Telemedicine, Telehealth and Telepresence: Principles, Strategies, Applications, and New Directions 9783030569167, 9783030569174

Table of contents :
Foreword
Preface
Reference
Acknowledgement
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Principles of Telemedicine and Telehealth
1: First Trainees: The Golden Anniversary of the Early History of Telemedicine Education at the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard (1968–1970)
John H. Knowles, MD, a Unique Academic Medicine Leader
The First MGH Telemedicine Trainees
John H. Knowles, MD, as a Mentor
Origins Logan International Airport MGH Medical Station Telemedicine Program
Crichton’s and Weinstein’s Involvements with Telemedicine as MGH Trainees
Crichton’s Medical Student Book “Five Patients. The Hospital Explained”
Crichton’s Telemedicine Patient Workup
Telemedicine and the Study of Innovations
What Will Harvard Medical School Teach Students in Their Telemedicine Courses?
References
2: Initiate-Build-Operate-Transfer (IBOT) Strategy Twenty Years Later: Tales from the Balkans and Africa
Introduction
The Birth of the Kosova Telemedicine Program and IBOT Concept
Initiate, Build, Operate, Transfer Strategy
Initiating Phase: Assess the Local Context and Collaborate
Building Phase and Creation of a Robust Infrastructure
The Operating Phase: Build the Human Capacities and Protocols of Operations
Transferring Phase: Turn the Program Over to a Local Institution
Two Examples of Successful Implementation of IBOT Strategy
Albania Telemedicine Program
Clinical Results
Telemedicine in Cabo Verde
Telemedicine Champions
Summary and the Road of Telemedicine Ahead?
References
3: Clinical Telemedicine Practice: From Ad Hoc Medicine to Modus Operandi
Introduction
Telemedicine Modalities
Clinical Telemedicine
Clinical Telemedicine Guidelines
Policies and Protocols/Agreement Required
Technical Requirements
How to Perform Teleconsultations
Saving the Data
Reporting the Data
Summary
References
4: Incorporation of Telemedicine in Disaster Management: Beyond the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Introduction
Disaster Classifications
Disaster Management
Can We Create 24/7 Mass Casualty Center That Will Deal with Local Disaster Management?
Incorporation of Telemedicine in Each Phase of a Disaster
Phase 1: Pre-Disaster
Phase 2: During the Disaster
Telemedicine During COVID-19
Phase 3: Post-Disaster
Training and Simulation
Administrative Requirements
Conclusion
References
5: Telemedicine and Health Information Exchange: An Opportunity for Integration
Why Telemedicine and Health Information Exchange Should Work Together
Creating Standards for Merging Health Information
Creating a Nation-Wide HIE; Integrating Different HIEs
Future
References
6: Telehealth Dissemination and Implementation (D&I) Research: Analysis of the PCORI Telehealth-Related Research Portfolio
Introduction
Background of Dissemination and Intervention Science in the United States
Origins of Dissemination and Intervention Science
The Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute
Analysis of the PCORI Telehealth-Related Research Portfolio Database (2010–2019)
PCORI Definitions of Telehealth and Telemedicine
Overview of PCORI Extramural Funding
PCORI Funding Opportunities
PCORI Telehealth-Related Research Project Themes
PCORI Telehealth-Related Research Portfolio Analysis (2012–2019)
PCORI Research Project Themes
Health Conditions, Patient Populations, and Intervention Strategies: Telehealth-Related Content Analysis (2010–2019)
Health Conditions
Patient Populations
Levels of Funding
PCORI Research Study Designs
Intervention Strategies
Location and Organization
Publications
Discussion
Appendix A: PCORI’s 22 “Types of Projects”
References
7: Standards and Guidelines in Teleheatlh: Creating a Compliance and Evidence-Based Telehealth Practice
Evidence-Based Practice
Current Approaches to Standards and Guidelines
Position Statements
The History of Standards and Guidelines in Telehealth
Developing Standards and Guideline
Current Landscape for Telemedicine Standards and Guidelines
Professional Associations
Certification Pros and Cons
Standard of Care
Writing Your Own Standards
Other Issues Not Necessarily Standards
Summary
Addendum: American Medical Association Code of Medical Ethics Opinion 1.2.12 Ethical Practice in Telemedicine
References
8: Federal and State Policies on Telehealth Reimbursement
Introduction
Medicare Reimbursement Policies
Medicare Telehealth Services
Communication Technology-Based Services
Remote Physiologic Monitoring
Medicare Capitated and Value-Based Payment
State Reimbursement
Medicaid Fee-for-Service
Private Payer Laws
Medicaid Managed Care
Other Non-reimbursement State Policy Issues
Conclusion
References
9: Legal and Regulatory Implications of Telemedicine
Introduction
Licensing
Hageseth v. Superior Court of California
Interstate Medical Compact
Informed Consent
“Selfie” Telemedicine
Medical Records
Physician–Patient Relationship
Risks to Privacy
Physician Liability
Malpractice
Frazier v. University of Mississippi Medical Center
Conclusion
References
10: Business Aspects of Telemedicine
History of Telemedicine Business Planning
Current Telemedicine Business Planning
Traditional Live Two-Way Interactive Audio and Video
Activity-Based Costing
Remote Patient Monitoring
Direct-to-Consumer
And What If None of That Matters!
