graft characteristics from Asia Minor or North Africa onto standard Athenian features. For example, the keyhole-shaped disk with a channel to the nozzle is found already on late glazed lamps, as noted above,12 and is common on post-glazing lamps such as 377 (with a channel on the disk, a herringbone rim, and a branch on the base) and 386 (with a channel on the disk and wavy lines on the rim).13 The impoverishment of the inherited disk repertory deepened in the post-glazing phase. If lamps have figured disks at all, they fall into an ever-narrowing range of topics (such as a seated lion, or a bust of Athena, Eros, or Herakles). The dolphin on 374 is therefore unusual. Otherwise, lamps from the UCLA/OSU excavations at Isthmia fall in line with new iconographic sources, namely, Christian symbols, which with their few variations offered a welcome broadening of the repertory. Among these, the most common are monograms and crosses, which occur in a distinguishable sequence. Among the earliest are the chi-rho monogram (also called the Constantinian monogram) and the chi-iota monogram, both already found on late glazed lamps and dated by Böttger to ca. A.d. 400.14 His reason for this dating is compelling: to relate the emergence of Christian imagery to a time soon after the laws of the 390s that restricted public pagan worship in a number of ways.15 A later group from the Kerameikos demonstrates the continuation of this imagery on post-glazing lamps.16 The cross monogram, that is, a monogram where the top bar of a cross turns to form a rho (whether to the right or left), also started to appear in the late glazing phase. Rare examples 11. Among the handle fragments, piercing is prevalent (e.g., 393), a feature otherwise not frequently found after the pre-glazing phase. It has been suggested that this feature reemerged again in the second half of the 5th century: see Karivieri 1996, p. 55. 12. See, e.g., Agora VII, p. 142, nos. 1409, 1410, pl. 26; see also Karivieri 1996, no. 143, pl. 13. 13. In general this hybrid quality was much less pronounced in the Corinthia than in Athens, as the local Corinthian market harked back to an imitation of purely Athenian models. See also Kenchreai V, p. 54. For illustrations of both the top and bottom of two hybrid Athenian lamps, see Wohl 1993, p. 138, fig. 11. 14. See Kerameikos XVI, p. 268, nos. 4232–4256, pl. 73. Karivieri (1996, p. 187, no. 83, pl. 8) dates one of these lamps ca. half a century later. Karavieri 1996, p. 187, no. 82 (signed ΧΙΟΝΗϹ), coincides with the Kerameikos group of ΧΙΟΝΗ dated to the mid-5th century: see Kerameikos XVI, pp. 77–79. Karivieri 1996, p. 144, suggests on the other hand that neither the chi-rho nor the chi-iota monogram (nor the cross mono-

gram) appears on lamps before the mid-5th century, whether glazed or not. This is somewhat later than is generally assumed; cf., e.g., Agora VII, pp. 52–53, 55–56, on the career of Soteria and Chione. 15. See Kerameikos XVI, p. 74. But we must keep in mind that as real as the legal restrictions may have been, their efficacy and geographic as well as temporal effect have rightly been questioned. For the rich complexity of the pagan/Christian tension of this period, see, e.g., Cameron 2011 (esp. pp. 57–74), which emphasizes and highlights the ambiguity and limitations of such laws. The inconsistent process of legislating against pagan worship was notoriously studded with contradictions between East and West. That the chi-rho monogram was the earliest to emerge on lamps is not surprising given its early and prominent appearance from the time of Constantine on (see, e.g., Arbeiter 2008, p. 44, fig. 2, for the famous Constantinian medallion in Munich, dating to A.d. 313–316, on which Constantine is depicted wearing a helmet with a chi-rho monogram on the crest). 16. Kerameikos XVI, p. 290, nos. 4647–4654, pls. 80, 81.

62

POST-GLAZING ATHENIAN LAMPS

of such lamps come from both the Athenian Agora and the Kerameikos, those from the latter dating to ca. A.d. 400.17 The greatest number appear in the post-glazing phase (mostly in the mid- to late 5th century).18 It may seem surprising that the simplest and also most pervasive of Christian symbols, the cross, was the last to appear on lamp disks. There are none among the lamps by Chione, though it is a common image in the (somewhat later) workshop of Soteria, which produced the earliest known Attic lamp with this device. Thus our understanding of the emergence of Christian symbols on Athenian lamps is closely tied to the overlapping careers of Chione and Soteria in the mid- to late 5th century. The regular cross, then, possibly did not make its first appearance on disks until the late 5th century.19 Both the shape and decoration of the crosses are subject to variations: plain or bejeweled arms of either Latin or Greek form,20 or flaring arms (a later characteristic?), mostly bejeweled, of either Latin or Greek form.21 Of these categories, the UCLA/OSU excavations lack examples with chi-rho or chi-iota monograms. The finds include two with cross monograms, 375 and 376, one with a Latin cross, 377, and one with a (possibly Greek?) cross with flaring, bejeweled arms, 379.22 The increasingly elaborate decor of these is ultimately derived from North African lamps, and the further effects of their influence, especially in the Corinthia, is treated in the following chapter.

Signatures Only six post-glazing lamps or fragments from the UCLA/OSU excavations preserve any signature at all, a low number corresponding to post-glazing tendencies in general. All are well known, though a couple are uncertain due to their fragmentary state. Eutyches may be ̣ ̣ The letter Κ occurs twice, once on a base fragthe name on 390, which preserves only ΕΥ. ment, 378, possibly belonging to a cross disk; if so, it is a first in the ΚΥ workshop’s repertory. Both Chione and Soteria, the major lamp producers of 5th-century Athens (especially the later part), are also represented. The former is attested on one fragment, 389, and another lamp, 374, that has an image apparently new in the workshop’s repertory, a dolphin. The slightly later workshop of Soteria was known for its strong use of Christian symbols at a time when there must have been a growing clientele, that is, from the latter half of the 5th century on. At Isthmia, however, Soteria has only yielded a plain disk with multiple filling-holes, 385. A few bases with branches complete the characteristically meager list. Of these, 377 is matched with a Latin cross disk. The increasing popularity of the branch pattern from late glazed lamps on is likely to have had some special (but as yet unclear) significance beyond being a mere mold mark.23 17. E.g., Agora VII, p. 136, no. 1143, pl. 24; Kerameikos XVI, pp. 268–269, nos. 4257–4268, pl. 73. 18. E.g., Agora VII, p. 136, no. 1144, pl. 24; pp. 178–180, nos. 2446–2498, pls. 39, 40 (most dated ca. 50 years too early); Kerameikos XVI, pp. 290–292, nos. 4656–4677, pls. 80, 81 (dated mid- to late 5th century). For the development of the rho of the monogram, see Frantz 1929. 19. See, e.g., Karivieri 1996, p. 144, no. 96, pl. 46. The lamps with cross disks from the Kerameikos are distinctly later in evolution; see Kerameikos XVI, pp. 296–297, nos. 4720–4727, pl. 82 (all dated to the 6th century).

20. See 377 and, e.g., Agora VII, p. 181, nos. 2507, 2512, respectively, pl. 40. 21. See 379 and, e.g., Agora VII, p. 182, nos. 2544, 2564, respectively, pl. 40. 22. Isthmia III, however, reports one chi-rho monogram on a post-glazing lamp: p. 78, no. 3037, pl. 34. 23. The branch is often found in combination with signatures, especially before the post-glazing phase. For an overview of potential meanings suggested, see Karivieri 1996, pp. 77– 78.

9

 LAMPS OF THE 5TH AND 6TH CENTURIES (395–428)

T

he lamps of the Corinthia in the early part of the 5th century followed with minor modifications in the path of the established Athenian models of the previous century, as discussed above (pp. 59–61). In the subsequent period, however, from the middle of the 5th and through the 6th century, more diverse formal sources of inspiration emerged on a large scale, particularly from North Africa and Asia Minor. Imitation and adaptation set in as indigenous artistic abilities faded. The ensuing dependence on existing models and the repetitive imitation of them are equally noticeable in both the Corinthia and Athens. These developments, however, took variant forms in the two areas, as is explored below. Of the 52 pieces from the later 5th through the 6th century recorded by the UCLA/OSU excavations, nearly half derive from the fortification areas of the Hexamilion and the towers of the fortress (Plans 1, 2, 6). The general scarcity of lamps compared to prior eras is significant; so too is their concentration near the military structures. The Fortress was probably not in continuously active use during this period, as is suggested by a tomb of the late 5th century in the interior of the Northeast Gate, dated by a coin of Marcian (A.d. 450–457).1 A phase of renewed activity in the 6th century is connected with the rebuilding of the Hexamilion by Justinian, which explains the presence of 6th-century lamps, though it is uncertain how sporadic or permanent the habitation of the area was.2 A number of lamp fragments (16) were also found in the old housing area East of Temenos, possibly pointing to a temporary civilian population there. Though pottery indicates activity along the Hexamilion through the greater part of the 7th century, lamps were not part of those late finds.3 From the mid-5th century on the Corinthian lamp trade exhibits a curious mixture of lively commercial enterprise and artistic poverty. The market, overwhelmingly dependent on Athenian imports for over 100 years, was revitalized by mass production on a large scale. This production served not only Corinth itself, but all of the Corinthia, as well as large parts of the Peloponnese, including Nemea, Argos, and Olympia. The prime evidence for this Corinthian revival comes from a large deposit of over 4,000 lamps from the Fountain of the Lamps in the Gymnasium area in Corinth, excavated in 1968 and 1969.4 Its earliest layers, containing both glazed and post-glazing Athenian lamps, have been dealt with above. Of particular interest in the present context, however, are the large majority of lamps dating from about the middle of the 5th century through the greater part of the 6th. They were shown, primarily by Garnett,5 to be of Corinthian manufacture 1. See above, p. 59, n. 4. 2. See Isthmia V, pp. 83–87, for discussion of the use of the Northeast Gate for nonmilitary, domestic purposes. 3. The lamps from the Chicago excavations are even less numerous (47) than those from the UCLA/OSU excavations, and nowhere is there a particular area of concentration. This is to be expected, however, from the nature of the locations excavated: see Isthmia III, pp. 84 –91. For later activity along

the Hexamilion, see Isthmia V, pp. 41, 84 –87, 144 –145. 4. See above, p. 54, n. 7. Since then, other areas excavated in Corinth have yielded further examples of these locally produced lamps, though not in such numbers. For example, the areas east of the Theater and the Panayia Field, excavated in the 1980s and 1990s respectively, yielded such lamps: see the overview in Slane and Sanders 2005, esp. pp. 249–265. 5. Garnett 1970, 1975.

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LAMPS OF THE 5TH AND 6TH CENTURIES

in spite of the differences in their forms, which comprise several Roman and Late Roman types (Broneer types XXVII, XXVIII, XXIX, XXXI, and XXXII). This represents a serialized, almost mechanical reproduction of a number of elements borrowed from various regions and periods, namely, Corinth, Athens, North Africa, and Asia Minor, the imports covering a period of about 300 years.6 That the lamps were all from a single production source is shown by several shared technical features, such as their clay,7 their shrunken size vis-à-vis the originals, the absence of glaze, and finally, a peculiar carelessness in joining and trimming the joins of their upper and lower halves that left a ridge (or “webbing”) between the two. Nearly all of the types of this Corinthian production are represented among the finds from the UCLA/OSU excavations at Isthmia, though mostly in fragments and certainly not with the iconographic richness found at the Fountain of the Lamps itself.8

North Afric an–t ype Lamps (401–420) Not surprisingly, local Greek originals were the most frequently copied (395–400; Broneer’s type XXVII ranks first). Of the other categories, the second most numerous is a most interesting group constituted by copies and imitations of North African lamps.9 The popularity of these North African lamps is seen in their spread across the empire and in the large number of copies and derivations, such as the ones found at Athens and Corinth.10 The reasons for this popularity were no doubt several: the decline in quality of local production in Greece from the mid-5th century on; the beauty and sturdiness of the original red, piriform North African lamps, with their solid knob handles and finely detailed decor owing to the use of plaster molds; and the frequent linking of the type with Christian symbols. The North African production of these popular lamps with key-shaped disks and channels included two particular variants. The first was an early version (Hayes type I) from the early 4th century with relatively simple decoration on the disk and a herringbone rim, only exported in small quantities.11 The later variety (Hayes type II), first appearing in the early 5th century, was the widely exported, classic North African terra sigillata product focused on in this chapter.12 The decor on both the disk and the rim is considerably more elaborate and frequently Christian, including both figured disks and simpler symbols. 6. A few minor local adaptations are additionally suggested in Garnett 1970, pp. 126–142, and 1975, pp. 203–206. 7. The majority of the lamps are made from a dark red clay that is hard and generally not well purified; some variation in color occurs. Before Garnett’s study, this clay was not commonly acknowledged as Corinthian, though earlier lamps, such as type XVI, were made of the same fabric (though possibly more rinsed). See Garnett 1970, pp. 45–51, and 1975, pp. 177–178; see also Agora VII, p. 9. A minor segment of serialized copies was made in a very light, almost white clay, evidently derived from beds similar to those providing material for the classic 2nd- and 3rd-century Corinthian lamps of type XXVII. Note, however, that no attempt was made to link the clay color of the copies to the color of the originals copied; the light fabric is by far most common among imitations of Athenian lamps, where one might have expected to see the darker red fabric commonly used to make glazed Athenian lamps. This fabric seems to have been given up toward the end of this ­serialized production. However, the heavy red Corinthian clay could at times produce an almost grayish/whitish fabric (e.g., 414) by over-firing(?). On Corinthian clay

beds, see Farns­worth 1970. 8. What remains astonishing is that a relatively crisp original of, e.g., a Corinthian unglazed lamp of type XXVII would even exist for copying ca. 200–300 years after its original making; see, e.g., 395, 396. 9. There are around 30 North African series of lamps in the deposit in the Fountain of the Lamps, though fewer lamps per series than type XXVII lamps; see Garnett 1975, p. 196. 10. An excellent overview of the spread, quality, and early copying of these lamps in the empire at large can be found in Kenchreai V, pp. 76–80, along with an analysis of the early Greek importation of North African lamps. 11. Hayes 1972, pp. 310–315. See, e.g., examples from the Yassi Ada shipwreck discussed in Bass and van Doorninck 1971, p. 36, figs. 32, 33, pl. 3. 12. Hayes 1972, pp. 310–315. Hayes type II lamps, as well as local imitations of them, correspond to Broneer type XXXI lamps. A fuller study of imported North African lamps and their imitations in Greece would be very useful in clarifying some of the complex cross-breeding of artistic impulses arising from these imports, along with more specific trading patterns.



NORTH AFRICAN–T YPE LAMPS 

65

Though these lamps have been known and published since the end of the 19th century, the last several decades have augmented our knowledge by isolating North African production centers and characterizing these lamps by their clay, their shapes, and especially their decor and the technical skill of its application.13 If the North African production of the classical version of these Hayes type II lamps started around A.d. 420, export of them seems to have begun very soon after, resulting in Corinthian-made copies by the mid-5th century. Their presence is at the moment easier to trace in Italy than in Greece, where early occurrences are fewer and harder to pin down and their dating is less well anchored.14

Imports Nowhere in Greece was the original North African lamp plentiful. The UCLA/OSU excavations at Isthmia only found a few fragments of these imports (401, 402). Isthmia III also includes a mere handful of fragments, and Corinth shows the same scarcity.15 Kenchreai, as it often does, reflects a somewhat different pattern. In spite of its close trade relations with Corinth, its easterly seagoing connections made for a greater diversity of lamp provenience, especially noticeable in the 5th and 6th centuries; there are thirteen examples reported from Kenchreai. The Athenian Agora has at least as many, including some found after the publication of Agora VII.16 Argos, on the other hand, has yielded no less than 62 examples (many fragmentary) from the city’s extensive excavations.17

Corinthian Copies and Close Imitations But if originals in general were few, local imitations and close copies became very popular in Greece, and are found in large numbers starting from about the mid-5th century.18 Certainly these formal influences continued through the 6th century, their high point, and probably into the 7th.19 The Corinthia (and the Peloponnese in general) may have been more open to these new ideas earlier than Athens, where local traditions had a stronger hold on production. The original North African lamps and their early copies (i.e., Hayes type II and some Broneer type XXXI) display a rich variety of both rim and disk decor, created by movable stamps of widespread but recurring images that are predominantly Christian in content. This early form is, however, only sparsely represented in Corinthian copies: 404 and 405 have been assigned 13. Tunisia ranks highest in production, but other regions like Algeria are also emerging as strong contenders. The bibliography on North African lamps is now substantial, starting as it did in the late 19th century. For present purposes, the following remain central: Salomonsen 1968 and 1969, especially for decorative links between North African lamps and terra sigillata vessels; Hayes 1972, and contributions of his in Carthage UM I, pp. 120–123, Carthage UM II, pp. 113–118, and Carthage UM IV, pp. 89–92; Sidebotham in Carthage UM II, pp. 217–238; Anselmino and Pavolini 1981; Chapman, Davies, and Peacock in Fulford and Peacock 1984, pp. 232–241; Bonifay 2004; Bussière 2007. For a recent representative selection of bibliographical sources, see the discussion in Kenchreai V, pp. 76–80, referred to above, and Bussière 2007, pp. 194 –198. 14. For the export and trade of African terra sigillata lamps, the work of Pavolini is fundamental; for Italy, see esp. Pavolini 1982, 1983, and 1986. For specific sites in Italy, see also, e.g., Garcea 1987, 1994 (Naples); Pavolini 1998, esp. pp. 125–132 (Rome); and Manacorda 2000, pp. 50, 54 (Rome). The Vandalic invasion beginning in A.d. 429 apparently had an imme-

diate effect on the production of vessels related to foodstuffs (e.g., amphoras) but not on the output of lamps; my thanks to Carlo Pavolini for sharing this and other related information on export patterns. 15. Corinth IV.2, pp. 119, 284 –285, nos. 1451–1453 (though not recognized as such at the time); Isthmia III, pp. 81–82 (nos. 3155 and 3166 are probably imports as well). Three from the Fountain of the Lamps are presented as possible North African imports in Garnett 1975, p. 176. 16. Respectively, Kenchreai V, pp. 80–81, pls. 19, 20; Agora VII, p. 99, nos. 322–332, to which should be added L 5525 and L 5595. These are all Hayes type II lamps. 17. See Koutoussaki 2008, pp. 337–384, esp. p. 339; however, the precise meaning of “imports” and “originals” in this publication is somewhat unclear. 18. See, e.g., Garnett 1975, pp. 196–197; they represent the second largest category from the Fountain of the Lamps. See also Agora VII, p. 56; Kenchreai V, p. 79. 19. See Kenchreai V, pp. 79–80.

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LAMPS OF THE 5TH AND 6TH CENTURIES

to this stage, that is, not yet as part of the later serialized production.20 The rich North African tradition of figured disks is mirrored in only two serialized copies, 406 and 407.21

Free, Local Imitations This proximity to the original iconography of imported lamps did not, however, persist for long in Greece. Instead, Corinthian copies, from the early to mid-6th century, present a very simplified form of imitation. The decor was reduced to a (mostly) bejeweled cross on the disk with a branch on the rim, a combination soon reaching canonical regularity (Fig. 6).22 This free adaptation came in two versions, both present at Isthmia: An elaborate bejeweled cross of double lines, carefully executed, often of the so-called Maltese shape where each of the four arms of the cross have pointed corners (e.g., 412). A careless and uneven simplification with a cross of a single line, mostly without any indication of jewels; the lamp itself is of considerable size (e.g., 415). The larger, clumsier version in particular tends to have a large, poorly shaped handle (e.g., 416).

Presumably the former version is earlier than the latter; both fall within the 6th century.23 The latter especially testifies to the increasing technical and iconographic impoverishment of the later 6th century, and possibly the early 7th, when this decorative scheme saw its gradual decomposition and eventual end.

Discussion In summary, then, we find three distinct manifestations of North African lamp types in the Corinthia: (a) original imports (e.g., 401, 402); (b) close copies, some serialized (e.g., 407) and some not (e.g., 404); and finally, (c) two freer, simplified forms designed locally (e.g., 412–416). Taken together they constitute a very substantial portion of the lamps found in and around Corinth in the late 5th and 6th centuries. The strong symbolic appeal of the cross paired with the simplicity of the design made such disk representations the ultimate survivors over the earlier, more organic, often complex disk compositions from the rich North African tradition. One design feature, however, is often added to this late variant: a raised cross with forked arms within the base ring. It is interesting that at least a dozen such crosses are recorded on Peloponnesian imitations, since base devices in general are rare on both North African originals and their Greek imitations; the majority of these lamps are of the later variety with a large cross on the disk.24 It is unlikely that these designs served as workshop signatures, a phenomenon generally rare among lamps with Christian symbols. 20. Corinthian examples are always unglazed, whether from the serialized version or not. 21. The numerical richness of these disk motifs defies precise calculations (even without occasional additions of new ones that emerge). At present the best source for a general idea is Bussière 2007, pp. 58–78; see also Lund 2001, p. 201; he bases his percentages on 1,573 lamps from five published collections. I especially thank him for his efforts to give precise numbers, in spite of the obstacle of minor variations within a given type augmenting their numbers (pers. comm.). Both Bussière and Lund focus on the relative frequencies of motifs rather than their precise numbers. 22. See Wohl 1993, pp. 136–138. A statement there on p. 136 needs modification. The combination of a cross on the disk and a branch on the rim did exist on North African originals, at least on early Hayes type I lamps. On Hayes type II lamps, however, the combination appears very sparingly. See, e.g., Ennabli 1976, p. 120, no. 1126, pl. LIX. Figure 6 presents

the variations of cross disks and the most common rim patterns on Corinthian lamps in the 5th and 6th centuries. 23. See Wohl 1993, p. 137. The suggestion (Garnett 1975, p. 196, n. 58) that these loose imitations might have originated in Athens is unlikely. The two examples found in Athens (Agora VII, pp. 184 –185, nos. 2591, 2592) are of the later second version (Wohl 1993, p. 137, fig. 10) and the large number from the Fountain of the Lamps, with examples still emerging in Corinth, also suggests a Corinthian origin. More have been found in Kenchreai, Nemea, Olympia, and Argos; see Wohl 1993, pp. 136–137, n. 35. 24. See Koutoussaki 2008, pp. 357, 365–366, 382, nos. 631.6, 648.1, 648.3, 648.6, 648.8, 648.11, 648.13, 648.14, 648.17–19, 648.21–27, 699.4, figs. 478, 495, 498, 522, pls. LX, LXIII, LXVI; for the limited repertory of base designs on the North African imitations from the Fountain of the Lamps, see Garnett 1975, p. 181, fig. 1:25–29, 31.



CIRCULAR LAMPS 

67

The question of Peloponnesian production centers of copies and imitations of North African lamps must now also take into account the large numbers found in Argos in recent years. This requires some adjustment of prior perspectives. Through its dominant administrative position and cultural and ceramic traditions, Corinth was quite possibly the origin of these types, controlling the creative market through the export of molds or lamps used to make new molds. The commercial relationship between Corinth and Argos was clearly close, but possibly more complex than can be fully assessed at the moment. The huge number of lamps found at Argos, especially from the 6th century, makes it unrealistic not to suppose that Argos had a substantial local center of production of its own. This production was, however, possibly dependent on Corinth for its models. Two molds for North African–type lamps discovered at Argos provide proof of production there.25 The study of clays for the purpose of distinguishing provenience, however, is inconclusive at this time. There are several varieties of fairly similar clay used in this period at both Corinth and Argos.26 The Athenian response to the same North African influence manifested itself differently. First, original imports and local copies are few, and there is no evidence of the serialized production of copies at Athens.27 Furthermore, Athens showed a marked taste for mixing different traditions on a single lamp: for example, inspiration from North Africa or Asia Minor for the top with Athenian-type base decor.28 These combinations are rarely found at Corinth.29 This variance shows that these new formal influences were absorbed with a different sense of design in Athens than in Corinth, thus producing a greater heterogeneity of decoration there.

Circular Lamps (421–426) A further group of late lamps is distinct, even if small. They are circular, rather flat, and show some differences in their decor and fabric.30 This most interesting group is represented by 421–423, all small fragments of a type numbered XXXII by Broneer.31 This type has peculiar formal features not identical to any of the lamps discussed above: a small disk, a wide, flat rim, no nozzle, merely a round wick-hole, and a fin-like knob for a handle. Both the wick-hole and the handle are contained within the circular body of the lamp. The knob handle is not the only feature reminiscent of North African lamps: the decor is raised, often finely lined, 25. See the balanced discussion of prior assessments in Koutoussaki 2008, pp. 42–44. While Corinth and Isthmia together have so far yielded over 200 examples of North African copies and imitations, at Argos over 800 have been found, including two molds; see Koutoussaki 2008, pp. 337–384. See also Oikonomou 1988, pp. 499–500, fig. 9, and OikonomouLaniado 2003, pp. 46, 157, figs. 106, 107. These large numbers were not known to Garnett (1975, p. 183, n. 1) when she was analyzing the production of these lamps around 40 years ago. Another such mold also from Mantinea adds support to the notion that there were several Peloponnesian places of production: see Steinhauer 1974, p. 300, pl. 191:c. 26. See Koutoussaki 2008, pp. 46–47, where she offers cautious conclusions about locally made versus imported lamps and fragments based on the clays used to make them. A study on the clays of Late Antique lamps from the Peloponnese is being carried out by Heather Graybehl, Mark Hammond, and Guy Sanders; it focuses on the potential use of southern Argive clay beds and may contribute to this picture of varied production centers. 27. Two lamps from Areopagus House C in Athens, dated to the late 6th century, are evidence of the very different character of imitations of North African lamps at Athens: see Agora XXIV, p. 89, pl. 72:e, f.

28. E.g., respectively, Agora VII, pp. 175–176, nos. 2400, 2422, illustrated together in Wohl 1993, p. 138, pls. 11, 12. 29. For one such lamp from the Fountain of the Lamps, with a North African inspiration for its top and an Athenian inspiration for its base, see Garnett 1975, pp. 193–194, no. 12; for another, with the same combination, see Corinth IV.2, pp. 275–276, no. 1366. Both examples seem to be derived from Athenian models. 30. Numerous circular, flat, Late Antique lamps are known, especially from the Levant, e.g., Cyprus, Egypt, and Israel. They are, however, decorated differently, with simple, incised, often geometric patterns. See, e.g., Oziol 1977, pp. 280–286, nos. 842–877, pls. 46–48; Hayes 1980, pp. 249–250, nos. 530– 533, pl. 58. 31. Corinth IV.2, pp. 120–121. Many have since been found in Corinth, especially in the Fountain of the Lamps: see Garnett 1975, pp. 201–203. Others have more recently appeared in Argos: see Koutoussaki 2008, pp. 397–409. For specific examples of whole lamps of this type, see, e.g., Corinth IV.2, pp. 290–291, nos. 1501, 1506, 1507, 1509, pl. XXIII; Garnett 1975, p. 202, no. 36, pl. 44; Aupert 1980, pp. 409–411, 414, nos. 26–34, figs. 26–34; Corinth XVII, pp. 83–84, no. 143, pl. 35; and Koutoussaki 2008, pp. 400–403, 405, nos. 735.2, 735.3, 738.1, 740.0, 740.11, 744.7, pls. 68–71.

68

LAMPS OF THE 5TH AND 6TH CENTURIES

and produced by movable punches, as is also seen on Hayes type II lamps. Many stamped patterns used on Broneer type XXXII and Hayes type II lamps are in fact identical, such as dolphins, volute lozenges, volute hearts, palmettes, and S-spirals. Broneer assigned the origin of this category to Sicily on the basis of four such lamps found by Orsi in a Syracusan hypogeum.32 However, Orsi already singled out these four lamps as unique and peculiar, and not consonant with the rest of his circular lamps, which all had coarser fabric and simpler, mostly incised decor.33 Pavolini finally explicitly denied the Sicilian attribution in 1979, though it was repeated nevertheless into the 1990s.34 In the 1930s and on, for some time following Broneer’s initial categorization, very few such lamps were known at all, but in the last half century quite a different picture has emerged, placing the Peloponnese in general, and the Corinthia and the Argolid in particular, at the center of production.35 To date, over 200 such circular lamps with stamped decor have been recorded in the Peloponnese, plus a half dozen each in Athens and Thessaly, making this a clearly Peloponnesian lamp type in contrast to the Levantine, mentioned above (p. 67, n. 30). The Peloponnesian examples fall stylistically and technically into two categories: those copied in the Corinthian serialization, where they are regarded as the very latest lamps from the Fountain of the Lamps,36 and the originals that served as the models for these copies. The latter is the smaller category.37 Both the originals and the copies are here suggested to be of Corinthian manufacture, not imported, based on the numbers found as well as their clay.38 While the stamped decorations found on North African Hayes type II lamps and on African pottery amount to at least 400 published varieties,39 the selection used on circular lamps is very limited, with only about 20 appearing. To this have, however, been added a few distinctly Greek elements that never occur on North African lamps, such as strips of meander and guilloche or rows of raised dots or circles.40 The limited vocabulary makes for much repetition. Base decor is occasionally seen, further setting these lamps apart from the North African originals.41 The ultimate provenience of this type of lamp is not known, but it is certainly not North Africa, where none have been found. It may be Corinth, which must have been a production center, as was most likely also Argos and certainly Olympia, where the only mold has been recovered to date.42 Most finds fall firmly in the 6th century, even into the late 6th century. The three Isthmian fragments are of a fine, light-colored clay, not unlike the material used for type XXVII lamps (see above, p. 64, n. 7). But elsewhere in the Corinthia and on the Peloponnese various clays are used, including both a pale, finely 32. Orsi 1897, p. 491, pl. III:11; 1909, pp. 362–363, fig. 21; Corinth IV.2, p. 120. 33. This accords with my own observations in several Sicilian museums and was confirmed by correspondence and conversations some time ago with G. Fiorentini and E. De Miro (Agrigento), N. Bonacasa and E. Joly (Palermo), and A. Curcio and U. Spigo (Syracuse), all of whom I would like to thank for their help. 34. See Pavolini 1979, a review of Isthmia III, wherein Broneer (p. 82) had repeated his opinion of 1930. The Syracusan examples are most likely imports from the eastern Mediterranean, like several other lamps found in Syracuse. 35. See Wohl 2015. Corinth accounts for a large number of these lamps, but others come from Isthmia, Kenchreai, Nemea, Sparta, Olympia, and especially Argos. 36. See Garnett 1975, pp. 201–203. Note, however, the following revisions since the time of her writing: the lamps were not imported from South Italy and are unlikely to have begun being copied in Corinth before the copying of North African lamps. 37. To this variant belong, e.g., 421–423, as well as all the

fragments in Isthmia III (p. 82, nos. 3171–3176). They have a finer, lighter-colored clay, smooth, rounded edges, and often clearer designs. Five such examples from the Fountain of the Lamps are presented as imports (Garnett 1970, pp. 41–43). 38. John Hayes (pers. comm.) had no objection to assigning Greek, and even Corinthian, origins to the fine, slightly varying clays of the Isthmian circular lamps. 39. See Bussière 2007, esp. pp. 78–79, pls. 133–141. However, a recent study by Bussière and Rivel (2015) increases the number to over 1,000 forms. 40. Though, e.g., the dolphin and the bird could carry Christian connotations, the sum of the iconography does not lead to such a conclusion; see Wohl 2015, p. 350. 41. E.g., a raised, forked cross (as on Bovon 1966, p. 93, no. 662, pl. 17) or a relief branch (Garnett 1975, p. 181, fig. 1:30, 31, 33). See Wohl 2015, p. 346. That the forked cross is also found on (especially late) local imitations of North African lamps is an interesting suggestion of contemporaneous manufacture. 42. Schauer 1991, p. 375, fig. 1.



IMITATIONS OF LAMPS FROM ASIA MINOR 

69

rinsed, light red clay, and a local, coarser, red clay. None of the lamps made in those fabrics is necessarily an import.43 In Athens, a few examples are glazed, along with some circular lamps that have related but not stamped decor.44 Since glaze is very rarely seen on this type of lamp, Athens may have had its own production or a different source of imports.

Imitations of lamps from Asia Minor (427) The last category of this chapter, that of lamps from Asia Minor and their copies, is in general rare on the Isthmus, while appearing more frequently at Corinth, Argos, and Kenchreai.45 The UCLA/OSU excavations recovered only one example (427), and in a fragmentary state. It is of a well-known but curious type of lamp that originated in Asia Minor and carries a so far uninterpreted inscription in raised letters.46 A variety of readings have been suggested, but none conclusive.47 While this specific version is rare on the Isthmus,48 its hallmark, the curious raised inscription, is also found on lamps from Delos and Kalymnos.49 The general homogeneity of these examples and their geographical concentration suggests a fairly local Peloponnesian place of production (maybe even a single workshop) possibly based on a limited number of original designs.50 However, the variety of clays represented points to several production centers, although the molds used were closely related.51 43. Two unique circular base fragments (425 and 426) with different (vegetal) decor are not, however, of local clay, and so far of an unknown provenience. 44. Respectively, with stamped decor: Agora VII, p. 193, no. 2832, pl. 44, and p. 201, no. G, pl. 47; with non-stamped decor: p. 193, nos. 2829, 2830, 2833, 2835, 2837, pl. 44. 45. As imports and copies are at times difficult to distinguish, most authors make no attempt (Garnett 1970, 1975, and Koutoussaki 2008 excepted). Examples of imports or imitations of lamps from Asia Minor have been found at, e.g., Isthmia: Isthmia III, p. 80, nos. 3142, 3143; Corinth: Corinth IV.2, pp. 280–282, nos. 1413–1425, and p. 241, no. 1059 (there classified as a Broneer type XXVIII lamp); the Fountain of the Lamps (seven series of copies): Garnett 1970, pp. 40–41, 115– 121, nos. 132–134; 1975, pp. 199–201, nos. 31–35; Kenchreai: Kenchreai V, pp. 71–79, nos. 372–409; Argos: Bovon 1966, p. 86, nos. 601–607; Koutoussaki 2008, pp. 385–389, figs. 523– 526, pl. LIV; Porto Cheli: Rudolph 1979, p. 317, no. 50, fig. 13; Athens: Agora VII, pp. 100–102, nos. 346–366. 46. The first group under Broneer’s type XXIX: Corinth IV.2, pp. 114 –115. 47. See, e.g., Garnett 1970, p. 119; Kenchreai V, pp. 74 –75; or Koutoussaki 2008, p. 388, all summarizing earlier attempts.

Williams’s suggestion (Kenchreai V, p. 75) that instead of a signature, it may possibly be an abbreviated Christian(?) message, is tantalizing. 48. Isthmia: Isthmia III, p. 80, nos. 3142, 3143, pl. 35 (fragments); Corinth: Corinth IV.2, p. 280, nos. 1413–1417, pl. XX; the Fountain of the Lamps: Garnett 1975, nos. 33, 34, pl. 44; Kenchreai: Kenchreai V, pp. 74 –75, nos. 403–406b, pl. 19. This type of lamp is also found outside the Isthmus, at, e.g., Athens: Agora VII, p. 102, nos. 362, 363, pl. 11; Argos: Bovon 1966, p. 86, nos. 603–607, pl. 16; Oikonomou 1988, pp. 492–493, no. 89, fig. 6; Koutoussaki 2008, pp. 387–388, nos. 702, 703, pl. LXVI; and Nemea: Miller 1988, p. 5, no. L 217, pl. 8. 49. See Bailey 1988, p. 417, no. Q3331, pl. 124, with further references; no. Q3332 also belongs to this type. This inscription could also potentially have been on the base of the top fragment from Porto Cheli mentioned above, n. 45. A more distant analog for the top of this type of lamp is visible on the so-called sunburst lamps, which have stylistic links to Asia Minor and were discovered in large numbers in the Pontic region: see Chrzanovski and Zhuravlev 1998, pp. 133–140. 50. Oikonomou 1988, pp. 493–494. 51. Garnett 1975, p. 201.

10

 BYZANTINE LAMPS (429–432)

V

ery few lamps were recovered from the Byzantine period at Isthmia. The Chicago excavations found none; the UCLA/OSU excavations only four. All of them were found along the fortifications of the Hexamilion, the only parts of the ancient sanctuary that show building activity or traces of life in post-Justinianic times.1 Activity there may well have been sporadic, but from the late 7th through the 11th or 12th century, “no certain evidence exists for habitation at Isthmia.”2 After that squatters began to settle increasingly in and around the Hexamilion fortress and the wall at large. The present lamps derive from this context. They apparently antedate the major, well-known reconstructions of the Hexamilion in the 15th century.3 Considering the amount of pottery recovered in the same area from the Late Byzantine period, lamps are remarkably scarce.4 The use of other means of illumination, such as candles or glass lamps, must remain a matter of speculation. These four examples all fall within the known range of locally produced Corinthian lamps as defined first by Broneer and then refined by subsequent scholars.5 Byzantine lamps are, as is often remarked, radically different from traditional Greek and Roman lamps.6 Wheelmade Byzantine lamps started to appear around the 7th century, at first overlapping with earlier moldmade Byzantine lamps. These wheelmade products reverted to having open bowls, a shape not seen since the Archaic and Early Classical periods, and had considerable handmade detail such as pinched edges and/or suspension holes. The fabric is local with many medium–large inclusions.7 The transition from moldmade to wheelmade lamps implies a loss of specialization in lamp production, which affected mostly the decor, now gone. However, the glaze (used from about the 9th century on, occasionally over a white slip) added a certain elegance, covering the rough fabric and furthermore serving to contain the oil. Various colors of glaze can even be found on the same lamp: see, for example, 1. However, note that so-called Slavic ware has been found in significant numbers in various areas including the Hexamilion fortress, a fact that points to the 7th century, and perhaps later, as the period in which Isthmia ceased to be inhabited. See Vida and Völling 2000. 2. Isthmia V, p. 145. This scarcity is also confirmed by the numismatic evidence: see Clement n.d. No early Byzantine lamps of the closed type were found as they were at Corinth. 3. For these reconstructions, see the testimonia in Isthmia V, pp.  14 –24. 4. See, e.g., Waage 1933; 1934; MacKay 1967; and more recently, Sanders 1987. These articles all focus on pottery and have very few mentions of lamps. Both subjects are in need of revisions to their typologies as well as chronology. Forthcoming works are expected to address these issues in the Corinthia: by G. D. R. Sanders, on material from Corinth, and by T. E. Greg-

ory, on Isthmian materials from the UCLA/OSU excavations. 5. Corinth IV.2, pp. 122–125, types XXXV–XXXVII. For later revisions to Broneer’s work, see the articles cited in nn. 4 and 6. 6. While in general Byzantine lamps had seen few earlier specialized treatments, the period since 2000 has produced a great number of excellent systematic publications enriching our knowledge of the comparative and evolutionary details of these lamps. Most of these studies concern lamps from northern Greece, particularly Thessaloniki: see, e.g., Motsianos 2005 and Motsianos and Bintsi 2011. The latter volume in particular contains thorough information on numerous technical aspects of lamp making and lighting. 7. It has even been suggested that this rougher material was sturdier than the more refined clay required for moldmade products: see Motsianos 2003, p. 72.

72

BYZANTINE LAMPS

dark blue and yellowish green on 432. Two or three levels of receptacles (e.g., one or two bowls and a shallow receptacle for oil spill) were constructed in stages and built up around their central cylindrical support. This tendency toward taller lamps no doubt had multiple reasons: more bowls gave off more light, and the height also protected the oil from mice.8 The bowls were simply pinched at one side to hold the wick, the nozzles are unbridged, and the handles (if present) are variously attached according to the needs presented by the height or the complexity of a given lamp. Moreover, the central stem, often hollow, could at times function as a handle or suspension device. Usually the stem rests on a plate-shaped base with slightly upturned edges meant to catch any overflowing oil (e.g., 431). Developmentally earliest at Corinth, as well as elsewhere, is Broneer’s type XXXV, the “ink pot” lamp.9 This type of lamp consists of a bowl with flat base and a convex top, similar to the much earlier, so-called Vandalic lamps of North Africa. No example has been found at Isthmia of this type. The varied composite shapes of later lamps can often be difficult to distinguish in fragmentary form. Broneer identified his type XXXVI as having several superimposed bowls and a handle on the side;10 430 and 431 belong to this type. His type XXXVII, on the other hand, was a suspension lamp with a high central stem such as 432.11 Several levels of bowls can be found also on this type of lamp. The fragmentary state of 429 makes it hard to assign it to either of these two categories, as it is unclear whether or not it had a side handle. 8. Motsianos 2005, p. 248. Motsianos presents a very useful typological development of shapes with further references. The multiple levels of these lamps are often made of separate batches of clay; these are not always well joined, resulting in breaks.

9. See, e.g., Corinth IV.2, pp. 123, 293, no. 1530, pl. XXIV; Motsianos 2005, figs. 2–5, pl. 115. 10. Corinth IV.2, pp. 124 –125, 295, nos. 1547–1550, pl. XXIV. 11. Corinth IV.2, pp. 125, 295–296, nos. 1551–1557, pl. XXIV.

CATALOGUE

ARCHAIC and CLASSICAL Greek Lamps 1  (IPL 1968-23, 1968-24) West Cemetery Fig. 1; Pl. 1 (a) IPL 1968-23. P.L.  0.084; W.  of rim 0.023; p.H.  0.025; inner Diam. 0.052. (b) IPL 1968-24. P.L. 0.072; W. of rim 0.022; H. 0.037; inner Diam. 0.052. Two nonjoining fragments preserving part of rim; fr. b also preserves part of bottom and nozzle. Fine, reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6) with gold mica; glaze varying from gray (2.5YR 5/0) on interior and inner edge of rim to very dark gray (2.5YR 3/0) on lugs and wick-hole. Moldmade. Athenian. Rim: wide, flat, with projecting non-perforated lugs. Nozzle: projecting. The lamp was circular, with a single bottom and nonperforated lugs of uncertain number (two preserved) projecting all the way to the bottom. Black glaze was applied to the lugs, nozzle, and interior, including the inner edge of the rim. Kerameikos XI (p. 174, n. 13) gives examples of terracotta lamps inspired by stone models; the following Corinthian and Athenian examples can be added, though none is a very close parallel to 1. Among several fragments from Corinth the following are of round form: (a) KL 128 (Corinth XV.2, pp. 256–257, no. 21, fig. 3, pl. 55; painted; rounded, perforated suspension lug); (b) KL 92 (p. 257, no. 22, pl. 55; painted; rounded nozzle and rounded, perforated suspension lug, close together); (c) KL 140 (pp. 258–259, no. 41, fig. 3, pl. 56; painted; double bottom and bridged, rounded nozzle); (d) KL 143 (p. 259, no. 42, fig. 3, pl. 56; painted; perforated, square suspension lug in the form of a triglyph). No. 41 is dated late 7th century to mid-6th century B.c., and nos. 22 and 42 are from a deposit dating “throughout the 6th century and well into the 5th.” (p. 22). Furthermore, Corinthian fragments of triangular lamps show similar characteristics: straight lines, projecting lugs, and at times perforations for suspension. (e) L-4332 (AN 328) is triangular and has nozzles at its corners, square perforated suspension lugs, and a highly polished surface. See Corinth VII.2, pp. 98, 161–162, pl. 83 (late Protocorinthian). (f) CL 73-19 is a corner with a perforated suspension lug and a highly polished surface. An Athenian fragment (Agora IV, pp. 19–20, no. 58, pls. 3, 31, dated early 6th century B.c. or earlier)

belongs in this latter category, though apparently less elaborate in form. Among published marble lamps as possible inspirations, the closest parallel is Berlin 1062, which has a round basin and perforated suspension lugs (see Beazley 1940, p. 35, fig. 14). Also similar are two lamps from the British Museum: Bailey 1996, pp.  117–118, no.  Q3960, pl. 156 (round), though it lacks the triple division of the oil chamber, and pp. 118–119, no. Q3961, pl. 157 (semicircular). An even more elaborate triangular clay lamp, imitating marble, comes from Gela (Griffo and von Matt 1960, p. 57, pl. 35). 6th century B.c. 2  (IPL 1968-21) Northwest Area Fig. 1; Pl. 1 Restored L. 0.119; H. 0.031. Mended and restored; open lamp with central socket, rounded sides, and no base demarcation; nozzle restoration approximate. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4). Corinthian Broneer type I. Compare Corinth IV.2, p. 32, no. 11, fig. 14:3, though the rim of 2 is not flattened; Agora IV, type 11, has a flat rim (see, e.g., p. 24, no. 68, pls. 3, 31, for a Corinthian example). Athenian versions of lamps with a central socket seem to be somewhat later than at Corinth: see Kerameikos XI, pp. 13–14. Many lamps of this kind have been found in the Heraion on Samos (Deustches Archäologisches Institut, Athens, archive photos, Samos 7219, 7220, 7222, and 7223). First half of 6th century B.c. 3  (IPL 1970-11) Area East of Temenos Fig. 1; Pl. 1 P.L. 0.043; p.W. 0.058; H. 0.021; est. Diam. 0.084. Fragment of front part of lamp. Hard, reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6) with gold mica in small particles; red glaze (10R 4/8) only around nozzle. From Thasos or the Eastern Mediterranean? Rim: narrow, rounded. Nozzle: short. Base: flat. Broneer type I. Compare, e.g., Corinth IV.2, pp. 131– 132, nos. 29, 37, fig. 57, pl. I, for similar shapes and glazing. The clay, however, points to a northern or eastern Aegean origin: Thasos, Kos, Samos, and Mende have similar ware. In addition, Bailey attributes similar qualities of fabric to lamps of this shape and glazing from

74

CATALOGUE

Naukratis (Bailey 1975, pp. 198–199, no. Q464, pl. 86) as well as Halikarnassos (pp. 116–123, nos. Q207–Q253, pls. 40–43), though the latter are probably of much later date. See also, e.g., Hübinger 1993, p. 23, no. 16, pls. 3, 40, from Troy. All quoted parallels lack handles. 6th century B.c. 4  (IPL 1970-187) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.048. Fragment preserving segment of rim and nozzle. Fine, light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4); dark gray glaze on interior and exterior of nozzle (10YR 4/1), very dark gray glaze on rim (7.5YR 3/0). Athenian. Rim: flat, with a very slight overhang. Nozzle: broad, flat, encroaching on rim. Most probably Broneer type II, which often has different shades of glaze. Possible parallels: Agora IV, p. 33, type 16 B, no. 98, pls. 4, 32 (dated ca. 520–480 B.c.). See also Kerameikos XI, pp. 16–17, nos. 12, 13, pls. 6, 7. Late 6th to early 5th century B.c. 5  (IPL 1970-16) Area East of Temenos Pl. 1 P.L. with handle 0.056; p.W. 0.050; H. of handle 0.030. Fragment preserving rim, handle, and side. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/3); very dark gray glaze (5Y 3/1). Area East of Temenos. Corinthian. Rim: flat, narrow. Handle: vertical, ribbed loop. See Campbell 1938, p. 610, nos. 227, 228, figs. 30, 31; see also Agora IV, pp. 28–29, type 14, no. 84, pls. 3, 32, for an Athenian imitation/parallel of this rare Corinthian type. Second half of 6th century B.c. 6  (IPL 1970-15) Area East of Temenos Fig. 1; Pl. 2 P.L. 0.081; W. 0.050; H. 0.020. Mended from several fragments, slightly restored; vertical band handle missing. Light yellowish brown clay (10YR 6/4), core light red (10R 6/6); clay is hard and almost silky to the touch. Non-Attic? No rim or offset base. Walls: thin, rounded. Nozzle: long, with distinct widening of area around wick-hole. See Clement 1971, p. 106, pl. 84:d. Compare Isthmia III, p. 5, nos. 5–8, pl. 14; Corinth L-3959; Agora IV, p. 30, type 15, no. 86, pls. 4, 32; Kerameikos XI, p. 91, no. 561, pls. 82, 83. Bailey 1975, pp. 66–67, nos. Q108, Q109, pls. 20, 21, have an alternate multiple-nozzle form. Although a Corinthian provenience has been suggested for this type of lamp (in both Agora IV, pp. 29–30, and Isthmia III, p. 5, under no. 5), such an origin can be questioned. The scarcity in Corinth is significant given the following distribution pattern of published examples in Greece: Kenchreai, none; Isthmia, six (four from the Chicago excavations and two from the UCLA/OSU excavations); Corinth: one; Athens: 20 (15 from the Agora and five from the Kerameikos). This might rather point to some as yet unidentified production center whose trade was funneled primarily through Athens, from where visitors might have brought the products to Isthmia. One further fragmentary example inventoried: IPL 1970-33. Late 6th to early 5th century B.c.

7  (IPL 1970-20) West Cemetery Fig. 1 P.L. 0.038; p.W. 0.029; p.H. 0.020. Fragment preserving part of rim, part of nozzle, and side. Fine, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6); self-slip on exterior wall, very dark gray glaze on rim (10YR 3/1). Athenian. Rim: flat, broad, overhanging. Side: rounded. Broneer type II. See Corinth IV.2, p. 133, no. 52, pl. I, and for similar profiles, p. 32, fig. 14:12, 13; Kerameikos XI, p. 17, no. 13, pls. 6, 7; Agora IV, p. 32, type 16 B, no. 97, pls. 4, 32. Late 6th into early 5th century B.c. 8  (IPL 1970-35) West Cemetery Fig. 1 P.L. 0.058; W. of rim 0.013; p.H. 0.023. Fragment preserving part of rim and body. Very fine, pale brown clay (10YR 8/4); worn very dark gray glaze (2.5Y 3/0) both on exterior and interior. Corinthian. Rim: narrow, inward-sloping, with two grooves; inner groove concave. Body: low, rounded. A Corinthian imitation of an Athenian type of lamp. Parallels: Agora IV, p. 64, type 24 A, no. 245, pls. 8, 37; see also Broneer type V lamps, e.g., L-4128 from Corinth (late 5th century); Kerameikos XI, p. 22, no. 45, pls. 12, 13. Mid- to late 5th century B.c. 9  (IPL 1968-20) West Cemetery Fig. 1; Pl. 2 P.L. 0.055; p.W. 0.035. Fragment of nozzle and part of rim and base. Fine, light yellowish brown clay (10YR 6/4); black glaze (5Y 2.5/1) on exterior, interior, and under foot. Corinthian. Rim: narrow. Base: slightly raised. Nozzle: short. Parallels are difficult to find due to the fragmentary state; it is a Corinthian copy of an Athenian type lamp derived from Broneer’s type IV (compare 10 with which it was found). See, e.g., Agora IV, p. 47, type 21 B, no. 168, pl. 34. Two further examples inventoried: IPL 1977-1 (fragmentary nozzle) and 1970-23 (rim). Last quarter of 5th century B.c. 10  (IPL 1968-15 + 1968-17) West Cemetery P.W. 0.070; Diam. of base 0.064. Two joining fragments of base and lower wall; one nonjoining fragment of nozzle. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4); flaking glaze, mostly dark brown (7.5YR 4/2). Corinthian. Base: marked by groove. Probably a Corinthian imitation of an Athenian lamp of Broneer’s type IV. See Corinth XIII, p. 260, no. 388-14, fig. 19, pl. 100; Kerameikos XI, p. 20, nos. 25, 27, pls. 8, 9. Last quarter of 5th century B.c. 11  (IP 3846) West Cemetery Fig. 1; Pl. 2 L. with handle 0.112, without handle 0.088; W. 0.066; H. 0.030; Diam. of base 0.050. Intact. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/3); traces of very dark gray glaze (2.5Y 8/0). Corinthian. Handle: long, horizontal band. Base: slightly raised.



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Broneer type IV. See Clement 1968, p. 143, pl. 90; Corinth XIII, pp. 259, 278, nos. 385-3, 437-3, pls. 62, 100, as well as the profiles drawn on p. 150, fig. 19. Late 5th to early 4th century B.c.

p. 4, no. 1; Kerameikos XI, no. 68, pp. 24 –25, pls. 14, 15. With this lamp were found three small vases dated to 325–300 B.c.: see O’Roark 1989, p. 41, grave 68-135. Late 4th into early 3rd century B.c.

12  (IPL 1968-12) West Cemetery Fig. 1; Pl. 2 P.L. with handle 0.083; W. 0.058; H. 0.024. Intact, except for part of rim, wall, and nozzle; no base. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/3); faint traces of dark glaze. Corinthian. Inner rim: slightly down-curving. Handle: horizontal band. Broneer type IV; see 11 for comparanda, though the handle here is somewhat coarser and not completely horizontal. From the same tomb as 13. Second half of 4th century B.c.

15  (IPL 1968-18a, b) West Cemetery (a) P.L. 0.046; p.W. 0.037. (b) P.L. 0.053; p.H. 0.033. Two nonjoining fragments: fr. a consists of nozzle; fr. b, part of body and rim. Somewhat gritty, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6) with large white and smaller black inclusions and many cavities; light red glaze (2.5YR 6/6) unevenly applied, preserved on nozzle only. Corinthian. Rim: flat, with one groove. Body: rounded. Nozzle: long, with flattened top and small wick-hole. Broneer type VII. The type also occurs in Attic fabric: see 16 and Corinth IV.2, pp. 45–46. This fabric is not regarded as common in the Corinthia. Late 4th to early 3rd century B.c.

Fig. 1; Pl. 3 13  (IPL 1968-13) West Cemetery L. with handle 0.087, without handle 0.071; W. 0.055; H. 0.026. Mended from several pieces with minor restoration. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/3); uneven glaze, mostly light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4). Corinthian. Rim: fairly flat. Handle: horizontal band. No offset base. Broneer type IV. See Corinth XIII, p. 279, no. 445-5, pl. 71, as well as the profiles drawn on p. 150, fig. 19. From the same tomb as 12. Second half of 4th century B.c. 14  (IPL 1968-11) West Cemetery Fig. 1; Pl. 3 L. 0.088; W. 0.060; H. 0.033; Diam. of base 0.046. Intact. Fine, pale yellow clay (5Y 8/3); traces of dark grayish brown glaze (10YR 4/2). Corinthian. Small central opening. Shoulder: rounded. Handle: horizontal band, unevenly attached. Base: low. Broneer type IV. See Corinth IV.2, p. 41; Corinth XIII, p. 286, no. 471-3, pl. 75; Corinth L-2533; Kenchreai V,

16  (IPL 1970-6) West Cemetery P.L. 0.045; p.W. 0.036. Fragment preserving nozzle and part of body. Fine, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6–6/6); very dark gray glaze (7.5YR 3/0) on exterior and interior. Athenian. Body: trace of red-colored groove. Nozzle: long, Ushaped, with flat top and small wick-hole. Similar to type VII. Parallels are tentative; the following seem most likely: the nozzle of Corinth IV.2, p. 141, no. 120, pl. III (type VII); Isthmia III, p. 15, no. 110, pl. 16; Agora IV, pp. 67–69, for Howland’s type 25A, or pp. 72–74, for his type 25B; Kerameikos XI, pp. 28–29, nos. 94 –98, pls. 18–21. One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1968-19 (fragmentary nozzle from Corinthian imitation of Athenian lamp). Late 4th to early 3rd century B.c.

LATE HELLENISTIC AND Italian-t ype LAMPS Late Hellenistic Lamps 17  (IP 3742) Tower 14 Fig. 1; Pl. 4 P.L. 0.086; W. 0.054; H. without missing handle 0.039. Nearly intact. Vertical handle, part of rim, and tip of nozzle missing. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6); light red glaze (mostly 2.5YR 6/6–6/8) unevenly applied. Athenian? Disk: small, concave, and surrounded by raised, flaring rim, ending in flat, slightly inward-turning edge. Body: bulbous. Nozzle: tubular shape, once-rounded end with large, spoon-shaped wick-hole; burn marks. No base or baseline demarcation. Broneer type XV. See Corinth IV.2, p. 149, no. 195, pl. V (for a correction of this high dating, see Agora IV, p. 121); Agora IV, p. 121, type 37 C, no. 504, pls. 19, 45; Kerameikos XI, p. 96, no. 594, pls. 86, 87, with further references to non-Athenian parallels.

Two more fragments inventoried, both nozzles from the area around Tower 14: IP 3777+3780 and IPL 1969119. Late 1st century B.c. to early 1st century A.d. 18  (IP 3769) Tower 14 Fig. 1; Pl. 4 P.W. 0.035; p.H. 0.012. Fragment of disk. Fine, light gray clay (10YR 7/1); metallic dark gray glaze (7.5YR 3/1–4/1). Import from Asia Minor. Disk: small, concave, surrounded by raised collar. Close to the so-called Ephesos lamps (Broneer’s type XIX), but differs from the majority of them by the small size of the disk, the upright angle of the collar, and the finely finished horizontal edge of the collar. No drain holes preserved. The rest of the lamp (including the shoulder and the nozzle) is hypothetical. Potential approximate parallels: 17, above; Schleif and Eilmann 1944, pp. 89–90, figs. 65, 66; Agora IV, p. 121, type 37 C,

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no. 504, pls. 19, 45; Kerameikos XI, p. 96, no. 594, pls. 86, 87. 1st century B.c. to early 1st century A.d. 19  (IP 3767) Tower 14 P.L. 0.047; p.W. 0.030. Fragment of a nozzle. Light brown clay (7.5YR 6/4) with few large, white inclusions; brown glaze (7.5YR 5/2) unevenly applied. Athenian. Nozzle: rhomboid, with flat top and plain central rib flaring out at the square end of nozzle; traces of impressed dots flanking wick-hole. This could theoretically come from several lamp types. See Agora IV, pp. 142–143, 166–170, 171–172, types 44 D, 49 A/B, and especially 50 B, given the incised dots on the nozzle; all of these types point to the same date. See also Corinth XIV, pp. 90–91, pl. 21:4, top right, for an uninventoried nozzle of this type from a Roman cleanup at Lerna dated to the late 1st century B.C./early 1st century A.d. Late 1st century B.c. to early 1st century A.d. 20  (IP 3774, IPL 1967-4) Tower 14 (a) IP 3774. Max. p.dim. 0.039 × 0.028. (b) IPL 1967-4. Max. p.dim. 0.034 × 0.012. Two nonjoining fragments: fr. a consists of part of rim and disk; fr. b, part of nozzle. Hard, gritty, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/3) with some white and black inclusions; matte brown glaze (10YR 5/3). The nozzle fragment has traces of burning. Disk: small, concave, with small filling-hole. Rim: domed, plain, separated from disk by two raised rings. Body: races of attachment of external collar, now lost. Nozzle: rhomboid, with segment of surrounding collar. Compare Agora IV, p. 142, type 44 C, no. 575, pl. 47. Though the type is known in Athens, 20 is of non-Attic clay. First half of 1st century A.d. 21  (IP 3682) Tower 14 Pl. 4 P.L. 0.067; p.W. 0.061. Fragment preserving large part of top with handle. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6) with few, small white inclusions; red glaze (10R 5/6). Athenian. Disk: small, flat, surrounded by raised ridge with secondary ring inside. Rim: wide, domed, with narrow rays ending in rounded petals; flat, narrow band as outer edge. Nozzle: beginning preserved, showing three parallel ridges. Handle: tall, vertical band without grooves. Broneer type XVIII. Approximate parallels: Kerameikos XI, pp. 76–78, no. 462, pl. 74; Agora IV, pp. 186–188, type 52 E, no. 727, pl. 51 (though the flat outer rim is missing). The interior ring on the disk occurs very occasionally on Howland’s types 52B, C, and E (Agora IV, pp. 181–185, 186–188); in this case it may simply be the result of a mispunch of the central filling-hole. Late 1st century B.c. to early 1st century A.d. 22  (IP 3759) Tower 14 Pl. 4 P.L. 0.050; p.W. 0.027. Two joining fragments preserving part of rim and disk. Light red clay (2.5YR 6/8) with few white and

black inclusions; light red glaze (10R 6/6) preserved on the interior only. Athenian. Disk: deeply concave, surrounded by distinct raised ring. Rim: wide, domed, with rays ending in rounded petals; outside edge, a raised ring and a narrow flat area. Broneer type XVIII. Close to 21, but may fall into a slightly later type. See, e.g., Agora IV, pp. 191–192, type 52 H, no. 751, pl. 51; Kerameikos XI, p. 78, no. 466, pl. 74. Early 1st century A.d.? 23  (IP 3669) Tower 14 Pl. 4 P.L. 0.068; H. 0.025. Fragment preserving handle, almost half of base, rim, and disk. Light red clay (10R 6/6) at core, on surface fired light reddish brown (10YR 6/4); unevenly applied metallic glaze on top and over the edge of collar, mostly dark reddish gray (5YR 4/2). Athenian. Disk: small, plain, flat, separated by raised ring from convex rim bearing small olive leaves in low relief. Outside of rim, raised collar, necessitating drain holes, of which one is preserved by edge of rim toward nozzle. Handle: vertical, flat band. Base: flat, circular. Broneer type XVIII. See Corinth IV.2, p. 158, no. 307, pl. VI; Kerameikos XI, p. 79, no. 471, pl. 74 (higher relief quality, solidly within the 1st century B.c.); Agora IV, p. 200, type 54 D, no. 783, pl. 52 (without collar; 1st or into 2nd quarter of 1st century A.d.). Though the olivewreath rim occurs from the early 1st century B.c. well into the 1st century A.d., a median date seems most likely in this case: the leaf pattern is worn but the handle is still broad. First half of 1st century A.d.? 24  (IPL 1971-269) Area East of Temenos Est. W. 0.068; max. p.dim. 0.049 × 0.025. Fragment preserving part of rim and disk. Hard, light red clay (2.5YR 6/8) with few black inclusions and some cavities; light red glaze (10R 6/8). Disk: small, deep, one raised framing ring. Rim: domed, with irregularly placed globules, sloppily retouched. Handle: base of separately attached band extant. A so-called alpha-globule lamp. For alpha-globule lamps, a type of Athenian origin, see Agora VII, pp. 15– 17, 29–30. They are common in Athens from the mid1st century to the end of the 2nd century. The fragmentary nature of 24 makes it difficult to apply the broad evolutionary distinctions outlined in Agora VII, pp. 15– 16. See, however, a possible change in dating in Bailey 1988, p. 406. The context of 24 is not firm, and nothing dated earlier than the 3rd century was found in the immediate vicinity. For several examples in Corinth, see Corinth IV.2, pp. 70–73, 166–167, nos. 372–382, pl. VII (Broneer’s type XX). On the eastern Isthmus, the type is rare: 24 is one of only two examples from the UCLA excavations; Isthmia III reports one certain (p. 53, no. 2334, pl. 27, very similar to 24) and two doubtful examples (p. 53, nos. 2333, 2335, pl. 27). Broneer (Isthmia III, p. 53) suggests that these lamps first appeared in the early 1st century A.d. at Corinth and ascribes their



LATE HELLENISTIC AND ITALIAN-T YPE LAMPS

absence at Isthmia to the general hiatus of activity at the sanctuary in the early 1st century. During the floruit of this lamp (late 1st and early 2nd century), the Corinthia began to satisfy its needs from a growing local lamp industry (see above, p. 21). The sparse population at Isthmia at the time does not, however, explain the absence of this type of lamp at Kenchreai in the same period (Kenchreai V, p. 49, n. 1). One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1972-58 (glazed). 2nd century A.d.? 25  (IPL 1967-2) Tower 14 Max. p.dim. 0.047 × 0.038. Fragment preserving part of rim and nozzle. Pink clay (7/5YR 7/4); light red glaze (2.5YR 6/6). Disk: concave, plain. Rim: plain; one framing ring. Nozzle: raised wick-hole. A rare example of the so-called wishbone (triangular) handle lamp, long assumed to have originated in Argos. 19 were published by Bovon (1966, pp. 42–43, pl. 6). Koutoussaki reports ca. 300 more, which certainly confirms their Argive origin, as practically none have been found outside the Peloponnese; see Koutoussaki 2008, pp. 148–150, pls. XVI–XVIII, for a detailed discussion of their decorational variations, clay, and few signatures. Outside of Argos, few are known. One approximate parallel for 25 is, e.g., Corinth IV.2, pp. 88, 185, no. 532, pl. XI; see also Williams and Zervos 1989, p. 22, no. 32, pl. 9. Isthmia III mentions the type (pp. 60, 64) and illustrates one such lamp from Corinth (pl. 40:k). Another parallel is Bovon 1966, p. 43, no. 236, pl. 6. One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1969-3 (part of disk and rim, and beginning of handle). Late 1st century into early 2nd century A.d.

