Tagalog Structures 9780824850791

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Tagalog Structures

PALI L A N G U A G E T E X T S : P H I L I P P I N E S Social Sciences and Linguistics Institute University of Hawaii Howard P. McKaughan Editor

TAGALOG STRUCTURES T E R E S I T A V. R A M O S

University of Hawaii Press Honolulu

The work reported herein was performed pursuant to a contract with the Peace Corps, Washington, D.C. 20525. The opinions expressed herein are those of the author and should not be construed as representing the opinions or policies of any agency of the United States government.

Copyright © 1971 by the University of Hawaii Press All rights reserved. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 75—152472 ISBN 0 - 8 7 0 2 2 - 6 7 7 - 0 Printed in the United States of America 02

11

10

9

8

University of Hawai'i Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources

PREFACE This synopsis has the purpose of assisting the learner of Tagalog understand basic structures. In order to learn the language, the structures must be internalized. An understanding of major structures will help in the internalization process. These materials are a part of a series of instructional materials developed for major Philippine languages under a Peace Corps Contract (PC25-1507) through the Pacific and Asian Linguistics Institute at the University of Hawaii. Other materials on Tagalog include Tagalog for Beginners by Teresita V. Ramos and Videa de Guzman and Tagalog Dictionary by Miss Ramos. It is the hope of the e ditor of the series and the author of this synopsis that these materials will encourage further grammatical studies as well as the learning of Tagalog. Howard P. McKaughan Editor

CONTENTS I.

II.

PHONOLOGY

3

1.

Consonants

3

2.

Vowels

7

3.

Diphthongs

7

4.

Consonant Clusters

8

5.

Stress and Vowel Length

10

6.

Pitch and Intonation Contours

11

WORD FORMATION

14

1.

14

Composition of Words

1.1

Roots vs. Stems

14

1.2

Reduplication

14

1.3

Compounding

16

2.

Parts of Speech

16

2.1

Nouns

17

2.2

Verbs

21

2.3

Pronouns

23

2.31

Personal Pronouns

23

2.32

Demonstrative Pronouns

25

2.33

Interrogative Pronouns

27

2.34

Indefinite Pronouns

32

2.4

Adjectives

33

2.5

Quantifiers

37

2.6

Numerals

39

2.7

Adverbs

44

2.71

Adverbs of Manner

44

2.72

Adverbs of Time

47

Adverbial Particles

49

2.73 2.8

Markers

51

vili 2.81

Relation Markers

51

2.82

Non-relation Markers

53

2.9 3. 3.1

III.

55

Major Affixes Used in Verbal Formation

56 56

3.11

Actor Focus Affixes

57

3.12

Goal Focus Affixes

60

3.13

Locative Focus Affixes

63

3.14

Benefactive Focus Affixes

64

3.15

Instrumental Focus Affixes

65

3.16

Aptative Causative Focus Affixes

66

3.2

Major Affixes Used in the Formation of Adjectives or Descriptives

70

3.3

Major Affixes Used in the Formation of Nouns or Substantives

72

BASIC SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION

77

1.

General

77

2.

Construction of a Predicational Sentence

79

2.1

The Topic

79

2.2

The Comment

83

2.21 2.22

Non-verbal Phrases Verbal Phrases

83 87

2.3

The Complement

100

2.4

Verbal Co-occurrence with Complements

104

3. IV.

Interjections Affixation in Word Bases

Construction of an Sentence

Identificational

110

BASIC SENTENCE TYPES

115

1.

115

1.1 1.2 2.

Statement Affirmative

Statement

Negative Statement Question

115 117 117

ix 2.1

Yes-no Question

117

2.2

Questions with Interrogative Words

120

2.3

Inversion of Interrogative

121

3.

V.

Sentences

Command

122

3.1

Affirmative Commands

122

3.2

Negative Commands

123

3.3

Inversion in Commands

123

EXPANSION OF SENTENCES

VI.

VII.

124

1.

General

124

2.

Expansion by Attribution

124

2.1

Nominal Expansion

124

2.2

Verbal Expansion

130

2.21

Verbal Modification

130

2.22

Verbal Complementation

140

3.

Expansion by Compounding

141

4.

Expansion by Embedding

144

COMPARATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS

145

1.

Degree of Equality

145

2.

Comparative Degree

146

3.

Superlative Degree

147

CAUSATIVE SENTENCES

147

1.

Single Causative Sentences

148

2.

Double Causative Sentences

157

VIII.

TOPI CLE S S SENTENCES IN TAGALOG

160

1.

Existential Sentence

160

2.

Phenomenal Sentence

162

3.

Temporal Sentence

163

4.

Sentences with Pseudo-Verbs

5.

Sentences with Ka- Verbs

(Modals)

163 163

X

IX. X.

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES

164

THE L I N K E R — A REVIEW

166

1.

Some Occurrences of the Linkers

166

2.

Some Non-occurrences

172

of Linkers

TAGALOG

STRUCTURES

3 I.

PHONOLOGY

Tagalog has 16 consonant sounds, 5 vowel sounds and 6 diphthongs. Syllables are either stressed (') or unstressed (unmarked). It further has three terminal junctures: level, a slight fall and a slight rise. Finally, it has three pitches: low, level, and rising. 1.

Consonants

The Tagalog consonants are b^, d^, k, h, J L , m, n, ng, j>, _r, s^, _t, w, Nj> represents the velar nasal and represents the glottal stop. The following chart shows the articulatory descriptions of each of the consonants . Consonant Labial VI. Vd.

Stops

P b

Fricatives VI.

Dental

Palatal

t d

Velar

Glottal

k g

i

s

Nasals

Vd.

Laterals

Vd.

1

Flap

Vd.

r

Semi-Vowel Vd.

Chart

m

w

h

n

ng

y

The glottal stop ' The glottal stop may cause an English speaker some difficulties because it is not significant in his system; i.e., it does not make a difference in meaning. In Tagalog, however, the absence or the presence of the glottal stop as the final sound of a word may result in Note the following examples. a difference in meaning.

4 bata

'bathrobe, nightgown'

bata'

'child'

baga

'live coal'

baga'

'lung'

The glottal stop is produced when the glottis or the opening between the vocal cords is tightly closed, stopping the air coming from the lungs. In Tagalog it always occurs before a word written with an initial vowel, or between two vowels written adjacent to each other. If it occurs in word final position, it is marked by the apostrophe (') in this text. In rapid speech, the final glottal stop within phrases or sentences may disappear. Note the following: (Basa') (Pasa')

Basa siya kanina. 'He was wet a while

ago.'

May pasa siya. 'He has a bruise. '

The consonant ng The velar nasal (n£) is difficult for an English speaker to produce when it occurs in word or syllable initial position because it never occurs in this position in English. Examples in initial word and syllable position follow: ngayon

now

ngiti'

smile

nganga'

mixture of betel nut leaf and lime for chewing

ngawa'

to cry, howl

ngipin

tooth

ngitngit

irritation

ngatngat

to gnaw

ngunit

but

nguya'

to chew

ngiwi'

to be distorted,

twisted

5 G e n e r a l l y , n is s u b s t i t u t e d for n g by A m e r i c a n l e a r n e r s of T a g a l o g w h e n the l a t t e r o c c u r s in the syllable initial position. The f o l l o w i n g e x a m p l e s show the two s o u n d s at the b e g i n n i n g of w o r d s h a v i n g d i f f e r e n t meanings: nawa'

may

it be so

ngawa'

to cry,

howl

naknak

an a b s c e s s

ngakngak

to cry

nana1

pus

nganga'

b e t e l nut m i x ture for chewing

The i n i t i a l v o i c e l e s s

aloud

stops p, t, k

Tagalog and 1c in w o r d i n i t i a l p o s i t i o n are n o t a s p i r a t e d ( p r o n o u n c e d w i t h a p u f f of air). English j>, _t, and k h o w e v e r are a s p i r a t e d . The E n g l i s h s p e a k e r of T a g a l o g t h e r e f o r e tends to a s p i r a t e these s o u n d s . Aspirated _t, and k do not c h a n g e the m e a n i n g of T a g a l o g w o r d s b u t if u s e d they give the s p e a k e r a foreign accent. E x a m p l e s of the and k in i n i t i a l position follow: £

_t

pitó payát pángit paták pagpág

tira tubo tapón túbig totoó

k kúlay kaniyá kílay kánan kasí

The j>, _t, and k u n a s p i r a t e d s o u n d s in s p a r k , s t e a m , and s c r e a m a p p r o x i m a t e the p r o n u n c i a t i o n of the T a g a l o g 2_, _t, and Jk. The

consonant

r

The _r in E n g l i s h is r e t r o f l e x e d , that is the tongue is c u r l e d b a c k into the a r e a of the p a l a t e . It does not touch the roof of the m o u t h . The T a g a l o g r_ h o w e v e r is p r o d u c e d w i t h the tongue t a p p i n g the g u m ridge q u i c k l y as h a p p e n s for the _t_t in Betty for s o m e . A g a i n as w i t h j>, _t, and k, p r o n o u n c i n g the E n g l i s h r^ in p l a c e of the T a g a l o g t_ w o u l d n o t c h a n g e the m e a n i n g of w o r d s , b u t it w o u l d a f f e c t the c l a r i t y of c o m m u n i c a t i o n .

6 The consonant 1 Like _r, the difference between the Tagalog 1 and English 1 is in the production of the sound. The English is produced with the tongue tip at some point along the roof of the mouth, leaving the sides of the tongue open for the air to flow out. The Tagalog on the other hand has the tongue flat from the tip to the back, with the tip back of the upper teeth. Examples of words with are the following: Initial

Medial

Final

lapit láson layon lángit

alas alám balík bálot

bao 1 búrol s alawál kapál

The consonant d The consonant d^ often becomes _r in intervocalic positions. For example:

radyo

daan

apat na raan

gayon din

gaya rin

kudkud

kudkuran

Exceptions to this rule are in borrowed words 'radio' and relo 'watch, clock'. Consonants

like

t, d, n, and s

Tagalog _t, jd, n, and s^ are pronounced with the tongue tip at the back of the upper teeth. English _t, ji, n, and s^ are produced with the tongue tip behind the upper gum ridge. These sounds pronounced as alveolars rather than as dentals do not change the meaning of Tagalog words but do produce some confusion in communication . The rest of the Tagalog consonant sounds h, b^ j>, m, and w do not cause much difficulty for the speaker of English because they are fairly similar to the

7 corresponding sounds in English. 2.

Vowels

Tagalog vowels are e^ a^ and _u. The vowel chart below shows roughly the tongue height and its fronting or backing in the mouth when each of the vowel sounds is produced. Vowel Chart Front

Central

Back

High

i

u

Mid

e

o

Low

a

The vowel o^ varies freely with ju and so does e^ with i^. They are considered separate sounds from ii and because in a few examples they distinguish meaning. The mid vowels e and o^ are fairly new sounds assimilated in the language from Spanish. Examples of the u/o^ and i/e contrasts are as follows:

mes a

table

misa

mas s

téla

cloth

tila

mayb e

b énta

sale

bínta

moro

uso

fad

canoe

O VS. Il bear 3.

Diph thongs

Tagalog diphthongs are iw, ej£, aw, oy_ and uy. Diphthongs are complex sounds which are combinations of simple vowel sounds and semi-vowels.

8

Diphthong Front

Chart

Central

Back

High

iw

uy

Mid

ey

oy ay

Low

aw

E x c e p t f o r iw a n d all the T a g a l o g d i p h t h o n g s h a v e t h e i r c o r r e s p o n d i n g s o u n d s in E n g l i s h . The dipht h o n g iw m a y c a u s e p r o b l e m s i n p r o d u c t i o n b e c a u s e s p e a k e r s of E n g l i s h t e n d to b r e a k t h e d i p h t h o n g i n t o t w o syllables. T h u s s is iw, ' c h i c k ' m a y b e c o m e [ s i s i y e w ] , incorrect for Tagalog. Some words following:

with

the

iw

and u^ diphthongs

xw

Consonant

the

uy

iwan iwi giliw bitiw aliw 4.

are

uy aruy kasuy tsapsuy tsampuy

Clusters

O r i g i n a l l y T a g a l o g d i d n o t h a v e i n i t i a l or f i n a l consonant clusters. The medial clusters were and still are u s u a l l y f o u n d a c r o s s s y l l a b l e b o u n d a r i e s . D u e to a s s i m i l a t e d b o r r o w e d w o r d s (mostly S p a n i s h ) , there are now Tagalog initial consonant clusters. Only 1, j:, w , a n d jr c a n o c c u r as the s e c o n d c o n s o n a n t . W i t h js, o n l y ^ c a n o c c u r as t h e f i r s t c o n s o n a n t : tsin^las

slippers

tsaa

tea

tsapa

badge

tsip

chief

9 tsámba

luck

ts a m p u r á d o

porridge

The f o l l o w i n g list gives e x a m p l e s of w h a t c o n s o n a n t s c a n c o - o c c u r w i t h j:, w> a n d to c l u s te rs: -1 prito 'fried*

initial form the

-z

plato 'plate'

trapo 'rag'

pwede 'ok'

py a n o ' piano'

twalya ' towel'

ty a 'aunt'

k-

krema 'cream'

klase 'class'

kwarta 'money'

kyosko 'kiosk'

b-

braso 'arm*

blusa 'blouse'

bway a ' crocodile'

by uda 'widow'

d-

drama 'drama'

dwende 'dwarf'

dyan ' there'

g"

gripo 'faucet'

gwantes 'glove'

glorya 'glory' Flòra 'Flora'

(f-) s-

swéldo 's a l a r y '

sy a ' she'

h-

hwág 'don't'

hyá* 'shame'

nwés tra 'Our L a d y '

ny án 'of t h a t '

mwélye 'pier'

my a m y a ' 'by a n d b y '

A

few

final

clusters

occur

in

Tagalog:

-rs

nars

nur s e

-ks

viks

vi cks

-rt

Bert

Bert

-ks

kyúteks

cutex

10 Clusters

in medial position:

n-ts

mants a

s tain

n-dr

londri

laundry

n-tr

kontrata

contract

ng-gr

konggreso

congress

s-kw

eskwela

s choo1

m-br

s o mb r e r o

hat

1-kr

sepulkro

sepulchre

m-p 1

timpla

flavor

n-kl

konklusyon

conclus ion

Final and initial clusters aries) :

5.