References
11: Advancing Telehealth to Improve Access to Health in Rural America
Background
Rural Health Policy
Payment
Trust
Transportation
Applications
Future Applications
Conclusion
References
Part II: Strategies for Building Sustainable Telemedicine and Telehealth Programs
12: Innovative Governance Model for a Sustainable State-Wide University-Based Telemedicine Program
Introduction
ATC Membership
Analysis of the Arizona Telemedicine Council
Government Attendees
ATC Presenters
Retrospective Longitudinal Analysis of ATC Attendance
Frequency of ATC Consideration of Legislation
ATC Leadership: The Burns–Weinstein Partnership
Challenges
Is the ATC Zoom Compatible?
References
13: Telehealth Patient Portal: Opportunities and Reality
Introduction
References
14: Technology Enabled Remote Healthcare in Public Private Partnership Mode: A Story from India
Introduction to Technology-Enabled Remote Healthcare (TeRHC)
Telehealth in India: The Beginnings
Public Private Partnerships in Healthcare: An Introduction
PPP in Healthcare: A Global Perspective
PPP in Healthcare: The Indian Scenario
Specific State Government Initiatives in Healthcare PPP
Technology-Enabled Remote Healthcare: Challenges on the Field
TeRHC: Conceptualisation
Strategy and Planning to Introduce TeRHC
Supportive Steps to Ensure Utilisation of Services in a PPP Mode
Training
Setting up Tele-Emergency Services
Contact with Community
Cost-Effectiveness
Challenges in Communication
Assessing Performance
Societal Influences
Barriers to Adoption of Telemedicine
Illustrations of Mega TeRHC Projects in PPP Mode in India, Executed by ATHS
Telehealth in the Himalayas
Telehealth in Andhra Pradesh Mukhyamantri Arogya Kendram (e-UPHC) (182 Centres)
Tele-Ophthalmology (MeEK): 115 Centres
Other Telehealth PPP Projects
Jharkhand Digital Dispensaries Programme [97]
Uttar Pradesh Telemedicine Programme
National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC)
TUVER: Beneficiaries of TeRHC at Tuver
Technology-Enabled Mega Screening thru CSR Funding: NCD Screening Programme
Lessons Learnt and Conclusions
References
15: International and Global Telemedicine: Making It Work
Spectrum of Telehealth Platforms and Applications, a Continuum of Health Services
Education, Case Reviews, and Simulation
Steps in Planning and Implementing an International Telehealth Program
References
16: Technological Advances Making Telemedicine and Telepresence Possible
Historical Context
Development of Telemedicine and Telepresence
Telemedicine
Mobile Health
Sensors
Robotics
In Healthcare
Robotics in the Operating Room
World Wide Web
Artificial Intelligence
Electronic Health Records
Education and Distance Learning
Conclusion
References
Part III: Outcomes Based Evidence Clinical Applications of Telemedicine
17: Survey of the Direct-to-Hospital (DTH) Telemedicine and Telehealth Service Industry (2014–2018)
Introduction
Introduction to the Service Provider Directory (SPD)
Methodology
Criteria for Inclusion of Companies in the Service Provider Directory
Solicitation of Companies
Directory Analysis
Geospatial Analysis
Telemedicine/Telehealth Market Analysis
Gross Description of Companies
Targeted Customers
Teleservices
Ancillary Services
Language Services
Telemedicine Systems Used to Connect to Customers
Comprehensive List of Teleservices and Ancillary Services
Cross-Referencing Teleservices with the American Board of Medical Specialties
Geospatial Processing
Headquarter Distribution
Teleservices and Ancillary Services
States Served, Provider Location, Licenses, and Planned Expansion
Summary
Findings
Implications of Findings
References
18: Telemedicine for Trauma and Emergency Care Management
Introduction
A Case for Telemedicine for Trauma: Disparity in Trauma Care
Decision on the Fly and with No Data
What Is Expected from Telemedicine for Trauma
Prehospital Telemedicine
Earlier Teletrauma Experience
Most Recent Teletrauma Results
Sustainability of Teletrauma Programs
Conclusion
References
19: Telemedicine for Burn Care: The Commonsense Telemedicine
Introduction
Opportunities for Telemedicine in Burn Care
Burn Size and Severity Assessment
Over- and Under-Triage
Adequacy of Virtual Examination of Burn Injuries at a Distance
Avoiding Unnecessary Intubations
Overusage of Aeromedical Transport
Telemedicine for Pediatric Burn Care
Outpatient Burn Telemedicine
Global Efforts for Burn Telemedicine
Principles for Establishing a Burn Telemedicine Program
Policies and Protocols/Agreement Required
Technical Requirements
How to Perform Teleconsultations
Referring the Patient for Consultation
Billing and Documentation
Saving the Data
Reporting the Data
Summary and Recommendation
References