Italian-Type Lamps Imports 26  (IP 3670) Tower 14 Pl. 5 P.L. 0.110; p.W. 0.081; H. 0.029. Mended from several fragments; part of wall, rim, and disk missing. Fine, hard clay, between light brown (7.5YR 6/4) and reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6); uneven metallic glaze, mostly from dark reddish gray (5YR 4/2) to yellowish red (5YR 5/6). From a plaster mold. Italian. Disk: concave, with female striding left, draped in long garment, part of which billows in an arch over her head; in left hand a downturned torch, in right hand poppies(?); probably Selene. Rim: narrow, plain, separated from disk by two grooves; shoulder Loeschcke type IVa. Nozzle: rounded, with double volutes, burn marks. Base: within one groove, a single stamp: plain planta pedis. Broneer type XXIII. See Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 141, 355, fig. 8:b. Parallels: Loeschcke 1919, p. 364, no. 58, pl. VI (particularly for the disk); Oziol 1977, p. 154, no. 451, pl. 24, also a Broneer type XXIII lamp, is later than 26. Kenchreai V, p. 21, no. 94, pl. 4 (with Triton on the disk), must be from the same workshop as it is strikingly similar in its very thin and light fabric, glaze,

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diameter, and shoulder, and in the detailed intricacy of the line work on the disk. For the planta pedis, see Bailey 1980, esp. p. 120, fig. 111. Mid-1st century A.d. 27  (IPL 1969-107) Tower 14 Pl. 5 P.L. 0.050; p.W. 0.041. Fragment preserving part of disk. Fine, hard clay, between pink (7.5YR 7/4) and light brown (7.5YR 6/4); metallic light brown glaze (7.5YR 6/4). Italian. Disk: draped rider on horse galloping left, rider’s far foot held forward, near one held back; between feet, a falling object (a broken jar). See Baratte 1971, p. 343, fig. 5, for an illustration of a well-preserved example from Utica of this lamp type. The complete image includes a galloping rider, turning his head backwards, carrying a staff or torch(?) over his left shoulder, from which hangs a basket with protruding objects; in the lower right field there is a small running figure, in the lower left field a broken jar. An inscription of raised letters in the upper right field reads (in its fullest form) Q. CVPDICENIV. Of the many comparanda, see, e.g., Loeschcke 1919, p. 394, no. 401, pl. VII; Heres 1972, pp. 36–37, no. 132, pl. 17; Lerat 1954, p. 20, no. 120, pl. 16; see also Leibundgut 1977, pp. 158–159, no. 152 (427), pl. 35, with discussion and further references. There is some agreement that inscriptions on lamp disks do not have to relate to the content of the representation (see Bailey 1980, pp. 110–111). Loeschcke (1919, p. 394) and Dressel (p. 782 in CIL XV; cf. CIL XV 6395) both take it to be the lamp maker’s signature. Others make no such commitment: Leibundgut (1977), for example, simply categorizes the inscription under “Graffiti and Stamps” (p. 70) rather than under “Lampmakers” (pp. 66–67). For variations of the inscription, see CIL XI 6699.64 and CIL XV 6395. Hellmann (1985, p. 12) suggests that the inscription in fact refers to the genius of Quintus Cupidus, the rider himself. This is supported by Bussière (2012), who observes that the Hellmann lamp already carries a signature in the form of a planta pedis on the base (even if lacking letters). But the subject matter and the details of this common variety remain hypothetical. Leibundgut (1977, pp. 158– 159) and Heres (1972) list the sometimes far-ranging interpretations. The former (following Loeschcke) connects this lamp with another type that shows only a filled basket surrounded by the inscription PAVPERIS CENA PANE VINV RADIC (e.g., Iványi 1935, p. 59, no. 334, pl. XII:4), and thus arrives at the most likely proposal to date: the rider carries a sportula (small basket) for feeding the poor, the contents of which are the same as on the disk that depicts only a basket (see RE IIIA.2, 1929, cols. 1883–1886, s.v. sportula [N. Hug]). If indeed we have in this lamp type a reference to public largitio, it forms part of an interesting topic in need of a systematic treatment: imperial propaganda on lamps. Leibundgut briefly explores the subject matter on the basis of Swiss Roman lamps (1977, pp. 194 –196, with many references), especially a cluster of Augustan images that have made their way onto lamps from other forms of ideological distribution, such as coins,

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CATALOGUE

medallions, terra sigillata, reliefs, and so on (see also Williams 1981). The majority of the known examples of the rider with sportula are homogeneous in their rendering, as well as in the treatment of their rims and nozzles (when preserved). The design is clear and crisp, and no known example is retouched; it is possible that the series was limited in time to the second and third quarters of the 1st century A.d. The Isthmian specimen is the only one so far reported from Greece and perhaps a moldmate of the Berlin example (Heres 1972, pp. 36–37, no. 132, pl. 17). First half of 1st century A.d. 28  (IPL 1970-79) Area East of Temenos Pl. 5 Max. p.dim. 0.029 × 0.022. Fragment preserving part of rim, shoulder, and disk. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/3); uneven glaze on exterior and interior from red (2.5YR 5/6) to reddish brown (5YR 4/3). From a retouched mold. Italian. Disk: lower section of fluted column on a base; two framing rings of uneven width. Rim: plain; shoulder Loeschcke type VIa. One possible parallel is Corinth IV.2, p. 176, no. 455, pl. XXV (fragment). Another is Bovon 1966, pp. 40–41, no. 220, pl. 5, representing Athena casting her vote in an urn placed on a fluted column (with further bibliographical discussion of the motif, which was popular in the 1st century A.d.). Another possible parallel, Tyche(?) in an arched doorway, is found in the eastern Mediterranean: see Goldman 1950, p. 132, no. 455, fig. 113, and Oziol 1977, p. 192, no. 566, pl. 32. Second half of 1st century A.d. 29  (IPL 1970-42) Area East of Temenos Max. p.dim. 0.026 × 0.022. Fragment of disk with relief. Fine, hard, pink clay (7.5YR 7/4); good glaze, reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) and light red in crevices (2.5YR 6/6). Italian. Disk: front part of boar toward right; filling-hole under belly. See Bailey 1980, p. 320, no. Q1257, pl. 65 (later and from a more worn mold); Menzel [1954] 1969, p. 34, no. 141, fig. 28.9. The emblematic nature ensured the popularity of the topic, which continued on Athenian lamps; see 302. Second half of 1st century A.d. 30  (IP 3750) North Drain Pl. 5 Max. p.dim. 0.045 × 0.045. Fragment preserving part of disk. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/3); flaking glaze between pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) and grayish brown (10YR 5/2). From a plaster mold. Italian. Disk: crane standing left; filling-hole below ground line. See Corinth IV.2, p. 182, no. 504, pl. XXVI (a fragment of a type XXIV lamp); Hayes 1980, p. 77, no. 309, pl. 38 (a type XXIII lamp; unglazed and dated “Mid? first century A.d.”); and Deneauve 1969, p. 141, no. 516, pl. LIII. A single bird is a recurring topic with several variations on Italian-type lamps. See Oziol 1977, pp. 85–

87, nos. 184 –188, pl. 11, for six different representations of cranes, none parallel to that on 30. Second half of 1st century A.d. 31  (IPL 1969-36) Tower 14 Max. p.dim. 0.045 × 0.018. Fragment preserving part of disk. Fine, reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6) with some small white and a few larger black inclusions; shiny, light red glaze (2.5YR 6/8). From a distinctly retouched mold. Italian? Disk: thin, with unidentifiable relief; one filling-hole. One further small, uncertain fragment inventoried: IPL 1992-20 (possibly tail of mongoose; see right center section of Bailey 1980, p. 171, no. Q914, pl. 15). Second half of 1st century A.d. 32  (IP 3661) Northwest Area Pl. 5 P.L. 0.038; p.W. 0.031. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Fine, pink clay (7.5YR 7/4 –8/4); red glaze (10R 5/6). From a plaster mold. Probably Italian. Disk: plain and tear-shaped. Rim: stamped oblique leaf pattern; shoulder close to Loeschcke type VIa. Broneer type XXIV. Compare Corinth IV.2, p. 179, no. 474, pl. X. Two further fragments inventoried, both Italian imports: IPL 1970-68 (circular disk with stamped ovules and stamped circle at beginning of single volute nozzle) and 1972-38 (probably circular disk with stamped leaves). Second half of 1st century A.d. 33  (IPL 1968-1) Tower 15 Pl. 5 P.W. 0.063; p.H. 0.095. Fragment of large lamp, preserving part of rim, handle, and lower part of handle shield. Hard clay between light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) and reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) with some small black and white inclusions; reddish yellow glaze (5YR 6/6), in uneven spots reddish brown (5YR 5/4). Italian. Rim: wide, plain, and slightly outward-sloping; two framing rings preserved. Handle: pierced. Handle shield: probably a leaf pattern with central stem rising from the rim. Broneer type XXI. Compare, e.g., Corinth IV.2, p. 170, no. 409, pl. IX; Wright 1980, p. 161, no. 114, pl. 33 (close in form to the handle shield, but of Tiberian date); another probable parallel to the shield decoration is Bailey 1980, p. 212, no. Q1023, pls. 32, 35. Mid(?)-1st century A.d. 34  (IP 3662) Northwest Area Pl. 6 L. 0.047; W. 0.026; H. 0.018. Miniature lamp, top of handle missing. Fine, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6–6/6); flaking red glaze (10R 5/8). Italian. Disk: plain, concave; central filling-hole; one framing ring. Rim: wide, plain, outward-sloping. Nozzle: single volutes; burn marks; air-hole between volutes. Base: flat, circular; no groove. Broneer type XXIV. Second half of 1st century A.d.



LATE HELLENISTIC AND ITALIAN-T YPE LAMPS

35  (IPL 1969-19) Tower 14 Pl. 6 P.L. 0.048; p.W. 0.032. Fragment preserving part of rim, shoulder, and nozzle. Hard, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/3), pale yellow at core (5Y 7/4); flaking brown glaze (7.5YR 4/2). Italian. Rim: plain, narrow; three framing grooves; shoulder Loeschcke type IIIa/b. Nozzle: double volutes. Broneer type XXIII. The shallow grooves of the rim point to a relatively early date in the 1st century. For the shape of the nozzle, see Bailey 1980, p. 161, no. Q863, pl. 10, and pp. 162–163, no. Q870, pl. 11 (both dated A.d. 30–70). Mid-1st century A.d. 36  (IPL 1969-33) Tower 14 P.L. 0.051; p.W. 0.036. Fragment preserving part of disk, rim, shoulder, and nozzle. Fine clay between very pale brown (10YR 7/4) and light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4); flaking, once metallic, grayish brown glaze (10YR 5/2). From a plaster mold. Italian. Disk: concentric grooves. Rim: plain, outward-sloping; shoulder Loeschcke type VIIb. Nozzle: inner volute of double volute preserved, encroaching on the rim; burn marks. Broneer type XXIII. Similar to Agora VII, p. 8, no. 73, pl. 3. Six further closely related plain rim fragments inventoried: five from the Tower 14 area, IP 3770, IPL 1967-3, 1969-34, 1969-93, 1969-115; and one from the Hexamilion bastion, 1970-215. Second half of 1st century A.d.

79

A fragment of a pierced handle (IPL 1970-12) probably belongs to this lamp, and possibly also a base fragment with one wide ring (IPL 1971-272). Late 1st into early 2nd century A.d.? 39  (IPL 1971-21 + 1971-23) Area East of Temenos P.W. 0.057; Diam. of nozzle plate 0.025. Two joining fragments preserving section of a multiple-nozzle lamp: one whole raised circular nozzle plate and half of a second. Very fine, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6); glaze unevenly applied, varying from light red (2.5YR 6/8) on top surfaces to reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/8) underneath. Italian? No exact parallel found, but Bailey 1980, p. 240, nos. Q1104, Q1105, pl. 40 (second half of 1st century) give a general idea. The shape of 39 suggests a minimum of three nozzles. The fabric is very thin and the other lamps of the context point overwhelmingly to a 2nd century date. One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1969-125 (circular plate fragment from multiple-nozzle lamp, good red glaze [2.5YR 5/6–8], stamped concentric circles on rim). Late 1st century into early 2nd century A.d.

37  (IPL 1970-182) Area East of Temenos Pl. 6 P.L. 0.039; p.W. 0.048; p.H. 0.041. Fragment preserving handle and part of rim. Slightly gritty, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4) with both white and black inclusions and few cavities; flaking dark grayish brown glaze (10YR 4/2). Italian. Rim: flat; three grooves; shoulder close to Loeschcke type IVa. Handle: well above base, with large loop hole and one groove both in front and back. See Corinth IV.2, p. 179, no. 481, fig. 39, for the shape of the handle. Five further similar fragments inventoried, all handles: IPL 1968-14, 1969-27, 1971-50, 1971-274, and 1971276. 1st century A.d.

40  (IPL 1968-25) Northwest Area P.L. 0.073; p.W. 0.028. Mended from several fragments, preserving part of disk and rim. Mealy, pink clay (7.5YR 7/4); worn glaze varying from light red (2.5 YR 6/6) on interior to red (2.5YR 5/6) in exterior crevices. Italian? Disk: plain; one framing ring. Rim: wide, flat, with stamped ovules; shoulder: close to Loeschcke type VIIb. Probably Broneer type XXIV. Isthmia III, p. 60, no. 2461, pl. 28 (Broneer type XXV), has resemblances, but a different nozzle. On 40 the stamped pattern must have continued unbroken all the way around the circular disk, as on Hayes 1980, pp. 50–51, no. 229, pl. 22, a hybrid lamp from Italy dated A.d. 75–125. For the fabric and glaze, compare Corinth IV.2, p. 182, no. 506, and Kenchreai V, p. 23, no. 114, pl. 5. Four further fragments inventoried, all with ovule rims: IP 3685, 3686, IPL 1995-2 (all three with pierced handles, grooves on upper part only), and 1969-95 (rim with row of concentric circles). Late 1st into early 2nd century A.d.

38  (IPL 1970-18) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.029; p.W. 0.050. Fragment preserving part of rim. Fine, firm, reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6) with few small cavities; good red glaze (2.5YR 5/8). Italian? Rim: plain, wide, almost flat. Nozzle: raised plate of Loeschcke type K or R. Broneer type XXV. See the variant of form VIII in Loeschcke 1919, p. 237, fig. 7:K. For general form of nozzle plate and rim, see Bailey 1980, p. 305, no. Q1224, pl. 59 (last third of the 1st century A.d.), or Bailey 1988, p. 374, no. Q3021, pl. 99 (for a related form). The ware is thin and the context dates to the late 1st and early 2nd century.

41  (IM 3576) Tower 14 Pl. 6 L. 0.096; W. 0.047; H. 0.031. Complete bronze lamp, including lid and small part of suspension chain. No corrosion. Italian. Disk: flat, surrounded by raised rim; no shoulder; large filling-hole covered by lid. Nozzle: long, anvilshaped end, on flat top a loop for one end of suspension chain. At joining of nozzle and body, semi-volutes descending vertically to make a continuous raised ridge around bottom of nozzle. Handle: small vertical loop for other end of suspension chain. Base: raised, slightly spreading; bottom with flat outer ring, raised convex ring within, and in its center, a small, bowl-shaped knob with a central incised circle.

80

CATALOGUE

See Clement 1968, p. 142, pl. 87:c, and see also above, p. 6, for the context. It corresponds in a general way to Loeschcke type XIX (without a shoulder, e.g., Loeschcke 1919, p. 453, no. 1054, pl. II). It is a relatively plain version of a lamp type that could be variously elaborated with, for example, rosettes on the semi-volutes, incisions on the side of the nozzle, sculptures on the lid or the handle shield, and so on. For parallels, see, e.g., Conticello de’Spagnolis 1987 and De Carolis 1987; there are also several in Bailey 1996, pp. 24 –26, nos. Q3616–Q3620, pls. 26, 27. Atasoy 2005, pp. 6, 10, nos. 11, 19, share a similar body profile. The rather long, flat, substantial nozzle and raised conical foot of 41 belongs in subtype (b) of the detailed characteristics given by Valenza Mele 1981, pp. 49–50 (mid-1st, well into 2nd century); p. 76, nos. 188, 189, are good parallels, including the straight profile of the body. See also, e.g., Conticello de’Spagnolis and De Carolis 1988, pp. 69–70, 96, 101, nos. 42, 47. For the bottom of the foot as model for clay lamps, see 282. Second half of 1st century A.d.

Corinthian Imitations of Italian-Type Lamps 42  (IPL 1969-38, 1969-98) Tower 14 Pl. 6 (a) IPL 1969-38. P.L. 0.066; p.W. 0.024. (b) IPL 1969-98. P.L. 0.053; p.W. 0.027. Two nonjoining fragments: fr. a preserves parts of wall, rim and disk; fr. b consists of two joining pieces preserving another segment of the rim. Fine, hard, pale yellow clay (5Y 8/2) with few cavities; uneven glaze, mostly brown to dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) with pale yellow streaks (2.5YR 7/4) and in patches yellow (10YR 7/6). Corinthian. Disk: very concave, with section of ladder with front paws of climbing animal. Rim: plain, narrow; one deep framing groove; shoulder Loeschcke type VIIb. The motif of the juggler or animal trainer with a monkey to the right and a cat(?) climbing a ladder to the left occurs both on terra sigillata and on many published lamps and lamp fragments. See Bailey 1980, p. 160, no. Q861, for an example, and p. 61 for a full listing of examples known to date of this Italian type. To this list should be added lamps from the following places: (a) Athens: type XXII lamp on display in the Kanellopoulos Museum; (b) Mytilene, Lesbos: two examples slightly different from one another (H. Williams, pers. comm.); (c) Amiens: Massy and Molière 1978, p. 140, no. 32, pl. 40; this fragment from the 1976 excavations at Amiens comes from a 1st-century level (but the author, however, interprets it as a gladiator); (d) Avignon: de Brun and Gagnière 1937, pp. 25–27, no. 62, pl. V; (e) Fos-sur-Mer: Rivet 2003, pp. 101, 176, nos. 457, 458; (f) Lyon: Hanotte 2005, no.  24, pl.  63,); (g) Trier: Goethert-Polaschek 1985, p. 114, no. 466, type M. 142, pl. 57 (double volutes); (h) Milan: Bessi and Moncini 1980, p. 71, no. 72, pl. X; (i) Algeria: a lamp in the Musée Cirta Constantine (Bussière 2000, pp. 189–190, no. 551, pl. 44 (fragmentary); (j) The J. Paul Getty ­Museum, Malibu (Bussière and Wohl, forthcoming, no. 238). The distribution of known findspots of this type of disk is interesting. From its Italian origins it traveled pri-

marily to the western and northern provinces, to be frequently copied; Germany, France, and Holland together account for at least a dozen known examples. It is comparatively sparingly represented in the southern and eastern provinces: one lamp in Spain, three in North Africa, one in Smyrna, two on Lesbos, and one in Greece (see Bailey 1980, p. 61). The popularity of this disk image in military settlements along the northern frontier is striking. Local pottery factories (such as those at Weisenau, Neuss, and Vindonissa) are responsible for several examples in different locally attested clays of both a reddish and a very common yellowish white color (see esp. Vegas 1966, pp. 78–81; see also Fremersdorf 1922, pp. 15–17, 30–33, 84). The yellowish white clay is not always localized, though Köln did have it (see Fremersdorf 1942, p. 247); it is at times close to that of imported lamps. The locally made lamps, however, almost always have a handle (e.g., Fremersdorf 1955, p. 123, no. 54.43, pl. 20.3; see also Fremersdorf 1922, pp. 93–94). This disk can usefully serve to exemplify active German pottery production also in terms of formal variations of this popular motif. For example, one lamp (Karlsruhe, Badisches Landesmuseum B 1705; cf. Bailey 1980, p. 61, no. Q861, for a similar example in London) lacks the otherwise everpresent ladder. The influence may here come from interchangeable terra sigillata stamps, on which the seated juggler sometimes occurs alone, sometimes with the ladder, with or without the monkey (see Fremersdorf 1922, p. 137, fig. 98:1; Oswald 1936–1937, vol. 3, p. 75, nos. 965, 965A, pl. XLVII). On the original Italian lamps, the motif had two versions, one simpler and one more complex. The simpler one is more common and seen on, e.g., the London example. The other variant is known to this writer only in two examples: a complete lamp from Köln, RömischGermanisches Museum (Wollman coll.) 149, a type XXII lamp from Italy of whitish clay, and a fragment from Ostia (Carandini and Panella 1973, p. 248, no. 490, pl. LVII). On these two the monkeys are duplicated, as are the jars at the man’s feet; a new animal is seen running between him and the ladder, which now has 12 bars (instead of 10 as on the more common version). Rivet’s assumption (2003, pp. 101, 176) that there were four different animals on (e) is hard to ascertain from the fragments. The Köln example is slightly retouched, which obscures some details. The Ostia example, however, also carries a mutilated three-line inscription (as on one lamp from Mytilene) in the field below the man. As the Köln example lacks such an inscription, the filling-hole has been moved down to this lower position. A conflation of these two versions is found on a locally made lamp also in Köln (Fremersdorf 1942, p. 23, no. 54.43, pl. 20.3) where the unpunched filling-hole is clearly seen in its common position between the man and the ladder, while the real hole is in the field below the man. Of the published examples almost all extant shoulders gravitate toward two types, either Loeschcke type IIIa/IVa (as on the London example) or VIIb (as on the Isthmian example). The finds in the northern and western provinces are dated to the second and third quarter of the 1st century A.d., while the rims



LATE HELLENISTIC AND ITALIAN-T YPE LAMPS

from Isthmia, Smyr­na, and Carthage (see Bailey 1980, p. 61) indicate a slightly later date. Second half of 1st century A.d. 43  (IPL 1969-99) Tower 14 Max. p.dim. 0.039 × 0.027. Fragment of disk. Fine, pink clay (7.5YR 8/2–7/2) with few, small cavities; faint traces of glaze, possibly dark reddish gray (5YR 4/2). Corinthian imitation? Disk: worn relief, possibly of part of a standing draped male. 1st century A.d. 44  (IPL 1969-40) Tower 14 Pl. 6 Max. p.dim. 0.036 × 0.021. Two joining fragments preserving part of disk and rim. Fine, pale yellow clay (2.5Y 8/4); yellowish brown glaze (7.5YR 5/4), in spots grayish brown (10YR 4/2). Corinthian imitation? Disk: horse’s head. Rim: plain; one deep framing groove; shoulder Loeschcke type IVb or VIIb. A horse’s head to the right is part of several known disk types, e.g., chariot scenes (Loeschcke 1919, p. 364, no. 55, pl. VI; Bailey 1988, p. 334, no. Q2663, pl. 74), Pegasos (Loeschcke 1919, p. 400, no. 468, pl. XI; Bailey 1980, p. 173, no. Q919, pl. 16), and a horse attacked by a lion (Heres 1972, p. 27, no. 76, pl. 12). The last may be closest to 44, as the horse’s head seems to be unbridled. Second half of 1st century A.d. 45  (IPL 1968-6) Tower 15 Pl. 6 P.L. 0.060; p.W. 0.056. Fragment preserving handle and part of disk, rim, and wall. Very fine, hard clay, between pink (7.5YR 7/4) and reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) with few small cavities; thick, shiny reddish brown glaze (2.5YR 4/4). From a worn mold. Corinthian imitation? Disk: concave, with part of a branch in relief, surrounded by three inward-sloping framing rings. Rim: wide, plain; shoulder close to Loeschcke type VIIIa. Handle: two grooves on upper section. Probably Broneer type XXV. See Bailey 1980, pp. 320–321, no. Q1262, pl. 65, for the motif. One further example inventoried: IPL 1970-150 (fragment of handle; see Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 232, 401, fig. 54:j). Late 1st into early 2nd century A.d. 46  (IPL 1969-74) Tower 14 P.L. 0.041; p.W. 0.020. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Fine, mealy, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/3) with few black inclusions; faint traces of glaze once possibly very dark gray (10YR 3/1). Corinthian imitation? Disk: plain, as preserved. Rim: plain, narrow; two framing grooves; shoulder Loeschcke type IIIb. Mid-1st century A.d. 47  (IPL 1969-90) Tower 14 P.L. 0.033; p.H. 0.023. Fragment preserving part of side, rim, and nozzle. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/3); traces of uneven

81

glaze both on interior and exterior from very pale brown (10YR 7/4) to dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2). Corinthian imitation? Rim: flat, may have contained pattern of stamped concentric circles. Nozzle: rounded, very close to rim; slightly raised nozzle plate probably of Loeschcke type K; burn marks. Broneer type XXV. For generally similar lamps, see, e.g., Bailey 1980, pp. 295, 297 nos. Q1200, Q1206, pl. 56 (both mid- to late 1st century A.d.). Second half of 1st century A.d. 48  (IPL 1969-94, 1969-96) Tower 14 (a) IPL 1969-94. P.L. 0.047; p.H. 0.021. (b) IPL 1969-96. P.L.  0.051; H.  0.030; est. Diam.  0.064. Two nonjoining fragments: fr. a preserves part of rim and beginning of nozzle; fr. b, part of rim, wall, and base. Soft, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/3) with some cavities and some small black inclusions; faint traces of reddish yellow glaze (7.5YR 7/6). Both pieces are very worn. Corinthian imitation? Disk: deep, plain as preserved. Rim: plain, narrow, and outward-sloping; shoulder probably Loeschcke type VIIb. Nozzle: fragmentary. Broneer type XXIII? The shoulder and the small diameter point to parallels such as Bailey 1980, p. 195, nos. Q985, Q986, pl. 24. One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1969-116 (wall section). Late 1st into early 2nd century A.d. 49  (IPL 1970-135) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.034; p.H. 0.047. Fragment preserving handle, part of rim. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4 –8/4); flaking brown to dark brown glaze (10YR 5/3–4/3). Corinthian imitation? Handle: pierced, with three grooves on upper part. Rim: four framing grooves; shoulder close to Loeschcke type V. One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1969-78 (handle). 1st century A.d. 50  (IPL 1971-129) Area East of Temenos P.W. 0.061; p.H. 0.050. Two joining fragments preserving handle and rim. Slightly gritty, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/3–8/4) with some black inclusions and some small cavities; flaking glaze, varying between dark gray and dark grayish brown (10YR 4/1–4/2). Corinthian imitation. Handle: large, with large loop hole and two grooves both above and below join. Rim: wide; shoulder close to Loeschcke type VIIb. Early 2nd century A.d.?

Red-on-White Lamps 51  (IP 3765) Tower 14 Pl. 7 Max. p.dim. 0.039 × 0.025. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Fine, slightly micaceous, pale brown clay (10YR 6/3); flaking glaze from light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) to dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2).

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CATALOGUE

Disk: wing and hand holding wreath, from a Victory standing on globe. Rim: plain, wide, outward-sloping; shoulder Loeschcke type VIIa. Piece is burned and most likely was a red-on-white lamp. Compare Corinth IV.2, p. 177, no. 459, pl. X; Leibundgut 1977, p. 133, no. 114, pl. 23.3; Bailey 1980, p. 344, no. Q1321, pl. 71, with discussion (pp. 26–28) on the commonality of the subject, which occurs in many artistic media (sculpture, coins, and so on) carrying messages of civic and administrative ideals. See also Hölscher 1967, p. 110, pl. 13:1, and passim. Late 1st into 2nd century A.d. 52  (IPL 1971-83) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.037; p.W. 0.035. Fragment preserving part of handle and rim. Fine, slightly micaceous, reddish yellow clay (2.5YR 6/8) with some small cavities; glaze varies from yellowish red (2.5YR 5/8) to light red (5YR 6/8), but in both cases more intense than the Munsell reading. Handle: pierced, narrow, with two grooves on upper (preserved) part. Rim: plain; one framing ring; shoulder Loeschcke type VIIIb. The contexts of the four red-on-white fragments from the area East of Temenos (52–55) are dated to the 2nd century and, in some instances, into the early 3rd century. 52 was found with one Roman pot, one Palaimonion lamp, type A-1 to A-3 (85), some type XXVII lamp handles, and a pre-glazing Athenian lamp fragment (IPL 1971-197; see 297). Some unpublished redon-white lamps in Corinth from well 1961-3 in Agora Southwest (e.g., L-4210), however, come from a context dated to A.d. 100–150. 2nd century A.d. 53  (IPL 1971-82) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.032; p.W. 0.045; p.H. with handle 0.048. Fragment preserving handle and part of side and rim. Fine clay between light red (2.5YR 6/6) and light reddish brown (5YR 6/4); blotchy, somewhat shiny glaze between light red and red (10R 6/8–5/8). Handle: pierced, with two grooves on upper section only, ending well above base. Rim: plain; shoulder close to Loeschcke type VIIIb. See discussion of 52. 2nd century A.d. 54  (IPL 1971-30) Area East of Temenos Max. p.dim. 0.037 × 0.032. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Very fine clay, in parts reddish yellow (5YR 7/6), in parts yellow (10YR 7/6); shiny glaze varying from red (10R 5/8) to light red (10R 6/8). From a plaster mold. Disk: plain, concave; trace of central filling-hole and one framing ring. Rim: stamped circle at end of oblique groove for nozzle; shoulder probably Loeschcke type VIIIb. Broneer type XXV. The context was very rich in lamps: it contained one type XVI nozzle (IPL 1971-38, see 81), and all the rest, about 10 pieces, are welldeveloped type XXVII lamps, such as, 130 (a fragment with a figured disk) and 179 (a fragment with the signa-

ture of Preimos, whose workshop is dated to no earlier than A.d. 150 [Agora VII, p. 48]). The location of 54 was closely related to deposit III in the area East of Temenos; see 55. Late 2nd into early 3rd century A.d. 55  (IPL 1971-19) Area East of Temenos Pl. 7 P.L. 0.044; p.W. 0.053; p.H. 0.020. Two joining fragments preserving part of disk, rim and nozzle. Hard, red clay (10R 5/6) with some cavities; red glaze (10R 5/8) preserved in spots. Disk: two standing, fighting gladiators; one framing ring. Rim: plain except for two small stamped circles by the U-shaped nozzle; shoulder close to Loeschcke type VIIb, but rim more outward sloping. See Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 245, 408, fig. 61:f. The theme of two fighting gladiators was very common on Italian-type lamps (see, e.g., Bailey 1980, pp. 51–55, and Leibundgut 1977, pp. 164 –171, for variations and bibliography). The combination of features on the present lamp is, however, rare: the contenders are standing on a common relief ground line with interlocked advancing legs covered by greaves. The only parallel known to the author is a red-on-white lamp on display in the Ephesos Archaeological Museum in Selçuk with the same rim and nozzle, but of a lighter variety of red clay. For two such contenders without a ground line, see, e.g., Heres 1972, p. 87, no. 559, pl. 60, and Menzel [1954] 1969, p. 38, no. 173, pl. 31:1 (both signed by Romanesis; neither is a red-on-white lamp, nor do they show greaves); see also Oziol 1977, p. 144, no. 412, pl. 22 (neither greaves nor signature). The red-on-white technique is, to my knowledge, not reported on lamps from the Romanesis workshop, though both groups are linked geographically and through some iconographic motifs (see e.g., 57). See Bailey 1980, pp. 5–7, for a discussion of the different kinds of gladiatorial equipment represented on lamps. This is typologically the latest of the red-on-white fragments from Isthmia and it derives from deposit III, of the area East of Temenos (see Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 242–244), which contained both fine-ware and coarse-ware material dating primarily from the second part of the 2nd century into the 3rd century. Late 2nd into early 3rd century A.d.

Knidos-Area Lamps, Including the Workshop of Romanesis 56  (IPL 1969-89) Tower 14 Fig. 1; Pl. 7 L. 0.105; W. 0.070; H. 0.029. Mended from several fragments; part of disk, rim, wall, and base missing. Hard, reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6) with some small white inclusions; glaze unevenly applied on back and varying in color from light red (2.5YR 6/8) and reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4) on disk to partly dark brown streaks (7.5YR 4/2) on the back. From a plaster mold. From Knidos? Disk: Herakles and the hind; slightly concave; part of filling-hole under back leg of animal; one framing ring. Rim: plain; shoulder Loeschcke type IVa. Nozzle: two volutes; burn marks. Base: within one groove, traces of ̣ ̣ ̣ inscription, RΩΜ[ΑΝΗ]SΙ|S.



LATE HELLENISTIC AND ITALIAN-T YPE LAMPS

Broneer type XXIII. See Marty Peppers 1979, p. 141. Of several existing iconographic parallels, compare esp. Menzel 1954, p. 38, no. 175, fig. 31.3; Behrens 1949–1950, p. 164, no. 3; and Kenchreai V, pp. 29–30, no. 138, pl. 6 (all three signed by Romanesis). Mythological subjects belong in the early production of the Romanesis workshop (see Heres 1968, p. 202), which is in accordance with the shape of the rim and nozzle of 56. The particular letter division of this signature is reported nowhere else (see Heres 1968, pp. 207–210). Last quarter of 1st century A.d. 57  (IP 3762) Tower 14 Pl. 7 P.L. 0.056; p.W. 0.050. Two joining fragments preserving most of disk, part of rim. Hard, light brown clay (7.5YR 6/4) with some white inclusions and some small cavities; light red glaze (2.5YR 6/6–6/8). From a plaster mold. From Knidos? Disk: three hunchbacks walking left carrying a large bundle over their heads; filling-hole between legs of central figure; design retouched. Rim: plain; three framing grooves; shoulder close to Loeschcke type IIIa. Burn marks toward nozzle. See Clement 1968, p. 142, pl. 87; Marty Peppers 1979, p. 141. The subject matter of this scene has not been satisfactorily explained in spite of various suggestions. The fullest discussion is found in Cahn-Klaiber 1977, pp. 42–43; see also Bailey 1988, pp. 47–48. There seems, however, to be a general agreement that the clothing worn by the hunchbacks is an exomis, indicating that they are slaves or workmen, carrying an object defying identification. A suggestion that a dance is depicted (Bartoli and Bellori [1691] 1972, p. 16; Weege 1926, pp. 170–171, fig. 239) should be rejected (Heres 1972, p. 36, no. 131, pl. 17). The theme is relatively rare and closely connected with the Romanesis workshop, but does apparently also occur outside it, though the majority of these other lamps come from the eastern Mediterranean. The British Museum has three examples, and a listing of most known specimens to date of lamps with this motif can be found in Bailey 1988, p. 48. Others no doubt exist unpublished. The following may be added to Bailey’s list:(a) Split, Arheološki Muzej u Zagrebu 59 (see Heres 1968, p. 194, no. 81), from Salona, signed RΟΜΑΝΕSΙS; (b) Brno, Moravské Zemské Muzeum 7647, found locally(?), with no signature recorded (see Cahn-Klaiber 1977, p. 42); (c) Köln, Römisch-Germanisches Museum (Wollman coll.) 427, from Rome, with no signature; (d) Exeter, excavated in 1972 in a 1st-century context, a disk fragment, shoulder Loeschcke type IIIa (see Eckardt 2002, p. 381, fig. 134), possibly from Gaul (see Bailey 1988, p. 48); (e) Mlasowsky 1993, pp. 230–231, no. 218, from Knidos, dated to the late 2nd century. The formal homogeneity of these lamps is striking: all readable examples of this motif have double-volute nozzles (i.e., they are Broneer type XXIII), and none have a handle. As far as can be judged from their descriptions, all these examples are products of the second part of the 1st century. Whether the examples excavated in northern and central Europe are also eastern Mediterranean imports, Italian imports, or local copies

83

of Italian imports, must in most cases remain unresolved for the time being. Late 1st century A.d. 58  (IPL 1972-37) Tower 10 Pl. 7 P.L. 0.040; p.W. 0.038; p.H. 0.020. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim with nozzle. Fine, hard, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) to brown clay (2.5YR 5/4); yellowish red glaze (5YR 5/6), not applied fully toward lower part of lamp. From a plaster mold. From Knidos? Disk: relief of which one human foot remains. Rim: narrow, outward sloping; one framing groove; shoulder Loeschcke type VIIb. Nozzle: double volutes, the inner encroaching upon rim; burn marks. Broneer type XXIII. For the form, see Bailey 1980, p. 179, no. Q942, pl. 18 (dated late 1st century). For the disk, hypothetical suggestions include, e.g., a gladiator (as on Bailey 1980, pp. 209–210, no. Q1014, pl. 30) or Aktaion (as on Bailey 1980, p. 134, no. Q771, pl. 2). Second half of 1st century A.d. 59  (IPL 1969-97) Tower 14 P.L. 0.048; p.W. 0.017. Fragment of rim. Hard, reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6); glaze unevenly applied, varying from light red (2.5YR 6/6) to weak red (2.5YR 4/2). From a plaster mold. From Knidos? Rim: raised pattern of oak leaves and acorns, with one framing ring; shoulder Loeschcke type IVb. Probably no handle. For a closely similar rim from Knidos, see Bailey 1988, p. 356, no. Q2899, pl. 92 (signed RΟΜΑΝΗϹΙS, the last S reversed); and for one from Cyprus, see Bailey 1965, pp. 71–72, no. 253, pl. XI (signed RΩΜΑΝΗSΙS, the first S reversed). Heres 1968 has several lamps with such rims, all signed by Romanesis in various forms, and all with a rosette disk; see, e.g., p. 189, no. 37, pl. 32:6. Rim ornaments are considered late and rare in this workshop (Heres 1968, p. 202). Late 1st century into early 2nd century A.d. 60  (IP 3668) Tower 14 Fig. 1; Pl. 7 L. 0.110; p.W. 0.056; est. Diam. 0.076. Two joining fragments preserving about half of disk and rim, part of wall, and nozzle. Hard clay between pink (7.5YR 7/4) and light brown (7.5YR 6/4) with few white inclusions; glaze varies from light red (2.5YR 6/6) to mostly yellowish red (5YR 6/8) unevenly applied on the back. From a plaster mold. From Knidos? Disk: from a worn mold, fragmentary, with a karchesion with vines; part of filling-hole seen on right side, below center. Rim: plain; narrow shoulder of Loeschcke type VIb. No handle. Nozzle: double volutes, inner one encroaching on rim, burn marks. Broneer type XXIII. Good parallel (though lacking identical volutes): Bailey 1988, p. 335, no. Q2670, pl. 74, signed RΟΜΑΝΕSΙS (= Heres 1968, p. 189, no. 36, pl. 32:5). A nonjoining base fragment with one groove (IP 3773) probably belongs to this lamp. Late 1st century A.d.

84

CATALOGUE

61  (IPL 1969-42 + 1969-43) Tower 14 P.L. 0.103; p.W. 0.039; p.H. 0.023. Two joining fragments preserving part of disk, rim, side, base and nozzle. Hard clay fired gray (10YR 6–5/1); partially metallic glaze unevenly applied on back, from reddish yellow (5YR 7/8) to dark gray (10YR 4/1). Slightly warped and from a worn mold. From Knidos? Disk: concave, center not preserved. Rim: narrow, flat, separated from disk by two grooves; shoulder Loeschcke type IIIb. Nozzle: rounded, double volutes; burn marks. Base: single groove. Broneer type XXIII. Second half of 1st century A.d.

Lamps of Thin Fabric and Metallic Glaze 62  (IP 3772 + 3778) Tower 14 P.L. 0.023; p.W. 0.065. Two joining fragments preserving part of disk, rim and nozzle. Fine, hard, reddish yellow clay (between 5YR 7/6 and 6/6); metallic reddish brown glaze (2.5YR 5/4). From a plaster mold. Eastern Mediterranean? Disk: plain as preserved; surrounded by three descending grooves; shoulder Loeschcke type IVa. Rim: plain, narrow, outward sloping. Nozzle is probably of the unusual Loeschcke type II. See Loeschcke 1919, p. 385, no. 318, pl. I, for the nozzle. One further fragment inventoried: IP 3771 (base of centrally grooved band handle, shoulder Loeschcke type VIa). Mid- to late 1st century A.d. 63  (IP 3758 + 3763) Tower 14 Pl. 8 P.L. 0.085; p.W. 0.085; H. 0.030. Several joining fragments preserving larger part of disk, rim, wall, fragment of base, and lower part of nozzle. Fine, hard, clay between light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) and reddish yellow (5YR 6/6); uneven metallic glaze from reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4) to light red (2.5YR 6/6). From a plaster mold. Eastern Mediterranean? Disk: concave, plain. Rim: narrow, flat; separated from disk by two grooves; shoulder close to Loeschcke type IVa. Short narrow channel from disk to nozzle. One preserved ear lug, not pierced. Nozzle: short, round. Base: single groove, center missing. See Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 141–142, 355, fig. 8:d. Agora VII, p. 79, no. 84, pl. 4, is close (thin fabric, from the eastern Mediterranean), as is p. 83, no. 119, pl. 5 (alpha base). For Attic alpha-ear lamps, see, e.g., Agora VII, pp. 105–106, nos. 397–400, pl. 13. Three further fragments inventoried, all from Tower 14: IP 3779 (round nozzle), 3782 (piece of rim with partial ear lug, shoulder close to Loeschcke type IVa), and IPL 1967-1 (piece of rim with base of grooved band handle, shoulder Loeschcke type IIb). Mid- to late 1st century A.d. 64  (IP 3761) Tower 14 Pl. 8 P.L. 0.059; Diam. of base 0.040. Two joining fragments preserving about threefourths of base. Fine, hard, light brown clay (7.5YR 6/4);

uneven metallic glaze from reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4) to light red (2.5YR 6/6). Eastern Mediterranean? Base: slightly raised; within one groove, a large broken-bar Α. See Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 141–142, 355, fig. 8:e; see also above, pp. 11–12, nn. 40–43. One further fragment inventoried: IP 3775 (alpha base). Mid- to late 1st century A.d. 65  (IP 3764) Tower 14 Pl. 8 P.L. 0.080; H. 0.025; est. Diam. 0.068. Two joining fragments preserving parts of rim, side, base, and nozzle. Hard, fine, light brown clay (7.5YR 6/4); metallic dark reddish gray glaze (5YR 4/2), in spots yellowish red (5YR 5/6). Eastern Mediterranean? Rim: plain, narrow; four grooves descending toward concave disk (not preserved); shoulder close to Loeschcke type IIa or IIb. Handle: only very beginning visible. Nozzle: short, round, not intersecting with rim. Base: within one groove, part of a broken-bar Α. Mid- to late 1st century A.d. 66  (IP 3793) Tower 14 Max. p.dim. 0.030 × 0.038. Two joining fragments preserving part of rim, disk, and wall. Fine, hard clay between pink (7.5YR 7/4) and light brown (7.5YR 6/4) with few white inclusions; dull dark gray glaze (10YR 4/1). Eastern Mediterranean? Disk: slightly concave, worn relief with part of illegible object. Rim: flat, very narrow; two slightly descending grooves; shoulder between Loeschcke types IIa and IIb. Two further fragments inventoried, both from the Tower 14 area: IP 3776 (fragment of base most likely from same lamp, with part of raised Α within one circular groove) and IPL 1969-35 (disk/rim fragment). Mid(?)-1st century A.d. 67  (IP 3796) Tower 14 Max. p.dim. 0.032 × 0.019. Fragment preserving part of disk and surrounding groove. Fine, hard, light brown clay (7.5YR 6/4); metallic red glaze (2.5YR 5/6). From a plaster mold. Eastern Mediterranean? Disk: slightly concave, fragment of spreading eagle with thunderbolt in claws(?); filling-hole punched off its intended mark. Closest parallel: Loeschcke 1919, p. 388, no. 330, pl. IV; for several variants of this popular topic, see, e.g., Goethert-Polaschek 1985, pp. 107, 116–117, nos. 430, 478, 480, types M3, M158, pls. 50, 58. Mid- to late 1st century A.d. 68  (IPL 1971-66) Area East of Temenos Pl. 8 L. 0.089; restored W. 0.075; H. 0.029. Several fragments preserving about two-thirds of lamp; no handle, some restoration on the rim, parts of rim, wall, and base missing. Fine clay between pale brown (10YR 6/3) and light yellowish brown (10YR  6/4);



LATE HELLENISTIC AND ITALIAN-T YPE LAMPS

micaceous glaze varying from reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) to reddish brown (5YR 5/4) with dark brown in the crevices (7.5YR 3/2), only partially applied on the lower side. Eastern Mediterranean? Disk: oak(?) wreath of two sprigs with six leaves each, tied by bow at top, entwined with two acorns(?) at bottom; central filling-hole. Rim: wide, outward sloping, with stamped concentric circles; two slightly raised framing rings; shoulder close to Loeschcke type VIIa. Nozzle: rounded; Loeschcke type VII K. No handle. Base: one circular groove. The fabric is very thin and the lamp itself remarkably lightweight. Broneer type XXV. Large variations exist and no exact parallel has been found for the wreath, though several lamps have a general resemblance: see, e.g., Bailey 1965, p. 70, no. 245, pl. XI; Corinth IV.2, p. 179, no. 476, pl. XXVI; and two unpublished lamps from Corinth, L-4205 (from Agora Southwest, well 1961-3, dated A.d. 100–150) and L-4239. Two sprigs of leaves tied or entwined were a fairly common disk decoration; see Bailey 1980, pp. 87–88, figs. 101, 102, for an overview of the variety of leaves and berries occurring on Italian lamps. Plant motifs are less popular on imports and imitations in northern Europe than in the eastern Mediterranean; see Leibundgut 1977, pp. 189–196; Goethert-Polaschek 1985, pp.  267–268; and Heres 1968, pp. 200–201. On the basis of its subject matter and fabric, an eastern Mediterranean origin is tentatively ascribed. Late 1st into early 2nd century A.d.

Lamps of Uncertain Provenience 69  (IPL 1969-118, 1969-121) Tower 14 Pl. 8 (a) IPL 1969-118. P.L. 0.033; p.W. 0.030. (b) IPL 1969-121. Diam. 0.053. Two nonjoining fragments: fr. a preserves part of rim and volute nozzle; fr. b, bottom with signature. Hard, gray clay (10YR 6–5/1); metallic dark gray glaze (7.5YR N4/). Eastern Aegean or Greek imitation of such a lamp? Rim: plain; shoulder close to Loeschcke type IIb. Base: within raised ring, incised signature, ΔΑ|ΜΟΤ| ̣ The name occurs on an Ephesian tombstone ΕΛΗϹ. (IvE VIII.2 2255F). Broneer type XXI. This type represents a large volute lamp with a long nozzle and often a decorative handle shield. A whole group has been found in the Corinthia; several are (as 69 is) of the gray clay and black glaze connected with Ephesos, though Broneer suggests they may simply be imitating metal prototypes (e.g., Corinth IV.2, p. 168, nos. 383–386, fig. 94). Two examples come from later excavations: Williams and Zervos 1982, pp. 128– 132, nos. 45, 46, pl. 41 (late 1st century B.c. to early 1st century A.d.). For further examples, see Isthmia III, p. 54, nos. 2336–2340, pl. 27 (gray clay and dark metallic glaze); pp. 54 –55, nos. 2341–2347, pl. 27 (red or buff clay). For examples from Asia Minor, see Heimerl 2001, p. 100, nos. 36–40, pl. 2 (Augustan period); the form of these lamps is very similar, but they are of a reddish yellow clay with mica. First quarter of 1st century A.d.?

85

70  (IP 3760) Tower 14 Pl. 8 P.L. 0.074; p.W. 0.064, est. ca. 0.079. Two joining fragments preserving part of disk and rim. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/3); metallic reddish brown glaze (2.5YR 5/4). From a plaster mold. From the eastern Aegean? Disk: large, flat, sunken, with central filling-hole. Rim: wide, plain, outward-sloping; one pointed, nonpierced lug preserved with two grooves and trace of rise of another opposite the nozzle; a raised ring separates disk from rim, though not as high as on a Loeschcke type IX shoulder. Nozzle: beginning of shallow channel preserved. This is the single example from the UCLA excavations of a so-called factory lamp (Broneer’s type XXVI). Popular elsewhere in the Roman Empire, it was rare in the eastern Mediterranean at large and certainly in Greece in particular. Of the close to twenty examples published from Greece as of 1980 (see Kenchreai V, p. 33, n. 68), 15 come from the Corinthia, i.e., from Corinth, Kenchreai, and Isthmia. At least two further examples from Corinth can be added: L-1974-12 and L-1984-14. The origin of the type is found in northern Italy around A.d. 75. Its evolution, wide spread, and duration are well documented by its presence (or absence) in many datable Roman camps in different parts of the empire. The fundamental work for its typology remains Loeschcke 1919, pp. 225–298, though modifications now exist. For a later, thorough discussion of the state of knowledge, see Bailey 1980, pp. 272–279, type N, with bibliography. Recent decades have opened a new line of investigation, aiming at identifying the workshops that made these numerous lamps and their trade patterns with the help of archaeometry and various chemical analyses. A German-Italian-French collaboration has established the primary centers of production and clay provenience to the vicinity of Modena, an area responsible for the main export to, for example, Vindonissa, Lyon, and Trier, as well as to many Italian sites (see, e.g., Schneider 1993, 2000). The present example is of an early form, Loeschcke type IXa (see Loeschcke 1919, pp. 268–281), in which the disk and the channel on the nozzle are separated by the continuous raised ring around the disk. For a lamp of similar form, see Bailey 1980, p.  281, no.  Q1162, pl. 51. The two grooves on the lug could derive from suspension lugs on metal versions. The fabric is grayish and very likely not Italian; the glaze has the same metallic gray-rose sheen as on the thin ware of the alphaear or ear lamps (e.g., 63–66), and it may also derive from the eastern Aegean. See Kenchreai V, p. 34, no. 146, pl. 7, for a lamp of definite similarity in form and fabric, described as “most closely related to fabrics of Asia Minor.” The Kenchreai fragment is not quite as crisp in form and its metallic glaze is darker than that of 70. Late 1st century A.d. 71  (IP 3689) Tower 14 Pl. 8 P.L. 0.081; p.W. 0.045.

86

CATALOGUE

Fragment preserving handle and small section of disk. Fine clay with few small cavities, between light red (10YR 6/6) and red (10R 5/6); red glaze (10R 5/6) burned in parts to dark reddish gray (5YR 4/2). From a worn mold. Unknown provenience. Disk: two framing grooves. Rim: plain, slightly outward sloping; shoulder Loeschcke type VIb. Nozzle: probably round. Handle: slim, pierced, with two grooves on upper part. Broneer type XXV. The form is approximately that of Bailey 1980, p. 300, nos. Q1213–Q1215, pl. 57. The small diameter suggests shrinkage through surmoulage. Late 1st century A.d.

The narrow shoulder belongs in the first half of the 1st century, but the small diameter suggests that 72 is a second-generation lamp. Second to third quarter of 1st century A.d.?

72  (IP 3768) Tower 14 P.L. 0.061; p.W. 0.010; Diam. 0.068. Fragment preserving part of rim. Fine, hard clay between pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) and light brown (7.5YR 6/4); uneven glaze from yellowish red (5YR 4/6) to very dark gray (10YR 3/1). From a plaster mold. Unknown provenience. Rim: plain, narrow; shoulder between Loeschcke types IIa and IVa.

74  (IPL 1969-86) Northeast Gate Max. p.dim. 0.032 × 0.025. Fragment preserving small part of disk and rim. Fine, light brownish gray clay (10YR 6/2); red glaze (10R 5/6). Uncertain provenience. Disk: rosette, two framing rings. Rim: spiral design. Possibly from Asia Minor or Egypt; see, e.g., Ephesos IV.2, p. 174, no. 1913, pl. X. 3rd century A.d.?

73  (IPL 1969-15) Tower 10 P.W. 0.035; p.H. 0.035. Fragment of handle and rim. Fine, hard, pink clay (7.5YR 7/4); good red glaze (10R 5/6). Unknown provenience. Rim: plain, wide, outward-sloping; shoulder Loeschcke type VIa or VIb. Handle: pierced, short, narrow, without grooves. 1st century A.d.

BRONEER T YPE XVI LAMPS 75  (IPL 1970-36) Palaimonion area Fig. 1; Pl. 9 L. 0.105; W. 0.064; H. 0.030. Complete but mended from many fragments. Hard clay fired gray (10YR 5/1) to reddish brown (5YR 5/2). Disk: slightly concave. Rim: raised but not flaring. Almost straight profile. Nozzle: broad, blunt. Handle: plain band; lower handle attachment is at highest protrusion of body. Base: string-cut. Stray find. The profile is close to lamps from a Tiberian deposit in Corinth (see Wright 1980, pp. 160–161, nos. 108–110, pl. 33). Compare also Isthmia III, p. 29, no. 352, pl. 5. Mid-1st century A.d. 76  (IPL 1969-91) Tower 14 Fig. 1; Pl. 9 P.L. 0.067; p.W. 0.067; p.H. 0.035. Three joining fragments; nozzle, handle, and small part of rim and disk missing. Hard, pink clay (7.5YR 7/4); white slip (10YR 8/1–8/2). Disk: deep, with slightly flaring rim; slightly curved wall; raised foot; burn marks. Handle: lower attachment below highest protrusion of body. From the Tower 14 deposit. See Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 140–141, 354, fig. 7:g. For a suggested explanation of the whitewash, see Isthmia III, pp. 28, 37; compare also 90. Late 1st century A.d. 77  (IPL 1969-114) Tower 14 Pl. 9 P.L. 0.042; p.W. 0.052; p.H. 0.033. Fragment preserving handle, part of rim and disk. Hard, light reddish brown clay (2.5YR 6/4) fired pinkish gray at core (7.5YR 6/2); perhaps self-slip. 

Disk: flat. Rim: raised. Body: single rounded profile. Handle: vertical band attached to back wall below highest protrusion of body. From the Tower 14 deposit. Late 1st into 2nd century A.D.? 78  (IPL 1969-44, 1969-45) Tower 14 (a) IPL 1969-44. P.L. 0.054; p.W. 0.062; p.H. 0.028. (b) IPL 1969-45. P.W. 0.062; p.H. 0.029. Two nonjoining fragments preserving parts of rim, walls, and nozzle. Hard, light red clay (2.5YR 6/6) with white inclusions; light red slip (2.5YR 6/8). Rim: low. Body: double curvature profile. Handle: lower attachment close to base. Nozzle: broad and blunt; burn marks. From the Tower 14 deposit. See Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 140–141, 354, fig. 7:h. Six further nozzle fragments inventoried, all with burn marks: five from Tower 14, IPL 1969-37, 196939, 1969-73 (see Clement 1970, p. 164), 1969-80, and 1969-88, three with self-slip; and IPL 1978-198 (the only Broneer type XVI fragment from the Roman Bath). 2nd century A.d. 79  (IPL 1968-2) Tower 15 Fig. 1; Pl. 9 P.L. 0.084; W. 0.059; H. 0.032. Intact apart from handle and small part of adjacent rim. Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6) with white and black inclusions; self-slip. Disk: medium-deep. Rim: flaring. Nozzle: broad, with pointed corners. Handle: lower attachment is close to base. Foot: raised. Base: string-cut.



PALAIMONION LAMPS

Three further fragments inventoried, all from the same area and with low, almost straight rims and selfslip: IPL 1968-3, 1968-4, and 1968-5. Early 2nd century A.d. 80  (IPL 1970-80) Hexamilion bastion P.L. 0.047; p.W. 0.041. Fragment preserving part of rim, disk, and nozzle. Hard, red clay (10R 5/6) with white and black inclusions; self-slip. Disk: flat as preserved. Rim: raised, flaring. Double curvature profile. Nozzle: broad, blunt; burn marks. Early 2nd century A.d. 81  (IPL 1970-29) Area East of Temenos Fig. 1 P.L. 0.084; p.W. 0.061; p.H. 0.027. Fragment preserving part of rim, most of lower half, and nozzle. Hard, light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4) with some white inclusions, fired gray (10YR 5/1) at core and around nozzle; perhaps self-slip.

87

Rim: flaring, raised. Side wall with double-curvature profile. Nozzle: long, broad, blunt, with pointed corners and burn marks. Base: low, string-cut. Four further fragments inventoried, all from the area East of Temenos: IPL 1970-199, 1970-201, 1971-38, and 1971-72 (see Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 261–263, 265, fig. 77:d). 2nd century A.d. 82  (IPL 1969-81) Tower 10 Fig. 1; Pl. 9 P.L. 0.093; p.W. 0.055; H. 0.040. Mended from many fragments, preserving ca. threefourths of lamp, including nozzle but missing handle. Hard, red clay (2.5YR 5/6) with some white inclusions; light reddish brown slip (2.5YR 6/4). Disk: slightly concave. Rim: raised, flaring. Distinct double-curvature profile. Nozzle: broad; burn marks. Base: raised, string-cut. 2nd century A.d.

PALAIMONION LAMPS 83  (IPL 1971-45) Area East of Temenos Pl. 10 P.W. 0.134; p.H. to top of socket 0.069; Diam. of base 0.071. Two joining fragments preserving socket, larger part of bowl. Soft, reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6) with small white inclusions and small cavities; mealy surface. Socket: attached separately, tall, tapering with one slit from top to bottom. Base: raised, string-cut. Palaimonion type A-2. See Clement 1972, p. 229. Parallel: Isthmia III, p. 40, no. 1207, pl. 6, for the socket, which ends in a thin edge. Four further fragments inventoried, all with one slit in the socket: IPL 1971-277, 1971-289, 1971-303, and 1971-311. Early 2nd century A.d. 84  (IPL 1971-279) Area East of Temenos P.H. 0.037; max. p.dim. 0.082 × 0.082. Fragment preserving base and part of bottom of bowl. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/3) with many small cavities. Socket with one opening made up of two parallels slits with intermediary clay removed. Base: string-cut. Few diagnostic features extant. Palaimonion type A-1 to A-3. Compare Isthmia III, pp. 37–42, nos. 1111–1480, pl. 22. Eight further fragments inventoried: IPL 1970-209, 1970-210 (burn marks), 1970-212, 1970-233, 1971-278, 1971-281, 1971-294, and 1971-299. Early 2nd century A.d. 85  (IPL 1971-77) Area East of Temenos Pl. 10 Diam. of base ca. 0.076; max. p.dim. 0.104 × 0.078. Fragment preserving most of base and part of bowl. Hard, clean clay with few small inclusions, varying from very pale brown (10YR 7/4) to reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) at core and bottom; burn marks.

Socket with one slit added separately. Base: stringcut. Palaimonion type A-1 to A-3. For comparanda, see 84. Twenty-eight further examples inventoried, all of varying clay, all but one with a string-cut base, all with one or no slit extant, and all too fragmentary for other specifications: IPL 1970-206 (trimmed base), 1970213, 1970-218, 1970-219, 1970-220, 1970-230, 1971-81, 1971-102, 1971-280, 1971-283, 1971-286, 1971-287, 1971288, 1971-296, 1971-298, 1971-304, 1971-309, 1971-316, 1972-133, 1993-2, 1993-3, 1993-5 (traces of whitewash), 1993-7, 1993-10, 1993-15, 1993-16, 1993-19, and 1996-1. Early 2nd century A.d. 86  (IPL 1971-310) Area East of Temenos P.Diam. of base 0.076; max. p.dim. 0.095. Fragment preserving ca. half of base and large bowl. Well-cleaned, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4) with few small inclusions; considerable remains of whitewash on outside of bowl and at base of socket. Socket with two nearly parallel slits. Base: string-cut. Palaimonion type A-1 to A-3? For comparanda, see 84. 2nd century A.d. 87  (IPL 1971-313) Area East of Temenos P.H. 0.027; max. p.dim. 0.078 × 0.070. Fragment preserving ca. two-thirds of bowl and socket. Soft, fine-grained, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/3) with pink core (5YR 8/4). Socket separately attached, with two single slits. Base: string-cut. Palaimonion type A-6? Parallels: Isthmia III, pp. 45– 46, nos. 1530–1649, pls. 7, 23. One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1970-208. 2nd century A.d.

88

CATALOGUE

88  (IPL 1971-295) Area East of Temenos Pl. 10 P.H. 0.024; max. p.Diam. 0.092, of base 0.088. Fragment preserving base and part of bowl. Wellcleaned, fine, pink clay (7.5YR 7/4). Bottom of socket with two opposite slit incisions. Base: trimmed. Palaimonion type A-6. Parallel: Isthmia III, p. 45, no. 1535, pl. 23, for the base. 2nd century A.d. 89  (IPL 1971-317) Area East of Temenos Pl. 10 P.H. 0.029; Max. p.Diam. 0.088, of base 0.053. Fragment preserving base and part of bowl. Coarse, light red clay (2.5YR 6/8) with several inclusions; burn marks. Socket base with two slits opposite each other. Base: trimmed, with deep groove and convex central area. Palaimonion type A-4? Parallels: Isthmia III, pp. 42– 44, nos. 1481–1511, pls. 23, 26. 2nd century A.d. 90  (IPL 1971-79) Area East of Temenos Diam. of base 0.063; max. p.dim. 0.102 × 0.096. Fragment preserving base and part of bowl. Soft, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/3) with mealy surface; traces of whitewash. Socket made separately; its bottom has two slits opposite each other, each made of two parallel cuts. Base: carelessly string-cut. Palaimonion type A-4 or A-6. Parallel: Isthmia III, p. 45, no. 1530, pl. 23. For traces of whitewash on base, see Isthmia III, pp. 28, 37, where it is given ritual significance. However, Gebhard, Hemans, and Hayes (1998, p. 446, with reference to p. 454, no. 52) suggest that it is a cover for the coarser clay; it is, however, also found over the lighter type clay among their published lamps (see p. 451, no. 29). 2nd century A.d. 91  (IPL 1970-205) Area East Fig. 1; Pl. 10 of Temenos H. 0.070; est. Diam. of bowl 0.175, of socket 0.038. Two joining fragments preserving parts of base, bowl, and socket. Firm, reddish yellow clay (between 7.5YR 7/6 and 7.5YR 6/6), exterior of bowl reddish yellow (7.5YR 8/6). Bowl: horizontal ridges, flat projecting rim. Two slits in socket opposite each other. Base: slightly raised, trimmed. Palaimonion type A-4 or A-6. Parallel for the profile of the bowl: Isthmia III, p. 45, no. 1533, pl. 7. For the base, see p. 45, nos. 1534, 1535, pl. 23. Two further fragments inventoried: IPL 1970-214 and 1993-9. 2nd century A.d. 92  (IPL 1971-78) Area East of Temenos Pl. 11 H. of socket 0.033; max. p.dim. 0.111 × 0.075. Fragment preserving part of bowl and socket. Coarse clay, partly reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), partly light red (2.5YR 6/6), with large and small black inclusions and many cavities, burned gray at core (close to 10YR 5/1).