(across syllable bound-

ns-tr

konstruksyon

const ruction

ks-tr

ekstra

extra

Stress and Vowel Length

Tagalog has stressed (unmarked) syllables.

(marked

or unstressed

Stress in Tagalog is usually on the last two syllables of the word. But it needs an exhaustive study to find out on which of these two syllables it falls in any particular word. Stressed syllables, except for final ones, are accompanied by vowel length: bihay

[b £ : hay]

house

butis

[butis]

punctured

maglalaba

[magli:laba]

will wash

umalwit

[umaâ: wit]

is singing

p amb utas

[pambti: tas ]

instrument for making holes

(clothes)

The following pairs of words show that a shift in

11 stress results in a difference in meaning. First Syllable

(')

Second Syllable

aso [ a: so ]

dog

aso [ aso ]

balat

[ba:lat]

smoke

b irthmark

balat

[balat]

skin

b ukas [bu:kas]

tomorrow

b ukas [b ukas]

open

kayo

[ka:yo]

a piece of cloth

kayo

you

gabi

[ga:bi]

yam

gab i [gabi]

gutom

[gu:torn]

hamon

[ha:mon]

pako ' [pa:ko 1 ] paso ' [pa:so']

[kayo]

(')

(pi)

night

hunger

gutom

[gutom]

hungry

a dare

hamon

[hamon]

h am

nail

p ako ' [pako'] / *

[paso*]

fern flower pot

a burn

paso

say a [sa:ya]

skirt

say a [saya]

gaiety

tub o [tu:bo]

pipe

tubo

sugar

[tubo]

cane

When a suffix is added to a word stressed on the second to the last syllable (penultimate stress), the stress is shifted to the next syllable following it: b as a

•*•

b as ah in

paglinis

-*•

pagl ini s in

When stressed on the last syllable (ultimate the stress is usually shifted to the suffix.

6.

bili

bilhin

dala

dalhin

walis

walis in

punt a

punt ahan

Pitch and Intonation

stress),

Contours

There are three kinds of pitches in Tagalog. three levels may be indicated as follows:

The

12 Level 3 (High)

Level 2 (Normal)

Level 1 (Low)

Tagalog sentences have very slight variations in pitch. The sentences usually start off with level 2^, the normal pitch, going up slightly over stressed syllables, reaching level _3 when the sentence is a question or ending in level 2 or 1 at the end of statements . There are three kinds of intonation contours for Tagalog sentences. They are Rising for questions and requests; Falling or Level for statements, commands, and responses; and Suspended for series and non-final phrases. Interrogative questions, tag questions, and requests often end with a rise rather than a fall. Nonfinal phrases too, often end in a slight rise. Examples follow: Statements Maganda ang baro'.+

1

L_

Doktor si Pedro.+ Umupo ang

-n.

guro'.+

Ques tions Yes-no

questions

J~ Amerikano ba si Jorge?+ Maganda ba ito?+ Umupo ba ang guro'?+ Tag questions I— Amerikano si Jorge, di ba?+

Aalis

ka,

Interrogative Alin

Sino

bait

questions

ang

Saan ka

di

anak

mo?t

nakatira?+

si D i c k

McGinn?+

Requests Pakiabot

n g a ng

asin.t

F a k i s a r a n g a ng

pinto.+

P a k i d a l a n g a ng

libro

ko.+

Commands Tigil

kayo.+

-n Upo Phrases

kayo.+ in

sequence

Magandal na nakatayo

ang

s a k a n tHo l

dalagang ng Avenida

nakabulaklak Rizal

at

Responses -l_ 0o+(Amerikano

si

Hindi

s i y a m a g a n d a ) . 4-

- n Wala Si

+(hindi +(Wala

Pedro.+

akong

1—1 Jorge).+

n pera).+

sa

ul

1 B a m'b a n g .

14 II. 1. 1.1

WORD

FORMATION

Composition of Words Roots vs. Stems

Words are either roots or stems. A root or base is a simple word without any formative element or affix. A stem on the other hand is composed of a root and one or more affixes. Examples of roots and stems follow: Root lakad t

sulat »

asawa

Stems walk

1-um-a'kad

write

pang-sulat

to walk

spouse

mag-asawa

to get married

/

»

used for writing

upo

sit

upu-an

seat

laro' i

play

pag-laro * *

playing

Particles are types of roots that are usually monosyllabic and do not generally take affixes. Pronouns:

ko, mo, akin, iyo, namln, ito, nito

Adverbial particles: Markers:

ang, ng, sa, ay

Interjections: Conjunctions: 1.2

pa, na, lang, naman

ay, naku, sus,

sayang

kaya, dahil, at, nguni't, o, pero

Reduplication

Words can be reduplicated, that is one or more syllables at the beginning of the full word may be repeated. Examples of different types of reduplication f ollow. Partial

reduplication

One syllable near the beginning of the word may be reduplicated. This syllable is either the first syllable

15 of the root or part of a compound affix. What is reduplicated is either the first vowel of a word that starts with a vowel or the first consonant and vowel if the word starts with a consonant. Root

Partial Reduplicated

lakad

iyak

suntok

Full

Form

la-lakad

will walk

mag-pa-pa-lakad

will make something run

i-iyak

will cry

nag-i-i-iyak

crying repeatedly

su-suntok-in

will box (something)

s-um-u-suntok

is/are boxing

reduplication

The whole word or root may be Root/Stem

reduplicated.

Full Reduplicated

Form

araw

day, sun

araw-araw

every

isa

one

isa-isa

one by one

ma-taba 1

stout, fat

mataba-taba'

very stout, fat

ma-ganda

beautiful

maganda-ganda

very

day

beautiful Combined partial and full

reduplication

A part and a whole word are repeated in one form. Root

Reduplicated

Form

isa

one

i-isa-isa

only

one

dalawa

two

da-dalawa-dalawa

only

two

tawa

laugh

ta-tawa-tawa

laughing

16 tanga

stupid

ta-tanga-tanga

being

awat

stop

a-awat-awat

stopping fight)

stupid (a

Sometimes when there are more than two syllables to a root, only the first two syllables are reduplicated. Root

Reduplicated

sigarilyo

cigarette

Form

si-siga-sigarilyo

smoking a cigarette

baligtad

turned over

ba-bali-baligtad

turning

usisa'

to inquire

u-usi-usisa'

inquiring

1.3

over

Compounding

Certain words can be formed by compounding, the resultant forms having a different meaning from the two roots.

2.

batong-buhay

white

dahong-palay

name of a poisonous

stone

bahay-bata

ovary

anak-araw

albino

hampas-lupa

tramp, bum

bigay-loob

gift

bigay-kaya

dowry

bantay-salakay

opportunist

basag-ulo

trouble

balat-sibuyas

sensitive, smooth plexion

snake

com-

Parts of Speech

Parts of speech are divided into nine classes according to their uses in sentences. They are the following: Nouns, Verbs, Pronouns (Personal, Demonstrative, Interrogative, and Indefinite), Adjectives (Ma adjectives and Unaffixed adjectives), Quantifiers, Numerals, Adverbs, Markers (Relational and Non-rela-

17 tional), 2.1

and

Interjections.

Nouns Nouns

may be

roots:

bata'

child

b ah ay

house

aso

dog

bundok

mountain

bato

stone

They may be affix:

a combination luto1

taga + upu + ka +

of a

an ligaya + han

pag + kain

root

and

cook or

a

one

seat happiness food

T h e r e a r e t w o t y p e s of n o u n s : c o u n t n o u n s , or nouns that can be counted like sllya 'chair', lapis ' p e n c i l ' e t c . , a n d m a s s n o u n s or n o u n s that c a n n o t b e E x a m p l e s of mass n o u n s are Elements asín

salt

pamintá

pepper

gawgáw

s tarch

harina

flour

as ú k a l

sugar

lupa'

soil

buhángin

s and

alikabók

dust

18 Cereals b 1 gas

rice

monggo

mongo beans

mais

corn

darak

rice bran

palay

unhusked rice

malagki t

glutinous rice

gatas

milk

tubig

water

kap e

coffee

tsokolate

chocolate

ts aa

tea

salabat

ginger tea

pilak

s ilver

Liquids

Metals

ginto

1

gold

tanso'

copper

tingga'

lead

bakal

iron

karne

meat

p ans i t

noo dies

Food

ulam

vi ands

matamis

dessert

patis

fish or shrimp sauce

s uka'

vinegar

Sauces

19 tóyo

soy

sauce

b úlak

cotton

papél

paper

téla

cloth

s inúlid

thread

Dry Goods

Elements of Nature /

aso

smoke

hángin

wind

kuló g

thunder

ulán

rain

Mass nouns cannot be preceded by the pluralizer since they do not indicate plurality of number.

mga

Mass nouns differ from count nouns in that a numeral cannot precede them without a quantifier in between. Note the following: isang dakot na bigas

one handful of rice

daluwang Salop na tsaa

two gantas of tea

isang sakong palay

one sack of unhusked

rice

In each case the order is numeral + quantifier + linker + mass noun. Mass nouns, too, can only be used after the interrogative pronoun gaano and never after the interrogative countable pronoun ilan: Gaanong bigas.... 'How much rice.... 1 , but not *Ilang bigas.... 'How many rice...'. When mass nouns are preceded by quantifiers, they are included in a phrase that can occur with ilan: H a n g s al op na b igas . . . . 'How many gantas of rice. . . . ' . Nouns can also be classified as common nouns and proper nouns. Common nouns are preceded by the noun markers ang, ng, sa; proper nouns or names are preceded

20 by s_i, ni^, and kay. The following are examples: bata' 'the child 1 , si Pedro 'Peter'.

ang

Common nouns are pluralized by adding the particle mga before the noun it modifies. Proper nouns are pluralized by changing s_i to sina. Thus ang mga [manga] bata' 'children' and sina Pedro 'Peter and those with him' . Names of places, mountains, rivers and other proper non-personal nouns are treated like common nouns and have the common noun markers: Ang Maynila (name of a city), n £ May on (name of a volcano), s_a Mat aas na Paaralang Arellano (name of a high school). Common nouns like nanay 'mother' sometimes may take the proper noun marker s_i instead of ang when they are used as a name. Names of animals are given personal attributes and are marked by personal noun markers: ¿ i Bantay 'Guard', Ni Puti' 'Whitey', Kay Tagpi' 'Spot 1 . When nouns are not marked by ang, ng, and they are indefinite: Bata ang umiyak. 'A child cried.' Nouns used as comments or predicates usually occur without noun markers: Doktor ang lalake. 'The man is a doctor.', Direktor si A1 White. 'A1 White is a director.' Nouns are used without the noun markers in the vocative: Oy Pedrol 'Hey, Pedro!', Oy lalakel 'Hey, Man 1 ' There are some Tagalog nouns affixed with ka- + -an that fall within the category of mass nouns because they are not countable. This type of noun can occur with the marker ang and denote the quality or some concept found in the base. These nouns are called abstract nouns: Ang ka-tapang-an

The bravery

Ang ka-ligaya-han

The happiness

Ang ka-sipag-an

The

industriousness

21 G e n d e r is n o t u s u a l l y m a r k e d i n T a g a l o g n o u n s . T h e s e x of a n o u n is o f t e n d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e c o n t e x t i n w h i c h i t is u s e d o r b y p u t t i n g t h e w o r d s l a l a k e 'man* or b a b a e ' w o m a n ' a f t e r t h e n o u n a n d c o n n e c t i n g t h e m b y the l i n k e r : kapatid

n_a b a b a e

a n a k n_a l a l a k e

son

pinsang

girl

babae

pamangkin mark

s i s ter

na

lalake

cousin

nephew

Some nouns, mostly Spanish g e n d e r like the f o l l o w i n g :

borrowings ,

Mas culine

however,

Feminine

direktor

director

lanong

elder

manang

elder

senyor

master

senyora

mis tress

tiy£

uncle

tiya

aun t

brother

direktor^

directress sister

maestro

teacher

maestra

teacher

konsehal

councilor

k o n s ehalji

councilor

doktor

doctor

doktorji

doctor

abogado^

lawyer

abogada_

lawyer

padrino^

godfather

padrina

godmo ther

ninong

godfather

ninang

godmother

kompadre

male

komadre

female

konduktor

conductor

konduktora

conductress

propesor

professor

propesora

professor

sponsor

N o t e t h a t o_ u s u a l l y m a r k s feminine gender. 2.2

masculine

g;ender

sponsor

and

a,

Verbs

A T a g a l o g v e r b u s u a l l y c o n t a i n s a root or b a s e and one or m o r e a f f i x e s . T h e b a s e p r o v i d e s the m e a n i n g of t h e v e r b w h e r e a s t h e a f f i x e s s h o w t h e r e l a t i o n of th e

22 topic to the verb and also the character of the action. Verbs are classified by the affixes they take. The affixes indicate which complement of the sentence is in focus. A complement may be the actor, the goal, the location, the ins trument or the benef iciary of the action. An affix, however, may mark more than one kind of complement as in focus depending on the verb base, but generally the following classification holds true (the complement in focus is in parentheses). (1) Mag-/Um- verbs indicate that the actor of the sentence is in focus: Bumili (ka) ng tinapay sa tindahan para sa akin. '(You) buy bread at the store for me. ' (2) -rn verbs usually indicate that the goal of the sentence is in focus: Bilhin mo (ang tinapay) sa tindahan para sa akin. 'Buy (bread) at the store for me . ' (3) -An verbs usually indicate that the location is in focus: Bilhan mo ng tinapay (ang tindahan). 'Buy bread (at the store).' (4) Ipang- verbs indicate that the ins trument of the sentence is in focus: Ipangbili mo ng tinapay sa tindahan (ang pera ko). 'Buy bread at the store (with my money) . ' (5) I-/Ipag- verbs usually indicate that the beneficiary is in focus: Ibili mo (ako) ng tinapay tindahan. 'Buy bread (for me) at the store.'

sa

Verbs inflect for aspect rather than tense as in English. Aspect indicates whether the action has started or has been completed. The three aspects are (1) completed (action started and terminated), (2) contemplated (action not started but anticipated), (3) incompleted (action started but not yet completed or action still in progress). The form of the verb that does not imply any aspect is neutral or is in the infinitive form. It is also the command or the imperative form of the verb. The following paradigm gives the changes in verbal formation corresponding to aspects.