20: Telemedicine for Intensive Care
Introduction
Telemedicine for Intensive Care Units
Prevalence of Tele-ICU and Models of Operations
The Benefits and Effectiveness of Tele-ICU in Reducing Mortality and Morbidity
Challenges and Barriers Implementing Tele-ICU
Cost of Tele-ICU
Staff Perception and Building the Bedside and Tele-ICU Team
Other Challenges of Implementation of ICU
Policies and Protocols and Patient (Setting) Selection
Summary
References
21: Telehealth in Pediatric Care
Introduction
Telehealth in Pediatric Ambulatory Care
Telehealth in Pediatric Behavioral and Mental Health
School-Based Telehealth
Telehealth for Labor and Delivery and Newborn Settings
Pediatric Emergency Telehealth Services
Direct to Consumer Telehealth
Conclusion
References
22: Overview of Child Telebehavioral Interventions Using Real-Time Videoconferencing
Introduction
Clinical Child Therapy
Pediatric Psychology Interventions
Developmental Pediatric Interventions
Conclusion
References
23: Telemedicine for Psychiatry and Mental Health
Introduction
History
Technology, Setup, and Technique
Models and Settings
Outpatient
Consultation–Liaison
Emergency
Schools
Corrections
Home-Based
Nursing Homes
Effectiveness
Practice Guidelines and Training
Legal and Regulatory
Digital Health Interventions
References
24: Telecardiology
Telecardiology
Telecardiology in Primary Care
Health Promotion and Prevention
Decision Support Systems
Teleconsultation
Tele-Regulation
Telediagnosis
Tele-Education
Specialized Care
Heart Failure
Hypertension
Emergency Services
Telecardiology on Myocardial Infarction Systems of Care
Management of Oral Anticoagulant Users
Cardiac Rehabilitation
Remote Monitoring Using Implantable Devices
Telecardiology Monitoring and Management
High-Level KPIs for a Tele-ECG Service
Deployment of High-Level KPIs for a Tele-ECG Service (Low-Level KPIs)
References
25: Telestroke and Teleneurology
Introduction
Principles of Telestroke
Telestroke Definitions
Telestroke Networks
Devices
Telestroke Applications
Prehospital
Emergency Medical Services
Early Screening
Emergency Department (ED)
Neurocritical Care and Inpatient
Telerehabilitation
Telemedicine to Home
Secondary Prevention
Telemedicine for Other Neurologic Conditions (Teleneurology)
Inpatient Care
General Inpatient
Teleneurocritical Care
Outpatient Care
Remote Patient Monitoring
Telerehabilitation
Rural Care
Other Models of Care
Teleneuroradiology
Teleneurosurgery
Strategies for Development
Telestroke Network Development
Teleneurology Network Development
Other Important Factors
Future Directions
Telestroke Networks
Teleneurology Networks
Devices
Telemedicine Devices
Telestroke Devices
Other Devices
Other Applications
Summary
References
26: Telemedicine for Prisons and Jail Population: A Solution to Increase Access to Care
Introduction
Healthcare in the Prison System
Healthcare Problems and Deaths in Prison and Jail Population
Telemedicine for the Prisoners
Clinical Disciplines Using Telemedicine
COVID-19 and Prison and Jail System Healthcare
Conclusion
References
Part IV: The Next Generation of Telemedicine and Telepresence
27: Surgical Telementoring and Teleproctoring
Introduction
Telementoring in Oncologic and Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary (HPB) Surgery
Telementoring and Teleproctoring in Bariatric Surgery
Low-Tech Examples of Telementoring and Teleproctoring in Plastic Surgery
Telementoring and Teleproctoring in Colorectal Surgery
Telemedicine in Thoracic Surgery
Telementoring and Teleproctoring in Vascular Surgery
Telementoring in Urology
Telepresence and Telementoring in Trauma and Emergency Surgery
Southern Arizona Teletrauma and Telepresence (SATT) First of Telementoring
Telemedicine and Telementoring in Neurosurgery
Challenges of Future of Surgical Telementoring
Conclusion
References
28: The Promise and Hurdles of Telemedicine in Diabetes Foot Care Delivery
Background: Public Health Significance of Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFUs)
Promises of Telemedicine for Diabetic Foot Management
Key Barriers to Telemedicine Adoption for Diabetic Foot Management
Patient Acceptability, Awareness, and Trust in Virtual Care Offerings
Effectiveness of Telemedicine to Manage Diabetic Foot Care Compared to Traditional Care
Efficiencies of Telemedicine for Delivery of Care for Foot Disease in Remote Area
Reliability of Telemedicine Compared to In-person Visit
Cost-Effectiveness of Telemedicine for Diabetic Foot Care
Future Directions
Conclusions
References
29: Telemedicine in Austere Conditions
Introduction
Space
Battlefield
Alpine
Jungle
Ships at Sea/Oil Rigs
Disasters and Pandemics
Nursing Homes/Assisted Living
Conclusions
References
Index