Socket is low, in one part with the bowl, with a blunt edge and two uneven gashes opposite each other at the very bottom. Base: carelessly string-cut. Palaimonion type A-4. For the socket, see Isthmia III, p. 43, no. 1496, pl. 26. Six further fragments inventoried: IPL 1971-80, 1971-285, 1971-297, 1971-302, 1971-305, and 1993-17. Late 2nd into 3rd century A.d.? 93  (IPL 1970-207) Area East of Temenos H. 0.053, p.H. of socket 0.033; Diam. of base 0.056; max. p.dim. 0.081. Three joining fragments preserving part of base, bowl, and socket. Coarse, red clay (2.5 YR 5/6) with dark inclusions and many cavities, burned gray at core (close to 10YR 5/1); faint traces of whitewash. Slender socket with vertical sides, made in one part with the bowl, ending in a straight, blunt edge (only half of circumference preserved); two short vertical gashes opposite one another, not reaching top of socket edge. Base: slightly raised, string-cut. Palaimonion type A-4. For the socket, see Isthmia III, p. 43, no. 1497, pl. 26. 2nd into 3rd century A.d.? 94  (IPL 1970-211) Area East of Temenos Diam. of base 0.061; max. p.dim. 0.101 × 0.090. Fragment preserving base, part of bowl, and socket. Soft clay with some cavities and inclusions and mealy surface, partly very pale brown (10YR 7/4), reddish yellow at core (5YR 7/6). Narrowing socket broken, made in one part with the bowl; two large, vaguely triangular gashes at very bottom, opposite each other. Base: string-cut. Palaimonion type A-4. For the cuts, see Isthmia III, p. 43, nos. 1496, 1497, pl. 26. 2nd into 3rd century A.d.? 95  (IPL 1970-216) Area East of Temenos Pl. 11 P.W. 0.064; p.H. 0.043. Fragment preserving part of base and bottom of bowl. Coarse clay, light red (2.5YR 6/8) and reddish yellow (5YR 6/8), with cavities and white and black inclusions. At bottom of bowl, remains of socket with two uneven gashes opposite each other. Base: sloppily trimmed. Palaimonion type A-4. One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1970-217. Late 2nd into 3rd century A.d.? 96  (IPL 1972-134) Area East of Temenos P.W. 0.035; p.H. 0.058. Fragment preserving part of base, bowl, and socket. Coarse, light red clay (2.5YR 6/6) with gritty inclusions. Remains of tapering socket with only one vertical gash preserved near the bottom. Base: string-cut. Palaimonion type B-3? Possibly similar to, e.g., Isthmia III, p. 50, no. 2095, pls. 7, 25. Late 2nd into 3rd century A.d.



UNGLAZED CORINTHIAN, LATE CORINTHIAN, AND UNUSUAL LAMPS

89

97  (IPL 1971-76) Area East of Temenos Pl. 11 P.H. with socket 0.044; Diam. of base 0.076, max. p.Diam. 0.110 × 0.098. Fragment preserving part of base, bowl, and socket. Hard, light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4), burned light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) in most of core, with many small cavities. Remains of shallow bowl and straight, low socket with blunt edge; three narrow slits below edge of socket. Base: carelessly string-cut. Palaimonion type B-1. For the socket, see Isthmia III, p. 49, no. 2079, pls. 7, 24. Late 2nd into 3rd century A.d.

Fragment preserving small part of base and socket. Coarse, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/4) with many white inclusions. Socket slightly contracting toward preserved edge, which is surrounded by faint enlargement; three equidistant slits (one unfinished) not reaching top of socket. Base: carelessly string-cut. Palaimonion type B-3. Approximate parallel: Isthmia III, p. 50, no. 2087, pls. 7, 26. Seven further examples inventoried, all with stringcut bases: IPL 1970-232, 1971-300, 1971-301, 1971-308, 1993-4, 1993-6, and 1993-8. Late 2nd into 3rd century A.d.

98  (IPL 1971-290) Area East of Temenos Pl. 11 P.H. 0.025; Diam. of base 0.059, max. p.Diam. 0.069. Fragment preserving base, part of bowl, and socket. Medium coarse, light red clay (10R 6/6) with some inclusions. Remains of broken socket, with three equidistant slits near its bottom. Base: trimmed, with broad shallow area around flat center. Palaimonion type B-2. Probably near Isthmia III, p. 49, no. 2083, pls. 7, 24. Late 2nd into 3rd century A.d.

101  (IPL 1971-312) Area East of Temenos P.H. 0.046; Diam. of base 0.052; max. p.dim. 0.079. Fragment preserving base, part of bowl, and lower part of socket. Light-color, well-rinsed, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/3). Socket broken, slightly narrowing, with three irregularly distributed thin incisions. Base: string-cut. Palaimonion type B-2. Five further fragments inventoried, all with string-cut bases: IPL 1970-231, 1971-282, 1971-293, 1971-306, and 1971-315. Late 2nd into 3rd century A.d.

.

99  (IPL 1971-307) Area East of Temenos Pl. 11 P.H. 0.032; Diam. of base 0.046; max. p.dim. 0.093 × 0.073. Fragment preserving base, part of bowl, and socket bottom. Semicoarse, light red clay (2.5YR 6/8) with inclusions. Remains of socket bottom with three equidistant, very crude gashes. Base: trimmed, slightly concave without any string marks. Palaimonion type B-1. Late 2nd into 3rd century A.d. 100  (IPL 1971-284) Area East of Temenos P.H. 0.058; Diam. of top of socket 0.035; max. p.dim. 0.070.

102  (IP 3664) Northwest Area Pl. 11 P.H. to top of socket 0.046. Fragment of small part of socket and base. Coarse, gray clay (5YR 5/1) with many small and large white inclusions and cavities, burned dark gray toward surface (2.5Y 4/1); slip between pink (7.5YR 7/4) and reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6). Socket cigar-shaped, narrowing to a blunt (lost) edge, with horizontal groove close to bottom of socket; three narrow, uneven slits toward bottom. Base: string-cut. Palaimonion type B-3. Close to Isthmia III, p. 50, no. 2109, pls. 7, 26. One further example inventoried: IPL 1971-314. Late 2nd into 3rd century A.d.

UNGLAZED CORINTHIAN, LATE CORINTHIAN, and Unusual Lamps Unglazed Corinthian Lamps (Broneer Type XXVII) Category A 103  (IPL 1978-26) Roman Bath Pl. 12 P.L. 0.079; p.W. 0.068; p.H. 0.032. Seven joining fragments preserving about two-thirds of lamp in two parts; part of handle, nozzle, rim, and side missing. Fine clay, between very pale brown (10YR 7/4) and light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4), with some small white mica. From a plaster mold. Disk: small, deep, with rays; one wide framing ring. Rim: wide, plain. Handle: pierced, with two grooves on lower (preserved) part; tip does not extend to base, but is surrounded by three incised circles. Base: within one groove, ΕΠΙΚΤΗΤ[ΟΥ].

From south of Room XI. The small letters all on one line indicate an early date, as do also the three circles by tip of the handle. For further examples of this signature on lamps, see 165; Corinth IV.2, p. 208, no. 730, pl. XXXI; Athens, National Archaeological Museum 3177; FdD V.1, p. 191, no. 543; Siebert 1966, pp. 476–479, no. 3, fig. 3. Parallels for the disk and rim: Corinth IV.2, p. 187, no. 551, pl. XI; Corinth XVIII.2, p. 28, no. 18, pl. 1. First half of 2nd century A.d. 104  (IPL 1990-2) Roman Bath Pl. 12 P.L. 0.034; p.W. 0.037; p.H. with handle 0.041. Fragment of handle with part of rim and disk. Firm, very pale yellow clay (10YR 8/4). From a plaster mold. Disk: rays; one framing ring. Rim: wide, with double ovules, small circle by handle. Handle: narrow, pierced,

90

CATALOGUE

with two grooves above join and two below; tip not preserved. From room VI. This fragment is the only lamp found under the large Roman figured mosaic in the central hall of the Bath (room VI). Type 1 rim. As a very early type XXVII lamp, this confirms the post quem date of the mosaic (see Packard 1980). Parallel: Corinth IV.2, p. 188, no. 556, pl. XI. First quarter of 2nd century A.d. 105  (IPL 1971-46) Area East Fig. 2; Pl. 12 of Temenos L. 0.100; W. 0.078; H. 0.032. Mended from many fragments; part of rim, side, and base missing. Fine, hard, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4). From a plaster mold. Disk: fine rays; one wide framing ring around fillinghole and one around disk. Rim: wide, with medium-sized ovules (15 on each side). Handle: pierced, the tip flanked by two large, double-stamped circles, ending well above base, with two grooves above join and two below. Nozzle: part of raised plate extant; neither it nor handle impinges on framing ring. These features and the high termination of handle are indications of an early date. Type 1 rim. Compare Corinth IV.2, pp. 187–188, no. 555, fig. 112, and pp. 188, no. 556, pl. XI; see also Corinth XVIII.2, p. 28, no. 19, pl. 2. First half of 2nd century A.d. 106  (IPL 1972-2) Area East of Temenos Pl. 12 P.L. 0.040; p.W. 0.041; H. 0.033. Fragment preserving handle, part of side, rim, and disk. Fine, reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). From a plaster mold. Disk: fine rays; one framing ring. Rim: wide, with faint, large-sized ovules. Handle: pierced, tip ending well above the base, both tip and handle sides flanked by two double-stamped circles, with two grooves above join and two halfway down below. Base: fraction of one groove. Type 1 rim. For parallels, see 105. First half of 2nd century A.d. 107  (IPL 1969-101) Tower 10 P.L. 0.061; p.W. 0.041; p.H. 0.021. Fragment preserving part of disk, rim, and side. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4) smoked light gray on surface (10YR 7/2). Disk: deep, with fine rays; wide framing rings around filling-hole, disk, and air-hole. Rim: medium-sized double ovules. Nozzle: fraction of raised plate extant, not impinging on framing ring. Type 1 rim. Very similar to 106; see also Corinth IV.2, pp. 187–188, no. 555, fig. 112. Nine further fragments inventoried: IPL 1969-41 (from a worn mold; see Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 142, 356, fig. 9:b), 1969-56, 1970-4, 1970-17, 1971-118, 1971130, 1971-133, 1971-199, and 1980-14. Mid- to second half of 2nd century A.d. 108  (IPL 1971-176) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.049; p.W. 0.033; p.H. 0.036.

Fragment preserving part of handle, rim, and disk. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/3); white slip (10YR 8/2). Disk: fine rays; one high framing ring. Rim: wide, with small, faint ovules. Handle: pierced, with two grooves on upper preserved part, impinging on framing ring. Type 1 rim. Second half of 2nd century A.d. 109  (IPL 1971-250) Area East of Temenos Max. p.dim. 0.039 × 0.029. Fragment of disk. Fine pale yellow clay (2.5Y 8/3). Retouched. Disk: rays; one wide framing ring. Five further fragments inventoried: IPL 1969-50, 1969-105, 1970-45, 1970-113, and 1972-53. 2nd to 3rd century A.d.

Category B-1 110  (IPL 1971-63) Area East Figs. 2, 4; Pl. 13 of Temenos L. 0.106; W. 0.083; H. 0.033. Almost complete; mended on rim, small hole on base. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/3–7/4). From a plaster mold. Disk: small, with worn rays; one framing ring around filling-hole and one around disk. Rim: wide, with two leaves and two clusters on each side. Handle: pierced, extending ca. three-quarters of the distance toward the base, with two grooves both above and below join. Base: within one groove, ϹΥΝΦΟΡΟ|Υ. Partly burned. Type 2 rim. See Clement 1972, p. 230. For further signatures by this lamp maker, see Corinth IV.2, p. 190, nos. 575, 576, pl. XXX, and p. 311; Agora VII, p. 98, no. 310, pl. 9; IPL 1971-58 (under 180) may also have this signature. Type 2 rim with four tripartite leaves and four well-separated clusters. Parallels: Corinth L-3992 from the South Stoa; Corinth I.4, p. 141, pl. 46:2a (signed ϹΕΚΟΥΝΔΟΥ); Agora VII, p. 94, no. 271, pl. 8 (signed ϹΠΩϹΙ|ΑΝΟΥ). Three further such rim fragments inventoried: IPL 1971-94, 1971-97, and 1971-98. Late 2nd into early 3rd century A.d. 111  (IPL 1971-88) Area East of Temenos Pl. 13 P.L. 0.099; p.W. 0.082. Three joining fragments preserving parts of disk, rim, and nozzle. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4), on surface varying from pink (7.5YR 7/4) to very pale brown (10YR 8/4). From a plaster mold. Disk: deep, with retouched rays; one flat framing ring; air-hole not pierced. Rim: two cohesive, oblong leaves and two clusters of grapes on each side; grapes recut. Nozzle: raised plate, marked by diagonal grooves. Type 2 rim. Parallels: Siebert 1966, pp. 509–513, no. 20, fig. 27 (= Athens, National Archaeological Museum 3120), for the general distribution, though not shape, of the leaves. Two further fragments inventoried: IPL 1971-34 (see Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 246, 410, fig. 63:f) and 1978-98. First half of 3rd century A.d.



UNGLAZED CORINTHIAN, LATE CORINTHIAN, AND UNUSUAL LAMPS

112  (IPL 1971-22) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.040; p.W. 0.040. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Fine, light brownish gray clay (2.5Y 6/2). Disk: fine rays; one framing ring around filling-hole and one around disk. Rim: two leaves and two clusters on each side. Variant of a type 2 rim: the leaves have a uniform outline, as in the previous category, but sometimes exhibit an interior subdivision. Eighteen further fragments inventoried, all of the same rim type: IPL 1969-22, 1969-32, 1969-49, 1969-83, 1970-98, 1970-221, 1971-14, 1971-84, 1971-95, 1971-173, 1971-188, 1971-194, 1971-196, 1971-198, 1971-200, 1971-215, 1971-216, and 1971-221. 3rd century A.d.

91

Corinth IV.2, p. 208, nos. 731–734, pl. XXXI. So far this name has only been found on lamps discovered in the Corinthia: four at Corinth and five, possibly six, at Isthmia (see 115). Waldhauer 1914, p. 61, no. 472, pl. XLIV (signed ΕΥΤΥΧ|ΗϹ) is a close parallel for the disk. 3rd century A.d. 115  (IPL 1969-11) Tower 10 Pl. 14 L. 0.105; W. 0.080; H. 0.031. Intact. Fine, mealy, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4) with some small white mica. From a very worn mold of the same type as 114. Disk: originally rays(?); one framing ring. Rim: two leaves and two clusters on each side, tendrils. Handle: pierced, extending almost to base, with two grooves above join and two below. Base: within one groove, [Ε]ΥΠΟ|[ΡΟ]Υ. Type 3 rim. For further examples of this signature on lamps, see 114 and Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 280, 430, fig. 83:c, d. One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1971-219 (from an equally worn mold but of pale buff clay). 3rd century A.d.

113  (IPL 1970-72) Area East of Temenos Pl. 13 P.L. 0.080; p.W. 0.068; H. 0.036. Three joining fragments preserving handle and about one-third of lamp. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4). From a plaster mold. Disk: fine rays; wide, one flat framing ring around filling-hole and one around disk. Rim: vine of two leaves and two clusters on each side, with tendrils (climbers). Handle: pierced, tip extending almost to base, with three grooves above join and three below. Base: within one groove, trace of two letters, [- - -]ΠΟ[- - -], possibly ΕΥΠΟΡΟΥ (see 114). See Clement 1971, p. 107. Type 3 rim: two leaves and two clusters on each side are intricately entwined with tendrils, a variation not uncommon in Corinth. 113 is from a clear, distinct mold; the leaves with climbers seem to be the closest to real vine leaves of all those found on Corinthian lamps. Parallels: Kenchreai V, p. 55, no. 242, pl. 10 (which should be assigned to Corinth). ̣ ̣ ̣ (see Williams Corinth L-1987-13, signed ΕΥΠ[Ο]|ΡΟΥ and Zervos 1988, p. 131, no. 30, pl. 42). Eight further fragments inventoried, all handles with part of the rim: IPL 1969-12, 1970-85 (three grooves above join and three below), 1970-145, 1971-16 (two grooves above join and one below), 1971-177, 1971-178, 1971-180, and 1972-63. Late 2nd into early 3rd century A.d.

116  (IPL 1977-4 + 1978-34) Roman Bath Pl. 14 P.L. 0.065; p.W. 0.078. Three joining fragments preserving disk and twothirds of rim. Clay with few small cavities and some small white mica, between pink (7.5YR 7/4) and very pale brown (10YR 7/4). From a worn plaster mold. Disk: rays; faint framing ring around filling-hole, wide ring around disk; air-hole. Rim: three leaves and three clusters of grapes on each side, with tendrils making reversing hooks around grapes. Type 4 rim. The round clusters of grapes are not common. The Attic version has four leaves and four clusters (see Agora VII, p. 145, nos. 1470–1472, pl. 28); see discussion above, p. 51. Parallels: Corinth L-1781; Kenchreai V, p. 55, no. 243, pl. 10 (which should be assigned to Corinth). Three further fragments inventoried: IPL 1970-47 (Fig. 4), 1970-53, and 1971-202 (handle fragment with grapes starting close to handle). 3rd century A.d.

114  (IPL 1970-37) Area East Figs. 2, 4; Pl. 14 of Temenos P.L. 0.100; W. 0.079; H. 0.032. Mostly intact; handle mended, nozzle tip missing. Fine, mealy, white clay (2.5Y 8/2). From a slightly worn plaster mold. Disk: rays; one framing ring around filling-hole and one around disk. Rim: vine of two leaves and two clusters on each side, with tendrils. Handle: pierced, extending almost to base, with two grooves above join and two below. Base: within one groove, ΕΥΠΟΡΟ|Υ. Type 3 rim (a simplified version of 113 somewhat reduced in scale). See Clement 1971, p. 107, pl. 87:a, b; Marty Peppers 1979, p. 222, fig. 47:e, f; Wohl 1993, p. 133, fig. 5. For two ray disks with vine rims (i.e., type 2 rims) with the same signature, see Isthmia III, p. 67, nos. 2796, 2797, pls. 11, 30; for the signature alone, see

117  (IPL 1971-69) Area East of Temenos Fig. 4; Pl. 15 Restored L. 0.109 (should be ca 0.105); W. 0.081; H. 0.032. Almost intact; restoration of nozzle tip protrudes too far. Fine clay, at core very pale brown (10YR 7/4), on surface mostly white (10YR 8/2). From a plaster mold; retouched. Disk: deep, with rays; one framing ring around fillinghole, one around disk. Rim: two leaves and two clusters on each side, the former with four distinct concentric divisions and sprouting “whiskers.” Handle: pierced, extending to the base, an incised X at the tip, with two grooves above join and two below. Base: within one groove, ΠΩϹΦΟ|ΡΟΥ. Type 5 rim. See Clement 1972, p. 229, pl. 166:a, b; see also Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 254, 415, fig. 68:b, c. For further discussion and examples of this signature,

92

CATALOGUE

see Corinth IV.2, pp. 94, 311; Bruneau 1971, pp. 458, 466, 483–491, nos. 10, 22, 46–49, figs. 14, 15, 46, 50; Isthmia III, pp. 66 with n. 54, 67, 71, nos. 2801, 2849, pls. 11, 30; Kenchreai V, p. 44, no. 172, pl. 8; Corinth XVIII.2, p. 29, no. 24, pl. 2. Close parallels: Corinth XVIII.2, p. 28, no. 21, pl. 2 (dated to the 3rd century); Corinth L-4255 (signed ΚΑΛΛΙϹΤ|ΟΥ); and Kenchreai V, p. 44, no. 173, pl. 8. Three further fragments inventoried, all of the same rim type: IPL 1969-106, 1971-139, and 1972-35. 3rd century A.d. 118  (IPL 1971-61) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.094; p.W. 0.064; H. 0.031. Three joined fragments preserving ca. one-third of lamp including most of base, handle, and some of top. Fine, hard, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/3), on surface white to light gray (2.5Y 8/2–7/2). From a plaster mold. Disk: rays; one framing ring around filling-hole and one around disk. Rim: two leaves and two clusters on each side; “whiskers.” Handle: pierced, with two grooves above join and two below. Base: within single groove, [ΠΩϹ]ΦΟΡ|ΟΥ. Type 5 rim, retouched in the mold, especially on the clusters of grapes, which rise above the leaves. See Clement 1972, p. 229. For the signature, see 117. Parallels: e.g., Isthmia III, p. 67, no. 2801, pl. 30 (signed ΠΩϹ|ΦΟΡΟ|Υ, not a moldmate); Williams and Zervos 1986, p. 155, no. 18, pl. 32. Eight further fragments inventoried: IPL 1970-59 (see Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 220–221, 223; joins handle IPL 1970-73), 1970-61, 1970-63, 1971-212, 1978-33, 1978-39, 1980-2, and 1980-3. 3rd century A.d. 119  (IPL 1971-55) Area East of Temenos Pl. 15 P.L. 0.090; p.W. 0.077; H. 0.033. Seven fragments preserving ca. two-thirds of top and bottom of lamp, including handle, but most of nozzle missing. Fine, hard clay with some small white mica, between pink and reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/4 –7/6). From a plaster mold. Disk: rays; one framing ring around filling-hole and one around disk; air-hole by nozzle. Rim: two leaves and two clusters of grapes on each side; “whiskers.” Nozzle plate slightly raised. Handle: pierced, extending to base, with two grooves above join and two below. Base: within a single groove, ΚΑΛΛΙ|SΤΟΥ. Type 5 rim. See Clement 1972, p. 230, pl. 166:c, d; Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 267, 424, fig. 77:f, g. Though the sigma is partly broken, it is certain to have been S-shaped and not a lunate sigma. Kenchreai V, p. 46, no. 207, pl. 9, has the same variant. For further examples of this lamp signature, see 121 and Corinth IV.2, pp. 93, 309; Agora VII, p. 232; Bruneau 1971, pp. 456, 461, 481, 494 –501, nos. 8, 13, 14, 15(?), 43, 44, 56, figs. 59, 60; Bruneau 1977, pp. 281–282, no. 72, figs. 35, 36; Isthmia III, p. 71, no. 2854(?), pl. 11; Kenchreai V, p. 46, nos. 201–208, pl. 9. 3rd century A.d.

120  (IPL 1971-6) Area East of Temenos Pl. 16 P.L. 0.084; p.W. 0.077; p.H. 0.032. Fragment preserving greater part of handle, rim, and disk. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4 –8/4). From a plaster mold. Disk: rays; one narrow framing ring around filling-hole and one around disk. Rim: two leaves and two clusters on each side; “whiskers.” Handle: pierced, with two grooves above join and two below, grooves above cut into framing ring; tip lost. Nozzle and handle demarcated by grooves. Type 5 rim. See Marty Peppers 1979, p. 275, n. 33. The rim shows heavy-handed retouching, especially of the sprays of the leaves, as well as of the disk rays. Parallel: Agora VII, p. 94, no. 274, pl. 8. Seven further fragments inventoried: IPL 1969-6 (see Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 281, 431, fig. 84:b), 1969-82, 1971-40, 1971-93, 1978-40, 1994-3, and 2004-22. Second half of 3rd century A.d. 121  (IPL 1971-57) Area East of Temenos Pl. 16 Restored L. 0.112; W. 0.078; H. 0.030. Mended from several pieces; restored at rim, nozzle, side, and base. Fine clay between very pale brown (10YR 7/3) and light gray (2.5Y 7/2). From a plaster mold; heavily retouched. Disk: rays; one narrow framing ring around disk, one worn ring around filling-hole. Rim: three leaves and two clusters on each side. Handle: pierced, not extending to base, but an incised X at the tip, with two grooves above join and two below. Base: within single groove, [ΚΑ]ΛΛ[ΙS]ΤΟ|[Υ]. Variant of a type 5 rim. See Clement 1972, p. 230. This break in the signature is less common, but see Agora VII, p. 97, no. 299, and Bruneau 1971, p. 498, no. 56, pl. 60. For variants of the type 5 rim (five items per half), see above, p. 51. Parallels for the top: Corinth IV.2, p. 190, no. 573 (signed ΠΩϹΦΟ|ΡΟΥ); Isthmia III, p. 67, no. 2800, pl. 30 (signed ΕΥΓΩ|ΔΟΥ). Second half of 3rd century A.d.

Category B-2 122  (IPL 1971-15) Area East of Temenos Fig. 4; Pl. 16 P.L. 0.062; p.W. 0.073. Four joining fragments preserving part of disk and rim. Fine clay shifting from very pale brown (10YR 7/4) to reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6). Disk: fine rays; one framing ring. Rim: tendrils with leaf buds. Handle: broken, pierced, with two grooves above join. Type 6a rim. No exact parallel found, but two lamps from Corinth are close: Corinth IV.2, p. 189, no. 566, pl. XI (a type 6b rim; see pl. XX.) and pp. 80, 189, no. 567, fig. 38:18. A more recently found variant is Williams and Zervos 1985, p. 66, no. 37, pl. 13. First half of 3rd century A.d. 123  (IPL 1971-24) Area East of Temenos Fig. 5; Pl. 16 P.L. 0.101; p.W. 0.064. Two joining fragments preserving about half of top of lamp. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4 –7/4). From a worn plaster mold.



UNGLAZED CORINTHIAN, LATE CORINTHIAN, AND UNUSUAL LAMPS

Disk: fine, worn rays; one wide framing ring around filling-hole and one around disk. Rim: small, tightly knit raised wreath on inner half. Nozzle: raised plate; burn marks. Handle: broken, with two grooves below join. Type 7a rim. The wreath occurs in several related forms, usually covering the greater width of the rim, which may be a later development. See 124, 125, and 154. Close parallel: Waldhauer 1914, p. 61, no. 470, pl. XLIV (signed ϹΙΒΕΡΟ|Υ). The following examples have slightly wider, but firmly knitted wreaths, mostly of the 3rd century (three have panels): Bruneau 1971, pp. 494 –501, no. 56, fig. 59; 1977, p. 273, no. 61, fig. 15; and Kenchreai V, pp. 44, 45, nos. 164, 188, 189, pls. 8, 9. See also Corinth XVIII.2, p. 29, no. 25, pl. 2, and Corinth L-1985-24 (from a context dated after the mid-3rd century). The wreath pattern was to live on for a long time through various metamorphoses, especially on Athenian lamps; see, e.g., Agora VII, pp. 148, 174, nos. 1600 (early 3rd century), 1610 (4th century), 2390 (5th century), pls. 29, 38. Compare also below, 321, 322(?), and see above, pp. 52, 57–58. Two further examples inventoried: IPL 1970-223 and 1971-134. Late 2nd to early 3rd century A.d. 124  (IPL 1978-32) Roman Bath Fig. 5; Pl. 16 P.L. 0.075; p.W. 0.035. Two joining fragments preserving part of disk and rim. Fine clay between pink (7.5YR 7/4) and reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6). From a plaster mold. Disk: plain as preserved; one framing ring. Rim: wreath of raised leaves. Type 7b rim. No exact parallel found, but see 126. First half of 3rd century A.d. 125  (IPL 1970-58) Area East of Temenos P.H. 0.033; Diam. of base 0.032. Many fragments, several joining to preserve majority of lower part of lamp and parts of top; base partially restored. Fine, flaky, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6). Very worn and crumbling surface. Disk: rays. Rim: raised wreath. Handle: extends to base; three grooves on lower (preserved) part. Base: ̣ within one groove, Ε[- - -]ΡΟ|Υ. Close to type 7a rim. See Clement 1971, p. 107; Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 225, 369, fig. 49:d. If the restored letter is a rho, see 113, 114; other possible candidates among known Corinthian lamp makers include Earinos (Corinth IV.2, pp. 96, 308), Epagathos (Corinth IV.2, p. 308; Agora VII, pp. 32, 237; Bruneau 1971, pp. 448, 480, nos. 2, 41, fig. 42; 1977, p. 276, no. 67, figs. 27, 28), and Eugodos (Isthmia III, p. 67, no. 2800, pl. 11). This particular combination of rim and disk is not otherwise recorded in Euporos’s career. 3rd century A.d. 126  (IPL 1971-135) Area East of Temenos Fig. 5; Pl. 17 Max. p.dim. 0.065 × 0.032. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Fine clay between very pale brown (10YR 8/4) and yellow (10YR 8/6).

93

Disk: plain as preserved; part of one filling-hole; one framing ring. Rim: raised clusters of three leaves. Type 7c rim. Many variations are found of rim compositions with raised leaves: a group of three, as here, or of four, as on type 7e rims, or the firmly shaped wreaths above (see 124, 125). Close variations of 126 are Kenchreai V, p. 61, no. 193, pl. 9; Isthmia III, p. 69, no. 2833, pl. 30 (leaves joined by fine tendrils); Corinth XVIII.2, p. 31, no. 34, pl. 3. One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1967-15. 3rd century A.d. 127  (IPL 1971-222) Area East of Temenos Pl. 17 Max. p.dim. 0.047 × 0.024. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Fine, light gray clay (10YR 7/2). Disk: plain as preserved. Rim: raised circles joined by a scalloped pattern; one raised, flat panel impinging on framing ring. Variant of type 7 rim? No exact parallel. Two further fragments inventoried: IPL 1971-108 (alternating large and small roundels) and 1971-201. 3rd century A.d.

Category C 128  (IPL 1971-48) Area East of Temenos Pl. 17 P.L. 0.035; p.W. 0.032. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Fine, hard clay shifting between pink (7.5YR 7/4) and very pale brown (10YR 8/3). From a plaster mold. Disk: lower half of tightly draped, frontal, standing figure, with coiling snake in background; filling-hole at figure’s hip; air-hole between figure’s feet; one framing ring. Rim: plain as preserved. Relief depicts Andromeda chained, with outstretched, fettered arms and a sea monster at her feet. Parallels: Corinth XVIII.2, p. 29, no. 26, pl. 2; Petridis 1992, p. 661, no. 12, fig. 16. For the relationship of the relief to large-scale compositions of the subject, see Roussos 1988, pp. 89–93, and above, p. 36. Late 2nd to early 3rd century A.d. 129  (IPL 1971-36) Area East of Temenos Pl. 17 Max. p.dim. 0.027 × 0.023. Fragment preserving left part of disk. Fine, hard, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4). From a plaster mold. Disk: right arm of standing figure holding an object. The position of the arm has affinities with representations of Artemis Laphria, but the object at the arm (a quiver?), is not identical with fully preserved examples, nor is the customary dog preserved here. For Artemis Laphria, see Bruneau 1977, p. 260, no. 58, fig. 8, and Roussos 1988, pp. 24 –28. 129 may represent a variant of the theme. Later half of 2nd century A.d. 130  (IPL 1971-29) Area East of Temenos Pl. 17 P.L. 0.045; p.W. 0.058. Fragment preserving part of disk, rim, and nozzle. Fine clay between pink (7.5YR 7/4) and very pale brown (10YR 7/4). From a plaster mold.

94

CATALOGUE

Disk: bust of Athena turned left, aegis and hair over shoulder; air-hole punctured, not pierced; one framing ring. Rim: double ovules. Nozzle plate: slightly raised, impinging on framing ring. Type 1 rim. The bust of Athena turned left occurs occasionally on Corinthian lamps, but very frequently on Athenian lamps of the 3rd and 4th centuries (see 231). Parallels: e.g., Corinth IV.2, pp. 190–191, no. 58, pl. XII; Agora VII, p. 93, no. 246, pl. 8; Bailey 1988, p. 405, no. Q3258, pl. 117. An interesting and very early version is Corinth XVIII.2, p. 28, no. 17, pl. 1 (dated to the first half of the 2nd century). For a listing of known Corinthian lamps with a bust of Athena and their relation to Athena Promachos, see Roussos 1988, pp. 28–37. Mid- to second half of 2nd century A.d. 131  (IPL 1971-74) Area East of Temenos Pl. 17 Max. p.dim. 0.035 × 0.026. Fragments preserving part of disk. Fine, hard, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4). From a plaster mold. Disk: draped standing figure, resting left arm on lost object at side. Athena(?), possibly with a Gorgoneion on chest. Mid- to second half of 2nd century A.d.? 132  (IPL 1969-47) Tower 10 Max. p.dim. 0.029 × 0.018. Fragments preserving part of disk. Fine, hard, light gray clay (2.5Y 7/2). Disk: section near nozzle; feet walking right toward a square object (altar?); air-hole; section of one framing ring. Possibly Eros. See 206 and 244. One further fragment inventoried, probably belonging to same lamp: IPL 1969-48 (part of base with tip of handle). 3rd century A.d.? 133  (IPL 1970-78) Hexamilion bastion Pl. 17 P.L. 0.078; p.W. 0.072. Two joining fragments preserving greater part of disk and sections of rim. Fine, very hard, pale brown clay (10YR 7/4). From a plaster mold. Disk: standing Herakles, nude and unbearded, leaning on club in right hand, with lion skin hanging over left arm, outstretched left hand holding apples of the Hesperides; air-hole between his feet; one framing ring. Rim: small ovules. Base of handle (lost) and nozzle plate (mostly lost) impinge on framing ring. Type 1 rim. Parallels: Corinth IV.2, pp. 195–196, nos. 620, 621, pl. XXVII; Bruneau 1971, pp. 448–453, no. 3, figs. 4, 5 (signed ΠΡΕΙΜΟΥ); Alt-Ägina I.2, p. 59, no. 10, pl. 15 (signed ΠΡΕΙΜΟΥ). Herakles’ general popularity as a mythological topic is reflected on many lamps over a long period. See, e.g., the Italian-type lamp 56 (signed by Romanesis) and the Athenian lamp 313. Herakles was especially celebrated on the Peloponnese; he had a cult in Corinth, and possibly even a temple (see above, p. 35 with n. 82; Corinth I.3, pp. 8, 41–44, 66–67; Roux 1958, p. 28). This long period of popularity may explain a certain shift in his iconography on Corinthian lamps. Selec-

tions from the 12 canonical labors are the most commonly represented scenes on Italian-type and Athenian lamps, on a series of Corinthian relief bowls (see Spitzer 1942 and Todisco 1978), as well as on the Herakles reliefs of the Roman Theater in Corinth, where a mixture of canonical and non-canonical exploits is found (see Corinth IX.2, pp. 91–114). However, a few new compositional types emerge on Corinthian lamps of the 2nd and 3rd centuries at the expense of the common mythological deeds. These are clearly derived from sculpture and include a standing, bearded Heracles on a lamp from Albania (Bruneau 1977, pp. 280–281, no. 71, fig. 33) with a possible parallel on a fragment from Corinth (Corinth IV.2, p. 190, no. 580, fig. 113, identified by Broneer as Zeus).133, however, carries an unbearded god, and suggestions for the sculptural model of this form vary. Bruneau (1971, pp. 448–450) prefers the Lysippan statue in Sikyon mentioned by Pausanias (2.9.8); several copies of the Lysippan type have Herakles carrying the apples in his left hand, which might favor this interpretation for the model for the lamp (see Johnson [1927] 1968, p. 202). There was, however, also a work by Skopas in Sikyon (Paus. 2.10.1), in addition to the cult of Herakles in Corinth. For further discussion, see Roussos 1988, pp. 108–114. Late 2nd to early 3rd century A.d. 134  (IPL 1971-47) Area East of Temenos Max. p.dim. 0.025 × 0.015. Fragment of disk. Fine, pink clay (7.5YR 7/4). Disk: preserved is upper, nude male torso, head turned left, left hand holding a club(?), raised right hand holding some other object. Most likely Herakles, a variety of the type appearing on 133. Late 2nd to early 3rd century A.d. 135  (IPL 1969-13 + 1969-104) Tower 10 Pl. 17 P.L. 0.092; p.W. 0.080. Four joining fragments preserving about half of disk, section of rim, and nozzle plate. Fine, hard clay, varying from light olive gray (5Y 6/2) to light gray (2.5Y 7/2). From a plaster mold. Disk: female figure reclining toward left, resting on right arm, lower body draped, feet seen in right field; below body, wavy pattern of billowing drapery; behind the head and shoulder, feathery texture indicated by transverse marks on long strands; filling-hole just above torso; air-hole by nozzle; one framing-ring. Rim: wreath of raised leaves in sunken channel. Nozzle: slightly raised plate impinging on framing ring. Variant of type 7 rim. Disk depicts Leda and the swan. Compare Agora VII, pp. 119–120, no. 781, frontispiece, an oversized Athenian lamp attributed to Preimos. 135 preserves both feet of Leda and the wings of the swan, which are larger and have a different texture than the Athenian example. This first recorded Corinthian lamp with the subject may have been a response to Athenian influences, as the wreath in a sunken channel on the rim suggests (see Agora VII, pp. 23–24). The subject matter is rare on lamps, but not unique, and could also possibly have originated in Corinth in 2nd-century



UNGLAZED CORINTHIAN, LATE CORINTHIAN, AND UNUSUAL LAMPS

examples now lost. For fragmentary disk parallels to 135 (Leda reclining on left side, the swan to the right), see Roussos 1988, figs. 215–217. Variations on the composition exist. See Corinth IV.2, p. 196, no. 625, fig. 220, a fragment showing Leda standing at the right, the swan in the center, and Eros to the left; this variant has Italian predecessors of the mid-1st century (see above, p. 36 with n. 96). 3rd century A.d. 136  (IPL 1980-1) Findspot unknown P.L. 0.110; W. 0.088; H. 0.034. Mended from many fragments; about two-thirds of lamp missing, including almost all of base. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4). From a worn plaster mold. Disk: Poseidon standing toward left, holding trident in his left hand, resting his right foot on prow or rock (only upper torso, left arm, trident, and prow preserved); one framing ring. Rim: small ovules; panels that do not impinge on the framing ring. Handle: pierced, tip ending well above base, with two grooves above join and two below. Base: fragment of one groove. Type 1 rim. Compare Siebert 1966, p. 478, fig. 6 (a reprinted drawing from de Cardaillac 1922, p. 70, fig. 77); Petridis 1992, pp. 656–658, no. 8, fig. 12 (very close to 136); and Kerameikos XVI, p. 89, no. 37, pl. 3 (signed [ΕΥΝΟΜΟ]Υ). See also the discussion of this representation in Agora VII, p. 120, and Kenchreai V, p. 40, n. 51. For later lamps with reliefs of Poseidon walking to the right, see 251. A number of statues of Poseidon are mentioned in Corinth and surroundings: see above, pp. 35–36; Roux 1958, pp. 187–188; ImhoofBlumer and Gardner 1964, pp. 16–17, no. 10, pl. D:LIII; and Roussos 1988, pp. 68–78. Mid-2nd century A.d.? 137  (IPL 1970-25 + 1970-26 + 1970-28 + Pl. 18 1971-64 + 1971-65) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.113; W. 0.085; H. 0.032. Mended from many fragments, partially restored; part of base, side, disk, and nozzle missing. Fine, hard, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4 –7/4). From a plaster mold. Disk: standing Victory, turning left, holding wreath in lifted right hand, palm branch in left, most of draped body missing; air-hole between feet; one narrow raised framing ring. Rim: small ovules interrupted by raised panels. Handle: pierced, tip extending to base, with two grooves above join and two below. Burn marks on raised, partially preserved nozzle plate. Handle, nozzle, and panels impinge upon framing ring. Base: within one groove, ΠΡΕΙΜΟΥ (in large letters). Type 1 rim. See Clement 1972, p. 230. Parallel: Corinth IV.2, p. 193, no. 600, pl. XII (signed ΚΑΛΛΙϹΤΟΥ), which is close but not a moldmate. For further reference to the shop of Preimos, see above, p. 33; Corinth IV.2, pp. 310–311, 334; Siebert 1966, p. 509, no. 19, fig. 26; Bruneau 1971, pp. 448–453, 488–489, nos. 3, 46; Isthmia III, p. 72, no. 2858(?), pl. 11; Kenchreai V, pp. 50–51; Corinth XVIII.2, pp. 30–31, no. 31, pl. 3. Preimos’s signature is found on Corinthian lamps from the later part of 2nd century, but also occurs in Athens from the early 3rd

95

to the early 4th century. The relationship between the two workshops remains uncertain; see Agora VII, pp. 48– 50. For a discussion of a possible link between the workshop of Preimos and lamp production in Patras, see Karivieri 1996, pp. 125–126. The name does not occur on Italian lamps. The motif of a standing Victory was very popular in Roman Imperial art and also occurs with many variations on lamps going back to the earliest types of the 1st century (see 51 and Bailey 1980, pp. 26–28). Victory standing on a globe with a wreath and a palm branch is a possible iconographic predecessor for the Corinthian version, which, however, is simplified, lacking the globe and wings of the reliefs on Italian-type lamps and with the drapery falling around the body. Possible sculptural inspirations may exist for both versions, but cannot be ascertained. Second half of 2nd century A.d. 138  (IPL 1971-20 Pl. 18 + 1971-44) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.077; p.W. 0.057; H. 0.031. Five joining fragments preserving most of center part of disk, section of rim, back wall, base, and complete handle. Fine, reddish yellow clay on interior (5YR 7/6), surface layers very pale brown (10YR 8/4 –7/4). From a plaster mold. Disk: boy (head missing) riding on a dolphin toward right, reins(?) around his shoulders, long object (a flute?) in right hand, part of wing(?) above the tail; filling-hole at upper right; one framing ring. Rim: faint ovules. Handle: pierced, tip not extending to base, with two grooves above join and two below. Base: section of one groove. Type 1 rim. See Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 245, 246, 408, 410, figs. 61:e, 63:e. The motif of a boy (probably Eros) riding a dolphin or driving a team of dolphins was very popular in both the Greek and Roman periods, occurring on a great range of media; see, e.g., LIMC III, 1986, pp. 582–583, nos. 181–192, s.v. Eros (A. Hermary). This representation also appears in widespread parts of the empire: see, e.g., Cunliffe 1971, vol. 1, pl. XLVII, for a mid-2nd century mosaic from southern England. On lamps, the motif occurs already on Italian-type disks, but riding to the left; see Goethert-Polaschek 1985, pp. 195– 196, type M13, pl. 45. Varying compositions are found also on Corinthian lamps: one has a winged boy riding a dolphin to the right (Corinth IV.2, p. 194, no. 606, pl. XXVII), with a similar object (a flute?) in his right hand; Corinth L-1845, a close parallel, also has a depiction of a winged boy riding a dolphin to the right. The same image continues to appear on Attic versions, e.g., Kerameikos XVI, pp. 23–24, nos. 723–742, pl. 18 (riding toward left), and Bassett 1903, p. 344, no. 5, pl. XIV (riding toward right). Late 2nd into 3rd century A.d.? 139  (IPL 1970-24) Area East of Temenos Pl. 18 P.L. 0.087; p.W. 0.086. Two joining fragments preserving most of disk, rim, and nozzle plate. Fine, hard, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4 –7/4). From a plaster mold.

96

CATALOGUE

Disk: gladiatorial scene, including secutor kneeling at left, equipped with galerus (cap), sword, and shield, and retiarius at right, striding with dagger and trident; part of filling-hole between legs of retiarius. Rim: small ovules interrupted by panels. Nozzle: raised plate; burn marks. Rim, nozzle plate and front end of (lost) handle impinge on flat framing ring. Type 1 rim. See Clement 1971, p. 106, pl. 84:b. Parallels: Corinth IV.2, pp. 197–198, nos. 635, 636, pl. XXVII, and the discussion at pp. 101–102; Grant 1971, fig. 33, bottom left (a complete Corinthian copy [and possible moldmate; a signature is not reported] in the Museo Nazionale Romano in Rome); Wollmann 1917, pp. 166– 167, fig. 21 (probably a local German copy). All sorts of gladiators were common on Roman lamps from Italy and account for the majority of figured disks at Imperial sites with military settlements (see above, p. 8, n. 26; Bailey 1980, pp. 51–55; and Leibundgut 1977, pp. 190–191). The secutor on 139 has the dagger in his left hand, an arrangement found only occasionally (see, e.g., Corinth IV.2, p. 101, with further references); Wollmann (1917, p. 165, n. 1) explains that this was done for the sake of the clarity of the visual representation. Robert (1940) provides a more complete documentation of gladiatorial imagery (including lamps) for several other types and for the spread of such games especially to Asia Minor; he subsequently updated this compilation in his publications of 1946, 1948, 1949, 1950, and 1960. Late 2nd to early 3rd century A.d. 140  (IPL 1972-6) Tower 17 Pl. 19 P.L. 0.046; p.W. 0.050. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Fine, hard, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4) partly burned light gray (10YR 7/2). From a plaster mold. Disk: man kneeling left, one foot overlapping into the framing ring, holding leg of missing person to left whose hand grabs the hair of the kneeling man. Rim: small ovules; panel, not impinging on framing ring. Type 1 rim. Relief could represent gladiators or wrestlers. No exact parallel found; see discussion under 139. Late 2nd century A.d. 141  (IPL 1978-42) Roman Bath P.L. 0.032; p.W. 0.035. Fragment preserving part of right-center of disk and rim. Fine, hard clay, smoked pale brown (10YR 6/3); worn. Disk: head of gladiator facing left in helmet with visor and piece of raised weapon seen above head; one framing ring and one inner groove. Rim: small ovules; trace of panel. Type 1 rim. See discussion under 139. Siebert 1966, pp. 474 –476, no. 2, fig. 2, and Wollmann 1917, p. 164, no. 18, are possible general parallels. Late 2nd into early 3rd century A.d. 142  (IPL 1971-62) Area East of Temenos Pl. 19 P.L. 0.087; p.W. 0.060; H. 0.030. Eight joining fragments preserving about half of top, including handle, and small part of side and base. Fine, very light gray clay (2.5Y 7/2). From a worn plaster mold.

Disk: erotic symplegma, nude female seated facing left, holding drapery behind her head and in front of her at left with the legs of a reclining figure in front of her; drapery also in exergue; filling-hole in the lower left field; one framing ring. Rim: small, worn ovules; panels. Handle: pierced, tip not extending to base, with two grooves above join and two below. Handle and panel impinge on framing ring. Base: single groove with no lettering in preserved section; burn marks. Type 1 rim. Parallel: Bailey 1985, p. 105, no. 722, pl. XXI, signed ϹΕΚΟΥΝΔΟΥ, on which the woman wears a diadem. Early 3rd century A.d.? 143  (IPL 1970-183) Area East of Temenos, tunnel Max. p.dim. 0.035 × 0.022. Fragment preserving part of disk. Fine, mealy, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6). Disk: upper torso of draped figure (head missing), reaching left arm toward right, right hand holding object across body; possibly from a symplegma scene. From the western entrance shaft of the tunnel complex. 3rd century A.d. 144  (IPL 1969-4) Tower 10 Pl. 19 Max. p.dim. 0.059 × 0.030. Fragment preserving part of disk. Fine, hard, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4). From a plaster mold. Disk: erotic symplegma, couple resting on bed, both heads on the right, female’s back turned to viewer(?); filling-hole below bed; one framing ring. Parallels: Corinth L-1857 (disk fragment) and Brendel 1970, fig. 38 (Arretine fragment). 3rd century A.d. 145  (IPL 1969-30) Tower 14 Pl. 19 P.L. 0.050; p.W. 0.049. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/3). From a plaster mold. Disk: female(?) nude seated toward left, with drapery over left arm; one flat framing ring. Rim: small ovules; raised, flat panels, not impinging on the framing ring. Type 1 rim. See Marty Peppers 1979, p. 142, fig. 8:f. Late 2nd century A.d. 146  (IPL 1970-48) Area East of Temenos Pl. 19 Max. p.dim. 0.043 × 0.035. Fragment preserving center part of disk. Fine, hard, pink clay (5YR 7/4). Disk: man standing, leaning forward, holding object in raised right hand, left arm reaching out toward object in lower left field; central filling-hole to left of figure. Figure is possibly standing in a chariot, holding a whip(?) in right hand; or object in lower left field is possibly a figure, victim of an act of violence(?). 3rd century A.d. 147  (IPL 1969-53) Tower 10 Pl. 19 P.L. 0.043; p.W. 0.044. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Fine, hard, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4). From a plaster mold.



UNGLAZED CORINTHIAN, LATE CORINTHIAN, AND UNUSUAL LAMPS

97

Disk: draped figure leaning on a staff, by a standing vessel(?); panel impinges on framing-ring. Rim: small, worn ovules. Type 1 rim. 3rd century A.d.

three concentric grooves on the base; see also Corinth L-1985-24, with a shell pattern on the disk and two grooves on the base, from a context dated after the mid-3rd century. Second half of 3rd century A.d.

148  (IPL 1969-67) Tower 10Pl. 19 P.L. 0.066; p.W. 0.049; H. 0.029. Three joining fragments preserving handle, part of rim, disk, and side. Fine, hard, very pale brown clay (between 10YR 8/4 and 7/4). Disk: possibly drapery, wings, or rosette petal; one framing ring. Rim: small, worn ovules. Handle: pierced, tip extending almost to base, with three grooves above join and three below. Base: within three uneven, narrowly spaced shallow grooves, ΦΙΛΟ|[ΜΟΥϹ]Ο|[Υ]. Type 1 rim. See Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 281, 430– 431, figs. 83:e, 84:a. The probable name is Philomousos, a lamp maker otherwise known in Athens (see Agora VII, p. 55, and Karivieri 1996, pp. 141–142). The multiple grooves on the base point to Athenian influence, as do the three grooves on the handle, but the fabric is Corinthian. For the occurrence of this signature in Corinth, see above, p. 32. Late 3rd century A.d.

151  (IPL 1971-32) Area East of Temenos Pl. 19 P.L. 0.057; p.W. 0.043. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Fine, hard, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4). From a plaster mold. Disk: rosette with petals curving counterclockwise; one framing ring. Rim: ovules; panel. Panel and one preserved nozzle plate impinge on framing ring. Type 1 rim. Disks decorated with a rosette derive from Italian types of the 1st century A.d. (see Bailey 1980, p. 86, for variations) and had a long and vigorous life into the 4th and 5th centuries. In the 1st and 2nd centuries, Corinth produced many different versions, several of which survived into the 3rd century (see 152– 154). Individual variations were plentiful (see, e.g., Agora VII, pl. 47:c), and in addition an occasional affinity is found with shell patterns (for the Italian origins of shell disks, see Bailey 1980, p. 85). 151 is possibly a moldmate of Corinth IV.2, p. 204, no. 693, signed ϹΕΚΟΥ[ΝΔΟΥ]; Corinth L-4252, signed ϹΕΒΗΡΟΥ, is close, as is a lamp from Athens signed ΛΕΟΝΤΟϹ (Threpsiades and Vanderpool 1964, p. 35, no. 12, pl. 21). One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1970-89 (the same rim and panel, but with straight radiating petals). Late 2nd to early 3rd century A.d.

149  (IPL 1971-171) Area East of Temenos P.W. 0.029; p.H. 0.045. Fragment of handle and small part of disk and rim. Fine clay close to pale yellow (5Y 8/3). From a plaster mold. Disk: fraction shows trace of relief decoration. Rim: stamped circles flanking handle. Handle: pierced, with two grooves above join and two partway below; at tip (mostly lost), an incised X. Nine further fragments inventoried, the remains on their disks too small or too unclear for identification: IPL 1970-64 (ovule rim), 1970-74 (type 7d rim with panel and wreath; see Fig. 5), 1971-25 (rim with channel), 1971-99 (ovule rim with raised panel), 1971-106 (pierced handle), 1971-260 (a nozzle plate), 1971-275 (rim with tendril in channel; close to Corinth IV.2, p. 189, no. 582), 1972-55 (ovule rim with panel), and 2003-14 (plain[?] rim). Mid-2nd to mid-3rd century A.d. 150  (IPL 1971-49) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.083; p.W. 0.071; H. 0.027. Three joining fragments preserving all of base, part of side, disk, and handle. Lamp is restored, but slightly incorrectly: the radiating tongues should be aligned with cardinal points. Fine, mealy, clay with some small white mica, interior pink (7.5 YR 7/4), exterior very pale brown (10YR 8/4). Disk: large rosette of four shields, with a central square and straight radiating tongues in between the shields; central filling-hole. Rim: linked spirals. Handle: pierced, extending almost to base, with three grooves on lower (preserved) part. Base: within two concentric grooves, ΕΥΠΟΡ[Ο]|Υ (in faded letters). General parallel: Corinth XVIII.2, p. 31, no. 33, pl. 3 (signed ϹΠ[Ω]ϹΙΑΝΟ|Υ), has a related design with four peltae surrounding a diamond; another close variant is Isthmia III, p. 69, no. 2833, pl. 30, which also has

152  (IPL 1970-132) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.076; W. 0.064. Four joining fragments preserving handle, half of rim, small part of disk. Fine, hard, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6). From a plaster mold. Disk: rosette of 10(?) rounded petals; one framing ring. Rim: plain; panels. Handle: pierced, with two grooves above join and two below; tip has incised X. Nozzle: plate marked by incised diagonal line; burn marks. Panels, handle, and nozzle impinge on framing ring. Corinth IV.2, p.  205, no.  697, fig.  138, pl.  XXXI (signed ΠΩϹΦΟ|ΡΟΥ) is a close parallel. Both 152 and IPL 1971-208 are small lamps that have lost some of the modeled characteristics of their forerunners, and their features are instead marked by incision. Four further fragments inventoried: IPL 1969-16 + 1969-17 (includes base fragment with two concentric grooves), 1971-208 (part of disk, rim, and side), 1971213 (rim with panel), and 1971-259 (stamped circle on plain rim). 3rd century A.d. 153  (IPL 1971-220) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.041; p.W. 0.039. Fragment preserving part of disk and handle. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/3). From a plaster mold. Disk: rosette of two overlapping rows of petals, one inner, one outer; one framing ring. Rim: plain; slightly raised panel. The fragment is retouched by incision, as is the best parallel for its form: Corinth IV.2, p. 204, no. 695,

98

CATALOGUE

pl. XII (signed ΠΩϹΦΟΡΟ|Υ); see in addition, e.g., Corinth L-1970-50 (signed ΠΩϹΦΟ|ΡΟΥ). A most interesting lamp, also signed ΠΩϹΦΟΡΟ|Υ, has an incised bell-shaped leaf by the base signature, most probably influenced by 3rd-century Athenian fashions (see Williams and Zervos 1986, p. 154, no. 17, pl. 33). For a similar rosette design, see the base of Agora VII, pp. 119–120, no. 781, pl. 34. The majority of rosette disks (whether double or single rosettes) are combined with a channel-and-panel rim or a plain rim with panels. This tendency is exemplified on, e.g., Agora VII, pp. 94 –95, nos. 275, 282, 283, pls. 8, 9; Corinth IV.2, pp. 204 –205, nos. 691, 695, 697, figs. 137, 138, pl. XII. Two further fragments inventoried, both with double rosettes: IPL 1970-39 and 1978-6. 3rd century A.d. 154  (IPL 1971-103) Roman Bath Pl. 19 P.L. 0.050; p.W. 0.058; p.H. 0.058. Fragment preserving handle and part of rim and disk. Fine, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6) with some small gold mica. Disk: pointed ends of two rosette petals; one framing ring. Rim: wreath of raised leaves. Handle: pierced, with three grooves above join and three below. Type 7e rim. One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1969-124 (rosette[?] disk and rim with leaf and cluster of grapes). Early to mid-3rd century A.d. 155  (IP 3783) Tower 14 Max. p.dim. 0.026 × 0.026. Fragment of disk. Fine, hard, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4 –7/4). From a plaster mold. Disk: pattern of smaller incised branches around central filling-hole and larger branches further out. One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1971-152 (part of disk with similar pattern). 3rd century A.d.? 156  (IPL 1978-19) Roman Bath Max. p.dim. 0.034 × 0.031. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Fine, hard, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4), somewhat lighter on surface. From a plaster mold. Disk: grape vine, partly smeared and flattened; one framing ring. Rim: plain as preserved. Wreaths or tendrils of, e.g., ivy or grape vines are occasionally found on Corinthian disks. General parallels: e.g., Corinth XVIII.2, p. 32, no. 39, pl. 4; Agora VII, pp. 89–90, no. 213, pl. 7 (signed [ΕΠΑΓ]ΑΘΟΥ); and Corinth L-3753, signed by the 3rd-century lamp maker Sposianos. 3rd century A.d. 157  (IPL 1970-22) West Cemetery Max. p.dim. 0.031 × 0.028. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Fine, mealy, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6). Disk: wreath of thin leaf spray; one framing groove. Rim: ovules?

Type 1 rim. For a generally similar example of this wreath shape, see Bailey 1980, p. 175, no. Q925, pl. 17. 2nd century A.d.?

Category D 158  (IPL 1978-13) Roman Bath Pl. 20 P.L. 0.040; p.W. 0.040. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Fine, hard, pale yellow clay (5Y 7/4), on surface almost light gray (5Y 7/2). From a plaster mold. Disk: rosette of pointed petals; one framing ring. Rim: inner half has channel, raised pyramidal panel fully inside channel; outer half plain as preserved. 2nd century A.d. 159  (IPL 1971-59) Area East of Temenos Pl. 20 Max. p.dim. 0.039 × 0.022. Fragment of disk. Fine, hard, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4). From a plaster mold. Disk: frontal bearded Pan wearing headgear with horns; relief lines on inner side of head are probably framing of central filling-hole; one flat framing ring, outside of which was a channel; trace of one panel by head. General compositional parallel: Corinth IV.2, p. 205, no. 702, pl. XII. Masks decorating a plain disk are fairly common and ultimately derived from Italian factory lamps. Often these represent recognizable characters from the theatre, but a bearded, horned Pan, as here, is more unusual (though fitting, as part of the Dionysian circle). Corinth T-1963 (signed ΕΠΑΓΑΘΟΥ) is similar, depicting a bearded Pan on the right side of the disk. A fragmentary disk from Albania shows a bearded, horned Pan also on the right side of the disk (Ugolini 1942, p. 190, no. 49, fig. 195). Two further parallels are found on similar lamps from Italy in 2nd century contexts: one from Porto Recanati (Mercando, Sorda, and Capitanio 1974, p. 168, figs. 26:a, 28) and one from Civitavecchia (Bastianelli 1940, p. 191, fig. 5:f). The relationship of these lamps to Corinthian channel-and-panel lamps such as 159 is puzzling, as their clay and especially their glaze suggest they are local products. They may perhaps lend support to the suggestion that an Italian tradition of channel-and-panel lamps was exported to and continued in Corinth. Mid- to late 2nd century A.d. 160  (IPL 1970-19) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.049; p.W. 0.088; p.H. 0.050. Fragment preserving handle and large part of adjacent rim. Fine, light gray clay (2.5Y 7/2); traces of burning. From a plaster mold. Rim: sunken channel. Handle: pierced, with two grooves above join and two halfway down lower part; projected tip would not have extended to base. Compare Agora VII, p. 93, no. 250, pl. 8. Seven further fragments inventoried: six including the handle, IPL 1971-124, 1971-158, 1971-172, 1971179, 1971-247, and 1978-99; and one including the end of the channel by the nozzle, IPL 1970-222. 2nd century A.d.



UNGLAZED CORINTHIAN, LATE CORINTHIAN, AND UNUSUAL LAMPS

Category E 161  (IPL 1970-119) Area East of Temenos Pl. 20 P.L. 0.057; p.W. 0.044. Fragment preserving most of base from a doublenozzle lamp. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4). From a plaster mold. Base: oblong, within almond-shaped groove; in center, a small impressed circle. For the general type, see Corinth IV.2, p. 283, no. 1434, pl. 21 (only the top preserved). One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1971-254 (large almond-shaped base, one groove). 2nd century A.d.? 162  (IPL 1970-146) Area East of Temenos Pl. 20 P.L. 0.146; p.W. 0.055. Two joining fragments preserving ca. half of lower part of lamp with double nozzles. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4 –7/4). From a plaster mold. Wall preserved up to bend of rim. Nozzles: partially preserved, both with burn marks; diagonal groove of one nozzle plate. Base: within two almond-shaped grooves, trace of letter? Parallel: Isthmia III, p. 71, no. 2849, pl. 11 (within two grooves, signed [Π]ΩϹΦΟ|[Ρ]ΟΥ). 3rd century A.d.? 163  (IPL 1978-11, 1978-12) Roman Bath (a) IPL 1978-11. P.L. 0.072; p.H. 0.039. (b) IPL 1978-12. P.L. 0.046; p.W. 0.013; p.H. 0.019. Two nonjoining fragments preserving parts of nozzle, rim, and side. Fine, hard, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4), somewhat lighter on surface (10YR 8/4). Rim: large ovules, impressed circle by beginning of nozzle. Nozzle: long, rounded, with double volutes continuing down the side as ridges; there was probably a second nozzle. Type 1 rim. Parallels: Isthmia III, p. 71, nos. 2845, 2846, pl. 30, both fragments from an identical type of lamp.  Two wall fragments probably come from the same lamp: IPL 1978-105 and 1978-106. Four further fragments inventoried, all of similarly sized nozzles: IPL 1969-102, 1969-103, 1969-110, and 1970-162. 2nd century A.d. 164  (IPL 1970-124) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.075; p.W. 0.069; p.H. 0.040. Fragment preserving nozzle and front part of large lamp, probably with two nozzles and central handle. Very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4) with some small cavities. Nozzle: long, rounded, with round nozzle plate and air-hole; burn marks; there were probably two nozzles. One framing groove preserved. Base: almond-shaped, not marked off by groove. Compare outline of 162. 3rd century A.d. 165  (IPL 1978-57) Roman Bath Pl. 20 P.L. 0.076; p.W. 0.062; H. 0.034. Eleven joining fragments preserving about two-thirds of a lamp. Fine, hard, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6). From a plaster mold.

99

Disk: plain, with central handle (broken); one wide framing ring. Rim: wide, with double ovules. Nozzle: plate raised but does not extend to the framing ring; there were probably originally two nozzles opposite each other. Base: within one ring, ΕΠ[ΙΚΤΗ]ΤΟ|[Υ]. Type 1 rim. For this signature, see 103. If indeed the next to last letter of the first line is a theta instead of a tau, ΕΠΑΓΑΘΟΥ is a possible candidate; see Corinth IV.2, p. 308, for lamps from his workshop found at Corinth, and Agora VII, p. 237, for those found at Athens. Isthmia III, p. 71, no. 2847, pl. 30, is a general parallel, though its nozzle is flanked by volutes. Agora VII, p. 96, no. 286, pl. 9, has a combination of volutes and round nozzle plate. Early to mid-2nd century A.d. 166  (IPL 1969-126) Area East of Temenos Pl. 20 Max. p.dim. 0.054 × 0.053. Fragment preserving disk and part of rim and nozzle. Fine clay between pink (7.5YR 7/4) and reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6). From a plaster mold. Disk: plain; one wide framing ring; one filling-hole to side of central handle (broken). Rim: small ovules. Nozzle: inner volutes of double-volute nozzle preserved, flanked by stamped circles. Type 1 rim. 165 is a smaller, better-preserved example of a lamp like 166, but with a different nozzle plate. Parallels: Agora VII, p. 96, no. 286, pl. 9; Corinth IV.2, p. 282, no. 1433, pl. 33 (signed [ΟΚΤ]ΑΒΙΟΥ). Three further fragments inventoried: IPL 1971-13, 1971-184, and 1971-258. 2nd century A.d. 167  (IPL 1970-138) Area East of Temenos Pl. 20 Max. p.dim. 0.080 × 0.070. Fragment preserving disk and part of rim. Fine clay, mostly reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) on surface varying between very pale brown (10YR 8/4) and pink (5YR 8/4) due to uneven firing. Disk: plain; one wide framing ring, deeply demarcated; two filling-holes flanking the base for a central loop handle. Rim: plain. One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1970-142 (disk and rim; see Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 232, 401, fig. 54:e). 3rd century A.d. 168  (IPL 1970-186) Area East of Temenos P.H. 0.060. Three joining fragments preserving handle. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4 –7/4). Handle: central, raised loop with two grooves on the loop. For an approximate parallel for the handle, see Corinth IV.2, p. 283, no. 1434, pl. XXI. Five further fragments inventoried, all loop handles dated to the 2nd–3rd century: IPL 1970-137, 1970-198, 1971-292, 1972-50, and 1980-5. 2nd century A.D.? 169  (IPL 1978-56a, b) Roman Bath (a) P.L. 0.077; p.W. 0.070; p.H. 0.023. (b) P.L. 0.033; p.W. 0.036.

100

CATALOGUE

Two nonjoining fragments: fr. a consists of two pieces preserving part of base; fr. b, most of raised nozzle plate with burn marks. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4) with some small cavities and porous surface. Base: plain, within single groove. From an oversized lamp. Found with coin IC 1978-4 (Aurelian, dated A.d. 272–273); see Clement n.d., no. 106. Second half of 3rd century A.d. 170  (IPL 1970-10) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.047; p.W. 0.059; p.H. 0.073; est. Diam. 0.170. Fragment preserving handle and part of adjacent rim. Fine, hard, pink clay (7.5YR 7/4). Rim: plain. Handle: large, pierced, with two grooves above join and none below; tip not preserved. From an oversized lamp. 2nd century A.d.? 171  (IPL 1971-195) Area East of Temenos P.W. 0.075; p.L. 0.062; H. 0.044; est. Diam. 0.160. Three joining fragments preserving raised nozzle plate and adjoining rim and wall down to small section of base. Fine, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6); very pale brown slip (10YR 8/4). Rim: plain. Base: single groove. From an oversized lamp. 2nd century A.d.?