23 Base:

Sulat

'write'

Aspect Neutral

(Infinitive)

Completed

(Past)

Incompleted

(Progressive)

Contemplated

(Future)

Mag- Verb

Um- Verb

magsulat

sumúlat

nagsulat

s umúlat

nagsusulát

sumusúlat

magsusulát

susúlat

A more detailed description of these changes will be discussed in section 3. Verbs can be classified into causative and non-causative (indicative) forms. Causative verbs add pa to mean 'to cause, make, or have someone do something'. There are two actors in a causative sentence: the causer of the action and the agent caused to perform the action. Examples of causative and indicative sentences are as follows: Indicative

Naglaba ako ng damit.

I washed the clothes.

Causative

Nagpalaba ako ng damit sa labandera.

I had the wash woman launder the clothes.

2.3

Pronouns

Pronouns as substitutes into the following types. 2.31

Personal

for nouns may be

classified

Pronouns

The personal pronouns may be divided into angpronouns (substitutes for noun phrases marked by ang), ng pronouns (substitutes for noun phrases introduced by ng) , and £_a pronouns (substitutes for noun phrases introduced by s_a) . (1) The Ang

pronouns.

The forms of the ang pronouns are the

following:

24 Person

Singular

Plural

Firs t

ako

kami

Second Third

ikáw, ka siyá

táy o

(exclusive) we (I and others) (inclusive) we (I, you, and others)

you

kayó

you

he/she

silá

they

(plural)

Ikaw, 'you (singular)' is a variant form of ka. It usually occurs initially in sentences while kji occurs elsewhere: Ikaw b a s i Pedro ? 'Are you Pedro?' and Si Pedro ka ba? also 'Are you Pedro?' Unlike in English, gender is not distinguished in the third person, singular form of the Tagalog personal pr onoun. Note the English translation 'we' for both the first person exclusive kami and the first person inclusive tayo. Kami refers to the speakers and others, excluding the person spoken to. Tayo refers to everybody-- including the one spoken to. (2) The Nj* pronouns. The forms of the nj* pronouns are the

following:

Person

S ingular

Plural

Firs t

ko

namin

(exclusive) we

natin

(inclusive) we

I

S e cond

mo

you

niny o

you

Third

niy a

he/she

nila

they

(plural)

Notice that the n £ pronouns have the same gloss as the ang pronouns. When these pronouns follow nouns immediately, they act as possessive adjectives. bahay ko

my house

bahay

niya

his house

bahay

ninyo

your house

25 When a verb precedes these n o u n s f u n c t i o n as a c t o r s in the ginawa mo? 'What did y o u do?' (3)

T h e J^a

The

forms

p r o n o u n s , t h e prosentence: Ano ang

pronouns. of

the ^ a p r o n o u n s

Person

Singular

First

akin

are

as

follows:

Plural my-,

mine

amin atin

(exclusive) ours (inclusive) ours

Second

iy o

your; yours

inyo

your;

Third

kaniya

his/her; his/hers

kanila

their;

our; our;

yours theirs

Sa p r o n o u n s may i n d i c a t e p o s s e s s i o n or l o c a t i o n . U n l i k e the o t h e r types of p e r s o n a l p r o n o u n s , the m a r k e r sa occurs o b l i g a t o r i l y w h e n the sa p r o n o u n s fill a l o c a t i v e c o m p l e m e n t s l o t a n d o p t i o n a l l y w h e n u s e d to indicate possession.

used

O n l y t h e p l u r a l f o r m s of t h e s_a p r o n o u n s to i n d i c a t e l o c a t i o n or p l a c e . sa a m i n

(exclusive)

sa atin

(inclusive)

sa

inyo

sa k a n i l a 2.32

Demonstrative

can

from/to/at

our

from/to/at

your

from/to/at

their

be

place place place

Pronouns

T h e d e m o n s t r a t i v e p r o n o u n s i n d i c a t e the r e l a t i v e d i s t a n c e of o b j e c t s f r o m t h e s p e a k e r a n d t h e l i s t e n e r . These p r o n o u n s may be d i v i d e d into ang d e m o n s t r a t i v e s , n g d e m o n s t r a t i v e s a n d s_a d e m o n s t r a t i v e s . (1)

The Ang

demonstratives.

The

following

demonstrative

pronouns

are

26 identified

as

the ang

demonstratives.

I t o ' t h i s ' i n d i c a t e s t h a t w h a t is s p o k e n of is n e a r e r the s p e a k e r t h a n t h e l i s t e n e r or n e a r to b o t h . I y a n 'this' i n d i c a t e s that the o b j e c t s p o k e n about is n e a r the l i s t e n e r a n d f a r f r o m the s p e a k e r o r a short distance away from both. t h a t the o b j e c t or f a r t h e r a w a y

Iyon 'that, yonder' indicates far from b o t h s p e a k e r and listener that indicated by iyan.

is than

I r i ' t h i s o n e h e r e ' is s o m e t i m e s u s e d . It i n d i c a t e s t h a t w h a t is s p o k e n of is v e r y n e a r t h e s p e a k e r . T h i s s e t of a n g p o s i t i o n as t h e r e s t

d e m o n s t r a t i v e s f i l l s the s a m e of t h e a n g p h r a s e s a n d a n g p r o n o u n s : This

Ito Ang

babae

ang nanay

ko.

S iy a

The

woman

mother.

She

(2)

T h e Nj> d e m o n s t r a t i v e s .

The

nj> d e m o n s t r a t i v e s

are

as

follows:

nito

this (near the s p e a k e r and h e a r e r or n e a r to b o t h )

far

niyan

t h a t (far f r o m h e a r e r or far

close

niyon/noon

that, over there; that, yonder (farther away from both)

T h e nj> d e m o n s t r a t i v e s f i l l the t h e n £ p h r a s e s a n d iig p r o n o u n s .

speaker but from both)

same

ang

pangalan

ng

doktor?

niya ?

position

the n a m e

nito? Ano

is my

What's

from to

as

of

the

doctor's

his

name?

this? name?

27 (3) The Sji demonstratives. The demonstrative pronouns that can replace locative phrases marked by s^ are dito t diyan and doon. They are referred to as s_a demonstratives. The relative distances indicated by each of the demonstratives are the same as those of the ang demonstratives. Dito 'here' indicates that the place or location is near the speaker or near to both the speaker and the listener. Diyan 'there 1 signals that the place or location is far from the speaker but near the listener or it may also mean far from both. Doon 'over there; there yonder' shows that the location of something is definitely farther away from both the speaker and the listener. The variant forms rito, rlyan, and roon are often used when what precedes them is a vowel sound. Unlike s_a pronouns, the ¿ a demonstratives preceded by sa. there.

doon. Pumunta siya

sa bahay ko. sa amin.

2.33

Interrogative

are not

He went

to my house, to our place,

Pronouns

In general interrogatives consist of root particles. The most general examples are the following. (1) Sino 'who' is a personal interrogative pronoun referring to persons. This interrogative word is answered by a ^i or an ang phrase of an identificational sentence (a sentence where both the topic (subject) and the comment (predicate) are marked by the definite article ang or s_i) . Sino + Si phrase Question:

Sino si Dick McGinn? 'Who is Dick McGinn?'

28

Answer:

Topic

Comment

(Si Dick McGinn)

ang 'Country Director'. is the Country Director.'

'Dick McGinn Sino + Ang

phrase

Question:

Answer:

Sino ang 'Country Director'? 'Who is the Country Director?' Topic

Comment

Si Dick McGinn

(ang 'Country Director'). is the Country Director.'

'Dick McGinn

The plural form of sino is the reduplicated form sinu-sino. (Note the raising of o to « in non-final position when sino is reduplicated.) A sinu-sino question is answered by the plural proper noun marker sina. Question: Answer:

Sinu-sino ang mga guro sa Tagalog? 'Who are the Tagalog teachers?' Sina Binibining Ros, Binibining Gallega at Ginoong Dytioco. 'They are Miss Ros, Miss Gallega and Mr. Dytioco.'

(2) Ano 'what' is a neuter interrogative pronoun referring to things, activities and qualities. Unlike sino, ano is answered by unmarked comments. Question: Answer: Question: Answer:

Ano ang kulay ng bulaklak? 'What's the color of the flower?' Asul (ang kulay ng bulaklak). 'Blue (is the color of the flower). 1 Ano ang ginawa niya? 'What did he do?' Tumakb o (siya). 'He ran. 1

29

Question: Answer:

Ano ito? 'What's this?' Lapis (iyan). 'It's a pencil.'

The plural form of ano is anu-ano. Like sinu-s ino, anu-ano is answered by a series of objects, activities, qualities, etc. Ano may be used as a tag

question.

Maganda siya, ano? 'She's beautiful, isn't she?' (3) A1in 'which' refers to either persons or things. This interrogative word is answered by definite statements beginning with ito/iyan/iyon. Question:

Alin ang lapis mo?

Which is your pencil?

Answer:

Ito (ang lapis ko).

This (is my pencil) .

Alin-alin is the plural form of alin. (4) Kanino 'whose' is answered by n_g phrases or their substitutes and j^a pronouns to indicate possession. Question:

Answer:

Kaninong lapis ito?

Whose pencil is this?

(Sa) akin.

Mine.

Lapis ko.

My pencil.

Lapis ng

estudyante.

The student's pencil.

The reduplication of the first two syllables of kanino results in its plural form kani-kanino. Para kanino 'for whom' is answered by phrases marked by para sa/kay.

benefactive

30

Q:

Para kanino ang sapatos?

A:

For whom are these shoes ?

Tatay. Para sa Para kay

b ata.

Father, For

the

child,

akin.

me .

Cely.

Cely.

(5) Ilan 'how many' occurs before count nouns. Is often answered by numerals Indicating quantity. Q:

Ilan ang anak mo?

How many children do you have?

Tatlo

Three

(ang anak ko)

(are my

It

children).

(6) Gaano 'how much' unlike ilan occurs before mass nouns (non-countable nouns). This interrogative word is usually answered by mass nouns preceded by quan ti fie rs. Q:

Gaanong bigas ang kailangan mo?

How much rice do you need?

A:

Tatlong salop (na bigas ang kailangan ko) .

Three gantas (of rice are what I need).

(7) Magkano 'how much' is used in buying and selling. It is answered by the price of the object being b ought. Q:

Magkano ang manok?

How much is the chicken?

A:

Dos

Two-fifty.

singkuwenta.

When partially reduplicated to magkakano this word acquires a distributive meaning 'how much each or a piece'. The response to magkakano reflects the distributive meaning of 'so much a piece' because of the prefix tig-. Q:

Magkakano ang pakwan?

How much is each watermelon?

A:

Tig-alawang

Two pesos

piso,

each.

31 (8) K a l i a n expressions.

'when'

Q:

Kailan

ang

A:

Sa a-singko

questions

dating

niya?

ng Mayo

are

answered by

When

is h e

On May

coming?

fifth.

Sa M a y o .

In

May.

Sa Sabado.

On

Saturday.

Bukas.

Tomorrow.

Mamaya.

Later

(9) S a a n m a r k e d b y sa.

'where'

Q:

Saan

A:

Sa kanto.

is a n s w e r e d b y

ang b a h a y

mo?

on.

locative

Where At

time

phrases

is y o u r

the

house?

corner.

(a) S a a n s a ' w h e r e a t / i n ' a s k s f o r a m o r e specific location. T h e a n s w e r is u s u a l l y a s a phrase. Q:

Saan sa P i l i p i n a s ang M a y o n ?

W h e r e in the P h i l i p p i n e s is M a y o n

A:

Sa Albay.

In

Q:

Saan

Where

A:

Sa Legaspi.

(Volcano)?

is is

sa Albay?

In

Albay. in

Albay?

Legaspi.

(b) T a g a - s a a n ' f r o m w h e r e o r f r o m w h a t p l a c e ' a n s w e r e d by taga- plus the place name w h e r e one from. Q:

Taga-saan

A:

Taga-

ka?

Maynila.

(c) N a s a a n ' w h e r e ' is a n s w e r e d b y s p e c i f i c l o c a t i v e p h r a s e s m a r k e d b y nji p l u s s a - c o m p l e m e n t s or p h r a s e s a n d t h e i r s u b s t i t u t e s . Q:

Nasaan

ang

relo mo?

Where's

the

watch?

32 A:

Nasa ibabaw ng mesa.

On the table.

Nasa akin.

With me.

Na kay

With

Cres.

Na kina Cres.

Cres.

With Cres (and her companions).

Na rito.

Nan dito.

Here.

Na riyan.

Nan diyan.

There.

Na roon.

Nan doon.

Over

(10) Paano manner.

there.

'how' is usually answered by adverbs of

Q:

Paano siya

lumakad?

A:

Lumakad siya nang p aluhod.

He walked on his knees.

Paganito.

This way.

How did he walk?

(11) Bakit 'why' elicits a response introduced by dahil, sapagka't or kasi ' b e c a u s e ' — a statement of purpose or reason. Q:

Bakit siya pumunta sa airport ?

A:

Kas i Dahil Sapagka 1 t

darating ang pinsan ko.

