Syrian Refugees in Turkey 9781003048879

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SYRIAN REFUGEES iN TURKEY ADEMOGRAPHIC PROFiLE AND LINKED SOCIAL CHALLENGES Edited by Alanur Ça-vlin

Syrian Refugees in Turkey

T his book examines the changing demographic situation of Syrian refugees and the host community in Turkey, one of the major refugee hosting coun­ tries in the world, relying on a recent representative dataset. Conflicts and the resulting unrest force people to flee their countries and take refuge in foreign lands. Such refugee movements across the world have increased significantly in recent times. Turkey accounts for the greatest ref­ ugee population in the world today. T his has drastically impacted the Turk­ ish demographics, leading to different demographic situations in refugee communities in the country. This book presents an in-depth research on the impact of forced displacement on the demographic behaviour of Syrian refugees in Turkey in general, and more specifically the way transformed family structures, unregistered children, fertility behaviours and early marriages impacted their lives. T he book also contributes to the existing knowledge and discourse on refugee integration by shedding light on their experiences related to access to labour market opportunities and education opportunities, wellbeing and mobility. it also helps in linking demography of Syrian community to the socio-economic challenges in Turkey by means of incorporating crucial demographic variables into the analysis. Offering valuable insights into various dimensions of life, this book has an interdisciplinary appeal and will thus be a key resource for academics and scholars of demography, refugee studies, migration studies and soci­ ology. it will also be a valuable and unique reference work for people in governments, international agencies and non-governmental organizations. Alanur Çavlin is faculty member of the Institute of Population Studies at Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. Her research interests are registra­ tion systems, surveillance, demography of ethnicity, abortion and child abuse. She is the project director of 2018 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey.

International Population Studies Series Editor: Philip Rees

s

This book series provides an outlet for integrated and in-depth coverage of innovative research on population themes and techniques. lnternational in scope, the books in the series cover topics such as migration and mobility, advanced population projection techniques, microsimulation modeling, life course analysis, demographic estimation methods and relationship statistics. The series includes research monographs, edited collections, advanced Ievel textbooks and reference works on both methods and substantive topics. Key to the series is the presentation of knowledge founded on social science analysis of hard demographic facts based on censuses, surveys, vital and migration statistics. Ali books in the series are subject to review. Population Change in Europe, the Middle-East and North Africa Beyond the Demographic Divitle Edited by Koenraad Matthijs, Kare! Neels, Christiane Timmerman, Jacques Haers and Sara Mels Internal Migration Geographical Perspectives and Processes Edited by Darren P. Smith, Nissa Finney, Keith Halfarree and Nigel Walford Europe's Population to 2050 Trends, Projections and Policy Scenarios Edited by Philip Rees, Joop De Beer, Nicole Van der Gaag andFrank Heins Syrian Refugees in Turkey A Demographic Profile and Linked Social Challenges Edited by Alanur Çav/in

For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/ I nternational-Popula tion-Studies/book-series/ASHSER-1353

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Syrian Refugees in Turkey A Demographic Profile and Linked Social Challenges

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© 2021 selection and editorial mailer, Alanur Çavlin; individual chapters, the contributors

The rights of Alanur Çavlin to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and ofthe authors for their individual chapters, have been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 ofthe Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Ali rights reserved. No part ofthis book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark ııotice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Brilish Library

Cataloguiııg-iıı-Publicatioıı

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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Coııgress Calalogiııg-in-Publicalioıı Dala A catalog record has been requested for this book

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ISBN: 978-0-367-50118-1 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-04887-9 (ebk)

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Typeset in Times New Roman by codeMantra

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Contents

List offigures List of tables List of contributors Acknowledgements

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1 Introduction ALANUR

ÇAVLİN

PARTi

11

Demographic structure 2 Citizenship, de facto statelessness, and birth registration of Syrian migrants in Turkey ALANUR

ÇAVLİN

AND FARUK

KESKİN

3 The impact of conflict-induced migration on family structure of Syrian refugees in Turkey: a comparative analysis of preconflict and post-conflict periods, 2006-2018 İSMET