Base Fragments 172  (IPL 1971-56) Area East of Temenos Max. p.dim. 0.046 × 0.035. Fragment preserving part of base and adjacent side. Fine clay, at core pink (7.5YR 7/4), toward surface very pale brown (10YR 7/4). From a plaster mold. ̣ Base: within one groove, [ΑΛΕ]ΞΑΝ|[ΔΡΟ]Υ. See Clement 1972, p. 230. For further examples of this signature, see Agora VII, p. 93, no. 249, pl. 8; Kenchreai V, p. 46, no. 195(?), pl. 9; Williams and Zervos 1986, p. 155, no. 18, pl. 32. Late 2nd to early 3rd century A.d. 173  (IPL 1970-49) Area East of Temenos Pl. 21 P.L. 0.048; p.W. 0.069. Fragment preserving about half of lower part of lamp, including tip of handle. Fine, hard clay, smoked light gray (10YR 7/2). From a plaster mold. Handle: incised X at bottom, which extends to the groove on base. Base: within single groove, ΕΠΙΤΥΝ| ΧΑΝΟΥ. See Clement 1971, p. 107, pl. 84:c; Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 223, 395, fig. 48:f. Further examples of this signature are found in, e.g., Corinth IV.2, p. 204, no. 691, fig. 137; Bruneau 1971, pp. 480–481, no. 42, fig. 43; 1977, pp. 280–281, no. 71, figs. 33, 34; Isthmia III, p. 69, no. 2833, pls. 11, 30; Agora VII, p. 97, no. 296, pl. 9; and Kenchreai V, p. 46, no. 196. In all of these examples, however, the letter division falls after the chi (except at Kenchreai, where the break is not preserved, and the example cited from Bruneau 1977, which has the same division as 173). 3rd century A.d.

174  (IPL 1971-54) Area East of Temenos Pl. 21 P.L. 0.054; P.W. 0.062. Two joining fragments preserving two-thirds of base and lower part of lamp. Fine, hard clay, between very pale brown (10YR 7/4) and yellow (10YR 7/6). From a plaster mold. Base: within a single groove, [ΚΑΛΛΙ]|SΤΟΥ. For other examples from this prolific workshop, see Corinth IV.2, pp. 93, 309 (and many more found at Corinth since 1930); Isthmia III has only one potential fragment: p. 71, no. 2854; Agora VII, p. 8; Kenchreai V, p. 46; n. 207, pl. 9, which also uses a Latin S. One further fragment inventoried, with the same signature within a single groove on the base: IPL 1970-194 (signed [ΚΑ]ΛΛΙ|[SΤΟΥ]). 3rd century A.d. 175  (IPL 1993-11) Area East of Temenos Max. p.dim. 0.037 × 0.066. Fragment preserving part of base. Fine, pink clay (5YR 8/3). ̣ - -]; possibly from Base: within single groove, ΛΕΟ[the shop of Leonteos. From a dump? One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1993-13 (signed Λ[- - -]). 3rd century A.d.? 176  (IPL 1971-18) Area East of Temenos Max. p.dim. 0.031 × 0.026. Fragment preserving part of base. Fine clay, smoked light gray (2.5Y 7/2) and light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2). From a plaster mold. ̣ Base: within single groove, [ΛΟΥ]ΚΙΟΥ. See Clement 1972, p. 229 (where, however, the signature [ΛΟΥ]ΚΙΟΝ is reported). If the first readable letter is a kappa, which seems likely, Loukios is a probable candidate. This prolific workshop started early in the 2nd century and produced lamps through the 3rd (see Morizio 1980, pp. 137–138). For further examples of lamps with this signature, see Corinth IV.2, pp. 93, 97, 390; Agora VII, p. 232 and, e.g., p. 93, no. 253, pl. 8; Isthmia III, pp. 65–66, n. 54; Bruneau 1977, pp. 258–261, 288–291, nos. 57, 58, 79, figs. 6–8, 47. Other possibilities are ΜΙΝΙΚΙΟΥ (Siebert 1966, pp.  489–490, no.  10, fig. 14), ΑΛΕΚΙΟΥ (Bruneau 1977, p. 273, no. 62, figs. 18, 19), or ΜΑΙΚΙ[Ο]Υ (Corinth IV.2, p. 209, no. 750); all names, however, are rarer than Loukios. 2nd to 3rd century A.d.? 177  (IPL 1970-27) Area East of Temenos Pl. 21 Diam. of base 0.042; max. p.dim. 0.051 × 0.038. Two joining fragments preserving larger part of base and some of side. Fine, hard, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4). From a plaster mold. Base: within single groove, ΟΚΤΑΒΙΟΥ. See Clement 1971, p. 106, pl. 84:c. For further references to lamps from this workshop, see Corinth IV.2, pp. 97, 117, and 310; Agora VII, p. 94, no. 274; Siebert 1966, pp. 474  –476, 509–513, nos. 2, 20, figs. 2, 27; Morizio 1980, pp. 138–140; Kenchreai V, p. 46, no. 209;



UNGLAZED CORINTHIAN, LATE CORINTHIAN, AND UNUSUAL LAMPS

Corinth XVIII.2, p. 29, no. 23, pl. 2 (with the variant spelling of ΟΤΡΛΒΙ|ΟΥ). Two further examples inventoried: IPL 1969-66 ̣ (signed [ΟΚ]ΤΑΒΙΟ|Υ) and 1971-42 (signed [ΟΚΤ] ΑΒ|[ΙΟ]Υ; see Clement 1972, p. 229). Both, however, are later than 177. 2nd to 3rd century A.d. 178  (IPL 1971-67) Area East of Temenos Pl. 21 P.L. 0.040; p.W. 0.030. Fragment preserving part of base. Fine clay between very pale brown (10YR 7/4) and yellow (10YR 7/6). Base: within single groove, [ΠΟΝΠ]ΗΙΑΝΟΥ. For a rare example of this signature, see Siebert 1966, pp. 493–495, no. 13, fig. 18 (also mentioned in Agora VII, p. 91, under no. 230). Late 2nd to early 3rd century A.d. 179  (IPL 1971-28) Area East of Temenos Max. p.dim. 0.024 × 0.020. Fragment preserving part of base. Fine, hard, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/3–7/4). ̣ Base: preserved letters read ΠΡΕ[ΙΜΟΥ] in clear, elegant letters. See Clement 1972, p. 230. For the long duration of this signature, see 137. Two further fragments inventoried: IPL 1994-1 and 1995-3, both with a fragmentary signature, [- - -]ΜΟΥ, which may be the same name. 2nd century A.d. 180  (IPL 1971-7) Area East of Temenos Pl. 21 P.L. 0.056; p.W. 0.044. Fragment preserving part of base. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4). From a plaster mold. Base: within one groove, [Π]ΩϹΦΟΡΟ|Υ. Two further fragments inventoried: IPL 1971-58 ̣ ̣ ̣ (signed [ΠΩϹ]ΦΟ|[ΡΟΥ]) and 1978-101 (signed [Π]ΩϹ| [ΦΟ]ΡΟΥ). 3rd century A.d. 181  (IP 3739) Northeast Gate Pl. 21 Max. p.dim. 0.031 × 0.018. Fragment preserving part of base. Fine, hard, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4). Base: within small part of groove, [ϹΕΚ]ΟΥΝ|[Δ]ΟΥ Compare Corinth IV.2, pp. 89, 97, 311; Agora VII, pp. 8, 51, 92, 98, nos. 239 (with additional references), 309; Isthmia III, p. 71, no. 2843(?), pls. 8, 30. 3rd century A.d. 182  (IPL 1971-51) Area East of Temenos Max. p.dim. 0.038 × 0.025. Fragment of base. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4). Base: careful, large letters preserving [- - -]ΟΥΠ̣ [- - -]; possibly ΠΟΥΠΛΙΟΥ. 2nd to 3rd century A.d. 183  (IPL 1971-70) Area East of Temenos Max. p.dim. 0.053 × 0.036.

101

Fragments preserving side and base. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4). Handle: very tip preserved, not extending to base. Base: within single groove, single letter Υ. Two further fragments inventoried, both with the same letter: IPL 1969-109 and 1971-91. A legible single Ο is found on three additional inventoried fragments: IPL 1978-7, 1980-40, and 1993-12 (with two additional, illegible letters); all are of the 2nd or 3rd century A.d.(?). 2nd to 3rd century A.d.? 184  (IPL 1971-89) Area East of Temenos Max. p.dim. 0.040 × 0.040. Fragment preserving part of base. Fine, pale brown clay (close to 2.5Y 7/4). Base: within a single groove, plain? Five further fragments inventoried: IPL 1971-136, 1971-142, 1971-207, 1977-9, and 1995-1. 3rd century A.d.?

Rim Fragments 185  (IPL 1971-248) Area East of Temenos P.W. 0.070; p.H. 0.057. Two joining fragments preserving handle, rim, and adjoining side. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4). Rim: plain, except two small stamped circles flanking handle; one framing ring toward disk. Handle: pierced, with two grooves above join and two below, but only on upper half of lower section; at tip (ending well above base), a stamped circle. Ten further fragments inventoried, all without stamped circles: eight probably of the 2nd and into the early 3rd century, IPL 1970-169, 1970-180, 1971-119, 1971-128, 1971-137, 1971-245, 1971-255, and 1971-261; and two of the 3rd century, IPL 1971-112 and 1971-164. 2nd into 3rd century A.d. 186  (IPL 1971-169) Area East of Temenos P.W. 0.053; p.H. 0.049. Fragment preserving handle and part of rim. Fine, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6); very pale brown slip (10YR 8/4). From a plaster mold. Rim: wide, with stamped circle next to handle, section of incision probably from a pattern of oblique leaves. Handle: pierced, with two grooves above join and two below; tip not preserved. If the rim does have a leaf stamp, Corinth IV.2, p. 187, no. 548, fig. 110, is good parallel. First half of 2nd century A.d. 187  (IPL 1971-41) Area East of Temenos Fig. 4 P.L. 0.074; p.W. 0.057; p.H. 0.027. Fragment preserving handle, adjoining side, and rim. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4). From a plaster mold. Rim: wide, with large, clear double ovules and double stamped circles by handle; one framing ring. Handle: pierced, with two grooves above join and two below; tip not preserved. Type 1 rim. Close to Corinth IV.2, p. 188, no. 556, pl. XI.

102

CATALOGUE

Two further fragments inventoried, both very similar to 187: IPL 1971-113 and 1971-159. First half of 2nd century A.d. 188  (IPL 1971-115) Area East of Temenos P.W. 0.070; p.H. 0.049. Fragment preserving handle, adjoining side, and rim. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4). From a plaster mold. Rim: wide, with small, clear ovules. Handle: pierced, with two grooves above join and two below; tip ends well above (projected) base. Thirteen further fragments inventoried, all with similar handles and ovules (though the latter are not always as clear) and dated to the mid-2nd through mid-3rd century: IPL 1969-100, 1970-189, 1971-105, 1971-138, 1971-140, 1971-156, 1971-163, 1971-166, 1971-167, 1971168 (no grooves on lower part of handle), 1971-170, 1971-210, and 1971-211. 2nd century A.d. 189  (IPL 1971-203) Area East of Temenos Max. p.dim. 0.054 × 0.036. Fragment preserving nozzle plate and part of rim. Very fine, pale brown clay (10YR 8/4). From a plaster mold. Rim: small, clear ovules. Nozzle plate raised. Type 1 rim. Four further fragments inventoried: two with large double ovules, IPL 1969-51 and 1971-26; and two without, IPL 1971-249 and 1978-8. 2nd century A.d. 190  (IPL 1970-67) Area East of Temenos Max. p.dim. 0.043 × 0.028. Fragment preserving small part of rim and disk. Fine, light gray clay (5Y 7/2). From a plaster mold. Disk: plain as preserved; filling-hole. Rim: mediumsized double ovules (cf. Fig. 4, type 1 rim); panel slightly impinging on framing ring. Twelve further fragments inventoried: three with panels not impinging on framing ring, IPL 1970-5, 1971-185, and 1971-206; and nine with small ovules on rim and no panels preserved, IPL 1969-52, 1969-57, 1970-172, 1970-202, 1971-120, 1971-131, 1971-153, 1971251, and 1978-27. Late 2nd to mid-3rd century A.d.? 191  (IPL 1970-179) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.026; p.W. 0.029; p.H. 0.044. Fragment preserving part of handle, adjacent side, and rim. Fine, light gray clay (2.5Y 7/2). Rim: sunken channel with fragment of fine, spiraling tendril. Handle: pierced, thin, short, with two grooves above join and two below. No exact parallel to the rim found, though Corinth IV.2, pp. 190–191, no. 582, pl. XII, has a delicate tendril pattern in the channel that is very similar to 191; see also Bruneau 1971, p. 496, no. 58, fig. 59; 1977, p. 271, no. 61, fig. 15 (both with a wreath). A decorated channel became a feature on Athenian lamps only in the 3rd and 4th centuries (see, e.g., Agora VII, pl. 51:4, 7). 2nd century A.d.

192  (IPL 1978-103) Roman Bath Max. p.dim. 0.049 × 0.014. Small fragment preserving part of rim. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4). Rim: small, tightly placed globules; one framing ring. An early Corinthian imitation of an Athenian type; see 268. Compare the rims of Kenchreai V, p. 42, no. 153, pl. 7, which is earlier, and Corinth L-1859 (two rows of globules on the rim). Late 2nd into early 3rd century A.d.?

Handle Fragments 193  (IPL 1971-110) Area East of Temenos P.W. 0.046; p.H. 0.051. Fragment preserving handle. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4). From a plaster mold. Handle: pierced, with two grooves above join and two below. Careless trim of join between upper and lower half. Thirty-five further fragments inventoried: IP 3804, 3805, IPL 1969-29, 1969-65, 1969-77, 1970-13, 1970-30 (no grooves on lower part), 1970-34, 1970-43, 1970-44, 1970-46, 1970-52, 1970-55, 1970-81, 1970-84, 1970-104, 1970-126, 1970-175, 1970-178, 1971-104, 1971-109, 1971125, 1971-126, 1971-143, 1971-144, 1971-157, 1971-162, 1971-174, 1971-175, 1971-253, 1972-48 (no grooves on lower part), 1972-54, 1972-57, 1978-28, and 1993-1. 3rd century A.d. 194  (IPL 1971-252) Area East of Temenos P.W. 0.019; p.H. 0.025. Fragment of upper part of handle. Fine, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6). From a plaster mold. Handle: pierced, well made, with two grooves. Fourteen further fragments inventoried, all dating to the late 2nd and into the 3rd century: IPL 1969-87, 1970-65, 1971-111, 1971-122, 1971-123, 1971-161, 1971183, 1971-191, 1971-192, 1971-204, 1972-51, 1978-9, 1978-100, and 1978-107. Late 2nd into 3rd century A.d. 195  (IPL 1971-160) Area East of Temenos P.W. 0.040; p.H. 0.038. Fragments preserving lower part of handle. Fine, hard clay between very pale brown (10YR 8/3) and pale yellow (2.5Y 8/4). From a plaster mold. Handle: pierced, with two grooves. Twenty-nine further fragments inventoried: IPL 196714, 1969-7 (three grooves), 1969-14, 1969-120, 1970-9, 1970-21, 1970-54, 1970-57, 1970-62, 1970-66, 1970-91, 1970-99, 1970-111, 1970-127, 1970-141, 1970-151, 1970154, 1970-224, 1971-107, 1971-116 (no grooves), 1971127, 1971-141 (see Marty Peppers, pp. 232, 401, fig. 54:g), 1971-190, 1971-209, 1971-218, 1972-56 (no grooves), 1972-65, 1978-104, and 1980-4. Mid-2nd to mid-3rd century A.d.

Nozzle Fragments 196  (IPL 1970-32) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.029; p.W. 0.035; p.H. 0.021. Fragment preserving front part of nozzle with nozzle plate. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4); burn marks. No further diagnostic features remaining.



UNGLAZED CORINTHIAN, LATE CORINTHIAN, AND UNUSUAL LAMPS

103

Nineteen further fragments inventoried: IPL 196925, 1969-54, 1969-68, 1969-108, 1970-71, 1970-120, 1970125, 1970-149 (see Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 232, 401, fig. 54:h), 1971-114, 1971-121, 1971-132, 1971-181, 1971186, 1971-187, 1971-223, 1971-246, 1971-256, 1976-57, and 1978-102. 2nd to 3rd century A.d.

8/4) with many small surface cavities. From a worn mold. Rim: outer band plain; inner band raised, plain as preserved. Handle: pierced, with three grooves above join, one groove below, and three oblique cross-hatchings at bottom. Late 3rd into 4th century A.d.

Wall Fragment

202  (IPL 1971-193) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.046; p.W. 0.040. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Fine, hard, pink clay (between 7.5YR 8/4 and 7/4), in part smoked light gray (10YR 7/2); matte glaze varying from light brown (7.5YR 6/4) to brown (7.5YR 5/4). Possibly not of Corinthian clay. Disk: rosette of double petals with rounded ends; airhole; one framing ring. Rim: plain as preserved. Nozzle: raised plate, not impinging on framing ring; burn marks. Late 3rd to early 4th century A.d.?

197  (IPL 1971-189) Area East of Temenos Max. p.dim. 0.050 × 0.022. Fragment of side and edge of rim. Fine, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6). No further diagnostic features. Five further similar fragments inventoried: IPL 197082, 1970-225, 1971-182, 1971-205, and 1978-108. 2nd to 3rd century A.d.

Late Corinthian Lamps (Post-Broneer Type XXVII) Lamps Imitating Broneer Type XXVII 198  (IPL 2004-21) Roman Bath Max. p.dim. 0.050 × 0.034. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Handle broken in center of rim. Coarse clay between light red (2.5YR 6/6) and pink (5YR 7/4); burn marks. Disk: rays. Rim: ovules. Broneer type XXVII, category A. 3rd into 4th century A.d. 199  (IPL 1971-17) Area East of Temenos Pl. 22 P.L. 0.066; p.W. 0.066. Fragment preserving disk, part of rim, and nozzle. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4) with several small cavities and few pieces of white mica; light red glaze (10R 6/8) preserved only in spots. Disk: faint rays; one framing ring with unclear incised pattern. Rim: inner part with leaf and cluster, badly retouched; outer part plain(?); air-hole. Nozzle: diagonal grooves. Possibly derived from type 5 rims. A general parallel, less heavily retouched, but also glazed: Corinth IV.2, p. 190, no. 578. Ten further fragments inventoried, mostly too unclear to assign to a specific vine-rim type: IPL 1971-10, 1971-39, 1978-96, 1978-112, 1980-18, 2003-2, 2003-25, 2003-31, 2004-10, and 2004-18. Late 3rd into 4th century A.d. 200  (IPL 1980-20) Roman Bath Max. p.dim. 0.040 × 0.019. Fragment of disk and rim, both worn. Very pale brown clay (10YR 8/3). Disk: plain(?); one framing ring. Rim: wreath. From the South Deposit. Three further fragments inventoried from the same location: IPL 2003-3, 2003-23, and 2003-33. Late 3rd century A.d.? 201  (IPL 1978-29) Roman Bath P.L. 0.031; p.W. 0.054; p.H. with handle 0.047. Several joining fragments preserving handle and part of adjacent rim. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR

203  (IPL 1978-95) Roman Bath Fig. 2; Pl. 22 L. 0.107; W. 0.085; H. 0.035. Mended from several fragments; part of base, rim, and disk missing. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/3– 8/4); thin, mostly pink glaze (7.5YR 7/4). From a plaster mold; heavily retouched. Disk: draped standing Tyche, cornucopia in left hand, steering oar in right; large palm leaf in right lower field; filling-hole above palm leaf; one framing ring with air-hole. Rim: plain; plain panels. Nozzle marked by grooves. Handle: pierced, with two grooves above join and two below. Nozzle, panels, and handle cover the framing groove. Base: within one groove, ΖΩ|ϹΙ[Μ|Ο]Υ. From the South Deposit. The signature is found in the alternate forms ΖΩϹΙΜΑϹ and ΖΩϹΙΜΟΥ with a unique direction of the signature from the handle to the nozzle (see Corinth IV.2, p. 308; Petridis 1992, p. 651, no. 1); ΖΩϹΕΙ|ΜΑ also appears (see Corinth L-2650). See too Agora VII, p. 97, no. 298, pl. 9, where the form of the name is uncertain; p. 115, no. 725, pl. 34 (signed ΖΩϹΙ|ΜΟΥ), is an Attic lamp (dated A.d. 200–250), however, close to the Corinthian tradition. The form ΖΩϹΑ is found on a Corinthian lamp now in Athens (National Archaeological Museum 3151) probably dating to after the mid-3rd century, as an Athenian-inspired relief leaf is seen at the bottom of the handle. If this is a variant of the same name, the production of this trademark spans over a very long time, from the early 2nd century to early 4th century. The dating of late glazed type XXVII lamps to the turn of the 3rd into the 4th century is affirmed by, e.g., Corinth pit 1966-1 (see Corinth XVIII.2, p. 17, n. 54). Close disk parallels: Corinth IV.2, p. 193, nos. 601, 602, fig. 116 (both glazed Corinthian fragments); Agora VII, p. 98, no. 319, pl. 9 (a fragment with glaze the same color as 203). The Isthmian lamp is the latest and most crudely retouched of the three. See also Goldman 1950, p. 132, no. 456, fig. 113. Bruneau 1971, p. 482, no. 45, figs. 44, 45, is a similar lamp, glazed, worn, and less retouched; it is signed [ΜΑ]ΡΚΙΑΝ|[Ο]Υ, as is Corinth IV.2, p. 191, no. 583, pl. XXX (a glazed Late Corinthian lamp). See the discussion of the name in Walter 1958,

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CATALOGUE

p. 64 (fig. 52:e is an unglazed lamp with Tyche also signed by Markianos, possibly a local copy). See also Corinth XVIII.2, p. 17. The figure of a standing Tyche with cornucopia and oar is documented from the late Hellenistic period on, and was reproduced in various art forms, even gems (see Henig 1994, pp. 156–157, nos. 325–326). It appears on lamps in the earliest repertory of Corinthian unglazed products (see, e.g., Bruneau 1971, p. 491, no. 50, fig. 51; Corinth T-1916, published in Edwards 1990, p. 534, pl. 83:b). About A.d. 300, however, the aforementioned group of Late Corinthian glazed lamps of Tyche were made, possibly indicating a renewed interest in her cult. In the Imperial period, Corinth had a temple to Tyche (see Paus. 2.2.8 and Corinth I.3, pp. 64– 73, fig. 45). For more recent considerations of this temple and the related statues, see Williams and Fischer 1975 and Edwards 1990. Possible sculptural models for this disk composition are discussed in Roussos 1988, pp. 76–80. Late 3rd into early 4th century A.d. 204  (IPL 1978-168a, b) Roman Bath (a) Max. p.dim. 0.034 × 0.025. (b) Max. p.dim. 0.020 × 0.022. Two nonjoining fragments: fr. a preserves part of rim; fr. b, nozzle. Mealy, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4). Rim: plain; raised, plain panel. Nozzle: burn marks. From the South Deposit. One further example inventoried from the same location: IPL 1978-109a, b (two nonjoining fragments of a nozzle and a wall). Late 3rd into early 4th century A.d. 205  (IPL 1971-263) Area East of Temenos Pl. 22 P.W. 0.052; p.H. 0.031. Fragment of rim and handle; sections very poorly joined. Very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4) with few black inclusions and many cavities. Rim: indistinguishable pattern (globules?). Handle: narrow, solid, with three grooves above join and two below. Twelve further handle fragments inventoried, some with two grooves, some with three; several are also poorly joined: IPL 1970-136, 1970-167, 1970-176, 1971-155, 1971-230, 1971-231, 1971-234, 1971-238, 1972-66, 1978165, 1978-188, and 1980-7. Late 3rd into early 4th century A.d.

Lamps Imitating the Athenian Tradition of Broneer Type XXVIII 206  (IPL 1970-170) Area Pl. 23 East of Temenos, tunnel P.L. 0.097; W. 0.083; H. 0.031. Mended, part of nozzle and back side missing. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/3) with many small cavities. From a worn mold. Disk: winged Eros walking right with torch in right hand and patera in left; filling-hole in center right field; one framing ring. Rim: plain; slightly raised panels. Handle: solid, sections unevenly joined, with three grooves above join and two below. Nozzle: diagonal lines; slightly raised plate. Base: two closely spaced concentric circles.

From the eastern entrance shaft of the tunnel complex. See Clement 1971, p. 108; Wohl 2005, p. 212, n. 11. For the Athenian model behind this Corinth imitation, see Agora VII, p. 115, nos. 730–732, pl. 16. An Athenian parallel to this lamp, imported to Corinth, was found at the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore: see Corinth XVIII.2, p. 32, no. 40, fig. 2, pl. 4. For the development of Eros figures on Athenian lamps, see 240. Late 3rd into early 4th century A.d. 207  (IPL 1970-164) Area East of Temenos, tunnel P.L. 0.085; p.W. 0.059. Two joining fragments preserving part of disk, rim, and handle. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/3), in part pink at core (5YR 8/4), with many small cavities. From a worn mold. Disk: Eros advancing left, playing double flute, with drapery on right; central filling-hole; air-hole by feet of figure; one framing ring. Rim: plain; raised panels. Handle: pierced (mostly lost). See Clement 1971, p. 108; Wohl 2005, p. 212, n. 8. For an earlier Corinthian example with a similar composition, see Corinth IV.2, p. 195, no. 616, pls. XXVII, XXX (signed ΠΩϹΦ[ΟΡΟ]|Υ). The model for the present composition comes from Athens; see the Athenian lamp 243. Late 3rd into early 4th century A.d. 208  (IPL 1970-155) Area Pl. 23 East of Temenos, tunnel P.L. 0.091; p.W. 0.075; p.H. 0.029. Several joined fragments preserving all but nozzle, parts of side, rim, and disk. Fine, white clay on surface (close to 2.5YR 8/2), at core pink (7.5YR 8/4); burn marks. From a very worn mold. Disk: panther toward right with forepaw on altar(?); one framing ring(?). Rim: guilloche(?) within grooves. Handle: pierced, with two grooves above join and none below. Base: slightly concave, no distinguishable grooves. From the western entrance area of the tunnel complex. No exact parallel found, but image is Dionysian. An example from the Athenian Agora, L 5694, is a fragmentary Corinthian lamp of the 2nd century with a very crisp relief of a panther or lioness facing right, the far front paw resting on an object; it may be an earlier model for 208. For the common Athenian lamp theme of a panther and krater, which, however, depicts the panther turned left, see 316. 4th century A.d. 209  (IPL 1978-51) Roman Bath Max. p.dim. 0.045 × 0.043. Three joining fragments preserving part of disk and rim. Soft, pink clay (7.5YR 7/4); partially burned. Worn. Disk: ship under sail toward right, showing part of ship with stern and rudder; one framing ring. Rim: worn pattern (wreath?). From the South Deposit. For Athenian examples providing models for this motif, see 252 (with further references) and 253; see also Corinth XVIII.2, no. 43, pp. 32–33, pl. 4. All three are fragmentary; the last is Attic or possibly Corinthian. Late 3rd into early 4th century A.d.?



UNGLAZED CORINTHIAN, LATE CORINTHIAN, AND UNUSUAL LAMPS

210  (IPL 1980-34, 1980-49a, b, c) Roman Bath (a) IPL 1980-34. Max. p.dim. 0.037 × 0.028. (b) IPL 1980-49a. Max. p.dim. 0.034 × 0.029. (c) IPL 1980-49b. Max. p.dim. 0.018 × 0.014. (d) IPL 1980-49c. P.W. 0.020. Several nonjoining fragments: fr. a preserves part of disk; fr. b, base; fr. c, part of disk; fr. d, edge of nozzle. Very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4). Disk: frontal bestiarius with animal, whip in right hand; one framing ring. Rim: unclear decor (possibly tendrils), pattern similar to Corinth IV.2, p. 103, fig. 48:5 (though 210 has no channel). Base: part of one raised ring. From the South Deposit. See 233 for a pre-glazing Athenian example of this motif with further references. Late 4th into early 5th century A.d. 211  (IPL 1978-94) Roman Bath Pl. 23 P.L. 0.070; W. 0.069; H. 0.031. Three joining fragments preserving handle, most of disk and rim, and part of base. Flaking, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4). Disk: frontal horseman, spear in his left hand, bridle in right; filling-hole by horse’s head; one framing ring. Rim: one row of large globules; panels defined by two parallel raised lines. Handle: solid, with two grooves above join and two below. Base: one groove. From the South Deposit. Relief depicts one of the Dioskouroi. The subject matter was popular on Athenian lamps from the 3rd century on, and is connected particularly with the signatures of Preimos and Eutyches. The greatest number comes from the Kerameikos: see Kerameikos XVI, pp. 106–107, nos. 355–378, pls. 10, 11. For representations on other art forms, see Agora VII, p. 114 (“The representation is not known on Attic lamps before the second half of the 3rd century”). Bovon (1966, p. 49, no. 260) lists the then-known Attic and Corinthian lamps of the 2nd and 3rd centuries with the motif of one dismounted horseman, to which Bailey 1988, p. 249, no. Q2039 (a lamp from Egypt dated to A.d. 150–250), should be added. The list can be further augmented. For Italian-type lamps with the motif from southern Russia, North Africa, and Egypt, probably local imitations, see, respectively, Waldhauer 1914, p. 39, no. 210, pl. XX; Doublet and Gauckler 1893, p. 57, no. 4; and Oswald 1936–1937, p. 13. no. 59, pl. IV. The myth, however, also had a vigorous Italian life. Cicero (Nat. D. 2.6) makes reference to the appearance of the horsemen at the battle of Lake Regillus in the early 5th century B.c. The twins maintained their popularity through the Imperial period, especially as saviors in danger. This aspect is a likely factor in the spread of the motif on lamps during the Imperial period (see LIMC III, 1986, esp. pp. 608–611, fig. 67, s.v. Dioskouroi [F. Gury]). To these examples of Italian lamps with the motif can be added one in Los Angeles from North Africa and signed by M. Novius Justus, J. P. Getty Museum 83.AQ.377.116 (see Manzoni MacDonnell 1984, p. 143, figs. 3, 4; also Bussière and Wohl, forthcoming). The motif also occurs on a large boat-shaped lamp from Knidos (see Bailey 1988, pp. 339–340, no. Q2722, pl. 80). Bailey 1980, p. 350, nos. Q1346, Q1347, pl. 76,

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show the horseman beside the horse. Generally, the Italian-type lamps have a star above the head of the horseman, while on the Greek lamps he wears a pointed bonnet. A discussion of the sculptural background for the lamp compositions is found in Roussos 1988, pp. 93–100. The closest parallel to the disk of 211 is Corinth IV.2, p. 254, no. 1177, pl. XVI, a fragmentary post-glazing lamp signed ΧΙΟΝΗϹ (the signature is recorded in Agora VII, p. 56). The lamp in Corinth is Attic and dates to the very beginning of the 5th century (see Karivieri 1996, pp. 143–144), while 211 is a local Corinthian imitation, probably of the same period. See Kerameikos XVI, pp. 106–107, nos. 369, 370, 374 –376, pl. 11 (with rims with globules and panels) for early models for the lamp imitated here. One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1971-241 (rim fragment). Early 5th century A.d.? 212  (IPL 1969-71) Tower 14 Fig. 2; Pl. 23 P.L. 0.061; p.W. 0.052; p.H. 0.030. Mended from several fragments; ca. one-third of upper and lower sections missing, including nozzle. Thick ware, finely rinsed, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/3). Possibly not Corinthian. Disk: concave, plain; two framing rings. Rim: large raised globules framed by raised framing ring. Handle: knob, broken, with grooves(?). Base: within two grooves, an incised chi-rho monogram. See Clement 1970, p. 164; Marty Peppers 1979, pp. 142, 355–356, figs. 8:g, 9:a. Closest parallel: Corinth L-1978-18 from Temple Hill (from a context of the 4th to 6th century; my thanks to the late Henry Robinson for this information). See also Corinth IV.2, p. 222, nos. 883– 885, fig. 153, pl. XIII, and Argos V, pp. 70–71, no. 480, pl. 12. 5th century A.D.? 213  (IPL 1980-50) Roman Bath Pl. 23 Max. p.dim. 0.042 × 0.038. Fragment preserving most of base and piece of adjoining wall. Soft, mealy, very pale brown clay (10YR  8/4– 7/4). Wall: raised leaf (probably at tip of now lost handle). Base: within wide, raised ring, incised wheel of eight spokes, each ending with small dot. The worn and fragmentary condition makes precise dating difficult. It is a Corinthian imitation of several Athenian lamp features (namely, the leaf at handle base and the wide ring on the base). Several examples of this pattern on the base were found in the Fountain of the Lamps in Corinth, and Garnett (1970, p. 78, no. 29; 1975, pp. 181–182, fig. 1:23)proposed that these bases were a local invention. Late 4th into early 5th century A.d.? 214  (IPL 1980-9, 1980-13a, b) Roman Bath (a) IPL 1980-13a. Max. p.dim. 0.055 × 0.021. (b) IPL 1980-13b. Max. p.dim. 0.056 × 0.037. (c) IPL 1980-9. Max. p.dim. 0.031 × 0.021. Several nonjoining fragments: fr. a preserves nozzle and rim; fr. b, wall and part of base; fr. c, part of disk.

106

CATALOGUE

Soft clay, externally yellowish red (7.5YR 8/6); interior of fr. b darker yellowish red (7.5YR 6/6). Disk: rosette of eight heart-shaped petals; one framing ring. Rim: rows of incised points. Base: one raised ring; interior not preserved. From the South Deposit. A Corinthian copy of an Athenian lamp such as 264. 5th century A.d.? 215  (IPL 1980-46) Roman Bath Pl. 23 P.L. 0.075; p.W. 0.055; p.H. 0.021. Five joining fragments preserving handle and part of top. Mealy, pink clay (7.5YR 8/4), surface very pale brown (10YR 8/3). Disk: slightly oval, with part of rosette formed by raised loops. Rim: raised branch within grooves. Handle: pierced, with two grooves on front part of upper preserved part. From the South Deposit. A Corinthian copy of a late Athenian lamp close to Agora VII, p. 155, no. 1960, pl. 32. Two further fragments inventoried, both disks: IPL 1978-179 and 1978-180. 5th century A.d. 216  (IPL 1970-158) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.087; p.W. 0.069; p.H. 0.035. Three joining fragments preserving part of base, side, and nozzle. Soft clay between white (2.5Y 8/2) and pale yellow (2.5Y 8/3) with many small cavities, at core very pale brown (10YR 8/4); burn marks. From a very worn mold. Rim: vine-and-cluster? Nozzle: diagonal grooves. Base: one wide, slightly raised ring. Late 4th into early 5th century A.d.? 217  (IPL 1972-25) Roman Bath Pl. 23 P.L. 0.074; p.W. 0.061; H. 0.048. Several joining fragments preserving handle and adjacent part of rim, disk, back wall, and part of base. Burned, grayish brown clay (10YR 5/2). Very worn. Disk: part of illegible relief; one framing ring. Rim: plain? Handle: slim, solid, parts poorly joined, with three grooves above join and two below. Base: two circular grooves; possibly trace of one incised, vertical bar of a letter. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 136, no. 46, pl. 36. The burned condition suggests it was a waster(?) and makes parallels difficult to establish. Lamps such as Garnett 1975, p. 192, nos. 9, 10, pl. 43, are possibly close. Early 5th century A.d.? 218  (IPL 1980-45) Roman Bath P.W. 0.059; H. 0.051. Five joining fragments preserving handle, part of rim, back wall, and base. Soft, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4), at core reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6). Rim: on outer half, one tight row of globules; on inner half, two framing rings preserved. Handle: slim, solid, with three grooves above join and two below.

Base: one large, raised inner ring and one smaller, raised outer ring preserved. From the South Deposit. For an approximate parallel to the rim, see 252 and Agora VII, p. 134, no. 1104, pl. 22, both Athenian. One further example inventoried, possibly Corinthian, with one large, raised ring preserved on the base: IPL 1970-168. Late 4th into 5th century A.d.? 219  (IPL 1970-134) Area East of Temenos Max. p.dim. 0.080 × 0.070. Two joining fragments preserving about half of disk and rim. Fine, white clay (2.5Y 8/2) with few black inclusions; pink slip (5YR 7/3). Disk: plain; two filling-holes flanking central handle; one framing ring. Rim: plain as preserved. Handle: partially broken, pierced, with three grooves. 219 is an imitation of an Athenian lamp such as Corinth IV.2, p. 283, no. 1439, pl. XXI, or Agora VII, p. 157, no. 2016, pl. 32; both have the same central moldmade handle, which became common on both unglazed and glazed Athenian lamps of the 4th century (see 349). One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1970-181. Late 4th into early 5th century A.d.?

Corinthian(?) Lamps of Miscellaneous or Uncertain Type 220  (IPL 1970-190) Area East of Temenos, tunnel (a) Max. p.dim. 0.046 × 0.022. (b) Max. p.dim. 0.050 × 0.040. Two nonjoining fragments: fr. a preserves handle and adjacent part of rim; fr. b, part of base. Fine clay on surface very pale brown (close to 10YR 8/2), in core very pale brown (10YR 8/3). Very worn mold and heavy fabric. Rim: plain as preserved. Handle: solid, with no grooves. Base: one ring. One further fragment inventoried, also from the tunnel in the area East of Temenos: IPL 1970-163 (worn lower part of lamp). Late 4th into early 5th century A.d.? 221  (IPL 1970-160) Area East of Temenos, tunnel P.L. 0.064; p.W. 0.040. Fragment preserving part of disk and upper handle. Very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4); worn traces of glaze, close to light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4). Heavy fabric. From a worn mold. Disk: plain, probably oval; central filling-hole. Handle: thick, knob-like. Late 4th into early 5th century A.d.? 222  (IPL 1970-106) Hexamilion bastion P.L. 0.083; p.W. 0.066. Fragment preserving greater part of lower section. Flaky, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4); reddish yellow glaze (7YR 6/6). Heavy fabric. Clay is probably not Corinthian; provenience unknown. No grooves on handle or base. Late 4th into early 5th century A.d.?



UNGLAZED CORINTHIAN, LATE CORINTHIAN, AND UNUSUAL LAMPS

223  (IPL 1971-31) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.069; p.W. 0.055; p.H. 0.031. Mended from several fragments; nozzle and about half of upper section missing. Coarse, light gray clay (10YR 7/2) with inclusions, at core pink (5YR 7/4). Very worn. Clay is neither Corinthian nor Athenian; provenience unknown. Disk: plain. Rim: probably also plain. Handle: two grooves above join and two below. Base: four concentric rings. Late 4th into early 5th century A.d.?

Unusual Lamps from the Tunnel Complex 224  (IPL 1970-153) Area East Fig. 2; Pl. 24 of Temenos, tunnel P.L. 0.109; W. 0.079; H. with handle 0.055. Mended from many fragments; small parts of nozzle and rim missing. Soft, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4). Corinthian. Lamp sloppily handled while wet; finger marks. From a somewhat worn mold. Disk: small, mostly consisting of large filling-hole; one raised framing ring. Rim: wide, convex, with relief of vine with leaves and clusters winding on both sides from handle toward krater by nozzle. Handle: pierced, with two grooves above join and two below. Base: within two incised grooves, ΑΡΧ|ΕΠΟ|ΛΙϹ. See Clement 1971, p. 108, pl. 91:a, b; Wohl 2005, p. 212, fig. 7:a, b. The shape of the lamp is unique at Isthmia, probably representing a local copy of a lamp imported from Asia Minor or the eastern Mediterranean at large, where the strongly dome-shaped upper section belongs. One fairly close parallel is a lamp possibly of Cypriot origin, with the same shape and decoration on the top (but without a signature): see Bailey 1965, p. 63, no. 212, pl. X; after its transfer to the British Museum in 1979, its new inventory number is 1980.10-1.144 (I thank Donald Bailey for this information). The same signature as on 224 (though in the genitive) is found on two Greek lamps from the Chersonese: see Waldhauer 1914, p. 62, nos. 482, 483, pl. XLV (both are probably 3rd-century Athenian products). Any connection between the signatures is uncertain. 3rd to 4th century A.d.? 225  (IPL 1970-192) Area Pl. 24 East of Temenos, tunnel Max. p.dim. 0.094 × 0.056. Three joining fragments preserving part of disk and volute segments of a multiple-nozzle lamp. Flaking clay between pink (7.5YR 7/4) and reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6). Corinthian? Disk: plain as preserved; filling-hole; one narrow and one broad framing ring. Two segments of inner curve of volute nozzles extant, decorated with radially set branches; at least two nozzles existed. On interstices, air-holes and incised branch pattern. From the small room or court at the western end of the tunnel complex (see Wohl 2005, pp. 211–212). This is most likely a large version of a Broneer type XXI

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lamp, that is, a single-volute double-nozzle lamp. See, e.g., Corinth IV.2, p. 170, no. 409, pl. IX (also illustrated in Isthmia III, pl. 39). The remains here, however, point to the possible presence of three nozzles. Existing examples are rare and mostly dated to the 1st and 2nd centuries. This is probably a later, locally made version, as its context is of the 3rd century at the earliest. Late 3rd into 4th century A.d.? 226  (IPL 1970-193) Area Pl. 25 East of Temenos, tunnel H. to top of cluster 0.049; Diam. of whole lamp ring 0.234, including nozzles 0.316, of tube 0.042–0.046. Mended and restored from many fragments; multiple-nozzle lamp shaped as a circular tube with projecting nozzles. Pink clay (7.5YR 7/4); very vague traces of a light red slip(?) (2.5YR 6/6). Moldmade. On top surface: four loops (each with two grooves) pierced for suspension, not quite regularly distributed over the circle; one slightly raised filling funnel; seven air-holes preserved. Top center decorated with leaves and clusters, distributed as follows: one leaf-and-cluster combination flanks each suspension loop and one leaf is placed in front of each loop; the leaves are almost rosette shaped. Twelve nozzles (many restored as too long) with rounded ends and incised triangles just inside wick-hole; nozzles set off from ring by a circular groove. From the western entrance shaft area of the tunnel complex. A so-called corona lamp. See Clement 1971, p. 108, pl. 92; see also Wohl 2005, pp. 211, 214 –215, figs. 6:a, b, for suggested ritual uses of such lamps. Large multiple-nozzle corona lamps (or sanctuary lamps) with open centers are relatively rare, but were manufactured over a long period across the Mediterranean and took on the general stylistic and technical qualities of the era and location that produced them. Some are moldmade, others wheelmade. Some, but not all, are provided with suspension lugs. Decoration varies from none to elaborate. See, e.g., Agora IV, p. 55, no. 207, pls. 7, 36 (of the 5th century B.c.), or Bailey 1975, p. 39, no. Q37bis, pl. 30 (also Athenian and of the 5th century B.c.). Hellenistic examples are found in, e.g., Délos XXVI, pp. 111–112, nos. 4551, 4552, 4563, pl. 28 (the last of which has leaf-and-cluster decoration; all three are dated to ca. 150–120 B.c.). The type enjoyed a certain popularity with Italian lamp makers of the early Imperial period, who established several variations. For example, a lamp from Cyprus adopted the popular volute nozzle, even in a multiple-tier version (Vessberg 1953, pp. 116– 117, pls. II:1, IV:1), while others proliferated the vegetal relief pattern (e.g., Waldhauer 1914, p. 48, no. 304, pl. 32; the lamps in Délos XXVI mentioned above; Bailey 1980, p. 240, no. Q1103, pl. 40, from Italy, with excellent bibliography for the 1st century A.d.; 1988, p. 414, no. Q3294, pl. 121, from the Greek East, also of the 1st century A.d., with 12 nozzles). None of these lamps, however, have decor of such pronounced plasticity as 226. Context rather than parallels is the basis for the dating. Mid-3rd into 4th century A.d.?

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CATALOGUE

227  (IPL 1970-191) Area Pl. 25 East of Temenos, tunnel P.L. 0.090; W. 0.104; p.H. 0.047, with handle 0.072. Mended, partially restored square or rectangular multiple-nozzle lamp (nozzles lost). Flaking clay, interior reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6), exterior very pale brown (10YR 7/4); spotty traces of reddish yellow slip (5YR 6/6). Disk: battle scene (possibly an Amazonomachy) with four(?) figures preserved (probably two standing in the center, flanked by two fallen toward the sides); fillinghole; two framing grooves. Rim: narrow, plain. Handle: pierced, with two grooves above join flanking a sunken channel and three grooves on lower back section. Base: only edge preserved. From the western entrance shaft area of the tunnel complex. Square or rectangular shaped multiple-nozzle lamps are found especially from the Hellenistic period onward; see, e.g., Agora IV, pp. 128–129, no. 525, pl. 45 (a fragment probably of the 2nd century B.c.), and Délos XXVI, p. 106, nos. 4521, 4522 (with a broken ring handle), 4524 (with a broken leaf-shaped handle shield), pl. 27 (none with figured decoration; all dated to the Hellenistic period or later?). In the early Imperial period they become more common, and Italy is the probable origin of lamps with many nozzles, again often on three sides of the disk. Some have merely abstract, simple designs (if any), and range possibly into the 3rd century; see Waldhauer 1914, p. 48, nos. 305, 306, pl. 32; Iványi 1935, pp. 94 –96, nos. 820–855, pls. XXXII, XXXIII. Bailey 1980, pp. 239–240, no. Q1102, pl. 39, is an example of a rarer category bearing a more ambitious disk composition with dancing Maenads. From this latter category a particular series was created, probably also in Italy, that was the prototype for 227: a square disk with a figured composition; nozzles only on one side, opposite the handle; a pierced handle; and a characteristic treatment of the base (discussed below). One such example has been found at Corinth, an Italian import, to judge from the clay and glaze, dated to the 1st century A.d. (Wiseman 1972, p. 20, no. 11, pl. 6). Two of the three nozzles extend from the corners and the handle is of the same kind as that on 227, with a central sunken channel. In the field is Herakles and possibly Athena; enough of the base is preserved to establish its belonging to this group, as it carries an incised circle in the center and small squares

at the corners. The same type of base is also found on the two closest parallels, lamps from Olympia and Alexandria. The lamp from Olympia comes from the Leonidaion and has three nozzles, all along the front, a handle with two grooves, and in the field are three walking figures, possibly representing Hermes as psychopomp. The lamp found in Egypt belongs to the same group (see Osborne [1924] 1980, p. 16, no. 81, pls. V, VII). It is somewhat smaller than 227, the largest preserved dimension being 0.078 × 0.070 m, and has four nozzles along the front and the characteristic base with a central circle and demarcated corners. The Egyptian subject (Isis nursing Horus) may indicate an Egyptian origin following general Italian models. Furthermore, a fragmentary top from Knossos shows Eros flanked by columns; it is regarded as an Italian import of the 1st century A.d. (Coldstream 1973, p. 55, no. 30, pl. 32). A fragment from Ithaka is most likely also of this type, though no ­dimensions are given and the square shape is not noted; the subject of the disk is an erotic symplegma (Benton 1938–1939, p. 46, no. 12, pl. 23). I am grateful to Ulrich Hübinger for calling my attention to the last two lamps. That this early Imperial type continued in the following centuries is seen not only from 227, which probably is a local imitation of the 4th century, but also from a few fragments of similar lamps from Athens, an unglazed Athenian base fragment dated to the mid-3rd century (Agora VII, p. 158, no. 2021, pl. 33), and two fragments from the Kerameikos of the 4th century (Kerameikos XVI, p. 206, no. 2645, pl. 48, “Isis and the Nile(?),” and a base fragment, pp. 206–207, no. 2649, pl. 48). The precise iconography of 227 is impossible to determine due to its state of preservation. It is, however, clear that the overall scheme is that of two combat groups belonging in the general compositional tradition of Hellenistic sarcophagi, especially as they were developed and proliferated by the Etruscans. Compositional principles can be understood from the large number of Etruscan urns and sarcophagi with fighting motifs; examples used separate units added to or subtracted from the total scheme as the specific space demanded. This lamp employs two such units. For compositions suggestive of parallels, see the illustrations in LIMC I.2, 1981, pp. 440–532, esp. nos. 420–561. 4th century A.d.?

PRE-GLAZING ATHENIAN LAMPS Figured Disks 228  (IPL 1971-33) Area East of Temenos Pl. 26 P.L. 0.062; p.W. 0.063; p.H. 0.025. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. White clay (10YR 8/2) with many small black inclusions. Disk: bust of Aphrodite left, with diadem and necklace; filling-hole behind head; two framing rings. Rim: eight S- spirals with raised dots in between; panels. Handle: top broken, pierced, with two grooves below join. Ultimately derived from a Roman coin type (see Agora VII, p. 110, no. 640, pl. 15), this disk decoration became very popular, especially in Athens: see Kerameikos

XVI, pp. 96–100, with 90 examples reported, overwhelmingly combined with eight S-spirals on the rim, as on 228. Of the two versions described on p. 96 (with or without necklace), 228 belongs in the latter category and is very worn. Close parallels: e.g., Athens, National Archaeological Museum 3206; Kübler 1952, pp. 115, 125, figs. 17, 39; Kerameikos XVI, no. 176, pl. 7. It does not seem to have enjoyed the same popularity in the Corinthia. Isthmia III reports none, excavations by UCLA/OSU two, Kenchreai one (Kenchreai V, p. 54, no. 231, pl. 31), and Corinth L-1971-62 (raised leaf signature) is the only such lamp reported in Corinth. For an Italian-type



PRE-GLAZING ATHENIAN LAMPS

glazed lamp of the 1st century with a similar disk, see Menzel [1954] 1969, p. 57, no. 325, fig. 47:16. One further example inventoried from the South Deposit at the Roman Bath: IPL 1980-29 (red clay, fragment of head in clear relief). Late 3rd into early 4th century A.d. 229  (IPL 1992-3a, b) Roman Bath Pl. 26 (a) p.L. 0.055; p.W. 0.064. (b) p.L. 0.064; p.W. 0.055. Two nonjoining fragments: fr. a consists of two joining pieces preserving part of disk and rim; fr. b, five joining pieces preserving base and handle. Pink clay (7.5YR 7/4). Disk: standing figure, right arm reaching toward stand with upright objects (statues) on left; filling-hole above objects; one framing ring. Rim: plain as preserved. Handle: plain, punctured not pierced, with three grooves above join and two below. Base: one large ring; no signature. A very worn rendering of Aphrodite between two shrines with statues of the Graces at the left. This theme comes from the repertory of Elpidephoros and was later adopted by Leonteos (Agora VII, pp. 32 and 43); neither workshop favored a plain rim as on 229. Parallels: Kübler 1952, p. 106, figs. 3, 4; Haken 1958, pp. 102–103, no. 102, fig. 21, pl. XIV; Agora VII, p. 110, no. 639, pl. 15 (fragmentary); Bailey 1988, p. 409, no. Q3270, pl. 119 (signed ΕΛΠΙΔΗΦΟ|ΡΟΥ); Kerameikos XVI, pp. 95–96, nos. 110–123, pl. 6. Late 3rd into early 4th century A.d. 230  (IPL 1970-14) Area East of Temenos Pl. 26 P.L. 0.048; p.W. 0.033. Fragment preserving part of disk, rim, and handle. Pink clay (5YR 7/4). From a worn mold. Disk: frontal figure, striding right, with right arm lifted. Handle: mostly lost, with three grooves above join. Relief depicts Artemis hunting. See Agora VII, p. 110, no. 646, pl. 15, for a parallel and a discussion of the type; see also Athens, National Archaeological Museum 3191. The image is fairly common on lamps and continues into the glazed phase; see, e.g., Agora VII, p. 110, no. 647, pl. 15, and see Roussos 1988, pp. 18–22, for Corinthian predecessors of the image and its relationship to sculptural models. Late 3rd into early 4th century A.d. Pl. 26 East of 231  (IPL 1970-184) Area Temenos, tunnel P.L. 0.047; p.W. 0.056. Two joining fragments preserving part of disk and rim. Flaky, pink clay (between 7.5YR 8/4 and 7/4). Disk: bust of Athena Promachos left; part of fillinghole; one framing ring. Rim: wreath within framing rings; panel. From the western entrance shaft of the tunnel complex. See Clement 1971, p. 108. The bust of Athena has a long pedigree on both Corinthian and Athenian lamps, as well as other media. See, e.g., a 1st-century gem in Spier 1992, p. 108, no. 272. For a Corinthian example, see 130 (a Broneer type XXVII lamp); for Athenian examples, see Agora VII, p. 112, nos. 649–669. For a discussion of the sculptural theme, with additional references,

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see Agora VII, pp. 111–112, and Roussos 1988, pp. 28–37. In the former, two iconographic lamp groups of Athena Promachos are also specified in detail (see also Kerameikos XVI, p. 100). 231 falls in the first group (i.e., with the spear showing). Agora VII, p. 112, no. 653, pl. 15, however, is from an earlier, less worn mold than 231). Kerameikos XVI, p. 101, nos. 230, 235, pl. 8, are also close parallels. For the later criteria (a lamp from the second group), see 232. The relationship between the Corinthian and Athenian examples is not altogether clear. End of 3rd century A.d. 232  (IPL 1978-61) Roman Bath Pl. 26 L. 0.097; W. 0.075; H. 0.037. Mended from many fragments; part of bottom, disk, and rim missing. Hard clay with many small white particles and cavities, over-fired to light reddish brown (5YR 6/3). From a worn mold. Disk: bust of Athena Promachos facing left; air-hole; two framing rings. Rim: three concentric rings, the center one with cord pattern; panels with three grooves. Handle: punctured, not pierced, with three grooves above join and two below, and with diagonal crosshatching. Nozzle: single diagonal lines. Base: one groove; center missing. From the South Deposit. Compare to the previous entry: 232 is a later, smaller version of same motif, with a simplified rim decoration. 232 belongs in the second group of Athena busts (i.e., with no spear showing), as specified in Agora VII, pp. 111–112, and in Kerameikos XVI, pp. 100–104. Parallels: Miller 1979, p. 75, no. L 42, pl. 20 (from Nemea); Kerameikos XVI, p. 104, nos. 321, 323, pl. 9. For the continuation of the motif, see 301 (an Athenian glazed lamp) and Agora VII, p. 172, no. 2363, pl. 37 (a post-glazing Athenian lamp of the 5th century). One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1971-1 (only the helmet area). Mid-4th century A.d. 233  (IPL 1978-75) Roman Bath Pl. 26 P.L. 0.068; p.W. 0.068; p.H. with handle 0.044. Three fragments preserving handle and part of disk and rim. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). From a worn mold. Disk: frontal bestiarius, whip in right hand, with bear. Rim: wreath within two framing rings. Handle: solid, with two grooves above join and two below. Close to type 7e rim (see Fig. 5). From the South Deposit. See Athens, National Archaeological Museum 3186; Corinth IV.2, pp. 253–254, nos. 1173–1176 (called “Actaion”), fig. 176, p. 253; Agora VII, p. 125, no. 857, pl. 19; Touchais 1978, p. 646, fig. 21 (from the Kerameikos); Miller 1979, p. 75, no. L 41, pl. 20 (from Nemea); Hübinger 1993, p. 112, no. 206, pl. 26. Of the numerous similar examples from Kerameikos XVI (pp. 153– 155, nos. 1377–1420, pl. 29), no. 1386 is particularly close. Also, see 210, a disk fragment of the same type but of Corinthian manufacture. Early 4th century A.d. 234  (IPL 1992-5a, b) Roman Bath Pl. 27 (a) P.L. 0.046; p.W. 0.045. (b) P.L. 0.075; p.W. 0.079.

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CATALOGUE

Two nonjoining fragments: fr. a consists of three joining pieces preserving part of disk and rim (and in addition, two small nonjoining rim pieces, one of them a plain panel); fr. b, three joining pieces preserving ca. three-fourths of bottom part. Pinkish gray clay (5YR 7/2). From a worn mold. Disk: bull walking left on ground line; air-hole; two framing rings. Rim: eight S-spirals with raised dots in between; plain panel. Base: within one groove, raised heart-shaped leaf. From the South Deposit. Parallels: Waldhauer 1914, p. 63, no. 491, pl. XLVI; Corinth IV.2, p. 262, no. 1241, pl. XXIX; Kübler 1952, p. 117, fig. 22; Agora VII, p. 128, no. 908, pl. 20. All of these have eight S-spirals on the rim (a hallmark of the Leaf Shop) and bull on a tilted ground line. See also Kerameikos XVI, pp. 177–179, nos. 1934 –1984, pls. 37, 38. For the rim pattern, see Agora VII, pp. 23–24, and for the Leaf Shop, pp. 57–58. One further fragmentary example inventoried from the same location: IPL 1978-83 (worn). Later 3rd century A.d. 235  (IPL 1980-16) Roman Bath Pl. 27 P.L. 0.069; p.W. 0.058. Four joining fragments preserving part of disk, rim, and handle. Flaking, red clay (2.5YR 5/8) with some white mica and a few cavities. Disk: bull’s head; filling-hole between horns; two framing rings. Rim: one row of large globules. Handle: punctured, not pierced, with three grooves on upper preserved part. From the South Deposit. Parallels: Agora VII, p. 133, nos. 1054 –1058, pl. 22. See also Agora VII, pp. 18–20, for discussion of the link to metal prototypes of this disk image, which is always combined with a U-shaped nozzle. The Isthmian examples tend to confirm this link: though the nozzles of 235 and IPL 1969-69 are missing, the rim with one row of large globules presupposes such a nozzle. That metalwork served as the background for such representations is echoed also in the 4th-century Athenian continuity of this emblematic decor; see 303, a glazed example with a bull’s head in relief where a wavy-line rim is, unusually, combined with a U-shaped nozzle. Of the numerous examples in Kerameikos XVI, p. 186, no. 2216, pl. 40, is the closest parallel. Four further examples inventoried: IP 3667 (part of boukranion), IPL 1969-69 (disk and rim fragment), 1971-53 (finely modeled bull’s head), and 1978-141 (also from the South Deposit). Early to mid-4th century A.d. 236  (IPL 1978-97) Roman Bath Pl. 27 P.L. 0.098; W. 0.084; H. 0.033. Mended from many fragments; part of base, handle, nozzle, and disk missing. Reddish yellow clay (close to 5YR 6/8). Disk image worn; framing ring retouched. Disk: centaur moving right on ground line, playing lyre; filling-hole in upper left field; one framing ring. Rim: plain; plain panels. Nozzle: diagonal grooves. Handle: two grooves above join and two below. Base: within one wide ring, part of incised, initial letter Ϲ.̣

From the South Deposit. Relief depicts Chiron. Compare Kübler 1952, pp. 121, 124, figs. 29, 38, and Isthmia III, p. 76, no. 2983, pl. 32, both more retouched; see also Athens, National Archaeological Museum 3190. Of the numerous examples in Kerameikos XVI (pp. 130–132, nos. 846–896), the majority derive from the workshop of Eutyches; however, no. 880 (not illustrated) reports the signature ϹΩ, which most likely was present on 236. For the partnership of Eutyches and Soteros, see Agora VII, p. 35; for the varying signatures of Soteros, see Agora VII, pp. 53–54, and Karivieri 1996, pp. 137–139; see also 272 for further examples and discussion. The theme of a single centaur (moving right or left) had a long life on lamps. See Délos XXVI, p. 124, nos. Q4577, Q4578, pl. 29 (both Italian-type lamps of the early Imperial period); Bruneau 1971, p. 493, fig. 55 (a Corinthian type XXVII lamp); Kenchreai V, pp. 42– 43, no. 154, pl. 7 (also a Corinthian type XXVII lamp). The version on 236 (with a lyre) is continued on glazed Athenian lamps: see 306; Agora VII, p. 113, no. 674 (not illustrated); Bovon 1966, p. 63, no. 367, pl. 9 (a 5th century Corinthian copy?). Early 4th century A.d. 237  (IPL 1978-58) Roman Bath Pl. 28 P.L. 0.086; W. 0.070; H. 0.035. Mended; most of nozzle missing. Hard, reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6) with few black inclusions and some white mica. Disk: relief crescent; concave; central filling-hole; three framing grooves. Rim: one row of large globules; air-hole. Nozzle: mostly lost, U-shaped, separated from rim by transverse groove. Handle: punctured, not pierced, with three grooves above join, two below, and cross-hatchings in center. Base: six concentric grooves of uneven width. The motif of the crescent, as that of the bull’s head (see 235), is found primarily on lamps with U-shaped nozzles in the 3rd and into the 4th century. The glazed lamps of the 4th century occasionally continue to use this combination (e.g., 307, a sloppily made successor). Parallels: Waldhauer 1914, p. 61, no. 466, pl. XLIV; Agora VII, p. 134, no. 1090, pl. 22; Kerameikos XVI, pp. 187–188, nos. 2261, 2284, pl. 41 (both with the same rim and similar base, indicating that they had metal prototypes). Also compare Bovon 1966, p. 90, no. 457, pl. 11, with pp. 68–69 for bibliography and a discussion of the dispersion of examples of this decor. For earlier potential iconographic precursors (possibly connected with Luna), two Italian-type lamps can be added, one from Tunis (Menzel [1954] 1969, p. 125, no. 727, fig. 113), and another from Italy (Bailey 1980, pp. 48, 327, no. 1307, pl. 70). Early to mid-4th century A.d. 238  (IPL 1971-43) Area East of Temenos Pl. 28 P.L. 0.058; p.W. 0.043. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Hard, light gray clay (5Y 7/2), over-fired(?). Slightly worn. Disk: dog seated left; two framing rings with air-hole. Rim: eight S-spirals; panel with three incised grooves.