Why did he go to the airport? Because his cousin is coming.

Except for kailan and bakit, all of the interrogative pronouns listed above are followed by the linker -ng when immediately preceding a noun. 2.34

Indefinite

Pronouns

(1) Some indefinite pronouns may be forms. The following illustrate.

unaffixed

Kuwan 'such and such; so and so' (a cover term for anything in the l a n g u a g e — a 'whatchamacallit'): Kinuha na niya yong kuwan. 'He already got the kuwan.'

33 Iba 'other 1 : others ?'

Nasaan ang iba?

Kapwa 'both, fellow': them have cars.' Isa 'one, other was left.' Lahat 'all': came.' Marami 'many': invited.'

'Where are the

Kapwa may kotse.

(of two)':

'Both of

Isa ang natira.

Dumating ang lahat.

'One

'All of them

Marami ang kinumbida.

'Many were

Kaunti 'little, few': Kaunti lang ang kinain niya. 'He ate only a little.' Other indefinite pronouns are kulang 'less', ilan 'some 1 , sarili 'self'. In most cases these pronouns are used as pronominal adjectives; that is, they modify the nouns that immediately follow them. (2) Some indefinite pronouns have the affix -man '-body, -thing' suffixed to certain interrogative pronouns. Sinuman 'anybody, somebody, whoever': Sinuman ang kumuha ay nakatakbo na. 'Whoever took it had already escaped.' Anuman 'something, anything, whatever': Anuman ang gawin mo ay huli na. 'Whatever you do now, it's too late . ' Alinman 'anybody, anything, whichever': Kunin mo alinman ang gusto mo. 'Take whichever you want.' 2.4

Adj ectives Adjective

Formation

Root words which are quality or descriptive words are classified as adjectives. Examples of these adjectival base words follow.

34

pangit

ugly

payat

thin

tamad

lazy

luma

not new, old

b ago

new

Other adjectives are formed by adding the prefix ma- to a root. In these cases the words assume the meaning 'having or being full of' what is expressed by the root. ganda

beauty

ma- + ganda

beautiful

init

heat

ma- + init

hot

yaman

wealth

ma- + yaman

wealthy

The ma- adjectives can be classified kinds. (1) Noun Modifiers

into

three

Only.

Some adjectives modify nouns only. mataas na mama'

the man is tall

mataba-ng

the woman is fat

babae

Note the use of the linker na/-n£ before the noun. Na is used when preceded by a consonant (except n) , and -ng is attached to the adjective when preceded by vowels and 11 (with n replaced by nj>) . The pre-noun position of adjectives is not fixed (except for a very few cases). It can usually alternate freely before or after the noun modified. (2) Verbal Modifiers

Only.

Some ma- adjectives function like adverbs of manner in English because they modify verbs. In Tagalog however these adjectives have very limited occurrence. They appear only before infinitive forms of the verbs. ma-bilis

tumakbo

ma-bagal maglaba

to run fast to wash

(clothes) slowly

35 ma-husay

manahi

to s e w

ma-dalas

magsimba

to

Other (3) nouns

examples

Both Nouns

are m a i n a m , and Verbal

Other ma- adjectives, and verbs. maganda-ng

na [maestra (na) [ m a g s a l i t a '

marunong

na (na)

estudyante s umago t

malakas

lalake na (na) k u m a i n

Note verbs but present.

church

maluwat,

frequently

etc.

Modifiers. can modify

both

beautiful woman to s m i l e b e a u t i f u l l y

magaling

na (na)

to

however,

fbabae [ngumiti'

mahirap

go

well

tao magtrabaho

good teacher to s p e a k w e l l intelligent student to a n s w e r i n t e l l i g e n t l y poor hard

person work

strong to e a t

man a lot

t h a t n a is o p t i o n a l or is o f t e n d e l e t e d b e f o r e not before nouns. -Nj> h o w e v e r is a l w a y s

Pluralization Ma- adjectives may express plurality w h e n a plural m e a n i n g of the n o u n b e i n g m o d i f i e d is s u g g e s t e d . The p l u r a l f o r m is i n d i c a t e d b y a r e d u p l i c a t i o n of the f i r s t s y l l a b l e ( C V - / V - ) of the a d j e c t i v e b a s e . Ad j ective Base

Ma- Adjective (singular)

Ma- Adjective (plural)

lift

maliit

m a l i li it

small

maaasim

as i m The p l u r a l p a r t i c l e m g a b e f o r e the e n o u g h h o w e v e r to e x p r e s s p l u r a l i t y . Singular:

malaking

mangga

big

adjective

mango

is

36 Plural:

malalaking mangga big mangoes mga malalaking mangga mga malaking mangga

To express the same degree of quality in nouns being compared, the adjectival root is preceded by magkas ing or kas ing. Positive Degree

Degree of Equality

maputi'

whi te

magkas ing putì'

ma tab â'

fat

ka s ing

mataas

tall

taas

tall

mab ai t

good

bait

good

pângi t

ugly

p ângi t

ugly

b ago

new

b ago

new

equally white

tabâ '

fat

Note the loss of the prefix ma- after the equalizers. The comparative degree of adjectives is expressed by the use of the comparative particles mas, lalong, and higit na 'more, -er'. Positive

Degree

Comparative

Degree

maganda 'beautiful'

mas

magand a

mo re beautiful

maini t 'hot'

lalo-ng

mainit

hotter

mur a 'cheap'

higit na

mur a

cheaper

popular

more popular

popular 'popular'

The superlative degree of the adjective is expressed by the affix pinaka- 'most, -est' prefixed to the positive forms of the adjectives.

37 Positive

Degree

Superlative

Degree

ma+ganda

pinaka-maganda

most beautiful

ma+init

p inaka-maini t

hottest

popular

pinaka-popular

most popular

mura

pinaka-mura

cheapes t

The absolute superlative, or high degree of the quality without specific comparison is expressed in the following ways. (1) The adjectives are modified by lubha', di hamak 'much more'.

the adverbs

(na di hamak)

di hamak na

much more excellent

magaling (na lubha)

lubha-ng

The adverbs may occur before or after modi fi ed.

the adjective

(2) To express high intensity of the quality, the adjectiVe roots are preceded by the following: sukdulan ng ubod ng

ganda

very

beautiful

napaka(3) The high intensity of the quality is also expressed when the adjectives are repeated, the two being joined by the linker.

2.5

magaling na magaling

very

good

maganda-ng

very

beautiful

pangit na pangit

very

ugly

bago-n£ bago

very new

maganda

Quant i fiers

There are some common nouns that may act as modifiers to noun heads. These are nouns of quantity or quantifiers. Tagalog has a long list of these

38 quantifiers which are understood in terms of collections, measures, or sub-parts of objects. Some of these are not standard units of measure but approximations or rough calculations of quantity. For instance tump ok is a 'pile, heap, a group' usually used in selling tomatoes, garlic, onions, boiled sweet potatoes, etc.; gatang is a big tin can of milk used as a measure of cereals in small quantities. When these quantifiers occur before mass nouns, they are preceded by numerals thus converting mass nouns into count nouns. The order is quite fixed: the numeral occurs first, followed by the quantifier and then by the noun modified. Numeral

Quantifiers

Noun

dalawang 'two'

yarda 'yards'

dalawang 'two'

yardang 'yards of'

tela 'cloth'

apat nji 'four'

latang 'cans of'

gatas 'milk'

isang 'one'

tumpok na 'pile of'

kamatis 'tomatoes'

Note the use of linkers after each modifier. Note, too, that the head noun may be deleted and when this happens the quantifier loses its linker and becomes the head of the construction. Some of the common quantifiers

follow.

is ang

Salop na bigas

one ganta of rice

isang

pirasong keso

one piece of

isang

kilonj» lansones

one kilo of lanzones

isang

metronj» tela

one meter of cloth

is ang

sakonj> palay

one sack of rice

isang

kaing ria mangga

one basket of mangoes

isang

takal n_a monggo

one can of mongo

cheese

(beans)

39 2.6

Numerals

The numerals like adjectives modify nouns, so they are subclassifled as adjectives. Unlike adjectives though, the numerals always come before the nouns they modify. Like adjectives, numerals are linked to the words they modify by na/-ng. isa-ng

linggo

dalawa-ng

one week

taon

two years

apat ria buwan

four months

Numerals are grouped here into cardinals, fractions, and distributives.

ordinals,

Cardinals The cardinals from 'one' to 'ten' are as

follows.

j / isa

one

anim

s ix

dalawa

two

pito

seven

tatlo

three

walo

eight

apat

four

siyam

nine

lima

five

s ampu'

ten

In counting by tens, pu' is added to the

cardinals.

s ampu

(isa+ng+pu 1 )

dalawampu'

(dalawa+ng+pu') twenty or two tens

tatlumpu 1

(tatlo+ng+pu')

thirty or three forty or four

tens

(lima+ng+pu')

fifty or five

tens

apat na pu' 1imampu' anim na pu

1

ten or one ten tens

sixty or six tens

p itumpu'

(pito+ng+pu')

seventy or seven

walumpu'

(walo+ng+pu')

eighty or eight

siyam na pu'

ninety or nine

Note the use of the linker na/-ng to connect cardinal numeral construction. Na occurs after

tens tens

tens

40 consonants and -ng after vowels. -M, an alternate form of -ng occurs before £ sounds (see numbers 10, 20, 30, 70, 80 above). Labi derived from labis 'more or over' is added to the cardinals from is a 'one' to s iyam 'nine' to mean 'eleven' to 'nineteen'. labi-ng

isa

(11)

labi-ng

anim

(16)

labi-n

dalawa

(12)

labi-m pito

(17)

labi-n

tatlo

(13)

labi-ng walo

(18)

apat

(14)

labi-n

(19)

labi-ng

labi-n lima

siyam

(15)

Note that the linker - n £ attached to labi- connects the cardinal numeral constructions. However, depending upon the following sound, the -ri£ may have the -_n or -m alternate forms. -ng

before vowel sounds and w (see numbers 13, 16, and 18 above).

-n

before d^, _t, or s^ sounds 13, 15 and 19 above).

-m

before £ (see number 17 above).

Daan means 'a unit of hundred'. when preceded by a vowel is raan. isa-n daan

(100)

11,

(see numbers

Its variant

anim na raan

12,

form (600)

dalawa-n daan

(200)

pito-n daan

(700)

tatlo-n daan

(300)

walu-n daan

(800)

apat na raan

(400)

siyam na raan

(900)

lima-n daan

(500)

Libo means

'a unit of

Milyon means

thousand'.

'a unit of million 1

The conjunction a_t 'and' is used between two numeral units put together to form another numeral that is greater in value. When preceded by a vowel, a_t is

41 often contracted

to 't. t

(21)

dalawampu at siyam na raan at siyam na pu't

lima

(995)

The Ordinals The ordinals are formed by prefixing ika- to the cardinals except to isa 'one' where the Spanish una is used instead. una

first

ika-anim

sixth 1

second

ika-sampu

ika-tló

third

ika-dalawampu't

ika-pat

four th

ika-lima

fifth

ika-lawa

tenth tatlo

twen tythird

ika-(i) sandaan

hundredth

ika-(i) sanlibo

thous and th

Note the irregularity of ikatlo (ika+tatlo), ikalawa (ika+dalawa) and ikapat (ika+apat)• The first syllable of each of these numerals is dropped. Pang- may be used

to replace

ika(pang+pito)

pangalawa

(pang+dalawa)

pampito

pangatl a n d sa^ s u b s t i t u t e s c a n a p p l y to t h e p e r s o n a d d r e s s e d w i t h p o . Po is i n s e r t e d r i g h t a f t e r t h e f i r s t f u l l w o r d of e a c h sentence. Amerikano

po

si

Pilipino

po b a

Hindi

siya

po

Magandang naman.

Roger.

Are

kayo? Pilipino.

umaga

po

( M a g a n d a n g u m a g a is inserted after umaga.)

R o g e r is a n (Sir). you

He's not (Sir).

American,

a Filipino, a

Filipino,

Good morning (Sir) . considered

(Sir)?

a unit,

(to y o u ) so £ 0

too,

is

I n d i r e c t s t a t e m e n t m a r k e r d a w ' a c c o r d i n g t o , it is said1. D a w i n d i c a t e s t h a t the s e n t e n c e r e p r e s e n t s the s a y i n g of s o m e o n e o t h e r t h a n the s p e a k e r . R a w is a v a r i a n t f o r m of d a w w h e n i t o c c u r s a f t e r a v o w e l : M a g a n d a r a w si M a r i a . 'It is s a i d t h a t M a r i a is b e a u t i ful. ' Degree marker lang, lamang 'just, only': Guwapo n g a ang lalake pero p a n d a k lang. ' T h e m a n is h a n d s o m e but he's short.' Sekretarya lang siya. 'She's only a secretary.' L a n g m o d i f y i n g a n o u n or a n a d j e c t i v e h a s a b e l i t t l i n g c o n n o t a t i o n , a d e p r e c i a t i o n of o n e ' s s e l f or o n e ' s a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s . Lang following ka- verbs signals recently completed action: Kararating lang niya. 'He j u s t a r r i v e d . ' Confirmation marker nga 'really, certainly, truly': Oo, m a b a i t nga siya. 'Yes ( y o u ' r e r i g h t ) , h e ' s g o o d . ' N g a e x p r e s s e s c o n f i r m a t i o n , a s s e r t i o n or e m p h a s i s . Like n a m a n , it is f o u n d i n r e s p o n s e s r a t h e r t h a n i n i t i a l sentences. Rejoinder din 'also, too': M a g a n d a rin siya. 'She's also b e a u t i f u l . ' R i n is a v a r i a n t f o r m of d i n w h e n it o c c u r s a f t e r a v o w e l . M a n functions like din in:Ikaw man. 'You, too.'

