Table of contents : Contents Notes on Terminology Preface Acknowledgments CHAPTER 1. Immigration, Education, and Diplomacy Japan, the United States, and the Origins of the Language School Controversy CHAPTER 2. Mandating Americanization Japanese Language Schools and the Federal Survey of Education in Hawaii CHAPTER 3. Closing a Loophole California Exclusionists’ Attack on Japanese Language Schools CHAPTER 4. A Transplanted Attack Japanese Language Schools in Washington State CHAPTER 5. Conclusion Appendix. 1921 California State Examination for Japanese Language School Teachers Notes Bibliography Index