PRE-GLAZING ATHENIAN LAMPS

Parallels: Agora VII, p. 128, no. 924, pl. 20; Kerameikos XVI, p. 174, no. 1794, pl. 36, where over 60 examples of the motif occur, mostly combined with eight S-spirals on the rim, a favorite of the Leaf Shop. This connection is corroborated also on three lamps with S-spirals on the rim from the UCLA/OSU excavations that have preserved a signature: 234, a bull on the disk and a raised leaf on the base; 249, two fish on the disk and an incised leaf on the base; 280, no disk, but an incised leaf on the base. See also Isthmia III, p. 74, no. 2969, pl. 33, a worn parallel to 238, signed with a raised leaf. Further examples include Corinth IV.2, p. 263, no. 1254, fig. 18; Kübler 1952, pp. 117, 126, figs. 21, 44; and Kenchreai V, p. 57, no. 258, pl. 11. The seated dog motif continues on glazed Athenian lamps of the 4th and 5th centuries and into the 6th century on the Corinthian imitations of Athenian lamps; see, e.g., Garnett 1970, p. 75, no. 19, and 399. Early 4th century A.d.? 239  (IPL 1978-76) Roman Bath Pl. 28 L. 0.113; p.W. 0.075; p.H. with handle 0.038. Many fragments preserving most of top, all of handle, little of bottom. Hard, reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6) with some small black and white inclusions. Disk: dog seated left; filling-hole above dog; two framing rings. Rim: plain; panels of three incised grooves. Handle: solid, with two grooves above join and two below. From the South Deposit. See 238; a plain rim is less common with this disk motif, but see, e.g., Kerameikos XVI, p. 173, no. 1826, pl. 36. Two further fragments inventoried: IPL 1970-130 (worn disk, two framing rings) and 1992-13 (plain rim with two framing rings; possibly dog retouched as seated lion, as mane is obvious). Early 4th century A.d. 240  (IPL 1992-10) Roman Bath Pl. 29 P.L. 0.059; p.W. 0.054. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Hard, pink clay (5YR 7/4). Disk: winged, curly-headed Eros walking right toward altar, turning head back, playing syrinx held in right hand, double-headed and downturned torch in left, with trace of drapery in lower left field; filling-hole over altar; one framing ring. Rim: plain; one plain(?) panel. From the South Deposit. A winged Eros performing a variety of actions was one of the most popular motifs on Athenian lamps of the 3rd and into the 4th century, as well as on other media; see Kübler 1952, pp. 99–145, and Agora VII, pp. 114 –116, with further references. The compositions were copied on Corinthian lamps, and lived on in Athens on both glazed and post-glazing lamps. The motif of Eros playing a syrinx is one of the most numerous among these compositions. Parallels: Waldhauer 1914, p. 62, nos. 477, 479, pl. XLV, and Kerameikos XVI, pp. 109–113, nos. 419–509, pls. 12–14. The Isthmian findings confirm this preference: three are extant from the Chicago excavations (Isthmia III, p. 76, nos. 2979 [adapted to represent Pan], 2980, 2982, pl. 33), in addition to ten from the UCLA/OSU excavations (240–244, 309, and four inventoried examples be-

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low); of these, none preserves a signature. For other Eros compositions from the UCLA/OSU excavations at Isthmia, see 206 and 207. Parallels: e.g., Kübler 1952, p. 124, figs. 34, 35; Agora VII, p. 114, no. 701, pl. 16; and Kerameikos XVI, p. 110, nos. 439–441, pls. 12, 13. Four further fragments of the same composition inventoried, all from the same deposit: IPL 1978-81 (torso, head, and syrinx), 1978-68 and 1978-135 (right and left wings), 1978-85 (feet and mantle), and 1992-16 (lower torso). Late 3rd into early 4th century A.d. 241  (IPL 1978-72 + 1978-130) Roman Bath P.L. 0.092; p.W. 0.080; p.H. 0.035. Several joining fragments preserving ca. half of lower part, side, rim, disk, and nozzle. Hard, clean, reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Disk: Eros walking right, playing syrinx. Rim: plain; plain panel. Base: within two grooves, incised (fragmentary) cross arms with branches. For the disk, see 240. The base design, a cross with branches, occurs more frequently on glazed and postglazing Athenian lamps than on pre-glazing lamps; see, e.g., Karivieri 1996, fig. 38 (top row, especially the first and second from left), and Kerameikos XVI, p. 110, no. 440, pl. 13. Early 4th century A.d.? 242  (IPL 1992-6 + 1992-11) Roman Bath Pl. 29 P.L. 0.071; p.W. 0.070. Six joining fragments preserving most of disk and part of rim. Hard, light brown clay (7.5YR 6/4). Disk: winged Eros walking right, playing double flute, stepping up toward altar, with drapery in lower left; central filling-hole; two framing rings. Rim: raised wreath; one plain panel. From the South Deposit. For the disk, see 240. Parallels: e.g., Agora VII, p. 114, no. 711, pl. 16, and Kerameikos XVI, p. 114, no. 540, pl. 14. Three further fragments inventoried that may belong to the same type: IPL 1971-12, 1992-15 (from the same deposit), and 2004-5. Late 3rd into early 4th century A.d. 243  (IPL 1978-88) Roman Bath Pl. 29 P.L. 0.042; p.W. 0.053. Fragment preserving part of disk. Hard clay between pink (5YR 7/4) and reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) with few black inclusions. Carefully retouched. Disk: winged Eros walking left, playing double flute, mantle flowing behind to right, goat resting in front; one filling-hole under flute; one framing ring. From the South Deposit. For the disk, see 240. Parallels: Kübler 1952, p. 111, fig. 10; Agora VII, p. 115, no. 716, pl. 16; and Kerameikos XVI, p. 116, no. 587, pl. 15. For Corinthian imitations of the motif, see 207 and Isthmia III, p. 69, no. 2838, pl. 31. The motif continued to be used in the following centuries on glazed and post-glazing Athenian lamps. See, e.g., 310 (a glazed fragment) and Agora VII, p. 115, nos. 719, 724, pl. 16. Late 3rd into early 4th century A.d.?

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CATALOGUE

244  (IPL 1992-17) Roman Bath P.L. 0.052; p.W. 0.032. Two joining fragments preserving part of disk and rim. Hard, light reddish brown clay (2.5YR 6/4). Disk: Eros walking right with torch and thyrsos, turning head back, with only torch, burning altar, and one hand extant; one framing ring. Rim: rosettes in reversing hooks; one plain panel. From the South Deposit. For the full composition, see Waldhauer 1914, p. 62, no. 478, pl. XLV; Kübler 1952, p. 112, figs. 11–13; Agora VII, p. 155, nos. 725 (for the disk), 726 (for the rim), pl. 26; and especially Kerameikos XVI, p. 119, nos. 648, 655, pl. 16. Two further nonjoining fragments of a lamp of the same type inventoried: IPL 1978-162 and 1978-163 (also from the South Deposit). Late 3rd into early 4th century A.d. 245  (IPL 1978-77) Roman Bath Pl. 29 P.L. 0.077; p.W. 0.085; H. 0.036. Several joining fragments preserving ca. two-thirds of lamp; nozzle, much of bottom missing. Hard, light red clay (2.5YR 6/6). From a worn mold. Disk: erotic symplegma with lamp stand in left field; one filling-hole behind woman; one framing ring. Rim: on inner part, wavy lines with buds; outer part plain; panels with faint herringbone. Handle: punctured, not pierced, with two grooves above join and two below; relief leaf at bottom. Base: one wide ring; central part not preserved. From the South Deposit. Many parallels are known: e.g., Agora VII, p. 122, nos. 814 –822, pl. 18; Kerameikos XVI, pp. 141–144, nos. 1130–1180, pls. 25, 26. For additional discussion of the type, see Slane 1994, p. 152, no. 73. Four further similar fragments inventoried, all from the same location: IPL 1978-65 (the same rim and relief leaf at the base of the handle as 245, but also with a faint branch on base); 1978-86 (preserving only the bent leg of the woman); 1978-87 (preserving a finely retouched section of the man’s head and hand); and 1992-2 (including a nonjoining base with a faint branch and a handle ending in a relief leaf). None of these fragments preserve any indication of a signature; Pireithos was one main producer of this type (see, e.g., Agora VII, p. 122, no. 814, pl. 18). Late 3rd into early 4th century A.d. Pl. 29 + 1978-124, 246  (IPL 1978-82 + 1978-122 1978-143) Roman Bath P.L. 0.090; p.W. 0.068; H. 0.037. Several joining fragments (and IPL 1978-143, a nonjoining part of the rim) preserving most of lower half of lamp. Hard clay between light red (2.5YR 6/6) and reddish yellow (5YR 7/6). Disk: bedstead in right field; one framing ring. Rim: incised trefoil and reel; plain panels. Handle: barely pierced, with two grooves above join and two below; relief leaf at bottom. Base: within one wide ring, incised letter Ι. From the South Deposit. The bedstead in the right field can belong to either of two known, repeated compositions: a canopy symplegma or a symplegma with a

beast. Most of the features are identical (the bed, the drapery below, and the woman’s upper body at the left), but some practical lamp maker realized that by changing merely her legs and her partner on the canopy type, the beast type was born to satisfy a different taste on the market. For the former topic, see Athens, National Archaeological Museum 3362 and 12517; Agora VII, p. 122, no. 823, pl. 18; Haken 1958, p. 102, no. 97, pl. XIII; Kerameikos XVI, pp. 144 –146, nos. 1181–1235, pl. 26; Corinth XVIII.2, p. 33, nos. 45, 46, pl. 4. The latter subject is found, with variations, on Corinthian type XXVII lamps and continues to appear on Athenian lamps (e.g., Kerameikos XVI, pp. 148–150, nos. 1275– 1308, pls. 27, 28). See also Corinth IV.2, p. 257, no. 1201, fig. 182; Haken 1958, p. 102, no. 96, pl. XIII; and Chrzanovski and Zhuravlev 1998, no. 67, with extensive discussion at pp. 121–125. Bailey 1988, p. 410, no. Q3271, pl. 119, shows a reversed composition. The linking of this theme to Apuleius’s Metamorphoses is discussed in, e.g., Bruneau 1977, pp. 265–271, no. 60, with other parallel examples. For the signature, see Agora VII, p. 39. No examples are found in the Agora, but several have been in the Kerameikos; see Kerameikos XVI, p. 339, for examples of the letter Ι added as a secondary sign or signature. One further fragment inventoried from the same location: IPL 1978-43 (right edge of bed and part of woman’s body). Late 3rd into early 4th century A.d.? 247  (IPL 1970-171) Area East of Temenos Pl. 29 P.L. 0.032; p.W. 0.035. Fragment preserving part of disk. Hard clay, probably originally pink (5YR 7/4); burned. Disk: erotic symplegma between woman and beast. Parallels: Athens, National Archaeological Museum 3132 (signed ΕΥ); Corinth L-4789 (disk fragment); Waldhauer 1914, p. 63, no. 495, pl. XLVII; Corinth IV.2, p. 257, no. 1201, fig. 182; Libertini 1930, p. 278, no. 1333, pl. CXXV; Agora VII, p. 123, no. 833, pl. 18 (glazed); Kerameikos XVI, pp. 148–150, nos. 1275–1307, pls. 27, 28. Late 3rd into early 4th century A.d.? 248  (IPL 1972-7) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.049; p.W. 0.038. Fragment preserving part of disk, rim, and nozzle. Hard, pink clay (7.5YR 7/4); burn marks. From a worn mold. Disk: seated woman as part of erotic symplegma; one framing ring with air-hole. Rim: incised reel and trefoil. Compare Athens, National Archaeological Museum 3256 and 3257 (both signed ΕΥ); Corinth L-1983-2 (a Late Corinthian lamp) and L-1983-6 (a disk fragment); Waldhauer 1914, p. 62, no. 485, pl. XLVI; Agora VII, p. 122, no. 810, pl. 18 (a composition with an old man observing an erotic symplegma); Kerameikos XVI, pp. 138– 139, nos. 1020–1076, pl. 24. Early 4th century A.d.? 249  (IPL 1970-156) Area East of Temenos, tunnel L. 0.106; W. 0.079; H. 0.038.

Fig. 2; Pl. 30



PRE-GLAZING ATHENIAN LAMPS

Almost complete lamp, with part of top surface and lower side chipped; handle mended and partially chipped. Flaking clay, in core between light red (2.5YR 6/6) and reddish yellow (5YR 7/6), toward surface reddish yellow (between 5YR 7/6 and 7.5YR 7/6), with many medium-sized white and black inclusions. Disk: two fish hooked together, heads to left; one filling-hole below fish; two framing rings with air-hole. Rim: eight S-spirals with raised dots in between; panels incised with an S. Handle: punctured, not pierced, with three grooves above join and two below. Nozzle: double diagonal incisions. Base: within two concentric grooves, incised leaf. See Clement 1971, p. 108; Wohl 2005, p. 212, n. 8. The subject matter is common on Athenian lamps from the mid-3rd century on, especially on the lamps of Eutyches and the Leaf Shop (see Agora VII, pp. 58–59), but continues to appear on glazed lamps (see discussion under 311). Parallels for the top and base: Agora VII, p. 130, no. 948, pls. 12, 37, and Kerameikos XVI, p. 170, nos. 1734 (for the top), 1736 (for the base), pl. 35. One further example inventoried from the same location: IPL 1978-84 (disk fragment). Late 3rd into early 4th century A.d. 250  (IPL 1970-50) Area East of Temenos Pl. 30 P.L. 0.055; p.W. 0.043. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Hard, pink clay (5YR 7/4). From a plaster mold. Disk: crouching lion facing right, with small plant with three buds below head. Rim: incised triple wreath within two framing rings; plain panel. For the emblematic nature of this image, see Agora VII, p. 130, no. 970, pl. 21; Kerameikos XVI, pp. 174 –175, nos. 1861, 1884, pl. 36; see also Kübler 1952, p. 119, fig. 26, with discussion on pp. 130–131. The same relief continued to be used with great frequency on glazed Athenian lamps and later adaptations; see 314 and Corinth IV.2, pp. 259–261, nos. 1216–1239, pl. XVIII. One further fragment inventoried: IPL 2004-11 (preglazing Athenian lamp with herringbone rim, but without flower by muzzle). Late 3rd century A.d. 251  (IPL 1992-8) Roman Bath P.L. 0.086; p.W. 0.071. Six joining fragments preserving most of rim, nozzle, and parts of disk. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Disk: Poseidon moving right with downturned trident in right hand. Rim: concentric stamped circles; panels with branches. From the South Deposit. Poseidon appears on a few disk compositions, some of which are close to Corinthian coin images, while others may mirror sculptural works (see above, pp. 35–36). Brommer (1963, pp. 110–111) suggests that the striding form of Poseidon (with the trident turned down) may be an echo of the West Parthenon pediment with Poseidon about to strike the rock. Parallels for disk are many: Kerameikos XVI, pp. 136–137, nos. 981–1019, pl. 25 (all with eight S-spirals on the rim and several from the Leaf Shop); see also Kübler 1952, p. 117, fig. 20, with discussion on p. 118 of the tight space of these disk compositions; Agora VII, p. 120,

113

no. 784, pl. 18 (also with eight S-spirals on the rim), where the discussion on p. 120 also concerns another type of well-known Poseidon (standing to left, one foot on a rock) also found at Isthmia (see 136). One further fragment inventoried that may belong to the same lamp: IPL 1992-9 (plain base with one groove). Early 4th century A.d. 252  (IPL 1992-4a, b) Roman Bath Pl. 30 (a) P.L. 0.073; p.W. 0.068. (b) P.L. 0.070; p.W. 0.060. Two joining fragments: fr. a consists of three joining pieces preserving about half of top and rim; fr. b, five joining pieces preserving about three-fourths of lower part. Light red clay (2.5YR 6/8). Disk: ship under sail toward right, showing billowing sail on mast; part of filling-hole in left field; one framing ring. Rim: small raised globules; panel with branch. Handle: lower tip preserved with cross-hatchings. Nozzle: burn marks. Base: within two grooves, in large incised letters, ΑΒΑ. From the South Deposit. A ship under sail toward the right is a very common disk motif on Italian-type lamps; see, e.g., Leibundgut 1977, p. 161 no. 166, table 36; Goethert-Polaschek 1985, pp.  244  –245, types M153– M155, pls. 36, 37. This motif is continued on Greek lamps of the Roman period, especially from the late 3rd century and on. For a Late Corinthian example, see 209; for Athenian lamps, see the discussion in Agora VII, p. 132, nos. 1023–1028, pl. 21); the motif continued on glazed lamps, e.g., Corinth L-1969-218; Agora VII, p. 132, nos. 1029–1035, pl. 21; Garnett 1970, pl. I:f; and Kerameikos XVI, pp. 182–184, nos. 2107–2165, pls. 39, 40, where nos. 2114 and 2144 are particularly close parallels for the sail of 252. Compare also Moll 1929, table B VII:22. Of the many types of ships on lamps, the variant represented in the majority of cases is a merchant vessel (as on 209, 252, and 253). See, e.g., Williams 2002, pp. 858–859, and also Hermanns 2012, p. 147, for additional details of recognizable nautical technology. The signature ΑΒΑ is otherwise unknown. One further example inventoried: IPL 1970-129 (disk fragment showing sail moving toward right, plain rim, and punctured, not pierced, handle). Early 4th century A.d. 253  (IPL 1980-33) Roman Bath Pl. 30 P.L. 0.040; p.W. 0.049. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Hard clay between pink (7.5YR 7/4) and light brown (7.5YR 6/4) with some black particles. Disk: ship under sail toward right, showing lower part of mast and sail and prow of boat with lookout man; design carefully retouched; one framing ring. Rim: plain; one incised plain panel. From the South Deposit. The lookout man is a standard detail of the merchant-vessel composition: for a parallel, see Kerameikos XVI, p. 183, no. 2114, pl. 39. One further example inventoried from the same location: IPL 1978-92 (disk with a ship toward right, with a part of hull, stern, and rudder). Early 4th century A.d.

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CATALOGUE

254  (IPL 1971-75) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.035; p.W. 0.052. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Gritty, soft, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/3). Disk: unclear object; concave; one filling-hole; one framing ring. Rim: plain, panels. A hypothetical reading of the disk might be a very reworked, sloppy version of the “goddess with double axe”; see Agora VII, pp. 117–118, nos. 752–770, pl. 17; Kerameikos XVI, pp. 132–135, nos. 897–956, pls. 21–22 (esp. no. 908). Early 4th century A.d.? 255  (IPL 1971-165) Area East of Temenos P.W. 0.055; p.H. 0.058. Fragment preserving handle and adjacent rim and side. Hard, reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6), surface very pale brown (10YR 8/4), with few large white and black inclusions. From a plaster mold. Disk: fraction of illegible disk decor preserved; one framing ring. Rim: plain. Handle: pierced, with three grooves above join and two below. Seven further fragments inventoried, all illegible figured disks dating to the late 3rd and into the early 4th century: IPL 1970-147 (plain rim); 1971-271 (eight S-spirals on rim); and five from the South Deposit, IPL 1978-45, 1978-71 (plain rim), 1980-28 (branch rim), 1980-39, and 1992-18. 3rd into 4th century A.d.

Ray Disks 256  (IPL 1969-5) Tower 10 Pl. 31 P.L. 0.099; W. 0.080; H. 0.030. Intact except for handle and small section of rim, nozzle, and base. Friable, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4) with many small black inclusions; white slip (10YR 8/2). Disk: fine rays; air-hole; two framing rings around filling-hole, two around disk. Rim: wide, plain, slightly wider on sides. Nozzle: tip broken, plate raised; burnmarks. Handle: pierced, with three grooves on lower preserved part and cross strokes on end part. Base: large, with two grooves; within grooves, trace of first letter of raised signature, Π[- - -]. For this Athenian imitation of a Corinthian lamp, see Agora VII, p. 144, no. 1452, pl. 27 (no signature); Kerameikos XVI, p. 195, no. 2436, pl. 43 (signed ΠΙΡΕΙΘΟ|Υ). One further fragment inventoried: IPL 2004-19 (same disk and rim). Early 4th century A.d. 257  (IPL 1971-68) Area East of Temenos Pl. 31 P.L. 0.052; p.W. 0.075; p.H. 0.022. Four joining fragments preserving about half of upper section and part of wall. Very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4) with several small black inclusions and a few larger white. Disk: worn rays; two rings around filling-hole; three framing rings. Rim: vine of leaves and clusters; originally there would have been four items on each half of the rim. Raised nozzle plate.

See Marty Peppers 1979, p. 232. Parallel: Agora VII, p. 145, no. 1474, pl. 28. Mid- to late 3rd century A.d. 258  (IPL 1978-62) Roman Bath Pl. 31 P.L. 0.105; W. 0.088; H. 0.037. Mended from many fragments; part of base, rim, and nozzle missing. Hard clay, mostly reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/8); slip(?) mostly very pale brown (10YR 7/3). From a worn mold. Disk: rays; wide central framing ring, two additional framing rings with air-hole. Rim: vine of three leaves and two clusters with climbers on each half. Handle: solid, punctured from one side, with three grooves above join and two below; raised leaf at bottom. Base: small, plain, with one wide outer and one narrow inner ring. From the South Deposit. This rim pattern (five items on each half) was the most common among the vine rims in Athens, and ultimately derived from Corinth (where the predecessor had four items on each side; see above, p. 27). Parallels: Agora VII, p. 145, no. 1506, pl. 28 (less worn); Kerameikos XVI, p. 196, no. 2457, pl. 43 (both the top and base are close). Five further fragments inventoried, all rims and disks with two framing rings: IPL 1970-112, 1971-87, 1971243, 1976-53, and 1976-62 (from the North Deposit). Early 4th century A.d. 259  (IPL 1970-161) Hexamilion bastion P.L. 0.076; p.W. 0.061. Fragment preserving most of top part. Hard, light brown clay (7.5YR 6/4). Disk: very worn rays; one framing ring around fillinghole, one framing ring with large air-hole around disk. Rim: vine of three leaves and two clusters on each half. Handle: solid, poorly joined, with two grooves above join and one below. See Clement 1971, p. 110. The lamp is comparatively small and of the second or third generation. Parallel: e.g., Kerameikos XVI, p. 197, no. 2480, pl. 44. Three further examples inventoried, all with one framing ring on the disk and less worn than 259: IPL 1971-86, 1972-129, and 1976-72. Early to mid-4th century A.d.

Rosette Disks 260  (IPL 1970-92) Area East of Temenos Pl. 32 P.L. 0.042; p.W. 0.044. Fragment preserving part of disk, rim, and handle. Hard, pink clay (between 5YR 8/4 and 5YR 7/4). Retouched. Disk: small concave area around filling-hole and (originally) eight large convex articulated leaves (acanthus?), with small leaves and globules (berries?) in the interstices; two framing rings. Rim: one row of globules. Handle: small perforation, with three grooves on upper preserved part. Like other lamps with U-shaped nozzles (e.g., 237), disks with eight convex leaves exhibit the conservative treatment of lamps with probably metal archetypes. For parallels from Athens, see Agora VII, pp. 19, 148–149,



PRE-GLAZING ATHENIAN LAMPS

nos. 1623–1644, pl. 30, and Kerameikos XVI, pp. 199– 201, nos. 2519–2569, pls. 45, 46; from Corinth, see Williams and Zervos 1983, p. 17, no. 38, pl. 8. Modified versions of this type occur occasionally also in glazed form, e.g., Agora VII, p. 149, no. 1641, pl. 30, and Corinth IV.2, p. 244, no. 1085, pl. XIV. But the more regular rosette supplanted more complex competitors such as the decor on 260. On one (earlier?) version, seen here, the leaves tend to be more realistically rounded, end well within the framing ring, and have articulated globules in the interstices, while on another (later?) version, the leaf tip is often cut off and the result becomes a more decorative pattern, evenly filling all the space within the framing ring (see 261 and the fragments inventoried there). All present examples have been retouched. Two further fragments inventoried, both from the South Deposit at the Roman Bath: IPL 1978-90 (disk), 1992-1 (disk, rim, and nozzle). Mid- to late 3rd century A.d. 261  (IPL 1980-25) Roman Bath Pl. 32 Max. p.dim. 0.043 × 0.032. Fragment of disk. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6) with some small white mica. Disk: originally eight(?) convex articulated leaves and no small intermediate small leaves, but globules between ends of petals; two rings around central fillinghole; one framing ring preserved. From the South Deposit. See Agora VII, p. 149, no. 1641, pl. 30; Isthmia III, p. 77, no. 3011, pl. 33; see also Corinth XVIII.2, pp. 33–34, no. 50, pl. 4 (dated to the mid-3rd century), for a similar disk but with eleven swirling leaves. Four further disk fragments inventoried: IP 3718; and three from the South Deposit, IPL 1978-80, 1978129 (disk and rim), and 1980-47. Late 3rd into early 4th century A.d. 262  (IPL 1970-139) Area East of Temenos Pl. 32 P.L. 0.055; p.W. 0.065; p.H. with handle 0.046. Three joining fragments preserving handle and part of adjacent back, rim, and disk. Hard, light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4) with several both white and black inclusions. Disk: rosette of ca. 12 pointed double petals, with inner row of smaller petals; two framing rings. Rim: plain; plain(?) panels. Handle: punctured, not pierced, with three grooves above join and two below. Parallel: Kerameikos XVI, p. 206, no. 2644, pl. 48 (though lacking rim panels). Early 4th century A.d. 263  (IPL 1980-27) Roman Bath P.L. 0.075; p.W. 0.070; H. 0.034. Several joining fragments preserving ca. one-third of bottom and top. Hard, pink clay (5YR 7/4) with some cavities. Disk: rosette of ca. 10 rounded petals with inner longitudinal grooves; one framing ring. Rim: plain; plain panels. Handle: pierced, with three grooves above join and two below. Base: within part of one groove, trace of incised letter (broken).

115

From the South Deposit. Compare Agora VII, p. 149, no. 1651, pl. 30, and Kerameikos XVI, p. 204, nos. 2614, pl. 47. Six further similar examples inventoried: three fragments of disks with plain rims from the same location, IPL 1978-78, 1978-79, 1980-17; and IPL 1970-95 (disk, rim, and handle), 1993-14, and 2003-30. Early 4th century A.d. 264  (IPL 1978-59) Roman Bath Fig. 2; Pl. 32 L. 0.101; W. 0.077; H. 0.035. Mended from many fragments; part of lower side and rim missing. Mostly reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Disk: rosette of eight heart-shaped petals; one raised framing ring around filling-hole and two around disk. Rim: three rows of punctured dots; panels with incised herringbone. Handle: narrow, punctured, not pierced, with three grooves above join and two below; raised leaf at bottom. Base: within one wide ring, incised eight-pointed star with circle in center and between each ray. From the South Deposit. Parallel: Kerameikos XVI, p. 201, no. 2577, pl. 46 (a worn copy). Parallels for the top only: Athens, National Archaeological Museum 3098 (signed by Roufos); Corinth IV.2, p. 244, no. 1088, pl. XIV (signed A); Agora VII, p. 153, no. 1822, pl. 31. The combination of this disk and rim (with the base lost) occurs on a Corinthian imitation of an Athenian lamp (214) as well as on a Late Corinthian lamp: Garnett 1970, p. 140, no. 168 (of the 5th century, and not identified as being from an Athenian prototype). This particular base design is also reported on 43 fragments from the Kerameikos (see Agora VII, p. 153, no. 1822), always combined with this rim pattern when extant. Four further fragments inventoried: three from the South Deposit, IPL 1978-73 (base), 1978-177, and 1978190 (joining pieces of handle and rim); and IPL 2003-15. Early 4th century A.d. 265  (IPL 1978-91 + 1978-161) Roman Bath P.L. 0.047; p.W. 0.052; p.H. 0.019. Three joining fragments preserving ca. half of disk and part of rim. Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6). Worn. Disk: rosette of ca. six preserved straight petals with longitudinal inner grooves; one framing ring. Rim: wreath(?) on inner part, outer part plain; panel of three grooves. From the South Deposit. Approximate parallel: Agora VII, p. 155, no. 1974, pls. 32. 4th century A.d.

Miscellaneous Abstract Disks 266  (IPL 1971-52) Area East of Temenos Pl. 33 P.L. 0.074; p.W. 0.055. Fragment preserving greater part of disk. Very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4) with cavities and several mediumsized white and grayish inclusions. Disk: five concentric grooves sinking toward deep filling-hole; air-hole. Rim: narrow, plain. Parallels: Agora VII, p. 136, nos. 1146, 1147, pl. 24, though both have more convex disks. Missing nozzle

116

CATALOGUE

was probably U-shaped. Corinth L-4249 (with a U-shaped nozzle) is close. One further example inventoried from the South Deposit at the Roman Bath: IPL 1978-134 and 1978-138 (two joining fragments with four concentric grooves on disk; nozzle once U-shaped). Early 4th century A.d. 267  (IPL 1990-6) Roman Bath Pl. 33 L. 0.102; W. 0.077; H. 0.035, with handle 0.049. Intact. Hard, medium clean clay with some white inclusions, close to pink (7.5YR 8/4). From a plaster mold. Disk: plain; two framing rings with air-hole. Rim: plain; herringbone panels. Handle: slim, solid, with two grooves above join and two below. Nozzle: burn marks. Base: within one groove, incised signature, ΕΥΤ|ΥΧΗ. From the drain of room VI. Close parallels: Agora VII, p. 137, no. 1181, pl. 24, and Kerameikos XVI, p. 193, no. 2398, pl. 42 (both signed by Eutyches). For the long duration and productive output of this shop (active from the mid-3rd to the mid-5th century A.d.), see Agora VII, pp. 34 –38, and further discussion in Karivieri 1996, pp. 95–104, where the many signature variants are discussed. The form on 267, Karivieri’s no. 4, is early in the evolution; however, the lamp is not very crisp. Fragments from this workshop found in the UCLA/ OSU excavations continue into the glazed lamp period (see 333, 351). One further fragment inventoried from the South Deposit: IPL 1978-47 (handle and part of rim and side). Early 4th century A.d. 268  (IPL 1978-74) Roman Bath Pl. 33 P.L. 0.078; p.W. 0.067; p.H. with handle 0.052. Three joining fragments preserving handle, most of disk and rim, and part of body. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6) with small black and white inclusions. Disk: concave, five concentric rings. Rim: inner part with three rows of globules, outer part plain; volutes open toward rim; air-hole in tongue. Body: three rows of globules preserved. Handle: punctured, not pierced, with three grooves above join and two below, with diagonal cross-hatchings. The globule-volute lamps of the 3rd and 4th centuries are a later development of the earlier Athenian alpha-globule lamps of the 1st and 2nd centuries. See Corinth IV.2, pp. 70–73, type XX, and Agora VII, pp. 15– 16. A lamp with multiple globules is also found in a Corinthian fabric and contemporary with Broneer’s type XXVII (see 192, a Corinthian imitation of an Athenian model; a lamp such as Corinth XVIII.2, p. 33, no. 49, pl. 4, could have provided the inspiration). The position of the volutes varies, and there can be three or four concentric rows of globules on the rim and more on the body; 268 has three on the rim, while 269 has four. These amounts are maintained also on glazed Athenian lamps (see 345) and post-glazing 5th-century lamps. Parallels: Agora VII, pp. 138–139, nos. 1224  –1297, pl. 25, especially no. 1264, which has the same volute position and a distinct rendering of the lower half,

which is missing on the examples from the Roman Bath; see also Kerameikos XVI, p. 189, no. 2308, pl. 41. Nine further fragments inventoried: three from the area East of Temenos, IPL 1970-116, 1971-227, and 1971-264; one from the North Deposit, IPL 1976-63; four from the South Deposit, IPL 1978-93, 1978-147, 1980-19, and 1980-44; and one from elsewhere in the Roman Bath, IPL 1978-2. Mid-3rd into early 4th century A.d. 269  (IPL 1971-27) Area East of Temenos Pl. 34 P.L. 0.094; W. 0.066; H. 0.035. Mended from several fragments; part of bottom and side missing. Very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4) with some black inclusions; white slip (2.5YR 8/2). From a worn mold. Disk: small, concave; one framing ring around central filling-hole and one toward rim. Rim: four rows of globules; volutes open toward outside of lamp; between volutes, cluster of five globules; air-hole in tongue. Body: five rows of globules. Handle: pierced, with three grooves above join; below join not readable. Base: within two raised rings, star-shaped cluster of globules. Parallel: Agora VII, p. 138, no. 1242, pl. 25. See also Williams and Zervos 1983, no. 35, p. 17, pl. 8 (from Corinth). For a parallel for the volutes, see Kerameikos XVI, p. 190, no. 2340, pl. 41. Three further examples inventoried: IPL 1971-226 (body fragment), 1976-52 (very crisp disk and rim fragment; 3rd century?), and 2003-28 (body fragment from the South Deposit at the Roman Bath). Late 3rd into early 4th century A.d.

Base Fragments 270  (IPL 1980-11) Roman Bath P.L. 0.074; p.W. 0.076; H. 0.033. Two joining fragments preserving about half of lower lamp and piece of rim and nozzle. Clean, reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6); slip mostly pink (7.5YR 7/4); burn marks. Rim: plain; panels. Base: within two grooves, incised Ε and small incised circle below letter. From the South Deposit. See discussion of Eutyches under 267. One further example of the letter Ε inventoried: IPL 1980-36. Early 4th century A.d. 271  (IPL 1978-70) Roman Bath P.L. 0.069; p.W. 0.054; p.H. 0.027. Two joining fragments preserving most of base and part of side around handle. Light yellowish brown clay (10YR 6/4). Worn. Handle: three grooves on lower part, with diagonal cross-hatching. Base: within three grooves, incised Ε to the left of central branch. From the South Deposit. There was probably a letter Υ on the right (lost) side of the branch, as on Agora VII, p. 165, nos. 2145, 2159 (neither illustrated), and Kerameikos XVI, p. 145, no. 1218, pl. 26. For differing opin-



PRE-GLAZING ATHENIAN LAMPS

ions of the significance of a branch design on the base, see Agora VII, p. 28; Garnett 1970, p. 29; and the overview in Karivieri 1996, pp. 77–78, 98. Böttger (Kerameikos XVI, pp. 53–81, and passim) regards it as a signature. Some connection with a workshop organization remains a possibility. The bases with branches published in Agora VII (pls. 35–37) show that the branch design was coupled with various signatures, and also appeared alone. The Isthmian material from the UCLA/OSU excavations confirms this. Early 4th century A.d.? 272  (IPL 1980-15) Roman Bath Pl. 34 P.L. 0.072; p.W. 0.071; H. 0.039. Four joining fragments preserving larger part of back and bottom of lamp. Clean, light brown clay (7.5YR 6/4); slip close to pink (5YR 7/4). Rim: plain. Handle: punctured, not pierced, with three grooves above join and two below, with diagonal cross-hatching. Base: within two grooves, incised letters ΕΥ|Ϲ[- - -]. From the South Deposit. For the career of Eutyches and the appearance of double signatures recorded on one lamp, see Agora VII, pp. 27, 34 –35 (Eutyches), and 53–54 (Soteros); Karivieri 1996, pp. 95–104 and 137– 139, respectively. The partnership between the Eutyches and Soteros workshops seems to have begun before A.d. 267 based on evidence from the Kerameikos; see Kerameikos XVI, p. 340, and Brückner 1931, pp. 8–9, figs. 5, 6. A close parallel to the signature on 272 is Agora VII, p. 170, no. 2322, pl. 37 (however, with a central branch). One further example inventoried: IPL 1971-35 (signed ΕΥ|[- - -]). Early 4th century A.d.? 273  (IPL 1980-42) Roman Bath Pl. 34 P.L. 0.076; p.W. 0.063; H. 0.034. Four joining fragments preserving handle, part of base, and adjacent wall. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6) with some large white inclusions. Rim: incised trefoil and reel. Handle: punctured, not pierced, with two grooves above join, with cross-hatching, and two below; relief leaf at bottom. Base: within wide, flat ring, incised letters ϹΩ (with space for a Τ). From the South Deposit. For Soteros’s workshop, see 272. One further example inventoried: IPL 1978-66 (letter Ϲ on the left, with space for Ω). Early 4th century A.d.? 274  (IPL 1971-11) Area East of Temenos Pl. 35 P.L. 0.042; p.W. 0.031. Fragment preserving part of base. Hard clay, between pink (5YR 7/4) and reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6), with some small black inclusions. Handle: tip ends in horseshoe-shaped leaf. Base: within two framing grooves, incised ΛΕ̣ . Clement 1972, p. 230. For the Leonteos workshop, see Agora VII, pp. 43–45, and Karivieri 1996, p. 115. The production of this workshop spans from the second half

117

of the 3rd into the mid(?)-4th century, with only a few (later) glazed lamps extant. Late 3rd into early 4th century A.d. 275  (IPL 1971-73) Area East of Temenos Pl. 35 P.L. 0.032; p.W. 0.032. Fragment preserving part of base. Clay between pink and reddish yellow (5YR 7/4 –5YR 7/6). Base: within single groove, incised ΕΙ;̣ below, a faint maker’s mark, ΑΓ. No further line of writing is likely; as neither ΕΙ or ΕϹ as the last letters suggest a recognizable workshop, the name remains uncertain. Late 3rd into early 4th century A.d. 276  (IPL 1978-55a, b) Roman Bath (a) Max. p.dim. 0.040 × 0.034. (b) Max. p.dim. 0.036 × 0.028. Two nonjoining fragments, each preserving part of base. Clay between pink (5YR 7/4) and reddish yellow (5YR 7/6). Base: within two grooves, faint traces of incised letters. From the South Deposit. Two further fragments inventoried, both illegible bases: IPL 1971-228 and 1977-5. Early 4th century A.d.? 277  (IPL 1970-185) Area East of Temenos, tunnel P.L. 0.059; p.W. 0.051; p.H. 0.035. Fragment preserving part of handle, wall, and base. Hard, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6). Handle: lower part, without grooves, ending in a relief leaf. Base: within one raised ring, ca. six raised letters, of which the last might be Π. Late 3rd century A.d.? 278  (IPL 1971-60) Area East of Temenos Pl. 35 Max. p.dim. 0.042 × 0.031. Fragment preserving part of base. Fine clay burned light gray (2.5Y 7/2). Base: within raised ring, five raised letters of which the last is Ο. If the signature is that of Pireithos, the absence of the leaf at the base of the handle, together with a single ring on the base, points to a vine-and-ray lamp (see Agora VII, pp. 47–48). Rare examples of this name from the Corinthia are found in Isthmia III, p. 74, no. 2964, pls. 12, 33, and Kenchreai V, p. 146, no. 361, pl. 16. For parallels of the signature divided between two lines, see, e.g., Agora VII, p. 146, nos. 1540, 1541, pl. 28. Late 3rd century A.d.? 279  (IPL 1969-129) Tower 14 Max. p.dim. 0.043 × 0.040. Fragment of part of base. Clean, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6). Base: within one groove, part of a relief leaf; possibly ̣ at side. a maker’s mark (Γ) The activity of the Leaf Shop extended from the early 3rd toward the mid-4th century; its products are

118

CATALOGUE

relatively rare in the Corinthia. See the lamps cited in Agora VII, pp. 57–59; add to these Corinth L-1971-62; Isthmia III, p. 74, no. 2969, pls. 13, 33; Corinth XVIII.2, pp. 18, 32, nos. 42, 60, pl. 4; Kenchreai V, p. 67, no. 362, pl. 16; Kerameikos XVI, pp. 226–227, nos. 3341–3392, pl. 53; see also the discussion in Karivieri 1996, pp. 146– 150. For the metalwork background of Athenian reliefs, such as the leaf at the handle or on the base, see Agora VII, p. 18 and n. 28. Late 3rd into early 4th century A.d. 280  (IPL 1978-63) Roman Bath Pl. 35 P.L. 0.096; p.W. 0.076; H. 0.039. Several joining fragments preserving handle, section of rim, and three-fourths of lower lamp. Hard clay, close to pink (5YR 7/4). Rim: eight S-spirals; panels. Handle: punctured, not pierced, with three grooves above join and two below. Base: within two grooves, incised heart-shaped leaf. From the South Deposit. For the Incised Leaf Shop and its relationship to the Leaf Shop, see Agora VII, pp. 58–59, and Karivieri 1996, pp. 146–151. Two further fragments inventoried, both from the same deposit: IPL 1978-64 (same rim and base) and 1978-116 (base fragment with two grooves and incised leaf). Late 3rd into 4th century A.d. 281  (IPL 1978-128) Roman Bath P.L. 0.085; p.W. 0.060. Six joining fragments preserving most of base and ca. half of adjoining walls. Hard, clean, reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Base: within one groove: four incised circles (and probably a fifth in the missing center). From the South Deposit. Base decor of five circles in the form of a cross (a quincunx) is reported on preglazing Athenian lamps, e.g., Agora VII, pp. 112, 122, 131, nos. 660, 821, 994 (none illustrated), and Kerameikos XVI, p. 193, no. 2401, pl. 42. Some connection with the organization of workshops is presumed (see Agora VII, pp. 28, 35). The pattern is, however, far more common on later glazed and post-glazing lamps: see, e.g., Kerameikos XVI, p. 218, no. 3056, pl. 59 (glazed); Karivieri 1996, p. 172, no. 35, pl. 3 (post-glazing); and a Late Corinthian imitation of an Athenian lamp, Garnett 1970, no. 54, p. 89 (of the early 6th century; illustrated in Garnett 1975, p. 181, fig. 1:21). Four further examples inventoried, all from the same deposit: IPL 1978-30 (one circle within two grooves), 1978-121 (one circle within one groove), 2003-27 (three incised circles within two grooves), and 2003-32 (incised circle on base ring). Early 4th century A.d.? 282  (IPL 1969-2) Tower 10 P.L. 0.065; p.W. 0.068; H. 0.030. Fragment preserving front half of lamp except for disk. Hard, reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Nozzle: U-shaped; burn marks. Base: six concentric grooves, irregularly spaced. The treatment of the base suggests an origin in metalwork (see, e.g., 41) and is found combined with a

U-shaped nozzle and certain disk types (e.g., a bull’s head, as on 235, or a crescent). Close parallel: Agora VII, p. 163, no. 2078, pl. 34. Six further fragments inventoried: four from the South Deposit at the Roman Bath, IPL 1978-69, 1978191, 1980-41, and 1992-12; and two others, IPL 1971262 and 2003-24. Early 4th century A.d.? 283  (IPL 1978-119) Roman Bath Max. p.dim. 0.052 × 0.047. Fragment of base with section of adjacent side. Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6), on surface pink (close to 5YR 7/4). Base: two grooves. From the South Deposit. Eleven further fragments inventoried: four with one base groove, IPL 1969-55 and three from the South Deposit, IPL 1978-118, 1978-123, and 1978-126; six with two base grooves, IPL 1970-159 and five from the South Deposit, IPL 1978-120, 1978-125, 1978-127, 1978-154, and 1978-159; and one with three base grooves, IPL 1978-157. Late 3rd into early 4th century A.d.

Rim Fragments 284  (IPL 1978-131) Roman Bath Max. p.dim. 0.055 × 0.013. Fragment of rim. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Rim: plain; plain panel. From the South Deposit. Twenty further fragments inventoried: fifteen with plain rims from the same deposit (three with panels preserved and six with one framing ring), IPL 1970-143, 1978-46 (two framing rings), 1978-136, 1978-139, 1978140, 1978-142, 1978-145, 1978-146, 1978-150, 1978-175, 1978-178, 1980-35, 1980-37, 1980-43, and 1992-19; and five from elsewhere, IPL 1967-13 (stamped double circle on otherwise plain rim), 1969-111, 1970-166 (incised branches on panels; from the tunnel complex in the area East of Temenos), 1971-236, and 2004-13 (incised branches on panels). Late 3rd into early 4th century A.d. 285  (IPL 1976-60) Roman Bath P.W. 0.037; p.H. with handle 0.028. Fragment of rim and handle. Pink clay (7.5YR 7/4). From a worn mold. Rim: vines with (originally) three clusters and two leaves on each half. Handle: punctured, not pierced, with three grooves above join and two below. From the North Deposit. For this rim decor in general, cf. Agora VII, p. 145, nos. 1506–1510, pl. 28. Four further examples inventoried (some later than 285): IP 3801, IPL 1969-58, 1976-59, and 1978-156. Also the following two examples, probably with the same pattern: IPL 1970-40 and 2003-11. First half of 3rd century A.d. 286  (IPL 1978-37) Roman Bath Pl. 35 P.L. 0.037; p.W. 0.044; p.H. with handle 0.018. Two joining fragments preserving part of handle, rim, and disk. Clean, hard, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6), on surface very pale brown (10YR 7/4).



PRE-GLAZING ATHENIAN LAMPS

Disk: filling-hole toward handle; two framing rings. Rim: eight S-spirals with raised dots in between. Handle: pierced, with three grooves on upper preserved part. Potential parallels: Agora VII, pp. 128, 131, nos. 908, 1007, pls. 20, 21; Kerameikos XVI, p. 179, no. 1987, pl. 38. A similarly high filling-hole combined with this rim is, among the standard images, found with a bull or ram on the disk. Fifteen further examples inventoried: IP 3737 (possibly same rim pattern), IPL 1969-28, 1969-31, 1970-144 (very crisp, pale clay, with panel with S-spiral), 1970-204, 1971-101, 1971-146, 1971-244, and 1972-67 (solid handle), and six from the South Deposit, IPL 1978-20, 1978137, 1978-148, 1978-149, 1978-158, 1980-48. Late 3rd into early 4th century A.d.? 287  (IPL 1971-85) Area East of Temenos Pl. 35 Max. p.dim. 0.051 × 0.042. Fragment preserving rim, nozzle, and small part of disk. Pink clay (7.5 YR 7/4). Disk: illegible; one framing-ring. Rim: two S-spirals flanking nozzle area, with raised cluster of dots in between; air-hole not pierced. Nozzle: part of rounded, slightly raised plate preserved, not interrupting the rim. Probably from a multiple-nozzle lamp. Approximate parallels for form: Corinth IV.2, p. 283, no. 1434, pl. XXI (Corinthian), and Agora VII, p. 156, no. 1991, pl. 32 (Athenian), though both with different rim decor. 3rd century A.d. 288  (IPL 1970-203) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.029; p.W. 0.029. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Fine, hard, pink clay (7.5YR 8/4 –7/4). Disk: faint rays; one framing ring. Rim: raised, wavy double lines. For the rim, cf. Agora VII, p. 131, no. 1016, pl. 21. Mid- to late 3rd century A.d. 289  (IPL 1970-93) Area East of Temenos Pl. 35 P.L. 0.054; p.W. 0.051; p.H. with handle 0.041. Fragment preserving handle and adjacent side and rim. Hard, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 8/6–7/6) with some cavities. Rim: one row of medium-sized globules; three irregularly spaced framing grooves around lost disk. Handle: pierced, with two grooves above join and two below. For the rim and handle, see Agora VII, p. 134, no. 1090, pl. 22; Kerameikos XVI, pp. 187–188, no. 2261, pl. 41. Eight further fragments inventoried: IPL 1967-23 (buff clay, solid handle and branch on lower part of handle), 1969-59, 1970-122, 1970-188, 1971-229, 1971267, 1978-132 (buff clay, from the South Deposit at the Roman Bath), and 2003-22. Early to mid 4th century A.d. 290  (IPL 1976-49) Roman Bath Pl. 35 P.L. 0.034; p.W. 0.043; p.H. 0.038. Fragment preserving handle and adjacent rim and side. Fine, very pale brown clay (10YR 7/4 –8/4) with some small black inclusions.

119

Rim: rosette of raised dots; one preserved framing ring toward lost disk. Handle: pierced, ending well above base, with three grooves above join and two below. From the drain under room I. This lamp possibly antedates the North Deposit, as it is very crisp. Best parallel: Kenchreai V, p. 55, no. 245, pl. 10. A rosette of raised dots on the rim is fairly common in Athens; see Agora VII, p. 131, no. 1015, pl. 21; and with slight variation, Kerameikos XVI, pp. 138–140, nos. 1020, 1034, 1036, 1081, 1087, pl. 24. Mostly, however, the dots are more tightly placed than here; see Siebert 1966, p. 500, no. 16, fig. 21 (a more elaborate example); Agora VII, p. 122, no. 811, pl. 18. One further fragment inventoried from the South Deposit: IPL 1978-54 (more tightly placed rosettes than 290). First half of 3rd century A.d. 291  (IPL 1978-160) Roman Bath Max. p.dim. 0.025 × 0.015. Fragment of rim. Light brown clay (7.5YR 6/4). Rim: raised wreath; one plain panel; no framing rings. From the South Deposit. Compare the Corinthian rim pattern 7d (Fig. 5); compare also the rim of Agora VII, p. 114, no. 711, pl. 16. Two more fragments inventoried from the same deposit: IPL 1978-152 and 1978-166 (triple wreath[?] on rim; upper part of punctured, not pierced, handle with three grooves). 3rd century A.d. 292  (IPL 1970-133) Area East of Temenos Pl. 35 P.W. 0.044; p.H. 0.058. Fragment preserving handle and adjacent rim. Hard, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6). Rim: raised wreath within two framing rings, leaves directed toward handle. Handle: pierced, two grooves above join and two below. Compare Kerameikos XVI, pp. 99, 101, nos. 193, 225, pl. 8 (leaves directed toward the handle). The wreath of 292 is less refined than that of 291, which is closer to earlier Corinthian models. One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1971-232. Early 4th century a.d. 293  (IPL 1969-9) Tower 14 Max. p.dim. 0.045 × 0.020. Fragment preserving part of nozzle and rim. Hard, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/3–7/3). Very worn. Rim: raised trefoil and reel. Compare rim of Agora VII, p. 122, no. 823, pl. 18, and the generic pattern on pl. 51:10. Three further fragments inventoried, with the same raised pattern: IPL 1970-123 (pattern incised, early 4th century), 1970-157, and 1978-111 (very worn). Late 3rd century A.d.? 294  (IPL 1978-144) Roman Bath Max. p.dim. 0.041 × 0.018. Fragment of rim. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Rim: finely incised herringbone pattern within two framing grooves. Nozzle: groove of plate; burn marks.

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CATALOGUE

From the South Deposit. Compare Agora VII, p. 128, no. 921, pl. 20. Four further fragments inventoried: IPL 1970-38, 1971-145, 2003-12, and 2003-26. Early 4th century A.d. 295  (IPL 1978-52) Roman Bath P.L. 0.060; p.W. 0.062; H. 0.036. Three joining fragments preserving handle and part of adjacent side and rim. Pink clay (7.5YR 7/4), on surface reddish yellow (5YR 7/6), with small black inclusions and white mica. Worn. Rim: three concentric rings, the center one slightly sunken with a cord pattern; plain panel. Handle: punctured, not pierced, with three grooves above join and two below with diagonal cross-hatching. Base: piece of one groove preserved. From the South Deposit. For the rim, see 232, from the same location. One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1977-8 (rim with diagonal cross-hatching on outer part, plain on inner part). Early 4th century A.d.

Handle Fragments 296  (IPL 1978-192) Roman Bath P.W. 0.032; p.H. with handle 0.038. Fragment preserving handle. Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6). Handle: punctured, not pierced, with three grooves above join and two below. From the South Deposit. Nineteen further fragments inventoried (seven from the same deposit): eight very close to 296, IPL 1970-118, 1970-131, 1971-242, 1972-62, 1978-53, 1978-189, 1992-7, and 2003-16; two with cross-hatching on the center of the lower handle, IPL 1978-167 and 1980-10; three solid handles, IP 3802, IPL 1971-154, and 1971-239; five with only the lower part preserved, IPL 1970-101, 1970-148, 1971-150, 1971-270, and 1972-52; and one with only the upper part preserved, IPL 1980-22. Late 3rd into early 4th century A.d. 297  (IPL 1971-151) Area East of Temenos Max. p.dim. 0.034 × 0.033. Fragment of handle. Mealy, very pale brown clay (10YR 8/4) with small mica and some black inclusions. Handle: pierced, with three grooves above join and two below.

Ten further fragments inventoried: IPL 1969-46, 1970-165, 1970-174, 1971-149, 1971-197, 1971-214, 1971237, 1971-257, 1971-273, and 1978-4. Late 3rd century A.d. 298  (IPL 1978-22 + 1978-18) Roman Bath P.L. 0.047; p.W. 0.070; p.H. 0.040. Two joining fragments preserving lower section of handle with adjacent side. Hard, pink clay (5YR 7/3– 7/4). Handle: two grooves below join, with relief leaf at bottom. Base: piece of one groove. See, e.g., Agora VII, p. 122, no. 823, pl. 36. Five further fragments inventoried, all with a relief leaf at the lower tip of the handle: four from the South Deposit, IPL 1978-50, 1978-113, 1980-21, and 1980-31; and 1969-24. Second half of 3rd century A.d.?

Nozzle Fragments 299  (IPL 1980-12) Roman Bath P.L. 0.053; p.W. 0.046; p.H. 0.033. Two joining fragments preserving nozzle and part of rim and adjacent side. Hard, reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6); burn marks. Rim: plain. From the South Deposit. Fourteen further fragments inventoried, eight with burn marks: seven from the same deposit, IPL 1978-48, 1978-133, 1978-151, 1978-173, 1978-176, 1980-24, and 1992-14; and seven from the North Deposit, IPL 1969-1, 1969-92, 1970-60, 1970-83, 1970-128, 1971-148, and 1976-61. Late 3rd into 4th century A.d.

Wall Fragments 300  (IPL 1978-170) Roman Bath Max. p.dim. 0.045 × 0.037. Fragment of wall with edge of rim. Pink clay (5YR 7/4). From the South Deposit. Thirteen further fragments inventoried: nine from the same deposit, IPL 1978-49, 1978-110, 1978-155, 1978-169, 1978-172, 1978-174, 1980-23, 1980-38, and 1980-52; and four from elsewhere in the Roman Bath, IPL 1970-226, 1976-58, 2003-13, and 2003-29. Late 3rd through 4th century A.d.

GLAZED ATHENIAN LAMPS Figured Disks 301  (IPL 1976-20) Roman Bath P.L. 0.059; p.W. 0.057; p.H. 0.042. Two joining fragments preserving most of handle and part of adjacent back, rim, and disk. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6); metallic reddish brown glaze (2.5YR 5/4).

Disk: bust of Athena facing left (top of crested helmet preserved); edge of filling-hole; one framing ring. Rim: plain; herringbone panels; incised circles flanking handle and panels. Handle: solid, three grooves above join, two below. From the North Deposit. See Wohl 1981, p. 126, no. 3. This motif derives from 3rd-century types; see 232 for discussion. Parallels: Agora VII, p. 112, no. 668,



GLAZED ATHENIAN LAMPS

pl. 15; Kerameikos XVI, p. 241, nos. 3671–3673, pl. 60; Corinth L-4595 (from the Fountain of the Lamps, signed Κ[Υ], with a branch base; see Wiseman 1969, pl. 24:a); Corinth IV.2, p. 246, nos. 1103, 1106, fig. 175; Bassett 1903, p. 343, fig. 3. One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1972-41. Last quarter of 4th century A.d. 302  (IPL 1976-17) Roman Bath Pl. 36 P.L. 0.071; W. 0.079. Two joining fragments preserving most of disk and rim. Light brown clay (7/5YR 6/4); reddish brown glaze (5YR 5/4). Disk: boar running right. Rim: three uneven framing grooves. From the North Deposit. See Wohl 1981, p. 128, no. 8, pl. 34. The subject matter (a single boar running right) already enjoyed a certain popularity on Italiantype lamps of the 1st century A.d. Parallels: e.g., Deneauve 1969, pp. 117, 141, nos. 344, 510, pls. XL, LII; Bailey 1980, pp. 141, 320, nos. Q792, Q1257, fig. 79, pls. 4, 65; Bailey 1988, p. 301, no. Q2358, fig. 87, pl. 62 (reassigned there to Cyprus). The motif is, however, relatively rare on Roman lamps in Greece. Other Athenian examples are Corinth L-4584 from the Fountain of the Lamps, signed ΚΥ (see Wiseman 1969, pl. 24:a); Haken 1958, p. 103, no. 108, pl. XV (a related but cruder version purchased in Athens, now in Prague, no glaze reported). Haken comments on two features also noticeable on 302: first, the great height of the relief above the peak of the rim (the relief on the lamp in Prague extends 0.0035 above the rim, the lamp from Isthmia 0.0025); second, the overwhelming size of the animal in relation to the disk, with reference to the discussion by Kübler (1952, pp. 118–119, 121) on the transference of subject matter from other media onto lamps). In contrast to the carelessness of the frame, distorted to accommodate the irregular outline of the animal, the retouching of the fur is done with great delicacy; its height must be a result of retouching of the mold. One further example inventoried: IPL 1976-33, joined to 1976-19 (both from the same deposit). The fragment preserves the very top of the disk, and on the base, within one groove, is an incised Δ with a dot below it; published in Wohl 1981, p. 133, no. 29, pl. 35. Last quarter of 4th century A.d. 303  (IPL 1969-10) Northeast Gate Fig. 2; Pl. 36 L. 0.094; W. 0.064; H. 0.033. Intact. Hard, pink clay (7.5YR 7/4); red glaze (2.5YR 5/6). Disk: frontal bull’s head, with curls between horns; filling-hole above horns. Rim: separated from disk by one groove with air-hole, wavy lines. Handle: solid, with three grooves above join and three below; two circles flanking handle and wick-hole. Nozzle: U-shaped, demarcated by two horizontal lines with vertical crosshatching in between. Base: within two grooves, branch. See 235 for a pre-glazing version of this disk motif and for discussion. Corinth IV.2, p. 268, nos. 1302, 1303, figs. 190, 191, have different rims but U-shaped nozzles, common with this disk. The many examples in Kerameikos

121

XVI (pp. 184 –186, nos. 2166–2228, pl. 40) vary between the original(?) U-shaped nozzle and a kite-shaped adaptation. The motif continues on 5th-century Corinthian imitations of Athenian lamps, e.g., L-1969-386 (from the Fountain of the Lamps). For the branch base, see 271. Second half of 4th century A.d. 304  (IPL 2004-1) Roman Bath Pl. 36 L. 0.093; W. 0.069; H. 0.039. Intact. Surface heavily incrusted, probably reddish yellow (5YR 6/6); light red glaze (2.5YR 6/6). Disk: frontal bull’s head; filling-hole over head; airhole by nozzle; one framing ring. Rim: plain; herringbone panels. Double diagonal lines demarcating nozzle. Handle: broad, solid, with three grooves above join and three below. Base: small, broad framing-ring, with the signature ΚΥ.̣ From the South Deposit. For discussion of the disk motif, see 235. Approximate parallel for the disk: Agora VII, p. 132, no. 1044, pl. 22, and Kerameikos XVI, p. 249, no. 3787, pl. 62; the image is not, however, thus far reported in the repertory of the ΚΥ workshop. Late 4th century A.d. 305  (IPL 2004-14) Roman Bath Max. p.dim. 0.036 × 0.031. Fragment of disk. Pinkish white clay (7.5YR 8/2), glaze close to light reddish brown (5YR 6/4). Disk: bull walking left on ground line; one framing ring. Rim: plain? For a pre-glazing version of this image, see 234. Late 4th century A.d. 306  (IPL 1971-37) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.040; p.W. 0.039. Fragment preserving part of rim and disk. Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4); glaze of the same color. From a very worn mold. Disk: torso and front legs of centaur holding lyre and moving right. Rim: plain. For this motif, see 236, a pre-glazing example. Late 4th century A.d. 307  (IPL 1976-4) Roman Bath Pl. 37 P.L. 0.100; W. 0.073; H. 0.035. Several joining fragments preserving handle, adjacent back, part of base, and almost all of top. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6) with white inclusions and small and white mica; worn, light red glaze (2.5YR 6/6). Disk: crescent; two framing rings. Rim: plain; on left side only, one panel with herringbone; incised circles flanking handles, nozzle, and air-hole. Nozzle: U-shaped, separated from rim by two horizontal grooves; burn marks. Handle: solid, with two grooves above join and two below, with cross-hatching on the outer parts. Base: within two grooves, missing center. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 128, no. 10. The lamp is remarkably poorly made, in both the mold and the joining. For a pre-glazing version, see 237; a glazed parallel in better condition is Agora VII, p. 134, no. 1072, pl. 22. Many crescent-disk lamps adopted a kite-shaped nozzle in the 4th century:

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CATALOGUE

see, e.g., Corinth IV.2, p. 269, no. 1308, pl. XIX, and Isthmia III, p. 77, no. 2994, pl. 33. Corinth L-4667 and two uninventoried lamps from lot 6105 (from the Fountain of the Lamps) have a combination kite- and U-shaped nozzle. For further examples of the disk, see Kenchreai V, p. 57, no. 260, pl. 11, and Bassett 1903, p. 349, no. 29 (signed Τ). Late 4th century A.d. 308  (IPL 1972-17) Roman Bath Pl. 37 P.L. 0.089; p.W. 0.069; H. 0.033. Several joining fragments preserving handle and part of disk, rim, and back. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6); metallic reddish brown glaze (2.5YR 5/4). Strongly retouched. Disk: Eros standing toward right, head turned back, downturned torch in right hand, patera in left; to right, altar, part of filling-hole, and double ground lines with air-hole flanked by concentric circles; two framing rings. Rim: plain as preserved; concentric circles flanking handle. Handle: solid, with three grooves above join and two below. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 126, no. 1, pl. 34. The depiction of Eros with a torch and a patera originated in Athens in the 3rd century: see the discussion under Agora VII, p. 115, no. 729; see also 240 (Athenian) and 206 (Late Corinthian). Among the many glazed Athenian lamps of the 4th century, the best parallels are Corinth L-4689 and L-4690 (both from the Fountain of the Lamps); Kübler 1952, p. 127, fig. 48; Corinth IV.2, p. 247, no. 1115, pl. XV; Corinth XVIII.2, p. 32, no. 40, pl. 4; Agora VII, p. 115, no. 733, pl. 16; Kerameikos XVI, p. 242, nos. 3691–3694, pl. 60. The retouching on 308 is more heavy-handed than on the parallels quoted, creating geometricized qualities in the anatomy and accessories. One further disk fragment inventoried from Tower 14: IPL 1969-26. Last quarter of 4th century A.d. 309  (IPL 2003-7) Roman Bath Pl. 37 P.L. 0.048; p.W. 0.061. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Hard clay between pink (7.5YR 7/4) and light brown (7.5YR 8/4); uneven glaze, mostly red (2.5YR 5/6). Very worn. Disk: winged Eros walking right, turning head back, playing syrinx held in right hand; filling-hole in center right; one narrow framing ring. Rim: plain? From the South Deposit. For parallels, see Kerameikos XVI, p. 241, nos. 3676–3678, pl. 60; see also 240 for a pre-glazing parallel and a discussion of the type. Late 4th century A.d. 310  (IPL 2003-9) Roman Bath P.L. 0.032; p.W. 0.044. Fragment of disk and rim. Hard, light red clay (2.5YR 6/8) with some inclusions; red glaze (2.5YR 5/8). Disk: Eros walking left, garment behind(?); one narrow framing ring. Rim: plain; panel with herringbone. From the South Deposit. For this disk type, i.e. Eros playing a double flute, see 242 for a pre-glazing parallel with references.