51 Emphatic marker pala: Siyanga, pala... 'Look here...' Pala also expresses surprise at an unexpected event or happening: Oo, nga pala, ano? 'Yeah, that's right.' Aba, tapos ka na palang magtrabaho. 'Oh, so you have already finished working.' doon.

Affirmative response OJJ 'yes': 'Yes, he's going there.'

Oo, pupunta

Negative marker hindi' 'no, not': Hindi pupunta bukas. 'He won't go tomorrow.' doon.

Non-existence marker wala' 'He isn't there.'

'not there':

siya

siya Wala

Existence marker may, mayroon 'there is/are': Mayroong tao sa loob. 'There's somebody inside.' 2.8

siya May/

Markers

Markers are uninflected words with little or no meaning. They are used to indicate relationships among the elements or parts of a sentence. There are two types of markers: the relation markers and the nonrelation markers. 2.81

Relation Markers

Relation markers are placed before nouns or noun phrases that function as complements to the verbs. There are two types of relation markers: the Non-topic Relation Markers or Non-focus Markers, and the Topic Relation Marker. The Non-topic Relation Markers In a simple verbal sentence in Tagalog, the verb is followed by a string of noun phrases or complements each with a relation marker. This relation marker indicates the case relationship of the noun phrase to the sentence. There are three non-topic relation markers: n£, sa and para sa. Ng (pronounced nang) marks the noun phrase as either an actor, goal, or instrument complement to the verb .

52 Actor:

Kinuha ng bata lib ro .

Goal:

K u m u h a ang ng libro.

Ins trumental :

Pinukpok niya ng p a l u p a l o ang d a m i t.

Sa m a r k s

the n o u n

phrase

the n o u n

The child a book.

Topic

or F o c u s

got

S h e b e a t the l a u n d r y with a wooden paddle.

as a l o c a t i v e libro

phrase

complement.

The child got a b o o k from the table. as

a

benefactive

I bought a pair shoes for him.

B u m i l i ako ng s a p a t o s p a r a sa k a n i y a . The

The c h i l d got the b o o k .

bata

Kumuha ang bata ng sa m e s a . P a r a sa m a r k s complément.

ang

Relation

of

Marker

G e n e r a l l y o n e n o u n p h r a s e is m a r k e d as t o p i c o r f o c u s l of a t t e n t i o n in a s e n t e n c e . T h i s is d o n e b y a t o p i c m a r k e r w h i c h h a s no case m a r k i n g f u n c t i o n . The c a s e r e l a t i o n s h i p to the s e n t e n c e of t h i s t o p i c a l i z e d n o u n p h r a s e is i n d i c a t e d i n s t e a d b y t h e v e r b a l a f f i x . A n g is the f o c u s o r t o p i c m a r k e r . (See the ang p h r a s e s in the s e n t e n c e s a b o v e . ) T o p i c and n o n - t o p i c m a r k e r s are also i n d i c a t e d by proper noun markers, pronouns, and demonstratives. The f o l l o w i n g c h a r t g i v e s t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g f o r m s of e a c h .

1

Focus

and Topic

are

used

synonymously.

53 NON-FOCUS COMMON NOUN MARKER PROPER NOUN MARKER

MARKER

FOCUS

MARKER

ng

sa

para

sa

ang

(sg)

ni

kay

para

kay

si

(pl)

nina

kina

para

kina

sina

PRONOUNS

DEMONSTRATIVES

2.82

1

ko

(sa)

akin

para

sa akin

ako

2

mo

(sa)

iy o

para

sa iyo

ikaw,

3

niya

(sa)

kaniya

p a r a sa kaniya

s iy a

1

namin

(sa)

amin

para

sa amin

kami

natin

(sa)

atin

para

sa atin

tay o

2

niny o

(sa)

iny o

para

sa iny o

kayo

3

nila

(sa)

kanila

para sa kanila

sila

nito . niyan

dito

para

ito

diyan

para

diyan

íyan

niyon

doon

para

doon

iyon

Non-relation

There are comment marker The

dito

Markers

two k i n d s of n o n - r e l a t i o n a ^ and the c o n j u n c t i o n s .

Comment

ka

Marker

markers:

the

ay.

T h e n o r m a l o r d e r o f a T a g a l o g s e n t e n c e is t h e c o m m e n t (or p r e d i c a t e ) f o l l o w e d by the t o p i c (or s u b j e c t ) , or the verb f o l l o w e d b y the t o p i c t h e n the r e s t of t h e c o m m e n t . W h e n the n o r m a l o r d e r is i n v e r t e d , that is, w h e n the t o p i c c o m e s b e f o r e the c o m m e n t , the c o m m e n t is m a r k e d o f f f r o m t h e t o p i c b y The

54 particle marker.

is sometimes referred

Normal order : Inverted The

to as the

Pupunta siya sa b ahay.

inversion

They are going home .

order: Siya ay pupunta sa bahay.

Conjunctions.

The conjunctions join words, phrases or sentences either of equal or unequal rank. There are two types of conjunctions: the coordinators and the subordinators. The coordinators join words, phrases, and of equal rank. Some of them are as follows.

sentences

at 'and' Maganda, mabait at masunurin si Maria.

Maria is beautiful, good and obedient.

Bumili siya ng malaklng bahay at bagong kotse.

He bought a big house and a new car.

Kumanta si Maria at tumugtog naman si Pedro.

Maria sang and Pedro played (a musical ins trument).

Tutugtog siguro si Maria ng piyano o kakanta. pero

'but' Maganda ang bahay pero maliit lang.

upang

Perhaps Maria will play the piano or sing .

The house is beautiful but small.

'so that 1 Matulog ka ng umaga upang huwag kang mahuli.

Go to bed early so you won't be late.

55 The subordinator joins sentences of unequal rank, one being dependent or subordinated to the other. nang

'when' The horse was dead when the grass arrived.

Patay na ang kabayo nang dumating ang damo. kung

'if' I will sing if you do.

Kakanta ako kung kakanta ka. bago

1

before 1 The house burned down before the firemen came.

Sunog na ang bahay bago dumating ang bombero. 2. 9

Interjections

Interjections are exclamatory words used to express sudden or strong feeling. Some interjections are the following. Hey

Hoy

J

Oh; Alas (sudden reproach or emphatic denial)

Aba "I Ay Naku

(you)

(po)

Oh, Mother

S ayang

What a pity

Dali'

Quick

Aray Aruy

Ouch

Siya nal Tama naj

Enough

Tabi

Get back

Lay ayas 1 S ulong I

Go away

56

3.

Nakakayamot Nakakainis Nakakabuwisit

How

irritating

Nakakasuya

How

disgusting

Affixation in Word

base.

Bases

Affixes are bound forms attached to a root or word There are three kinds of affixes: Prefix, attached before a root or stem; mag-

+

ab-, b^-, or m-, the final —ng of p ang- becomes m-: pang + but as -*• pambutas. When attached to root words starting with t-, jl-, or n-, the final -n_£ becomes n-: pang + damo -»• pandamo. When prefixed to root words starting with , ng-, or h -, and vowel sounds, the -ng of pang- remains unchanged: pang + hiwa panghiwa'. Taga- before verb roots means 'one whose or work is the one expressed by the verb'.

occupation

Examples makinilya

to type

taga-makinilya

typist

hukay

to dig

tagahukay

digger

If prefixed to place nouns, it signifies a native or resident of a town, province, or country. Examples taga-Maynila'

from Manila, a resident of Manila

taga-Am^rika

a native of America, an American

The stressed affix mang-, prefixed to the root plus a reduplication of the second syllable of the stem (after the assimilation and loss of the initial consonant of the root have taken place), indicates occupation or a habitual kind of work. Examples Affix + Root

Assimilation

mang- + s^ayaw -»• man ay aw 'dance 1 + kulot -»- mangulot 'curl'

Reduplication of the second syllable mananay aw 'dancer' mangungulot 'beautician'

76

+ J_isda' ->• mangisda' 'fish'

-> mangingis da' 'fisherman 1

+ tahi 1 'sew'

-> mananahi' 'seamstress'

+ bili 'buy'

manahi' -»• mamili

->• mamimili 'customer, buyer'

When the initial consonant of the base is not lost like h-, and occasionally k-, the first CV- of the root is reduplicated. Examples mang- + hula' 'prediction' + ¿amot 'medicine,

manghuhula'

prophet, seer

-»- mangagamot cure'

+ kulam 'wit ch craft'

doctor

•+ mangkukulam

witch

Sometimes the -iig of mang- is modified according to the point of articulation of the initial consonant of the root (d-, JL-) . Examples mang- + dula' -*• mandul a 'drama, play'

-»• mandudula'

+ ¿akbay ->• manlakbay -*• manlalakbay 'travel'

playwright, dramatist traveler

(Note that the first CV- of the root is reduplicated too. ) Ka- or k a — a n relationship.

denotes some affinity or direct

Examples tulong

help

katulong

helper

sayaw

dance

kasayaw

dancing partner

77 away

fight

kaâway

enemy

tabi

side

katabi

s eatmate

s inta

loved one

kasintâhan

sweetheart

ibig

like, want

kaib igan

friend

b ây an

country

kababayan countrymen (+ reduplication of CV of root)

bata'

child

kababata'

III. 1.

BASIC SENTENCE

childhood friend

CONSTRUCTION

General

There are two types of Tagalog sentences: Predicational and the Identificational.^

the

The Predicational sentence type has the comment (or predicate) before the topic (or subject), whereas the Identificational type has the topic occurring before the comment. Predicational:

Tumakbo ang bata. (comment) (topic) 'ran' 'the child 1

Identificational: Ang bata ang tumakbo. (topic) (comment) 'It was the child who ran.' The predicational sentence has a definite marked by ang before common nouns or j^i before proper nouns.

topic personal

Amerikano s_i Jorge.

George is an American.

Nasa bahay sina Carmen.

Carmen (and her companions) are in the house.

Some grammarians

call this type

equational.

77 away

fight

kaâway

enemy

tabi

side

katabi

s eatmate

s inta

loved one

kasintâhan

sweetheart

ibig

like, want

kaib igan

friend

b ây an

country

kababayan countrymen (+ reduplication of CV of root)

bata'

child

kababata'

III. 1.

BASIC SENTENCE

childhood friend

CONSTRUCTION

General

There are two types of Tagalog sentences: Predicational and the Identificational.^

the

The Predicational sentence type has the comment (or predicate) before the topic (or subject), whereas the Identificational type has the topic occurring before the comment. Predicational:

Tumakbo ang bata. (comment) (topic) 'ran' 'the child 1

Identificational: Ang bata ang tumakbo. (topic) (comment) 'It was the child who ran.' The predicational sentence has a definite marked by ang before common nouns or j^i before proper nouns.

topic personal

Amerikano s_i Jorge.

George is an American.

Nasa bahay sina Carmen.

Carmen (and her companions) are in the house.

Some grammarians

call this type

equational.

78

Maganda ang babae.

The woman is beautiful.

Nag-aral ang mga estudyante.

The students

studied.

Ang- pronouns or ang- demonstratives may for the topic. Amerikano

substitut

He is an American.

siya.

This is beautiful.

Maganda ito.

The identificational sentence has two types: definite and the indefinite.

the

The definite sentence type has a topic marked by either ang or ^i and a comment marked only by ang.^ Marked Topic (Definite) Ang kriminal '(It was) the

Marked Comment (Definite) criminal

ang pumatay. who killed.'

Si Dick McGinn 'Dick McGinn

ang direktor. (is) the director.'

Siya 1 She

ang maganda. (is) the beautiful

Ito 'This

ang nasa bahay. (is what is) in the house

(one).

The indefinite sentence type has an unmarked topic (indefinite) and a marked comment (definite). An exception to this rule is when a personal pronoun or a demonstrative occurs in the topic position followed by a s_i phrase identifying the topic. Topic

Commen t

Ako

si Pedro.

Siya

si Binibining

I am Pedro.

Ito

si Ginoong

Paz,

Cruz.

She is Miss Paz. This is Mr.

Cruz.

This type of sentence is commonly used in introductions .

79 Unmarked Topic (Indefinite)

Marked Comment (Definite)

Kriminal 1 (A) criminal

an g purnatay. was the one who killed.'

Bata '(A) child

ang tumakbo. was the one who ran.'

Pulis '(A) policeman

ang matapang. was the strong

Santos 'S antos

ang pangalan niya. was his name.'

Construction of a Predicational

one.'

Sentence

The most common sentence is the Predicational type. A Tagalog predicational sentence consists of at least two major grammatical constituents or parts: the Topic (or what is usually referred to as the 'subject' in an English sentence) and the Comment which is similar to the 'predicate' in function. The regular order of these two basic elements is as follows: Comment

+

(Predicate)

Topic (Subject)

In an English sentence the regular arrangement of the two major grammatical elements is the opposite: Subj ect 2 .1

+

Predicate

The Topic

The topic (or subject) may be either a non-verbal or a verbal phrase. The non-verbal topic of a sentence is a noun or a noun phrase (a noun with its attributes) introduced by the focus-marking particles ang or sjL. Ang precedes common nouns such as babae 'woman', bata 'child 1 , etc. Si is followed by proper nouns such as Pedro, Maria, etc. The ang phrase or ^i phrase can be replaced by the ako set of pronouns or the ito set of demonstratives.

80 Henceforth, the ako set of pronouns, the i to set of demonstratives and the ang/si marked noun phrases will be referred to as the ang pronouns, the ang demonstratives, and the ang phrases respectively. their

The following give examples of the ang phrases substitutes.

and

(1) Ang phrases. Number

Si + Proper Noun

Ang + Common Noun

Singular

si Pedro 'Pedro'

ang lapis ' the pencil'

Plural

s ina Pedro 'Pedro and his companions'

ang (mga)^ lapis ' the pencils'

(2) Ang Number

pronouns. Person

kata2

you and I

2

ikaw/ka

you

3

siya

he/she

kami

we (I and others)

tayo

we (I, you and others)

kayo

you

sila

they

1-2

1

(dual)

(excl)

1-2

(incl)

Mga as a plural marker is optional. 2

Gloss

ako

Singular

Plural

Ang Pronoun

The use of kata is regional now.