KOÇ AND

MELİKE

13

29

SARAÇ

PARTII

47

Women and child health 4 Timing of reproductive events among host community and Syrian refugee women in Turkey: an event history analysis from menarche to menopause MELİKE

SARAÇ AND

İSMET

KOÇ

49

vı

Contents

5 Child, early and forced marriages among Syrian migrant women in Turkey

68

İLKNUR YÜKSEL-KAPTANOĞLU AND CANSU DAYAN

6 Fertility behavior of Syrian women in Turkey: the crosscut of intention and regulation

86

PELİN ÇAĞATAY , FARUK KESKİN AND BANU ERGÖÇMEN

PARTIII

Integration and inclusion 7 Syrian children in focus: early school leaving and integration into the Turkish education system

103

105

MEHMET ALİ ERYURT

8 Syrians in labour: a matter of integration through informality

123

AYŞE ABBASOĞLU ÖZGÖREN AND HİLAL ARSLAN

9 Objective and subjective well-being profiles ofSyrian migrants HİLAL

141

ARSLAN AND ALANUR ÇAVLİN

10 Internal movement of Syrian refugees in Turkey

162

CEREN TOPGÜL AND TUĞBA ADALI

PARTIV

Future implications

183

11 Projections for the Syrian population in Turkey

185

TUĞBA ADALI , AHMET SINAN T Ü RKYILMAZ AND ZEHRA YAYLA ENFİYECİ

12 The early childhood development of Syrian children in Turkey

205

BANU ERGÖÇMEN AND ZEHRA YAYLA ENF İ YECİ

13 Conclusion ALANUR

Index

221

ÇAVLİN

227

68

Figures

86

103

105

2.1 3.1 3.2

123 4.1 141 4.2 162 5.1 5.2

183 185

6.1 6.2

205

6.3 6.4

221 8.1 227

8.2

Timing of birth registration, 2008-2018 and 2013-2018 Age-sex structure for Syrian population in pre- and post-conflict periods Marital status ofwomen 15-49, orphanhood among children under 18, intergenerational co-residence pattern and family structure of Syrians in pre- and post-conflict periods (%) Survival curves of transitions to all reproductive events and median transition age for each of the reproductive events, 2018 TDHS and 2018 TDHS Syrian samples Survival curves of transitions and median age at transitions to the reproductive events according to place of occurrence, 2018 TDHS Syrian sample Percentage of woinen aged 20-24 married before ages 15 and 18 for the selected countries in MENA region Percentage of never-married women, marriage before age 15 and between the ages 15 and 18 by birth cohorts, 2018 TDHS Single-year TFR by the own children method, 2018 TDHS Syrian sample 3-year TFR by own children method, 2018 TDHS Syrian sample The gap between ideal and living number of children of women aged 15-49 (%), 2018 TDHS Syrian sample Level of achievement among Syrian women aged 40- 49 regarding the desired number of children by completed ages (%), 2018 TDHS Syrian sample Percentage of employed persons in a paid job among Syrian males and refugee gap with total population in Turkey, 2018 TDHS Prevalence of child labour among population age 12-17: Syrians and total population in Turkey, 2018 TDHS (%)

21 37

39

56

59 75

76

92 93 94

95

131 135

vııı

Figures

9.1

The per cent distribution of subjective economic wellbeing by individual socio-economic characteristics and migration background, 2018 Turkey DHS Syrian migrant sample 9.2 The per cent distribution of subjective economic wellbeing by household-level socio-economic characteristics and material living standards, 2018 Turkey DHS Syrian migrant sample 10.1 Direction ofmigratory movements ofSyrian women in Turkey 11.1 Population projection of Syrians in Turkey by scenarios 11.2 Population pyramid, Syrians in Turkey 2019 (shaded) 2050 (line), zero-migration scenario