Three further fragmentary examples inventoried from the same deposit: IPL 2004-12, 2004-15, and 200416. Late 4th century A.d. 311  (IPL 1972-34) Roman Bath Fig. 2; Pl. 37 P.L. 0.096; p.W. 0.078; H. 0.042. Several joining fragments preserving most of top section and about one-third of lower section. Light brown clay (7.5YR 6/4); reddish yellow glaze (5YR 5/6). Disk: two fish hooked together, heads left; filling-hole below; one framing groove with air-hole. Rim: wavy lines. Nozzle: double diagonal grooves. Handle: solid, with three grooves above join and two below. Base: within two grooves (partially missing), Δ or possibly Λ. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 128, no. 9, pl. 34. The topic is common on Athenian lamps from the second half of the 3rd century on; see 249 for a pre-glazing example. Parallels: Corinth L-4585 (signed ΚΥ) from the Fountain of the Lamps (Wiseman 1969, pl. 24:a, top row, center); Waldhauer 1914, p. 63, no. 492, pl. XLVI (found with coin of Theodosius); Kerameikos XVI, p. 245, no. 3735. Bassett (1903, p. 345) reports a disk with two fish. See also Kanellopoulos Museum 952. The motif lives on in 5th-century Corinthian imitations of Athenian lamps; see, e.g., Bovon 1966, p. 73, no. 503, pl. 13. The rim pattern originally combined with this motif had eight S-spirals; see, e.g., Kerameikos XVI, p. 245, nos. 3734, 3738, pl. 61. Late 4th century A.d. 312  (IPL 2004-9) Roman Bath Pl. 38 P.L. 0.068; p.W. 0.053; p.H. 0.036; max. p.dim. of rim 0.036 × 0.016, of base 0.045 × 0.035. Two joining fragments preserving handle and part of rim and disk; two nonjoining pieces of rim and base. Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6); glaze of the same color. Disk: goddess with double axe; two framing rings. Rim: eight S-spirals. Handle: solid, with three grooves above join and three below. Base: within one groove, [- - -]Υ. From the South Deposit. For parallels, see Kerameikos XVI, p. 243, nos. 3703–3706, pl. 60; Corinth IV.2, p. 255, nos. 1185–1188, pl. XVI; Karivieri 1996, p. 159, no. 9, pl. 1, and see p. 159 for a list of references to both preglazing and glazed examples. The preserved letter at the end of the space may possibly be the last letter of ΕΥΤΥ, one of the many signature forms used by Eutyches, whose shop produced several lamps with this disk: see, e.g., 267, a pre-glazing example. Late 4th century A.d. 313  (IPL 1976-9) Roman Bath Pl. 38 P.L. 0.082; p.W. 0.062. Two joining fragments preserving upper part of handle, disk, and rim. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6); reddish brown glaze (2.5YR 5/4). Disk: Herakles wrestling with the Nemean lion; filling-hole left of Herakles; one framing ring. Rim: plain. Handle: solid, with three grooves above join. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 127, no. 4, pl. 34. The organic, three-dimensional



GLAZED ATHENIAN LAMPS

qualities of the bodies contrast with the sketchily retouched hair, eye, mane, and misinterpreted stomach muscles. This common iconographic type was already codified from Archaic art on (i.e., on metopes, vases, and sarcophagi; see LIMC V, 1990, esp. pp. 16–27, s.v. Herakles [W. Felten]). It occurs on Italian lamps (e.g., Bartoli and Bellori [1691] 1972, section 2, no. 29), continues among unglazed Corinthian lamps (e.g., Isthmia III, p. 68, no. 2825, pl. 31), but is so far not found on Attic lamps until the 4th century (e.g., Agora VII, p. 118, no. 773, pl. 17; Kerameikos XVI, p. 242, no. 3695, pl. 60). The motif lives on among post-glazing lamps, e.g., Wiseman 1969, p. 105, L-4559, pl. 26:d (from the Fountain of the Lamps), signed ΧΙΟ|ΝΗϹ. For further glazed parallels, see Corinth L-1969-379 (from the Fountain of the Lamps); Kanellopoulos Museum 464; Bassett 1903, p. 348, no. 17:b, pl. XIV:2 (signed by Stratolaos); Corinth IV.2, p. 253, no. 1170. For possible sculptural models for the composition, see Roussos 1988, pp. 114 –118. Late 4th century A.d. 314  (IPL 1972-11) Roman Bath Fig. 2; Pl. 38 L. 0.103; p.W. 0.079; H. 0.033. Mended from several fragments; parts of base and lower half missing, front of handle chipped. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6); light reddish brown glaze (5YR 6/4). From a worn mold. Disk: lion crouching right; slightly oblique ground line with vertical hatching underneath; one framing groove with air-hole. Rim: plain; uneven herringbone panels; incised circles flanking handle, nozzle, and panels; incised groove from air-hole to wick-hole. Handle: solid, with three grooves above join and two below. Base: mostly missing, with faint single groove. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 127, no. 6, pl. 34. The iconography was established in the 3rd century, but the characteristic flower bud in front of nose is missing on the numerous 4th century and later adaptations. For a pre-glazing example with such a flower bud, see 250. Parallels: e.g., Corinth L-1969-384 (from the Fountain of the Lamps; see Garnett 1975, p. 192, no. 10, pl. 43); Corinth IV.2, p. 259, no. 1216, pl. XVIII; Agora VII, p. 130, nos. 974, 979, pl. 21; Isthmia III, p. 76, nos. 2987, 2988, pl. 32; Kenchreai V, p. 56, no. 250, pl. 11; and Kerameikos XVI, p. 246, no. 3743, pl. 61. All the examples quoted share a similar but not identical tendency toward sloppy symmetry of their disk and rim details. A disk with a lion is mentioned among the Vari lamps (Bassett 1903, p. 344) and connected with the signature ϹΤΡ (p. 348), but is neither described nor illustrated. Corinth IV.2, pl. XVIII, shows both the persistence and the deterioration of the image from the 4th century on, to which can be added Agora VII, p. 176, no. 2416, pl. 38 (dated to the first half of the 5th century). A further continuation is seen on a Late Corinthian lamp imitating the Athenian motif: Garnett 1975, p. 194, no. 13, pl. 43 (dated to the mid-5th or into the early 6th century). Three further fragments inventoried: two from the South Deposit, 1972-33 (ground line and paw; published in Wohl 1981, p. 127, no. 7) and 1972-64 (lion’s head); and IPL 1967-20. Late 4th century A.d.

123

315  (IPL 1972-9) Roman Bath Fig. 2; Pl. 38 L. 0.118; W. 0.078; H. 0.033. Mended from many fragments, partially restored on back; half the base and small parts of rim, disk, and nozzle missing. Reddish brown clay (5YR 5/3); reddish brown glaze (2.5YR 5/4). Disk: mask of young man, probably a comic mask; framing ring with air-hole. Rim: plain; herringbone panels; concentric incised circles flanking handle, panels, and nozzle. Handle: solid, with three grooves above join and two below. Nozzle: double diagonal grooves. Base: small, half-missing; within two grooves, Ϲ[Τ]. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 127, no. 5, pl. 34. Parallels: Agora VII, p. 126, no. 872, pl. 19, is very close; less similar are Kerameikos XVI, pp. 244 –245, nos. 3715–3723, pl. 61; see also Corinth XVIII.2, p. 34, no. 52, pl. 4. For theatrical representations on lamps in general, see, e.g., Menzel [1954] 1969, p. 7 with n. 70; Webster 1995, pp. 21–22, masks 15, 16, are possibly related to 315. Stratolaos signed in varied forms; for the activity and repertory of this workshop, see Agora VII, pp. 51–52; Karivieri 1996, pp. 32–34; and Kerameikos XVI, pp. 55, 62, 73–75. Of the four different forms of the signature reported from the Agora (ϹΤΡΑΤΟΛΑΟΥ, ϹΤΡΑ, ϹΤΡ, and ϹΤ; see Agora VII, pp. 51–52, and the lamps cited there), the Isthmia material shows only two versions. Five lamps from Vari signed by Stratolaos are also reported (Bassett 1903, p. 348, no. 17:a–c). Three have a rosette disk and carry two varying forms of the signature (ϹΤΡ and ϹΤΡΑ); none is further described or illustrated. Late 4th century A.d. 316  (IP 3741) Northeast Gate Pl. 39 L. 0.104; W. 0.078; H. 0.038. Intact apart from small hole on disk. Hard, light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4); light red glaze (2.5YR 6/6). From a very worn mold. Disk: sitting panther facing left, drinking from krater; one framing ring with air-hole. Rim: plain. Nozzle: single diagonal grooves, one groove from air-hole to wick-hole; burn marks. Handle: solid, with two grooves above join with transverse hatchings in between and two grooves below with loops flanking lower end; join poorly aligned. Base: inside two concentric circles, raised dots(?). The motif of panther with or without a krater belongs in the Dionysian cycle and is found in various combinations and media; see, e.g., Agora VII, p. 131, and Karivieri 1996, pp. 177–178; to these can be added J. Paul Getty Museum 72.AG.80 (a wall painting with a central female figure offering a krater to a seated panther to her right). On Roman lamps the animal is frequently turned to the left as on 316, the origin of which could be a lamp like Agora L 5694, a fragmentary Corinthian lamp of the 2nd century with a very crisp relief of a panther or lioness (though facing right), its far front paw resting on an object. But early variations exist with an animal stepping up to an object on the right: see, e.g., 208 (an altar), a worn Corinthian lamp of about A.d. 300; Heimerl 2001, p. 147, nos. 601, 602, pl. 15 (a krater).

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CATALOGUE

Glazed parallels: Corinth L-4615 (same handle treatment) and L-4636 (both from the Fountain of the Lamps; see Garnett 1970, p. 162, pl. II:a, b; 1975, p. 175, n. 8); Haken 1958, p. 103, no. 107; Agora VII, p. 131, no. 997, pl. 21; Kerameikos XVI, pp. 247–248, nos. 3768, 3773, pl. 62. The motif lived on into the 5th and possibly into the 6th century, as is shown by Agora VII, p. 176, no. 2417, pl. 38. One further fragmentary example inventoried: IPL 2003-4, which in spite of its worn mold retains traces of incisions for circular spots. End of 4th into early 5th century A.d. 317  (IPL 1976-7) Roman Bath Pl. 39 P.L. 0.073; p.W. 0.067. Two joining fragments preserving part of rim, most of disk Reddish brown clay (5YR 5/4); glaze of the same color. Disk: satyr playing pan pipes; filling-hole in center right; framing ring with air-hole. Rim: plain; panel with herringbone; circles flanking panel and nozzle. Nozzle: double diagonal grooves. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 126, no. 2. For a discussion of the type (converted from an earlier design of Eros playing a syrinx), as well as for the closest parallel, see Isthmia III, p. 76, no. 2979, pl. 33. Other related lamps are Corinth L-1969-215 and L-4598 (both from the Fountain of the Lamps); Bassett 1903, p. 344, pl. XIII:5; Agora VII, p. 121, nos. 801 (preglazing), 802–804 (glazed), pl. 18; Kerameikos XVI, p. 136, no. 978 (glazed), pl. 23. Late 4th century A.d. 318  (IPL 2003-5) Roman Bath Pl. 39 P.L. 0.082; p.W. 0.048; H. without handle 0.037. Fragment preserving ca. half of lower section, half of rim, and small part of disk. Hard, light red clay (2.5YR 6/6); mottled glaze, mostly light red (2.5YR 6/6). Disk: paw(?); one framing ring. Rim: herringbone; plain panel. Base: within one framing-ring, part of signature [ϹΤ]ΡΑ. The topic is most probably a leaping venator and animal. Parallel: Agora VII, p. 125, no. 861, pl. 19. There is not enough room for a second line, thus [ϹΤ]ΡΑ (Stratolaos) is likely, though the motif is not recorded in his repertory; see 315 and Karivieri 1996, pp. 132–134. Late 4th century A.d. Fig. 2; Pl. 39 319  (IPL 1976-3) Roman Bath P.L. 0.093; p.W. 0.074; p.H. 0.037. Several joining fragments preserving handle, part of adjacent wall, all of disk, and most of rim. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6); mottled, metallic light reddish brown glaze (mostly 2.5YR 6/4). Disk: shell emanating from volute near base of handle; one framing ring. Rim: herringbone. Nozzle: double diagonal grooves and groove from air-hole to wickhole. Handle: solid, with three grooves above join and two below. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 132, no. 25, pl. 35. The shell pattern, seemingly so suitable for a disk, was common among Italian-type lamps of

the Augustan period, when, however, the shell emanates mostly from the nozzle side of the disk (see, e.g., Loeschcke 1919, pp. 405–407, nos. 550–574, pls. XIV, XVI). Among late Roman variations of the 4th and 5th centuries one distinguishing mark is the absence or presence of a core from which the fanning lines radiate, and in the latter category, the diverse forms of that core. 319 represents one version, another fragment from the same deposit another, with lines emanating from concentric semicircles at the base of the handle (IPL 1976-30, of the late 4th century; published in Wohl 1981, p. 132, no. 26, where it is wrongly identified as IPL 1976-3). Among several Athenian glazed lamps with a shell disk, see, e.g., Agora VII, p. 135, no. 1132, pl. 24; Kerameikos XVI, pp.  238–239, nos.  3637–3652 (glazed), pl. 59, and pp. 264 –266, nos. 4151–4193 (post-glazing), pls. 71, 72. In Corinth, see, e.g., Corinth IV.2, p. 244, no. 1089, pl. XV. Among the lamps found in Corinth since 1930, two come from the Fountain of the Lamps: L-1969-387 and L-4771; neither, however, has the peculiar core of 317 or its generally clear and distinct design. Bassett (1903) mentions two shell disk lamps (p. 346, no. 2 [signed ΔΕ], and no. 7:a [signed ΕΥ|ΚΑΡ]). The pattern continued of Corinthian imitations of Athenian lamps from the 5th and 6th centuries: see Garnett 1970, p. 90, nos. 58–60, pl. VII. The herringbone rim pattern became a favorite of the Late Roman period in general, and the Isthmia material is no exception: it is second only to a plain-rim design and its variations. About half of the lamps from Vari are described as having herringbone rims (called “palm leaf”; Bassett 1903, pp. 342–343). Late 4th century A.d. 320  (IPL 1976-22) Roman Bath P.L. 0.078; p.W. 0.053; p.H. with handle 0.042. Two joining fragments preserving most of handle and adjacent back, rim, and small part of disk. Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6); glaze of the same color. Disk: illegible design; one framing ring. Rim: plain; panel with branch; incised circles flanking panel and handle. Handle: solid, with three grooves above join and two below. From the North Deposit. Parallel for the rim: e.g., Agora VII, p. 137, no. 1182, pl. 24. Twelve further fragments inventoried: ten from the same deposit, IPL 1970-196, 1972-86, 1972-102, 1972110, 1972-118, 1976-23, 1976-39, 1976-101, 1976-120, and 1990-3; and two from the South Deposit, IPL 1980-8 and 2003-17. Late 4th century A.d.

Rosette Disks 321  (IPL 1972-10) Roman Bath Pl. 40 P.L. 0.090; W. 0.071; H. 0.038. Two joining fragments preserving most of top and part of back wall and base. Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4); metallic reddish brown glaze (5YR 5/4). Disk: rosette of 14 petals around central ring. Rim: three parallel grooves from handle to nozzle. Nozzle: double diagonal grooves, one groove from air-hole to



GLAZED ATHENIAN LAMPS

wick-hole. Handle: solid, with three grooves above join and two below. Base: mostly missing; arc from top of single heart-shaped groove preserved. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 131, no. 22. This lamp introduces the single largest decorative category among Late Roman lamps in Greece: the rosette disk combined with a variety of rim patterns. The average rosette has 14 to 16 petals with rounded ends, though 20 is not unusual. For the great commonality of this disk in Athens, see Bassett 1903, p. 343; Agora VII, pp. 149–155, nos. 1649–1976, pls. 30– 32; Kerameikos XVI, pp. 229–235, 245–258, nos. 3433– 3586, 3807–4013, pls. 54 –57, 63–68; and for its popularity in Corinth, see, e.g., Corinth IV.2, pp. 231–242, nos. 964 –1069, pl. XVI, and many found later. The finds from Isthmia by the UCLA/OSU excavations confirm this popularity. The pattern lives on strongly into the 5th century post-glazing phase (see 381–383). Approximate parallels: Agora VII, p. 151, no. 1754, pl. 30; Kerameikos XVI, p. 233, no. 3517, pl. 55, and p. 151, no. 3843, pl. 64 (a heart-shaped base). Eight further examples inventoried: the two closest to 321 in date also come from the same deposit, IPL 1972-31 and 1972-76 (both with two grooves on rim); and six additional examples from elsewhere, IP 3803, IPL 1971-71, 1972-122, 1976-65, 1976-73, and 1980-30. Late 4th century A.d. 322  (IPL 1972-14) Roman Bath Fig. 2; Pl. 40 L. 0.109; W. 0.083; H. 0.034. Mended from several fragments; part of disk, nozzle, and side wall missing. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6); mottled glaze unevenly fired, ranging from red (10R 5/8) to dark gray (5YR 4/1). Disk: rosette of 16 petals around two central rings; one framing ring. Rim: plain; circles at handle, nozzle, and panel height. Nozzle: double diagonal grooves and one groove from air-hole to wick-hole. Handle: solid, with three grooves above join and two below. Base: small; within two concentric grooves, a branch. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 131, no. 23, pl. 35. The particular combination of a rosette disk and a plain rim (see 321) or a rim with incised circles is very common at Isthmia, mirroring the general situation of Greek lamps at this time (see Agora VII, pp. 149–151, nos. 1649–1703, pl. 30). For the branch base, see 271. Close parallel: Corinth L-4760 (a rosette of 13 petals, circles on rim, and a branch on base, from the Fountain of the Lamps). Agora VII, p. 151, nos. 1713–1736, pl. 30, are related, though considerably smaller in size. Among numerous examples from the Kerameikos (see those cited under 321), the closest are Kerameikos XVI, p. 233, no. 3538, pl. 56, and pp. 255–256, no. 3958, pl. 66 (a top only). Thirteen further examples inventoried (varying number of petals; mostly fragments with same rim as 322): IP 3807, IPL 1969-23 (see Isthmia V, pp. 77, 79, tomb no. 3), 1970-114, 1972-71, 1972-75, 1972-77, 197278, 1976-27, 1976-43, 1976-69, 1976-103, 1976-161, and 2004-4. Late 4th century A.d.

125

323  (IPL 1969-79) Northeast Gate Pl. 41 L. (restored) 0.102; W. 0.081; H. 0.036. Mended; complete except for minor restoration around nozzle. Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4) with both large and small white inclusions; red glaze (2.5YR 5/6). From a plaster mold. Disk: rosette of 13 petals around central ring; airhole; one scalloped framing ring with small incised circles in the interstices of scallops. Rim: plain; panels with branch; incised double circles flanking handle, nozzle, and panels. Nozzle: single diagonal grooves and one groove from air-hole to wick-hole. Handle: solid, with three grooves above join and two uneven grooves below. Base: within two concentric grooves, plain. See Clement 1970, p. 165, pl. 134:a, b; Isthmia V, p. 78, n. 49; Isthmia IX, pp. 99, 104, 197, fig. 2:88. The lamp was found in the fill of a tomb overrun by the Hexamilion; it is large and very crisp in its details. Parallel for the top: Agora VII, p. 150, no. 1681, pl. 30. Fourteen further fragmentary examples inventoried, most with branch panels: IP 3677, IPL 1971-96, 1972-20, 1972-27, 1976-6, 1976-10, 1976-26, 1976-28, 1976-66, 1976-71, 1976-117, 1978-17, 1978-41, and 1978-193. Late 4th century A.d. 324  (IPL 1978-31) Roman Bath P.L. 0.092; p.W. 0.058; p.H. with handle 0.040. Two joining fragments preserving most of handle and upper part of lamp. Reddish brown clay (close to 5YR 5/8) with small and large white inclusions; glaze of the same color; overbaked? Disk: two rings around flat center, rosette of 18 pointed petals with small circles in interstices of petal points; one framing ring with air-hole. Rim: plain; panels with branch; circles at handle, nozzle, and panels. Handle: solid, with three grooves above join and two below. See Agora VII, p. 150, no. 1709, pl. 30, for the shape of the rosette. Three further examples inventoried, all with disk rosettes of pointed petals and plain rims: IPL 1972-68, 1972-70, and 1976-44. Late 4th century A.d. 325  (IPL 1972-15) Roman Bath Fig. 3; Pl. 41 L. 0.103; W. 0.074; H. 0.038. Mended from several joining fragments; minor parts of rim and lower section missing. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6); reddish brown metallic glaze (2.5YR 5/4). Disk: rosette of 18 petals around central ring; airhole; scalloped framing ring. Rim: vine of three clusters and two leaves on each side. Nozzle: single diagonal grooves; burn marks. Handle: solid, extending to inner circle of base, with three grooves above join and two below. Base: within two grooves, plain. From the North Deposit. The leaf-and-cluster rim design is a substantial category (at times recut), though not as numerous as the herringbone rim. The combination of a rosette disk and vine rim became firmly established in the glazed lamp period. Published in Wohl 1981, pp. 129–130, no. 14, fig. 4, pl. 34. The closest parallels, though not moldmates, come from the Fountain of the Lamps: Corinth L-4614

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CATALOGUE

and one uninventoried example from lot 6105 (both signed ϹΤ). Other parallels: Agora VII, p. 152, no. 1789, pl. 31; Corinth IV.2, p. 239, no. 1044, fig. 170; and Kerameikos XVI, p. 254, no. 3935, pl. 66. Nine further fragments inventoried: seven from the same deposit, IPL 1972-42, 1972-44, 1972-123, 1976-24, 1976-31, 1976-89 (possibly a moldmate of 325), and 1978-25; and two others, IPL 1967-6 and 1970-140 (grapes worn flat). IPL 1972-123 and 1976-31 may be moldmates (the latter published in Wohl 1981, p. 130, no. 15, pl. 34). Late 4th century A.d. 326  (IP 3691) Northeast Gate Fig. 3; Pl. 41 L. 0.107; W. 0.076; H. 0.041. Intact. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6); mottled glaze, mostly light reddish yellow (2.5YR 6/4). From a worn mold. Disk: rosette of 12 pointed petals around sunken, flat (worn) area around center hole. Rim: proportionately wide, with vine of three clusters and two leaves on each side. Nozzle: single diagonal grooves and one groove from air-hole to wick-hole flanked by incised circles; burn marks. Handle: solid, with three grooves above join and three below. Base: two concentric grooves around five incised circles forming a quincunx. See Clement 1970, p. 165, pl. 132:a, and Isthmia V, p. 74, n. 35, pl. 19 (at the top right, not left as given). Kerameikos XVI, p. 255, no. 3950, pl. 66, is a close, but less worn, parallel. This is the latest of the glazed vinerim lamps from the UCLA/OSU excavations at Isthmia: the handle is very backward sloping and the berries so deeply recut in the mold that they rise substantially above the rest of the surface. For the design on the base, see Agora VII, p. 28: the precise meaning of the sign is not known. Five circles arranged in different configurations are especially common on late glazed Athenian lamps; see, e.g., Garnett 1975, p. 181, fig. 1:21. Late 4th into early 5th century A.d. 327  (IP 3679) Northeast Gate Pl. 42 P.L. 0.102; W. 0.095; H. 0.039. Partially restored; nozzle and parts of rim and disk missing. Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4); glaze mottled, varying from reddish brown (5YR 5/4) to dark gray (5YR 4/1). Disk: central plain area around filling-hole; rosette of originally ca. 22 petals; one scalloped framing ring. Rim: wavy lines. Handle: solid, with three grooves above join and two below. Base: two concentric grooves around incised branch on three-legged stand. Fairly close parallel for the top: Kerameikos XVI, p. 253, no. 3899, pl. 65. The combination of rosette and wavy lines is another frequent occurrence among glazed Athenian lamps of the 4th century, though less so than vine rims. For the branch base, see 271. Eleven further examples inventoried, mostly fragments: seven from the North Deposit at the Roman Bath, IPL 1972-72, 1976-16, 1976-46, 1976-76, 1976-118, 1976-122, and 1978-89; one from Tower 10, IPL 1969-62; and three others, IPL 1972-126, 1976-162, and 1976-165. Late 4th century A.d.

328  (IPL 1972-32) Roman Bath Pl. 42 P.L. 0.067; p.W. 0.073; H. 0.033. Several joining fragments preserving handle, large part of base and back wall, and small part of disk and rim. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6); red glaze (2.5YR 5/6). Disk: rosette of around nine double petals; one framing ring. Rim: wavy lines; row of small hatchings flanking handle. Handle: solid, with three grooves above join and two below. Base: within two concentric grooves, Ϲ[Τ]Ρ (part of base missing). From the North Deposit. See Wohl 1981, p. 134, no. 36, pl. 36. Parallels by the same maker: Corinth IV.2, p. 239, no. 1038, and Kerameikos XVI, p. 253, no. 3905. For the signature and workshop, see 315. Late 4th century A.d. 329  (IPL 1972-18) Roman Bath Pl. 42 P.L. 0.098; p.W. 0.053; H. 0.036. Several joining fragments preserving handle, half of disk and rim, and part of back wall. Brown clay (7.5YR 5/4); metallic reddish brown glaze (5YR 5/3); partially burned. Disk: four heart-shaped concentric leaves pointing outward; four smaller heart-shaped leaves in interstices pointing inward; eight small concentric circles along periphery; one framing groove. Rim: wavy lines. Handle: solid, with three grooves above join and two below. Base: missing, except for fraction of two grooves. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 131, no. 20, pl. 35. Bovon 1966, p. 57, no. 316, pl. 7, is an Argive fragment from the same or a closely related mold. That lamp, however, is unglazed and has more distinct circles. Late 4th century A.d. 330  (IPL 1978-1) Roman Bath P.L. 0.071; p.W. 0.037. Fragment preserving almost half of top. Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6) with many small and medium both black and white inclusions; glaze of a slightly darker color. Disk: rosette of around 16 pointed petals with small circles in interstices of petals; one framing groove. Rim: eight S-spirals with dots in between; plain panels. Parallel: Agora VII, p. 152, no. 1816, pl. 31. Although the rim pattern with eight S-spirals was popular in the pre-glazing phase and especially prominent among lamps made by the Leaf Shop, it was much less common among glazed lamps. Late 4th century A.d. 331  (IP 3678) Northeast Gate Pl. 43 L. 0.105; W. 0.074; H. 0.034. Intact except for part of top of nozzle. Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4); light red glaze (2.5YR 6/6). From a plaster mold. Disk: rosette of 15 petals; one scalloped framing ring. Rim: herringbone. Nozzle: single diagonal grooves; burn marks. Handle: solid, with three grooves above join and two below. Base: within two tear-shaped grooves, plain. See Isthmia V, p. 74, n. 36, pl. 19 (top left, not top right as given). This combination of a rosette disk and



GLAZED ATHENIAN LAMPS

herringbone rim is common to the point of being standard among Athenian lamps of the 4th century. Parallels: Agora VII, pp. 154 –155, nos. 1856–1971, pls. 31, 32; no. 1871 in particular is a close parallel for the top; nos. 1880 and 1883 have tear-shaped bases with such a top.  Fourteen further fragments inventoried: IP 3717, IPL 1969-60, 1970-102, 1971-117, 1972-61, 1972-73, 1972-74, 1972-80, 1972-81, 1972-127, 1976-13 (well preserved, very similar top), 1976-45, 1976-167, and 1977-6. Late 4th into early 5th century A.d. 332  (IPL 1972-13) Roman Bath Fig. 3; Pl. 43 P.L. 0.096; W. 0.075; H. 0.035. Several joining fragments; parts of disk, rim, nozzle, and base missing. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6); glaze burned gray black, originally reddish brown(?) (5YR 5/4). Disk: rosette of 12 petals. Rim: herringbone. Nozzle: double diagonal grooves; burn marks. Handle: solid, with branch above join and three grooves below. Base: within two concentric circles, part of base preserving partial signature, Ϲ[ΤΡ]|Α. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 130, no. 16, pl. 35. Closest parallels: Agora VII, p. 155, no. 1960, pl. 32; Kerameikos XVI, p. 230, no. 3461, pl. 54. Corinth L-4613 (from the Fountain of the Lamps) is a moldmate of 332 (though signed ΕΥ|ΚΑ[- - -]). For a shorter form of the signature, see 315. Late 4th century A.d. 333  (IPL 1976-54) Roman Bath Pl. 44 P.L. 0.062; p.W. 0.040; H. 0.033. Two joining fragments preserving part of disk, rim, wall, and base. Dark brown clay (7.5YR 4/4); reddish brown glaze (2.5YR 4/4). Disk: rosette of originally ca. 14 pointed petals; one framing ring. Rim: herringbone. Nozzle: single diagonal grooves; burn marks. Base: within two grooves, most of letter Ε. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 133, no. 31, pl. 35. Parallel for the top (from Argos): Pariente 1987, p. 596, figs. 14, 15 (but signed ϹΤ with a central branch); close parallel for both the top and base: Corinth IV.2, p. 236, no. 1016; for the base alone: Agora VII, p. 143, no. 1424, pl. 35; Karivieri 1996, p. 212, no. 174, pl. 16 (from the Kerameikos). For a discussion of the signature, see 267. Late 4th century A.d. 334  (IPL 1972-30) Roman Bath P.L. 0.092; p.W. 0.063; H. 0.034. Mended from several joining fragments, preserving ca. half of upper and lower sections of lamp; base mostly lost. Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4); light red glaze (2.5YR 6/6). Disk: rosette of 14 pointed petals around raised central ring; incised dots within arc in the interstices of the petals. Rim: herringbone. Nozzle: double diagonal grooves; burn marks. Handle: solid, upper part missing, with two grooves on lower part continuing with equal width to the base). Base: two circular grooves.

127

From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 132, no. 26 (incorrectly identified as IPL 1976-3). For parallels, see Isthmia III, p. 78, no. 3036, pl. 34, and Kerameikos XVI, p. 252, no. 3861, pl. 64. Three further fragments inventoried, all from the same deposit: IPL 1972-69, 1976-143, and 1976-146. Late 4th century A.d. 335  (IPL 2004-3) Roman Bath Pl. 44 P.L. 0.056; p.W. 0.060. Fragment of top of lamp. Hard, light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4); glaze between light red and reddish brown (2.5YR 6/6–5/4). Disk: central filling-hole surrounded by one raised ring; rosette of ca. 25 narrow petals with square ends; air-hole in channel from disk to nozzle; two framing rings. Rim: herringbone. Rosette disks with a channel to the nozzle are rare and late, most likely inspired by lamps from Asia Minor or North Africa. Parallel: Karivieri 1996, p. 212, no. 174, pl. 16 (from the Kerameikos). Early 5th century A.d. 336  (IPL 1976-12a, b) Roman Bath Pl. 44 (a) P.L. 0.069; p.W. 0.067; p.H. 0.035. (b) P.L. 0.053; p.W. 0.055; p.H. 0.028. Two nonjoining fragments: fr. a consists of two joining pieces preserving part of disk, rim, and side wall; fr. b, two joining pieces preserving lower handle, adjacent wall, and part of base (mostly lost). Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6); yellowish red glaze (5YR 5/6). Disk: rosette of four large and four small double petals, staying well inside one framing ring. Rim: herringbone. Nozzle: double diagonal grooves and one groove from air-hole to wick-hole. Handle: solid, with two grooves below join. Base: single heart-shaped groove curving into a loop at base of handle. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 130, no. 17, pl. 35. Close parallels for disk: Agora VII, p. 154, no. 1867, pl. 31; Kerameikos XVI, p. 237, no. 3620, pl. 58 (both with small peripheral circles around the rosette); see also Corinth L-4612 (signed ϹΤΡ; from the Fountain of the Lamps) and Corinth IV.2, p. 231, no. 965, pl. XIV (plain rim). For the base (except for the signatures), see Agora VII, p. 134, no. 1105, pl. 36; Kerameikos XVI, pp. 256–257, nos. 3968, 3970, 3981, pl. 67. One further disk fragment inventoried from the same deposit: IPL 1976-119 (double rosette disk consisting of inner and outer row of petals). Late 4th into early 5th century A.d. 337  (IPL 1972-46) Roman Bath Pl. 44 Max. p.dim. 0.029 × 0.029. Fragment preserving small part of disk and rim. Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6); metallic reddish brown glaze (2.5YR 5/6). Disk: two leaves of a rosette in high relief (originally ca. eight leaves) alternating between double-loop petals and leaves with a branch pattern; one framing groove. Rim: herringbone. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, pp. 130–131, no. 18. No exact parallel found; Corinth

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IV.2, p. 244, no. 1085, pl. XIV, reflects a similar concept, but without alternating leaf designs. One further small fragment with unusual rosette petals inventoried: IPL 1972-79 (between each rounded petal, a member ending in small loops; Agora VII, p. 150, no. 1678, pl. 30, gives a general idea). Late 4th century A.d.

Miscellaneous Abstract Disks 338  (IPL 1972-19) Roman Bath Pl. 45 P.L. 0.065; p.W. 0.075; p.H. 0.032. Fragment preserving part of disk, rim, handle, and adjacent back. Burnt, grayish brown clay (10YR 5/2); reddish gray glaze (5YR 5/2). Disk: rosette-like pattern of ca. 28 slim petals, each ending in small loop, around central ring; scalloped framing ring with incised dots. Rim: wavy lines. Handle: solid, with three grooves above join and two below. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 131, no. 19, pl. 35. For a parallel for the disk, see Kerameikos XVI, p. 230, no. 3464, pl. 54. Late 4th century A.d. 339  (IPL 1990-8) Roman Bath Pl. 45 L. 0.103; W. 0.074; H. 0.038. Several fragments preserving about three-fourths of lamp with heavy incrustations. Hard, light brown clay (7.5YR 6/4) with some inclusions; glaze unevenly applied, mostly weak red (2.5YR 5/2). Disk: clockwise-curling rays; one framing ring around filling-hole; one framing groove with air-hole. Rim: plain. Handle: solid, with two grooves above join and two below; relief leaf at base of handle. Base: within one base ring, plain. From the North Deposit. Parallels: Agora VII, p. 150, no. 1671, pl. 30; Williams and Zervos 1983, p. 26, no. 73, pl. 10. One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1976-21. Late 4th century A.d. 340  (IPL 1976-164 + 1990-4) Roman Bath Pl. 45 L. 0.097; p.W. 0.054; H. 0.040. Four joining fragments preserving ca. three-fourths of lamp. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6) with some small white inclusions; light red glaze (2.5YR 6/6). Disk: eight-pointed star with double circles between its rays; filling-hole surrounded by one framing groove. Rim: wavy lines. Nozzle: U-shaped, marked off by two horizontal grooves. Large air-hole. Small circles flank handle, air-hole, and wick-hole. Handle: solid, with three grooves above join and three below. Base: within two concentric grooves, branch. From the North Deposit. Parallels for the top: Agora VII, p. 156, no. 1980, pl. 32 (from a worn mold); Kerameikos XVI, p. 262, no. 4102, pl. 70. Parallels for the base: Agora VII, p. 153, no. 1839, pl. 37; Isthmia III, p. 79, no. 3071, pl. 13. For the branch base, see 271. One further example inventoried: IPL 1972-24 (published in Wohl 1981, p. 131, no. 21). Late 4th into early 5th century A.d.

341  (IPL 1972-45) Roman Bath Pl. 45 P.L. 0.040; p.W. 0.045. Two joining fragments preserving part of handle, rim, and disk. Burnt, dark reddish gray clay (5YR 4/2); reddish brown glaze (5YR 5/3). Disk: square, with inner edge scalloped; two framing grooves. Rim: originally eight S-spirals. Handle: solid, with three grooves above join and two below. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 129, no. 13. For parallels, see Agora VII, p. 143, no. 1429, pl. 27 (signed Α); Kerameikos XVI, p. 266, no. 4194, pl. 72; Slane 2008, p. 494, no. 284, fig. 5. A possible source of inspiration might have been North African lamps, which occasionally have a square disk on a round body; these were widely circulated and are dated to A.d. 325–550 (see Pavolini 1982, p. 146, type VIII, C1, table 3; Joly 1974, p. 179, no. 1032, pl. XLVI). In general the appearance of square disks is late among Attic glazed lamps. In Athens itself the square disk is equally frequent in the glazed and post-glazing phases. If the Corinthia can be used as a gauge for the export pattern of these lamps, it is apparently mainly in the post-glazing phase that square disks are exported widely. Compare Agora VII, pp. 143–144, nos. 1424 –1445, pl. 27 (all glazed), to the following post-glazing examples from areas outside Athens: Corinth IV.2, pp.  242–243, nos.  1070–1081, pl. XV; Kenchreai V, p. 60, nos. 286, 287, pls. 12, 13; Isthmia III, p. 79, no. 3073, pl. 34. The material from the UCLA/OSU excavations at Isthmia, on the other hand, includes three glazed lamps with square disks: 341 and two more fragments cited below. Two further fragments inventoried: IPL 1972-28 (possibly square disk, with herringbone on rim and upper handle, from same deposit; published in Wohl 1981, p. 136, no. 44, pl. 36) and 1978-35 (herringbone rim; from entry to small furnace in room II of Roman Bath). Early 5th century A.d. 342  (IPL 1976-121) Roman Bath Pl. 45 Max. p.dim. 0.018 × 0.036. Fragment preserving part of disk, rim, and channel(?). Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4); glaze close to light reddish brown (2.5YR 6/4). Disk: plain as preserved. Rim: wavy lines; channel to wick-hole(?) demarcated by double diagonal lines. From the North Deposit. The reading of the fragment allows for a disk in the shape of a heart or a keyhole, possibly with a channel from the disk to the wickhole. Kerameikos XVI, pp. 267–267, no. 4624, pl. 79, though post-glazing, may give a general idea of the form. Early 5th century A.d.?

Ray Disks 343  (IPL 1972-12) Roman Bath Fig. 3; Pl. 46 P.L. 0.085; p.W. 0.074; H. 0.035. Several joining fragments; front part of nozzle and half of lower section missing. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6); red glaze (10R 5/6). From a plaster mold. Disk: deeply recut rays around two central rings; one framing ring with air-hole. Rim: herringbone; one cir-



GLAZED ATHENIAN LAMPS

cle on each side at panel height. Nozzle: single diagonal grooves; burn marks. Handle: solid, with three grooves above join and branch below. Base: half missing, two grooves. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 132, no. 24, pl. 35. The ray disk itself, starting from the delicately executed Corinthian lamps of the 2nd century, made a vigorous reappearance on 3rd- and 4thcentury Athenian lamps (see Agora VII, pp. 144 –148, nos. 1446–1619). See Karivieri 1996, p. 209, no. 164, pl. 32 (= Agora VII, p. 148, no. 1607), for a possible moldmate to 343. Two further fragments inventoried: IPL 1976-116 (rim with wavy lines) and 1978-36 (from worn mold). Late 4th century A.d. 344  (IPL 1972-1) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.062; p.W. 0.054; p.H. 0.041. Fragment preserving part of rim, disk, and handle. Pink clay (5YR 7/4); mottled glaze, mostly light reddish brown (5YR 6/3). Disk: rays; one raised framing ring. Rim: wide, with vine, probably with three leaves and two clusters (only one leaf by handle preserved). Handle: pierced, with three grooves above join and two below. The Corinthian origin of this decor is ascertained by several traits: a pierced handle, a single framing ring, and the generally precise detail. The best parallels are pre-glazing Athenian lamps, e.g., Agora VII, p. 146, nos. 1512, 1544, pls. 12, 28. Three further fragments inventoried: IPL 1970-115, 1972-39, and 1976-70. Mid-4th century A.d.?

Plain Disks 345  (IPL 1972-16) Roman Bath Pl. 46 L. 0.102; p.W. 0.068; H. 0.034. Mended from several fragments; part of rim and most of lower section missing (part of lower nozzle not attached). Light brown clay (7.5YR 6/4); metallic brown glaze (7.5YR 5/2). Disk: plain, small, deep, with ring around central filling-hole; three framing grooves. Rim: three rows of globules on inner part, outer part plain; rows of globules end in volutes with closed curves toward the nozzle; air-hole and tongue between volutes. Lower body: five rows of globules. Nozzle: bottom marked by two semicircular ridges touching base ring. Handle: punctured, not pierced, with three grooves above join and branch below. Base: two partially preserved grooves. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 129, no. 11, pl. 34. Lamps with globules and volutes developed in the 3rd century (see 268) and continued to appear in moderate numbers through the glazed lamps of the 4th century and the more or less free renderings of the early 5th century. The Fountain of the Lamps at Corinth has yielded several examples in its earliest layers (the late 4th and into the early 5th century), even revealing various stages of the dissolution of the original type, mixing globules with decorative elements

129

from other traditions. Two such lamps are particularly good parallels for 345: L-4732 and L-1969-220 (signed ΚΥ); see Garnett 1970, p. 26, pl. II:f, g. Cf. also Corinth IV.2, p. 225, nos. 909, 911, figs. 160, 161, pl. XIII; Kerameikos XVI, p. 189, no. 2308, pl. 41 (a pre-glazing lamp). Five further examples inventoried: three from the same deposit, IPL 1976-67, 1976-123, and 1978-195; and two others, IPL 1969-131 and 1976-158. Late 4th into early 5th century A.d.? 346  (IPL 1978-14) Roman Bath Pl. 46 L. 0.110; W. 0.078; H. 0.036. Intact. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6); mottled glaze, mostly red (2.5YR 5/4). From a worn mold. Disk: plain, shallow; two central rings; one framing ring. Rim: herringbone. Nozzle: double diagonal grooves; burn marks. Handle: solid, with three grooves above join and three below. Base: within two concentric circles, ΚΥ. Parallels for the disk: Agora VII, p. 141, nos. 1374 (signed Κ), 1375 (signed ΚΥ), pl. 26; Kerameikos XVI, p. 235, no. 3590, pl. 57. For the activity and repertory of the ΚΥ workshop, see Agora VII, pp. 41–42, and Karivieri 1996, pp. 110–113. A most productive workshop in Athens, it is also amply represented in Corinth (see Corinth IV.2, p. 309); Isthmia III reports two fragmentary examples: p. 79, nos. 3067, 3078, pl. 12, and one further example is reported in Corinth XVIII.2, p. 35, no. 56, pl. 5. Four further fragments inventoried, all disks: IPL 1971-265, 1990-5, 1990-7, and 1994-2. Late 4th into early 5th century A.d.? 347  (IPL 1976-1) Roman Bath Fig. 3; Pl. 47 P.L. 0.096; W. 0.078; H. 0.033. Intact except for tip of nozzle. Brown clay (7YR 5/4); reddish brown glaze (5YR 4/4). Disk: plain, with two central rings around filling-hole; one framing ring. Rim: plain; panels with incised circles; additional incised circles flanking handle and nozzle. Handle: solid, three grooves above join, two below. Base: within two grooves, ϹΤΡ|Α. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 134, no. 35, pl. 36. A plain disk combined with a variety of rim patterns represents one of the largest categories of Athenian lamps, especially glazed Athenian lamps; see, e.g., Corinth IV.2, pp. 212–226, nos. 786–916, figs. 145–161, pl. XIII, and Agora VII, p. 137, nos. 1178– 1220, pls. 24, 25. Corinth L-4613 (from the Fountain of the Lamps) is a moldmate; Bailey 1988, p. 410, no. Q3277, pl. 119, differs only in the form of the signature (ϹΤΡ). For the Stratolaos workshop, see 315. Three further examples inventoried: two from the same deposit, IPL 1976-5 (published in Wohl 1981, p. 133, no. 28) and 1976-68; and one from the South Deposit, IPL 1978-60. Late 4th century A.d. 348  (IPL 1976-11) Roman Bath Pl. 47 P.L. 0.059; p.W. 0.040; p.H. with handle 0.025. Fragment preserving most of top part of miniature lamp. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6); light red glaze (2.5YR 6/6).

130

CATALOGUE

Disk: plain; one framing groove; one framing ring with wavy lines. Rim: plain. Nozzle: air-hole and part of wickhole preserved. Handle: punctured, not pierced, with two grooves above join and incised ladder pattern in center. Approximate parallel: Agora VII, p. 137, no. 1180, a plainer pre-glazing lamp. Late 4th century A.d.

Multiple-Nozzle Lamp 349  (IPL 1970-173) Area East of Temenos Pl. 47 W. 0.138 (from one tip to opposite wall); H. 0.051. Mended and greatly restored (part of three nozzles and part of bottom original). Reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 6/6); worn slip, mostly light red (2.5YR 6/6). Star-shaped, five-nozzle lamp with central handle (restored as a raised loop, probably incorrectly). Top: possibly incised circular(?) pattern by one nozzle. Base: uneven circle of two concentric grooves. Multiple-nozzle lamps generally take on the decorational qualities of the simpler lamps of their period; see, e.g., 226. A great number of such lamps are preserved Athenian manufacture of the 3rd, 4th, and into the early 5th century, with a central handle and varying number of nozzles: see, e.g., Corinth IV.2, p. 283, no. 1439, pl. XXXI; Agora VII, pp.  156–158, nos.  1990–2027, pls. 32, 33 (among which no. 2017 is the closest parallel to 349); Clement 1970, pp. 168–169, pl. 145:a (a fivenozzle lamp from a 4th-century context in Argos). Kerameikos XVI also reports many; the best parallel is p. 209, no. 2677, pl. 50 (five nozzles and a central handle). Three further fragments of multiple-nozzle lamps inventoried: IPL 1967-19, 1969-112, and 1970-108. 4th century A.d.

Base Fragments 350  (IPL 1976-15) Roman Bath Pl. 48 P.L. 0.036; p.W. 0.024. Fragment preserving part of base and handle tip. Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4); metallic reddish brown glaze (2.5YR 5/4). Handle: broad, with two grooves below join; bottom tip flanked by loops. Base: within two grooves, part of a branch and a letter to the left, Δ. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 133, no. 30. There is room for one more letter on the right side of the branch. Among the known candidates are ΔΕ and ΔΥ (see Bassett 1903, p. 346, nos. 2 and 3, respectively); ΔΙ with a branch between the letters (Tseliolophos 165); ΔΙ above seven small circles (see Agora VII, p. 140, no. 1339, pl. 34); or ΔϹ (see Corinth IV.2, p. 214, no. 806, pl. XXXII). Late 4th century A.d. 351  (IPL 1972-22) Roman Bath Pl. 48 P.L. 0.088; p.W. 0.075; p.H. 0.032. Several joining fragments preserving greater part of lower half of lamp. Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4); glaze significantly burned, originally reddish brown(?) (5YR 5/4).

Handle: two grooves below join; bottom tip flanked by loops. Base: within two grooves, branch on the left and retrograde Ε on the right. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, pp. 133–134, no. 32, pl. 36. For this signature, see 267. There are several examples from Athens of a single letter with a branch, including one from the Agora (Agora VII, p. 150, no. 1679) and numerous others from the Kerameikos (Kerameikos XVI, p. 54, table 6). The combination is only sparingly found in Corinth: L-3563 and an uninventoried example from the Tseliolophos area. For the branch base, see 271. One further example inventoried from the same deposit: IPL 1976-127 (letter Ε [not retrograde] within two grooves and room for second letter on base). Late 4th century A.d. 352  (IPL 1967-18) Northeast Gate Pl. 48 Max. p.dim. 0.052 × 0.030. Fragment of base. Clay mostly pink (7.5YR 7/4); metallic light red glaze (2.5YR 6/6). Base: within two grooves, letter Ι. See Clement 1970, p. 165; Isthmia V, p. 74, n. 35. The signature is rare: none from the Athenian Agora and only a few from the Kerameikos (Agora VII, p. 39). 352 has a clear, single letter, as also 246, while in Kerameikos XVI, p. 339, the letter Ι is mostly reported as small (a secondary maker’s mark?) and in conjunction with other signatures and signs. Second half of 4th century A.d. 353  (IPL 1976-14) Roman Bath Pl. 48 P.L. 0.073; p.W. 0.073; p.H. 0.029. Several joining fragments preserving most of lower half of lamp. Light red clay (2.5 YR 6/6); light reddish brown glaze (2.5YR 6/4). Handle: two grooves below join. Base: within two grooves, the letters ΚΥ. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 134, no. 33. Parallel: Agora VII, p. 152, no. 1790, pl. 35 (different handle). For the signature, see 346. Late 4th into early 5th century A.d. 354  (IPL 1970-41) Area East of Temenos Pl. 48 P.L. 0.046; Diam. of base 0.026. Fragment of base. Light reddish brown clay (close to 5YR 6/4); metallic light reddish brown glaze (5YR 6/3). Base: within one circular groove, branch on a threelegged stand flanked by letters Κ and Υ. For the signature, see 346, and for the branch base, see 271. Parallels: e.g., Agora VII, p. 157, no. 2009 (ΚΥ in retrograde), and p. 143, no. 1431, pl. 35 (branch without stand on heart-shaped base). Late 4th into 5th century A.d. 355  (IPL 1972-43) Roman Bath Max. p.dim. 0.054 × 0.031. Fragment preserving part of base and adjoining wall. Reddish brown clay (5YR 4/3) with a burnt core; reddish brown glaze (5YR 5/4). Base: within two grooves, letter Λ.



GLAZED ATHENIAN LAMPS

From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 134, no. 34, pl. 36. The estimated remainder of the base is likely to have contained an additional letter preceding the Λ. Of the letter combinations known to date, none is a plausible parallel. Late 4th century A.d. 356  (IPL 1972-40) Roman Bath Max. p.dim. 0.022 × 0.011. Fragment preserving part of base. Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4); reddish brown glaze (5YR 4/3). Base: within two grooves, upper half of letters ϹΤΡ. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, pp. 134 –135, no. 37 (incorrectly identified as IPL 197210). The estimated remainder of the base makes an Α on a second line possible, but does not necessitate it. For this workshop in general, see 315, and see Corinth IV.2, p. 278, no. 1397, pl. XXXIII, for this signature form. Three further fragments inventoried: IPL 1971-9 (ϹΤ|[- - -] within two grooves), 1976-35 (ϹΤ within two grooves; published in Wohl 1981, p. 135, no. 38), and 1978-67 (ϹΤ and room for a third letter within two grooves). Late 4th century A.d. 357  (IPL 1976-32) Roman Bath Pl. 49 L. 0.102; p.W. 0.070; H. 0.039. Three joining fragments preserving handle and larger part of lower half of lamp. Light reddish brown clay (5YR 5/4); metallic reddish brown glaze (2.5YR 5/4). Rim: plain as preserved. Handle: solid, with three grooves above join and two below. Nozzle: burn marks. Base: within two grooves, letter Τ. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 135, no. 39. The signature occurs both in Athens (Agora VII, pp. 54–55, and Karivieri 1996, pp. 139–140) and in Corinth (Corinth IV.2, p. 312; Garnett 1970, pp. 29, 162; 1975, p. 181, no. 5, fig. 1). Further parallels: Bassett 1903, p. 349, no. 29; Isthmia III, p. 79, no. 3079, pl. 13; Karivieri 1996, p. 195, no. 112, pl. 38 (= Agora VII, p. 141, no. 1351). One further fragment inventoried from the same deposit: IPL 1976-8 (letter Τ within small ring on base; published in Wohl 1981, p. 135, no. 40). Late 4th into early 5th century A.d. 358  (IPL 1976-55) Roman Bath Pl. 49 P.L. 0.084; p.W. 0.047; p.H. 0.034. Two joining fragments preserving about half of the base and lower section of lamp. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6); light red glaze (2.5YR 6/6). Base: inverted branch within two grooves, the outer tear-shaped, the inner heart-shaped. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 135, no. 42, pl. 36. Parallels: e.g., Agora VII, p. 136, no. 1141, pl. 35 (only for the grooves), and p. 144, no. 1438; Corinth L-1969-223 (from the Fountain of the Lamps). The heart- or tear-shaped base was a late phenomenon, the latter being especially prevalent on postglazing lamps (see 377 and 385). For the branch base, see 271.

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Five further fragments inventoried, all bases with branches within circular grooves: IP 3766, IPL 1972-29, 1972-109, 1976-128, and 1978-153. Early 5th century A.d. 359  (IPL 1969-113) Ionic base area Max. p.dim. 0.041 × 0.039. Fragment preserving most of base. Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6); pinkish gray glaze (close to 7.5YR 6/2). Base: within one groove, raised, heart-shaped leaf. Glazed examples from the Leaf Shop are rare and late in the shop’s production. See Agora VII, pp. 57–58; Karivieri 1996, pp. 146–148. Late 4th century A.d.? 360  (IPL 1972-21) Roman Bath Pl. 49 P.L. 0.100; p.W. 0.079; H. 0.030. Several joining fragments preserving almost whole lower half of lamp. Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6); reddish brown glaze (2.5YR 5/4). Handle: two grooves below join; bottom tip flanked by concentric circles. Burn marks toward nozzle. Base: within two circular grooves, area divided by two crossing incisions, with concentric circles in each quadrant; crisp design. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 135, no. 41, pl. 36. Circles in many configurations appear on bases of both glazed and unglazed Athenian lamps. Some, as is probable in this case, are merely decorative, while others may fall under the possible interpretations discussed in Agora VII, pp. 27–28, and refer to some as yet unknown aspect of shop organization. No exact parallel; Kerameikos XVI, pp. 255–256, no. 3958, pl. 66, is similar, but less crisp. The general idea is continued on post-glazing lamps of the 5th century, e.g., Kerameikos XVI, p. 279, no. 4505, pl. 75, and Karivieri 1996, p. 253, no. 304, pl. 29 (= Agora VII, p. 197, no. 2914), both with almond-shaped bases. The general scheme of four circles with or without divisions in the field, as well as circles in various numbers and configurations, continue with greater frequency on post-glazing Athenian lamps, especially on tear-shaped bases (see 385). Seven further fragments (with one or two incised circles on base) inventoried: IPL 1972-49, 1972-94, 1972-113, 1978-5, 1978-24, 1978-182, and 2003-10. Late 4th into early 5th century A.d. 361  (IPL 1972-26) Roman Bath Fig. 3; Pl. 49 P.L. 0.072; p.W. 0.048; H. 0.040. Two joining fragments preserving handle, adjacent wall, and most of base. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6); uneven, dark reddish gray glaze (5YR 4/2). Disk: part of illegible relief; filling-hole in upper field; one framing ring. Rim: plain? Handle: broad, solid, backward sloping, with three grooves above join and three below. Base: within two uneven, tear-shaped or oval grooves, three circles in an approximately vertical row. From the North Deposit. This lamp is typologically the latest glazed example from the North Deposit.

132

CATALOGUE

Published in Wohl 1981, p. 135, no. 43, pl. 36, and see pp. 139–140. The glaze and workmanship are very careless, the handle is distinctly backward sloping, the wall is rather straight, and the tear-shaped or oval base probably corresponds to an elongated shape. No precise parallel found; these general proportions and qualities are more characteristic of post-glazing Athenian lamps. Four further fragments inventoried, all too fragmentary to verify their interior designs (though all with indications of elongated base forms): IPL 1969-128 (oval base), IPL 1972-87 (heart-shaped base), 1976-97 (pointed lower end), and 1976-84 (heart-shaped base). Mid-5th century A.d.?

Plain Base Fragments 362  (IPL 1990-9) Roman Bath P.L. 0.067; p.W. 0.046; p.H. 0.029. Fragment preserving bottom half of miniature lamp. Coarse, light red clay (2.5YR 6/8); red glaze (10R 5/8). Rim: plain(?); herringbone panels. Handle: two grooves on lower (preserved) part. Base: one circular groove; center probably plain (obfuscated by heavy incrustations). Three further fragments inventoried, all with one ring on the base: IPL 1972-107, 1972-108, and 1978-187. Late 4th century A.d. 363  (IPL 1976-80) Roman Bath Max. p.dim. 0.043 × 0.059. Fragment preserving part of base and adjacent lower nozzle. Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4); metallic glaze of the same color. Base: two grooves. From the North Deposit. Two grooves on the base was by far the most common pattern, and occurs on the following 34 inventoried fragments: 19 from the same deposit, IPL 1972-103, 1972-104, 1972-105, 1972-111, 1972-112, 1972-114, 1972-117, 1976-74, 1976-77, 1976-79, 1976-82, 1976-85, 1976-91, 1976-107, 1976-124, 1976-125, 1976-129, 1976130, and 1976-134; five from the South Deposit, IPL 1978-114, 1978-115, 1978-117, 1978-181, and 2004-6; and 10 others, IPL 1967-12, 1970-121, 1970-229, 1971240, 1976-29, 1976-166, 1978-10, 1978-194, 1980-51, and 1994-6. Late 4th century A.d. 364  (IPL 1976-34) Roman Bath P.L. 0.070; p.W. 0.057; p.H. 0.031. Fragment preserving part of base, adjacent wall and nozzle. Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4); flaking, reddish brown glaze (2.5YR 5/4); burn marks. Base: three grooves. From the North Deposit. Two further fragments inventoried: IPL 1972-128 (from the same deposit) and 1978-184 (from the South Deposit). Late 4th century A.d.

Rim Fragments 365  (IPL 1976-142) Roman Bath P.L. 0.049; p.W. 0.018; p.H. 0.035. Fragment preserving part of rim. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6); light reddish brown glaze (2.5YR 6/4). Rim: plain; panel with four grooves; one framing ring. From the North Deposit. Thirteen further fragments inventoried: six without panels from the same deposit, IPL 1972-60, 1972115+1972-116, 1976-90, 1976-114, 1976-148, and 1976151; two with parallel grooves, also from the same deposit, IPL 1972-85 and 1972-92; three others with plain panels, IPL 1969-85, 1971-147, and 1971-225; and two others with herringbone panels, IPL 1976-138 and 1978-185. Late 4th century A.d. 366  (IPL 1976-144) Roman Bath P.L. 0.043; p.W. 0.038. Fragment preserving upper part of handle and small section of disk and rim. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6); red glaze (2.5YR 5/4). Disk: plain; two framing rings. Rim: wavy lines. Handle: solid, with three grooves above join. From the North Deposit. Parallel: Corinth IV.2, p. 213, no. 799, fig. 146. Twelve further fragments inventoried, all with plain disks as preserved: ten from the same deposit, IPL 197282, 1972-90, 1972-91, 1972-101, 1972-121, 1976-38, 197688, 1976-102, 1976-141, and 1976-147; and two others, IPL 1967-9 and 1977-3. Late 4th century A.d. 367  (IPL 1970-97) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.032; p.W. 0.048. Fragment preserving part of rim. Gray clay (5YR 5/1); burnt, dark reddish brown glaze (5YR 3/2). Rim: leaf of vine; part of wick-hole. Leaf is near the wick-hole and both recut and simplified. Approximate parallel Agora VII, p. 146, no. 1566, pl. 28. Two further fragments inventoried from the same area: IPL 1972-96 and 1976-75. Late 4th century A.d. 368  (IPL 1976-41) Roman Bath Max. p.dim. 0.050 × 0.024. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6); metallic weak red glaze (10R 5/4). Disk: plain(?); one framing ring. Rim: eight S-spirals with raised dots in between. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, p. 129, no. 12. For this rim pattern in general, see 330. Two further fragments inventoried from the same deposit: IPL 1976-139 (plain panels) and 1976-140. Second half of 4th century A.d. 369  (IPL 1972-84) Roman Bath P.L. 0.036; p.W. 0.051; p.H. 0.052.



POST-GLAZING ATHENIAN LAMPS

Fragment preserving handle and part of rim. Pink clay (7.5YR 7/4); metallic brown glaze (close to 7.5YR 5/2). Rim: herringbone. Handle: solid, with three grooves above join and two below. From the North Deposit. Fifteen further fragments inventoried: six from the same deposit, IPL 1972-83, 1972-89, 1976-25, 1976-150, 1976-157, and 1976-163; two from the South Deposit at the Roman Bath, IPL 2003-6 and 2004-20; and seven others, IPL 1967-17 (see Clement 1970, p. 164; Isthmia V, p. 74, n. 35), 1969-70, 1970-100 (see Isthmia V, pp. 43– 44), 1970-177, 1978-186, 1994-5, and (possibly) 1980-32. Late 4th century A.d.

Handle Fragments 370  (IPL 1976-81) Roman Bath P.W. 0.028; p.H. 0.053. Fragment of handle. Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6); light reddish brown glaze (2.5YR 6/4). Handle: solid, with three grooves above join and two below; the alignment of the join is poorly executed. From the North Deposit. Six further fragments inventoried, all similar in careless workmanship: IP 3800; three from the same deposit, IPL 1976-78, 1976-93, and 1976-149; and two that are slimmer and earlier, IPL 1969-84 (a pierced handle) and 1976-160. Late 4th into early 5th century A.d. 371  (IPL 1972-106) Roman Bath P.W. 0.045; p.H. 0.032. Fragments preserving lower tip of handle and part of base. Light reddish brown clay (5YR 6/4); light reddish brown glaze (5YR 6/3). Handle: two grooves below join; flanking loops at tip. Base: one groove. From the North Deposit. Eighteen further fragments inventoried: fifteen lower sections of handles with two grooves, IPL 1970-107, eleven from the same deposit, IPL 1972-88, 1972-93,

133

1972-119, 1972-120, 1976-92, 1976-94, 1976-95, 1976126, 1976-145 (with three grooves), 1976-159, and 197821, and three from the South Deposit at the Roman Bath, IPL 1978-44, 1978-164, and 1980-26; and three upper sections of handles, IPL 1972-95 (with two grooves), 1976-156, and 2004-8 (with three grooves). Late 4th century A.d.

Nozzle Fragments 372  (IPL 1976-83) Roman Bath P.L. 0.039; p.W. 0.057; p.H. 0.038. Two joining fragments preserving part of nozzle. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6); reddish brown glaze (2.5YR 5/4); burn marks. Nozzle: diagonal groove. From the North Deposit. Twenty-one further fragments inventoried, some with nozzle plates and some with burn marks: thirteen from the same deposit, IPL 1972-97, 1972-98, 1972-99, 1972-124, 1972-125, 1976-96, 1976-98, 1976-104, 1976106, 1976-109, 1976-110, 1976-135, and 1976-136; and eight others, IP 3696, IPL 1967-7, 1969-127, 1970-227, 1976-37, 1977-7, 2003-8, and 2004-17. Late 4th century A.d.

Wall Fragments 373  (IPL 1972-100) Roman Bath Max. p.dim. 0.036 × 0.043. Fragment of wall. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6); light red glaze (2.5YR 6/6). Wall: curved. From the North Deposit. Twenty-two further fragments inventoried: eighteen from the same deposit, IPL 1976-86, 1976-87, 1976-99, 1976-100, 1976-105, 1976-108, 1976-111, 1976-112, 1976113, 1976-115, 1976-131, 1976-132, 1976-133, 1976-137, and 1976-152 to 1976-155; two from the South Deposit, IPL 1978-171 and 1978-183; and two others, IPL 1967-10 and 1967-11. Late 4th century A.d.

POST-GLAZING ATHENIAN LAMPS Figured Disks 374  (IPL 1980-6) Northeast Gate Pl. 50 L. 0.098; W. 0.068; H. 0.030. Intact except for hole in base and chips on rim and handle. Clay between pink (7.5YR 7/4) and reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6), with many white inclusions. From a plaster mold. Disk: dolphin with trident, tail at nozzle; three filling-holes. Rim: herringbone. Nozzle: double diagonal and horizontal grooves; air-hole; burn marks. Handle: punctured, not pierced, with two grooves above join and one below. Base: partially lost, but probably almond-shaped; within two grooves, traces of letters, poṣ ̣ sibly [ΧΙΟ]|Ν[Η]Ϲ.

For the iconographic background of the dolphin with a trident, see Agora VII, p. 129. From its inception on unglazed Athenian lamps of the late 3rd century the motif continues to appear on glazed lamps of the 4th century (e.g., Agora VII, p. 129, nos. 937, 938, pl. 20) and post-glazing Athenian lamps, as on 374. The dolphin almost always is represented swimming horizontally across the disk, but on some late lamps the position is more haphazard: here the dolphin swims from nozzle to handle. Parallels: closest, but not identical, is Corinth IV.2, p. 265, no. 1270, pl. XVII, (signed ΚΥ, with a the dolphin on the disk at a similar angle, a herringbone rim, and an almond-shaped base). Karivieri 1996, p. 172, no. 35, pl. 3 (from the Kerameikos) has a horizontal

134

CATALOGUE

dolphin but a circular base. An interesting later survival of the motif can be seen on an early-6th-century Corinthian lamp imitating an Attic lamp (Garnett 1970, p. 84, no. 39), where the trident has been changed into a cross, suitable given the religious purpose of the findspot (the Fountain of the Lamps). Both the shape of the base and the nozzle, which is integrated into the body, indicate an advanced date in the 5th century. If it is indeed by Chione, the lamp adds a new image to his known repertory (Karivieri 1996, pp. 144 –146). For a further example from the workshop of Chione, see 389. Mid-5th century A.d. 375  (IP 3690) Northeast Gate P.L. 0.090; p.W. 0.063; p.H. 0.032. Mended from several fragments and partially restored, preserving handle, adjacent disk and rim, and part of side wall. Varying clay, mostly pink (5YR 7/4). Disk: top of cross monogram(?) with splayed end and open rho (to the right). Rim: slightly outward-sloping with herringbone. Handle: sloppily pierced, with two grooves above join and two below, where the lines turn into fishtail loops. Base: one almond-shaped(?) groove. Christian symbols, such as those on 375 and 376, are late to appear on Athenian artifacts. See Isthmia V, p. 74, n. 35; see also Karivieri 1996, p. 67. Approximate parallels: Agora VII, p. 179, nos. 2478, 2479, pl. 40, for a related shape of the rho and the generally elongated proportions; see also Kerameikos XVI, p. 291, no. 4662, pl. 80 (splayed cross on the top), and p. 291, no. 4666, pl. 81 (almond-shaped base). Mid- to late 5th century A.d.? 376  (IPL 1976-56) Roman Bath P.L. 0.045; p.W. 0.026. Fragment preserving upper part of handle and small part of disk. Heavily burned clay, originally strong brown(?) (7.5YR 5/6), yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) on the surface. Disk: top part of worn cross monogram(?) with closed rho (to the right). Handle: solid, with two grooves above join. From the North Deposit. See Wohl 1981, p. 136, no. 45, pl. 36. The considerable size of the handle (p.W. 0.026) along with its strong backward slope narrows the range of parallels in spite of the fragmentary state of preservation. The remains of the disk represent the top loop of a cross monogram or a chi-rho (Constantinian) monogram; probable parallels are Isthmia III, p. 78, no. 3037, pl. 34, and Corinth L-1969-235 (from the Fountain of the Lamps). Also related are Agora VII, p. 179, no. 2478, pl. 40; Kenchreai V, p. 63, no. 313, pl. 14 (different handle); and Kerameikos XVI, p. 291, no. 4663, pl. 81. One further fragment inventoried from the South Deposit at the Roman Bath: IPL 2004-7. Mid- to late 5th century A.d. 377  (IPL 1976-2) Roman Bath Fig. 3; Pl. 50 L. 0.096; W. 0.064; H. 0.032. Intact. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Surface worn.