(pi)

81 (3) Ang

demonstratives.

Number

Ang

Singular

ito/iri 1

this one

(here)

iy an

that one

(far)

iyon

that one

(yonder)

Plural

Demonstrative

ang mga

ito/iri

Gloss

these ones

(here)

ang mga iyan

those ones

(far)

ang mga iyon

those ones

(yonder)

The topic is any noun phrase complement which is the focus of attention in the sentence. It can be the doer, the object, the beneficiary, the instrument, or the location of the action. A non-verbal topic phrase has basically a noun preceded by ang. However ang may also precede an adjective, a prepositional phrase, an existential phrase or an adverbial phrase. In each case the entire construction including ang is the topic. The following illustrate with the topic underlined. (1) Nominal Phrase Common Pronoun

Demonstrative

Tumakbo ang bata.

The child

Tumakbo s iya.

He ran.

Tumakbo

This

ito.

ran.

(one) ran

Proper Nasa bayan si Pedro.

Pedro is in town.

(2) Adjectival Phrase Nanalo ang maganda.

The beautiful won.

Walang anak ang mayaman.

The rich (one) (is) childless.

^Ir i is a regional variant of ito.

(one)

82 (3) Prepositional

Phrase

S a phrase Primera premyo ang sa Maynila.

The (one) for Manila (is the) first prize.

Nasa phrase Nawala ang nasa kaniya. That (which is) with him/in his possession got lost. Para sa phrase Nahulog ang para sa bata'. (4) Existential

The (one) for the child fell/dropped.

Phrase

Maganda ang may

asawa.

The married beautiful.

(one is)

(5) Adverbial Phrase Adverb of time Parada ang bukas.

The (one for) tomorrow (is a) parade.

Adverb of manner Mas mabuti ang patagilid.

That (position which is) on the side is better.

The topic of a predicational sentence can be a verb preceded by ang. This marked verbal form is nominalized and usually constitutes the topic of the sentence unless there is another ang construction or an ang pronoun in the sentence in which case the ang verbal phrase then becomes the definite comment. Note the following

examples.

Mahirap ang magluto'.

It is difficult to cook.

83 Madali ang kumain.

It is easy to eat.

Masarap ang matulog.

It is nice to sleep.

In rapid speech, the topic marker ang is often dropped except where the comment ends with a vowel like madali in which case ang is contracted to -ng and attached to the word: Madalin^ kumain pero mahirap magluto 1 . 'It is easy to eat but difficult to cook.' Further examples Nalunod ang

follow.

lumalangoy.

Kumakanta ang nagtatrabaho•

The ones working singing.

Humihilik

The one sleeping is snoring.

ang natutulog.

Nahuli ang nagnakaw.

2.2

The one swimming drowned. are

The one who stole (some thing) was caugh t.

The Comment

The comment (or predicate) of a predicational sentence may be either a non-verbal or a verbal phrase. 2.21

Non-verbal

Phrases

Non-verbal phrases include a nominal phrase, an adjectival phrase, a prepositional phrase, an adverbial phrase or an existential phrase (phrase introduced by existential particles may/mayroon). These non-verbal phrases are descriptive in nature. These phrases occurring in the comment position (before the ang phrasç) are illustrated in the following sentences. (1) Nominal phrase

comment

Doktor ang lalake.

The man is a doctor.

Pebrero ang kaarawan ko.

My birthday February.

is in

84 (2) Adjectival phrase

comment

Payat ang bata.

The child is thin.

Pangit ang

The unmarried woman is ugly .

dalaga.

Maganda ang bahay.

The house is beautiful.

Matalino ang guro'

The teacher is intelligent .

Mahirap

ang magturo 1 .

Teaching is difficult.

(3) Prepositional phrases as comment tion)

a. With s_a and the ^a pronouns

(specifying

Sa atin

loca-

our

Sa iny o

ang handa.

The party is at your

place

Sa amin

our

Sa kanila.

their

If personal proper nouns location, kina is used before plural form of kay: Kina Joy at Joy's (place) or at Joy's

are the ang (and

(excl)

used to indicate name. Kina is the handa. 'The party is her family's place).'

The demonstrative pronouns that can replace locative phrases marked by are di to, diy an and doon. They are referred to as sa demonstratives. here .

Dito Diy an

ang parada.

The parade is

there. over there.

Doon

S a pronouns also indicate possession. The s_a marker before the SJL pronouns however is not obligatory in this position. These forms may appear in the topic position as follows: Akin ang lapis.

The pencil is mine.

Iyo ang kotse.

The car is yours.

Kanila ang

The store is theirs.

tindahan.

85 Kay and kina before proper nouns are also used to indicate possession: Kay Lina ang belo. 'The veil is Lina's. 1 Kina Jose ang pagkain. 'The food is Jose's and his companions.' b. With nasa (definite position or location of objects that are usually small or movable) Nasa sala ang piyano.

The piano is in the living room.

Nasa mesa ang pambura.

The eraser is on the

Nasa bahay ang plants a.

The flat iron is in the house.

Nasa opisina ang makinilya.

The typewriter is in the office.

The nasa constructions may also express of the topic. e topic my

Nasa akin Nakay Fe Nakina Juan

ang lapis, The pencil is in

Nas a es tudyante

table.

possession

possession.

Fe ' s possession. Juan and his company ' s possession . the student's possession.

Like the j^a pronouns, the s_a demonstratives can also take n_a-. The combination results in the forms nandito, nandiyan, nandoon with the variant forms narito, nariyan, and naroon, respectively. Both forms are commonly used. Nandi to (Narito) Nandiyan ang sasakyan. (Nariyan) Nandoon (Naroon)

here. The vehicle is there over

there.

86 c. With para sa (benefactive

comments)

Para sa bisita

for the visitor

Para sa kaniya ang pagkain.

The food is for him.

Para dito

for this (place).

Kay/kina replaces jsa in para sa when what is a personal proper noun. Para kay

Loida

Para kina Cres

ang regalo.

The gift is

follows

for Loida. for Cres and her comp anions.

Thus the para s a phrase expresses that its topic (usually an object) is for somebody, for something, or for some place. Para sa bata ang kendi.

The candy is for the child.

Para kay Ben ang pitaka'.

The wallet is for Ben.

Para sa iyo ang

The belt is for you.

sinturon.

This is for that.

Para diyan ito. Para sa mesa ang

tapete.

This tablecloth is for the table.

d. With the existential phrases (the existence or the possession of something--may/mayroon 'there is'; wala, non-existence) The sentences below give only the possessive function of the existential phrase. The existential function of may/mayroon is illustrated under topicless sentences. May asawa ang babae.

The woman has a spouse.

May aso ako.

1 have a dog.

Mayroong asawa si Mang Juan.

Mang Juan has a spouse.

87

Mayroonjj bahay Walang ko.

asawa

Walang

pera

sila.

ang

guro

ang n a n a y .

They h a v e

a house.

My t e a c h e r

has

Mother

no

has

no

spouse,

money.

N o t e t h a t b o t h m a y r o o n and w a l a t a k e a l i n k e r b e f o r e an i m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w i n g o b j e c t . May d o e s n o t . E i t h e r m a y r o o n o r w a l a can s t a n d a l o n e as a s i n g l e - w o r d r e s p o n s e b u t n o t may. U n l i k e m a y r o o n , may i s a l w a y s f o l l o w e d i m m e d i a t e l y by t h e o b j e c t w o r d o f w h o s e e x i s t e n c e o r p o s s e s s i o n i t is referring to. W i t h m a y r o o n , one can s a y M a y r o o n kaming l a p i s b u t n e v e r *May kaming l a p i s . I t s h o u l d be May l a p i s k a m i .

of

e . With manner) Bukas

adverbial

ang

Ka-hapon

parada. ang

Sa l i n g g o

ang

Patagilid niya. 2.22

Verbal

sabong.

ang

Santa

lakad

ang

(time

words

The p a r a d e

suweldo.

ang

Noong Mayo Cruzan. Faluhod

phrases

niya.

tulog

Pay

is

day was

Cockfighting Sunday. The S a n t a May. He w a l k e d He s l e p t

or

adverbs

tomorrow.

yesterday. will

be

C r u z a n was on h i s on h i s

on last

knees. side,

Phrases

A v e r b a l p h r a s e i s composed o f a v e r b w i t h o r without i t s a t t r i b u t e s . A v e r b may c o - o c c u r w i t h one o r more c o m p l e m e n t s . A c o m p l e m e n t i s a noun p h r a s e r e l a t e d t o t h e v e r b as i t s a c t o r , o b j e c t , b e n e f a c t o r , l o c a t i o n , or i n s t r u m e n t . V e r b s as a g r a m m a t i c a l c a t e g o r y a r e d i f f e r e n t i a t e d f r o m o t h e r p a r t s o f s p e e c h by t h e i r b e i n g marked f o r f o c u s and a s p e c t .

88 Fo cus Focus refers to the grammatical relationship that exists between the verb and one verbal complement marked by the focus marker ang. This complement is referred to as the topic of the sentence. The relation(1) the actor ship of the topic to the verb may be: who does or originates the action; (2) the goal which is the object of the action; (3) the locative which is the place of the action; (4) the benefactive who or which is the beneficiary of the action; or (5) the ins trument which is the tool or means used to bring about the action. The topic of the sentence may not only be represented by the ang phrase but also by the ang substitutes, either an ang pronoun or an ang demonstrative. A verbal affix indicates one of these relationships of the topic to the verb. Focus may be viewed as referring to voice, except that in Tagalog or in most Philippine languages, the division would not be limited to the English active and passive voices. The English active voice may be equated to the Tagalog actor focus; the English passive voice to the goal focus, but Tagalog adds three more focuses, the locative, the benefactive, and the instrumental, marked differently in the verb stem. Some linguists analyzed Tagalog as having three or four sub-types in the passive voice. In this grammar, focus will be used instead of voice and five types of focus will be discussed. These five types of grammatical relationships that exist between the verb and one focused verbal complement (or topic) are marked,as indicated above, by verbal affixes. (1) Some verbal affixes that indicate that the actor, doer, or the originator of the action is in focus are -um-, mag-, mang-, ma-, and maka-. These may be illustrated as follows. Actor Focus

Ve rb

Topic (Actor)

-Um-:

Bumili

ang bata

Remainder

Gloss

ng tinapay. The child bought some bread.

89 Mag- :

Magbili

ka

ng

gulay.

(You) sell some v e g e tables .

Mang-:

Nanghuli

ito

ng

daga.

This (one) caught a rat.

Ma-:

Natulog

si

Maka- :

Nakas a s ay aw Nakakas ay aw

ako

ng " P a n danggo s a Haw".

Makap a g - :

Nakap a g luluto Nakakapagluto

s iy a

ng

Mila

kanina.

Mila slept a while ago.

adobo.

can dance "Pandanggo sa Ilaw". She can cook "adobo".

(2) Verbal a f f i x e s that i n d i c a t e that the topic of the s e n t e n c e i s the o b j e c t or goal of the a c t i o n i n c l u d e - i n , 1 L - , - a n , and m a - . - I n i s commonly u s e d as the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c g o a l f o c u s m a r k e r . Goal Fo c u s

Verb

Act o r

Topic

(Goal)

Gloss

Bilhin

mo

ang

tinapay.

(You)

buy

the

Isulat

mo

ang

kuwento.

(You) w r i t e s to ry .

-an

Labhaii

mo

ang

damit.

(You) wash dress.

ma-

N a s a s ayaw

ko

ang

Pandanggo.

I

can dance Pandanggo.

bread.

the the the

( 3 ) The v e r b a l a f f i x e s t h a t i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e t o p i c i s the l o c a t i o n of the a c t i o n or the a c t i o n is d o n e t o w a r d t h a t d i r e c t i o n i n c l u d e - i n , - a i l , and pag—jin. In most c a s e s - o n i s used f o r t h i s focus.

90

Topic (Location)

Locative

Verb

-an

Puntahan

mo ang bah ay niya. (You) go to their house.

-in

Akyatin

mo ang bundok.

(You) climb the mountain.

pag--an

Paglabhan

mo ang b a t y a 1 .

(You) wash the clothes in the basin.

Actor

Gloss

m a p a g — a n Napaglutuan ko ang palayok.

I was able to cook in the pot.

(4) The verbal affixes that indicate that the topic is the beneficiary of the action are generally or ipag-. In a very few cases, -an is used. Benefactive

ipag-

Verb

Actor

Topic (Beneficiary) Goal

Ibili

mo

ang nanay

Ipaglaba

mo

ang maysakit ng damit.

Bilhan

ang bata

ng sapatos.

ng

Gloss (You) buy (a pair of) shoes (for) Mother. (You) wash clothes (for) the sick one.

sapatos, (You) buy shoes (for) the child.

(5) The verbal affix that refers to anything used or acted upon to bring about the action as topic is ipang- usually shortened to i-.

91 Ins trumental

Verb

ipang-

Ipanghiwa

i(pang)- Ipunas

Actor

Topic (Instrument)

Gloss

mo

ang kutsllyo. (You) use the knife to cut.

mo

ang basahan.

(You) use the rag to wipe (something)

ang bangong walls.