150

152 174 195 195

Tables 150

152 174 195 195 2.1 2.2 2.3

3.1 4.1 5.1 7.1 7.2 8.1 9.la 9.lb 10.1

10.2 10.3

11.1 12.1

Various forms of official status of de jure Syrian migrants in Turkey Percentage of registered births, 2013-2018 and 2008-2018 Logistic model of birth registration under 5 by sociodemographic, pregnancy and delivery-related, and migration and adaptation-related predictors Household formation process for Syrian women married before or after migrated to Turkey, 2018 TDHS (%) Cox regression hazard ratios on the timing of sequential reproductive events, 2018 TDHS Syrian sample Selected characteristics of ever-married women aged 20-24 by the age of marriage (continued) Percentage distribution of early school leaving by background characteristics Results of binary logistic regression analysis for early school leaving (reference category=not left school early) Logistic regression analysis of Syrian males' involvement into labour market in Turkey, 2018 TDHS Multinomial logit analysis of respondent's subjective economic well-being (group=neutral) Multinomial logit analysis of respondent's subjective economic well-being (group=satisfied) Logistic regression model for determinants of Syrian women's internal migration in Turkey (reference category=not migrated) Reason for migration of internally migrated Syrian women in Turkey, by marital status Region of first settlement and types of place of residence of Syrian women in Turkey, by migration status Summary indicators for population projections, Syrians in Turkey 2010-2050 Early childhood development index subdomains and items

19 20

23 41 60 78 112 114 134 154 155

170 172 174 196 208

x Tables 12.2 Selected characteristics related to early childhood development of 36-59 month old host community and Syrian migrant children, 2018 TDHS 12.3 Determinants of higher ECDI according to results of General Linear Model regression

209 213

Contributors 209 213

Tuğba Adalı

is an assistant professor in social research methodology at HUIPS and the listing coordinator of 2018 TDHS. Her research interests are survey methodology, sampling, fertility and abortion.

Hilal Arslan is a lecturer in social research methodology at HUIPS and a researcher of 2018 TDHS. Her research interests are quality of life, subjective well-being, social indicators, human development, social inequalities, gender equality and gender statistics. Pelin Çağatay is a demographer/lecturer at HUIPS and the logy, :earch :. Her ·aphy,

This volume is a product of the 2018 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey carried out by Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies. I anı grateful to all respondents in selected households of the survey sample who graciously participated in the survey, as well as to the Institute's academic staff and personnel for their diligent work in ol ge,

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217

According to our analysis, useful strategies for ECD will differ for immigrant and non-immigrant children. Results show that higher levels of maternal education and a less stressful life for mothers would be effective factors to support the early development of Syrian migrant children, whereas host community children need more cognitive and socio-emotional stimulation activities with their parents. Policies such as parenting education and support (Engle et al., 2011), plus institution-based early learning programs and preschool daycare services (Kağıtçıbaşı et al., 2009; Engle et al., 2011; Black et al., 2017) may be a solution for quality interaction between children and parents. ECD is a crucial part of protecting human capital and providing for the well-being of future generations. The attention of an increasingly globalized world has been now extended to this vital investment, and early childhood has been identified as one of the indicators that must be monitored worldwide. As member states have moved from Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals, the focus has shifted from childhood survival to child development (Richter et al., 2017). Richter et al. (2017) have noted that early childhood is a critical period that must be protected and supported, so that everyone may reach their full human potential. Within this framework, SDGs 3 (ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all, at all ages) and 4 (ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education and promoting lifelong learning opportunities for all) emphasize the importance of investing in younger generations, to ensure a sustainable world for their future.

Note 1 h ttps://sustai nabledevelopmen t. un .org/post2015/transform ingou rworld

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With a Syrian migrant population 3.6 million strong, Turkey provides a remarkable case study in the demographic dynamics ofa refugee community and its impact on the overall demographics ofa host population. This book illustrates various concepts in refugee and host community demography using up-to-date TDHS f

Since armed conflict and political unrest in Syria show no sign of abaternent, we rnust assume that refugee movements frorn Syria into Turkey and other nations are not over. Only recently, thousands of Syrian and non-Syrian refugees and asylum seekers traveled to the Turkish-Greek border as following a trans-national political conflict. In such volatile times, reliable, accurate, up-to-date, cornprehensive and continuous demographic