Disk: plain(?) Latin cross; channel to wick-hole with large air-hole in channel; central filling-hole, and additional filling-holes under each horizontal cross arm. Rim: herringbone. Nozzle: flanked by incised circles; burn marks. Handle: solid, demarcated by transverse groove at base and cluster of incised circles on each side of handle, with two grooves above join and two below. Base: within double almond-shaped grooves, a branch; incised circles flanking tip of handle and branch, with three additional incised circles at edge of base toward nozzle. Published in Isthmia IX, pp. 102, 104 –105, 197, no. 6, fig. 2:89. From the top of a tomb. While the cross on 377 may have been plain originally, most such crosses were bejeweled, as on a good parallel for both the top and base: Kenchreai V, p. 62, no. 303, pl. 13. Compare also Agora VII, p. 181, no. 2507, pl. 40, which is not as regularly made as 377. Kenchreai V, p. 61, no. 299, pl. 13, has the same decor flanking the handle. For the branch base, see 271. Late 5th century A.d. 378  (IPL 1969-20) Northeast Gate P.L. 0.054; p.W. 0.052. Fragment preserving handle and part of disk and rim. Pink clay varying from 5YR 8/3 on the surface to 5YR 7/4 in the interior. Disk: remains of bejeweled cross; on top arm, a raised circle with an incised star pattern; three filling-holes extant, one above each cross arm and one more below extant left cross arm. Rim: herringbone. Handle: solid, with two grooves above join. The cross is studded, but does not have flaring arms; it is closely related to the disk of Agora VII, p. 181, no. 2512, pl. 40 (which is smaller in size). A base fragment, IPL 1969-21 (Pl. 50), probably belongs to this top; within a circular(?) groove is the letter Κ, with room for a second letter within the estimated diameter. For the ΚΥ workshop, see 346. Mid- to late 5th century A.d.? 379  (IPL 1968-8) Tower 2 Pl. 50 P.L. 0.063; p.W. 0.060; p.H. with handle 0.028. Fragment preserving handle and large part of top section. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6) with gold mica and several small white inclusions. Disk: bejeweled cross with flaring arms, two double circles in each arm; above the horizontal arms, branches(?); central filling-hole and one additional filling-hole under each horizontal arm. Rim: herringbone. Handle: small, solid, with two grooves on upper preserved part. Parallels: Kenchreai V, nos. 303, 311, p. 62, pls. 13, 14. One similar fragment inventoried: IP 3663 (burnt; rim, however, has worn vine pattern, a rare combination with a cross on the disk). Late 5th to early 6th century A.d.? 380  (IPL 1970-200) Area Pl. 50 East of Temenos, tunnel P.L. 0.041; p.W. 0.051. Fragment preserving part of handle and rim. Hard clay, close to pink (5YR 7/4).



POST-GLAZING ATHENIAN LAMPS

Disk: fragmentary, with illegible traces of raised relief; one framing ring. Rim: two rows of large, raised globules. Handle: knob-like, with three grooves above join and one below; sections poorly joined. Approximate parallel: Agora VII, p. 175, no. 2400, pl. 38. Other similar examples with a plain disk: Corinth IV.2, pp. 222–223, nos. 881, 890. Though globules on the rim are more common on Late Corinthian lamps, the clay of 380 is Athenian. Late 5th into 6th century A.d.?

Rosette Disks 381  (IPL 1990-1) Roman Bath Pl. 51 P.L. 0.099; p.W. 0.071; p.H. 0.035. Nearly intact lamp; tip of handle broken. Semicoarse, light red clay (10R 6/6). Disk: rosette of 12 petals, relief fading toward fillinghole. Rim: two parallel grooves between handle and nozzle. Nozzle: diagonal grooves; large wick-hole; airhole; burn marks. Handle: broad, solid, backwardsloping, with three grooves above join and three below. Base: within one tear-shaped groove, plain. From the North Deposit, west drain of room VI. For the popularity of the rosette disk on Athenian lamps, see 321–337. Similar disks: Agora VII, p. 151, no. 1754, pl. 30 (glazed); Kerameikos XVI, p. 282, no. 4552, pl. 77. Two further fragments inventoried: IPL 1971-4 and 1976-42 (the latter from the same deposit). First half of 5th century A.d. 382  (IPL 2004-2) Roman Bath Pl. 51 P.L. 0.086; p.W. 0.034; p.H. 0.038. Two joining pieces preserving about half of upper and lower lamp. Reddish brown clay (5YR 5/4); overbaked? Disk: rosette of ca. 12 petals. Rim: wavy lines. Nozzle: double diagonal lines. Base: double framing grooves of an oval- or tear-shaped base. From the South Deposit. Parallel for top: Karivieri 1996, p. 223, no. 207, pl. 41. One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1970-117. Mid-5th century A.d.? 383  (IPL 1978-38) Roman Bath Pl. 51 P.L. 0.090; W. 0.068; H. 0.034. Almost intact lamp; part of nozzle missing. Pink clay (mostly 5YR 7/4). Disk: small, depressed, plain center ring; rosette of thin petals swirling clockwise. Rim: herringbone; circles at nozzle and handle; air-hole. Nozzle: single diagonal grooves; burn marks. Handle: solid, broad, with three grooves above join and two below. Base: small; within one circular groove, faint branch(?). From west of room V. Near parallels for the top: Agora VII, no. 1933 (illustrated in Agora V, p. 154, pl. 45), where the swirls, however, go counterclockwise, as also on Corinth L-4579 (signed ΧΙΟΝΗϹ on a tear-shaped base) and Kerameikos XVI, p. 290, no. 4515, pl. 76. Two glazed lamps are close parallels for the top: Corinth IV.2, p. 229, no. 952, pl. XIV (signed Κ), and Kenchreai V, p. 59, no. 272, pl. 12. For the branch base, see 271.

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Six further fragments inventoried: IPL 1969-64, 1970-75 (very large petals), 1970-76, 1970-195, 1971-5, and 1972-59. First half of 5th century A.d.

Plain Disks 384  (IPL 1972-23) Roman Bath Pl. 52 P.L. 0.094; p.W. 0.070; H. 0.034. Several joining fragments preserving most of top and small parts of lower wall and base. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Disk: plain, with central ring; one framing groove. Rim: wavy lines. Nozzle: U-shaped, demarcated by horizontal grooves with transverse hatching; groove from air-hole to wick-hole. Handle: solid, grooving not readable. Base: within two circular(?) grooves, mostly missing. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, pp. 132–133, no. 27. Parallels: Karivieri 1996, p. 194, no. 109, pl. 37 (= Agora VII, p. 141, no. 1355), and Kerameikos XVI, p. 285, no. 4597, pl. 78. One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1976-18 (handle with three grooves and herringbone center). Early 5th century A.d. 385  (IPL 1972-5) Roman Bath Fig. 3; Pl. 52 L. 0.093; W. 0.064; H. 0.036. Intact. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Disk: plain, with central filling-hole and three additional holes; one framing groove. Rim: unconnected wavy lines. Nozzle: single groove from disk to wick-hole, flanked by incised circles; burn marks. Handle: solid, with two grooves above join, starting within disk, and two below, ending with two incised circles. Base: within double tear-shaped grooves, three circles and two letters, ϹΩ. See Clement 1973, p. 147, pl. 133:c, d. Parallels for both the top and signature: Corinth IV.2, p. 215, no. 814; L-1971-56. Close parallels for the tops only: Corinth L-1969-259; Agora VII, p. 140, no. 1339, pl. 26; Kenchreai V, p. 66, no. 347, pl. 16. For the activity of the Soteria workshop, see Agora VII, pp. 52–53, and Karivieri 1996, pp. 135–137. Lamps from this workshop possess a new sturdiness: the resting area is larger and flatter than before and the walls are straighter, both trends exemplified by 385. One further disk fragment inventoried: IPL 1976-64. Mid- to late 5th century A.d. 386  (IPL 1978-23) Roman Bath Pl. 52 P.L. 0.082; p.W. 0.068; p.H. with handle 0.043. Fragment preserving most of handle and top. Very pale brown clay (10YR 7/3). Disk: plain, oval; one central filling-hole; channel to (missing) wick-hole with air-hole; herringbone framing ring broken by channel; double incised circles flanking handle; single circles flanking air-hole. Rim: slightly outward sloping with wavy lines. Handle: solid, with two grooves above join and two below. From room XI. Approximate parallels (none with the same disk and framing ring): Corinth L-4590; Agora VII,

136

CATALOGUE

p. 186, no. 2663, pl. 42; Bailey 1988, p. 410, no. Q3281, pl. 119; Kerameikos XVI, p. 288, no. 4624, pl. 79. One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1970-94 (plain disk with plain raised framing ring). Mid-5th century A.d. 387  (IPL 1970-87) Area East of Temenos Pl. 52 P.L. 0.054; p.W. 0.056. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Light red clay (close to 2.5YR 6/6). From a plaster mold. Disk: plain, oval, with channel to wick-hole; central filling-hole. Rim: slightly outward sloping with herringbone; flanking channel has large concentric volutes(?) and air-hole in channel; burn marks. Parallels: Agora VII, p. 142, no. 1411, pl. 26; Kerameikos XVI, p. 287, no. 4618, pl. 79 (multiple filling-holes and lacking volutes). Eight further fragments inventoried: IPL 1967-28, 1969-117, 1970-86, 1970-88, 1970-105, 1970-109, 1970197, and 1976-36. Mid-5th century A.d. 388  (IPL 1969-76) Tower 14 P.L. 0.047; p.W. 0.023. Fragment preserving handle and part of rim and disk. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Disk: concave, with rosette. Rim: vine. Handle: pierced, with two grooves above join. The popular vine-and-cluster rim continues to appear and maintains, at least in the first part of the 5th century, some of its traditional plasticity. This, however, is gradually lost in the carelessly stylized versions of the later 5th and into the 6th century. Close parallel: Corinth L-4580 (from the Fountain of the Lamps; see Wiseman 1972, pl. 10:a, second from left, signed ΧΙΟ|ΝΗϹ); see also Kerameikos XVI, pp. 281–282, nos. 4536, 4546, pl. 77 (both signed ΧΙΟ|ΝΗϹ). First half of 5th century A.d.

Base Fragments 389  (IPL 1976-47) Roman Bath P.L. 0.063; p.W. 0.052; H. 0.032. Three joining fragments preserving handle and small part of rim and base. Clay varying from light red (2.5YR 6/6) on interior to reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) on exterior. Rim: wavy lines. Handle: pierced, with two grooves above join and two below; bottom tip flanked by incised circles. Base: within single tear-shaped(?) groove, two letters, Χ[ΙΟ]|Ν[ΗϹ]. This is most likely one of two lamps from the large Chione workshop recovered from Isthmia by the UCLA/OSU excavations; see 374 for the other. Isthmia III reports two: pp. 78–79, nos. 3037, 3074, pls. 12, 34; Kenchreai V has seven (see p. 103). At Corinth, the workshop is very well represented (see Corinth IV.2, p. 312; XVIII.2, p. 21 with n. 84; Garnett 1970, p. 35). For the workshop’s activity, see Agora VII, pp. 55–57, Karivieri 1996, pp. 143–146, and Kerameikos XVI, pp. 77–79; it was the largest producer of Christian lamps in the period. First half of 5th century A.d.

390  (IP 3684) Northeast Gate P.W. 0.056; H. 0.033. Fragment preserving handle and part of rim and base. Originally probably pink clay (5YR 7/4); smoked grayish. Rim: plain, with circles at handle. Handle: pierced, with two grooves above join and two below; tip flanked by circles. Base: within part of single groove, traces of ̣ ̣ two letters, ΕΥ. See Isthmia V, p. 74, n. 37. Parallels: Agora VII, p. 197, nos. 2902, 2904, pl. 46; for the workshop of Eutyches, see Agora VII, pp. 34 –38, and Karivieri 1996, pp. 95– 104. Early 5th century A.d. 391  (IPL 1976-48) Roman Bath P.L. 0.035; p.W. 0.044; p.H. 0.034. Fragment preserving part of handle and base. Mostly reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Handle: two grooves on lower section. Base: two open almond-shaped(?) grooves ending in small circles flanking tip of handle; within grooves, trace of one letter, Κ.̣ Possibly belonging to the ΚΥ workshop. Parallel for the base: Kenchreai V, p. 58, no. 268, pl. 12. First half of 5th century A.d. 392  (IPL 1971-8) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.042; p.W. 0.029. Fragment preserving part of base. Clay between pink (5YR 7/4) and reddish yellow (5YR 7/6). Base: within two almond- or tear-shaped(?) grooves, circle and part of branch. See Clement 1972, p. 229. This entry and the further similar fragments inventoried represent different parts of the same type of base that was very common from the early 5th century on: these had double almond- or tearshaped grooves containing various combinations of branches and circles. For the general configuration, see Isthmia III, p. 78, no. 3032, pl. 13 (inverted branch), or Kenchreai V, p. 63, no. 313, pl. 14. For the branch base, see 271. Six further fragments inventoried: IPL 1967-22 (see Isthmia V, p. 84, n. 64), 1967-25, 1970-56, 1970-70, 1971-3, and 1978-196. Early to mid-5th century A.d.

Miscellaneous Fragments 393  (IP 3694) Northeast Gate P.W. 0.042; p.H. 0.043. Fragment of rim and handle. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Rim: illegible pattern. Handle: pierced with two grooves (with herringbone) above join and two below. Nine further fragments inventoried, all broad handles: five pierced, IP 3693 (see Isthmia V, p. 74, n. 37), 3695 (see Isthmia V, p. 74, n. 37), 3808, IPL 1970-110, and 1977-2; and four solid, IPL 1967-26, 1968-10, 1969-8, and 1970-96. Mid-5th century A.d.?



LAMPS OF THE 5TH AND 6TH CENTURIES

394  (IPL 1972-132) Roman Bath Max. p.dim. 0.021 × 0.063. Fragment preserving part of rim and base. Coarse, dark reddish gray clay (5YR 4/2) with few small cavities; burn marks. Rim: raised radiating lines. Base: two circular grooves. From between rooms I and II. This is the latest of the lamp fragments from the Roman Bath area, possibly part of a context reflecting a Byzantine squatter. The rim is coarsely rendered. No direct parallels have been

137

found, though the rim pattern has some affinity with Corinth IV.2, p. 291, nos. 1511, 1512, pl. XXIII (assigned to type XXXIII). Agora VII, p. 198, no. 2925, pl. 46, may possibly give an approximate idea of the original appearance, though the full form of 394 is impossible to establish; its circular base does not preclude an oblong body shape like that of the example from the Agora. The lamp may possibly be a Corinthian imitation of such an Athenian lamp. 7th century A.d.?

Lamps of the 5th AND 6th CENTURies Local Copies of Corinthian and Athenian Models 395  (IPL 1970-103) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.035; p.W. 0.020. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Light red clay (5YR 6/4). Disk: fine rays; one framing ring. Rim: ovules. Nozzle: raised plate. A very crisp example of the Corinthian serialized lamps imitating Broneer type XXVII lamps; the group of ray disks and ovules on the rim is the single most numerous in the Fountain of the Lamps, with over 200 examples reported (including the variant discussed under 396). The height of the production of this pattern seems to be the late 5th and into the early 6th century; see Garnett 1970, pp. 61–71, and 1975, pp. 188–190, no. 2, pl. 43. The original source for the design is a lamp such as Corinth IV.2, p. 188, no. 556, pl. XI (of ca. 300 years earlier; cf., e.g., 105). Mid-5th to mid-6th century A.d. 396  (IPL 1970-7) Area East of Temenos Pl. 53 P.L. 0.043; p.W. 0.038. Fragment preserving part of handle, disk, and rim. Originally light red(?) clay (2.5YR 6/6); burned gray. Disk: fine rays, fading toward center; one framing ring. Rim: inner row of ovules, outer row of globules. Handle: knob; webbing. See 395 for the combination of a ray disk with ovules on the rim; the added outer rim decoration is commonly found on late Corinthian imitations of type XXVII lamps. Parallel: Garnett 1975, p. 190, no. 3, pl. 43. Mid-5th to mid-6th century A.d. 397  (IPL 1968-22) Tower 2 Pl. 53 P.L. 0.054; p.W. 0.061. Fragment preserving slightly over half of upper section. Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6). Disk: large rays; one framing ring. Rim: ovules. Handle: knob, with two grooves on preserved upper part; webbing. This is a coarser retouched version of the same lamp type as 395 and 396, resulting in broader rays and squarish ovules. 6th century A.d.

398  (IPL 1967-16) Northeast Gate P.L. 0.040; p.W. 0.037. Fragment preserving upper handle and part of disk and rim. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Disk: rays. Rim: inner part with ladder pattern; outer part with herringbone(?). Handle: knob, with three grooves on upper part aligned with and continuing the rays on the disk. From the category of “locally designed lamps” among Late Corinthian products (see Garnett 1975, pp. 203–204). These lamps often show an unusual combination of earlier common decorative features; 398 has a mixture of Corinthian and Athenian traits, namely, a Corinthian ray disk and an Athenian herringbone rim. For a parallel, see Garnett 1975, pp. 203–206, no. 46, pl. 44. Two further fragments inventoried, both handles with no rim pattern discernible: IPL 1969-63 and 1978-3. Another local(?) design with doubled decor on the rim is found on the fragment IPL 1970-2, generally inspired by Athenian patterns, a branch on the outer part, raised globules on the inner, a framing ring, and possibly raised globules on the disk. First half of 6th century A.d.? 399  (IPL 1968-26) Tower 2 Fig. 3; Pl. 53 L. 0.091; W. 0.065; H. 0.065. Almost intact except for missing small piece of disk, chip on base. Light red clay (2.5YR 6/6). Disk: flat, dog seated toward left; two framing rings. Rim: eight S-spirals; panels with three grooves. Handle: knob. Base: within two almond-shaped grooves, a diamond-shaped groove enclosing a branch and incised circles. The lamp is characteristic of Late Corinthian lamps not only for its pronounced, webbed joints and imitative quality, but also for the chronological span of the repertory it borrows: the disk motif originated on pre-glazing Athenian lamps of the 3rd century (such as, e.g., Agora VII, p. 128, no. 924, pl. 20), while the base is derived from late 4th- to early 5th-century glazed and post-glazing Athenian lamps (see, e.g., Kenchreai V, p. 63, no. 313, pl. 14). Parallel: Garnett 1975, pp. 191–192, no. 7. For the branch base, see 271. 6th century A.d.

138

CATALOGUE

400  (IPL 1971-268) Area East of Temenos Max. p.dim. 0.030 × 0.035. Fragment preserving part of handle, disk, and rim. Clay at core red (2.5YR 5/6), mostly reddish yellow (5YR 6/6). Disk: square, demarcated by two parallel ridges; two symmetrically placed filling-holes near handle. Rim: circles by handle. Handle: knob, with three grooves on upper part. The position of the two filling-holes probably indicates a cross disk modeled on a post-glazing Athenian lamp such as, e.g., Garnett 1975, pp. 194 –195, no. 17, pl. 43 (though only with three filling-holes). Compare also Garnett 1970, p. 84, no. 38, pl. VI:f. Mid-5th to mid-6th century A.d.

North African–Type Lamps Imports 401  (IPL 1976-51a, b, 1978-197) Roman Bath Pl. 54 (a) IPL 1976-51a + 1978-197. Max. p.dim. 0.076 × 0.028. (b) IPL 1976-51b. Max. p.dim. 0.055 × 0.019. Two nonjoining fragments: fr. a consists of two joining pieces preserving part of rim and disk; fr. b, part of rim and channel. Light red clay (2.5YR 6/8); same color glaze; burn marks on fr. b. Import from North Africa. Disk: plain as preserved. Rim: studded triangles alternately turning points inward and outward; interspersed small rosettes. Crisp design. Exact parallels for the rim are rare; see, e.g., Bussière 2007, no. C777, pl. 56 (without the interspersed rosettes); in the rich repertory of North African rim stamps described by Bussière, this particular type of triangle is type D6, pl. 134. 5th century A.d. 402  (IPL 1969-61) Tower 10 Pl. 54 Max. p.dim. 0.031 × 0.017. Fragment preserving part of rim. Fine, light red clay (10R 6/8); same color glaze. Import from North Africa. Rim: alternating studded tongues and studded triangles; smeared. Parallel for the rim pattern: Bussière 2007, type L7a, pl. 137 (for the tongues); type D14, pl. 134 (for the triangles). 5th century A.d. 403  (IPL 1970-31) West Cemetery Pl. 54 Max. p.dim. 0.041 × 0.018. Fragment preserving part of rim. Soft, slightly oily, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 6/6); faint, uneven slip a shade darker. Imported. Rim: alternating squares with pattern of leaves and possibly buds. This is most likely not an African original, but the ultimate provenience of this North African–type imitation is unknown; the clay is not local Peloponnesian. The decor falls within the known range of North African stamps: see Trost and Hellmann 1996, type Kb1, pl. XXXIX, for the squares; type Fa(?), pl. XXXVIII, for the buds(?). 5th century A.d.

Corinthian Copies and Close Imitations 404  (IPL 1967-21) Northeast Gate Pl. 54 P.L. 0.055; p.W. 0.067. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Hard, fine clay burned gray, originally probably close to light brown (7.5YR 6/4); same color glaze? Disk: cross monogram with closed rho to the right; two filling-holes above the horizontal cross arms; cross and rho bejeweled with pellets (concentric circles); one raised framing ring, coming to a point below handle. Rim: raised pellets (concentric circles); outer edge is raised, beyond which the rim is outward sloping. Handle: very beginning of knob handle. No webbing. This is most probably a local copy of an imported North African lamp, staying close to the original characteristics: large size, a sloping outer rim, a well-rounded join, and crisp design. No exact parallel found, but two lamps are closely related (same decor): Garnett 1970, p. 111, no. 111, pl. X:d, and Koutoussaki 2008, p. 374, no. 670.1, fig. 514, pl. LXV. Both, however, are of the later serialized Corinthian production. Nemea L 60 is a smaller and more worn example. Another copy of an original lamp (Agora VII, p. 171, no. 2444, pl. 39) has some similarity to 404. For North African originals with related decor, see, e.g., Bussière 2007, pp. 136–138, nos. C884 –C921, pl. 60. 5th century A.d. 405  (IP 3714) Northeast Gate Pl. 54 P.L. 0.066; p.W. 0.059; p.H. 0.035. Fragment preserving handle and part of rim and disk. Reddish brown clay (5YR 5/3); burnt. Disk: single outline of bejeweled Maltese cross with three circular pellets at preserved top cross arm; two unpierced filling-holes flanking top cross arm. Rim: raised pellets. Handle: pointed knob; ridge from handle to base. No webbing. Parallels: Kenchreai V, p. 84, no. 447, pl. 20; Koutoussaki 2008, p. 369, no. 654.1, fig. 503, pl. LXIV. closely related: Corinth XVII, p. 83, no. 142, pl. 35:d; Garnett 1970, p. 112, no. 121, pl. X:h; All of the parallels quoted belong to the later serialized Corinthian production, which 405 precedes. Late 5th into early 6th century A.d. 406  (IPL 1972-8) Roman Bath Fig. 3; Pl. 54 L. 0.111; W. 0.067; H. 0.028. Mended from several fragments; bottom, handle, and part of rim restored. Yellowish red clay (5YR 5/6); faint traces of dark reddish gray slip (5YR 4/2). Disk: very worn relief of bust in a studded cloak, head to right, holding cross at left; two filling-holes. In channel, a punctured, not pierced, air-hole. Rim: studded triangles pointed inward. Handle: knob; on lower part, a ridge continued to base. Base: small section of raised ring extant. Webbing. See Wohl 1981, p. 116, pl. 33:a. Possibly St. Peter. Several parallels: Koutoussaki 2008, p. 342, nos. 588.1 (an import), 588.2, 588.3, fig. 441, pl. LVI. Kenchreai V, pp. 81–82, no. 425, pl. 19 (possibly a North African original) gives a good idea of the original image: see the discussion, pp. 81–82, with further



LAMPS OF THE 5TH AND 6TH CENTURIES

parallels. Both the Kenchreai lamp and 406 have three markings for filling-holes but only two pierced, though on each the unpierced one is in a different position. The rim pattern is common (close to Bussière 2007, type D6, pl. 134). 6th century A.d. 407  (IPL 1976-50) Roman Bath Pl. 55 P.L. 0.041; p.W. 0.049; p.H. with handle 0.028. Fragment preserving handle and part of disk and rim. Pale brown clay (10YR 6/3); self-slip? Disk: peacock facing handle; part of wheel under beak; beginning of filling-hole under bird. Rim: raised rings with smaller dots interspersed. Handle: knob. Substantial webbing. Birds in many varieties show up on both rims and disks of North African lamps (see Hayes 1972, pp. 361– 362, nos. 46–50, fig. 77, for the repertory on pottery in general; Barbera and Petriaggi 1993, p. 385, no. 146, for lamp disks; and Bussière 2007, types U1–U8, pl. 140, for lamp rims). The peacock, like the dove and the dolphin, had a clear Christian symbolic value representing immortality, and the combination of a peacock on a disk with pellets on the rim was very popular on Late Corinthian lamps. See, e.g., Corinth IV.2, p. 288, nos. 1482, 1483 (different rim), pl. XXII; Garnett 1975, p. 198, no. 21 (with reference to more examples from Fountain of the Lamps). Related parallels are Bovon 1966, p. 89, no. 612, pl. 16; Koutoussaki 2008, p. 348, no. 603.10, fig. 455. The last three examples all lack the wheel. However, lamps made and found in Athens with similar decoration (e.g., Agora VII, p. 175, no. 2399, pl. 38) are different in that they are larger, glazed, and lack webbing. One further fragment inventoried: IPL 1993-18 (small fragment perhaps showing leaping rabbit). Late 5th into 6th century A.d. 408  (IP 3716) Northeast Gate Pl. 55 P.L. 0.101; p.W. 0.070. Fragment preserving top except nozzle and part of rim. Reddish brown clay (2.5YR 5/4); surface smoked grayish brown (10YR 5/2). Disk: traces of illegible relief. Rim: interlocking S-spirals. In channel: air-hole punctured, not pierced. Handle: knob. Webbing. General parallel: e.g., Koutoussaki 2008, p. 356, no. 629.5, fig. 475, pl. LX. See also the following, though with different rims: Isthmia III, p. 81, no. 3149, pl. 35; Aupert 1980, p. 407, no. 10, fig. 14. 6th century A.d. 409  (IPL 1969-18) Northeast Gate Pl. 55 P.L. 0.048; p.W. 0.045. Fragment preserving base of handle and part of rim and disk. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Disk: small trace of relief (a cross monogram?); part of one filling-hole. Rim: alternating pellets of concentric circles and dot rosettes. Substantial webbing. The rim pattern is crisp. The alternating circles and rosettes are common on recorded North African originals (e.g., Bussière 2007, pp. 132–133, nos. C813, C877, pl. 59; Barbera and Petriaggi 1993, p. 315, no. 276) and on Corinthian imitations combined with various disk

139

representations (e.g., Corinth L-4630 and L-4490 are close, both from the Fountain of the Lamps, referred to by Garnett [1970, under p. 108, no. 99, pl. IX:h]). See also Athens, Agora L 5528; Nemea L64; Bovon 1966, p. 90, no. 630, pl. 16. Note that the rosette pattern on the rim is nearly identical with one of the common base decorations on Peloponnesian imitations; see Garnett 1975, p. 181, fig. 1:26, and, e.g., p. 198, no. 26, where it is referred to as a “rosette-sun.” Late 5th into early 6th century A.d. 410  (IPL 1970-51) Area East of Temenos Max. p.dim. 0.032 × 0.020. Fragment preserving part of rim. Reddish brown clay (5YR 5/4). Disk: small trace of relief. Rim: double row of tightly placed, raised pellets within a channel. Parallels for the rim: at Corinth, L-1969-186 and L-1969-187 are close (both from the Fountain of the Lamps); Garnett 1970, p. 110, 198–199, no. 108; 1975, no. 26; Kenchreai V, p. 84, no. 449, pl. 20. One further example inventoried: IPL 1972-131. 6th century A.d. 411  (IPL 1969-122) Northeast Gate P.L. 0.038; p.W. 0.038. Fragment preserving part of rim and channel. Originally probably reddish brown clay, fired light brownish gray (10YR 6/2). Rim: in sunken channel, irregularly placed, wellspaced, small stamped circles, some with double lines, some with single. In channel: part of air-hole and wickhole. Webbing. Best parallel: Corinth L-4471 from the Fountain of the Lamps. A related but not identical fragment of a rim and handle, IPL 1972-36, shows three irregular rows of small raised dots. 6th century A.d.

Free, Local Imitations 412  (IPL 1970-77) Area East of Temenos Pl. 55 P.L. 0.072; p.W. 0.063. Fragment preserving greater part of disk, rim, and nozzle. Clay on outside light brown (7.5YR 6/4), on inside reddish yellow (5YR 6/6). Disk: double-line bejeweled Maltese cross, with jewels indicated by pellets in arms and between the pointed ends of the arms, occasionally also at the pointed ends (close to Fig. 6:1). Air-hole in channel as large as the filling-hole. Rim: branch. Webbing. Within the stylistic category of a bejeweled cross with the ends of the arms distinctly curved, the present variety (double-lined cross arms) is usually more carefully designed and executed than the single-lined cross (see 413–416). Many parallels of lamps with double-lined crosses are found on the Peloponnese, and were possibly conceived and produced in Corinth (as also 413– 416). Recorded examples include, e.g., Corinth XVIII.2, p. 36, no. 62, pl. 5; Bovon 1966, p. 91, no. 643, pl. 17; Garnett 1975, p. 199, no. 30, pl. 44, and nine more such lamps from the Fountain of the Lamps noted under no. 30; Kenchreai V, p. 83, nos. 436, 437, pl. 20. Late 5th into 6th century A.d.

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CATALOGUE

413  (IPL 1967-5) Northeast Gate P.W. 0.062; p.H. 0.032. Fragment preserving ca. half of upper section with handle. Coarse, reddish brown clay (2.5YR 5/4). From a worn mold. Disk: single-lined, bejeweled cross with pellets at the points of the horizontal cross arms, at all arm ends, and inside the arms (cf. Fig. 6:7). Rim: branch. Handle: knob. Webbing. See Isthmia V, p. 85, n. 66. The single-lined, bejeweled cross with a branch on the rim is the most numerous of the local Corinthian variations on basically North African themes. Many series were made, as is shown by minor variations in details. See, e.g., Corinth L-4113 (found with a coin of Constantius II); five from the Fountain of the Lamps: L-1969-110, L-1969-111, and L-1969-112, all three possibly moldmates (see Garnett 1970, p. 114, no. 128), L-1969-208, and L-1969-210 (= Garnett 1970, p. 114, no. 130); one from Isthmia: Isthmia III, p. 81, no. 3151, pl. 36; five from Nemea: L48, L49 (Miller 1980, p. 192, pl. 41), L63, L119, and L216 (Miller 1988, pl. 8); and 30 from Argos: Bovon 1966, p. 91, no. 639, pl. 17; Aupert 1980, pp. 409–410, nos. 18–25, 35–38, figs. 18, 19; and Koutoussaki 2008, pp. 358–366, nos. 632–648, figs. 480–499. Late 5th(?) into 6th century A.d. 414  (IP 3715) Northeast Gate Figs. 3, 6; Pl. 55 P.L. 0.090; p.W. 0.058; H. 0.033. Mended from two fragments, preserving ca. three quarters of lamp; missing nozzle and part of disk, rim, and lower wall. Pale brown clay (10YR 7/4) with white bits and some mica. Disk: single-lined, bejeweled cross with three jewels/ pellets at the ends of the arms and also inside the arms; an extra bar joins top arm to right arm. Rim: branch. In channel: large air-hole punctured, not pierced. Handle: knob. Base: within raised ring, ca. 15 small raised dots; ridge from handle to ring on base. Webbing. This is also a common variant, closely related to 413. All of the parallels quoted below, however, have the extra bar in the upper right part of the disk (a mistake apparently not considered serious enough to discard the faulty mold). Kenchreai V, p. 83, no. 435, pl. 20, is possibly a moldmate (same light color of clay). See also Nemea L 73, L 125 (Miller 1983, p. 86, pl. 25), and L 157; Bovon 1966, p. 91, no. 642, pl. 17; Aupert 1980, pp. 409–411, 414, nos. 26–34, figs. 26–34. This commonality points to a single production center, possibly Corinth. First half of 6th century A.d. 415  (IPL 1970-69) Hexamilion Figs. 3, 6; Pl. 56 bastion P.L. 0.113; W. 0.068; H. 0.035. Intact except for tip of handle. Reddish brown clay (5YR 6/3); self-slip. Disk: almost circular; single-lined cross with interior jewels consisting of single circles and small dots; central filling-hole and large air-hole in channel. Rim: branch. Handle: knob. Base: raised oval ring; ridge from handle to ring on base. Webbing.

The lamp represents a late, large version of Peloponnesian imitations of North African lamps; its decor is simplified and the cross has no external jewels/pellets, though there are occasionally still irregular circles inside the cross arms. This variant is larger in size than most previous such lamps recorded here. Numerous parallels: e.g., from Corinth, Corinth XVII, p. 83, no. 141, pl. 35; from Nemea, L 126 (Miller 1983, p. 86, pl. 25); from Argos, Aupert 1980, p. 410, no. 39, fig. 20; Koutoussaki 2008, pp. 365–366, nos. 648.1–27, figs. 495–499, pl. LXIII. The Argive lamps published by Aupert and Koutoussaki all have a forked cross on the base (as does 416), which is not found on Athenian examples, pointing to a separate, local(?) Argive production. Parallel for the mold: Oikonomou-Laniado 2003, pp. 46, 157, figs. 106, 107. A single close example from Athens (Agora VII, pp. 183–184, no. 2591, pl. 41) is glazed and described as “Attic”; given its style and the large number of such lamps on the Peloponnese, it should most likely be seen as a copy of a Peloponnesian import. Second half of 6th century A.d. 416  (IPL 1969-72) Northeast Gate Fig. 3; Pl. 56 L. 0.108; p.W. 0.068; H. 0.034. Mended from several fragments, preserving all except parts of side, rim, and disk. Coarse, reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6). Disk: single-lined irregular cross without jewels (cf. Fig. 6:10). Rim: branch. Handle: knob. Base: within raised ring, raised cross with forked ends; ridge from ring on base to handle. Webbing. In general, careless, sloppy work. The large, often crude variation with branch rim and a carelessly made single-lined cross disk is a distinct and common category of loose imitations of North African lamps. They are especially noticeable in Corinth, where Garnett puts them late in her series of lamps, i.e., the mid-6th century. This date should be extended at least to the end of the 6th century in light of subsequent finds at Argos and Nemea, where such lamps are reported in the destruction layers perhaps resulting from the possible Slavic invasion in about A.d. 585. This type of cross seldom features peripheral jewels, but there are occasionally circles in the fields between the cross arms (cf. Fig. 6:9, 10). Many are found in the Corinthia, few in Athens; not all have the same base design, but the forked cross is reported on at least a dozen imitations of North African lamps found in the Peloponnese. This is interesting, as base designs are very rare on original North African lamps. Additionally, there is also an occasional use of this forked cross on the bases of the circular lamps (Broneer’s type XXXI) of Peloponnesian manufacture, possibly establishing a link between the production of late local imitations of North African lamps and of locally made circular lamps. Parallels: e.g., Corinth: Corinth IV.2, pp. 285–286, nos. 1456, 1458, pl. XXII; Corinth L-1969-209 (from the Fountain of the Lamps; Garnett 1970, p. 114, no. 131); Isthmia: Isthmia III, p. 81, no. 3153, pl. 36; Nemea: Nemea L 123, L 126 (Miller 1983, p. 86, pl. 25); Argos: Bovon 1966, p. 91, no. 647, pl. 17; Aupert 1980, pp. 410–



LAMPS OF THE 5TH AND 6TH CENTURIES

411, nos. 41–50, figs. 22–24; Athens: L 5820; Agora VII, p. 184, no. 2592, pl. 50. Concerning the Athenian examples, see the remarks under 415. Second half of 6th century A.d. 417  (IPL 1978-15a, b, c) Roman Bath (a) P.L. 0.056; p.H. 0.027. (b) P.W. 0.027; p.H. 0.020. (c) Max. p.dim. 0.042 × 0.026. Three nonjoining fragments: fr. a preserves wall and part of base; fr. b, handle; fr. c, possibly nozzle. Hard, brown clay (7.5YR 5/4); self-slip? Handle: solid, conical. Base: part of raised ring. Local imitation of a North African lamp. One further example inventoried: IPL 1971-224 (four joining fragments of lower body with traces of raised ring on base). 6th century A.d. 418  (IPL 1978-16) Roman Bath P.W. 0.040; p.H. 0.029. Fragment of handle. Coarse, red clay (2.5YR 5/6); self-slip? Handle: solid, conical. From a local imitation of a North African lamp.  Four further similar fragments inventoried: IPL 1967-27, 1970-3, 1970-152, and 1971-90. 6th century A.d. 419  (IPL 1972-47) Roman Bath P.L. 0.020; p.W. 0.032; p.H. 0.029. Fragment preserving front part of nozzle. Heavy, reddish yellow clay (5YR 6/6); burn marks. Nozzle: protruding ridge around wick-hole. From the North Deposit. Published in Wohl 1981, pp. 136–137, no. 47, pl. 36. The lamp must have been large. The ridge around the edge is characteristic of local imitations of North African lamps; see, e.g., Garnett 1975, pp. 197–198, no. 20, pls. 43, 44. Nine further fragments inventoried, all of the same fabric and with burn marks except when noted: IP 3781 (part of branch rim), IPL 1967-24, 1969-75, 1969-123, 1971-92, 1971-233 (of a pale clay and lacking burn marks), 1971-235, 1972-130, and 1976-168. 6th century A.d. 420  (IPL 1967-8) Northeast Gate Pl. 56 Max. p.dim. 0.046 × 0.042. Fragment preserving most of base. Coarse, burned clay, mostly light brownish gray (10YR 6/2). Base: within raised ring, an uneven, raised star. A local imitation of a North African lamp. No exact parallel found for the base decor. For the recurring forked cross on bases, see 416; for other patterns, see Garnett 1975, p. 181, nos. 25–27, fig. 1. 6th century A.d.

Circular Lamps 421  (IPL 1968-7) West Cemetery Pl. 57 Max. p.dim. 0.044 × 0.021. Fragment preserving part of rim. Fine, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6).

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Rim: crisp, raised design of fish and volutes; wickhole with burn marks. Parallels for both the shape and the stamped fish and volutes on the rim: Corinth IV.2, p. 290, no. 1502, pl. XXIII; Corinth XVII, p. 83–84, no. 143, pl. 35; Corinth L-1969-143 (from the Fountain of the Lamps). 421–423 represent the circular lamp type, i.e., Broneer’s type XXXII; see also Wohl 2015. 6th century A.d. 422  (IPL 1968-9) West Cemetery Pl. 57 Max. p.dim. 0.032 × 0.024. Fragment preserving part of rim. Fine, reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/8). Rim: crisp, raised design of heart-shaped leaves and volutes; wick-hole; part of framing ring toward disk, now lost. This stamp pattern is frequently found on North African lamps and their local imitations. See, e.g., Isthmia: Isthmia III, p. 82, nos. 3170, 3171, pl. 37 (of the same soft clay); Argos: Bovon 1966, p. 92, no. 657, pl. 18 (of a local Argive clay); Aupert 1980, p. 413, no. 70, fig. 31; Athens: Agora VII, p. 100, no. 340, pl. 10. In all cases, however, the design is placed at a different angle to the circumference. See also 421. 6th century A.d. 423  (IPL 1971-266) Area East of Temenos P.L. 0.037; p.W. 0.028. Fragment preserving handle and part of rim. Hard clay with few white inclusions, at core reddish yellow (5YR 7/6), on surface lighter reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6). Rim: unclear, stamped curvilinear pattern. Handle: solid, conical. See also 421. 6th century A.d. 424  (IP 3740) Northeast Gate Pl. 57 Max. p.dim. 0.053 × 0.034. Fragment preserving part of disk and rim. Fine, reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6) with few white inclusions; light red glaze (10R 6/6), partially worn. Disk: mostly lost; surrounded by circle of raised globules. Rim: cross arm(?) with ladder-like pattern flanked by curving objects; outer part outward sloping, plain. No exact parallel found, but related fragments of circular lamps include, e.g., Agora VII, p. 193, no. 2833, pl. 44. For the plain outer rim, see Agora VII, p. 193, no. 2830, pl. 44. The clay and glaze may be imitating a North African import (a direct parallel for the fabric is, e.g., Kenchreai V, p. 80, no. 413, pl. 19, a Broneer type XXXII lamp presented as a North African original); 424 differs from circular lamps 421–423 in both decor and clay, and may represent a variant of different origin. The presence of a stamped fish on at least one parallel suggests some link. 6th century A.d. 425  (IPL 1971-2) Area Pl. 57 East of Temenos, tunnel P.L. 0.075; p.W. 0.043. Fragment preserving large part of bottom section. Very fine, slightly oily, reddish yellow clay (7.5YR 7/6).

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CATALOGUE

Base: within a raised ring, a finely outlined pattern of three branches and raised dots. Probably from a circular lamp, though not likely the same type as 421–424, a category never displaying the unique base decor that appears on 425. The clay is not Corinthian and is as unusual as the pattern; see also 426. No close parallels have been found. 6th century A.d.? 426  (IPL 1970-8) Area East of Temenos Pl. 57 P.L. 0.047; p.W. 0.041. Fragment of part of base and adjacent side. Very fine, slightly oily, reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6); pink slip(?) (7.5YR 7/4) on surface. Base: within a slightly uneven raised ring, a raised branch(?) with dots. No close parallel found, but this fragment is probably from a circular lamp, like 425. Same clay as 425. 6th century A.D.?

Imitation of Lamp from Asia Minor 427  (IPL 1970-90a, b, c) Hexamilion fortress Pl. 57 (a) P.L. 0.044; p.W. 0.060. (b) Max. p.dim. 0.035 × 0.034. (c) P.L. 0.083 (partially mended), est. total 0.095. Three nonjoining fragments, mended: frr. a and b preserve large parts of top of lamp; fr. c, most of bottom. Friable, reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6). Disk: small concave area surrounded by single tall ring. Shoulder: domed, sloping, with raised petals radiating from central ring to join of lower half; wick-hole and tip of nozzle lost. Handle: solid knob, flattened lengthwise. Base: within raised ring, inscription of raised letters in a circle; two ridges run on each side from base toward top of nozzle. This lamp (Broneer’s type XXIX, group 1) is our only example of a type inspired by a model from Asia Minor. Though probably locally made, its form ulti-

mately derives from Hellenistic lamps of the so-called Ephesos type (see Ephesos IV.2, p. 131, type IV, form 4, no. 609, pl. IV). The raised circular inscription defies final reading or interpretation. Various suggestions have been offered, none wholly convincing; see above, p. 69. For a clear illustration of a well-preserved example, see, e.g., Isthmia III, pl. 40:n (from Corinth); Kenchreai V, p. 74, no. 403, pl. 18, and discussion pp. 74 –75; see also Bailey 1988, p. 417, nos. Q3331, Q3332, pl. 124, with further references. 6th century A.d.

Metal Handle Shield 428  (IM 1969-59) Northeast Gate Pl. 57 P.L. 0.032; max. W. 0.035. Fragment of a bronze handle shield; broken at base. Bronze handle shield in form of a flaring cross, of which this is one arm; suspension loop in center. A flaring Latin cross was common as a handle shield on Late Antique bronze lamps, which were amply diffused, especially in the eastern Mediterranean (see, e.g., the references in Pani Ermini and Marinone 1981, p. 80, no. 122). Frequently the cross was bejeweled, with knob-like projections at the corners of the cross arms (e.g., Corinth XII, p. 76, no. 579, pl. 53; Menzel [1954] 1969, pp. 110–112, no. 692, fig. 92:1), but at times there were no jewels, as on 428. The cross was commonly supported at its back by a bar from the loop handle, though 428 was not, which probably accounts for the arm breaking off. It was a suspension lamp with a loop in the center of the fragment—an unusual position, as it is ordinarily in the middle of the cross or at its base; the second loop would have been between the disk and the nozzle. The rest of the lamp remains hypothetical. For a general idea of the shape of the cross and suspension, see Agora VII, p. 200, no. 2948, pl. 48, or Menzel [1954] 1969, p. 112, no. 693, fig. 92:2. 4th to 6th century A.d.

BYZANTINE LAMPS 429  (IPL 1968-16) Tower 15 Pl. 58 P.W. 0.045; p.H. 0.027. Fragment of upper section of lamp. Clay from pink (5YR 7/4)to light reddish brown (5YR 6/4); on interior of top only, worn patches of vitreous yellow glaze (near 2.5Y 8/6) over white slip. Section preserves center of oil bowl with knob-like projection of broken central stem. Below bowl, a hollow broken stem indicating a lost second oil bowl or a base receptacle for spilled oil. Parallels: uncertain, as the lamp is too fragmentary to assign it to a given subtype. See Motsianos 2005, figs. 8–10, pl. 116, for potential reconstructions. 12th to 14th century A.d.? 430  (IPL 1969-130) Northeast Gate Pl. 58 P.H. 0.033, max. p. Diam. 0.071. Fragment of upper bowl of tiered lamp. Reddish yellow clay (5YR 7/6) with several inclusions; on interior of

bowl, remains of pale yellow glaze (5Y 8/4) over white slip. Remains of oil bowl with central broken stem; below bowl the stem is hollow (with interior tool marks); bottom broken off from (lost) lower part, which would have been another oil bowl or a base receptacle for spilled oil. Similar to 429; however, under one side of the bowl are remains of added clay, almost certainly from the edge of a missing handle. The small size and solid ending of the stem in the bowl suggests a stem with a pointed end, i.e., it did not continue upwards to support an upper bowl. See Motsianos 2005, p. 250, figs. 18, 19, pl. 118. Broneer type XXXVI. Parallels: Corinth IV.2, p. 295, nos. 1547–1550, pl. XXIV; Motsianos and Bintsi 2011, pp. 156–157, no. 35. 12th to 14th century A.d.?



BYZANTINE LAMPS

431  (IPL 1972-3) Tower 10 Pl. 58 P.H. 0.138; Diam. of foot 0.129, of upper ring 0.033. Fragment of lamp stem with base. Hard, light reddish brown clay (2.5YR 6/4) with inclusions and small cavities; traces of pale brown vitreous glaze on foot. Foot spreading and has slightly upturned edges. Stem tapering upwards, with two convex rings at top (below a missing bowl); too thin to be completely hollow, but tool marks around bottom indicate some attempts at thinning out lower interior; uneven string marks. No trace of handle, which might have been attached to a (lost) bowl. The stem could have carried either single or, like 429 and 430, double lamp bowls. Broneer type XXXVI. For its context, see Isthmia V, pp. 121–122, n. 4. Related parallels: Frantz 1938, pp. 449, 465, nos. A 58, E 1, figs. 10, 29; for the stem and the foot, see Papanikola-Bakirtzi 2002, pp. 302–303, no. 329; for similar attempt to thin out lower interior of tall stem, see Motsianos 2005, p. 249, fig. 13, pl. 117. 12th to 14th century A.d.?

143

432  (IPL 1972-4) Tower 5 Pl. 58 P.H. 0.086; Diam. of bowl 0.068, of top of handle 0.022. Fragmentary double suspension lamp. Pink clay (7.5YR 7/4) with inclusions and cavities; traces of unevenly applied vitreous glaze, shifting from dark blue to yellowish green, mainly seen on top of exterior of bowl and on top of stem. Upper pear-shaped bowl with pinched open nozzle. Hollow central stem projecting high above bowl, pierced horizontally for suspension (0.015 from top) with slightly enlarged diameter at top. Below bowl, a broken, hollow central stem, indicating a lost section (either a second oil bowl or a receptacle for spilled oil). Broneer type XXXVII. For its context, see Isthmia V, p. 125, n. 16 (note that the lamp is not mentioned). See Corinth IV.2, p. 296, no. 1555, pl. XXIV, for a related example; see also Papanikola-Bakirtzi 2002, pp. 302–303, no. 327. Motsianos (2005, p. 250) points out that the stem often projected high over the top of the bowl, even without a suspension hole. 13th to 15th century A.d.?

Concordance

Inv. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

41

IP 3759

22

IPL 1967-1

see 63

428

IP 3760

70

IPL 1967-2

25

32

IP 3761

64

IPL 1967-3

see 36

IP 3662

34

IP 3762

57

IPL 1967-4

20

IP 3663

see 379

IP 3763

63

IPL 1967-5

413

IP 3664

102

IP 3764

65

IPL 1967-6

see 325

IP 3667

see 235

IP 3765

51

IPL 1967-7

see 372

IP 3668

60

IP 3766

see 358

IPL 1967-8

420

IP 3669

23

IP 3767

19

IPL 1967-9

see 366

IP 3670

26

IP 3768

72

IPL 1967-10

see 373

IP 3677

see 323

IP 3769

18

IPL 1967-11

see 373

IP 3678

331

IP 3770

see 36

IPL 1967-12

see 363

IP 3679

327

IP 3771

see 62

IPL 1967-13

see 284

IP 3682

21

IP 3772

62

IPL 1967-14

see 195

IP 3684

390

IP 3773

see 60

IPL 1967-15

see 126

IP 3685

see 40

IP 3774

20

IPL 1967-16

398

IP 3686

see 40

IP 3775

see 64

IPL 1967-17

see 369

IP 3689

71

IP 3776

see 66

IPL 1967-18

352

IP 3690

375

IP 3777

see 17

IPL 1967-19

see 349

IP 3691

326

IP 3778

62

IPL 1967-20

see 314

IP 3693

see 393

IP 3779

see 63

IPL 1967-21

404

IP 3694

393

IP 3780

see 17

IPL 1967-22

see 392

IM 3576 IM 1969-59 IP 3661

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

IP 3695

see 393

IP 3781

see 419

IPL 1967-23

see 289

IP 3696

see 372

IP 3782

see 63

IPL 1967-24

see 419

IP 3714

405

IP 3783

155

IPL 1967-25

see 392

IP 3715

414

IP 3793

66

IPL 1967-26

see 393

IP 3716

408

IP 3796

67

IPL 1967-27

see 418

IP 3717

see 331

IP 3800

see 370

IPL 1967-28

see 387

IP 3718

see 261

IP 3801

see 285

IPL 1968-1

33

IP 3737

see 286

IP 3802

see 296

IPL 1968-2

79

IP 3739

181

IP 3803

see 321

IPL 1968-3

see 79

IP 3740

424

IP 3804

see 193

IPL 1968-4

see 79

IP 3741

316

IP 3805

see 193

IPL 1968-5

see 79

IP 3742

17

IP 3807

see 322

IPL 1968-6

45

IP 3750

30

IP 3808

see 393

IPL 1968-7

421

IP 3758

63

IP 3846

11

IPL 1968-8

379

146

Inv. No. IPL 1968-9

Concordance

Cat. No. 422

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

IPL 1969-31

see 286

IPL 1969-79

323

IPL 1968-10

see 393

IPL 1969-32

see 112

IPL 1969-80

see 78

IPL 1968-11

14

IPL 1969-33

36

IPL 1969-81

82

IPL 1968-12

12

IPL 1969-34

see 36

IPL 1969-82

see 120

IPL 1968-13

13

IPL 1969-35

see 66

IPL 1969-83

see 112

IPL 1968-14

see 37

IPL 1969-36

31

IPL 1969-84

see 370

IPL 1968-15

10

IPL 1969-37

see 78

IPL 1969-85

see 365

IPL 1968-16

429

IPL 1969-38

42

IPL 1969-86

74

IPL 1968-17

10

IPL 1969-39

see 78

IPL 1969-87

see 194

IPL 1968-18

15

IPL 1969-40

44

IPL 1969-88

see 78

IPL 1968-19

see 16

IPL 1969-41

see 107

IPL 1969-89

56

IPL 1968-20

9

IPL 1969-42

61

IPL 1969-90

47

IPL 1968-21

2

IPL 1969-43

61

IPL 1969-91

76

IPL 1968-22

397

IPL 1969-44

78

IPL 1969-92

see 299

IPL 1968-23

1

IPL 1969-45

78

IPL 1969-93

see 36

IPL 1968-24

1

IPL 1969-46

see 297

IPL 1969-94

48

IPL 1968-25

40

IPL 1969-47

132

IPL 1969-95

see 40

399

IPL 1969-48

see 132

IPL 1969-96

48

IPL 1969-1

see 299

IPL 1969-49

see 112

IPL 1969-97

59

IPL 1969-2

282

IPL 1969-50

see 109

IPL 1969-98

42

IPL 1969-3

see 25

IPL 1969-51

see 189

IPL 1969-99

IPL 1969-4

144

IPL 1969-52

see 190

IPL 1969-100

IPL 1969-5

256

IPL 1969-53

147

IPL 1969-101

107

IPL 1969-6

see 120

IPL 1969-54

see 196

IPL 1969-102

see 163

IPL 1969-7

see 195

IPL 1969-55

see 283

IPL 1969-103

see 163

IPL 1969-8

see 393

IPL 1969-56

see 107

IPL 1969-104

135

IPL 1969-9

293

IPL 1969-57

see 190

IPL 1969-105

see 109

IPL 1969-10

303

IPL 1969-58

see 285

IPL 1969-106

see 117

IPL 1969-11

115

IPL 1969-59

see 289

IPL 1969-107

27

IPL 1969-12

see 113

IPL 1969-60

see 331

IPL 1969-108

see 196

IPL 1969-13

135

IPL 1969-61

402

IPL 1969-109

see 183

IPL 1969-14

see 195

IPL 1969-62

see 327

IPL 1969-110

see 163

IPL 1969-15

73

IPL 1969-63

see 398

IPL 1969-111

see 284

IPL 1969-16

see 152

IPL 1969-64

see 383

IPL 1969-112

see 349

IPL 1969-17

see 152

IPL 1969-65

see 193

IPL 1969-113

359

IPL 1969-18

409

IPL 1969-66

see 177

IPL 1969-114

77

IPL 1969-19

35

IPL 1969-67

148

IPL 1969-115

see 36

IPL 1969-20

378

IPL 1969-68

see 196

IPL 1969-116

see 48

IPL 1968-26

43 see 188

IPL 1969-21

see 378

IPL 1969-69

see 235

IPL 1969-117

see 387

IPL 1969-22

see 112

IPL 1969-70

see 369

IPL 1969-118

69

IPL 1969-23

see 322

IPL 1969-71

212

IPL 1969-119

see 17

IPL 1969-24

see 298

IPL 1969-72

416

IPL 1969-120

see 195

IPL 1969-25

see 196

IPL 1969-73

see 78

IPL 1969-121

69

IPL 1969-26

see 308

IPL 1969-74

46

IPL 1969-122

411

IPL 1969-27

see 37

IPL 1969-75

see 419

IPL 1969-123

see 419

IPL 1969-28

see 286

IPL 1969-76

388

IPL 1969-124

see 154

IPL 1969-29

see 193

IPL 1969-77

see 193

IPL 1969-125

see 39

IPL 1969-30

145

IPL 1969-78

see 49

IPL 1969-126

166



Concordance

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

IPL 1969-127

see 372

IPL 1969-128 IPL 1969-129

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

147

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

IPL 1970-45

see 109

IPL 1970-93

289

see 361

IPL 1970-46

see 193

IPL 1970-94

see 386

279

IPL 1970-47

see 116

IPL 1970-95

see 263

IPL 1969-130

430

IPL 1970-48

146

IPL 1970-96

see 393

IPL 1969-131

see 345

IPL 1970-49

173

IPL 1970-97

367

IPL 1970-2

see 398

IPL 1970-50

250

IPL 1970-98

see 112

IPL 1970-3

see 418

IPL 1970-51

410

IPL 1970-99

see 195

IPL 1970-4

see 107

IPL 1970-52

see 193

IPL 1970-100

see 369

IPL 1970-5

see 190

IPL 1970-53

see 116

IPL 1970-101

see 296

IPL 1970-6

16

IPL 1970-54

see 195

IPL 1970-102

see 331

IPL 1970-7

396

IPL 1970-55

see 193

IPL 1970-103

395

IPL 1970-8

426

IPL 1970-56

see 392

IPL 1970-104

see 193

IPL 1970-9

see 195

IPL 1970-57

see 195

IPL 1970-105

see 387

IPL 1970-10

170

IPL 1970-58

125

IPL 1970-106

222

IPL 1970-11

3

IPL 1970-59

see 118

IPL 1970-107

see 371

IPL 1970-12

see 38

IPL 1970-60

see 299

IPL 1970-108

see 349

IPL 1970-13

see 193

IPL 1970-61

see 118

IPL 1970-109

see 387

IPL 1970-14

230

IPL 1970-62

see 195

IPL 1970-110

see 393

IPL 1970-15

6

IPL 1970-63

see 118

IPL 1970-111

see 195

IPL 1970-16

5

IPL 1970-64

see 149

IPL 1970-112

see 258

IPL 1970-17

see 107

IPL 1970-65

see 194

IPL 1970-113

see 109

IPL 1970-18

38

IPL 1970-66

see 195

IPL 1970-114

see 322

IPL 1970-19

160

IPL 1970-67

190

IPL 1970-115

see 344

IPL 1970-20

7

IPL 1970-68

see 32

IPL 1970-116

see 268

IPL 1970-21

see 195

IPL 1970-69

415

IPL 1970-117

see 382

IPL 1970-22

157

IPL 1970-70

see 392

IPL 1970-118

see 296

IPL 1970-23

see 9

IPL 1970-71

see 196

IPL 1970-119

161

IPL 1970-24

139

IPL 1970-72

113

IPL 1970-120

see 196

IPL 1970-25

137

IPL 1970-73

see 118

IPL 1970-121

see 363

IPL 1970-26

137

IPL 1970-74

see 149

IPL 1970-122

see 289

IPL 1970-27

177

IPL 1970-75

see 383

IPL 1970-123

see 293

IPL 1970-28

137

IPL 1970-76

see 383

IPL 1970-124

164

IPL 1970-29

81

IPL 1970-77

412

IPL 1970-125

see 196

IPL 1970-30

see 193

IPL 1970-78

133

IPL 1970-126

see 193

IPL 1970-31

403

IPL 1970-79

28

IPL 1970-127

see 195

IPL 1970-32

196

IPL 1970-80

80

IPL 1970-128

see 299

IPL 1970-33

see 6

IPL 1970-81

see 193

IPL 1970-129

see 252

IPL 1970-34

see 193

IPL 1970-82

see 197

IPL 1970-130

see 239

IPL 1970-35

8

IPL 1970-83

see 299

IPL 1970-131

see 296

IPL 1970-36

75

IPL 1970-84

see 193

IPL 1970-132

152

IPL 1970-37

114

IPL 1970-85

see 113

IPL 1970-133

292

IPL 1970-38

see 294

IPL 1970-86

see 387

IPL 1970-134

219

IPL 1970-39

see 153

IPL 1970-87

387

IPL 1970-135

49

IPL 1970-40

see 285

IPL 1970-88

see 387

IPL 1970-136

see 205

IPL 1970-41

354

IPL 1970-89

see 151

IPL 1970-137

see 168

IPL 1970-42

29

IPL 1970-90

427

IPL 1970-138

167

IPL 1970-43

see 193

IPL 1970-91

see 195

IPL 1970-139

262

IPL 1970-44

see 193

IPL 1970-92

260

IPL 1970-140

see 325

148

Inv. No.