I was able to use the new broom for cleaning.

maipang- Naipanglinis ko

Aspect Tagalog verbs are inflect ed for aspect rather than tense as in English. Aspects indicate whether the action has started or not, and , if started, whether it has been completed or if it is still continuing. The three aspects are (1) complete cli for action started and terminated, (2) contemplated, for action not started, and (3) incompleted, for actio n started but not yet completed or action still in p rogress. The form of the verb that is not inflected for aspect is neutral and may be called the Infinitive f orm. The infinitive form of the verb is used for comman ds or imperatives. The closest equivalents of the Tagalog aspects in English are the past, future, and progressive tenses to equate with completed, contemplated and incompleted respectively. The processes involved in verbal inflection to Indicate the different aspects differ according to the focus affix taken by the verb. Actor focus verbs are inflected follows.

for aspect as

The mag- affix is neutral as to aspect. Usually a simple replacement of m- by ii- shows that an action has started. Neutral:

maglaba

to wash

Completed:

naglaba.

washed

(clothes) (clothes)

92 When the action has started, a further distinction is made as to whether it is still going on or it has been completed. Partial reduplication (i.e., repetition of one syllable of the word) signals continuation or progress of the action as distinct from action that has stopped or been completed. Continuous:

nag-la-laba

washing

Completed:

nag-laba

washed

(clothes) (clothes)

The contemplated aspect, because the action has not started and is merely contemplated or anticipated, retains the m- and the first syllable, CV- or V- of the verb base is reduplicated to indicate the "incompletedness" of the action. mag-li-linis

is cleaning

mag-a-aral

is studying

Unlike the mag- affix, the -um- verb does not have any overt marker or signal that indicates the completed aspect. Its neutral or infinitive form is the same as its completed form. Neutral:

Tumula ako.

I recite a poem.

Completed:

Tumula ako.

I recited a poem.

The affix um- is placed before the first vowel of the verb root or base, so it is an infix if the base starts with a consonant, and a prefix if it starts with a vowel. um- + langoy um- + inom

1-um-angdy -»• um-indm

to swim; swam to drink;

drank

The um- affix is lost with the contemplated (future) aspect. The first CV- (consonant-vowel) or V(if the base starts with a vowel) of the verb root is reduplicated. This same type of reduplication with the um- affix indicates the incompleted aspect. Note the following.

93 a. V e r b b a s e :

basa

'read'

Infinitive/Neutral

b-um-asa

Completed

b-um-asa

(past)

Contemplated Incompleted b. Verb

base:

(future) (progressive) inom

ba-basa b-um-a-basa

'drink'

Infinitive/Neutral

um-inom

Completed

um-inom

(past)

Contemplated Incompleted

(future) (progressive)

i-inom um-i-inom

The ma- verb aspect f o r m a t i o n rules follow closely the m a g - v e r b a s p e c t f o r m a t i o n r u l e s . N o t e the same r u l e s o r p r o c e s s e s of f o r m a t i o n i n t h e f o l l o w i n g examples. a. V e r b

base:

tulog

'sleep'

Infinitive/Neutral

ma-túlog

C o m p l e ted

na-túlo g

Contemplated

ma-1u-1úlo g

Incomple ted

na-tu-túlo g

b. Verb

base:

upo'

'sit'

Infinitive

ma-upó'

Completed

na-upó'

Contemplated

ma-u-upó'

Incompleted

na-u-upó'

T h e m a n g - a f f i x u n d e r g o e s the s a m e p r o c e s s as the m a g - a n d m a - a f f i x e s b u t t h e r e a r e s o m e c h a n g e s i n the f i n a l n a s a l s o u n d of t h e a f f i x as it is i n f l u e n c e d b y the f o l l o w i n g i n i t i a l s o u n d of the r o o t . These are r e f e r r e d to as m o r p h o p h o n e m i c c h a n g e s . There

is p a r t i a l

assimilation where

the

final

nasal

94 sound /-ng/ of the affix is modified according to the point of articulation of the sound that immediately follows it. After the change of the /-n^/ to -m or -n, the first consonant of the root is dropped. mang- + bili

marnili

to buy

pila -+• marnila mang- + tahi'

to choose

-»• man ahi'

to sew

dalangin -»• manalangin

to pray

sunog

to burn

mang- + kuha

manunog -> manguha

to get

'isda -* mangisda'

to fish

Verb bases having initial consonants ^ and a few with d^ retain these sounds after the final /-n^/ of mang- has undergone the sound change: mang- + likum -*• manlikum damo

to collect

mandamó

to weed

The second syllable (first CV or V) of the affixed form that has undergone morphophonemic changes is reduplicated to indicate the incompleted forms of the verbs: mang- + bili mamimili. Some other forms with mangRoot

Neutral

follow.

Completed

Contemplated

Incompleted

mang- pili 1 mamili' 'to choose1

namili 1

mamimili'

namimili 1

mang- tahi' manahi' 'to sew'

nanahi'

mananahi'

nananahi'

mang- sunog manunog 'to burn'

nanunog

manununog

nanununog

mang- kuha manguha 'to get'

nanguha

mangunguha

nangunguha

manggugulo

nanggugulo

mang- gulo manggulo nanggulo 'to make trouble'

95 mang- likum manlikum 'to collect'

nanlikum • manlilikum

nanlilikum

mang- damo mandamo 'to weed'

nandamo

mandadamo

nandadamo

mang- isda' manglsda' nangisda' 'to fish'

mangingisda'

nangingisda'

mang- hull manghuli nanghuli 'to catch (something)'

manghuhuli

nanghuhull

The maka- affix is inflected like the ma-/magverbs except that in many cases, unexplainable by native speakers, the last CV of the affix is reduplicated rather than the first CV- or V- of the root. In other cases, either one is acceptable. Root:

sayaw

'to dance'

Aspect

Formulation

Example

Gloss

Neutral

maka + root

makasayaw

to be able to dance

Completed

naka + root

nakas ayaw

was able to dance

Contemplated

maka + C^V^ + root makasasayaw will be able to dance makakasay aw. makaka + root

Incompleted

naka + C . ^ + root nakas as ay aw being able to dance nakakasayaw nakaka + root

To express involuntary or accidental action, the affix receives an additional stress. makabasa

to be able to read

(ability)

makabasa

to be able to read (accidental)

unintentionally

Unlike the previous actor focus affixes, makiverbs only reduplicate the last syllable of the affix instead of the first CV-/V- of the base for the contemplated and the incompleted aspects.

96 Verb base:

as

bill

'to buy'

Infinitive

makibili

Completed

nakibili

Contemplated

makikib ili

Incompleted

nakikibilí

The non-actor focus verbs are inflected follows.

for aspect

The -an affix is always suffixed to the verb root. To indicate started action, -in-is affixed before the first vowel of the verb base. Verb base:

punas

Neutral

'to wipe' punasan

Completed

pinunasan

Contemplated

pupunasan

Incompleted

pinupunasan

In most cases, the word base stress shifts to the next syllable after the -an is suffixed. When the verb base ends in a vowel sound, -an becomes -han. Verb base:

punt a

'to go'

Neutral

puntahán

Completed

pinuntahán

Contemplated

pupuntahán

Incompleted

pinupuntahán

The -iji verb inflects for aspect the same way - an does, except that the -ill suffix is dropped when the -in- to indicate started action occurs.

97 Verb base:

alis

' to remove'

Neutral

alls in

Completed

inalis

Contemplated

aalisin

Incomple ted

lnaalis

Note that only when -In is suffixed to the root is there a shift of the word-base stress to the next syllable. Otherwise the stress remains in the same position as found in the root. As in the -an verbs, when the verb base ends in a vowel sound, -ill becomes -hin. Verb base:

basa

'to read'

Neutral

basahin

Completed

b inas a

Contemplated

b ab as ahin

Incompleted

b inab asa

There are some word bases that drop their final unstressed vowels when the -iri/-an form is suffixed to the root. The reduced form is more common in speech. lab a

+ an -»• lab ah an

labhan

bili

+ in -»• bilihin -* bilhin

dala

+ in

gawa' + in

dalahin -*• dalhin gawain

gawin

Another modified form is exemplified by kuha + - in which by the regular process of change should have been kuha + -hin. However this form becomes kunin. Another irregular formation in colloquial use is in- with verb bases that begin with . In these cases the affix in- changes to ni- and is prefixed to the base to form the completed and incompleted aspects. It is only true for verb forms where the action has started. The other forms follow the regular process of change.

98 Completed

Incompleted

in + luto'

niluto'

niluluto*

in + linis

nilfnis

nililinis

in + laga'

nilaga'

nilalaga'

However, in some parts of the Tagalog-speaking region, these verbs luto', laga', and linis follow the regular process of change in inflecting for aspect. The i- affix is always prefixed to the root. following chart shows the aspect formation of the verb. Verb base:

abot

'hand

The

over'

Neutral

iabot

Completed

iniabot

Contemplated

iaabot

Incompleted

iniaabot

Note the metathesis or inversion of the affix -in to ni- when the verb base starts with a vowel. This is also true when the base starts with h- or n- or 1(at least in most instances). i + hatid -* inihatid

inihahatid

i + yari' -> iniyari'

iniyayari'

i + nakaw

ininakaw

ininanakaw

i + linis -»• inilinis

inililinis

Verb base:

tapon

'to throw'

Neutral

i tapon

Comple te d

itinapon

Contemplated

itatapon

Incomple te d

i tinatapon

Note that -.in does not change in form when after the initial consonant of the verb root.

infixed

99 Ipag- verbs behave like the other verbs except that -in- the indicator of action started is infixed in the affix rather than in the verb root. Verb base:

luto'

'to cook 1

Infinitive

ipagluto'

Completed

ipinagluto'

Contemplated

ipagluluto'

Incompleted

ipinagluluto'

The ipang- verb is inflected in the same manner as the ipag- verb. The only difference is that the final nasal sound of the affix undergoes the same morphophonemic changes undergone by the mang- affix. ipang-+ butas •+• ipambutas Neutral

ipambutas

Completed

ipinambutas

Incompleted

ipinambubutas

Contemplated

ipambubutas

Pang- undergoes the same morphophonemic the final nasal as does mang-. Pang—iii with the following bases Neutral pili' pamili'in tahi panahi'in kuha panguhiin is da' pangisda'in

Comple ted 'to choose' pinamili' 'to sew' pinanahi'

changes

for

illustrates.

Contemplated

Incomple ted

pamimili'in

pinamimili'

pananahi'in

pinananahi

pangunguhlin

pinangunguha

pangngingiisda'in

pinangingisdi'

panghuhulihin

pinanghuhuli

1

'to get pinanguha 'to fish' pinangisdi'

hull 'to catch' panghulihin pinanghuli

100 N o t e the s h i f t i n s t r e s s to t h e n e x t s y l l a b l e w h e n a s u f f i x is a d d e d to the v e r b s t e m . N o t e a l s o the a b s e n c e of the s u f f i x - i n w h e r e the - i n - s i g n i f y i n g a c t i o n s t a r t e d is p r e s e n t . T h e a s p e c t f o r m a t i o n of the a b i l i t a t i v e or a p t a t i v e g o a l f o c u s m a - v e r b is s i m i l a r to the a c t o r f o c u s m a verb . Verb

base:

kain

'eat'

Infinitive

makain

C o m p l e te d

nakain

Contemplated

makakâin

Incompleted

nakakain

Verb

base:

abot

'to h a n d

Infinitive

maabót

C o m p l e te d

naabót

Contemplated

maaabót

Incomple ted

naaabót

over'

T h e p r e f i x m a - is s t r e s s e d w h e n the a c t i o n is a c c i d e n t a l or u n i n t e n t i o n a l : m a d a l a 'to b e a b l e to carry' m a d a l a 'to c a r r y b y a c c i d e n t , o r u n i n t e n t i o n a l l y ' P a k i - , like its actor focus c o u n t e r p a r t makir e d u p l i c a t e d to i n d i c a t e n o n - c o m p l e t e d a c t i o n . Verb

2.3

base:

bili

'to

buy'

Infini tive

pakib ili

C o m p le t e d

pinakibili

Contemplated

pakikib ili

Incomple ted

p i n a k i k i b ili

The

Complement

T h e t o p i c is a l w a y s i n a f o c u s r e l a t i o n to the a c t i o n e x p r e s s e d by t h e v e r b a l p r e d i c a t e o r c o m m e n t . O t h e r n o u n p h r a s e s m a y b e r e l a t e d to the v e r b as a c t o r ,

101 g o a l , b e n e f a c t o r , l o c a t o r or i n s t r u m e n t also, but not be in focus. These c o m p l e m e n t s are composed of a n o n - f o c u s p a r t i c l e plus a n o u n and its a t t r i b u t e s , if any, or n o u n phrase substitutes. W h e n the v e r b a l c o m p l e m e n t is not in focus, it is m a r k e d by p a r t i c l e s nj>, j^a, or para sa i n d i c a t i n g the g r a m m a t i c a l function of the c o m p l e m e n t in the s e n t e n c e . In b a s i c s e n t e n c e s , the actor, goal and ins t r u m e n t a l c o m p l e m e n t s are i n t r o d u c e d by the m a r k e r n £ and are called n_g phrase c o m p l e m e n t s . E x a m p l e s of the n_g p h r a s e s and their s u b s t i t u t e s follow. An actor c o m p l e m e n t is composed of the nj>/i^i m a r k e r followed by a common or p r o p e r n o u n or any of the appropriate phrase substitutes. B i n i l i ng b a b a e ang niy a ni to ni M a r i a

damit.

The w o m a n b o u g h t She This (one) Maria

the

dress,

A goal c o m p l e m e n t is composed of the m a r k e r n g / n i followed by either the common or p r o p e r n o u n or appropriate s u b s t i t u t e s . Bumili

si

M a r i a ng damit. nito.

Maria

b o u g h t a dress. this (one)

The goal c o m p l e m e n t does not admit p e r s o n a l p r o p e r nouns marked by n i / n i n a and nj» p r o n o u n s . If the pronoun has to appear as the n o n - f o c u s e d object of the s e n t e n c e , it h a s to be a s_a p r o n o u n . The same is true for the p e r s o n a l n o u n . It has to be m a r k e d by k a y / k i n a . Goal Pinatay

Luis si P e d r o . s iy a.

ni

Goal Si Luis

Focus Pedro He

(was

the one)

killed by Luis.

Complement

ang

pumatay kay Pedro. sa k a n i y a .

Luis

killed Pedro. him.

102

A n i n s t r u m e n t a l c o m p l e m e n t is c o m p o s e d of the m a r k e r n_g/n_i o r t h e p h r a s e ^ a p a m a m g i t a n n_g/n_i f o l l o w e d by a c o m m o n or p r o p e r n o u n or a p p r o p r i a t e s u b s t i t u t e s for the p h r a s e . Binato

ng

Ì

n i y a |"ng ng u n a n nito

ang bata.

He

t h r e w [the Fth« p i l l o w [it

N o t e t h a t t h e nj£ p h r a s e s a b o v e p r o n o u n s a n d nj» d e m o n s t r a t i v e s .

can be

replaced

at th child by

I n the p r e c e d i n g e x a m p l e n o t e t h a t the a c t o r a n d t h e g o a l a r e m a r k e d b y nj* w h e n n o t i n f o c u s . By simply l o o k i n g a t the m a r k e r o n e c a n n o t t e l l w h i c h of the two g r a m m a t i c a l f u n c t i o n s it h a s . This distinction however is m a d e c l e a r by the v e r b s t e m . If the v e r b h a s a n u m - , m a g - o r m a - a f f i x , t h e f o c u s is o n the a c t o r ; h e n c e , the ng p h r a s e s that can o c c u r w i t h it w i l l u s u a l l y be a goal. O n the o t h e r h a n d , if t h e a f f i x is -_in, t h e f o c u s is o n t h e g o a l a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e nj> p h r a s e t h a t o c c u r s w i t h i t is t h e a c t o r . A n o t h e r nj> p h r a s e w h i c h c a n a l s o o c c u r i n a s e n t e n c e w i t h a g o a l t o p i c is an instrumental complement. Very often the s e m a n t i c f e a t u r e of t h e n o u n ( u s u a l l y a t o o l , o r the m e a n s to b r i n g a b o u t t h e a c t i o n ) f o l l o w i n g t h e m a r k e r nj> s u g g e s t s i t s f u n c t i o n i n the s e n t e n c e . E x a m p l e s of the nj> p h r a s e c o m p l e m e n t s a n d pronoun and d e m o n s t r a t i v e substitutes follow. (1) N g

its

phrases

Singular Plural

(2) Nj> f o r m s Singular

ni Pedro 'of/by Pedro1

ng babae 'of/by the

n-ina P e d r o 'of/by Pedro and his companions (or a n d o t h e r s ) '

ng mga 'of/by

of the 1 2 3

woman'

babae the w o m e n '

personal pron ko mo niya

of/by of/by of/by

him/her;

his/her

103 Plural

1 2 3

namin natin ninyo nila

of/by of/by of/by of/by

us; our us; our you; you them; th

Ng forms of the demonstrative p ronouns S ingular

nire nito niy an noon

Plural

ng ng ng ng

mga mga mga mga

iri ito iy an iyon

of/by of/by of /by of/by

this (ve this (ne that (fa that (fa

of/by of/by of/by of /by

these these thos e those

(very near) (near) (far) (farther)

A locative complement is composed of the s_a marker plus a common or proper noun or any appropriate substifor the phrase. tute Pumunta ang mga tao sa bayan. doon. kina Aling Maria, sa amin. 'The people went to town.' there.' to Aling Maria's to us (incl) . '

(place).'

Note again that ^ a pronouns and demonstratives substitute for the £ a phrases.

can

A benefactive complement is composed of the marker para sa plus a common or proper noun or any appropriate substitutes. Bumili siya ng tinapay para sa bata. kay Pedro. sa kaniya. sa bahay. dito.

104 'He bought bread

for the child.' Pedro.' him. ' the house.' this (place).'

Again, note that sji phrases after para can be replaced by s_a + j^a pronouns or by j^a demonstratives. 2.4

Verbal Co-occurrence with

Complements

We have noted that verbs with focus affixes mark syntactic relations between the verb and its topic in the sentence. It should further be noted that there are co-occurrence restrictions between the verb stems and their syntactic complements. Verbs may be characterized by the privilege with which the basic complements can occur with them. Some complements are obligatory (required) with certain verbs, optional (may or may not occur) with others, and absent with others. Depending on the focus as marked by the verbal affix, Tagalog verbs select the various complements which we have categorized as actor complement, goal complement, locative complement, benefactive complement and instrumental complement. Almost all sentences have one of these complements as the topic of the sentence introduced by the topic marker ang. We must stress that there can be only one such focused complement in a verbal sentence; all the other four possible complements, if they occur, must be in a non-focus relationship with the verb. Let us examine each of the five focus constructions for obligatory, optional and absence of complement co-occurrence with the different verb focuses. (1) Actor focus verbs and their

complements

Um- verbs may or may not occur with a ment, a locative complement, a benefactive and an instrumental complement. The topic underlined in the following, and the other enclosed in parentheses.

goal complecomplement will be complement

105 Examples Tumakbo Kumain bata.

ang (ng

Pumunta nanay. Bumili (para

(sa

bata. saging)

The

The c h i l d banana) .

ang

palengke)

Mother

ang

ako ( n g s a p a t o s ) sa k a n i y a ) .

ate

went

(a

(to

market)

She g o t (some s o u p ) ( w i t h the l a d l e ) .

complement present.

Mag- v e r b s u s u a l l y ments. The t h r e e o t h e r op t i o n a l .

ran.

JE b o u g h t ( a p a i r o f shoes) ( f o r him).

Kumuha s i y a ( n g sab aw) ( s a p a m a m a g i t a n ng sandok). A benefactive complement i s a l s o

child

only

occurs

when

a

goal

have o b l i g a t o r y g o a l complen o n - f o c u s complements a r e

Examples Maglinis

ka

(ng

You c l e a n

bahay).

M a g l i n i s k_a ( n g b a h a y ) prob i n s y a ) .

(sa

(the

house)

You c l e a n ( t h e h o u s e ) ( i n the p r o v i n c e ) .

M a g l i n i s ka ( n g b a h a y ) ( p a r a sa k a n i y a ) .

You c l e a n ( t h e (for her).

M a g l i n i s kji ( n g b a h a y ) ( s a p a m a m a g i t a n ng i s i s ) .

You c l e a n ( t h e h o u s e ) ( b y means of isis leaves).

Mang- v e r b s l i k e mag- v e r b s u s u a l l y h a v e o b l i g a t o r y g o a l complements. The t h r e e o t h e r ments a r e o p t i o n a l .

house)

comple-

Examples ka

(ng

isda).

You c a t c h

M a n g h u l i lea (sa i l o g ) .

(ng

isda)

You c a t c h ( f i s h ) the r i v e r ) .

Manghuli

(fish). (in

106 Manghuli k_a (ng lsda) (sa pamamagitan ng lambat).

You catch (fish) (by means of the net).

Manghuli ka (ng isda) (para sa pamilya mo).

You catch (fish) your family).

(for

Certain mang- verbs that do not take an obligatory goal complement are those that express the goal already in the verb base: Mangingisda ako (sa dagat). 'I'll go fishing (in the sea).' Ma- verbs do not co-occur with goal complements. They often occur optionally with locative complements. Example s Matulog kji (sa sofa).

You sleep

Nalunod siya (sa dagat) . Nagutom si Ana (sa sine).

drowned

(on the sofa). (in the sea)

Ana got hungry (in the movie house).

(2) Goal focus verbs and their

complements

Most verbs in the goal focus construction (-iji/-jui/i^ verbs) take an actor non-focus complement. However, there are some that take this complement op tionally. Examples Puputulin ang mea puno'.

The trees will be cut down.

Lalaban ang mga damit.

The clothes will be washed.

The locative complements are almost always optional. However, some verbs like ilagay 'to put' require a locative complement. The most common occurrence of optional benefactive and instrumental complements is with verbs like the following.

107 Bibilhin (ng bata) ang gamot (sa botika) (para sa nanay niya).

The medicine will be bought (by the child) (from the drugstore) (for his mother).

Dadalhin (ko) (ng sipit) ang isda (sa mesa).

(I'll) take the fish (to the table) (with chops ticks).

(3) Locative focus verbs and their Some locative focus constructions occur with actor complements.

complements obligatorily

Examples Inupuan

(niya) ang sllya.

Sinulatan (ng sekretarya) ang mga tao (para sa kandidato). actor

(He/she) sat on the chair. (The secretary) wrote to the people (for the candidate).

Most locative focus verbs, though, take optional complements. Examples Dinalhan (niya) (ng pagkain) ang bata'.

(He) took (some to the child.

food)

Tinataniman bukid.

(nila) ang

The field is being planted (by them).

Pag-aaralan kuwento.

(ko) ang

The story will be studied (by me).

With respect to the occurrence of goal complements, some locative focus verbs have obligatory objects, some have optional objects, and some have no objects at all. Examples With obligatory

object

Kinunan (ko) (ng mansanas) ang basket.

(I) got (some apples) from the basket.

108 Pagtatapunan (namin) (ng basura) ang lata.

(We'll) throw in the can.

(rubbish)

With optional object Binalutan (niya) (ng papel) ang libro.

(He) covered the book (with paper).

Binayaran (niya) (ng utang) (He) paid (his debt) ang babae. to the woman. With no object Linakaran s ahi g.

(niya) ang

(He) walked on the floor.

Tinawanan b ab ae.

(niya) ang

(He) laughed at the woman.

A benefactive complement can only occur if the actor complement is also present. Binalutan (niya) (ng papel) ang libro (para sa guro'). (4) Benefactive

(He) covered the book (with paper) (for the teacher).

focus verbs and their

complements

The benefactive focus verbs often take optional actor complements and either optional or obligatory goals. Examples With optional Ipinagluto

actor

(niya) ako.

With optional

Cooking was done for me (by him/her).

goal

Itinahi (niya) ako (ng damit).

(He/she) sewed (a dress) for me.

109 With obligatory Iginawa (niya) ako damit).

goal

(ng

Dinalhan (niya) ako (ng pagkain).

(He/she) made for me.

(a dress)

(He) brought (some food) for me.

Some verbs that take no goal complements in the benefactive focus may obligatorily require a locative complement. Examples Ikinain (niya)ako pista).

(sa

Itinakbo (niya) ako (sa karera).

(He) ate for me (at the feast). (He) ran for me the race).

Some verbs appear with optional locative ments .

(in

comple-

Examples Ipinagluto (niya) ako (sa kusina').

(He) cooked for me (in the kitchen).

Ipinanghiram (niya) ako (ng pera) (sa bangko).

(He) borrowed (some money) for me (from the bank).

There are benefactive focus verbs that do not take any instrumental complement, and there are those that take the instrumental complement optionally. Examples Ipinagtanong (niya) ako (nang katulong).

(He) asked (for helpers) for me.

Itinahi (niya) ako (ng damit) (sa pamamagitan ng makina).

(She) sewed (a dress) for me (with the sewing machine).

Benefactive focus verbs therefore may or may not co-occur with any of the non-focus complements.

110 (5)

Instrumental

focus

verbs

and

their

complements

V e r b s that take the i n s t r u m e n t a l focus g e n e r a l l y a l l o w t h e o p t i o n a l o c c u r r e n c e of a c t o r c o m p l e m e n t s a n d locative complements. Examples I p i n a n g t u l o g (niya) k a m a ) ang b a t a .

(sa

(He) u s e d h i s r o b e f o r s l e e p i n g (on bed) .

I p i n a n g a l i s ( n i y a ) (sa Amerika) ang terno. Benefactive

complements

I p i n a n g h i r a m (ko) a n g " I . D . c a r d " (ng l i b r o ) (para sa bata'). not

The i n s t r u m e n t a l c o - o c c u r w i t h any

(She) w e n t America) are

optional

(to in h e r

the

terno.

too.

(I) u s e d the I . D . c a r d f o r b o r r o w i n g (a b o o k ) (for t h e c h i l d ) .

focus v e r b s t h e r e f o r e may or may of the n o n - f o c u s c o m p l e m e n t s .

G e n e r a l l y , therefore, in simple sentences: (1) the t o p i c s a r e o b l i g a t o r y ; (2) a c t o r c o m p l e m e n t s a r e a l m o s t a l w a y s p r e s e n t ; (3) i n s t r u m e n t a l c o m p l e m e n t s a r e u s e d r a r e l y ; (4) t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s w i t h m a g - a n d m a n g - , e x c e p t f o r a few i n s t a n c e s , a l w a y s h a v e g o a l c o m p l e m e n t s ; (5) the l o c a t i v e f o c u s v e r b s n e v e r o c c u r w i t h g o a l c o m p l e m e n t s ; (6) u m - v e r b s a r e o f t e n i n t r a n s i t i v e a n d do n o t r e q u i r e g o a l c o m p l e m e n t s ; b u t (7) m a - v e r b s a r e u s u a l l y i n t r a n s i t i v e a n d so m o s t of the t i m e o c c u r without goal complements. 3.

Construction

of

an I d e n t i f i c a t i o n a l

Sentence

I d e n t i f i c a t i o n a l s e n t e n c e s u s u a l l y r e v e r s e the o r d e r of T o p i c a n d C o m m e n t , i . e . the t o p i c p r e c e d e s the c o m m e n t i n s t e a d of f o l l o w i n g i t as is t h e u s u a l c a s e in predicational sentences. A n o t h e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of the i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a l s e n t e n c e is t h a t the m a r k e r a n g p r e c e d e s t h e c o m m e n t a n d a l s o the t o p i c if the s e n t e n c e is definite. In i n d e f i n i t e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a l s e n t e n c e s , the t o p i c is n o t p r e c e d e d b y t h e p a r t i c l e a n g . Other c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a l s e n t e n c e s p a r a l l e l

Ill the p r e d l c a t l o n a l s e n t e n c e . There are verbal and nonv e r b a l topics and c o m m e n t s for b o t h types, though v e r b a l t o p i c s do n o t o c c u r i n t h e i n d e f i n i t e v a r i e t y of the iden.tificational sentence. types

The of

following sentences

chart gives with verbal

e x a m p l e s of t h e t w o and non-verbal comments.

112

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