Concordance

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

IPL 1970-141

see 195

IPL 1970-189

see 188

IPL 1971-5

see 383

IPL 1970-142

see 167

IPL 1970-190

220

IPL 1971-6

120

IPL 1970-143

see 284

IPL 1970-191

227

IPL 1971-7

180

IPL 1970-144

see 286

IPL 1970-192

225

IPL 1971-8

392

IPL 1970-145

see 113

IPL 1970-193

226

IPL 1971-9

see 356

IPL 1970-146

162

IPL 1970-194

see 174

IPL 1971-10

see 199

IPL 1970-147

see 255

IPL 1970-195

see 383

IPL 1971-11

274

IPL 1970-148

see 296

IPL 1970-196

see 320

IPL 1971-12

see 242

IPL 1970-149

see 196

IPL 1970-197

see 387

IPL 1971-13

see 166

IPL 1970-150

see 45

IPL 1970-198

see 168

IPL 1971-14

see 112

IPL 1970-151

see 195

IPL 1970-199

see 81

IPL 1971-15

122

IPL 1970-152

see 418

IPL 1970-200

380

IPL 1971-16

see 113

IPL 1970-153

224

IPL 1970-201

see 81

IPL 1971-17

199

IPL 1970-154

see 195

IPL 1970-202

see 190

IPL 1971-18

176

IPL 1970-155

208

IPL 1970-203

288

IPL 1971-19

55

IPL 1970-156

249

IPL 1970-204

see 286

IPL 1971-20

138

IPL 1970-157

see 293

IPL 1970-205

91

IPL 1971-21

39

IPL 1970-158

216

IPL 1970-206

see 85

IPL 1971-22

112

IPL 1970-159

see 283

IPL 1970-207

93

IPL 1971-23

39

IPL 1970-160

221

IPL 1970-208

see 87

IPL 1971-24

123

IPL 1970-161

259

IPL 1970-209

see 84

IPL 1971-25

see 149

IPL 1970-162

see 163

IPL 1970-210

see 84

IPL 1971-26

see 189

IPL 1970-163

see 220

IPL 1970-211

94

IPL 1971-27

269

IPL 1970-164

207

IPL 1970-212

see 84

IPL 1971-28

179

IPL 1970-165

see 297

IPL 1970-213

see 85

IPL 1971-29

130

IPL 1970-166

see 284

IPL 1970-214

see 91

IPL 1971-30

54

IPL 1970-167

see 205

IPL 1970-215

see 36

IPL 1971-31

223

IPL 1970-168

see 218

IPL 1970-216

95

IPL 1971-32

151

IPL 1970-169

see 185

IPL 1970-217

see 95

IPL 1971-33

228

IPL 1970-170

206

IPL 1970-218

see 85

IPL 1971-34

see 111

IPL 1970-171

247

IPL 1970-219

see 85

IPL 1971-35

see 272

IPL 1970-172

see 190

IPL 1970-220

see 85

IPL 1971-36

129

IPL 1970-173

349

IPL 1970-221

see 112

IPL 1971-37

306

IPL 1970-174

see 297

IPL 1970-222

see 160

IPL 1971-38

see 81

IPL 1970-175

see 193

IPL 1970-223

see 123

IPL 1971-39

see 199

IPL 1970-176

see 205

IPL 1970-224

see 195

IPL 1971-40

see 120

IPL 1970-177

see 369

IPL 1970-225

see 197

IPL 1971-41

187

IPL 1970-178

see 193

IPL 1970-226

see 300

IPL 1971-42

see 177

IPL 1970-179

191

IPL 1970-227

see 372

IPL 1971-43

238

IPL 1970-180

see 185

IPL 1970-229

see 363

IPL 1971-44

138

IPL 1970-181

see 219

IPL 1970-230

see 85

IPL 1971-45

83

IPL 1970-182

37

IPL 1970-231

see 101

IPL 1971-46

105

IPL 1970-183

143

IPL 1970-232

see 100

IPL 1971-47

134

IPL 1970-184

231

IPL 1970-233

IPL 1970-185

277

IPL 1971-1

IPL 1970-186

168

IPL 1970-187

4

IPL 1970-188

see 289

see 84

IPL 1971-48

128

see 232

IPL 1971-49

150

IPL 1971-2

425

IPL 1971-50

see 37

IPL 1971-3

see 392

IPL 1971-51

182

IPL 1971-4

see 381

IPL 1971-52

266



Concordance

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

149

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

IPL 1971-53

see 235

IPL 1971-102

see 85

IPL 1971-150

Cat. No. see 296

IPL 1971-54

174

IPL 1971-103

154

IPL 1971-151

297

IPL 1971-55

119

IPL 1971-104

see 193

IPL 1971-152

see 155

IPL 1971-56

172

IPL 1971-105

see 188

IPL 1971-153

see 190

IPL 1971-57

121

IPL 1971-106

see 149

IPL 1971-154

see 296

IPL 1971-58

see 180

IPL 1971-107

see 195

IPL 1971-155

see 205

IPL 1971-59

159

IPL 1971-108

see 127

IPL 1971-156

see 188

IPL 1971-60

278

IPL 1971-109

see 193

IPL 1971-157

see 193

IPL 1971-61

118

IPL 1971-110

193

IPL 1971-158

see 160

IPL 1971-62

142

IPL 1971-111

see 194

IPL 1971-159

see 187

IPL 1971-63

110

IPL 1971-112

see 185

IPL 1971-160

195

IPL 1971-64

137

IPL 1971-113

see 187

IPL 1971-161

see 194

IPL 1971-65

137

IPL 1971-114

see 196

IPL 1971-162

see 193

IPL 1971-66

68

IPL 1971-115

188

IPL 1971-163

see 188

IPL 1971-67

178

IPL 1971-116

see 195

IPL 1971-164

see 185

IPL 1971-68

257

IPL 1971-117

see 331

IPL 1971-165

255

IPL 1971-69

117

IPL 1971-118

see 107

IPL 1971-166

see 188

IPL 1971-70

183

IPL 1971-119

see 185

IPL 1971-167

see 188

IPL 1971-71

see 321

IPL 1971-120

see 190

IPL 1971-168

see 188

IPL 1971-72

see 81

IPL 1971-121

see 196

IPL 1971-169

186

IPL 1971-73

275

IPL 1971-122

see 194

IPL 1971-170

see 188

IPL 1971-74

131

IPL 1971-123

see 194

IPL 1971-171

149

IPL 1971-75

254

IPL 1971-124

see 160

IPL 1971-172

see 160

IPL 1971-76

97

IPL 1971-125

see 193

IPL 1971-173

see 112

IPL 1971-77

85

IPL 1971-126

see 193

IPL 1971-174

see 193

IPL 1971-78

92

IPL 1971-127

see 195

IPL 1971-175

see 193

IPL 1971-79

90

IPL 1971-128

see 185

IPL 1971-176

108

IPL 1971-80

see 92

IPL 1971-129

50

IPL 1971-177

see 113

IPL 1971-81

see 85

IPL 1971-130

see 107

IPL 1971-178

see 113

IPL 1971-82

53

IPL 1971-131

see 190

IPL 1971-179

see 160

IPL 1971-83

52

IPL 1971-132

see 196

IPL 1971-180

see 113

IPL 1971-84

see 112

IPL 1971-133

see 107

IPL 1971-181

see 196

IPL 1971-85

287

IPL 1971-134

see 123

IPL 1971-182

see 197

IPL 1971-86

see 259

IPL 1971-135

126

IPL 1971-183

see 194

IPL 1971-87

see 258

IPL 1971-136

see 184

IPL 1971-184

see 166

IPL 1971-88

111

IPL 1971-137

see 185

IPL 1971-185

see 190

IPL 1971-89

184

IPL 1971-138

see 188

IPL 1971-186

see 196

IPL 1971-90

see 418

IPL 1971-139

see 117

IPL 1971-187

see 196

IPL 1971-91

see 183

IPL 1971-140

see 188

IPL 1971-188

see 112

IPL 1971-92

see 419

IPL 1971-141

see 195

IPL 1971-189

197

IPL 1971-93

see 120

IPL 1971-142

see 184

IPL 1971-190

see 195

IPL 1971-94

see 110

IPL 1971-143

see 193

IPL 1971-191

see 194

IPL 1971-95

see 112

IPL 1971-144

see 193

IPL 1971-192

see 194

IPL 1971-96

see 323

IPL 1971-145

see 294

IPL 1971-193

202

IPL 1971-97

see 110

IPL 1971-146

see 286

IPL 1971-194

see 112

IPL 1971-98

see 110

IPL 1971-147

see 365

IPL 1971-195

171

IPL 1971-99

see 149

IPL 1971-148

see 299

IPL 1971-196

see 112

IPL 1971-101

see 286

IPL 1971-149

see 297

IPL 1971-197

see 297

150

Inv. No.

Concordance

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

IPL 1971-198

see 112

IPL 1971-247

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

see 160

Cat. No.

IPL 1971-296

see 85

IPL 1971-199

see 107

IPL 1971-248

185

IPL 1971-297

see 92

IPL 1971-200

see 112

IPL 1971-249

see 189

IPL 1971-298

see 85

IPL 1971-201

see 127

IPL 1971-250

109

IPL 1971-299

see 84

IPL 1971-202

see 116

IPL 1971-251

see 190

IPL 1971-300

see 100

IPL 1971-203

189

IPL 1971-252

194

IPL 1971-301

see 100

IPL 1971-204

see 194

IPL 1971-253

see 193

IPL 1971-302

see 92

IPL 1971-205

see 197

IPL 1971-254

see 161

IPL 1971-303

see 83

IPL 1971-206

see 190

IPL 1971-255

see 185

IPL 1971-304

see 85

IPL 1971-207

see 184

IPL 1971-256

see 196

IPL 1971-305

see 92

IPL 1971-208

see 152

IPL 1971-257

see 297

IPL 1971-306

see 101

IPL 1971-209

see 195

IPL 1971-258

see 166

IPL 1971-307

99

IPL 1971-210

see 188

IPL 1971-259

see 152

IPL 1971-308

see 100

IPL 1971-211

see 188

IPL 1971-260

see 149

IPL 1971-309

see 85

IPL 1971-212

see 118

IPL 1971-261

see 185

IPL 1971-310

86

IPL 1971-213

see 152

IPL 1971-262

see 282

IPL 1971-311

see 83

IPL 1971-214

see 297

IPL 1971-263

205

IPL 1971-312

101

IPL 1971-215

see 112

IPL 1971-264

see 268

IPL 1971-313

see 87

IPL 1971-216

see 112

IPL 1971-265

see 346

IPL 1971-314

see 102

IPL 1971-218

see 195

IPL 1971-266

423

IPL 1971-315

see 101

IPL 1971-219

see 115

IPL 1971-267

see 289

IPL 1971-316

see 85

IPL 1971-220

153

IPL 1971-268

400

IPL 1971-317

89

IPL 1971-221

see 112

IPL 1971-269

24

IPL 1972-1

344

IPL 1971-222

127

IPL 1971-270

see 296

IPL 1972-2

106

IPL 1971-223

see 196

IPL 1971-271

see 255

IPL 1972-3

431

IPL 1971-224

see 417

IPL 1971-272

see 38

IPL 1972-4

432

IPL 1971-225

see 365

IPL 1971-273

see 297

IPL 1972-5

385

IPL 1971-226

see 269

IPL 1971-274

see 37

IPL 1972-6

140

IPL 1971-227

see 268

IPL 1971-275

see 149

IPL 1972-7

248

IPL 1971-228

see 276

IPL 1971-276

see 37

IPL 1972-8

406

IPL 1971-229

see 289

IPL 1971-277

see 83

IPL 1972-9

315

IPL 1971-230

see 205

IPL 1971-278

see 84

IPL 1972-10

321

IPL 1971-231

see 205

IPL 1971-279

84

IPL 1972-11

314

IPL 1971-232

see 292

IPL 1971-280

see 85

IPL 1972-12

343

IPL 1971-233

see 419

IPL 1971-281

see 84

IPL 1972-13

332

IPL 1971-234

see 205

IPL 1971-282

see 101

IPL 1972-14

322

IPL 1971-235

see 419

IPL 1971-283

see 85

IPL 1972-15

325

IPL 1971-236

see 284

IPL 1971-284

100

IPL 1972-16

345

IPL 1971-237

see 297

IPL 1971-285

see 92

IPL 1972-17

308

IPL 1971-238

see 205

IPL 1971-286

see 85

IPL 1972-18

329

IPL 1971-239

see 296

IPL 1971-287

see 85

IPL 1972-19

338

IPL 1971-240

see 363

IPL 1971-288

see 85

IPL 1972-20

see 323

IPL 1971-241

see 211

IPL 1971-289

see 83

IPL 1972-21

360

IPL 1971-242

see 296

IPL 1971-290

98

IPL 1972-22

351

IPL 1971-243

see 258

IPL 1971-292

see 168

IPL 1972-23

384

IPL 1971-244

see 286

IPL 1971-293

see 101

IPL 1972-24

see 340

IPL 1971-245

see 185

IPL 1971-294

see 84

IPL 1972-25

217

IPL 1971-246

see 196

IPL 1971-295

88

IPL 1972-26

361



Concordance

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

IPL 1972-27

see 323

IPL 1972-28 IPL 1972-29

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

151

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

IPL 1972-75

see 322

IPL 1972-123

see 325

see 341

IPL 1972-76

see 321

IPL 1972-124

see 372

see 358

IPL 1972-77

see 322

IPL 1972-125

see 372

IPL 1972-30

334

IPL 1972-78

see 322

IPL 1972-126

see 327

IPL 1972-31

see 321

IPL 1972-79

see 337

IPL 1972-127

see 331

IPL 1972-32

328

IPL 1972-80

see 331

IPL 1972-128

see 364

IPL 1972-33

see 314

IPL 1972-81

see 331

IPL 1972-129

see 259

IPL 1972-34

311

IPL 1972-82

see 366

IPL 1972-130

see 419

IPL 1972-35

see 117

IPL 1972-83

see 369

IPL 1972-131

see 410

IPL 1972-36

see 411

IPL 1972-84

369

IPL 1972-132

394

IPL 1972-37

58

IPL 1972-85

see 365

IPL 1972-133

see 85

IPL 1972-38

see 32

IPL 1972-86

see 320

IPL 1972-134

IPL 1972-39

see 344

IPL 1972-87

see 361

IPL 1976-1

347

IPL 1972-40

356

IPL 1972-88

see 371

IPL 1976-2

377

IPL 1972-41

see 301

IPL 1972-89

see 369

IPL 1976-3

319

IPL 1972-42

see 325

IPL 1972-90

see 366

IPL 1976-4

307

IPL 1972-43

355

IPL 1972-91

see 366

IPL 1976-5

see 347

96

IPL 1972-44

see 325

IPL 1972-92

see 365

IPL 1976-6

see 323

IPL 1972-45

341

IPL 1972-93

see 371

IPL 1976-7

317

IPL 1972-46

337

IPL 1972-94

see 360

IPL 1976-8

see 357

IPL 1972-47

419

IPL 1972-95

see 371

IPL 1976-9

IPL 1972-48

see 193

IPL 1972-96

see 367

IPL 1976-10

see 323

IPL 1972-49

see 360

IPL 1972-97

see 372

IPL 1976-11

348

IPL 1972-50

see 168

IPL 1972-98

see 372

IPL 1976-12

336

IPL 1972-51

see 194

IPL 1972-99

see 372

IPL 1976-13

see 331

IPL 1972-52

see 296

IPL 1972-100

373

IPL 1976-14

353

IPL 1972-53

see 109

IPL 1972-101

see 366

IPL 1976-15

350

IPL 1972-54

see 193

IPL 1972-102

see 320

IPL 1976-16

see 327

IPL 1972-55

see 149

IPL 1972-103

see 363

IPL 1976-17

302

IPL 1972-56

see 195

IPL 1972-104

see 363

IPL 1976-18

see 384

IPL 1972-57

see 193

IPL 1972-105

see 363

IPL 1976-19

see 302

IPL 1972-58

see 24

IPL 1972-106

371

IPL 1976-20

301

IPL 1972-59

see 383

IPL 1972-107

see 362

IPL 1976-21

see 339

IPL 1972-60

see 365

IPL 1972-108

see 362

IPL 1976-22

320

IPL 1972-61

see 331

IPL 1972-109

see 358

IPL 1976-23

see 320

IPL 1972-62

see 296

IPL 1972-110

see 320

IPL 1976-24

see 325

IPL 1972-63

see 113

IPL 1972-111

see 363

IPL 1976-25

see 369

IPL 1972-64

see 314

IPL 1972-112

see 363

IPL 1976-26

see 323

IPL 1972-65

see 195

IPL 1972-113

see 360

IPL 1976-27

see 322

IPL 1972-66

see 205

IPL 1972-114

see 363

IPL 1976-28

see 323

IPL 1972-67

see 286

IPL 1972-115

see 365

IPL 1976-29

see 363

IPL 1972-68

see 324

IPL 1972-116

see 365

IPL 1976-30

see 319

IPL 1972-69

see 334

IPL 1972-117

see 363

IPL 1976-31

see 325

IPL 1972-70

see 324

IPL 1972-118

see 320

IPL 1976-32

357

IPL 1972-71

see 322

IPL 1972-119

see 371

IPL 1976-33

see 302

IPL 1972-72

see 327

IPL 1972-120

see 371

IPL 1976-34

364

IPL 1972-73

see 331

IPL 1972-121

see 366

IPL 1976-35

see 356

IPL 1972-74

see 331

IPL 1972-122

see 321

IPL 1976-36

see 387

313

152

Inv. No.

Concordance

Cat. No.

IPL 1976-37

see 372

IPL 1976-38 IPL 1976-39

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

IPL 1976-86

see 373

IPL 1976-134

see 363

see 366

IPL 1976-87

see 373

IPL 1976-135

see 372

see 320

IPL 1976-88

see 366

IPL 1976-136

see 372

IPL 1976-41

368

IPL 1976-89

see 325

IPL 1976-137

see 373

IPL 1976-42

see 381

IPL 1976-90

see 365

IPL 1976-138

see 365

IPL 1976-43

see 322

IPL 1976-91

see 363

IPL 1976-139

see 368

IPL 1976-44

see 324

IPL 1976-92

see 371

IPL 1976-140

see 368

IPL 1976-45

see 331

IPL 1976-93

see 370

IPL 1976-141

see 366

IPL 1976-46

see 327

IPL 1976-94

see 371

IPL 1976-142

365

IPL 1976-47

389

IPL 1976-95

see 371

IPL 1976-143

see 334

IPL 1976-48

391

IPL 1976-96

see 372

IPL 1976-144

366

IPL 1976-49

290

IPL 1976-97

see 361

IPL 1976-145

see 371

IPL 1976-50

407

IPL 1976-98

see 372

IPL 1976-146

see 334

IPL 1976-51

401

IPL 1976-99

see 373

IPL 1976-147

see 366

IPL 1976-52

see 269

IPL 1976-100

see 373

IPL 1976-148

see 365

IPL 1976-53

see 258

IPL 1976-101

see 320

IPL 1976-149

see 370

IPL 1976-54

333

IPL 1976-102

see 366

IPL 1976-150

see 369

IPL 1976-55

358

IPL 1976-103

see 322

IPL 1976-151

see 365

IPL 1976-56

376

IPL 1976-104

see 372

IPL 1976-152

see 373

IPL 1976-57

see 196

IPL 1976-105

see 373

IPL 1976-153

see 373

IPL 1976-58

see 300

IPL 1976-106

see 372

IPL 1976-154

see 373

IPL 1976-59

see 285

IPL 1976-107

see 363

IPL 1976-155

see 373

IPL 1976-60

285

IPL 1976-108

see 373

IPL 1976-156

see 371

IPL 1976-61

see 299

IPL 1976-109

see 372

IPL 1976-157

see 369

IPL 1976-62

see 258

IPL 1976-110

see 372

IPL 1976-158

see 345

IPL 1976-63

see 268

IPL 1976-111

see 373

IPL 1976-159

see 371

IPL 1976-64

see 385

IPL 1976-112

see 373

IPL 1976-160

see 370

IPL 1976-65

see 321

IPL 1976-113

see 373

IPL 1976-161

see 322

IPL 1976-66

see 323

IPL 1976-114

see 365

IPL 1976-162

see 327

IPL 1976-67

see 345

IPL 1976-115

see 373

IPL 1976-163

see 369

IPL 1976-68

see 347

IPL 1976-116

see 343

IPL 1976-164

340

IPL 1976-69

see 322

IPL 1976-117

see 323

IPL 1976-165

see 327

IPL 1976-70

see 344

IPL 1976-118

see 327

IPL 1976-166

see 363

IPL 1976-71

see 323

IPL 1976-119

see 336

IPL 1976-167

see 331

IPL 1976-72

see 259

IPL 1976-120

see 320

IPL 1976-168

see 419

IPL 1976-73

see 321

IPL 1976-121

342

IPL 1977-1

see 9

IPL 1976-74

see 363

IPL 1976-122

see 327

IPL 1977-2

see 393

IPL 1976-75

see 367

IPL 1976-123

see 345

IPL 1977-3

see 366

IPL 1976-76

see 327

IPL 1976-124

see 363

IPL 1977-4

116

IPL 1976-77

see 363

IPL 1976-125

see 363

IPL 1977-5

see 276

IPL 1976-78

see 370

IPL 1976-126

see 371

IPL 1977-6

see 331

IPL 1976-79

see 363

IPL 1976-127

see 351

IPL 1977-7

see 372

IPL 1976-80

363

IPL 1976-128

see 358

IPL 1977-8

see 295

IPL 1976-81

370

IPL 1976-129

see 363

IPL 1977-9

see 184

IPL 1976-82

see 363

IPL 1976-130

see 363

IPL 1978-1

330

IPL 1976-83

372

IPL 1976-131

see 373

IPL 1978-2

see 268

IPL 1976-84

see 361

IPL 1976-132

see 373

IPL 1978-3

see 398

IPL 1976-85

see 363

IPL 1976-133

see 373

IPL 1978-4

see 297



Concordance

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

IPL 1978-5

see 360

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

153

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

IPL 1978-53

see 296

IPL 1978-101

see 180

IPL 1978-6

see 153

IPL 1978-54

see 290

IPL 1978-102

see 196

IPL 1978-7

see 183

IPL 1978-55

276

IPL 1978-103

192

IPL 1978-8

see 189

IPL 1978-56

169

IPL 1978-104

see 195

IPL 1978-9

see 194

IPL 1978-57

165

IPL 1978-105

see 163

IPL 1978-10

see 363

IPL 1978-58

237

IPL 1978-106

see 163

IPL 1978-11

163

IPL 1978-59

264

IPL 1978-107

see 194

IPL 1978-12

163

IPL 1978-60

347

IPL 1978-108

see 197

IPL 1978-13

158

IPL 1978-61

232

IPL 1978-109

see 204

IPL 1978-14

346

IPL 1978-62

258

IPL 1978-110

see 300

IPL 1978-15

417

IPL 1978-63

280

IPL 1978-111

see 293

IPL 1978-16

418

IPL 1978-64

see 280

IPL 1978-112

see 199

IPL 1978-17

see 323

IPL 1978-65

see 245

IPL 1978-113

see 298

IPL 1978-18

298

IPL 1978-66

see 273

IPL 1978-114

see 363

IPL 1978-19

156

IPL 1978-67

see 356

IPL 1978-115

see 363

IPL 1978-20

see 286

IPL 1978-68

see 240

IPL 1978-116

see 280

IPL 1978-21

see 371

IPL 1978-69

see 282

IPL 1978-117

see 363

IPL 1978-22

298

IPL 1978-70

271

IPL 1978-118

see 283

IPL 1978-23

386

IPL 1978-71

see 255

IPL 1978-119

283

IPL 1978-24

see 360

IPL 1978-72

241

IPL 1978-120

see 283

IPL 1978-25

see 325

IPL 1978-73

see 264

IPL 1978-121

see 281

IPL 1978-26

103

IPL 1978-74

268

IPL 1978-122

246

IPL 1978-27

see 190

IPL 1978-75

233

IPL 1978-123

see 283

IPL 1978-28

see 193

IPL 1978-76

239

IPL 1978-124

246

IPL 1978-29

201

IPL 1978-77

245

IPL 1978-125

see 283

IPL 1978-30

see 281

IPL 1978-78

see 263

IPL 1978-126

see 283

IPL 1978-31

324

IPL 1978-79

see 263

IPL 1978-127

see 283

IPL 1978-32

124

IPL 1978-80

see 261

IPL 1978-128

281

IPL 1978-33

see 118

IPL 1978-81

see 240

IPL 1978-129

see 261

IPL 1978-34

116

IPL 1978-82

246

IPL 1978-130

241

IPL 1978-35

see 341

IPL 1978-83

see 234

IPL 1978-131

284

IPL 1978-36

see 343

IPL 1978-84

see 249

IPL 1978-132

see 289

IPL 1978-37

286

IPL 1978-85

see 240

IPL 1978-133

see 299

IPL 1978-38

383

IPL 1978-86

see 245

IPL 1978-134

see 266

IPL 1978-39

see 118

IPL 1978-87

see 245

IPL 1978-135

see 240

IPL 1978-40

see 120

IPL 1978-88

243

IPL 1978-136

see 284

IPL 1978-41

see 323

IPL 1978-89

see 327

IPL 1978-137

see 286

IPL 1978-42

141

IPL 1978-90

see 260

IPL 1978-138

see 266

IPL 1978-43

see 246

IPL 1978-91

265

IPL 1978-139

see 284

IPL 1978-44

see 371

IPL 1978-92

see 253

IPL 1978-140

see 284

IPL 1978-45

see 255

IPL 1978-93

see 268

IPL 1978-141

see 235

IPL 1978-46

see 284

IPL 1978-94

211

IPL 1978-142

see 284

IPL 1978-47

see 267

IPL 1978-95

203

IPL 1978-143

246

IPL 1978-48

see 299

IPL 1978-96

see 199

IPL 1978-144

294

IPL 1978-49

see 300

IPL 1978-97

236

IPL 1978-145

see 284

IPL 1978-50

see 298

IPL 1978-98

see 111

IPL 1978-146

see 284

IPL 1978-51

209

IPL 1978-99

see 160

IPL 1978-147

see 268

IPL 1978-52

295

IPL 1978-100

see 194

IPL 1978-148

see 286

154

Inv. No.

Concordance

Cat. No.

IPL 1978-149

see 286

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

IPL 1978-197

401

IPL 1980-47

see 261

IPL 1978-150

see 284

IPL 1978-198

see 78

IPL 1980-48

see 286

IPL 1978-151

see 299

IPL 1980-1

136

IPL 1980-49

210

IPL 1978-152

see 291

IPL 1980-2

see 118

IPL 1980-50

213

IPL 1978-153

see 358

IPL 1980-3

see 118

IPL 1980-51

see 363

IPL 1978-154

see 283

IPL 1980-4

see 195

IPL 1980-52

see 300

IPL 1978-155

see 300

IPL 1980-5

see 168

IPL 1990-1

IPL 1978-156

see 285

IPL 1980-6

374

IPL 1990-2

104

IPL 1978-157

see 283

IPL 1980-7

see 205

IPL 1990-3

see 320

IPL 1978-158

see 286

IPL 1980-8

see 320

IPL 1990-4

340

IPL 1978-159

see 283

IPL 1980-9

214

IPL 1990-5

see 346

IPL 1978-160

291

IPL 1980-10

see 296

IPL 1990-6

267

IPL 1978-161

265

IPL 1980-11

270

IPL 1990-7

see 346

381

IPL 1978-162

see 244

IPL 1980-12

299

IPL 1990-8

339

IPL 1978-163

see 244

IPL 1980-13

214

IPL 1990-9

362

IPL 1978-164

see 371

IPL 1980-14

see 107

IPL 1992-1

see 260

IPL 1978-165

see 205

IPL 1980-15

272

IPL 1992-2

see 245

IPL 1978-166

see 291

IPL 1980-16

235

IPL 1992-3

229

IPL 1978-167

see 296

IPL 1980-17

see 263

IPL 1992-4

252

IPL 1978-168

204

IPL 1980-18

see 199

IPL 1992-5

234

IPL 1978-169

see 300

IPL 1980-19

see 268

IPL 1992-6

242

IPL 1978-170

300

IPL 1980-20

200

IPL 1992-7

see 296

IPL 1978-171

see 373

IPL 1980-21

see 298

IPL 1992-8

251

IPL 1978-172

see 300

IPL 1980-22

see 296

IPL 1992-9

see 251

IPL 1978-173

see 299

IPL 1980-23

see 300

IPL 1992-10

240

IPL 1978-174

see 300

IPL 1980-24

see 299

IPL 1992-11

242

IPL 1978-175

see 284

IPL 1980-25

261

IPL 1992-12

see 282

IPL 1978-176

see 299

IPL 1980-26

see 371

IPL 1992-13

see 239

IPL 1978-177

see 264

IPL 1980-27

263

IPL 1992-14

see 299

IPL 1978-178

see 284

IPL 1980-28

see 255

IPL 1992-15

see 242

IPL 1978-179

see 215

IPL 1980-29

see 228

IPL 1992-16

see 240

IPL 1978-180

see 215

IPL 1980-30

see 321

IPL 1992-17

244

IPL 1978-181

see 363

IPL 1980-31

see 298

IPL 1992-18

see 255

IPL 1978-182

see 360

IPL 1980-32

see 369

IPL 1992-19

see 284

IPL 1978-183

see 373

IPL 1980-33

253

IPL 1992-20

see 31

IPL 1978-184

see 364

IPL 1980-34

210

IPL 1993-1

see 193

IPL 1978-185

see 365

IPL 1980-35

see 284

IPL 1993-2

see 85

IPL 1978-186

see 369

IPL 1980-36

see 270

IPL 1993-3

see 85

IPL 1978-187

see 362

IPL 1980-37

see 284

IPL 1993-4

see 100

IPL 1978-188

see 205

IPL 1980-38

see 300

IPL 1993-5

see 85

IPL 1978-189

see 296

IPL 1980-39

see 255

IPL 1993-6

see 100

IPL 1978-190

see 264

IPL 1980-40

see 183

IPL 1993-7

see 85

IPL 1978-191

see 282

IPL 1980-41

see 282

IPL 1993-8

see 100

IPL 1978-192

296

IPL 1980-42

273

IPL 1993-9

see 91

IPL 1978-193

see 323

IPL 1980-43

see 284

IPL 1993-10

see 85

IPL 1978-194

see 363

IPL 1980-44

see 268

IPL 1993-11

175

IPL 1978-195

see 345

IPL 1980-45

218

IPL 1993-12

see 183

IPL 1978-196

see 392

IPL 1980-46

215

IPL 1993-13

see 175



Concordance

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

IPL 1993-14

see 263

IPL 1993-15

see 85

IPL 1993-16

see 85

IPL 1993-17

see 92

IPL 1993-18

see 407

IPL 1993-19 IPL 1994-1 IPL 1994-2 IPL 1994-3

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

155

Inv. No.

Cat. No.

310

IPL 2004-2

IPL 2003-10

see 360

IPL 2004-3

335

IPL 2003-11

see 285

IPL 2004-4

see 322

IPL 2003-12

see 294

IPL 2004-5

see 242

IPL 2003-13

see 300

IPL 2004-6

see 363

see 85

IPL 2003-14

see 149

IPL 2004-7

see 376

see 179

IPL 2003-15

see 264

IPL 2004-8

see 371

see 346

IPL 2003-16

see 296

IPL 2004-9

see 120

IPL 2003-17

see 320

IPL 2004-10

see 199

IPL 1994-5

see 369

IPL 2003-22

see 289

IPL 2004-11

see 250

IPL 1994-6

see 363

IPL 2003-23

see 200

IPL 2004-12

see 310

IPL 1995-1

see 184

IPL 2003-24

see 282

IPL 2004-13

see 284

IPL 1995-2

see 40

IPL 2003-25

see 199

IPL 2004-14

305

IPL 1995-3

see 179

IPL 2003-26

see 294

IPL 2004-15

see 310

IPL 1996-1

see 85

IPL 2003-27

see 281

IPL 2004-16

see 310

IPL 2003-2

see 199

IPL 2003-28

see 269

IPL 2004-17

see 372

IPL 2003-3

see 200

IPL 2003-29

see 300

IPL 2004-18

see 199

IPL 2003-4

see 316

IPL 2003-30

see 263

IPL 2004-19

see 256

IPL 2003-5

318

IPL 2003-31

see 199

IPL 2004-20

see 369

IPL 2003-6

see 369

IPL 2003-32

see 281

IPL 2004-21

198

IPL 2003-7

309

IPL 2003-33

see 200

IPL 2004-22

see 120

IPL 2003-8

see 372

IPL 2003-9

IPL 2004-1

304

382

312

General Index

Alaric 54 Alexandros 32 alpha-ear lamps  8, 11–12, 84, 85 alpha-globule lamps  7, 48, 76–77 Anaploga well  24 Antoninus Pius  1412 Apollophanes  2955 Apuleius  37, 112 Arcadius 606 area East of Temenos  1, 7, 9, 10, 18, 22, 2634, 53, 59, 63, 82; Broneer’s excavation of 12; coins from tunnel complex in  44; lamps from tunnel complex in  44–45; sculpture hoard in  45; tunnel complex in  43–45, 48; Argos 135, 63; circular lamps from  6835; imitations of Asia Minor lamps from  69; lamp trade between Athens and  63; local production of North African lamps in  67; North African lamps imported to  65 Asia Minor: imitations of lamps from  69; lamp imported to Corinthia from  6; lamp possibly imported from  86; red-onwhite lamps from  9 Athens: 11; Agora  2; artistic relationship between Corinth and  42–43, 47–48, 49; Herulian sack of  48; imports to Corinthia from 6, 7, 63, 6623; Kerameikos  55, 57; North African lamps found in  65 Aurelian 100 bases: almond-shaped 55, 56, 60, 99, 131, 133, 134, 136, 137; with central circle in signature 239, 3059; flat  72; with grooves  27, 32, 33, 42, 49, 60; heart-shaped  55, 125, 127, 130, 131, 132; off-set/raised  3, 11, 12, 15; oval  22, 239; string-cut  14, 18; tear-shaped  55, 60, 126, 127; trimmed  18–19. See also alphaear lamps; alpha-globule lamps Bassett, S.E.  95, 121, 122, 123, 124, 130 Broneer lamps: disks related to sculpture on type XXVII  35, 64; end of glazing on type XXVIII  54–56; glaze reintroduced onto type XXVIII  53; inscription on type XXIX  69, 142; relationship between type XXVII and local cults  34; signatures on type XXVIII  50; type I  73; type II  74; type IV, 2, 3, 74, 75; type V  74; types VI–VII  3, 75, 95; type XV  6, 75; type XVI  6, 14, 173, 86; type XVII  8; type XVIII  6, 76; type XIX  6, 7, 75; type XX  76, 116; type XXI  8, 12, 78, 79, 107; type XXIII  22, 76, 77, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84; type XXIV, 8, 22, 2311, 78, 79; type XXV  8, 22–25, 27, 79, 81, 82, 85, 86; type XXVI, 8, 85; type XXVII  8, 9, 21–43, 137; type XXVIII  47–62; type XXIX  64; type XXX  213; type XXXI (Hayes type II)  64, 65, 140; type XXXII  64, 67, 68, 141; type XXXV  72; type XXXVI  72, 142, 143; type XXXVII  72, 143. See also Late Corinthian lamps Broneer, O.  12, 25, 3060, 32–33, 42, 68, 715, 76, 85, 94 bronze lamps  2, 79–80, 142 Bruneau, P.  211, 239, 2312, 2633, 2851, 30, 33 channel-and-panel lamps  24–25, 28, 41 Cheliotomylos 2525 Chione 591, 62, 134 Christian iconography  61–62 circular lamps  67–69, 141–142; Levantine  6730, 68 clay  9, 10, 13, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 40, 43, 47, 48, 49, 51, 61, 647, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72 Clement, P. A.  55, 610, 1412, 185, 44140, 606

Commodus 2634, 2740 coins: iconography on  33, 3478, 35, 38110, 50–51, 77, 82, 108, 113; at Isthmia  6, 43, 44139, 140, 49, 606; at Corinth  24, 26, 28, 35; at Delphi  26; at Leukas  2736; at Olympia 26 Constantine 6115 Constantius II  140 Corinth: amphitheater  37; Asklepieion  210, 3; destruction of by Mummius  5; eastern imports to  8, 12; imitations of Asia Minor lamps from  69; North Cemetery  1, 2, 315; Odeion at  37; relationship between lamps from Athens and  32–33; as a Roman colony  42; Theater at  23, 24, 37, 94. See also Fountain of the Lamps; Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore Corinthia: clay types of  647, 67, 68–69; revived serialized production in  42, 43, 59, 63, 64, 66, 68, 137, 138 Cyprus 1137, 171, 3696, 6730, 83, 107, 121. See also North African– type lamps Damoteles 12 Delos 210, 3, 7, 134, 69, 107 Delphi 134, 26 Dio Chrysostomos  37104 disks: iconography on  33–38, 50–51, 56–57, 61–62, 64; keyhole  61; multiple filling-holes on  60; rosettes on  38, 41, 50, 55, 57, 58, 60; square  2, 44, 55, 60 ear lamps. See alpha-ear lamps earthquakes  6, 9, 54 East Field. See area East of Temenos Egypt  10, 3696, 6730, 86, 105, 108 Elpidephoros  40, 49, 109 Epagathos 2955, 32, 33, 93, 99 Ephesos  9, 82, 85 Ephesos lamps  7, 12, 75–76, 142 Epiktetos 2955 Eutyches  50, 533, 105, 110, 113, 116, 117, 122, 136; partnership between Soteros and  110, 117 factory lamps  8, 1143, 24; absence at Isthmia of  2629, 85 Faustina the Elder  26 Fountain of the Lamps  42, 43, 54, 57, 63–64, 6515, 18, 6623, 24, 6729, 31, 68, 6945, 48, 105, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 129, 131, 134, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141 Galaxidi 134 Garnett, K. S.  42, 43, 54, 64–69, 105, 137, 140. See also Fountain of the Lamps Gebhard, E.  54, 69, 1411, 1713, 185, 225, 40119, 88 globule-volute lamps  116, 129 Gregory T. E.  69, 5511, 5627, 714 Hadrian  24, 26, 28 handles: band  3, 74, 84, 86; broad and backward sloping  55, 61, 126, 132, 134, 135; on Byzantine lamps  72; carelessly joined 42133; central  213, 22, 23, 49; ending well above base  23; grooves on 23, 58; Italian-type  23; loop  3, 239, 74, 99; pierced or solid  48, 49, 58, 61; with relief leaf at bottom  32, 67, 112, 114, 117, 128; shields on  12, 78, 80, 85, 108, 142; solid knob  64, 67; wishbone  77. See also alpha-ear lamps Hayes, J.  6838 Hayes type I and II lamps  608, 64–65, 6622, 68

158

General Index

Heres, G.  1035, 11, 83 Hexamilion  53, 54, 56, 59, 63, 71, 79, 87, 94, 106, 114, 125, 140; fortress  5, 68, 43, 53, 54, 71, 142. See also Tower 14 Howland lamps: type 21B  3; type 25A  75; type 49A  7; types 52B, C, and E  76 Howland, R. H.  2 Incised Leaf Shop  50, 57, 113, 117, 118 Israel 67n30 Isthmia: arch at  5, 69; excavations at  1, 7, 18, 43, 63; Games at  5, 6; graves and tombs at 13, 2, 315, 594, 63, 75, 125; Northwest Area at  7; revival of the sanctuary at  5, 175; stadium at  18; theater at  6, 171. See also area East of Temenos; Roman Bath; West Cemetery Italian-type lamps, importation and influence of  7, 8, 9, 22–27, 34, 36, 38, 75, 77, 78, 80, 82, 94, 95, 105, 108, 110, 124 Johns, C. 5122 Julius Caesar  5, 37 Justinian 63 Kallistos 3059, 32 Kalymnos 69 Karivieri, A.  33, 56, 116 Kenchreai 717, 10, 23, 25, 26, 30, 35, 37, 43, 65, 6623, 6835 Knidos  10, 82, 83, 84 Koutoussaki, L.  6517, 6725, 26, 77 Kreskens 2414, 2525 Kübler, K.  5019, 5121, 5732, 121 Late Corinthian lamps  42–43, 48–49 Latin signatures, rarity of  29 Lechaion 35 Leaf Shop  3267, 49, 50, 52, 111, 113, 117, 118, 126, 131; relationship between Incised Leaf Shop and  118, 131 Leonteos  50, 100, 109, 117 Licinius 44 Long Wall. See Tower 14 Loukios 32, 100 Lucius Verus  44 Lysippos 3481, 35–36, 94 marble lamps  2, 73 Marcian  59, 63 Marcus Aurelius  14, 2736 Markianos 104 Maximian Herculius  44 molds  2, 6, 8, 9, 71; discovered at Olympia  68; plaster  21, 27, 41, 475, 64; retouching and reuse of  27, 28, 39, 40, 58. See also surmoulage; wheelmade lamps Motsianos, I.  716, 728, 9, 142, 143 Nemea  63; circular lamps from  6835 Nero 54, 6 North African–type lamps  64–67; Argive production of  140; Attic production of  140; connection to circular lamps  140; Corinthian copies and imitations of  65–67, 138–141; import of  60, 61, 65, 138; movable stamps and  65, 68 nozzles: kite-shaped  25, 47, 49, 121; multiple  44, 74, 79, 107, 108, 119, 130; U-shaped  9, 25, 82, 110, 114, 116, 118, 121, 122, 128, 135 Olympia: circular lamps from  6835; coins from  26; lamp mold from  68; lamp trade between Corinth and  63, 6623 Olynthos 210, 3

Orsi, P.  68 oversized lamps  21, 2844, 40, 41, 94, 100 Palaimon: cult of  14; sacrificial pits and  14, 40 Palaimonion 1411, 17–19, 40; lamps, Isthmian character of  14, 173 Patras  33, 3476, 41, 5123, 68, 95 Pavolini, C.  6514, 6834, 68 Pergamon 10 Philomousos  32, 47, 97 Pireithos  40, 49, 50, 112, 117 plaster molds. See molds: plaster Ponpeianos 32 Posphoros 3059, 32 Preimos 2954, 32, 33, 36, 40, 47, 49, 82, 94, 95, 105 Probus 44 red-on-white lamps  7–8, 9–10, 2413, 36 rims: of type XXVII lamps  22, 23, 24–28, 33, 39–42; of type XXVIII lamps  51–53, 57–58, 61; of 5th- and 6th-century lamps  64, 66 Roman Bath  7; end of use of  5512; in relation to the Greek Bath  48; South Deposit at  48–49, 53; North Deposit at  489, 53, 54–55, 56 Romanesis 824, 10–11, 82–83 Roufos 2954, 115 Roussos, R.  3374, 3481, 3691, 93, 94, 95, 104, 105, 109, 123 Rügler, A.  55 Samaria 171 Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore  14, 171, 26, 27, 28, 42, 56, 104. See also Corinth Sekoundos 2954, 3059, 32, 33 Selinus 137 Sicily 137, 68 Siebert, G.  33–34 signatures, general discussion of  11, 25, 28–33, 47, 48, 48, 49, 50, 53, 56–58, 62, 66, 6947. See also names of individual lamp makers Sikyon  5, 94 Slane, K. W.  40117, 42133, 43136, 56 Soteria  60, 6114, 62, 135 Soteros  49, 50, 117; partnership between Eutyches and  110, 117 Sparta  33, 6835 Sposianos 2954, 3265 Stratolaos  57, 123, 124, 129 surmoulage  9, 86 suspension of lamps  2, 71–72, 107. See also handles: central Theodosius 122 Tower 14  5, 6, 7–8, 10, 13, 14, 75–86, 96, 98, 105, 117, 119, 122, 136 Tseliolophos 130 tunnel complex. See area East of Temenos Tüllenlampen 171 Vari  123, 124. See also Bassett, S.E. West Cemetery  1–2, 3 wheelmade lamps: Hellenistic  6, 13–15, 17, 22; Byzantine  71. See also molds whitewash: on type XVI lamps  86; on Palaimonion lamps  19, 87, 88 workshop organization/production  3, 25, 28, 30, 33, 40, 47, 50; Bruneau’s survey of  30, 32. See also names of individual lamp makers

Index of Disk Iconography

Andromeda 36, 128 Aphrodite  33–34; between two shrines  229; bust of  228 Artemis: Laphria  129(?); hunting  230 Athena  23, 55, 61, 28(?), 131(?); bust of  130, 231, 232, 301 battle scene (Amazonomachy?)  227 bestiarius and animal  210, 233 boar  57, 121; front of  29; running  302 boy riding dolphin  138 branch  45, 155 bull  50, 118 119; head of  235, 286, 303, 304; walking  234, 305 bust in studded cloak (St. Peter?)  406 centaur 50, 306; Chiron  236 chi-iota monogram  61–62 chi-rho (Constantinian) monogram  61–62, 376(?) Chimaira 24 crane  30 crescent  237, 307 cross  61–62, 66; bejeweled  378, 379, 413–415; Maltese  405, 412; plain  377, 416 cross monogram  61–62, 375(?), 376(?), 404, 409(?) Dioskouros  211 dog, seated  238, 239, 399 dolphin  61, 62, 374 draped figure  43(?), 143 eagle with thunderbolt(?)  67 Eros  42, 49, 50–51, 55, 61, 94, 104, 111, 132(?), 308; walking left  207, 243, 310; walking right  206, 240–242, 244, 309 female nude, seated  145 figure with whip(?)  146 fish (two)  50, 55, 57, 249, 311 fluted column  28 gladiatorial scene  36–37, 55, 139, 140(?), 141 grapevine  156 goddess with double axe  254(?), 312

Herakles  10, 34–35, 57, 61, 94, 133, 134; and the hind  56; and the Nemean lion  313 Hermes  24, 108 horse’s head  44 hunchbacks (three)  10, 57 (juggler and) ladder  42 karchesion with vines  60 Leda and the swan  36, 135 lion  55, 61, 250, 314 man leaning on staff  147 mongoose(?) sub 31 oak leaves and acorns(?)  59 oak wreath with bow  68 Pan  159 panther 57, 208, 316 paw(?) (venator scene?)  318 peacock  407 Poseidon  35, 95; standing left  136; walking right  251 rider galloping with inscription Q. CVPDICENIV  27 satyr  317 Selene(?)  26 shell  319 ship under sail  50, 209, 252 star, eight-pointed  340 symplegma  142, 144, 245, 246, 248; of woman with beast  247 theater mask  24, 28, 57, 98, 315 Tyche  28(?), 203 Victory  51, 137 wreath  157

Index of Base Signatures and Designs

Signatures Α  64, 65, 311(?) ΑΒΑ 50, 252 ̣ [ΑΛΕ]ΞΑΝ|[ΔΡΟ]Υ  172 ΑΡΧ|ΕΠΟ|ΛΙϹ 44–45, 224

Ο sub 183, 278 ΟΚΤΑΒΙΟΥ  177 ̣ [ΟΚ]ΤΑΒΙΟ|Υ sub 177 [ΟΚΤ]ΑΒ|[ΙΟ]Υ sub 177

Δ 57, 311(?); with branch  350; with dot below  sub 302 ̣ ΔΑ|ΜΟΤ|ΕΛΗϹ  69

Π[- - -]  256 [ΠΟΝΠ]ΗΙΑΝΟΥ  178 ΠΡΕΙΜΟΥ 47, 137 ̣ [Π]ΡΕΙ[ΜΟΥ]  179 ΠΩϹΦΟ|ΡΟΥ  117 [Π]ΩϹΦΟΡΟ|Υ  180 ̣ ̣ [Π]ΩϹ|[ΦΟ]ΡΟΥ sub 180 [ΠΩϹ]ΦΟΡ|ΟΥ  118 ̣ [ΠΩϹ]ΦΟ|[ΡΟΥ] sub 180

Ε  333, sub 351; with branch  271; with incised circle below  270; retrograde and with branch  351 ̣ ̣ below  275 ΕΙ ̣ with ΑΓ ΕΠΙΚΤΗΤ[ΟΥ] 3059, 103 ΕΠ[ΙΚΤΗ]ΤΟ|[Υ]  165 ΕΠΙΤΥΝ|ΧΑΝΟΥ  173 ̣ ̣ ΕΥ 62, 390 ΕΥ|[- - -] sub 272 ΕΥ|Ϲ[- - -]  272 ΕΥΠΟΡΟ|Υ  114 ΕΥΠΟΡ[Ο]|Υ  150 [Ε]ΥΠΟ|[ΡΟ]Υ  115 ̣ Ε[- - -]ΡΟ|Υ  125 ΕΥΤ|ΥΧΗ 50, 267 ΖΩ|ϹΙ[Μ|Ο]Υ  203 Ι 50, 246, 352 ΚΑΛΛΙ|SΤΟΥ 34, 119 [ΚΑ]ΛΛΙ|[SΤΟΥ] sub 174 [ΚΑ]ΛΛ[ΙS]ΤΟ|[Υ]  121 [ΚΑΛΛΙ]|SΤΟΥ  174 Κ  sub 378 Κ ̣ 391 ΚΥ 5736, 591, 62, 346, 353; flanking branch on three-legged stand  354 ̣ ̣ 304 ΚΥ  Λ  355 Λ[- - -]  sub 175 ΛΕ ̣ 274 ̣ - -]  175 ΛΕΟ[̣ [ΛΟΥ]ΚΙΟΥ  176

ΡΟΜ[ΑΝΗ]SΙ|S  10, 82–83, 56 Ϲ sub 273 ̣ Ϲ 50, 236 [ϹΕΚ]ΟΥΝ|[Δ]ΟΥ 2735, 181 ϹΤ sub 356 Ϲ[Τ]  315 ϹΤΡ  356 Ϲ[Τ]Ρ  328 ϹΤΡ|Α  347 Ϲ[ΤΡ]|Α  332 [ϹΤ]ΡΑ  318 ϹΥΝΦ[Ο]ΡΟ|Υ  110 ϹΩ  273, 385 Τ 5736, 591, 357, sub 357 Υ  183, sub 183 ΦΙΛΟ|[ΜΟΥϹ]Ο|[Υ] 32, 148 Χ[ΙΟ]|Ν[ΗϹ]  389 ̣ ̣ 374 [ΧΙΟ]Ν[Η]Ϲ  [- - -]ΜΟΥ sub 179 ̣ - -]  182 [- - -]ΟΥΠ[[- - -]ΠΟ[- - -]  113 [- - -]Υ  312

162

Index of Base Signatures and Designs

DeSigns branch 5018, 57, 60, 61, 62, 6624, 6729, 6841, 6943, 303, 322, 340, sub 358, 383(?), 392; with cross arms  241; with Δ  350; with Ε  271; with Ε, retrograde  351; with incised circles  377, 399; inverted  358; with ΚΥ, on stand  354; with raised dots  425, 426(?); on three-legged stand  327 chi-rho monogram  212 circles: with branch  377, 399; concentric, with incisions  360; three in vertical line  361 cross arms with branches  241 cross with forked ends  416

leaf: heart-shaped  234, 280, 359; incised  249; relief  279 planta pedis  26 quincunx  281, 326 raised dots  316(?), 414 star  420; eight-pointed with circles  264 star-shaped cluster of globules  269 wheel  213

Plans, figures, and plates

Plan of the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Isthmia Plan 1

Plan 2

Plan of the major monuments of the Sanctuary of Poseidon at Isthmia

Plan 3

TOWER 14

LONG WALL

Detail of Tower 14 with the Long Wall

Sections (above) and plan (below) of the tunnel in the area East of Temenos

Plan 4

Plan 5

Plan of the Roman Bath

State plan of the Northeast Gate of the Hexamilion fortress. Scale 1:150

Plan 6

Figure 1

1 (IPL 1968-23, 1968-24)

2 (IPL 1968-21)

7 (IPL 1970-20)

11 (IP 3846)

17 (IP 3742)

18 (IP 3769)

3 (IPL 1970-11)

8 (IPL 1970-35)

12 (IPL 1968-12)

9 (IPL 1968-20)

13 (IPL 1968-13)

56 (IPL 1969-89)

76 (IPL 1969-91)

6 (IPL 1970-15)

14 (IPL 1968-11)

60 (IP 3668)

79 (IPL 1968-2)

75 (IPL 1970-36) 91 (IPL 1970-205) 81 (IPL 1970-29)

82 (IPL 1969-81)

Archaic and Classical Greek lamps. Late Hellenistic and Italian-type lamps. Broneer type XVI lamps. Palaimonion lamp

Scale 1:2

Figure 2

105 (IPL 1971-46)

110 (IPL 1971-63)

114 (IPL 1970-37)

203 (IPL 1978-95)

212 (IPL 1969-71)

224 (IPL 1970-153)

249 (IPL 1970-156)

264 (IPL 1978-59)

303 (IPL 1969-10)

311 (IPL 1972-34)

315 (IPL 1972-9)

319 (IPL 1976-3)

314 (IPL 1972-11)

322 (IPL 1972-14)

Unglazed Corinthian lamps. Late Corinthian lamps. Pre-glazing Corinthian lamps. Glazed Athenian lamps

Scale 1:2

Figure 3

325 (IPL 1972-15)

326 (IP 3691)

332 (IPL 1972-13)

343 (IPL 1972-12)

347 (IPL 1976-1)

361 (IPL 1972-26)

414 (IP 3715)

377 (IPL 1976-2)

385 (IPL 1972-5)

399 (IPL 1968-26)

406 (IPL 1972-8)

415 (IPL 1970-69)

416 (IPL 1969-72)

Glazed Athenian lamps. Post-glazing Athenian lamps. Lamps of the 5th and 6th centuries

Scale 1:2

Figure 4

type 1 187 (IPL 1971-41)

type 2 110 (IPL 1971-63)

type 4 IPL 1970-47 (see 116)

type 5 117 (IPL 1971-69)

Rim patterns of Corinthian Broneer type XXVII lamps

type 3 114 (IPL 1970-37)

type 6a 122 (IPL 1971-15)

Scale 1:1

Figure 5

type 6b Corinth L-187

type 7a 123 (IPL 1971-24)

type 7c 126 (IPL 1971-135)

type 7d Corinth L-4808

type 7b 124 (IPL 1978-32)

type 7e Corinth L-4272

Rim patterns of Corinthian Broneer type XXVII lamps

Scale 1:1

Figure 6

1. Corinth L-1969-205

5. Corinth L-1969-213

2. Corinth L-1969-196

3. Corinth L-1969-194

4. 415 (IPL 1970-69)

6. Corinth L-1969-212

7. Corinth L-1969-112

8. Corinth L-1969-214

1:1

10. Corinth L-4113

11. 414 (IP 3715)

12. Corinth L-1969-194

1:1

13. Corinth L-1969-213

9. Corinth IV.2, no. 681

Lamps of the 5th and 6th centuries: cross disks, common rim patterns

Scale 1:2, except where indicated

Plate 1

fr. a

fr. b

fr. b

1 (IPL 1968-23, 1968-24)

3 (IPL 1970-11)

2 (IPL 1968-21)

Archaic and Classical Greek lamps

5 (IPL 1970-16)

Scale 1:1

Plate 2

6 (IPL 1970-15)

11 (IP 3846) 9 (IPL 1968-20)

12 (IPL 1968-12)

Archaic and Classical Greek lamps

Scale 1:1

Plate 3

13 (IPL 1968-13)

14 (IPL 1968-11)

Archaic and Classical Greek lamps

Scale 1:1

Plate 4

18 (IP 3769)

17 (IP 3742)

21 (IP 3682)

Late Hellenistic lamps

22 (IP 3759)

23 (IP 3669)

Scale 1:1

Plate 5

26 (IP 3670)

27 (IPL 1969-107)

28 (IPL 1970-79)

30 (IP 3750)

32 (IP 3661)

Italian-type lamps

33 (IPL 1968-1)

Scale 1:1

Plate 6

34 (IP 3662)

35 (IPL 1969-19)

37 (IPL 1970-182)

41 (IM 3576)

fr. b

44 (IPL 1969-40)

45 (IPL 1968-6)

fr. a

42 (IPL 1969-38, 1969-98)

Italian-type lamps

Scale 1:1

Plate 7

56 (IPL 1969-89)

51 (IP 3765)

55 (IPL 1971-19)

57 (IP 3762)

58 (IPL 1972-37)

Italian-type lamps

60 (IP 3668) Scale 1:1

Plate 8

64 (IP 3761)

63 (IP 3758 + 3763)

68 (IPL 1971-66)

65 (IP 3764)

fr. b

69 (IPL 1969-118, 1969-121)

Italian-type lamps

70 (IP 3760)

71 (IP 3689) Scale 1:1

Plate 9

76 (IPL 1969-91)

77 (IPL 1969-114) 75 (IPL 1970-36)

82 (IPL 1969-81)

79 (IPL 1968-2)

Broneer type XVI lamps

Scale 1:1

Plate 10

85 (IPL 1971-77)

83 (IPL 1971-45)

88 (IPL 1971-295)

89 (IPL 1971-317)

91 (IPL 1970-205)

Palaimonion lamps

Scale 2:3

Plate 11

92 (IPL 1971-78)

97 (IPL 1971-76)

95 (IPL 1970-216)

98 (IPL 1971-290)

102 (IP 3664)

99 (IPL 1971-307)

Palaimonion lamps

Scale 2:3

Plate 12

104 (IPL 1990-2)

103 (IPL 1978-26) 106 (IPL 1972-2)

105 (IPL 1971-46)

Unglazed Corinthian lamps: category A

Scale 1:1

Plate 13

110 (IPL 1971-63)

113 (IPL 1970-72)

111 (IPL 1971-88)

Unglazed Corinthian lamps: category B-1

Scale 1:1

Plate 14

114 (IPL 1970-37)

116 (IPL 1977-4 + 1978-34)

115 (IPL 1969-11)

Unglazed Corinthian lamps: category B-1

Scale 1:1

Plate 15

117 (IPL 1971-69)

119 (IPL 1971-55)

Unglazed Corinthian lamps: category B-1

Scale 1:1

Plate 16

120 (IPL 1971-6) 121 (IPL 1971-57)

122 (IPL 1971-15)

123 (IPL 1971-24)

Unglazed Corinthian lamps: categories B-1, B-2

124 (IPL 1978-32)

Scale 1:1

Plate 17

128 (IPL 1971-48)

126 (IPL 1971-135)

129 (IPL 1971-36)

127 (IPL 1971-222)

130 (IPL 1971-29)

133 (IPL 1970-78)

Unglazed Corinthian lamps: categories B-2, C

131 (IPL 1971-74)

135 (IPL 1969-13 + 1969-104)

Scale 1:1

Plate 18

137 (IPL 1970-25 + 1970-26 + 1970-28 + 1971-64 + 1971-65)

138 (IPL 1971-20 + 1971-44)

Unglazed Corinthian lamps: category C

139 (IPL 1970-24)

Scale 1:1

Plate 19

140 (IPL 1972-6)

144 (IPL 1969-4)

142 (IPL 1971-62)

145 (IPL 1969-30)

146 (IPL 1970-48)

147 (IPL 1969-53)

148 (IPL 1969-67)

151 (IPL 1971-32)

154 (IPL 1971-103)

Unglazed Corinthian lamps: category C

Scale 1:1

Plate 20

158 (IPL 1978-13)

159 (IPL 1971-59)

161 (IPL 1970-119) 165 (IPL 1978-57)

162 (IPL 1970-146)

166 (IPL 1969-126)

Unglazed Corinthian lamps: categories D, E

167 (IPL 1970-138) Scale 1:1

Plate 21

173 (IPL 1970-49)

174 (IPL 1971-54)

177 (IPL 1970-27)

178 (IPL 1971-67)

180 (IPL 1971-7)

181 (IP 3739)

Unglazed Corinthian lamps: base fragments

Scale 1:1

Plate 22

199 (IPL 1971-17)

205 (IPL 1971-263)

203 (IPL 1978-95)

Late Corinthian lamps imitating Broneer type XXVII

Scale 1:1

Plate 23

208 (IPL 1970-155) 206 (IPL 1970-170)

212 (IPL 1969-71)

211 (IPL 1978-94)

213 (IPL 1980-50) 215 (IPL 1980-46)

Late Corinthian lamps imitating the Athenian tradition of Broneer type XXVIII

217 (IPL 1972-25) Scale 1:1

Plate 24

224 (IPL 1970-153)

225 (IPL 1970-192)

Unusual lamps from the tunnel complex in the area East of Temenos

Scale 1:1

Plate 25

1:4

1:2

226 (IPL 1970-193)

227 (IPL 1970-191)

Unusual lamps from the tunnel complex in the area East of Temenos

Scale 1:1, except where indicated

Plate 26

fr. a

229 (IPL 1992-3a, b)

230 (IPL 1970-14)

228 (IPL 1971-33)

231 (IPL 1970-184)

232 (IPL 1978-61)

233 (IPL 1978-75)

Pre-glazing Athenian lamps: figured disks

Scale 1:1

Plate 27

fr. a

fr. b

234 (IPL 1992-5a, b)

235 (IPL 1980-16)

236 (IPL 1978-97)

Pre-glazing Athenian lamps: figured disks

Scale 1:1

Plate 28

237 (IPL 1978-58)

238 (IPL 1971-43)

239 (IPL 1978-76)

Pre-glazing Athenian lamps: figured disks

Scale 1:1

Plate 29

243 (IPL 1978-88) 240 (IPL 1992-10) 242 (IPL 1992-6 + 1992-11)

245 (IPL 1978-77)

246 (IPL 1978-82 + 1978-122 + 1978-124 + 1978-143)

247 (IPL 1970-171)

Pre-glazing Athenian lamps: figured disks

Scale 1:1

Plate 30

249 (IPL 1970-156)

250 (IPL 1970-50)

252 (IPL 1992-4)

253 (IPL 1980-33)

Pre-glazing Athenian lamps: figured disks

Scale 1:1

Plate 31

256 (IPL 1969-5)

257 (IPL 1971-68)

258 (IPL 1978-62)

Pre-glazing Athenian lamps: ray disks

Scale 1:1

Plate 32

260 (IPL 1970-92)

261 (IPL 1980-25)

262 (IPL 1970-139)

264 (IPL 1978-59)

Pre-glazing Athenian lamps: rosette disks

Scale 1:1

Plate 33

266 (IPL 1971-52)

268 (IPL 1978-74)

267 (IPL 1990-6)

Pre-glazing Athenian lamps: miscellaneous abstract disks

Scale 1:1

Plate 34

269 (IPL 1971-27)

272 (IPL 1980-15)

273 (IPL 1980-42)

Pre-glazing Athenian lamps: miscellaneous abstract disk, base fragments

Scale 1:1

Plate 35

274 (IPL 1971-11)

275 (IPL 1971-73)

278 (IPL 1971-60)

280 (IPL 1978-63)

286 (IPL 1978-37)

287 (IPL 1971-85)

290 (IPL 1976-49)

292 (IPL 1970-133)

289 (IPL 1970-93)

Pre-glazing Athenian lamps: base fragments, rim fragments

Scale 1:1

Plate 36

302 (IPL 1976-17)

303 (IPL 1969-10)

Glazed Athenian lamps: figured disks

304 (IPL 2004-1) Scale 1:1

Plate 37

308 (IPL 1972-17)

307 (IPL 1976-4)

309 (IPL 2003-7)

Glazed Athenian lamps: figured disks

311 (IPL 1972-34) Scale 1:1

Plate 38

312 (IPL 2004-9) 313 (IPL 1976-9)

314 (IPL 1972-11)

Glazed Athenian lamps: figured disks

315 (IPL 1972-9)

Scale 1:1

Plate 39

316 (IP 3741)

317 (IPL 1976-7)

319 (IPL 1976-3)

318 (IPL 2003-5)

Glazed Athenian lamps: figured disks

Scale 1:1

Plate 40

321 (IPL 1972-10)

322 (IPL 1972-14)

Glazed Athenian lamps: rosette disks

Scale 1:1

Plate 41

323 (IPL 1969-79)

325 (IPL 1972-15)

326 (IP 3691)

Glazed Athenian lamps: rosette disks

Scale 1:1

Plate 42

327 (IP 3679)

328 (IPL 1972-32)

329 (IPL 1972-18)

Glazed Athenian lamps: rosette disks

Scale 1:1

Plate 43

331 (IP 3678)

332 (IPL 1972-13)

Glazed Athenian lamps: rosette disks

Scale 1:1

Plate 44

333 (IPL 1976-54)

fr. a

335 (IPL 2004-3)

fr. b

337 (IPL 1972-46)

336 (IPL 1976-12a, b)

Glazed Athenian lamps: rosette disks

Scale 1:1

Plate 45

338 (IPL 1972-19)

339 (IPL 1990-8)

341 (IPL 1972-45)

340 (IPL 1976-164 + 1990-4)

Glazed Athenian lamps: miscellaneous abstract disks

342 (IPL 1976-121)

Scale 1:1

Plate 46

343 (IPL 1972-12)

345 (IPL 1972-16)

346 (IPL 1978-14)

Glazed Athenian lamps: ray disk, plain disks

Scale 1:1

Plate 47

347 (IPL 1976-1)

348 (IPL 1976-11)

1:2

349 (IPL 1970-173)

Glazed Athenian lamps: plain disks, multiple-nozzle lamp

Scale 1:1, except where indicated

Plate 48

350 (IPL 1976-15)

352 (IPL 1967-18)

351 (IPL 1972-22)

353 (IPL 1976-14)

Glazed Athenian lamps: base fragments

354 (IPL 1970-41)

Scale 1:1

Plate 49

357 (IPL 1976-32)

358 (IPL 1976-55)

361 (IPL 1972-26)

360 (IPL 1972-21)

Glazed Athenian lamps: base fragments

Scale 1:1

Plate 50

377 (IPL 1976-2)

IPL 1969-21 (see 378)

379 (IPL 1968-8)

374 (IPL 1980-6)

380 (IPL 1970-200)

Post-glazing Athenian lamps: figured disks

Scale 1:1

Plate 51

381 (IPL 1990-1)

382 (IPL 2004-2)

Post-glazing Athenian lamps: rosette disks

383 (IPL 1978-38)

Scale 1:1

Plate 52

385 (IPL 1972-5)

384 (IPL 1972-23)

386 (IPL 1978-23)

Post-glazing Athenian lamps: plain disks

387 (IPL 1970-87)

Scale 1:1

Plate 53

396 (IPL 1970-7)

397 (IPL 1968-22)

399 (IPL 1968-26)

Lamps of the 5th and 6th centuries: local copies of Corinthian and Athenian models

Scale 1:1

Plate 54

402 (IPL 1969-61)

fr. a

fr. b

401 (IPL 1976-51a + 1978-197, 1976-51b)

403 (IPL 1970-31)

404 (IPL 1967-21)

405 (IP 3714)

Lamps of the 5th and 6th centuries: North African–type lamps

406 (IPL 1972-8)

Scale 1:1

Plate 55

409 (IPL 1969-18)

407 (IPL 1976-50)

408 (IP 3716)

412 (IPL 1970-77)

Lamps of the 5th and 6th centuries: North African–type lamps

414 (IP 3715)

Scale 1:1

Plate 56

415 (IPL 1970-69)

416 (IPL 1969-72)

Lamps of the 5th and 6th centuries: North African–type lamps

420 (IPL 1967-8)

Scale 1:1

Plate 57

421 (IPL 1968-7)

422 (IPL 1968-9)

424 (IP 3740)

425 (IPL 1971-2)

426 (IPL 1970-8)

fr. a

428 (IM 1969-59) fr. b

fr. c

427 (IPL 1970-90a, b, c)

Lamps of the 5th and 6th centuries: circular lamps, imitation of lamp from Asia Minor, metal handle shield

Scale 1:1

Plate 58

1:1

429 (IPL 1968-16)

430 (IPL 1969-130)

431 (IPL 1972-3)

432 (IPL 1972-4)

Byzantine lamps

Scale 2:3, except where indicated